THE RAT
DATA AND REFERENCE TABLES
HENRY H. DONALDSON
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THE WISTAR INSTITUTE OF ANATOMY AND BIOLOGY
No. 6
THE RAT
REFERENCE TABLES AND DATA
FOR
THE ALBINO RAT
(MUS NORVEGICUS ALBINUS)
AND
THE NORWAY RAT
(MUS NORVEGICUS)
COMPILED AND EDITED BY
HENRY H. DONALDSON
PHILADELPHIA
1915
C1 / N ,•'
COPYRIGHT 1915
BY HENRY H. DONALDSON
PREFACE
For a number of studies on the growth of the mammalian
nervous system made by my colleagues and myself we have used
the albino rat. In the course of the work we frequently felt
the need of referring to other physical characters of the rat to
which the nervous system might be related. This led us to col-
lect such data as were already in the literature and also led us
to make further investigations. The facts gathered in this way
have proved useful to us and are here presented in the hope
that they will be useful to others also.
The plan of the presentation is simple. An introduction treats
of the rat as a laboratory animal, indicates the methods of gather-
ing the data, and also gives examples of our use of the tables.
This is followed by an outline of the classification of the com-
mon rats and by a brief statement of the history of the rat
since it arrived in western Europe.
The rest of the book falls into two parts. The first part deals
with the domesticated albino rat — concerning which we have
the larger amount of information.
The second part deals in a similar way with the wild Norway
rat — the form from which the Albino has been derived. In
connection with each part the several reference tables and the
formulas employed for them and for the corresponding graphs
are given, and at the end of the book a list of papers on the rat
is added.
In the two parts which form the body of the book the purpose
is to present for the rat under normal conditions the funda-
mental observations — giving data and conclusions only. It is
hardly necessary to add that in most directions our information
is fragmentary.
For all the formulas which apply to the data coming from the
laboratories of The Wistar Institute, I take pleasure in thanking
my colleague, Dr. S. Hatai.
IV PREFACE
For aid in the preparation of these pages I am also much
indebted to those unnamed assistants to whose lot has fallen
the greater part of the computations for the tables and whose
devotion to their work has added a human interest to a task
otherwise monotonous.
To the many authors whose results are here briefly cited or
quoted in extenso I take the opportunity to express my obliga-
tions— very sincere obligations — for experience shows that such
results come only by hard labor.
Many of the illustrations have been taken from the journals
in which they were originally published and my thanks are due
to the editors and publishers of these journals for the privilege
of reprinting the illustrations here.
During the preparation of this book my immediate colleagues
have given me encouragement and aid, and I cherish the hope
that, should the occasion arise, both of these will be again forth-
coming to help mend the gaps and rectify the errors which a
close scrutiny of these pages is certain to reveal.
CONTENTS
PAGE
Preface iii
Introduction 1-7
Classification 7-10
Early records and migrations of the common rats 10-15
PART I
ALBINO RAT— MUS NORVEGICUS ALBINUS
Chapter 1— Biology 19-28
Chapter 2— Heredity 29
Chapter 3 — Anatomy 30-57
Chapter 4— Physiology 58-62
Chapter 5 — Growth in total body weight according to age 63-72
Chapter 6 — Growth of parts or systems of the body in weight 73-85
Chapter 7 — Growth of parts and organs in relation to body length and
in relation to age 86-175
Chapter 8 — Growth in terms of water and solids 176-179
Chapter 9 — Growth of chemical constituents 180-184
Chapter 10— Pathology 185-186
PART II
NORWAY RAT— MUS NORVEGICUS
Chapter 11 — Life history and distinguishing characters 189-194
Chapter 12 — Growth in weight of parts and systems of the body 195-197
Chapter 13 — Growth of organs in relation to body length 198-210
Chapter 14 — Growth in terms of water and solids 211-213
Chapter 15 — References to the literature 214-267
Index.. . 269-278
THE RAT
INTRODUCTION
The Norway rat, Mus norvegicus, is the one mammal now
easily obtainable both wild and as a domesticated form. This
latter is represented by either the Albino or the pied rats so com-
mon in our laboratories.
The Albinos are clean, gentle, easily kept and bred, and not
expensive to maintain. They are omnivorous, thriving best on
table scraps. The span of life is about three years and breeding
begins at about three months. Furthermore the species is cos-
mopolitan. The litters are large and may be had at any sea-
son. The young are immature at birth. The domesticated
Albino crosses readily with the wild Norway. The rat, both wild
and domesticated, takes exercise voluntarily and is susceptible
to training. It is also highly resistant to the usual wound-
infecting organisms. For a number of lines of study therefore,
the rat seems to be a peculiarly suitable animal.
Through the researches of several investigators at The Wistar
Institute (since 1906) and through those of E. H. Dunn and of
J. B. Watson at the University of Chicago, of Chalmers Watson
and Sir Edward Schafer at Edinburgh, of C. M. Jackson and
L. G. Lowrey at the University of Missouri, of J. R. Slonaker
at Leland Stanford University, of T. H. Osborne and L. B. Mendel
at Yale University, of E. V. McCollum at the University of
Wisconsin, as well as through those of several other investigators
both in this country and abroad, there has been gathered a con-
siderable body of data applying to the weight and size of the do-
mesticated albino rat and its parts, as well as some similar data
applying to the wild Norway rat, the parent species. It is the
body of facts so gathered that it is our purpose to present, as
far as possible in tabular form.
1
2 INTRODUCTION
Attention should be called to the fact that the observations
presented in the tables have been made mainly on rats in the
first year of life and but rarely on those which are older. It
follows from this that the data apply to the rat in its most vigor-
ous period and do not give information that can be used for the
study of old age.
Since the quantitative data appearing in the tables are biologi-
cal, they naturally exhibit more or less variability and reflect in
each instance something of the conditions under which they have
been obtained. It follows therefore that they must not be ex-
pected to possess the precision of physical or chemical determi-
nations. Nevertheless, so long as the values here presented are
not mistaken for absolute standards representing ideal or final
determinations, they may be used with advantage.
Most of the matter presented is taken from researches already
published in full, but in a few instances data from work in prog-
ress have been included also. In the latter instance the author's
name is followed by (MS with date) when it is based on work
conducted at The Wistar Institute — while in other instances the
laboratory is also named.
In a few of the published tables — mainly from our own lab-
oratory— it has been found necessary to make corrections — so
that when the tables here printed do not agree with the origi-
nals, it is to be assumed that the changes are due to revision.
Owing to the absence of tables for the normal animal or to
the failure of the authors to express their results in a quantita-
tive form, much of the literature which is cited is unaccompanied
by any text. Such papers however often contain valuable in-
formation on either the Albino or Norway rat and the citation
of them serves to indicate the range of the studies in which
this animal has been used.
Extensive reference tables have been computed for the various
characters only as these appear under normal conditions, while
the modifications which may be experimentally induced in these
characters are merely mentioned in the text or presented very
briefly.
USE OF TABLES 6
In a number of cases the results are represented by both graphs
and tables. The purpose of the graphs is merely to furnish a
general view of the form of change which occurs, while for the
exact values, the tables must always be consulted. In those
tables which are based on size, the body length of the rat, be-
cause it is least subject to incidental variations, is the measure-
ment to which the others have been referred.
It is recognized however that some of the characters are func-
tions of age and in that case it is of course necessary to know the
age of the animal in order to obtain satisfactory results.
All of the longer tables are based on formulas. These formu-
las are those for the graphs which most closely fit the observed
values — and their utility lies in giving precision to the values ob-
tained and in making possible interpolations : — as a rule however
they cannot be used for extrapolation. In this connection de-
terminations of the normal variability are always wanted, yet
although this need has been met in a measure, it is far from being
satisfied.
Since heretofore tables of this nature have not been commonly
available, a word as to their use is in order.
There exist now — and there will probably continue to appear —
strains of the Albino having physical peculiarities related to the
locality in which they are bred: e.g., a relatively short tail.
The treatment of such an instance by the use of the tables is
considered in the paragraph which follows.
As has been stated, the tabular values here given apply to the
stock strain reared at The Wistar Institute and furnish data from
which deviations found in other local strains can be measured.
In all experimental work it is now generally agreed that the
control and the test animals should be taken from the same lit-
ter, and the determinations of any modification made within the
litter — the results for the several litters being given the same
statistical weight in the subsequent computations. While this
procedure might at first seem to render the reference tables su-
perfluous, yet to compare the results from two laboratories work-
ing with different local strains, having according to the example
chosen different normal tail lengths, a series of reference values
4 INTRODUCTION
such as the tables furnish, serves to reveal the relations in which
the control animals from the respective laboratories stand to one
another, and thus permits a more trustworthy comparison of
the experimental results.1
Moreover in the course of routine work on the same colony
one cannot be sure that the animals retain during successive
years the same relations to the reference table values. For this
reason we have been following the custom of referring all meas-
urements to the reference tables and using the difference in devia-
tion shown by the controls and by the test animals respectively
as the measure of the modification experimentally produced,
By using such a procedure — in place of the assumption that
the control animals from the same colony remain similar — the
experimental results obtained from year to year are made fairly
comparable with one another.2
But there is still another use of the tables which is perhaps the
most important of any. In all experiments on the relative
weights of parts or organs in which the size of the test animals
differs from that of the controls, we readily obtain by weighing
or measuring the differences for the entire animal. If however
we wish to determine whether the relative size (weight or length)
of the parts or organs of the test animals has been affected, we
find that this cannot be done by comparing the test and control
groups directly — for the relative values of parts and organs differ
with the absolute size of the animal — but it can be done by
reference to the tables in which the desired values are given ac-
1 If a strain appears in which the length of the tail is on the average 4 per
cent below the reference table value then if we compared directly with them the
test animals which came from a strain normally in agreement with the reference
tables — but which through experiment had had their tail length reduced by 3
per cent — it follows that the test animals, though modified by experiment, would
still have relatively longer tails than the first strain.
Consequently to compare with each other the results obtained from the two
strains, the deviations of both the controls and the test animals from the refer-
ence table values must be determined in both series and the differences within the
series be used for the cross comparison.
2 The same principle and procedure as described in Note 1 applies to the treat-
ment of different series taken, for example from our own colony, at different
times.
USE OF TABLES
cording to body weight or body length or age, as the case may
be. Thus by the use of the tables the determinations of the
deviations shown by the test animals taken individually can be
made and these values compared with the corresponding indi-
vidual determinations for the control group.3
One further use of the tables when these are based on age,
may be mentioned. The comparison of the experimental re-
3 When the experimental conditions produce control and test animals different
in size a determination of the relative size of any organ cannot be made directly
or by the assumption that its normal size is in proportion to the body lengths or
body weights of the contrasted groups — but only by comparison of the observed
values with previously established normal values.
The following observed values are taken from Hatai ('15 a), Table 3. D. Nor-
mal females — 1914 series. They read as follows:
GROUP
RATION
BODY LENGTH
BODY WEIGHT
FINAL
BRAIN WEIGHT
mm.
gms.
gms.
Controls
Mixed
185
137
1 729
Test animals —
Lipoid free
and egg fat
162
100
1.569
It is desired to determine in this case whether the relative brain weight of th
test animals has been modified by the lipoid-free ration.
The absolute brain weight of the test animals is 0.160 grams less than that of
the controls or 9.2 per cent of the larger number. If we assume that it should
be in proportion to the observed body lengths it appears that the expected brain
weight in the test animals would be 1.540. Hence the observed value, 1.569, is
about 2 per cent high — by such a determination.
If we assume on the other hand that it should be in proportion to the observed
body weights it appears that the expected brain weight in the test animals would
be 1.262. Hence the observed value is some 20 per cent too high by this determi-
nation. No one of these procedures is justifiable though examples of their use
can be found in the literature. The only correct method is to compare the ob-
served values with the reference table values for the brain weights of animals
having the body lengths of the controls and test animals respectively — to de-
termine in each case the percentage difference between the observed and the
table value and finally to compare these percentages.
Using table 68 and reading the values for the females, we find that in this
case the controls are 0.053 grams or 2.97 per cent below the table value while
in the test animals the corresponding differences are 0.103 grams or 6.16 per cent.
The brain in the test animals is therefore smaller than that of the controls by
(6.16-2.97) = 3.19 per cent and this value may be taken as expressing the experi-
mental modification of the brain in this series.
The foregoing represents the procedure to be generally used for determining
modifications in the relative weight of any organ.
6
INTRODUCTION
suits obtained on animals with the corresponding results on man
has heretofore been difficult because of the absence of a good
basis for comparison. We have found reason to assume that in
the case of the rat the postnatal span of life of three years is
approximately equivalent to the span of ninety years in man —
or to put it another way, that the rat grows thirty times as fast
as man. This ratio appears to hold for fractions of the span of
life, as well as for the entire span. All of the data for the Albino,
based on postnatal age, may therefore be compared fairly with
the corresponding data for man, if the time intervals are taken
as one for the rat to thirty for man.4
Finally it is desirable to explain here a seeming inconsistency
in the arrangement of the material presented. In the Preface
the statement is made that Part I deals with the albino jat,
while Part II deals with the Norway. So far as all of the im-
portant tables and records are concerned this statement does
not need revision.
4 As an example of the comparison of the rat with man in respect to certain
changes which are related to age the observations on the percentage of water in
the brain may be quoted — Donaldson ('10) :
TABLE 1
Comparison of the percentage of water in the encephalon of man and the albino rat
at corresponding ages
W = Weisbach, 1868 K = Koch and Mann, '09
MAX
RAT
Age, years
Percentage of water
Percentage of water
Age, days
Birth
88.3 (W)
81.1 (K)
79.2 (W)
77.0 (W)\
77.8 (K)J
87.7
81.3
78.6
77.7
Birth
26 days
115 days
290 days
2 years
9.5 years
25 years maturity . . .
In table 1 the data for man, collected from various studies, are compared with
data for the rat — on the assumption that the conditions in the rat brain at any
age will be represented by those in the human brain at that age multiplied by
thirty.
CLASSIFICATION 7
It has been found however in arranging the literature that it
would prove most useful to include in Part I all of the incidental
and general observations on the wild Norway, on the ground
that these applied to the entire species, and to reserve for Part
II the more precise data which apply to the wild Norway, as
contrasted with the domesticated Albino.
The reader therefore will find in the literature cited in Part
I papers referring to M. decumanus, M. norvegicus and Epimys
norvegicus as well as to the Albino (M. norvegicus albinus or
var. Albino), sometimes designated the 'white' rat.
As will be pointed out in the section on The Early History
of the rat, there is one more complication in this connection.
Through an error, unfortunately perpetuated by some of the
natural histories, the common Albino has been described as an
Albino of the house rat — Mus rattus.
It thus happens that in some of the papers cited it is reported
that the observations had been made on Mus rattus or ratus
(sic), the word albino being sometimes added — sometimes
omitted. In a few instances it is impossible to determine whether
M. rattus is used for the Albino or whether the house rat was
really studied.
In forming a judgment on these cases it must be kept in mind
that for the last half century the house rat has been rare and
hard to obtain both in western Europe and in the northern
United States, so that unless the author gives good evidence for
the name he has employed, it becomes highly probable that he
was working with some form of the Norway. For these reasons
it has been found most convenient to include also in Part I all
the references to the house rat (Mus rattus).
CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE OF THE COMMON RATS
Up to 1881 Mus (Linnaeus, 1758) was used as the generic des-
ignation for both the rats and mice. In 1881 Trouessart pro-
posed the subgenus Epimys for the larger forms, the rats, reserv-
ing Mus for the smaller forms, the mice — Mus musculus being
the type. In 1910 Miller established the use of Epimys for the
rats and the change has been accepted.
8 THE COMMON RATS
In the pages which follow however the designation Mus has
been retained for the rat — as the older term is well understood,
while the new term — Epimys — is at present generally unfamiliar.
The following condensed citations of the place of the original
descriptions — with some of the associated references — serve to
give a brief history of the nomenclature.
MUS, Linnaeus, 1758
EPIMYS, Trouessart, 1881— Miller, 1910.
— norvegicus, Erxleben (1777 descr. orig.)
— decumanus, Pallas (1778).
— aquaticus, Gessner, 1551.
Cosmopolita; ab Asia Occident, in Europam navibus translat. et
inde in omnes Orbis Regiones.
— rattus, Linnaeus (1758 descr. orig.)
Cosmopolita; ab Asia Occident., in Europam a navibus trans-
lat., et inde in omnes orbis regiones.
— alexandrinus. Geoffroy, (1812 (or 1829 vide Sherborn, 1897) descr.
orig.)
Asia minori, Arabia, Aegyptus, Algeria, etc.
Italia, Hispania, Gallia merid. — orient, et occid., et inde in om-
nes orbis regiones.
Since attention was called to Erxleben's description in 1777
(Rehn, 1900) his specific name, norvegicus, as the designation
for the common brown or Norway rat, has been used in place of
decumanus (Pallas, 1778). The designation norvegicus is now
well established and will be used here.
There seems no question that Mus rattus and Mus r. alexan-
drinus are related to one another as color varieties of the same
species (de 1'Isle, 1865; Millais, '05) and they are so considered
in the following pages. For convenience we shall use the term
Norway or Norway rat for Mus norvegicus — and the term Rat-
tus or house rat as a general designation for both Mus rattus
rattus and M. rattus alexandrinus unless the occasion calls for
the precise name.
Albinos of the house rat have without doubt existed in the
west of Europe at one time or another ever since this form over-
ran that region (Topsell, 1658) and one or more such skins as
well as pied skins, from animals taken within the past fifty years,
are in several of our United States museums.
CLASSIFICATION 9
At present Albinos of the house rat appear to be not uncom-
mon in India (Lloyd, '12) where the house rat population is large.
In western Europe and other regions in which the house rat pop-
ulation is waning, a careful search by several investigators dur-
ing the last decade .has failed to reveal a living albino specimen.
At the present time, therefore, the Albino of Mus norvegicus
is the only albino variety generally found. In these pages this
form is designated Mus norvegicus albinus — when the name is
given in full, but where possible the single word Albino is used
for it.
When the albino variety is mentioned here the strain as com-
monly reared is the one meant. As a rule this strain is far re-
moved from its wild ancestor and moderately inbred. It may
be conveniently designated as the common albino strain. In the
colony at The Wistar Institute, we have in addition to this a
closely inbred strain reared by Dr. King and also a strain of
'extracted' Albinos. These latter are the Albinos descended
from the F2 generation of hybrids from the wild Norway and
the domesticated Albino.
During the first few generations after their appearance, these
extracted Albinos show clearly certain Norway characters, which
distinguish them from the rats with a longer albino ancestry.
With the peculiarities of either the inbred or of the extracted
strain, we are however not specially concerned at the present time.
While all Albinos breed true as to color, the composition of
the gametes is undoubtedly different among them in accordance
with their remote ancestry. Mudge ('10) recognizes thirteen
gametic types. The gametic dissimilarity of various Albinos
in respect to hair color is shown by the fact that in breeding
tests (Doncaster, '06 and Mudge, '10) Albinos extracted from
ancestors with characteristic differences in pigmentation will
reveal their origin by producing, when crossed with the pigmented
strain, characteristically pigmented descendents, the markings of
which can be predicted.
We are naturally concerned with the gametic composition of
the general population of Albinos constituting our colonies today.
As the several colonies stand, the Albinos forming them do not
10 THE COMMON RATS
form a strictly homozygous population, even from the standpoint
of color, since in subsequent crosses with pigmented forms they
give offspring with different color markings according to their
several latent characters. On the other hand it may be fairly
said that as yet we have no evidence for any correlation of the
somatic characters so far studied, with those slight differences
in gametic composition of the common albino strain which we
can recognize. It is to be noted moreover that the difficulty
which thus appears in the case of the albino rat repeats itself
for other mammals also, and therefore it does not constitute a
peculiarity of this animal.
CLASSIFICATION: REFERENCES
Alston, 1879-1882. Blasius, 1857. Doncaster, '06. Erxleben, 1777. Geof-
froy, 1812. Gesner, 1551. 1'Isle, 1865. Linnaeus, 1758, 1766. Lloyd, '12. Mil-
lais, '05. Miller, '10. Mudge, '10. Pallas, 1778. Rehn, 1900. Topsell, 1658.
Trouessart 1881, 1897, '10. Tullberg, 1900.
EARLY RECORDS AND MIGRATIONS OF THE COMMON RATS
The common wild rats in the United States usally live in
close association with man. There are two species of these, both
of which have been introduced from Europe. These are Mus
rattus (Linnaeus, 1758; 1766 = Mus rattus rattus, Millais, '05)
together with its gray form, Mus alexandrinus (Goeffroy, 1812;
= Mus rattus alexandrinus, Millais, '05) and Mus norvegicus
(Erxleben, 1777 = Mus decumanus, Pallas, 1778). This last
species is our common gray, brown or Norway rat. In addi-
tion to these, all of which are wild, there is a fourth form — the
albino rat (Mus norvegicus albinus) a variety of Mus norvegicus
(Hatai, '07) which is known at present only as a domesticated
strain (Donaldson, '12 b).
Mus rattus — the house rat — the first species described in west-
ern Europe, is probably indigenous to India.1 As now found,
1 Fossil remains of the rat (Mus rattus) are reported in the pliocene in Lom-
bardy (Cornalia, 1858) and in the quaternary at Molina di Anosa near Pisa (For-
syth Major) and again from the pleistocene cave deposits of the island of Crete
(Bate '12). This species appears in glacial times (Diluvialzeit) and in associa-
tion with man in the remains of the Lake dwellers in western Germany and in
Mecklenburg (Blasius, 1857). It is reported also from the diluvial deposits in
Bohemia (Woldfich, 1880).
EARLY RECORDS AND MIGRATIONS 11
the melanic form of Mus rattus (or Mus rattus rattus, Millais)
the 'black' rat, is more frequent in the colder latitudes, and Mus
rattus alexandrinus (Millais) the gray form (the 'roof or 'snake'
rat) in the warmer latitudes, but the two are not sharply segre-
gated. At the same time both of these seem more dependent
on warmth, or more resistant to it, than the Norway rat.
Although we shall have little to say in the following pages
about Mus rattus, yet it is desirable to give its history in order
to obtain the proper setting for Mus norvegicus, at present the
dominant species. The geological evidence just given indicates
the very early appearance of the house rat in Europe but our
records of its migrations all fall within the present era.
The history of the early migrations is of necessity vague and
incomplete, and even in the later times when dates are given it
must be remembered that such animals might have been present
for some time without appearing in numbers sufficient to cause
comment.
There is no good evidence that the Greeks or Romans before
the present era were familiar with the rat as a pest, and there-
fore, even if present, it was probably not abundant at that
period on the shores of the Mediterranean.
The history of the house rat from the earliest times to the
eleventh century makes an interesting archaeological study, but
the conclusions which may be drawn from the scanty records
and indefinite allusions are too uncertain to be of value for our
present purpose and we therefore pass directly to the later
authors.
Possibly as far back as the migration of the hordes (Volker-
wanderung, 400-1100 A. D.) and later in consequence of the
increasing use of trade routes with the East, the house rat en-
tered western Europe in appreciable numbers (Hehn, '11). It
is reported to have arrived there after the twelfth century (Kel-
ler, '09, citing Theodores Prodromes). Giraldus Cambrensis,2
(1146?-1220) records several anecdotes concerning it.
2 Albertus Magnus (d. 1280) is sometimes cited as having mentioned the black
rat. This is not correct. A. de PIsle (1865) has pointed out that the description
in question applies to the dormouse — Myoxus quercinus.
12 THE COMMON RATS
As the Norway rat did not reach western Europe until 1727-
1730 it follows that the European rat of the middle ages, the
rat of the legends of the Pied Piper3 (1284), of the great plagues
(before 1700) and of the early anathemas against vermin, was
Mus rattus.
The species first brought to South America on the ships of
the very early explorers was Mus rattus (Vega, 1609; de Ovalle,
1646). Pennant (1781) gives 1544 as the date of arrival in Peru.4
We have also a notable instance of a plague of these rats in the
Bermudas in 1615 (Lefroy, 1882).
Of the two species in question, Mus rattus is alone recognized
by Linnaeus in his Fauna suesica 1746, and in his Systema
(1758 and 1766). It does not concern us here to follow the his-
tory of Mus rattus in the United States further than to say that
this species only (represented by the two forms) was present up
to the time of the arrival of the Norway rat in North America
toward the end of the eighteenth century, and that Mus rattus
rattus — the black rat — is still found in a number of scattered
localities in the northern United States, while in the southern
states, Mus rattus alexandrinus is much the more common. It
does not appear that either of these forms has ever penetrated
far into the interior of the country.
Turning to the cosmopolitan Mus norvegicus — the species at
present established in China, Japan, India, western Europe and
temperate North America — we find that the historical record of
its movements, though by no means complete, has the virtue of
being recent.
v. Gesner (Historia animalium, 1551) mentions a Mus aquati-
cus which appears to be the form now called Norvegicus, but
apparently he himself had never seen it.
According to Pallas (1831) the Norway rat invaded Europe
from the East early in the eighteenth century and was observed
3 It may be noted in passing that the ancient inscriptions in Hameln relating
to the Pied Piper do not mention the rat (Meinardus, 1882).
4 Pennant (1781) says there were no rats in South America before the time of
Blasco Minez. Minez is evidently a misprint for Nunez; Blasco Nunez being
the first Viceroy of Peru, from 1544-1546.
EARLY RECORDS AND MIGRATIONS 13
in large numbers crossing the Volga in the Russian province of
Astrakhan. Pallas gives 1727 as the year of this migration. In
view of other dates, this can hardly be the date of the first in-
vasion. The Norway rat reached England — probably by ships
— about 1728-1730 (Donndorff, 1792) and was soon designated
the 'Hanover' rat by those who wished to connect the misfortunes
of the country with the recently established house of Hanover.
There is however no reason to suppose that the Norway rat
had yet reached Germany and the name has a political rather
than a scientific interest.
In 1750 the Norway rats are reported (Donndorff, 1792) to
have reached eastern Prussia and in 1753 they were noticed in
Paris (Donndorff, 1792). Their early distribution to other lo-
calities in Europe need not be recounted, but there is evidence
that they spread rapidly and soon displaced more or less com-
pletely the Mus rattus which had preceded them.
This historical sketch shows that the migration of Mus rattus
into western Europe antedated that of Mus norvegicus certainly
by some six hundred years, but the Norway rat being the more
pugnacious and powerful species has become dominant wherever
it has followed the earlier form.
This dominance is undoubtedly due in part to these charac-
ters of the Norway, but it seems probable that the progressive
disuse of wood as a building material has been a factor also
(Przibram, '12).
We find however that in many places, both in Europe and the
United States, where the house rat was thought to have been
exterminated, it still survives in small numbers.
The arrival of the Norway rat on the north Atlantic seaboard
of the United States is usually given as 1775 (Harlan, 1825).
The exact date, though of interest, is hardly important for our
present purpose.
Mus rattus was already in possession, but in the course of the
years, how rapidly we do not know, the Norway rat became the
dominant form in the northern latitudes of this country — moving
along the trade routes to all points which furnish a continuous
food supply and a moderate summer temperature.
14 THE COMMON RATS
In the present connection our interest in the Norway rat is
due mainly to the fact that the common albino rat (M. n. a bi-
nus) kept as a pet or laboratory animal, and concerning which
we desire all possible information, is a variety of the Norway
rat. This relationship is shown not only by the usual methods
of comparison, but also by the haemoglobin crystals (Reichert
and Brown, '09) the shape of skull (Hatai, '07 c) and the fact
that the two forms interbreed freely.
Concerning the place and time of origin of the albino strain
there is little information at hand. Allusions to albino rats be-
fore the time when the Norway rat appeared in Europe clearly
show that there must have been an albino strain of Mus rattus.
What we know of the present distribution of Albinos of Mus rat-
tus has been given on pages 8 and 9 in the preceding chapter.
By some curious slip however, many of the natural histories
and books of reference speak of the common Albino as an Albino
of Mus rattus. This of course is not correct, but owing to the
confusion thus early introduced, it is difficult to trace the history
of the present albino variety5 of the Norway.
We do not know whether the common albino variety had a
single or multiple origin, or whether the colonies found in Europe
(Rodwell, 1858) are directly related to those now existing here.
Moss, 1836, mentions Albinos in or near Bristol, England about
1822. In their general physical characters the European and
American Albinos are similar (Donaldson, '12 and '12 a). Judg-
ing from the way in which the Albinos of other species arise, we
may safely assume that the present strain is derived from one or
more albino mutants or sports (Hatai, '12). These must have
been captured and the albino descendents segregated and kept
5 Unfortunately there is one more complicating circumstance — namely, the
existence of a melanic variety of Mus norvegicus. This melanic variety is often
mistaken for Mus rattus rattus because of its color, and this leads to errors of
statement concerning the distribution of Mus rattus and also concerning the
ability of the two species — rattus and norvegicus — to interbreed. They are in
fact mutually infertile (Morgan, '09) . The number of incidental allusions to this
melanic variety of norvegicus shows its occurrence to be widespread. See : Ed-
wards, 1871, 1872. Hamy, '06. PIsle, 1865. Lapicque and Legendre, '11. Schaff,
1891. Webster, 1892.
EARLY RECORDS AND MIGRATIONS 15
as pets, as at present6 there is nowhere to be found an established
colony of Albinos living in open competition with the common
Norway s or with forms of Mus rattus, but all of the colonies are
maintained practically under conditions of domestication.
In the northern United States, except along the water front
of the larger ports, where the house rat arrives from time to
time on vessels, we have therefore to deal almost exclusively
with the Norway rat. The Norway has been in this region prob-
ably not more than a hundred and fifty years. Though living
wild, it is more or less dependent on the food conditions found
where man is established. The familiar Albino — Mus norvegi-
cus albinus — is a sport derived from the wild Norway, and is
the form on which most of the investigations here presented
have been made.
EARLY RECORDS AND MIGRATIONS! REFERENCES
Albertus Magnus, b. 1206— d. 1280. Barrett-Hamilton, 1892. Bate, '12
Baumgart, '04. Blasius, 1857. Borcherding, 1889. Campbell, 1892. Clarke.
1891. Cornalia, 1858-1871. Cornish, 1890. Donaldson '12 '12 a. '12 b. Donn-
dorff, 1792. Edwards, 1871, 1872. Fischer, 1869. Geisenheymer, 1892. Geof-
froy, 1812. Gesner, 1551. Giraldus Cambrensis, b. 1146?— d. 1220. Godman,
1826-1828. Gourlay, '07. Hamy, '06. Harlan. 1825. Hatai, '07, '07 c, '12.
Hehn, '11. Hossack, '07, '07 b. 1'Isle, 1865. Keller, '09. Keller-Zschokke,
1892. Lantz, '09. Lapicque, '11. Lefroy, 1882. Liebe, 1891. Lindner, 1891.
Linnaeus, 1746, 1758. Lloyd, '10. '12. Lons, '08. Major (see Baumgart, '04).
Meinardus, 1882. Messer, 1889. Middendorff, 1875. Millais, '04. Mojsisovics,
'97. Moss, 1836. Murray, 1866. Ovalle, 1646. Pallas, 1831. Pennant, 1781.
Prodromus, Theodorus (see Keller, '09). Przibram, '12. Reichert and Brown,
'09. Rodwell, 1858. Schaff, 1891. Vega, 1688. Ward, '06. Webster, 1892.
Woldfich, 1880-1884.
Rattenkonig.
Ahrend, '03. Demaison, '06. Dollfus, '06. Koepert, '04.
6 Rodwell, 1858, page 10, mentions what may have been a colony of Albinos
living wild at the Ainsworth Colliery near Bury, England.
PART I
ALBINO RAT— MUS NORVEGICUS ALBINUS
CHAPTER 1
BIOLOGY
1. Life history. 2. Span of life. 3. Puberty — ovulation — menopause. 4.
Period of gestation — lengthening of the gestation period. 5. Superfecundation
— Superfetation. 6. Fecundity and weight at birth. 7. Recognition of sex. 8.
Sex ratio. 9. Body weight according to sex. 10. Behavior, a) Under natural
conditions, b) Under experimental conditions.
1. Life history. The albino rat is born blind, hairless, with
a short tail, closed ears and undeveloped limbs. It responds to
contacts and olfactory and taste stimuli, utters a squeaking
sound and is capable of some locomotory movements which are
a combination of wriggling and paddling. The head is always
searching. The young can find their way back to the mother at
about ten days of age (Watson, '03) . The eyes open at from the
14th to the 17th days, most often on the 15th or 16th. King has
also observed that in a given litter the eyes of the females usu-
ally open some hours before those of the males. For some seven
days more, i.e., up to the time when the young rats are 21-22
days of age, they are dependent on the mother. After this they
may be weaned, although if permitted, the young will depend
partly on the mother for some days longer.
This adjustment of relations fits with the fact that the female
may be impregnated one or two days after casting a litter (Kirk-
ham, '10; Kirkham and Burr, '13) and since the gestation period
is about 21.5-22.5 days, this would enable the female to free
herself from the first litter before the second one was born. As
will be pointed out later, the gestation period may be prolonged
in nursing animals.
When the young rats become habituated to independence, i.e.,
at about 25 days, they enter on a period of activity, the phases
of which have been followed by Slonaker ('07, '12). In the cases
which he observed, it was found that increasing age was accom-
19
20
BIOLOGY
panied by increasing activity up to the age period of 87-120
days, after which the activity declined.
On the assumption that the span of life in man is thirty times
that of the albino rat (Donaldson, '08) this age of greatest ac-
tivity would correspond to the age of 7.5-10 years in man.
As shown by the records of activity (Slonaker, '12) the albino
rat is nocturnal. This habit can be modified more or less by
feeding or by disturbance during the day time.
The measure of activity in the cases observed by Slonaker
was the number of turns of the revolving cage in which the ani-
mal was kept, the cage being set in motion by the voluntary run-
ning or other movements of the animal, and the revolutions be-
ing automatically recorded. In the case of four rats kept in
separate revolving cages from 30 days of age until natural death,
the following record of activity was obtained (Slonaker, '12).
TABLE 2
Total number of miles run during life
AGE IN MONTHS
AT DEATH.
RAT NO. 1
M. MILES
NO. 4
M. MILES
NO. 2
M. MILES
NO. 3
F. MILES
25
1265
26
1391
32
2098
34
5447
This table shows not only great variability in the total per-
formances, but also for the one female a record of over five thou-
sand miles in a little less than three years. On the average, three-
fourths of the total distance is run before the rat has reached
middle life, and the last months of old age are always marked
by greatly lessened activity.
2. Span of life. The assumption has been made (Donald-
son, '08) that dating from birth, the span of life of the albino
rat is three years. A rat three years old therefore may be re-
garded as corresponding to a man ninety years old. So far
as this assumption has been tested, it appears to be a useful
approximation.
SPAN OF LIFE — PUBERTY — PERIOD OF GESTATION 21
Slonaker ('12, '12 a) working at Leland Stanford University
under the favorable climatic conditions of California, has made
some direct tests.
Four albino rats living in revolving cages attained an average
age of 29.5 months, while three control animals reared in sta-
tionary cages, but under conditions otherwise similar, attained
an average age of 40.3 months. In all these cases, death was
reported as due to 'old age.'
The average age of these seven individuals was about 34
months, while the greatest age, attained by one of the controls,
was 45 months. The three controls all lived longer than any of the
four in the revolving cages. It appears from this that living in the
revolving cage shortened the span of life — an unexpected result.
3. Puberty — Ovulation and Menopause. Sexual maturity as
indicated by the structure of the gonads usually occurs in both
males and females at the age of about two months or less.
According to our observations, puberty in the female may oc-
cur at 60-70 days after birth — although the females usually be-
gin to breed at 90-100 days. On the other hand there are oc-
casional instances of remarkable precocity. In the breeding Al-
bino it is found that impregnation most readily follows 1-4 days
after a litter has been cast. This accords with the time of ovu-
lation (Kirkham, '10; Sobotta and Burckhard, '10; Kirkham
and Burr, '13). During the breeding season of the female ovu-
lation occurs at intervals of about three weeks, but only from
April to October do the females regularly ovulate 20-48 hours
after parturition (Kirkham and Burr, '13). The menopause
commonly appears at the age of 15-18 months, but King (MS.,
'15) reports a female 22 months old — crossed with a male of
like age — giving birth to a litter of one.
4. Period of gestation. The gestation period of the non-lac-
tating albino rat is usually stated to be about 21-22 days. In
the cases where the gestation period has been exactly recorded in
our colony the exact tune of copulation and of birth having been
observed, Stotsenburg (MS '14) has found it to be from 21 days
and 15 hours to 22 days and 16 hours.
22 BIOLOGY
Lengthening of gestation period. King ('13), makes the follow-
ing statements which apply to lactating Albinos, maintained
on a mixed diet.
The gestation period in lactating albino rats is of normal length if
the female is suckling five or less young and is carrying five or less young.
The gestation period may be prolonged from one to six days if an al-
bino female, suckling five or less young, is carrying six or more young.
The period of gestation is always prolonged when a female is suckling
six or more young. In these cases the number of young in the second
litter seems to have less influence on the length of the gestation period
than has the number of young suckled; but if both litters are very
large the gestation period may be extended to 34 days.
5. Super fecundation and super fetation. Superfecundation oc-
curs occasionally in the albino rat and causes an interval of two,
three or more days between the birth of different members of
the litter (King, '13).
In support of this statement the following instances are cited:
1) Litter born October 27, 1911; examined November 10,
1911, 12 individuals — 11 of these weighed about 14 grams each.
The remaining one had very little hair, weighed 7.1 grams and
appeared 4-5 days old.
2) Litter born December 20, 1911; examined January 2, 1912,
10 individuals — 9 of like size weighed 16-17 grams each. The
remaining one small; hair just appearing; weighed 10.8 grams.
3) Litter born February 26, 1912; examined March 11, 1912,
10 individuals — 3 had their eyes open and weighed 10.1-10.5
grams. The remaining seven were apparently but one or two
days old and weighed 4.2 grams on the average.
In rare instances ovulation takes place in the albino rat dur-
ing pregnancy and superfoetation occurs. In two cases of this
kind litters have been produced at intervals of about two weeks
(King, '13, pp. 388 and 389).
6. Fecundity and weight at birth. At the beginning of ovula-
tion in the albino rat Sobotta and Burckhard ('10) find on the
average a total of thirteen ova in both fallopian tubes. The
largest litter we have noted in the common Albino contained
sixteen. One instance also of sixteen fetuses 18 days old has
been observed Stotsenburg (MS '15).
FECUNDITY AND WEIGHT AT BIRTH 23
Kolazy ('71) reports litters consisting of 5-17 young. Crampe
('84) records for 2503 young represented by 394 litters, an av-
erage of 6.3 per Utter. From 1911-1913, 275 litters (1928 in-
dividuals) in our colony gave an average of 7.0 individuals per
litter, and in 1914, 814 litters (5691 individuals) gave an average
of 6.99 individuals per litter. Litter size does not appear to be
influenced by season (King and Stotsenburg, '15).
Under certain food conditions the size of the litters is much
modified. When an exclusive diet of ox flesh is given to Albi-
nos— 2-4 months of age at the beginning of the experiment —
and these are compared with control rats fed on bread and milk,
Chalmers Watson ('06 a) finds in the meat fed Albinos preg-
nancy less frequent, the weight of the mammae less, and the
average number of young in a litter, as well as the average weight
of the young, both smaller than in the controls. Such an ex-
clusive meat diet is therefore unfavorable both for breeding and
for early growth. On the other hand, Stotsenburg (MS '15)
found that mothers fed on a table scrap diet produced a larger
number of fetuses than those fed on bread and milk.
As to the size of the litters at different periods in the life of
the female, there are a few observations. Lloyd ('09 a) in his
studies on two strains of the house rat, published tables which
he interpreted to mean that the number of individuals in a litter
was independent of the body weight of the mother. Pearson
('10) however was able to show from Lloyd's data that in both
groups the number in a litter increased with the body weight of
the mother.
It seems probable however that the heavier rats were also
older, as Pearson suggests, and that the proper interpretation of
the increase in the size of the litter is to relate it with the age of
the mother. In these groups none of the animals were beyond the
prune of life and hence the explanation is very probably correct.
There is now available some detailed information on the rela-
tion between the weight and age of the mother and the charac-
ters of the young.
A study of 11 litters of common albino rats containing 91
young bred by King (MS '15) at The Wistar Institute, gives
24
BIOLOGY
the average individual birth weight for the male as 4.72 grams
and for the female 4.56 grams.
The data from these 11 stock litters used for tables 3, 4, 5, 6
have not been published elsewhere in a separate form. In the
paper by King ('15) , however these data are combined with corre-
sponding data for the inbred Albinos to form similar tables.
The results obtained from the stock data here given are quite in
agreement with those from the combined data of King (' 15) . The
birth weight may be modified by a series of conditions as shown
in the following tables.
TABLE 3.
Influence of the age of the mother on birth weight
NUMBER OF
MOTHERS
MOTHER
AVERAGE WEIGHT INDIVIDUALS
Body weight
Age in days
Males No.
Females No.
(4)..,
gms.
165
201
225
114
143
217
4.50 (12)
4.52 (14)
4.97 (18)
4.52 (20)
4.49 (14)
4.81 (13)
(3)
(4)
Table 3 shows that with increasing age up to 217 days the indi-
vidual birth weight increases with the age of the mother. At
the same time it is to be seen that the body weight of the mother
also increases.
When the same data are arranged according to the bodyweight
of the mother, we get the relations shown in table 4.
TABLE 4
Influence of weight of mother on birth weight
NUMBER OF
MOTHERS
MOTHER
AVERAGE WEIGHT INDIVIDUALS
Body weight
Age in days
Males
Females
(4)
gms.
165
200
226
114
150
211
4.53 (12)
4.65 (14)
4.88 (18)
4.40 (20)
4.55 (16)
4.76 (11)
(3)...
(4)
Here the birth weight increases with the increasing body-
weight, but the age is also increasing hi the successive groups.
The influence of the size of the litter on birth weight does not
FECUNDITY AND WEIGHT AT BIRTH
25
give regular results, but if we take the extreme records, we find
that in the small litters of 6.5 the individual birth weight is
higher than in the large litters of 10 or more (table 5).
The failure to get regular results is probaby due to the small
number of cases here used.
TABLE 5
The influence of the size of the litter on the individual birth weight
NUMBER OF
MOTHERS
MOTHER
AVERAGE WEIGHT —
INDIVIDUALS
Body weight
Age in days
No. in litter
Males
Females
(4)..
gms.
195
199
195
165
149
139
6.5
8.3
10.0
4.99 (14)
4.56 (13)
4.60 (17)
4.65 (12)
4.42 (12)
4.53 (23)
(3)..,
(4)
Finally, if we take the individual birth weights as the criterion
and compare the birth weights under 4.5 grams (for the male)
with the birth weights of 5 grams or more (for the male) it ap-
pears that the heavier birth weights are associated with the heav-
ier weight of the mother — as we should expect from table 4. At
the same time it is to be noted that the age at which the heavier
birth weights are recorded is greater.
TABLE 6
The individual birth weight in relation to body weight of mother
NUMBER OF
MOTHERS
MOTHER
AVERAGE WEIGHT — INDIVIDUALS
Body weight
Age in days
Males
Females
(6)
gms.
179
201
244
133
144
263
4.37 (23)
4.96 (13)
5.31 (8)
4.28 (28)
4.80 (14)
5.26 (5)
(3)..,
(2)
These relations exhibited by table 6 and based on this small
number of stock Albinos agrees with those already determined
by King on a much larger series which combines the data here
used with a large series of litters from inbred Albinos.
This agreement shows that in these respects there is no signi-
ficant difference between the stock Albinos and the inbred strain
26
BIOLOGY
of King. The general conclusion which King reaches is that
increasing weight or increasing age of the mother (the two being
correlated) give a heavier birth weight, while the increase in the
number in a litter tends to diminish the individual birth weight.
There is to be observed also a diminution in birth weight in
those litters born of mothers below the standard in size, or suffer-
ing from infectious disease. With the larger material just men-
tioned, it is also possible for King and Stotsenburg ('15) to show
a modification of the birth weight in relation to the place of the
litter in the series of litters born by a given female, see table 7.
TABLE 7
Showing the sex ratios and average number oj young in 75 litters of stock albino
rats. Data arranged according to the position of the litters in the litter series
LITTER SERIES
NUMBER OF
LITTERS
NUMBER OF
INDIVIDUALS
MALES
FEMALES
NUMBER
MALES TO
100
FEMALES
AVERAGE
NO. YOUNG
PER
LITTER
1
21
131
72
59
122.0
6.2
2
21
162
85
77
110.4
7.7
3.
18
127
64
63
101 6
7.0
4
15
96
41
55
74.5
6.4
75
516
262
254
102.1
6.8
The observations indicate that the number of individuals in
the litter generally increases from the first to the second litter,
and after that decreases. These results would quite accord
with Crampe's conclusions. According to Crampe ('84) the
second litter of albino rats is the best. The majority of albino
females do not produce more than four or five litters.
7. Recognition of sex. The recognition of sex through ex-
ternal characters in -the young rat has been studied by Jackson
('12). He finds in brief that the male, as contrasted with the
female, may be recognized by (1) The larger size of the genital
papilla; (2) the greater ano-genital distance (see table 8); (3)
the absence of clearly marked nipples. (This test is applicable
only up to the age of 16 days, i.e., before the development of
hair on the ventral surface.) (4) Small extent of the bare area
just ventral to the anus (test applicable only after the 16th day).
RECOGNITION OF SEX — SEX RATIO — BODY WEIGHT
27
As a rule the descent of the testes occurs about the fortieth day
of age or somewhat earlier. The following is a condensed form
of Jackson's table for the ano-genital distance.
TABLE 8
Ano-genital distance in young albino rats of various ages
ACE
NUMBER OF EACH SEX
AVERAGE GROSS BODY
WEIGBTT
AVERAGE ANO-GENITAL
DISTANCE
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
New born . .
10
17
13
19
19
12
26
15
26
13
gms.
5.7
11.0
19.5
27.4
73.3
gms.
5.4
10.4
18.2
27.4
71.0
gms.
2.8
5.2
8.2
12.0
21.0
gms.
1.2
2.7
4.9
7.0
13.0
7 days
14 days
20 days
42-50 days
8. Sex ratio. On the basis of 30 litters comprising 255 indi-
viduals, Cuenot ('99) reports among albino rats — when the litters
are examined shortly after birth — 105.6 males to each 100 females.
King ('11 b)in 80 litters containing 452 individuals, found 107.3
males to 100 females, and in a later series of 120 litters (which
includes the 80 litters just mentioned) containing 690 individu-
als, a sex ratio of 107.8 males to 100 females. Finally, in a
group of 814 litters, comprising 5691 individuals, King and Stot-
senburg ('15) found 108.1 males to 100 females.
In a thriving colony therefore a ratio of about 108 males it
to be expected. This however is subject to a seasonal variation.
At the two periods of greatest reproductive activity — in the spring
(March-May) and again in the autumn (September-November)
the proportion of males (the sex ratio) is low.
In the first litters of young females the sex ratio tends to be
higher than in the later litters — but no relation of sex ratio to
size of litter has been found (King and Stotsenburg, '15).
9. Body weight according to sex — at maturity. At maturity
the body weight of the male Albino is much greater than that of
the female. According to our records for the common strain —
ages not known — the four largest males thus far examined
weighed 320, 327, 343 and 438 (fat) grams respectively, and the
four largest females 280, 287, 319 and 359 (fat) grams. In Albi-
28
BIOLOGY
nos of the common strain, the following maximum weights for
each sex at known ages have been observed by King (MS '15).
TABLE 9
Body weight in grams
AGE IN DAYS
MALES
FEMALES
395
284
425
397
455
409
485
437
f265
\324
10. Behavior, a) The normal activities of the rat under
natural conditions have been studied and described by a num-
ber of observers (see references).
b) As the albino rat is easily tamed and responds readily to
training it has already been used for a number of studies in which
behavior tests have been employed. Studies have been made
for example on imitation, temperament, the influence of prac-
tice, retentiveness, the role of the several organs of sense and
the relation of the learning rate to age and to the relative brain
weight (see references).
BIOLOGY: REFERENCES
Life history. Donaldson, '08. King, '13. Kirkham, '10. Kirkham and
Burr, '13. McCoy. '09. Slonaker, '07, '12. Stewart, 1898. Watson, '03.
Span of life. Donaldson, '08. Slonaker, '12, '12 a.
Puberty, Ovulation, Menopause. Hewer, '14. Kirkham and Burr, '13.
Sobotta and Burckhard, '10.
Period of gestation. King, '13.
Super fecundation. King, '13.
Fecundity and weight at birth. Crampe, '84. King, '15. King and Stotsen-
burg. '15. Kolazy, 1871. Lloyd, '09 a. Pearson, '10. Sobotta and Burckhard,
'10. Watson, '06 a.
Recognition of sex. Jackson, '12.
Sex ratio. Cuenot, 1899. King, '11 a, 11 b. King and Stotsenburg, '15.
Body weight according to sex. King and Stotsenburg, '15.
Behavior, a) Under natural conditions. Advisory Committee, '12. Bech-
stein, 1801. Bell, 1837-1874. Buckland, 1859. Buffon, 1749-1789. Dehne,
1855. Fisher, 1872. Hewett, '04. Kolazy, 1871. Lambert, '10. Lantz, '10.
Manouvrier, '05. Mitchell, '11. b) Under experimental conditions. Adams,
'13. Basset, '14. Berry, '06. Carr and Watson, '08. Cesana, '10. Hubbert,
'14, '15. Hunter, '12, '13. Lashley, '12. Richardson, '09. Small, 1899, 1900,
'01. Szymanski, '14. Ulrich, '13. Vincent, '12, '13/15, '15 a, '15 b. Watson, J.
B., '03, '07, '13, '14.
CHAPTER 2
HEREDITY
1. General. — 2. Coat color
Inbreeding brother and sister from the same litter of Albinos
for twenty successive generations (King, 1911-1915, MS) has
not been followed by any physical deterioration.
Studies on heredity in the Norway rat have been concerned
mainly with the inheritance of coat color. The gray coat of
the wild Norway is dominant in crosses between the wild gray
and the Albino. The Albinos in the F2 generation appear in the
proportion of one Albino to three pigmented. In the F2 and in
the later generations pied animals may be had and the color
pattern both fixed and modified by selection (Castle, '12, 12 a,
and Castle and Phillips, '14). The inheritance of brain weight
in the reciprocal crosses Norway X Albino has been studied
byHatai (MS '13).
The references to the literature are grouped into 1) those
touching the general problem and 2) those especially applying
to coat color.
HEREDITY: REFERENCES
1. General. Castle, '11, '12, '12 a. Castle and Phillips, '14. Crampe, 1883,
1884. Darwin, 1883. Hagedoorn, '11, '14. Hatai, '11 a, '12. Lloyd, '08, '09,
'11. Pearson, '11. Przibram, '07, '10, '11. Ritzema-Bos, 1894. Yerkes, '13.
2. Coat color. Bateson, '03. Castle, '14 a, '14 b. Castle and Phillips, '14.
Crampe, 1877. Doncaster, '06. Fischer, 1874. Fr6de>ic, '07. Haacke, 1895.
MacCurdy and Castle, '07. Morgan, '09. Mudge, '08, '08 a, '09.
29
CHAPTER 3
ANATOMY
1. Anatomy, general. 2. Embryology, a) Spermatogenesis. b) Ovulation.
c) Earlier stages, d) Later stages. 3. Bones, joints and connective tissues,
a) Teeth. 4. Muscles. 5. Vessels and lymphatics, a) Blood. 6. Nervous sys-
tem, a) Central 1) Brain. 2) Spinal cord, b) Peripheral. 1) Cerebral.
2) Spinal nerves and ganglia. 3) Autonomic. c) Technical methods. 7. Sense
organs. 8. Integument. 9. Gastro-pulmonary system, a) Gastro-intestinal
system, b) Pulmonary system. 10. Uro-genital system. 11. Endocrine
system.
Since this book purposes to present mainly those results that
can be systematically arranged and are in a quantitative form
—there will appear several divisions of this chapter marked only
by references to the literature.
Further, even in those divisions for which there are some
available data it happens in many instances that the presentation
of them can be better given in the chapters which treat of growth
— and in such instances the reader is merely referred to the later
place of presentation. These general statements apply to the
subsequent chapters as well.
1. Anatomy, general. In only two instances has the rat been
used as the basis for a general presentation of mammalian anat-
omy. These are in the books by Martin and Moale, 1884, and
Goto, 1906. The remaining references are to studies which ap-
ply to portions or systems only (see classified references — at the
end of the chapter).
2. Embryology, a) Spermatogenesis. According to Hewer
(14):
In the newborn animal, active mitosis is occurring in the testis, and
at 3^ weeks the spermatogonia can be distinguished from the spermato-
cytes. No lumen begins to appear in the tubules as a rule until 7
weeks. At 8 weeks spermatids are easily distinguishable: at 8| weeks
isolated spermatozoa may occasionally be seen. At 9 weeks typical
ripe spermatozoa are plentiful, but the fully formed epididymis con-
tains no free spennatozoa. At 10 weeks all the tubules show active
30
EMBRYOLOGY
31
spermatogenesis : the second crop of spermatozoa is appearing, while
the first crop can be seen in the epididymis. Reduced number of chro-
mosomes 19. Allen (MS '15).
6) Ovulation. According to the observations of Sobotta and
Burckhard, '10, ovulation is simultaneous in both ovaries — as
many as 13 egg cells have been found discharged. The ovum —
after fixation with Zenker's solution containing somewhat less
than the usual proportion of acetic acid — measured 60-65 n in
diameter with a nucleus about 25 n in diameter. The reduced
number of chromosomes is 16. The full number of chromosomes
32. The authors incorrectly assume that the common Albino is
a variety of Mus rattus.
For the diameter of the living unsegmented egg Kirkham and
Burr (?13) give 79 n as a mean value.
For the volume of the ovum see table 11.
c) On the early stages of development we have the observations
of Huber ('15 a). His description is as follows:
The material at hand permits the conclusion that in the albino rat
the segmenting ova pass from the oviduct to the uterine horn at the
end of the fourth day after the beginning of insemination, probably
in the 12-cell to 16-cell stage. With the beginning of the fifth day, as
will appear from further discussion, all of the ova are to be found in
the uterine horn.
The following summary of the data gained by a study of the models
of oviducts containing ova in stages from the pronuclear to 12-cell to
TABLE 10
Showing the distance of the ova jrom the fimbria at various ages. Based on table
3, Huber ('15a)
H
o 3
0 «
0
K
fc H
RECORD NUM-
SIDE
RECON-
AOE
NUM-
BER OF
STAGE
fa.
o
°s
•J a
BER
STRUCTED
OVA
w H
ii
> t> w
H ^ §
H K
3 ft*
7\ r\
w H
to ft,
a
3
cm.
cm.
106
R.
1 dav
8
Pronuclear
3.2
0.8
0.25
59
R.
*~Mt7
2 days
4
2-cell
2.291
1.4
0.63
62
L.
2 days 22 hrs.
5
2-cell
2.451
2.0
0.84
50
R.
3 days 1 hour
4
4-cell
2.8
2.5
0.90
51
L.
4 days
5
12 to 16 cell
2.86
2.86
1.00
Not the entire length of oviduct was available for reconstruction.
32
ANATOMY
16-cell stages in which latter stage transit to the uterine horn occurs,
is presented to indicate rate of transit within the oviduct. The regu-
larity of the rate of transit as revealed in the summary may perhaps
speak for the trustworthiness of the age data as concerns my material.
It will be observed that the ova approach the uterine end of the ovi-
duct while in the 2-cell stage (see table 10); transit through the last
portion of the oviduct, where the greater part of the segmentation oc-
curs, being relatively slow. It is hoped that these data, for the accuracy
of which I am dependent on reconstructions, may be of service to others
who may desire to collect segmentation stages of the albino rat.
In order to obtain the volume changes of the ova during transit
through the oviduct, beginning with the pronuclear and extending to
the 8-cell to 11-cell stages, reconstructions were made at a magnification
of 1000 diameters of ova presenting the stage in question. The respec-
tive volumes of these models were determined and the data reduced to
the actual volumes.
TABLE 11
Volumes of ova and embryos. Based on table 4 Huber ('15 a)
RECORD
NUMBER
AGE
STAGE
ACTUAL VOL. OF
EGG MASS IN
C. MM.
AVERAGE VOL. PER
STAGE GIVEN IN
C. MM.
Days
Hours
106
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
17
17
17
17
17
17
Pronuclear
Pronuclear
Pronuclear
Pronuclear
2 cell
2 cell
4 cell
4 cell
8 cell
8 cell
8 cell
8 cell
8 cell
11 cell
0.000151
0.000143
0.000158
0.000171
0.000162 .
0.000183
0.000183
0.000155
0.000189
0.000160
0.000187
0.000182
0.000200
0.000210
0.000156
0.000173
0.000162
0.000184
0.000210
106
106
106
59
59
50
50
57
57
57
57
57
57
The uniformity of the figures giving the actual volume of the egg
mass, as determined by the weight of the water displaced by the models
of the respective ova reconstructed, leads me to feel that the errors com-
mitted in reconstruction were not serious. The last column of the
table, giving averages, is of interest since it shows a very slight increase
in the volume of the egg mass during segmentation and transit through
the oviduct. Following the pronuclear stage, which, as has been seen,
extends through a relatively long period and into the beginning of the
second day, by which time the ova have migrated about one-fourth of
BONES, JOINTS, CONNECTIVE TISSUES 33
the length of the oviduct, there occurs only three successive mitotic
divisions, including the first segmentation division, namely mitoses re-
sulting in 2-cell, 4-cell, and 8-cell stages while the ova are in transit in
the oviduct. In making this statement it is assumed that in the suc-
cessive segmentations, the several cells divide synchronously, which is
not in conformity with the fact. These three mitotic divisions are
spaced at intervals of about 18 hours.
In the next following division, the fourth, the ovum passes from the
oviduct to the uterine horn. Since the normal gestation period of the
non-lactating albino rat is only 21 to 23 days, this slow rate of increase
in volume and multiplication of cells during the first four days of de-
velopment is of especial interest and is very probably to be accounted
for by the inadequacy of the food supply of the ovum during its transit
through the oviduct.
d) Later stages. Observations have been made by Stotsen-
burg (MS '15) on the daily increase in the weight of the fetus
from the 13th to the 22nd day after insemination. The data
and graph are given in chapter 5, pp. 64 and 65.
3. Bones, joints and connective tissues. On the following page
is an enumeration of the bones forming the skeleton of the rat.
For data on the growth of the entire skeleton see Chapter 6.
Skull measurements have been made by Hatai ('07 c). The
following description is extracted from his paper.
For this study 53 male and 51 female skulls of mature Albinos (rats
more than 150 days old) were measured. These skulls had been care-
fully cleaned and dried at room temperature. The following measure-
ments were made with vernier calipers: 1) the length of the entire
skull; 2) the fronto-occipital length; 3) the zygomatic width; 4) the
length of the nasal bone; 5) the height of the skull; 6) the width of
the cranium or the squamosal distance. In every case the maximum
length alone was recorded in millimeters.
The horizontal straight line joining the tip of the nasal bone to the
end of the occipital bone is called the length of the entire skull. This
however is not exactly equal to t^ie sum of the length of the nasal bone
and that of the fronto-occipital.
The fronto-occipital length was determined in the following way:
Since the length measured with the calipers from the tip of the nasal
bone to the posterior end of the inter-parietal bone is usually less than
the length measured from the same point to the end of the occipital
bone, both measurements were taken (see fig. 1). The difference be-
tween these two measurements was added to the length from the tip
of the frontal bone to the end of the inter-parietal bone, and the sum
was called the fronto-occipital length.
The width of the cranium (squamosal distance) was determined by
34
ANATOMY
Skull
Cranium
LIST OF BONES
Nasals 2
Premaxillae 2
Maxillae 2
Jugals 2
Palatines 2
Vomer 1
Lachrymals 2
Ethmoid 1
Frontals 2
Sphenoid 1
Presphenoid 1
Parietals 2
Squamosals 2
Interparietal 1
Occipital 1
Periotic capsules 2
Tympanic bones 2
f Malleus... 2
Ear
bones
Mandible.
\ Incus 2
[Stapes 2
2
Teeth 16
Hyoid 1
Cervical 7
Dorsal or thoracic 13
Vertebrae Lumbar 6
Sacral 4
Caudal (about) 30
[Vertebro-sternal 14
Ribs I Vertebro-costal 6
[Vertebral 6
Sternum 6
Shoulder /Scapula 2
girdle \Clavicle 2
f Ilium. .
2
Pelvic
{ Ischium. . ,
2
girdle „ , .
[Os pubis
Humerus
. 2
2
Ulna
2
Radius. ..
a
[Carpus 16
Fore feet < Metacarpus.. 10
[Phalanges.... 28
Femur 2
Tibia 2
Fibula 2
[Patellae 2
Sesamoid { 2 back of
bones [ Femur 4
[Tarsus 16
Hind feet \ Metatarsus... 10
[Phalanges.... 28
281
Nails (20) omitted
taking the maximum distance between the two points (right and left)
where the zygomatic bones rest on the lateral walls of the cranium.
The height of the skull was determined by measuring a perpendicular
distance between the greatest convexity of the parietal bone in the me-
dian line and the junction line between the basi-occipital and the basi-
sphenoidal bones on the ventral surface.
The cranial capacity was determined in the following way: The skull
was held vertically, with the nose downwards and was filled with fine
shot (no. 11) to the upper level of foramen magnum and then the nose
of the skull gen\tly struck twice against the palm of the hand.
The space thus formed was again filled. Although this is a simple
procedure yet it needs the greatest care to produce uniform results.
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36
ANATOMY
By practice Hatai has been able to reduce the difference between the
first and second filling to less than one per cent. The cranial capacity
thus determined in the terms of shot weight can be transformed into
brain weight as follows: by dividing the weight of the shot in the case
of the males by 5.980 and in the case of the females by 6.009. The re-
lations between the cranial capacity, in terms of shot weight, and the
body weight are represented by the formulas (8) and (9).
TABLE 13
Showing the range of variates and rate of increase for various characters according
to sex Hatai ('07 c)
MALE
FEMALE
Mini-
mum
Mean*
Maxi-
mum
Maxi-
mum
Meant
Mini-
mum
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
Length of the entire cran-
ium
39.4
43.3
47 .4
44.5
41.5
38.9
Rate
100
100
100
100
100
100
Zygomatic width.
19.6
21.7
24.8
23.4
20.9
18.9
Rate
49.8
50.2
52.3
52.5
50.3
48.5
Length of the nasal bone.
14.7
17.0
18.7
17.8
15.7
14.4
Rate
37.3
39.2
39.3
40.0
37.7
37.0
Fronto-occipital length.
24.9
27.3
28.8
28.2
26.4
24.9
Rate
63.2
63.0
60.7
63.3
63.5
64.0
Squamosal distance.
14.6
15.3
16.2
16.2
15.1
14.4
Rate
37.0
35.3
34.1
36.4
36.2
37.0
Height of cranium
10.4
11.5
13.0
12.2
11.1
10.3
Rate
26.4
26.5
27.4
27.4
26.8
26.4
1 Taken from Table 12.
B
FIG 1. A. Fronto — occipital length. B. Squamosal distance.
BONES, JOINTS, CONNECTIVE TISSUES 37
The greatest difference found between the measurements of
the skulls for the two sexes is in the nasal bones, which are
nearly 2 per cent longer in the male skull. The greater relative
length of the nasal bones in the male may be regarded as a sec-
ondary sexual character (Hatai).
a) Teeth. Addison and Appleton ('15) report as follows on
the size and growth of the incisor teeth in the Albino.
The dental formula of the albino rat is
There is only one set of teeth, and hence the dentition is mono-
phyodont. The time of eruption of the various teeth extends
over a period of 3| weeks. The incisors are the first to appear,
viz., at 8 to 10 days after birth. The first and second molars
erupt at about the 19th and 21st days respectively, and it is
after this latter period that the young animals may be weaned
and are able to maintain an independent existence, as far as food
is concerned. The third molars are delayed until two weeks
later and do not appear until about the 35th day.
The incisors are permanently-growing (or rootless) teeth, while
the molars have a definite limited period of development and
acquire roots. A wide diastema separates the incisors from the
molars as may be seen by reference to figure 1 (loc. cit.) The
incisors are strongly curved and Owen (1840-1845) has described
the lower incisor as being the smaller segment of a larger circle,
and the upper incisor as the larger segment of a smaller circle.
In the case of lower incisor of the albino rat this statement
needs a slight modification.
The times of the early stages of development of the incisors
were as follows:
14 day fetus — slight thickening of oral epithelium.
15 day fetus — distinct thickening and growth inwards of oral epithelium.
16 day fetus — dental ledge and beginning of flask-shaped enamel organ.
17 day fetus — dental papilla with crescentic enamel organ capping it.
19 day fetus — both ameloblasts and odontoblasts differentiated.
New-born animal — enamel and dentine formation begun.
8 to 10 days — eruption of the tooth.
38
ANATOMY
The rate at which the teeth increase in length during their
formative period and prior to attrition is given in the following
table :
TABLE 14
LENGTH OF INCISORS
Upper
Lower
1 day old
mm.
2.3
3.6
5
7
mm.
3
5
7-8
11
4 days old
7 days old
10 days old
Average growth of upper incisor 0.52 mm. and of lower incisor 0.88 mm. per
day.
TABLE 15
Upper
Lower
Total thickness
It
100-110
p
140-150
Outer fibrous layer
30-40
20-30
Pigmented portion of outer fibrous layer
8-10-12
6-8
Inner plexiform layer
70
120-125
TABLE 16
23
DAYS
41
DAYS
10
WEEKS
15
WEEKS
5
MONTHS
8
MONTHS
10
MONTHS
Naso-occipital length
mm.
29.7
13.7
7.4
12.8
5.1
4.6
18.1
6.5
mm.
32.5
14
9.5
15
5.5
5
21.7
7
mm.
39
14.5
10
18.3
7
5.6
25.5
10.5
mm.
40
14.6
11.4
20.3
8.4
6
26.4
11.4
mm.
43
15.4
12.3
23.3
8.7
6.7
29.4
11.6
mm.
44
15.1
12.5
23.7
9
7
29.9
12
mm.
46.5
15.5
13
26.2
9.3
6.8
31.3
12.4
Interzygomatic1
Upper diastema
Upper incisor — total length
Upper incisor — extra alveolar
length
Lower diastema
Lower incisor — total length
Lower incisor — extra alveolar
length
1 Same as 'squamosal distance,' figure 1, p. 36.
VESSELS AND LYMPHATICS
39
Throughout life growth continues, and in the adult animal
is on the average 2.2 mm. per week in the upper and 2.8 mm. per
week in the lower incisor.
In a five months animal the thickness of the enamel and its
constituent layers measured in the mid-line of the teeth is given
in table 15.
Measurements of the incisors and skulls of animals of different
ages were made and are shown in table 16.
The lower incisor of a five months animal forms a segment of
about four-fifths of a semicircle (140-145°).
4. Muscles. Morpurgo (1898) has furnished data on the Muse.
radialis of the albino rat; giving the number of muscle fibers and
of nuclei at different ages (table 17).
TABLE 17
AGE
NO. OF
MUSCLE FIBERS
NO. OF NUCLEI
PER CUBIC MM.
AREA OF CROSS
SECTION IN
MM. X 37 DIAM.
Newborn
5919
570645
552
15 days
7252
357764
868
16 days
(very well grown) . . .
30 days
7587
7625
347343
139861
1010
2766
420 days
8014
37542
11817
5. Vessels and lymphatics, a) Blood. Specific gravity 1.056
(Sherrington and Copeman, 1893). The diameter of the erythro-
cytes is as follows (White, '01) :
FOR M. DECUMANUS
DIAMETERS
IN It
Determination by (Treadwell)
6.5
Determination by (Wormley, 1888)
7.0
Determination by (Gulliver, 1875)
6.5
1} Percentage of water in the blood. Hatai (MS '15) has deter-
mined the percentage of water in the blood of a small series of
Albinos.
40
ANATOMY
The Albinos were from The Wistar Institute stock strain,
grown on the scrap diet and examined before the day's feeding.
The rat was chloroformed, but before the heart ceased beating
it was exposed in situ, the tip clipped away and the blood from
it caught in a small glass weighing bottle. The fresh weight
was immediately taken and after drying at 95°C. for a week
the weight of the residue was obtained.
The results are given in table 18.
TABLE 18
Percentage of water in the blood of the Albino, Hatai (MS. '15)
8EX
NO. OP
CASES
BODT WEIGHT
RANGE
MEAN
PERCENTAGE OP WATER
IN BLOOD
Range
Mean
M
4
4
5
6
106-127
135-194
72-100
105-125
gms.
121
157
88
117
79.47-81.05
79.05-81.15
78.13-81.12
80.25-80.97
80.09
80.00
79.88
80.30
M
F
F
In 50 rats (27 males -f 23 females) between the weights of 50
and 150 grams the average number of erythrocytes was found
by Chisolm ('11) to be 8.8 millions and the average hemoglobin
content 87.8 per cent as measured on the human scale.
TABLE 19
Rivas (University of Pennsylvania MS. '14). Observations on the Albino rat
blood — normal.
PERCENTAGE
OP
HEMOGLOBIN
IN 1 CU. MM.
PERCENTAGES OF
Erythro-
cytes in
millions
Leuco-
cytes
Poly-
morph.
Small
lymph.
Large
lymph.
Eosinoph.
Basoph.
85
8.6
9.2
8.2
7.4
8.0
8.4
8.4
7.6
7.6
8.4
8,800
7,200
8,400
8,000
8,000
9,400
16,000
11,600
8,800
9,400
68.5
56.5
47.5
44.9
69.9
42.4
43.6
71.6
56.4
51.2
24.9
34.4
44.9
49.3
25.4
50.5
51.9
20.7
37.6
42.1
6.2
9.1
5.9
5.2
4.2
4.0
4.3
4.1
4.5
6.2
0.4
3.0
0.9
0.7
0.0
0.5
0.6
1.5
0.7
0
0.85
0
0.70
0
0.26
0
0
0
85
88
90
90
90
93
95
97
100
NERVOUS SYSTEM
41
In addition the observations of Rivas, University of Pennsyl-
vania (MS '14) are given in table 19. The data are arranged
according to the increasing haemoglobin content.
For the wandering cells we have tables 20 and 21 by Kan-
thack and Hardy, 1894.
TABLE 20
Showing the percentage and size of the various forms of the wandering cells of the
blood in the rat
TYPE OF CELL
GRANULATION
PERCENTAGE OF TYPE
DIAMETERS IN Jl
Oxyphile
( Coarse
2
10
Basophile
\Fine
(absent)
45
7-8
Hyaline
2
8-10
Lymphocytes
50
6
TABLE 21
(From the same authors)
Shows the percentage and size of various forms of the wandering cells in the peritoneal
fluid of the rat
TYPE OP CELL
GRANULATION
PERCENTAGE OF TYPE
DIAMETERS IN ft
Oxyphile
/Coarse
20-40
10
Basophile1
\Fine
f Coarse
(absent)
5-10
18
Hyaline \
\Fine
(absent)
( 65-so >
13
Lymphocytes J
I /
6.5
Basophile cells in connective tissue 23 v in diameter.
6. Nervous system, a) Central. 1) Brain. Specific gravity
1.050-1.056, Reichardt ('06). For brain weight see Chapter 7,
p. 90, and table 68. For the percentage of water see Chapter 8,
p. 176 and table 74. For the chemical composition see Chapter
9, p. 181 and tables 80, 81. Cell division in the central nervous
system continues after birth. The observations of Hamilton
('01) are given in table 22.
42
ANATOMY
TABLE 22
The number of mitoses in 13 consecutive sections, each section 6.75 p in thickness,
from the brain and spinal cord of rats at different stages of development. The
jetus weighed 0.78 gms. and had a crown-rump length of 17 mm. It was probably
at 17.5 days of gestation.
STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT
BRAIN
Ventricular mitoses
Extra-ventricular mitoses
Foetus
2196
390
24
115
966
595
386
443
Birth
24 hours
4 days
LUMBAR COBD
Ventricular mitoses
Extra-ventricular mitoses
Foetus
28
8
1
8
18
45
13
64
Birth
24 hours
4 days
For the first 25 days after birth Allen ('12) has obtained the
results given in table 23.
TABLE 23
Showing the number of mitoses per cubic millimeter of nerve tissue in the central
nervous system of the stock Albino at certain levels. The figures are taken from
calculations of the volume of tissue and based on the number of mitoses in the con-
secutive sections at each level of the cord, five in the largest portion of the cere-
bellum and five in the cerebrum in the region of the optic chiasma. The letters
(a) (b) and (c) refer to different rats of the same age
CORD
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
1
208
115
259
1597
430
4
437
176
351
2111
447
6
446
236
320
193
7
4848
12
46
75
14
839
37
20
00
00
00
(c) 520
20
00
00
00
(b) 61
(b) 27
20
00
00
00
(a) 00
(a) 18
25
00
00
00
00
27
NERVOUS SYSTEM
43
The diameters of the Purkinje cells have been studied by
Addison, '11.
The Albinos were from the stock colony of The Wistar Institute,
reared on the scrap diet. The cerebellum was fixed in Ohlmach-
er's solution (King, '10) imbedded in paraffin and stained with
carbol-thionine and acid fuchsin. The values for the respective
diameters given in table 24 are in each instance averages of ten
measurements from the largest cells found in equivalent areas at
the several ages. The measurements stop at 20 days of age.
After this age there is but little change in the diameters of the
largest cells.
TABLE 24
Diameters of Purkinje cells and their nuclei
AGE IN DAYS
DIAMETERS IN M
Cell
Nucleus
Birth
12 X 7
14 X 8
18 X 12
21 X 14
(largest) 24 X 19
8 X 6.3
8.3 X 7.4
11 X 8.5
12 X 9.0
3
8
10-20
2) Spinal cord. For the weight of the spinal cord see Chapter
7, p. 90, and table 68. For the percentage of water see Chapter
8, p. 176, and table 74. For the chemical composition see Chap-
ter 9, p. 180 and table 80. Cell division in the spinal cord after
birth has been studied by Hamilton, '01, see table 22 and Allen
(12) see table 23.
6) Peripheral. 1) Cerebral nerves. Fortuyn ('14) counted
3000 myelinated fibers in the n. cochlearis of the Norway rat.
Boughton ('06) studied the increase with age (body weight)
in the number of myelinated fibers in the oculomotor nerve in
the albino rat and measured the areas of the entire fiber and the
axis in osmic preparations. The results are given in table 25.
2) Spinal nerves and ganglia. One of the larger spinal
ganglia from a cervical nerve root of an Albino weighing 140
grams was fixed in a formalin-acetic sublimate mixture (6, loc.
44
ANATOMY
TABLE 25
Oculo motor nerve
BODY WEIGHT IN
GRAMS AND SEX
NUMBER OF FIBERS
AREAS IN M2
PERCENTAGE
OF AXIS
Large
Small
Total
Entire fiber
Axis
11 M
764
880
885
926
887
888
882
932
925
926
901
930
928
38
220
227
290
329
465
316
383
471
566
379
408
764
918
1105
1153
1177
1217
1347
1248
1308
1397
1467
1309
1336
13.2
41.8
56.7
6.6
21.2
27.3
50
51
48
14 M
44 M
51 F
80 F
109 F
172 M
192 M
213 M
218 M
278 M
318 M
414 M
cit. p. 3) by Hatai ('01) and cut in paraffin sections 6-7 /*
thick.
Selecting cells according to size from large to small the meas-
urements of the cell body and the nucleus were made as in table
26.
TABLE 26
SERIES
NO. OF CELLS
AVERAGE DIAMETERS IN M
Cell body
Nucleus
A
10
10
5
5
55 X 46
38 X 25
26 X 23
19 X 17
18 X15
15 X 14
13 X 12
10 X 10
a
B
b
Further studies on the spinal roots and ganglia were made by
Hatai ('02) and ('03 b).
From a series of male Albinos the spinal ganglia with accom-
panying dorsal root nerves were fixed in one per cent osmic acid
and cut in paraffin. The measurements on this material Hatai
('02) are given in table 27. Incorporated in the same table
NERVOUS SYSTEM
45
are the enumerations for the myelinated fibers in the ventral
roots (Hatai, '03 b).
It was found that the number of myelinated fibers in the ven-
tral roots diminishes from sections near the spinal cord to those
near the spinal ganglion. The amount of the diminution de-
creases with the age (body weight) of the rat. The increase in
the number of cells in the spinal ganglia from the small to the
large rats is certainly due in part to the fact that in the small
animals some of the smallest ganglion cells escape enumeration.
The increase in the number of myelinated fibers in the spinal
roots with advancing age is due mainly to progressive myelina-
tion. Both roots at maturity still contain functional fibers with-
out myelin sheaths (Ranson, '06).
TABLE 27
Number of ganglion cells and number and size of myelinated root fibers in spinal
nerves from three levels of the spinal cord at five ages (body weights)
Results from Tables II, VI and VIII combined. Hatai ('02)
Also data on ventral root fibers from Hatai ('03 b)
MEAN
BODY WEIGHT
IN QMS.
TOTAL OF
MYELINATED
VENTRAL
ROOT
FIBERS
TOTAL OF
GANGLION
CELLS
TOTAL OF
MYELINATED
DORSAL BOOT
FIBERS
TOTAL
COMPOSED
OF MATURE
FIBERS
IMMATURE
FIBERS
DIAMETER
IN It OF 20
largest DOB-
SAL ROOT
FIBERS
ENTIRE
"3
_0
10.3
24.5
558
1007
10996
9793
1998
2569
1043
2263
955
306
7.5
11.6
Q
68.5
1302
11772
3683
3569
114
13.3
167.0
1474
12200
4227
4173
54
13.9
HH
264.3
1522
4028
Thoracic
10.3
24.5
68.5
167.0
286
434
561
613
7142
7068
7611
7406
607
683
1420
1522
283
497
1259
1460
424
366
161
82
4.8
7.1
8.9
11.6
HH
264.3
772
1650
'. Lumbar
10.3
24.5
68.5
167.0
333
698
704
1028
8315
8200
9514
9442
723
911
1317
1644
303
678
1181
1565
420
233
136
79
5.1
8.0
11.3
12.0
^^
—
264.3
965
2102
46
ANATOMY
For the numerical relations of cells and fibers in the second
cervical nerve data have been furnished by Ranson ('06).
TABLE 28
Second cervical nerve
Observations on normal male rats (Albinos.) Osmic acid fixation — paraffin sections
AGE IN DAYS
BODY WEIGHT
CELLS IN
GANGLION
NUMBER OF MYELINATED FIBERS
Dorsal root
Ventral root
72
110
110
110
110
155
161
188
188
302
7721
8116
9343
8624
2472
2394
1959
2217
2090
2689
2891
2386
689
660
590
591
672
703
773
646
72
72
72
72
240 (leftside)...
240 (right side) .
When the number of myelinated fibers in the two rami on the
distal side of the II cervical spinal ganglion is compared with
the total number found in the two roots — a distal excess in the
number of fibers is found. This is shown in table 29. The dis-
tal excess appears to be due to branching of the fibers in their
course, Ranson ('06).
TABLE 29
BODY
WEIGHT
CMS.
IN ROOTS
DISTAL EXCESS
IN RAMI
Ventral
Dorsal
Sum
Absolute
Percent-
age
Sum
Ventral
Ramus
Dorsal
Ramus
161
672
646
2090
2386
2762
3032
276
257
10
8
3098
3289
708
887
2390
2402
302
Enumerations of the myelinated fibers in the ventral roots
of the II spinal nerve of the Albino have been made by Dunn
('12). Each record is the mean of two enumerations of rats of
like age. Areas in ju2 of the entire fiber and of the axis — together
with the percentage value of the axis. Each entry is based on
the mean of the 20 largest fibers. In this series there is a change
NERVOUS SYSTEM
47
in the relative area of the axis with age, as well as a decrease in
the total areas in the oldest group.
TABLE 30
Giving for Albinos of different ages the numbers of my elinated fibers in the ventral
root of the second cervical nerve and the areas of the fibers. Dunn ('12)
AGE, NUMBER, SEX
WEIGHT
NUMBER
FIBERS
AVERAGE AREA
TEN LARGEST
FIBERS
AVERAGE AREA
OF AXES
IN^l2
PERCENTAGE
OF AXIS
grams
7 days
Two females... .
Two males
8.59
9.33
368
366
17.2
22.3
10.6
13.9
61.6
62.3
14 days
Two females . . .
Two males
20.92
21.33
542
565
38.5
32.9
18.1
15.2
47.0
46.2
36 days
Two females . . .
Two males
42.24
41.93
653
613
78.2
80.6
31.2
31.7
40.0
39.3
75 days
Two females... .
Two males
136.70
169.55
560
668
115.4
116.9
49.6
52.8
43.0
45.1
132 days
Two females .. .
164.26
683
136.0
59.3
43.6
Two males
267.00
625
141.0
63.2
44.8
180 days
Two females... .
212.50
518
168.8
75.9
44.9
Two males
264.80
609
201.3
98.2
48.7
270 days
Two females... .
176.91
776
261.0
133.4
51.3
Two males
340.05
617
216.8
107.1
49.4
640 days
Three males. .. .
334.47
864
170.7
78.2
45.8
From a study of the diameters of the cell bodies and their
nuclei in the second cervical spinal ganglion of the adult Albino,
values which apply to the mean of the entire cell 'population' of
this ganglion have been obtained (Hatai, '07 b) . The ganglion
examined was from a mature male weighing 194 grams. The
48
ANATOMY
ganglion was fixed in osmic acid and imbedded in paraffin. The
mean values are as follows:
TABLE 31
MEAN DIAMETER
STANDARD DEVIATION
COEFFICIENT OF
VARIATION
Cell bod}'
M
28.6
14.9
18.4
Nucleus. ..
13.1
1.8
13.7
On the basis of these observations, formula (12) was devised
for computing the diameter of the nucleus from the diameter of
the cell body.
For comparison with the data in table 31 see data in table
26 obtained by a different method of fixation.
The number of myelinated fibers in the peroneal nerve of the
normal Albino is given from Greenman's observations ('13) in
table 32. Ages not known.
TABLE 32
LEVEL OF SECTION COUNTED
BODY WEIGHT
104 F.
RIGHT NERVE
BODY WEIGHT
117 F.
RIGHT NERVE
BODY WEIGHT
182 M.
LEFT NERVE
AVERAGES
1. Proximal
2240
2430
2192
2288
Distance from 1 to 2 in
mm
3 0
4 7
3 1
2. Middle
2118
2292
2418
2276
Distance from 2 to 3 in
mm
4 5
2 3
3.3
3. Distal
2392
2213
2364
2323
Averages. . .
2250
2312
2325
2296
TABLE 33
Normal Albinos: Sectional area of ten largest inn"; relation of axis to sheath
PROXIMAL END
DISTAL END
Body weight
Entire fiber
Axis
Per cent of
axis
Entire fiber
Axis
Per cent of
axis
104
109.8
137.7
150.3
55.6
75.2
82.9
50.6
54.6
55.1
85.0
85.8
113.0
42.3
42.6
56.7
49.7
49.6
50.1
117
182
Average
135
132.6
71.2
53.7
94.6
47.2
49.9
NERVOUS SYSTEM
49
Greenman ('13) also found in osmic preparations the sectional
areas of the 10 largest myehnated fibers and the areas of their
axes. The length of nerve used was 10 mm. The results are
given in table 33.
3} Autonomic. In the course of a study intended primarily
to determine whether the small myelinated fibers in the spinal
accessory could be regarded as representing the fibers of the
rami communicantes, Roth ('05) in a series of cervical nerves,
counted on one side the number of myelinated fibers 4 n or
less in diameter, and in the corresponding ramus communicans
he also counted the myelinated fibers of like size. His findings
are given in table 34.
TABLE 34
NERVE
MYELINATED FIBERS LESS THAN 4 M IN
DIAMETER IN VENTRAL ROOT
MYELINATED FIBERS
LESS THAN 4 /I IN
RAMUS COMMUNICANS
Rat I
Rat II
2nd cervical
130
105
380
432
168
126
363
449
None
None
195
220
3rd cervical
4th cervical
5th cervical
c) Technical methods. To determine the effects of various
fixatives on the brain of the rat, King ('10) carried through a
series of weighings of mature rat brains which had been sub-
jected to the action of various fixatives. A summary of the
results is given in table 35.
The solution of Ohlmacher ('97), the formula for which is as
follows :
Absolute alcohol, 80 parts.
Chloroform, 15 parts.
Glacial acetic acid, 5 parts.
Corrosive sublimate to saturation (about 20 per cent)
was found to give excellent results with the cells of the cerebral
cortex.
50
ANATOMY
TABLE 35
Summary of Data Collected (King '
RAT NO.
K
H
o>
BODY WEIGHT IN GRAMS
BODY LENGTH IN MM.
NORMAL WEIGHT OF
FRESH BRAIN COMPUTED
SOLUTIONS USED FOR
FIXATION
NO. HOURS SOLUTIONS
ACTED
WEIGHT OF BRAIN IN
GRAMS WHEN REMOVED
PROM SOLUTION
PER CENT GAIN OR LOSS
IN WEIGHT
WEIGHT OF BRAIN IN
GRAMS AFTER REMAIN-
ING IN 70% ALCOHOL
FOR 48 HOURS
1
o
8
0
M
go
|g
~ z
1
2
3
4
5
cf
cf
9
9
9
277
163
158
129
164
219
196
199
183
188
1.94
1.83
1.85
1.78
1.80
4% Formaldehyde... .
4% Formaldehyde... .
Formol-Muller (cold)
4% Formaldehyde... .
Formol-Muller
(warm)
48
48
20
48
3
2.5750
2.8200
2.2437
2.6778
2.1880
+33
+54
+21
+50
+22
1.5706
1.6463
1.5537
1.6577
1.8711
-19
-10
-16
- 7
+ 4
6
rf
187
198
1 85
Ohlmacher
5
1.6100
-12
1.4471
—22
7
9
137
184
1 78
Ohlmacher
2
1.7389
- 2
1.4099
-21
/ Zenker. .
6
1.8716
+ 3
1.6666
- 8
8
o1
160
190
1.81
\ Miiller
48
/ Dahlgren
4
1.9000
+ 3
1.7273
- 7
9
V
i;o
19;
1.84
\ Muller
48
10
^
18,2
186
1 79
Picro-formol
4
1.7881
- 0
1.4663
-18
11
rf
275
228
1 98
Ohlmacher
6
1.8267
- 8
1.6248
-18
12
rf
206
207
1 88
Ohlmacher
2
1.6924
-10
1.5748
-16
13
rf
228
210
1 90
Ohlmacher
4
1.5787
-17
1.4498
-25
14
rf
169
194
1 83
Ohlmacher. . '.
3
1.5458
-16
1.4633
-20
15
rf
126
157
1 65
Ohlmacher
3
1.3978
-16
1.3099
-21
16
rf
158
181
1 77
Ohlmacher
3
1.4590
-18
1.4000
-21
17
rf
232
1 85
Ohlmacher
3
1.6390
-11
1.4875
-20
18
9
111
154
1 63
Zenker-formol
H
1.6040
2
1.3297
-18
19
20
9
rf
106
6
159
1.66
0 30
Zenker (modified)
Ohlmacher
U
1
1.7451
0.2523
+ 5
-16
1.3167
0.2074
-21
-31
21
9
6
0 29
Ohlmacher
2
0.2489
-14
0.2011
-30
rf
108
156
1 64
2£% K2Cr2O7
48
2.8445
+73
2.1409
+31
23
rf
88
163
1 68
2£% K2Cr2O7
48
2.5594
+52
1.7518
+ 4
24
rf
162
187
1 79
Alcohol K2Cr2O7
48
2.5073
+40
1.8885
+ 6
25
26
cf
H"
190
174
207
184
1.88
1 78
Alcohol K2Cr2O7
Weak alcohol . .
48
27
2.8169
1.7753
+50
-00
2.1797
1.6201
+16
- 9
27
rf
168
191
1 81
Alcohol-formol
24
1.6392
-10
1.5147
-16
28
rf
198
1 85
95% Alcohol
24
1.4418
-22
1.4611
-21
29
30
cf
rf
151
213
184
202
1.78
1 86
Sublimate-acetic
Carney's fluid
3
1.8604
1.8192
+ 5
+ 2
1.4484
1.4077
-19
-24
31
rf
181
194
1 82
Carney's fluid
4
1.7575
1.3042
-23
32
33
34
9
cf
9
141
165
149
178
191
184
1.75
1.81
1.77
Graf (5% formalin)
Graf (10% formalin)
Carnov's fluid. .
H
19
2.1520
1.9283
1.7416
+23
+ 7
2
1.7421
1.5994
1.3110
-00
-12
-28
NERVOUS SYSTEM
51
TABLE 35— Concluded.
HAT NO.
X
H
BODY WEIGHT IN GRAMS
BODY LENGTH IN MM.
NORMAL WEIGHT OF
FRESH BRAIN COMPUTFD
SOLUTIONS USED FOR
FIXATION
•
o
H
3
2
p
83 H
WEIGHT OF BRAIN IN
GRAMS WHEN REMOVED
FROM SOLUTION
31
O
K
O
K a
°>s
* »•
£2
WEIGHT OF BRAIN IN
GRAMS AFTER REMAIN-
ING IN 70% ALCOHOL
FOR 48 HOURS
1
3
o
2 2
* f
£2
35
9
167
189
1 80
Lang's fluid
?0
2.0670
+15
1.6794
— 7
36
0"
?OS
?,03
1 86
Lang's fluid
4
2.0429
+10
1.7970
- 3
37
9
173
194
1 82
Marina's fluid
7?
1.2219
-33
1.2913
-29
38
ef
197
201
1 86
Marina's fluid
%
1.2146
-35
1.2546
-33
39
rT
?59
214
1 92
Cor. sublimate
4
2.0760
+ 8
1.4695
-23
40
177
195
1 83
Cor. sublimate
?0
2.0229
+ 11
1.4087
-23
41
42
43
d1
d1
9
265
213
?13
216
203
?04
1.92
1.86
1 86
Sublimate-formol
NaCl + sublimate... .
Tellyesniczky
4
4
48
2.3315
1.9927
1.9643
+21
+ 7
+ 6
1.6565
1.3947
1.6372
-14
-25
-12
44
9
137
177
1 74
Telly esniczky
94
1.7981
+ 3
1.4906
-14
45
46
47
d1
9
rf"
196
135
141
200
179
179
1.85
1.75
1 75
NaCl + sublimate
Sublimate-formol ....
Cox (osmic)
20
20
48
2.1549
2.0512
1.9917
+16
+17
+ 2
1.5074
1.3687
1.5483
-19
-22
-12
48
d!
150
18?
1 76
Cox (osmic)
7?
2.1555
+22
1.8365
+ 4
49
50
d1
d1
171
137
192
178
1.81
1.75
Cox (formol-acetic) . .
Cox (formol-acetic)..
48
72
1.7687
1.8944
- 2
+ 8
1.5003
1.5221
-17
-13
In a later study King ('13 a) followed in some detail the ef-
fects of formaldehyde on the brain of the Albino. The conclu-
sions reached were as follows:
1. A 4 per cent solution of formaldehyde causes a pronounced swell-
ing in the brains of rats of all ages.
2. A solution of formaldehyde undergoes some chemical change on
standing, since a solution five months old causes less swelling in the
brain of the rat than does a freshly made solution.
3. A 4 per cent solution of formaldehyde neutralized with NaCO3
produces a much greater amount of swelling in the brain of the rat
than does a solution that has a faintly acid reaction.
4. A strong neutralized solution of formaldehyde causes a greater
percentage weight increase in the ratfe brain than does a weak neutral-
ized solution. A reverse result is obtained when the solutions are not
neutralized.
&&
3$/$~*~
^
52 ANATOMY
5. If rats' brains are subjected to the action of a solution of for-
maldehyde that is kept at a constant temperature of 36°C., they under-
go a greater amount of swelling than is produced when the solution is
kept at a temperature of 8 to 11°C. The maximum weight increase
in the brains is reached by the end of the first day in the former case,
and not until the third day in the latter case.
6. When the conditions under which the solution acts are uni-
form, the maximum weight increase in rats' brains subjected to the
action of a 4 per cent solution of formaldehyde is attained in all cases
by the third day, and there is then a gradual decrease in weight. Brains
of very young animals tend to reach the maximum earlier than do those
of older animals.
7. The percentage weight increase in rats' brains as the result of
the action of a 4 per cent formaldehyde solution tends to be greater
in the brains of young animals than in those of adults.
8. In animals of the same age the larger brain does not show a greater
percentage weight increase after treatment with a solution of formal-
dehyde than does the smaller one.
9. A 4 per cent solution of formaldehyde extracts solids from the
brains of rats of all ages. This is shown by the fact that the percentage
of solids in brains that have been subjected to the action of such a
solution is always less than that found in the fresh brains of animals of
the same age. Brains of very young rats lose much more of their solids
than do brains of older animals.
10. Brains of animals infected with pneumonia show a slightly
greater percentage weight increase when treated with a 4 per cent
solution of formaldehyde than do the brains of healthy animals.
11. Even under the most favorable conditions an aqueous solution
of formaldehyde is not a satisfactory fixative for the cell structures in
brain tissues, as it causes a pronounced distention of the nuclei and
gives a poor preservation of the nuclear contents.
The more important data are given in tables 36, 37, 38, 39, 40.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
53
TABLE 36
Percentage weight increase in rats' brains, each kept for ten weeks on 40 cc. of a
neutralized solution of 4 per cent formaldehyde made five months before the experi-
ments began (averages for three brains at each age)
AGE 0
F BATS
TIME SOLUTION ACTED
New-
born
10
days
20
days
40
days
50
days
70
days
100
days
200
days
1 day . .
29 71
28.8
25.0
25.2
26. 91
24.5
28. 31
15.3
3 days
28.0
35. 01
28. 31
26. 3l
26.8
27. 31
26.8
21. Ol
7 days
27.3
33.0
27.3
25.0
25.1
25.1
25.7
18.6
2 weeks
23.9
31.9
27.3
24.5
25.1
25.3
26.3
18.9
3 weeks
23.4
31.4
28.3
24.9
25.5
24.4
25.3
19.3
4 weeks ...
22.5
30.5
26.7
24.5
24.8
25.6
26.2
19.4
10 weeks
17.6
27.9
26.9
24.7
25.2
25.6
25.0
19.2
Average percentage gain . .
24.6
31.2
27.1
25.0
25.6
25.4
26.2
18.8
Maximum weight increase.
TABLE 37
Percentage weight increase in rats' brains, each kept for ten weeks in 40 cc. of a
neutralized solution of 4 per cent formaldehyde made at the time the experiments
began (averages for three brains at each age)
AGE OF BATS
TIME SOLUTION ACTED
New-
born
10
days
20
days
40
days
50
days
70
clays
100
days
200
days
1 day. . .
44 41
58 2
39.5
37. 91
39. 31
34.4
45. 61
32.4
3 days
42 0
64. 61
41. 51
37.6
38.5
38. 61
43.1
34. 71
7 days
41.5
62.1
40.1
36.4
35.6
34.1
41.1
30.9
2 weeks
38 0
62.9
39.7
35.9
36.1
34.9
41.0
30.8
3 weeks
37.7
63.4
40.0
35.7
36.9
34.3
40.4
31.2
4 weeks
36 1
62.8
39.9
35.5
35.4
35.7
40.5
31.6
10 weeks
33 9
61 4
39 4
35 5
36 1
35.5
37.7
31.8
Average percentage gain . .
39.1
62.2
40.0
36.4
36.7
35.4
41.3
31.9
Maximum weight increase.
54
ANATOMY
TABLE 38
Percentage weight increase in rats' brains, each kept for four weeks in 40 cc. of a
neutralized solution of 4 per cent formaldehyde made fresh for each lot of animals
killed (averages for two brains at each age)
AGE O
f BATS
TIME SOLUTION' ACTED
New-
born
10
days
1°
days
40
days
50
days
70
days
100
days
200
days
1 day . -
60.4
54.7
45.8
47. 61
50. 41
44.9
44. 21
36 1
3 days
65. 81
58. 51
52. 91
47.4
47.7
48. 81
42.7
40. 11
7 days .
65 4
58.5
48.3
45.6
45.1
44.2
38 3
36 2
2 weeks
65.1
58.4
48.9
45.3
44.8
43.2
38.6
33 0
3 weeks
64.8
58.2
48.9
44.7
45.2
43.9
38.8
34.7
4 weeks
61.7
57.8
50.4
45.1
45.4
44.9
39.3
34.9
Average percentage gain . .
63.4
57.7
49.2
35.9
46.4
44.8
40.3
35.8
1 Maximum weight increase.
TABLE 39
Percentage weight increase in rats' brains, each kept for four weeks in 40 cc. oj
non-neutralized solution of 4 per cent formaldehyde made fresh for each lot of
animals killed (averages for two brains at each age)
AGE OF RATS
TIME SOLUTION ACTED
New-
born
10
days
20
days
40
days
50
days
70
days
100
days
200
days
1 day
34. 51
37.3
36.7
39. 71
44. 21
39.5
41. 11
32.2
3 days
18.6
45. 11
45. 41
39.1
42.8
42. 31
39.4
35. 41
7 days
9.9
37.8
38.2
35.6
38.1
34.3
33.8
30.2
2 weeks
3.5
30.4
34.6
31.5
32.6
31.5
29.0
26.7
3 weeks
0.4
25.9
30.7
28.3
30.6
29.5
27.4
24.5
4 weeks
-1.5
23.5
27.9
26.6
27.8
27.3
24.3
24.5
Average percentage gain . .
13.1
33.3
35.6
33.5
36.0
34.1
32.5
28.9
1 Maximum weight increase.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
55
TABLE 40
The percentage of solids in brains of rats of various ages kept from four to eighteen
weeks in solutions of 4 'Per cen^ formaldehyde (computations made from original
brain weights)
EXPERIMENTS
AGE OF RATS
New-
born
10
days
20
days
40
days
50
days
70
days
100
days
200
days
Brains kept 18 wks. in neu-
tralized stock solutions
Brains kept 10 wks. in sol.
5 mos. old . . .
8.1
8.1
7.8
8.2
9.6
9.2
10.5
9.7
8.3
10.3
10.1
10.3
10.1
10.9
9.8
10.9
9.8
10.6
14.7
16.5
16.0
16.4
16.7
16.2
16.3
15.1
16.3
18.4
19.4
19.2
19.3
19.3
19.7
19.0
18.7
19.2
19.4
19.4
19.5
19.6
19.1
20.5
20.0
19.4
19.0
19.5
20.5
20.1
19.6
20.7
19.9
20.1
19.8
20.1
19.7
20.1
20.9
20.1
20.2
20.8
20.1
20.1
20.9
20.5
21.6
21.8
21.1
21.5
21.6
20.1
21.7
Brains kept 10 wks. in
freshly made sol. . . .
Brains kept 4 wks. in 40
cc. neutral sol.
Brains kept 4 wks. in 40
cc. acid sol.
Brains kept 4 wks. in 20
cc. neutral sol
Brains kept 4 wks. in 20
cc. acid sol
Brains kept 4 wks. in neu-
tral sol. at temp. 26 °C. .
Brains kept 4 wks. in neu-
tral sol. at temp. 8 to
11°C
Averages for above series
Normal percentage of sol-
ids in rats' brains (Don-
aldson)
8.6
12.2
29.5
10.6
14.6
29.4
16.3
17.5
7.4
19.2
19.5
1.5
19.6
20.9
6.2
20.1
21.1
4.7
20.3
21.3
4.7
21.2
21.6
1.8
Percentage loss of solids
as result of action of
formaldehvde. . .
7. Sense organs. The cochlea makes 2| turns (Fortuyn, '14,
p. 348).
8. Integument (see references).
9. Gastro-pulmonary systems. For the weights of the various
viscera see tables 68-72.
a) Gastro-intestinal system. The volumes of the liver and pan-
creas cells — with those of their respective nuclei — have been de-
56
ANATOMY
termined by Morgulis ('11). The organs were fixed in Zenker's
solution and imbedded in paraffine and were taken from one
normal Albino — 110 days old; body length 176 mm. ; body weight,
137.7 grams.
TABLE 41
Liver cells
NO. OF
MEASUREMENTS
OF CELI 8
VOLUME IN if OF
NO. OF
MEASUREMENTS
OF NUCLEUS
DIAMETERS OF
NUCLEUS IN ft
Entire cell
Nucleus
100
5075
247.2
50
7.56 X 8.25
Pancreas cells
100
1829
94.3
40
5.48 X 6.00
b) Pulmonary system (see references), also table 70.
10. Uro-genital system (see references), also table 70.
11. Endocrine system (see references), also table 77.
ANATOMY: REFERENCES
1. Anatomy, general. Akamatsu, '05. Brisson, 1756. Duesberg, '07. Flower,
1872. Goto, '06. Hewer, '14. Krause, 1876. Leydig, 1854, 1857. Martin and
Moale, 1884. Meyer, 1800. Morrell, 1872. Owen, 1868. Waller, 1693.
2. Embryology, a) Spermatogenesis. Benda, 1887. Brown, 1885. Dues-
berg, '08, '08 a, '09. Ebner, 1888. Hewer, '14. Jensen, 1887. Leeuwenhoeck,
1693. Lenhoss6k, 1898. Meves, 1898. Montane, 1889. Regaud, '04. Renson,
1882. Retzius, '09. Wiedersperg, 1885. 6) Ovulation. Bellonci, 1885. Blanc,
1892. Coe, '08. Kirkham, '10. Kirkham and Burr, '13. Mark and Long, '12.
Sobotta and Burckhard, '10. Tafani, 1889, 1889 a. c) Early stages. Cristiani,
1892. Fraser, 1883. Huber, '15, '15 a, '15 b. Klebs, 1891. Melissinos, '07. Rob-
inson, 1892, '04. Ryder, 1888. Selenka, 1883, 1884. Solger, 1889. d) Later stages.
Adloff, 1898. Askanazy ,'08. Braun, 1882. Brunn, 1887. Chievitz, 1885. Freund,
1892. Glas, '04. Gottschau, 1883. Henneberg, 1899, 1900. Lewis, '15. Mey-
erheim,' 1898. Robinson, 1889, 1892, 1892a, 1896. Souli<§,'03. Tandler,'02. Uskow,
1883. Weiss,'01. Widakowich,'09. Willach, 1888. Williams,'96. Zuckerkandl, '03.
3. Bones and joints and connective tissues. Bignotte, 1900. Donaldson, '12 a.
Hansemann, '04. Hartley, '07. Hatai, '07 c. Hyrtl, 1845. Katzenstein, '03.
Kohlmeyer, '06. Renaut, '04. Retterer, '05. Weiss, 1900. a) Teeth. Addison
and Appleton, '15. Beretta, '13. Brunn, 1880. MacGillavry, 1875, 1876. Owen,
1840-1845. Terra, '11. Wiedersheim, '03.
4. Muscles, Bell, '11. Gulliver, 1839, 1842. Kolster, '01. McMunn, 1884.
Meek, '99. Mellanby, '08. Morpurgo, 1898, 1899, 1899 a. Rosenfeld, 1899.
Schafer, 1900a. Stirling, 1883.
ANATOMY REFERENCES 57
5. Vessels and blood. Chisholm, '11. Gamgee, '98. Gulliver, 1875. Halli-
burton, 1888. Hober, '11. Job, '15. Jolly and Stini, '05. Kanthack and Hardy,
1894. Minot, 1900. Preyer, 1866, 1871. Quinquaud, 1873. Reichert and
Brown, '09. Schafer, 1898. Sherrington and Copeman, 1893. Tandler, 1899;
White, '01. Wormley, 1888.
6. Nervous system, a) Central. 1) Brain. Addison, '11. Allen, '12. Bech-
terew, 1890. Bradley, '03. Cajal, 1897, 1909-1911. Donaldson, '08, '09, '10, '11,
'11 a, '11 b. Donaldson and Hatai, '11, '11 a. Fortuyn, '14. Gentes, '03. Gold-
stein, '04. Haller, '10. Hamilton, '01. Hatai, '03, '09, '09 a. King, J. L., '10.
King, H. D., '11. Lapicque, '07. Lewis, 1881. Meek, '07. Reichardt, '06
Retzius, 1894. Watson, '03. Wagner, 1841. 2) Spinal cord. Allen, '12. Bar-
deleben, 1899. Hatai, '02 b. Lenhossek, 1889. Pontier and G6rard, 1900. Ran-
son, '13, '14 a. Retzius, 1893. Robinson, 1892 a. Spitzka, 1886. Sterzi, '04.
Stieda, 1869. Van der Vloet, '06. b) Peripheral. 1, 2) Cerebrospinal. Beck,
1896. Benedicenti, 1892. Berkley, 1893, 1895. Bischoff, 1832. Boughton, '06.
Cabibbe, '04. Cannieu, '94. Donaldson, 1900, '05. Dunn, '12. Fortuyn, '14.
Greenman, '13. Hamilton, '01. Hatai, '01, 'Ola, '02, '02 a, '03, '03 b, '03 c,
'03 d, '04, '07 b. Krause, 1870. Ploschko, 1897. Ramstrom, '05. Ranson, '06.
Stirling, 1883. S) Autonomic. Apolant, 1896. Asp, 1873. Barteneff, 1891.
Cajal, 1893. Carpenter and Conel, '14. Fusari and Panasci, 1891. Fusari,
1894. Korolkow, 1892. Martinotti, 1889. Roth, '05. c) Technical methods.
Cajal, 1889, '03. King, '10, '13 a. Ohlmacher, 1897. Turner, '04.
7. Sense organs. Asai, '08. Bulle, 1887. Ebner, 1873. Fortuyn, '14.
Gmelin, 1892. Honigschmied, 1873. Koganei, 1885. Lauber, '01. Love"n, 1868,
Mayer, 1843. Munch, 1896. Schafer, 1900 a. Stahr, '03. Tello, '06. Tucker-
man, 1892. Wyss, 1870.
8. Integument. Calef, 1900. Durham, '04. Peters, 1890. Romer, 1896.
9. Gastro-pulmonary systems, a) Gastro-intestinal . Asher, '08. Asher and
Erdely, '03. Asp, 1873. Briimmer, 1876. Bujard, '05, '09. Custor, 1873. Cu-
vier, 1805. Demjanenko, '09. Edelmann, 1889. Ellenberger and Guenther,
'08. Falcone, 1898. Frenkel, 1892. Gamier, 1897. Gillette, 1872. Heuser,
'14. Home, 1807. Hoyer, 1890. Klein, 1871. Kupffer, 1876. Langley, 1882.
Loewenthal, 1894, 1894 a, 1900, '08. Mayer, 1894. Mazzarelli, 1890. Morgulis,
'11. Mouret, 1895. Miiller, 1830. Nicolas, 1890. Podwisotzky, 1878. Pod-
wyssotzki, 1882. Ranvier, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1886 a. Rapp, 1839. Retzius,
1841. Rubeli, 1890. Salter, 1859. Saviotti, 1869. Schmidt, 1863. Schwalbe,
1872. Severin, 1885. Toepfer and Fleischmann, 1891. Watney, 1874. Zillin-
berg-Paul, '09. Zumstein, 1891. b) Pulmonary system. Arnstein, 1877. Frank-
enhaeuser, 1879. Fuchs-Wolfring, 1898. Gegenbaur, 1892. Guieysse/ 1898.
Hansemann, 1895. Klein, 1875. Linser, 1900. Livini, 1896. Miller, 1893.
Schulze, 1871. Zumstein, 1890.
10. Urogenital system. Beiling, '06. Belloy, 1899. Disselhorst, 1897, 1897 a,
'04. Fischel, '14. Harz, 1883. Leydig, 1850. Lowenthal, 1897. Mueller, '02.
Oudemans, 1892. Rauther, '03. Regaud, 1900, 1900 a, 1900 b, 1900 c, '01, 01 a,
'01 b, '01 c, '01 d, '02, '02 a, '03. Stutzmann, 1898. Watson and Campbell, '06.
11. Endocrine system (see also Endocrine system under Physiology). Dos-
toiewsky, 1886, 1886 a. Elliot and Tuckett, '06. Erdheim, '06. Gemelli, '03,
'05, '06. '06 a. Hatai, '14, '14 a. Sandri, '08. Stendell, '13. Tilney, '11, '13.
Vincent, '10. Watson, C., '07, '09.
CHAPTER 4
PHYSIOLOGY
1. Muscle and nerve. 2. Nervous system, a) Central, b) Peripheral, b1)
Degeneration, b2) Regeneration. 3. Special senses. 4. Blood and lymph. 5.
Circulation — blood and lymph. 6. Respiration. 7. Digestion and secretion
(exclusive of ductless glands). 8. Nutrition, a) Body temperature. 9. Repro-
duction. 10. Endocrine system.
The quantitative data for the functions of the normal Albino
are rather scanty. Those available are given in their topical
order and the references at the end of the chapter are also ar-
ranged by topics — as usual.
Tabular records for the very important studies of Osborne
and Mendel on the modifications of body growth by the use of
various proteins are reluctantly omitted because of the general
plan of presenting in these pages data for the normal rat only.
8. Nutrition. A study of the nitrogen excretion has been
made by Hatai ('05). Chicago Colony, ration: Uneeda biscuit
and water.
From observations on 89 male rats at different ages and weights the
following results were obtained:
1. The total amount of urine increases with the weight up to 120
grams, then decreases very decidedly. From 180 grams it again in-
creases up to 220 grams, beyond which weight it remains rather constant.
A diminution of urine in animals between 120 and 180 grams, or ap-
proximately 70-125 days old, seems to be a normal phenomenon rather
than mere statistical variation. Whether or not this is a phenomenon
of adolescence needs further investigation. It must be noted, how-
ever, that puberty in the rat begins at about seventy days after birth.
The smaller animals excrete a relatively greater quantity of urine than
the larger animals.
2. The total amount of nitrogen is quite independent of the amount
of urine, and increases constantly and continuously throughout life.
The smaller rats, however, excrete a relatively greater quantity than
the larger animals.
3. The percentage value of urinary nitrogen is 91 per cent of the
total in the case of smaller animals, and 89 per cent in the case of the
larger.
58
NUTRITION
59
TABLE 42
Showing the amount of urine, feces, and nitrogen during three days,
rats alone were used
Male
BODY
WEIGHT
NO. OP
ANIMALS
URINE
FECES
NITHOGF.N
IN URINE
NITROGEN
IN FECES
TOTAL
NITROGEN
BODY
WEIGHT
NO. OP
ANIMAI 8
URINE
FECES
NITROGEN
IN URINE
NITROGEN
IN FECES
TOTAL
NITROGEN
gm.
38
8
CC.
5.75
6.25
5.00
mgm .
327
217
105
mgm.
52
45
42
mgm.
4
4
1
mgm.
56
49
43
gm.
162
4
CC.
16.13
11.50
12.00
mgm.
748
208
227
mgm.
162
140
141
mgm.
32
11
16
mgm.
194
151
157
Average
5.7
216
46
3
50
Average
13.2
394
148
20
168
53
7
12.62
9.52
9.17
347
0
57
85
65
54
11
0
3
96
65
57
178
4
12.13
12.00
13.38
379
482
374
187
154
162
17
21
15
204
175
177
Average
10.4
135
68
5
73
Average
12.5
412
168
18
185
70
8
16.69
10.87
10.41
395
205
68
93
103
92
13
7
3
106
110
95
191
3
16.00
17.30
11.30
177
163
348
194
185
164
9
9
17
203
194
181
Average
12.8
223
96
8
104
Average
14.9
229
181
12
193
85
5
15.9
12.4
9.5
438
219
330
97
102
83
22
4
13
119
106
96
207
4
19.30
10.80
19.00
776
516
195
158
182
181
29
24
7
187
206
188
Average
12.6
329
94
13
107
Average
16.4
496
174
20
194
99
6
15.50
10.83
8.98
556
38
199
137
124
100
20
3
5
157
127
105
220
2
24.00
20.00
19.00
809
235
382
217
181
148
42
8
' 29
259
189
177
Average
11.8
264
120
9
130
Average
21.00
475
182
26
208
106
6
15.41
17.67
17.33
374
294
248
122
119
110
10
5
18
132
124
128
239
4
18.80
17.80
18.00
794
502
404
207
175
178
30
15
16
237
190
194
Average
16.8
305
117
11
128
Average
18.2
566
187
20
207
116
5
22.3
14.5
18.0
776
138
39
143
135
123
26
8
0
169
143
123
266
4
20.38
24.00
22.00
333
896
690
204
225
259
21
32
28
225
257
287
Average
18.3
318
134
11
145
Average
22.1
639
229
27
256
127
4
18.25
13.00
18.75
906
346
127
120
115
129
26
17
6
146
132
135
298
5
20.25
18.00
17.35
956
638
598
246
272
262
37
26
24
283
298
286
Average
16.7
460
121
16
138
Average
18.5
731
260
29
289
144
5
17.58
16.25
15.00
359
360
49
153
166
113
15
10
1
168
176
114
333
3
16.88
26.50
19.50
1424
475
857
261
280
297
25
20
37
286
300
334
Average
16.3
256
144
9
153
Average
20.9
919
279
27
306
156
5
13.90
13.90
15.75
425
638
445
126
151
169
14
16
17
140
167
186
370
3
13.00
12.80
19.30
877
817
217
250
289
•291
45
32
9
295
321
299
Average
14.5
503
149
16
165
Average
15.00
637
277
29
306
60
PHYSIOLOGY
4. The total, amount of nitrogen eliminated by the rat during twenty-
four hours at different weights may be determined with a high degree
of accuracy by the formula (33).
The normal protein metabolism of the rat has been studied
by Fomvand Morris ('13). They find a distribution of nitro-
gen in the urine as shown in tables 43, 44.
TABLE 43
Female rat weighing 290 grams. Average of 5 days
MGU.
PER CENT
Total N
173.50
100 00
Urea N
143 20
77 30
Ammonia N
9.10
5.20
Uric Acid N
0.69
0.40
Creatinine N
4 50
2 65
Creatinine + Creatine N
4.70
2.71
TABLE 44
Male rat weighing 197 grams. Average of 6
MGM.
PER CENT
Total N
126.00
100.00
Urea N
105 90
84 00
Ammonia N
6.70
5 30
Uric Acid N
0.52
0.41
Creatinine N
2 90
2 30
Creatinine + Creatine N
3.00
2.38
"It will be seen from examination of the average results that
the percentage composition of rat urine differs but little from
that of human urine."
a) Body temperature. Using the mercurial thermometer in the
rectum, Pembrey ('95) reports a body temperature of 37.5°C.
in adult Albinos. Macleod ('07) by the same method finds a
range of 37.5-38.5°C. with a mean of 37.9°C.; Congdon ('12)
also by the same method a temperature of 37.9°C. in the young;
in the adult, when reared at 16°C., a temperature of 36.2°C.
and when reared at 33°C., of 37.2°C. Graham and Hutchison
NUTRITION
61
('14) using the thermoelectric method of Philips and Demuth —
obtained the following:
TABLE 45
EXTERNAL TEMPERATURE
BODY TEMPERATURE (C.)
High
Low
5 C Series (a)
36.1
34.9
38.7
41.8
21.1
19.0
32.4
32.9
Series (b)
21 C
37 C
PHYSIOLOGY: REFERENCES
1. Muscle and nerve. Boinet, 1895. Engelmann, 1877. Lee, '10. Mellanby,
'08.
2. Nervous system, a) Central. Terrier, 1886. Hatai, '03 a, '04 a, '07 a, '08,
'15 a. Mills, 1897. Schafer, 1900. Watson, '05. 6) Peripheral. 61) Degenera-
tion. b2) Regeneration. Greenman, '13. Ranson, '03, '04, '06, '14. Tournade,
'13.
3. Special Senses. Bogardus and Henke, '11. Hunter, '14. Vincent, '12,
'13, '15, '15 a, '15 b.
4. Blood and Lymph. Erddly, '05. Robertson, 12. Rywosch, '07. Tromms-
dorf, '09.
5. Circulation. Rattone and Mondino, 1888, 1888 a, 1889, 1889 a.
6. Respiration. Bert, 1878. Boycott and Damant, '08 a. Boycott and Da-
mant and Haldane, '08. Pembrey, 1895. Pembrey and Spriggs, '04.
7. Digestion and Secretion (exclusive of the ductless glands). Ackroyd, '14,
'15. Astaschewsky, 1877. Basch, 1870. Easier, '09. Bohlen, 1894. Drasch,
1886. Eimer, 1869. Ellenberger, '06. Elliott and Barclay-Smith '04. Gruetz-
ner, 1875, 1878, 1894, 1898, '05. Hohmeier,'01. Jolyet and Chaker, 1875. Langley
and Sewall, 1879. Langley, 1879. Matthes and Marquardsen, 1898. Paneth,
1888, 1888 a. Ranvier, 1887, 1888, 1894. Schiff, 1859. Zawarykin, 1883.
8. Nutrition and body temperature. Aldrich, '12. Aron, '12, '13. Briining,
'14, '14 a. Chidester, '12. Congdon, '12. Cook, '13. Czermak, 1895. Falta
and Noeggerath, '05. Folin and Morris, '13. Forbes and Keith, '14. Frank
and Schittenhelm, '12. Gevaerts, '01. Graham and Hutchison, '14. Greg-
ersen, '11. Gudernatsch, '15. Hart and McCollum, '13. Hatai, '05. Hewer,
'14. Heymann, '04. Hill, '13. Hill and Macleod, '03. Hopkins, '12. Hop-
kins and Neville, '12. Hunt, '10. Hunter, Givens and Guion, '14. Jackson,
'15b. Jacob. '06. Knapp, '08. Kreidl and Neumann, '08. Lane-Claypon, '09.
Langlois and Loir, '02. McCollum, '09. McCollum and Davis, '13, '13 a, '14.
Macleod, '07. Mendel, '13. Morgulis, '11. Osborne, '13. Osborne and Men-
del, '11, '11 a, '11 b, '12, '12 a, '12 b, '12 c, '12 d, '12 e, '12 f, '12 g, '13, '13 a, '13 b
'14, '14 a, '14 b, '14 c, '14 d, '14 e, '15. Paul, '06. Pembrey. 1895. Pitts, 1898.
Poljakoff, 1888. Rohde" and Jones, '09. Watson, B. P., '07. Watson, C., '06,
62 PHYSIOLOGY
'06 a, '06 b. '07 a, '07 b, '07 c, '07 d, '10 '12. Watson and Lyon, '06.
Watson and Gibbs, '06.
9. Reproduction. Carmichael and Marshall, '07. Cuenot, 1899. Fischel,
'14. Hewer, '14. Marshall and Jolly, '07, '08. Regaud, 1900 d, 1900 e, 1900 f.
Steinach, '10, '11, '12, '13.
10. Endocrine System. Barnabo, '13. Biedl, '13. Boinet, 1895, 1895 a.
Brown-Sequard, 1856. Cristiani, 1893, 1893 a, 1893 b, 1895, 1900. Cristiani and
Cristiani, '02, '02 a, '02 b, '02c, '02 d. Erdheim, '06 a, '07, '11, '11 a, 'lib.
Gemelli, '06. Goetsch and Gushing, '13. Goldmann, '09, '12. Harley, 1857,
1858, 1858 a, 1858 b. Hohlbaum, '12. Hunt and Seidell '09. Iselin, '08.
Leischner, '07. Leischner and Kohler, '11. Leopold and Reuss, '08. Olds, '10.
Poll, 1898, 1899. Schafer, '08. Schiff, 1884, 1884 a. Steinach, 1894. Strehl and
Weiss, '01. Toyofuku, '11. Vincent, 1897, 1897 a. '12. Vincent and Jolly, '05,
'06. Watson, C., '14. Wiesel, 1899, 1899 a.
CHAPTER 5
GROWTH IN TOTAL BODY WEIGHT ACCORDING TO
AGE
1. Introduction. 2. Growth before birth. 3. Growth between birth and
maturity. 4. Modifications of growth in total body weight. 5. Weight-length
ratios.
1. Introduction. Under the general caption of growth several
series of data are grouped in this chapter and in the four chapters
which follow it. The chapter heads explain the several group-
ings and show that some data are presented according to age
and other data according to some bodily measurement.
The reasons for this procedure will be evident in each instance.
The effort has been made to gather as much of the data as pos-
sible under the caption of growth as this seemed the best way
to make the records available for reference.
The following tables present the size, weight and composition
of the albino rat and some of its parts, under conditions which
may be considered normal.
As regards absohite measurements, it must be borne in mind
that the Albino is very responsive to external conditions as rep-
resented by food, housing, temperature, exercise, and incidental
disturbances, especially light and noises.
No two colonies today are kept under more than approximately
similar conditions and it follows that the average size of the
animals from different colonies varies. The conditions just
noted also appear to influence the relative weights of some of
the viscera. For these reasons, each set of determinations will
be accompanied by a statement, as complete as possible, con-
cerning the special conditions surrounding the animals on which
the observations were made.
2. Growth before birth. For the data on growth during the
first few days of fetal life, see Chapter 3, Embryology, early
stages, pp. 31-33 Huber ('15 a) and other references there given.
63
64
GROWTH IN TOTAL BODY WEIGHT
At about the 13th day after insemination the fetus is large
enough to be directly weighed and from this date to birth the
growth has been followed.
In a series of 38 females, each of which had already born one
litter, Stotsenburg (MS '15) has observed exactly the time of
Fetus of albino rat
Weight in grams
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20 21 22 Days
Chart 1 shows the course of fetal growth from the 13th to the 22nd day
gestation. Stotsenburg (MS '15). The data are given in table 46.
insemination and then weighed the fetuses at the ages given in
table 46. Before weighing the membranes were removed and in
some instances the crown-rump length was measured (table
47) . The graph representing the growth before birth from the
13th day on is given in chart 1, the interval used for one day be-
ing two-fifths of that used for one gram.
GROWTH BETWEEN BIRTH AND MATURITY
65
3. Growth between birth and maturity. The first observations
were made at the University of Chicago by Donaldson, Dunn
and Watson ('06) on stock rats fed mainly on milk-soaked bread
TABLE 46
Showing the mean weights of the fetuses at ten ages during gestation
AGE IN DAYS
NUMBER OF FETUSES
'AVERAGE WEIGHT OF
FETUS IN GRAMS
RATE OF INCREASE
IN WEIGHT
13
34
0.040
per cent
14
44
0.112
179
15
37
0.168
50
16
44
0.310
83
17
21
0.548
77
18
43
1.000
83
19
30
1.580
58
20
25
2.630
65
21
42
3.980
51
22
10
4.630
16
TABLE 47
Giving the crown-rump length of fetus in millimeters. Scrap diet only,
here measured are part of those used for Table 46
The fetuses
SERIAL NUMBER
AGE IN
DAYS
NUMBER
IN LITTER
AVERAGE
WEIGHT OF
FETUS IN
GRAMS
AVERAGE
CROWN-
RUMP
LENGTH
IN MM.
RANGE OF
LENGTH
IN MM.
42
14
8
0.093
9.5
9.0-10.0
43
15
12
0.107
9.4
9.0-10.0
37
15
8
0.218
12.1
12.0-12.5
41
16
11
0.322
13.0
12.5-13.0
40
17
7
0.525
16.3
16.0-17.0
36
18
9
0.947
19.1
18.0-21.0
37
19
8
1.490
22.7
20.5-24.0
35
20
10
2.510
27.7
24.0-32.0
34
21
9
4.070
36.7
35.0-39.0
44
22
10
4.630
39.2
36.0-41.0
with corn as a staple. The values before fourteen days of age
were obtained from weighing different litters, each litter being
weighed only once. The original values at birth and for the first
ten days were plainly too high and have been replaced by new
66
GROWTH IN. TOTAL BODY WEIGHT
data (Donaldson, MS '14). After the 14th day the weighing
of 19 males and 17 females was made at frequent intervals, so
long as the animals kept in good condition. Tables 63 and 64
give for males and females respectively not only the mean values
but the range, and in the case of the females, after 90 days, the
Chart 2 Growth in body weight on age. Male albino rat.
A. Observations of Donaldson, Dunn and Watson ('06) . See table 63.
B. Observations of Ferry, '13. See table 65.
B'. Observations of Ferry, '13. See column 2, table 65.
C. Observations of King (MS '15). Data from two series combined. See
table 67.
observed values for the unmated animals are accompanied by
a second series of values computed for mated rats on the basis of
Watson's ('05) observations which show that mated females gain
in weight about 0.03 per cent per diem faster than the unmated.
These data are used for graph A, chart 2, males, and graph A,
chart 3, females.
GROWTH BETWEEN BIRTH AND MATURITY
67
Using the mean values in table 63 for the males from 10 days
of age on, and the corresponding values in table 64 for the fe-
males and taking the records for the mated females where given,
Hatai has determined the graph for which formulas 34 and 35
give the values for the male, and formulas 36 and 37 the values
for the female for this special series. By the use of these formu-
las the body weights have been computed for each day of age
Growth in body weight Albino Rat
Chart 3 Growth in body weight on age. Female albino rat.
A. Observations of Donaldson, Dunn and Watson ('06). See table 64.
B. Observations of Ferry, '13. See table 65.
C. Observations of King (MS '15). Data from two series combined. See
table 67.
from 10-100 days and at intervals of five days from 100-365
days (see table 62).
The values given for the first ten days of age in table 62 have
been obtained from a revised series of direct observations Don-
aldson (MS '14).
The weight at birth as here given, is for rats that have suckled.
A second series of data for body weight on age have been
gathered by Miss Ferry.
68 GROWTH IN TOTAL BODY WEIGHT
Using the rats from the colony maintained for the experiments
of Osborne and Mendel at the Connecticut Agricultural Station
in New Haven, Ferry ('13) has recorded the growth with age
from the 10th to the 280th day of life.
The diet of the rats consisted of Austin's dog-biscuit, and
sunflower seeds with fresh vegetables (chiefly carrots or corn and
string beans) two or three times a week, and a small amount of
cooked meat twice a week. A little salt was always kept in the
cage. The cages were small.
Table 66 gives the numbers of rats weighed at the several ages
and table 65 the mean values for each sex. The females were
unmated. In chart 2 graph B shows the values for the males and
in chart 3 graph B shows the values for the females.
The broken line record marked B' in chart 2 gives the values
found in column 2, table 65, and probably gives the truer picture
for the normal weight change.
Finally at The Wistar Institute King (MS '15) has conducted
two series of observations (1912-1913) (1913-1915) on the in-
crease in body weight with age in stock Albinos. There were 23
males and 23 females in the first series and 27 of each sex in the
second. The records for the two series have been combined.
The observations extend from 13^85 days and the weighings
were made at the ages given in table 67. These rats received a
'scrap' diet (i.e., a diet composed of table refuse from which
materials known to be injurious had been removed).
In chart 2 the record for the males is given by graph C and in
chart 3 the record for the females by graph C. In chart 4 the
graphs for both sexes appear extended to 485 days.
In 1913 Jackson ('13) published a series of body weights for
both sexes according to age, but as these animals did not grow
well after about 70 days of age, the table has not been copied here.
On comparing the graphs for the males in the several series —
(see chart 2) it appears that the males reared by King grew best
—while in the graphs for the females (chart 3) the record by
Ferry shows the poorest growth for the females. It appears
therefore that laboratory conditions including diet (assumed in
each case to be wholesome) may modify the growth and that
the two sexes are not necessarily affected to a like degree.
MODIFICATIONS IN TOTAL BODY WEIGHT
69
4. Modifications of growth in total body weight. No change
occurs in the growth of castrated males, Stotsenburg ('09).
A slight increase in growth was observed by Hatai ('03 a,
p. 61) after lecithin feeding.
Increased growth occurs in spayed females, Stotsenburg ('13).
This increase is in part due to the accumulation of fat and in
part to general enlargement.
Growth in body weight Albino Rat
Body «n>om m ar.m.
Chart 4 Growth in body weight on age for 485 days. Males and females. Observations
by King (MS., '15). Data from two series combined. See table 67.
Bearing young also causes an increase in body weight in the
females, J. B. Watson ('05).
A decrease follows all forms of underfeeding (Hatai, '04 a,
'07 a, '08; Donaldson, '11 a) including feeding with certain vege-
table proteins. See many references to Osborne and Mendel in
chapter 4, Physiology: Nutrition, p. 61.
Decrease also follows an excessive meat diet when begun with
young animals (Mus norvegicus) (C. Watson, '06, '06 a, '06 b).
70
GROWTH IN TOTAL BODY WEIGHT
TABLE 48
Giving in grams the values obtained by dividing the body weight by body length in
millimeters. Based on data in Table 68
BODY
LENGTH
RATIO
BODY
LENGTH
RATIO
BODY
LENGTH
RATIO
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
50
0.10
0.10
86
0.22
0.23
121
0.37
0.39
51
0.10
0.10
87
0.23
0.24
122
0.37
0.39
52
0.10
0.10
88
0.23
0.24
123
0.38
0.40
53
0.10
0.11
89
0.23
0.24
124
0.38
0.40
54
0.10
0.11
90
0.24
0.25
125
0.39
0.41
55
0.11
0.11
126
0.39
0.41
56
0.11
0.12
91
0.24
0.25
127
0.40
0.42
57
0.11
0.12
92
0.24
0.26
128
0.40
0.43
58
0.12
0.12
93
0.25
0.26
129
0.41
0.43
59
0.12
0.13
94
0.25
0.27
130
0.41
0.44
60
0.13
0.13
95
0.26
0.27
96
0.26
0.27
131
0.42
0.44
61
0.13
0.14
97
0.26
0.28
132
0.42
0.45
62
0.13
0.14
98
0.27
0.28
133
0.43
0.45
63
0.14
0.14
99
0.27
0.29
134
0.43
0.46
64
0.14
0.15
100
0.28
0.29
135
0.44
0.47
65
0.14
0.15
136
0.44
0.47
66
0.15
0.16
101
0.28
0.30
137
0.45
0.48
67
0.15
0.16
102
0.28
0.30
138
0.46
0.48
68
0.16
0.16
103
0.29
0.30
139
0.46
0.49
69
0.16
0.17
104
0.29
0.31
140
0.47
0.50
70
0.16
0.17
105
0.30
0.31
106
0.30
0.32
141
0.47
0.50
71
0.17
0.18
107
0.30
0.32
142
0.48
0.51
72
0.17
0.18
108
0.31
0.33
143
0.48
0.52
73
0.17
0.18
109
0.31
0.33
144
0.49
0.52
74
0.18
0.19
110
0.32
0.34
145
0.50
0.53
75
0.18
0.19
146
0.50
0.54
76
0.18
0.19
111
0.32
0.34
147
0.51
0.54
77
0.19
0.20
112
0.33
0.34
148
0.52
0.55
78
0.19
0.20
113
0.33
0.35
149
0.52
0.56
79
0.19
0.21
114
0.34
0.35
150
0.53
0.56
80
0.20
0.21
115
0.34
0.36
116
0.34
0.36
151
0.54
0.57
81
0.20
0.21
117
0.35
0.37
152
0.54
0.58
82
0.21
0.22
118
0.35
0.37
153
0.55
0.58
83
0.21
0.22
119
0.36
0.38
154
0.56
0.59
84
0.21
0.23
120
0.36
0.38
155
0.56
0.60
85
0.22
0.23
156
0.57
0.61
WEIGHT LENGTH RATIOS
71
TABLE 48— Concluded
BODY
LENGTH
RATIO
BODY
LENGTH
RATIO
BODY
LENGTH
RATIO
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
157
0.58
0.61
188
0.84
0.90
219
1.22
1.32
158
0.58
0.62
189
0.85
0.91
220
1.24
1.34
159
0.59
0.63
190
0.86
0.92
160
0.60
0.64
221
1.25
1.36
191
0.87
0.94
222
1.27
1.38
161
0.60
0.65
192
0.88
0.95
223
1.28
1.40
162
0.61
0.65
193
0.89
0.96
224
1.30
1.41
163
0.62
0.66 '
194
0.90
0.97
225
1.32
1.43
164
0.63
0.67
195
0.91
0.98
226
1.33
1.45
165
0.63
0.68
196
0.92
1.00
227
1.35
1.47
166
0.64
0.69
197
0.94
1.01
228
1.37
1.49
167
0.65
0.70
198
0.95
1.02
229
1.38
1.51
168
0.66
0.70
199
0.96
1.03
230
1.40
1.52
169
0.67
0.71
200
0.97
1.05
170
0.67
0.71
231
1.42
1.54
201
0.98
1.06
232
1.44
1.56
171
0.68
0.72
202
0.99
1.07
233
1.45
1.58
172
0.69
0.73
203
1.01
1.09
234
1.47
1.60
173
0.70
0.75
204
1.02
1.10
235
1.49
1.62
174
0.71
0.76
205
1.03
1.11
236
1.51
1.64
175
0.72
0.77
206
1.04
1.13
237
1.53
1.67
176
0.73
0.78
207
1.06
1.14
238
1.55
1.69
177
0.73
0.79
208
1.07
1.16
239
1.56
1.71
178
0.74
0.80
209
1.08
1.17
240
1.58
1.73
179
0.75
0.81
210
1.10
1.19
180
0.76
0.82
241
1.60
1.75
211
1.11
1.20
242
1.62
1.78
181
0.77
0.83
212
1.12
1.22
243
1.64
1.80
182
0.78
0.84
213
1.14
1.23
244
1.67
1.82
183
0.79
0.85
214
1.15
1.25
245
1.69
1.84
184
0.80
0.86
215
1.17
1.26
246
1.71
1.87
185
0.81
0.87
216
1.18
1.28
247
1.73
1.89
186
0.82
0.88
217
1.19
1.29
248
1.75
1.92
187
0.83
0.89
218
1.21
1.31
249
1.77
1.94
250
1.79
1.97
5. Weight-length ratios. Although it is not our purpose to in-
troduce derived values among the tables, yet it seemed desir-
able in this connection to put in a table showing the ratio of body
weight to body length. This gives the weight value of a running
millimeter of the animal. By the use of this table it can be de-
72 GROWTH IN TOTAL BODY WEIGHT
termined whether a given rat is emaciated or fat. The values
for the weights and lengths as given in table 68 have been used
for obtaining these ratios.
GROWTH IN TOTAL WEIGHT: REFERENCES
2. Growth before birth. Huber, '15 a. 3. Growth after birth. Chisolm, '11.
Donaldson, '06, '12 c. Dunn, '08. Ferry, '13. Jackson, '13. King, '15. King
and Stotsenburg, '15. Robertson, '08. 4. Modifications of growth. Donaldson,
11 a. Hatai, '03 a. '04 a, '07 a, '08, '13 a, '15. Jackson, '15, '15 a, '15 b. Os-
borne and Mendel (See Physiology: Nutrition). Schafer, '12. Stotsenburg,
'09, '13. Watson, C., '06, '06 a, '06 b. Watson, J. B., '05.
CHAPTER 6
GROWTH OF PARTS AND SYSTEMS OF THE BODY IN
WEIGHT
1. Larger divisions. 2. Systems. 3. Teeth. 4. Blood. 5. Fat.
1. Larger divisions. The relative growth of the component
parts (head, trunk and limbs) and of the systems (integument
ligamentous skeleton, musculature and viscera) has been studied
by Jackson and Lowrey ('12).
The rats were reared at the University of Missouri and fed
daily' with wheat bread soaked in whole milk — a supply of
chopped corn being kept constantly in the cages. In addition
fresh beef was given once a week. The rats were well grown
except at five months and one year, when both sexes were some-
what low in body weight — the deficiency being most marked in
the females.
The report of the work by Jackson and Lowrey ('12) is given
largely in their own words.
The method of dissection was as follows. The animal was taken
in the morning before feeding and killed by chloroform. The gross
body weight, and the lengths of body and tail were recorded. The
head (with skin) was then removed (just posterior to the foramen mag-
num and anterior to the larynx) and weighed. In the meantime, the
trunk was suspended and the blood (unmeasured) was allowed to es-
cape. Then the viscera were carefully removed and weighed indi-
vidually (including brain, spinal cord, eyeballs, thyroid, thymus, heart,
lungs, liver, spleen, stomach and intestines, both with contents and
empty, suprarenals, kidneys and gonads). Urine was estimated if
present. The extremities were separated at the shoulder and hip joints
and weighed with skin. The skin (including ears, claws and adherent
subcutaneous tissue) was next removed and weighed. The trunk
weight was estimated by substracting the weight of the head and ex-
tremities from the net body weight.
Then the musculature with skeleton was weighed, the few remaining
additional structures ( genitalia, large vessels, pharynx and oesophagus,
larynx and trachea, and masses of fat connected with the musculature)
having been carefully removed. Finally the musculature was care-
73
74
GROWTH IN PARTS
fully dissected off and the skeleton, including bones, cartilages and liga-
ments, was weighed. This weight, subtracted from that of the skele-
ton and musculature together, gives the weight of tlie musculature, in-
cluding the tendons. Evaporation was reduced to a minimum by
keeping the various structures in a closed moist container, so far as
possible. The net body weight, which is the gross body weight minus con-
tents of stomach, intestines and urinary bladder, was used as the basis in
calculating the percentage weights. The percentages therefore differ
slightly from those calculated upon the gross body weight. The dif-
ference is not of material importance in the case of the albino rat,
however, as the intestinal and other contents do not average more than 5
per cent of the body at the ages observed (excepting at 6 weeks, where
the average was about 8 per cent.) The observations were grouped at
seven ages, chosen for the following reasons. At one week the weight
at birth has about doubled. At three weeks it has about doubled
again, and this moreover is the age at which the animal is usually
weaned. At six weeks the body weight has again about doubled, and
the animal is well established upon its permanent diet. Ten weeks
represents the age of puberty, and the body weight of six weeks has
again about doubled. At one year the body weight has again nearly
doubled, and this represents nearly the adult weight. Five months
was arbitrarily selected as the time when the body weight is approxi-
mately half way between those of ten weeks and one year. While
therefore observations are not available for the various intermediate
age periods, these are sufficiently close together so that no important
change in the relative weights of the constituent parts is likely to be
overlooked. Moreover, on account of the variations at the different
ages in the body weights, these form a fairly continuous series ; and the
relative weights of the various constituent parts are apparently more
closely correlated with the body weight than with the age.
The relative weights of the component parts examined are
given in table 49 (modified from table 2, p. 455, loc. cit.).
TABLE 49
Albino rat — Average percentage weight of head, trunk and extremities at various
ages — sexes combined (Jackson and Lowrey, '12)
AGE, DAYS
BODY WEIGHT
HEAD
FORE-LIMBS
HIND-LIMBS
TRUNK
o
gms.
5.4
per cent
21.65
per cent
7 39
per cent
9.45
per cent
61.51
7
11.6
23.70
8.92
11.97
55.41
21
25.5
20.22
9.25
14.87
55.66
42
79.2
11.80
6.72
14.94
66.54
70 ..
141 9
9.56
5.32
15.59
69.53
150
190.7
9.42
5.87
15.64
69.07
365
222 2
9.29
4.76
14.63
71.32
GROWTH OF SYSTEMS
75
The authors call attention to the relative increase in the weight
of the head during the first week — as peculiar in the rat — and
also point out that the maximum relative weight is shown by the
head at one week — by the forelimbs at three weeks, by the hind
limbs at five months and by the trunk at a year — the wave of
most active growth thus passing from the head caudad with ad-
vancing age.
2. Systems. The relative growth of the various systems is
also given for the integument, ligamentous skeleton, musculature
and viscera. The method of preparing each system has been
previously noted. The following table is based on table 4 (loc.
cit., p. 460) to which has been added the average values of the
net body weights.
It is to be noted that the percentages in tables 49 and 50 are
based on the 'net body weight' of the rats. According to Jack-
son and Lowrey this is about 95 per cent of the gross weight,
and this factor can be used therefore to transform net into gross
weight.
TABLE 50
Average percentage weights of integument, ligamentous skeleton, musculature,
viscera and remainder. Based on Jackson and Lowrey ('12), table 4- for the
corresponding absolute weights see table 51
AGE IN DAYS
SEX AND
NUMBER
BODY
WEIGHT
PERCENTAGE VALUES — SEXES COMBINED FOR
Integument
Liga-
mentous
skeleton
Muscula-
ture
Viscera
Remainder
0
I'M. 9
\F. 9
fM. 8
\F. 11
fM. 7
\F. G
fM. 6
\F. 8
/M. 5
\F. 5
/M. 6
\F. 7
fM. 4
\F. 2
qms.
| 4.7
] 10.1
j 24.8
| 64.5
| 130.5
J 184.3
} 234.6
19.8
25.9
22.4
20.9
18.7
18.1
18.0
17.3
18.5
16.6
14.0
11.7
11.5
10.9
24.4
22.8
26.9
32.7
41.1
42.6
45.4
18.1
19.2
21.3
20.4
16.0
14.8
13.3
20.4
13.6
12.8
12.0
12.5
13.0
12.4
7
21
42 ....
70
150
365
76
GROWTH IN PARTS
TABLE 51.
Shows for the series of body weights of the albino rat by Jackson and Lowrey
('12) the absolute weights of integument, ligamentous skeleton, musculature,
viscera and remainder determined by the use of the percentage values given in
the preceding table 50
AGE
IN
MEAN BODT
SEX NO.
INTEGUMENT
LIGAMEN-
TOUS
MUSCULATURE
VISCERA
REMAINDER
DAYS
SKELETON
Average
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
0
M. + F.
5.11
M. 9
1.00
0.87
1.19
0.90
1.15
4.27
F. 9
0.85
0.75
1.09
0.79
0.79
4.69
0.93
0.81
1.15
0.85
0.97
7
10.47
M. 8
2.79
1.93
2.40
2.00
1.36
9.83
F. 11
2.33
1.70
2.24
1.90
1.30
10.10
2.62
1.87
2.30
1.94
1.37
21
26.91
M. 7
6.35
4.20
7.45
5.71
3.23
22.31
F. 6
4.69
3.97
5.78
4.77
3.08
24.78
5.55
4.11
6.67
5.28
3.17
42
60.10
M. 6
12.14
9.08
19.41
12.86
6.67
67.80
F. 8
14.51
8.95
22.37
13.36
8.61
64.50
13.48
9.03
21.09
13.16
7.74
70
143.60
M. 5
26.14
15.94
57.15
23.26
21.11
117.50
F. 5
22.56
14.34
49.94
18.68
11.99
130.50
24.40
15.27
53.64
20.88
16.31
150
218.70
M. 6
41.99
22.84
93.38
29.96
25.52
154.80
F. 7
26.62
18.73
65.94
24.30
19.20
184.30
33.36
21.38
78.51
27.28
23.77
365
260.20
M. 4
44.75
25.50
120.99
33.83
35.13
183.50
F. 2
35.78
24.22
79.46
25.32
18.72
234.60
42.23
25.57
106.51
31.20
29.09
Ligamentous skeleton. Since the values for the skeleton as
given in tables 50 and 51 were obtained by dissection of the soft
parts from the bones, it is evident that these determinations for
the skeleton, which here corresponds to the 'ligamentous skeleton'
would be high as compared with those obtained after the soft
parts had been completely removed by maceration — thus giving
the 'cartilaginous skeleton' in the strict sense.
In view of this difference we have made recently a series of
determinations of the relative weight of the cartilaginous skeleton
after maceration, Conrow (MS '15). Using these determinations
as a basis, table 52 has been formed which gives the values thus
GROWTH OF SYSTEMS
77
obtained. The differences between the values for the moist
skeleton after maceration and those obtained after gross dissec-
tion may be designated as values for the 'periosteum, ligaments,
etc.' and are so entered in table 52.
It is thus possible from these two tables to compare subse-
quent determinations of the skeleton after either dissection or
maceration.
If rats normal in body weight for their age are compared, we
find that the cartilaginous skeleton at birth represents 52.5 per
Chart 5 Giving for the sexes combined the percentage of the entire body
weight represented by each of the several systems. Plotted on age in days.
Table 50, Jackson and Lowrey ('12).
cent of the weight of the ligamentous skeleton, while at one year
it represents 64.5 per cent. The ratio for the weight of the bony
skeleton rises therefore one point for each .23 grams increase in
body weight, or for each gram of increase in body weight the ratio
rises about 0.044 of a point. Within the age limits here given,
these factors may be used for transforming one set of values into
the other.
78
GROWTH IN PARTS
Jackson and Lowrey conclude (p. 472) that the data indicate
no noteworthy differences between the sexes in the relative weights
of the various parts and systems, and that the body of the al-
bino rat has practically reached the adult proportions in its com-
ponent parts and systems at the age of ten weeks.
Corresponding observations, though less extensive, made on
the Norway rat are given in chapter 12.
TABLE 52
Giving the percentage values for the cartilaginous skeleton when this has been pre-
pared by maceration (Conrow, MS. '15), also giving — by difference between these
values and those in table 50 — the percentage values for the "periosteum, ligaments,
etc."
AGE IN DAYS
SEX AND
NUMBER
BODY WEIGHT NET
BOTH SEXES
PERCENTAGE VALUE OF MOIST
Cartilaginous
skeleton
(by maceration)
Conrow
Periosteum
ligaments, etc.
Based on table 50
o
/M.
IF.
/M.
IF.
fM.
IF.
/M.
IF.
/M.
IF.
/M.
IF.
fM.
IF.
1
9J
8)
11J
7)
6J
6)
8J
5)
5J
6)
7J
4)
2/
4.7
10.1
24.8
64.5
130.5
184.3
234.6
8.95
9.36
9.61
7.46
7.32
6.32
6.04
8.35
9.14
6.99
6.54
4.38
4.18
4.05
7
21
42
70
150
365
Weight of entire cartilaginous skeleton. Using a 2 per cent so-
lution of the commercial gold dust washing powder ('Gold dust
washing powder' consists of about 45 per cent sodium carbonate,
30 per cent soap powder, and 25 per cent water), the skeletons
of some 70 inbred Albinos (King) have been carefully prepared
by Conrow (MS '15) at The Wistar Institute. The animals
were reared on a scrap diet. A careful comparison with the stock
Albinos has not yet been made, but at the same time there is no
suggestion thus far that the values for the inbreds differ from
GROWTH OF SYSTEMS
79
those for the stock, when both age and body weight are taken into
consideration. The weight of the skeleton is given in relation to
the body weight. The value for the body used here is that
normal to the body length (see table 68) when the observed
body weight is less than that to be expected — but the observed
body weight is used when that is above the normal for the body
length. In the case of old rats undergoing senile loss of body
weight the maximum body weight is the one used.
The weight of the teeth is included with that of the skeleton
—but the weight of the nails is excluded. Under these condi-
tions the following table gives the weight of the moist carti-
laginous skeleton — immediately after complete cleaning, and also
TABLE 53
Giving data on the cartilaginous skeleton of the (inbred) Albino (Conrow MS '15).
The weights for the moist skeleton are given — but not for the room dried skeleton.
The percentage values for both on the body weight have been computed.
AGE
BODY
BODY
SKELETON
PEBCENTAG]
2 VALUE OF
IN DAYS
LENGTH
WEIGHT
MOIST
Moist
skeleton
Dry
skeleton
M
New born
mm.
45
gms.
4.0
0.379
9 38
1.78
M
New born
47
4.0
0.401
10.03
2.35
F*
New born
47
4.7
0.351
7 43
1.70
M
4
58
6.8
0.791
11.59
2.48
M...
2
59
7.1
0.986
13 85
3.51
M
3
59
7.1
0.613
8.59
2.24
M
11
65
9.4
0.909
9 63
2.47
F
10
65
9.9
0.904
9.09
2.67
F
17
76
14.8
1.469
9 89
3.61
F
20
90
22.4
2.114
9.40
3.59
F
22
102
30.5
3.005
9.82
3.81
M
28
103
29.6
2.543
8.56
3.91
M. .
29
113
37.3
3.301
8 82
3.91
M
33
118
41.6
3.532
8.46
3.72
M
34
123
46.3
4.030
8 73
4.06
M
32
125
48.3
3.965
8.18
3.84
F
41
126
52 3
3.959
7.54
3.89
M
40
131
54.7
4.374
7.97
3.85
M
36
133
56.9
4.662
8.16
3.74
M
43
135
59.3
4.620
7.76
3.89
F...
46
140
69.5
4.997
7.16
4.03
80
GROWTH IN PARTS
TABLE 53— Concluded
AGE
BODY
BODY
SKELETON
PERCENTAGl
S VALUE OF
IN DAYS
ENGTH
WEIGHT
MOIST
Moist
skeleton
Dry
skeleton
F
73
mm.
145
gms.
76 7
5 930
7 70
4 84
F
54
148
81 3
6 349
7 78
4 34
F
102
153
89 4
7 278
8 12
5 20
F
84
164
109 9
8 114
7 36
4 79
F
117
164
109 9
7 424
6 74
4 58
F
106
171
125 0
8 876
7 08
4 72
F
189
172
127 3
9 665
7 57
5 36
F
119
181
149 7
10 209
6 80
4 77
F
120
183
155 2
9 983
6 41
4 43
F
135
185
160 8
11.155
6 92
4 56
M
99
185
149 6
10 609
7 07
5 03
M
105
186
152 3
10 539
6 90
4 74
F
125
188
169 6
11.469
6.74
4.79
F
190
175 7
11 888
6 75
5 00
F
320
196
223.0
13 386
5.98
4 00
M
173
197
184.3
11.283
6.10
4.00
F
281
199
205 8
13.132
6 36
4 64
M
253
199
190.8
12.557
6.56
4.82
M
196
200
194.1
12.409
6.38
4.53
F
299
202
216 8
14.378
6.62
4 57
F
302
203
220.7
13.974
6.32
4.69
F
392
203
220.7
12.911
5.84
3.56
M
121
207
218 7
13 594
6.22
4.37
M
203
211
234.1
14.600
6.23
4.21
M
371
211
295.0
15.019
5.08
3.42
M
169
214
246.3
15.543
6.30
4.52
M
205
215
250.5
15.688
6.25
4.58
M
304
216
307.0
16.810
5.47
3.76
M
367
219
318 0
19.321
6.07
4.26
M
221
219
267.9
16.158
6.02
4.09
M
314
221
344.0
20.078
5.83
4.05
M
462
223
342 9
20.277
5.90
4.22
M
357
225
410.0
19 . 147
4.66
3.47
M
518
226
343.0
20.433
5.95
4.29
M
332
226
419.0
22.257
5.30
3.93
M...
474
228
355 0
19.518
5.49
3.88
M
276
228
413.0
22.323
5.40
3.96
M
726
230
446.0
21.720
4.86
3.55
M
255
238
420.0
25.390
6.04
4.49
M
253
240
440.0
23.698
5.38
4.01
M
408
252
463.4
23.823
5.03
3.79
GROWTH OF SYSTEMS
81
the weight of the dry skeleton after drying in open, but dust
free vessels, for thirty days or more at room temperature (17°-
23°C.).
In table 54 the same material has been used to show the lengths
of the femur and tibia and the humerus and ulna together with
some simple relations. In the case of the Albinos less than 30
days of age, drying in the air may cause so considerable a reduc-
tion in the lengths of these bones that no measurements are
given in table 54 for dried long bones younger than 30 days —
at which time the skeleton is fairly well calcified.
TABLE 54
From some of the same (inbred) Albinos as were used for table 53 the lengths of the
femur, tibia, humerus and ulna have been determined and also the percentage
lengths of the humerus and ulna on the femur and tibia, as well as the relation of
both of these pairs to the body length (Conrow, MS '15)
SEX
AGE
DATS
BODY
LENGTH
MEAN LENGTHS IN mm. OF
PERCENTAGES OF
Femur
Tibia
Humerus
Ulna
H. + U.
F. T.
H. u.
I.+T.
Bd. L.
Bd. L.
mm.
M
32
125
18.7
23.0
15.9
18.8
83
33
27
F
41
126
18.7
23.0
15.4
18.3
80
33
26
M
40
131
18.2
22.9
15.4
18.7
82
31
26
M
36
133
20. 9
25.0
16.9
20.2
80
34
28
M
43
135
19.8
23.6
16.0
18.9
80
32
25
F
46
140
21.2
24.6
17.1
19.7
80
32
26
F
73
145
23.1
26.4
17.8
21.4
79
34
27
F
54
148
23.5
27.4
18.4
22.0
79
34
27
F
102
153
25.3
29.3
20.5
23.6
80
35
28
F
84
164
26.1
29.8
20.7
24.6
81
34
27
F
117
164
27.3
31.5
21.3
25.7
79
35
28
F
106
171
27.8
31.5
22.1
25.8
80
34
28
F
189
172
28.8
32.2
22.6
26.8
80
35
28
F
119
181
30.3
33.0
23.6
27.1
80
34
27
F
120
183
29.0
32.9
22.7
27.1
80
33
27
M
119
183
30.7
33.6
23.9
26.6
78
35
27
F
135
185
31.5
34.6
24.6
28.3
80
35
28
M
99
185
30.6
34.0
23.9
27.1
78
34
27
M
105
186
30.8
33.8
24.1
27.4
79
34
27
F
125
188
30.6
33.8
23.6
28.1
80
34
27
F
190
30.7
34.6
24.4
28.6
81
34
27
F
730
193
33.5
36.5
26.3
31.5
82
35
29
82
GROWTH IN PARTS
TABLE 54— Concluded
SEX
AGE
DAYS
BODY
LENGTH
MEAN LENGTHS IN mm. OF
PERCENTAGES OF
Femur
Tibia
Humerus
Ulna
H. + U.
F. T.
H. U.
F. + T.
Bd. L.
Bd.L.
mm.
F
320
196
34.8
36.5
26.8
30.5
80
36
29
M
173
197
32.8
35.6
25.5
28.9
79
34
27
M
253
199
34.3
37.4
26.8
31.4
81
35
29
F
281
199
32.9
36.5
25.9
30.8
81
34
28
M
196
200
33.9
36.9
26.3
30.3
79
35
28
F
392
203
32.1
35.1
25.0
29.3
80
33
26
F
302
203
34.5
37.8
26.6
31.9
80
35
28
M
121
207
34.1
36.9
26.7
30.2
80
34
27
M
203
211
34.6
38.6
26.9
31.6
79
34
27
M
371
211
37.0
39.2
28.3
32.5
79
36
28
M
169
214
35.0
37.3
27.3
30.7
80
33
27
M
205
215
35.1
37.7
27.1
31.3
80
33
27
M
304
216
37.9
41.7
29.8
34.6
81
36
29
M
221
219
37.5
39.8
28.7
32.3
78
35
27
M
367
219
37.3
38.6
28.9
31.8
79
34
27
M
314
221
38.6
40.4
29.9
34.1
81
35
28
M
462
223
37.3
39.2
29.4
32.1
80
34
27
M
357
225
39.2
41.5
30.5
34.1
80
35
28
M
518
226
37.7
39.2
29.6
32.4
80
34
27
M
332
226
38.2
41.5
29.6
34.6
80
35
28
M
276
228
38.3
39.7
29.8
32.5
79
34
27
M
474
228
40.0
41.3
30.9
34.2
80
35
28
M
726
230
39.2
40.9
30.5
33.1
79
34
27
M
255
238
39.6
42.5
30.7
35.9
81
34
27
M
253
240
40.7
43.8
32.0
36.0
80
35
28
M
408
252
41.0
43.1
31.7
36.1
80
33
26
Tests show that after 30 days of age, drying at room tempera-
ture causes less than one per cent of shrinkage in the absolute
lengths of the bones. The values for the bone lengths given in
the table are means for the right and left sides — the length for
the two sides usually being very nearly the same. The
body length in every case is taken on the rat immediately after
chloroforming.
Weight of cranium. Determinations of the weight of the
cranium dried at room temperature have been made, Donald-
son ('12 a). By the cranium is meant the skull with upper
GROWTH OF CRANIUM
83
teeth, minus the mandible with lower teeth and minus the ear
bones. The mean weights are given in table 55.
TABLE 55
The mean weight in grams of the crania in each body weight group of the four series
of albino rats from Paris, London, Philadelphia, Vienna (based on table 4) Donald-
son ('12 a). Each weight group is based on six cases, three males and three females
BODY WEIGHT GROUP
WEIGHT OF CRANIA IN GRAMS
London
Paris
Philadelphia
Vienna
grams
125
0.89
1.23
1.52
1.79
1.03
1.27
1.52
1.05
1.41
1.51
1.87
2.15
1.00
1.40
1.73
2.10
175
225
275
325
For the corresponding weights of the Norway crania see Table 84.
3. Teeth. For the data on the growth of the incisor teeth (Ad-
dison and Appleton, '15), see chapter 3, p. 37-39.
4. Blood. By means of a formula (19) based on his observa-
tions Chisolm ('11) was able to compute approximately the vol-
ume of the blood in rats of different body weights. Hatai (MS
'14) has added two formulas (19 a) (19 b) based on that of
Chisolm and giving results somewhat closer to the observations
when the determinations are made according to sex.
These three formulas have been transformed in turn from vol-
ume to weight by using as a factor 1.056 — the specific gravity
of the blood — and three formulas for blood weight (20) (20 a)
(20 b) have been thus obtained. These last have been used to
compute the weight of the blood as given in table 70. Table
56 here given presents Chisolm' s data on the other growth
changes in the blood.
5. Fat. Boycott and Damant ('08, '08 a) have recorded the
proportion of fat in rats of both sexes and of increasing body
weights.
The total fat was determined in healthy animals living under
ordinary laboratory conditions as to food. No details given.
The fat was estimated by Leathes' modification of Liebermann's
84
GROWTH IN PARTS
TABLE 58
Showing growth changes in the blood in rats of increasing age (body weight) . Sexes
combined — based on tables I and II, Chisolm ('11)
NO. OF
ANIMALS
AGE IN
DATS
BODY WT.
IN QMS.
LENGTH
OF BODY
IN MM.
HB
PER CENT
Oz CAPACITY IN CC.
BLOOD VOLUME IN CC.
Total
Per kilo
body wt.
Total
Per kilo
body wt.
2
1
3.6
89.0
0.0411
11.59
0.249
70.3
5
2
4.8
47
72.0
0.0466
9.79
0.350
73.5
3
8
10.0
59
50.3
0.0485
4.83
0.522
52.0
9
16
12.8
72
63.0
0.0639
4.99
0.544
42.5
3
21
14.2
82
49.0
0.0773
5.44
0.863
60.4
3
28
14.3
84
44.7
0.0891
6.17
1.070
74.4
9
37.0
112
76.0
0.3730
10.00
2.620
70.0
8
57.0
134
84.6
0.5630
9.92
3.610
63.7
8
66.0
140
85.1
0.6490
9.88
4.120
62.7
12
75.0
144
79.9
0.7220
9.60
4.940
65.7
15
86.0
148
82.4
0.8600
10.02
5.670
66.0
8
95.0
155
84.0
0.9550
10.02
6.070
63.9
8
106.0
159
82.4
1.0270
9.74
6.810
64.5
11
115.0
166
92.5
1.2130
10.51
6.970
60.5
9
125.0
169
92.6
1.2410
9.89
7.260
57.9
8
146.0
178
89.1
1.4460
9.92
8.870
60.8
8
165.0
180
92.0
1.6630
10.10
9.890
59.3
7
194.0
189
92.4
1.9880
10.28
11.820
61.0
10
227.0
201
89.9
2.1860
9.68
13.180
58.2
8
268.0
206
85.4
2.2300
8.36
14.150
53.0
methods (see Hartley, '07) which is easily applicable to the
entire carcasses of animals. The figures, given as percentages of
fatty acid on the crude weight of the animal, represent therefore
masked as well as anatomical fat.
From the table 57 based on body weight it appears that the
proportion of fat tends to be greater in the heavier animals, and
from the tables based on the data grouped according to sex, it
appears that the females have a somewhat larger percentage of
fat than do the males.
GROWTH OF FAT
85
TABLE 57
Giving the proportion of fat (fatty acids) with increasing age (body weight.) Based
on table A, Boycott and Damant ('08 o)
NUMBER AND SEX
BODY WEIGHT
IN GM8.
PERCENTAGE OF FATTY ACIDS
M. F.
Max.
Min.
Average
15 10
20- 49
9.2
0.85
4.1
8 7
50- 99
6.1
1.00
4.0
19 25
100-149
16.1
0.80
6.1
11 17
150-199
14.6
1.30
7.6
7 2
200-247
9.7
1.30
5.8
Eighty-three rats arranged according to sex .
Males 41 11.3 0.8 4.4
Females 42... . 16.1 1.0 5.6
GROWTH OF PARTS AND SYSTEMS: REFERENCES
1. Larger divisions. Jackson and Lowrey, '12. 2. Systems. Donaldson, '11,
'11 c, '12, '12 a. Donaldson and Hatai, '11, '11 a. Jackson and Lowrey, '12.
3. Teeth. Addison and Appleton, '15. MacGillavry, 1875. Meyerheim, 1898.
4. Blood &nd5.Fat. Boycott and Damant, '08, '08 a. Chisolm, '11. Hartley, '07.
CHAPTER 7
GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS IN RELATION
TO BODY LENGTH AND IN RELATION TO AGE
1. Introduction. 2. Methods of examination and graphs. 3. Body length
on body weight. Body weight on body length. Tail length on body length.
4. Organs with an early rapid growth: Brain, spinal cord, eyeballs. 5. Organs
with a nearly uniform growth: Heart, kidneys, liver, spleen, lungs, blood, ali-
mentary tract, thyroid, hypophysis and suprarenals. 6. Organs with a rapid
growth just preceding puberty. Ovaries, testes, thymus (on age). 7. Determi-
nations of variation. 8. General tables, a) Tables, weight of entire body on
age. Before birth; from birth on. 6) Tables, increase in the length and weight
of parts and organs on body length. 9. Table, weight of thymus on age. 10.
Table, weight of all viscera combined. 11. Tables, values for characters linked
with age. 12. Formulas.
1. Introduction. The organs, the growth of which has been
followed are tail (length), brain, spinal cord, eyeballs, heart,
kidneys, liver, spleen, lungs (blood), alimentary tract, testes,
ovaries, hypophysis, suprarenals, thyroid and thymus.
All the observations were made on stock Albinos from the colony
at The Wistar Institute, except those for the total blood which are
based on the records of Chisolm, '11.
The mean values for the several organs were in each instance
charted and with these as a guide a theoretical graph was found
which could be expressed by a formula or a series of formulas.
All the formulas were devised by Hatai.
To present the results in a convenient form the organs are
grouped in the text according to the manner of their growth,
each organ is accompanied by a chart showing the original data
and the graph based on these data.
In each case reference is made to the formula or formulas on
which the graph is based, but as a matter of convenience, the
formulas utilized here for the graphs are grouped in the section
entitled "Formulas" pp. 158-175.
BODY LENGTH ON BODY WEIGHT 87
The charts serve to show the form of the graph of growth in
each instance, but the precise weight values of the organs are to
be read from the tables. For those who desire to find the weight
of an organ in a rat of any body length or body weight a series of
values — computed by the aid of the appropriate formulas — are
given in tables 68-71 inclusive.
In making these tables the determinations for the correspond-
ing body weights for each millimeter of length in each sex were
first made by formulas (2 a) and (2b) and the body weights so ob-
tained were then used in computing the weights of the several
organs.
In table 72 for the thymus however, it was found necessary to
enter the weight values of the organ according to the age of the
rat.
In table 73 the computed weight of the thymus on body weight
is given on the assumption that the body weights are normal to
age in conformity with the data in table 62.
2. Methods of examination and graphs. Unless otherwise
stated the following determinations were made on stock Albinos
taken from the colony at The Wistar Institute. The animals
were killed with chloroform twenty hours after the last feeding
and were dissected according to a fixed procedure.
3. Body length on body weight. Technic: Immediately after
killing the rat was laid on its back and gently extended — the
tail being drawn out straight. With jointed calipers the dis-
tance from the tip of the nose to the tip of the tail was taken
and its values in millimeters found by applying the points to a
scale. Next the distance from the tip of the nose to the center
of the anus was found and its value in millimeters determined
in the same way. These measurements give first the total
length, second, the body length and by the difference, the tail
length.
Chart 6 gives the body length on the body weight. The data
used are given in table 68. The values were computed by for-
mula (1). The graphs show that for a given body weight the
male has the greater body length. Donaldson '09; Donaldson
and Hatai '11.
88
GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
Body weight on body length. The entire rat was next weighed
to one-tenth of a gram. The weight thus obtained was not cor-
rected for the contents of the alimentary canal — which accord-
ing to Jackson and Lowrey ('12) amounts to about 5 per cent
of the gross body weight. In gravid females a correction was
made however by subtracting the weight of the uterus and fetuses
from the observed value. The weight of the body on the body
BOPY LENGTH
L£r
rim
&ODY weiGm
'
Chart 6 Giving for the males and females respectively the body length on
the body weight. Formula (1), table 68.
length is given in chart 7. The values for each millimeter of
body length in each sex are given in table 68. The graphs were
computed by formulas (2a) and (2b), and show that for a given
body length the female has a greater body weight. Donaldson
'09, Donaldson and Hatai, '11.
Tail length on body length. The method of obtaining the
tail length has been given under body length. The values for
TAIL LENGTH ON BODY LENGTH
89
500 BOPV WEIGHT
&OOY LENGTH
-r— I — I — I Wffl f—.
Chart 7 Giving for the males and females respectively the body weight on
the body length. Formulas (2 a) and (2 b), table 68.
TAIL LEN5TM
mm.
"ft
so' 'ah' 160 ija \M
Chart 8 Giving the length of tail in millimeters on the body length, males,
females. Formulas (4) and (5), table 68.
90 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
the graphs in chart 8 and for the table 68 were determined by
formulas 4 and 5. The tail hi the female is relatively longer
than in the male. Hatai (MS '14).
4. Following the plan of grouping the organs according to the
manner of their growth we shall first consider the weights of the
brain, the spinal cord and both eyeballs. All of these organs have
an early rapid growth.
Brain weight on body weight. Technic: The rat was first
eviscerated — this leaves in the brain a minimal amount of blood.
The bones of the skull were removed from above — the meninges
being left intact. Care was taken to preserve the flocculi which
lie in bony pockets. The brain was severed from the cord by a
section at the level of the first cervical nerve — coinciding as a
rule with the tip of the calamus as seen from the dorsal aspect.
The brain was then raised from the floor of the cranium — the
nerves being clipped close to the base. The hypophysis was not
included. Care was taken to obtain the olfactory bulbs entire.
Thus prepared the brain was dropped into a small glass stoppered
weighing bottle in which it was weighed to the tenth of a milli-
gram. In this instance, as in the case of all of the other organs,
the dissection was made under a glass hood to protect the oper-
ator from all drafts which might dry the organ during its prepa-
ration. The values for the graph, males only, chart 9 and for
table 68 were computed by formulas (6) and (7).
The graph for the male alone is given. As will be seen from
table 68, for the same body length the female has a slightly
lighter brain and this difference increases to about 1.5 per cent
when the female is of the same body weight.
Spinal cord weight on body weight. Spinal cord— Technic :
Following the removal of the brain (vide ante) the spinal cord
was exposed by removing the arches of the vertebrae from neck
to sacrum. The filum terminale was found and the cord raised —
so that the roots of the spinal nerves could be clipped close to
the cord. The mass thus removed with meninges — was placed
in a glass stoppered weighing bottle and weighed to the tenth of
a milligram. The values for the graph, males only, in chart 9
and for table 68 were computed by formula (11). Donaldson
('08), ('09); Hatai, ('09a).
WEIGHT OF EYEBALLS ON BODY WEIGHT
91
For convenience the graph for the spinal cord is given on the
same chart as that for the brain. The graph for the male only
is entered. For the same body length as the male the spinal
cord in the female is about 5 per cent heavier, and for the same
body weight, about 2 per cent heavier. Donaldson ('08, '09) ;
Hatai ('09a).
.. WEIGHT ama.
2.0 °
£::== ==-LUU=fcL -2..
BRAIN. .'
If - -, BRAIN
"" ,8
_,*_.
^ *" "^
----- - • _ .6
/
/ .
1
i-i -f
it . . a
: : i " - . 1.0
0.1 . _ . _ « -
-'."-• i-ii::: spmALcoftD :ia<>
CM: :::::::>:•:!::!:::::::::
:::::::::::::::::::::::::&«
ru : X!
: |
o2±
m 50 10O ISO 200 2
50 300 350 400 450
Chart 9 Giving the brain weight on the body weight. Males only. Formu-
las (6) and (7), table 68. Also spinal cord weight on the body weight. Males
only. Formula (11), table 68.
Weight of both eyeballs on body weight. Technic: Care being
taken to remove the muscle attachments, both eyes were
weighed in a closed weighing bottle. There is usually a close
similarity in the weight of the right and left eyeballs. The
graph is based on rats studied by Jackson ('13). His results
have been corroborated by studies on the stock Albinos from the
colony of the Wistar Institute, Hatai ('13). The values for the
graph in chart 10 and those given in table 68 are based on
formula (13). The graph for the male only is entered, but the
values for the female are like those for the male of the same body
weight. Under unfavorable nutritional conditions the weight of
the eyeballs follows the age rather than the body weight. Hatai
(MS '14).
92
GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
0.4
0.3
0.2
C.1
(
EYEBALLS 2
WEIGHT GRAM
0.3
0.1
s
~*~
£
-— •
^
5
J
—-
^-
— '
1 — '
•
•
•
j
r^-
,
.--*
•
^
'
^
"
•
"
X
*
•
•
BODY WEIGHT GRAMS
'.
3 50 10O 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Chart 10 Showing the weight of eyeballs of the male albino rat according to
body weight. The observed weights are represented by 149 male rats (Jackson) .
Table 68, formula (13).
• Observed weight. Calculated weight.
5. Organs with a nearly uniform growth after the first very early
phase of rapid growth — heart, kidneys, liver, spleen, lungs (blood),
alimentary tract, hypophysis, suprarenals and thyroid.
In case of all of the organs to be described the preparation was
carried on beneath a glass hood to prevent drying. The organ
was weighed in a small glass stoppered bottle and the weight was
taken to a tenth of a milligram.
The weight of the heart on body weight. Technic: The heart
was removed after cutting all its vessels close to their proximal
ends. It was then opened by longitudinal slits through its walls
and the clots removed from the cavities thus exposed.
The graph given in chart 11 and the values in table 69 have
been determined by formula (14).
The weight of the heart is closely correlated with that of the
body and no difference according to sex has been noted. Hatai
(13); Jackson ('13).
Weight of both kidneys on body weight. Technic: All vessels
were cut close to the hilum and any superficial fat removed.
The graph given in chart 12 and the values in table 69 were
determined by formula (15).
WEIGHTS OF HEART AND KIDNEYS
93
1.7 -
1
1
1.5
1.0
0.5
n
HEART
WEIGHT GRAM
1.5
e
xl
X
1
J
X
X
4
,
/
»
4
.
X1
(
X
«i
t
s*
X1
,••
*
*, S
A
4
• >'
/
^ '"
•
t
*
•*
/
/
>
*
BODY WEIGHT GRAMS
/
0 50 100 "150' 200 250 300 350 400 450
Chart 11 Showing the heart weight of the male albino rat according to body
weight. The observed weights are represented by 134 male rats. Table 69, for-
mula (14).
• Observed weight. - — Calculated weight.
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
t6
1.0
0.5
i
KIDNEYS 2
WEIGHT GRAMS
—
—
z
-J3.5
/
2.5
1.5
0.5
'
\f
/
J,
/i
•
'•/.
.^
3
•
X
X
'
/
',
/•
•
/
/
,-
J
X
^
•
•
x
•
/
•
x
,
-"
,
X
*
/'
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,
J
£
•
|
••
/
•
r.
f
/
1
BODY WEIGHT GRAMS
•
) 50 100 150 200 250 300
350 400 450
Chart 12 Showing the weight of kidneys of the male albino rat according to
body weight. The observed weights are represented by 136 male rats. Table
69, formula (15).
• Observed weight. - — Calculated weight.
94
GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
No sex difference was observed but the graph represents the
determinations for the male only. Hatai ('13) ; Jackson ('13).
Weight of the liver on the body weight. Technic: The vessels
were cut close to their entrance into the liver and the blood
in the larger vessels gently pressed out. The graph given in
chart 13 and the values in table 69 were determined by
formula (16).
19.
18.
17.
16.
LIVER
WEIGHT GRAMS
/
?
/
/
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iS
•
s
,
•
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14.
13.
12.
11.
10-
9.
8.
7.
6.
5.
4.
3.
2.
1.
<
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(
BODY WEIGHT GRAMS
,«
•
) 50 100 150 200 250
300 350 400 450
20.
15.
10.
Chart 13 Showing the weight of liver of the male albino rat according to body
weight. The observed weights are represented by 136 male rats. Table 69, for-
mula (16).
• Observed weight. Calculated weight.
No sex difference in the weight of the liver has been noted —
but the graph is given for the males only. Considerable vari-
ability is to be expected in the weight of an organ with such com-
plex functions as those of the liver and this appears. A heavy
liver usually accompanies a heavy spleen (Hatai). Hatai ('13);
Jackson ('13).
WEIGHT OF LUNGS ON BODY WEIGHT
95
The weight of the spleen on the body weight. Technic: The
vessels were cut close to the hilum. The determination of the
weight of the spleen is complicated by the occurrence of "en-
larged spleens" — so called. These differ from the normal by
being often several tunes the normal weight, darker in color, soft
to the touch and showing on the surface dark or grayish patches.
Spleens with these characters plainly marked were not used.
The graph in chart 14 and the values in table 69 were determined
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
n A
"
SPLEEN
WEIGHT GRAMS
1.0
.5
*
^
^
•
^
'
^
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^
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•
x
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t
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0.2
0.1
f
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,x
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f-
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BC
i
>DY WEIGHT GRAMS
i , 1,1
,•
.-*
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Chart 14 Showing the weight of spleen of the male albino rat according to
body weight. The observed weights are represented by 87 male rats. Table 69,
formula (17).
• Observed weight. — Calculated weight.
by formula (17). No sex difference was observed but the graph
is based on male records only. Hatai ('13); Jackson ('13).
The weight of both lungs on the body weight. Technic: The
lungs are severed from the trachea and the portion of the esoph-
agus usually taken out with them is removed. After the first
three months of life the lungs of the rat are often infected. Such
infected lungs may be highly altered — but are always abnormally
heavy. The endeavor has been made to exclude infected lungs
from the series — but doubtless some have been used. The
graph in chart 15 and the values in table 70 were determined by
96
GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
1 1
1 1 1 1
«!.»
2.0
LUNGS 2
WEIGHT GRAM
I
^«
1.6
5
^
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i
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1
,.J
BODY. WEIGHT GRAMS
i i ii. i
«•
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Chart 15 Showing the weight of lungs of the male albino rat according to
body weight. The observed weights are represented by 90 male rats. Table 70,
formula (18).
• Observed weight. Calculated weight.
formula (18). No sex difference has been noted but the graph
is based on male data alone. Hatai ('13); Jackson ('13).
Weight of the total blood on body weight. Technic: The
observations on this relation were made by Chisolm '11 on Al-
binos and pied rats. His methods are given in the paper cited
above (pp. 207-208) and depend on determinations of the oxygen
capacity. Chisolm's formulas have been revised by Hatai
(MS '14). The graph in chart 16 and the values in table 70 have
WEIGHT Of BLOOP
-
Chart 16 Giving weight of total blood on body weight. Males, females.
Formulas (20), (20 a), and (20b), table 70.
WEIGHT OF THYROID GLAND ON BODY WEIGHT
97
been determined by formulas (20), (20 a), and (20 b). The data
are for both sexes combined. Chisolm ('13) ; Jolly and Stini ('05).
The weight of the alimentary tract on body weight. Technic:
The digestive tube from the level of the diaphragm to the onus
was removed in its entirety — the pancreas, mesentery and small
masses of fat being left adherent. The stomach and the large
intestine were cut open and the contents removed while gentle
50
150
200
250
300
17.
16.
15.
14.
13.
12.
11.
10.
9.
8.
7.
6.
5.
4.
.3*
2.
1,
ALIMENTARY TRAC
WEIGHT GRAMS
T
/•
15.
10.
5.
/*
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BODY WEIGHT GRAMS
/•
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350
400
450
Chart 17 Showing the weight of alimentary tract of the male albino rat ac-
cording to body weight. The observed weights are represented by 112 (Jackson)
rats below 50 grams in body weight, and 82 (Wistar) rats above 50 grams in body
weight. Table 70, formula (21).
• Observed weight. • — Calculated weight.
pressure on the small intestine — exerted from above down-
wards— served to expel what it contained. The records are
based on one series examined by Jackson ('13) and another series
from The Wistar Institute colony. All are males. The graph in
chart 17 and the values in table 70 were determined by formula
(21). Hatai ('13); and Jackson ('13).
Weight of the thyroid gland on body weight. Technic: Sev-
eral minute muscles nearly the color of the gland must be re-
98
GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
moved before weighing. The data are from observations by
Jackson ('13), as well as from those made at The Wistar Institute.
A study of the data has not revealed any difference according to
sex and the graph therefore is for both sexes combined. The
graph in chart 18 and the values in table 71 have been determined
by formula (32). Hatai ('13); Jackson ('13).
06
05
04
03
02
.01
1 1 1 1 1 i
/
.08
.04
.02
THYROID
WEIGHT GRAMS
X
^
J
X
x'
_x
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X"
•
X
*
•
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J
^
X
S
•
•
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x
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•
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rf
C
BODV WEIGHT GRAMS
2
a
50
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Chart 18 Showing the weight of thyroid gland of the albino rat according to
body weight. The observed weights are represented by 42 (Jackson) female
rats below 50 grams in body weight, and 49 (Wistar) male rats above 50 grams in
body weight; and 36 (Jackson) female rats below 50 grams in body weight, and
27 (Wistar) female rats above 50 grams in body weight. Table 71, formula (32) .
• Observed weight male. Calculated weight for both sexes, o Observed
weight, female.
The weight of the hypophysis on body weight. Technic: After
the removal of the brain, the hypophysis is readily picked
up from the floor of the skull with a small forceps. It is weighed
as removed.
At about 40-50 days of age there appears a difference in the
weight of the hypophysis according to sex and with advancing
age this difference tends to increase. The female has the heavier
hypophysis. The graph for the male in chart 19 and the values
for the male in table 71 have been determined by formula (28).
WEIGHT OF SUPRARENALS ON BODY WEIGHT
99
The graph for the female and the corresponding tabular values
by|formulas (28) and (29). Hatai ('13).
The weight of the suprarenals on body weight. Technic: The
suprarenals are usually imbedded within some fat tissue — but
with a little practice they may be dissected out cleanly. At
about 40-50 days of age there appears a difference hi the weight
022
HYPOF
WEIGHT
'HYSIS
GRAMS
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BODY WEIGHT GRAMJ
tf> •
•*! !
\
0 50' 100 150 200 250 300 390 400 450
Chart 19 Showing the weight of hypophysis of the albino rat according to
body weight. The observed weights are represented by 78 male and 80 female
rats. Table 71, formulas (28) and (29).
• Observed weight, male. o Observed weight, female.
Calculated weight, male. Calculated weight, female.
of the suprarenals according to sex and with advancing age this
difference tends to increase. The female has the heavier supra-
renals. The graph for the male in chart 20 and the values for
the male in table 71 have been determined by formula (30). The
graph for the female and the corresponding tabular values, by
formula (31). Hatai (13); Jackson (13).
100
GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
6. The third group of the organs here considered is formed by
those the growth of which is represented by a sinuous graph in
which the most marked rise appears shortly before puberty. These
organs, so far as examined, are the ovaries, the testes and the thymus.
.07
.06
.05
.04
,03
.02
.01
(
SUPRARENALS
WEIGHT GRAMS
Z
.u«
.06
.04
.02
'
/
/
/
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^
x
°l
/
x
0
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1
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&
BODY WEIGHT GRAMS
I
) 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Chart 20 Showing the weight of suprarenals of the albino rat according to
body weight. The observed weights are represented by 92 (Jackson) male rats
below 50 grams in body weight, and 53 (Wistar) male rats above 50 grams in
body weight; and 84 (Jackson) female rats below 50 grams in body weight, and
29 (Wistar) female rats above 50 grams in body weight. Table 71, formulas
(30) and (31) .
• Observed weight, male. o Observed weight, female.
Calculated weight, male. Calculated weight, female.
The weight of both ovaries on the body weight. Technic: The
ovaries must be carefully dissected from their capsules and
from the end of the fallopian tube. When the animal is small it
is sometimes necessary to do this under a dissecting microscope.
The data collected by Jackson ('13) are those used. The graph
in chart 21 and the values in table 70 have been determined by
formulas (25), (26), and (27). Hatai ('13, '14a); Jackson ('13).
WEIGHT OF OVARIES ON BODY WEIGHT
101
.05
.04
.03
OVARIES 2
WEIGHT GRAMS
.04
.02
O
o
_
-
—
_
— )-
,Y
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,
0
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I
1
h
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.01
1
1
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n
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9
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\J
IODY WEIGHT GRAMS
6
I
g
1 50 TOO 150 200 250 300 35
Chart 21 Showing the weight of ovaries of the female albino rat according to
body weight. The observed weights are represented by 136 (Jackson) rats.
Table 70, formulas (25) , (26) and (27) .
O Observed weight. Calculated weight.
3.5
3.0
rESi
EIGHl
•ES 2
r GRAMS
,
AD
- w
.— -
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BODY WEIGHT GRAMS
/
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2.0 1- -
1.5
1.0
0.5
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Chart 22 Showing the weight of testes of the male albino rat according to
body weight. The observed weights are represented by 121 male rats. Table
70, formulas (22), (23) and (24).
• Observed weight. Calculated weight.
102
GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
The weight of both testes on body weight. Technic: The epi-
didymis was removed before the testes were weighed. The
graph in chart 22 and the values in table 70 were determined by
formulas (22), (23) and (24). Hatai ('13); Jackson ('13).
.35
.30
.25
.20
.15
.10
.05
THYMUS GLAND
weight grams
35
Age in days.
280
300
350
30
25
20
15
10
05
Chart 23 Showing the weight of thethymus of the albino rat according to age.
The observed weights are represented by 229 males (164 Jackson and 64 Wistar)
and 207 females (179 Jackson and 28 Wistar). Table 72, formulas (38) and (39) .
Observed weight • male, O female, computed weight.
Weight of thymus on age. In the case of the thymus the data
are more useful when presented according to age than when pre-
sented according to body weight.
Technic: In preparing the thymus care must be taken to dis-
sect away the large lymph glands as well as the fat lying about
it. The records by Jackson ('13) have been combined with those
from The Wistar Institute. The graph in chart 23 and the values
in table 72 have been determined by the formulas (38) and (39).
No weight difference according to sex has been noted. Hatai
('14); Jackson ('13).
DETERMINATION OF VARIATION
103
7. Determinations of variation. Variation in body weight and
organ weight. In table 58 Jackson ('13) gives a series of determi-
nations of the coefficient of variation for body weight on a litter
basis and in age groups. The animals were selected by the
method of 'random sampling.' These values are to be compared
with those determined by King (MS '15). In King's series the.
same groups of rats were examined at different ages (table 67) .
For the same animals as were used in table 58 Jackson ('13)
also gives for the several organs the coefficient of variation
(table 59) and the coefficients of correlation with the body weight
(table 60) . The coefficients of variation for body weight on age
are given by King (MS '15) in her growth series (table 67).
TABLE 58.
Coefficient of variation in body weight for total population by ordinary method, and
on litter basis (fraternal variation) estimated by various methods (Jackson, 'IS).
x
•
•
NEWBORN
8}
ft
d
t-
•
>•
•<
o
§
6 WEEKS
10 WEEKS
5 MONTHS
Total population
/ Male
13. 61
16. 91
24. 42
20. 82
18. 81
18. 51
(ordinary method)
\ Female
9.9'
13. 71
29. 42
24. 22
16. 81
15. 31
Litter basis
/ Male
7.0
6.1
5.7
6.6
5.8
7.4
(average of litters calcu-
\ Female
4.4
5.4
4.0
5.9
12.0
10.4
lated by ordinary me-
thod)
Litter basis
/ Male
6.8
7.6
6.8
7.1
6.1
8.1
(calculated from Yule's
\ Female
5.2
4.4
4.5
7.9
12.2
9.3
formula)
Litter basis
/ Male
7.3
8 4
6 0
7 2
6 7
8.5
(from Kellogg's for-
\ Female
5.2
4.5
4.1
8.5
12.0
9.0
mula)
1 For net body weight.
2 For gross body weight, larger series.
104
GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
TABLE 59
Coefficients of variation in organ weights, albino rat at different ages. Arranged
according to mean values in the last column (Jackson, '12).
0 DAYS
7 DATS
21 DAYS
42 DAYS
TODAYS
150 DAYS
AVERAGE
Brain
12
7
12
10
Eyeballs
16
15
13
8
11
9
12
Head
10
11
15
10
14
13
12
Total body
12
16
28
21
20
19
19
Lungs
23
17
24
19
21
21
Kidneys
24
22
34
15
17
19
22
Heart
18
20
34
30
18
21
24
Liver
22
19
41
19
33
25
26
Suprarenals
24
20
33
22
21
39
26
Testes
25
18
30
27
35
41
29
Thymus
31
32
43
50
25
22
34
Spleen
39
34
51
26
38
19
34
Intestinal canal
(plus contents)
Ovaries
38
29
42
42
30
47
51
33
35
43
Average of viscera
23
22
31
24
26
24
'25
TABLE 60
Coefficients of correlation of organ weights with the body weight: albino rat at different
ages. Arranged according to mean values in the last column (Jackson, '13) .
0 DAYS
7 DAYS
21 DAYS
42 DAYS
70 DAYS
150 DAYS
AVERAQB
Head
0 76
0 89
0.93
0.95
0.75
0 85
0 86
Kidneys
0.70
0.79
0.96
0.92
0.90
0.91
0 86
Liver
0.76
0.76
0.97
0.84
0.74
0.87
0.83
Lungs
0.74
0 80
0.87
0.94
0 62
0 80
Brain
0.69
0.78
0.88
0.78
Heart
0 58
0 50
0 91
0 97
0 86
0 84
0 78
Testes
0.67
0.75
0 95
0.75
0.48
0.88
0.75
Ovaries
0 73
0 64
0 82
0 81
0 75
Intestinal canal
(plus contents) . .
Thymus
0.29
0.67
0.59
0.74
0.84
0.89
0.76
0.90
0.51
-0.09
0.62
0.60
Spleen .
0 54
0 44
0 97
0 50
0.41
0.46
0 55
Eyeballs
0.67
0.52
0.67
0.31
0.22
0.32
0.45
Suprarenals
0.51
0.13
0.58
0.41
0.41
0.35
0.40
Average
0.63
0.63
0.85
0.75
0.62
0.70
0.70
WEIGHTS OF FETUSES
105
8. General Tables. The tables which are not represented by
charts in the text are usually short and have been introduced
where they are mentioned, but as a matter of convenience all of
those which are so represented are here grouped together as
general tables under the following heads :
a) . Tables for the increase in the weight of the entire body on
age. Tables 61-67.
b). Tables for the increase in the length of the tail, in the weight
of the entire body, and in the weight of several of the viscera
according to body length. Tables 68-71 (72).
9. Table 72 for the weight of the thymus — based not on body
length but on age.
10. Weight of all the viscera combined. Table 73.
11. Tables giving the values for characters other than body weight,
linked with age. Table 74.
For the most part the tables are preceded by a slight descrip-
tive heading only. Reference is made to the corresponding
charts in connection with which all the details concerning them
have been noted.
Tables showing the increase in the weight of the entire body with
age.
Growth before birth, Stotsenburg (MS '15) (p. 64), table 61.
This table duplicates table 46, but gives one additional entry.
TABLE 61
Showing the mean weights of the fetuses at ten ages during gestation and at birth.
Stotsenburg (MS '15). Chart 1
AGE IN DAYS
NUMBER OF FETUSES
AVERAGE WEIGHT OF
FETUS
RATE OF INCREASE IN
WEIGHT
13
34
grams
0 040
per cent
14
44
0 112
179
15
37
0 168
50
16
44
0 310
83
17
21
0 548
77
18
43
1 000
83
19
30
1 580
58
20
25
2 630
65
21
42
3.980
51
22
10
4 630
16
Strictly new born
37
4.680
106
GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
Growth after birth, tables 62-67.
TABLE 62
Body weight on age — both sexes. Based on records by Donaldson, Dunn and
Watson ('06) and computed from 10-865 days , by formulas (34), (S5) males; (36),
(37) females. The values for the first ten days are from direct observation,
Donaldson (MS '15). Not charted
AGE
DAYS
BODY WEIGHT
AGE
DAYS
BODY WEIGHT
AGE
DAYS
BODY -WEIGHT
AGE
DAYS
BODY WEIGHT
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
B.
4.8
4.7
33
32.8
34.4
66
94.5
89.4
99
164.3
145.1
1
5.5
5.4
34
34.1
35.7
67
97.0
91.5
100
165.8
146.2
2
5.9
5.8
35
35.4
37.0
68
99.5
93.6
3
6.4
6.3
36
36.8
38.3
69
102.1
95.8
105
172.7
151.4
4
6.9
6.8
37
38.1
39.6
70
104.7
98.0
110
179.1
156.3
5
7.6
7.5
38
39.6
40.9
115
185.2
160.9
6
8.5
8.4
39
41.0
42.3
71
107.3
100.2
120
190.9
165.2
7
9.5
9.4
40
42.5
43.7
72
110.0
102.4
125
196.2
169.2
8
10.5
10.4
73
112.7
104.7
130
201.2
173.0
9
11.8
11.6
41
44.1
45.1
74
115.5
107.0
135
206.0
176.5
10
13.5
13.0
42
45.7
46.6
75
118.3
109.3
140
210.5
179.9
43
47.3
48.1
76
121.1
111.6
145
214.7
183.1
11
13.9
13.7
44
48.9
49.6
77
124.0
114.0
150
218.7
186.1
12
14.4
14.4
45
50.6
51.1
78
126.8
116.4
13
14.9
15.1
46
52.3
52.7
79
129.8
118.8
155
222.5
188.9
14
15.5
15.8
47
54.1
54.3
80
132.8
121.3
160
226.0
191.6
15
16.1
16.5
48
55.9
55.9
165
229.4
194.2
16
16.7
17.3
49
57.7
57.5
81
134.7
122.6
170
232.6
196.5
17
17.3
18.1
50
59.6
59.2
82
136.5
124.0
175
235.7
198.8
18
18.0
18.9
83
138.4
125.4
180
238.6
201.0
19
18.7
19.8
51
61.5
60.9
84
140.2
126.8
185
241.3
203.0
20
19.5
20.7
52
63.4
62.6
85
142.0
128.1
190
243.9
204.9
53
65.4
64.3
86
143.7
129.5
195
246.3
206.7
21
20.3
21.6
54
67.4
66.1
87
145.5
130.8
200
248.6
208.4
22
21.1
22.5
55
69.5
67.9
88
147.2
132.1
23
22.0
23.4
56
71.6
69.7
89
148.9
133.4
205
250.9
210.1
24
22.9
24.4
57
73.7
71.6
90
150.5
134.6
210
253.1
211.6
25
23.9
25.4
58
75.9
73.4
215
254.9
213.1
26
24.9
26.5
59
78.1
75.3
91
152.1
135.8
220
256.8
214.4
27
25.9
27.5
60
80.3
77.3
92
153.7
137.1
225
258.6
216.8
28
27.0
28.6
93
155.3
138.3
230
260.2
217.0
29
28.1
29.7
61
82.5
79.2
94
156.9
139.4
235
261.9
218.1
30
29.2
30.9
62
84.9
81.2
95
158.4
140.6
240
263.3
219.2
63
87.2
83.2
96
160.0
141.8
245
264.8
220.3
31
30.4
32.0
64
89.6
85.2
97
161.4
142.9
250
266.1
221.2
32
31.6
33.2
65
92.0
87.3
98
162.9
144.0
BODY WEIGHT ON AGE
107
TABLE 62— Concluded
AGE
DAYS
BODY WEIGHT
AGE
DAYS
BODY WEIGHT
AGE
DAYS
BODY WEIGHT
AGE
DAYS
BODY WEIGHT
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
255
267.3
222.1
290
274.2
226.9
320
277.7
229.3
355
279.7
230.4
260
268.5
223.0
295
274.9
227.4
325
278.1
229.5
360
279.8
230.4
265
269.6
223.7
300
275.5
227.9
330
278.5
229.8
365
279.9
230.4
270
270.7
224.5
335
278.8
229.9
275
271.6
225.1
305
276.2
228.3
340
279.1
230.1
280
272.5
225.8
310
276.8
228.7
345
279.3
230.2
285
273.4
226.4
315
277.2
229.0
350
279.6
230.3
108
GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
TABLE 63
Body weight on age. Male Albinos unmated. Chicago colony. Donaldson, Dunn
and Watson, ('06) . The records for the first ten days as given in the original table
are here omitted. Those values may be obtained from table 62. In addition to
the average values the highest and lowest are also given. See graph A in chart 2
AGE IX DAYS
BODY WEIGHT IN GRAMS
NUMBER OF
ANIMALS
Average
Lowest
Highest
11
13.3
14.8
15.3
15.2
16.5
17.8
19.5
21.2
22.9
25.3
27.4
29.5
31.8
34.9
37.8
42.2
46.3
50.5
56.7
62.5
68.5
73.9
81.7
89.1
99.3
106.6
113.8
121.3
128.2
135.0
143.8
148.4
152.3
160.0
168.8
177.6
183.8
13.0
11.4
14.1
14.0
12.5
13.9
15.2
14.6
17.9
19.0
19.8
22.1
25.9
27.4
28.5
30.8
33.7
35.9
38.9
39.8
40.6
45.1
49.0
52.7
57.7
71.2
71.4
89.8
97.0
105.1
117.0
124.5
124.0
124.0
120.0
120.0
125.0
13.6
19.5
16.0
17.6
22.4
24.0
26.0
30.1
32.5
35.8
38.3
39.3
41.2
43.3
48.0
52.2
62.4
66.2
73.9
82.5
87.5
100.1
116.6
129.6
140.2
148.5
152.4
157.5
161.2
165.5
168.5
174.0
179.6
180.7
192.2
206.0
215.6
4
6
5
6
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
12
13
14
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
34
37
40
43
46
49
52
55
58
61
64
67
70
73 ....
76
79 ...
82
85
88
92
97
102
107
112..
BODY WEIGHT ON AGE
109
TABLE 63— Concluded
AGE IN DATS
BODY WEIGHT IX GRAMS
NUMBER OF
ANIMALS
Average
Lowest
Highest
117
191.4
197.3
202.5
209.7
218.3
225.4
227.0
231.4
235.8
239.4
239.8
252.9
265.4
279.0
308.5
130.0
123.0
132.4
145.6
155.5
162.4
162.4
159.0
165.2
167.9
176.0
190.5
190.5
203.6
285.0
223.0
238.2
249.2
248.4
259.4
268.2
271.4
271.8
289.0
291.2
294.0
294.5
310.0
320.0
375.6
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
17
17
17
15
10
10
6
6
124
131
138
143
150
157
164
171
178
185
216
256
365
730
110
GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
TABLE 64
Body weight on age. Female albinos unmated. Values for 'mated1 computed (Watson
'05) Chicago colony. Donaldson, Dunn and Watson, ('06). The records for
the first ten days as given in the original table are here omitted. Those values
may be obtained from table 62. In addition to the average values the highest and
lowest are also given. See graph A, in chart 8.
AGE IN DAYS
BOOT WEIGHT IN GRAMS
NUMBER OF
ANIMALS
Average
Lowest
Highest
11
12.8
15.1
15.1
15.6
17.7
19.2
20.6
22.6
24.9
27.4
30.0
31.4
32.9
35.7
39.6
43.7
47.9
52.0
57.7
62.9
68.4
74.6
78.4
85.8
96.0
99.8
105.6
110.4
118.8
124.7
131.5 mated
136.0
139.6 139.8
145.9 146.3
152.4 153.1
154.9 155.8
160.2 161.4
12.1
13.6
14.7
13.5
13.1
15.1
16.9
16.1
17.3
20.8
23.9
24.0
26.3
26.4
29.8'
30.6
35.0
41.4
42.0
41.7
49.8
53.6
56.2
57.5
71.2
79.0
80.2
89.6
97.7
101.0
105.0 mated
115.6
118.7 118.9
119.6 120.0
124.6 125.2
129.6 130.3
138.5 139.5
13.6
17.7
16.0
18.1
23.2
24.5
27.0
30.1
33.3
36.0
38.5
39.0
42.8
44.1
47.4
52.4
60.7
63.0
69.2
74.8
80.7
86.6
96.7
106.8
114.1
122.6
126.5
131.6
136.0
139.2
143.2 mated
157.4
161.4 161.6
174.5 175.0
185.7 186.5
191.4 192.5
193.6 195.0
2
5
5
5
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
16
16
16
13
13
13
12
12
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
12
13
14
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
34
37
40
43
46
49
52 .........
55
58
61
64
67
70
73
76
79
82
85
88
92
97
102
107
112
BODY WEIGHT ON AGE
TABLE 94— Concluded
111
AGE IN DAYS
BODY WEIGHT IN GRAMS
NUMBER OF
ANIMALS
Average
Lowest
Highest
117
166.5 168.0
170.7 172.6
178.6 181.0
182.2 185.0
183.4 186.6
184.6 188.2
184.0 188.0
185.1 189.5
187.4 192.2
191.7 197.0
194.2 200.0
195.9 202.2
226.4
142.5 143.8
146.4 148.0
151.2 153.0
151.0 153.3
154.0 156.7
153.7 156.7
154.9 158.2
154.0 157.6
154.0 158.0
153.0 157.2
152.0 156.6
155.0 160.0
171.4
199.0 200.8
206.7 209.0
214.7 217.5
210.2 213.4
219.4 223.4
220.7 225.0
217.6 222.4
215.0 220.1
210.0 215.4
215.0 221.0
215.0 221.4
217.0 224.0
280.0
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11.
11
11
11
11
7
124
131
138
143
150
157
164
171
178
185
192
365
112
GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
TABLE 65
Increase in the body weight of the albino rat with age, based on a personal communi-
cation, Ferry ('IS). New Haven Colony. See graphs B and B1 Chart 2, and
B, Chart S
BODY WEIGHT
Males
(1)
Females
»)
10
grams
14 6
grams
13
20
22.3
25
30
35.3
38
40
51.7
54
50
73.1
73
60
96.8
89
70
113 6
100
80
127.7
105
90
143.7
115
100
157.3
120
110
168.3
125
120
180.8
133
130
190.4
137
140
197.4
146
150
208 3
150
160
211.9
Males.
152
170
218.3
158
180
225 7
160
190
233.5
(2)
164
200
243.1
168
210
254.0
169
220
253.3
262.0
172
230
264.0
172
240
268.2
270.0
172
250
272.0
170
260
259.1
276.0
171
270. ...
280.0
173
280
265.2
287.0
176
300
267.4
Column 1, males, includes some rats declining in body weight after 200 days.
Column 2, males, contains values from the normal growth curve (New Haven
series).
Column 3, females, contains values read directly from normal growth curve,
New Haven.
VARIATION IN BODY WEIGHT
113
TABLE 66
Giving the number of animals used by Ferry, ('18) in computing her growth table 65,
for the rats at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station in New Haven.
(Personal Communication).
In both groups the maximum number of observations was made at SO days of age
MALES
FEMALES
Age in days
Number of rats
Age in days
Number of rats
20- 80
47-81
20- 90
39-68
90-170
30-40
100-160
20-37
180-210
18-27
170-190
11-14
220-280
6-12
200-280
6- 8
TABLE 67
Giving the increase in body weight with age — stock Albinos. Mean of two series —
King (MS '15) and giving also the coefficients of variation with their probable er-
rors. The Wistar Institute Colony. See graph C, Charts 2 and S, and Chart 4-
Age in
days
No.
individuals
Average
bd. wt.
Coefficient of
variation
No.
individuals
Average
bd. wt.
Coefficient of
variation
grams
grams
13
50
17.2
11.8±0.795
50
15.7
11.4±0.768
30
50
48.5
10.2±0.687
50
45.7
11.0±0.741
60
50
122.9
17. 0± 1.140
50
107.1
15. 7=*= 1.050
90
50
184.8
14.8±0.998
39
148.0
12.5±0.951
120
50
223.2
13.4±0.903
42
173.4
10.3±0.755
151
50
244.8
13.3±0.896
45
186.3
10.4±0.735
182
50
258.4
14.2±1.220
42
196.5
12.3±0.903
212
48
268.0
14.0±0.964
42
197.3
12.4±0.910
243
44
279.7
13.9±0.998
43
209.6
12.6±0.910
273
41
280.9
13.4±0.997
38
210.8
11.5±0.890
304
36
296.1
14.0±1.110
38
219.1
10.3±0.795
334
33
300.8
13. 7± 1.130
35
222.4
10.8±0.870
365
28
306.1
13.0±1.160
31
223.1
10.7±0.910
395
24
314.1
12.6±1.220
31
220.5
11.5±0.984
425
23
312.2
13. 4± 1.320
30
215.8
10.9±0.944
455
15
323.9
13.6=tl.670
18
220.2
8.9±0.998
485
12
326.0
15.0^2.060
13
234.7
13. 4± 1.770
114 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
The four tables 68, 69, 70 and 71 which follow have been worked
out on the basis of body length by the use of the appropriate
formulas. The details touching the organs represented, as well
as the corresponding graphs, are to be found in the earlier para-
graphs of this chapter. The values for the body weights are
repeated in each table.
Weights of viscera combined. Using the data in tables 68-
71 (72) the total weight of the viscera — brain, spinal cord, both
eyeballs, heart, both kidneys, liver, spleen, both lungs, alimen-
tary tract, both testes, both ovaries, hypophysis, both supra-
renals, thyroid and thymus (given separately) — has been entered
after the total body weight at each millimeter of body length
and for each sex. For obvious reasons the weight of the total
blood (see table 70) has not been included.
For the thymus, the weight of which is most closely correlated
with age, the following procedure has been employed. Using
table 62 for the values for the body weights at given ages, the
relation between age, body weight and thymus weight has been
directly tabulated, and using these data as a basis, the values
of the thymus for the body weight — which is assumed to be nor-
mal to the age — have been determined as given in table 73.
Owing to the manner in which they have been obtained, it has
seemed best to give the thymus values in a separate column.
The entries for the thymus cease after a body length of 221 mm.
for males and 198 mm. for females, as these mark the limit of the
data in table 62. But in animals of this size or larger, the value
for the thymus has become very small both absolutely and
relatively.
Tables giving characters which depend primarily on age.
Table 74 gives the percentage of water in the brain and in the
spinal cord for each sex from birth to 365 days. These values
have been computed by formulas (40) , (41) and (42) . The graphs
corresponding to these data for the males are given in chart 26.
WEIGHTS OF ORGANS ON BODY LENGTH
115
TABLE 68
Giving for each sex the tail length and the weights of the brain, spinal cord and both
eyeballs for each millimeter of body length. See Charts 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
MALES
FEMALES
Body
length
Tail
length
Body
weight
Weight
in gms.
Both
eye-
balls
Tail
length
Body
weight
Weight
in gms.
Both
eye-
balls
Brain
Spinal
cord
Brain
Spinal
cord
mm.
mm.
gms.
gma.
mm.
gms.
gms.
47
14.9
4.9
0.226
0.033
0.029
15.4
4.7
0.211
0.033
0.028
48
15.8
4.9
0.226
0.033
0.029
16.6
4.7
0.214
0.033
0.028
49
16.9
5.0
0.232
0.034
0.030
17.8
4.9
0.217
0.034
0.029
50
18.0
5.1
0.238
0.034
0.031
19.0
5.0
0.222
0.035
0.029
51
19.2
5.2
0.252
0.035
0.031
20.2
5.1
0.227
0.035
0.030
52
20.4
5.3
0.266
0.036
0.032
21.5
5.3
0.255
0.036
0.032
53
21.6
5.4
0.280
0.037
0.033
22.7
5.5
0.283
0.038
0.034
54
22.7
5.6
0.300
0.038
0.034
23.9
5.8
0.323
0.041
0.036
55
23.9
5.8
0.320
0.040
0.036
25.2
6.2
0.361
0.044
0.039
56
25.0
6.1
0.358
0.043
0.039
26.4
6.5
0.398
0.048
0.041
57
26.2
6.. 4
0.395
0.046
0.041
27.6
6.9
0.433
0.051
0.044
58
27.3
6.8
0.431
0.049
0.044
28.8
7.2
0.468
0.054
0.046
59
28.5
7.1
0.465
0.052
0.046
30.0
7.6
0.500
0.057
0.049
60
29.6
7.5
0.498
0.055
0.048
31.2
8.0
0.532
0.061
0.051
61
30.7
7.9
0.530
0.059
0.050
32.3
8.4
0.564
0.064
0.053
62
31.9
8.2
0.561
0.062
0.052
33.5
8.7
0.594
0.068
0.055
63
33.0
8.6
0.591
0.065
0.054
34.7
9.1
0.624
0.071
0.057
64
34.1
9.0
0.621
0.068
0.056
35.9
9.5
0.652
0.074
0.059
65
35.2
9.4
0.650
0.071
0.058
37.0
9.9
0.679
0.077
0.061
66
36.3
9.8
0.678
0.075
0.060
38.2
10.3
0.703
0.081
0.063
67
37.4
10.1
0.695
0.078
0.062
39.4
10.8
0.726
0.084
0.065
68
38.5
10.6
0.711
0.081
0.064
40.5
11.2
0.772
0.088
0.067
69
39.6
11.0
0.761
0.084
0.066
41.7
11.6
0.811
0.091
0.068
70
40.7
11.4
0.803
0.088
0.068
42.8
12.0
0.846
0.095
0.070
71
41.8
11.8
0.840
0.091
0.069
43.9
12.5
0.876
0.098
0.072
72
42.9
12.2
0.872
0.094
0.071
45.1
12.9
0.904
0.101
0.073
73
44.0
12.7
0.901
0.098
0.073
46.2
13.4
0.929
0.105
0.075
74
45.1
13.1
0.928
0.101
0.074
47.3
13.9
0.952
0.108
0.077
75
46.2
13.6
0.952
0.104
0.076
48.5
14.3
0.974
0.112
0.078
76
47.2
14.0
0.974
0.107
0.077
49.6
14.8
0.994
0.115
0.080
77
48.3
14.5
0.995
0.111
0.079
50.7
15.3
1.013
0.119
0.082
78
49.4
15.0
1.015
0.114
0.081
51.8
15.8
1.031
0.122
0.083
79
50.4
15.4
1.033
0.117
0.082
52.9
16.3
1.047
0.126
0.085
80
51.5
15.9
1.051
0.121
0.084
54.0
16.8
1.064
0.129
0.086
116
GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
TABLE 68— Continued
MALES
FEMALES
Body
length
Tail
length
Body
weight
Weight in gms.
Both
eye-
balls
Tail
length
Body
weight
Weight in gms.
Both
eye-
balls
Brain
Spinal
cord
Brain
Spinal
cord
mm.
mm.
gms.
gms.
mm.
gms.
gms.
81
52.6
16.4
1.067
0.124
0.
085
55.1
17.3
1.079
0.133
0.088
82
53.6
16.9
1.083
0.128
0.
087
56.3
17.9
1.093
0.136
0.089
83
54.7
17.4
1.098
0.131
0.
088
57.4
18.4
1.107
0.140
0.091
84
55.7
18.0
1.112
0.134
0.
090
58.5
19.0
1.121
0.143
0.093
85
56.8
18.5
1.126
0.138
0.
091
59.5
19.5
1.134
0.147
0.094
86
57.8
19.0
1.139
0.141
0.
093
60.6
20.1
1.146
0.150
0.095
87
58.9
19.6
1.152
0.144
0.
094
61.7
20.7
1.159
0.154
0.097
88
59.9
20.1
1.165
0.148
0.
095
62.8
21.2
1.170
0.158
0.098
89
61.0
20.7
1.177
0.151
0
097
63.9
21.8
1.181
0.161
0.100
90
62.0
21.3
1.188
0.155
0
098
65.0
22.4
1.193
0.165
0.101
91
63.0
21.9
1.200
0.158
0
100
66.1
23.1
1.203
0.168
0.103
92
64.1
22.4
1.211
0.162
0
101
67.2
23.7
1.214
0.172
0.104
93
65.1
23.0
1.221
0.165
0
102
68.2
24.3
1.224
0.176
0.105
94
66.2
23.7
1.231
0.168
0
.104
69.3
25.0
1.234
0.179
0.107
95
67.2
24.3
1.242
0.172
0
105
70.4
25.6
1.244
0.183
0.108
96
68.2
24.9
1.252
0.175
0
107
71.4
26.3
1.253
0.186
0.109
97
69.2
25.6
1.261
0.179
0
108
72.5
27.0
1.262
0.190
0.111
98
70.3
26.2
1.271
0.182
0
109
73.6
27.7
1.271
0.194
0.112
99
71.3
26.9
1.280
0.186
0
.111
74.6
28.4
1.280
0.197
0.114
100
72.3
27.5
1.289
0.189
0.112
75.7
29.1
1.289
0.201
0.115
101
73.3
28.2
1.298
0.193
0
.113
76.8
29.8
1.298
0.205
0.116
102
74.3
28.9
1.307
0.197
0
.115
77.8
30.5
1.306
0.209
0.118
103
75.4
29.6
1.315
0.200
0
.116
78.9
31.3
1.314
0.212
0.119
104
76.4
30.3
1.323
0.204
0
.117
79.9
32.0
1.322
0.216
0.120
105
77.4
31.1
1.332
0.207
0
.119
81.0
32.8
1.330
0.220
0.122
106
78.4
31.8
1.340
0.211
0
.120
82.0
33.6
1.338
0.223
0.123
107
79.4
32.5
1.348
0.214
0
.121
83.1
34.4
1.346
0.227
0.124
108
80.4
33.3
1.356
0.218
0
.123
84.1
35.2
1.354
0.231
0.126
109
81.4
34.1
1.363
0.221
0
.124
85.2
36.0
1.361
0.235
0.127
110
82.4
34.9
1.371
0.225
0
.125
86.2
36.9
1.368
0.238
0.128
111
83.4
35.7
1.378
0.228
0
.126
87.3
37.7
1.376
0.242
0.1,30
112
84.4
36.5
1.386
0.232
0
.128
88.3
38.6
1.383
0.246
0.131
113
85.4
37.3
1.393
0.236
0
.129
89.4
39.5
1.390
0.250
0.132
114
86.4
38.2
1.400
0.239
0
.130
90.4
40.3
1.397
0.253
0.134
115
87.4
39.0
1.407
0.243
0
.132
91.4
41.3
1.404
0.257
0.135
116
88.4
39.9
1.414
0.246
0
.133
92.5
42.2
1.411
0.261
0.136
WEIGHTS OF ORGANS ON BODY LENGTH
117
TABLE 68— Continued
MALES
FEMALES
Body
length
Tail
length
Body
weight
Weight in gms.
Both
eye-
balls
Tail
length
Body
weight
Weight in gms.
Both
eye-
balls
Brain
Spinal
cord
Brain
Spinal
cord
mm.
mm.
gms.
gms.
mm.
gms.
gms.
117
89.4
40.8
1.421
0.250
0.
134
93.5
43.1
1.418
0.265
0.138
118
90.4
41.6
1.428
0.254
0.
136
94.5
44.1
1.424
0.268
0.139
119
91.4
42.6
1.435
0.257
0.
137
95.6
45.0
1.431
0.272
0.140
120
92.4
43.5
1.442
0.261
0.
138
96.6
46.0
1.438
0.276
0.142
121
93.4
44.4
1.448
0.265
0.
140
97.6
47.0
1.444
0.280
0.143
122
94.4
45.4
1.455
0.268
0.
141
98.7
48.0
1.450
0.284
0.144
123
95.4
46.3
1.461
0.272
0.
142
99.7
49.1
1.457
0.287
0.146
124
96.4
47.3
1.468
0.276
0.
143
100.7
50.1
1.463
0.291
0.147
125
97.4
48.3
1.474
0.279
0.
145
101.7
51.2
1.469
0.295
0.148
126
98.4
49.3
1.480
0.283
0.
146
102.8
52.3
1.476
0.299
0.150
127
99.3
50.4
1.487
0.287
0
147
103.8
53.4
1.482
0.303
0.151
128
100.3
51.4
1.493
0.290
0.
149
104.8
54.5
1.488
0.307
0.153
129
101.3
52.5
1.499
0.294
0,
150
105.8
55.6
1.494
0.310
0.154
130
102.3
53.6
1.505"
0.297
Q,
151
106.8
56.8
1.500
0.314
0.155
131
103.3
54.7
1.511
0.301
0
153
107.9
58.0
1.506
0.318
0.157
132
104.2
55.8
1.517
0.305
0.
154
108.9
59.2
1.512
0.322
0.158
133
105.2
56.9
1.523
0.309
0
155
109.9
60.4
1.518
0.326
0.159
134
106.2
58.1
1.529
0.312
0
.157
110.9
61.6
1.523
0.330
0.161
135
107.2
59.3
1.535
0.316
0
158
111.9
62.9
1.529
0.334
0.162
136
108.2
60.5
1.541
0.320
0.
160
112.9
64.2
1.535
0.338
0.164
137
109.1
61.7
1.546
0.323
0
161
114.0
65.5
1.540
0.341
0.165
138
110.1
62.9
1.552
0.327
0
.162
115.0
66.8
1.546
0.345
0.166
139
111.1
64.1
1.558
0.331
0
.164
116.0
68.1
1.552
0.349
0.168
140
112.1
65.4
1.563
0.335
0
.165
117.0
69.5
1.557
0.353
0.169
141
113.0
66.7
1.569
0.338
0
.166
118.0
70.9
1.563
0.357
0.171
142
114.0
68.0
1.575
0.342
0
.168
119.0
72.3
1.568
0.361
0.172
143
115.0
69.3
1.580
0.346
0
.169
120.0
73.7
1.574
0.365
0.174
144
115.9
70.7
1.586
0.349
0
.171
121.0
75.2
1.579
0.369
0.175
145
116.9
72.1
1.591
0.353
0
.172
122.0
76.7
1.585
0.373
0.177
146
117.9
73.5
1.597
0.357
0
.173
123.0
78.2
1.590
0.377
0.178
147
118.8
74.9
1.602
0.361
0
.175
124.0
79.7
1.595
0.380
0.180
148
119.8
76.3
1.607
0.365
0
.176
125.0
81.3
1.601
0.384
0.181
149
120.8
77.8
1.613
0.368
0
.178
126.0
82.8
1.606
0.388
0.182
150
121.7
79.3
1.618
0.372
0
.179
127.0
84.4
1.611
0.392
0.184
151
122.7
80.8
1.623
0.376
0
.181
128.0
86.1
1.616
0.396
0.186
152
123.7
82.4
1.629
0.380
0
.182
129.0
87.7
1.622
0.400
0.187
118
GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
TABLE 68— Continued
MALES
FEMALES
Body
length
Tail
length
Body
weight
Weight in gms.
Both
eye-
balls
Tail
length
Body
weight
Weight in gms.
Both
eye-
balls
Brain
Spinal
cord
Brain
Spinal
cord
mm.
mm.
gma.
gms.
mm.
gms.
gms.
153
124.6
83.9
1.634
0.383
0.183
130.
0
89.4
1.627
0.404
0.189
154
125.6
85.5
1.639
0.387
0.185
131.
0
91.1
1.632
0.408
0.190
155
126.5
87.1
1.644
0.391
0.186
132.0
92.9
1.637
0.412
0.192
156
127.5
88.7
1.649
0.395
0.188
133.
0
94.6
1.642
0.416
0.193
157
128.5
90.4
1.654
0.398
0.189
134.
0
96.4
1.647
0.420
0.195
158
129.4
92.1
1.659
0.402
0.191
135.
0
98.3
1.652
0.424
0.196
159
130.4
93.8
1.664
0.406
0.192
136
0
100.1
1.657
0.428
0.198
160
131.3
95.6
1.670
0.410
0.194
137
0
102.0
1.662
0.432
0.200
161
132.3
97.3
1.675
0.414
0.196
137
,9
103.9
1.667
0.436
0.201
162
133.3
99.2
1.680
0.417
0.197
138
.9
105.9
1.672
0.440
0.203
163
134.2
101.0
1.685
0.421
0.199
139
.9
107.9
1.677
0.444
0.204
164
135.2
102.8
1.690
0.425
0.200
140
.9
109.9
1.682
0.448
0.206
165
136.1
104.7
1.695
0.429
0.202
141
.9
111.9
1.687
0.452
0.208
166
137.1
106.7
1.699
0.433
0.203
142
.9
114.0
1.692
0.456
0.209
167
138.0
108.6
1.704
0.436
0.205
143
.9
116.1
1.697
0.460
0.211
168
139.0
110.6
1.709
0.440
0.207
144
.9
118.3
1.702
0.464
0.213
169
139.9
112.6
1.714
0.444
0.208
145
.9
120.5
1.707
0.468
0.215
170
140.9
114.8
1.719
0.448
0.210
146
.8
122.7
1.711
0.472
0.216
171
141.8
116.7
1.724
0.452
0.212
147
.8
125.0
1.716
0.476
0.218
172
142.8
118.9
1.729
0.456
0.213
148
.8
127.3
1.721
0.480
0.220
173
143.7
121.0
1.734
0.459
0.215
149
.8
129.6
1.726
0.484
0.222
174
144.7
123.2
1.738
0.463
0.217
150
.8
132.0
1.731
0.488
0.223
175
145.6
125.4
1.743
0.467
0.218
151
.8
134.4
1.735
0.492
0.225
176
146.6
127.7
1.748
0.471
0.220
152
.7
136.8
1.740
0.496
0.227
177
147.5
130.0
1.753
0.475
0.222
153
.7
139.3
1.745
0.500
0.229
178
148.5
132.3
1.757
0.479
0.224
154
.7
141.9
1.750
0.504
0.231
179
149.4
134.6
1.762
0.483
0.225
155
.7
144.4
1.754
0.508
0.232
180
150.4
137.0
1.767
0.486
0.227
156
.7
147.1
1.759
0.512
0.234
181
151.3
139.5
1.771
0.490
0.229
157
.6
149.7
1.764
0.516
0.236
182
152.3
142.0
1.776
0.494
0.231
158
.6
152.4
1.768
0.520
0.238
183
153.2
144.5
1.781
0.498
0.233
159
.8
155.2
1.773
0.524
0.240
184
154.1
147.0
1.785
0.502
0.234
160
.6
158.0
1.778
0.528
0.242
185
155.1
149.6
1.790
0.506
0.236
161
.5
160.8
1.782
0.532
0.244
186
156.0
152.3
1.795
0.510
0.238
162
.5
163.7
1.787
0.536
0.246
187
157.0
155.0
1.799
0.513
0.240
163
.5
166.6
1.791
0.540
0.248
188
157.9
157.7
1.804
0.517
0.242
164.5
169.6
1.796
0.544
0.250
WEIGHTS OF ORGANS ON BODY LENGTH
119
TABLE 68— Continued
MALES
FEMALES
Body
length
Tail
length
Body
weight
Weight in gms.
Both
eye-
balls
Tail
length
Body
weight
Weight in gms.
Both
eye-
balls
Brain
Spinal
cord
Brain
Spinal
cord
mm.
mm.
gms. •
gms.
mm.
gms.
gms.
189
158.9
160.5
1.808
0.521
0.244
165
4
172.6
1.801
0.548
0.252
190
159.8
163.3
1.813
0.525
0.246
166
4
175.7
1.805
0.552
0.254
191
160.7
166.2
1.818
0.529
0.248
167
,4
178.8
1.810
0.556
0.256
192
161.7
169.1
1.822
0.533
0.250
168
,4
182.0
1.814
0.560
0.258
193
162.6
172.0
1.827
0.537
0.252
169
3
185.2
1.819
0.564
0.261
194
163.6
175.0
1.831
0.541
0.254
170
.3
188.5
1.823
0.569
0.263
195
164.5
178.1
1.836
0.545
0.256
171
,3
191.9
1.828
0.573
0.265
196
165.4
181.2
1.840
0.548
0.258
172
.2
195.3
1.832
0.577
0.267
197
166.4
184.3
1.845
0.552
0.260
173
.2
198.7
1.837
0.581
0.269
198
167.3
187.5
1.849
0.556
0.262
174
.2
202.2
1.841
0.585
0.272
199
168.3
190.8
1.854
0.560
0.264
175
.1
205.8
1.846
0.589
0.274
200
169.2
194.1
1.858
0.564
0.266
176
.1
209.4
1.850
0.593
0.276
201
170.1
197.4
1.863
0.568
0.268
177
.1
213.1
1.855
0.597
0.278
202
171.1
200.8
1.867
0.572
0.271
178
.0
216.8
1.859
0.601
0.281
203
172.0
204.3
1.872
0.576
0.273
179
.0
220.7
1.864
0.605
0.283
204
172.9
207.8
1.876
0.579
0.275
180
.0
224.5
1.868
0.609
0.286
205
173.9
211.4
1.880
0.583
0.277
180
.9
228.4
1.872
0.613
0.288
206
174.8
215.0
1.885
0.587
0.280
181
.9
232.4
1.877
0.617
0.290
207
175.7
218.7
1.889
0.591
0.282
182.9
236.5
1.881
0.621
0.293
208
176.7
222.5
1.894
0.595
0.284
183
.8
240.6
1.886
0.625
0.295
209
177.6
226.3
1.898
0.599
0.288
184
.8
244.8
1.890
0.630
0.298
210
178.5
230.2
1.903
0.603
0.289
185
.8
249.1
1.894
0.634
0.301
211
179.5
234.1
1.907
0.607
0.291
186
.7
253.4
1.899
0.638
0.303
212
180.4
238.1
1.911
0.611
0.294
187
.7
257.8
1.903
0.642
0.306
213
181.3
242.2
1.916
0.615
0.296
188
.7
262.3
1.908
0.646
0.308
214
182.3
246.3
1.920
0.619
0.299
189
.6
266.9
1.912
0.650
0.311
215
183.2
250.5
1.924
0.623
0.301
190.6
271.5
1.916
0.654
0.314
216
184.1
254.7
1.929
0.626
0.304
191
.5
276.2
1.921
0.658
0.317
217
185.0
259.1
1.933
0.630
0.306
192
.5
281.0
1.925
0.662
0.319
218
186.0
263.5
1.937
0.634
0.309
193
.5
285.8
1.929
0.666
0.322
219
186.9
267.9
1.942
0.638
0.312
194
.4
290.8
1.934
0.670
0.325
220
187.8
272.5
1.946
0.642
0.314
195
.4
295.8
1.938
0.675
0.328
221
188.8
277.1
1.950
0.646
0.317
196
.3
300.9
1.942
0.679
0.331
222
189.7
281.8
1.955
0.650
0.320
197
.3
306.1
1.947
0.683
0.334
223
190.6
286.5
1.959
0.654
0.322
198
.3
311.3
1.951
0.687
0.337
120
GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
TABLE 68— Concluded
MALES
FEMALES
Body
length
Tail
length
Body
weight
Weight in gms.
Both
eye-
balls
Tail
length
Body
weight
Weight in gms.
Both
eye-
balls
Brain
Spinal
cord
Brain
Spinal
cord
mm.
mm.
gms.
gms.
mm.
gms.
Qma.
224
191.5
291.4
1.963
0.658
0.325
199.
2
316.7
1.955
0.691
0.340
225
192.5
296.3
1.968
0.662
0.328
200.
2
322.1
1.960
0.695
0.343
226
193.4
301.3
1.972
0.666
0.331
201.
1
327.7
1.964
0.699
0.346
227
194.3
306.4
1.976
0.670
0.334
202.
1
333.3
1.968
0.703
0.349
228
195.3
311.5
1.981
0.673
0.337
203.
0
339.0
1.972
0.707
0.352
229
196.2
316.8
1.985
0.677
0.340
204.
0
344.8
1.977
0.712
0.355
230
197.1
322.1
1.989
0.681
0.343
205.
0
350.7
1.981
0.716
0.359
231
198.0
327.5
1.993
0.685
0.346
205.
9
356.7
1.985
0.720
0.362
232
198.9
333.0
1.998
0.689
0.349
206.
9
362.8
1.989
0.724
0.365
233
199.9
338.6
2.002
0.693
0.352
207.
8
369.0
1.994
0.728
0.369
234
200.8
344.3
2.006
0.697
0.355
208
8
375.3
1.998
0.732
0.372
235
201.7
350.0
2.010
0.701
0.358
209,
.7
381.7
2.002
0.736
0.375
236
202.6
355.9
2.014
0.705
0.361
210
7
388.2
2.006
0.740
0.379
237
203.6
361.9
2.019
0.709
0.365
211
6
394.9
2.011
0.744
0.383
238
204.5
367.9
2.023
0.713
0.368
212
6
401.6
2.015
0.749
0.386
239
205.4
374.1
2.027
0.717
0.371
213
.5
408.4
2.019
0.753
0.390
240
206.3
380.3
2.031
0.721
0.375
214.5
415.4
2.023
0.757
0.393
241
207.3
386.6
2.036
0.725
0.378
215
.4
422.4
2.028
0.761
0.397
242
208.2
393.1
2.040
0.729
0.382
216
.4
429.6
2.032
0.765
0.401
243
209.1
399.6
2.044
0.733
0.385
217
.3
436.9
2.036
0.769
0.405
244
210.0
406.3
2.048
0.737
0.389
218
.3
444.3
2.040
0.773
0.409
245
210.9
413.1
2.052
0.741
0.392
219
.2
451.9
2.044
0.777
0.413
246
211.9
419.9
2.057
0.745
0.396
220
.2
459.5
2.049
0.782
0.417
247
212.8
426.9
2.061
0.748
0.400
221
.1
467.3
2.053
0.786
0.421
248
213.7
434.0
2.065
0.752
0.403
222
.1
475.2
2.057
0.790
0.425
249
214.6
441.2
2.069
0.756
0.407
223
.1
483.3
2.061
0.794
0.429
250
215.5
448.5
2.073
0.760
0.411
224
.0
491.5
2.065
0.798
0.433
WEIGHTS OF ORGANS ON BODY LENGTH
121
TABLE 69
Giving for each sex the weights of body, heart, both kidneys, liver and spleen — for
each millimeter of body length. See Charts 11, 12, 18 and 14
MALES
FEMALES
Body
length
Body
weight
Heart
Both
kidneys
Liver
Spleen
Body
weight
Heart
Both
kidneys
Liver
Spleen
mm.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
47
4.9
0.031
0.046
0.21
0.009
4.7
0.030
0.
046
0.20
0.008
48
4.9
0.031
0.047
0.21
0.009
4.7
0.030
0.
046
0.20
0.008
49
5.0
0.032
0.048
0.22
0.009
4.9
0.032
0
048
0.21
0.009
50
5.1
0.033
0.049
0.22
0.009
5.0
0.033
0.
050
0.22
0.009
51
5.2
0.033
0.052
0.22
0.010
5.1
0.034
0.052
0.23
0.009
52
5.3
0.034
0.055
0.23
0.010
5.3
0.035
0
055
0.23
0.009
53
5.4
0.035
0.058
0.23
0.010
5.5
0.036
0
062
0.24
0.011
54
5.6
0.036
0.064
0.24
0.011
5.8
0.038
0
070
0.25
0.012
55
5.8
0.038
0.070
0.25
0.012
6.2
0.042
0
.081
0.27
0.014
56
6.1
0.041
0.078
0.26
0.014
6.5
0.044
0
.088
0.28
0.015
57
6.4
0.043
0.086
0.28
0.015
6.9
0.047
0
.097
0.30
0.017
58
6.8
0.046
0.095
0.29
0.017
7.2
0.049
0
103
0.32
0.018
59
7.1
0.049
0.101
0.31
0.018
7.6
0.052
0
.112
0.34
0.020
60
7.5
0.052
0.110
0.33
0.020
8.0
0.056
0
.119
0.36
0.022
61
7.9
0.055
0.117
0.35
0.021
8.4
0.058
0
.127
0.38
0.023
62
8.2
0.057
0.123
0.37
0.023
8.7
0.061
0
.132
0.40
0.025
63
8.6
0.060
0.130
0.40
0.024
9.1
0.064
0
.139
0.43
0.026
64
9.0
0.063
0.137
0.42
0.026
9.5
0.067
0
.145
0.45
0.028
65
9.4
0.066
0.143
0.45
0.027
9.9
0.069
0
.151
0.48
0.029
66
9.8
0.069
0.150
0.48
0.029
10.3
0.072
0
157
0.52
0.031
67
10.1
0.071
0.154
0.50
0.030
10.8
0.076
0
,165
0.59
0.033
68
10.6
0.074
0.162
0.56
0.032
11.2
0.079
0
171
0.63
0.034
69
11.0
0.077
0.168
0.61
0.033
11.6
0.081
0
.176
0.68
0.036
70
11.4
0.080
0.173
0.66
0.035
12.0
0.084
0
.182
0.73
0.037
71
11.8
0.083
0.179
0.71
0.036
12.5
0.087
0
.188
0.79
0.039
72
12.2
0.085
0.184
0.75
0.038
12.9
0.090
0
.194
0.83
0.040
73
12.7
0.089
0.191
0.81
0.039
13.4
0.093
0
.200
0.89
0.042
74
13.1
0.091
0.194
0.85
0.041
13.9
0.097
0
.206
0.94
0.044
75
13.6
0.095
0.203
0.91
0.042
14.3
0.099
0
.211
0.98
0.045
76
14.0
0.097
0.207
0.95
0.044
14.8
0.102
0
.217
1.03
0.047
77
14.5
0.100
0.214
1.00
0.046
15.3
0.105
0
223
1.09
0.048
78
15.0
0.104
0.220
1.06
0.047
15.8
0.109
0
.229
1.14
0.050
79
15.4
0.106
0.224
1.10
0.049
16.3
0.112
0
.235
1.19
0.051
80
15.9
0.109
0.230
1.15
0.050
16.8
0.115
0
.241
1.24
0.053
122
GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
TABLE 69— Continued
MALES
FEMALES
Body
length
Body
weight
Heart
Both
kidneys
Liver
Spleen
Body
weight
Heart
Both
kidneys
Liver
Spleen
am.
I/IIIX.
gms.
gins.
gms.
firm*.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
81
16.4
0.112
0.236
1.20
0
052
17.3
0.118
0.246
1.28
0.055
82
16.9
0.115
0.242
1.24
n
053
17.9
0.121
0.253
1.34
0.057
83
17.4
0.118
0.247
1.29
0
055
18.4
0.124
0.258
1.39
0.058
84
18.0
0.122
0.254
1.35
0
.057
19.0
0.128
0.265
1.44
0.060
85
18.5
0.125
0.259
1.40
0
059
19.5
0.131
0.270
1.49
0.062
86
19.0
0.128
0.265
1.44
0
060
20.1
0.134
0.277
1.54
0.064
87
19.6
0.131
0.271
1.50
0
062
20.7
0.138
0.283
1.59
0.065
88
20.1
0.134
0.277
1.54
0
064
21.2
0.141
0.288
1.64
0.067
89
20.7
0.138
0.283
1.59
0
065
21.8
0.144
0.294
1.69
0.069
90
21.3
0.141
0.289
1.64
0
067
22.4
0.147
0.300
1.74
0.071
91
21.9
0.145
0.296
1.69
0.
069
23.1
0.151
0.307
1.79
0.073
92
22.4
0.147
0.300
1.74
0
.071
23.7
0.155
0.313
1.84
0.075
93
23.0
0.151
0.306
1.79
0
.072
24.3
0.158
0.319
1.89
0.076
94
23.7
0.155
0.313
1.84
0
075
25.0
0.162
0.326
1.95
0.078
95
24.3
0.158
0.319
1.89
0
076
25.6
0.165
0.332
1.99
0.080
96
24.9
0.161
0.325
1.94
0
078
26.3
0.169
0.339
2.05
0.082
97
25.6
0.165
0.332
1.99
0
080
27.0
0.172
0.344
2.10
0.084
98
26.2
0.168
0.338
2.05
0
.082
27.7
0.176
0.352
2.15
0.086
99
26.9
0.172
0.345
2.09
0
.084
28.4
0.180
0.359
2.21
0.088
100
27.5
0.175
0.350
2.14
0
,086
29.1
0.183
0.365
2.26
0.090
101
28.2
0.178
0.357
2.19
0
.088
29.8
0.187
0.372
2.31
0.092
102
28.9
0.182
0.364
2.24
0
.090
30.5
0.190
0.378
2.36
0.094
103
29.6
0.186
0.370
2.29
0
092
31.3
0.194
0.386
2.41
0.097
104
30.3
0.189
0.377
2.34
0
,094
32.0
0.198
0.392
2.46
0.099
105
31.1
0.193
0.384
2.40
0
.096
32.8
0.202
0.400
2.52
0.101
106
31.8
0.197
0.390
2.45
0
.098
33.6
0.206
0.407
2.57
0.103
107
32.5
0.200
0.397
2.50
0
.100
34.4
0.209
0.414
2.63
0.106
108
33.3
0.204
0.404
2.55
0
.102
35.2
0.213
0.421
2.68
0.108
109
34.1
0.208
0.411
2.61
0
.105
36.0
0.217
0.428
2.73
0.110
110
34.9
0.212
0.419
2.66
0
.107
36.9
0.221
0.436
2.79
0.113
111
35.7
0.216
0.426
2.71
0
.109
37.7
0.225
0.444
2.84
0.115
112
36.5
0.219
0.433
2.77
0
.112
38.6
0.229
0.451
2.90
0.117
113
37.3
0.223
0.440
2.82
0
.114
39.5
0.234
0.459
2.96
0.120
114
38.2
0.227
0.448
2.88
0
.116
40.3
0.237
0.466
3.01
0.122
115
39.0
0.231
0.455
2.93
0
.118
41.3
0.242
0.475
3.07
0.125
116
39.9
0.235
0.463
2.98
0
.121
42.2
0.246
0.483
3.13
0.127
117
40.8
0.239
0.471
3.04
0
.123
43.1
0.250
0.491
3.18
0.130
WEIGHTS OF ORGANS ON BODY LENGTH
TABLE 69— Continued
123
MALES
FEMALES
Body
length
Body
weight
Heart
Both
kidneys
Liver
Spleen
Body
weight
Heart
Both
kidneys
Liver
Spleen
mm.
gmt.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
118
41.6
0.243
0.478
3.09
0.
126
44.1
0.254
0.499
3.24
0.133
119
42.6
0.248
0.486
3.15
0.
128
45.0
0.258
0.507
3.29
0.135
120
43.5
0.252
0.494
3.20
0.
131
46.0
0.263
0.515
3.35
0.138
121
44.4
0.256
0.502
3.26
0.
133
47.0
0.267
0.524
3.41
0.141
122
45.4
0.260
0.510
3.32
0.
136
48.0
0.272
0.532
3.47
0.143
123
46.3
0.264
0.518
3.37
0.
139
49.1
0.276
0.542
3.53
0.146
124
47.3
0.269
0.526
3.43
0.
141
50.1
0.281
0.550
3.59
0.149
125
48.3
0.273
0.535
3.49
0.
144
51.2
0.285
0.559
3.65
0.152
126
49.3
0.277
0.543
3.54
0.
147
52.3
0.290
0.568
3.71
0.155
127
50.4
0.282
0.553
3.61
0.
150
53.4
0.295
0.578
3.77
0.158
128
51.4
0.286
0.561
3.66
0.
152
54.5
0.299
0.587
3.83
0.161
129
52.5
0.291
0.570
3.72
0.
155
55.6
0.304
0.596
3.89
0.164
130
53.6
0.295
0.579
3.78
0.
158
56.8
0.309
0.606
3.96
0.167
131
54.7
0.300
0.588
3.84
0,
161
58.0
0.314
0.616
4.02
0.170
132
55.8
0.305
0.598
3.90
0
164
59.2
0.319
0.626
4.09
0.173
133
56.9
0.309
0.607
3.96
0.
167
60.4
0.324
0.635
4.15
0.177
134
58.1
0.314
0.617
4.03
0.
171
61.6
0.328
0.645
4.21
0.180
135
59.3
0.319
0.626
4.09
0.
174
62.9
0.334
0.656
4.28
0.183
136
60.5
0.324
0.636
4.15
0.177
64.2
0.339
0.666
4.35
0.187
137
61.7
0.329
0.646
4.22
0.
180
65.5
0.344
0.677
4.41
0.190
138
62.9
0.334
0.656
4.28
0
183
66.8
0.349
0.687
4.48
0.194
139
64.1
0.338
0.666
4.34
0
186
68.1
0.354
0.698
4.54
0.197
140
65.4
0.344
0.676
4.41
0
190
69.5
0.360
0.709
4.61
0.201
141
66.7
0.349
0.687
4.47
0
193
70.9
0.365
0.720
4.68
0.204
142
68.0
0.354
0.697
4.54
0
.197
72.3
0.370
0.732
4.75
0.208
143
69.3
0.359
0.708
4.60
0
.200
73.7
0.376
0.743
4.82
0.212
144
70.7
0.364
0.719
4.67
0
.204
75.2
0.382
0.755
4.89
0.216
145
72.1
0.370
0.730
4.74
0.208
76.7
0.387
0.767
4.97
0.220
146
73.5
0.375
0.741
4.81
0
.211
78.2
0.393
0.779
5.04
0.224
147
74.9
0.380
0.752
4.88
0
.215
79.7
0.399
0.791
5.11
0.228
148
76.3
0.386
0.764
4.95
o
.219
81.3
0.405
0.803
5.19
0.232
149
77.8
0.391
0.775
5.02
0
.223
82.8
0.410
0.815
5.26
0.236
150
79.3
0.397
0.787
5.09
0
.227
84.4
0.416
0.828
5.33
0.240
151
80.8
0.403
0.799
5.16
0
.230
86.1
0.422
0.841
5.41
0.244
152
82.4
0.409
0.812
5.24
0
.235
87.7
0.428
0.854
5.48
0.248
153
83.9
0.414
0.824
5.31
0
.239
89.4
0.435
0.867
5.56
0.253
124
GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
TABLE 69— Continued
MA.LES
FEMALES
Body
length
Body
weight
Heart
Both
kidneys
Liver
Spleen
Body
weight
Heart
Both
kidneys
Liver
Spleen
mm.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
154
85.5
0.420
0.836
5.38
0.243
91.
1
0.441
0.880
5.64
0.257
155
87.1
0.426
0.849
5.46
0.247
92.
9
0.447
0.894
5.72
0.262
156
88.7
0.432
0.862
5.53
0.251
94.
6
0.453
0.908
5.80
0.266
157
90.4
0.438
0.875
5.61
0.255
96.
4
0.460
0.922
5.88
0.271
158
92.1
0.444
0.888
5.68
0.260
98.
3
0.467
0.937
5.96
0.276
159
93.8
0.450
0.901
5.76
0.264
100.
1
0.473
0.951
6.04
0.281
160
95.6
0.457
0.916
5.84
0.269
102.
0
0.480
0.965
6.12
0.285
161
97.3
0.463
0.929
5.92
0.273
103.
9
0.486
0.980
6.21
0.290
162
99.2
0.470
0.944
6.00
0.278
105.
9
0.493
0.996
6.29
0.295
163
101.0
0.476
0.958
6.08
0.283
107.
9
0.500
1.011
6.38
0.301
164
102.8
0.483
0.971
6.16
0.287
109.
9
0.507
1.026
6.47
0.306
165
104.7
0.489
0.986
6.24
0.292
Ill
9
0.514
1.042
6.55
0.311
166
106.7
0.496
1.002
6.33
0.298
114
0
0.522
1.058
6.64
0.316
167
108.6
0.502
1.016
6.41
0.302
116
1
0.529
1.074
6.73
0.322
168
110.6
0.510
1.032
6.50
0.308
118
3
0.536
1.091
6.82
0.327
169
112.6
0.517
1.047
6.58
0.313
120
5
0.544
1.108
6.92
0.333
170
114.7
0.524
1.063
6.67
0.318
122
,7
0.551
1.125
7.01
0.339
171
116.7
0.531
1.079
6.76
0.323
125
.0
0.559
1.142
7.10
0.344
172
118.9
0.538
1.096
6.85
0.329
127
.3
0.567
1.160
7.20
0.350
173
121.0
0.545
1.112
6.94
0.334
129
.6
0.575
1.178
7.29
0.356
174
123.2
0.553
1.129
7.03
0.340
132
.0
0.583
1.196
7.39
0.362
175
125.4
0.560
1.145
7.12
0.345
134
.4
0.591
1.214
7.49
0.368
176
127.7
0.568
1.163
7.22
0.351
136
.8
0.599
1.232
7.59
0.375
177
130.0
0.576
1.181
7.31
0.357
139
.3
0.607
1.251
7.69
0.381
178
132.3
0.584
1.198
7.40
0.363
141
.9
0.615
1.271
7.79
0.387
179
134.6
0.591
1.216
7.50
0.369
144
.4
0.624
1.290
7.89
0.394
180
137.0
0.599
1.234
7.60
0.375
147
.1
0.632
1.311
8.00
0.401
181
139.5
0.607
1.253
7.70
0.381
149
.7
0.641
1.330
8.10
0.407
182
142.0
0.616
1.272
7.80
0.388
152
.4
0.650
1.351
8.21
0.414
183
144.5
0.622
1.291
7.90
0.394
155
.2
0.659
1.372
8.32
0.421
184
147.0
0.632
1.310
8.00
0.400
158
.0
0.668
1.393
8.43
0.428
185
149.6
0.641
1.330
8.10
0.407
160
.8
0.677
1.414
8.54
0.435
186
152.3
0.649
1.350
8.21
0.414
163
.7
0.686
1.436
8.65
0.443
187
155.0
0.658
1.370
8.31
0.421
166
.6
0.696
1.458
8.77
0.450
188
157.7
0.667
1.391
8.42
0.428
169
.6
0.705
1.481
8.88
0.458
189
160.5
0.676
1.412
8.53
0.435
172
.6
0.715
1.503
9.00
0.465
190
163.3
0.685
1.433
8.64
0.442
175
.7
0.725
1.526
9.12
0.473
WEIGHTS OF ORGANS ON BODY LENGTH
TABLE 69— Continued
125
MALES
FEMALES
Body
length
Body
weight
Heart
Both
kidneys
Liver
Spleen
Body
weight
Heart
Both
kidneys
Liver
Spleen
mm.
gins.
gms.
gms.
gma.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
191
166.2
0.694
1.455
8.75
0.449
178,
,8
0.734
1.550
9.23
0.481
192
169.1
0.704
1.477
8.86
0.456
182
,0
0.744
1.574
9.36
0.489
193
172.0
0.713
1.499
8.98
0.464
185,
,2
0.755
1.598
9.48
0.497
194
175.0
0.722
1.521
9.09
0.471
188
,5
0.765
1.622
9.60
0.505
195
178.1
0.732
1.544
9.21
0.479
191
,9
0.776
1.648
9.73
0.514
196
181.2
0.742
1.568
9.33
0.487
195
.3
0.786
1.673
9.86
0.522
197
184.3
0.752
1.591
9.45
0.495
198
,7
0.797
1.699
9.99
0.531
198
187.5
0.762
1.615
9.57
0.503
202
,2
0.808
1.725
10.12
0.540
199
190.8
0.772
1.640
9.69
0.511
205
,8
0.819
1.752
10.25
0.549
200
194.1
0.782
1.664
9.82
0.519
209
.4
0.830
1.779
10.39
0.558
201
197.4
0.793
1.689
9.94
0.528
213
.1
0.841
1.806
10.52
0.567
202
200.8
0.803
1.714
10.07
0.536
216
.8
0.853
1.834
10.66
0.577
203
204.3
0.814
1.740
10.20
0.545
220
,7
0.865
1.863
10.80
0.586
204
207.8
0.825
1.767
10.33
0.554
224
.5
0.876
1.891
10.94
0.596
205
211.4
0.836
1.793
10.46
0.563
228
.4
0.888
1.920
11.09
0.606
206
215.0
0.847
1.820
10.59
0.572
232
.4
0.900
1.950
11.23
0.616
207
218.7
0.859
1.848
10.73
0.581
236
.5
0.913
1.980
11.38
0.626
208
222.5
0.870
1.876
10.87
0.591
240
.6-
0.925
2.011
11.53
0.636
209
226.3
0.882
1.904
11.01
0.600
244
.8
0.938
2.042
11.68
0.647
210
230.2
0.894
1.933
11.15
0.610
249
.1
0.951
2.074
11.84
0.657
211
234.1
0.905
1.962
11.29
0.620
253
.4
0.964
2.106
11.99
0.668
212
238.1
0.918
1.992
11.44
0.630
257
.8
0.977
2.138
12.15
0.679
213
242.2
0.930
2.023
11.59
0.640
262
.3
0.990
2.171
12.31
0.691
214
246.3
0.942
2.053
11.74
0.650
266
.9
1.004
2.205
12.47
0.702
215
250.5
0.955
2.084
11.89
0.661
271
.5
1.018
2.239
12.64
0.713
216
254.7
0.968
2.115
12.04
0.671
276
.2
1.032
2.274
12.80
0.725
217
259.1
0.981
2.148
12.20
0.683
281
.0
1.046
2.310
12.97
0.737
218
263.5
0.994
2.180
12.35
0.694
285
.8
1.060
2.345
13.14
0.749
219
267.9
1.007
2.213
12.50
0.704
290
.8
1.075
2.382
13.32
0.762
220
272.5
1.021
2.247
12.67
0.716
295
.8
1.090
2.419
13.50
0.774
221
277.1
1.034
2.281
12.84
0.727
300
.9
1.105
2.457
13.67
0.787
222
281.8
1.048
2.316
13.00
0.739
306
.1
1.120
2.495
13.86
0.800
223
286.5
1.062
2.350
13.17
0.751
311
.3
1.135
2.533
14.04
0.813
224
291.4
1.077
2.386
13.34
0.763
316.7
1.151
2.573
14.23
0.826
225
296.3
1.091
2.423
13.51
0.775
322
.1
1.167
2.613
14.41
0.840
226
301.3
1.106
2.460
13.69
0.788
327
.7
1.183
2.654
14.61
0.854
227
306.4
1.121
2.497
13.87
0.801
333
.3
1.200
2.695
14.80
0.868
126
GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
TABLE 69— Concluded
MALES
FEMALES
Body
length
Body
weight
Heart
Both
kidneys
Liver
Spleen
Body
weight
Heart
Both
kidneys
Liver
Spleen
mm.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gmt.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
228
311.5
1.136
2.535
14.05
0.813
339.0
1.216
2.737
15.00
0.882
229
316.8
1.152
2.574
14.23
0.826
344.8
1.233
2.780
15.20
0.896
230
322.1
1.167
2.613
14.41
0.840
350.7
1.250
2.823
15.40
0.911
231
327.5
1.183
2.652
14.60
0.853
356.7
1.268
2.867
15.61
0.926
232
333.0
1.199
2.693
14.79
0.867
362.8
1.285
2.912
15.82
0.941
233
338.6
1.215
2.734
14.99
0.881
369.0
1.303
2.957
16.03
0.956
234
344.3
1.232
2.776
15.18
0.895
375.3
1.321
3.004
16.24
0.972
235
350.0
1.248
2.818
15.38
0.909
381.7
1.340
3.050
16.46
0.988
236
355.9
1.265
2.861
15.58
0.924
388.2
1.358
3.098
16.68
1.004
237
361.9
1.283
2.905
15.79
0.939
394.9
1.377
3.147
16.91
1.021
238
367.9
1.300
2.949
15.99
0.954
401.6
1.397
3.196
17.14
1.037
239
374.1
1.318
2.995
16.20
0.969
408.4
1.416
3.246
17.37
1.054
240
380.3
1.336
3.040
16.42
0.984
415.4
1.436
3.297
17.61
1.072
241
386.6
1.354
3.086
16.63
1.000
422.4
1.456
3.349
17.84
1.089
242
393.1
1.372
3.134
16.85
1.016
429.6
1.477
3.401
18.08
1.107
243
399.6
1.391
3.182
17.07
1.032
436.9
1.497
3.455
18.33
1.125
244
406.3
1.410
3.231
17.30
1.049
444.3
1.518
3.509
18.58
1.143
245
413.1
1.429
3.280
17.53
1.066
451.9
1.540
3.564
18.83
1.162
246
419.9
1.449
3.330
17.76
1.083
459.5
1.561
3.620
19.09
1.181
247
426.9
1.469
3.381
17.98
1.100
467.3
1.583
3.677
19.35
1.200
248
434.0
1.489
3.433
18.23
1.118
475.2
1.606
3.734
19.61
1.220
249
441.2
1.509
3.486
18.47
1.136
483.3
1.628
3.794
19.88
1.240
250
448.5
1.530
3.539
18.72
1.154
491.5
1.652
3.853
20.15
1.260
127
TABLE 70
Giving for each sex the weights of body, lungs, blood, alimentary tract and gonads
(testes and ovaries') for each millimeter of body length. See Charts 15, 16, 17,
21 and 22.
MALES
FEMALES
Body
length
Body
weight
Lungs
Blood
Alimen.
tract
Testes
Body
weight
Lungs
Blood
Alimen.
tract
Ovaries
mm.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
47
4.9
0.078
0.44
0.14
0.004
4.7
0.078
0.41
0.14
0.0006
48
4.9
0.079
0.44
0.14
0.004
4.7
0.079
0.41
0.14
0.0006
49
5.0
0.080
0.45
0.15
0.004
4.9
0.080
0.43
0.15
0.0008
50
5.1
0.081
0.45
0.15
0.004
5.0
0.081
0.44
0.15
0.0009
51
5.2
0.082
0.46
0.15
0.004
5.1
0.082
0.45
0.15
0.0009
52
5.3
0.083
0.47
0.16
0.006
5.3
0.084
0.47
0.16
0.0010
53
5.4
0.085
0.48
0.16
0.006
5.5
0.086
0.49
0.16
0.0011
54
5.6
0.087
0.50
0.17
0.007
5.8
0.090
0.51
0.18
0.0013
55
5.8
0.090
0.51
0.18
0.007
6.2
0.094
0.54
0.19
0.0015
56
6.1
0.093
0.53
0.19
0.009
6.5
0.097
0.56
0.20
0.0016
57
6.4
0.096
0.56
0.20
0.011
6.9
0.102
0.60
0.22
0.0019
58
6.8
0.101
0.59
0.21
0.013
7.2
0.105
0.62
0.23
0.0020
59
7.1
0.104
0.61
0.22
0.016
7.6
0.109
0.65
0.24
0.0022
60
7.5
0.108
0.64
0.24
0.019
8.0
0.113
0.68
0.25
0.0024
61
7.9
0.112
0.67
0.25
0.023
8.4
0.117
0.71
0.27
0.0025
62
8.2
0.115
0.69
0.26
0.026
8.7
0.120
0.73
0.27
0.0026
63
8.6
0.119
0.73
0.27
0.031
9.1
0.124
0.76
0.28
0.0028
64
9.0
0.123
0.76
0.28
0.036
9.5
0.128
0.79
0.30
0.0029
65
9.4
0.127
0.79
0.29
0.041
9.9
0.131
0.82
0.31
0.0031
66
9.8
0.130
0.82
0.30
0.047
10.3
0.135
0.85
0.34
0.0032
67
10.1
0.133
0.84
0.31
0.050
10.8
0.139
0.89
0.41
0.0034
68
10.6
0.138
0.88
0.39
0.051
11.2
0.143
0.92
0.47
0.0035
69
11.0
0.141
0.91
0.44
0.052
11.6
0.146
0.95
0.52
0.0036
70
11.4
0.145
0.93
0.50
0.053
12.0
0.150
0.98
0.58
0.0037
71
11.8
0.148
0.96
0.55
0.054
12.5
0.154
1.02
0.64
0.0039
72
12.2
0.152
0.99
0.60
0.055
12.9
O.T57
1.04
0.69
0.0040
73
12.7
0.155
1.03
0.67
0.057
13.4
0.161
1.08
0.76
0.0041
74
13.1
0.159
1.06
0.72
0.058
13.9
0.165
1.12
0.82
0.0042
75
13.6
0.163
1.10
0.78
0.060
14.3
0.169
1.13
0.87
O.C043
76
14.0
0.166
1.12
0.83
0.061
14.8
0.173
1.18
0.93
0.0044
77
14.5
0.170
1.16
0.89
0.063
15.3
0.177
1.22
0.99
0.0046
78
15.0
0.174
1.20
0.95
0.065
15.8
0.180
1.25
1.04
0.0047
79
15.4
0.177
1.23
1.00
0.067
16.3
0.184
1.29
1.10
0.0048
80
15.9
0.181
1.26
1.05
0.069
16.8
0.188
1.33
1.16
0.0049
128
GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
TABLE 70— Continued
MALES
FEMALES
Body
length
Body
weight
Lungs
Blood
Alimen.
tract
Testes
Body
weight
Lungs
Blood
Alimen.
tract
Ovaries
mm.
gms.
gms.
gmt.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
81
16.4
0.185
1.30
1.11
0
.071
17.3
0.192
1.36
1.21
0.0050
82
16.9
0.189
1.33
1.17
0.073
17.9
0.196
1.40
1.28
0.0051
83
17.4
0.193
1.37
1.22
0
.076
18.4
0.200
1.44
1.33
0.0052
84
18.0
0.197
1.41
1.29
0
.078
19.0
0.204
1.48
1.39
0.0053
85
18.5
0.201
1.45
1.34
0
.081
19.5
0.208
1.52
1.44
0.0054
86
19.0
0.204
1.48
1.39
0
.084
20.1
0.212
1.56
1.50
0.0055
87
19.6
0.209
1.52
1.45
0
.087
20.7
0.216
1.60
1.56
0.0056
88
20.1
0.212
1.56
1.50
0
.089
21.2
0.220
1.63
1.61
0.0057
89
20.7
0.216
1.60
1.56
0
.093
21.8
0.224
1.68
1.67
0.0058
90
21.3
0.221
1.64
1.62
0
.096
22.4
0.228
1.72
1.73
0.0058
91
21.9
0.225
1.68
1.68
0
100
23.1
0.233
1.76
1.79
0.0059
92
22.4
0.228
1.72
1.73
0
103
23.7
0.237
1.81
1.85
0.0060
93
23.0
0.232
1.76
1.78
0
107
24.3
0.241
1.85
1.90
0.0061
94
23.7
0.237
1.81
1.85
0
112
25.0
0.246
1.90
1.96
0.0062
95
24.3
0.241
1.85
1.90
0
116
25.6
0.250
1.94
2.02
0.0063
96
24.9
0.245
1.89
1.96
0.
120
26.3
0.254
1.98
2.08
0.0064
97
25.6
0.250
1.94
2.02
0
125
27.0
0.259
2.03
2.14
0.0065
98
26.2
0.254
1.98
2.07
0
130
27.7
0.264
2.08
2.20
0.0066
99
26.9
0.258
2.02
2.13
0
135
28.4
0.268
2.13
2.25
0.0067
100
27.5
0.262
2.06
2.18
0
.140
29.1
0.273
2.17
2.31
0.0067
101
28.2
0.267
2.11
2.24
0
145
29.8
0.277
2.22
2.37
0.0068
102
28.9
0.271
2.16
2.30
0
151
30.5
0.282
2.27
2.42
0.0069
103
29.6
0.276
2.21
2.35
0.
157
31.3
0.287
2.32
2.49
0.0070
104
30.3
0.280
2.25
2.41
0
163
32.0
0.291
2.37
2.54
0.0071
105
31.1
0.285
2.31
2.47
0
171
32.8
0.296
2.42
2.60
0.0071
106
31.8
0.290
2.35
2.53
0
.177
33.6
0.301
2.47
2.66
0.0072
107
32.5
0.294
2.40
2.58
0
184
34.4
0.306
2.53
2.72
0.0073
108
33.3
0.299
2.45
2.64
0
192
35.2
0.311
2.58
2.78
0.0074
109
34.1
0.304
2.51
2.70
0
200
36.0
0.316
2.63
2.84
0.0075
110
34.9
0.309
2.56
2.76
0
208
36.9
0.321
2.69
2.90
0.0075
111
35.7
0.314
2.61
2.82
0.
216
37.7
0.326
2.74
2.96
0.0076
112
36.5
0.319
2.66
2.88
0.
225
38.6
0.332
2.80
3.02
0.0077
113
37.3
0.324
2.72
2.93
0
234
39.5
0.337
2.86
3.09
0.0078
114
38.2
0.329
2.78
3.00
0
244
40.3
0.342
2.91
3.14
0.0078
115
39.0
0.334
2.83
3.05
0
253
41.3
0.348
2.98
3.21
0.0079
116
39.9
0.339
2.89
3.11
0
264
42.2
0.353
3.04
3.27
0.0080
117
40.8
0.345
2.95
3.17
0
275
43.1
0.358
3.09
3.33
0.0081
WEIGHTS OF ORGANS ON BODY LENGTH
TABLE 70— Continued
129
MALES
FEMALES
Body
length
Body
weight
Lungs
Blood
Alimen.
tract
Testes
Body
weight
Lungs
Blood
Alimen.
tract
Ovaries
mm.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
118
41.6
0.349
3.00
3.23
0.285
44.1
0.364
3.16
3.39
0.0081
119
42.6
0
.355
3.06
3.29
0.298
45.0
0.369
3.22
3.45
0.0082
120
43.5
0
.361
3.12
3.35
0.309
46.0
0.375
3.28
3.51
0.0083
121
44.4
0
.366
3.18
3.41
0.321
47.0
0.381
3.35
3.58
0.0084
122
45.4
0
.372
3.24
3.47
0.335
48.0
0.387
3.41
3.64
0.0084
123
46.3
0
.377
3.30
3.53
0.348
49.1
0.393
3.48
3.71
0.0085
124
47.3
0
.383
3.36
3.59
0.362
50.1
0.399
3.54
3.77
0.0086
125
48.3
0
.389
3.43
3.66
0.377
51.2
0.405
3.61
3.83
0.0086
126
49.3
0
.394
3.49
3.72
0.392
52.3
0.411
3.68
3.90
0.0087
127
50.4
0
.401
3.56
3.78
0.408
53.4
0.418
3.75
3.96
0.0088
128
51.4
0
.406
3.63
3.84
0.424
54.5
0.424
3.82
4.03
0.0089
129
52.5
0
.413
3.69
3.91
0.442
55.6
0.430
3.89
4.09
0.0089
130
53.6
0
.419
3.76
3.97
0.460
56.8
0.437
3.97
4.15
0.0090
131
54.7
0
.425
3.83
4.04
0.478
58.0
0.444
4.04
4.22
0.0091
132
55.8
0
.431
3.90
4.10
0.497
59.2
0.450
4.12
4.29
0.0091
133
56.9
0
.437
3.97
4.16
0.516
60.4
0.457
4.19
4.36
0.0092
134
58.1
0
.444
4.05
4.23
0.537
61.6
0.464
4.27
4.42
0.0093
135
59.3
0
.451
4.12
4.30
0.559
62.9
0.471
4.35
4.49
0.0093
136
60.5
0
.458
4.20
4.36
0.581
64.2
0.478
4.43
4.56
0.0094
137
61.7
0
.464
4.27
4.43
0.604
65.5
0.485
4.51
4.63
0.0095
138
62.9
0
.471
4.35
4.49
0.627
66.8
0.492
4.59
4.70
0.0099
139
64.1
0
.477
4.42
4.56
0.651
68.1
0.499
4.67
4.77
0.0102
140
65.4
0
.485
4.50
4.63
0.677
69.5
0.507
4.76
4.84
0.0106
141
66.7
0
.492
4.58
4.70
0.704
70.9
0.515
4.84
4.91
0.0110
142
68.0
0
.499
4.66
4.76
0.731
72.3
0.522
4.93
4.98
0.0115
143
69.3
0
.506
4.74
4.83
0.759
73.7
0.530
5.01
5.05
0.0120
144
70.7
0
.514
4.83
4.90
0.790
75.2
0.538
5.11
5.13
0.0126
145
72.1
0
.521
4.92
4.97
0.821
76.7
0.546
5.20
5.20
0.0132
146
73.5
0
.529
5.00
5.04
0.853
78.2
0.554
5.29
5.27
0.0139
147
74.9
0
.536
5.09
5.11
0.885
79.7
0.562
5.38
5.35
0.0147
148
76.3
0
.544
5.17
5.18
0.918
81.3
0.571
5.48
5.42
0.0155
149
77.8
0.552
5.27
5.26
0.955
82.8
0.579
5.57
5.50
0.0164
150
79.3
0
.560
5.36
5.34
0.991
84.4
0.587
5.67
5.57
0.0173
151
80.8
0
.568
5.45
5.40
1.031
86.1
0.596
5.77
5.65
0.0184
152
82.4
0
.577
5.54
5.48
1.055
87.7
0.605
5.86
5.72
0.0195
153
83.9
0.585
5.64
5.55
1.078
89.4
0.614
5.97
5.80
0.0207
130
GEOWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
TABLE 70— Continued
MALES
FEMALES
Body
length
Body
weight
Lungs
Blood
Alitnen.
tract
Testes
Body
•weight
Lungs
Blood
Alimen.
tract
Ovaries
mm.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
154
85.5
0.593
5.73
5.63
1
.102
91.1
0.623
6.07
5.88
0.0219
155
87.1
0.602
5.83
5.70
1
.125
92.9
0.632
6.18
5.96
0.0233
156
88.7
0.610
5.92
5.77
1
.148
94.6
0.641
6.28
6.04
0.0247
157
90.4
0.619
6.03
5.85
1
.173
96.4
0.651
6.39
6.12
0.0262
158
92.1
0.628
6.13
5.93
1
.196
98.3
0.661
6.50
6.20
0.0279
159
93.8
0.637
6.23
6.00
1
.219
100.1
0.670
6.61
6.28
0.0296
160
95.6
0.646
6.34
6.08
1
.243
102.0
0.680
6.72
6.46
0.0314
161
97.3
0.655
6.44
6.16
1
.265
103.9
0.690
6.83
6.44
0.0334
162
99.2
0.665
6.55
6.24
1
.290
105.9
0.700
6.95
6.53
0.0344
163
101.0
0.675
6.66
6.32
1
.313
107.9
0.711
7.07
6.62
0.0377
164
102.8
0.684
6.77
6.40
1
.335
109.9
0.721
7.18
6.70
0.0400
165
104.7
0.694
6.88
6.48
1
.358
111.9
0.731
7.30
6.78
0.0411
166
106.7
0.704
7.00
6.56
1
.382
114.0
0.742
7.43
6.87
0.0419
167
108.6
0.714
7.11
6.65
1
.404
116.1
0.753
7.55
6.96
0.0425
168
110.6
0.725
7.23
6.73
1
.428
118.3
0.764
7.68
7.05
0.0431
169
112.6
0.735
7.34
6.81
1
.450
120.5
0.776
7.81
7.14
0.0435
170
114.7
0.746
7.47
6.90
1
.473
122.7
0.787
7.93
7.23
0.0439
171
116.7
0.756
7.58
6.98
1
.495
125.0
0.799
8.07
7.32
0.0443
172
118.9
0.768
7.71
7.07
1
.519
127.3
0.811
8.20
7.41
0.0446
173
121.0
0.778
7.83
7.16
1
.541
129.6
0.822
8.33
7.50
0.0449
174
123.2
0.790
7.96
7.25
1
.564
132.0
0.835
8.47
7.60
0.0452
175
125.4
0.801
8.09
7.33
1
.586
134.4
0.847
8.61
7.69
0.0455
176
127.7
0.813
8.22
7.43
1
.609
136.8
0.859
8.75
7.78
0.0457
177
130.0
0.824
8.36
7.52
1
.632
139.3
0.872
8.89
7.88
0.0459
178
132.3
0.836
8.49
7.61
1
.654
141.9
0.885
9.04
7.98
0.0462
179
134.6
0.848
8.62
7.70
1
.675
144 .4
0.898
9.19
8.07
0.0464
180
137.0
0.860
8.76
7.79
1
.698
147.1
0.911
9.34
8.18
0.0466
181
139.5
0.873
8.90
7.89
1
.721
149.7
0.925
9.49
8.28
0.0468
182
142.0
0.886
9.05
7.98
1
.743
152.4
0.938
10.22
8.38
0.0469
183
144.5
0.898
9.19
8.08
1
.765
155.2
0.952
10.39
8.48
0.0471
184
147.0
0.911
9.26
8.17
1
.787
158.0
0.967
10.56
8.58
0.0473
185
149.6
0.924
9.33
8.27
1
.809
160.8
0.981
10.73
8.69
0.0474
186
152.3
0.938
9.40
8.37
1
.832
163.7
0.995
10.90
8.79
0.0476
187
155.0
0.951
9.50
8.47
1
.854
166.6
1.010
11.07
8.90
0.0477
188
157.7
0.965
9.64
8.57
1
.876
169.6
1.025
11.25
9.01
0.0479
189
160.5
0.979
9.80
8.68
1
.898
172.6
1.040
11.43
9.12
0.0480
190
163.3
0.993
9.95
8.78
1
.920
175.7
1.055
11.62
9.23
0.0482
WEIGHTS OF ORGANS ON BODY LENGTH
TABLE 70— Continued
131
MALES
FEMALES
Body
length
Body
weight
Lungs
Blood
Alimen.
tract
Testes
Body
weight
Lungs
Blood
Alimen.
tract
Ovaries
mm.
gms.
gm».
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
191
166.2
1.008
10.11
8.88
1
,942
178.8
1.071
11.80
9.34
0.0483
192
169.1
1.022
10.27
8.99
1,
964
182.0
1.087
11.99
9.45
0.0484
193
172.0
1.037
10.43
9.09
1.
985
185.2
1.103
12.18
9.56
0.0485
194
175.0
1.052
10.59
9.20
2,
007
188.5
1.119
12.38
9.68
0.0487
195
178.1
1.067
10.76
9.31
2
030
191.9
1.136
12.58
9.80
0.0488
196
181.2
1.083
10.93
9.42
2
.051
195.3
1.153
12.78
9.92
0.0489
197
184.3
1.098
11.10
9.53
2,
.073
198.7
1.170
12.98
10.03
0.0490
198
187.5
1.114
11.27
9.64
2,
094
202.2
1.188
13.18
10.15
0.0491
199
190.8
1.131
11.45
9.76
2
.117
205.8
1.206
13.39
10.28
0.0492
200
194.1
1.147
11.63
9.87
2
.138
209.4
1.223
13.61
10.40
0.0493
201
197.4
1.164
11.81
9.99
2.159
213.1
1.242
13.82
10.53
0.0494
202
200.8
1.181
11.99
10.11
2
.181
216.8
1.260
14.04
10.65
0.0495
203
204.3
1.198
12.18
10.23
2
.203
220.7
1.279
14.26
10.78
0.0496
204
207.8
1.215
12.36
10.35
2
.224
224.5
1.298
14.48
10.91
0.0497
205
211.4
1.233
12.56
10.47
2
.246
228.4
1.317
14.71
11.04
0.0498
206
215.0
1.251
12.75
10.59
2
.267
232.4
1.337
14.94
11.17
0.0499
207
218.7
1.269
12.95
10.71
2
.289
236.5
1.357
15.18
11.31
0.0500
208
222.5
1.288
13.15
10.84
2
.311
240.6
1.378
15.42
11.44
0.0501
209
226.3
1.307
13.35
10.97
2
.332
244.8
1.398
15.66
11.58
0.0502
210
230.2
1.326
13.46
11.10
2
.354
249.1
1.419
15.90
11.72
0.0503
211
234.1
1.346
13.76
11.23
2
.375
253.4
1.441
16.15
11.86
0.0504
212
238.1
1.365
13.98
11.36
2
397-
257.8
1.462
16.41
12.00
0.0505
213
242.2
1.386
14.19
11.49
2
.418
262.3
1.484
16.66
12.14
0.0506
214
246.3
1.406
14.41
11.63
2
.439
266.9
1.507
16.92
12.29
0.0507
215
250.5
1.426
14.63
11.76
2.461
271.5
1.530
17.19
12.44
0.0508
216
254.7
1.447
14.85
11.90
2
.482
276.2
1.553
17.45
12.59
0.0508
217
259.1
1.469
15.08
12.04
2
.503
281.0
1.576
17.73
12.74
0.0509
218
263.5
1.490
15.31
12.18
2
.525
2&5.S
1.600
18.00
12.89
0.0510
219
267.9
1.512
15.54
12.32
2
.546
290.8
1.624
18.28
13.05
0.0511
220
272.5
1.534
15.78
12.47
2
.567
295.8
1.648
18.57
13.21
0.0512
221
277.1
1.557
16.02
12.62
2
.588
300.9
1.673
18.85
13.36
0.0512
222
281.8
1.580
16.26
12.77
2
.609
306.1
1.705
19.15
13.53
0.0513
223
286.5
1.603
16.55
12.91
2
.630
311.3
1.724
19.44
13.69
0.0514
224
291.4
1.627
16.76
13.07
2
.652
316 7
1.751
19.74
13.85
0.0515
225
296.3
1.651
17.02
13.22
2
.673
322.1
1.777
20.05
14.02
0.0516
226
301.3
1.675
17.27
13.38
2
.694
327.7
1.804
20.36
14.19
0.0516
227
306.4
1.700
17.54
13.54
2
.715
333.3
1.831
20.67
14.36
0.0517
132
GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
TABLE 70— Concluded
MALES
FEMALES
Body
length
Body
weight
Lungs
Blood
Alimen.
tract
Testes
Body
weight
Lungs
Blood
Alimen.
tract
Ovaries
mm.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
ams.
gms.
228
311.5
1.725
17.80
13.74
2.736
339.0
1.859
20.99
14.54
0.0518
229
316.8
1.751
18.07
13.86
2.757
344.8
1.887
21.31
14.71
0.0519
230
322.1
1.777
18.34
14.02
2.778
350.7
1.916
21.64
14.89
0.0519
231
327.5
1.803
18.62
14.19
2.799
356.7
1.945
21.97
15.07
0.0520
232
333.0
1.830
18.90
14.35
2.820
362.8
1.975
22.31
15.26
0.0521
233
338.6
1.857
19.19
14.52
2.841
369.0
2.005
22.65
15.44
0.0522
234
344.3
1.885
19.47
14.68
2.862
375.3
2.035
23.00
15.63
0.0522
235
350.0
1.913
19.77
14.87
2.883
381.7
2.067
23.35
15.82
0.0523
236
355.9
1.941
20.07
15.05
2.904
388.2
2.098
23.71
16.01
0.0524
237
361.9
1.970
20.37
15.23
2.926
394.9
2.130
24.08
16.21
0.0524
238
367.9
2.000
20.68
15.41
2.946
401.6
2.163
24.45
16.41
0.0525
239
374.1
2.030
20.99
15.59
2.967
408.4
2.196
24.82
16.61
0.0526
240
380.3
2.060
21.30
15.78
2.988
415.4
2.230
25.20
16.82
0.0526
241
386.6
2.090
21.62
15.97
3.009
422.4
2.264
25.58
17.02
0.0527
242
393.1
2.122
21.95
16.16
3.030
429.6
2.298
25.98
17.23
0.0528
243
399.6
2.153
22.27
16.35
3.051
436.9
2.334
26.37
17.45
0.0529
244
406.3
2.186
22.61
16.55
3.072
444.3
2.369
26.77
17.66
0.0529
245
413.1
2.219
22.95
16.75
3.093
451.9
2.406
27.18
17.88
0.0530
246
419.9
2.251
23.28
16.95
3.113
459.5
2.443
27.60
18.10
0.0531
247
426.9
2.285
23.64
17.15
3.134
467.3
2.480
28.02
18.33
0.0531
248
434.0
2.320
23.99
17.36
3.155
475.2
2.518
28.45
18.55
0.0532
249
441.2
2.354
24.35
17.57
3.176
483.3
2.557
28.89
18.79
0.0532
250
448.5
2.390
24.71
17.78
3.197
491.5
2.597
29.32
19.02
0.0533
WEIGHTS OF ORGANS ON BODY LENGTH
133
TABLE 71
Giving for each sex the weights of body, hypophysis, suprarenals and thyroid Jor
each millimeter of body length. See charts 18, 19, and 20.
MALES
FEMALES
A
$1
Body
weight
Hypo-
physis
Supra-
renals
Thyroid
Body weight
Hypo-
physis
Supra-
renals
Thyroid
mm.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
50
5.1
0.0005
0.0017
0.0015
5.0
0.0005
0.0017
0.0014
51
5.2
0.0005
0.0017
0.0015
5.1
0.0005
0.0017
0.0015
52
5.3
0.0005
0.0017
0.0015
5.3
0.0005
0.0018
0.0015
53
5.4
0.0005
0.0018
0.0016
5.5
0.0006
0.0019
0.0016
54
5.6
0.0005
0.0019
0.0016
5.8
0.0006
0.0021
0.0017
55
5.8
0.0006
0.0021
0.0017
6.2
0.0006
0.0024
0.0018
56
6.1
0.0006
0.0023
0.0018
6.5
0.0006
0.0026
0.0019
57
6.4
0.0006
0.0025
0.0018
6.9
0.0007
0.0028
0.0020
58
6.8
0.0007
0.0027
0.0019
7.2
0.0007
0.0030
0.0021
59
7.1
0.0007
0.0029
0.0020
7.6
0.0007
0.0032
0.0022
60
7.5
0.0007
0.0031
0.0021
8.0
0.0008
0.0034
0.0023
61
7.9
0.0008
0.0034
0.0022
8.4
0.0008
0.0036
0.0024
62
8.2
0.0008
0.0035
0.0023
8.7
0.0008
0.0038
0.0025
63
8.6
0.0008
0.0037
0.0024
9.1
0.0009
0.0040
0.0026
64
9.0
0.0009
0.0039
0.0025
9.5
0.0009
0.0042
0.0027
65
9.4
0.0009
0.0041
0.0026
9.9
0.0009
0.0044
0.0028
66
9.8
0.0009
0.0043
0.0027
10.3
0.0009
0.0045
0.0029
67
10.1
0.0009
0.0045
0.0028
10.8
0.0010
0.0048
0.0030
68
10.6
0.0010
0.0047
0.0030
11.2
0.0010
0.0049
0.0031
69
11.0
0.0010
0.0049
0.0031
11.6
0.0010
0.0051
0.0032
70
11.4
0.0010
0.0050
0.0032
12.0
0.0011
0.0053
0.0033
71
11.8
0.0011
0.0052
0.0033
12.5
0.0011
0.0055
0.0034
72
12.2
0.0011
0.0054
0.0034
12.9
0.0011
0.0056
0.0035
73
12.7
0.0011
0.0056
0.0035
13.4
0.0012
0.0058
0.0037
74
13.1
0.0011
0.0057
0.0036
13.9
0.0012
0.0060
0.0038
75
13.6
0.0012
0.0059
0.0037
14.3
0.0012
0.0062
0.0039
76
14.0
0.0012
0.0061
0.0038
14.8
0.0012
0.0064
0.0040
77
14.5
0.0012
0.0063
0.0039
15.3
0.0013
0.0065
0.0041
78
15.0
0.0013
0.0064
0.0041
15.8
0.0013
0.0067
0.0042
79
15.4
0.0013
0.0066
0.0042
16.3
0.0013
0.0069
0.0044
80
15.9
0.0013
0.0067
0.0043
16.8
0.0014
0.0070
0.0045
81
16.4
0.0013
0.0069
0.0044
17.3
0.0014
0.0072
0.0046
82
16.9
0.0014
0.0071
0.0045
17.9
0.0014
0.0074
0.0047
83
17.4
0.0014
0.0072
0.0046
18.4
0.0014
0.0076
0.0049
134
GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
TABLE 71— Continued
MALES
FEMALES
J
Body
weight
Hypo-
physis
Supra-
renals
Thyroid
Body weight
Hypo-
physis
Supra-
renals
Thyroid
mm.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms
84
18.0
0.0014
0.0074
0.0048
19.0
0.0015
0.0078
0.0050
85
18.5
0.0015
0.0076
0.0049
19.5
0.0015
0.0079
0.0051
86
19.0
0.0015
0.0078
0.0050
20.1
0.0015
0.0081
0.0052
87
19.6
0.0015
0.0079
0.0051
20.7
0.0016
0.0083
0.0054
88
20.1
0.0015
0.0081
0.0052
21.2
0.0016
0.0084
0.0055
89
20.7
0.0016
0.0083
0.0054
21.8
0.0016
0.0086
0.0056
90
21.3
0.0016
0.0084
0.0055
22.4
0.0017
0.0087
0.0058
91
21.9
0.0016
0.0086
0.0056
23.1
0.0017
0.0089
0.0059
92
22.4
0.0017
0.0087
0.0058
23.7
0.0017
0.0091
0.0060
93
23.0
0.0017
0.0089
0.0059
24.3
0.0017
0.0093
0.0062
94
23.7
0.0017
0.0091
0.0060
25.0
O.C018
0.0094
0.0063
95
24.3
0.0017
0.0093
0.0062
25.6
0.0018
0.0096
0.0064
96
24.9
0.0018
0.0094
0.0063
26.3
0.0018
0.0098
0.0066
97
25.6
0.0018
0.0096
0.0064
27.0
0.0019
0.0100
0.0067
98
26.2
0.0018
0.0098
0.0066
27.7
0.0019
0.0101
0.0069
99
26.9
0.0019
0.0099
0.0067
28.4
0.0019
0.0103
0.0070
100
27.5
0.0019
0.0101
0.0068
29.1
0.0020
0.0105
0.0072
101
28.2
0.0019
0.0103
0.0070
29.8
0.0020
0.0106
0.0073
102
28.9
0.0020
0.0104
0.0071
30.5
0.0020
0.0108
0.0075
103
29.6
0.0020
0.0106
0.0073
31.3
0.0021
0.0110
0.0076
104
30.3
0.0020
0.0108
0.0074
32.0
0.0021
0.0112
0.0078
105
31.1
0.0021
0.0109
0.0076
32.8
0.0021
0.0114
0.0079
106
31.8
0.0021
0.0111
0.0077
33.6
0.0022
0.0117
0.0081
107
32.5
0.0021
0.0113
0.0079
34.4
0.0022
0.0119
0.0082
108
33.3
0.0021
0.0114
O.C080
35.2
0.0022
0.0121
0.0084
109
34.1
0.0022
0.0116
0.0082
36.0
0.0023
0.0123
0.0085
110
34.9
0.0022
0.0118
0.0083
36.9
0.0023
0.0126
0.0087
111
35.7
0.0022
0.0120
0.0085
37.7
0.0023
0.0128
0.0089
112
36.5
0.0023
0.0121
0.0086
38.6
0.0024
0.0130
0.0090
113
37.3
0.0023
0.0123
0.0088
39.5
0.0024
0.0133
0.0092
114
38.2
0.0024
0.0125
0.0090
40.3
0.0024
0.0135
0.0094
115
39.0
0.0024
0.0126
0.0091
41.3
0.0025
0.0138
0.0096
116
39.9
0.0024
0.0128
0.0093
42.2
0.0025
0.0140
0.0097
117
40.8
0.0025
0.0130
0.0095
43.1
0.0025
0.0143
0.0099
118
41.6
0.0025
0.0132
0.0096
44.1
0.0026
0.0145
0.0101
119
42.6
0.0025
0.0134
0.0098
45.0
0.0026
0.0148
0.0102
120
43.5
0.0026
0.0135
0.0100
46.0
0.0027
0.0150
0.0104
WEIGHTS OF ORGANS ON BODY LENGTH
135
TABLE 71— Continued
MALES
FEMALES
4
fj
H
Body
weight
Hypo-
physis
Supra-
renals
Thyroid
Body weight
Hypo-
physis
Supra-
renals
Thyroid
mm.
g ms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
121
44 .4
0.0026
0.0137
0.0101
47.0
0.0027
0.0153
0.0106
122
45.4
0.0026
0.0139
0.0103
48.0
0.0027
0.0156
0.0108
123
46.3
0.0027
0.0141
0.0105
49.1
0.0028
0.0159
0.0110
124
47.3
0.0027
0.0142
0.0106
50.1
0.0028
0.0161
0.0111
125
48.3
0.0027
0.0144
0.0108
51.2
0.0029
0.0164
0.0113
126
49.3
0.0028
0.0146
0.0110
52.3
0.0029
0.0167
0.0115
127
50.4
0.0028
0.0148
0.0112
53.4
0.0030
0.0170
0.0117
128
51.4
0.0029
0.0150
0.0114
54.5
0.0031
0.0173
0.0119
129
52.5
0.0029
0.0152
0.0116
55.6
0.0031
0.0176
0.0121
130
53.6
0.0029
0.0154
0.0117
56.8
0.0032
0.0179
0.0123
131
54.7
0.0030
0.0155
0.0119
58.0
0.0033
0.0182
0.0125
132
55.8
0.0030
0.0157
0.0121
59.2
0.0034
0.0185
0.0127
133
56.9
0.0031
0.0159
0.0123
60.4
0.0035
0.0188
0.0129
134
58.1
0.0031
0.0161
0.0125
61.6
0.0035
0.0191
0.0131
135
59.3
0.0031
0.0163
0.0127
62.9
0.0036
0.0195
0.0133
136
60.5
0.0032
0.0165
0.0129
64.2
0.0037
0.0198
0.0135
137
61.7
0.0032
0.0167
0.0131
65.5
0.0038
0.0201
0.0137
138
62.9
0.0033
0.0169
0.0133
66.8
0.0039
0.0204
0.0139
139
64.1
0.0033
0.0171
0.0135
68.1
0.0040
0.0208
0.0142
140
65.4
0.0034
0.0173
0.0137
69.5
0.0041
0.0211
0.0144
141
66.7
0.0034
0.0175
0.0139
70.9
0.0042
0.0215
0.0146
142
68.0
0.0034
0.0177
0.0141
72.3
0.0043
0.0218
0.0148
143
69.3
0.0035
0.0179
0.0143
73.7
0.0044
0.0222
0.0150
144
70.7
0.0035
0.0181
0.0146
75.2
0.0045
0.0226
0.0153
145
72.1
0.0036
0.0183
0.0148
76.7
0.0046
0.0230
0.0155
146
73.5
0.0036
0.0185
0.0150
78.2
0.0047
0.0233
0.0158
147
74.9
0.0037
0.0187
0.0152
79.7
0.0048
0.0237
0.0160
148
76.3
0.0037
0.0189
0.0155
81.3
0.0049
0.0241
0.0162
149
77.8
0.0038
0.0192
0.0157
82.8
0.0050
0.0245
0.0164
150
79.3
0.0038
0.0194
0.0159
84.4
0.0051
0.0249
0.0167
151
80.8
0.0039
0.0196
0.0161
86.1
0.0052
0.0253
0.0169
152
82.4
0.0039
0.0198
0.0164
87.7
0.0053
0.0257
0.0172
153
83.9
0.0040
0.0200
0.0166
89.4
0.0055
0.0261
0.0175
154
85.5
0.0040
0.0203
0.0169
91.1
0.0056
0.0266
0.0177
155
87.1
0.0041
0.0205
0.0171
92.9
0.0057
0.0270
0.0180
156
88.7
0.0041
0.0207
0.0173
94.6
0.0058
0.0274
0.0182
157
90.4
0.0042
0.0210
0.0176
96.4
0.0060
0.0279
0.0185
136
GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
TABLE 71— Continued
MALES
FEMALES
"O 3
M~~
Body
weight
Hypo-
physis
Supra-
renals
Thyroid
Body weight
Hypo-
physis
Supra-
renals
Thyroid
mm.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
158 92.1 0.0042 0.0212 0.0179 98.3 0.0061 0.0283 0.0188
159 93.8 0.0043 0.0214 0.0181 100.1 0.0062 0.0288 0.0190
160 95.6 0.0044 0.0217 0.0184 102.0 0.0064 0.0293 0.0193
161
97.3
0.0044
0.0219
0.
0186
103.
9
0.0065
0.
0297
0.0196
162
99.2
0.0045
0.0222
0.
0189
105.
9
0.0067
0,
0302
0.0199
163
101.0
0.0045
0.0224
0.0191
107.
9
0.0068
0.
0307
0.0201
164
102.8
0.0046
0.0226
0.
0194
109.
9
0.0070
0.
0312
0.0204
165
104.7
0.0046
0.0229
0.
0197
111.
9
0.0071
0.
0317
0.0207
166
106.7
0.0047
0.0231
0.
0200
114.
0
0.0073
0.
0322
0.0210
167
108.6
0.0048
0.0234
0.
0202
116.
1
0.0074
0.
0327
0.0213
168
110.6
0.0048
0.0236
0.
0205
118.
3
0.0076
0.
0333
0.0216
169
112.6
0.0049
0.0239
0.
0208
120.
5
0.0077
0.
0338
0.0219
170
114.7
0.0050
0.0242
0.
0211
122.
7
0.0079
0.
0343
0.0222
171
116.7
0.0050
0.0244
0.
0214
125.
0
0.0081
0.
0349
0.0225
172
118.9
0.0051
0.0247
0.
0217
127.
3
0.0082
0.0355
0.0228
173
121.0
0.0052
0.0250
0.
0220
129.
6
0.0084
0.
0360
0.0232
174
123.2
0.0052
0.0252
0.
0223
132.
0
0.0086
0.
0366
0.0235
175
125.4
0.0053
0.0255
0.
0226
134.
4
0.0088
0.
0372
0.0238
176
127.7
0.0054
0.0258
0.
0229
136
8
0.0089
0
0378
0.0241
177
130.0
0.0054
0.0261
0,
0232
139
3
0.0091
0
0384
0.0245
178
132.3
0.0055
0.0264
0
0235
141
9
0.0093
0
.0390
0.0248
179
134.6
0.0056
0.0266
0
0238
144
4
0.0095
0
.0396
0.0251
180
137.0
0.0056
0.0269
0
,0242
147
.1
0.0097
0
.0402
0.0255
181
139.5
0.0057
0.0272
0
.0245
149
.7
0.0099
0
.0409
0.0258
182
142.0
0.0058
0.0275
0
.0248
152
.4
0.0101
0
.0415
0.0262
183
144.5
0.0059
0.0278
0
.0252
155
.2
0.0103
0
.0422
0.0266
184
147.0
0.0059
0.0281
0
.0255
158
.0
0.0105
0
.0429
0.0269
185
149.6
0.0060
0.0284
0
.0258
160
.8
0.0108
0
.0435
0.0273
186
152.3
0.0061
0.0287
0
.0262
163
.7
0.0110
0
.0442
0.0277
187
155.0
0.0062
0.0291
0,
.0265
166
.6
0.0112
0
.0449
0.0280
188
157.7
0.0063
0.0294
0
.0269
169
.6
0.0114
0
.0457
0.0284
189
160.5
0.0063
0.0297
0
.0272
172
.0
0.0117
0
.0464
0.0288
190
163.3
0.0064
0.0300
0
.0276
175
.7
0.0119
0
.0471
0.0292
191
166.2
0.0065
0.0304
0
.0280
178
.8
0.0121
0
.0479
0.0296
192
169.1
0.0066
0.0307
0
.0284
182
.0
0.0124
0
.0486
0.0300
193
172.0
0.0067
0.0310
0
.0287
185
.2
0.0126
0
.0494
0.0304
WEIGHTS OF ORGANS ON BODY LENGTH
TABLE 71— Continued
137
MALES
FEMALES
5
Body
weight
Hypo-
physis
Supra-
renals
Thyroid
Body weight
Hypo-
physis
Supra-
renals
Thyroid
H
mm.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
194
175.0
0.0068
0.0314
0
0291
188
5
0.0129
0
.0502
0.0308
195
178.1
0.0068
0.0317
0
0295
191
,9
0.0131
0
.0510
0.0312
196
181.2
0.0069
0.0321
0
0299
195
3
0.0134
0
.0518
0.0317
197
184.3
0.0070
0.0324
0
0303
198
.7
0.0136
0.0526
0.0321
198
187.5
0.0071
0.0328
0
0307
202
.2
0.0139
0
.0535
0.0325
199
190.8
0.0072
0.0331
0
0311
205
.8
0.0142
0
.0543
0.0330
200
194.1
0.0073
0.0335
0
0315
209
.4
0.0145
0
.0552
0.0334
201
197.4
0.0074
0.0338
0.0319
213
1
0.0148
0
.0560
0.0339
202
200.8
0.0075
0.0342
0
0323
216
.8
0.0150
0
.0569
0.0343
203
204.3
0.0076
0.0346
0
.0328
220
.7
0.0153
0
.0579
0.0348
204
207.8
0.0077
0.0350
0
.0332
224
.5
0.0155
0
.0588
0.0352
205
211.4
0.0078
0.0354
0
,0336
228
.4
0.0159
0
.0597
0.0357
206
215.0
0.0079
0.0358
0
.0341
232
.4
0.0162
0
.C606
0.0362
207
218.7
0.0080
0.0362
0
0345
236
.5
0.0166
0
.0616
0.0367
208
222.5
0.0081
0.0366
0
.0350
240
.6
0.0169
0
.0626
0.0372
209
226.3
0.0082
0.0370
0
.0355
344
.8
0.0172
0
.0636
0.0377
210
230.2
0.0083
0.0374
0
.0359
249
.1
0.0175
0
.0646
0.0382
211
234.1
0.0084
0.0378
0
.0364
253
.4
0.0179
0
.0656
0.0387
212
238.1
0.0086
0.0382
0
.0369
257
.8
0.0182
0
.0667
0.0392
213
242.2
0.0087
0.0387
0
.0374
262
.3
0.0186
0
.0677
0.0398
214
246.3
0.0088
0.0391
0
.0379
266.9
0.0189
0
.0688
0.0403
215
250.5
0.0089
0.0395
0
.0384
271
.5
0.0193
0
.0699
0.0408
216
254.7
0.0090
0.0400
0
.0389
276
.2
0.0196
0.0710
0.0414
217
259.1
0.0092
0.0404
0
.0394
281
.0
0.0200
0
.0721
0.0420
218
263.5
0.0093
0.0409
0
.0399
285
.8
0.0204
0
.0733
0.0425
219
267.9
0.0094
0.0414
0
.0404
290
.8
0.0208
0
.0744
0.0431
220
272.5
0.0095
0.0418
0
.0410
295
.8
0.0212
0
.0756
0.0437
221
277.1
0.0097
0.0423
0
.0415
300
.9
0.0216
0
.0768
0.0443
222
281.8
0.0098
0.0428
0
.0421
306
.1
0.0220
0
.0781
0.0449
223
286.5
0.0099
0.0433
0
.0426
311
.3
0.0224
0
.0793
0.0455
224
291.4
0.0101
0.0438
0.0432
316
.7
0.0228
0
.0805
0.0461
225
296.3
0.0102
0.0443
0
.0437
322
.1
0.0232
0
.0818
0.0467
226
301.3
0.0103
0.0448
0
.0443
327
.7
0.0237
0
.0831
0.0474
227
306.4
0.0105
0.0453
0
.0449
333
.3
0.0242
0
.0845
0.0480
228
311.5
0.0106
0.0458
0
.0455
339
.0
0.0246
o
.0858
0.0486
229
316.8
0.0108
0.0464
0
.0461
344
.8
0.0250
0
.0872
0.0493
230
322.1
0.0109
0.0469
0
.0467
350
.7
0.0255
0
.0885
0.0500
138
GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
TABLE 71— Concluded
MALES
FEMALES
J
O — «
Body
weight
Hypo-
physis
Supra-
renals
Thyroid
Body weight
Hypo-
physis
Supra-
renals
Thyroid
mm.
gtu.".
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
231
327.5
0.0111
0.0474
0
.0473
356
.7
0.0259
0
.0899
0.0507
232
333.0
0.0112
0.0480
0
.0480
362
.8
0.0264
0
.0914
0.0513
233
338.6
0.0114
0.0485
0
.0486
369
.0
0.0269
0
.0928
0.0520
234
344.3
0.0115
0.0491
0
.0493
375
.3
0.0274
0
.0943
0.0527
235
350.0
0.0117
0.0497
0
.0499
381
.7
0.0279
0
.0958
0.0535
236
355.9
0.0118
0.0503
0
.0506
388.2
0.0284
0
.0973
0.0542
237
361.9
0.0120
0.0509
0
.0512
394
.0
0.0290
0
.0989
0.0549
238
367.9
0.0122
0.0514
0
.0519
401
.6
0.0295
0,
.1005
0.0557
239
374.1
0.0123
0.0521
0
.0526
408
.4
0.0300
0
.1021
0.0564
240
380.3
0.0125
0.0527
0
.0533
415
.4
0.0306
0
1037
0.0572
241
386.6
0.0127
0.0533
0
.0540
422
.4
0.0311
0.
1053
0.0580
242
393.1
0.0129
0.0539
0
.0548
429
.6
0.0317
0
1070
0.0588
243
399.6
0.0130
0.0546
0
.0555
436
9
0.0323
0,
1087
0.0596
244
406.3
0.0132
0.0552
0
.0562
444
,3
0.0329
0.
1105
0.0604
245
413.1
0.0134
0.0559
0
0570
451
9
0.0335
0.
1122
0.0613
246
419.9
0.0136
0.0565
0
0577
459
5
0.0341
0.
1140
0.0621
247
426.9
0.0138
0.0572
0
,0585
467
3
0.0347
0.
1158
0.0630
248
434.0
0.0140
0.0579
0
0593
475
,2
0.0353
0.
1177
0.0638
249
441.2
0.0142
0.0586
0
0601
483
3
0.0359
0.
1196
0.0647
250
448.5
0.0144
0.0593
0
0609
491.
5
0.0366
0.
1251
0.0656
WEIGHT OF THYMUS ON AGE
139
TABLE 72
Giving the weight of the thymus in grams — sexes combined — for the first 400 days
of life. See Chart 23
AGE IN
DAYS
WEIGHT OF
THYMUS
AGE IN
DAYS
WEIGHT OF
THYMUS
AGE IN
DAYS
WEIGHT OP
THYMUS
AGE IN
DAYS
WEIGHT OF
THYMUS
B.
0.008
38
0.114
75
0.283
113
0.250
1
0.008
39
0.118
76
0.285
114
0.249
2
0.010
40
0.123
77
0.286
115
0.247
3
0.012
78
0.288
116
0.246
4
0.015
41
0.128
79
0.289
117
0.245
5
0.017
42
0.133
80
0.290
118
0.244
6
0.018
43
0.139
119
0.243
7
0.020
44
0.144
81
0.290
120
0.242
8
0.021
45
0.149
82
0.291
9
0.022
46
0.154
83
0.291
121
0.241
10
0.024
47
0.160
84
0.290
122
0.240
48
0.165
85
0.290
123
0.239
11
0.026
49
0.171
86
0.289
124
0.238
12
0.028
50
0.176
87
0.288
125
0.237
13
0.029
88
0.287
126
0.236
14
0.031
51
0.181
89
0.285
127
0.234
15
0.034
52
0.187
90
0.283
128
0.233
16
0.036
53
0.192
129
0.232
17
0.038
54
0.198
91
0.281
130
0.231
18
0.040
55
0.203
92
0.278
19
0.043
56
0.208
93
0.276
131
0.230
20
0.046
57
0.213
94
0.273
132
0.229
58
0.218
95
0.270
133
0.228
21
0.048
59
0.224
96
0.269
134
0.227
22
0.051
60
0.229
97
0.268
135
0.226
23
0.054
98
0.266
136
0.225
24
0.057
61
0.233
99
0.265
137
0.224
25
0.061
62
0.238
100
0.264
138
0.223
26
0.064
63
0.243
101
0.263
139
0.222
27
0.067
64
0.247
102
0.262
140
0.221
28
0.071
65
0.251
103
0.261
29
0.075
66
0.255
104
0.260
141
0.220
30
0.079
67
0.259
105
0.259
142
0.219
68
0.263
106
0.257
143
0.218
31
0.083
69
0.267
107
0.256
144
0.217
32
0.087
70
0.270
108
0.255
145
0.216
33
0.091
109
0.254
146
0.215
34
0.095
71
0.273
110
0.253
147
0.214
35
0.100
72
0.276
148
0.213
36
0.104
73
0.278
111
0.252
149
0.212
37
0.109
74
0.281
112
0.251
150
0.211
140
GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
TABLE 72— Continued
AGE IN
DATS
WEIGHT OF
THYMUS
AGE IN
DATS
WEIGHT OF
THYMUS
AGE IX
DAYS
WEIGHT OF
THYMUS
AGE IN
DAYS
WEIGHT IN
THYMUS
151
0.210
191
0.172
231
0.138
271
0.108
152
0.209
192
0.171
232
0.137
272
0.107
153
0.208
193
0.170
233
0.136
273
0.106
154
0.207
194
0.169
234
0.135
274
0.106
155
0.206
195
0.168
235
0.134
275
0.105
156
0.205
196
0.167
236
0.134
276
0.104
157
0.204
197
0.166
237
0.133
277
0.104
158
0.203
198
0.165
238
0.132
278
0.103
159
0.202
199
0.164
239
0.131
279
0.102
160
0.201
200
0.164
240
0.130
280
0.102
161
0.200
201
0.163
241
0.130
281
0.101
162
0.199
202
0.162
242
0.129
282
0.100
163
0.198
203
0.161
243
0.128
283
0.099
164
0.197
204
0.160
244
0.127
284
0.099
165
0.196
205
0.159
245
0.127
285
0.098
166
0.195
206
0.158
246
0.126
286
0.098
167
0.194
207
0.157
247
0.125
287
0.097
168
0.193
208
0.157
248
0.124
288
0.096
169
0.192
209
0.156
249
0.124
289
0.096
170
0.191
210
0.155
250
0.123
290
0.095
171
0.190
211
0.154
251
0.122
291
0.094
172
0.189
212
0.153
252
0.121
292
0.094
173
0.188
213
0.152
253
0.121
293
0.093
174
0.187
214
0.152
254
0.120
294
0.092
175
0.186
215
0.151
255
0.119
295
0.092
176
0.185
216
0.150
256
0.118
296
0.091
177
0.184
217
0.149
257
0.118
297
0.090
178
0.183
218
0.148
258
0.117
298
0.090
179
0.183
219
0.147
259
0.116
299
0.089
180
0.182
220
0.147
260
0.115
300
0.089
181
0.181
221
0.146
261
0.115
301
0.088
182
0.180
222
0.145
262
0.114
302
0.087
183
0.179
223
0.144
263
0.113
303
0.087
184
0.178
224
0.143
264
0.113
304
0.086
185
0.177
225
0.142
265
0.112
305
0.085
186
0.176
226
0.142
266
0.111
306
0.085
187
0.175
227
0.141
267
0.110
307
0.084
188
0.174
228
0.140
268
0.110
308
0.084
189
0.173
229
0.139
269
0.109
309
0.083
190
0.172
230
0.138
270
0.108
310
0.082
WEIGHT OF THYMUS ON AGE
TABLE 72— Concluded
141
AGE IN
DAYS
WEIGHT OP
THYMCS
AGE IN
DAYS
WEIGHT OF
THYMUS
AGE IN
DAYS
WEIGHT OP
THYMUS
AGE IN
DAYS
WEIGHT OF
THYMUS
311
0.082
334
0.069
357
0.057
379
0.047
312
0.081
335
0.068
358
0.057
380
0.047
313
0.081
336
0.068
359
0.056
314
0.080
337
0.067
360
0.056
381
0.047
315
0.080
338
0.067
382
0.046
316
0.079
339
0.066
361
0.055
383
0.046
317
0.078
340
0.066
362
0.055
384
0.045
318
0.078
363
0.054
385
0.045
319
0.077
341
0.065
364
0.054
386
0.045
320
0.077
342
0.065
365
0.054
387
0.044
343
0.064
366
0.053
388
0.044
321
0.076
344
0.064
367
0.053
389
0.043
322
0.075
345
0.063
368
0.052
390
0.043
323
0.075
346
0.063
369
0.052
324
0.074
347
0.062
370
0.051
391
0.043
325
0.074
348
0.062
392
0.042
326
0.073
349
0.061
371
0.051
393
0.042
327
0.073
350
0.061
372
0.050
394
0.041
328
0.072
373
0.050
395
0.041
329
0.072
351
0.060
374
0.050
396
0.041
330
0.071
352
0.060
375
0.049
397
0.040
353
0.059
376
0.049
398
0.040
331
0.071
354
0.059
377
0.048
399
0.040
332
0.070
355
0.058
378
0.048
400
0.039
333
0.069
356
0.058
142
GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
TABLE 73
Weights of viscera combined plus that of thymus for each sex and at each millimeter
of body length. Not charted. The percentage of the body weight represented by
the weight of the viscera is however given under 'viscera' in table 50, and chart 5.
MALES
FEMALES
Body
length
Body
weight
Weight
of viscera
Weight
of thymus
Body
weight
Weight
of viscera
Weight
of thymus
mm.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
47 4.9 0.806 0.007 4.7 0.775 0.007
48 4.9 0.808 0.007 4.7 0.779 0.007
49 5.0 0.839 0.007 4.9 0.810 0.007
50
5.1
0.853
0.007
5.0
0.834
0.008
51
5.2
0.873
0.008
5.1
0.854
0.008
52
5.3
0.916
0.008
5.3
0.901
0.008
53
5.4
0.938
0.008
5.5
0.955
0.008
54
5.6
0.991
0.008
5.8
1.046
0.010
55
5.8
1.047
0.010
6.2
1.141
0.012
56
6.1
1.130
0.011
6.5
1.218
0.015
57
6.4
1.218
0.012
6.9
1.318
0.015
58
6.8
1.301
0.015
7.2
1.401
0.016
59
7.1
1.387
0.015
7.6
1.487
0.017
60
7.5
1.486
0.016
8.0
1.573
0.017
61
7.9
1.573
0.016
8.4
1.665
0.018
62
8.2
1.656
0.017
8.7
1.735
0.020
63
8.6
1.751
0.017
9.1
1.825
0.020
64
9.0
1.837
0.018
9.5
1.914
0.020
65
9.4
1.931
0.020
9.9
1.998
0.021
66
9.8
2.026
0.020
10.3
2.114
0.021
67
10.1
2.091
0.021
10.8
2.300
0.021
68
10.6
2.272
0.021
11.2
2.467
0.022
69
11.0
2.441
0.022
11.6
2.622
0.023
70
11.4
2.614
0.022
12.0
2.787
0.024
71
11.8
2.770
0.023
12.5
2.958
0.025
72
12.2
2.911
0.024
12.9
3.093
0.026
73
12.7
3.093
0.025
13.4
3.270
0.026
74
13.1
3.226
0.026
13.9
3.424
0.027
75
13.6
3.396
0.027
14.3
3.554
0.027
76
14.0
3.524
0.028
14.8
3.704
0.028
77
14.5
3.679
0.028
15.3
3.864
0.028
78
15.0
3.842
0.029
15.8
4.001
0.031
79
15.4
3.967
0.031
16.3
4.147
0.032
80
15.9
4.107
0.032
16.8
4.294
0.033
WEIGHT OF VISCERA
TABLE 73— Continued
143
MALES
FEMALES
Body
length
Body
weight
Weight
of viscera
Weight
of thymus
Body
weight
Weight
of viscera
Weight
of thymus
mm.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
81
16.4
4.255
0.034
17.3
4.419
0.034
82
16.9
4.393
0.036
17.9
4.584
0.034
83
17.4
4.529
0.038
18.4
4.717
0.035
84
18.0
4.698
0.037
19.0
4.864
0.037
85
18.5
4.834
0.040
19.5
4.996
0.038
86
19.0
4.958
0.041
20.1
5.138
0.040
87
19.6
5.115
0.043 '
20.7
5.283
0.043
88
20.1
5.239
0.044
21.2
5.413
0.044
89
20.7
5.385
0.046
21.8
5.555
0.046
90
21.3
5.531
0.048
22.4
5.697
0.048
91
21.9
5.679
0.050
23.1
5.840
0.050
92
22.4
5.809
0.052
23.7
5.983
0.052
93
23.0
5.943
0.054
24.3
6.112
0.054
94
23.7
6.102
0.056
25.0
6.266
0.055
95
24.3
6.236
0.057
25.6
6.396
0.057
96
24.9
6.381
0.059
26.3
6.547
0.059
97
25.6
6.528
0.061
27.0
6.687
0.060
98
26.2
6.672
0.063
27.7
6.831
0.061
99
26.9
6.810
0.065
28.4
6.972
0.063
100
27.5
6.942
0.067
29.1
7.112
0.065
101
28.2
7.088
0.070
29.8
7.254
0.067
102
28.9
7.237
0.073
30.5
7.384
0.067
103
29.6
7.372
0.075
31.3
7.537
0.075
104
30.3
7.517
0.078
32.0
7.666
0.079
105
31.1
7.678
0.081
32.8
7.820
0.083
106
31.8
7.824
0.083
33.6
7.960
0.087
107
32.5
7.959
0.086
34.4
8.112
0.091
108
33.3
8.110
0.089
35.2
8.254
0.095
109
34.1
8.268
0.092
36.0
8.395
0.097
110
34.9
8.418
0.095
36.9
8.546
0.099
111
35.7
8.566
0.099
37.7
8.690
0.101
112
36.5
8.727
0.104
38.6
8.841
0.105
113
37.3
8.866
0.109
39.5
9.005
0.109
114
38.2
9.037
0.111
40.3
9.134
0.113
115
39.0
9.177
0.113
41.3
9.300
0.117
116
39.9
9.330
0.116
42.2
9.451
0.120
117
40.8
9.493
0.118
43.1
9.595
0.123
144
GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
TABLE 73— Continued
MALES
FEMALES
Body
length
Body
weight
Weight
ol viscera
Weight
of thymus
Body
weight
Weight
of viscera
Weight
of thymus
mm.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
118 41.6 9.644 0.120 44.1 9.746 0.126
119 42.6 9.810 0.123 45.0 9.888 0.130
120 43.5 9.964 0.127 46.0 10.043 0.133
121
44.4
10.127
0.131
47.0
10.207
0.136
122
45.4
10.294
0.135
48.0
10.360
0.139
123
46.3
10.448
0.139
49.1
10.525
0.144
124
47.3
10.616
0.140
50.1
10.679
0.147
125
48.3
10.794
0.141
51.2
10.832
0.151
126
49.3
10.950
0.142
52.3
10.999
0.154
127
50.4
11.134
0.144
53.4
11.156
0.159
128
51.4
11.290
0.149
54.5
11.320
0.164
129
52.5
•11.474
0.154
55.6
11.474
0.167
130
53.6
11.644
0.159
56.8
11.640
0.171
131
54.7
11.827
0.164
58.0
11.808
0.174
132
55.8
12.002
0.167
59.2
11.984
0.178
133
56.9
12.174
0.171
60.4
12.150
0.181
134
58.1
12.373
0.175
61.6
12.306
0.184
135
59.3
12.560
0.178
62.9
12.485
0.187
136
60.5
12.740
0.181
64.2
12.663
0.190
137
61.7
12.936
0.184
65.5
12.829
0.193
138
62.9
13.116
0.187
66.8
13.007
0.196
139
64.1
13.305
0.192
68.1
13.176
0.199
140
65.4
13.509
0.196
69.5
13.356
0.203
141
66.7
13.703
0.200
70.9
13.536
0.206
142
68.0
13.898
0.203
72.3
13.715
0.210
143
69.3
14.093
0.208
73.7
13.898
0.214
144
70.7
14.303
0.211
75.2
14.089
0.218
145
72.1
14.513
0.214
76.7
14.281
0.225
146
73.5
14.723
0.218
78.2
14.464
0.233
147
74.9
14.934
0.220
79.7
14.654
0.236
148
76.3
15.147
0.223
81.3
14.848
0.239
149
77.8
15.374
0.226
82.8
15.038
0.243
150
79.3
15.600
0.229
84.4
15.222
0.247
151
80.8
15.811
0.231
86.1
15.427
0.249
152
82.4
16.039
0.233
87.7
15.612
0.251
153
83.9
16.241
0.236
89.4
15.819
0.252
WEIGHT OF VISCERA
TABLE 73— Continued
145
MALES
FEMALES
Body
length
Body
weight
Weight
of viscera
Weight
of thymus
Body
weight
Weight
of viscera
Weight
of thymus
mm.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
154
85.5
16.456
0.239
91.1
16.023
0.253
155
87.1
16.672
0.241
92.9
16.230
0.254
156
88.7
16.877
0.244
94.6
16.435
0.256
157
90.4
17.104
0.247
96.4
16.645
0.262
158
92.1
17.321
0.249
98.3
16.854
0.269
159
93.8
17.537
0.251
100.1
17.062
0.270
160
95.6
17.770
0.253
102.0
17.270
0.273
161
97.3
17.995
0.256
103.9
17.489
0.276
162
99.2
18.227
0.259
105.9
17.710
0.278
163
101.0
18.456
0.262
107.9
17.943
0.280
164
102.8
18.682
0.264
109.9
18.165
0.283
165
104.7
18.912
0.267
111.9
18.376
0.285
166
106.7
19.155
0.270
114.0
18.607
0.286
167
108.6
19.391
0.272
116.1
18.840
0.288
168
110.6
19.638
0.274
118.3
19.073
0.289
169
112.6
19.868
0.276
120.5
19.318
0.290
170
114.7
20.121
0.278
122.7
19.549
0.291
171
116.7
20.363
0.280
125.0
19.784
0.290
172
118.9
20.620
0.282
127.3
20.030
0.289
173
121.0
20.870
0.285
129.6
20.266
0.288
174
123.2
21 . 127
0.286
132.0
20.522
0.288
175
125.4
21.368
0.288
134.4
20.767
0.287
176
127.7
21.647
0.289
136.8
21.015
0.284
177
130.0
21.905
0.290
139.3
21.273
0.278
178
132.3
22.160
0.291
141.9
21.532
0.273
179
134.6
22.425
0.291
144.4
21.781
0.268
180
137.0
22.693
0.291
147.1
22.062
0.266
181
139.5
22.972
0.290
149.7
22.322
0.264
182
142.0
23.244
0.290
152.4
22.594
0.262
183
144.5
23.521
0.290
155.2
22.867
0.256
184
147.0
23.791
0.287
158.0
23.142
0.251
185
149.6
24.073
0.285
160.8
23.424
0.248
186
152.3
24.367
0.278
163.7
23.700
0.247
187
155.0
24.648
0.274
166.6
23.995
0.245
188
157.7
24.943
0.271
169.6
24.282
0.238
189
160.5
25.246
0.268
172.6
24.579
0.235
190
163.3
25.541
0.266
175.7
24.876
0.232
146
GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
TABLE 73— Continued
MALES
FEMALES
Body
length
Body
weight
Weight
of viscera
Weight
of thymus
Body
weight
Weight
of viscera
Weight
of thymus
mm.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
191
166.2
25.838
0.264
178.8
25.166
0.230
192
169.1
26.144
0.262
182.0
25.475
0.223
193
172.0
26.450
0.259
185.2
25.778
0.211
194
175.0
26.756
0.256
188.5
26.089
0.190
195
178.1
27.077
0.253
191.9
26.414
0.183
196
181.2
27.396
0.251
195.3
26.736
0.171
197
184.3
27.716
0.249
198.7
27.051
198
187.5
28.036
0.247
202.2
27.378
199
190.8
28.370
0.245
205.8
27.716
200
194.1
28.692
0.241
209.4
28.051
201
197.4
29.035
0.238
213.1
28.380
202
200.8
29.379
0.230
216.8
28.731
203
204.3
29.726
0.226
220.7
29.083
204
207.8
30.071
0.224
224.5
29.433
205
211.4
30.418
0.222
228.4
29.795
206
215.0
30.767
0.220
232.4
30.150
207
218.7
31.127
0.218
236.5
30.526
208
222.5
31.499
0.210
240.6
30.893
209
226.3
31 .871
0.205
244.8
31.272
210
230.2
32.244
0.197
249.1
31.661
211
234.1
32.616
0.190
253.4
32.042
212
238.1
33.002
0.183
257.8
32.432
213
242.2
33.389
0.177
262.3
32.825
214
246.3
33.784
0.169
266.9
33.230
215
250.5
34.172
0.150
271.5
33.645
216
254.7
34.570
0.140
276.2
34.053
217
259.1
34.982
0.130
281.0
34.470
218
263.5
35.384
0.124
285.8
34.888
219
267.9
35.785
0.118
290.8
35.331
220
272.5
36.219
295.8
35.774
221
277.1
36.654
300.9
36.198
222
281.8
37.082
306.1
36.670
223
286.5
37.507
311.3
37.109
224
291.4
37.958
316.7
37.568
225
296.3
38.339
322.1
38.028
226
301.3
38.861
327.7
38.510
227
306.4
39.325
333.3
38.982
WEIGHT OF VISCERA
TABLE 73— Concluded
147
MALES
FEMALES
Body
length
Body
weight
Weight
of viscera
Weight
of thymus
Body
weight
Weight
of viscera
Weight
of thymua
mm.
gms.
g ma.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
228 311.5 39.828 339.0 39.476
229 316.8 40.255 344.8 39.963
230 322.1 40.723 350.7 40.462
231
327.5
41.210
232
333.0
41.692
233
338.6
42.194
234
344.3
42.678
235
350.0
43.201
236
355.9
43.718
237
361.9
44.250
238
367.9
44.769
239
374.1
45.301
240
380.3
45.854
241
386.6
46.398
242
393.1
46.957
243
399.6
47.514
244
406.3
48.097
245
413.1
48.678
246
419.9
49.262
247
426.9
49.838
248
434.0
50.456
249
441.2
51.066
250
448.5
51.689
356.7
40.972
362.8
41.492
369.0
42.006
375.3
42.531
381.7
43.068
388.2
43.605
394.9
44.168
401.6
44.731
408.4
45.295
415.4
45.882
422.4
46.451
429.6
47.041
436.9
47.655
444.3
48.258
451.9
48.876
459.5
49.506
467.3
50.147
475.2
50.780
483.3
51.446
491.5
52.105
148
GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
TABLE 74
Giving the percentage of water inthebrain and in the spinal cord for each sex, on age.
See Chart 26.
AOE
IN
DAYS
MALES
FEMALES
Body
weight
gms.
Brain
weight
gms.
Per cent
of water
brain
Cord
weight
gms.
Per cent
of water
cord
Body
weight
gma.
Brain
weight
gma.
Per cent
of water
brain
Cord
weight
gms.
Per
cent of
water
cord
B
4.7
0.217
88.00
0.033
86.75
4.6
0.213
88.00
0.033
86.75
1
5.5
0.290
87.95
0.038
86.
42
5.4
0.269
87.95
0.037
86.42
2
5.9
0.333
87.90
0.041
86.
08
5.8
0.323
87.90
0.041
86.08
3
6.4
0.395
87.85
0.046
85.74
6.3
0.373
87.85
0.045
85.74
4
6.9
0.442
87.83
0.050
85.
41
6.8
0.421
87.83
0.050
85.41
5
7.6
0.509
87.79
0.056
85.
07
7.5
0.492
87.79
0.056
85.07
6
8.5
0.581
87.70
0.064
84.
73
8.4
0.564
87.70
0.064
84.73
7
9.5
0.657
87.50
0.072
84.
40
9.4
0.645
87.50
0.073
84.40
8
10.5
0.708
87.30
0.081
84.
06
10.4
0.697
87.30
0.082
84.06
9
11.8
0.840
87.05
0.091
83.
73
11.6
0.811
87.05
0.091
83.73
10
13.5
0.947
86.72
0.104
83.
40
13.0
0.909
86.72
0.102
83.40
11
13.9
0.969
86.26
0.106
82.
98
13.7
0.940
86.26
0.107
82.96
12
14.4
0.991
85.82
0.110
82.
57
14.4
0.979
85.82
0.112
82.52
13
14.9
1.011
85.39
0.114
82.
17
15.1
1.003
85.40
0.117
82.10
14
15.5
1.037
84.97
0.118
81.
77
15.8
1.031
84.98
0.122
81.68
15
16.1
1.057
84.58
0.122
81.39
16.5
1.048
84.59
0.127
81.28
16
16.7
1.077
84.19
0.126
81.
00
17.3
1.079
84.20
0.133
80.88
17
17.3
1.095
83.82
0.131
80.
63
18.1
1.099
83.82
0.138
80.49
18
18.0
1.112
83.46
0.135
80
26
18.9
1.118
83.47
0.142
80.11
19
18.7
1.131
83.12
0.139
79
90
19.8
1.140
83.13
0.148
79.73
20
19.5
1.150
82.80
0.144
79
,55
20.7
1.159
82.82
0.154
79.47
21
20.3
1.169
82.49
0.149
79
21
21.6
1.177
82.51
0.160
79.02
22
21.1
1.184
82.19
0.154
78
,87
22.5
1.195
82.21
0.165
78.67
23
22.0
1.202
81.91
0.159
78
54
23.4
1.208
81.93
0.170
78.33
24
22.9
1.219
81.64
0.165
78
.22
24.4
1.226
81.66
0.176
78.00
25
23.9
1.237
81.39
0.169
77
90
25.4
1.241
81.41
0.182
77.67
26
24.9
1.252
81.15
0.175
77
,59
26.5
1.251
81.17
0.187
77.36
27
25.9
1.266
80.93
0.179
77
,29
27.5
1.269
80.95
0.193
77.06
28
27.0
1.282
80.72
0.186
77
00
28.6
1.282
80.74
0.198
76.76
29
28.1
1.297
80.53
0.193
76
.71
29.7
1.297
80.55
0.204
76.47
30
29.2
1.311
80.35
0.198
76
.43
30.9
1.310
80.37
0.210
76.19
31
30.4
1.324
80.19
0.204
76
.16
32.0
1.322
80.21
0.216
75.92
32
31.6
1.338
80.04
0.210
75
.90
33.2
1.334
80.07
0.221
75.66
33
32.8
1.351
79.91
0.215
75
.64
34.4
1.346
79.94
0.227
75.40
34
34.1
1.363
79.79
0.221
75
.39
35.7
1.358
79.82
0.233
75.16
35
35.4
1.375
79.69
0.227
75
.15
37.0
1.369
79.72
0.239
74.92
36
36.8
1.389
79.60
0.233
74
.91
38.3
1.380
79.63
0.245
74.69
PERCENTAGE OF WATER IN BRAIN AND CORD
149
TABLE 74— Continued
AOE
IN
DAYS
HALES
FEMALES
Body
weight
gms.
Brain
weight
gms.
Per cent
of water
brain
Cord
weight
gma.
Per cent
of water
cord
Body
weight
gms.
Brain
weight
gms.
Per cent
of water
Brain
Cord
weignt
gms.
Per
cent of
water
cord
37
38.1
1.399
79.52
0.239
74.68
39.6
1.391
79.55
0.250
74.47
38
39.6
1.411
79.46
0.245
74.46
40.9
1.400
79.49
0.255
74.26
39
41.0
1.423
79.42
0.251
74.25
42.3
1.411
79.45
0.261
74.06
40
42.5
1.434
79.39
0.257
74.04
43.7
1.422
79.42
0.267
73.86
41
44.1
1.446
79.36
0.264
73.95
45.1
1.432
79.39
0.272
73.78
42
45.7
1.457
79.34
0.269
73.87
46.6
1.441
79.37
0.278
73.72
43
47.3
1.468
79.32
0.276
73.74
48.1
1.451
79.35
0.284
73.60
44
48.9
1.478
79.30
0.281
73.62
49.6
1.460
79.33
0.289
73.50
45
50.6
1.488
79.28
0.288
73.50
51.1
1.468
79.31
0.294
73.39
46
52.3
1.498
79.26
0.293
73.39
52.7
1.478
79.29
0.300
73.30
47
54.1
1.507
79.24
0.299
73.28
54.3
1.487
79.27
0.306
73.21
48
55.9
1.518
79.22
0.305
73.17
55.9
1.495
79.25
0.311
73.12
49
57.7
1.527
79.21
0.311
73.07
57.5
1.503
79.24
0.316
72.05
50
59.6
1.537
79.19
0.317
72.97
59.2
1.512
79.23
0.322
72.97
51
61.5
1.546
79.17
0.323
72.88
60.9
1.520
79.21
0.327
72.88
52
63.4
1.555
79.15
0.329
72.79
62.6
1.528
79.19
0.332
72.79
53
65.4
1.563
79.14
0.334
72.69
64.3
1.535
79.18
0.338
72.69
54
67.4
1.572
79.12
0.340
72.60
66.1
1.543
79.16
0.343
72.60
55
69.5
1.581
79.10
0.346
72.51
67.9
1.551
79.14
0.348
72.51
56
71.6
1.589
79.08
0.352
72.43
69.7
1.558
79.12
0.353
72.43
57
73.7
1.597
79.07
0.358
72.35
71.6
1.565
79.11
0.359
72.35
58
75.9
1.606
79.05
0.363
72.27
73.4
1.573
79.09
0.364
72.27
59
78.1
1.614
79.04
0.369
72.19
75.3
1.580
79.08
0.370
72.19
60
80.3
1.622
79.02
0.375
72.11
77.3
1.587
79.06
0.375
72.11
61
82.5
1.629
79.00
0.380
72.04
79.2
1.594
79.04
0.380
72.04
62
84.9
1.637
78.99
0.386
71.97
81.2
1.601
79.02
0.385
71.97
63
87.2
1.644
78.97
0.391
71.91
83.2
1.607
79.01
0.389
71.91
64
89.6
1.652
78.96
0.397
71.84
85.2
1.614
78.99
0.394
71.84
65
92.0
1.659
78.94
0.402
71.77
87.3
1.621
78.98
0.399
71.77
66
94.5
1.666
78.93
0.407
71.71
89.4
1.627
78.97
0.404
71.72
67
97.0
1.673
78.92
0.413
71.65
91.5
1.633
78.96
0.409
71.66
68
99.5
1.681
78.90
0.418
71.60
93.6
1.639
78.94
0.414
71.61
69
102.1
1.688
78.89
0.424
71.54
95.8
1.645
78.93
0.419
71.54
70
104.7
1.695
78.88
0.429
71.48
98.0
1.651
78.92
0.424
71.50
71
107.3
1.702
78.87
0.434
71.43
100.2
1.657
78.91
0.429
71.45
72
110.0
1.709
78.85
0.439
71.38
102.4
1.663
78.89
0.433
71.41
73
112.7
1.715
78.84
0.445
71.32
104.7
1.669
78.88
0.438
71.36
74
115.5
1.722
78.82
0.450
71.27
107.0
1.675
78.86
0.442
71.32
150
GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
TABLE 74— Continued
AGE
IN
DAYS
MALES
FEMALES
Body
weight
gma.
Brain
weight
gma.
Per cent
of water
brain
Cord
weight
gms.
Per cent
of water
cord
Body
weight
gmsr
Brain
weight
gms.
Per cent
of water
Brain
Cord
weight
gms.
Per
cent of
water
cord
75
118.3
1.729
78.81
0.455
71.22
109
.3
1.681
78.85
0.447
71.27
76
121.1
1.735
78.80
0.460
71.18
111
.6
1.687
78.84
0.451
71.23
77
124.0
1.741
78.79
0.465
71.13
114
.0
1.692
78.83
0.456
71.19
78
126.8
1.746
78.77
0.470
71.09
116
.4
1.698
78.82
0.460
71.15
79
129.8
1.752
78.76
0.475
71.04
118
.8
1.703
78.81
0.465
71.11
80
132.8
1.758
78.75
0.480
71.00
121
.3
1.709
78.80
0.469
71.07
81
134.7
1.762
78.74
0.483
70.96
122
.6
1.712
78.79
0.471
71.03
82
136.5
1.765
78.73
0.486
70.92
124
.0
1.715
78.78
0.474
71.00
83
138.4
1.769
78.72
0.488
70.89
125
.4
1.717
78.77
0.476
70.96
84
140.2
1.772
78.71
0.491
70.85
126
.8
1.720
78.76
0.479
70.93
85
142.0
1.776
78.70
0.494
70.81
128
.1
1.723
78.75
0.481
70.89
86
143.7
1.779
78.69
0.497
70.78
129
.5
1-.726
78.74
0.483
70.86
87
145.5
1.782
78.68
0.499
70.74
130
.8
1.728
78.73
0.485
70.83
88
147.2
1.785
78.67
0.502
70.71
132
.1
1.731
78.72
0.488
70.80
89
148.9
1.788
78,66
0.504
70.67
133
.4
1.733
78.71
0.490
70.77
90
150.5
1.791
78.65
0.507
70.64
134
.6
1.736
78.70
0.492
70.74
91
152.1
1.794
78.64
0.509
70.61
135
,S
1.738
78.69
0.494
70.72
92
153.7
1.797
78.63
0.511
70.58
137
.1
1.740
78.68
0.496
70.69
93
155.3
1.799
78.62
0.514
70.56
138
3
1.743
78.67
0.497
70.67
94
156.9
1.802
78.61
0.516
70.53
139.4
1.745
78.66
0.499
70.64
95
158.4
1.805
78.60
0.518
70.50
140
.6
1.747
78.65
0.501
70.62
96
160.0
1.807
78.59
0.520
70.48
141
.8
1.749
78.64
0.503
70.60
97
161.4
1.810
78.58
0.522
70.45
142
.9
1.751
78.63
0.505
70.58
98
162.9
1.812
78.57
0.525
70.43
144
.0
1.752
78.62
0.506
70.55
99
164.3
1.815
78.56
0.527
70.40
145
.1
1.754
78.61
0.508
70.53
100
165.8
1.817
78.55
0.529
70.38
146
.2
1.756
78.60
0.510
70.51
101
167.2
1.819
78.54
0.531
70.36
147
.3
1.758
78.59
0.512
70.49
102
168.6
1.821
78.53
0.533
70.34
148
.3
1.760
78.58
0.514
70.47
103
170.0
1.824
78.53
0.534
70.32
149
.4
1.762
78.58
0.515
70.46
104
171.3
1.826
78.52
0.536
70.30
ISO
.4
1.764
78.57
0.517
70.44
105
172.7
1.828
78.51
0.538
70.28
151
.4
1.766
78.56
0.519
70.42
106
174.0
1.830
78.50
0.540
70.26
152
.4
1.768
78.55
0.520
60.41
107
175.3
1.832
78.49
0.541
70.25
153
.4
1.770
78.54
0.522
70.40
108
176.6
1.833
78.48
0.543
70.23
154
.4
1.772
78.53
0.523
70.38
109
177.9
1.835
78.47
0.544
70.22
155
.3
1.774
78.52
0.525
70.37
110
179.1
1.837
78.46
0.546
70.20
156
.3
1.775
78.51
0.526
70.36
111
180.4
1.839
78.45
0.547
70.19
157
.2
1.776
78.50
0.527
70.35
112
181.6
1.841
78.44
0.549
70.17
158
,2
1.778
78.49
0.528
70.34
PERCENTAGE OF WATER IN BRAIN AND CORD
151
TABLE 74— Continued
AGE
IN
DAYS
MALES
FEMALES
Body
weight
gms.
Brain
weight
firms.
Per cent
of water
brain
Cord
weight
gms.
Per cent
of water
cord
Body
weight
gms.
Brain
weight
gms.
Per cent
of water
Brain
Cord
weight
gms.
Per
cent of
water
cord
113
182.8
1.842
78.44
0.550
70
.15
159.1
1.779
78.49
0.530
70.32
114
184.0
1.844
78.43
0.552
70
.14
160.0
1.781
78.48
0.531
70.31
115
185.2
1.846
78.42
0.553
70
.13
160.9
1.782
78.47
0.532
70.30
116
186.4
1.848
78.41
0.555
70
.12
161.8
1.783
78.46
0.533
70.29
117
187.5
1.849
78.40
0.556
70
.11
162.6
1.785
78.46
0.535
70.28
118
188.7
1.851
78.40
0.558
70
.09
163.5
1.786
78.45
0.536
70.27
119
189.7
1.852
78.39
0.559
70
.08
164.3
1.788
78.45
0.538
70.26
120
190.9
1.854
78.38
0.561
70
.07
165.2
1.789
78.44
0.539
70.25
121
192.0
1.855
78.37
0.562
70
.06
166.0
1.790
78.43
0.540
70.25
122
193.1
1.857
78.37
0.563
70
.06
166.8
1.791
78.43
0.541
70.24
123
194.1
1.858
78.36
0.564
70
.05
167.6
1.793
78.42
0.542
70.24
124
195.2
1.860
78.36
0.565
70
.05
168.4
1.794
78.42
0.543
70.23
125
196.2
1.861
78.35
0.566
70
.04
169.2
1.795
78.41
0.544
70.23
126
197.3
1.862
78.34
0.567
70
.03
170.0
1.796
78.40
0.545
70.23
127
198.3
1.863
78.33
0.569
70
.03
170.7
1.798
78.39
0.546
70.23
128
199.3
1.865
78.33
0.570
70
.02
171.5
1.799
78.39
0.546
70.22
129
200.3
1.866
78.32
0.572
70
.02
172.3
1.801
78.38
0.547
70.22
130
201.2
1.867
78.31
0.573
70
.01
173.0
1.802
78.37
0.548
70.22
131
202.2
1.868
78.30
0.574
70
.01
173.7
1.803
78.36
0.549
70.22
132
203.2
1.870
78.30
0.575
70
.01
174.5
1.804
78.36
0.550
70.22
133
204.1
1.871
78.29
0.576
70
.00
175.2
1.804
78.35
0.551
70.22
134
205.1
1.873
78.29
0.577
70
.00
175.9
1.805
78.35
0.552
70.22
135
206.0
1.874
78.28
0.578
70
.00
176.2
1.806
78.34
0.553
70.22
136
206.9
1.875
78.27
0.579
70
.00
176.5
1.807
78.33
0.554
70.22
137
207.8
1.876
78.26
0.580
70
.00
176.9
1.808
78.32
0.555
70.22
138
208.7
1.877
78.26
0.580
70
.00
177.6
1.809
78.32
0.555
70.22
139
209.6
1.878
78.25
0.581
70
.00
178.3
1.810
78.31
0.556
70.22
140
210.5
1.879
78.24
0.582
70
00
179.9
1.811
78.30
0.557
70.22
141
211.3
1.880
78.24
0.583
70.
00
180.6
1.812
78.30
0.558
70.22
142
212.2
1.881
78.23
0.584
70
.00
181.2
1.813
78.29
0.559
70.22
143
213.0
1.882
78.23
0.584
70
.00
181.8
1.813
78.29
0.559
70.22
144
213.9
1.883
78.22
0.585
70.00
182.5
1.814
78.28
0.560
70.22
145
214.7
1.884
78.22
0.586
70
00
183.1
1.815
78.28
0.561
70.22
146
215.5
1.885
78.21
0.587
70
00
183.7
1.816
78.27
0.562
70.22
147
216.3
1.886
78.21
0.588
70
.00
184.3
1.817
78.27
0.562
70.22
148
217.1
1.887
78.20
0.588
70.
00
184.9
1.817
78.26
0.563
70.22
149
217.9
1.887
78.20
0.589
70.
00
185.5
1.818
78.26
0.564
70.22
150
218.7
1.888
78.19
0.590
70.
00
186.1
1.819
78.25
0.565
70.22
152
GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
TABLE 74— Continued
AGE
IN
DAYS
MALES
FEMALES
Body
weight
gms.
Brain
weight
gmx.
Per cent
of water
brain
Cord
weight
gms.
Per cent
of water
cord
Body
weight
gms.
Brain
weight
gms.
Per cent
of water
Brain
Cord
weight
gms .
Per
cent of
water
cord
151
219.5
1.889
78.19
0.591
70.00
186.7
1.820
78.25
0.565
70.22
152
220.2
1.890
78.18
0.592
70.00
187.2
1.821
78.24
0.566
70.22
153
221.0
1.891
78.18
0.592
70.00
187.8
1.821
78.24
0.567
70.22
154
221.7
1.892
78.17
0.593
70.00
188.4
1.822
78.23
0.568
70.22
155
222.5
1.893
78.17
0.594
70.00
188.9
1.823
78.23
0.568
70.22
156
223.2
1.894
78.16
0.595
70.70
189.5
1.824
78.22
0.569
70.22
157
223.9
1.895
78.16
0.586
70.00
190.0
1.825
78.22
0.570
70.22
158
224.7
1.896
78.15
0.596
70.00
190.6
1.825
78.21
0.571
70.22
159
225.3
1.897
78.15
0.597
70.00
191.1
1.826
78.21
0.571
70.22
160
226.0
1.898
78.14
0.598
70.00
191.6
1.827
78.20
0.572
70.22
161
226.7
1.899
78.14
0.599
70.00
192.1
1.828
78.20
0.573
70.22
162
227.4
1.900
78.13
0.600
70.00
192.6
1.829
78.19
0.574
70.22
163
228.1
1.901
78.13
0.600
70.00
193.2
1.829
78.19
0.574
70.22
164
228.8
1.902
78.12
0.601
70.00
193.6
1.830
78.18
0.575
70.22
165
229.4
1.902
78.12
0.602
70.00
194.2
1.831
78.18
0.576
70.22
166
230.1
1.903
78.12
0.603
70.00
194.6
1.832
78.18
0.576
70.22
167
230.7
1.903
78.12
0.603
70.00
195.1
1.832
78.18
0.577
70.22
168
231.4
1.904
78.12
0.604
70.00
195.6
1.833
78.18
0.577
70.22
169
232.0
1.904
78.12
0.604
70.00
196.1
1.833
78.18
0.578
70.22
170
232.6
1.905
78.12
0.605
70.00
196.5
1.834
78.18
0.578
70.22
171
233.3
1.906
78.12
0.605
70.00
197.0
1.834
78.18
0.579
70.22
172
233.9
1.906
78.12
0.606
70.00
197.5
1.835
78.18
0.579
70.22
173
234.5
1.907
78.12
0.606
70.00
197.9
1.835
78.18
0.580
70.22
174
235.1
1.907
78.12
0.607
70.00
198.4
1.836
78.18
0.580
70.22
175
235.7
1.908
78.12
0.608
70.00
198.8
1.837
78.18
0.581
70.22
176
236.3
1.909
78.12
0.608
70.00
199.3
1.837
78.18
0.581
70.22
177
236.9
1.909
78.12
0.609
70.00
199.7
1.838
78.18
0.582
70.22
178
237.4
1.910
78.11
0.609
69.99
200.1
1.838
78.17
0.582
70.22
179
238.0
1.910
78.11
0.610
69.99
200.6
1.839
78.17
0.583
70.22
180
238.6
1.911
78.11
0.610
69.99
201.0
1.839
78.17
0.583
70.22
181
239.1
1.912
78.11
0.611
69.99
201.4
1.840
78.17
0.584
70.22
182
239.7
1.912
78.11
0.612
69.99
201.8
1.841
78.17
0.584
70.22
183
240.2
1.913
78.11
0.612
69.99
202.2
1.841
78.17
0.585
70.22
184
240.8
1.913
78.11
0.613
69.99
202.6
1.842
78.17
0.585
70.22
185
241.3
1.914
78.11
0.613
69.99
203.0
1.842
78.17
0.586
70.22
186
241.8
1.915
78.11
0.814
69.99
203.4
1.843
78.17
0.586
70.22
187
242.3
1.915
78.11
0.614
69.99
203.8
1.843
78.17
0.587
70.22
188
242.9
1.916
78.11
0.615
69.99
204.2
1.844
78.17
0.587
70.22
PERCENTAGE OF WATER IN BRAIN AND CORD
153
TABLE 74— Continued
AGE
IN
DAYS
MALES
FEMALES
Body
weight
gms.
Brain
weight
gms.
Per cent
of water
brain
Cord
weight
gms.
Per cent
of water
cord
Body
weight
gms.
Brain
weight
gms.
Per cent
of water
Brain
Cord
weight
gms.
Per
cent of
water
cord
189
243.4
1.916
78.11
0.615
69.99
204.6
1.844
78.17
0.588
70.22
190
243.9
1.917
78.11
0.616
69.99
204.9
1.845
78.17
0.588
70.22
191
244.4
1.917
78.11
0.616
69.99
205.3
1.845
78.17
0.588
70.22
192
244.9
1.918
78.11
0.617
69.99
205.7
1.846
78.17
0.589
70.22
193
245.4
1.918
78.11
0.617
69.98
206.0
1.846
78.17
0.589
70.22
194
245.9
1.919
78.11
0.618
69.98
206.4
1.847
78.17
0.589
70.22
195
246.3
1.919
78.11
0.618
69.98
206.7
1.847
78.17
0.590
70.21
196
246.8
1.920
78.11
0.618
69.98
207.1
1.847
78.17
0.590
70.21
197
247.3
1.920
78.10
0.619
69.97
207.4
1.848
78.17
0.591
70.21
198
247.8
1.921
78.10
0.619
69.97
207.8
1.848
78.17
0.591
70.21
199
248.2
1.921
78.10
0.620
69.97
208.1
1.849
78.17
0.591
70.21
200
248.6
1.922
78.10
0.620
69.97
208.4
1.849
78.17
0.592
70.20
201
249.1
1.922
78.10
0.620
69.96
208.8
1.849
78.17
0.592
70.20
202
249.6
1.923
78.10
0.621
69.96
209.1
1.850
78.17
0.592
70.20
203
250.0
1.923
78.10
0.621
69.96
209.4
1.850
78.16
0.593
70.20
204
250.4
1.924
78.10
0.622
69.96
209.8
1.851
78.16
0.593
70.20
205
250.9
1.924
78.10
0.622
69.95
210.1
1.851
78.16
0.593
70.20
206
251.3
1.925
78.10
0.622
69.95
210.4
1.851
78.16
0.594
70.19
207
251.7
1.925
78.10
0.623
69.95
210.7
1.852
78.16
0.594
70.19
208
252.1
1.926
78.10
0.623
69.95
211.0
1.852
78.16
0.594
70.19
209
252.5
1.926
78.09
0.624
69.94
211.3
1.853
78.16
0.595
70.19
210
252.9
1.927
78.09
0.624
69.94
211.6
1.853
78.16
0.595
70.19
211
253.4
1.927
78.09
0.624
69.94
211.9
1.853
78.16
0.596
70.19
212
253.7
1.928
78.09
0.625
69.94
212.2
1.854
78.16
0.596
70.18
213
254.2
1.928
78.09
0.625
69.93
212.5
1.854
78.16
0.596
70.18
214
254.5
1.929
78.09
0.626
69.93
212.8
1.855
78.16
0.597
70.18
215
254.9
1.929
78.09
0.626
69.93
213.1
1.855
78.16
0.597
70.18
216
255.3
1.929
78.09
0.626
69.93
213.4
1.855
78.16
0.597
70.18
217
255.7
1.930
78.09
0.627
69.92
213.7
1.856
78.16
0.597
70.17
218
256.1
1.930
78.08
0.627
69.92
213.9
1.856
78.15
0.598
70.17
219
256.4
1.930
78.08
0.627
69.92
214.2
1.856
78.15
0.598
70.17
220
256.8
1.931
78.08
0.628
69.91
214.4
1.857
78.15
0.598
70.16
221
257.2
1.931
78.08
0.628
69.91
214.7
1.857
78.15
0.598
70.16
222
257.5
1.931
78.08
0.628
69.90
215.0
1.857
78.15
0.599
70.16
223
257.9
1.932
78.07
0.629
69.90
215.2
1.858
78.14
0.599
70.15
224
258.2
1.932
78.07
0.629
69.90
215.5
1.858
78.14
0.599
70.15
225
258.6
1.932
78.07
0.629
69.89
215.8
1.858
78.14
0.599
70.15
226
258.9
1.933
78.07
0.630
69.89
216.0
1.859
78.14
0.600
70.14
154
GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
TABLE 74— Continued
AGE
IN
DAYS
MALES
FEMALES
Body
weight
gms.
Brain
weight
gms.
Per cent
of water
brain
Cord
weight
gms.
Per cent
of water
cord
Body
weight
gms.
Brain
weight
gms.
Per cent
of water
Brain
Cord
weight
gms.
Per
cent of
water
cord
227
259.2
1.933
78.07
0.630
69.89
216.2
1.859
78.14
0.600
70.14
228
259.6
1.933
78.06
0.630
69.88
216.5
1.859
78.13
0.600
70.14
229
259.9
1.933
78.06
0.630
69.88
216.7
1.859
78.13
0.600
70.14
230
260.2
1.934
78.06
0.631
69.88
217.0
1.860
78.13
0.601
70.13
231
260.6
1.934
78.06
0.631
69.87
217.2
1.860
78.13
0.601
70.13
232
260.9
1.934
78.06
0.631
69.87
217.5
1.860
78.13
0.601
70.13
233
261.2
1.935
78.05
0.632
69.87
217.7
1.861
78.12
0.601
70.12
234
261.5
1.935
78.05
0.632
69.86
217.9
1.861
78.12
0.602
70.12
235
261.9
1.935
78.05
0.632
69.86
218.1
1.861
78.12
0.602
70.12
236
262.1
1.936
78.05
0.633
69.85
218.3
1.862
78.12
0.602
70.11
237
262.4
1.936
78.05
0.633
69.85
218.6
1.862
78.12
0.602
70.11
238
262.8
1.936
78.04
0.633
69.85
218.8
1.862
78.11
0.603
70.11
239
263.0
1.937
78.04
0.634
69.84
219.0
1.863
78.11
0.603
70.10
240
263.3
1.937
78.04
0.634
69.84
219.2
1.863
78.11
0.603
70.10
241
263.6
1.937
78.04
0.634
69.84
219.4
1.863
78.11
0.603
70.10
242
263.9
1.938
78.03
0.634
69.83
219.6
1.863
78.10
0.603
70.09
243
264.2
1.938
78.03
0.635
69.83
219.8
1.863
78.10
0.604
70.09
244
264.5
1.938
78.03
0.635
69.82
220.0
1.864
78.10
0.604
70.08
245
264.8
1.938
78.03
0.635
69.82
220.3
1.864
78.10
0.604
70.08
246
265.0
1.939
78.02
0.635
69.81
220.4
1.864
78.09
0.604
70.07
247
265.3
1.939
78.02
0.636
69.81
220.6
1.864
78.09
0.604
70.07
248
265.6
1.939
78. C2
0.636
69.80
220.8
1.864
78.09
0.605
70.06
249
265.8
1.940
78.01
0.636
69.80
221.0
1.864
78.08
0.605
70.06
250
266.1
1.940
78.01
0.636
69.79
221.2
1.865
78.08
0.605
70.05
251
266.3
1.940
78.01
0.637
69.79
221.4
1.865
78.08
0.605
70.05
252
266.6
1.940
78.01
0.637
69.78
221.6
1.865
78.08
0.605
70.04
253
266.8
1.941
78.00
0.637
69.78
221.7
1.865
78.07
0.606
70.04
254
267.1
1.941
78.00
0.637
69.77
221.9
1.865
78.07
0.606
70.03
255
267.3
1.941
78.00
0.638
69.77
222.1
1.865
78.07
0.606
70.03
256
267.6
1.941
78.00
0.638
69.76
222.3
1.866
78.07
0.606
70.02
257
267.8
1.942
77.99
0.638
69.76
222.4
1.866
78.06
0.606
70.02
258
268.0
1.942
77.99
0.638
69.75
222.6
1.866
78.06
0.607
70.01
259
268.3
1.942
77.99
0.639
69.75
222.8
1.866
78.06
0.607
70.01
260
268.5
1.943
77.98
0.639
69.74
223.0
1.866
78.05
0.607
70.00
261
268.7
1.943
77.98
0.639
69.74
223.1
1.866
78.05
0.607
70.00
262
269.0
1.943
77.98
0.639
69.73
223.3
1.867
78.05
0.607
69.99
263
269.2
1.943
77.98
0.640
69.73
223.4
1.867
78.05
0.608
69.99
264
269.4
1.944
77.97
0.640
69.72
223.6
1.867
78.04
0.608
69.98
PERCENTAGE OF WATER IN BRAIN AND CORD
155
TABLE 74— Continued
AGE
IN
DATS
MALES
FEMALES
Body
weight
gms .
Brain
weight
gms.
Per cent
of water
brain
Cord
weight
gms.
Per cent
of water
cord
Body
weight
gms.
Brain
weight
gms.
Per cent
of water
Brain
Cord
weight
gms.
Per
cent of
water
cord
265
269.6
1.944
77.97
0.640
69
.72
223.7
1.867
78.04
0.608
69.98
266
269.8
1.944
77.97
0.640
69
.72
223.9
1.867
78.04
0.608
69.98
267
270.0
1.944
77.96
0.640
69
.71
224.0
1.867
78.03
0.608
69.97
268
270.2
1.944
77.96
0.640
69
.71
224.2
1.867
78.03
0.608
69.97
269
270.5
1.945
77.96
0.640
69
.70
224.3
1.867
78.03
0.608
69.96
270
270.7
1.945
77.95
0.641
69
.70
224.5
1.868
78.02
0.609
69.96
271
270.9
1.945
77.95
0.641
69
.69
224.6
1.868
78.02
0.609
69.95
272
271.1
1.945
77.94
0.641
69
.69
224.8
1.868
78.02
0.609
69.95
273
271.3
1.945
77.94
0.641
69
.68
224.9
1.868
78.01
0.609
69.94
274
271.5
1.945
77.94
0.641
69
.68
225.0
1.868
78.01
0.609
69.94
275
271.6
1.946
77.93
0.641
69
.67
225.1
1.868
78.01
0.609
69.94
276
271.8
1.946
77.93
0.641
69
.67
225.3
1.868
78.00
0.609
69.93
277
272.0
1.946
77.93
0.641
69
.66
225.4
1.86S
78.00
0.609
69.93
278
272.2
1.946
77.92
0.642
69
.66
225.5
1.869
78.00
0.610
69.92
279
272.3
1.946
77.92
0.642
69
.65
225.7
1.869
78.00
0.610
69.92
280
272.5
1.946
77.92
0.642
69
.65
225.8
1.869
77.99
0.610
69.91
281
272.7
1.947
77.91
0.642
69
.64
225.9
1.869
77.99
0.610
69.91
282
272.8
1.947
77.91
0.642
69
.64
226.0
1.869
77.99
0.610
69.91
283
273.0
1.947
77.91
0.642
69
.63
226.1
1.869
77.98
0.610
69.90
284
273.2
1.947
77.90
0.642
69
,63
226.2
1.869
77.98
0.610
69.90
285
273.4
1.947
77.90
0.642
69
.62
226.4
1.869
77.98
0.610
69.89
286
273.5
1.947
77.89
0.643
69
.62
226.5
1.870
77.97
0.611
69.89
287
273.7
1.948
77.89
0.643
69
.61
226.6
1.870
77.97
0.611
69.88
288
273.9
1.948
77.89
0.643
69
.61
226.7
1.870
77.97
0.611
69.88
289
274.0
1.948
77.88
0.643
69
.60
226.8
1.870
77.96
0.611
69.87
290
274.2
1.948
77.88
0.643
69
.60
226.9
1.870
77.96
0.611
69.87
291
274.3
1.948
77.88
0.643
69
.59
227.0
1.870
77.96
0.611
69.86
292
274.5
1.948
77.87
0.643
69
.59
227.1
1.870
77.95
0.611
69.86
293
274.6
1.948
77.87
0.643
69
.58
227.2
1.870
77.95
0.611
69.85
294
274.7
1.948
77.86
0.643
69
58
227.3
1.870
77.94
0.611
69.85
295
274.9
1.948
77.86
0.644
69
.57
227.4
1.870
77.94
0.611
69.84
296
275.0
1.948
77.86
0.644
69
.56
227.5
1.870
77.94
0.611
69.84
297
275.2
1.949
77.85
0.644
69
.56
227.6
1.871
77.93
0.612
69.83
298
275.3
1.949
77.85
0.644
.69
.55
227.7
1.871
77.93
0.612
69.83
299
275.4
1.949
77.84
0.644
69
.55
227.8
1.871
77.92
0.612
69.82
300
275.5
1.949
77.84
0.644
69
.54
227.9
1.871
77.92
0.612
69.82
301
275.7
1.949
77.84
0.644
69
.53
228.0
1.871
77.92
0.612
69.81
302
275.8
1.949
77.83
0.644
69
.53
228.0
1.871
77.91
0.612
68.81
156
GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
TABLE 74— Continued
MALES
FEMALES
IN
DATS
Body
weight
Brain
weight
Per cent
of water
brain
Cord
weight
Per cent
of water
cord
Body
weight
Brain
weight
Per cent
of water
Brain
Cord
weight
Per
cent of
water
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
cord
303
275.9
1.949
77.83
0.645
69.52
228.1
1
.871
77.91
0.612
69.80
304
276.1
1.949
77.82
0.645
69.52
228.2
1
.871
77.90
0.612
69.80
305
276.2
1.949
77.82
0.645
69.51
228.3
1
.871
77.90
0.612
69.79
306
276.3
1.949
77.82
0.645
69.50
228.3
1
.871
77.90
0.612
69.79
307
276.4
1.949
77.81
0.645
69.50
228.4
1
.871
77.89
0.612
69.78
308
276.5
1.949
77.81
0.645
69.49
228.5
1
.871
77.89
0.612
69.78
309
276.6
1.950
77.80
0.645
69.49
228.6
1
.872
77.88
0.613
69.77
310
276.7
1.950
77.80
0.645
69.48
228.7
1
.872
77.88
0.613
69.77
311
276.9
1.950
77.80
0.646
69.47
228.7
1
.872
77.88
0.613
6'.76
312
277.0
1.950
77.79
0.646
69.47
228.8
1
.872
77.87
0.613
69.76
313
277.0
1.950
77.79
0.646
69.46
228.8
1
.872
77.87
0.613
69.75
314
277.1
1.950
77.78
0.646
69.46
228.9
1
.872
77.86
0.613
69.75
315
277.2
1.950
77.78
0.646
69.45
229.0
1
.872
77.86
0.613
69.74
316
277.3
1.950
77.77
0.646
69.44
229.0
1
.872
77.85
0.613
69.73
317
277.5
1.950
77.77
0.646
69.44
229.1
1
.872
77.85
0.613
69.73
318
277.5
1.950
77.76
0.646
69.43
229.1
1
.872
77.84
0.613
69.72
319
277.6
1.950
77.76
0.646
69.43
229.2
1
.872
77.84
0.613
69.72
320
277.7
1.950
77.75
0.646
69.42
229.3
1
.872
77.83
0.613
69.71
321
277.8
1.950
77.75
0.646
69.41
229.3
1
.872
77.83
0.613
69.71
322
277.9
1.951
77.74
0.647
69.41
229.4
i
.873
77.82
0.614
69.70
323
278.0
1.951
77.74
0.647
69.40
229.4
i
.873
77.82
0.614
69.70
324
278.0
1.951
77.73
0.647
69.40
229.5
i
.873
77.81
0.614
69.69
325
278.1
1.951
77.73
0.647
69.39
229.5
i
.873
77.81
0.614
69.68
326
278.2
1.951
77.72
0.647
69.38
229.6
i
.873
77.80
0.614
69.68
327
278.3
1.951
77.72
0.647
69.38
229.6
i
.873
77.80
0.614
69.67
328
278.4
1.951
77.71
0.647
69.37
229.7
i
.873
77.79
0.614
69.67
329
278.4
1.951
77.71
0.647
69.37
229.7
i
.873
77.79
0.614
69.66
330
278.5
1.951
77.70
0.647
69.36
229.8
i
.873
77.78
0.614
69.66
331
278.6
1.951
77.70
0.647
69.35
229.8
i
.873
77.78
0.614
69.65
332
278.6
1.951
77.69
0.647
69.35
229.8
i
.873
77.77
0.614
69.64
333
278.7
1.951
77.69
0.647
69.34
229.9
i
.873
77.77
0.614
69.64
334
278.7
1.952
77.68
0.648
69.34
229.9
i
.874
77.76
0.615
69.63
335
278.8
1.952
77.68
0.648
69.33
229.9
i
.874
77.76
0.615
69.63
336
278.9
1.952
77.67
0.648
69.32
230.0
i
.874
77.75
0.615
69.62
337
278.9
1.952
77.67
0.648
69.32
230.0
i
.874
77.75
0.615
69.62
338
279.0
1.952
77.66
0.648
69.31
230.0
i
.874
77.74
0.615
69.61
339
279.0
1.952
77.66
0.648
69.31
230.1
i
.874
77.74
0.615
69.61
340
279.1
1.952
77.65
0.648
69.30
230.1
1.874
77.73
0.615
69.60
PERCENTAGE OF WATER IN BRAIN AND CORD
157
TABLE 74— Concluded
MALES
FEMALES
IN
DAYS
Body
weight
Brain
weight
Per cent
of water
brain
Cord
weight
Per cent
of water
cord
Body
weight
Brain
weight
Per cent
of water
brain
Cord
weight
Per
cent of
water
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
cord
341
279.2
1.952
77.64
0.648
69
.29
230.1
1.874
77.72
0.615
69.59
342
279.2
1.952
77.64
0.648
69
.29
230.1
1.874
77.72
0.615
69.59
343
279.3
1.952
77.63
0.648
69
.28
230.2
1.874
77.71
0.615
69.58
344
279.3
1.952
77.63
0.648
69
.27
230.2
1.874
77.71
0.615
69.57
345
279.3
1.952
77.62
0.648
69.27
230.2
1.874
77.70
0.615
69.57
346
279.4
1.952
77.61
0.648
69
.26
230.3
1.874
77.69
0.615
69.56
347
279.4
1.953
77.61
0.648
69
.25
230.3
1.874
77.69
0.615
69.56
348
279.5
1.953
77.60
0.648
69
.25
230.3
1.874
77.68
0.615
69.55
349
279.5
1.953
77.60
0.648
69,
24
230.3
1.874
77.68
0.615
69.54
350
279.6
1.953
77.59
0.648
69
.23
230.3
1.874
77.67
0.615
69.54
351
279.6
1.953
67.58
0.648
69
.23
230.3
1.874
77.66
0.615
69.53
352
279.6
1.953
77.58
0.648
69
.22
230.3
1.874
77.66
0.615
69.52
353
279.7
1.953
77.57
0.649
69
.21
230.4
1.875
77.65
0.616
69.52
354
279.7
1.953
77.57
0.649
69
.20
230.4
1.875
77.65
0.616
69.51
355
279.7
1.953
77.56
0.649
69
20
230.4
1.875
77.64
0.616
69.50
356
279.8
1.953
77.55
0.649
69
.19
230.4
1.875
77.63
0.616
69.50
357
279.8
1.953
77.55
0.649
69
.18
230.4
1.875
77.63
0.616
69.49
358
279.8
1.953
77.54
0.649
69
.18
230.4
1.875
77.62
0.616
69.48
359
279.8
1.954
77.54
0.649
69
,17
230.4
1.875
77.62
0.616
69.48
360
279.8
1.954
77.53
0.649
69
.16
230.4
1.875
77.61
0.616
69.47
361
279.8
1.954
77.52
0.649
69
16
230.4
1.875
77.60
0.616
69.47
362
279.9
1.954
77.52
0.649
69
.15
230.4
1.875
77.60
0.616
69.46
363
279.9
1.954
77.51
0.649
69
.14
230.4
1.875
77.59
0.616
69.45
364
279.9
1.954
77.51
0.649
69
.14
230.4
1.875
77.59
0.616
69.45
365
279.9
1.954
77.50
0.649
69,
13
230.4
1.875
77.58
0.616
69.44
158 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
12. Formulas. Formulas for computing the length or weight
of the body and of its several parts, systems or organs, also for
expressing the values of other characters.
The formulas for the Albino — Group I — are given first, then
those for the Norway — Group II. In Group I there are two
divisions. The first division comprises the formulas based on
size (body length and body weight). The second division com-
prises the formulas based on age. These formulas have been
kept simple in order to facilitate their use. This condition has
made it sometimes necessary to have different formulas for the
different parts of the same series of data, but this was deemed
more desirable than a reduction in the number of the formulas
at the price of greater complexity.
After the formula there follows in parenthesis the number by
which it is designated in the text, and every formula, whether it
be general or subsidiary, is thus numbered, each subsidiary formula
carrying the number of the general formula to which it is related,
followed by a distinguishing letter. A catalog of the formulas,
given in detail later, is here presented.
CATALOG OF FORMULAS
GROUP I. ALBINOS
First division: Formulas based on size
Body length on body weight (I).
Body weight on body length (2), (2 a), (2 b).
Body weight on brain weight (3).
Tail length on body length (4), (5).
Brain weight on body weight (6), (7).
Cranial capacity on body weight (8), (9), (10).
Spinal cord weight on body weight (11).
Diameters of ganglion cell and nucleus (12), (12 a).
Weight of both eyeballs on body weight (13) .
Weight of heart on body weight (14).
Weight of both kidneys on body weight (15).
Weight of liver on body weight (16) .
Weight of spleen on body weight (17) .
Weight of both lungs on body weight (18).
Volume of blood on body weight (19), (19 a), (19 b).
Weight of blood on body weight (20), (20 a), (20 b).
Weight of alimentary tract on body weight (21).
BODY WEIGHT ON BODY LENGTH 159
Weight of both testes on body weight (22), (23), (24).
Weight of both ovaries on body weight (25), (26), (27).
Weight of hypophysis on body weight (28), (29).
Weight of both suprarenals on body weight (30), (31).
Weight of thyroid on body weight (32).
Weight of nitrogen on body weight (33) .
Second division: Formulas based on age in days
Body weight on age (34), (35), (36), (37).
Weight of thymus on age (38), (39).
Percentage of water in brain — on age (40), (41), (42), (42 a).
Percentage of water in spinal cord — on age (43), (44), (45), (45 a), (45 b), (45 c),
(45 d).
GROUP II. NORWAYS
First division: Formulas based on size
Body length on body weight (46).
Body weight on body length (47), (48).
Body weight Norway on body weight Albino (49) .
Tail length on body length (50), (51).
Brain weight on body weight (52) .
Cranial capacity on body weight (53).
Spinal cord weight on body weight (54) .
Spinal cord weight on brain weight (55).
GROUP I. ALBINOS
FIRST DIVISION: FORMULAS BASED ON SIZE
BODY LENGTH ON BODY WEIGHT, (DONALDSON, '09)
Body length (sexes combined) = 143 log (Bd.wt.+l5) — 134 (1)
A study of tables 1 and 2 in the investigations by Donaldson
'09 shows that for a given body weight the body length of the male
is about 2.2 per cent greater than that of the female. If then the
value found by this formula for any body weight is increased by
1.1 per cent of itself the sum obtained represents the body length
for the male. If on the contrary, the value found is decreased
by 1.1 per cent of itself, the difference obtained represents the
body length for the corresponding female.
160 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
BODY WEIGHT ON BODY LENGTH (DONALDSON, 'OJ)
By transposing formula (1) we obtain
Body weight (sexes combined) = 10 143 — 15 (2)
As the body length for a given body weight is for the male 1.1
per cent above the value in (2) and for the female 1.1 per cent
below the value in (2), two new formulas have been made for
the male and female respectively — thus
(100 Bd. l.-l.l Bd./.)+13400
Body weight:— male = 10 1430° -15 (2a)
( 100 Bd.l.+l.lBd.l.)+ 13400
Body weight:— female = 10 1430° -15 (2b)
By use of formulas (2a) and (2b) the body weights corre-
sponding to body lengths from 50-250 mm have been computed
for each sex and the values obtained are those entered in the
accompanying tables.
To illustrate the procedure with a formula of this sort the
f ollowing example is given.
To compute the body weight for a body length of 150 mm.
(male) by the following formula (2a).
BODY WEIGHT — TAIL LENGTH 161
(100 Bd. Z.-l.l Bd. n+13400
Body weight (male) = 10 1430° - 15
Transpose 15 from right hand side to the left and take the
logarithm of both sides. We have
(100 X 150 - 1.1 X 150) + 13400
log (Bd. wt. + 15) = log 10 X T —
14oUO
' 15000 -165 + 13400
14300
Thus 1.9745 is equivalent to the logarithm of body weight
plus 15. Therefore body weight + 15 = 94.3 (anti-logarithm
of 1.9745). Finally, body weight = 94.3 - 15 = 79.3 grams.
The above procedure is that to be followed with other formulas
of the same type.
BODY WEIGHT ON BRAIN WEIGHT (DONALDSON, '08)
Br. wt.— 0.554
Body weight (sexes combined) = 8.7+10 ^ (3)
TAIL LENGTH ON BODY LENGTH. (HATAI, MS '14.)
Tail length : male = 0.852 Bd. 1. + 38.8 (log Bd. I.) - 90 . 5 (4)
Tail length -.—female = 0.874 Bd. I +43.2 (log Bd. 1) - 98.1 (5)
Formulas (4) and (5) were used for table 68.
162 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
BRAIN WEIGHT ON BODY WEIGHT. (HATAI, '09, p. 172)
For the brain weight of sexes combined, the following for-
mulas have been obtained:—
Brain weight (sexes combined) = 1.56 log (Bd. wt.} — 0.87 (6)
[5 < Bd. wt. < 10 gms.]
Brain weight (sexes combined) =
0.569 log (Bd. wt. - 8.7) + .554 (7)
[Bd. wt. > 10 gms.]
For a given body weight the average brain weight in the male
was found to be 1.5 per cent more than in the female, hence the
determinations of brain weight on body weight by formulas (6)
and (7) give final values which must be increased by 0.75 per
cent to represent the male brain and decreased by 0.75 per cent to
represent the female brain weight. By using this procedure the
data on brain weight given hi table 68 were obtained.
CRANIAL CAPACITY ON BODY WEIGHT. (HATAI, '07 c)
Cranial capacity represented by the weight of the shot con-
tained is given by
Cranial capacity (shot wt.) = 0.0072 X (Bd. wt. male) + 9.349 (8)
To reduce the shot weight to brain weight in the male, the value
obtained is to be divided by 5.98.
The corresponding formula for the female is
Cranial capacity (shot wt.) =
0.0251 X (Bd. wt. female) + 6.168 (9)
To reduce the shot weight to brain weight in the female, the
value obtained is to be divided by 6.009.
CRANIAL CAPACITY — DIAMETER OF NUCLEUS 163
For the cranial capacity expressed in cc. Donaldson ('12),
the formula for sexes combined is
Cranial capacity in cc. =
1.02 log Bd. wt. - 0.00027 Bd. wt. - 0.596 (10)
[80 < Bd. wt. < 300]
SPINAL CORD WEIGHT ON BODY WEIGHT (DONALDSON, '09)
Spinal cord wt. (sexes combined) =
0.585 log (Bd. wt. +21) - 0.795 (11)
In the female the spinal cord is about 2 per cent heavier than
in the male, therefore when using formula (11) the values ob-
tained require to be increased by 1 per cent to represent the
weight of the spinal cord in the female and to be diminished by
1 per cent to represent its weight in the male. By using this
procedure, the data on the weights of the spinal cord in table 68
have been obtained.
DIAMETER OP SECOND CERVICAL SPINAL GANGLION CELL NUCLEUS ON
DIAMETER OF CELL BODY (HATAI, '07b)
Correlation between diameter of cell body and diameter of
nucleus in /* — hi spinal ganglion cells of second cervical nerve.
Diameter of nucleus in n =
12.2939 [ 1.0252 + 0.3564^) - 0.0758 (yV | (12)
where x is the diameter of the cell in n and 1 is a half range of the
variates.
164 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
As the value of 1 is 10, the formula (12) may be transformed
by a series of steps here omitted, to read
.
20 J 20
- 0.9 (12a)
Where D n = Diameter of nucleus in /*
and D c b = Diameter of cell body in /z.
See table 31.
WEIGHT OF BOTH EYEBALLS ON BODY WEIGHT. (HATAI, '13, p. 112)
Weight of both eyeballs (sexes combined) =
0.000428 Bd. wt. +0.098 log Bd. wt. - 0.041 (13)
Formula (13) was used for table 68.
WEIGHT OF HEART ON BODY WEIGHT (HATAI, '13)
Weight of heart (sexes combined) =
0.0026 (Bd. wt. + 14) + 0.249 log (Bd. wt. + 14) - 0.336 (14)
Formula (14) was used for table 69.
WEIGHT OF BOTH KIDNEYS ON BODY WEIGHT (HATAI, '13)
Weight of both kidneys (sexes combined) =
0.00718 (Bd. wt. - 3) + 0.132 log (Bd. wt. - 3) -0.009 (15)
Formula (15) was used for table 69.
LIVER WEIGHT — BLOOD VOLUME 165
WEIGHT OF LIVER ON BODY WEIGHT (HATAI, '13)
Weight of liver (sexes combined} =
0.0303 (Bd. wt. + 5) + 3.340 log (Bd. wt. + 5) - 3.896 (16)
[Bd. wt. > 10]
Formula (16) was used for obtaining the values given in table 69
for body weights of 10 grams or above. For body weights below
10 grams the weights have been determined by graphic inter-
polation— using the crude records as a basis.
WEIGHT OF SPLEEN ON BODY WEIGHT (HATAI, '13)
Weight of spleen (sexes combined) =
0 . 00245 Bd. wt. + Q. 0301 log (Bd. wt.) - 0.025 (17)
Formula (17) was used for table 69.
WEIGHT OF BOTH LUNGS ON BODY WEIGHT (HATAI, '13)
Weight of both lungs (sexes combined) =
0.00471 (Bd. wt. + 2) + 0 . 122 log (Bd. wt. + 2) - 0 . 056 (18)
Formula (18) was used for table 70.
VOLUME OF THE BLOOD ON BODY WEIGHT (CHISOLM, '11) AND HATAI (MS '14)
Bd wt °-9
Blood volume (sexes combined) = — '- — '- — = 0 . 099 Bd. wt.0-9 (19)
10.1
[5 < Bd. wt. < 150]
Blood volume (males') =
0.099 Bd. wt.0-9 - .03 (.099 Bd. wt.)0-9 (19a)
= 0.09603 Bd. wt.0-9
[150 < Bd. wt. < 350]
166 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
Blood volumes (females) =
0.099 Bd.wt.°-9+. 06 (.099 Bd.wt.)0-9 (19b)
= 0.10494 Bd. wt.°-9
[150 < Bd. wt. < 350]
By using the factor 1.056 for the specific gravity of the blood
corresponding formulas for the blood weight on body weight have
been obtained as follows: Hatai (MS '14).
Blood weight (sexes combined) =
0.099 Bd. wt.0-9 X 1.056 or = 0.1045 Bd. wt.0-9 (20)
[5 < Bd. wt. < 150]
Blood weight (males') =
0. 1045 Bd. wt.0-9 - .03 (0.1045 Bd. wt.)0-9 (20a)
= 0.101365 Bd.wt.0-9
[150 < Bd. wt. < 350]
Blood weight (females) =
0 . 1045 Bd. wt.0-9 + 0 . 06 (0.1045 Bd. wt.0-9) (20b)
= 0. 11077 Bd.wt.0-9
(150 < Bd. wt. < 350)
These formulas (20), (20 a) and (20 b) for blood weight have
been used for table 70.
ALIMENTARY TRACT — OVARIES 167
WEIGHT OF ALIMENTARY TRACT ON BODY WEIGHT (HATAI, '13)
Weight of alimentary tract (sexes combined) =
0 . 0245 Bd. wt. + 4.720 log (Bd. wt. + 7) - 5.753 (21)
Formula (21) was used for table 70.
WEIGHT OP BOTH TESTES ON BODY WEIGHT (HATAI, '13)
Wt. of testes = 0 . 022 - 0.00992 Bd. wt. + 0.00127 Bd. wt.2 (22)
[4<Bd.wt. <10]
= 0.043 - 0.000966 Bd. wt. + 0.000163 Bd. wt* (23)
[W<Bd. wt. <80]
= 2.910 log Bd. wt. - 4.520 (24)
[Bd. wt. > 80]
\
For the weight of the testes for body weights of 4r-10 grams,
the values were obtained by formula (22), while formulas (23)
and (24) were used for obtaining the values for body weights of
10 grams or over. Formulas (22) (23) and (24) were used for
table 70.
WEIGHT OF BOTH OVARIES ON BODY WEIGHT (HATAI, '13)
Weight of both ovaries =
= 0.00781 log. Bd. wt. - 0.0047 (25)
(Phase 1) [Bd. wt. < 65]
= 0.0425 - 0 . 00121 Bd. wt. + 0.0000108 Bd. wt.2 (26)
(Phase 2) [65 < Bd. wt. < 110]
= 0.007 log. (Bd. wt. - 105) + 0.0352 (27)
(PhaseZ) [Bd. wt. >110]
Formulas (25) (26) (27) were used for table 70.
168 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
WEIGHT OF HYPOPHYSIS ON BODY WEIGHT (HATAI, '13)
In the case of the hypophysis a separate formula for each sex is
required.
Weight of hypophysis (male) =
0 . 0000257 (Bd. wt. + 3) + 0 . 0014 log (Bd. wt. + 3) - 0 . 00097 (28)
Formula (28) is also used for the female up to 50 gms. in body
weight then
Weight of hypophysis (female) =
0.00205 + 0 . 000081 Bd. wt. - 0.00196 log (Bd. wt.) (29)
[Bd. wt. > 50]
Formulas (28) and (29) were used for table 71 in accordance
with the restrictions indicated.
WEIGHT OF BOTH SUPRARENALS ON BODY WEIGHT (HATAI, '13)
In the case of the suprarenals a separate formula for each sex
is required.
Weight of both suprarenals (male) =
0.0000855 (Bd.wt. + 3) +0.0113 log (Bd. wt. + 3) - 0.0093 (30)
Formula (30) is also used for the female up to 30 gms. in body
weight, then
Weight of both suprarenah (female) =
0.00023 Bd. wt. + 0.00388 log (Bd. wt.) - 0.002 (31)
\Bd. wt. > 30]
THYEOID — BODY WEIGHT ON AGE 169
Formulas (30) and (31) were used for table 71 in accordance
with the restrictions indicated.
WEIGHT OF THYROID ON BODY WEIGHT (HATAI, '13)
Weight of thyroid (sexes combined} —
0.0000973 (Bd. wt. + 27) + 0.0139 log (Bd. wt. + 27) - 0.0226 (32)
Formula (32) was used for table 71.
WEIGHT OF NITROGEN ON BODY WEIGHT (HATAI, '05)
To determine the amount of nitrogen eliminated by the rat
during twenty-four hours at different body weights. Ration:
Uneeda biscuit and water only — Chicago colony.
where N = total nitrogen in milligrams and Bd. wt. = body
weight in grams.
Formula 33 is based on the data in table 42.
GROUP I. ALBINOS
SECOND DIVISION: FORMULAS BASED ON AGE
BODY WEIGHT ON AGE FROM 10-365 DAYS, HATAI (MS '14)
The formulas (34) (35) (36) (37) apply only to the series of
data published by Donaldson, Dunn and Watson, ('06.)
Body weight on age in days — males =
11.199 + 0.0475 Age-}- 0.0184 Age- (34)
[W<Age<SO]
= 448 log Age - 0.52 Age - 678.2 (35)
170 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
Body weight on age in days — mated females =
8.071 + 0.367 age -f 0.0131 Age2 (36)
= 343 log Age - 0.41 Age - 498.8 (37)
[80<A0e<365]
Formulas (34) (35) (36) (37) were used for table 62.
WEIGHT OF THYMUS ON AGE (HATAI, '14)
Weight of thymus — sexes combined =
0.01 X lO1-1!1'1884^5865^-1)-0-5651^-1)2} (38)
[Age < 95]
Weight of thymus =
0.3903 - 0.00139 (age) + 0.00000128 (age}2 (39)
• [Age > 95]
Formulas (38) (39) were used for table 72.
PERCENTAGE OP WATER IN BRAIN. HATAI (MS '14;
The formulas do not apply to rats under ten days of age.
Percentage of water in brain — (male) =
92.122-0.614 Age +0.00739 Age2 (Phase 1) (40)
[10 <Age <40]
= 82.756-2.103 log Age (Phase 2) (41)
[40<4gre<160]
= 77.671 +0.00537 Age -0.000016 Age2 (Phase 3) (42)
COERECTIONS 171
To transform any determination for the male into that for
the female, the value for the male at a given age (see formulas
(40) (41), (42) ) is modified by a plus correction (Hatai).
Correction (plus) = 0.0555 log (age +3) -0.0606 (42a)
The foregoing (40)-(42a) replace the formulas given in the
paper by Donaldson ('10).
Formulas (40) (41) (42) (42a) were used for table 74.
PERCENTAGE OF WATER IN SPINAL CORD — (HATAI MS '14)
The formulas do not apply under 10 days of age. The data
for the first ten days are from direct observations.
Percentage of water in spinal cord — male =
87.976-0.494 Age +0.00364 Age2 (Phase 1) (43)
= 100.3 +0.0548 Age - 17.7 log Age (Phase 2) (44)
[40<A#e<150]
= 62.186 -0.0121 ylgre+4.434 log Age (Phase 3) (45)
To obtain from the values for the male at different ages the
corresponding value for the female, several corrections are re-
quired and these differ according to age.
From ten to fifty days the following correction formula (45a) is
used:
Correction (minus) = 0.0006 Age2 - 0.036 Age +0.3 (45a)
172 GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS
The values thus obtained are subtracted from the computed
values for the male at the corresponding ages.
From fifty to sixty-five days no correction is made.
From sixty-five days to one hundred and thirty-five days, cor-
rection is made according to the formula (45b)
Correction (plus) =0.823 log (Age+1) - 0.000542 (Age + 1) -1.4616
(45b)
From one hundred and thirty-five to one hundred and sixty-
five days the correction is uniform thus :
Correction (plus) =0.22 (45c)
From one hundred and sixty-five to three hundred and sixty-
five days correction is made by the following formula :
Correction (plus) = 0.22 +0.0005 (Age - 165) (45d)
The foregoing (43)-(45d) replace the formulas given in the
paper by Donaldson, '10.
Formulas (43)-(45d) were used for table 74.
GROUP II. NORWAYS
FIRST DIVISION: FORMULAS BASED ON SIZE
BODY LENGTH ON BODY WEIGHT — NORWAY (DONALDSON AND HATAI, '11)
Body length (sexes combined) = 159 log (Bd. wl. + 18) — 165 (46)
The body length for the male is 0.4 per cent above the value
given by formula (46) and that for the female 0.4 per cent below.
Formula (46) with above corrections was used for graphs in
chart 28.
BODY WEIGHT — TAIL LENGTH — NORWAY 173
BODY WEIGHT ON BODY LENGTH (DONALDSON AND HATAI, (11)
By transforming formula (46) and introducing the correction
for sex we obtain
(1) For the male
Body wsiqht=10()'Qmm (MJ-xioo-UBrf.z.xioo)xo.oo4]+i65oo, __ jg
_ i AO. 0000029 (Bd. I. X 99.6+16500) __ 1 g
(2) For the female
Body weight = IQ0'0000629 (Bd- L x m+[(Bd • L x i°°)xo.oo4]+i65oo) _ lg
_ -j rjO.0000629 (Bd . 1. X 100.4 + 16500) _ 1 g
Formulas (47) (48) were used for table 85.
BODY WEIGHT OF NORWAY ON BODY WEIGHT OF ALBINO (MALES) (DONALD-
SON AND HATAI, '11, p. 442)
Body weight (Norway] =
137.1 -0.636 Bd. wt. Albino +0.00643 Bd. wt. Albino* (49)
[160 < Bd. wt. Albino < 300]
TAIL LENGTH ON BODY LENGTH NORWAY (HATAI, MS '14)
(1) For the male
Tail length =0.824 Bd. I. +39.1 (log. Bd. I.) -92.6 (50)
174 GROWTH .OF PARTS AND ORGANS
(2) For the female
Tail length = 0.824 Bd. I +43.1 log (Bd. 1} -98.4 (51)
Formulas (50) (51) were used for table 85.
BRAIN WEIGHT ON BOOT WEIGHT, NORWAY (DONALDSON AND HATAI, '11)
Brain weight (sexes combined] =0.825 log (Bd. wt. —4) +0.233 (52)
This formula applies only to rats 5 grams or more in body
weight. To obtain the weights for the male the values given
by the formula are increased by 1 per cent, and to obtain the
weights for the female, they are decreased by 1 per cent.
Formula (52) with corrections mentioned above used for
table 85.
CRANIAL CAPACITY ON BODY WEIGHT, NORWAY (DONALDSON, '12)
Cranial capacity in cc. (sexes combined) =
0.00105 Bd. wt. +0.548 log Bd. wt. +0.476 (53)
[80 < Bd. wt. < 380]
SPINAL CORD WEIGHT ON BODY WEIGHT, NORWAY (DONALDSON AND HATAI, '11)
Spinal cord weight (sexes combined) =
0.724 log (Bd. wt. +30) - 1 .082 (54)
To obtain the weights for the male the values given by the
formula are increased by 0.15 per cent, and to obtain the weights
for the female they are decreased by 0.15 per cent.
Formula (54) with corrections mentioned above was used for
table 85.
SPINAL CORD WEIGHT — NOKWAY 175
SPINAL CORD WEIGHT ON BRAIN WEIGHT (SEXES COMBINED) NORWAY (DON-
ALDSON AND HATAI, '11)
Br. wt. — 0.233
Spinal cord wt. =0.724 log (10 — om — + 34) -1.082 (55)
For the Norway we have no extensive data based on age —
hence there are no formulas based on age.
GROWTH OF PARTS AND ORGANS: REFERENCES
Chisolm, '11. Donaldson, '06, '08, '09, '11, '11 c, '12. Donaldson and Hatai,
'11. Ferry, '13. Hatai, '03 a, '04 a, '07 a, '08, '13, '13 a, '14, '14 a. Jackson and
Lowrey, '12. Jackson, '13. Jolly and Stini, '05. Watson, '05.
12. Formulas. Chisolm, '11. Donaldson, '08, '09, '12. Donaldson and Hatai,
'11. Hatai, '05, '07 b, '07 c, '09 a, '10, '10 a, '11, '14.
CHAPTER 8
GROWTH IN TERMS OF WATER AND SOLIDS
1. In the body as a whole. 2. In the larger divisions of the body and the
organs. 3. In the brain and spinal cord.
Water and solids 1) in the body as a whole and 2) in the larger
divisions and the organs. Data on this head have been pub-
lished by Lowrey ('13) and are here presented.
With the exception of one of the old rats the animals used for
the following table 75 were reared at the University of Missouri.
They were fed on chopped corn with a daily ration of bread soaked
in whole milk and once a week a small quantity of fresh beef
was given them. All were sound except some of the older ani-
mals which suffered from infected lungs — but not to such a de-
gree as to affect their general nutrition or vigor. Table 75 is
based on table 1, Lowrey ('13). The data for the two sexes are
combined. In the original the range of the observations is given
and also the number of animals used in each instance. In the
present table the ranges are omitted and the number of animals
is given for the body weight (net) only. The other determina-
tions for the systems and organs were based on about the same
number of animals as were used for the body weight, except hi
the case of the testes where the numbers are about half as large.
The oldest animals were somewhat under one year of age.
3) Percentage of water in the brain and spinal cord. Using stock
rats from the colony at The Wistar Institute, the percentage of
water has been determined for the brain and spinal cord by Don-
aldson (MS '14). The values obtained by this study replace
those previously published. (Donaldson '10.) The methods of
removal are given on page 90. The rats were reared on a
scrap diet. The fresh brain or cord was weighed in a closed
bottle, then dried at 90°-95°C. until the dried weight was con-
stant— and the difference taken as the amount of water.
176
PERCENTAGE OF DRY SUBSTANCE
177
TABLE 75
Percentages of dry substance in the entire body — in several of the systems and in
some organs. Observations at seven ages. See chart 24
AGE IN
DATS
BODY (NET)
INTEGUMENTS
LIGAMENTOUS
SKELETON
MUSCULATURE
No. of
animals
Av. fresh
weight
Av. % of
dry subs.
A v. fresh
weight
Av. % of
dry subs.
Av. fresh
weight
Av. % of
dry subs.
Av. fresh
weight
Av. % of
dry subs.
gms.
gms.
gms.
gms.
0
15
4.200
11.7
0.880
12.3
0.660
18.1
1.100
10.7
7
10
9.100
20.1
2.180
23.4
1.710
22.1
2.020
16.2
20
9
24.500
29.9
5.020
41.1
4.090
33.3
6.400
22.6
42
10
61.300
29.5
11.040
37.1
8.610
39.2
18.730
23.5
70
7
126.700
33.0
20.020
43.0
14.840
45.9
51.500
25.2
150
10
182.400
32.2
32.200
44.2
20.020
50.4
76.920
24.3
365(?)..
2
267.500
31.5
37.780
45.5
23.180
52.6
125.000
23.8
ALL VISCERA
EYEBALLS
HEART
LUNGS
0
0.780
15.2
0.023
7.4
0.025
13.8
0.077
15.0
7
1.760
14.2
0.066
10.4
0.061
14.4
0.169
15.8
20
5.090
19.1
0.110
14.4
0.135
18.0
0.236
18.9
42..'...
12.170
20.7
0.162
15.3
0.412
21.0
0.404
19.1
70
20.900
24.4
0.207
17.0
0.625
21.6
0.791
19.2
150
26.570
25.6
0.279
19.0
0.714
21.2
1.354
19.0
365(?)..
31.750
25.1
0.340
20.2
0.934
22.4
2.806
18.4
LIVER
SPLEEN
KIDNEYS
TESTES
0
0.234
19.4
0.038
13.3
7
0.307
20.6
0.041
14.3
0.123
14.5
20
1.200
24.3
0.076
17.2
0.322
17.2
0.106
12.9
42
3.541
24.2
0.273
19.8
0.832
20.3
0.568
13.3
70
6.617
25.5
0.588
20.1
1.320
20.8
1.653
12.4
150
9.236
25.7
0.666
20.6
1.728
21.0
2.425
12.2
365(7)..
9.959
26.0
0.722
22.6
2.294
22.9
2.044
13.0
By the use of formulas (40)-(42a) for the brain and formu-
las (43)-(45d) for the spinal cord, the values for table 74 after
10 days of age were obtained and also those for the respective
graphs in chart 26. The data for the first 10 days are from di-
rect observations. The percentage of water in the brain and
spinal cord is linked with age and is not readily modified.
178
GROWTH IN WATER AND SOLIDS
Chart 24 Giving the percentage of dry substance in the body as a whole and
in the several systems at different ages. Table 75, Lowrey ('13).
Chart 25 Giving in terms of the dry substance of the .entire body the percent-
age values of the several systems, sexes combined. Plotted on age in days.
Table 76, Lowrey ('13).
PERCENTAGE OF DRY SUBSTANCE
179
Chart 26 Giving percentage of water in the brain at different ages. Males
only. Formulas (40)-(42a), table 74, and percentage of water in the spinal cord.
Males only. Formulas (43)-(45d), table 74.
TABLE 76
Giving the percentage weight of the dry substance in the integument, skeleton (liga-
mentous), musculature, viscera and remainder in terms of the dry substance of
the entire body, Lowrey 'IS. See chart 25
AGE IN
DAYS
NUMBER
OF
ANIMALS
ABSOLUTE
WEIGHT OP
DRY SUB-
STANCE ENTIRE
BODY
PERCENTAGE WEIGHT OF DRY SUBSTANCE OF ENTIRE BODY
REPRESENTED BY
Skin
Skeleton
(ligamen-
tous)
Muscula-
ture
Viscera
Remain-
der
0
7...
10'
9
10
7'
10
2
0.494
1.830
7.320
17.300
42.400
60.600
84.300
21.2
27.9
28.3
24.0
23.3
23.4
22.9
24.3
20.1
18.7
19.8
16.3
17.1
17.5
23.8
18.2
19.6
26.0
30.0
31.7
35.3
22.5
13.9
13.0
14.6
12.1
11.8
9.4
8.1
19.9
20.4
15.6
18.3
16.0
14.9
7
20
42
70
150
365 (?) . .
1 Skeleton and musculature not separately determined in one instance.
GROWTH IN TERMS OF WATER AND SOLIDS: REFERENCES
Cavazzani and Muzzioli, '12. Donaldson. '10, '11 a, '11 b. King, '11. Low-
rey, '13. Weisbach, 1868.
CHAPTER 9
GROWTH OF CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
1. In the body as a whole. 2. In the nervous system.
1. In the body as a whole. For the body as a whole Hatai
(MS '15) has made a determination of its composition in terms
of proteins, fat, organic extract and salts, at eight ages. The
results are given in table 77.
TABLE 77.
Giving the chemical composition of albino rat. Hatai (MS '15)
Ace, days. . .
Birth
7
15
22
28
35
42
294
Body gms
4.3
10 2
13 5
24 9
47 3
52.5
65 8
277 5
Water, per cent
87.2
79.8
72.9
70.6
69.6
70.6
69.4
65.3
Solids, gms
0.6
2.1
3.7
7.3
14.4
15.5
20.1
96.4
Percentages of
Residue
56.9
42.0
39.9
38.8
38.6
44.9
44.4
44.5
Fat
14.2
35.4
39.2
36.6
37.7
25.9
27.1
16.5
Organic extr
16.4
12.8
12.8
14.8
13.8
18.6
16.9
28.2
Soluble salts
6.6
4.6
3.0
3.2
3.3
1.5
2.7
2.5
Fixed salts
5.9
5 2
5.2
6.7
6.5
9.2
8.9
8.3
The following paragraphs define the terms used in table 77.
Residue. The residue is represented by the solids from which all the organic
substances soluble in both boiling alcohol and in water, as well as the salts have
been removed. Thus the residue as here defined represents practically all the
protein substances.
Fat. Fat is represented by the substances soluble in boiling alcohol from
which the water soluble organic extractives and salts have been removed.
Organic extractives. All water soluble substances from which the salts were
removed are called the organic extractives.
Soluble salts. The salts here designated were obtained from all the extrac-
tives with both water and alcohol.
Fixed salts. The solids from which fat, organic extractives and soluble salts
had been removed were incinerated and the ash thus obtained is here called the
fixed salts. Thus these fixed salts present practically all salts present in the
osseous system.
180
CONSTITUENTS OF BODY
181
Using a different plan of analysis McCollum ('09) has given data
on the composition of the rat. The results appear in table 78.
To obtain the skeleton he boiled the entire animal and then sepa-
rated the skeleton from the boiled tissues.
TABLE 78.
Giving the composition of rats used in experiments with various rations.
(McCollum '09)
FAT AND
DRY TIS-
SKELE-
WATER-
RATION
NUMBER
OF
BAT
BODT
WEIGHT
SKELE-
TON
SUE LESS
SKELE-
ETHER
EXTRACT
ASH OP
SKELE-
TON
TON PER
CENT OF
LIVE
FREE TIS-
SUES PER
CENT OF
WEIGHT
LIVE
WEIGHT
grams
grams
grams
grams
grams
Normal
1
147
6.67
38.0
8.89
3.79
4.54
19.80
Normal...
2
157
6.50
45.0
10.80
3.85
4.14
21.79
Normal
10
34
1.33
9.5
3.25
0.68
3.91
18.39
In connection with a study of the phosphorus compounds in
the Albino after ovariotomy Heymann ('04) has recorded the
?2 O6 distribution in the normal rat (see Keith and Forbes, '14).
His data for the normal appear in table 79.
TABLE 79.
Giving the phosphorus compounds of rats as affected by ovariotomy (Heymann, '04)
TISSUES, PER CENT OF DRY SUBSTANCE
BONES, PER CENT
TOTAL PzOs
BONES AND
TISSUES
TOTAL P2Os
Lecithin
P2Oo
Nuclein
P20S
Phosphate
P2O5
Total
P205
Fresh
substance
Dry
substance
Per cent of
total body
weight
Normal
0.4760
0.0559
2.4479
2.9798
21.2690
24.0556
1.9819
Normal
18.1665
22.8105
1.2980
Normal
0.3242
0.0649
1.6490
1.9830'
17.0315
19.2083
?
Normal
0.3608
0.0979
1.5430
2.0018
17.5724
19.9277
1.3795
1 Apparently erroneous since the sum of the figures for nuclein, lecithin and phos-
phate phosphorus is 2.0381 per cent.
2. In the nervous system. . With the purpose of following the
changes in the chemical constituents of the brain with advancing
age, Koch, W. and M.. L. ('13 a) have made a series of observa-
tions and to these have been added also observations on one spinal
cord at 120 days. The results are given in tables 80 and 81.
182
GROWTH OF CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
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CONSTITUENTS OF BRAIN
183
TABLE 81.
Absolute weights, in milligrams, of the constituents of a single brain of the albino
rat at different ages (prepared from Table 80)
AGE IN DAYS
1
10
20
40
120
210
Moist weight of one
brain in grams
0.250
10.420
0.026
0.860
12.500
0.107
1.280
17.500
0.224
1.380
20.340
0.281
1.600
21.650
0.347
1.670
21.900
0.365
Solids in per cent. . . .
Dry weight of one
brain in grams
Absolute weights in milligrams
Proteins (1)1
15.140*
3.950
0.380
4.650
1.870
0.260
0.480
60.450f
13.160
2.780
16.160
(14.45)
0.900
1.600
119.400*
47.900
6.700
5.600
32.600
11.700
1.5700
3.7200
136.000*
61.300
16.600
7.200
41.700
18.200
1.540
4.300
165.200*
74.950
29.150
12.300
33.800
31.600
1.940
4.930
177.000t
80.300
30.660
16.400
35.800
24.800
2.120
5.070
Phosphatides (2)
Cerebrosides (3)
Sulphatides (4)
Organic extrac- 1
tives. . .
/
Inorganic consti-
tuents J
Cholesterol unde- \
termined (5) /
Total sulphur
Total phosphorus. . . .
In absolute weight in milligrams of sulphur
Protein S (1S)§
0.079
0.008
0.125
0.047
0.398
0.054
0.409
0.039
0.885
0.111
0.449
0.122
0.982
0.149
0.279
0.130
1.199
0.246
0.363
0.132
1.352
0.330
0.307
0.129
Lipoid S (4)
Neutral S (6).
Inorganic S (7)
In absolute weight in milligrams of phosphorus
Protein P (IP)
0.064
0.161
0.260
0.215*
0.558
0.826
0.220
1.964
1.532
0.374
2.464
1.462
0.360
3.160
1.410
0.345
3.427
1.298
Lipoid P (2)
Water sol. P (8)
* Record from average duplicate analyses,
t Record from one analysis.
| Figures in parentheses in this section refer to Chart III. See original.
§ Figures in parentheses in this and the following sections refer to Chart IV.
See original.
184
GROWTH OF CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
Chart 27. Giving in milligrams the absolute weight of the more important
chemical constituents of the brain. Plotted on age. Table 81.
In chart 27 are given the graphs for the absolute weights of the
more important chemical constituents of the brain plotted on
age (see table 81).
GROWTH IN CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: REFERENCES
1. Entire body. Mendel and Daniels, '12. Pembrey and Spriggs, '04.
2. Nervous system. Bibra, 1854. Hatai, '09, '10. Koch, M., '13. Koch and
Mann, '09. Koch and Koch, '13, '13 a.
CHAPTER 10
PATHOLOGY
1. Tumors. 2. Parasites and infections (except leprosy and plague). 3.
Leprosy. 4. Plague. 5. Public hygiene. 6. Descriptive and experimental
pathology. 7. Economic relations.
In the various studies on the pathology of the rat there are, of
course, some data, which might be tabulated or charted. It
has been thought best however to adhere to our general plan of
treating in detail the data for the normal animal only and the
presentation in this chapter is limited therefore to a series of
references classified according to the subheads given above.
PATHOLOGY: REFERENCES
1. Tumors. Bashford and Murray, 1900. Bennett, '14. Bullock, W. E.,
'13. Cramer and Pringle, '10. Eiselsberg, 1890. Flexner and Jobling, '07.
Freund, '11. Gay, '09. Gaylord, '06. Jensen, '08. Joannovics, '12. Lambert,
'11. Levin, '08, '10, '10a, '11. Loeb, '01, '02, '02a, '03, '03a, '04, '07. McCoy,
'10 a. Moreschi, '09. Ordway and Morris, '13. Robertson and Burnett, '13.
Rous, '11, '14 Sweet, Corson-White and Saxon, '13. Taylor, '15. Uhlenhuth
and Weidanz, '09. Van Alstyne, '13. Weil, '13.
2. Parasites and infections (except plague and leprosy). Bacot, '14. Bahr,
'06. Bancroft, 1893-1894. Bayon, '12 a. Bullock and Rohdenburg, '13. Cam-
pana, '11. Chick and Martin, '11. Currie, '10. Dean, '03. Fantham, '06.
Giglio-Tos, 1900. Hurler, '12. Jungano, '09. Jurgens, '03. Laveran and Mes-
nil, 1900, 1900 a, 1900 b. Loghem, '08. Mallory and Ordway, '09. Mitchell,
'12. Morpurgo, '01, '02. Ori, '12. Poppe, '13. Pound, '05. Rabinowitsch and
Kempner, 1899. Robinson, '13. Rosenau, '01. Sabrazes and Muratet, '05.
Shipley, '08. Stiles and Crane, '10. Stiles and Hassall, '10. Terry, '05. Traut-
mann, A., '12. Trautmann, H., '12. Wasielewski and Senn, 1900. Webel,
'13-'14. Wiener, '02, '03.
3. Leprosy. Bayon, '11, '12, '12 b, '12 c, Chapin, '12. Dean, '05. Duval,
'10, '11. Duval and Gurd, '11, '11 a. Duval and Wellman, '12. Duval and
Harris, '13. Hollmann, '12. Jadassohn, '13. Leboeuf, '12. Marchoux, '10,
'11, '11-'12, '12. Marchoux and Sorel, '12, '12 a, '12 b, '12 c. McCoy, '08. Tids-
well and Cleland, '12. Wherry, '08. Wolbach and Honeij, '14. Zinsser and
Carey, '12.
4. Plague. Advisory Committee, '12 b. Bacot and Martin, '14. Banner-
man, '06. Blue, '08, '10. Brinckerhoff,'10. Chick and Martin.'ll. Edington,'01.
185
186 PATHOLOGY
'01. Galli-Valerio, '02. Gauthier and Raybaud, '03. Herzog, '05. Hossack,
'07 a. India Plague Commission, '08. Liston, '05, '05 a. Loghem and Swellen-
grebel, '14. Martini, '01. McCoy, '10. Petrie, '10. Reports on Plague Inves-
tigations in India, '06. Thompson, '06. Tiraboschi, '02, '04, '04 a.
5. Public hygiene. Advisory Committee, '12 a. Bahr, '09, '09 a, '10. Berg-
mann, '08. Boelter, '09. Buchanan, '10. Calmette, '10, '11. Converse, '10.
Cook, 1885-1886. Creel, '10. DuPuy, and Brewster, '10. Foster, '09. Fox,
'12. Foy, '13. Grubbs and Holsendorf, '13. Heiser, '10, '13. Hobdy, '10.
Kerr, '10. Konstansoff, '10. Kunhardt and Taylor, '15. Lagarrique, '11.
Lantz, '07, '10 a. Lavrinovich, '10. Mandoul, '08-'09. Munson, '10. Neu-
mark, '13. Pottevin, '10. Ramachandrier, '08. Reaney and Malcolmson, '08.
Ringeling, '12. Rosenau, '10. Rucker, '10, '12, '13. Schern, '12. Simpson,
'13. Suffolk, '10. Symposium, '11. Tailby, '11. Zuschlag, '03.
6. Descriptive and experimental pathology. Ascher, '10. Aumann, '12. Au-
nett, '08. Bainbridge, '08-'09. Bircher, '11, '11 a. Boinet, 1897, 1897 a.
Bullock and Rohdenburg, '15. Cramer, '08. Czerny, 1890. Fibiger, '13, '13 a,
'13 b, '14. Flexner and Noguchi, '06. Graham and Hutchison, '14. Horton,
'05. Kolmer and Yui and Tyau, '13. Lewin, '12, '12 a. Loeb, '13. Mallory
and Ordway, '09. Martin, 1895. Mavrojannis, '03. Mereshkowsky and Sarin,
'09. Mereshkowsky, '12, '12 a. Metschnikoff and Roux, 1891. Murphy, '14.
Nerking, '09. Olds, '10. Ophiils, '11. Plimmer and Thomson, '08. Remlin-
ger, '04. Rowland, '11. Schern, '09. Schiirmann, '08. Sittenfield, '12. Stef-
fenhagen, '10.
7. Economic relations. Bruneau, 1886. Galli-Valerio, '08. Klunzinger, '08.
Landois, 1886. Lantz, '10 b. Lersch, 1871. Loir, '03.
PART II
NORWAY RAT
CHAPTER 11
LIFE HISTORY AND DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS
1. Introduction. 2. Life history, a. Span of life. b. Gestation period,
c. Number of litters, d. Number in litter, e. Proportion of sexes, f. Open-
ing of eyes. g. Age of sexual maturity. 3. Comparison of Norway with Albino.
4. Similarities of Norway s and Albinos in western Europe to those of the United
States.
1. Introduction. To obtain more complete information con-
cerning the rat it is important to note differences which may ap-
pear between the domesticated Albino and the wild Norway.
Since the wild Norway represents the parent stock it might seem
proper to use that form as the standard and to record the devia-
tions of the Albino from it. As a matter of fact however our in-
formation with regard to the Albino is so much the more complete
that the best results will follow from using it as the standard,
despite the fact that zoologically it is but a variety of the Norway.
2. Life history of the Norway rat. As regards behavior, the
Norway rat is very responsive to sounds, gnaws its cage, bur-
rows when opportunity offers, is hard to handle and appears
fierce because usually in a state of terror, yet after some days in
a cage, it often becomes quite docile.
Mus norvegicus when mature weighs 300-500 grams. (550
grams = 1 \ pounds avd., has been reported but is very unusual).
We have recorded one male with a body weight of 523 gms. The
color above ranges from light gray or orange to brown and dark
gray, usually with more or less white or light gray on the ventral
surfaces. Melanic sports occasionally occur (see p. 14, note 5).
Mus norvegicus is distinguished from Mus rattus, the house rat,
by the following superficial characters: larger size; blunter head;
smaller ears which are thicker and more covered with hair; tail
shorter than body; claws usually relatively dull. Its movements
are less rapid. Commonly the female Norway has twelve, some-
times fourteen nipples, while the house rat has very constantly
ten.
189
190 LIFE HISTORY
a.) Span of life. The span of life of the Norway rat is not
known. It seems probable that it is between three and four
years, though here and there individuals may live somewhat
longer.
6.) Period of gestation: 21 days Lantz ('09); 23.5-25.5 days
Miller ('11). The latter periods are possibly due to the effect
of nursing on gestation. See p. 22.
c.) Number of litters. Miller ('11) reports seven litters in
seven months from a single pair, and estimates that, in general,
five to six litters may be easily reared by a single pair in a year.
d.} Number of young in a litter. Climate and station appear
as general modifying influences. Larger litters are reported
from northern Europe than from India (Lantz, '09).
Crampe ('84) obtained an average of 10.4 in fourteen litters.
Zuschlag ('03) states that among the rats examined at Copen-
hagen in 1899, fetuses to the number of 14 were found four
times and he himself in 1902 examined one female bearing 16.
Donaldson (MS, '09) also noted in a rat taken in Paris, 16
fetuses.
The India Plague Commission reports ('08) that the average
number of fetuses found in females was 8.1 from a total of 12,000
Norway rats.
According to Lantz ('09) the maximum size of litters recorded
in England (Field) are 17, 19, 22 and 23; in India however 14.
The maximum numbers just given as recorded in England are
not trustworthy as they represent merely the number of young
found in a single nest. Since two different litters are sometimes
reared in the same nest the inference from the number in the nest
to the number in the litter is not convincing. Lantz ('09) as-
sumes the average litter (in north temperate latitude ) to be about
10. This is what Miller ('11) (vide infra) and Crampe ('84)
(vide supra) found.
Miller ('11) observed in a group of eight litters 7-12 young in a
litter, with an average of 10.5.
e.) Proportion of the sexes. Lantz ('09) and others state that
the males are in excess. Donaldson ('12) found the same in
trapped series taken in Paris and London. In a small series
COMPARISON WITH ALBINO 191
trapped in Vienna however, the females were in excess. There
are no observations on the proportions of the sexes at birth in
general population, but in a special study of "extracted" Nor-
ways made by King (MS., '15) 56 litters from females — them-
selves taken from litters in which the two sexes were equally
or nearly equally represented — gave 212 males and 213 females.
f.) Opening of eyes. Miller ('11) found the eyes to open at 16
or 17 days and also states that the young are weaned during the
sixth week.
g.) Age of sexual maturity. Miller ('11) gives one instance of
a female conceiving at the age of 120 days.
Owing to the difficulty of keeping M. norvegicus happy and
contented in captivity, it has not yet been possible to get a trust-
worthy record for increase in body weight with age in the case of
this form. Neither our own data (Donaldson and Hatai, '11)
nor those of Miller ('11) show what must be the normal rate of
increase in body weight.
3. Comparison of the Norway with the Albino. To determine
whether the wild Norway form, as trapped in Philadelphia, dif-
fers in any way from the albino rats in the colony at The Wistar
Institute, a comparison has been made between the two forms in
respect to body length, body weight, brain weight, spinal cord
weight and the percentage of water in both the brain andthe
spinal cord (Donaldson and Hatai, '11) as well as the weights of
several of the parts and viscera. (Jackson and Lowrey, '12;
Hatai, '14 a.)
In addition to the familiar facts that the Norway rat is more
wild and difficult to handle, more successful in escaping from cages
and much more given to gnawing than is the Albino, that it
grows bigger, breeds later, has larger litters and a longer sexual
life (Crampe, '84) it is now possible to make several further
statements.
At birth the Norway is somewhat heavier than the stock Albino
(King, '15, table 1) but in their relative body length and the rela-
tive weights of the brain and spinal cord, as well as in the per-
centage of water in these two divisions of the central nervous
system, they are approximately alike.
192 LIFE HISTORY
The marked differences between the two forms appear later,
during the period of rapid growth. Grouping together the gen-
eral differences subsequently found, we may say that the Norway
rat is absolutely much heavier, relatively slightly longer, has a
relatively heavier brain and a heavier spinal cord, and since for
the same body weight as a given Albino it is younger, it has
when so compared a higher percentage of water in the central
nervous system.
For the same age however, the percentages of water are nearly
alike; the percentage in the Norway rat being a trifle higher
(Donaldson and Hatai, '11). The relative weights of the ovaries,
testes and suprarenals are also greater (C. Watson, 'Q7; Hatai,
'14). These plus characters of the Norway tend to disappear
when the Norway is subjected to domestication.
The deviations of the Norway may be expressed in another way.
When the body weights of Norway and Albino are the same:
The Norway rat has a greater body length; a greater brain
weight; a greater spinal cord weight; a higher percentage of water
in the central nervous system; heavier ovaries, testes and
suprarenals.
When body lengths are the same:
The Norway rat has a smaller body weight; a greater brain
weight; a greater spinal cord weight; a higher percentage of
water in the central nervous system; heavier ovaries, testes and
suprarenals.
When brain weights are the same :
The Norway rat has a smaller body weight; a smaller body
length; a smaller spinal cord weight; a higher percentage of
water in the central nervous system.
When the spinal cord weights are the same:
The Norway rat has a smaller body weight; a smaller body
length; a greater brain weight; a higher percentage of water in
the central nervous system.
Speaking generally therefore we may say that when compared
with the domesticated Albino, the wild Norway rat weighs more,
is longer and possesses a nervous system in which both the brain
and spinal cord are relatively larger.
COMPARISON WITH ALBINO 193
These differences taken together indicate that the albino rat
has grown less well, and it seems most natural to attribute the
lack of growth to the whole set of conditions summed up in the
word 'domestication.'
The most marked difference in structure thus far described
between the two forms is in the relative weight of the central
nervous system. That this is due to the effects of domestication
seems highly probable, in view of the observations of Darwin
('83) and Lapicque and Girard ('07).
There are still other observations which belong here. In a
study on the weight of some of the ductless glands of the Norway
and of the albino rat according to sex and variety Hatai, ('14 a)
an examination was made of the suprarenals, hypophysis, thy-
roid and gonads hi both forms. The conclusions reached are
here given.
In both the Norway and albino rats the suprarenal glands of
the males are considerably smaller than those of the females.
When, however, these two forms of rats are compared, both sexes
of the Norway rats have suprarenals considerably heavier than
those of the like sexes of the Albino.
A sex difference is noted in the weight of the hypophysis in both
the Norway and albino rats. The male hypophysis is lighter
than that of the female. However, when these two forms of
rats are compared, the hypophysis of the Norway is found to be
smaller than that of the albino rat; the greater difference being
in the case of the female.
Neither in the Norway nor the albino rat is a sex difference
found in the weight of the thyroid. Moreover, there is no weight
difference in the thyroid according to variety in the case of these
two forms of rats.
The sex glands (testes and ovaries) of the Norway rats are
heavier than those of the albino rats.
Hatai is also of the opinion that the differences noted are again
the result of a response to domestication.
4. Similarity of the Norway s and Albinos of western Europe to
those of the United States. It is to be noted in this connection
that so far as tests have been made, the albino rats found in Europe
194 LIFE HISTORY
are similar to those found in America. For the Albinos from
Vienna, Paris and London, the determinations were made by
Donaldson ('12) and Chisolm ('11) has reported on the relation
of body length to body weight in albino and pied rats in London.
Chisolm compares his determinations of length with those by
Donaldson ('09) and when correction is made for the slight dif-
ference in the methods of measurements, the two sets of results
agree nicely.
It is also true that the wild Norways of Europe seem to be
similar to those of the United States (Donaldson, '12) so that the
differences above noted probably will be found at whatever
stations the two forms are compared.
LIFE HISTORY — NORWAY RAT: REFERENCES
Chisolm, '11. Crampe, 1884. Darwin, 1883. Donaldson, '09, '11, '12. Don-
aldson and Hatai, '11. Hatai, '14 a. India Plague Commission, '08. Jackson
andLowrey, '12. Lantz, '09. Lapicque and Girard, '07. Miller, '11. Watson,
C., '07. Zuschlag, '03.
CHAPTER 12
GROWTH IN WEIGHT OF PARTS AND SYSTEMS OF
THE BODY
1. Growth of parts. 2. Growth of systems. 3. Weight of cranium.
1. Growth of parts of the body. For the general conditions
under which these observations were made by Jackson and
Lowrey ('12), see pp. 73-74.
Five Norways only were examined, these having been trapped
in barns at the University of Missouri. They were probably
living on gram. As will be seen by reference to table 82 the
smallest of these, a male, weighed 65 grams and was therefore
probably from three to five weeks old. The percentage rela-
tions of the several parts of the body are given in table 82.
TABLE 82
Norway rat — Percentage weights of head, trunk and extremities.
(Jackson and Lowrey, '!%)
Sexes combined
SEX
NET BODT
WEIGHT
HEAD
FORE LIMBS
HIND LIMBS
TRUNK
M
grams
65.0
per cent
14.66
per cent
5.95
per cent
13.88
per cent
65 51
M
95 4
12.17
5 83
15 34
66 66
F
107.5
10.18
5.58
15 81
68 43
M....
164 0
9 27
5 24
14 94
70 55
F
254 0'
7 85
5 02
13 68
73 45
1 Including gravid uterus, which weighed 13.76 grams.
On comparing the relative values here given with those for the
albino rat (see p. 74) it appears that for corresponding body
weights the average values for the fore limbs and hind limbs are
low, while those for the trunk are high — a relation which might
be expected in view of the greater body length of the Norway —
see tables 49 and 82.
195
196
GROWTH OF PARTS AND SYSTEMS
TABLE 83
Norway rat — Percentage of total body weight represented by the weight of integument,
ligamentous skeleton, musculature, viscera and remainder. (Jackson and Lowrey,
SEX
NET BODY
WEIGHT
INTEGUMENT
LIGAMENTOUS
SKELETON
MUSCULATURE
VISCERA
REMAINDER
M
grams
65.0
per cent
18.42
per cent
13.15
per cent
35.39
per cent
23.40
per cent
9.64
M
95.4
19.29
13.85
38.57
23.21
5.08
F...
107.5
20.37
13.86
42.14
17.51
6.12
M
164.0
17.35
13.29
41.66
20.95
6.75
F
254.0'
19.41
10.16
44.21
16.22
10.00
1 Including gravid uterus, which weighed 13.76 grams.
2.} Growth of systems. When the values for the five entries in
table 83 are compared with the last four in table 50 for the albino
rat, it is noted that in the Norway the values for the musculature
and viscera are high, while that for the 'remainder' is low.
This last difference is due in part to the smaller amount of fat
in the Norway. At the same time there is other evidence to
show that for the same body weight as the Albino, both the
trunk and the viscera of the Norway are heavier, as here found.
3.) Weight of cranium. (Donaldson, '12.) Determinations
of the weight of the cranium dried at room temperature have
TABLE 84
The mean weight in grams of the crania in each body weight group of the four series
of wild Norway rats from Paris, London, Philadelphia, Vienna (based on table 1
Donaldson, '12 a.) Each weight group is based on six cases', S males and 3 females
BODY WEIGHT
WEIGHT OF THE CRANIA IN GRAMS
GROUP
LONDON
PARIS
PHILADELPHIA
VIENNA
grams
125
1 17
1 27
1 13
1 10
175
1 58
1 58
1 34
1 37
225
1 84
1 91
1 71
1 70
275
2 25
2 17
2 14
1 90
325
2 69
2 60
2 40
2 27
375
3.13
2 98
2.86
2 48
For the corresponding weights of the albino crania see table 55.
WEIGHT OF CRANIUM 197
been made. By the cranium is meant the skull with upper teeth,
minus the mandible with lower teeth and the ear bones. The
mean weights are given in table 84.
GROWTH IN WEIGHT OF PARTS AND SYSTEMS OF THE BODY: REFERENCES
Donaldson, '12 a. Jackson and Lowrey, '12.
CHAPTER 13
GROWTH OF ORGANS IN RELATION TO BODY
LENGTH— NORWAY
1. Length of tail and weights of body, brain and spinal cord in relation to
body length. 2. Weight — length ratios.
1) Length of tail, body weight, brain weight and spinal cord
weight in relation to body length. Before passing to the tables on
the Norway rat, it should be pointed out that the observations
used for them have been made on the Norway rat as found in
Philadelphia. At the same tune it has been shown that the Nor-
way rat taken in Vienna, Paris and London is similar in its gen-
eral form to that found in the United States, so that the determi-
nations in the tables may be applied to the Norway rat in Europe
also (Donaldson, '12).
Table 85 contains values for the several characters named
above, computed by the formulas devised by Hatai; these for-
mulas being in turn based on series of observations, the number
of which is given in e.ach case.
Body length on body weight. From the study of 282 male
and 318 female Norway rats, trapped in Philadelphia, measure-
ments have been taken for body weight and body length (Don-
aldson and Hatai, '11).
The values for body length — sexes combined — on body weight
are given by formula (46). In chart 28 the corresponding graph
is given and for comparison the graph for the body length of
the Albino is also drawn (see formula (1)).
It has been found that for a given body weight, the body length
is in the male Norway 0.4 per cent above the mean, and in the
female 0.4 per cent below (Donaldson and Hatai, '11, p. 425).
Body weight on body length. When the formula (46) is trans-
formed so as to give the body weight for a given body length and
the correction for sex is included, we have for the males formula
(47) and for the females formula (48). In chart (29) are given
the graphs for both sexes.
198
BODY LENGTH — BODY WEIGHT
199
55 TOO SO 00
KORVAY
ALBNO
BODY V/EJGHT
Chart 28 Norway rat — Giving body length on
Formula (46), table 85. Inserted for comparison
the male Albino (see formula (1) .
the body weight. Males only,
is the corresponding graph for
Mot
BODY LENGTH
zlo 1260
Chart 29 Norway rat — Giving the body weight on the body length. Males,
females. Formulas (47), (48), table 85.
200
GROWTH OF ORGANS
Body weight of the Norway on the body weight of the Albino.
Formula (49) gives the body weight of the Norway on the body
weight of the Albino for a limited range of Albino body weights.
Tail length on body length. The tail length on the body
length has been determined by Hatai (MS '14) and is repre-
sented by formulas (50) and (51) for the male and female re-
0 20 40
BDBy LENGTH
, mm.
LLI
240
Chart 30 Norway rat — giving the tail length on the body length. Males,
females. Formulas (50), (51), table 85.
spectively. As can be seen by consulting table 85 the males have
the shorter tails — a relation which agrees with that found for
the Albino. In chart 30 are given the corresponding graphs.
Brain weight on body weight. The direct determinations of
the weight of the brain have been made on 232 males and 278
females. The general formula (52) expresses the relation of
brain weight on body weight for the sexes combined.
It applies however only to rats with a body weight above
five grams.
WEIGHTS OF BRAIN AND CORD
201
Using this formula the brain weights have been computed for
each of the series of body weights as determined by formulas
(47) and (48).
It has been found however (Donaldson and Hatai, '11, p. 428)
that the weight of the male brain is one per cent above the mean
for the two sexes, and that of the female, one per cent below.
Chart 31 Norway rat, giving brain weight on the body weight. Males only.
With the corresponding graph for the Albino inserted for comparison. Formula
52, table 85. Also the spinal cord weight on the body weight. Males only. With
the corresponding graph for the Albino inserted for comparison. Formula 54,
table 85.
As a consequence, each value gotten by the foregoing compu-
tations has been corrected by adding one per cent to the value
found to give the weight for the male brain and by subtracting
one per cent to obtain the weight for the female brain.
Chart 31 gives the graph for the male brain weight on the
body weight and the corresponding graph (male) for the Albino
(see chart 9) is also drawn for comparison. The marked differ-
ence in the brain weight of the two forms is clearly shown.
202 GROWTH OF ORGANS
Formula (53) gives the cranial capacity for the body weight —
a useful datum in many instances.
Spinal cord weight on body weight. In the case of the spinal
cord, the computation was made for the sexes combined by the
aid of formula (54). Here again there is a difference according
to sex, the male spinal cord exceeding the female by 0.2 per cent,
and the value for both sexes combined, by 0.1 per cent. Cor-
rections similar to those applied to the brain have been made
in this case also. Chart (31) gives the graph for the male spinal
cord on body weight and the corresponding graph (male) for
the Albino (see chart 9) is also drawn for comparison.
Formula (55) gives the spinal cord weight (sexes combined)
on the brain weight — sexes combined, table 85.
2. Weight-length ratios. In table 86 are given the values
for the Norway obtained by dividing the body weight by the
body length, as these appear in table 85.
The explanation of the use of this table has been given on
p. 72 in connection with the corresponding table 48 for the
Albino.
GROWTH OF ORGANS IN RELATION TO BODY LENGTH! REFERENCES
Donaldson, '12, '12 a. Donaldson and Hatai, '11.
GROWTH OF ORGANS ON BODY LENGTH
203
TABLE 85
Gives the tail length, body weight, brain weight and spinal cord weight for each milli-
meter of body length of the male and female Norway rat respectively.
See Charts 28, 29, SO, SI.
MALES
FEMALES
Body
length
Tail
length
Body
weight
Weight of
Tail length
Body
weight
Weight of
Brain
Spinal
cord
Brain
Spinal
cord
mm.
mm.
gms.
gms.
gms.
mm.
gms.
gms.
gms.
50
15.0
4.4
0.031
16.0
4.6
0.032
51
16.2
4.8
0.034
17.2
4.9
0.035
52
17.3
5.1
0.270
0.037
18.4
5.2
0.307
0.038
53
18.5
5.4
0.367
0.040
19.6
5.6
0.393
0.041
54
19.6
5.8
0.443
0.043
20.8
5.9
0.462
0.044
55
20.8
6.1
0.508
0.046
21.9
6.3
0.522
0.047
56
21.9
6.5
0.563
0.049
23.1
6.6
0.574
0.050
57
23.0
6.8
0.611
0.052
24.3
7.0
0.620
0.053
58
24.1
7.2
0.655
0.055
25.4
7.4
0.661
0.056
59
25.3
7.6
0.694
0.058
26.5
7.7
0.698
0.059
60
26.4
7.9
0.730
0.061
27.7
8.1
0.732
0.063
61
27.5
8.3
0.763
0.064
28.8
8.5
0.763
0.066
62
28.6
8.7
0.794
0.067
29.9
8.9
0.793
0.069
63
29.7
9.1
0.823
0.070
31.1
9.3
0.820
0.072
64
30.8
9.5
0.850
0.074
32.2
9.7
0.846
0.075
65
31.9
9.9
0.875
0.077
33.3
10.1
0.871
0.078
66
32.9
10.3
0:900
0.080
34.4
10.5
0.894
0.082
67
34.0
10.7
0.923
0.083
35.5
10.9
0.916
0.085
68
35.1
11.1
0.944
0.086
36.6
11.3
0.937
0.088
69
36.2
11.5
0.965
0.090
37.7
11.8
0.957
0.091
70
37.2
11.9
0.985
0.093
38.8
12.2
0.977
0.095
71
38.3
12.4
1.005
0.096
39.9
12.6
0.995
0.098
72
39.4
12.8
1.023
0.099
41.0
13.1
1.013
0.101
73
40.4
13.3
1.041
0.103
42.1
13.5
1.031
0.104
74
41.5
13.7
1.059
0.106
43.1
14.0
1.048
0.108
75
42.5
14.2
1.075
0.109
44.2
14.5
1.064
0.111
76
43.6
14.7
1.092
0.113
45.3
14.9
1.080
0.114
77
44.6
15.1
1.107
0.116
46.4
15.4
1.095
0.118
78
45.7
15.6
1.123
0.119
47.4
15.9
1.110
0.121
79
46.7
16.1
1.138
0.123
48.5
16.4
1.124
0.125
80
47.7
16.6
1.152
0.126
49.5
16.9
1.138
0.128
81
48.8
17.1
1.166
0.129
50.6
17.4
1.152
0.131
82
49.8
17.6
1.180
0.133
51.7
17.9
1.166
0.135
204
GROWTH OF ORGANS
TABLE 85 — Continued
MALES
FEMALES
Body
length
Tail
length
Body
weight
Weight of
Tail length
Body
weight
Weight of
Brain
Spinal
cord
Brain
Spinal
cord
mm.
mm.
gms.
gms.
gms.
mm.
gms.
gms.
gms.
83
50.8
18.1
1.194
0.136
52.7
18.5
1.179
0.138
84
51.9
18.7
1.207
0.140
53.8
19.0
1.192
0.142
85
52.9
19.2
1.220
0.143
54.8
19.6
1.204
0.145
86
53.9
19.7
1.232
0.146
55.8
20.1
1.216
0.149
87
54.9
20.3
1.245
0.150
56.9
20.7
1.229
0.152
88
55.9
20.8
1.257
0.153
57.9
21.2
1.240
0.156
89
57.0
21.4
1.269
0.157
59.0
21.8
1.252
0.159
90
58.0
22.0
1.281
0.160
60.0
22.4
1.264
0.163
91
59.0
22.5
1.292
0.164
61.0
23.0
1.275
0.166
92
60.0
23.1
1.303
0.167
62.1
23.6
1.286
0.170
93,
61.0
23.7
1.315
0.171
63.1
24.2
1.297
0.173
94
62.0
24.3
1.325
0.174
64.1
24.8
1.307
0.177
95
63.0
25.0
1.336
0.178
65.1
25.4
1.318
0.180
96
64.0
25.6
1.347
0.181
66.1
26.1
1.328
0.184
97
65.0
26.2
1.357
0.185
67.2
26.7
1.338
0.188
98
66.0
26.9
1.368
0.189
68.2
27.4
1.348
0.191
99
67.0
27.5
1.378
0.192
69.2
28.0
1.358
0.195
100
68.0
28.2
1.388
0.196
70.2
28.7
1.368
0.198
101
69.0
28.8
1.398
0.199
71.2
29.4
1.378
0.202
102
70.0
29.5
1.408
0.203
72.2
30.1
1.388
0.206
103
71.0
30.2
1.417
0.207
73.2
30.8
1.397
0.209
104
72.0
30.9
1.427
0.210
74.2
31.5
1.406
0.213
105
73.0
31.6
1.436
0.214
75.2
32.2
1.416
0.217
106
73.9
32.3
1.446
0.218
76.2
33.0
1.425
0.220
107
74.9
33.1
1.455
0.221
• 77.2
33.7
1.434
0.224
108
75.9
33.8
1.464
0.225
78.2
34.5
1.443
0.228
109
76.9
34.6
1.473
0.229
79.2
35.2
1.452
0.232
110
77.9
35.3
1.482
0.232
80.2
36.0
1.460
0.235
111
78.8
36.1
1.491
0.236
81.2
36.8
1.469
0.239
112
79.8
36.9
1.499
0.240
82.2
37.6
1.477
0.243
113
80.8
37.7
1.508
0.244
83.2
38.4
1.486
0.247
114
81.8
38.5
1.517
0.247
84.2
39.3
1.494
0.250
115
82.7
39.3
1.525
0.251
85.2
40.1
1.503
0.254
116
83.7
40.2
1.534
0.255
86.2
40.9
1.511
0.258
117
84.7
41.0
1.542
0.259
87.2
41.8
1.519
0.262
118
85.6
41.9
1.550
0.262
88.1
42.7
1.527
0.266
GROWTH OF ORGANS ON BODY LENGTH
205
TABLE 85 — Continued
MALES
FEMALES
Body
length
Tail
length
Body
weight
Weight of
Tail length
Body
weight
Weight of
Brain
Spinal
cord
Brain
Spinal
cord
mm.
mm.
gms.
gms.
gms.
mm.
gms.
gms.
gms.
119
86.6
42.7
1.558
0.266
89.1
43.6
1.535
0.269
120
87.6
43.6
1.567
0.270
90.1
44.5
1.543
0.273
121
88.5
44.5
1.575
0.274
91.1
45.4
1.551
0.277
122
89.5
45.4
1.583
0.278
92.1
46.3
1.559
0.281
123
90.5
46.3
1.591
0.281
93.0
47.3
1.567
0.285
124
91.4
47.3
1.599
0.285
94.0
48.2
1.575
0.289
125
92.4
48.2
1.606
0.289
95.0
49.2
1.582
0.292
126
93.4
49.2
1.614
0.293
96.0
50.2
1.590
0.296
127
94.3
50.2
1.622
0.297
96.9
51.2
1.598
0.300
128
95.3
51.1
1.630
0.301
97.9
52.2
1.605
0.304
129
96.2
52.1
1.637
0.305
98.9
53.2
1.613
0.308
130
97.2
53.2
1.645
0.308
99.8
54.2
1.620
0.312
131
98.1
54.2
1.652
0.312
100.8
55.3
1.627
0.316
132
99.1
55.3
1.660
0.316
101.8
56.4
1.635
0.320
133
100.0
56.3
1.667
0.320
102.7
57.5
1.642
0.324
134
101.0
57.4
1.675
0.324
103.7
58.6
1.649
0.328
135
101.9
58.5
1.682
0.328
104.7
59.7
1.657
0.332
136
102.9
59.6
1.689
0.332
105.6
60.9
1.664
0.336
137
103.8
60.7
1.697
0.336
106.6
62.0
1.671
0.339
138
104.8
61.9
1.704
0.340
107.5
63.2
1.678
0.343
139
105.7
63.0
1.711
0.344
108.5
64.3
1.685
0.347
140
106.7
64.2
1.718
0.348
109.5
65.6
1.692
0.35k
141
107.6
65.4
1.725
0.352
110.4
66.8
1.699
0.355
142
108.6
66.6
1.732
0.356
111.4
68.0
1.706
0.359
143
109.5
67.8
1.739
0.360
112.3
69.3
1.713
0.363
144
110.5
69.1
1.746
0.363
113.3
70.6
1.720
0.368
145
111.4
70.4
1.753
0.367
114.2
71.9
1.727
0.372
146
112.3
71.6
1.760
0.371
115.2
73.2
1.733
0.376
147
113.3
72.9
1.767
0.375
116.1
74.5
1.740
0.380
148
114.2
74.3
1.774
0.379
117.1
75.9
1.747
0.384
149
115.2
75.6
1.781
0.384
118.0
77.2
1 754
0.388
150
116.1
77.0
1.788
0.388
119.0
78.6
1.760
0.392
151
117.0
78.3
1.794
0.392
119.9
80.0
1.767
0.396
152
118.0
79.7
1.801
0.396
120.9
81.5
1.774
0.400
153
118.9
81.2
1.808
0.400
121.8
82.9
1.780
0.404
206
GROWTH OF ORGANS
TABLE 85— Coutinued
MALES
FEMALES
Body
length
Tail
length
Body
weight
Weight of
Tail length
Body
•weight
Weight of
Brain
Spinal
cord
Brain
Spinal
cord
mm.
mm.
gms.
gms.
gms.
mm.
gms.
gms.
gms.
154
119.8
82.6
1.815
0.404
122.8
84.4
1.787
0.408
155
120.8
84.1
1.821
0.408
123.7
85.9
1.793
0.412
156
121.7
85.6
1.828
0.412
124.7
87.4
1.800
0.416
157
122.6
87.1
1.835
0.416
125.6
89.0
1.807
0.420
158
123.6
88.6
1.841
0.420
126.6
90.6
1.813
0.424
159
124.5
90.1
1.848
0.424
127.5
92.1
1.819
0.429
160
125.4
91.7
1.854
0.428
128.4
93.8
1.826
0.433
161
126.4
93.3
1.861
0.432
129.4
95.4
1.832
0.437
162
127.3
94.9
1.867
0.436
130.3
97.1
1.839
0.441
163
128.2
96.6
1.874
0.441
131.3
98.7
1.845
0.445
164
129.1
98.2
1.880
0.445
132.2
100.5
1.851
0.449
165
130.1
99.9
1.887
0.449
133.1
102.2
1.858
0.453
166
131.0
101.6
1.893
0.453
134.1
104.1
1.864
0.458
167
131.9
103.4
1.899
0.457
135.0
105.7
1 870
0.462
168
132.8
105.1
1.906
0.461
135.9
107.5
1 877
0.466
169
133.8
106.9
1.912
0.465
136.9
109.4
1.883
0.470
170
134.7
108.7
1.918
0.469
137.8
111.3
1.889
0.474
171
135.6
110.6
1.925
0.474
138.8
113.1
1.895
0.478
172
136.5
112.4
1.931
0.478
139.7
115.1
1.901
0.483
173
137.5
114.3
1.937
0.482
140.6
117.0
1.908
0.487
174
138.4
116.3
1.944
0.486
141.5
119.0
1.914
0.491
475
139.3
118.2
1.950
0.490
142.5
121.0
1.920
0.495
176
140.2
120.2
1.956
0.494
143.4
123.0
1.926
0.499
177
141.1
122.2
1.962
0.499
144.3
125.1
1.932
0.504
178
142.1
124.2
1.968
0.503
145.3
127.2
1.938
0.508
179
143.0
126.3
1.975
0.507
146.2
129.3
1.9--4
0.512
180
143.9
128.4
1.981
0.511
147.1
131.5
1.949
0.516
181
144.8
130.5
1.987
0.515
148.1
133.7
1.955
0.520
182
145.7
132.7
1.993
0.520
149.0
135.9
1.962
0.525
183
146.7
134.9
1.999
0.524
149.9
138.1
1.968
0.529
184
147.6
137.1
2.005
0.528
150.8
140.4
1.974
0.533
185
148.5
139.3
2.011
0.532
151.8
142.8
1.980
0.537
186
149.4
141.6
2.017
0.536
152.7
145.1
1.986
0.542
187
150.3
144.0
2.023
0.541
153.6
147.5
1.992
0.546
188
151.2
146.3
2.029
0.545
154.5
149.9
1.998
0.550
189
152.2
148.7
2.035
0.549
155.5
152.4
2.004
0.554
190
153.1
151.1
2.042
0.553
156.4
154.9
2.010
0.559
GROWTH OF ORGANS ON BODY LENGTH
207
TABLE 85— Continued
MALES
FEMALES
Body
length
Tail
length
Body
weight
Weight of
Tail length
Body
weight
Weight of
Brain
Spinal
cord
Brain
Spinal
cord
mm.
mm.
gms.
gms.
gms.
mm.
gms.
gms.
gms.
191
154.0
153.6
2.047
0.557
157.3
157.4
2.016
0.563
192
154.9
156.1
2.053
0.562
158.2
160.0
2.022
0.567
193
155.8
158.6
2.059
0.566
159.1
162.6
2.028
0.572
194
156.7
161.2
2.065
0.570
160.1
165.2
2.034
0.576
195
157.6
163.8
2.071
0.575
161.0
167.9
2.039
0.580
196
158.5
166.4
2.077
0.579
161.9
170.6
2.045
0.584
197
159.4
169.1
2.083
0.583
162.8
173.4
2.051
0.589
198
160.4
171.8
2.089
0.587
163.7
176.2
2.057
0.593
199
161.3
174.6
2.095
0.592
164.7
179.1
2.063
0.597
200
162.2
177.4
2.101
0.596
165.6
181.9
2.069
0.602
201
163.1
180.2
2.107
0.600
166.5
184.9
2.074
0.606
202
164.0
183.1
2.112
0.604
167.4
187.8
2.080
0.610
203
164.9
186.0
2.118
0.609
168.3
190.9
2.086
0.615
204
165.8
189.0
2.124
0.613
169.2
193.9
2.092
0.619
205
166.7
192.0
2.130
0.617
170.2
197.0
2.098
0.623
206
167.6
195.0
2.136
0.622
171.1
200.2
2.103
0.628
207
168.5
198.1
2.142
0.626
172.0
203.4
2.109
0.632
208
169.4
201.3
2.148
0.630
172.9
206.6
2.115
0.636
209
170.3
204.4
2.153
0.635
173.8
209.9
2.120
0.641
210
171.2
207.7
2.159
0.639
174.7
213.2
2.126
0.645
211
172.1
210.9
2.165
0.643
175.6
216.6
2.132
0.649
212
173.1
214.3
2.171
0.647
176.6
220.1
2.138
0.654
213
174.0
217.7
2.177
0.652
177.5
223.5
2.143
0.658
214
174.9
221.1
2.182
0.656
178.4
227.1
2.149
0.662
215
175.8
224.5
2.188
0.660
179.3
230.7
2.155
0.667
216
176.7
228.1
2.194
0.665
180.2
234.3
2.160
0.671
217
177.6
231.6
2.199
0.669
181.1
238.0
2.166
0.675
218
178.5
235.3
2.205
0.673
182.0
241.8
2.171
0.680
219
179.4
239.0
2.211
0.678
182.9
245.6
2.177
0.684
220
180.3
242.7
2.217
0.682
183.8
249.4
2.183
0.689
221
181.2
246.5
2.222
0.686
184.8
253.3
2.188
0.693
222
182.1
250.3
2.228
0.691
185.7
257.3
2.194
0.697
223
183.0
254.2
2.234
0.695
186.6
261.3
2.199
0.702
224
183.9
258.2
2.239
0.699
187.5
265.4
2.205
0.706
225
184.8
262.2
2.245
0.704
188.4
269.6
2.211
0.710
226
185.7
266.3
2.251
0.708
189.3
273.8
2.216
0.715
227
186.6
270.4
2.256
0.713
190.2
278.1
2.222
0.719
208
GROWTH OF ORGANS
TABLE 85— Concluded
MALES
FEMALES
Body
length
Tail
length
Body
weight
Weight of
Tail length
Body
weight
Weight of
Brain
Spinal
cord
Brain
Spinal
cord
mm.
mm.
gms.
gms.
gms.
mm.
gms.
gms.
gms.
228
187.5
274.6
2.262
0.717
191.1
282.4
2.227
0.724
229
188.4
278.8
2.268
0.721
192.0
286.8
2.233
0.728
230
189.3
283.1
2.273
0.726
192.9
291.3
2.238
0.732
231
190.2
287.5
2.279
0.730
193.8
295.8
2.244
0.737
232
191.1
292.0
2.285
0.734
194.7
300.4
2.250
0.741
233
192.0
296.5
2.290
0.739
195.6
305.1
2.255
0.746
234
192.9
301.0
2.296
0.743
196.5
309.8
2.261
0.750
235
193.8
305.7
2.301
0.748
197.4
314.6
2.266
0.754
236
194.7
310.4
2.307
0.752
198.3
319.5
2.272
0.759
237
195.5
315.1
2.312
0.756
199.2
324.4
2.277
0.763
238
196.4
320.0
2.318
0.761
200.1
329.4
2.283
0.768
239
197.3
324.9
2.324
0.765
201.1
334.5
2.288
0.772
240
198.2
329.9
2.329
0.769
202.0
339.7
2.294
0.776
241
199.1
334.9
2.335
0.774
202.9
344.9
2.299
0.781
242
200.0
340.1
2.340
0.778
203.8
350.2
2.305
0.785
243
200.9
345.3
2.346
0.783
204.7
255.6
2.310
0.790
244
201.8
350.5
2.351
0.787
205.6
361.1
2.316
0.794
245
202.7
355.9
2.357
0.791
206.5
366.7
2.321
0.799
246
203.6
361.3
2.363
0.796
207.4
372.3
2.327
0.803
247
204.5
366.8
2.368
0.800
208.3
378.0
2.332
0.807
248
205.4
372.4
2.374
0.805
209.2
383.8
2.337
0.812
249
206.3
378.1
2.379
0.809
210.1
389.7
2.343
0.816
250
207.2
383.9
2.385
0.813
211.0
395.7
2.349
0.821
251
389.7
2.390
0.818
401.7
2.354
0.825
252
395.6
2.396
0.822
407.9
2.359
0.830
253
401.6
2.401
0.827
414.1
2.365
0.834
254
407.7
2.407
0.831
420.4
2.370
0.838
255
413.9
2.412
0.835
426.9
2.376
0.843
256
420.2
2.418
0.840
433.4
2.381
0.847
257
426.5
2.423
0.844
440.0
2.386
0.852
258
433.0
2.429
0.849
446.7
2.392
0.856
259
439.6
2.434
0.853
453.5
2.397
0.861
260
446.2
2.440
0.858
460.4
2.403
0.865
209
TABLE 86
Giving in grams the values obtained by dividing the body weight by the body length
in millimeters. Based on data in table 85
BODT
LENGTH
RATIO
BODY
LENGTH
RATIO
BODT
LENGTH
RATIO
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
50
0.09
0.09
87
0.23
0.24
124
0.38
0.39
51
0.09
0.10
88
0.24
0.24
125
0.39
0.39
52
0.10
0.10
89
0.24
0.24
126
0.39
0.40
53
0.10
0.11
90
0.24
0.25
127
0.40
0.40
54
0.11
0.11
128
0.40
0.41
55
0.11
0.11
91
0.25
0.25
129
0.40
0.41
56
0.12
0.12
92
0.25
0.26
130
0.41
0.42
57
0.12
0.12
93
0.25
0.26
58
0.12
0.13
94
0.26
0.26
131
0.41
0.42
59
0.13
0.13
95
0.26
0.27
132
0.42
0.43
60
0.13
0.14
96
0.27
0.27
133
0.42
0.43
97
0.27
0.28
134
0.43
0.44
61
0.14
0.14
98
0.27
0.28
135
0.43
0.44
62
0.14
0.14
99
0.28
0.28
136
0.44
0.45
63
0.14
0.15
100
0.28
0.29
137
0.44
0.45
64
0.15
0.15
138
0.45
0.46
65
0.15
0.16
101
0.29
0.29
139
0.45
0.45
66
0.16
0.16
102
0.29
0.30
140
0.46
0.47
67
0.16
0.16
103
0.29
0.30
68
0.16
0.17
104
0.30
0.30
141
0.46
0.47
69
0.17
0.17
105
0.30
0.31
142
0.47
0.48
70
0.17
0.17
106
0.30
0.31
143
0.47
0.48
107
0.31
0.31
144
0.48
0.49
71
0.17
0.18
108
0.31
0.32
145
0.49
0.50
72
0.18
0.18
109
0.32
0.32
146
0.49
0.50
73
0.18
0.18
110
0.32
0.33
147
0.50
0.51
74
0.19
0.19
111
0.33
0.33
148
0.50
0.51
75
0.19
0.19
112
0.33
0.34
149
0.51
0.52
76
0.19
0.20
113
0.33
0.34
150
0.51
0.52
77
0.20
0.20
114
0.34
0.34
78
0.20
0.20
115
0.34
0.35
151
0.52
0.53
79
0.20
0.21
116
0.35
0.35
152
0.52
0.54
80
0.21
0.21
117
0.35
0.36
153
0.53
0.54
118
0.36
0.36
154
0.54
0.55
81
0.21
0.21
119
0.36
0.37
155
0.54
0.55
82
0.21
0.22
120
0.36
0.37
156
0.55
0.56
83
0.22
0.22
157
0.55
0.57
84
0.22
0.23
121
0.37
0.38
158
0.56
0.57
85
0.23
0.23
122
0.37
0.38
159
0.57
0.58
86
0.23
0.23
123
0.38
0.38
160
0.57
0.59
210
GROWTH OF ORGANS
TABLE 86— Concluded
BODY
LENGTH
RATIO
BODY
LENGTH
RATIO
BODY
LENGTH
RATIO
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
161
0.58
0.59
195
0.84
0.86
228
1.20
1.24
162
0.59
0.60
196
0.85
0.87
229
1.22
1.25
163
0.59
0.61
197
0.86
0.88
230
1.23
1.27
164
0.60
0.61
198
0.87
0.89
. 165
0.61
0.62
199
0.88
0.90
231
1.24
1.28
. 166
0.61
0.63
200
0.89
0.91
232
1.26
1.29
167
0.62
0.63
233
1.27
1.31
168
0.63
0.64
201
0.90
0.92
234
1.29
1.32
169
0.63
0.65
202
0.91
0.93
235
1.30
1.34
170
0.64
0.65
203
0.92
0.94
236
1.32
1.35
204
0.93
0.95
237
1.33
1.37
171
0.65
0.66
205
0.94
0.96
238
1.34
1.38
172
0.65
0.67
206
0.95
0.97
239
1.36
1.40
173
0.66
0.68
207
0.96
0.98
240
1.37
1.41
174
0.67
0.68
208
0.97
0.99
175
0.68
0.69
209
0.98
1.00
241
1.39
1.43
176
0.68
0.70
210
0.99
1.02
242
1.41
1.45
177
0.69
0.71
243
1.42
1.46
178
0.70
0.71
211
1.00
1.03
244
1.44
1.48
179
0.71
0.72
212
1.01
1.04
245
1.45
1.50
180
0.71
0.73
213
1.02
1.05
246
1.47
1.51
181
0.72
0.74
214
1.03
1.06
247
1.49
1.53
182
0.73
0.75
215
1.04
1.07
248
1.50
1.55
183
0.74
0.75
216
1.06
1.08
249
1.52
1.57
184
0.75
0.76
217
1.07
1.10
250
1.54
1.58
185
0.75
0.77
218
1.08
1.11
186
0.76
0.78
219
1.09
1.12
251
1.55
1.60
187
0.77
0.79
220
1.10
1.13
252
1.57
1.62
188
0.78
0.80
253
1.59
1.64
189
0.79
0.81
221
1.12
1.15
254
1.61
1.66
190
0.80
0.82
222
1.13
1.16
255
1.62
1.67
223
1.14
1.17
256
1.64
1.69
191
0.80
0.82
224
1.15
1.18
257
1.66
1.71
192
0.81
0.83
225
1.17
1.20
258
1.68
1.73
193
0.82
0.84
226
1.18
1.21
259
1.70
1.75
194
0.83
0.85
227
1.19
1.23
260
1.72
1.77
CHAPTER 14
GROWTH IN TERMS OF WATER AND SOLIDS
1. Percentage of water in blood. 2. Percentage of water in brain and spinal
cord.
(1) Percentage of water in the blood. Hatai (MS '15) has de-
termined the percentage of water in the blood of a small series
of Norways.
The Norways were recently caught and examined before the
day's feeding. The rat was chloroformed, but before the heart
ceased beating it was exposed in situ, the tip clipped away and
the blood from it caught in a small glass weighing bottle. The
fresh weight was immediately taken and after drying at 95°C.
for a week the weight of the residue was obtained. The results
are given in table 87.
TABLE 87
Giving the percentage of water in the blood of the Norway rat, Hatai (MS., '15)
SEX
NUMBER OF
CASES
BODYWEIGHT, GBAMS
PERCENTAGE OF WATER IN BLOOD
Range
Mean
Range
Mean
M
5
6
4
5
114-169
173-440
103-190
199-304
144
243
148
271
79.02-82.05
79.92-81.53
79.82-80.35
79.52-81.77
80.34
80.52
80.05
80.82
M...
F
F
(2) Percentage of water in the brain and spinal cord. Since the
percentage of water in the nervous system is most closely linked
with age, a precise determination in the case of the Norway rat
is wanting, by reason of the difficulty of rearing the Norway in
captivity. A few data are however at hand.
From Norways born in captivity from trapped females we
obtain the percentages according to age, given in table 88. It
211
212
GROWTH IN WATER AND SOLIDS
TABLE 88.
Showing the percentage of water in the brain and spinal cord of the Norway rat at
different ages (sexes combined), (Donaldson and Hatai, '11)
NUMBER OF CASES
AGE IN DATS
BODY WEIGHT
PERCENTAGE OF WATER
Brain
Spinal cord
5
1
10
13
15
16
19
25
40
47
grams
5.1
12.2
18.1
17.7
26.1
25.5
32.6
35.8
38.5
88.2
86.9
85.3
84.5
82.8
81.5
80.9
79.2
79.3
87.0
83.3
82.5
81.0
79.4
77.8
76.7
74.3
74.0
3
8
6
11
10
7
4
5
is to be noted that for the most part the rats grew poorly, as
shown by the body weights. (Donaldson and Hatai, '11. )
For Norways trapped in Philadelphia and killed shortly after
capture, we obtain, according to body weight, sexes combined,
the percentage values of water in brain and spinal cord which
are given in table 89.
A comparison of the values for the Norways and Albinos shows
that the percentage of water in the Norways tends to run above
that in the Albinos — being + 0.37 per cent for the brain and +
0.73 per cent for the spinal cord.
PERCENTAGE OF WATER IN NERVOUS SYSTEM
213
TABLE
Giving the percentage of water in the brain and spinal cord of the Norway rat accord-
ing to body weight (sexes conbined). Based on Donaldson and Hatai, '11, tables
11 and 14
BODT WEIGHT IN GRAMS
NUMBER OP CASES
(SEXES COMBINED)
PERCENTAGE OF WATER (SEXES COMBINED)
Brain
Spinal cord
195
7
8
14
13
16
14
12
14
11
15
9
11
11
12
10
9
3
8
7
5
3
2
5
2
6
1
1
78.4
78.4
78.6
78.6
78.5
78.7
78.5
78.3
78.3
78.3
78.6
78.6
78.4
78.0
78.2
78.2
78.3
78.1
78.3
78.0
78.3
78.0
78.4
78.0
78.5
78.0
78.0
71.3
71.7
71.7
70.8
71.4
71.5
71.5
70.1
70.3
70.4
71.0
70.1
70.0
69.3
70.3
69.7
70.7
68.0
71.2
69.6
69.8
69.0
70.2
69.0
69.6
69.0
67.0
205
215
225
235... .
245
255
265
275
285
295
305
315
325
335
345
355
365
375
385
395
405
415
425
435
445
455
465
Growth in terms of WATER and Solids: REFERENCES Donaldson and Hatai '11,
CHAPTER 15
REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE
Introduction. The list of references which follows does not
claim to be complete and in several directions is intentionally
selective. For example, many bacteriological investigations in
which the rat has been used are omitted, as are also a large num-
ber of descriptive papers belonging to the earlier zoological liter-
ature. To this list of omissions belong about a dozen titles
which do not appear to be accessible in any of the larger libraries
of the United States; the printing of such titles was therefore
regarded as superfluous.
On the other hand, it has been my intention to include the
titles of all the papers which record anatomical investiga-
tions and physiological studies, so far as these were generally
available.
At the outset of such a plan one meets with the difficulty that
the rat has been used in many cases where the fact is not stated
in the title of the paper, and moreover in other instances it is
only one of several animals which have been examined or tested.
In the selection of the titles of this class the plan has been to
include everything which gave information — no matter how re-
stricted— that applied to the rat. Of course it is inevitable under
these circumstances that some papers should have been over-
looked.
In accordance with the general plan of the book we have in-
cluded papers not only on the wild Norway and the domesti-
cated Albino, but also on both forms of the house rat, Mus rattus
rattus and Mus rattus alexandrinus.
The specific names and designations as given by the authors
are quoted without comment but can be revised by reference to
the foregoing section on nomenclature. Now and then I have
permitted myself an annotation when this was pertinent.
214
REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 215'
Thus far the statements apply to the literature which follows
and which is arranged alphabetically by authors' names and under
authors by date.
It was desirable at the same time to get some sort of a subject
classification, and this has been done in the following manner.
At the end of each chapter, references to the literature bearing
on the subject of the chapter are given by author's name and.
date. The full reference appears in the list of the end of the
volume. The chapter lists contain not only the citations in the
text, but also other references which have not been cited there.
The presentation is not uniform but dictated by the arrangement
of the chapter. Where possible the references are given in alpha-
betical order without subdivisions, but where it will be of advan-
tage to have the references grouped according to the sub-head-
ings, this is done, although under this plan the same reference
often appears under more than one sub-heading.
REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE
ADDENDA: PP. 265-266
ACKROYD, H. 1914, 1915 On the purine metabolism of rats. Biochem. J., vol.
8, pp. 434-437.
ADAMS, HENRY F. 1913 A set of blind white rats which could not learn the
maze. J. Animal Behavior, vol. 3, pp. 300-302.
ADDISON, W. H. F. 1911 The development of the Purkinje cells and of the cor-
tical layers in the cerebellum of the albino rat. J. Comp. Neurol., .
vol. 21, pp. 459-481.
ADDISON, W. H. F. AND APPLETON, J. L. 1915 The structure and growth of the
incisor teeth of the albino rat. J. of Morphol., vol. 26, pp. 43-96.
ADLOFF, PAUL 1898 Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Nagetiergebisses.
Inaug.-Diss. Universitat Rostock, Gustav Fischer, Jena. Figs. 77-81
inclusive.
ADVISORY COMMITTEE SEE (REPORTS ON PLAGUE INVESTIGATIONS)
ADVISORY COMMITTEE 1912 Observations on the breeding of Mus rattus in .
captivity. J. Hyg., Plague Suppl. 1, pp. 193-206.
1912 a The immunity of the wild rat in India. J. Hyg., Plague Suppl.
II, 7th Report on Plague Investigations in India, pp. 229-265.
1912 b Experimental plague epidemics among rats. J. Hyg., Plague
Suppl. II, 7th Report on Plague Invest, in India, pp. 292-299.
AHREND 1903 Beitrag zur Geschichte des sog. "Rattenkonigs." Natur. u.
Haus., vol. 11, pp. 371-373.
AKAMATSU, KUNITARO 1905 On the brown rat. Zool. Mag. (In Japanese)
Tokio, vol. 17, no. 203.
216 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE
ALBERTUS, MAGNUS 1206-1280 B. Albert! Magni, Opera Omnia, edited by Au-
gust Borgnet— 38 vols., 1890-1899, Paris. See vol. 12, 1891, p. 420. Mus
"quod nos ratum vocamus," in Lib. xxii De Animalibus, Tract II, n.
78.
ALDRICH, T. B. 1912 On feeding young white rats the posterior and the anterior
parts of the pituitary gland. Am. J. Physiol., vol. 31, pp. 94-101.
ALLEN, EZRA 1912 The cessation of mitosis in the central nervous system of
the albino rat. J. Comp. Neurol., vol. 22, pp. 547-568.
ALSTON, EDWARD R. 1879-1882 Biologia Centrali Americana. Mammals, p.
141.
APOLANT, HUGO 1896 Ueber die sympathischen Ganglienzellen der Nager.
Arch. f. mikr. Anat., vol. 47, pp. 461-471, p. 466, rats mentioned —
mostly rabbits.
ARNSTEIN, C. 1877 Zur Kenntnis der quergestreiften Muskulatur in den Lun-
genvenen. Med. Centralbl., 15 Jahrg., pp. 692-694. Extended to
veins of small caliber in the rat.
ARON, HANS 1912 Weitere Untersuchungen liber die Beeinflussung des Wach-
stums durch die Ernahrung. Verhandl. der 29th Versamml. der Gesel-
Isch. f . Kinderheilk. in der Abt. fur Kinderheilkunde der 84 Versamml.
der Gesellsch. deut. Naturforcher und Aerzte in Mtinster. Bergmann.
Wiesbaden.
ARON, HANS 1913 Biochemie des Wachstums des Menschen und der hoheren
Tiere. (In OPPENHEIMER, CARL, Handbuch der Biochemie des
Menschen und der Tiere — Enganzungsband, pp. 610-674. Fischer,
Jena.)
ASAI, K. 1908 Die Blutgefasse des hautigen Labyrinthes der Ratte. Beitrage
zur vergleichenden Anatomie des inneren Ohres. Anat. Hefte, vol.
36, pp. 711-728.
ASCHER, L. 1910 Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Rattenkratze. Arch. f. Dermat.
u. Syph., Wien u. Leipz., vol. 101, pp. 211-220. 2 pi.
ASHER, LEON AND ERDELY, A. 1903 Ueber die Beziehung zwischen Bau und
Function des lymphatischen Apparates des Darmes. Centralbl. f.
Physiol., vol. 16, pp. 705-709.
ASHER, LEON 1908 Des Verhalten des Darmepithels bei verschiedenen funk-
tionellen Zustanden. Ztschr. f. Biol., vol. 51, pp. 115-126.
ASKANAZY, M. 1908 Die Teratome nach ihrem Bau, ihrem Verlauf , ihrer Genese
und im Vergleich zum experimentellen Teratoid. Verh. deutsch.
path. Ges., vol. 11, pp. 39-82.
ASP, GEORG A. 1873 Bidrag till spottkortlarnes mikroskopiska anatomi. pp.
128, 1 pi. J. C. Frenckell & Son, Helsingfors.
1873 a Om nervernas andingsatt i spottkortlana. (Ueber die Endi-
gungsweise der Nerven in den Speicheldriisen.) Nord. med. Ark., vol.
5, no. 5, pp. 1-9.
ASTASCHEWSKY, P. 1877 Ueber die diastatische Wirkung des Speichels bei ver-
schiedenen Tieren. Centralbl. f. d. med. Wiss., pp. 531-534. p. 533,
saliva of rat remarkably active.
AUMANN 1912 Vergleichende Untersuchungen iiber die Wirksamkeit bakteri-
eller und chemischer Rattenvertilgungsmittel. Centralbl. f. Bak-
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REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 217
AUNETT, H. E. 1908 Virus for the destruction of rats and mice. Brit. M. J.,
Lond., vol. 2, p. 1524.
BACOT, A. 1914 A study of the bionomics of the common rat fleas and other
species associated with human habitations, with special reference to
the influence of temperature and humidity at various periods of the
life history of the insect. J. Hyg., Plague Suppl. Ill, pp. 447-654.
BACOT, A. W. AND MARTIN, C. J. 1914 Observations on the mechanism of the
transmission of plague by fleas. J. Hyg., Plague Suppl. Ill, 8th Report
on Plague Invest, in India, pp. 423-440.
BAHR, L. 1906 Ueber das Vorkommen von Trichinen bei der Ratte. Zeitschr.
Infektionskr. parasit. Krankh. Hyg. Haustiere, vol. 2, pp. 62-65.
1909 Die Resultate der Versuche zur rationellen Rattenvertilgung ver-
mittelst Praparate des Laboratoriums. Centralbl. f. Bakteriol., 1
Abt. vol. 52, pp. 441-455.
1909 a The rational extirpation of rats by means of ratin prepara-
tions. Halsovannen, Stockholm, vol. 24, pp. 329-333.
1910 Zur rationellen Vertilgung von Ratten mit Hilfe von Praparaten
des Laboratoriums unter besonderer Beriicksichtigung des Ratinsys-
tems. Ztschr. f. Fleisch. u. Milchhyg., Berl., vol. 20, pp. 389-393.
BAINBRIDGE, F. A. 1909 On the bacterial nature and efficiency of certain rat
viruses. J. Path, and Bacteriol., vol. 13, pp. 457-466.
BANCROFT, T. L. 1894 On the whip-worm of the rat's liver. J. and Proc. Roy.
Soc. N. South Wales, 1893, Sydney, 1894, xxvii, 86-90, 2 pi.
BANNERMAN, W. B. 1906 The spread of plague in India. J. Hyg., vol. 6, pp.
179-211.
BARDELEBEN, KARL VON 1899 Handbuch der Anatomic, vol. 4, Centralnerven-
system, I Teil, von Prof. Dr. Th. Ziehen., p. 12. Spinal cord weight;
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BARNABO, VALENTINO 1913 Ulteriori richerce sperimentali sulla secrezione in-
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BARRETT-HAMILTON, G. E. H. 1892 Mus alexandrinus in Ireland. The Zoolo-
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BARTENEFF, L. 1891 On the distribution of the nerves in the plexus of the
small intestine. Inaug.-Diss. 32 pp. 1 pi. (in Russian).
BASCH, S. VON 1870 Die ersten Chyluswege und die Fettresorption. Sitz. d.
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Ipl.
BASHFORD, E. T. AND MURRAY, J. A., ETC. 1900 General results of propagation
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BASLER, A. 1909 Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Bewegungsvorgange des Blinddarm-
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BASSET, GARDNER C. 1914 Habit formation in a strain of albino rats of less
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BATE, DOROTHEA M. A. 1912 On a new species of mouse and other rodent re-
mains from Crete. Geol. Mag. Dec., V. vol. ix, no. 571, pp. 4-6. Epi-
mys (Mus) rattus from the pleistocene cave deposits of Crete.
218 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE
B ATESON, W. 1903 The present state of knowledge of color heredity in mice and
rats. Proc. Zool. Soc., London, vol. 2, p. 71.
BAUMGART, MARTIN 1904 Vergleichende Untersuchungen iiber Mus rattus und
Mus decumanus und iiber die Ursachen der Verdrangung der Hausratte
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BATON, H. 1911 Demonstration of specimens relating to the culture of the
leprosy bacillus. Brit. M. J. part 2, pp. 1269-1272.
1912 Demonstration of acid-fast germs cultivated from cases of lep-
rosy. Tr. Soc. Trop. M. and Hyg., vol. 5, pp. 103-105. Authors
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1912 a The experimental transmission of the spirochaete of Euro-
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1912 b The culture and identification of the germ of leprosy and the
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1912 c On the transmission of leprosy to animals by direct inocula-
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BECHSTEIN, J. M. 1801 Gemeinniitzige Naturgeschichte Deutschlands nach
alien drey Reichen. Zweite Ausgabe, vol 1, Saugethiere, pp. 931-952.
Leipzig.
BECHTEREW, W. VON 1890 Ueber die verschiedenen Lagen und Dimensionen
der Pyramidenbahnen beim Menschen und den Thieren und liber das
Vorkommen von Fasern in denselben welche sich durch eine frlihere
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BECK, WILHELM 1896 Uber den Austritt des N. Hypoglossus und N. Cervi-
calis Primus aus dem Centralorgan beim Menschen und in der Reihe
der Saugetiere unter besonderer Beriicksichtigung der dorsalen \\ur-
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BEILING, KARL 1906 Beitrage zur makroskopischen und mikroskopischen Ana-
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BELL, E. T. 1911 The interstitial granules of striated muscle and their relation
to nutrition. Internat. Monat. f. Anat. u. Physiol., vol. 28, pp. 297-
347.
BELL, THOMAS 1837-1874 British quadrupeds including the cetacea. John van
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excellent pictures of each.
BELLONCI, G. 1885 Del fuso direzionale e della formazione di un globulo polare
nell'ovulo ovarico di alcuni mammiferi. Atti della R. Accad. dei
Lincei, Ser 4. Rendiconti, pp. 285-286.
BELLOT, G. 1899 Recherches sur 1'origine des corps jaunes de 1'ovaire chez le
rat et le cochon d'Inde. Compt. rend, de 1'Ass. d. Anat. Premiere ses-
sion, Paris, pp. 47-52.
BENDA, CARL 1887 Untersuchungen iiber den Bau des funktionirenden Samen-
kanalchens einiger Saugethiere und Folgerungen fur die Spermatoge-
nese dieser Wirbelthierklasse. Archiv f. mikr. Anat., vol. 30, pp. 49-
110. Rat, pp. 58 and 66.
REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 219
BENEDICENTI, A. 1892 Recherches sur les terminaisons nerveuses dans la mu-
queuse de la trachee. Resume de 1'Auteur. Arch. ital. de biol., vol.
17, pp. 46-48.
BENNETT, CHARLES B. 1914 The cholesterol content of cancers in rats. J.
Biol.. Chem., vol. 17. pp. 13-14.
BERETTA, ARTUR 1913 La normala dentatura dei Roditori in rapporto alle
anomalie dentali in questi osservate. Stomatol., vol. 10, no. 2 and 3.
BERGMANN, A. M. 1908 Two methods for the extermination of rats, by the
culture of Danysz' rat bacillus and ratin. Svensk Veterinartidskr.,
Stockholm, vol. 13, pp. 377-387.
BERKLEY, H. J. 1893 The intrinsic pulmonary nerves by the silver method.
J. Comp. Neur., vol. 3, pp. 107-111, 1 pi. Mus decumanus.
1895 The intrinsic pulmonary nerves in mammalia. Johns Hopkins
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BERRY, C. S. 1906 The imitative tendency of white rats. J. Comp. Neur. and
Psychol., vol. 16, pp. 333-361.
BERT, PAUL 1878 La pression barometrique; rescherches de physiologic experi-
mentale. G. Masson, Paris. Some observations on rats.
BIBRA, ERNST VON 1854 Vergleichende Untersuchungen iiber das Gehirn des
Menschen und der Wirbelthiere. Basssermann and Mathy, Mannheim.
Hausratte — Mus rattus, p. 22.
BIEDL, ARTUR 1913 Innere Sekretion. 2 vols. Urban and Schwarzenberg,
Berlin.
BIGNOTTI, G. 1900 Sul tarso del Mus decumanus. Monit. zool. ital., vol. 11,
suppl. pp. 17-19.
BIRCHER, EUGEN 1911 Die kretinische Degeneration (Kropf, endemischer
Kretinismus und Taubstummheit) in ihrer Beziehung zu anderen Wis-
sensgebieten. Fortschr. d. Naturwissen. Forschung, vol. 2, pp. 273-
338, p. 289, figures of the normal and abnormal thyroid of the rat.
All references by name only.
1911 a Weitere Beitrage zur experimentellen Erzeugung des Kropf es.
Die Kropfatiologie ein colloid-chemisches Problem. Ztschr. f. exper.
Path. u. Therap., vol. 9.
BISCHOFP, T. L. W. 1832 Nervii accessorii Willisii anatomia et physiologia.
104 pp., 6 pi. 4°. Heidelbergae, typ. Reichardianis.
BLANC, Louis 1892 Sur un ovule a deux noyaux observ6 dans 1'ovaire de Mus
decumanus. Ann. de la societe" Linneenne de Lyon Nouv. S6r., vol.
39, pp. 73-80.
BLASIUS, J. H. 1857 Fauna der Wirbelthiere Deutschlands und der angrenzen-
den Lander von Mitteleuropa. Vol. 1, Saugethiere. Braunschweig.
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BLUE, RUPERT 1908 The underlying principles of anti-plague measures. Calif.
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1910 Rodents in relation to the transmission of bubonic plague.
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BOELTER, W. R. 1909 The rat problem. John Bale, Sons and Danielsson, Lon-
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220 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE
BOGARDTJS, E. S. AND HsNKE, F. G. 1911 Experiments on tactual sensations
in the white rat. J. Animal Behavior, vol. 1, pp. 125-137.
BOHLEN, F. 1894 Ueber die elektromotorischen Wirkungen der Magenschleim-
haut. Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., vol. 57, pp. 97-122.
BOINET, ED. 1895 Resistance a la fatigue de 11 rats de"capsules depuis cinq et
six mois. Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., Paris, vol. 47, pp. 273-274.
1895 a Ablation des capsules vraies et accessoires chez le rat d'e"gout.
Compt. Rend. Soc. de Biol., vol. 47, pp. 498-500.
1897 Diminution de resistance des rats doublement de'capsule's a
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1897 a Dix nouveaux cas de maladie d'Addison exp6rimentale chez le
rat d'e'gout. C. R. Soc. de Biol., 8th and 15th of May, pp. 439 and
473.
BORCHERDING, FR. 1889 tlber das Vorkommen deV Hausratte, Mus rattus L.,
im nordwestlichen Deutschland. Zoolog. Garten, 30 Jahrg., pp. 92-
93.
BORGNET, AUGUST See Albertus Magnus.
BOUGHTON, T. H. 1906 The increase in the number and size of the medullated
fibers in the oculomotor nerve of the white rat and of the cat at dif-
ferent ages. J. comp. Neur. and Psychol., vol. 16, pp. 153-165.
BOYCOTT, A. E. AND DAMANT, G. C. C. 1908 Experiments on the influence of
fatness on susceptibility to caisson disease. J. Hyg. Cambr., vol. 8,
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giving sex, body weight and fatty acids.
1908 a A note on the total fat of rats, guinea-pigs and mice. J. Phys-
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BOYCOTT, A. E., DAMANT, G. C. C. AND HALDANE, J. S. 1908 The preven-
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BRADLEY, O. Charnock 1903 On the development and homology of the mam-
malian cerebellar fissures. J. Anat. and Physiol., vol. 37, pp. 112-130.
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BRAUN, M. 1882 Entwicklungsvorgange am Schwanzende bei einigen Sauge-
thierenmit Beriicksichtigung beim Menschen. Arch. f. Anat. u. Phys-
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BRINCKERHOFF, WALTER R. 1910 Rat leprosy. Found in "The rat and its re-
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BRISSON, A. D. 1756 Le regne animal divise" en IX classes, etc. 4° Paris.
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BROWN, HERBERT H. 1885 On spermatogenesis in the rat. Quart. J. Micr.
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BROWN-SEQUARD, E. 1856 Recherches expe'rimentales sur la physiologie et la
pathologic des capsules surr&iales. Arch. gdn. de me'd. vol. 2 (ser. 5,
vol. 8) pp. 385-401; 572-598 (Oct. and Nov). Experiments chiefly on
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595.
REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 221
BRUMMER. JOHANNES 1876 Anatomische und histologische Untersuchungen
iiber den zusammengesetztenMagen verschiedener Saugethiere. Tafeln
I-V. Deutsche Ztschr. f. Thiermed., vol. 2, pp. 158-298 and 299-319.
BRUNEAU 1886 Un tuyau a gaz en plomb coupe par les rats. Ann. d'hyg.,
Par., 3s., xv, 530.
BRUNING, HERMANN 1914 Experimentelle Studien iiber die Entwicklung neu-
geborener Tiere bei langerdauernder Trennung von der Saugenden
Mutter und nachheriger verschiedenartiger kiinstlicher Ernahrung
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and graphs important).
1914 a Untersuchungen liber das Wachstum von Tieren jenseits der
Sauglingsperiode bei verschiedenartiger kiinstlicher Ernahrung (Rat).
Jahrb. Kinderheilk., vol. 79, pp. 305-319. 2 text figs., tables (impor-
tant).
BRUNN, A. VON 1880 Notiz iiber unvollkommene Schmelzentwicklung auf den
Mahlzahnen der Ratte — M. decumanus. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., vol.
17, pp. 241-242.
1887 Ueber die Ausdehnung des Schmelzorganes und seine Bedeutung
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BUCHANAN, A. 1910 The destruction of rats. Brit. M. J., Lond., vol. 2, p.
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BUCKLAND, FRANCIS T. 1859 Curiosities of natural history. Rudd and Carle-
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BUFFON, GEORGE Louis LE CLERC, COMTE DE 1749-1789 Histoire naturelle,
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BUJARD, EUG. 1905 Sur les villosit6s intestinales. Bibl. anat., vol. 14, p. 236.
1909 Etude des types appendiciels de la muqueuse intestinale, en rap-
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BULLE, HERMANN 1887 Beitrage zur Anatomie des Ohres. Archiv f. mikr.
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BULLOCK, F. D. AND ROHDENBURG, G. L. 1913 Primary sarcoma of the liver of
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1915 Tumor-like growths in the rat stomach following irritation.
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BULLOCK, W. E 1913 Contributions to the biochemistry of growth. On the
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CABIBBE, GIACOMO 1904 Histologische Untersuchungen iiber die Nervenendi-
gungen in den Sehnen und im Perimysium der Ratte und des Meer-
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3 figs.
CAJAL, S. RAMON 1889 Neuvas aplicaziones de metodo de colaraci6n de Golgi.
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222 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE
CAJAL, S. RAMON 1893 Sur les ganglions et plexus nerveux de 1'intestin.
Compt. rend. soc. de biol., ser. 9, vol. 5, pp. 217-223, Paris. 3 figs.
1897 Leyes de la morfologia y dinamismo de las c61ulas nerviosas.
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1903 Un sencillo m6todo de coloraci6n del reticulo protoplasmico y
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1909, 1911 Histologie du systeme nerveux de 1'homme et des vert6-
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CALEF, A. 1900 Studio istologico e morfologico di un'appendice epiteliale del
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CAMPANA, ROBERTO 1911 I bacilli acidi nei topi in Mancuiria; ed altri studi.
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CAMPBELL, J. MACNAUGHT 1892 On the appearance of the brown rat (Mus de-
cumanus Pallas) on Ailsa Craig. Ann. of Scott. Nat. Hist. I. no. 2.
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CANNIEU, ANDRE 1893 R£cherches sur le nerf auditif, ses rameaux et ses gang-
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CARMICHAEL, E. S. and MARSHALL, F. H. A. 1907 The correlation of the ovarian
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CARPENTER, F. W. AND CONEL, J. L. 1914 A study of ganglion cells in the sym-
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CARR, HARVEY AND WATSON, J. B. 1908 Orientation in the white rat. J. Comp.
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CASTLE, W. E. 1911 Heredity. Chapter 6. D. Appleton & Co., N. Y.
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CASTLE, W. E. AND PHILLIPS, J. C. 1914 Piebald rats and selection. An ex-
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CASTLE, W. E. 1914 Some new varieties of rats and guinea pigs and their rela-
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1914 a Yellow varieties of rats. Am. Naturalist, vol. 48, p. 254.
CAVAZZANI, E. AND MUZZIOLI, M. 1912 Contribution a 1'etude de 1'eau dans les
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CESANA, G. 1910 Lo sviluppo ontogenico degli atti riflesi (Rat) Arch, di
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CHAPIN, C. W. 1912 An acid-fast organism resembling the bacillus of human
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CHICK, HARRIETTS AND MARTIN, C. J. 1911 The fleas common on rats in differ-
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CHIDESTER, F. E. 1912 Experiments with desiccated thyroid, thymus and su-
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CLARKE, W. E. 1891 Black and Alexandrine rats at Leith (M. rattus and al-
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CONGDON, E. D. 1912 The surroundings of the germ plasm. III. The inter-
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CRAMER, W. AND PRINGLE, HAROLD 1910 Contributions to the biochemistry
of growth. The total nitrogen metabolism of rats bearing malignant
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CRAMPE, HUGO 1877 Kreuzungen zwischen Wanderatten verschiedener Farbe.
Landwirths. Jahrb., vol. 6, p. 384.
1883 Zucht-Versuche mit zahmen Wanderratten. I. Resultate der
Zucht in Verwandtschaft. Landwirths. Jahrb., vol. 12.
1884 Zucht-Versuche mit zahmen Wanderratten. II. Resultate der
Kreuzung der zahmen Ratten mit wilden. Landwirths. Jahrb.,
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224 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE
CRISTIANI, H. 1892 L' inversion des feuillets blastodermiques chez le rat albi-
nos. Arch, de Phys. norm, et pathol., vol. 24 (S. 5, T. 4).
1893 De la thyroidectomie chez le rat pour servir a la physiologic de
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1893 a Remarques sur 1'anatomie et la physiologic des glandes et
glandules thyroidiennes chez le rat. Arch, de physiol. norm, et path.,
5th series, vol. 5, pp. 164-168.
1893 b Des glandules thyroidiennes accessoires chez la souris e le
campagnol. Arch, de physiol. norm, et path., 5th series, vol. 5, pp.
279-283.
1895 De la greffe thyroldienne in gfinfiral et de son Evolution histo-
logique en particulier. Arch, de physiol. norm, et path., 5th series,
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1900 Developpement des greffes thyroldienne; analogic avec le d<5-
veloppement embryonnaire du corps thyroide et avec la formation du
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1902 b Role preponderant de la substance mfidullaire des capsules
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226 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE
DONALDSON, H. H. AND HATAI, S 1911 A comparison of the Norway rat with
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REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 227
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228 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE
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REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 229
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FRANKENHAEUSER, CONSTANTIN 1879 Untersuchungen iiber den Bau der
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FRASER, A. 1883 On the inversion of the blastodermic layers in the rat and
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FREDERIC, J. 1907 Beitrage zur Frage des Albinismus. Ztschr. f. Morphol. u.
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FRENKEL, MOISE 1892 Du tissu conjontif dans le lobule hepatique de certains
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230 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE
FREUND, PAULA 1892 Beitrage zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Zahnanlagen
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REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 231
GBNTES, L. 1903 Note sur la structure du lobe nerveux de 1'hypophyse.
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HATAI, S. 1903 d The neurokeratin in the medullary sheaths of the peripheral
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REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 235
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HUNT, REID 1910 The effects of a restricted diet and of various diets upon the
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REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 239
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LEYDIG, F. 1854 Kleinere Mitteilungen zur tierischen Gewebelehre. Arch, f .
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REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 245
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MERESHKOWSKY, S. S. 1912 Der Einfluss der Passagen durch graue Ratten
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RANVIER, L. A. 1886 Les membranes muqueuses et le systeme glandulaire.
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1900 b Note sur certaines differenciations chromatique observers
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254 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE
REGAUD, CL. 1901 Plurality des karyokineses des spermatogonies chez les
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RETZIUS,A. 1841 Ueber den Bau des Magens bei den in Schweden vorkommen-
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WATSON, JOHN B. AND WATSON, MARY I. 1913 A study of the responses of ro-
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WATSON, JOHN B. 1914 Behavior. An introduction to comparative psychol-
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REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE 265
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WILLACH, PAUL 1888 Beitrage zur Entwicklung der Lunge bei Saugethieren.
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ZUCKERKANDL, E. 1903 Die Entwickelung der Schilddriise und der Thymus
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ZtJMSTEiN, J. J. 1890 Ueber den Bronchialbaum des Menschen und einiger
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1891 Ueber die Unterkieferdriise einiger Sauger. 1 Anat. Teil.
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ZUSCHLAG, EMIL 1903 Le rat migratoire et sa destruction rationnelle. Copen-
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ADDENDA
Titles of papers which appeared while this volume was in press or which had
been overlooked.
BARBER, ALDA GRACE 1915 The localization of sound in the white rat. J.
Animal Behavior, vol. 5, pp. 292-311.
BRUMPT, E. 1907 Phe'nomenes de la parturition chez le rat blanc. Bull. Soc.
Zool., France, vol. 32, pp. 50-52.
CONROW, SARA B. 1915 Taillessness in the rat. Anat. Record, vol. 9, pp. 777-
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266 REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE — ADDENDA
DAELS, F. 1908 On the relations between the ovaries and the uterus. Surg.
Gynec. and Obst-., vol. 6, pp. 153-159.
HATAI, S. 1915 b On the influence of exercise on the growth of organs in the
albino rat. Anat. Record, vol. 9, pp. 647-665.
HEAPE, WALTER 1900 The "sexual season" of mammals and the relation of
the "pro-oestrum" to menstruation. Quart. J. Micr. Science, vol. 44,
pp. 1-70.
HENNEBERG, B. 1905 Beitrag zur Kenntnis der lateralen Schilddriisenanlage.
Anat. Hefte, vol. 28, pp. 287-302.
1909 Uber die Bedeutungder Ohrmuschel. Anat. Hefte, vol. 40, pp.
95-147.
1914 Beitrag zur Entwickelung der ausseren genitalorgane beim
Sauger. Erster Teil. Anat. Hefte, vol. 50, pp. 425-498.
HUNTER, WALTER S. 1915 The auditory sensitivity of the white rat. J. Ani-
mal Behavior, vol. 5, pp. 312-329.
IVANOFF, ELIE 1900 La fonction des vesicules se"minales et de la glande pros-
tatique dans 1'acte de la f£condation. J. de Phys. et de Path, gen.,
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1907 De la fe"condation artificielle chez lesmammiferes. Arch, des Sc.
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KING, HELEN D. 1915 a Growth and variability in the body weight of the
rat. Anat. Record, vol. 9, pp. 751-776.
KOCH, R. 1898 Reise-Berichte tiber Rinderpest, Bubonenpest in Indien und
Afrika, Tsetse oder Surrakrankheit Texasfieber, tropische malaria u.
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somes — rat.
KONIGSTEIN, H. 1907 Die Veranderungen der Genitalschleimhaut wahrend
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LANE-CLAYPON, JANET E. 1907 On ovogenesis and the formation of the inter-
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LAVERAN, A., and MESNIL, F. 1901 Recherches morphologique et expe"rimen-
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REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE — ADDENDA 267
STOTSENBURG, J. M. 1915 The growth of the fetus of the albino rat from the
thirteenth to the twenty-second day of gestation. Anat. Record, vol.
9, pp. 667-682.
VINCENT, STELLA B. 1915 e The white rat and the maze problem. IV. The
number and distribution of errors — a comparative study. J. Animal
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WARREN, JOHN 1915 On th eearly development of the inguinal region in mam-
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WIEDERSHEIM, ROBERT 1897 Comparative anatomy of vertebrates. Parker's
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INDEX
Page numbers preceded by N refer to the Norway rat.
Blood (continued)
Oxygen capacity, 84.
Activity
Miles run, 20.
Age
Characters which are functions of, 3.
of opening eyes, 19, N 191.
of independence, 19.
of sexual maturity, 21, N 191.
Span of life, 6, 20, 21, N 190.
Body weight on, 31-33, 63-72, 105-113.
Thymus on, 102.
Percentage of water on, 114.
Albino Rat (See Rat)
Anatomy, 30-57.
General, 30.
Embryology, 30.
Bones, joints and connective tissues, 33.
Muscles, 38.
Vessels and lymphatics, 39.
Nervous system, 41.
Sense organs, 55.
Integument, 55.
Gastro-pulmonary systems, 55.
Uro-genital, 56.
Endocrine, 56.
Axis — of Nerve Fiber (See Nerves)
Behavior
under natural conditions, 28.
under experimental conditions, 28.
Biology, 19-28, N 189-194.
Blood
Cell elements (number), 40-41.
Erythrocytes (diameter), 39.
Growth of, 83.
Hemoglobin, percentage of, 84.
Percentage of water in, 40, N 211.
Specific gravity, 39, 83.
Volume, 83.
Wandering cells in, 41.
Weight of, 83.
Body Weight (See Growth)
on age, 31-33, 63-72, 105-113.
on body length, 88, N 198.
at maturity — according to sex, 27.
Modified by external conditions, 69. 71.
Net, 74.
Variations in weight at birth, 103.
Bones (See Skeleton)
Brain (See Organs)
Composition, chemical, 180-184.
Growth, 90, N 200-201.
Methods for fixation, 49-55.
Water— percentage of, 6, 176-179, N 211-213.
Mitoses in, 41. 42.
Specific gravity, 41.
Cell Division (See Mitosis)
Cells
Erythrocytes (diameter), 39.
Erythrocytes (number), 40.
Leucocytes, 40.
Wandering cells, 41.
of peritoneal fluid, 41.
of liver (diameters), 56.
of pancreas (diameters), 56.
of nervous sytem:
Purkinje cells (diameters), 43.
in ganglia (numbers and diameters), 44,
45,46.
269
270 INDEX
Charts 1-31
1 . The growth of the fetus from the 13th to the 22d day of gestation 64
2. Growth in body weight on age — males. To 365 days 66
3. Growth in body weight on age — females. To 365 days 67
4. Growth in body weight on age — males and females. To 485 days 69
5. Percentage weights of systems on age. Muscalature, ligamentous skeleton, viscera
and integument 77
6. Body length on body weight — males and females 88
7. Body weight on body length — males and females 89
8. Tail length on body length — males and females 89
9. Brain weight on body weight — males only. Spinal cord weight on body weight —
males only 91
10. Weight of both eyeballs on body weight — males 92
11. Weight of heart on body weight — males 93
12. Weight of both kidneys on body weight — males 93
13. Weight of liver on body weight — males 94
14. Weight of spleen on body weight — males 95
15. Weight of both lungs on body weight — males 96
16. Weight of blood on body weight — males and females 96
17. Weight of alimentary tract on body weight — males 97
18. Weight of thyroid on body weight — males and females 98
19. Weight of hypophysis on body weight — males and females 99
20. Weight of both suprarenals on body weight — males and females 100
21. Weight of both ovaries on body weight 101
22. Weight of both testes on body weight 101
23. Weight of thymus on age — to 400 days 102
24. Percentage of dry substance in the body as a whole and in the several systems — liga-
mentous skeleton, integument, viscera and musculature — on age 178
25. In terms of the dry substance of the entire body the percentage weight of the dry
substance of the integument, viscera, ligamentous skeleton and musculature — on
age 178
26. Percentage of water in brain — on age — males. Percentage of water in spinal cord —
on age — males 179
27. Absolute weight of the more important chemical constituents of the brain — on age 184
28. Norway rat Body length on body weight — males. (Graph for the Albino inserted
for comparison) 199
29. Norway rat Body weight on body length. Males and females 199
30. Norway rat Tail length on body length. Males and females 200
31. Norway rat Brain weight on body weight — males. (Graph for Albino inserted for
comparison)
Spinal cord weight on body weight — males. (Graph for Albino inserted for com-
parison) 201
Chromosomes, Number of, 31. of bones, 181.
Classification and Nomenclature, 7-10. of brain, 181-182.
Composition, Chemical (See Water, per- of spinal cord, 182.
centage of) Correlation, Coefficients of, 103.
of entire body, 180-181.
INDEX
271
Distribution (See Early Records and Migra-
tions), 10-15.
Dry Substance (See Water, percentage of)
Early Records and Migrations, 10-15.
Embryology, 30-33.
Early stages, 31-33.
Later stages, 33.
Volumes of ova and embryos, 32.
Eyes
Age of opening, 19, N 191.
Fat
Fatty acids, 84.
according to size, 85.
according to sex, 85.
Total fat, 83.
Feces
Weight of, 59.
Fecundity, 22.
Influence of weight of mother, 23.
Influence of food conditions, 23.
Fetus
Crown-rump length, 64-65.
Weight from 13th day of gestation, 64-65.
Fibers — Nerve
Number, 44-49.
Diameter and area, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49.
Formulas
Catalogue of, 158-159.
Use of, 3.
Fossil Remains
Mus rattus, 10.
Functions (See Physiology)
Circulation, 61.
Digestion, 61.
Endocrine glands, 61, 62.
Muscle, nerve, 61.
Nervous system, 61.
Nutrition, 58, 59, 60.
Functions (continued)
Body temperature, 60, 61.
Reproduction, 61.
Respiration, 61.
Secretion, 61.
Special senses, 61.
Ganglia (See Cells)
Gestation
Period of, 21, N 190.
Lengthening of, 22.
Growth
of entire body in weight on length :
Birth to maturity, 65-69, N 198.
Weight-length ratio, 72, N 202.
Body length on body weight, 87, N 198.
Body weight (Norway) on body weight
(Albino), N 200.
of entire body in weight on age :
before birth, 31-33, 63-64.
Birth to maturity, 65-72.
Body weight, net, 74.
under various external conditions, 63,
69.
of parts on body weight :
Head, trunk, limbs, 73-75, N 195.
Method of dissection, 73-74.
Tail length on body length, 88, N 200.
of systems on body weight :
Integument, 75, 76, N 196.
Musculature, 75, 76, N 196.
Skeleton (ligamentous), 75, 76, N 196.
Skeleton (cartilaginous), 78.
Viscera, 75, 76, N 196.
Teeth, 37-39.
of organs on body length and weight :
Methods of examination and graphs, 87-
102.
Alimentary tract, 97.
Blood (weight), 96.
Brain, 90, N. 200-201.
Eyeballs, 91-92.
Heart, 92-93.
Hypophysis, 98-99.
Kidneys. 92-93.
Liver, 94.
272
INDEX
Growth — Continued
Lungs, 95-96.
Ovaries, 100-101.
Spinal cord, 90-91, N 202.
Spleen, 95.
Suprarenals, 99-100.
Testes, 101-102.
Thymus (on age), 102.
Thymus (on body weight), 114.
Thyroid, 97-98.
Viscera combined, 114.
Variations in organ weight, 103-104.
Heredity
in general, 29.
Coat color, 29.
Independence
Attainment of, 19.
Impregnation
Time of, 21.
Length
of body, 87, N 198.
of limb bones, 81-82.
of tail, 88-89, N 200.
Life History, 19, N 189-191.
Litter
Average number in, 26, N 190.
Second the best, 26.
Unit for experimental work, 3.
Litters
Usual number of, 26, N 190.
Liver
Cells and nuclei — diameters, 55-56.
Menopause, 21.
Metabolism
Protein, 58-60.
Methods
Statistical, 2.
for fixation of brain
Various figuratives, 49-51.
Formaldehyde, 51-55.
Migrations, 11-13.
Mitosis
in brain, 41, 42.
in spinal cord, 41-43.
Modification of Body Growth
Experimental, 69, 71.
Method of measuring, 5.
Muscles
Number of fibers and nuclei, 39.
Myeline Sheath (See Nerves)
Nerve Fibers (See Nerves)
Nerves
Cerebral
Number of fibers :
N. cochlearis, 43.
N. oculomotorius, 44.
Spinal nerves and ganglia:
Number and size of fibers, 45-47.
Number of ganglion cells, 43-49.
Diameter of ganglion cells, 44, 48
Peripheral, 48, 49.
Number of fibers
N. peronealis, 48.
Autonomic
Fibers less than 4ju, 49.
Nervous System, 41-49.
Fixation methods, 49-55.
Physiology of, 61.
Nitrogen
Weight of, excreted, 58, 60.
Norway Rat (See Rat)
Number
of mitoses (nervous system), 41, 42.
of erythrocytes, 40.
of leucocytes, 40.
of nerve cells, 41-49.
of nerve fibers, 41-49.
of muscle fibers and nuclei, 39.
Nutrition (See Functions)
INDEX
273
Organs (See Growth of)
Alimentary tract, 97.
Blood (weight and volume), 96.
Brain, 90, N 200-201.
Eyeballs, 91-92.
Heart, 92-93.
Hypophysis, 98-99.
Kidneys, 92-93.
Liver, 94.
Lungs, 95-96.
Ovaries, 100-101.
Pancreas, 56.
Sense organs, 55.
Spinal cord, 90-91, N 202.
Spleen, 95.
Suprarenals, 99-100.
Testes, 101-102.
Thymus, 102, 114.
Thyroid, 97-98.
Ovulation, 21, 31.
Ova — distance from fimbria, 31.
Ova — diameter, 31.
Ova — volume, 32.
Ovum (See Ovulation)
Pancreas
Size of cells and nuclei, 56.
Parts (Larger Divisions of Body)
Fore-limbs, hind-limbs, head and trunk 73-
75, N 195.
Peritoneal Fluid
Cells of, 41.
Physiology (See Functions) 58-62.
Puberty, 21.
Rat
Norway, 1.
= Mus norvegicus, 1, 7, 8.
= Mus decumanus, 7, 8.
= Epimys norvegicus, 7.
gray, brown, or sewer rat — Wanderratte
(G.).
Surmulot, rat d'e"gout, (Fr.).
compared with Albino, N 191-193.
similar to European form, N 193, 194.
melanic variety, 14.
Rat (continued)
Norway — Albino = white rat
= Mus norvegicus albinus, 14.
= Mus norvegicus albino, 7.
= Mus norvegicus var. albino, 7.
= Mus norvegicus var. albus, 7.
coat color, 9, 29.
compared with Norway, N 191-193.
extracted, 9.
Gametic purity, 9, 10.
Inbred, 9.
Laboratory animal, 1.
Observations mainly for the first year, 2.
Origin of variety, 14.
similar to European form, 14.
strains — local, 3.
House rat — black
Mus rattus rattus (old English black
rat), 7, 8.
Ship rat (gray)
Mus rattus alexandrinus, 8.
Albino of M. rattus, 8, 9.
M. n. albinus wrongly identified with Albino
of M. rattus, 14.
Mus rattus X Mus norvegicus mutually in-
fertile, 14.
Rattenkonig, 15.
Records, Early, and Migrations, 10-15.
Mus norvegicus, 12, 13.
Mus rattus, 11.
Reference Tables, 2, 3.
References to Literature — By Subject
Classification, 10.
Fossil remains, 10.
Melanic variety, 14.
Early records and migrations, 15.
Rattenkonig, 15.
Albino :
Biology, 28.
Heredity, 29.
Anatomy, 56-57.
Physiology, 61-62.
Growth :
in total body weight, 72.
of parts and systems, 85.
274
INDEX
References to Literature — By Subject —
Continued
of parts and organs, 175.
in terms of water and solids, 179.
of chemical constituents, 184.
Pathology, 185-186.
Norway:
Life history and characters, N 194.
Growth :
of parts and systems, N 197.
of organs, N 202.
in terms of water and solids, N 213.
References to Literature — By Authors
Introduction to literature cited, 214.
Titles by authors, 215-265.
Addenda, 265-267.
Sense Organs
Cochlea, 55.
Sex
Body weight according to, 27.
Sexual maturity, 21, N 191.
Proportion of sexes, N 190-191.
Sex ratio, 26-27.
in first litters, 27.
according to season, 27.
Recognition of, in young, 26-27.
Ano-genital distance, 27.
Skeleton
List of bones, 34.
Cartilaginous skeleton, 76-78.
Weight of moist skeleton, 79.
Weight of dry skeleton, 79-80.
Ligamentous skeleton, 76-78.
Growth of skeleton, 33, 76-81.
Tables
Skeleton (continued)
Phosphorus content, skeleton, 181.
Ash, 181.
Percentage of water, 79.
Transformation of weights, 77.
Cranium (skull), 82.
definition of, 82-83.
Measurements of, 33-36.
Weight of, 83, N 196.
Long bones
lengths, absolute and relative, 81-82.
shrinkage on drying, 82.
Skull (See Skeleton; Cranium)
Span of Life, 6, 20-21, N 190.
Specific Gravity
Blood, 39, 83.
Brain, 41.
Spermatogenesis, 30, 31.
Spinal Cord
Composition, chemical, 182.
Growth, 90-91, N 202.
Water, percentage of, 176-179, N 211-213.
Mitosis in, 41-43.
Superfecundation, 22.
Superfetation, 22.
Systems (weighed) (See Anatomy)
Integumentary, muscular, skeletal, visceral,
75, 76.
Weight — absolute, 76.
Weight — proportional, 75.
Adult proportions, 78.
Revision of 2
Reference tables, use of 2, 3, 5
List of tables 1-89 in serial order.
1. Percentage of water in encephalon of rat compared with that in man at correspond-
ing ages 6
2. Total number of miles run 20
3. Influence of age of mother on birth weight 24
4. Influence of weight of mother on birth weight 24
INDEX 275
Tables— Continued
5. Influence of size of litter on the individual birth weight 25
6. Individual birth weight in relation to body weight of mother 25
7. Sex ratios and average number for litter 26
8. Ano-genital distance in young albino rats 27
9. Maximum body weights 28
10. Distance of ova from fimbria at various ages 31
11. Volumes of ova and embryos 32
12. Measurements of cranium 35
13. Range and rate of increase in cranial characters 36
14. Length of incisors 38
15. Measurements of enamel 38
16. Growth of incisors and of cranium 38
17. Number of fibers and of nuclei in Muse, radialis 39
18. Percentage of water in blood 40
19. Number of erythrocytes, leucocytes, etc., in blood 40
20. Wandering cells in blood 41
21. Wandering cells in peritoneal fluid 41
22. Mitoses in brain and cord. Hamilton ('01) 42
23. Mitoses in brain and cord — special observations on cerebellum . . 42
24. Diameters of Purkinje cells and their nuclei 43
25. Number of myelinated fibers in the oculomotor nerve 44
26. Range of diameter in cells of cervical ganglion * 44
27. Number of spinal ganglion cells and number and size of myelinated root fibers of spinal
nerves from three levels and at five ages (body weights) 45
28. Number of ganglion cells and of root fibers in the second cervical nerve 46
29. Number of myelinated fibers in the ventral and dorsal roots of the second cervical
nerve — together with the distal excess of fibers in the nerve 46
30. Number of ventral root fibers in the second cervical nerve at different ages — together
with the areas of the fibers and of their axes 47
31. Diameters of cell body and of nucleus in second cervical spinal ganglion together
with standard deviation and coefficient of variation 48
32. Number of myelinated fibers in the peroneal nerve 48
33. Sectional areas of largest fibers and of their axes — in peroneal nerve 49
34. Myelinated fibers less than 4/t in diameter in the ventral roots of the second to the
fifth cervical nerves 49
35. Effects of various fixing solutions on the weight of the brain 50-51
36. Increase in the weight of rats' brains in a neutralized 4 per cent formaldehyde solu-
tion, made five months before using 53
37. Increase in the weight of rats' brains in a neutralized 4 per cent formaldehyde solu-
tion made at the time of using 53
38. Increase in the weight of rats' brains in a neutralized 4 per cent formaldehyde
solution — freshly made for each lot of animals 54
39. Increase in the weight of rats' brains in a non-neutralized solution of 4 per cent for-
maldehyde freshly made for each lot of animals : 54
40. Percentage of solids in rats' brains after fixation in various 4 per cent formaldehyde
solutions... 55
276 INDEX
Tables — Continued
41. Volumes of cell body and of nucleus: liver cells; volumes of cell body and of nucleus:
pancreas cells 56
42. Excretion of urine, feces and nitrogen 59
43. Protein metabolism — nitrogen distribution — female 60
44. Protein metabolism — nitrogen distribution — male 60
45. Body temperature under different external temperatures 61
46. Mean weights of fetuses at daily intervals from the 13th day of gestation 65
47. Crown-rump lengths of fetuses at daily intervals from the 14th day of gestation 65
48. Ratios obtained by dividing the body weight in grams by the body length in milli-
meters— for both males and females 70-71
49. Percentages of the entire body weight represented by the weights of head, trunk,
fore-limbs and hind limbs 74
50. Percentages of the entire body weight represented by the weights of the integument,
ligamentous skeleton, musculature and viscera 75
51. Absolute weights of integument, ligamentous skeleton, musculature and viscera in
seven groups, of increasing body weight 76
52. The percentage values for the weight of the cartilaginous skeleton — and by differ-
ence the percentage values for the periosteum, ligaments, etc., combined 78
53. Cartilaginous skeleton — moist weight and percentage value — also percentage value
of dry skeleton 79-80
54. Lengths of long bones — femur, tibia, humerus and ulna — absolute and relative 81-82
55. Weights of crania— in series from London, Paris, Philadelphia and Vienna 83
56. Growth of blood in volume and oxygen capacity with increasing age (body weight) ... 84
57. Proportion of fat with increasing age (body weight) 85
58. Coefficients of variation in body weights 103
59. Coefficients of variation in organ weights 104
60. Coefficients of correlation of organ weights with body weight 104
61. Mean weights of fetuses at daily intervals from the 13th day of gestation and also at
birth. (Duplicates in full table 46) 105
62. Growth in body weight on age — based on the records of Donaldson, Dunn and
Watson 006) 106-107
63. Growth in body weight on age — males. Observations of Donaldson, Dunn and
Watson ('06) 108
64. Growth in body weight on age — females. Observations of Donaldson, Dunn and
Watson ('06) 110
65. Growth in body weight on age. New Haven Colony — Ferry ('13) 112
66. The numbers of animals used in computing the values in the growth table 65 113
67. Growth in body weight on age — King (MS '15). Mean of two series, with coefficients
of variation 113
68. Increase in the length of the tail, and in the weights of the body, brain, spinal cord
and both eyeballs, on body length 115-120
69. Increase in the weights of the body and of the heart, both kidneys, liver and spleen
on body length 121-126
70. Increase in the weights of the body and of the lungs, blood, alimentary tract, testes
and ovaries, on body length 127-132
71. Increase in the weights of the body and of the hypophysis, suprarenals and thyroid
on body length 133-138
INDEX 277
Tabl es — Continued
72. Weight of the thymus on age in days 139-141
73. Increase in the weight of all the viscera — including the thymus — which is entered
separately — on body length 142-147
74. Percentage of water in the brain and in the spinal cord — with increasing age — up to
365 days 148-157
75. Percentage of dry substances in the entire body, in the several systems and in some
organs. Observations at seven ages 177
76. Giving in terms of the dry substance of the entire body the percentage represented
by the weights of the dry substance of the skin, ligamentous skeleton, musculature
and viscera — seven age groups 179
77. Chemical composition of the entire rat, Hatai (MS '15) 180
78. Chemical composition of the entire rat McCollum ('09) 181
79. The phosphorus compounds of the rat as affected by ovariotomy 181
80. Chemical composition of the brain at different ages 182
81. Absolute weights of constituents of one brain at different ages 183
82. Norway rat Percentages of the entire body weight represented by the weights of
head, trunk, fore-limbs and hind-limbs 195
83. Norway rat Percentage of the entire body weight represented by the weights of
the integument, ligamentous skeleton, musculature and viscera 196
84. Norway rat Weights of crania in series from London, Paris, Philadelphia and
Vienna 196
85. Norway rat Increase in the length of the tail and in the weights of the body, brain
and spinal cord, on body length 203-208
86. Norway rat Giving the ratios obtained by dividing the body weight in grams, by
the body length in millimeters 209-210
87. Norway rat The percentage of water in the blood 211
88. Norway rat Percentage of water in the brain and in the spinal cord. Ages known 212
89. Norway rat Percentage of water in the brain and in the spinal cord of rats of
increasing body weights. Ages not known 213
Technic Ovaries, weight, 100.
Body, length, 87. Testes, weight, 102.
Body, weight, 88. Thymus, weight, 102.
Tail, length, 87. Teeth
Brain, weight, 90.
Spinal cord, weight, 90. Eruption of, 37.
Eyeballs, weight, 91. Formula for, 37.
Heart, weight, 92. Incisors
Kidneys, weight, 92. Development— time relations, 37.
Liver, weight, 94. Growth of, 37-39, 83.
Spleen, weight, 95. . Measurement in skull, 38.
Lungs, weight, 95. Enamel, 38.
Blood weight 96. Rate of growth before attrition, 38.
Alimentary tract, weight, 97. Rate of growth after attrition, 38.
Thyroid, weight, 97. Temperature of Body, 60, 61.
Hypophysis, weight, 98.
Suprarenals, weight, 99. Testes, descent of, 27.
278
INDEX
Urine
Volume, 59.
Weight of nitrogen in, 59, 60.
similar to that of man 60.
Variations — Coefficients of
in body weight 103, 113.
Cranial measurements, 33-35.
Water, Percentage of
in entire body (dry substance), *1 76-179, 180.
in systems, 177, 179.
in organs, 176, 177.
in blood, 40, N 211.
in brain of rat and of man, 6.
in brain and spinal cord, 176, 179, N 211-213.
in skeleton, 78-81.
Weight at Birth, 22, 24-26.
According to size of litter, 25.
According to characters of mothers :
Age, 24.
Weight, 24, 25.
Undergrowth, 26.
Disease, 26.
Weight-length Ratio, 72, N 202.
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