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Wll/LIAM B. HOUGH (DKIPANY

EXCLUSIVE WESTERN AGENTS

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Telephone 1886 Harrison

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Kansome Concrete
Machinery Company

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SALES OFFICES

11 Broadway
1133 Broadway
6 Beacon street
Chemical Bldgr.,
Commonwealth Bldg.
Machesney Bldg-.,
Alias Bldff..
Candler Bldg.,
Monadnock Bldg.,
Victoria Square,
Caxton House,
Ihie Kazuhara

New York, N. Y.

Boston, Mass.

St. Ivouis, Mo.

Phila.. Pa.

Pittsburg, Pa,

San Francisco, Cal.

Atlanta, Ga.

Chicago, 111.

Montreal, Can.

London, Bngland

Tokio, Japan

Mines & Smelter Supply Co., Mexico

Ivincoln Savings Bank Bldg , Louisville, Ky.

LEONAUD PRESS, NEW YORK CITY

Ransome Concrete Machinery

The 1908 Models

This handbook of concrete machinery illnstrates
and describes in some detail the machinery manufac-
tnred 1)y the Ransome Concrete Machinery Co. The
main Hne of this machinery is of course the Ransome
non-tilting batch concrete mixer, which is explained
in all its details of dimensions, capacities, weights, etc.
The Ransome Mixer, however, is only one of a long
list of devices, apparatus, and tools manufactured by
this firm for mixing concrete, for handling concrete
and concrete materials, for depositing and compacting
concrete and for finishing concrete surfaces. These
other devices and tools are, like the Ransome Alixers,
illustrated and described in detail. Features of the
book, on which some stress is laid, are the technical
discussions of different types of mixers, the descrip-
tions of labor and cost saving methods, and the exact
and careful descriptions of the various devices and
methods used in practical operation. No firm whose
activities In the field of concrete engineering are so
broad In scope, or whose experience in manufacturing
and using concrete and concrete machinery is of such
long standing as are the activities and experience of
this firm, can give in a catalog more than a fragment
of the information in its possession. To all who do
not find their query answered and their problem
solved in this Handbook we extend a cordial invita-
tion to write us for further information.

The Ransome Factory. — The accompanying pic-
tures. Figs. I, 2 and 3, are characteristic views of part

of the new buildings composing the plant of the Ran-
some Concrete Machinery Co., at Dunellen, N. J. The
exterior view shows the power house and one of the
main shop buildings. When completed the plant will
comprise four of these shop buildings placed four
square in a 200 by 1,200 foot lot with ample space be-
tween buildings for railway tracks, cranes, platforms,
etc. The building shown in the photograph is 592
feet long and 54 feet wide, and is constructed with
reinforced concrete sidewalls and steel roof trusses.
The interior views explain themselves. That of the
erecting floor is particularly significant as showing the
number of machines in process of erection at one time.
It is to be noted here that we do not make mixers
''upon order" as other manufacturers do. We make
machines and store them to meet the demand, instead
of manufacturing on the usual "hand to mouth plan."
Ransome machines are made in lots of ten to twelve
of one kind, thus reducing the cost. W'^e endeavor to
keep a stock on hand, but w^e cannot always do this in
face of the great demand. The sizes and types rotate,
however, swinging through the circle in two weeks,
so that you are sure to get at least a two wreck's de-
livery. W^ith our new plant even as it stands, only
one-fourth its ultimate size, we have the largest plant
in the world devoted exclusively to the manufacture of
concrete machinery, and our customers may feel as-
sured that their orders will be promptly filled.

The Designers of Ransome Mixers. — Members of
this firm have had long experience as contractors and
concrete engineers. Under their own supervision they
have used the machines and tools oft"ered for sale in
these pages. And, as users of their own concrete

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WILLIAM B. HOUGM COMBANY

EXCLU51VB WESTERN AGENTS

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153^7 in^n«<lnc>elel:>ailclin^

No. 782,052.

No. 761,541.

No. 77 0,477.

anppnntam

No. 512,663.

No. 814,803.
Fig. 4- A FEW OF THE RANSOME PATENTS

Xo. 490,331.

plants, they have developed and improved every de-
vice to the present state of simplicity and efficiency.
In these pages nothing experimental is offered. Yet
we have been leaders in experimenting with a view to
improving our machines and tools, but we have always
made the experiments before placing the finished
product on the market, not afterward.

The Ransome Patents. — A study of the Ransome
inventions as listed in the United States patent office
is a most interesting one as showing the evolution of
the present Model Ransome Mixer. Mr. Ernest L.
Ransome was the pioneer in mixers, as he w^as in con-
crete construction and for the past twenty years we
have manufactured concrete mixers embodying the
ideas of ?»Ir. Ransome as gained through his wide ex-
perience as a concrete engineer. Fig. 4 illustrates a
few steps in the process of evolution, the illustrations
used being copies of various patent drawings.

For the past year, as for tw^enty years past, we
have kept one or more experimental machines in con-
stant operation in our field laboratory, trying out
suggestions made from time to time by our customers,
or others.

Our facilities for experimental w^ork cannot be
approached by any one in this line of business, and we
are, therefore, alw^ays a year or more in advance of
all competition. Our success has been such as to call
forth many imitators who are infringing our patent
rights.

We control U. S. patent on the essential features
of our machines, and, inasmuch as the users as well
as the manufacturers of infringing devices are liable
under the law^, we publish below a list of Letters Pa-

tent controlled by us, with a brief description of the
patented device, as described in the patent Specifica-
tions.

We believe these descriptions will serve to protect
the public against manufacturers who are imitating
our lines, pending the result of present litigation. A\'e
quote in each case the claim in the patent specifica-
tions which most clearh' sets forth the essential fea-
tures of the patent. The complete specification can be
procured by application to the U. S. Patent Office.

Patent No. 490631, January 24, 1893. — The ap-
paratus for delivering the several ingredients for con-
crete to a niixer in automatically proportioned quan-
tities, consisting of a row of containing chandlers sit-
uated above a conveyor and athwart its line of travel,
each having an independent discharge opening and
regulating gate through which the contents of the
chambers are gauged and carried by the conveyor be-
low the chambers directly to the mixer underneath,
substantially as described.

Patent No. 694575, March 4, 1902. — A mixer, con-
taining a multiple series of baffle-plates, each series of
which consists of two tiers of plates, the plates of one
tier alternating in height with those of the other tier,
substantially as described.

Patent No. 694579, March 4th, 1902. — A hoisting-
tub on a bail wherein it overturns by its own weight,
in combination with fixed guides upon which the bail
moves, a stop to prevent the tub from overturning
too far, and a guide-rail in front of the tub which re-
tains the tub in position and upon the top of which
the tul) tips, substantiallv as described.

Feed S/cpfe

Delivery 5i(Ple
Feec^ Sic^e

Delivery Sic^e

Elade Arrangement
1906 Model

Blade Arrangement
1908 Model

Fig-. 6. Arrangement of Blades

Patent No. 761541, May 31st, 1904. — A concrete
mixer having an imperforate revolute member pro-
vided with a head at its inlet end, l^afflers of opposite
hand disposed in and revokible with said member, and
a reversible driving mechanism operatively related to
said member for rotating it and the bafflers in either
direction at will ; one of said bafflers and the head
being effective in piling the material in the path of the
other baffler when said member is rotated in one
direction.

Patent No. 770477, Sept. 20, 1904. — A machine of
the class described, having an imperforate re-
voluble member open at one end, a baffler within said
member and unattached thereto, and co-operating de-
vices on said member and the baffler for insuring the
rotation of the latter with the former, said baffler being
withdrawable endwise through the open end of the
member.

Patent 782052, February 7, 1905. — The combination
with a mixer, comprising a revoluble mixing-drum
having an open charging end, of a hopper compris-
ing tW'O angularly-disposed, rigidly-connected mem-
bers lying at said charging end of the drum and ex-
tending outward therefrom, means for pivotally
mounting the hopper, whereby to allow the outward
member of the hopper to move so that the base there-
of may be in close proximity to and substantially par-
allel wdth the horizontal plane of the base of the ap-
paratus when the hopper is in its outward position
and to allow^ the inner member of the hopper to swing
into the said open charging end of the drum when the
hopper is in its inner position, and means for operat-
ing the hopper.

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Patent No. 814803, March 13, 1906. — A mixing ap-
paratus having- a revohil)le drum adapted to receive
the material at one end and discharge it at the other
end, and a Hfting-shelf secured in the drum against
the inner side thereof, the shelf extending diagonally
with respect to the axis of the drum for the major por-
tion of the length of the shelf, and a shelf terminating
at the discharge end of the drum in an offset portion,
the concave side of which faces the direction of revo-
lution of the drum, whereby to form a lifting-pocket.

Patent No. 870797, dated Nov. 12th, 1907. — A ro-
tary drum mixer, having advancing and return flanges,
both engaging the inner walls of the drum and extend-
ing diagonally from the respective end portions of the
drum, tow^ards the opposite ends thereof, the advanc-
ing flange clearing the inner end of the return flange
and reaching beyond the same substantially to the op-
posite or discharge end of the drum, and provided
thereat with an offset or bend extending toward the
return flange and forming a lifting pocket.

A rotary drum mixer for concrete and similar wet
plastic materials, having a relatively stationary diago-
nal mixing flange in the drum in a radial plane thereof
and with one end of the flange juxtaposed and secured
to, but spaced from the corresponding end of the drum,
to allow circulation of water past said end of the
flange and prevent accumulations of concrete between
said end of the flange and the end of the drum.

Patent No. 807129, dated December 12, 1905. — A
wheeled cart having a dumping J:)ody, one end of
which lies inward of the periphery of the wheel or
wheels, and the other end of which projects beyond
the periphery of the w^heel or wheels, and a handle
reversibly secured to the body, for the purpose speci-
fied.

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General Construction. — The; Ransonie mixer c(jn-
sists of a c}liii(lrical drum of heavy sheet steel, fitted
with cast traction rings, which revoK'c on four r(jllers.
PowxM- is transmitted to the (h'um through a rack or
gear, which forms part of one of the traction rings.
To ensure smoothness of operation these traction
rings are bored and turned to a true circle, which is
concentric with the pitch of the gear teeth.

The rollers upon \\hich the drum re\'olves are
matle with chilled face, after the manner of car wheels,
and are ground to a true circle. They are keyed fast
to the shafts, which revolve in solid babbited joiu'nal
boxes.

These journal boxes are bolted to a j/2x6 in. squar-
ing plate, drilled to templet. This steel plate pre-
serves absolutely the alinement of the rollers and
driving pinion. The journals are equipped with com-
pression grease cups, which by forcing the grease out-
ward along the shaft, serve to keep the bearing clear
of dust or grit.

The pinion is of cast steel, 2 in. pitch, and the
teeth are made of extra depth belov/ the pitch line to
guard against bottoming. On belted machines the
pinion shaft is mounted in a '*box" which, with the
roller shaft, forms a double journal. On steam driven
machines the pinion shaft is supported in ''boxes"
rigidl}^ attached to the engine base, thus seciu'ing a
positive alinement of the driving mechanism.

The drum of the mixer is equipped wdth scoops of
3-16 in. steel, rigidly attached to it. To facilitate re-
newals these scoops are bolted to the drum shell.

For diagramatic representation of these blades see
Fig. 6.

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Main Features of the Ransome Concrete Mixer

may 1)c summarized: (i) Low feed with compara-
tively high discharge. (2) Thorough and rapid mix-
^^^S- (3) Quick, easy and complete discharge and
absolute control thereof. (4) Simplicity of construc-
tion with few wearing parts. (5) Positive cleaning
by means of water passages at the sides and beneath
the scoops.

The loAv feed and high discharge are apparent from
a study of Figs. 31 to 34 in connection with their
accompanying tables on pages 53-59. The importance
of this feature will be more fully understood by refer-
ence to page 43, where is given a comparison as to
output between a Ransome ]Mixer and a tilting" mixer
operating under identical conditions as to labor.

Thorough and rapid mixing is secured through the
Ransome steel scoops, fastened rigidly to the inside of
the drum, substantially as indicated by Fig. 9. These
scoops not only pick up the materials and turn them
over and over upon themselves, but are so shaped and
t)lace(l as to give the materials a motion from side to
side of the drum — a reciprocating travel, wdiich, com-
bined with the turning movement, ensures thoroui-h
and rapid mixing. Each scoop, as it travels upward,
carries with it a portion of the batch which is thrown
down upon that portion of the batch, that is in the bot-
tom of the drum. The mixing principle is, therefore,
that of grinding, rubbing, contact, and forcible
kneading of the materials- into a homogeneous body,
concrete. This rubbing and grinding and this forcible
kneading are peculiarly the Ransome principle and
possessed only by Ransome machines.

Pig. 10 — RANSOME MIXER.
Discharging' into Ransonie Cart.

At the same time, as the drum revolves, the roUing-
contact is produced, which is the basic mixing prin-
ciple of other mixers. Other mixers roll the stone in
cement and sand, the Ransome mixer first does this
and then rubs it in.

The scoops might be compared to great shovels in
the hands of men powerful enough to handle them
quickly enough to turn the batch completel}^ over 60
times in 60 seconds.

We know from actual strength tests of the con-
crete that the Ransome Mixer gives a more uniform
product than any other mixer.

Some of our competitors have tried to imitate the
shape and arrangement of the steel scoops in the
Ransome Mixer. Where the imitation has been at
all successful in producing the desired reciprocating
movement of the concrete materials, our patents have
been infringed. The imitation has been a failure so
far as securing the desired back and forth movement
of the materials. Certain manufacturers finding them-
selves unable to use the Ransome scoops, have tried
to create a "talking point'' by omitting scoops entirely
and then advertising their mixers as containing ''no
insides," hoping to make a merit out of a defect by
boldly parading the defect. They have claimed that
scoops actually retard the mixing, expecting the pub-
lic to believe that a man with a shovel working on
concrete materials would be less effective in mixing
them than a man shaking the materials up and down
in a box. They have intimated, also, that the concrete
sticks to the scoops, and have shouted in type to the
effect that ''you do not have to pound our mixer to
clean it." The truth is that all mixers are alike in
this respect of cleaning them. If you let concrete re-
main in any mixer long enough to harden, it will
stick to the steel of the mixer. To clean a Ransome
Mixer at the end of a shift, simply throw^ in a few
shovelfuls of stone or gravel and a little water while
the mixer is revolving. The stones act like shot in a
bottle, and clean the mixer as perfectly as shot cleans
a dirty bottle.

To Discharge the batch simjdy tilt the chute.
This can be done quickly and easily and the batch mav
be discharged into wheelbarrows, one at a time, or in

Fig. 11 — RANSOME MIXER,
Showing Charging Hopper and Lever tliat Tilts the Discliarge Chute.

Fig. 12.

its entirety, as desired. The drum revolves continu-
ously, even while the concrete is being- discharged. To
tilt the chute the mixer man pulls the lever shown in
Fig. II, and lowers the chute. The rear end of
the chute swings back into the drum of the mixer
where the concrete is delivered on the chute by the
Ransome scoops, and slides out into the bucket, car.

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Fig-. 1?. — POSITION OF DISCHARGE CHUTE DURING MIXING.

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barrow or other receptacle for conveying the concrete.
Owing to the fact that the chute is tilted, rather than
the mixer, the discharge may be checked instantane-
ously.

Simplicity of Construction can be best illustrated
by a reference to Figs. 14 and 19. The solid babbitted
journal boxes are interchangeable and should last in-
definitely if given proper attention and kept free from
accumulation of concrete. If they become worn, in-
stal new ones, and re-babbit those you take oft, using
a babbit based on the following formula :

Lead . 79.25 lbs.

Tin 6.00 lbs.

Antimony 14.00 lbs.

Bismuth 6.25 lbs.

The shafts carrying the rollers are likewise inter-
changeable and subject to little or no w^ear on ac-
count of the length of bearing; and, in any event,
renewals are easy and can be procured anywdiere in
emergency, as they are stock shafting sizes.

The rollers are of good grey iron with chilled face
ground to a line circle. The chilled face ensures long
life ; and, as they are keyed fast to the shaft, they
are not subject to w^ear except on the face. The pinion
is of cast steel, 2 in. pitch, and is guaranteed against
breakage. It will wear, but it ivill not break.

The traction rings are 100 to 200 pounds heavier
than on our old models and are bored and turned to a
true circle. Starting true, they remain true, and the
wear is reduced to the minimum. If kept properly
greased and clean they will last for years.

With the exception of one or two small parts, all

•—1

the rest of the machine is of wrought steel and re-
pairs can l^e easily made in the field.

The engine and countershaft gears are machine
moulded and made of a special quality of grey iron,
the best we can procure.

Thorough Cleaning of the Machine is assured by
clearance left between the scoops and the drum shell,
to allow^ passage of water, which cleans the machine
between each batch. The water, wdiich is put in first,
passes beneath the scoops, which the thicker concrete
is unable to do.

How to Operate a Mixer. — If your machine is
mounted on wheels, see that the weight is first taker
ofif the wdieels and carried on suitable sills. Fig. 15.
The points of support should be beneath each roller
shaft, beneath the bed of the engine and beneath the
boiler. The mixer frame should be carefully leveled
in both directions.

Remove the hook bolts which hold the drum to the
frame.

Fill all grease and oil cups, and grease carefully
the traction rings and roller faces. See that in all
cases the lubricant is fed to the bearings. Use a
good graphite, hard oil or grease in all compression
cups, and screw^ the caps down so as to force the
grease through the journal box. A turn should be
given on all compression cups at least once in every
two hours, once the machine is in operation.

Make steam connections as shown in Fig. 16, and
then start your boiler as per instructions on page 114.

Turn your machine over light a few times, mean-
wdiile setting up such runways as may be required.

Fig. 10 — FT. AN AND SIDE VIEW
Showing Connections.

Fig-. Uy. — RANSOME MIXER AND BATCH HOPPER.

See that the discharge chute is in position, as
shown in Fig,. 13.

Feed into the machine the amount of water re-
quired for the batch, following instructions given on
page 95. Follow with stone and sand in the order
named. Leave the material in the machine half a
minute, which is long enough under average con-
ditions, then reverse the discharge chute to the
position shown in Fig. 15. Discharge direct into
wheelbarrows, bucket, car, or other vehicle, the whole
batch or part thereof as desired. Reverse chute and
feed into the machine the next batch.

Fig. 17 — MIXER AND ENGINE
Showing Feed Chute.

Where practicable use a batch hopper, as ilkis-
trated in Fig. i6^ or a feed hopper as shown in Fig.
37. They will save you time.

On stopping at noon or night, or for more than a
few minutes, be sure to wash your machine out thor-
oughly. Feed into it a quantity of water, and a bar-
row of stone, which will scour it out.

Watch the point of discharge. If the material falls
short of the chute, speed your engine up. If it car-
ries over, slow down. The speed should be varied
with the consistency of the mix and the materials.

To secure uniform consistency of concrete, wet
down your stone pile morning, noon and night.

In securing results as to output, watch the dcHv-
ery side of your machine. Get the material all out at
once so your next batch can be mixing. If you must
discharge part at a time, use the largest cart or bar-
row you can.

Guard against wear in the journal boxes. An occa-
sional inspection will guard against undue wear, which
may result in bottoming of pinion and main gear with
disastrous results as to gears, etc. Also watch that
the rollers do not wear down so as to cause bottom-
ing.

Guarantee. — A\'e guarantee our machines against
defective materials and workmanship ; and will, at any
time within one year from date of purchase of one of
our machines, furnish our customers, free of charge
f. o. b. our works, new parts to replace any which may
prove defective, provided the customer returns to us,
f. o. b. our shops, the part claimed to be defective. Wq
will not, however, be responsible for damages on ac-
count of dela3^s, etc., nor for bills incurred by custom-
ers in making repairs without our authorization.

We guarantee that our machines will yield under
average conditions their rated output, and upon order
from our customer will undertake the demonstration
of this fact, provided that the party making such de-
mand will agree to pay us $io per day and expenses of
our representative engaged in making this demonstra-
tion, in the event that we can. so demonstrate ; other-
wise the expense to borne by us.

A^'e guarantee that the power equipment furnished
with our machines w^ill operate them under full load
at the speeds given.

Fig-. 18— TRUCK,

31
IMPROVEHENTS FOR 1908

A New Truck has been designed (see Fig. i8) to
meet the demand for a mixer to be hauled over rough
country roads. This new truck is fitted with steel
wheels 20 inches diameter and 4 mches tread. This
new style truck is furnished only where especially or-
dered and an extra charge is made

A New Boiler has been adopted, larger in diameter
and of less height than the standard type of boiler.
This boiler has the shell extended to form the ash pit,
thus doing away with the ordinary cast iron base. The
boiler is further equipped with angle iron lugs which
permit bolting the boiler direct to the truck, thus cut-
ting out the stays required with the ordinary type of
boiler. In designing these boilers we have made effi-
ciency and economy of operation the main considera-
tion. The ordinary practise in boiler making has been
to increase the height when more power was wanted.
This practise, dictated by economy of manufacture, has
resulted in boilers which will develop their power theo-
retically, but in practical use will do so only when
new or under forced draught. We can operate with
open fire door under conditions where another boiler of
the same rated horsepower would require closed door
and forced draught. We furnish with each boiler an In-
spection Certificate of the Hartford Steam Boiler and
Inspection Company.

The Steel Squaring Plate. — lliis plate, shown in
Figs. 19 to 22, is a decided improvement, and we are
sure it will a])pcal to every user of a concrete mixer.
A wooden frame on a concrete mixer is a decided ad-
vantage in that anv attachment can readily be made in

Fig-. I'O— STEEL SQUARING FRAME.
Side View.

the field. Furthermore, a wooden frame is not sub-
ject to the excessive vibration that exists in a frame
constructed entirely of iron or steel. On the other
hand, a steel frame possesses one decided advantage.
It insures the preservation of true alignment. It may
be said to be insurance against breakage of gears.

Fig-. 21 — STEEL SQUARING FRAME.
Top view Arrranged for Engines.

But attachments in the field are difficult with a steel
frame, and we all know how often it is desirable or
even necessary to make such an attachment. To escape
the objections inherent in each class of frame, and to
preserve the desirable features of both, we have de-
signed a combination frame. The bodv of the frame is

Fig. 22— MACHINE FOR BORING THE TRACTION RINGS
OF RANSOME MIXERS.

of wood, on top of which is bolted the steel squariiii^
plate, made up of ^x6 inch steel plate. We thus se-
cure all the advantage of the wood frame and the true
ali^^nment afforded by the steel frame, together with
such advantage as may be in the higher speed made
possible by more perfect alignment.

Turned and Bored Traction Rings. — These were
adopted for 1908 and w^e regard this feature of the ma-
chine as most important. These rings are four to six
feet in diameter and encircle the drum. They roll on
the four supporting rollers shown in Fig. 19. In
former models and in machines of other manufacture,
these rings have been rough castings which wore more
or less irregulariy under service. It is impossible to
mold a casting such as these rings and secure a per-
fect circle ; yet a true circle must be secured to start
with, in order to obtain uniform wear. Irregu-
larities, however slight, tend to become more and more
pronounced under w^ear. Wt have, therefore, adopted
turned and bored rings for 1908 and in Fig. 22 wq
illustrate the machine in which this work is done.

Heavier Castings have been adopted than were
used in former models. By experiment we found that
there was a certain amount of spring in the old rings,
which was objectionable. Slight as it was, this
"spring" aggravated the tendency to uneven wear.
Moreover, this repeated distortion tended to loosen the
rivets. Wc have completely overcome this tendencv
by increasing the weight of the ring castings 100 to
200 pounds and by closer spacing of the rivets.

The Supporting Rollers are made with ''chilled"
face after the manner of ordinary car wheels. This

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Fig. 24— RANSOME MIXER.
With Belt Drive, End View

chilled face ensures good wearing quality, as it is im-
possible to machine the face of these rollers and to get
them true, we have designed a grinding machine in
which these rollers are trued up.

These rollers are all keyed fast to the shaft wnth
which they revolve, thus throwing all the wear on the
journal boxes.

Double Journal Boxes. — These boxes. Fig. 19, are
furnished on all belted machines. They preserve true
alignment of the pinion shaft. On older models power
was transmitted to the drum through the rear roller

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shaft, which was fitted with loose rollers. By the adop-
tion of the double journal we throw all wear upon the
journal boxes, where it belongs.

Machine Moulded Gears have been adopted for 1908,
after a thorough test. These gears are made of a spe-
cial mixture of grey iron ; and, being machine moulded,
the teeth get a bearing across their full width, which is
not possible with hand moulded gears, owing to the
draft given the pattern.

Cast Steel Pinions. — These insure against sudden
breakage. The pinion will wear, of course, but we
guarantee them against breakage.

Splashing Eliminated. — AA'e have done away with
splashing by reducing the size of the feed and dis-
charge openings and by changing the arrangements of
the scoop. With the adoption of the turned rings it
became possible to reduce the clearance around the
feed and discharge chutes, with the result that, instead
of 2^ inch openings, we now have 21 inch openings
on the Xo. i and No. 2 mixers and 24 inch openings
on No. 3 and No. 4 mixers. The new arrangement of
scoops not only stops splashing, but it also stops clog-
ging of the machine. Our 1908 scoops mark a great
advance over those of our 1906 model. They are sim-
pler and result in a more even distribution of the mix.
Compare the two arrangements. Fig. 6. Note the su-
periority of 1908 from the standpoint of load distribu-
tion. See how material must be kept to the center of
the machine. Note the backward and forward move-
ments of the material. The passage at the side of the
1908 model and the clearance beneath the wings also
serve to make the machine self-cleaning as well as to

Fig. 26— MIXER AND ENGINE ON SKIDS.

reduce the spilling- of sloppy material. Spilling is
largely a matter of speed. Few users of concrete mix-
ers give enough consideration to the speed of the
niixer. All mixers operate best at varying speeds for
various consistencies of concrete. If you are troubled
with spilling try varying the speed till you reach the
point where spilling stops.

The Past Success of Ransome Mixers. — The

Ransome 1908 mixer is an improvement over our
earlier models. This statement means much because
the success of our earlier model is universally attested
by their users. ]\Iany of them have written to tell us
their satisfaction and of these many we choose a few
to speak in their own words.

(i) A contractor in Rio de Janiero, Brazil, writes
us under date of August 15, 1906, concerning a model
1905 mixer which he purchased April 11, 1905, and
wdiich, therefore, had at the time the letter was writ-
ten been in use for 15 months. The letter is as follows:

"The Xo. I ^lodel 1905 Alixer we purchased from
you has given us entire satisfaction. Up to date no
repairs have been made."

We are now in receipt of a duplicate order from this
firm.

(2) In the next communication, which is from an
engineer employed on certain work, we have a compari-
son between Ransome mixers and a well known make of
tilting mixer.

"In reference to the concrete mixers we purchased
of you on Aug. 21, 1906, will say that we have given them
a thorough and practical test and are very much pleased

with the results obtained. They have proven superior to
the tilting mixers, of which we have sixteen in opera-
tion. Wt have decreased our powder 50 per cent, and
labor 20 per cent., and I am highly elated over the success
I have obtained out of them. At the time of purchase
I was a trifle afraid of the mixing paddles, but after 2^
months' operation we have not noticed any wear. W'e
have had no repairs on either of our Ransome mixers,
and the indications are that we will not have any for a
long time to come. You will find attached some statistics
showing a comparison of the two types of mixers which
stretches over a period of 2^^ months actual operation."

The statistics referred to in the above communication
are as follows :

The tests were made on a No. 2 tilting and a No. 2
Ransome and on a No. 2 Ransome and a No. 3 tilting ;
all mixers worked 10 hours a day. The figures are as
follows :

First Test. No. 2 Ransome. No. 2 Tilting.

Output cubic yards per day 70 44

Number men worked, average. . 13 16

Output cubic yards per man 5.3 2.y

Second Test. No. 2 Ransome. No. 3 Tilting.

Output cubic yards per yad 70 44

Output cubic yards per man. . . . 2.2 2.1

Note the striking difi'erence in output of the No. 2
Ransome compared with the No. 2 Tilting mixer. With
fewer men the Ransome did 50 per cent, more work.
This was due in part to the saving in time that a Ran-
some Mixer effects in discharging its batch. But a ver}
large part of the superiority of the Ransome was due to
the fact that the materials did not have to be wheeled up

1^ u

•Jl

so high to get ihcm into the mixer. As will be explained
a few pages further on, a tilting mixer must always be
mounted high, in order to give clearance when it is tilted
Perhaps an even niore striking demonstration of the im-
portance of this feature is found in the Second Test, by
comparing a Xo. 2 Ransome with a Xo. 3 Tilting mixer
of considerably greater size than the Ransome. In thi>
case the Xo. 2 Ransome still excels, but it is not so efih-
cient as the Xo. 2 Ransome was in the First Test. Why ?
Simply because in the Second Test the Ransome mixei
Vv-as mounted higher off the ground, thus requiring niorc
men to deliver the materials in the wheelbarrows. Yet
fills Jiighcr frame in lehieh the Xo. 2 Raiisoiiie zcas
mounted leas a frame previously built for, and oceupied
by, a Xo. 2 Tilting mixer. We shall have more to say
about this feature of low mounting versus high mounting
of concrete mixers. The reader should bear in mind in
neither of these tests did the Ransome mixer begin to
mix all it was capable of mixing. It simply mixed all
that a given number of men delivered to it. It should
be noted that neither machine was operated to its full
capacitv. It shows, however, that a Ransome mixer un-
der exactly the sanie conditions will exceed as to output
a tilting mixer of corresponding or even larger batch
capacity.

(3) The third communication describes a test of a
different sort, and one for which a concrete mixer is
U-Ot usually designed. It is significant as showing the
strength and sturdiness which contribute to the acknowl-
edged wearing qualities and freedom from breakages of
the Ransome Mixer.

'Tn hauling the mach.ine from the car the driver got
careless and drove too near the edge of the canal, with

O o

■•-'

I u
W

r -^

the result that the edge of the towing path gave way
and the machine turned over into the canal, a distance
of 5 feet, the top of the boiler sticking in the mud and
the truck in the air. Yesterday I started the machine
mixing concrete, and have not discovered an\- ill effects
from its acrobatic stunt. I hope the machine will make
concrete as well as she can turn a handspring."

(4) Though it is not the usual practice, machine mix-
ing is the niost economic method of making concrete for
pavement foundations, but the mixer must be the right
sort of a mixer, and the method of handling the concrete
materials and the mixed concrete must be of the right
sort. The next letter is from a contractor who is using
a Ransome mixer for paving work. It is as follows :

'Tn reply to your letter of Sept. 14, would say that
we have no photograph of a Ransome ]\Iixer, but you
can bet that we are using one. In your letter vtou ask
whether or not it was a good machine for street work.
We have only one of these machines, and every contrac-
tor in the city is after this machine and our system of
laying concrete. To make this letter short : There is no
other machine in the United States that can equal it for
turning out work."

(5) Its all around efficiency is the feature for wdiich
the Ransome Mixer is praised by our next correspondent.

"We have in use two Ransome ^Mixers, one tilting
mixer, two paddle mixers and three others. Each mixer
has its good points and surpasses the others in one or
more particulars, but if you desire to use a batch mixer
with the idea of discharging into wheelbarrows or other
means of conveyance and want to regulate and control
this discharge, we consider the Ransome the most de-
sirable. Under other conditions and circumstances

some of the others are better fitted than the Ransome,
but for all around desirability we would give the Ran-
some the preference."

(6) An inspector of masonry on a large trunk line
railway writes for a copy of the Ransome Handbook of
Concrete Machinery and says :

"Your machine is in use here on work over which I
am an inspector. The work being done by the machine
is so good that a further knowledge than practically
gained appealed to me, hence my request for the book.
The machine used here is a ^3 cubic yard mixer, but. to
use the vulgar parlance, Tt has the others skinned.' "

(/) Our concluding letter is from a well known rail-
way contractor in the South, and it speaks for itself. It
is as follows :

*'For the same service the Ransome mixer is less
cumbersome to handle than other mixers. The discharge
arrangement is undoubtedly superior to any mixer on
the market, as the whole or any part of the batch can
be discharged without any additional equipment or fix-
tures, which is not true of other mixers. But what
pleased me most in connection with the mixer is that all
the engineers and inspectors are highly pleased with it.

Mr. , the engineer in charge of our present work

on the Southern railway, on which we are using four
Ransome mixers and one of another make, is highly
pleased with the Ransome machine, and states it is su-
perior to any concrete mixer that he has seen, as it dis-
tributes the mixture much more uniformly than other
mixers, which is un(l()u1)tedly a very desirable feature.

I will note that Mr. • is very conservative, and an

engineer of ability, with long years of experience in the

business. The capacity or ability of the Ransome mixer
to turn out mixed concrete is simply governed by the
ability of the forces to feed the mixer and take care of
the discharge."

Gentlemen: — •

Replying to your favor of April 19th. 1907. would say
that after careful consideration of the matter we purchased
a No. I Ransome ^lixer the early part of last season. This
machine has a rated capacity of ten cubic feet loose material
per batch, with an output of ten cubic yards per hour.

\\'e used it all summer on a job that called for 1:2^2:4
mixture, using two bags of cement, five feet of sand and
eight feet of gravel to the batch, and have got as much as
twenty-five cubic yards per hour by actual measurement in
the work out of the machine, but were unable to maintain
this rate continuously for more than an hour or so at a
time owing to the general conditions of the work.

We do not wish to place ourselves in the position of
"knocking*' any particular make of machine, but we have
no hesitancy in expressing our own preference for the Ran-
some machine.

AVe expect to be in the market later on this season for
a larger machine, and we shall certainly buy either a No. 2
or No. 3 Ransome.

A point that we have considered as very valuable is the
large excess power in the boiler and engine. This feature
was very noticeable in the late fall, when the thermometer
was near the freezing point.

AiuHhcr slront;- point with the machine is the clumpy
wliich is very rapi(h

Yours very truly,

Gentlemen:
We have just completed the second season's work with
the Ransome Mixer we bought of you and find that the
machine has the following particular advantages, in that it
may be operated with a small force of men to advantage.
It may be crowded to a capacity of fifteen to eighteen yards
per hour, while charging an operating force of ten men.
Engineers over our work have been much pleased with qual-
ity of mixture and the bills of repairs have been compara-
tively light. This is a No. i machine, with a guaranteed
capacity of lo yards per hour.

Yours truly,

In quoting the preceding extracts from our corre-
spondence we have purposely refrained from giving
the name of persons and places and other means of
identification in some instances. To any purchaser,
however, wdio desires such proof of authenticity, we
will gladly show the originals, whch are on file at our
main office. It is perjiaps needless to add that the
foregoing quotations are a few out of hundreds of
similar nature that we have on file.

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DIMENSION

NO. OF MIXER

Inches

2'SH

mVz

9^^

45H

48)4

491

52>i

30K

33^8

35>^

37 J^

saVz

30^8

41>^

43^

31^

313/8

811

311

11>^

13>^

15M

13^

13>2

13K

13>^

42^

55 K

57^

66X

133^8

135^

146'

156^

IGH

lOK

531

55K

571

59|

40f

45K

47X

12>4

idyz

IQ/z

28 '4

33 >^

35>^

3 re

O 7_

-^1 6

13K

*These dimensions vary with the style of motor used.

/^Aa-j Lajo^J::>y,'

Dimensions of Ransome Charging Hopper.

(See Fig. 35.)

NO. OF HOPPER

Dimension

A
B
C
D

Weight, lbs

List Price

2'-10M"
4'-9K
2'-G'-
4'.8"
400
$40.00

5'-G"
3'-0"
5'.4K"

425
$42.50

4'-0"
5'-ll"

G'-O"
478
$47.50

4'.5"
6'-6"
3'-10"
6'-G>^"
5G5
$56.50

AMien a Ransome Charging Hopper is attached to
a Ransome ^lixer, an entire batch of materials is fed
into the mixer at once by simply pulling a lever. The
hopper can be loaded with materials while the mixer
is mixing, so that not a moment's time is lost between
the discharge of one batch and the entrance of the next
l)atch into the mixer. Note especially how low the top
of the hopper is from the ground. The dimension B
in the above table gives the information.

RANSOME MIXER PARTS— 1908 HODEL
Prices, Weights and Code Names

Part
No.

Part Name

No. 1 Mixer

No. 2 Mixer'

No. 3 Mixer

No. 4 Mixer

Faden

Fadena

Fadenat

Fadenata

Drum Complete

1572 lbs.
$196

1967lbs.
$220

2986 lbs.
$320 1

3668 lbs.
S375

Faecon

Faecana

Faecanat

Faecanata

Lifting Wing

21 lbs.

29 lbs.

36 lbs.

40 lbs.

$2.40

S3.40

$3.80

$4.00

Faehig

Faehiga

Faehigat

Faehigata

Baffle Wing

8 lbs.

10 lbs.

11>^ lbs.

14K lbs.

$1.00

$1.10

$1.20

S1.50

Gear Ring

Faen

Faena

Faenat

Faenata

bored & turned

500 lbs.

586 lbs.

895 lbs.

1225 lbs.

C. & H.

$30.80

$36.50

$54.40

S71.00

Plain Ring

Fagian

Fagiana

Fagianat

Fagianata

bored & turned

250 lbs.

300 lbs.

570 lbs.

65U lbs.

C. & H.

$17.50

$22.20

$39.20

S46.20

Fagon

Fagona

Fagonat

Fagonata

Flanged Head

121 lbs.

165 lbs.

221 lbs.

284 lbs.

$13.50

$16 50

$20.00

S25.00

F""agran

Fagrana

Fagranat

Fagranata

Drum Shell

330 lbs.

410 lbs.

665 lbs.

810 lbs.

$19.80

$20.55

$33.20

S40.50

Fahr

Fahra

Fa h rat

Fahrata

Feed Chute

102 lbs

102 lbs.

108 lbs.

$10.00

$1000

SIO.OO

Fakir

Fakira

Fakira t

Fakirata

Discharg. Chute

80 lbs.
$8.00

103 lbs.
$10.00

103 lbs.
SIO.OO

Fa lac

Falaca

Falacat

Falacata

Chute Support

29 lbs.
^2.90

31 lbs.
$3.10

34 lbs.

35 lbs.

Falcon

Falcona

Falconat

Falconata

Chute Journal

734

7 3-4 lbs.

7 34 lbs.

$1.25

31.25

SI. 25

Fallan

Fallana

Fallanat

Fallanata

Chute Hanger

14 lbs.

S2.00

$2.00

S2.00

Falleb

Falleba

Fallebat

Fallebata

Lever Hub

10 lbs.

$1.50

SI. 50

RAN50nE niXER PARTS— 1908 HODEL
Prices, Weights and Code Names

Part

Part Name

No. 1 Mixer

No. 2 IMiXER

No. 3 MiXEK

No. 4 Mixer

Fait

Falta

Faltat

Faltata

Lever Arm

15 lbs.

$2.00

Journal Box
single

Falsav

Falsava

Falsavat

Falsavata

19 lbs.

35 lbs.

$3.00

$4.50

Journal Box
doiiblp

Falter
05 lbs.

Faltera
05 lbs.

Falterat
100 lbs.

Falterata
100 lbs

v4 WLl ljl.\^

;5$6.80

$0.00

;^9.00

$9.00

Fanais

Fanaisa

Fanaisat

Fanaisata

Roller Shaft

27 lbs.

33 lbs.

62 lbs.

70 lbs.

$2.00

$2.25

$3.75

$4.20

Coiinfpr Shaft

Fandor

Fandora

Fandorat

Fandorata

Pulley Drive

37 lbs.
$82.60

44 lbs.
$25

81 lbs.
$5.60

89 lbs.
$0.20

Counter Shaft
Engine Drive

Fan got
27 lbs.
$2.35

Fangota
31 lbs.
$2.00

Fangotat
54 lbs.
$4.05

Fangotata

58 lbs.

$4.55

Jack Shaft

Fan tern

Fanterna

Fanternat

Fanternata

Motor Drive

$21.00

$8 25

$5.60

$6.20

Faral

Farala

Faralat

Faralata

Roller

43 lbs.

124 lbs.

$4 25

$8.25

Fa rant

Faranta

Farantat

Farantata

Grease Cup

lib.

$0.75

Far ran

Farrana

Farranat

Farranata

Pinion

43 lbs.

30 lbs.

50 lbs.

Steam engine

$5.70

$4.50

$6.50

"17T2P3"F

11T2"P3"F

11T2"P4>4:"F

11T2P4'4:F

Pinion

Farin

Farrina

Farrinat

Farrinata

Belt or Motor

43 lbs.

87 lbs.

115 lbs.

Drive

$5.70

$10.00

$13.50

13T2" P3"F

13T2P3F

17T2P3KF

17T2P4^F

0"i

Counter Shaft

Fanas

Fanasa

Fanasat

Fanasata

Gear — Engine
Drive

134 lbs.

145 lbs

219 lbs.

$15.00

$10.00

$19.02

55T1>4P3>^F

59T1XP3^'F

54T1>^P4>^F

54T1KP4KF

65
RANSOME niXER PARTS— 1908 MODEL

Prices, Weights and Code Names

Part
No

Part Name

No. 1 Mixer

No. 2 Mixer

No. 3 Mixer No. 4 Mixer

26 'Counter Shaft
Gear — Motor
Drive

Jack Shaft Pin-
ion— Motor
Drive

29
30
31

32
33
34
35

Jack Shaft Gear
— Motor Drive

Motor Pinion

Engine Gear
Collar

Pulley

Squaring

Plate — without

power
Squaring

Plate — with

engine

Trucks

per set

Fascel

Fascela

70 lbs.

$9.00

P3XFT133

33T1X P3F

Fatac

Fataca

19 lbs.

$4.00

13T1X P3F

13T1XP3F

Fatig

Fatiga

112 lbs

112 lis.

$12.50

110r4P2KF

110T4P2>^F

Fatias

Fatiasa

22 lbs.

$3.75

28T 4P 2KF

28T4P2y2F

Faust

Fausta

70 lbs.

97 lbs.

$9 00

$11.50

33T1XP3MF

45T1XP3>^F

Favor

Favora

3 lbs.

$0.75

Favul

Favula

55 lbs.

86 lbs.

$5.00

S7.50

18x6x1 15-16

20x10x1 15.16

Febric

Febrica

225 lbs.

242 lbs

$15.00

$16.00

Febrin

Febrina

270 lbs.

314 lbs.

$18.50

$21.50

Febroc

Feb r oca

660 lbs.

S50.00

Fascelat
219 lbs.
$19.0-^
54T1>^P4MF
Fatacat
97 lbs.
$16.50
21T1^P5F
Fatigat
208 lbs.
$20.00
105T3P4F
Fatiasata
66 lbs.
S7.50
33T3P4F
Faustat
192 lbs.
S18.50
47T1V^P4>^F
Favorat
6K lbs.

SI. 00

Favulat

118 lbs.

Sll.OO

28x10x2 7-16

Febrica t

261 lbs.

S18.00

Febrinat

349 lbs.

S24.00

Febrocat

660 lbs.

$50.00

Fascelata

219 lbs.

$19.02

54T1>^P4>^F

Fatacata

97 lbs.

$11.50

21T1>^P5F

Fatigata

208 lbs.

S20.00

105T3P4F

TJ^atiasat

66 lbs.

S7.50

33T3P4F

Faustata

219 lbs.

S29.09

54T1^P4>^F

Favorata

6>2 lbs.

SI. 00

Favulata

227 lbs.

S17.80

32x10x2 7 16

Febricata

380 lbs.

$26.00

Febrinata

492 lbs.

$33.50

Febrocata

660 lbs.

$50.00

Note— Where boiler is supplied with numbers 3 and 4 two sets of trucks are required.

<LI

a
o

(=5

Weights, Dimensions and Capacities of Ransome 1908'
MODEL CONCRETE HIXER

No. OF Mixer

^ 1

( Cement

1 10 cu.

2 20 cu.

3 30 cu.

4 40 cu.

Size of Batch < Sand

8 ft.

6 ft.

9 ft.

12 ft.

( Stone

6 total

12 total

18 total

24 total

Capacity per hr. cu. yds.

\ Engine
Horse Power ( Rated

6x6

7x7

8x8

9x9

7 h.-p.

10 h.-p.

14 h -p.

20 h.-p.

Required { Boiler
( Rated

86x89

42x75

42x87

48x93

10 h.-p.

15 h.-p.

20 h.-p.

30 h.-p.

Speed of Drum

rev per minute

14>^

Speed of Driving Shaft

rev. per minute

116

122

Diam. of Driving Shaft

1 15-16

2 7-16

27-16

Diam. of Driving Pulley

18x6

20x10

28x10

36x11

Measurements of Drum

54 diam.

60 diam.

68 diam.

69 diam.

x36

x42

x48

x54

Thickness of Plate of

Drum

3
1 6

3-16

Height from top of frame

to center of drum

28/2

31 >^

33K

Height fromtop of frame

to top of feed chute

38^

Height from top of frame

to end of chute dischrg.

111

16K

Height from top of frame

to topof charging hopper

Totaldepthof wood f rme

1034

101

10 K

10%

Weightof Mixeron Skids

3450

3900

6095

6750

Gross weight boxed for

export

4300

4770

7395

7600

Cubic measurement

cubic feet

215

260

325

370

Weight of Mixer and

Engine on skids

5200

5700

7950

9450

Gross weight boxed for

export

6100

6500

9550

11,700

Cubic measurement

cubic feet

270

340

425

500

Weight of Mixer,Engine

and Boiler on skids

7070

7700

12,450

14.000

Gross weight boxed for

export

8200

9400

14,450

17,000

Cubic measurement

cubic feet

350

440

600

700

* If mounted on trucks add 650 lb=
two sets of trucks are required.

With numbers 3 and 4 supplied with boilers

Ransome's Pivot Charging Hopper. — This device
faciHtates charging the mixer and ehminates all neces-
sity for stageing. The machine as shown is entirely
self contained and the material is fed into the hopper
direct from wheelbarrows or by shovels, Fig. 38.

The hopper is hoisted by means of a small fric-
tion drum mounted on the frame of the mixer. With
this device a batch can be fed to the mixer in 20 sec-
onds covering the time required to hoist the material
and lower the hopper to the ground for the next batch.

It can be detached from the machine by removing
a few bolts.

THE RANSOnE CART MIXER.

(Patent applied for.)

This mixer, Figs. 39 to 41, is designed especially
for such work as concrete foundations for pavements,
cement sidewalks, cellar floors, basement walls for
buildings, small culverts and retaining walls, mixing
mortar for residences, etc. The machine consists of
the well known Ransome Cart, upon which a hood is
clamped fast to the body of the cart forming a closed
chamber in which the concrete is mixed. The method
of operation is briefly as follows :

The cart is wheeled to the material pile and filled
with the proper proportions of stone, sand and ce-
ment. The cart is then wheeled to the mixing frame
and water added. The hood is next lowered over the
cart and clamped thereto, and the suspension hook is
disengaged. The cart body and contents are then re-
volved by hancj prank or by power, fifteen revolutions

O ^

W o

O -S

crt bo

^ .S

<I o

ON rt

beiiis^ sLitticic'iU to secure a good mix. The siispcn
sion hook is then engaged with the eye of the hood,
which is raised clear of the cart by the foot lever. The
cart is then wheeled to the place wdiere the concrete
is to be deposited and dumped. It wdll be seen that
there is only one handling of the concrete materials
in this process, namely when they are loaded into the
cart. From that time on, the materials remain in the
cart until they are delivered in the form of mixed
concrete.

It Avill also be seen that the materials are not car-
ried up a runway nor otherwise elevated to get them
into a mixer. It will be seen that the cart body is
revolved during the process of mixing, the revolution
taking place around the axle of its own wheels. The
revolution is effected through a pin projecting from
the reduction gear which engages a stub crank on
the cart axle. Two men can readily operate the
crank that revolves the mixer ; but, wdiere the quantity
of concrete to be placed justifies it, a small gasoline
engine or an electric motor wdll be furnished, and
several mixing frames can be operated at one time
with the same powxr. Two men can readily mix a
batch of 4 to 6 cu. ft. of loose materials in two minutes,
including the time of clamping on and removing the
hood. If the average batch is 5 cu. ft. of loose materi-
als, this is equivalent to 3 cu. ft. of solid concrete, or
one-ninth cubic yard per batch, for each cart mixer
used.

The following gang wdll turn out 30 cu. yds. in 10

hours : -n ■,

rer cu. yd.

3 men loading materials into cart $0.15

1— 1

<1
U

>
O

T3
O

■<

■<}<

►4

2 men mixino- o. lo

I man wheeling to place and spreading o 05

Total $0.30

It costs next to nothing to move the mixer from
place to place, which is of great importance in many
kinds of work, such as street foundations, sidewalks and
wherever a comparatiA^ely small yardage of concrete
is to be placed at one spot. A Ransome cart, hold-
ing 6 cu. ft. of loose materials, is readily hauled by
one man. See page 75. Hence the cost of transporting
the concrete even several hundred feet from the mixer
is very slight.

The Ransome Cart I\Iixer is unquestionably the
only economic hand mixer ever put on the market.
With power attached, and by running several mixing
frames at one time, it becomes even more economic
where the amount of concrete to be placed warrants
the purchase of a somewhat more expensive outfit.

The following are the weights and prices of the
Ransome Cart Mixer without gasoline or electric
power:

Weight of Cart, Hood and Frame, 850 lbs.

Gross weight of Cart, Hood and Frame, boxed for
export, 1,000 lbs.

Cubic measurements, 30 cu. ft.

Price complete of Hood, Frame and one Cart,
$200.

Extra carts, each, $40.

Weight of cart only 280 lbs.

Price with gasoline or electric power quoted on ap-
plication.

Ransome Concrete Carts. Patented in the United

States and Canada. — Concrete is ordinarily car-
ried in wheelbarrows from the mixer to the place
of deposit. A wheelbarrow holding two cubic feet
of concrete is an exceedingly heavy load, and where
the concrete is very wet, a load of one cubic foot is
not uncommon, since the ordinary steel or wooden bar-
row has a shallow bowl, wliich allows the wet concrete

Fig-. 42 — RANSOME CONCRETE CART.

to flow over its sides. To reduce the cost of trans-
porting concrete, we have designed an all-steel cart,
that holds six cubic feet, water measure. One man
can push or pull this cart over a plank runway, even
when the cart is level full of concrete. In other words,
one man transports from three to six times as much
concrete as he could transport in a wheelbarrow.

There are three reasons why this remarkable result
is secured by the use of Ransome Concrete Carts.
The first reason is that the wheels of the cart are
much larger than the wheel of a wheelbarrow, and cor-
respondingly easy running. The second reason is that
no weight comes on the man, as with a wheelbarrow,
and he is free to use all his strength in pushing or
pulling the cart. The third reason is that no concrete

Fig. 43 — RANSOME CONCRETE CART,
Dumping on a Pavement or Floor.

is slopped onto the run-planks where these carts are
used, and it takes half the effort to push a cart over
clean planks that it does over dirty planks.

In addition to this advantage of larger loads hauled
per man, there is an important economic advantage in
being able to discharge the batch from a concrete

mixer in much less time where carts are used than
where wheelbarrows are used. In fact, a mixer can
be discharged into these carts in one-third the time re-
quired with wheelbarrows.

In laying the concrete base for pavements, or in
lining reservoir bottoms, or in building the floors of
reinforced concrete buildings, we have found it desir-
able to design the cart so that its bowl can be corn-

Fig-. 44 — RANSOME CONCRETE CART,
With Handles Reversed.

pletely inverted when it is dumped. The handle can
then be thumped down hard on the ground or run-
plank so as to jar out any concrete tending to stick
inside.

When the cart is used for charging a mixer, or for
filling wall forms with concrete, we have found it ad-

visable to reverse the handles to the other end of the
cart. Then when it is dumped, the projecting nose ot
the bowl strikes the end of the runway and jars the
materials out, see Fig. 45.

Although these carts have been on the market but
a short time, they are extensively used by such well-
known contractors as Frank B. Gilbreth, of New
York; Thomas Holahan, of Rochester; The Expanded

Fig-. 45 — RANSOME CONCRETE CART,
With Handles Reversed, Dumping into a Wall or Pit.

Metal Fireproofing Company, of Pittsburg, and others.
The duplicate orders that we are receiving demon-
strate the fact that the carts are saving money for the
contractors using them. One of these contractors
writes us as follows :

"Regarding the concrete carts purchased of you
last June, they are undoubtedly the greatest labor sav-

ing device for conveying concrete by hand that I ever
heard of. On one job at Saco, Maine, I used a set of
these carts for over forty days' continuous work,
and by their use, was able to get along with seven
men less, who were getting two (2) dollars per day
each, and get more work done in a day. We found
that a little time spent in laying solid runs for the
carts to travel on was all that was required to enable
a workman to handle a full cartload or six cubic feet.
This would be about four ordinary wheelbarrows full,
as under the best conditions it is only possible to
wheel lYz cubic feet of w-et concrete in a barrow. The
result of the use of the carts, from every standpoint,
was way beyond our expectations, and we are now
using them for handling all concrete that was formerly
handled in the old-fashioned wheelbarrow."

The Labor Cost of a Concrete Base for a Brick
Pavement, Using Ransome Carts. — A paving contrac-
tor who is using a No. 2 Ransome j\lixer (^ cu. yd.
concrete per batch) has given us the following record
of the actual average cost on several jobs of street
work. The organization of the gang and the wages
paid are given in detail : p^j. j-j^

ID men loading and wdieeling stone, at $1.50. • $15.00

4 men loading and wheeling sand 6.00

2 men handling cement 3.00

I fireman 2.00

I man dumping mixer 1.50

5 men wheeling Ransome Carts 7.50

3 men spreading and ramming 4.50

I foreman 3.50

Total per day $43-00

This gang averaged i8o cu. yds., or i,o8o sq, yds. of
concrete base (6 ins. thick) per day, which is eqiva-
lent to 24 cents per en. yd. for mixing, placing and
ramming the concrete. The cost of fuel, etc., added
about I cent per per cu. yd. more, making a total of
25 cents. The extreme haul of the concrete from the
mixer was 500 ft. Hence the mixer was not shifted
until a stretch of street 1,000 ft. long had been built.
The Ransome Two-Wheel Concrete Push-Carts made
it possible for five men to handle the output of the
mixer. The contractor laid two lines of run-plank
for the wheels of these carts to travel on, so that one
man could push a cart holding 6 cu. ft. of concrete.
The men had to "hustle" on the long haul, but had a
very easy time of it when the haul was short. The
stone and sand were delivered to the mixer from
stock piles, using wheelbarrows. There was no ''loaf-
ing" on this work, but it demonstrates that hand mix-
ing cannot compete with machine mixing, even on
street work, provided a Ransome machine and Ran-
some Concrete Carts are used.

Street work, as is well known, is the most unfavor-
able class of work for the use of concrete mixers
economically, because of the large area over which a
small quantity of concrete must be placed. The use
of Ransome Push Carts (see page 54) with Ransome
Mixers has enabled us to solve the problem of mixing
and placing concrete in streets economically as above
shown. For comparison we may add that where
wages are $1.50 a day, a very common cost for the
labor of mixing and placing concrete by hand in street
work is 75 cents per cu. yd. of concrete ; and it is

rarely that the labor cost is as low as 50 cents per
cu. yd. It will be seen that a street contractor who
owns a Ransome Mixer and Ransome Push Carts can
save 25 to 50 cents per cu. yd. over hand work. More-
over, the Ransome Mixer can be used for making
concrete for retaining w^alls, cellar walls, cement side-
walks, and any other class of work demanding the
most thorough mixing. Whereas the ''continuous
mixers" used for street w^ork are good for nothing
else, and are not as good as a Ransome even in street
construction.

Ransome Steel Tray Mortar Barrow. — A trial or-
der will convince you that this is the best mortar bar-
row that has ever been made. While it is not ex-
tremely heavy, you will find that all of the weak fea-
tures usually found in mortar barrows have been elim-
inated. Observe (Fig. 46) the heavy angle steel legs,
also the w^heels wdiich are of extra quality. The axle
bearings are heavy and being placed under handles
do not weaken handles at that point. Tray made of
No. 15 steel, edge rolled over 5-16 inch steel rod; size
of tray on top, 28 inches wide by 36 inches long, on
bottom 20 inches wide by 21 inches long, depth at front
iSy2 inches, at back 9 inches; capacity, 4>4 cubic
feet. Per dozen $55.00.

Angle Leg Steel Tray Barrow. — This barrow (Fig.
47) is intended to supply the demand where a general
purpose barrow is needed. The projection of the han-
dles beyond the wheel make it dump forward very
easily and at the same time this does not prevent the
barrow being used for side dump. The tray is made
of number 14 steel, pressed, without seams or rivets.
Size of tray on top 29 inches wide by 35 inches long.
Capacity 4 cubic feet. Per dozen, $50.00.

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en
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Fig. 48— RANSOME CHARGING BARROW.

RANSOME CHARQINQ BARROW

CAPACITY

WEIGHT

PRICE

3 cubic feet

4 cubie feet

5 cubic feet

145

I52

i6o

$10,00
12.00
14.00

w—ew— M >mU.jm. •ij.f*. '■TC'Vwsfa

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Fif?. 49 — A SPROCKET CHAIN CARRYING A RANSOME CHARCING BARROW UP A RUNWAY TO THE MIXER.

Ransome Charging Barrows and How They Can
Be Elevated With a Sprocket Chain. — The Ransome
Two-A\' heel Charging Barrow is shown in Fig. 48. The
barrow is made entirely of steel and iron, and has a
capacity of 3 to 6 en. ft., according to the size ordered.
This barrow is much better than the ordinary wheel-
barrow for delivering materials to a Ransome Mixer,
not only because it holds more material, but because
it is dumped by tipping forward instead of sidewise,
and, in consequence, does not spill any of the materials
on the platform. A Ransome Charging Barrow
weighs less than a Ransome Concrete Push Cart, and
is consequently to be preferred where the materia)
must be wheeled up a steep runway. ^Moreover, by
using a sprocket chain and sprocket wheels (one at
the top and one at the bottom of the inclined runway),
the engine that drives the mixer can be used to keep
this sprocket chain in constant motion. Then if you
have a prong riveted to the rear face of the Ransome
Charging Barrow, this prong will catch on the
sprocket chain, and the chain will carry the charging
barrow up the incline. This enables a man to wheel

three times as big a load of stone up a steep incline
as is possible with an ordinary wheelbarrow. The
sprocket chain and sprocket wheels cost next to noth-
ing, and can be driven by any Ransome Engine that
drives a Ransome Mixer. Fig. 49 shows a plant
arrangement in which ^ sprocket chain is used foi
elevating barrows. ._

Fig-. 49^>— RANSOME HOIST BUCKET.

Ransome Concrete Hoist=Bucket

No. 1— lOcu.ft.

No, 2—20 cu. ft.

No. 3—30 cu. ft.

No. 4- -40 cu, ft.

Weight

Price

Weight

Price

Weight

Price

Weight
Lbs.

Price

Ivbs.

Lbs.

Bucket complete - -

500

$60,00

550

$65.00

650

$75.00

750

$85 00

Bail only

130

14.00

140

15.00

160

17.00

180

19.00

Trunnion

5,00

7.50

8.00

115

11.50

Front Brace

1.00

1.30

2,00

2.60

Rear Brace

1.00

1.30

2.00

2.60

Cross Brace

10^

1.10

1.40

2.30

3.60

Nose Piece

3.50

5.00

6.50

8.00

Sheave Wheel. 42 in.

200

15.00

200

15.00

200

15.00

200

15.00

Sheave Wheel Jour-

2.75

nal Box

The Ransome Hoist Bucket for Hoisting Concrete
and Materials, Patented March 4, 1902. — The materials
used in making concrete, as well as the concrete itself,
must be frequently hoisted. In such cases the bucket
shown in Fig. /[g^A can be profitably used. This bucket
is designed to slide up and down in a light timber
framework, and to dump automatically when it reaches
the proper place to dump. Hence there is no necessity
of having a man to dump the bucket — it dumps itself
by gravity.

As will be seen by studying the flrawing, Fig. ^i.
the bucket tips forward to dump. This forward tip-
ping occurs because the front guide in the hoisting
tower is sawed off at the place where it is desired to
have the bucket dump. The 1)ucket rights itself again
automatically as soon as it begins to descend. As just
stated, this bucket may be used either to raise the sand,
stone and cement to the concrete mixer, or to raise the
concrete from the mixer to the place of deposit. Fig.
51 shows a plant used in erecting many reinforced con-
crete buildings, where the concrete must be raised to
the different floors of the building as the building rises.
The bucket dumps into small concrete bins, from
which the concrete is drawn off' into Ransome Push
Carts and hauled to place.

The bottom of the bucket is curved in such a way
that the material does not roll out, but slides out, there-
by scouring the bottom of the bucket clean.

One contractor has devised an ingenious method of
automatically discharging the concrete from the mixer
into the bucket. He has fastened a long counterbal-
anced lever to the discharge chute, in such a way that
the descending bucket strikes the lever and tilts the

Sir

Fig. 50— RANSOME FRICTION HOIST CRAB.
Can be Attached to any Engine.

chute, thus discharging the concrete. As the bucket
ascends, the counterweight tips the discharge chute
back so that no concrete can come out. This saves
having a man to operate the discharge chute.

Ransome Friction Hoist Crab Table of Data

Hoist Crab Complete

Eccentric Box

Eccentric

Eccentric Strap

Friction Wheel

Brake Block

Journal Box 2x5

2r6

1 5

Hoist No. 1

Pattern

< I > < i 1 a

J-l 6

Hoisting Drum . , .

Pinion

Gear

Sprocket Wheel. .

Lever

Driving Shaft . . .
Intermediate Shaft

Drum Shaft

Fibre Friction

Speed of Driving Shaft
Will lift 75 feet per m
Horse-power required

a80

a89
a88
aOO

a87

a39
a41
350
053
044
88

Weight
lbs.

1000

108

17K
232

140

3(3

203

3500

$125

00
3 CO
G 00
2 50
8 00
2 00

20 00

2 50
8 50

4 75

3 50
3 00

2 60

3 40

5 00
R.P.M.
Pounds
H.P.

Hoist No. 2

Pattern

a79

a81
a80
a82
a83
a85
a39
a41

350
a84
a45

Weight
lbs.

1520
32

170

Price

17>^

232

214

216

6000

$150 00

4 50
6 75

2 75
12 00

3 00

5 00
50

2 75
20 00

3 00
12 20

6 00
R.P.M.
Pounds
H.P.

50
05
50

Fig. 49/^ shows a Ransome Bucket used to hoist
the broken stone and sand to bins that feed into the
Ransome Mixer. In any case, these buckets are great
money savers, and by using a Ransome Friction Hoist
Crab (see Fig. 50), the same engine that drives the
concrete mixer can be used to hoist the bucket.

This hoist can be attached to any engine, and is es-
pecially useful in connection with the engine that
drives a Ransome Concrete Mixer. By means of a
sprocket wheel and chain^ this crab hoist can be geared

■wec«BB>x:ikarti

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EXCLUSIVE WESTERN AGENTv?

to any engine, and, when so geared, is ready for hoist
ing purposes. This crab was originally designed l)y
Mr. E. L. Ransonie for use on the contract work of
Ransome & Smith Co., Concrete Engineers. In erect-
ing buildings and other structures made of concrete,
the crab hoist serves admirably for raising bucketsful
of concrete or other materials. One lever gives the
operator perfect control over the hoisting drum. If
desired, the crab hoist can be run by an electric motor,
and, in fact, that was the method used b}^ Ransome &
Smith Co. in erecting the large reinforced concrete fac-
tory buildings for the Foster-Armstrong Piano Fac-
tory, at Despatch, near R'ochester, X. Y. On other
work of a similar character, however, the Ransome
Crab Hoist has been geared directly to the engine used
to drive the concrete mixer ; and, because of the low
price of the crab hoist, it is likely that many contractors
will find it particularly useful for just such work.

Hoists Xo. I and X^o. 2 are designed for short lifts
only and their drums will handle 200 feet of cable only.
For long lifts crab X^o. 3 should be used. This crab
(Fig. 52) will handle 500 feet of ^>8 hich cable, and has
a capacity of 8,000 pounds. Operated with 15 H. P.,
it will lift 2,300 pounds at 150 feet per minute, when
driven at 193 revolutions per minute of the driving
shaft. The list price of the X^o. 3 crab is $250.00.

Ransome Wire Rope. — Ransome Ploisting Rope is
made of steel, 6 strands of 19 wires to the strand,
with a hemp center. Ransome & Smith Co. have used
this rope for years in their contracting business, and
have found that one Ransome Rope will outlast four
ropes of any other make. The flexibility of Ransome
Wire Rope is a feature that impresses a contractor

as being remarkable by contrast with the stiffness of
the wire rope of other makes. This flexibihty is what
accounts in part for the long life of Ransome Rope,
even under such severe usage as occurs when the rope
passes around small sheaves. But the steel used in
making the wire is of special quality, designed to resist
the abrasive action that occurs when one wire of a
strand rubs on its neighbor. This rubbing is bound to
occur whenever a wire rope is bent, as in passing
around a sheave or drum. Wires in ropes made of or-

Ransome Wire Hoisting Rope

Nineteen Wires to the Strand Hemp Center

Telegraph Name

Mace

Macron .
Madam .
Madcap.
Maggot .
Magic...
Magnate

Maid

Major:...
Malice...
Mallet...
Maltrese
Manacle.
Mandate .
Mango . .

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I4>^

0.22

16>^

12K

0.39

IZ/z

0.62

0.89

1.20

1.58

1/8

57>^

2.00

71^

2.50

3.00

109

113

3.55

166

157

5.00

18)

191

6.30

229

238

8.00

2>^

275

266

10.00

330

315

12.00

dinary steel soon wear thin, because of this repeated
rubbing on one another as they pass over sheaves and
drums, and then they break. But due to the special
quality of the steel used in making Ransome Wire
Ropes, coupled with the method of making the rope
so as to gixe extreme flexibility, we are able to ofifer a
rope that will outlast anything of its kind several times
over. The wire used in making Ransome Ropes is
carefully tested for elongation, torsion and tensile
strength. Hence there is no variation in the quality
of our ropes. Every rope turned out by us is as good
as every other rope we make — always dependable and
always durable. It will pay you to give Ransome Rope
a trial.

Fig-. 53 — RANSOME GATE FOR BOTTOM OF BIX.
■Weig-ht 150 lbs. List Price, $18.00.

Ransome Bin Gates. — There are three styles of
Ransome Bin Gates. The one shown above is designed
for use where stone or sand are to be discharged
through the bottom of a bin. On the following page are
two dififerent types of gates ; one for use on sand or
stone bins, where the discharge is from the side of the

Fig. 54 — RANSOME GATE FOR OVERHEAD SAND OR STONE BIN.
Weight, 147 lbs. List Price, .$15.00.

Fig. 55— RANSOME GATE FOR CONCRETE HOPPER.
Weight, 150 lbs. List Price, $17.00.

bin ; the other for use on a concrete bin or hopper. This
last named gate is provided with a cross plate in front,
which prevents fluid concrete from slopping out when
the gate is being closed.

The Ransome Water Measuring Tank Used in Con-
crete Mixing. — An automatic device for delivering the
exact amount of water required for
each batch of concrete is shown in the
accompanying illustration. The water
from the supply pipe enters at A, and
passes up through the threaded pipe
D into the tank. The float C closes a
valve E, where the tank is full of
water. Upon opening a valve B (and
closing A), the water flows into the
concrete mixer until it reaches the
level of the top of the threaded pipe
D, when no more flows. By screw-
ing the tank up or down on pipe D,
any desired quantity of water can be
turned into the Ransome ^lixer for
each batch of concrete. Once it has been ascertained
just how much water is needed for a batch of concrete,
the Ransome AA^ater Pleasuring Tank is adjusted, as
just described, and after that it delivers the required
amount of water automatically. Contractors will ap-
preciate the value of this device, as it insures an abso-
lutely uniform concrete. One batch will not be all
"slop," and the next batch nearly dry. The Ransome
W^ater Measuring Tank thus obviates disputes with
inspectors, and it saves times in delivering water to the
'"""■i-^'er. List Price, $25.00.

Fig. 55 — RANSOME
WATER TANK.

The Ransome Tamper. — The tamping process, with
the wet concrete mixture of to-day, is really a slicing
and cutting process for the purpose of letting out air
bubbles and causing the ingredients to flow together
into a compact mass by disturbing the condition of
unstable equilibrium into which they mass together

Fig-. 56 — RANSOME TAMPER.

when dumped from the carts or barrows. The old
fashioned trowel faced tamper is not suitable for this
work and in its place the tamper shown in the ac-
companying cut has been designed. This tamper con-
sists of a rather narrow and long thin steel cutting-
blade riveted to an iron pipe handle as shown by the
drawing. This tamper has been proved out by exten-
sive use in building work and will be found an efh-
cient and desirable tool in all respects.

List Price, $2.50.

Fig. 57 — RANSOME CONCRETE AX.
(See Opposite Page.)

Rollers for Concrete, Floors, Pavements, Etc.

These rollers are made in three sizes and weights:
No. 1 Light 36 in. diam., 36 in. wide, weight 290 lbs.
No. 2 Medium 36 in. diam., 36 in. wide, weight 375 bs.
No. 3 Heavy 30 in diam., 24 in. wide, weight 645 lbs.
Rolling is far better and cheaper than tamping. Two men with
roll'^rs will do the work of a dozen men with tampers on flat sur-
faces. Start with the light roller, then follow with the medium
weight, and finish with the heavy.

The Ransome Concrete Ax is a tool for giving a
"hammer dressed finish" to the surface of a concrete
wall. It gives a fine appearing finish at a very low
cost, and makes it unnecessary to use great pains in
making the wooden forms, for the ax removes all signs
of joints betAveen the boards, grain, etc., on the con-
crete. As shown in the photograph, the ax is a double
bit ax, and the steel blades are bolted to the casting to
which the handle is inserted. The blades are removed
when dull, and are sharpened either with a file or
with an emery wheel. A common laborer will average
loo square feet of wall dressed with a Ransome Con-
crete Ax in lo hours, at a cost of i>< cents per square

foot.

List Price of Ax, $3.50. Extra blades, 60c. each.

Fig. 58 — RANSOME CONCRETE ROLLER
For Floors and Sidewalks.

Fig. 59 — RANS(>.M1'; TWISTING MACHINE
For Twisting Steel Rods.

The Ransome Twisting Machine. — Fig. 59 shows
this machine which is designed to meet the require-
ments of contractors who desire to twist their steel on
the job. This machine will handle all sizes from 34 to
1% iiich square, and is equipped with a nine set of dies
for sizes Yx inch to i^ inch inclusive, advancing by
y^ inch. There are also furnished with each machine
three sets of gears with ratios of 13 to 75, 19 to 69
and 33 to 55. These gears provide ample change of
speed for ordinary conditions. The weight of the ma-
chine is 1,800 lbs., including the three sets of gears
and nine sets of dies. It is operated by 12 H. P. Con-
tractors will find it to their advantage to own one
of these machines. By utilizing their watchmen at
night the cost of twisting is made nominal.

5*^-"

Fig. 60 — ROCK CRUSHER.

STEEL CRU5HERS

r--^' .

Size jaw
opening.

Capacity in ton

per hour

Jaws set part

2 inches.

Approximate
weight, bs.

Approximate

weight of
heaviest piece

c/^ o
>

Horse-power
approqimate.

Price net, witl

chilled jaws.f.o

Dunellen, N.)

*Bace

8 to 12

6,000

730

170

44x8

$630

7x13

lbs.

* Beedo

12 to 18

85,00

1,190

155

50x8

$780

9x15

lbs.

*Bdfpr

24 to 40

19,000

2,530

140

60x10

Sl,70O

11x26

lbs.

*Code Word.

Crushers fitted with manganese jaws at advanced prices.
Prices subject to change without notice.

TOO

Fig-. 61 — RANSOME AUTOMATIC CEMENT TESTER.

Ransome Automatic Cement Tester

1000 Lbs. (450 kg.) Capacity, $1.25
2000 •• (900 kg.) •* $1.75

DIMENSIONS 1000 MACHINE

Extreme L,ength. . .30 in . .559 meter
Extreme Width. . .15 in. . .407 meter
Extreme Height, 2 ft. 4 in. .661 meter

Weight 115 1b.s..52.16ke-.

Shipping Weight 150 lbs. .68.04 kg.

vShipping Measurements, lOcu. ft 283 meter

Telegraph
Waggish

Woodward

Price, f. o. b. New York as illustrated. 1000 lbs. (450 kg.)
capacity, including Scale and one Mold for tensile tests
of Cement, A, S, C, E. standard specimens.

Price, f, o, b, New York, as illustrated, 2000 lbs. (900 kg,)
capacity, including Scale and one Mold for tensile tests<
of Cement, A, S, C, E, standard .specimens.

lOI

DIMENSIONS 2000 MACHINE

Extreme I^ength 3 ft. 2 in 966 meter

Extreme Width 1 ft. 6 in 458 meter

Extreme Height 3 ft. 2 in 966 meter

Weight 245 lbs 111.132 kg.

Shipping Weight 390 lbs 176,904 kg.

Shipping Measurements 22 cu, ft 6626 cu, meter

Description and Operation. — A Tension Testing
Machine is indispensable in concrete construction.
Know your materials if you would avoid trouble. Be-
gin by testing your cement before it goes into the
work.

The illustration, Fig. 6i, shows the Ransome Auto-
matic Cement Tester. It is constructed entirely of
metal, and is of superior design and finish.

The beam is brought to a balance by pouring shot
into the cone-shaped bucket on the left of the Machine,
thus counterbalancing the weight on the right-hand
side of the Machine. The test briquette is then placed
in the grips and by means of the handwheel under the
lower grip, the slack is taken up. A piston valve
(Patented Nov. 8th, 1904) in the bucket is then lifted
by throwing the latch over and the shot flows out of
the bucket causing the weight to overbalance the
bucket and load thus to be applied to the specimen.
When a sufiicient weight of shot has flowed out of the
bucket, the unbalanced force of the weight is sufficient
to break the briquette, and then the lightened bucket
is moved upward by the weight and the piston valve
in it closed, causing the flow of shot to cease. To
change the speed of test the flow of shot can be regu-
lated by means of the knurled screw at top of the pis-
ton valve.

I02

The weight of shot which has flowed out is a meas-
ure of the force required to break the briquette, and
this shot is caught in a scoop on a scale which is gradu-
ated to read directly the stress on the briquette.

If for any reason the main beam should touch the
buffer before the specimen of cement is broken, the
valve automatically closes and the flow of shot ceases.
The operator then raises the beam by means of the
crank through the worm and worm gear, and the test
continues.

The piston valve (Patented Nov. 8th, 1904) for con-
trolling the flow of shot we believe to be the simplest
and most effective automatic valve made.

If it is desired to make a test with the beam in a
horizontal position, it can be kept level by means of
the crank and worm wheel.

In place of the spring balance, any form of scale
may be used.

We would draw the attention of Engineers to the
solid-back Cement Testing Grips, patented May loth,
1904. This new design was suggested by the complaints
received that the grips spread during the process of
testing, which spreading caused the conditions to
vary and the results to be inaccurate. These grips are
made strong enough to prevent springing.

The above description and operation applies to both
sizes of Cement Testers. The weight of shot in the
1,000-lbs. machine is as i lb. to 100 lbs. ; by this we
mean that 10 lbs. of shot weighed on an ordinary scale
would indicated a strain of i.ooo lbs.

In the 2,000-lbs. machine the proportion is i lb.
to 80 lbs., viz., 25 lbs. of shot will indicate 2,000 lbs.
strain.

103

Fig. 62 — RANSOME CONCRETE TESTING MACHINE.
Capacitj', 50 Tons in Compression.

Ransome Compression Testing Machine. — Every
contractor should know the strength of the mixtures
he is using. Before starting on an important work he
should determine b_y actual test the economic value
of the various available materials. A compression
testing machine is invaluable on any work in re-en-
forced concrete. You know where you stand if you

104

use one of these machines. You can determine
whether or not it is safe to strip your forms. You
can save the price of one of these machines on a
single contract.

The following are dimensions of the machine
shown in Fig. 62. Diameter of ram, 5 inches; platen,
loxio inches; clear space, 10 inches; length over all,
36 inches; width over all, 12^ inches; height over all,
33 inches; measurement when boxed, 20x36x40 inches;
net weight, 515 lbs.; gross shipping weight, 550 lbs.

Price, $240.00

Boiling Test for Cement. — It is extremely impor-
tant that cement be tested for soundness. The follow-
ing is a simple test, and cement which will not pass
this test should not be used in important structures:

To 1,000 grains of cement add 200 grains of water
and mix with trowel for five minutes. In cases where
the cement is fresh it may be necessary to use a little
more water than above given, but in no case use over
250 grains. Make the mixed cement into a cake about
3 inches in diameter, y2 inch thick in center and taper-
ing to a feather edge. Make the cake upon a clean glass
plate. Place the cake in a damp chamber or cover it
with a wet cloth for 24 hours, then place it in a rack
and cover with water ; heat the water slowly up to
212 deg. Fahrenheit and maintain this temperature
for six hours. Allow the cake to cool in the water.
If it warps or twists or shows expansion cracks it must
not be used.

I05

Fig-. 63 — RANSOME CEMENT BOILER AND RACK.
List price, $25.00.

io6

Fig. 64 — RANSOME DISC CRANK.
Vertical Engine.

Ransome Disc Crank Vertical Engine. — We present
this style of engine as the most desirable form for
general purposes where small powers are required.
They are very strong, heavy in construction, but well
proportioned, and will stand hard- work and high speed.
A critical test of every engine is made before it
leaves our factory, and the necessary adjustments care-

I07

Fig. 65 — RANSOME ENGINE
With Counter Shaft Brackets.

fully made, so that the engine is ready to run the mo-
ment it is placed in position and given steam. We
make eleven sizes of this engine, as shown on next
page.

Sizes 25 H. P. and larger are made extra heavy
in all parts. Rods and shafts are of steel, and "brasses"
of the connecting rod are phosphor bronze. Bearings
are long and of large diameter, and are made of best
quality babbit. Ample provision is made in all Avear-
ing parts for adjustment.

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Fig. G6 — RANSOME UPRIGHT TUBULAR BOILERS.

Ransome Upright Tubular Boilers. — Our Upright
Tubular Boilers are made of open-hearth homogeneous
flange steel plate, 60,000 pounds tensile strength per
square inch of section, an elongation of 20 to 25 per
cent., and a reduction of area of 45 to 50 per cent. ;
can be turned over and closed down solid without
fracture when cold, and does not blister. The vertical
seams in all boilers 36 inches in diameter and larger are
double riveted. The bottom of Avater-leg, also the
opening around fire-door, is formed by flanging the
furnace plate out to meet the shell, as shown in sec-

112

tional cut on preceding page. The fire-boxes of Nos.
13 and up only are fitted with stay-bolts. In the
smaller sizes we use furnace plate of sufiEicient thick-
ness to avoid necessity for stay-bolts, thus facilitating
the cleaning of water-leg in three sizes.

Nos. I to 9, inclusive, have two, and all other sizes
three, hand-holes in the water-leg near bottom, and
all boilers have four hand-holes over crown sheet. The
tubes are arranged with two clear spaces between them
i^ inches or more in width, crossing at right angles.
These spaces are directly opposite the hand-hole open-
ings, by means of which the crown sheet on these boil-
ers may be cleaned readily. This spacing also gives
better circulation in the boilers. When ordered com-
plete, we include base, grates, hood, pop safety-valve,
steam gauge, water gauge, three gauge-cocks, check-
valve, feed-valve and blow-ofif cock with piping to at-
tach same in our usual manner.

When ordered without fixtures, we include boiler,
with furnace door and handholes only. Anything or-
dered, not included in the above list of fixtures, will
be charged as an extra. Previous to shipment every
boiler is tested with water and steam and subjected to
a hydrostatic pressure of 150 pounds to the square inch.
A certificate of inspection and test issued by the Hart-
ford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company
is furnished with every boiler.

We can furnish, if required, a policy of insurance
for one year, issued by the Hartford Steam Boiler
Inspection and Insurance Company, at a slight addi-
tional charge. This policy is payable to the purchaser,
and will be in force wherever the boiler is located.
Upright tubular boilers with submerged tubes are
built on special order.

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Ransome Special Boilers

Are Made in 4 Sizes Only

H.P.

Size

No. of Tubes

Size of Tubes

Grate Area, sq. ins.

10
15
20
30

36" X 69"

42"x75"
42" X 87"
48"x93"

68
92
92

128

2"x33"
2"x39"
2"x51"
2" X 54"

754 7
1075 2
1075 2
1052 2

The materials used in the construction of these
boilers is the same as is used in our standard boilers,
with the exception that the boiler shell is extended to
form the ash pit, thus doing away with the cast iron
base. They are especially adapted for mounting on
wheels on account of their low center of gravity.

Instruction for Starting and Managing Ransome
Boilers. — (i) See that all connections with the boiler
are properly made and tight.

(2) Fill the boiler up to or above the second
gauge with water and take particular notice while boil-
er is being filled that all handhole plates and connec-
tions around the boiler are tight. Particularly note
that the check valve does not leak.

(3) Build a slow fire in the boiler until the water
becomes hot. Under no circumstances force your fire
until after steam begins to generate. This can be de-
termined by leaving the top gauge-cocks open until
steam appears.

(4) After about ten (10) or fifteen (15) pounds of
steam has been raised, note whether there are any
slight leaks appearing in the boiler or its connections.

IIS

(5) After steam lias been raised to amount of pres-
sure to be carried, try your safety valve and be sure
that it is in good working order. It is advisable to lift
the safety valve from its seat at least twice a day.

(6) Always carry the water in the boiler at a
height that will best allow the engine to operate with-
out carrying over water with the steam. It is always
best to carry the water line in the boiler as high as pos-
sible safely. *

(7) Never allow the fire-door of boiler to be open,
except when firing the boiler. In checking steam al-
ways close the ash pit doors and damper in the stack.
If this is not sufficient to check the steam, fire should
be banked.

(8) When shutting the boiler down at night, un-
der no circumstances allow^the furnace do©r to remain
open.

117

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119

Ransome Portable Boilers on Skids or Wheels. —

The thickness of the shell outside of fire-box and
furnace is Yx inch. The thickness of furnace tube
sheet is y% inch. The thickness of backhead is 5-16
inch for sizes Nos. 3 to 8, inclusive, and ^ inch for
larger sizes.

All prices cover boilers f. o. b. New York complete
with fittings and fixtures as specified on page 117, which
includes smokestack.

When built with water-front, fire-box is about three
inches shorter outside, making grates about six inches
shorter. AVater-front style boilers, either with water
bottom or open bottom fire-box, are built on special
order only, and at an extra price. All open bottom
boilers are built with wrought-iron ring in bottom of
water-leg. Some boilers use cast-iron rings.

Grates suitable for coal dust, when ordered, will
be substituted for regular grates without extra charge.
Special grates for burning pea coal, straight bar pat-
tern with ^-inch air space, also Tupper or herring-
bone grates, can be furnished at a slight additional
charge. Shaking grates are recommended for use in
open-bottom style of boilers only, owing to limited
depth of ash-pit in water bottom style.

All smokestacks are No. 16 gauge : if heavier gauge
is desired, a proportionate extra charo'e will be made.

AVe can furnish, if required, a policy of insurance
for one year issued by the Hartford Steam Boiler In-
spection and Insurance Company, at a slight addi-
tional charge. This policy is payable to the purchaser
and will be in force wherever the boiler is located.

120

121

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125

Derrick Engines

Double Cylinder, Double Friction Drums, and Derrick Drums
with necessary Boilers and Fixtures complete

TABLE OF DIMENSIONS AND PRICE LIST

Size Number of Engine

Horse-power as usually rated

Size of Cylinder, inches

Diameter of Drums, inches

Diameter of Flanges, inches

Length of Drums, inches

Diameter of Derrick Drum>, inches

Diameter of Derrick Drum Flanges, inches

Length of Derriek Drums, inches

Size of Boiler, inches

No. 2 inch Tubes

Floor Space required, inches

Weight Hoisted, usual speed, pounds

Approximate Shipping Weight, pounds

Price complete, as shown

Cipher Code Name

Price of Crating for Export

170X

171

GX X 8

7x10

36x84

42 X 84

48x113

60 X 135

2500

3500

9000

13000

$1550 00

$1760 00

Hasok

Homon

$48 00

$64 00

T26

127

DESCRIPTION OF FRICTION

On the opposite page we present cut showing the
manner of attaching the friction blocks on the '*Wern
Friction."

The groove "A" is turned to standard templets,
thereby insuring the groove to be always the same
size. The blocks "B" are made of hickory and are
absolutely interchangeable ; they are inserted in the
groove ''A" and held in place by the cast-iron wedge
"C."

The advantage of this style friction is that it is
not necessary to take either the drum or gear-wheel
off of the Engine for the purpose of renewing the fric-
tion blocks. These blocks being interchangeable, a
set can be shipped from the factory, and all that is
necessary to make the change is to take out the
thrust-key, move the drum against the thrust pedes-
tal, loosen the jam-nuts which tighten the wedge
''C," and remove the worn-out blocks and replace
them with new blocks, tighten up the jam-nuts on the
wedge "C," put the drum back into place, and adjust
the thrust-key, when the Engine is again ready for
operation.

We invite a careful study of the friction here
slK)wn, for we believe that engineers will appreciate
the ease with which this friction can be renewed.

128

TEST -A-

Top coat
-Joint
Concrete slab

TEST-B-

'Joint

TEST-C-

■Pressure applied here
Top

Joint-

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W
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129

Ransomite. — Ransuniite is a dry powder, which,
when dissolved in water and appHed to hardened con-
crete, will cause fresh concrete to adhere to it. In
brief, it bonds old concrete to new concrete —
something that was never accomplished until
Ransomite was invented. By its use, all concrete
work can be made monolithic. Concrete that has har-
dened over night will adhere to new concrete placed
the following day. Old cement sidewalks that have
spalled off can be patched perfectly by the aid of Ran-
somite. Indeed, the uses of Ransomite are beyond
enumeration.

The following report of Robert W. Hunt Co. testi-
fies as to the efficiency of the process.
Gentlemen:

The following is a report of the tests of the Ransome
Bonding Process, by Robert W. Hunt & Co.

TEST A. Three concrete slabs 4 ft. square and 4 ins
thick were made, using a mixture of one part cement, three
parts sand and five parts broken stone.

After hardening one week, one of these slabs was given
a top coat of i in. thick, using a mixture of one part cement
and two parts sand, simply wetting the concrete with water
in the customary manner before putting on the top.

The other two slabs, after hardening two weeks, were
prepared with the bonding mixture, according to your specifi-
cations, and also covered with a top i in. thick of the i — 2
mixture.

After the top coat had hardened two weeks we applied
hammer and chisel to the joint.

From the one which did not receive the bonding treat-
ment, the top comes away in a perfect layer, showing no
bond whatever; while from two which received the bonding
treatment it is entirely impossible to remove the top, showing
that the top has joined in a perfect bond with the concrete
base and become an integral part of the whole mass.

130

TEST B. Two columns 24 ins. long by 4 ins. square of a
1 — 2 — 4 mixture were made, having- one end finished off on
a bevel of 45 degrees. After one week's hardening one
column was finished out to a total length of 48 ins. after
melting the joint with water and using the i — 2 — 4 mixture,
making a column 48 ins. long with a 45 deg. joint in the
center.

The other column was likewise finished out to a length
of 48 ins. with the same mixture, after preparing the joint
with the binding mixture according to 3^our specification.

After one week's hardening both columns were supported
on centers and a load applied directl}^ over the joint. The
one made without the bonding mixture joint came apart in
handling, parting directly at the joint, showing that no bond
whatever existed. The column bearing the bonding mixture
joint withstood a load of 460 pounds, and broke to one side
of the joint, proving the joint to be stronger than the con-
crete.

TEST C. A 12 in. cube of concrete of the i — 2 — 4 mix-
ture, cored to the depth of 2 ins. in the center of one face,
was made up and allowed to harden for one week.

A top 4 ins. thick also of the i — 2 — 4 mixture, cored in
the center to fit the core in the cube, and with a lug 4 ins.
wide extending around the four sides, was placed on the
cube after preparing a bonding mixture joint according to
your specifications.

After hardening one week, the mass of concrete was
placed in a frame supporting the projecting top and pressure
applied from the top.

^^'e find the concrete to give wa}' in an irregular jagged
break affecting both the top and the base, but showing no
separation whatever at the joint, thereb}^ proving the joint
to be stronger than the concrete.

Respectfully.
ROBERT AN'. HUNT & CO.,

Engineers.

131
COST OF CONCRETE HIXINQ AND USEFUL DATA

Cost of Mixing Concrete. — When concrete is mixed
by hand with shovels and wheeled only a short dis-
tance in harrows to the place of deposit, one man will
nsnally average about 2 cu. yds. mixed and placed in
a day. Now, what can be done with a Ransome Mixer
under similar conditions? The answer depends very
largely upon the method used in conveying the materi-
als to and from the mixer. Where the mixer is fed
from bins holding sand and stone, and the concrete
conveyed away in cars or large buckets, with every-
thing designed to avoid delays in conveying, we have
averaged one batch of concrete per minute. The num-
ber of cubic yards of concrete (don't confuse the yard-
as:e of concrete with the vardage of loose materials fed
into the mixer) in a batch depends on the size of mixer
used. The following table gives the number of cubic
vards of concrete per batch of different sized Ransome
Mixers :

Size of Ransome Mixer

No. 1

No. 2

No. 3

No. 4

Cu. yds. Concrete per Batch

Cu. yds. per day (1 batch per min.)

H cu. yd.

150

H cu. yd.

300

% cu. yd.

450

1 cu. yd

600

See also the table on page 66

If the plant is so arranged as to deliver and handle
one batch per minute, or 600 batches per lo-hour day.
we see that the daily output is as above given. AA'hile
this output is possible, it is seldom attained, but it is
not unreasonable to expect an output of one batch in
one and one-half minutes, or two-thirds of the dailv

132

output above given. When the plant fails to average
a batch every two minutes, something is wrong with
the design of your conveying plant or with your fore-
man. The above is based on the assumption that you
are feeding the materials from storage bins. If, how-
ever, you are feeding from wheelbarrows in a confined
place, where only a few shovelers and a few wheel-
barrows can be worked, your average output may
easily fall ofif to one batch every three or four minutes.
You will see in print widely different outputs from
Ransome Mixers, but the reason is always apparent
when you understand the methods used in delivering
the materials to the mixer and in conveying them away
from the mixer. The mixer itself is always capable
of mixing a batch per minute. Oftentimes it does not
pay to provide the accessory plant needed to deliver
a batch per minute. For example, you may have to
move your plant frequently, and you cannot afford to
erect bins to hold the stone and sand. Again, it may
happen that you could not use a batch per minute in
the work. For example, your progress may be limited
by the rapidity with which forms can be erected and
moved.

A contractor will usually find it economic to provide
for handling one batch of concrete in one and one-half
to two minutes, and this can be accomplished with
ease if he will study the local conditions in advance.

A good general rule to be remembered : The cost of
mixing and placing concrete with a Ransome Mixer
is never more than one-half the cost of mixing and
placing by hand, and, with the proper conveying ap-
pliances, it may readily be reduced to one-quarter the
cost of handwork. Even on street work, which is not

133

as favorable for machine mixing as many other kinds
of concrete work, you can more than cut your cost
in two by using a Ransome Mixer with Ransome Con-
crete Push Carts, as you will see by records given on
page 79.

In building concrete sewers, use the same method,
and you will cut your labor cost in two. Some con-
tractors have built concrete sewers with Ransome Mix-
ers by shifting the mixer along to keep pace with the
advance of the sewer. This is all right where the
streets are not crowded and where the roadway is
comparatively level. A more economic plan usually is
not to move the mixer until about 1,400 lin. ft. of sewer
are built, building 700 ft. each way from the mixer,
and handling the concrete in Ransome Push Carts,
at a cost of 1^4 cents per cu. yd. per 100 ft. of
average haul. Contractors who have not tried this
method will be astonished at the results.

When you hear a man say that a machine mixer
will not do for his kind of work, although it is all
right for other kinds, you may set it down that he has
never tried a Ransome Mixer combined with Ransome
Concrete Carts or with Ransome Concrete Dumping
Buckets and Friction Crab Hoists. For you should
remember that batch mixers of the tilting type can
never be compared in output with a Ransome Mixer,
which does not tilt, and that the accessories used with
a Ransome Mixer are often quite as essential to eco-
nomic success as is the mixer itself.

Labor Cost of a Concrete Retaining Wall, Using
a Mixing and Hoisting Plant Mounted in a Movable
Tower. Engineering Contracting. — To build a con-
crete retaining wall, 20 feet high, at the Grand Cen-

134

tral Slatiun of the New York Central R. Iv., New York
City, the contractors ha\'e installed a plant that is
very etticient for this kind of work. As shown in
the photograph, bMg. y^^, a No. 4 Ransonie Concrete
Mixer is nionntecl in a tower, and above the mixer are
bins for stone and sand. The stone and sand are
hoisted and dnmpecl into the bins by means of two
Ransome automatic dumping buckets. These buck-
ets are shown at the bottom of the tower, on
the left hand side of the photograi)h. They slide in
guides and dump automatically into the bins when they
reach the proper position. The buckets are hoisted
by a Lidgerwood double drum hoist which is mounted
on the same floor in the tower as the mixer is. The
Lidgerwood hoist is driven by a General Electric mo-
tor; and the" Ransome mixer is driven by"^ 30 H. P.
General -Ele-e^rin: iEi^jtoj._;,iT^ke:"'^ljec^^ is ob-

tained from the street line nearby. This use of electric
motors on contact work is becoming more and more
common, especially in cities. A licensed engineer is
not required to operate a motor, and the cost of mount-
ing and shifting a heavy steam boiler is avoided.

Each of the two storage bins for stone and sand
holds 10 cubic yards; and about 100 barrels of cement
are also stored in the tower. The bags of cement are
hoisted in the sand bucket. The stone and sand are
discharged from the bins into a measuring hopper,
into which the cement is also emptied. Then by open-
ing a gate the materials are discharged into the mixer.
The concrete is mixed in the proportions of i 13 :6 ; Atlas
cement being used. The mixer is a No. 4 Ransome,
having a capacity of 40 cubic feet of loose materials,
that is, 4 cubic feet cement, 12 cubic feet sand, and 24

aiu

iVil

135

cubic feet stone. The weight of tlie mixer on skids is
5,000 pounds. Each of the Ransome automatic dump-
ing buckets used on this work is of a size to fit the mix-
er, and holds 40 cubic feet water measure.

The tower travels on a track whose rails are 13 feet
apart, the inner rail being- 5 feet from the face of the
concrete wall. A standard gauge track is laid between
the rails of the lower track, so that cars of sand and
stone may be delivered on both sides of the auto-
matic hoisting buckets. The sand is shoveled direct
from the cars into the bucket used for hoisting the
sand, and the cement is delivered on the shoulders of
men from box cars. The stone cannot be shoveled
direct from the cars into the bucket, due to the fact
that the output of the mixer is so great that enough
men cannot be crowded into the small space available
near the bucket. Hence a light platform is erected be-
tween the two tracks as shown in the photograph,
so that wheelbarrows can be run from the stone cars
to the hoisting bucket. The stone is delivered on flat
cars, and shoveled into wheelbarrows of the end-dump
pattern. The barrows are wheeled to the hoisting
bucket. If it were possible to avoid this wheelbarrow
work the cost could be greatly reduced. It seems to
the writer that a clam-shell bucket operated by a loco-
motive crane could be used instead of the men who
shovel and wheel the stone. Such a clam-shell would
have to handle stone at the rate of about 40 cubic
yards per hour. To deliver the stone from the clam-
shell bucket to the hoisting bucket, a steel lined chute
could be provided, or a small end-dump car, operated
by a cable, could be used to convey the broken stone
to the hoisting bucket. It happens that on this par-

136

ticular work a locomotive crane is used to shift the
concrete forms in panels. Hence the cost of plant need
not be materially increased, provided the locomotive
crane is used to shift the forms at night.

A clam-shell w^ould not clean up the bottom of the
cars, it is true, but the cleaning can be done by hand,
shoveling the stone directly into the hoisting bucket.
We offer this as a suggestion. Scow loads of stone
are unloaded at small cost by using clam-shell buckets ;
but the shallow and narrow piles of stone in flat cars
may not be so profitably unloaded by clam-shells. Any
information from our readers bearing upon this point
will be gladly received by the editor.

The concrete is delivered from the mixer into two
dump cars of the end dump pattern, each holding i
cubic yard. These cars run on a light track (2 ft. gauge)
laid in sections upon the cross-pieces connecting the
uprights of the forms. The track is a single track with-
out switches^ as there is no room to switch. Hence
one car must wait for the other. Four men are used
to push each car, making 8 men transporting the con-
crete. Then there are two more men whose duty is to
assist in dumping the cars, and who clean the track of
any concrete which may lodge upon it.

The wall is built in sctions 51 feet long, each
section containing 250 cubic yards. One of these sec-
tions is filled in 8 hours, wth the greatest ease ; and, by
a little hustling, a section can be filled in 6j4 hours,
which is at the rate of 37 cubic yards of concrete per
hour. Since each batch is about i cubic yard of con-
crete measured in place, this is an excellent output,
only a trifle more than i^ minutes being required per
batch. The actual time of making a batch is often

137

less than this, but slight delays and rests on the part
of the men increase the average time per batch.

Working eight hours per day, the daily cost of oper-
ating this mixing plant is as follows, wages being
$1.50 for laborers :

Per Day.
2 men carrying cement 3- 00

6 men shoveling sand 9.00

17 men shoveling stone 25 . 00

II men wheeling stone 16.00

2 men at stone and sand bins 3- 00

2 men opening cement bags 3- 00

I man dumping hopper i • 50

I man dumping mixer i • 50

1 man cleaning chute of mixer, etc i • 50

8 men pushing 2 cars 12.00

2 men clearing track, etc 3-00

7 men spading concrete 10. 50

I motorman or engineer ' 3 • 00

I foreman 5.00

Electricity, estimated 7.00

Total, 250 cubic 3^ards, at 40 cents $105.00

Take note that 40 per cent, of this cost is charged
to shoveling and wheeling the broken stone to the
hoisting bucket. The spading or ramming of the con-
crete is 4 cents per cubic yard, but even this seems
unnecessary to the wTiter, because a very sloppy con-
crete is used. HoAvever, some large stones, or ''plums,"
are embedded in the concrete, and the men engaged in
spading attend to the bedding of these large stones,
they also spade the concrete so as to leave 2 or 3 inches
of clear mortar on the front face of the wall.

The forms are shown in detail herewith. They are

138

made in panels 51 feet long, so that a locomotive crane
can shift the forms. The front panel is lined on the
inside with thin sheet-steel, so as to leave a smooth
concrete surface. The concrete is allowed to set over
night ; then the forms are stripped off, and the face of
the wall is rubbed. A locomotive crane (45 feet boom)
made by the Browning Engineering Co., is used to
shift the forms. The crane is used most of the time in
excavating work, and we are unable to say just how
long it is occupied in shifting the forms. Three sets
of forms are used, so as to avoid delays. A gang of
10 carpenters, or dock builders, is kept busy most of
the time on the work of moving the forms and re-as-
sembling. They also scrape and oil the inside of the
forms. Allowing $5 a day for the use of the locomo-
tive crane, and $25 a day for carpenter work, we have
a cost of 12 cents per cubic yard of concrete for shift-
ing the forms. This brings the total labor cost up to
52 cents per cubic yard.

The contractor for this work is the O'Rourke En-
gineering Construction Co., of New York. Mr. A. B.
Corthell, Terminal Engineer, is in charge of the work.

Hoist and Car Plant for Mixing and Placing Con-
crete for a 30-Span Arch Viaduct."' — A combination of
bucket hoists and cars was successfully used recently
in constructing a long concrete arch viaduct for the
Union R. R. at Pittsburg, Pa. The contractors were
the McKelvey-Hine Co., of Pittsburg, Pa., and we are
indebted to them for the information given.

The double track concrete viaduct replaced a single
track steel viaduct, being built around and embedding

>|; ti

Engineering-Contracting", Dec. 18, 1907.

139

the original steel structure which was maintained in
service. The concrete viaduct consisted of 21 spans
of 26 feet, 7 spans of 16 feet, and 2 spans of 22 feet.
With piers it required about 15,000 cubic yards of con-
crete. Two Ransome concrete hoists, one on each side
of the original steel structure near one end, were sup-
plied with concrete by a No. 4 Ransome mixer. The
mixer discharged direct into the bucket of one hoist
and by means of a shuttle car and chute into the
bucket of the other hoist.

The shuttle car ran from the mixer up an incline
laid with two tracks, one narroAv gauge and one wide
gauge, having the same center line. The car was open
at the front end and its two rear wheels rode on the
broad gauge rails and its two forward wheels rode on
the narrow gauge rails. At the top of the incline the
narrow gauge rails pitched sharply below^ the grade of
the broad gauge rails so that the rear end of the car
was tilted up enough to pour the concrete into a chute
which led to the bucket of the hoist. The sand and
gravel bins wxre elevated above the mixer and received
their materials from cars which dumped directly from
the steel viaduct.

The hoist buckets discharged into two hoppers
mounted on platforms on the old viaduct. These plat-
forms straddled tw^o narrow gauge tracks, one on each
side of the old viaduct parallel to and clearing the main
track. These side tracks were carried on the cantilever
ends of long timbers laid across the old viaduct be-
tween ties. At street crossings the overhanging ends
of the long timbers w^ere strutted diagonally down to
the outside shelf of the bottom chords of the plate gir-
der spans. Six cars were used and the concrete was

140

dumped by them directly into the forms ; the fall from
the track above being in some cases 40 feet. The
hoists and shuttle car were operated by an 8^x12
inch Lambert derrick engine, the boiler of which also
supplied steam to the mixer engine. The concrete cars
were operated by cable haulage by two Lambert 7x10
inch engines.

The labor force employed in mixing and placing
concrete, including form work, was 45 men, and this
force placed on the average 200 cubic yards of concrete
per day. Assuming wages we get the following costs
of different parts of the work for labor above:

Item. Per day. Per cu. yd.

I timekeeper at $2.50 $2.50 $0.0125

I general foreman at $5 5- 00 0.0250

3 enginemen at $5 i5-00 0.0750

I carpenter foreman at $4. . . . . . . 4.00 , 0.0200

12 carpenters at $3.50. 42.00 0.2100

I foreman at $4 4.00 0.0200

8 men mixing and transporting

at $1.75 14.00 0.0700

13 men placing concrete at $1.75 22.75 0-i^37
I foreman finishing at $4 4.00 0.0200

4 laborers finishing at $1.75 ... 7.00 0.0350

45 men at $2.70 $120.25 $0.6012

It is probable that the carpenter work includes
merely shifting and erecting forms and not the first
cost of framing centers. No materials, of course, are
included. It should be kept in mind that while the
output and labor force are exact the wages are as-
sumed.

warn

WJILLAM B. HOUGH OOKIPANY

I EXCLU51VB WESTERN AGENTS
j K CM 1 C>^C O 2C

* ■ I' • "» !■■» ir«^li»i«M— «— — n>i III! I wT If I 1 I

■VP

No. ot
Mixer.

I 234

9'-0"10'-0"ll'- 0"12'-0"

16'-3"17'-9"18'-ll"20'-0"

9'-7"

10'- 7" 11'- 7" 12'- 7",

8'-6"

9'-6''10'- 6''11'-G"

lb'-7"

lo'-9"17'-10"19'-9"

I'-O"

2'-0" 2'- 0" 2'-3"i

2'-ll"

3'- 6" 4'- 0"

4' -6"

r)'-8"

4'-0"

4'- 9" ,5'- 4"

r)'-o"

6'-0"v7'- 0" 7'.0"1

l'-6"

I'- 9"

.l'-10"ll'.ll",

Beams A

3'xl2"

4'xl2"

.3'xl4"4'xl4",

Beams B

6'x8 "

G'x8 "1 ()'x 0" O'xlO"]

Stone Compartment

Sand
Compartment

^ "H Front View.

Side View.

< Iff. i\ With a plant of this sort you can easily handle 50 to 70 batches per hour. One of our customers averaged over 7r> batche.«

141

Cost of Forms for Concrete. — For estimating the
cost of forms for retaining walls and piers, ''Engi-
neering-Contracting" gives the following rule:

Multiply the number of square feet surface area of
the sides and ends of the wall or piers by 2.8, and
the product will be the number of feet board measure
required for sheet plank and studs for the forms.

If the form lumber can be used more than once,
divide the number of feet board measure by the num-
ber of times that it can be used, to ascertain the
amount to be charged to each pier.

The foregoing rule is based on the assumption
that the sheeting plank Avill be 2 in. thick, and that
the upright studs will be 4x6 in., spaced 2^ ft. center
to center, or 3x6 in. studs spaced 2 ft. center to center.
No allowance is included for timber to brace the studs,
since it is customary to hold the forms together either
with bolts or with ordinary No. 9 telegraph wire which
weighs 0.06 lbs. per foot.

Where carpenters' wages are $3.00 a day, forms
can be erected and taken down for about $8 per 1,000
feet B. M. Since there are 2.8 feet B. M. of forms per
square feet of surface area of concrete to be sheeted,
it costs $8x2.8, or ^Yx cents per square feet for the la-
bor of carpenters erecting and taking down the forms.
If lumber is worth $24 per 1,000 feet B. M., then the
lumber itself costs $24x2.8, or 6^ cents per square
feet of concrete surface ; but if the lumber can be used
three times, we have 1-3 of 6^ or 2^ cents per square
feet of concrete as the cost of the lumber, to which
must be added the 2^ cents per square feet for the

142

carpenters' labor, making- a total of 43/^ cents per
square feet of concrete surface.

By dividing the total number of cubic yards of con-
crete into the total number of square feet to be
sheeted with forms, the number of square feet per
cubic yard is obtained. Multiply this number of square
feet by 4}^ cents, and the product is the cost per cubic
yard for material and labor in the forms, assuming the
material to be used three times.

g^Q^- ii'14«(atf'at;e< ; . Su^>pose- .- wte- ~ h a ve- .-ai-eon c r e t e pier
(,a\Teica|^dn^^8'-itjingk<, '6: ft.'thick and ri'2 ft. long, what
:' vs^U/ the, forms cost per cii. yd., assumiirg that the
rlumberiii the forms can be used over three times? The
I |su£'f'aG^a'rfe'a--of'''the two ends .of the- pier-is 6 x 18, or
.^^loR s.a...ft*.£or^-^ach'..eLuL-or-.2-ij5. S£|,..ft.. far .the.-. two ends.
The surface area of the two sides is 2 x 12 x 18, or
432 sq. ft. Hence the total area to be sheeted with
forms is 216 + 432, or 648 sq. ft. Now, the total
number of cubic yards is 6 x 12 x 18 -^ 2"/, or 48 cu.
yds. Hence there are 648 -^ 48, or 13^ sq. ft. of
forms per cu. yd. of concrete. Since the forms will
cost 4^ X 13^, or 60% cents, practically 60 cents per
cu. yd. of concrete to be paid for the labor and ma-
terial in the forms.

Each job should be figured in this manner, for it is
evident that, if a wall is thin, the cost of the forms
per cubic yard of w^all will be high. If the wall is
thick, it will be low.

It is often possible to make the forms in panels,

mUAPM 3. HOUGM COKIPANY

EXCLU51VBWB3TBRN AGENTS
X CWICAGO X

Allow l^"Drop in Orade to Center

Eleva+ion.

Pig. 75 — AN EOONOMirAT. OONCRETE PLANT WHICH WILT. HANDLE OVER 50 BATCHES PER HOTTR.

143

or sections, which arc not knocked to pieces each
time they are moved, but arc moved bodily. Then
they may be used again and again, not only effecting
a saving in lumber, but in labor. But in calculating
the number of panels that will be needed, and the
number of times that they can be used, it must be
remembered that it is not safe to strip the forms from
the concrete inside 24 hours — even of retaining walls,
and that where the concrete must act as an arch or
beam, as in bridges and floors, the forms must usually
be left in place at least two weeks to give the concrete
time to gain enough strength to carry its ow^n weight
and any construction loads that may come upon it.
On the other hand, centers and forms for small con-
crete sewers, up to 5 or 6 feet diameter, are usually
moved wdth safety wdthin 24 to 36 hours, provided the
work is not done in freezing w^eather. In cold weather
concrete takes longer to set or harden, and, in very
cold weather, it will not set at all unless protected
from the cold. A\diere concrete is put into buildings,
and wdierever it is used in thin beams or arches, it is
an excellent plan to make small cubes of concrete from
the same batches that go into the structure, and let
these cubes harden under practicall}' the same con-
ditions as the concrete in the structure. Then by
breaking these cubes, the contractor can determine
when it is safe to remove the forms.

The Size of Cement Barrels.— A barrel of Portland
cement contains 380 lbs. of cement, and the barrel
itself weighs about 20 lbs. more. The size of barrels
varies considerably, hence the number of cubic feet

144

of cement in a barrel is by no means the same for all
brands of cement. As a rule, a barrel of American
Portland cement has a capacity of 3.5 cu. ft. of packed
cement. But when the cement is dumped out loose
and measured in a box, it will measure 4.0 to 4.2 cu, ft.
These facts are quite important, because specifications
usually require that concrete shall be mixed in
a ratio of one part cement by measure to so many
parts sand to so many parts broken stone. Therefore,
if the contractor is allowed to measure his cement
loose in a box, it takes less cement per cubic yard of
concrete than if he required to measure his cement
packed in a barrel. Specifications are not always clear
on this point, but the most general practice now seems
to be to allow 3.8 cu. ft. of cement to the barrel, which
is a compromise between the packed measure of 3.5 cu.
ft. and the loose measure of 4.0 cu. ft. Moreover, 3.8
cu. ft. to the barrel is equivalent to 100 lbs. to the
cubic foot of cement, since a barrel contains 380 lbs.
Now, sand and broken stone usually weigh less than
100 lbs. to the cubic foot, so that if the proportions of
cement, sand and stone in concrete were made by
weight (as some engineers contend they should be),
we would not be far off in calling a barrel of cement
equivalent to 3.8 cu. ft. Perhaps we would be even
closer to the truth if we called a barrel 4 cu. ft., and
that is a very convenient standard now that Portland
cement is usually bought in cloth bags, for it takes
four bags to make a l:)arrel. Then each l)ag is equiva-
lent to I cu. ft. of cement. \Yq are inclined to favor
this last method of assuming arbitrarily th^t ^very

145

barrel of Portland cement shall be called 4 cu. ft., and
every bag of cement shall be called i cu. ft. in pro-
portioning the cement, sand and stone.

Natural cement is lighter than Portland and not so
strong. The Western (natural) cements, such as
Louisville and Akron, weigh 265 lbs. per bbl., and the
barrel weighs 15 lbs. more. The Rosendale (natural)
cements of New York and Pennsylvania weigh 300 lbs.
per bbl., and the barrel weighs about 20 lbs. more.
Natural cements are usually sold in cloth bags, three
bags to the barrel, instead of four bags, as is the case
with Portland Cement.

Proportions of Ingredients in Concrete. — Concrete
is usually made by mixing one part (by measure) of
cement with a given number of parts of sand and
broken stone or gravel. A 1 13 :6 concrete means i
part cement, 3 parts sand and 6 parts broken stone.
A 1 :3 :6 mixture is very commonly specified for a
Portland Cement concrete. A richer mixture of 1:2:5
is often specified where natural cement is used instead
of Portland.

The amount of cement, sand and stone required to
make a cubic yard of concrete varies not only with
the proportion of the parts specified, but with the size
of the cement barrel and with the percentage of voids
(interspaces) in the sand and broken stone. The fol-
lowing table, taken from Gillette's "Handbook of Cost
Data for Contractors," gives the amounts of materials
required to make i cu. yd. of concrete, when the barrel
of cement is 3.8 cu. ft., the sand voids 40 per cent, and
the stone voids 45 per cent. :

146

Ingredients in 1 Cubic Yard of Concrete

Proportions By Volume

1:2:4

1:2:5

1:2:6
1.18

1:2'^:5

l:2y^:6

1:3:4

Bbls. Cement per cu. yd. concrete

1.46

1.30

1.13

1.00

1.25

Cu. yds. Sand "

0,41

0.36

0.33

0.40

0.35

0.53

Cu, yd.s. Stone -'

0.82

0.90

1.00

0.80

0.84

0.71

Proportions By Volume

1:3:5

1:3:6

1:3:7

1:4:7

1:4:8

1:4:9

Bbls. Cement per cu. yd. concrete

1.13

1.05

0.96

0.82

0.77

0.73

Cu. yds. Sand

0.48

0.44

0,40

0.46

0.43

0.41

Cu.yds. Stone "

0.80

0.88

0.93

0.80

0.86

0.92

To illustrate the use of the table, supposing the
concrete is specified to be i part cement, 3 parts sand
and 6 parts broken stone. Then we find in the col-
umns headed 1:3:6 that it takes 1.05 bbls. cement,
0.44 cu. yds. sand and 0.88 cu. yds. broken stone to
make i cu. yd. concrete packed in place.

Very often it is desired to know how many barrels
of cement are required to make i cu. yd. of mortar.
Some tests cited by Gillette gave the following re-
sults :

The cement barrel in this case was assumed to hold
3.65 cu. ft., and the sand had 38 per cent, voids.

Percentage of Water Reuired in Mortar.* — A good
rule by which to determine the percentage of water by
weight for any given mixture of mortar is as follows :
Multiply the parts of sand by 8, add 24 to the product
and divided the total by the sum of the parts of sand
and cement.

* Gillette's "Hand Book of Cost Data.

147

Example : Required percentage of water for a mor-
tar of I cement to 3 sand :

Solution

1 cement =24:%

3 sand X 8% =24%

4 parts at 12% =48%

Hence the water should be 12 per cent, of the
combined weight of the cement and sand. For a i :i
mortar, the rule gives 16 per cent, water. For i :2
mortar, the rule gives 13^ per cent, water. For a i :6
mortar, the rule gives 10.3 per cent, water. Inciden-
tally, it may be added, the percentages of water ob-
tained by this rule gives a mortar that has the greatest
adhesion to steel rods (see Falk's ''Cement, Mortars
and Concretes.")

Voids in Broken Stone and Gravel.'' — The percen-
tage of voids in loose, broken stone depends upon the
character of the stone, upon whether it is broken by
hand or in a crusher (probably also on the kind of
crusher), and upon whether it is screened into differ-
ent sizes, or the rtm of the crusher is taken.

Pure quartz weighs 165 lbs. per cu. ft., hence broken
quartz having 40 per cent, voids weighs 165 X 60 per
cent., or 99 lbs. per cu. ft. Few gravels are entirely
quartz, and many contain stone having a greater spe-
cific gravity like some traps, or a less specific gravity
like some shales and sandstones.

The w^eight of a cubic foot of loose gravel or stone
is therefore no accurate index of the percentage of
voids unless the specific gravity is known.

* Gillette's ''Handbook of Cost Data."

148

Specific Gravity of Stone.

(Condensed from Merrill's "iJtones for Building.")

2.78 Limestone, Joilet, 111 2.56

2.^ to 8.0 " Quincy, I11..2.51to2.57

.... 3.03 '• (oolitic) Bedford,

.... 2.86 Ind 2.25to2.45

2.92 " Mcarquette. Mich.. 2.34

2.66 " Glens Falls, N.Y.. 2. TO

2.84 " Lake Champ?ain,

2.66 N.Y JL 2.75

2.66 Sandstone, Portland, Conn,.. 2.64

2.65 " Haverstraw, N. Y. 2.13

Medina, N.Y 2.41

Potsdam, N.Y... . 2.60

(erit^Bejrea, O.... 2.12

Specific Gravity of Common Minerals and Rocks.

Trap, Boston, Mass. . ..
" Duluth, Minn...

" Jersey City, N. J

" Staten Island, N.Y. .

Gneiss, Madison Ave., N.Y.

Granite.N ow London, Conn

•• Greenwich, Conn.

" Vinalhaven, Me. .,

" Quincy, Mass

^•' Barre, Vt

Apatite

Basalt

Calcite, CaCOs

Cassiterlte, SnOa

Cerrusite, PbCo's

Chalcopyrite, CuFeSj. .

Coal, anthracite

Coal, bituminous

Diabase

Diorite

Dolomite, CaMg {OO-ih-

Feldspar

Felsite

Galena, PbS

Garnet

Gneiss

Granite

Gypsum

Halite (salt), NaCl

Hematite, Fe208

Hornblende

Limonite, Fe304 (OH)c.

2.92—3.25 Limestone 2.35-

3.01 Magnetite, Fe304 4.9 -

2.5 —2.73 Marble...; 2.08-

6.4 —7.1 Mica 2.75-

6.46—6.48 Mica Schist 2.5-

4.1 —4.3 Olivine : 3.33-

1.3—1.84 Porphyry 2.5-

1.2—1.5 Pyrite, FeSa..- 4.83-

2.6 —3.03 Quartz, 8102 2.5 -

2.92 Quartzite 2.8-

2.8 —2.9 Sandstone 2.0 -

2.44—2.78 •« Medina 2.4

2.65 •• Ohio 2.2

7.25—7.77 " Slaty 1.82

3.15—4.31 Shale 2.4 -

2.62-2.92 Slate 2.5 -

2.55—2.86 Sphalerite. ZnS 3.9-

2.3 —3.28 Stibnite, Sb^Sg 4.5 -

2.1 —2.56 Syenite 2.27-

4.5 —5.3 Talc 2.56-

3.05—3.47 Trap...... 2.6 -

3.6 -4.0

-2.87

-5.2

-2.85

-8.1

-2.9

-3.5

-2.8

-5.2

-2 8

-2.7

-2.78

-2.8
-2.8

-4.2

-4.6

-2.65

-2.8

-3.0

Tables show specific gravities of different min-
erals and rocks, and weights of broken stone corre-
sponding to different percentage of voids.

It is rare that a gravel has less than 30 per cent, or
more than 45 per cent, voids. If the pebbles vary con-
siderably in size, so that the small fit in between the
large, the voids may be as low as 30 per cent ; but if
the pebbles are tolerably uniform the voids will ap-
proach 45 per cent.

Broken stone, being angular, does not compact so read-
ily.

149

lly as gravel, and shows a higher percentage of voids when
the fragments are uniform in size and shoveled loosely into
a box; but the voids, even then, seldom exceed 52%.

The following records of actual tests will indicate the
range of void percentages:

Prof. S. B. Newberry gives the voids in Sandusky Bay
gravel, % to %-in. size, as being 42.4% voids; ^4 to V2o-in.
size, 35.9% voids.

Mr. William H. Hall gives the following tests on mixtures
of Green River, Ky., blue limestone and Ohio River washed
gravel:

stone

100% with

50
0

The stone passed a 2i^-in. screen and the dust was re-
moved by a fine screen. The gravel passed a l^^-in. screen.

The voids in mixtures of Hudson River trap rock and
clean gravel, of the sizes just given for the Kentucky mate-
rials, were as follows:

Grayel

Voids

\ in Mixture

48%

'ASK

100

Trap Gravel Voids in Mixture

100% with 0% 50%

60 " 40 38>i

50 " 50 36

0 " 100 35

Mr. H. \'on Schon gives tests on a gravel having 34.1%
voids as follows:

Retained on l-inring.. 10.70%

3^-in. ring 23.65

" No. 4 sieve 8.70

" No.lOsieve .' 17.J4

" No. 20 sieve 21.76

'• No. 30 sieve 6.49

" No. 40 sieve 5.96

Passed No. 40 sieve 5 59

" l>i-inrlng 100.00

150

a u

fl u

•r-i ©

•fH -^ ,

M 5 •

*^ C--3

Weight in

Lbs. per cu
Voids aro

O c3
CCC5

30%

35%

40%

1.0

62.855

1.684

1,178

1,094

1.010

•2.0

124.7

3 367

2,357

2,187

2,020

^.1

130.9

3,536

2.475

2.298

2,121

2 2

137.2

3,704

2,593

2.408

2,222

2.3

143.4

3,872

2,711

2,517

2.323

2.4

149.7

4,041

2,828

2,626

2,424

2.5

155.0

4,209

2,946

2,736

2.525

2.6

162.1

4.377

3,064

2,845

2,626

2.7

168.4

4,. 54 6

.3.182

2,955

2,727

?,8

174.6

4,714

3,300

3,064

2.828

2.9

180.9

4,882

3,418

3,174

2,929

8.0

187.1

5.051

3,536

3.283

3.080

3,1

193.3

5,219

3,653

3,392

8,131

3,2

199.5

5,388

3,771

3.502

3.232

3,3

2/35.8

5.556

8,889

3.611

8.333

3.4

212.0

5,724

4,007

3 721

3.434

3.5

218.3

5,893

4,125

3.830

8,535

yd. when

45%
926
1.852
1,946
2.087
2,130
2,222
2.315
2,408
2,500
2.593
2.685
2.778
2.871
2,968
8.056
8.148
3 241

50%
842
1.684
1,768
1,852
1.938
2.020
2,105
2,189
2,273
2.357
2.441
2,526
2.609
2,694
2,778
2.862
2.947

Voids in L.6ose Broken Stone.

Authority.

Voids.

49.0

44.0

46.5
47.5

47.0
39 to 42
48 to 52

48.0

50.0

47.6
40.5
48.0
43.0
46.0
53.4
51.7
52.1
45.3
45.8
54.5
54.5
45.0
51.2
40.0
30.0
46.0

Remarks.

Sabin

Limestone, crusher run after screening

out ^s-in. and under.
Limestone (1 part screenings mixed with

Wni. M. Black

J. J. R. Croes

S. B. Newberry

H. P. Boardman

v.'m. n. Hall...!!.,!!!

6 parts broken stoned.
Screened and washed. 2 ins. and under.
Gneiss, after screening out >4-ln. and

under.
Chiefly al^out egg size.
Chicago limestone, crusher run.

'•• " screened into sizes.
Green River limestone. 2>^ ins. and

Wm. n. Hall

smaller, dust screened out.
Hudson River trap, 2>^ ins. and smaller.

Wm. B. Fuller

dust screened out.
New Jersey trap, crusher run, ^ to 2.1 In.

Geo. A. Kimball

Myron 8. Falk

Knxbury conglomerate. >3 to 2>j ins.
Limestone, J^ to 3 Ins.

W. H. Henby

" 2-in. size.

" 1 ^-in. size.

Feret

Stone, 1.6 to 2.4 ins.

0.8 to 1.6 in.

0.4 to 0.8 In,

A. W. Dow

Bluestone. 89% being 1>^ to 2^ Ins,
90% beiuK ^ to l^ln.

Taylor and Thompson

G.W. Chandler

Emile Low

Trap, hard. 1 to 2>^ ins.

yc, to 1 in. ^

0 to 21^ ins,
soft. 3^ to 2 Ins,
Canton, 111.
Buffalo limestone, crusher run. dust In.

C. M. Saville

Crushed cobblestone, screened into sizes.

T5T

How To Mix Tar Concrete in a Ransome.^ — Jn lay-
ing a tar concrete base for a wood covered mill floor,
the custom is to mix the tar, sand and stone by hand.
But, in building 17,800 square feet of mill floor at
Shawinigan, Canada, Mr. C. H. Chadesy, the engineer
in charge, used a Ransome Mixer to great advantage.
The hot materials were fed into the Ransoms and were
kept hot during the mixing by a wood fire built under
the drum of the mixer. A little "dead oil" applied
to the discharge chute and to the wheelbarrows and
shovels prevented the tar concrete from adhering to
them. This is only another instance of the wide appli-
cability of the Ransome Mixer. A tilting mixer could
not have been used for this purpose, because during
the time the mixer was tilted the tar would have
cooled enough to make it stick. This is but another
instance proving the contractor's adage : ' ''A Ran-
some is the best all round mixer made."

Shrinkage of Crushed Stone. — The following table
illustrating the settlement of crushed stone in wagons
will be of interest to contractors and will show the de-
sirability from the contractor's point of view, of in-
serting in the purchase agreement for crushed stone a
clause to the effect that this material shall be paid for
according to measurements taken on arrival of wagons
at destination. The question as to whether the wagons
are loaded by shovel or from bins has a considerable
bearing on volume of the material per given weight
and wdiere prices are even the balance is strongly in
favor of the dealer whose wagons are loaded from
bins.

JS
C/3

be
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p,o,a o.
o o o o

il Ih li Vh
4J ^ 4-> ■!->

toiousm

en t/5 (/) w

U) U) 00 00

I U) (30 I

c c c

c c c c

V 0) V V

(U d> <L> (U

It Ih tH Wl

<Ne^C<l(M(N

"500010

C* C4 C<1 C^ d

"•diot^iN

od»cd

ocot^
od»o»o

o CO CO

t^ CO CO

»HO>00

dco'rji

COcOiO

ujcvico

0.0. p.
000

<4H >+-< <4-l O O

00000
c c c c c

CO o o^ o 1— f

O to 10 CO to

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t- CO t^ t- CO

coco ■^ C^CO

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153

A Little "Trick" in Charging Concrete Mixers. —
It frequently happens that a Ransome Concrete Mixer
must be charged with materials delivered from stock
piles near the mixer. The wheelbarrow method is
commonly used where a mixer must be moved at
frequent intervals; but a cheaper method, where the
mixer is not to be shifted frequently, is to charge the
mixer by the use of dump buckets handled by a der-
rick. Now, if dump buckets are used, it is wise to
have three of them, each being large enough to hold
all the sand and stone necessary for each batch of
concrete. Let your blacksmith rivet a sheet-steel par-
tition in each bucket, dividing it into two sections,
one section for stone and the other for sand. The
sand section of the bucket is first filled, then the
bucket is swung by a derrick over to the stone pile,
where the stone section of the bucket is filled. By
having three buckets, no delays occur, since one
bucket is always at the sand pile, another at the stone
pile and the third delivering the charge to the Ran-
some Mixer. When this method is used, no charging
bins are required at the mixer, but a large hopper or
chute should be used at the mixer to facilitate dump-
ing the bucket. When this method is employed, it
is often wise to mount the Ransome Mixer high
enough up so that the mixer can discharge the con-
crete into a bin. From the bin the concrete is drawn
off into carts or cars and hauled away. A concrete
bin should be equipped with a Ransome Discharge
Gate, Fig. 54.

How to Use a Ransome Mixer 'nd Washer.

— It is often specified that dirt; '^,yel must

154

be washed before it can be used in making concrete.
The expense of washing sand with a hose, and the
cost of rehandhng the sand several times before and
after washing, can be avoided by the contractor who
owns a Ransome Concrete Mixer. The dirty sand is
hauled in carts or barrows to the mixer and dumped
directly into it. \\ ater is then turned on until it be-
gins to overflow at the discharge end of the mixer
into a trough. The operator then begins to revolve
the mixer slowly. The steel scoops riveted to the
inside of the mixer pick up the sand and dump it back
into the water^ so that the dirt in the sand is quickly
washed out of the sand and held in suspension by the
water. A small stream of water is constantly fed
into the mixer as the dirty water runs out. In a few
moments clear water begins to flow from the mixer,
showing that the sand is clean. Then the operator
lowers the discharge chute and delivers the clean sand
into carts or other conveyances. So far as we know,
the Ransome is the only concrete mixer that has ever
been used successfully for washing sand or gravel.
Its design is such as to make it the only mixer on the
market that can be used economically for the purpose
of washing dirty sand or gravel.

Formula for Computing the Compressive Strength
of Concrete. — The following formulas by Mr. Edwin
Thacher, M. Am. Soc. C. E., from experiments con-
ducted at Watertown Arsenal may be relied upon as
giving the compressive strength of concrete made of
good materials. The strengths are given in pounds
per square in ^f compression surface. The formu-
las are:

155

(Volume Sand \
^__ I
\ olunie C ement /

(Volume Sand \
Volume Cement/

(Volume Sand \
TT-^. -^ I
Volume Cement/

(Volume Cement \
TT^. ^ \ — I
Volume Sand /

Waterproof Concrete. — It has been determined in
construction of reservoirs, etc., that an admixture of
about ten per cent, of hydrated lime to the amount of
cement used will make a rich mixture of concrete
waterproof. There are also a number of patented mix-
tures, which when added to the concrete during mix-
ing or washed on the surface of the concrete after the
removal of forms, have a water-proofing efifect.

When it is desired to obtain a concrete that is im-
pervious to water, a rich mixture of not more than i —
2 — 4 should be used, the broken stone or screened
graved to be clean and range in size from ^ in. to ^
in. in diameter.

It has been determined that concrete reaches its
maximum strength in about three years. To retard the
settling of cement, which is desirable at times in order
that it will attain greater strength ultimately, add
three pounds slacked lime and a solution of common
salt and water, using two pounds to the gallon, and
add one gallon of the solution to each barrel of cement
used.

156

FORMULAS

For the Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams.

Alb = Ultimate bending moment in inch lbs.

^- ^= Mb simple beam uniformly loaded.

wl-

— =z Mb continuous beam uniformly loaded.

w = weight on beam per lineal ft.

1 = length of beam from cen. to cen. of supports.

Mr = Mb.

Mr = 90bd-.

b = width of beam.

d = depth of beam.

With steel of an elastic limit of 54,000 lbs. use an
area of 0.75 per cent. bd.

With steel of an elastic limit of 35,000 lbs. use i.oo
to 1.25 per cent bd.

Concrete Footings.

Plain concrete footings for earth pressure of

1 ton per sq. ft. height = 0.5 (base — width col.)

2 tons per sq. ft. height = 0.75 (base — width col.)

3 tons per sq. ft. height = 0.90 (base — width col.)

4 tons per sq. ft. height = (base — width col.)

Step footings in courses.
Reinforced concrete footings for earth pressure of

1 ton per sq. ft. height = 0.175 (base — width col.)

2 tons per sq. ft. height = 0.35 (base — width col.)

3 tons per sq. ft. height = 0.525 (base — width col.)

4 tons per sq. ft. height = 0.70 (base — width col.)

For reinforcement use rods of a diameter equal to
base ~ 100 spaced 10 times their diameter apart and
one-tenth of height from bottom of footing.

157

Bearing Power of Soils

Kind of Material

Bearing Power in tons
per. sq. ft.

Rock — the hardest — in thick layers of native bed

Rock equal to best ashlar masonry

" " " brick "

poor

Clay on thick beds, always dry

'• " " •• moderately dry

" soft

Gravel and coarse sand, well compacted
Sand, compacted and well cemented

" clean, dry

Quicksand, alluvail soils, etc

Min.

Max.

200

4
2
1

8
4
2
0.5

The Use of Slag or Cinder Aggregates. — 1 he use of

slag or cinder as aggregates for concrete should be de-
cided upon only after careful investigation. In many
cases the economy effected is only apparent, not real.
By reason of the greater percentage of voids in slag
and cinders as compared with broken stone, a much
larger proportion of mortar is required to secure
smooth work, and the resulting concrete is never as
strong as good broken stone concrete, where an equal
volume of cement is used.

Hints for Specification Writers. — During the past
year we have received many requests for assistance
in the preparation of specifications for reinforced con-

158

Crete buildings, and, in view of the disastrous failures
reported during the year, we believe the suggestions
embodied in the following paragraphs may prove of
service.

In preparing specifications it is of course necessary
to consider the requirements of the body (municipal,
insurance, etc.) under whose jurisdiction the struc-
ture will fall. For the purpose of facilitating con-
formity to such laws we print herewith a table pub-
lished by the Association of Portland Cement Manu-
facturers.

Reinforced concrete is a new building material and
should be treated as such. In the vast majority of
structures the designer ignores entirely this fact that
reinforced concrete has structural individuality of its
own, and is ill-suited to designs which, however excel-
lent in themselves, are the outcome of years of prac-
tise with wood, brick and masonry. There should be,
and ultimately will be, an architecture of reinforced
concrete.

If you cannot get same results by applying a new
building material to a preconceived design, no more
can you ensure efficient workmanship in the new
material by applying specifications which have been
developed by years of practice or malpractice with
materials of entirely different qualities.

There are few text books on reinforced concrete,
and the only teacher available is experience. The im-
portance of experience cannot be too strongly empha-
sized as an indication of competence.

159

It is not possible always to secure a contractor
experienced in reinforced concrete, and it becomes,
therefore, all the more important that the specifica-
tions shall be drawn up carefully and that they shall
provide every safeguard against faulty workmanship
and materials. These safeguards should be largely in
the line of tests, not only of materials before going
into the work, but tests of the completed work.

Incessant Watchfulness is the price of success.
The most perfect design, the most scrupulous honesty
may be defeated by carelessness or ignorance on the
part of a single workman. Nothing must be left to
chance, and it is essential that the contractor be
thoroughly equipped as to plant and organization;
that the personnel of his corps of assistants, and their
organization be such as to secure perfect supervision
of the work.

In view of the current system of letting contracts,
the specification is of extreme importance. In many,
if not in most cases, the contract is let to the lowest
bidder, who is to furnish the plans for the Reinforced
Concrete Construction. This practice arose from the
fact that until very recent years the work has been
carried on by a few individuals or firms controlling
one form or another of reinforcing metal, and, with the
universal desire for competition and lack of knowledge
upon the part of architects, it became customary to
allow a contractor to submit a proposition, using such
style of reinforcement as he desired. To this prac-
tice may be traced most of the serious failures. The
growth of concrete construction was abnormal. The
general contractor became interested and in many

i6o

cases entered the field with all the confidence of ignor-
ance. He had laid pavements, therefore he could put
up a building concrete work was easy. Without any
knowledge as to their worth, the inexperienced con-
tractor depended upon designs furnished him gratis,
by competing salesmen of rival concerns selling re-
inforcing metal, who were interested only in selling
the materials, and the temptation to skimp the de-
sign, in order to show better results than a rival,
was strong. This practice of injecting into the
contract an irresponsible third party prevails largely
to-day. It is pernicious and should be eliminated by
any owner who desires good work.

Your contractor should be an engineer of recognized
standing, or have associated with him a consulting
engineer of proved ability, who shall be held respon-
sible for the design ; and it is preferable, in any event,
to have the design when submitted by the contractor
checked independently by an engineer representing the
owner.

The Importance of Tests. — We cannot impress too
strongly upon contractors as well as upon architects
and owners the importance of tests in connection
with concrete construction. We believe most of the
so-called failures of concrete construction may be
directly traced to failure to provide proper tests. We
submit below a few clauses which, if incorporated in
specifications, will prevent serious trouble.

I. The contractor shall maintain a testing labora-
tory, wherein shall be provided facilities for making
such tests as may be hereinafter provided for.

i6i

2 All cement shall be tested as to conformity with
specification for cement as hereinafter printed.

3. The owner, or his representative, may at any
time select samples from the concrete as it is being
laid. If such samples do not, at the expiration of
seven days, develop the strengths as assumed in the
calculations, he may immediately have that portion of
the work wherein such material was used tested with
full working load, and, if such work shows defects or
undue weakness, he may require the contractor, at his
own expense, to remove such section.

4. At the option of the owner any section of a floor
may be tested by loading with the full working load
30 days after completion, and, in the event of undue
cracking or failure, may require the contractor to re-
place the defective section.

The following general specification, with accom-
panying notes, will be found applicable, as a whole, or
in part, to most structures of Re-inforced concrete. No
attempt has been made to cover the details, such as
may be peculiar to any one work. The aim has been
to give only features generally applicable. Dissent-
ing voices may be heard, and many will disagree with
certain features, but it is hoped that the mere attempt
to outline a specification, which is a departure from
accepted practice, will promote discussion, and arouse
thought along a line well worthy of consideration.

We shall appreciate any criticism or suggestion
which will help in the preparation of a specification
which will be more in keeping with concrete as a struc-
tural entity, than the ordinary present day specifica-
tion.

l62

DESIGN.

1. Weight of Burned Clay Concrete. — The weight
of burned clay concrete, incliidiiiL^- the steel reinforce-
ment, shall be taken at 150 lbs. per cu. ft.

2. Weight of Other Concrete.— The weight of all
other concrete, including the reinforcement, shall be
taken at 150 lbs. per cu. ft.

3. Weight of Materials. — Besides the above, in

calculating the dead loads, the weights of the different
materials shall be assumed as given in Table No. i.

TABLE NO. I.

Weights of Building Materials, etc.
In Pounds per Cubic Foot.

Material Weight Alaterial. Weight

Paving brick 150 Plaster 140

Building brick 120 Glass 160

Granite 170 Snow 40

Marble 170 Spruce 25

Limestone 160 Hemlock 25

Slag 140 White Pine 25

Gravel 120 Oregon Fir 30

Slate 175 Yellow Pine 40

Sand, clay and earth . 1 10 Oak 50

Mortar 100 Cast Iron 450

Stone concrete 150 WVought iron 490

Cinder concrete 90 Steel 490

Paving asphaltum . . 100

4. Live Loads. — The following table gives the
uniformly distributed live loads for which structural
members shall be designed when their dead loads are
as given in the first column A :

i63
Table No. 2

DEAD L,OAD

Pounds per Square Foot

(Column A)

40 or under

100

110

120

130

140

150

CORRESPONDING LIVE LOAD
Pounds per Square Foot

(1)

;2)

(3)

(4)

72
63
59
53

48
46

103
93

84
76
69
64

155

140

126

114

104

59'

194
175
158
143
130
120
109
100
93
81

5. Dwellings, Etc. — The live loads on floors for
dwellings, apartment houses, dormitories, hospitals
and hotels, shall be as given in column (i) of Table
Xo. II.

6. Schoolrooms, Etc. — For schoolrooms, churches,
offices, theatre galleries, use column (2) Table No. 11.

7. Stores, Etc. — For ground floors of office build-
ings, corridors and stairs in public buildings, ordinary
stores, light manufacturing establishments, stables and
garages, use column (3) Table No. II.

8. Assembly Rooms, Etc. — For assembly rooms,
main floors of theatres, ball rooms, gymnasiums or any
room likely to be used for dancing or drilling, use
column (4) Table No. II.

9. Sidewalks. — For sidewalks, 300 pounds per
square foot.

164

10. Warehouses, Etc. — For warehouses, factories,

special according to service, but not less than column
(4) of Table No. II.

11. Columns. — For columns the specified uniform
live loads per square foot shall be used with a mini-
nuim of 20,000 pounds per colunui.

12. Reductions on Columns. — h^or columns carry-
ing more than five floors the live loads may be re-
duced as follows :

For columns supporting the roof and top floor,
no reduction.

For columns supporting each succeeding floor,
a reduction of 5 per cent, of the total live
load may be made until 50 per cent, is
reached, which reduced load shall be used
for the colunuis supporting all remaining
floors.

13. Exceptions to Reductions on Columns. — This
reduction is not to apply to live load on columns of
warehouses, and similar buildings which are likely to
be fully loaded on all floors at the same time.

14. Theory of Stress. — The method used in com-
puting the stresses shall be such that the resuHant
unit stresses shall not exceed the prescribed unit
stresses as computed on the following assumptions :

(i) That a plane section normal to the neutral
axis remains such during flexure, from
which it follows that the deformation in
any fibre is directly proportionate to the
distance of that fibre from the neutral axis.
(2) That the modulus of elasticity remains con-
stant within the limits of the working
stresses fixed in these regulations and is as
follows :

i65

Steel, 30,000,000 lbs. per square inch.
Burnt clay concrete, 1,500,000 lbs. per

square inch.
All other concrete, 2,000,000 lbs. per square

inch.
(3) That concrete does not take tension, except
that in floor slabs, secondary tension in-
duced by internal shearing stresses may be
assumed to exist.

UNIT STRESSES.

15. Unit Working Stresses. — The allowable unit
stresses under a working load shall not exceed the
following:

Burned clay or cinder concrete — ■

Direct compression, 300 lbs. per square

inch.
Cross bending, 400 lbs. per square inch.
Direct shearing, 150 lbs. per square inch.
Shearing where secondary tension is

allowed, 15 lbs. per square inch.

All other concretes- —

Direct compression, 500 lbs. per square

inch.
Cross bending, 800 lbs. per square inch.
Direct shearing, 300 lbs. per square inch.
Shearino- where secondary tension is

allowed, 25 lbs. per square inch.

STEEL.

Medium Steel High Elastic Limit Steel
Tension, 14,000 20,000

16. Compression in Steel. — The compression in
the steel shall be computed from the corresponding

i66

compression in the concrete, except for hooped
cohimns.

17. Bonding Stress Plain Bars. — The Bonding
stress between steel and concrete under working load
shall not exceed the folowing for plain steel:

For medium steel, 50 lbs. per superficial sq. in. of
contact.

For High El. Lim. Steel, 30 lbs. per superficial sq.
in. of contact.

18. Bonding Stress other than Plain Bars. — For
bars of such shape throughout their length that their
efficiency of bond does not depend upon the adhesion
of concrete to steel, the allowable bonding stress un-
der working load shall be determined as follows:

The bars shall be imbedded not less than six inches
in concrete as herein defined and the force required to
pull out the bar shall be ascertained. At least five
such tests shall be made for each size of bar and an
affidavit report of the test shall be submitted to the
Commissioner of Public Buildings, who shall then fix
one-fourth of the average stress thus ascertained at
failure as the allowable working stress.

19. Maximum Column Length. — The unsupported
length of a column shall not exceed fifteen times its
least lateral dimension.

20« Combined Flexure and Compression. — In a
column subjected to combined direct compression and
flexure, the extreme fiber stress resulting from the
combined actions shall not exceed the unit stress pre-
scribed for direct compression.

21. Reinforcement in Columns. — All columns shall
have longitudinal steel members so arranged as to

l67

make the column capable of resisting flexure. These
longitudinal members shall be stayed against buckling
at points whose distance apart does not exceed twenty
times the least lateral dimension of the longitudinal
member. In no case shall the combined area of cross-
section of these longitudinal members be less than one
per cent, of the area of the concrete used in proportion-
ing the column, and the stays shall have a minimum
cross section of three one-hundredths of a square inch
(0.03 sq. ins.).

22. Hooped Columns. — If a concrete column is
hooped with steel near its outer surface either in the
shape of circular hoops or of a helical cylinder, and if
the minimum distance apart of the hoops or the pitch
of the helix does not exceed one-tenth the diameter
of the column, then the strength of such a column
may be assumed to be the sum of the following three
elements :

(i) The compressive resistance of the concrete
when stressed not to exceed five hundred
pounds per square inch for the concrete
enclosed by the hooping, the remainder be-
ing neglected.

(2) The compressive resistance of the longi-

tudinal steel reinforcement when stress does
not exceed allowable working stress for
steel in tension.

(3) The compressive resistance which would have

been produced by imaginary longitudinals
stressed the same as the actual longitudi-
nals; the volume of the imaginary longi-
tudinals being taken at two and four-tenths
(2.4) times the volume of the hooping. In

i68

computing the volume of the hooping it
shall be assumed that the section of the
hooping throughout is the same as its least
section. If the hooping is spliced the splice
shall develop the full strength of the least
section of the hooping.

23. Minimum Covering of Steel. — The minimum
covering of concrete over any portion of the reinforc-
ing steel shall be as follows :

For flat slabs not less than one inch.

For beams, girders, ribs, etc., not less than 2
inches.

For columns not less than two inches. In com-
puting the strength of columns, other than
hooped columns, the outside one inch
around the entire column shall be neglected.

24. Continuous Beams. — Beams continuous over
supports shall be reinforced to take the full negative
bending moment over the supports, but shall be com-
puted as non-continuous beams.

25. Minimum Spacing of Steel. — The minimum
distance center to center of reinforcing steel members
shall not be less than the maximum diameter or diag-
onal dimensions of cross section plus two inches.

26. T-beams. — In designing T-beams, the width
of floor slab which may be assumed to act as compres-
sion flange of the beam, shall not exceed one-fourth
(34) of the span of the beam, but in no case shall it
exceed the distance, center to center, of beams.

27. Splicing Steel. — If it is necessary to splice
steel reinforcing members, either in compression or
tension, the splice shall be either a steel splice that

i6g

in tension will develop the full strength of the member,
or else the members shall be lapped in the concrete for
a length equal to at least the following : For plain bars
of medium steel, forty times the diameter or maximum
diagonal of cross section. For plain bars of high elas-
tic limit steel, seventy times the diameter or maxi-
mum diagonal of cross section. For other than plain
bars, the length of lap shall be in inverse ratio to the
ratio of the allowed bonding stresses as herein re-
quired. In no case, however, shall the steel reinforce-
ment in a beam or girder be lap spliced.

Foundation Walls and Piers. — Foundation walls
and piers shall be at least 4 inches wider than the wall
or columns which is to rest thereon.

Floors and Columns. — Floors and columns shall be
designed for a minimum live load at least equal to any
load to which it may be subjected during the course
of construction, from weight of false work and wet
concrete used in the floor next above. No load shall
be imposed on a floor until the expiration of seven
days or until the test cubes for the section to be used
show a strength sufficient to carry the load to be im-
posed.

Stresses. — Reinforced concrete shall be so designed
that the stresses in concrete shall not exceed the follow-
ing:—

Extreme fibre stress of concrete in com-
pression 500 lbs. per sq. in.

Concrete in direct compression, piers and

foundations 500 lbs. per sq. in.

Concrete in direct compression, hooped

columns 900 lbs. per sq. in.

170

Shearing stress in concrete ... 50 lbs. per sq. in.

Tensile stress in steel 16,000 lbs. per sq. in.

Tensile stress in proof or twisted steel,

20,000 lbs. per sq. in.
Shearing stress in steel 10,000 lbs. per sq. in.

Reinforcing. — Reinforcing metal shall conform to the
following specification :

Chemical analysis shall show in no part more than
6-100 of I per cent, of sulphur, nor more than 9-10 of
I per cent, of manganese ; if made in acid furnace shall
contain not over 0.08 per cent, phosphorus and not over
0.05 per cent, sulphur, and whether said acid or basic
must have the following physical properties:

(a) Ultimate strength, not less than 80,000 lbs. per

square inch.

(b) Elastic limit not less than 55,000 lbs. per square

inch.

(d) Rods must be capable of being bent cold to a

diameter equal to their thickness without sign
of fracture.
Bending Moments. — The following assumption
shall guide in the determination of the bending moments
due to external forces : Lintels, beams and girders shall
be considered as simply supported at the ends, no allow-
ance being made for continuous construction over sup-
ports, and the bending moment for a uniformly distrib-
uted load on such a member shall be taken at not less
than WL, where W is the uniformly distributed load in

~8~
pounds and L is the span in inches.

Floor plates when constructed continuous and when
provided with reinforcement at top of plate over the

171

supports, may be treated as continuous beams, and the
bending moment for a uniformly distributed load taken
at not less than \\L. But in the case of square floor

plates which are reinforced in both directions and sup-
ported on all sides, the bending moment may be taken at
WL

20.

The floor plate to the extent of not more than five
times the width of any beam may be taken as part of
that beam or girder in computing its moment of resist-
ance.

Moment of Resistance. — The moment of resistance
of any reinforced concrete construction under transverse
loads shall be determined by formulas based on the fol-
lowing assumptions :

(a) The bond betw^een the concrete and steel is

sufficient to make the two materials act
together as a homogenous solid.

(b) The strain in any fibre is directly proportionate

to the distance of that fibre from the neutral
axis.

mains constant within the limits of the work-
ing stresses fixed in this specification.

(d) The tensile strength of the concrete shall not

be considered.
Shearing Stress and Adhesion. — W'lien the shearing
stresses, developed in any part of a reinforced concrete
construction, exceed the safe working strength of con-
crete as fixed in this specification, a sufficient amount of
steel shall be introduced in such a position that the defi-
ciency in the resistance to sheer is overcome.

172

When the safe limit of adhesion between the con-
crete and steel is exceeded, provision must be made for
transmitting the strength of the steel to the concrete to
at least such an extent as will bring the adhesion to
within the safe limit fixed by this specification.

Where the floor is of T-section, the floor section for
a distance of 24 inches to either side of the beam or gir-
der may be figured as a part of that beam or girder in
computing their resistance.

EXECUTION

Factor of Safety. — All reinforced concrete shall be
figured to sustain four times the working load without
stressing the steel beyond its elastic limit, except that
where proof or twisted steel is used the factor of safety
for steel may be reduced to 2.

Drawings. — All recognized concrete work shall be
built in accordance with approved detailed working draw-
ings, and no work shall be commenced until the drawings
shall be so approved. These drawings shall indicate
clearly the units of work wdiich the contractor wall be
required to observe, i.e., the points at which he will be
permitted to stop w^ork. The design shall conform to
the requirements of the local building commission.

Condition of Reinforcing Steel. — The steel used for
reinforcing concrete shall have no paint on it, but shall
present the concrete a clean surface, free from heavy
rust or scale. If the steel has more than a thin film of
rust upon its surface it shall be cleaned before being
placed in the concrete by scrubbing with w^ire brushes
or by pickling in a bath consisting of i part commercial
sulphuric acid to 6 parts water, as the engineer in charge
may direct. When the pickling bath is used the bars
must be w^ashed thoroughly in clear water after the bath
before placing in the concrete.

173

Unit of Measure of Cement. — In proportioning ma-
terials for concrete, one bag containing not less than 94
pounds of cement, shall be considered i cubic foot.

Measuring Aggregates. — Aggregates, sand, stone
or gravel, shall be measured in measuring boxes, or in
straight topped measuring barrows. Where barrows are
used thev shall be all of one S:ize, or the size shall be
plainly marked if more than one size is used. The meas-
ure of size shall be the cubic contents of the barrow
"struck flat" with a straight edge. Xo heaping will be
allowed.

Placing concrete. — Concrete shall be placed in the
forms as soon as practicable after mixing, and shall
in no case be used without retempering if more than
one hour has elapsed since the addition of the water.
Concrete that has been spilled along the runways shall
not be deposited in the structure. All concrete shall
be deposited in such a manner as not to cause separa-
tion of the mortar from the coarse aggregates. The
concrete in columns shall, in all cases, be placed at
least 24 hours in advance of the concrete of the floor
which is to rest thereon. The units of construction,
as indicated on the drawings, must be rigidly observed
and each unit completed at one time.

Placing Steel. — The steel shall be accurately placed
in the forms and secured against disturbance while the
concrete is being placed and tamped. No concrete
shall be placed until the reinforcing metal for the
entire section to be filled is in place and has been in-
spected by the Engineer.

The concrete shall be worked thoroughly around
all reinforcing bars, and in no case shall the metal be
exposed.

174

Patching. — No patching shall be done without au-
thorization from the owner. In case voids appear
when the moulds are stripped, they shall be reported
at once to the owner, who will inspect same and give
the necessary instructions for repairing the defect.

Concrete. — The aggregate for concrete shall be clean
broken trap rock, or other hard rock, limestone excepted,
hard burned broken brick, clean furnace clinker, entirely
free of combustible matter, furnace slag or clean gravel,
together with clean, silicious sand, if sand is required to
produce a dense, close mixture. Neither cinder, nor slag
concrete shall be used where exposed to the weather.

Specifications for Portland Cement.

1. The cement shall be first-class American Port-
land in a dry powder, free from lumps or caking.

2. It shall satisfactorily pass all the tests required
for first-class Portland cement by the Department of
Buildings of New York City.

4. The net weight per bag shall not be less than 94
pounds.

5. Fineness. — Seventy-five per cent, shall pass
through the ordinary w^ire sieve having 36,000 openings
per square inch.

6. Soundness. — Pats of neat cement mixed for five
minutes with 20 per cent, by weight of water, made on
glass, each pat about 3 inches in diameter, and one-half
inch thick at center, tapering thence to a thin edge ; when
kept under a wet cloth or in a very damp atmosphere for
twenty- four hours and then placed in cold water and
heated to 212 degrees, and kept at that temperature for
six hours and allowed to cool, shall show neither distor-
tion nor cracks.

I7S

7- Time of Setting. — The cement shall not acquire
its initial set in less than forty-five minutes in a tempera-
ture of 80 degrees, and must acquire its final set in ten
hours.

8. Briquettes made of neat cement after being kept
in air for twenty-four hours under a wet cloth, and the
balance of the time under water, shall develop tensile
strength per square inch as follows :

Aften seven days 45^ ^^s.

After twenty-eight days 540 lbs.

Briquettes made of one part by weight of cement and
three parts standard sand shall develop tensile strength
per square inch as follows :

After seven days 140 lbs.

After twenty-eight days 220 lbs.

Four inch cubes made of one part by weight of cement
and three parts of standard sand mixed wet and jarred
into mold, shall have a crushing weight of 12 tons when
28 days old. After being kept in air for seven days un-
der a wet cloth, and the balance of the time under water.

9. The specific gravity of the cement shall not be
less than 3,1, nor more than 3.4.

10. When mixed into a stiff paste and placed into
an inch glass tube made of thin glass it shall not crack
the same.

Proportions. — The concrete shall be so propor-
tioned that at the expiration of seven days the crush-
ing strength of the concrete shall be at least tw^o times
the compressive strength assumed as a basis for the
calculations, and at the expiration of thirty days the
crushing strength of the concrete shall be at least four
times the compressive strength so assumed.

1/6

For the purpose of esti matin i>", the strength of con-
crete shall be assumed as in accordance with Thacher's
formulas as given below :

7 days 1800 — 200 (Vol. cement)

30 daya 3100 — 350 (Vol. cement)

90 days 3820 — 460 (Vol. cement)

180 days 4900 — 600 (Vol. cement)

Mixing Concrete. — All concrete shall be machine
mixed in a machine of the batch type. Each batch
shall be retained in the machine for a sufficient time to
ensure 25 complete turns of the material.

Water in the Concrete. — The mixture shall be wet
as possible without causing a separation of cement
from the mixture.

Forms or Centering.— The forms shall be constucted
as per plans to be furnished by the contractor and ap-
proved by the owner. They shall be so designed that
they w^ill carry without settlement four times the
weig'ht imposed by the body of wet concrete to be sus-
tained. The contractor may be required to replace such
false work as may fail to meet the above requirements.
Before laying the concrete a bay, to be selected by the
owner, shall be tested, with two times the load imposed
by the wet concrete to be laid. The owner may, at his
own expense, order a repetition of the above test if,
in his opinion the molds have been weakened by con-
tinued use, and may require the contractor to replace
at his own expense such portions as may show signs
of failure. The molding surfaces shall be constructed
of tongue and groove material not wider than 4 inches
and shall be either of white pine, Norway pine, spruce
or cypress. No hemlock shall be used either for mold-
ing surfaces or elsewhere.

177

Filling Forms. — The molding surfaces shall be prac-
tically water tight. Column molds shall be provided
with a clean-out door at the foot. No concrete shall
be laid until the section to be filled, whether columns,
walls or floors, has been inspected and approved. The
inspection shall not take place until the carpenters'
work on the section to be filled is finished and the car-
penters have moved ofl:*.

Stripping Forms. — The molds shall be stripped only
under instructions from the inspector. For determining
the time of stripping, there shall be made, at the time
of laying the floors, test cubes of the material as it
goes into the work. These cubes shall be left to har-
den on the surface of the floor so that they may be
subject to the same conditions as the floor material.
There shall be made at least six of these cubes which
will be tested under the supervision of the inspector,
and no false work shall be stripped unless these test
cubes show the crushing strength used as the basis for
calculation.

All molding surfaces shall be cleaned before each
setting and shall be coated with petrolatum, well
brushed on.

Floors and Columns. — Molds must be protected
against injury from the wheelbarrows or carts by use
of substantial runways. Wheelbarrows must not strike
the floor in dumping.

Freezing Weather. — No concrete shall be laid in
freezing weather unless precautions are taken to en-
sure protection against freezing, and in any case work
shall be prosecuted in freezing weather only upon
written consent of the owner. Where it is necessary
to carry on the work in freezing weather, the con-

178

tractor will be required to submit his plan of frost
protection before such consent will be granted. Cov-
ering fresh laid concrete w^ith manure will not be per-
mitted.

Note. — The following outline of a system of frost pro-
tection may be of service to contractors, as well as owners
and engineers, who have to meet the problem of winter
work. This system was devised by the Messrs. Ransome
and has been used by them with success for several years
past.

The aggregate shall be heated to a temperature of 80
to 100 degrees, preferably in a standard sand heater.
The water shall be heated to So to 100 degrees and have
added to it salt in the proportions of 8 lbs. of salt to
the barrel of cement.

When mixed, the concrete shall be placed imme-
diately; in no case shall more than 10 minutes elapse.
When the concrete has been placed it shall be protected
against the action of frost. The newly laid concrete shall
be covered by a solid wood covering, blocked up at least
six inches above the surface of the floor in a manner
to permit free circulation of air beneath the covering.
Heat shall be introduced beneath the floor (or in the
case of ground floors, beneath the board covering) by
means of steam coils, or salamanders. If the former
system be used provision must be made for the escape
of sufThcient steam beneath the covering to prevent prema-
ture drying out of the concrete. If salamanders be used
they must be sprinkled freely with water, thus producing
the necessary amount of moisture, and small openings
shall be left in the floor slab to permit the warm air to
circulate over the upper surface of the floor. The sides
of the floor shall be protected by canvas curtains, which
shall extend downward to the floor next below.

179

There shall be placed beneath the floor and beneath
the panels on top of the floor, at intervals of lo feet,
self-registering thermometers, which in no case must
show lower than 32 degrees.

This temperature must be maintained until the test
cubes which have been allowed to set on the floor and
beneath the top covering show the strength used as a
basis for the design. (See paragraph for particulars as
to Test Cubes.)

Protection of Concrete from Drying. — When the
concrete is exposed to hot or dry atmosphere it shall be
kept moist for a period of at least 24 hours after it has
taken its initial set. This shall be done by a covering
of wet sand, cinders, etc., or by continuous sprinkling,
or by other method equally effective in the opinion of
the owner.

Finishing Floors. — All floors which will be sub-
jected to use by the contractor in progress of the work
will be roller finished when laid, and the wearing sur-
face shall be applied after the floor next above has been
laid and the false w^ork therefore has been removed.
The finish coat shall be at least ^ inch thick, and
shall he of the type known as ''granolithic," mixed in
the proportions of i part cement and i^ parts crushed
granite or other hard stone acceptable to the owner.

The surface of the old concrete w411 be thoroughly
cleaned by sweeping and washing, and all loose ma-
terial removed. The surface shall then be treated
with "Ransomite" or other approved bonding mixture,
and the finish coat applied in the usual manner. A soft
wearing surface will not be accepted.

i8o

Work After Dark. — The contractor must provide
means for thorough illumination of the work in case it
may be necessary to prosecute work after dark.

Preliminary Work. — Before beginning work the
contractor will see that monuments are established at
the end of each side of the building and in line with
the center of the outer row of piers. These monuments
should be carefully set to serve as bench marks and
there shall be cut therein a clear mark in true line
with the center lines of the piers. The contractor will
see that these lines are verified before proceeding with
the work.

The falsework for each floor shall be checked
against these bench marks before being filled.

RANSOME CABLE CODE

(For Code of Mixer Parts see Page 63)

BARROWS.

Babe — 3 cubic ft. capacity, forward dump, one-
wheel barrow.

Baco — 4 cubic ft. capacity, forward dump, one-
wheel barrow

Bade — 5 cubic ft. capacity, forward dump, one-
wheel barrow

Bafo — 3 cubic ft. capacity, forward dump, two-
wheel barrow

Bago — 4 cubic ft. capacity, forward dump, two-
wheel brrow

Banno — 5 cubic ft. capacity, forward dump, two-
wheel barrow

Baso — Angle leg side dump barrow.

i8i

BILL OF LADING.

Braddleye — Bill of lading- attached to draft.

Bradonem — Bill of lading is dated.

Braentigam — Bill of lading goes forward by first

mail.
Bragada — Cannot secure delivery without bill of

lading.
Bragadura — Forward all bills of lading.
Bragot — Has bill of lading been sent?
Bragueta — One copy of bill of lading attached to

draft.
Braitassi — Send duplicate bill of lading.

BOILERS.

Brakspuit — Boiler has not arrived.

Brakvogel — Boiler is on the way.

Brakwolke — Boiler is of — horsepower.

Brakwolken — Must have new boiler.

Brakwan — lo h. p. Ransome portable boiler on

wheels
Brakwap — 15 h. p. Ransome portable boiler on

wheels
Brakwar — 20 h. p. Ransome portable boiler on

wheels
Brakwas — 25 h. p. Ransome portable boiler on

w^heels
Brakwat — 30 h. p. Ransome portable boiler on

wheels
Brakwax — 40 h. p. Ransome portable boiler on

wheels
Brakwen — 50 h. p. Ransome portable boiler on

wheels

1 82

Brakwep — 60 h. p. Ransome portable boiler on
wheels

Brekod — 10 h. p. Ransome special upright Tubu-
lar boilers

Brekog — 15 h. p. Ransome special upright tubu-
lar boilers

Brekok — 20 h. p. Ransome special upright tubular
boilers

Brekom — 30 h. p. Ransome special upright tubu-
lar boilers

Brokman — 4 h. p. Ransome standard upright tu-
bular boiler

Brokwar — 5 h. p. Ransome standard upright tu-
bular boiler

Brokmas — 6 h. p. Ransome standard upright tu-
bular boiler

Brokmat — 8 h. p. Ransome standard upright tu-
bular boiler

Brokmax — 10 h. p. Ransome standard upright tu-
bular boiler

Brokmanna — 12 h. p. Ransome standard upright
tubular boiler

Brokmarra — 15 h. p. Ransome standard upright
tubular boiler

Brokmassa — 18 h. p. Ransome standard upright
tubular boiler

Brokmatta — 20 h. p. Ransome standard upright
tubular boiler

Brokmaxa — 25 h. p. Ransome standard upright
tubular boiler

Brokmen — 30 h. p. Ransome standard upright tu-
bular boiler

i83

Brokmer — 35 h. p. Ransome standard upright tu-
bular boiler

Brokmes — 40 h. p. Ransome standard upright tu-
bular boiler

Brokmet — 45 h. p. Ransome standard upright tu-
bular boiler

Brokmex — 50 h. p. Ransome standard upright tu-
bular boiler

Brokmenna — 60 h. p. Ransome standard upright
tubular boiler

BROKEN.

Broshoek — Broken in transit. Send duplicate
Brosier — Broken in transit owing to careless

handling. Send duplicate part.
Brosilem — Broken on account of defective ma-
terial. Send new part.

BUCKET (Concrete Hoist).

Brosilete — 10 cu. ft. capacity
Brosilletto — 20 cu. ft. capacity
Bruchhut — 30 cu. ft. capacity
Bruchil — 40 cu. ft. capacity
Bruchlam — Bail for i bucket
Bruchlich — Bail for 2 buckets
Bruchnuss — Bail for 3 buckets
Bruchpalm — Bail for 4 buckets
Bruchreij — Bucket for No. i without bail
Bruchtanne — Bucket for No. 2 without bail
Bruckan — Bucket for No. 3 without bail
Brucolera — Bucket for No. 4 without bail
Brucourt — Front brace No. i
Bructorum — Front brace No. 2
Brudeler — Front brace No. 3

1 84

Brudindino — Front brace No. 4
Brudos — Rear brace No. i
Brudonille — Rear brace No. 2
Brudches — Rear brace No. 3
Brudhamer- — Rear brace No. 4
Brudlin — Trunnion No. i
Bruzlin — Trunnion No. 2
Bruzzam — Trunnion No. 3
Bruzzet — Trunnion No. 4
Bruzzeta — Cross brace No. i
Bruzzettam — Cross brace No. 2
Bruzzot — Cross brace No. 3
Bruzzotam — Cross brace No. 4
Bruzzna — Nose piece No. i
Bruzznam — Nose piece No. 2
Bruzznama — Nose piece No. 3
Bruzznap — Nose piece No. 4

CARTS. i

Bruzznat — 6 cu. ft. capacity round nosed cart
Bruzznatta — 6 cu. ft. capacity pointed nosed cart

CABLE. See under Telegraph.

CASH. See also Terms.

Cabriteras — Cash before delivery.
Cacapar — Cash on surrender of shipping papers.
Cacapinho — Cash on arrival at destination.
Cacaranado — Cash in 30 days from date of invoice.
Cacareaba — Cash with order, balance on delivery.
Cacareador — Cash with order^ balance 30 days.
Cadaverini — Cash with order, balance 60 days.
Cadaverous — Cash 60 days from date of invoice.
Cadaverum — What discount do you allow for
cash ?

i85

Caddeci — On delivery of shipping papers
Caddor — Two per cent, for cash lo days
Caddy — Five per cent, for cash on surrender o(
shipping papers

COMMISSION.

Caprilibrus — Does not include commission,
Caprilium- — Does your price allow for our com-
mission?
Capronique- — If there is no profit will you waive

commission ?
Capsacarum — Provided commission is waived
Capstone- — Waive commission if necessary
Capsulage — A\^e deducted commission. Add

whatever commission you wish
Captandos — The usual commission is

CRAB (Friction Hoist).

Captive — 1906 model No. i
Captors — 1906 model No. 2
Captrix — 1907 model No. 3

DATE.

Cleombroto — About w^hat date?

Cleomenco — Advise date of arrival

Cleptorum — Date cannot be fixed till we receive

motor details
Clergify — Date must be adhered to.

On or about the
Clisobra — ist ultimo.
Clisophus — 2nd ultimo
Clisson — 3rd ultimo.
Clisterizo — 4th ultimo.
Clisthenem — 5th ultimo.

1 86

Clisthenis — 6th ultimo.
Clitarchi — 7th ultimo.
Clitarchus — 8th ultimo.
Clitarium — 9th ultimo.
Clitched — loth ultimo.
Clowinsh — nth ultimo.
Clowinshly — 12th ultimo.
Clowns — 13th ultimo.
Cloyless — 14th ultimo.
Cloyment — 15th ultimo.
Coabitato — i6th ultimo.
Coabitavo — 17th ultimo.
Coabito — i8th ultimo.
Coaccion — 19th ultimo.
Coaccuse — 20th ultimo.
Coadjust — 2 1 St ultimo.
Coadjuting — 22nd ultimo.
Coadjutor — 23rd ultimo.
Coadjutrix — 24th ultimo.
Coaxar — 25th ultimo.
Coaxavitis — 26th ultimo.
Coaxavunt — 27th ultimo.
Coaxax — 28th ultimo.
Coaxaxa — 29th ultimo.
Coaxat — 30th ultimo.
Coaxaxatta — 31st ultimo.
Cobrabamus — ist instant.
Cobrable — 2nd instant.
Cobraderas — 3rd instant.
Cobrador — 4th instant.
Cobramos — 5th instant.
Coegalite — 6th instant.
Coegero — 7th instant.

Coegemut — 8th instant.
Coegissem — 9th instant.
Coegnale — loth instant.
Coela — nth instant.
Coelanthe — 12th instant.
Coelector — 13th instant.
Coelectum — 14th instant.
Coelestin — 15th instant.
Cograins — i6th instant.
Cogrus — 17th instant.
Cogucho — i8th instant.
Cogullada — 19th instant.
Cogware — 20th instant.
Coldish — 2 1st instant.
Colder — 22nd instant.
Colebant — 23rd instant.
Colebatis — 24th instant.
Collanuzza — 25th instant.
Collapsi — 26th instant.
Collapsing — 27th instant.
Collapsos — 28th instant.
Collapsuri — 29th instant.
Collegassi — 30th instant.
Collegavi — 31st instant.
Collego — I St proximo.
Collek — 2nd proximo.
Colleka — 3rd proximo.
Collekan — 4th proximo.
Collekana — 5th proximo.
Colleke — 6th proximo.
Colleken — 7th proximo.
Collekena — 8th p'roximo.
CoUeku — 9th proximo.

i87

Collekun — loth proximo. Colleramus — 21st proximo.

Collekura — nth proximo. Collerebbe — 22nd proximo.

Collela — I2th proximo. Colleremo — 23rd proximo.

Collelan — 13th proximo. CoUeriche — 24th proximo.

Collelana — 14th proximo. Collete — 25th proximo.

Collele — 15th proximo. Colletamo — 26th proximo.

CoUelen — i6th proximo. Colletax — 27th proximo.

Collelena — 17th proximo. Colletaxam — 28th proximo.

Collelu — i8th proximo.. Colleti — 29th proximo.

Colleppa — 19th proximo. Colleticus — 30th proximo.

Collerac — 20th proximo. Collevo — 31st proximo.

DEFECTS.

Collybum — Is defective as to material. Will you
send new part or shall we repair at your ex-
pense?

Collyvarum — Workmanship defective. Shall we
repair at your expense?

CoUyre — What is the defect?

DELIVERY. See also Price, also Shipment.
Compelled — Advise best delivery.
Compella — Advise best delivery you will guaran-
tee.
Competerumo — Can guarantee delivery.
Competency — Cannot guarantee delivery.
Complacent — Delivery delayed on account of
Complebit — We can ship in one day.
Complebita — We can ship in two days.
Complebix — We can ship in three days.
Complebixa — We can ship in four days.
Complebot — We can ship in five days.
Complebota — We can ship in six days.
Complebox — We can ship in seven days.

Complejo — We can ship in two weeks.
Complesso — We can ship in three weeks.
Completaba — We can ship in four weeks.
Complete — We can ship in five weeks.
Completeba — We can ship in six weeks.
Completed — We can ship in seven weeks.
Complettis — We can ship in eight weeks.

DIMENSIONS. See also Measurements.

Cordated — Can do nothing till we have dimen-
sions of customer's engine.

Cordelier — Dimensions are — • wide by — long
by — high.

Comicator — Refer to dimension drawings in our
catalogue.

DISCOUNT.,

Covenably — Allow discount of i per cent.
Covenanted — Allow discount of 2 per cent.
Covenantor — Allow discount of 3 per cent.
Covendeur — Allow discount of 5 per cent.
Conveniero — Allow discount of 10 per cent.
Convenimus — Discount was deducted in making our
price to you.

ENGINES.

Cracon — 3x3

Cracowes — 4x4 disc crank.

Cradias — 5x5.

Crajje' — 6x6.

Crajjitt — With countershaft bracket, mixer type.

Crajordie — 'j^'j.

Crajordiet — ^^^ with countershaft bracket.

Crajtily— 8x8.

Crajty — 8x8 with countershaft.

i89

Craticula — 9x9.

Cratiebam — 9x9 with countershaft and brackets.

Cratiendos — loxio.

Cratiendum — 1 2x 12.

Cratippi — 14x14.

Creidora — 16x16.

ERROR.

Devoluting — A clerical error.
Devolvenus — An error in calculating.
Dexius — Owing to error on our part.
Dextellis — Owing to error on your part.
Dextralium — Very much regret error.
Diadem — You have made an error in shipment.
Diados — You have made an error in shipping pa-
pers. Send corrected papers at once.

EXPRESS.

Divigarono — By express.

Divagassi — By what express was it sent?

Divagation — Call at the office of express.

Divaguer — Send by Express Co.

Divitem — Send by express, prepaid.
Divito — Will you stand express charges?

FEET.

Doopkapel — Cubic feet.
Doopoont — How many cubic feet?

Doopoox feet long by — feet wide by — feet

high.

LETTER.

Exolate — Await letter.

Exomidas — Cancel instructions in our letter of —
Exonoratus — Cannot carry out instructions con-
tained in your letter of — .

IQO

Exoravimus — Full particulars will reach you by
letter of .

Expertly — Get goods covered by your letter ready
for shipment. See our letter for instructions.

Expetas — Letter received too late to carry out in-
structions.
FREE.

Dummock — Free on board cars at destination.

Dummocka — Free on board cars at Dunnellen,
N.J.

Dummol — Free on board steamer. New York.

Dummola — Free on board steamer at destination.
FREIGHT.

Dunder — All freight charges to be paid by us.

Dunderha — All freight charges to be paid by you.

Dunkelman — Based upon present rates of freight.
FURNISH.

Eccitaton — How soon can you furnish?

Eccitatox — How soon can you furnish, and at
what price?
INVOICE.

Esverdeado — A copy of invoice has been sent.

Etabliras — Consular invoice.

Etabliront — Consular invoice has not been re-
ceived.

Etacists — Consular invoice not correct.

Etambot — Have sent invoice.

Etambrai — Have you sent invoice?

Eteignions — Invoice in duplicate.

Etiendrais — Invoice in triplicate.

Eternser — Must be specified in invoice.

Eternizado — On delivery of invoice and bill of
lading.

igi

«,

Ettienzing — What is amount of invoice?

Ettenicos — You will deliver invoice and papers

to .

MIXERS.

Extens — Arranged for hoist attachment.

Extensor — Equipped with standard batch hopper

Extensota — Equipped with standard batch hop-
per and water tank.

Extent— Equipped with standard elevating hop-
per.

Extentia — Equipped with standard elevating hop-
per and w^ater tank.

Extentiam — Equipped with standard water tank.
Note. — If machine is wanted on wheels add
to the code name the letter "el."

Extor — No. I mixer, 1908 model, on skids.

Extort — No. 2 mixer, 1908 model, on skids.

Extorta — No. 3 mixer, 1908 model, on skids.

Extract — No. 4 mixer, 1908 model, on skids.

Extrada — No. i mixer, 1908 model, on skids, with
steam engine only.

Extraer — No. 2 mixer, 1908 model, on skids, with
steam engine only.

Extraig — No. 3 mixer, 1908 model, on skids, with
steam engine only.

Extraje — No. 4 mixer, 1908 model, on skids, with
steam engine only.

Extram — No. i mixer, 1908 model, on skids, w^ith
gasoline engine.

Extraneo — No. 2 mixer, 1908 model, on skids, with
gasoline engine.

Extrapo — No. 3 mixer, 1908 model, on skids, with
gasoline engine.

192

Extrasa — No. 4 mixer, 1908 model, on skids, with

gasoline engine.
Extravo — No. i mixer, 1908 model, on skids, with

electric motor.
Extruam — No. 2 mixer, 1908 model, on skids, with

electric motor.
Extrude — No. 3 mixer, 1908 model, on skids, with

electric motor.
Extruso — No. 4 mixer, 1908 model, on skids, with

electric motor.
Exude — No. i mixer, 1908 model, on skids, with

engine and boiler.
Exudrio — No. 2 mixer, 1908 model, on skids, with

engine and boiler.
Exult — No. 3 mixer, 1908 model, on skids, with

engine and boiler.
Exunct — No. 4 mixer, 1908 model on skids, with

engine and boiler.
Eyebal — No. i mixer, 1908 model, on skids, with

steam engine of extra power for hoist.
Eyebrow — No. 2 mixer, 1908 model, on skids, with

steam engine of extra power for hoist.
Eyeful — No. 3 mixer, 1908 model, on skids, with

steam engine of extra power for hoist.
Eyelash — No. 4 mixer, 1908 model, on skids, with

steam engine of extra power for hoist.
Eyestone — No. i mixer, 1908 model, on skids, with

gasoline engine of extra power.
Eyestring — No. 2 mixer, 1908 model, on skids,

with gasoline engine of extra power.
Eyetooth — No. 3 mixer, 1908 model, on skids,

with gasoline engine of extra power.

193

Eye wink — Xo. 4 mixer, 1908 model, on skids,

with gasoline engine of extra power.
Eyzelin — Xo. i mixer, 1908 model, on skids, with

electric motor of extra power.
Faalden — Xo. 2 mixer, 1908 model, on skids, with

electric motor of extra power.
Faamlos — X^o. 3 mixer, 1908 model, on skids, with

electric motor of extra power.
Fabaraz — X^d. 4 mixer, 1908 model, on skids, with

electric niotor of extra power.
Fabbro — X'^o. i mixer, 1908 model, on skids, with

engine and boiler of extra power.
Fabula — X'o. 2 mixer. 1908 model, on skids, with

engine and boiler of extra power.
Fabulat — X^o. 3 mixer, 1908 model, on skids, with

engine and boiler of extra power.
Facote — X^o. 4 mixer, 1908 model, on skids, with

engine and boiler of extra power.
For code of ]\Iixer Parts, see Page 63.
Fading — Cart mixer complete, inclnding frame,

hood, and one cart.
Fadite — Extra cart for cart mixer.
ORDERS.

Furniano — Accept no further orders from.

Furnish — Accept order at price named.

Furriel — Advise when order is executed, giving

car numbers.
Furtively — A mistake has been made in your or-
der.
Furtivorem — Are getting out the order as rapidly

as possible. \Yi\\ be ready not later than — .
Fusciano — Cancel order unless yoii can fill at

once.

194

Fuscoamn — Cancel our order No. — . Our cus-
tomer will refuse to accept same.

Fusionam — Can i^et order provided you will guar-
antee shipment within — days.

Fussacht — Can ship the order complete within —
days.

Fussgicht — Can take the order . References

satisfactory. Shall I close?

Futtergas — Expect to complete order.

Gabbore — Price given on your order is wrong.
Please send corrected order.

Gabbronite — Wire us if you can execute the or-
der.

Gajaria — Order will be shipped immediately.
PRICE.

Golgotha— At what price and how^ soon can you
ship?

Gorgheggia — Does price include?

Gorgiasse — Has there been any change in price?

Gorgidas — Is price quoted net, or is it subject
to discount? If the latter, how much?

Gorgobina — Wire lowest net price of.
NUMBERS. To telegraph numbers use the follow-
ing code :

1234567890
CDHLMNRSFT

Take those of the above consonants which indi-
cate the proper numbers to be telegraphed and use
sufficient vowels to make some sort of a word. For
example to telegraph 49872, you would use the letters
LFSRD. This can be made into Lufsrod by the addi-
tion of 2 vowels.

195

SHEAVE WHEEL.

Galgulus — 42-inch wheel for hoist.

SHIP.

Incantato — As soon as yon can ship.
Incancado — By what hne will yon ship?
Incancavel — By what line did yon ship?
Incanclura — By what line shall we ship?
Incanescas^ — Cannot ship all by this steamer.

Shall we wait and ship all together?
Incannit — Can you ship with draft attached?
Incaparono — Do not ship. AA^ait completion of

order.
Incapavate — Do not ship until further advised.
Incappanio^ — Have arranged to ship by first

steamer.
Incamat — How soon can you ship ?
Incembus — Shall ship in few days by express.
Incensadas — Shall ship in few days by freight.
Inceperant — Ship all or none.

SHIPMENT.

Incoamus — Are making the following shipment.

Incoasteis — Are you looking after the shipment
of our order?

Incoceiavi — Can arrange for immediate shipment

Incoctilis — Cannot guarantee shipment.

Incognito — Can we rely on prompt shipment?

Incolenders — Delay shipment until further ad-
vised.

Incollero — First shipment will he made.

Incolumity — Have delivered the entire shipment.

Incombendo — Have ready for shipment now.

Inconubus — Hurry shipment much as possible.

Incommodum — If shipment has not already been
made.

Inconduite — Notify us when ready for shipment.

Incoram — Shipment must be made by.

Incrasante — Shipment must be made by ,

otherwise cancel our order.

Ineriado — What is earliest shipment you can
make?
SHIPPED.

Incrustada — Already shipped.

Incubabas — Can be shipped at once.

Incubing — Have not shipped on account of.

Incubonem — How were they shipped?

Incubuerat — If you have not shipped cancel our
order.

Incursabit — A\hen was it shipped?

Incursae — AAdien w^ill it be shipped?

Incurvanda — Will 1)e shipped at once.
TELEGRAPH.

Irredemus — Advise by telegraph how soon you
can ship and at what price.

Irridoline — Answer by telegraph, using \\'estern
Union code.

Irritaban — Forward immediate answer, by tele-
graph.

Irritatig — If it cannot be accomplished telegraph
at once.

Irritator — If you telegraph order at once on re-
ceipt of this.
TRACE.

Jijerias — Do not think necessary to trace.

Jirojina — Trace immediately.

Jodelet — Trace shipment by w^ire.

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