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:l^y-:':\ 


W. 


Presented  to  the 

LIBRARIES  of  the 

UNIVERSITY  OF  TORONTO 


by 

Hugh  Anson-Cartwright 


m^. 


THE 

READER'S    HANDBOOK 

OF 

FAMOUS   NAMES   IN   FICTION,   ALLUSIONS 

REFERENCES,   PROVERBS,   PLOTS 

STORIES,   AND   POEMS 

Br  THE   REV. 

E.    COBHAM    BREWER,    LL  D. 

author  of  ■  .  .^ 

"thb  dictionary  of  phrase  and  fable,"  "a  dictionary  of  miracles,"  etc. 


'*<■'*, 


A  NEW  EDITION,   REVISED 


LONDON 

CHATTO    6^   WINDUS 
I9II 


All  rights  reserved 


PREFACE 
TO   THE    REVISED    EDITION 

My  father  died  on  March  6,  1897,  before  he  had  finished  correcting  the  proofa 
of  the  revision  of  this  new  edition.  He  left  the  work  to  me,  and  I  should  like  to 
be  permitted  to  thank  all  who  helped  in  this  labour  of  love. 

The  Librarians  at  the  Nottingham,  Lancaster,  and  Eastbourne  Free  Libraries 
must  be  specially  mentioned.  Mr.  Briscoe,  of  the  Nottingham  Free  Library,  was 
a  personal  friend  of  my  father's  ;  he  and  his  colleagues  spared  neither  time  nor 
trouble  in  searching  out  dates,  and  in  supplying  much  useful  information. 

I  thank,  too,  most  warmly,  the  proof-reader,  who  has  shown  so  much 
patience,  and  has  helped  me  in  every  possible  way  in  what  might  have  been  a 
very  hard  task ;  he  made  it  not  only  an  easy  but  an  exceedingly  pleasant  one. 

To  all  my  father's  friends,  kriown  and  unknown,  who  have  written  such  kind 
and  encouraging  letters,  I  can  only  say  from  the  bottom  of  my  heart,  "  Thanks, 
and  ever  thanks." 

NELLIE  COBHAM   HAYMAN. 

Edwinstowe  Vicarage,  Newark, 
September,  1898. 


NOTE. 

Some  further  corrections,  in  addition  to  those  made  in  the  revised  edition  of 
1902,  have  been  made  in  this  new  issue. 

yanuary,  1 91 1. 


H3A> 

PREFACE 
TO   THE    FIRST   EDITION 

The  object  of  this  Handbook  is  to  supply  readers  and  speakers  with  a  lucid  but 
very  brief  account  of  such  names  as  are  used  in  allusions  and  references,  whether 
by  poets  or  prose  writers, — to  furnish  those  who  consult  it  with  the  plot  of 
popular  dramas,  the  story  of  epic  poems,  and  the  outline  of  well-known  tales. 
"Who  has  not  asked  what  such  and  such  a  book  is  about  ?  and  who  would  not  be 
glad  to  have  his  question  answered  correctly  in  a  few  words  ?  When  the  title  of 
a  play  is  mentioned,  who  has  not  felt  a  desire  to  know  who  was  the  author  of  it  ? 
— for  it  seems  a  universal  practice  to  allude  to  the  title  of  dramas  without  stating 
the  author.  And  when  reference  is  made  to  some  character,  who  has  not  wished 
to  know  something  specific  about  the  person  referred  to  ?  The  object  of  this 
Handbook  is  to  supply  these  wants.  Thus,  it  gives  in  a  few  lines  the  story  of 
Homer's  Iliad  and  Odyssey,  of  Virgil's  JEneid,  Lucan's  Pharsalia,  and  the  Thebaid 
of  Statius ;  of  Dante's  Divine  Comedy ,  Ariosto's  Orlando  Furioso,  and  Tasso's 
Jerusalem  Delivered ;  of  Milton's  Paradise  Lost  and  Paradise  Regained ;  of 
Thomson's  Seasons ;  of  Ossian's  tales,  the  Nibeliingen  Lied  of  the  German 
minnesingers,  the  Romance  of  the  Rose,  the  Lusiad  of  Camoens,  the  Loves  oj 
Theaghits  and  Charicleia  by  Heliodorus  (fourth  century),  with  the  several  story 
poems  of  Chaucer,  Gower,  Piers  Plowman,  Hawes,  Spenser,  Drayton,  Phineas 
Fletcher,  Prior,  Goldsmith,  Campbell,  Southey,  Byron,  Scott,  Moore,  Tennyson, 
Longfellow,  and  so  on.  Far  from  limiting  its  scope  to  poets,  the  Handbook  tells, 
with  similar  brevity,  the  stories  of  our  national  faiiy  tales  and  romances,  such 
novels  as  those  by  Charles  Dickens,  Vanity  Fair  by  Thackeray,  the  Rasselas  of 
Johnson,  Gulliver's  Ti-avds  by  Swift,  the  Sentimental  Journey  by  Sterne,  Don 
Quixote  and  Git  Bias,  Telemachus  by  Fenelon,  and  Undine  by  De  la  Motte 
Fouque.  Great  pains  have  been  taken  with  the  Arthurian  stories,  whether  from 
sir  T.  Malory's  collection  or  from  the  Mabinogion,  because  Tennyson  has  iDrought 
them  to  the  front  in  his  Idylls  of  the  King;  and  the  number  of  dramatic  plots 
sketched  out  is  many  hundreds. 

Another  striking  and  interesting  feature  of  the  book  is  the  revelation  of  the 
source  from  which  dramatists  and  romancers  have  derived  their  stories,  and  the 
strange  repetitions  of  historic  incidents.  Compare,  for  example,  the  stratagem  of 
the  wooden  horse  by  which  Troy  was  taken,  with  those  of  Abu  Obeidah  in  the 


PREFACE.  »H 

siege  of  Arrestan,  and  that  of  the  capture  of  Sark  from  the  French,  p.  504. 
Compare,  again,  Dido's  cutting  the  hide  into  strips,  with  the  story  about  the 
Yakutsks,  p.  1S2;  that  of  Romulus  and  Remus,  with  the  story  of  Tyro,  p.  930  ; 
the  Shibboleth  of  Scripture  story,  with  those  of  the  "  Sicilian  Vespers,"  and  of 
ihe  Danes  on  St.  Bryce's  Day,  p.  1003  ;  the  story  of  Pisistratos  and  his  two  sons, 
with  that  of  Cosmo  de'  Medici  and  his  two  grandsons,  p.  849  ;  the  death  of 
Marcus  Licinius  Crassus,  with  that  of  Manlius  Nepos  Aquilius,  p.  434  ;  and  the 
famous  "Douglas  larder,"  with  the  larder  of  Wallace  at  Ardrossan,  p.  297. 
Witness  the  numerous  tales  resembling  that  of  Wdliam  Tell  and  the  apple, 
p.  1082  J  of  the  Pied  Piper  of  liamelin,  p.  843  ;  of  Llewellyn  and  his  dog  Gelert, 
p.  410  ;  of  bishop  Hatto  and  the  rats,  p.  474  ;  of  Ulysses  and  Polyphemos, 
p.  1 156;  and  of  lord  Lovel's  bride,  p.  712.  Witness,  again,  the  parallelisms  of 
David  in  his  flight  from  Saul,  and  that  of  Mahomet  from  the  Koreishites,  p.  1035  ; 
of  Jephthah  and  his  daughter,  and  the  tale  of  Idomeneus  of  Crete,  or  that  of 
Agamemnon  and  Iphigenia,  p.  544  ;  of  Paris  and  Sextus,  p.  988  ;  Salome  and 
Fulvia,  p.  955  ;  St.  Patrick  preaching  to  king  O'Neil,  and  St.  Areed  before 
the  king  of  Abyssinia,  p.  812 ;  of  Cleopatra  and  Sophonisba,  with  scores  of 
others. 

To  ensure  accuracy,  every  work  alluded  to  in  this  large  volume  has  been  read 
personally  by  the  author  expressly  for  this  Handbook,  and  since  the  compilation 
was  commenced  ;  for  although,  at  the  beginning,  a  few  others  were  employed  for 
the  sake  of  despatch,  the  author  read  over  for  himself,  while  the  sheets  were 
passing  through  the  press,  the  works  put  into  their  hands.  The  very  minute 
references  to  words  and  phrases,  book  and  chapter,  act  and  scene,  often  to  page 
and  line,  will  be  sufficient  guarantee  to  the  reader  that  this  assertion  is  not 
overstated. 

The  work  is  in  a  measure  novel,  and  cannot  fail  to  be  useful.  It  is  owned 
that  Charles  Lamb  has  told,  and  told  well,  the  Tales  of  Shakespeare ;  but 
Charles  Lamb  has  occupied  more  pages  with  each  tale  than  the  Handbook  has 
lines.  It  is  also  true  that  an  '*  Argument "  is  generally  attached  to  each  book  of 
an  epic  story ;  but  the  reading  of  these  rhapsodies  is  like  reading  an  index — 
few  have  patience  to  wade  through  them,  and  fewer  still  obtain  therefrom  any 
clear  idea  of  the  spirit  of  the  actors,  or  the  progress  of  the  story.  Brevity 
has  been  the  aim  of  this  Handbook,  but  clearness  has  not  been  sacrificed  to 
terseness ;  and  it  has  been  borne  in  mind  throughout  that  it  is  not  enough 
to  state  a  fact,— it  must  be  stated  attractively,  and  the  character  described  must 
be  drawn  characteristically,  if  the  reader  is  to  appreciate  it,  and  feel  an  interest 
in  what  he  reads. 

The  unnamed  book  given  as  an  authority  for  the  various  Arthurian  names  (see 
Arthur,  Galahad,  Gawain,  Lancelot,  .Modred,  and  others)  is  Malory's 
Morte  (f  Arthur  (for  which  see  p.  729).  In  most  cases  where  it  is  quoted  from, 
the  title  of  the  book  is  omitted,  and  only  the  pari  and  chapter  are  given. 

Those  verses  introduced  but  not  signed,  or  signed  with  initials  only,  are  by 
the  author  of  the  Handbook.  They  are  the  Stornello  Verses,  p.  1048 ;  the  aspen 
tree  (an  epigram),  p.    1 130;  Nones  and  Ides,  p.  759;  the  Seven  Wise  Men, 


viii  PREFACE. 

p.  987  ;  the  Seven  Wonders  of  the  World,  p.  987  ;  and  the  following  translations  : 
Lucan's  "  Serpents,"  p.  835  ;  "  Veni  Wakefield  peramoenum,"  p.  414  ;  specimen 
of  Tyrtseos,  p.  1154;  "  Vos  non  vobis,"  p.  1183;  "  Roi  d'Yvetot,"  p.  1236; 
••  Non  amo  te,"  p.  1237  ;  Marot's  epigram,  p.  629  ;  epigram  on  a  violin,  p.  1 177  j 
epigram  on  the  Fair  Rosamond,  p.  932  ;  the  Heidelberg  tun,  p.  1145  J  "Roger 
Bontemps,"  p.  926;  *'Le  bon  roi  Dagobert,"  p.  745;  "  Pauvre  Jacques," 
p.  816  ;  Virgil's  epitaph,  p.  1 178  ;  "  Cunctis  mare,"  p.  966  ;  **  Ni  fallat  fatum," 
p.  971  ;  St.  Elmo,  p.  949  ;  Baviad,  etc.,  pp.  97,  652  ;  several  oracular  responses 
(see  Equivokes,  p.  327;  Wooden  Walls,  p.  1227  ;  etc.);  and  many  others. 
The  chief  object  of  this  paragraph  is  to  prevent  any  useless  search  after  these 
trifles. 

It  would  be  most  unjust  to  conclude  this  preface  without  publicly  acknow- 
ledging  the  great  obligation  which  the  author  owes  to  the  printer's  reader 
while  the  sheets  were  passing  through  the  press.  He  seems  to' have  entered 
into  the  very  spirit  of  the  book  ;  his  judgment  has  been  sound,  his  queries 
have  been  intelligent,  his  suggestions  invaluable,  and  even  some  of  the 
articles  were  supplied  by  him. 

E.  C  BREWER. 


THE    READER'S    HANDBOOK 


%  intiicates  a  faraVel  er  iiiiiHar  tale,  and  hat  been  adofUd  so  that  these  who  wish  tejlnd  suth  duplicates 
tttay  do  so  with  the  least  possible  trouble, 
t'ereisn  books  which  have  been  naturalized  {with  their  £>t£-lish  translations)  Have  been  introducid  in  the  text. 


Ml. 

AA'RON,  a  Moor,  beloved  by  Tam'- 
ora,  queen  of  the  Goths,  in  tlie  tragedy 
of  lltus  Andron'icus,  published  amongst 
the  plays  of  Shakespeare  ( 1593). 

(The  classic  name  is  Androntcus,  but 
the  character  of  this  play  is  purely 
fictitious.) 

Aaron  {St.),  a  British  martyr  of  the 
City  of  Legions  [Newport;  in  South 
Wales).  He  was  torn  limb  from  limb  by 
order  of  Maximia'nus  Hercu'lius,  general, 
in  Britain,  of  the  army  of  Diocle'tian, 
Two  churches  were  founded  in  the  City 
of  Legions,  one  in  honour  of  St.  Aaron, 
and  one  in  honour  of  his  fellow-martyr 
St.  Julius.  Newport  was  called  Caerleoa 
by  the  British. 

.  .  .  two  others  .  .  .  scaled  their  doctrine  with  theJf 

blood ; 
St.  Julius,  and  with  him  St.  Aaron,  have  their  room 
At  Carleon,  suffering  death  by  Diocletian's  doom. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xxiv.  (1622). 

Aaz'iz  (3  syl. ),  so  the  queen  of  Sheba 
or  Saba  is  sometimes  called ;  but  in  the 
Koran  she  is  called  Balkis  {ch.  xxvii.). 

Abad'don,  an  angel  of  the  bottomless 
pit  (/?gz^,  ix.  11).  The  word  is  derived  from 
the  Hebrew,  ahad,  "lost,"  and  means  the 
lost  one.  Tiiere  are  two  other  angels  intro- 
duced by  Klopstock  in  The  Messiah  with 
similar  names,  which  must  not  be  con- 
founded with  the  angel  referred  to  in 
Rev. ;  one  is  Obaddon,  the  angel  of  death, 
and  the  other  Abbad'ona,  the  repentant 
devil.     (See  Abbadona.  ) 

Als'aris,  to  whom  Apollo  gave  a 
golden  an-ow,  on  which  to  ride  through 
the  air.  (See  Dictionary  of  Phrase  and 
Fable,  p.  2.) 


Abbad'ona,  once  the  friend  of  Ab'- 
diel,  was  drawn  into  the  rebellion  of 
Satan  half  unwillingly.  In  hell  he  con- 
stantly bewailed  his  fall,  and  reproved 
Satan  for  his  pride  and  blasphemy.  He 
openly  declared  to  the  infernals  that  he 
would  take  no  part  or  lot  in  Satan's 
scheme  for  the  death  of  the  Messiah  ;  and 
during  the  crucifixion  he  lingered  about 
the  cross  with  repentance,  hope,  and  fear. 
His  ultimate  fate  we  are  not  told,  but 
when  Satan  and  Adramelech  were  driven 
back  to  hell,  Obaddon,  the  angel  of  death, 
says — 

"  For  thee,  Abbadona,  I  have  no  orders.  How  long 
thou  art  permitted  to  remain  on  earth  1  know  not,  nor 
whether  thou  wilt  be  allowed  to  see  the  resurrection  ot 
the  Lord  of  glory  .  .  .  but  be  not  deceived,  thou  canst 
not  view  Him  with  the  joy  of  the  redeemed."  "  Yet- 
let  me  see  Him,  let  me  see  Xl\xa\"—Kloj'stoci :  The 
Messiah,  xiii. 

Abberville  (Lord),  a  young  noble- 
man, 23  years  of  age,  who  has  for 
travelling  tutor  a  Welshman  of  65, 
called  Dr.  Druid,  an  antiquary,  wholly 
ignorant  of  his  real  duties  as  a  guide 
of  youth.  The  young  man  runs  wan- 
tonly wild,  squanders  his  money,  and 
gives  loose  rein  to  his  passions  almost 
to  the  verge  of  ruin,  but  he  is  arrested' 
and  reclaimed  by  his  honest  Scotch- 
bailiff  or  financier,  and  the  vigilance 
of  his  father's  executor,  Mr.  Mortimer, 
This  "  fashionable  lover "  promises 
marriage  to  a  vulgar,  malicious  city 
minx  named  Lucinda  Bridgemore,  but 
is  saved  from  this  pitfall  also.— 
Cumberland:  The  Fashionable  Lover 
(1780). 

Abbot  {The),  the  second  of  thrc€ 
novels  on  the  Reformation.  The  first, 
called  The  Monastery,  is  by  far  the 
worst ;  and  the  third,  called  Kenilworih, 


ABBOTSFORD  CLUB. 


ABENSBERG. 


is  the  best.  The  Abbot,  Father  Ambrose 
{(^.v.),  plays  a  very  subordinate  part,  the 
hero  being  Roland  Groeme.  The  tale  is 
this  :  Roland,  a  very  young  child,  was 
nearly  drowned  by  trying  to  save  a  toy- 
boat,  but  he  was  drawn  from  the  river  by 
Wolf,  a  dog  of  Lady  Avenel's ;  and  as 
Lady  Avenel  had  no  family,  she  brought 
up  Roland  as  a  sort  of  page.  The  in- 
dulgence shown  by  his  kind  patroness 
drew  upon  him  the  jealous  displeasure  of 
the  rest  of  the  household  ;  and  ultimately 
the  spirit  became  so  bitter  that  Lady 
Avenel,  when  he  was  between  17  and  18, 
dismissed  him  from  her  service.  Roland, 
going  he  knew  not  whither,  encountered 
Sir  Halbert  Glendinning,  the  husband  of 
the  Lady  of  Avenel,  who  took  him  into 
his  service,  and  sent  him  to  the  regent 
Murray,  who  sent  him  to  Lochleven,  as 
the  page  of  Mary  queen  of  Scotland,  who 
had  been  dethroned  and  sent  to  Lochleven 
as  a  state  prisoner.  He  was  there  above 
a  year,  when  Mary  made  her  escape,  was 
overtaken  by  the  Reform  party,  and  fled 
to  England. 

• .  *  Roland  Graeme  is  discovered  to  be 
the  son  of  Julian  Avenel  and  Catherine 
Graeme.  He  married  Catherine  Seyton, 
a  daughter  of  Lord  Seyton,  and  was 
heir  to  the  barony  of  Avenel.  Mary  of 
Scotland  is  excellently  portrayed  in  this 
novel,  and  Queen  Elizabeth  in  Kenil- 
worth, 

Abbotsford  Club,  limited  to  50 
members.  It  was  founded  in  1835,  for 
the  publication  (in  quarto)  of  works 
pertaining  to  Scotch  history,  antiquities, 
and  literature  in  general.  It  published 
upwards  of  30  volumes.     Extinct. 

Abdal-azis,  the  Moorish  governor  of 
Spain  after  the  overthrow  of  king  Roderick. 
When  the  Moor  assumed  regal  state  and 
affected  Gothic  sovereignty,  his  subjects 
were  so  offended  that  they  revolted  and 
murdered  him.  He  married  Egilona, 
formerly  the  wife  of  Roderick. — Southey  : 
Roderick,  etc.,  xxii.  (1814). 

Ab'dalaz'iz  {Omar  ben),  a  caliph 
raised  to  "  Mahomet's  bosom  "  in  reward 
of  his  great  abstinence  and  self-denial. — 
Herbclot,  690. 

He  was  by  no  means  scnipulous ;  nor  did  he  think 
with  tlie  caliph  Omar  ben  Abdalaziz  that  it  was  ncces- 
sarj'  to  make  a  hell  of  this  world  to  enjoy  paradise  in 
the  next.— /f.  Beckford  :  yathck{l^^€). 

Abdal'dar,  one  of  the  magicians  in 
the  Domdaniel  caverns.  These  spirits 
were  destined  to  be  destroyed  by  one 
of  the  race  of  Hodei'rah  (3  syl.),  so 
they  persecuted  the  race  even  to  death. 


Only  one  survived,  named  Thalaba,  and 
Abdaldar  was  appointed  by  lot  to  find 
him  out  and  kill  him.  He  discovered 
the  stripling  in  an  Arab's  tent,  and 
while  in  prayer  was  about  to  stab  him 
to  the  heart,  when  the  angel  of  death 
breathed  on  the  would-be  murderer,  and 
he  fell  dead  with  the  dagger  in  his  hand. 
Thalaba  drew  from  the  magician's  finger 
a  ring  which  gave  him  command  over 
the  spirits. — Southey:  Thalaba  the  De- 
stroyer, {[.,  24  (1797). 

Abdalla,  one  of  sir  Brian  de  Bois 
Gilbert's  slaves.— -Szr  W.  Scott :  Ivanhoe 
(time,  Richard  I.). 

Abdallah,  brother  and  predecessor  of 
Giaf'fer  (2  syl.),  pacha  of  Aby'dos.  He 
was  murdered  by  the  pacha. — Byron  : 
Bride  of  Abydos. 

Abdallah  el  Hadgi,  Saladin's  en- 
voy.—5/r  W.  Scott:  The  Talisman 
(time,  Richard  I.). 

Abdals  or  Santons,  a  class  of  re- 
ligionists who  pretend  to  be  inspired 
with  the  most  ravishing  raptures  of 
divine  love.  Regarded  with  great  vene- 
ration by  the  vulgar. — Olearius,  i.  971. 

Abde'rian  Laug-bter,  scoffing 
laughter,  so  called  from  Abdera,  the 
birthplace  of  Democ'ritus,  the  scoffing  or 
laughing  philosopher. 

Ab'diel,  the  faithful  seraph  who  with- 
stood Satan  when  urged  to  revolt. 

.  . .  the  seraph  Abdiel,  faithful  found 
Among  the  faithless ;  faithful  only  lie 
Among  innumerable  false  ;  unmoved, 
Unshaken,  unseduced.  unterrified, 
liis  loyalty  he  kept,  his  love,  his  zeal. 
Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  v.  896,  etc.  (1663). 

Abel  Shufllebottom,  the  name 
assumed  by  Robert  Southey  in  some 
amatory  poems  published  in  1799, 

Abelliuo,  the  hero  of  ' '  Monk  " 
Lewis's  story,  called  the  Bravo  of 
Venice.  He  appears  sometimes  as  a 
beggar,  and  sometimes  as  a  bandit, 
Abellino  falls  in  love  with  the  niece  of 
the  doge  of  Venice,  and  marries  her. 

Abensberg  {Count),  the  father  of 
thirty-two  children.  When  Henirich  II. 
made  his  progress  through  Germany,  and 
other  courtiers  presented  their  offerings, 
the  count  brought  forward  his  thirty-two 
children,  "  as  the  most  valuable  offering 
he  could  make  to  his  king  and  country." 

•J  Cornelia,  the  daughter  of  Scipio  Africanus,  is 
credited  with  similar  sentiment.  When  a  Campanian 
lady  boasted  in  her  presence  of  her  magnificent 
jewels,  Cornelia  sent  for  her  two  sons,  and  said, 
"  These  are  my  jewels." 


ABERDEEN  PHILOSOPHICAL.        3      ABSALOM  AND  ACHITOPHEL. 


Aberdeen  Philosophical  Society, 

instituted  1840. 

Abes'sa,  the  impersonation  of  abbeys 
and  convents  in  Spenser's  Faerie  Qucene, 
i.  3.  She  is  the  paramour  of  Kirk- 
rapine,  who  used  to  rob  churches  and 
poor-boxes,  and  brin^  his  plunder  to 
Abessa,  daughter  of  Corceca  {blindness 
of  heart). 

Abif  {Hiram),  one  of  the  three 
grand-masters  of  Freemasonry.  The 
other  two  were  Solomon  and  Hiram  of 
Tyre.  Hiram,  like  Pharaoh,  is  a  dynastic 
name,  and  means  Jioble  ;  and  ab  of  Abif 
means  "  father  ;  "  ab-i  means  "  my 
father  "  (see  i  Kings  vii.  13  ;  2  Chron. 
ii.  12-14). 

Ahney,  called  Young  Abney,  the 
friend  of  colonel  Albert  Lee,  a  royalist. — 
Sir  IV.  Scoii  :  Woodstock  (time,  the  Com- 
monwealth). 

Abou  Hassan,  a  young  merchant  of 
Bagdad,  and  hero  of  the  tale  called  "  The 
Sleeper  Awakened,"  in  the  Arabian 
Nights'  Entertainments.  While  Abou 
Hassan  is  asleep  he  is  conveyed  to  the 
palace  of  Haroun-al-Raschid,  and  the 
attendants  are  ordered  to  do  everything 
they  can  to  make  him  fancy  himself  the 
caliph.  He  subsequently  becomes  the 
caliph's  chief  favourite. 

^  Shakespeare,  in  the  induction  of 
Taming  of  the  Shreiv,  befools  "Chris- 
topher Sly"  in  a  similar  way,  but  Sly 
thinks  it  was  "nothing  but  a  dream." 

%  Philippe  le  Don,  duke  of  Burgundy, 
on  his  marriage  with  Eleonora,  tried  the 
same  trick. — Burton  :  Anatomy  of  Melan- 
choly, ii.  2,  4. 

Abra,  the  most  beloved  of  Solomon's 
concubines. 

Fruits  their  odour  lost  and  meats  their  taste, 
If  gentle  Abra  had  not  decked  the  feast ; 
Dishonoured  did  the  sparldingf  g-oblet  stand. 
Unless  received  from  gentle  Abra's  hand  ;  .  .  . 
Nor  could  my  soul  approve  the  music's  tone 
Till  all  was  hushed,  and  Abra  sang  alone. 

M.  Prior  :  Solojnon  (1664-1721). 
*.•  Solomon  had  above  1000  concubines,  from  among 

the    Moabites,    Ammonites,  Sidonians,  and   Hittites. 

Tlie  mother  of  Rehoboam,  his  successor,  was  Naumah, 

an  Ammonitess  (i  Kui^s  xiv.  20,  21). 

Ab'radas,  the  great  Macedonian 
pirate. 

Abradas,  the  great  Macedonian  pirat,  thought  every 
one  had  a  letter  of  mart  that  bare  sayles  in  the  ocean.— 
Greene  :  Pendo/ie's  IVeb  (1601). 

Abraham,  calling  his  wife  "  sister  " 
[Gen.  xii.  11).  The  special  correspondent 
o{\h^  Standard,  writing  from  Afghanistan 
(March  12, 1888),  says,  "  If  a  Mahometan's 
scruples  are  overcome  to  such  an  extent 


that  Ije  will  permit  a  Christian  physician 
to  treat  his  wife,  he  will  call  her  his 
"  sister." 

ATiraham's  Offeringf  {Gen.  xxii.). 
Abraham  at  the  command  of  God  laid  his 
only  son  Isaac  upon  an  altar  to  sacrifice 
him  to  Jehovah,  when  his  hand  was  stayed 
and  a  ram  substituted  for  Isaac. 

^  So  Agamemnon  at  Aulis  was  about 
to  offer  up  his  daughter  Iphigeni'a  at  the 
command  of  ArtSmis  {Diana),  when 
Artemis  carried  her  off  in  a  cloud  and 
substituted  a  stag  instead. 

•.•  This  ram  was  one  of  the  to  ani-nals  taken  to 
heaven,  according  to  Mahomet's  teaching. 

Abroc'omas,  the  lover  of  An'thia  in 
the  Greek  romance  called  De  Amoribus 
Anthice  et  Abrocomce,  by  Xenophon  of 
Ephesus  (not  the  historian). 

Absalom.  The  general  idea  is  that 
Absalom,  fleeing  through  a  wood,  was 
caught  by  the  hair  of  his  head  on  the 
bough  of  a  tree,  and  thus  met  his  death  ; 
but  the  Bible  says  (2  Sam.  xviii.  9), 
' '  Absalom  rode  upon  a  mule,  and  the 
mule  went  under  the  thick  boughs  of  a 
great  oak,  and  his  head  caught  hold  of 
the  oak,  and  he  was  taken  up  between  the 
heaven  and  the  earth."  Apparently  his 
chin  was  caught  by  a  branch  of  the  oak, 
and  the  mule  ran  off.  There  is  nothing 
said  about  his  hair  getting  entangled  in  the 
oak.  Yet  every  one  knows  the  doggerel—' 

Oh  Absalom,  oh  Absalom,  my  son,  my  son, 
Hadst  thou  but  worn  a  periwig,  thou  hadst  not  beea 
undone  1  • 

Daviifs  Latnentfor  his  Son  Absalom. 

Ab'salom,  in  Dryden's  Absalom  afid 
Achit'ophel,  is  meant  for  the  duke  of 
Monmouth,  natural  son  of  Charles  IT. 
{David).  Like  Absalom,  the  duke  was 
handsome  ;  like  Absalom,  he  was  loved 
and  rebellious  ;  and,  like  Absalom,  his 
rebellion  ended  in  his  death  (1649-1685). 

Absalom    and   Achit'ophel,    the 

best  political  satire  in  the  language,  by 
Dry  den,  in  about  1000  lines  of  heroic 
verse,  in  rhymes.  The  general  scheme 
is  to  show  the  rebellious  character  of  the 
puritans,  who  insisted  on  the  exclusion  of 
the  duke  of  York  from  the  succession, 
on  account  of  his  being  a  pronounced 
catholic,  and  the  determination  of  the 
king  to  resist  this  interference  with  his 
royal  prerogative,  even  at  the  cost  of  a 
civil  war. 

The  great  difficulty  was  where  to  find 
a  substitute.  Charles  II.  had  no  legal 
male  offspring,  and,  though  he  had  several 
natural  sons,  the  duke  of  Monmouth  was 


ABSOLON. 


ACCIDENTE ! 


the  only  one  who  was  the  idol  rf)f  the 
people.  So  the  earl  of  Shaftesbury 
(Achitophel),  an  out-and-out  protestant, 
used  every  effort  to  induce  Monmouth 
(Adsalom)  to  compel  the  king  {David)  to 
set  aside  the  duke  of  York.  Shaftesbury 
says, ' '  Once  get  the  person  of  the  king  into 
your  hands,  and  you  may  compel  him  to 
yield  to  the  people's  wishes."  Monmouth 
is  over-persuaded  to  take  up  the  cause 
"  of  the  redress  of  grievances,"  and  soon 
has  a  large  following,  amongst  whom  is 
Thomas  Thynne  {/ssac/iar),  a  very  wealthy 
man,  who  supplies  the  duke  with  ready 
money.  When  the  rebellion  grew  formid- 
able, the  king  called  his  councillors  to 
meet  him  at  Oxford,  and  told  them  he 
was  resolved  to  defend  his  prerogatives 
by  force  of  arms,  and  thus  the  poem  ends. 
• . '  A  reply  in  verse,  entitled  Azaria 
andHushai  [q.v.),  was  written  by  Samuel 
Pordage. 

Mr.  Tate  has  written  a  second  part,  which  not  only 
destroys  the  unity  of  the  poem,  but  is  of  very  small 
merit. 

•.•  The  poem  begins  with  a  statement  that  Charles  11. 
{David)  had  many  natural  sons,  but  only  Monmouth 
,  \Abialom)  had  any  chance  of  being  his  successor.  He 
tiien  remarks  that  no  sort  of  government  would  satisfy 
puritans.  They  had  tried  several,  but  all  had  failed  to 
please  them.  On  the  puritans'  side  was  the  earl  of 
Shaftesbury  (Achitophet),  Titus  Gates  [Corah),  and 
many  others.  On  the  king's  side  advocates  of  the 
"  right  divine,"  were  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury 
(Zadoc),  the  bishop  of  London  (Sa^an),  the  bishop  of 
Rochester  and  dean  of  Westmmster,  the  earl  of 
Mulgrave  (AbdieD,  Sir  George  Savile  (Jotham),  Hyde 
Iffushai),  Sir  Edward  Seymour  {Amiel),  and  many 
more.  Charles  H.  is  called  David;  London,  Jerusakin; 
catholics,  yebusites;  puritans,  ye7us.  France  is  called 
^gypt;  Us  king,  Pharaoh;  and  Holland  is  called  Tyre. 

Ab'solon,  a  priggish  parish  clerk  in 
Chaucer's  Canterbury  Tales.  His  hair 
was  curled,  his  shoes  slashed,  his  hose 
red.  He  could  let  blood,  cut  hair,  and 
shave,  could  dance,  and  play  either  on 
the  ribible  or  the  gittern.  This  gay  spark 
paid  his  addresses  to  Mistress  Alison,  the 
young  wife  of  John,  a  wealthy  aged  car- 
penter ;  but  Alison  herself  loved  a  poor 
scholar  named  Nicholas,  a  lodger  in  the 
house.— 7'/i«  Millers  Tale  (1388). 

Absolute  {Sir  Anthony),  a  testy,  but 
warm-hearted  old  gentleman,  who  ima- 
gines that  he  possesses  a  most  angelic 
temper;  and  when  he  quarrels  with  his 
son,  the  captain,  fancies  it  is  the  son  who 
is  out  of  temper,  and  not  himself.  Smol- 
lett's "Matthew  Bramble"  evidently 
suggested  this  character.  William  Dowton 
(1764-1851)  was  the  best  actor  of  this 
part. 

Captain  Absolute,  son  of  sir  Anthony,  in 
love  with  I^ydia  Languish,  the  heiress,  to 
whom  he  is  known  only  as  ensign  Bever- 


ley. Bob  Acres,  his  neighbour,  is  his 
rival,  and  sends  a  challenge  to  the  un- 
known ensign  ;  but  when  he  finds  that 
ensign  Beverley  is  captain  Absolute,  he 
declines  to  fight,  and  resigns  all  further 
claim  to  the  lady's  hand. — Sheridan: 
The  Rivals  (1775). 

When  you  saw  Jack  Palmers  in  "captain  Absolute," 
you  thought  you  could  trace  his  promotion  to  some 
lady  of  quality,  who  fancied  the  handsome  fellow  in  his 
top-knot,  and  liad  bought  him  a  commission. — Charles 
Lamb. 

Abu'dah,  in  the  Tales  of  the  Genii,  by 
H.  Ridley,  is  a  wealthy  merchant  of  Bag- 
dad, who  goes  in  quest  of  the  talisman  of 
Oroma'nfis,  which  he  is  driven  to  seek  by 
a  little  old  hag,  who  haunts  him  every 
night  and  makes  his  life  wretched.  He 
finds  at  last  that  the  talisman  which  is  to 
free  him  of  this  hag  {conscience']  is  to 
"fear  God  and  keep  His  command- 
ments." 

Abu'dali,  in  the  drama  called  The  Siege 
of  Damascus,  by  John  Hughes  (1720),  is 
the  next  in  command  to  Caled  in  the 
Arabian  army  set  down  before  Damascus. 
Though  undoubtedly  brave,  he  prefers 
peace  to  war  ;  and  when,  at  the  death  of 
Caled,  he  succeeds  to  the  chief  command, 
he  makes  peace  with  the  Syrians  on 
honourable  terms. 

Abydos  {Bride  of).    (See  Bride.) 

Acade'mus,  an  Attic  hero,  whose 
garden  was  selected  by  Plato  for  the  place 
of  his  lectures.  Hence  his  disciples  were 
called  the  "Academic  sect." 

The  green  retreats  of  Academus. 
Akenside  :  Pleasures  of  hnagination- 

Aca'dia  {i.e.  Nova  Scotia),  so  called 
by  the  French  from  the  river  Shiiben- 
acadie.  In  162 1  Acadia  was  given  to 
sir  William  Alexander,  and  its  name 
changed ;  and  in  1755  the  old  French 
settlers  were  driven  into  exile  by  George 
n.  Longfellow  has  made  this  the  subject 
of  a  poem  in  hexameter  verse,  called 
Evan' geline  (4  syl). 

Acas'to  {Lord),  father  of  Seri'no, 
Casta'lio,  and  Polydore  ;  and  guardian  of 
Moniniia."  the  orphan."  He  lived  to  see 
the  death  of  bis  sons  and  his  ward. 
Polydore  ran  on  his  brother's  sword,  Cas- 
talio  stabbed  himself,  and  Monimia  took 
Y>o\son.—Otivay  :  The  Orphan  {1680). 

Accidente !  {3  syl.),  a  curse  and  oath 
used  in  France  occasionally. 

Accidente  I  ce  qui  veut  dire  en  bon  frangais :  Puise-tu, 
mourir  d'accident,  sans  confession,  dSimi\e.—Afans, 
About:  Tolla  (a  talej. 


ACESTES. 


ACOE. 


Aces'tes  (3  syl.).  In  a  trial  of  skill 
Acestes,  the  Sicilian,  discharged  his  arrow 
uith  such  force  that  it  took  fire  from  the 
friction  of  the  air.— Fir^il:  yEneid,  v. 

Like  Acestes'  shaft  of  old. 
The  swift  tliought  kindles  as  it  flics. 

Lon^J'eUoTU  :  To  a  Child. 

Achates  [A-ka'-Ute\,  called  by  Virgil 
"  fidus  Achates."  The  name  has  become 
a  synonym  for  a  bosom  friend,  a  crony, 
but  is  generally  used  laughingly. 

He,  like  Achates,  faithful  to  the  tomb, 

Byron  :  Don  yuan,  L  155. 

Acher'ia,  the  fox,  went  partnership 
with  a  bear  in  a  bowl  of  milk.  Before 
the  bear  arrived,  the  fox  skimmed  off  the 
cream  and  drank  the  milk ;  then,  filling 
the  bowl  with  mud,  replaced  the  cream 
atop.  Says  the  fox,  "  Here  is  the  bowl ; 
one  shall  have  the  cream,  and  the  other 
all  the  rest :  choose,  friend,  which  you 
like."  The  bear  told  the  fox  to  take  the 
cream,  and  thus  bruin  had  only  the  mud. 
— A  Basque  Tale. 

^  A  similar  tale  occurs  in  Campbell's 
Popular  Tales  of  the  IVesi  Highlands 
(\\\.  98),  called  "The  Keg  of  Butter." 
The  wolf  chooses  the  bottom  when  "  oats  " 
were  the  object  of  choice,  and  the  top 
when  "  potatoes"  were  the  sowing. 

*ir  Rabelais  tells  the  same  tale  about  a 
farmer  and  the  devil.  Each  was  to  have 
on  alternate  years  what  grew  under  and 
over  the  soil.  The  farmer  sowed  turnips 
and  carrots  when  the  undersoil  produce 
came  to  his  lot,  and  barley  or  wheat  when 
his  turn  was  the  over-soil  produce. 

Aclieron,  the  "  River  of  Grief,"  and 
one  of  the  five  rivers  of  hell  ;  hell  itself. 
^Greek,  axorpeo*,  "I  flow  with  grief.") 

Sad  Acheron  of  sorrow,  black  and  deep. 

Milton:  Paradise  Lost,  ii.  578  (1663). 

Acliil'les  (3  syl.^,  the  hero  of  the 
allied  Greek  army  in  the  siege  of  Troy, 
and  king  of  the  Myr'midons.  (See  Dic- 
tionary of  Phrase  and  Fable,  p.  10.) 

The  English  Achilles,  John  Talbot, 
first  earl  of  Shrewsbury  (1373-1453). 

The  duke  of  Wellington  is  so  called 
sometimes,  and  is  represented  by  a  statue 
of  Achilles  of  gigantic  size  in  Hyde 
Park,  London,  close  to  Apsley  House 
(1769-1852). 

The  Achilles  of  Germany,  Albert,  elec- 
tor of  Brandenburg  (1414-1486). 

Achilles  of  Rome,  Sicin'ius  Denta'tus 
^put  to  death  B.C.  450). 

AcWUes'  Heel,  the  vulnerable  part. 
It  is  said  that  when  Thetis  dipped  her 
son  in  the  river  Styx  to  make  him  in- 


vulnerable, she  held  him  by  the  heel,  and 
the  part  covered  by  her  hand  was  the 
only  part  not  washed  by  the  water.  This 
is  a  post-Homeric  story.       • 

[Hanover]  is  tho  Achilles'  heel  to  Invulnerable  Enff- 

X^ixd.—Carlyle. 

(Sometimes  Ireland  is  called  the  Achil- 
les' heel  of  England.) 

^  Similarly,  the  only  vulnerable  part 
of  Orlando  was  the  sole  of  his  foot,  and 
hence  when  Bernardo  del  Carpio  assailed 
him  at  RoncesvallGs,  and  found  that  he 
could  not  wound  him,  he  lifted  him  up  in 
his  arms  and  squeezed  him  to  death,  as 
Hercules  did  Antce'os. 

Acliilles'  Spear.  (See Spear  of.  . .) 

Achit'ophel,  "  Him  who  drew  Achit'- 
ophel,"  Dryden,  author  of  the  famous 
political  satire  oi  Absalom  and  Achitophel. 
"David"  is  Charles  XL;  his  rebellious 
son  "Absalom  "  is  the  king's  natural  son 
by  Lucy  Waters,  the  handsome  but  rebel- 
lious James  duke  of  Monmouth ;  and 
"Achitophel"  is  the  carl  of  Shaftesbury, 
"  for  close  designs  and  crooked  counsels 
fit"  (1621-1683). 

Can  sneer  at  him  who  drew  Achitophel. 

Byron  :  Don  yuan,  iii.  too. 
There  is  a  portrait  of  the  first  earl  of  Shaftesbury 
(Dryden's  "  Achitophel ")  as  lord  chancellor  of  Englanci, 
clad  in  ash-coloure;l  robes,  because  he  had  never  been 
called  to  the  bar.— £■.  Yates:  Celebrities,  xviiL 

Acida'lia,  a  fountain  in  Bceo'tia, 
sacred  to  Venus.  The  Graces  used  to 
bathe  therein.  Venus  was  called  Acidalia 
{Virgil:  ALneid,  i.  720). 

After  she  weary  was 
With  bathing:  in  the  Acidalian  brook. 

Spenser  :  Epithalatnion  (1595). 

A'cis,  a  Sicilian  shepherd,  loved  by 
the  nymph  Galate'a.  The  monster  Poly- 
pheme  (3  syl.),  a  Cyclops,  was  his  rival, 
and  crushed  him  under  a  huge  rock.  The 
blood  of  Acis  was  changed  into  a  river  of 
the  same  name  at  the  foot  of  mount  Etna. 

•.•  Gay  has  a  serenata  called  Acis  and 
Galatea,^  which  was  produced  at  the  Hay- 
market  in  1732.     Music  by  Handel. 

Not  such  a  pipe,  good  reader,  as  that  which  Acis  did 
sweetly  tune  in  praise  of  his  Galatea,  but  one  of  true 
Delft  manufacture. — IV.  Irving. 

Ack'land  [Sir  Thomas),  a  royalist. — 
Sir  IV.  Scott:  Woodstock  (time,  the 
Commonwealth). 

Ac'oe  (3  syl.),  "hearing,"  in  the  New 
Testament  sense  {Rom.  x.  17),  "Faith 
Cometh  by  hearing."  The  nurse  of  Fido 
\faith\  Her  daughter  is  Meditation. 
(Greek,  akoS,  "hearing.") 

With  him  [FattK]  his  nurse  went,  careful  Acoe, 
Whose  hands  first  from  his  mother's  womb  did  take 
him, 
And  ever  since  have  fostered  tenderly. 

Phin  Fletcher:  The  Purple  Island,  \x.  (1633). 


ACRASIA. 


ADAH. 


Acrasla,  Intemperance  personified. 
Spenser  says  she  is  an  enchantress  Hving 
in  the  "  Bower  of  Bliss,"  in  "  Wandering 
Island."  Sbe  had  the  power  of  trans- 
forming her  lovers  into  monstrous  shapes  ; 
but  sir  Guyon  [icmperance],  having  caught 
her  in  a  net  and  bound  her,  broke  down 
her  bower  and  burnt  it  to  ashes.— /^amV 
Quecne,  ii.  12  (1590). 

Ac'rates  (3  syL),  Incontinence  per- 
sonified in  The  Purple  Island,  by  Phineas 
Fletcher.  He  had  two  sons  (twins)  by 
Caro,  viz.  Methos  {drunkc?iness)  and 
Gluttony,  both  fully  described  in  canto 
vii.     [Gretk,  akrd/es,  "incontinent.") 

Acrafes  {3  syl.),  Incontinence  per- 
sonified in  7%e  Faerie  Queene,  by  Spenser. 
He  is  the  father  of  Cymoch'les  and 
Pyroch'lcs. — Bk.  ii.  4  (1590). 

Acres  (Boi),  a  country  gentleman,  the 
rival  of  ensign  Beverley,  alias  captain 
Absolute,  for  the  hand  and  heart  of  Lydia 
Languish,  the  heiress.  He  tries  to  ape 
the  man  of  fashion,  gets  himself  up  as  a 
loud  swell,  and  uses  "  sentimental  oaths," 
i.e.  oaths  bearing  on  the  subject.  Thus 
if  duels  are  spoken  of  he  says,  ods  triggers 
and  flints  ;  if  clothes,  ods  frogs  a  fid  tam- 
bours ;  if  music,  ods  minnums  [minims] 
and  crotchets ;  if  ladies,  ods  Mushes  and 
blooms.  This  he  learnt  from  a  militia 
officer,  who  told  him  the  ancients  swore 
by  Jove,  Bacchus,  Mars,  Venus,  Minerva, 
etc.,  according  to  the  sentiment.  Bob 
Acres  is  a  great  blusterer,  and  talks  big 
of  his  daring,  but  when  put  to  the  push 
"his  courage  always  oozed  out  of  his 
fingers'  ends."  J.  Quick  was  the  original 
Bob  Acres.  —Sheridan :  The  Rivals  { 1775 ). 

As  thro'  his  palms  Bob  Acres'  valour  oozed, 
So  Juan's  virtue  ebbed,  I  know  not  how. 

Byron  :  Don  yuan, 

Acris'ins,  father  of  Dan'ag.  An 
oracle  declared  that  Danae  would  give 
birth  to  a  son  who  would  kill  him,  so 
Acrisius  kept  his  daughter  shut  up  in  an 
apartment  under  ground,  or  (as  some  say) 
in  a  brazen  tower.  Here  she  became  the 
mother  of  Per'seus  {'zsyl.),  by  Jupiter  in 
the  form  of  a  shower  of  gold.  The  king 
of  Argos  now  ordered  his  daughter  and 
her  infant  to  be  put  into  a  chest,  and  cast 
adrift  on  the  sea,  but  they  were  rescued 
by  Dictys,  a  fisherman.  When  grown  to 
manhood,  Perseus  accidentally  struck  the 
foot  of  Acrisius  with  a  quoit,  and  the 
blow  caused  his  death.  This  tale  is  told 
by  Mr.  Morris  in  The  Earthly  Paradise 
April). 


Actse'on,  a  hunter,  changed  by  Diana 
into  a  stag.     A  synonym  for  a  cuckold. 

Divulge  Pa^e  himself  for  a  secure  and  wilful  Actaeon 

[cuckold].  ' 

Shakespeare  :  Merry  Wives,  etc.,  act  iii.  sc.  2  (1596). 

Acte'a,  a  female  slave  faithful  to  Nero 
in  his  fall.  It  was  this  hetsera  w^ho 
wrapped  the  dead  body  in  cerements,  and 
saw  it  decently  interred. 

This  Actea  was  beautiful.  She  was  seated  on  the 
Efround ;  the  head  of  Nero  was  on  her  lap,  his  naked 
body  was  stretched  on  those  winding--sheets  in  which 
she  was  about  to  fold  him,  to  lay  him  in  his  grave  upon 
the  garden  \C\&.—Ouida:  Ai-iadtie,  i.  7. 

Ac'tius  Since'rus,  the  pen-name  of 
the  Italian  poet  Sannazaro,  called  "The 
Christian  Virgil"  (1458-1530). 

Actors  [Female).  In  1662  Charles  II. 
first  licensed  women  to  act  women's  parts, 
\s  hich  up  to  that  time  had  been  performed 
by  men  and  boys. 

Whereas  the  women's  parts  in  plavs  have  hitherto 
been  acted  by  men  in  the  habits  of  women,  at  which 
some  have  taken  offence,  we  do  permit  and  give  leave 
for  the  time  to  come,  that  all  women's  parts  be  acted 
by  women. 

Actors  and  Actresses.  The  last 
male  actor  that  took  a  woman's  character 
on  the  stage  was  Edward  Kynaston,  noted 
for  his  beauty  (1619-1687).  The  first 
female  actor  for  hire  was  Mrs.  Saunder- 
son,  afterwards  Mrs,  Betterton,  who  died 
in  1712. 

Acts  and  Monuments,  by  John 
Fox,  better  known  as  "  The  Book  of 
Martyrs,"  published  in  one  large  vol., 
folio,  1563.  It  had  an  immense  sale. 
Bishop  Burnet  says  he  had  "compared 
the  book  with  the  records,  and  had  not 
discovered  any  errors  or  prevarications, 
but  the  utmost  fidelity  and  exactness." 
The  Catholics  call  the  book  "  Fox's 
Golden  Legends." 

Ad,  Ad'ites  (2  syl.).  Ad  is  a  tribe 
descended  from  Ad,  son  of  Uz,  son  of 
Irem,  son  of  Shem,  son  of  Noah,  The 
tribe,  at  the  Confusion  of  Babel,  went 
and  settled  on  Al-Ahkaf  [the  Winding 
Sands'],  in  the  province  of  Pladramaut. 
Shedad  was  their  fii'st  king,  but  in  conse- 
quence of  his  pride,  both  he  and  all  the 
tribe  perished,  either  from  drought  or  the 
Sarsar  [an  icy  wind). — Sale's  Koran,  i. 

Woe,  woe,  to  Irem  I  Woe  to  Ad  I 
Death  is  gone  up  into  her  palaces  1 
They  fell  around  me.    Thousands  fell  around. 

The  king  and  all  his  people  fell ; 

All,  all,  they  perished  all. 
Southey  :  Thalaba  the  Destroyer,  \.  41,  43  (1797). 

A'dah,  wife  of  Cain.  After  Cain  had 
been  conducted  by  Lucifer  through  the 
realms  of  space,  he  is  restored  to  the  home 
of  his  wife  and  child,  where  all  is  beauty, 


ADAM. 


ADAMS. 


gentleness,  and  love.     Full  of  faith  and 
fervent  in  gratitude,  Adah  loves  her  infant 
with  a  sublime  eternal  affection.      She 
sees  him  sleeping,  and  says  to  Cain- 
How  lovely  he  appears  1    His  little  cheek* 
In  their  pure  incarnation,  vying  with 
The  rose  loaves  strewn  beneath  them. 
And  his  lips,  too. 

How  beautifully  parted  I    No ;  you  shall  not 
Kiss  him ;  at  least  not  now.     He  will  awake  soon— 
His  hour  of  midday  rest  is  nearly  over. 

Byron  :  Cain. 

'.'  According  to  Arabic  tradition,  Adah 
was  buried  at  Aboucais,  a  mountain  in 
Arabia. 

ADAM.  In  Greek  this  word  is  com- 
pounded of  the  four  initial  letters  of  the 
ciudinal  quarters  : 

Arktos,          apKTot      •  north. 

Dusis,           duatt        ,  west. 

Anatole,       ii/aroXi';  .  east. 

Mesembria,  necnjiJi/Spia  south. 

The  Hebrew  word  ADM  forms  the  ana- 
gram of  A[dam],  D[avid],  M[essiah]. 

Ada  fit,  how  made.  God  created  the 
body  of  Adam  oi Salzal,  i.e.  dry,  unbaked 
clay,  and  left  it  forty  nights  without  a 
souL  The  clay  was  collected  by  Azarael 
from  the  four  quarters  of  the  earth,  and 
God,  to  show  His  approval  of  Azarael's 
choice,  constituted  him  the  angel  of 
death.  — Rabada7t. 

Adam,  Eve,  and  the  Serpent.  After 
the  fall  Adam  was  placed  on  mount 
Vassem  in  the  east ;  Eve  was  banished 
to  Djidda  (now  Gedda,  on  the  Arabian 
coast) ;  and  the  Serpent  was  exiled  to  the 
coast  of  Eblehh. 

After  the  lapse  of  loo  years  Adam 
rejoined  Eve  on  mount  Arafaith  [place  of 
retnembrance],  near  Mecca. — D'Ohsson. 

Death  of  Adam.  Adam  died  on  Friday, 
April  7,  at  the  age  of  930  years.  Michael 
swathed  his  body,  and  Gabriel  discharged 
the  funeral  rites.  The  body  was  buried 
at  Ghar'ul-Kenz  \the  grotto  of  treasure], 
which  overlooks  Mecca. 

His  descendants  at  death  amounted  to 
40,000  souls. — D'Ohsson. 

When  Noah  entered  the  ark  (the  same  writer  says) 
he  took  the  body  of  Adam  in  a  coffin  with  him,  and. 
when  he  left  the  ark,  restored  it  to  the  place  he  had 
taken  it  from. 

Adam,  a  bailiff,  a  jailor. 

Not  that  Adam  that  kept  the  paradise,  but  that 
Adam  that  keeps  the  prison. — Shakcspeart :  Coi/udy 
0/ Errors,  act  iv.  sc.  3  (1593). 

Adam,  a  faithful  retainer  in  the  family 
of  sir  Rowland  de  Boys.  At  the  age  of 
four  score,  he  voluntarily  accompanied 
his  young  master  Orlando  into  exile,  and 
offered  to  give  him  his  httle  savings.    He 


lias  given  birth  to  the  phrase,  "A  faithful 
Adam"  [or  man-servant], — Shakespeare: 
As  You  Like  It  {is9^). 
Adam  Bede.  (See  Bede.) 
Adam.  Bell,  a  northern  outlaw,  noted 
for  his  archery.  The  name,  like  those  of 
Clym  of  the  Clough,  William  of  Cloudes- 
ley,  Robin  Hood,  and  Little  John,  is 
synonymous  with  a  good  archer. 

Adam.as  or  Adamant,  the  mineral 
called  corun'dum,  and  sometimes  the 
diamond,  one  of  the  hardest  substances 
known. 

Alhrecht  was  as  firm  as  A.Aamas.Schmidt :  German 
History  (translated). 

Adam.astor,  the  Spirit  of  the  Cape. 
(See Spirit.  . .) — Camoens:  The Lusiad, 
V.  (1569). 

Adam'ida,  a  planet,  on  which  reside 
the  unborn  spirits  of  saints,  martyrs,  and 
behevers.  U'riel,  the  angel  of  the  sun, 
was  ordered  at  the  crucifixion  to  interpose 
this  planet  between  the  sun  and  the  earth, 
so  as  to  produce  a  total  eclipse. 

Adamida,  in  obedience  to  the  divine  command,  flew 
amidst  overwhelming  storms,  rushing  clouds,  falling 
mountains,  and  swelling  seas.  Uriel  stood  on  the  pole 
of  the  star,  but  so  lost  in  deep  contemplation  on 
Golgotha,  that  he  heard  not  the  wild  uproar.  On 
coming  to  the  region  of  the  sun,  Adamida  slackened 
her  course,  and  advancing  before  the  sun,  covered  its 
face  and  intercepted  all  its  tz.y^—Kloi>stock :  The 
Messiah,  viii.  (1771). 

ADAMS  {John),  one  of  the  mutineers 
of  the  ^(/aw^y  (1790),  who  settled  in  Tahiti. 
In  1814  he  was  discovered  as  the  patriarch 
of  a  colony,  brought  up  with  a  high  sense 
of  religion  and  strict  regard  to  morals. 
In  1839  the  colony  was  voluntarily  placed 
under  the  protection  of  the  British  Govern- 
ment. 

Adam.S  {Parson),  tlie  beau-ideal  of  a 
simple-minded,  benevolent,  but  eccentric 
country  clergyman,  of  unswerving  in- 
tegrity, solid  learning,  and  genuine  piety ; 
bold  as  a  lion  in  the  cause  of  truth,  but 
modest  as  a  girl  in  all  personal  matters ; 
wholly  ignorant  of  the  world,  being  "in 
it  but  not  of  it." — Fielding:  Joseph  An- 
drexus  (1742). 

His  learning,  his  simplicity,  his  evangelical  purity  of 
mind,  are  so  admirably  mingled  with  pedantry,  absence 
of  mind,  and  the  habit  of  athletic  .  .  .  exercises  .  .  . 
that  he  may  be  safely  termed  one  of  the  richest  pro- 
ductions of  the  muse  of  fiction.  Like  don  Quixote, 
parson  Adams  is  beaten  a  little  too  much  and  too  often, 
but  the  cudgel  lights  upon  his  slioulders  .  .  .  without 
the  slightest  stain  to  his  reputation.^i>  ly.  Scott. 

'.'  The  Rev.  W.  Young,  editor  of 
"Ainsworth's  Latin  Dictionary,"  is  said 
to  have  been  the  original  of  Fielding's 
"  Parson  Adams." 

Adams   {The  Narrative  of  Robert), 


ADDER. 


ADOLPH.\. 


who  was  wrecked  in  1810  on  the  west 
coast  of  Africa,  and  kept  in  slavery  for 
3  years.  This  * '  marvellous  but  authentic  " 
narrative  was  pubhshed  in  18 16. 

Adder  [Deaf).  It  is  said  in  fable  that 
the  adder,  to  prevent  hearing  the  voice  of 
a  charmer,  lays  one  ear  on  the  ground 
and  sticks  his  tail  into  the  other. 

.  .  .  -when  man  wolde  him  enchante, 
He  leyeth  downe  one  eare  all  flat 
Unto  the  grounde,  and  halt  it  fast ; 
And  eke  that  other  eare  als  faste 
He  stoppeth  with  his  taille  so  sore 
That  he  the  wordes,  lasse  or  more. 
Of  his  echantement  ne  hereth. 
Cower:  De  Confessione  Amantis,  i.  x.  (1482). 

Adder's    Tongue,    that  is,  oph'io- 
glos'sum. 
l-or  them  that  are  with  [by]  newts,  or  snakes,  or  adders 

stung. 
He  seeketh  out  an  herb  that's  callfed  adder's  tongue. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xiii.  {1613). 

Addison  [Joseph),  poet  and  satirist 
(1672-1719),  editor  of  the  Spectator,  and 
author  of  '^Cato,  a  tragedy,  which  preserves 
the  French  Unities.  His  style  has  been 
greatly  lauded,  but  it  is  too  artificial  and 
too  Latinized  to  be  a  model  of  English 
composition. 

Whoever  wishes  to  attain  an  English  style,  familiar 
but  not  coarse,  and  elegant  but  not  ostentatious,  must 
give  his  days  and  nights  to  the  study  of  Addison.— 
Dr.  jfohnsoH. 

'.'  Dr.  Johnson  himself  was  far  too 
artificial  and  Latinized  to  be  an  authority 
on  such  a  matter. 

Never,  not  even  by  Dryden,  not  even  by  Temple, 
had  the  English  language  been  written  with  such 
sweetness,  grace,  and  facility. — Macatclay. 

','  This  certainly  is  not  modern  opinion. 

Addison  of  the  North,  Henry  Mackenzie, 
author  of  The  Man  of  Feeling  {174^-1831). 

The  Spanish  Addison,  Benedict  Jerome 
Feyjoo  {1701-1764). 

Adelaide,  daughter  of  the  count  of 
Narbonne,  in  love  with  Theodore.  She 
is  killed  by  her  father  in  mistake  for 
another. — Robert  Jephson:  Count  of  Nar- 
bonne  (1782). 

Adeline  [Lady),  the  wife  of  lord 
Henry  Amun'deville  (4  syL),  a  highly 
educated  aristocratic  lady,  with  all  the 
virtues  and  weaknesses  of  the  upper  ten. 
After  the  parliamentary  sessions  this 
noble  pair  filled  their  house  with  guests, 
amongst  which  were  the  duchess  of  Fitz- 

Fulke,  the  duke  of  D ,  Aurora  Raby, 

and  don  Juan  "the  Russian  envoy." 
The  tale  not  being  finished,  no  sequel  to 
these  names  is  given.  (For  the  lady's 
character,  see  xiv,  54-56.) — Bryon:  Don 
Juan,  xii.  to  the  end. 

Ad'emar  or  Adema'ro,  archbishop 
of   Poggio,   an  ecclesiastical  warrior  in 


Tusso's  Jerusalem  Delivered.  (See  Dic- 
tionary of  Phrase  and  Fable,  p.  14.) 

Adic'ia,  wife  of  the  soldan,  who  in- 
cites him  to  distress  the  kingdom  of 
Mercilla.  When  Mercilla  sends  her 
ambassador,  Samient,  to  negotiate  peace, 
Adicia,  in  violation  of  international  law, 
thrusts  her  [Samient]  out  of  doors  hke  a 
dog,  and  sets  two  knights  upon  her.  Sir 
Ar'tegal  comes  to  her  rescue,  attacks  the 
two  knights,  and  knocks  one  of  them 
from  his  saddle  with  such  force  that  he 
breaks  his  neck.  After  the  discomfiture 
of  the  soldan,  Adicia  rushes  forth  with  a 
knife  to  stab  Samient,  but,  being  inter- 
cepted by  sir  Artcgal,  is  changed  into  a 
tigress. — Spenier :  Faerie  Queene,  v.  8 
(1596). 

(The  "soldan"  is  king  Philip  IL  of 
Spain;  "Mercilla"  is  queen  Elizabeth; 
"Adicia"  is  Injustice  personified,  or  the 
bigotry  of  popery;  and  "Samient"  the 
ambassadors  of  Holland,  who  went  to 
Philip  for  redress  of  grievances,  and 
were  most  iniquitously  detained  by  him 
as  prisoners. ) 

Ad'icus,  Unrighteousness  personified 
in  canto  vii.  of  The  Purple  Island  (1633), 
by  Phineas  Fletcher.  He  has  eight  sons 
and  daughters,  viz.  Ec'thros  [hatred), 
Eris  {variance)  a  daughter,  Zelos  [emula- 
tion), Thumos  [wrath),  Erith'ius  [strife), 
Dichos'tasis  [sedition).  Envy,  and  Phon'os 

imurdej-) ;  all  fully  described  by  the  poet. 
Greek,  adikos,  "  an  unjust  man.") 

Adie  of  Aikenshaw,  a  neighbour 
of  the  Glendinnings.— 52>  W.  Scott:  The 
Monastery  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Adme'tus,  a  king  of  Thessaly, 
husband  of  Alcestis.  Apollo,  being  con- 
demned by  Jupiter  to  serve  a  mortal  for 
twelve  months  for  slaying  a  Cyclops, 
entered  the  service  of  Admetus.  James 
R.  Lowell,  of  Boston,  U.S.,  has  a  poem 
on  the  subject,  called  The  Shepherd  of 
King  Admetus  (1819-1892), 

Ad'miraljle  [The)-,  (i)  Aben-Esra, 
a  Spanish  rabbin,  born  at  Tole'do  (11 19- 
1174).  {2)  James  Crichton  [Kry-to7i), 
the  Scotchman  {1551-1573).  (3)  Roger 
Bacon,  called  "The  Admirable  Doctor" 
(1214-1292). 

Admiral  Hosier's  Crhost.  (See 
Hosier.) 

Adolf,  bishop  of  Cologne,  was  de- 
voured by  mice  or  rats  in  11 12.  (See 
Hatto.  ) 

Adolplia,  daughter  of  general  Klei- 
ner, governor  of    Pi-ague,    and  wife    of 


ADONA. 


ADRAMEI.ECH. 


Idenstein.  Ilcr  only  fault  was  "excess 
of  too  sweet  nature,  which  ever  made 
another's  grief  her  own." — Knowles:  Maid 
of  Maricndorjit  {1830). 

Ad'ona,  a  seraph,  the  tutelar  spirit 
of  James,  the  "first  martyr  of  the 
twelve." — Klopstock:  The  Messiah,  iii. 
(1748). 

Adon-Ai,  the  spirit  of  love  and  beauty; 
in  lord  Lytton's  Zaiioni  {q.v.). 

Adonais,  an  elegy  by  Percy  Bysshe 
Shelley  on  John  Keats  (1821).  As  he 
was  born  in  1796,  he  was  about  25  at  his 
death.  The  Quarterly  Revicxu  attacked 
his  Endymion,  and  Byron,  who  had  no 
love  for  Reviewers,  says  this  hastened  his 
death. 

John  Keats,  who  was  killed  by  one  critique. 
Just  as  he  really  promised  something  great, 

Ifnot  intelligible  without  Greek, 
Contrived  to  talk  about  the  gods  of  late,  .  .  . 
Poor  fellow,  his  was  an  untoward  fate ; 

*Tis  strange  the  mind,  that  very  fiery  particle. 

Should  let  itself  be  snuffed  out  by  an  article. 

Bryon  :  Don  jfuan. 

*.•  Keats  left  behind  3  vols,  of  poems, 
much  admired. 

A'donbec  el  Kakim,  the  physician, 
a  disguise  assumed  by  Saladin,  who  visits 
sir  Kenneth's  sick  squire,  and  cures  him 
of  a  fever. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  The  Talisman 
(time,  Richard  I. ). 

Ado'nis,  a  beautiful  youth,  beloved 
by  Venus  and  Proser'pina,  who  quarrelled 
about  the  possession  of  him.  Jupiter,  to 
settle  the  dispute,  decided  that  the  boy 
should  spend  six  months  with  Venus  in 
the  upper  world,  and  six  with  Proserpina 
in  the  lower.  Adonis  was  gored  to  death 
by  a  wild  boar  in  a  hunt. 

Shakespeare  has  a  poem  called  Verius 
and  Adonis.  Shelley  calls  his  elegy  on  the 
poet  Keats  Adona'is,  under  the  idea  that 
the  untimely  death  of  Keats  resembled 
that  of  Adonis.  George  IV.  was  called 
by  Hunt  "  The  fat  Adonis  of  50." 

{Adonis  is  an  allegory  of  the  sun,  which 
is  six  months  north  of  the  horizon,  and 
six  months  south.  Thammiiz  is  the  same 
as  Adonis,  and  so  is  Osiris.) 

Ado'nis  Plower,  the  pheasant's  eye 
or  red  maithes,  called  in  French  goute  de 
sang,  and  said  to  have  sprung  from  the 
blood  of  Adonis,  who  was  killed  by  a 
wild  boar. 

O  fleur,  si  chfere  k  Cyth^rde, 
Ta  corolle  fut,  en  naissant, 
Du  sang  d'Adonis  colorde. 

Anonymoui. 

Adonis's  Garden.  It  is  said  that 
Adonis  delighted  in  gardens,  and  had  a 


ningnificcnt  one.  Pliny  says  (xix.  4), 
"  Antiquitas  nihil  prius  mirata  est  quani 
IIe.«;peridum  hortos,  ac  rcgum  Adonidis 
et  Alcinoi." 

An  Adonis'  garden,  a  very  short-lived 
pleasure ;  a  temporary  garden  of  cut 
flowers ;  an  horticultural  or  floricultural 
show.  The  allusion  is  to  the  fennel  and 
lettuce  jars  of  the  ancient  Greeks,  called 
"Adonis' gardens,"  because  these  plants 
were  reared  for  the  annual  festival  of 
Adonis,  and  were  thrown  away  when  the 
festival  was  over. 

How  shall  I  honour  thee  for  this  success? 
Thy  promises  are  like  Adonis'  gardens. 
That  one  day  bloom'd,  and  fruitful  were  the  next. 
Shaiesj>eare ,  i  Henry  VI.  act  L  sc.  6  (1589). 

Ad'oram,  a  seraph,  who  had  charge  of 
James  the  son  of  Alphe'us. — Klopstock: 
The  Messiah,  iii.  (1748). 

Adosinda,  daughter  of  the  Gothic 
governor  of  Auria,  in  Spain.  The  Moors 
having  slaughtered  her  parents,  husband, 
and  child,  preserved  her  alive  for  the 
captain  of  Alcahman's  regiment.  She 
went  to  his  tent  without  the  least  resis- 
tance, but  implored  the  captain  to  give 
her  one  night  to  mourn  the  death  of  those 
so  near  and  dear  to  her.  To  this  he 
complied,  but  during  sleep  she  murdered 
him  with  his  own  scimitar.  Roderick, 
disguised  as  a  monk,  helped  her  to  bury 
the  dead  bodies  of  her  house,  and  then 
she  vowed  to  live  for  only  one  object, 
vengeance.  In  the  great  battle,  when  the 
Moors  were  overthrown,  she  it  was  who 
gave  the  word  of  attack,  "Victory  and 
Vengeance  1  " — Southey :  Roderick ^  etc., 
iii.  {1814). 

Adraan'elecli  [ch=k),  one  of  the  fallen 
angels.  Milton  makes  him  overthrown 
by  U'riel  and  Raphael  [Paradise  Lost,  vi, 
365).  According  to  Scripture,  he  was  one 
of  the  idols  of  Sepharvaim,  and  Shal- 
raane'ser  introduced  his  worship  into 
Samaria.  [The  word  means  ' '  the  mighty 
magnificent  king."] 

The  Sepharvites  burnt  their  children  in  the  fire  to 
Adramelech. — 2  Kings  xviL  31. 

Klopstock  introduces  him  into  The 
Messiah,  and  represents  him  as  surpassing 
Satan  in  malice  and  guile,  ambition  and 
mischief.  He  is  made  to  hate  every  one, 
even  Satan,  of  whose  rank  he  is  jealous ; 
and  whom  he  hoped  to  overthrow,  that  by 
putting  an  end  to  his  servitude  he  might 
become  the  supreme  god  of  all  the  created 
worlds.  At  the  crucifixion  he  and  Satan 
are  both  driven  back  to  hell  by  Obad'don, 
the  angel  of  death. 


ADRASTE. 


iEGEON. 


Adraste'  (s-y/.),  a  French  gentleman, 
who  enveigles  a  Greek  slave  named  Isi- 
dore from  don  Pedre.  His  plan  is  this :  He 
gets  introduced  as  a  portrait-painter,  and 
thus  imparts  to  Isidore  his  love  and 
obtains  her  consent  to  elope  with  him. 
He  then  sends  his  slave  Zaide  (2  syL)  to 
don  P^dre,  to  crave  protection  for  ill 
treatment,  and  P^dre  promises  to  befriend 
her.  At  this  moment  Adraste  appears, 
and  demands  that  Zaide  be  given  up  to 
him  to  punish  as  he  thinks  proper. 
Pedre  intercedes ;  Adraste  seems  to  relent ; 
and  P6dre  calls  for  Zaide.  Out  comes 
Isidore  instead,  with  Zaide's  veil. 
"  There,"  says  Pedre,  "  take  her  and  use 
her  well."  "I  will  do  so,"  says  the 
Frenchman,  and  leads  off  the  Greek 
slave. — Molitre:  Le Sicilien  ou  L Amour 
Peintre  (1667). 

Adrastus,  an  Indian  prince  from 
the  banks  of  the  Ganges,  who  aided  the 
king  of  Egypt  against  the  Crusaders,  He 
wore  a  serpent's  skin,  and  rode  on  an 
elephant.  Adrastus  was  slain  by  Rinaldo, 
— Tasso:  Jemsalem  Delivered,  bk.  xx. 

(Adrastus  of  Helvetia  was  in  Godfrey's 
army. ) 

Adrastus,  king  of  Argos,  the  leader 
of  the  confederate  army  which  besieged 
Thebes  in  order  to  place  Polynlces  on  the 
throne  usurped  by  his  brother  Et66cl6s. 
—Statins:  The  Thebaid. 

The  siege  of  Thebes  occurred  before  the  siege  of 
Troy;  but  StAtius  lived  about  a  century  after  Virgil. 
Virgil  died  B.C.  19 ;  Statius  died  A.D.  96. 

A'dxria,  the  Adriatic. 

Fled  over  Adria  to  the  Hesperian  fields  {Italy\ 
Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  i.  520  (1665). 

Adrian'a,  a  wealthy  Ephesian  lady, 
who  marries  Antiph'olus,  twin-brother  of 
Antipholus  of  Syracuse.  The  abbess 
Emilia  is  her  mother-in-law,  but  she 
knows  it  not  ;  and  one  day  when  she 
accuses  her  husband  of  infidelity,  she 
says  to  the  abbess,  if  he  is  unfaithful  it 
is  not  from  want  of  remonstrance,  "  for 
it  is  the  one  subject  of  our  conversation. 
In  bed  I  will  not  let  him  sleep  for  speak- 
ing of  it ;  at  table  I  will  not  let  him  eat 
for  speaking  of  it ;  when  alone  with  him 
I  talk  of  nothing  else,  and  in  company  I 
give  him  frequent  hints  of  it.  In  a  word, 
all  my  talk  is  how  vile  and  bad  it  is  in 
him  to  love  another  better  than  he  loves 
his  wife"  {act  v,  sc,  \).— Shakespeare : 
Comedy  of  Errors  (1593). 

Adria'no  de  Arma'do  {Don),  a 
pompous,  fantastical  Spaniard,  a  military 
braggart  in  a  state  of  peace,  as  Parolles 


(3  -y'^-)  was  in  war.  Boastful  but  poor, 
a  coiner  of  words  but  very  ignorant, 
solemnly  grave  but  ridiculously  awkward, 
majestical  in  gait  but  of  very  low  pro- 
pensities.— Shakespeare  :  Love's  Labour's 
Lost  (1594). 

(Said  to  be  designed  for  John  Florio, 
surnamed  "  The  Resolute,"  a  philologist. 
Holofernes,  the  pedantic  schoolmaster,  in 
the  same  play,  is  also  meant  in  ridicule  of 
the  same  lexicographer.) 

Adriat'ic  wedded  to  the  Doge.  The 
ceremony  of  wedding  the  Adriatic  to  the 
doge  of  Venice  was  instituted  in  1174  by 
pope  Alexander  III.,  who  gave  the  doge  a 
gold  ring  from  his  own  finger  in  token 
of  the  victory  achieved  by  the  Venetian 
fleet  at  Istria  over  Frederick  Barbarossa, 
The  pope,  in  giving  the  ring,  desired  the 
doge  to  throw  a  similar  one  into  the  sea 
every  year  on  Ascension  Day  in  comme- 
moration of  this  event.  The  doge's 
brigantine  was  called  Bucentaur. 

You  may  remember,  scarce  five  years  are  past 
Since  in  your  brigantine  you  sailed  to  see 
The  Adriatic  wedded  to  our  duke. 

Otway  :  Venice  Preserved,  I.  i  (1682). 

Ad'riel,  in  Dryden's  Absalom  and 
Achifophel,  the  earl  of  Mulgrave,  a 
royalist. 

Sharp-judging  Adriel,  the  Muses'  friend; 
Himself  a  muse.    In  sanhedrim's  debate 
True  to  his  prince,  but  not  a  slave  to  state ; 
Whom  David's  love  with  honours  did  adorn. 
That  from  his  disobedient  son  were  torn. 

Part  i.  838,  etc 

(John  Sheffield,  earl  of  Mulgrave  (1649- 
172 1),  wrote  an  Essay  on  Poetry.) 

Adventures  of  Philip,   "  on   his 

way  through  the  world,  showing  who 
robbed  him,  who  helped  him,  and  who 
passed  him  by,"  A  novel  by  Thackeray 
(i860).  Probably  suggested  by  Lesage's 
Gil  Bias. 

.S'acas,  king  of  CEno'pia,  a  man  of 
such  integrity  and  piety,  that  he  was 
made  at  death  one  of  the  three  judges  of 
hell.  The  other  two  were  Minos  and 
Rhadaman'thus.  \ 

JEg'e'on,  a  huge  monster  with  100 
anns  and  50  heads,  who  with  his  brothers, 
Cottus  and  Gyges,  conquered  the  Titans 
by  hurling  at  them  300  rocks  at  once. 
Homer  says  men  call  him  "  .^ge'on,"  but 
by  the  gods  he  is  called  Bri'areus  (3  syl. ). 

(Milton  accents  the  word  on  the  first 
syllable,  and  so  does  Fairfax  in  his 
translation  of  Tasso. — See  Paradise  Lost, 
i.  746,) 

Where  on  the  >Cgean  shore  a  city  stands. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Regained,  iv.  23^ 


^GEON. 


^XEID. 


(And  again  in  Paradise  Lost,  bk.  i. 
746.) 

O  er  iCgcon  sens  througli  many  a  Greekish  hold. 
I'air/ax:  Tasso,  canto  i,  stanza  60. 

N.B. — Undoubtedly  theword  is^geon. 
Some  insist  on  calling  Virgil's  epic  the 
^'■E'neid. 

JEge'on,  a  merchant  of  Syracuse,  in 
Shakespeare's  Comedy  0/  Errors  (1593). 

JBg^i'na,  a  rocky  island  in  the  Saronic 
gulf.  It  was  near  this  island  that  the 
Athenians  won  the  famous  naval  battle  of 
Sal'amis  over  the  fleet  of  Xerxes,  B.C. 
480.  The  Athenian  prows  were  decorated 
with  a  figure-head  of  Athe'nfi  or  Minerva. 

And  of  old 
Rejoiced  the  virgin  from  the  brazen  prow 
Of  Athens  o'er  /Hgina's  gloomy  surge 
.  .  .  o'erwhelraiiig  all  the  Persian  promised  glory. 
Akenside :  Hymn  to  ihi  Naiads. 

■ZEgyptian  Thief  ( The),  who  "  at 
the  point  of  death  killed  what  he  loved." 
This  was  Thyimis  of  Memphis,  captain 
of  a  band  of  robbers.  He  fell  in  love 
with  Chariclea,  a  captive  ;  but,  being 
surprised  by  a  stronger  band,  and  de- 
spairing of  life,  he  slew  her,  that  she  might 
be  his  companion  in  the  world  of  shadows. 
— Heliodorus  :  Ethiopics. 

( Referred  to  by  Shakespeare  in  Twelfth 
Night,  act  V,  sc.  i.) 

2:'lia  Lee'lia  [Crispis],  an  inex- 
plicable riddle,  so  called  from  an  in- 
scription in  Latin,  preserved  in  Bologna, 
which  may  be  rendered  thus  into  English  : 

/ELIA  L^LIA  CRISPIS. 
Neither  nian,  nor  woman,  nor  androgyne ; 


Neither  girl,  nor  boy,  nor  eld ; 
Neither  harlot  nor  virgin ; 
But  all  [of  these]. 

Carried  off  neither  by  hunger,  nor  sword,  nor  poison ; 

But  by  all  [of  them]. 
Neither  in  heaven,  nor  in  the  water,  nor  in  the  earlh ; 

But  biding  everywhere. 

t  LUCIUS  AGATHO  PRISCUS. 

Neither  the  husband,  nor  lover,  nor  friend  ; 
Neither  grieving,  nor  rejoicing,  nor  weeping ; 
But  [doing]  all  [these]— 

This— neither  a  pile,  nor  a  pyramid,  nor  a  sepulchre 
That  is  built,  he  knows  and  knows  not  [which  it  is]. 

It  is  a  sepulchre  containing  no  corpse  within  it ; 

It  is  a  corpse  with  iio  sepulchre  containing  it ; 

But  the  corpse  and  the  sepulchre  are  one  and  the 
same. 

It  7vould  scarcely  ^uide  a  man  to  the  solution  of  the 
*'Ailia  Lalia  Crispis."— J.  VK  Draper. 

iEmelia,  a  lady  of  high  degree,  in  love 
with  Am'ias,  a  squire  of  inferior  rank. 
Going  to  meet  her  lover  at  a  trysting- 
place,  she  was  caught  up  by  a  hideous 
monster,  and  ihrust  into  his  den  for  future 
food.  Belphoebe  (3  syl.)  slew  "  thecaiiiff" 
and    released    the    maid    (canto    vii.). 


Prince  Arthur,  having  slain  Corflambo, 
released  Amias  from  the  durance  of 
Pjca'na,  Corflambo's  daughter,  and 
brought  the  lovers  together  "in  peace 
and  settled  rest"  (canto  ix.). — Spenser: 
Faerie  Queene,  iv.  (1596). 

JESmil'ia,  wife  of  .^ge'on  the  Syra- 
cusian  merchant,  and  mother  of  the  twins 
called  Antiph'olus.  When  the  boys  were 
shipwrecked,  slie  was  parted  from  them 
and  taken  to  Ephesus.  Here  she  entered 
a  convent,  and  rose  to  be  the  abbess. 
Without  her  knowing  it,  one  of  her  twins 
also  settled  in  Ephesus,  and  rose  to  be 
one  of  its  greatest  and  richest  citizens. 
The  other  son  and  her  husband  ^geon 
both  set  foot  in  Ephesus  the  same  day 
without  the  knowledge  of  eacli  other,  and 
all  met  together  in  the  duke's  court,  when 
the  story  of  their  lives  was  told,  and  they 
became  again  united  to  each  other, — 
Shakespeare  :  Comedy  of  Errors  (1593). 

2Snxon'ian  Arts,  magic,  so  called 
from  ^mou'ia  ( Thessaly),  noted  for  magic. 

iEmoniau  ( The).  Jason  was  so  called 
because  his  father  was  king  of  .^monia. 

2Elne'as,  a  Trojan  prince,  the  hero  of 
Virgil's  epic  called  Aineid.  He  was  the 
son  of  Anchi'ses  and  Venus.  His  first 
wife  was  Creu'sa  (3  syl. ),  by  whom  he  had 
a  son  named  Asca'nius  ;  his  second  wife 
was  Lavinia,  daughter  of  Latinus  king  of 
Italy,  by  v/hom  he  had  a  posthumous  son 
called  .^ne'as  Sylvius.  He  succeeded  his 
father-in-law  in  the  kingdom,  and  the 
Romans  called  him  their  founder. 

(According  to  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth, 
"  Brutus,"  the  first  king  of  Britain  (from 
whom  the  island  was  called  Britain),  was 
a  descendant  of  ^neas.  Of  course  this 
is  mere  fable.) 

^neas,  loandering  prince  of  Troy,  a 
ballad  in  Percy's  Reliques  (bk.  ii.  22). 
The  tale  differs  from  that  of 'Virgil  in 
some  points.  .(Eneas  remained  in  Car- 
thage one  day,  and  then  departed.  Dido 
slev/  herself  "  with  bloody  knife."  .^neas 
reached  "an  ile  of  Greece,  where  he 
stayed  a  long  time,"  when  Dido's  ghost 
appeared  to  liim,  and  reproved  him  for 
perfidy ;  whereupon  a  ' '  multitude  of 
uglye  fiends  "  carried  him  off,  "and  no 
man  knew  his  dying  day." 

',•  Virgil  says  that  Dido  destroyed 
herself  on  a  funeral  pile. 

iEne'id,  the  epic  poem  of  Virgil,  in 
twelve  books.  When  Troy  was  taken  by 
the  Greeks  and  set  on  fire,  ..Ene'as  with  his 
father,  son,  and  wife,  took  flight,  with  the 


iEOLUS 


AFRICAN  MAGICIAN. 


Intention  of  going  to  Italy,  the  original 
birthplace  of  the  family.  'The  wife  was 
lost,  and  the  old  father  died  on  the  way  ; 
but  after  numerous  perils  by  sea  and  land, 
--Eneas  and  his  son  Asca'nius  reached 
Italy.  Here  Latinus,  the  reigning  king, 
received  the  exiles  hospitably,  and  pro- 
mised his  daughter  Lavin'ia  in  marriage 
to  ^neas ;  but  she  had  been  already 
betrothed  by  her  mother  to  prince  Turnus, 
son  of  Daunus,  king  of  the  Ru'tuli,  and 
Turnus  would  not  forego  his  claim. 
I^tinus,  in  this  dilemma,  said  the  rivals 
must  settle  the  dispute  by  an  appealto 
arms.  Turnus  being  slain,  ^neas  married 
Lavinia,  and  ere  long  succeeded  his 
father-in-law  on  the  throne. 

Book  I.  The  escape  from  Troy  ;  ^neas 
and  his  son,  driven  by  a  tempest  on  the 
shores  of  Carthage,  are  hospitably  enter- 
tained by  queen  Dido. 

II.  .^neas  tells  Dido  the  tale  of  the 
wooden  horse,  the  burning  of  Troy,  and 
his  flight  with  his  father,  wife,  and  son. 
The  wife  was  lost  and  died. 

III.  The  narrative  continued ;  he  re- 
counts the  perils  he  met  with  on  his  way, 
and  the  death  of  his  father. 

IV.  Dido  falls  in  love  with  ^neas ; 
but  he  steals  away  from  Carthage,  and 
Dido,  on  a  funeral  pyre,  puts  an  end  to 
her  life. 

V.  ^neas  reaches  Sicily,  and  witnesses 
there  the  annual  games.  This  book  cor- 
responds to  the  Iliad,  xxiii. 

VI.  ^Encas  visits  the  infernal  regions. 
This  book  corresponds  to  Odyssey,  xi. 

VII.  Latinus  king  of  Italy  entertains 
/Eneas,  and  promises  to  him  Lavin'ia  (his 
daughter)  in  marriage  ;  but  prince  Turnus 
had  been  already  betrothed  to  her  by  the 
mother,  and  raises  an  army  to  resist 
^neas. 

VIII.  Preparations  on  both  sides  for  a 
general  war. 

IX.  Turnus,  during  the  absence  of 
.(Eneas,  fires  the  ships  and  assaults  the 
camp.  The  episode  of  Nisus  and  Eury'- 
alus.     (See  Nisus. ) 

X.  The  war  between  Turnus  and 
/Eneas.  Episode  of  Mezentius  and  Lau- 
sus.     (See  Lausus.) 

XI.  The  battle  continued. 

XII.  Turnus  challenges  ^Eneas  to 
single  combat,  and  is  killed. 

N.B.— I.  The  story  of  Simon  and  talcing  of  Troy  Is 
borrowed  from   Pisandcr,  as  Macrobius  informs  us. 

2.  The  loves  of  Dido  and  >Eno.is  are  copied  from 
hose  of  Medea  and  Jason,  in  ApoUonius. 

3.  The  story  of  tlic  wooden  liorse  and  the  burning 
of  Troy  are  from  Arcti'nus  of  Miletus. 

2i'olus,  god  of  the  winds,  which  he 


kept  imprisoned  in  a  cave  in  the  ./Eolian 
Islands,  and  let  free  as  he  wished  or  as 
the  over-gods  commanded. 

Was  I  for  this  nigh  wrecked  upon  the  sea, 
And  twice  by  awkward  wind  from  linjjland's  bank 
Drove  back  again  unto  my  native  clime  ?  .  .  . 
Yet  ^olus  would  not  be  a  murderer. 
But  left  that  hateful  office  unto  thee. 

Shakespeare :  2  Henry  Vl.  act  v.  sc.  2  (1591). 

.2Escula'pius,  in  Greek  Askle'pios, 

the  god  of  healing. 

What  says  my  yEsculapius?  my  Galen?  .  .  ,  Ilal  is  he 

dead? 
Shakespeare  ;  Merty  IVives  of  pyiitdsar,  act  ii.  sc.  3 

(1601). 

JE'son,  the  father  of  Jason.  He  was 
restored  to  youth  by  Medea,  who  infused 
into  his  veins  the  juice  of  certain  herbs. 

In  such  a  night, 
Medea  gather'd  the  enchanted  herbs 
That  did  renew  old  /Eson. 
Shakespeare  :  Merchant  oy  Venice,  act  v.  sc.  i  (before 

1598). 

iEsop,  fabulist.  His  fables  in  Greek 
prose  are  said  to  have  been  written  about 
B.C.  570.  .^sop  was  a  slave,  and,  as  he 
was  hump-backed,  a  hump-backed  man 
is  called  "an  .<Esop ;  "  hence  the  young 
son  of  Henry  VI.  calls  his  uncle  Richard 
of  Gloucester  ".^sop." — 3  Henry  VI. 
act  V.  sc.  5. 

•.•  ^sop's  fables  were  first  translated  into  English 
by  Caxtou  in  1484;  they  were  paraphrased  by  Jol\n 
Ogilby  in  1665,  and  since  then  by  many  others.  (See 
L<rwndes  :  Biographer's  Manual.) 

y^sop  of  Arabia  (The),  Lokman  ;  and 
Nassen  (fifth  century). 

^sa/>  of  England  [The),  John  Gay 
(1688-1732). 

^sop  of  France  [The),  Jean  de  la 
Fontaine  (1621-1695). 

ALsop  of  Germany  ( The),  Gotthold 
Ephraim  Lessing  (1729-1781). 

^sop  of  India  (  The),  Bidpay  or  Pilpay 
(third  century  B.C.). 

Afer,  the  south-west  wind.  Notus  is 
the  full-south  wind. 

Notus  and  Afer  black  %vith  thund'rous  clouds. 

Milton :  Paradise  Lost,  x.  702  (i66sl. 

African  Ma.g'ician  [The)  pretended 
to  Aladdin  to  be  his  uncle,  and  sent  the 
lad  to  fetch  the  "  wonderful  lamp"  from 
an  underground  cavern.  As  Aladdin 
refused  to  hand  the  lamp  to  the  magician, 
he  shut  the  lad  in  the  cavern,  and  left 
him  there.  Aladdin  contrived  to  get  out 
of  the  cavern  by  virtue  of  a  magic  ring, 
and,  learning  the  secret  of  the  lamp, 
became  immensely  rich,  built  a  superb 
palace,  and  married  the  sultan's.daughter. 
Several  years  after,  the  African  resolved 
to  make  himself  master  of  the  lamp,  and 
accordingly  walked  up  and  down  before 
the    palace,    crying  incessantly,    "Who 


AFRIT. 


X3 


AGATliCCLES. 


will  change  old  lamps  for  new  ?  "  Aladdin 
being  on  a  hunting  excursion,  his  wife 
sent  a  eunuch  to  exchange  the  "  wonder- 
ful lamp  "  for  a  new  one  ;  and  forthwith 
the  magician  commanded  "  the  slaves  of 
the  lamp  "  to  transport  the  palace  and  all 
it  contained  into  Africa.  Aladdin  caused 
him  to  be  poisoned  in  a  draught  of 
w'mQ.—Arabiajt  Nights  ("Aladdin,  or 
The  Wonderful  Lamp  "). 

Afrit  or  Afreet,  a  kind  of  Medusa 
or  Lamia,  the  most  terrible  and  cruel  of 
all  the  orders  of  the  deevs. — Herbclot, 
66. 

l-rora  the  hundred  chimneys  of  the  villafre, 

I,ike  the  Afreet  in  tlie  Arabian  story  [aiCrodiict.  Tale\ 

ijmoky  columns  tower  aloft  into  the  air  of  amber. 

Lons/eUow  ;  The  CoUUn  Mikstou. 

Agagf,  in  Dryden's  satire  of  Absalom 
and  Achit'ophel,  is  sir  Edmondbury 
Godfrey,  the  magistrate,  who  was  found 
murdered  in  a  ditch  near  Primrose  Ilill. 
Titus  Gates,  in  the  same  satu-e,  is  called 
"Corah." 

Corah  might  for  Agag's  murder  call. 

In  terms  as  coarse  as  Saiuucl  used  to  Saul. 

Part  i.  677-78. 

Agamemnon,  king  of  the  Argives 
and  commander-in-chief  of  the  allied 
Greeks  in  the  siege  of  Troy.  Introduced 
by  Shakespeare  in  his  Troilus  and  Cres'- 
sida. 

James  Thomson,  in  r738,  produced  a  tragedy  so 
called ;  but  it  met  witii  uu  success. 

Vixere  ante  Agamem' nona  fortes, 
* '  There  were  brave  men  before  Agamem- 
non ; "  we  are  not  to  suppose  that  there 
were  no  great  and  good  men  in  former 
times.  A  similar  proverb  is  :  "  There 
are  hills  beyond  Pentland,  and  fields 
beyond  Forth." 

Agandecca,  daughter  of  Starno  king 
of  Lochlin  [Scandinavia],  promised  in 
marriage  to  Fingal  king  of  Morven  \north- 
-iucst  of  Scotland].  The  maid  told  Fingal 
to  beware  of  her  father,  who  had  set  an 
ambush  to  kill  him.  Fingal,  being  thus 
forewarned,  slew  the  men  in  ambush  ;  and 
Starno,  in  rage,  murdered  his  daughter, 
who  was  buried  by  Fingal  in  Ardven 
[Argyle]. 

The  daughter  of  the  snow  overheard,  and  left  the  hall 
of  her  secret  sigh.  She  came  in  all  her  beauty,  like  the 
moon  from  the  cloud  of  the  east.  Lovelinoss  was 
around  her  as  light.  Her  step  was  like  the  music  of 
songs.  She  saw  the  youth  and  loved  hun.  He  was 
tlie  stolen  sigh  of  her  soul.  Her  blue  eyes  rolled  in 
secret  on  him,  and  she  blessed  the  chief  of  Morven.— 
Oisian :  Fi7is;al,  iiu 

Aganip'pe  {4  syl.),  Fountain  of  the 
Muses,  at  the  foot  of  mount  Hel'icon,  in 
Boeo'tia 


I'rom  Helicon's  harmonious  springs 

A  thousand  rills  their  mazy  progress  take. 

Gray:  Prci^reu  <(/ Poetry. 

Ag'ape  (3  syl.)  the  fay.  She  had  three 
sons  at  a  birth,  Priamond,  Diamond,  and 
Triamond.  Being  anxious  to  know  the 
future  lot  of  her  sons,  she  went  to  the 
abyss  of  Demogorgon,  to  consult  the 
"Three  Fatal  Sisters."  Clotho  showed 
her  the  threads,  which  "were  thin  as 
those  spun  by  a  spider."  She  begged  the 
]•  ates  to  lengthen  the  life-threads,  but  they 
said  this  could  not  be ;  they  consented, 
however,  to  this  arrangement — 

When  ye  shred  with  fatal  knife 
His  line  which  is  the  shortest  of  the  three, 
liflsoon  his  life  may  pass  into  the  next ; 
And  when  the  next  shall  likewise  ended  be. 
That  botlt  their  lives  may  Ukewise  be  annext 
Unto  the  third,  that  his  may  be  so  trebly  wext. 
Speiiser  ;  Falrie  Quecne,  iv.  a  (1590J. 

Agapi'da  [Fray  Antonio),  the  ima- 
ginary chronicler  of  'J he  Conquest  of 
(Jrana'da,  written  by  Washington  Irving 
(1829). 

Ag'aric,  a  genus  of  fungi,  some  of 
which  are  very  nauseous  and  disgusting. 

That  smells  as  foul-fleshed  agaric  in  the  holt  [/orest}. 
Tennyson  :  Careih  and  Lynetit. 

Agfast'ya  (3  syl.),  a  dwarf  who  drank 
the  sea  dry.  As  he  was  walking  one  day 
with  Vishnoo,  the  insolent  ocean  asked 
the  god  who  the  pigmy  was  that  strutted 
by  his  side.  Vishnoo  replied  it  was  the 
patriarch  Agastya,  who  was  going  to 
restore  earth  to  its  true  balance.  Ocean, 
in  contempt,  spat  its  spray  in  the  pigmy's 
face,  and  the  sage,  in  revenge  of  this 
affront,  drank  the  waters  of  the  ocean, 
leaving  the  bed  quite  dry. — Maurice. 

Ag'ath.a,  daughter  of  Cuno,  and  the 
betrothed  of  Max,  in  Weber's  opera  of 
Dcr  Freisch  iitz.  (See  Diciicn  ary  of  Phrase 
and  Fable,  p.  21.) 

Agfath'ocles  (4  syl.),  tyrant  of  Sicily, 
lie  was  the  son  of  a  potter,  and  raised 
himself  from  the  ranks  to  become  general 
of  the  army.  He  reduced  all  Sicily  under 
his  power.  When  he  attacked  the  Car- 
thaginians, he  burnt  his  ships,  that  his 
soldiers  might  feel  assured  they  must 
either  conquer  or  die.  Agathocles  died 
of  poison  administered  by  his  grandson 
(B.C.  361-289). 

(Voltaire  has  a  tragedy  called  Agathocle, 
and  Carohne  Pichler  has  an  excellent 
German  novel  entitled  Agathocles.) 

H  Julian,  the  Roman  emperor  (361-363), 
when  he  crossed  the  Tigris,  in  his  war 
against  the  Persians,  burnt  his  ships; 
but,  after  many  victories,  was  mortally 
wounded  and  died. 


AGATHON. 


AGNES, 


A^athon,  the  hero  and  title  of  a 
philosophic  romance  by  C.  M.  Wieland 
(1733-18 13).  This  is  considered  the  best 
of  his  novels,  though  some  prefer  his  Don 
Sylvio  de  Rosalva. 

Agatlios,  a  volume  of  allegorical 
stories  by  Samuel  Wilberforce,  bishop  of 
Winchester,  published  in  1840. 

Agdistes  (3  syl),  the  mystagog  of 
the  Acrasian  bower,  or  the  evil  genius 
loci.  Spenser  sa3's  the  ancients  call 
"Self"  the  Agdistes  of  man;  and  the 
Socratic  "  daemon  "  was  his  Agdistes. 

They  in  that  place  him  "  Genius  "  did  call ; 
Not  that  celestial  power  .  .  .  sagfe  Antiquity 
Did  wisely  make,  aads-ood  Agdistes  call ; 
But  this  .  .  .  was  .  .  .  the  foe  of  life. 

S/enser:  Faerie  Qneene,  ii.  12  (1590). 

Agfdis'tis,  a  genius  of  human  form, 
uniting  the  two  sexes,  and  born  of  the 
stone  Agdus  [q.v.).  This  tradition  has 
been  preserved  by  Pausanias. 

Agdus,  a  stone  of  enormous  size, 
parts  of  which  were  taken  by  Deucalion 
and  Pyrrha  to  throw  over  their  heads,  in 
order  to  repeople  the  world  desolated  by 
the  Flood. — Arnohius. 

Aged  [Thi),  so  Wemmick's  father  is 
called.  He  lived  in  "  the  castle  at  Wal- 
worth." Wemmick  at  "the  castle"  and 
Wemmick  in  business  are  two  "  different 
beings." 

Wemmick's  house  was  a  little  wooden  cottagfe,  in  the 
midst  of  plots  of  garden,  and  the  top  of  it  was  cut  out 
and  painted  like  a  battery  mounted  with  guns.  ...  It 
was  the  smallest  of  houses,  with  queer  Gothic  windows 
(by  far  the  greater  part  of  them  sham),  and  a  Gothic 
door,  almost  too  small  to  get  in  at.  .  .  .  On  Sundays  he 
ran  up  a  real  flag.  .  .  .  The  bridge  was  a  plank,  and  it 
crossed  a  chasm  about  four  feet  wide  and  two  deep. 
...  At  nine  o'clock  every  night  "  the  gun  fired,  the 
gun  being  mounted  in  a  separate  fortress  made  of 
lattice-work.  It  was  protected  from  the  weather  by  a 
tarpaulin  .  .  .  mcCox^Wa.— Dickens  :  Gi  eat  Expectations, 
XXV.  (1860). 

Ag'elastes  {Michael),  the  cynic  philo- 
sopher.— Sir  W.  Scott:  Count  Robert  of 
Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Ages.  The  Age  of  the  Bishops,  accord- 
ing to  Hallam,  was  the  ninth  century. 

The  Age  of  the  Popes,  according  to 
Hallam,  was  the  twelfth  century. 

Varo  recognizes  Three  Ages :  ist.  From 
the  beginning  of  man  to  the  great  Flood 
(the  period  wholly  unknown).  2nd.  From 
the  Flood  to  the  first  Olympiad  (the  mythi- 
cal period).  3rd.  From  the  first  Olympiad 
to  the  present  time  (the  historical  period). 
—  Varo:  Fragments,  219  (edit.  Scaliger). 

Agesila'us  (5  syl).  Plutarch  tells 
us  that  Agesilaus  king  of  Sparta  was 
one  day  discovered  riding  cock-horse  on 
a  long  stick,  to  please  and  amuse  his 
children. 


•f  A  very  similar  tale  is  told  of  George 
HI.  When  the  footman  announced  the 
name  of  the  caller,  George  III.  inquired 
if  the  stranger  was  a  father,  and  being 
answered  in  the  affirmative,  replied, 
"  Then  let  him  be  admitted." 

A'gib  [King),  "  Tlie  Third  Calender  " 
[Ai-abian  Nights'  Entertainments).  He 
was  wrecked  on  the  loadstone  mountain, 
which  drew  all  the  nails  and  iron  bolts 
from  his  ship ;  but  he  overthrew  the 
bronze  statue  on  the  mountain-top,  which 
was  the  cause  of  the  mischief.  Agib 
visited  the  ten  young  men,  each  of  whom 
had  lost  his  right  eye,  and  was  carried 
by  a  roc  to  the  palace  of  the  forty  prin- 
cesses, with  whom  he  tarried  a  year.  The 
princesses  were  then  obliged  to  leave  for 
forty  days,  but  entrusted  him  with  the 
keys  of  the  palace,  with  free  permission 
to  enter  every  room  but  one.  On  the 
fortieth  day  curiosity  induced  him  to  open 
this  room,  where  he  saw  a  horse,  which 
he  mounted,  and  was  carried  through  the 
air  to  Bagdad.  The  horse  then  deposited 
him,  and  knocked  out  his  right  eye  with 
a  whisk  of  its  tail,  as  it  had  done  the  ten 
"  young  men  "  above  referred  to. 

Agixiconrt  {The  Battle  of),  a  poem 
by  Michael  Drayton  (1627).  The  metre 
is  like  that  of  Byron's  Don  Juan. 

Si.'Si\,r^\,ox  [The  Irish),  Daniel  O'Con- 

nell  ( 1 775-1 847). 

Agned  Catliregonioxi,  the  scene  of 
one  of  the  twelve  battles  of  king  Arthur. 
The  old  name  of  Edinburgh  was  Agned. 

Ebraucus,  a  man  of  great  stature  and  wonderful 
strength,  took  upon  hira  the  government  of  Britain, 
wliicbi  he  held  forty  years.  .  .  .  He  built  the  city  of 
Ali.-lud  [?  Dumbarton']  and  the  town  of  Mount  Agned, 
called  at  this  time  the  "  Castle  of  Maidens,"  or  the 
"Mountain  of  Sorrow."— G^^^-o-;  British  History, 
ix.  7. 

Agnei'a  (3  syl.),  wifely  chastity,  sister 
of  Parthen'ia  or  maiden  chastity.  Agneia 
is  the  spouse  of  Encra'tes  or  temperance. 
Fully  described  in  canto  x.  of  The  Purple 
Island,  by  Phineas  Fletcher  (1633). 
(Greek,  agneia,  "chastity.") 

AG'NES,  daughter  of  Mr.  Wickfield 
the  solicitor,  and  David  Copperfield's 
second  wife  (after  the  death  of  Dora,  "  his 
child-wife").  Agnes  is  a  very  pure,  self- 
sacrificing  girl,  accomplished  yet  domes- 
tic.— Dickens  :  David  Copperfeld  (1849), 

Ii.g;TX&^,mMoV].GVQ  sL' Ecole des Femmes, 
the  girl  on  whom  Arnolphe  tries  his  pet 
experiment  of  education,  so  as  to  turn 
out  for  himself  a  "  model  wife."  She  was 
brought  up  in  a  country  convent,  where 


AGNES. 

she  was  kept  in  entire  ignorance  of  the 
difterenco  of  sex,  conventional  proprieties, 
the  difference  between  the  love  of  men 
and  women,  and  that  of  girls  for  girls, 
the  mysteries  of  marriage,  and  so  on. 
When  grown  to  womanhood  she  quits 
the  convent,  and  standing  one  evening 
on  a  balcony,  a  young  man  passes  and 
takes  off  his  hat  to  her,  she  returns  the 
salute ;  he  bows  a  second  and  third  time, 
she  does  the  same  ;  he  passes  and  re- 
passes several  times,  bowing  each  time, 
and  she  does  as  she  has  been  taught  to 
do  by  acknowledging  the  salute.  Of 
course,  the  young  man  [Horace)  becomes 
her  lover,  whom  she  marries,  and  M. 
Arnolphe  loses  his  "model  wife."     (See 

PiNCHWIFE.) 

Elle fait  r Agnh.  She  pretends  to  be 
wholly  unsophisticated  and  verdantly 
ingenuous. — French  Proverb  (from  the 
• '  Agnes  "  of  Moli6re,  L'Ecole  des  Femmes, 
1662). 

Agpties  [Black),  the  palfry  of  Mary 
queen  of  Scots,  the  gift  of  her  brother 
^loray,  and  so  called  from  the  noted 
countess  of  March,  who  was  countess  of 
Moray  (Murray^  in  her  own  right. 

Black  Agnes  (countess  of  March).  (See 
Black  Agnes.) 

Agues  (5A),  ayoung  virgin  of  Palermo, 
who  at  the  age  of  13  was  martyred 
at  Rome  during  the  Diocletian  persecu- 
tion of  A.D.  304.  Prudence  (Aurelius 
Prudentius  Clemens),  a  Latin  Christian 
poet  of  the  fourth  century,  has  a  poem  on 
the  subject.  Tintoret  and  Domenichi'no 
have  both  made  her  the  subject  of  a 
painting. — The  Martyrdom  of  St.  Agnes. 

St.  Agnes  and  the  Devil.  St.  Agnes, 
having  escaped  from  the  prison  at  Rome, 
took  shipping  and  landed  at  St.  Piran 
Arwothall.  The  devil  dogged  her,  but 
she  rebuked  him,  and  the  large  moor- 
stones  between  St.  Piran  and  St.  Agnes, 
in  Cornwall,  mark  the  places  where  the 
devils  were  turned  into  stone  by  the  looks 
of  the  indignant  saint.-— Folw/iele :  His- 
tory of  Cornwall. 

Ag'nes'  Eve  [St.\  a  poem  by  Keats 
(1796-1821).  The  story  is  as  follows  :  On 
St.  Agnes'  Eve,  maidens,  under  certain 
conditions,  dream  of  their  sweethearts. 
Magdeline,  a  baron's  daughter,  was  in 
love  with  Porphyro,  but  a  deadly  feud 
existed  between  Porphyro  and  the  baron . 
On  St.  Agnes'  Eve  the  young  knight  went 
to  the  castle,  and  persuaded  the  door- 
keeper (an  old  crone)  to  conceal  him  in 
Agnes'  chamber.      Presently  the  young 


IS  AGRIPYNA. 

lady  went  to  bed  and  fell  asleep;  when 
Porphyro,  after  gazing  on  her,  played 
softly  a  ditty,  at  which  she  woke.  He 
tlien  induced  her  to  leave  the  castle  and 
elope  with  him,  and  long  ago  "those 
lovers  fled  away  into  the  storm." 

Agframan'te  (4  syl. )  or  Ag'ramant, 
king  of  the  Moors,  in  Orlando  Innamo- 
rato,  by  Bojardo,  and  Orlando  Furioso, 
by  Ariosto.  He  was  son  of  Troyano  ;  and 
crossed  over  to  ravage  Gallia,  and  revenge 
his  father's  derah  on  Charlemagne.  He 
was  slain  by  Orlando. 

Agrawain  [Sir)  or  Sir  Agravain, 

surnamed  "The  Desirous"  and  also 
"The  Haughty."  He  was  son  of  Lot 
(king  of  Orkney)  and  Margawse  half- 
sister  of  king  Arthur.  His  brothers  were 
sir  Gaw'ain,  sir  Ga'heris,  and  sir  Gareth. 
Mordred  was  his  half-brother,  being  the 
son  of  king  Arthur  and  Margawse.  Sir 
Agravain  and  sir  Mordred  hated  sir 
Launcelot,  and  told  the  king  he  was  too 
familiar  with  the  queen  ;  so  they  asked 
the  king  to  spend  the  day  in  hunting,  and 
kept  watch.  The  queen  sent  for  sir 
Launcelot  to  her  private  chamber,  and  sir 
Agravain,  sir  Mordred,  and  twelve  others 
assailed  the  door,  but  sir  Launcelot  slew 
them  all  except  sir  Mordred,  who  escaped. 
— Sir  T.  Malory :  History  of  Prinu 
Arthur,  iii.  142-145  (1470). 

Agricaltes,  king  of  Amonia.— 
Ariosto :  Orlando  Fxirioso. 

Agfrica'ne  (4  syl. ),  king  of  Tartary,  in 
the  Orlando  Innamorato,  of  Bojardo,  was 
the  father  of  Mandricardo.  He  besieges 
Angelica  in  the  castle  of  Albracca,  and  is 
slain  in  single  combat  by  Orlando.  He 
brought  into  the  field  2,200,000  men. 

Such  forces  met  not,  nor  so  wide  a  camp, 
When  Agrican,  with  all  his  northera  powers. 
Besieged  Albracca. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Regained,  iii.  (1671). 

Ag'rios,  Lumpishness  personified;  a 
"sullen  swain,  all  mirth  that  in  himself 
and  others  hated  ;  dull,  dead,  and  leaden." 
Described  in  canto  viii.  of  The  Purple 
Island,  by  Phineas  Fletcher  (1635). 
(Greek,  agrlos,  "a  savage.") 

Agfrippi'na  was  granddaughter,  wife, 
sister,  and  mother  of  an  emperor.  She 
was  granddaughter  of  Augustus,  wife  of 
Claudius,  sister  of  Caligula,  and  mother 
of  Nero. 

IF  Lam'pedo  of  Lacedaemon  was  daugh- 
ter, wife,  sister,  and  mother  of  a  king. 

Agfripy'na  or  Ag'ripjrne  (3  syl.), 
a    princess    beloved   by    the    "  king   of 


AGUE. 


i6 


AIDENN. 


Cyprus'  son,  and  madly  lovi  d  by  Orleans." 
— Dekker:  Old  Fortunatiis  (1600). 

A'gue  (2  syl.).  It  was  an  old  super- 
stition that  if  the  fourth  book  of  the  Iliad 
was  laid  open  under  the  head  of  a  person 
suffering  from  quartan  ague,  it  would 
cure  him  at  once.  Serenus  Sammon'icus 
(preceptor  of  Gordian),  a  noted  physician, 
has  amongst  his  medical  precepts  the 
following  : — 

Moeonix  lUados  quartuin  suppone  timenH. 

Prcccepta,  50. 

Agfne-clieek  {Sir  Andrew),  a  silly 
old  fop  with  "  3000  ducats  a  year,"  very 
fond  of  the  table,  but  with  a  shrewd 
understanding  that  "beef  had  done  harm 
to  his  wit."  Sir  Andrew  thinks  himself 
"old  in  nothing  but  in  understanding," 
and  boasts  that  he  can  "  cut  a  caper, 
dance  the  coranto,  walk  a  jig,  and  take 
-delight  in  masques,"  like  a  young  man. — 
Shakespeare  ;  Twelfth  Night  (1614). 

Woodward  (1737-1777)  always  sustained  "  sir  Andrew 
Ague-cheek"  with  infinite  clroUery.  assisted  by  that 
,  expression  of  "  rueful  dismay  "  which  gave  so  peculiar 
Si  zest  to  his  Marplot.— Boadett :  Life  o/Siddons. 

Charles  Lamb  says  tliat  "Jem  White  saw  James  Dodd 
one  evening-  in  Ague-cheek,  and  recognizing  him  next 
day  in  Fleet  Street,  took  off  his  hat,  and  saluted  k'ln 
^with  "Save  you,  sir  Andrew  1 "  Dodd  simply  waved 
his  hand  and  exclaimed,  "  Away,  fool ! " 

A'haTjack  and  Des'ra,  two  en- 
chanters, who  aided  Ahu'bal  in  his  rebel- 
lion against  his  brother  Misnar,  sultan  of 
Delhi.  Ahubal  had  a  magnificent  lent 
built,  and  Horam  the  vizier  had  one  built 
for  the  sultan  still  more  magnificent. 
When  the  rebels  made  their  attack,  the 
sultan  and  the  best  of  the  troops  were 
drawn  off,  and  the  sultan's  tent  was 
taken.  The  enchanters,  delighted  with 
their  prize,  slept  therein,  but  at  night  the 
yizier  led  the  sultan  to  a  cave,  and  asked 
him  to  cut  a  rope.  Next  morning  he 
heard  that  a  huge  stone  had  fallen  on  the 
enchanters  and  crushed  them  to  mummies. 
In  fact,  this  stone  formed  the  head  of  the 
bed,  where  it  was  suspended  by  the  rope 
which  the  sultan  had  severed  in  the 
night. — James  Ridley :  l^ales  of  the  Genii 
("The  Enchanters'  Tale,"  vi.), 

Ahasue'ras,  the  cobbler  who  pushed 
away  Jesus  when,  on  the  way  to  exe- 
cution, He  rested  a  moment  or  two  at  his 
door.  "  Get  off!  Away  with  you  !  "  cried 
the  cobbler.  ' '  Truly,  I  go  away, "  returned 
Jesus,  "  and  that  quickly ;  but  tarry  thou 
till  I  come."  And  from  that  time  Aha- 
suerus  became  the  "wandering  Jew," 
who  still  roams  the  earth,  and  will  con- 
tinue so  to  do  until  the  "  second  coming 
of  the  Lord."  This  is  the  legend  given 
by  Paul  von  Eitzcn,  bishop  of  Schleswig 


{\i^7).-'Grcve :  Memoir  of  Paul  von 
Eitzen  (1744).  (See  Wandering  Jew.) 
• .  •  Ahasuerus  is  introduced  in  Shelley's 
Queen  Mab  (section  vii.),  and  a  note  is 
added  (vol.  i.  p.  234,  Rossetti's  edition), 
showing  the  wretchedness  of  "never 
dying."  He  also  appears  in  Shelley's 
Revolt  of  Islam,  in  Hellas,  and  in  the  prose 
tale  of  The  Assassin. 

Aher'man  and  Ar'gen,  the  former 
a  fortress,  and  the  latter  a  suite  of  im- 
mense halls,  in  the  realm  of  Eblis,  where 
are  lodged  all  creatures  of  human  intelli- 
gence before  the  creation  of  Adam,  and 
all  the  animols  that  inhabited  the  earth 
before  the  present  races  existed. — Beck- 
ford :  Vat hek  [17^6). 

Ah'med  {Prince),  noted  for  the  tent 
given  him  by  the  faiiy  Pari-banou,  which 
would  cover  a  whole  army,  and  yet  would 
fold  up  so  small  that  it  might  be  carried 
in  one's  pocket.  The  same  good  fairy 
also  gave  him  the  apple  of  Samarcand', 
a  panacea  for  all  diseases. — Arabian 
Nights'  Entertaiiiments  ( "  Prince  Ahmed, 
etc."). 

IT  Solomon's  carpet  of  green  silk  was 
large  enough  for  all  his  army  to  stand 
upon,  and  when  arranged  the  carpet  was 
wafted  with  its  freight  to  any  place  the 
king  desired.  This  carpet  would  also 
fold  into  a  very  small  compass. 

IT  The  ship  Skidbladnir  had  a  similar 
elastic  virtue,  for  though  it  would  hold  all 
the  inhabitants  of  Valhalla,  it  might  be 
folded  up  like  a  sheet  of  paper, 

IT  Bayard,  the  horse  of  the  four  sons  of 
Aymon,  grew  larger  or  smaller  as  one  or 
more  of  the  four  sons  mounted  it.  (See 
Aymon.  ) 

Aholiba'mah,  granddaughter  of 
Cain,  and  sister  of  Anah.  She  was  loved 
by  the  seraph  Samias'a,  and,  like  her  sister, 
was  carried  off  to  another  planet  when 
the  Flood  came. — Byron  :  Heaven  and 
Earth. 

Proud,  imperious,  and  aspiring,  she  denies  that  she 
worships  the  seraph,  and  declares  that  his  immortality 
can  bestow  no  love  more  pure  and  warm  than  her  own, 
and  she  expresses  a  conviction  that  there  is  a  ray 
within  her  "  which,  though  forbidden  yet  to  shine,"  is 
nevertlieless  lighted  at  the  same  ethereal  fire  as  his 
ovm.—Fiftden  :  Byjon  BeaiUies. 

Ah'riman  or  Alirinia'nes  (4  syh), 
the  angel  of  darkness  and  of  evil  in  the 
Magian  system.     He  was  slain  by  Mithra. 

Ai'denn.    So  Poe  calls  Eden. 

Tell  this  soul,  with  sorrow  laden, 
If  within  the  distant  Aidcnn, 
It  shall  clasp  a  sainted  maiden, 
Whom  the  angels  name  Lenore. 

Edgar  Pot;  The  Ravtn, 


AIKWOOD, 


17 


ALADDIN. 


Aikwood  [Rin^s^an),  the  forester  of 
sir  Arthur  Wardoiir,  of  Knockwinnock 
Castle. — Sir  IV.  Scot  I :  The  Antiquary 
(time,  George  III.). 

Aiiu'well  {Thomas,  visconnf),  a 
gentleman  of  broken  fortune,  who  pays 
his  addresses  to  Dorin'da,  daughter  of 
lady  Bountiful.  He  is  very  handsome 
and  fascinating,  but  quite  "  a  man  of  the 
world."  He  and  Archer  are  the  two  beaux 
of  The  Beaux'  Stratagem,  a  comedy  by 
George  Farquhar  (1705). 

I  thought  it  rather  odd  that  Holland  should  be  the 
only  "mister"  of  the  pnrty,  and  I  said  to  myself,  as 
Gibbet  said  when  he  heard  tliat  "Aimwell"  had  gone 
to  church,  "  That  looks  suspicious  "  (act  ii.  sc.  2).— 
jfames  Smith  :  Memoirs,  Letters,  etc.  (1840). 

Aimwell,  in  Farquhar's  comedy  of  The 
Beaux'  Stratagem,  seeks  to  repair  his  for- 
tune by  marrying  an  heiress.  In  this  he 
succeeds.     (See  Beaux' Stratagem.) 

Ainsworth  and  his  Dictionary. 

(See  Newton  and  his  dog.) 

Aircastle,  in  The  Cozeners,  by  S. 
Foote.  The  original  of  this  rambling 
talker  was  Gahagan,  whose  method  of 
conversation  is  thus  burlesqued — 

Aircastle:  "  Did  I  not  tell  you  what  parson  Pninello 
said?  I  remember,  Mrs.  Lightfoot  was  by.  She  had 
been  brought  to  bed  that  day  was  a  month  of  a  very 
fine  boy — a  bad  birth  ;  for  Dr.  Seeton,  who  served  liis 

time  with  Luke  Lancet  of  Guise's There  was  also 

a  talk  about  liim  and  Nancy  the  daughter.  She  after- 
wards married  Will  Whitlow,  another  apprentice,  who 
had  great  expectations  from  an  old  uncle  in  the 
Grenadiers;  but  he  left  all  to  a  distant  relation.  Kit 
Cable,  a  midshipman  aboard  the  Torbay.  She  was  lost 
coming  home  in  the  Channel.    The  captain  was  taken 

np  by  a  coaster  from  Rye,  loaded  with  cheese " 

[Now,  pray,  what  did  parson  Prunello  say  t  This  is 
a  pattern  of  Mrs.  Nickleby's  rambling  gossip.] 

Air'lie  [The  earl  of),  a  royalist  in  the 
service  of  king  Charles  I. — Sir  IV»  Scott : 
Legend  of  Montrose. 

Airy  [Sir  George),  a  man  of  fortune, 
gay,  generous,  and  gallant.  He  is  in  love 
with  Miran'da,  the  ward  of  sir  PYancis 
Gripe,  whom  he  marries. — Mrs.  Cent- 
iivre:  The  Busybody  (1709).  (See  The 
Busybody.  ) 

A'jax  OileuSjSon  of  OHeus  \^O.V.luce\ 
generally  called  "  the  less."  In  conse- 
quence of  his  insolence  to  Cassan'dra,  the 
prophetic  daughter  of  Priam,  his  ship 
was  driven  on  a  rock,  and  he  perished  at 
sea. — Homer:  Odyssey ,  iv.  507;  Virgil: 
ALneid,  i.  41. 

A'jaz  Tel'amon.  SophoclSs  has  a 
tragedy  called  Ajax,  in  which  "  the  mad- 
man" scourges  a  ram  he  mistakes  for 
Ulysses.  His  encounter  with  a  flock  of 
sheep,  which  he  fancied  in  his  madness 
to  be  the  sons  of  Atrcus,  has  been  men- 


tioned at  greater  or  less  length  by  several 
Greek  and  Roman  poets.  Don  Quixote 
had  a  similar  adventure.  This  Ajax  is 
introduced  by  Shakespeare  in  his  drama 
called  Troilus  and  Cressida.     (See  Ali- 

FANFARON,  p.  26.) 

The  Tuscan  poet  [Ariosto\  doth  advance 
The  frantic  pahdin  of  France  {Orlando  rurieso]; 
And  those  more  ancient  \SopkocUs  and  Seneca]  do 
enhance 

Alcidds  in  his  fuiy  [HercuUs  Furens]', 
And  others,  Ajax  Telamon  ;— 
But  to  this  time  there  hath  been  nona 
So  bedlam  as  our  Oberon  ; 

Of  which  I  dare  assure  you. 

Drayton  :  Nymphidia  (1363-1631). 

Ajut  and  Anningait,  in  The  Ram- 
bler. 

Part,  like  Ajut,  never  to  return. 
Campbell:  Pleasures  0/ Hope,  li.  (r/g^). 

Ala'ciel,  the  genius  who  went  on  a 
voyage  to  the  two  islands,  Taciturnia  and 
Merryland  {London  and  Paris]. — De  la 
Dixmerie:  Lisle  Taciturne  et  I' isle  En- 
jouie,  ou  Voyage  du  Ginie  Alaciel  dans 
les  deux  lies  (1759). 

Aladdin,  son  of  Mustafa  a  poor 
tailor,  of  China,  "obstinate,  disobedient, 
and  mischievous,"  wholly  abandoned  "to 
indolence  and  licentiousness."  One  day 
an  African  magician  accosted  him,  pre- 
tending to  be  his  uncle,  and  sent  him  to 
bring  up  the  "wonderful  lamp,"  at  the 
same  time  giving  him  a  "ring  of  safety." 
Aladdin  secured  the  lamp,  but  would  not 
hand  it  to  the  magician  till  he  was  out  of 
the  cave;  whereupon  the  magician  shut 
him  up  in  the  cave,  and  departed  for 
Africa.  Aladdin,  wringing  his  hands  in 
despair,  happened  to  rub  the  magic  ring, 
when  the  genius  of  the  ring  appeared 
before  him,  and  asked  him  his  com- 
mands. Aladdin  requested  to  be  delivered 
from  the  cave,  and  he  returned  home. 
By  means  of  this  lamp,  he  obtained 
untold  wealth,  built  a  superb  palace,  and 
married  Badroul'boudour,  the  sultan's 
daughter.  After  a  time,  the  African 
magician  got  possession  of  the  lamp,  and 
caused  the  palace,  with  all  its  contents,  to 
be  transported  into  Africa.  Aladdin,  who 
was  absent  at  the  time,  was  arrested  and 
ordered  to  execution,  but  was  rescued  by 
the  populace,  and  started  to  discover  what 
had  become  of  his  palace.  Happening 
to  slip,  he  rubbed  his  ring,  and,  when  the 
genius  of  the  ring  appeared  and  asked  his 
orders,  was  instantly  posted  to  his  palace 
in  Africa.  Ultimately  he  poisoned  the 
magician,  regained  the  lamp,  and  had  his 
palace  restored  to  its  original  place  in 
China* 

Yes,  ready  money  is  Aladdin's  lamp. 

Byron  :  Don  Juan,  xil.  w. 


ALADINE. 

Aladdin's  Lamp,  a  lamp  brought  from 
an  underground  cavern  in  "the  middle 
of  China."  Being  in  want  of  food,  the 
mother  of  Aladdin  began  to  scrub  it, 
intending  to  sell  it,  when  the  genius  of 
the  lamp  appeared,  and  asked  her  what 
were  her  commands,  Aladdin  answered, 
"I  am  hungry;  bring  me  food;"  and 
immediately  a  banquet  was  set  before 
him.  Having  thus  become  acquainted 
with  the  merits  of  the  lamp,  he  became 
enormously  rich,  and  married  the  sultan's 
daughter.  By  artifice  the  African  magician 
got  possession  of  the  lamp,  and  trans- 
ported the  palace  with  its  contents  to 
Africa.  Aladdin  poisoned  the  magician, 
recovered  the  lamp,  and  retranslated  the 
palace  to  its  original  site, 

Aladdin's  Palace  Windows.  At  the 
top  of  the  palace  was  a  saloon,  containing 
twenty-four  windows  (six  on  each  side), 
and  all  but  one  enriched  with  diamonds, 
rubies,  and  emeralds.  One  was  left  for 
the  sultan  to  complete  ;  but  all  the  jewel- 
lers in  the  empire  were  unable  to  make 
one  to  match  the  others,  so  Aladdin  com- 
manded "the  slaves  of  the  lamp"  to 
complete  their  work. 

Aladdin's  Ring,  given  him  by  the 
African  magician,  "a  preservative  against 
every  evil." — Arabian  Nights  ("Aladdin, 
or  the  Wonderful  Lamp  "). 

Al'adine,  the  sagacious  but  cruel  king 
of  Jerusalem,  slain  by  Raymond. — Tasso: 
Jerusalein  Delivered  (1575). 

Al'adine  (3  -ty/.),  son  of  Aldus  "  a  lusty 
knight." — Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  vi.  3 
(1596). 

Alaff,    Anlaf,    or    Olaf,    son    of 

Sihtric,  Danish  king  of  Northumberland 
(died  927).  When  ^tlielstan  [Athels(aTp\, 
took  possession  of  Northumberland,  Alaff 
fled  to  Ireland,  and  his  brother  Guthfrith 
or  Godfrey  to  Scotland. 

Our  English  Athelstan, 

In  tlie  Northumbrian  fields,  with  most  victorious  might, 

Put  Alaff  and  his  powers  to  more  inglorious  flight. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbioti,  xii.  (1612). 

Al  Araf,  the  great  limbo  between 
paradise  and  hell,  for  the  half-good. — Al 
Kordn,  vii. 

Alar'con,  king  of  Barca,  who  Joined 
the  armament  of  Egypt  against  the  cru- 
saders, but  his  men  were  only  half  armed. 
— Tasso:  Jerusalem  Delivered  (1575). 

Alaric  Cottin.  Frederick  the  Great 
of  Prussia  was  so  called  by  Voltaire. 
"  Alaric "  because,  like  Alaric,  he  was  a 


18  ALBAN. 

great  warrior,  and  "Cottin"  because,  like 
Cottin,  satirized  by  Boileau,  he  was  a  very 
indifferent  poet. 

Alasc'o,  alias  Dr.  Demetrius  Do- 
BOOBIE,  an  old  astrologer,  consulted  by 
the  earl  of  Leicester. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Kenilworth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Alas'nam  {Prince  Zeyii)  possessed 
eight  statues,  each  a  single  diamond  on  a 
gold  pedestal,  but  had  to  go  in  search  of 
a  ninth,  more  valuable  than  them  all. 
This  ninth  was  a  lady,  the  most  beautiful 
and  virtuous  of  women,  "  more  precious 
than  rubies,"  who  became  his  wife. 


One  pure  and  perfect  [woman^  is  .  .  .  like  Alasnam's 
lady,  worth  them  all.— 52>-  W.  Scott. 

Alasnam's  Miri'or.  When  Alasnam 
was  in  search  of  his  ninth  statue,  the  king 
of  the  genii  gave  him  a  test-mirror,  in 
which  he  was  to  look  when  he  saw  a 
beautiful  girl.  "If  the  glass  remained  pure 
and  unsullied,  the  damsel  would  be  the 
same,  but  if  not,  the  damsel  would  not 
be  wholly  pure  in  body  and  in  mind." 
This  mirror  was  called  "the  touchstone 
of  virtue." — Arabian  Nights  ("Prince 
Zeyn  Alasnam  "). 

Alas'tor,  a  house  demon,  the  "skele- 
ton in  the  cupboard,"  which  haunts  and 
torments  a  family.  Shelley  has  a  poem 
entitled  Alastor,  or  the  Spirit  of  Solitude. 
(See  the  next  article.) 

Cicero  says  he  meditated  killing  himself  that  h« 
might  become  the  Alastor  of  Augustus,  whom  he 
hated. — Plutarch  :  Cicero,  etc.  ("  Parallel  Lives  "). 

God  Almighty  mustered  up  an  army  of  mice  against 
the  archbishop  \Hatto\  and  sent  them  to  persecute 
him  as  his  furious  Alastors. — Coryat:  Crudities,  571. 

Alastor,  or  "The  Spirit  of  Solitude." 
A  poem  in  blank  verse  by  Percy  Bysshe 
Shelley  (1815).  Alastor,  in  Greek  =  Deus 
Vindex,  but  as  the  name  of  the  Spirit  of 
Sohtude,  it  means  "The  Tormentor." 
The  poet  wanders  over  the  world  admiring 
the  wonderful  works  which  he  cannot  help 
seeing,  but  finds  no  solution  to  satisfy  his 
inquisitive  mind,  and  nothing  in  sympathy 
with  himself.  In  fact,  the  world  was  to 
him  a  crowded  solitude,  a  mere  Alastor, 
always  disappointing  and  always  torment- 
ing him. 

Al'ban  [St.)  of  Ver'ulam  hid  his  con- 
fessor, St.  Am  'phibal,  and,  changing  clothes 
with  him,  suffered  death  in  his  stead. 
This  was  during  the  frightful  persecution 
of  Maximia'nus  Hercu'lius,  general  of 
Diocle'tian's  army  in  Britain,  when  loco 
Christians  fell  at  Lichfield. 

Alban— our  proto-martyr  called. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xxiv.  (1622^. 


ALBANIA. 

Alba'uia,  the  Scotch  Highlands,  so 
called  from  Albanact,  son  of  Brute,  the 
mythical  Trojan  king  of  Britain.  At  the 
death  of  Brute  "Britain"  was  divided 
between  his  three  sons  :  Locrin  had  Eng- 
land ;  Albanact  had  Albania  {Scotland); 
and  Kamber  had  Cambria  (  Wales). 

He  [Artknr}  by  force  of  arms  Albania  ovemin, 
I'ursuin^  of  thu  Picts  beyond  mount  Ca>don. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  iv.  (1612). 

Alba'nia  ( Turkey  in  Asia).  It  means 
"  the  mountain  region,"  and  properly  com- 
prehends Schinvan,  Daghesfan,  and  Geor- 
gia.    In  poetry  it  is  used  very  loosely. 

Alba'no's  Knight,  Rinaldo,  whose 
brothers  were  Guichardo  (the  oldest), 
Ricardo,  Richardetto,  Vivian,  and  Alardo. 
His  sister  was  Bradiraant. — Arioslo : 
Orlando  Furioso. 

Allierick  of  Mortemar,  the  same 
as  Theodorick  the  hermit  of  Engaddi,  an 
exiled  nobleman.  He  told  king  Richard 
the  history  of  his  life,  and  tried  to  dissuade 
him  from  sending  a  letter  of  defiance  to 
the  archduke  of  Austria. — Sir  IV.  Scott : 
The  Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

All)erick,  the  squire  of  prince  Richard 
(one  of  the  sons  of  Henry  II.  of  England), 
—Sir  IV.  Scott:  The  Betrothed  (time, 
Henry  II.). 

Albert,  commander  of  the  Britannia. 
Brave,  liberal,  and  just ;  softened  and 
refined  by  domestic  ties  and  superior  in- 
formation. His  ship  was  dashed  against 
the  projecting  verge  of  Cape  Colonna,  the 
most  southern  point  of  Attica.  And  he 
perished  in  the  sea,  because  Rodmond 
(second  in  command)  grasped  on  his  legs 
and  could  not  be  shaken  off. 

Though  trained  in  boisterous  elements,  his  mind 
Was  yet  by  sof^  humanity  refined ; 
Each  joy  of  wedded  love  at  home  he  knew, 
Abroad,  confessed  the  father  of  his  crew.  .  .  , 
His  gfcnr-is,  ever  for  th'  event  prepared, 
Rose  with  the  storm,  and  all  its  dangers  shared. 
FaUcner:  The  Shi^'-wrick,  i.  2  (1756}. 

Albert,  father  of  Gertrude,  patriarch 
and  judge  of  Wyo'ming  (called  by  Camp- 
bell "Wy'oming").  Both  Albert  and  his 
daughter  were  shot  by  a  mixed  force  of 
British  and  Indian  troops,  led  by  one 
Brandt ;  who  made  an  attack  on  the  settle- 
ment, put  all  tlie  inhabitants  to  the  sword, 
set  fire  to  the  fort,  and  destroyed  all  the 
houses. — Campbell:  Gertrude  of  W}vm- 
if/g  {i8og). 

Albert,  in  Goethe's  romance  called 
The  Sorrows  of  Werther,  is  meant  for  his 
friend  Kestner.  He  is  a  young  German 
farmer,  who  marries  Charlotte  Buflf  (called 
"Lotte"  in  the  novel),  with  whom  Goethe 


X9  ALBION. 

was  in  love.  Goethe  represents  himself 
as  Werther. 

Albert  of  Gei'erstein  [Count), 
brother  of  Arnold  Biederman,  and  presi- 
dent of  the  ' '  Secret  Tribunal. "  He  some- 
times app.'ars  as  a  "  black  priest  of  St, 
Paul's,"  and  sometimes  as  the  "monk  of 
St.  WiciowG."— Sir  IV.  Scott:  Anne  of 
Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Albertaz'zo  married  Alda,  daughter 
of  Otho  duke  of  Saxony.  His  sons  were 
Ugo  and  Fulco.  From  this  stem  springs 
the  Royal  Family  of  England, — Ariosto  : 
Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Albia'zar,  an  Arab  chief,  who  joined 
the  Egyptian  armament  against  the  cru- 
saders. 

A  chief  in  rapine,  not  in  knighthood  bred. 

Tasso  :  jferusaUtn  Delivered,  xvii.  (1575). 

Albin,  the  primitive  name  of  the 
northern  part  of  Scotland,  called  by  the 
Romans  ' '  Caledo'nia. "  This  was  the  part 
inhabited  by  the  Picts.  The  Scots  mi- 
grated from  Scotia  [north  of  Ireland), 
and  obtained  mastery  under  Kenneth 
Macalpin,  in  834. 

Green  Albin,  what  though  he  no  more  survey 
Thy  ships  at  anchor  on  the  quiet  shore, 
Thy  pellochs  [porfioises]  rollmg  from  the  mountain  bay. 
Thy  lone  sepulchral  cairn  upon  the  moor, 
Ancl  distant  isles  that  hear  the  loud  Corbrechtan  roar. 
Campbell:  Gertmde  of  lyyoming,  i.  5  (1809). 

Al'Mou.  In  legendary  history  this 
word  is  variously  accounted  for.  One 
derivation  is  from  Albion,  a  giant,  son  of 
Neptune,  its  first  discoverer,  who  ruled 
over  the  island  for  forty-four  years. 

(2)  Another  derivation  is  Al'bia,  eldest 
of  the  fifty  daughters  of  Diocle'tian  king 
of  Syria.  These  fifty  ladies  all  married 
on  the  same  day,  and  all  murdered  their 
husbands  on  the  wedding  night.  By  way 
of  punishment,  they  were  cast  adrift  in  a 
ship,  unmanned  ;  but  tlie  wind  drove  the 
vessel  to  our  coast,  where  these  Syrian 
damsels  disembarked.  Here  they  lived 
the  rest  of  their  lives,  and  married  with 
the  aborigines,  "a  lawless  crew  of  devils." 
Milton  mentions  this  legend,  and  naively 
adds,  "  It  is  too  absurd  and  unconscionably 
gross  to  be  believed."  Its  resemblance  to 
the  fifty  daughters  of  Dan'aos  is  palpable. 

(3)  Drayton,  in  his  Polyolbion,  says  that 
Albion  came  from  Rome,  was  ' '  the  first 
m.irtyr  of  the  land,"  and  dying  for  the 
faith's  sake,  left  his  name  to  the  countiy, 
where  Offa  subsequently  reared  to  him 
"a  rich  and  sumptuous  shrine,  with  a 
monasteiy  attached." — Song  xvi. 

Albion,  king  of  Briton,  when  O'beron 
held  his   court  in   what    is    now    called 


Ai.BORAK. 


ALCIBIADES'   TABLES. 


"Kensington  Gardens."    T.  Tickell  has 
a  poem  upon  this  subject. 

Albion  wars  wilh  Jove's  Son.  Albion, 
son  of  Neptune,  warred  wilh  Her'cules, 
son  of  Jove.  Neptune,  dissatisfied  with 
the  share  of  his  father's  kingdom  awarded 
to  him  by  Jupiter,  aspired  to  dethrone  his 
brother,  but  Hercules  took  Jove's  part, 
and  Albion  was  discomfited. 

Since  Albion  wielded  arms  agfainst  the  son  of  Jove. 
Draytoji  :  Polyoibion,  iv,  (1612). 

Albo'rak,  the  animal  brought  by 
Gabriel  to  convey  Maliomet  to  the  seventh 
heaven.  It  had  the  face  of  a  man,  the 
cheeks  of  a  horse,  the  wings  of  an  eagle, 
and  spoke  with  a  human  voice. 

Albrac'ca,  a  castle  of  Cathay'  ( China), 
to  which  Angel'ica  retires  in  grief  when 
she  finds  her  love  for  Rinaldo  is  not  re- 
ciprocated. Here  she  is  besieged  by 
Ag'ricane  king  of  Tartary,  who  is  re- 
solved to  win  her. — Bojardo:  Orlando 
Innamorato  (1^95). 

Al'bracca's  Damsel,  Angel'ica.  (See 
above. ) — Ariosto :  Orlando  Furioso  (1516), 

Albuma'zar,  an  Arabian  astronomer 
(776-885). 

Chaunteclere,  our  cocke,  must  tell  what  is  o'clocke, 
By  the  astrologye  that  he  hath  naturally 
Conceyued  and  caught ;  for  he  was  never  taught 
KyAIt 


r,  the  astronomer, 
amy,  prince  of  astronomy, 
y.  Skelion  :  Philip  Sparrow  (time,  Henry  VIII.). 

(Tomkins  wrote  a  play  so  called,  which 
was  performed  before  James  I.  in  Trinity 
College  Hall,  March  7th,  1614.  After 
the  Restoration,  this  comedy  was  revived, 
and  Dryden  wrote  a  prologue  to  it.) 

Alcai'ro,  the  modern  name  of  Mem- 
phis (Egypt). 

Not  Babylon 
Nor  great  Alcairo  such  magnificence 
Equalled,  in  all  their  glories. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  i.  717  (1665). 

Alceste  (3  syl),  Alcestis,  or  Al- 
Cestes,  daughter  of  Pe'lias  and  wife  of 
Admetus.  On  his  wedding  day  AdmStus 
neglected  to  offer  sacrifice  to  Diana,  but 
Apollo  induced  the  Fates  to  spare  his  life, 
if  he  could  find  a  voluntary  substitute. 
His  bride  offered  to  die  for  him,  but  Her- 
cules brought  her  back  from  the  world 
of  shadows. 

(Euripides  has  a  Greek  trngedy  on  the 
subject  {Alcestis) ;  Gliick  has  an  opera 
{Alceste),  libretto  by  Calzabigi  (1765); 
Philippi  Quinault  produced  a  French 
tragedy  entitled  Alceste,  in  1674 ;  and 
Lagrange-Chancel  in  1694  produced  a 
French  tragedy  on  the  same  subject.) 


(Iltr  story  is  told  by  W.  Morris,  in  The  Earthly 
Paradise,]\xvi<z,  1868.) 

•  Iphigeni'a  at  Aulis  by  Euripides,  and  Abraham's 
sacrifice  of  Isaac,  somewhat  resemble  the  same 
legends. 

t  Longfellow,  in  The  Golden  Legend,  has  a  some- 
what similar  story  :  Henry  of  Hoheneck  was  like  to  die, 
and  was  told  he  would  recover  if  he  could  find  a  maiden 
willing  to  lay  down  her  life  for  him.  Elsie,  the  daughter 
tf  Gottlieb  (a  tenant  farmer  of  the  prince),  vowed  to  do 
so,  and  followed  the  prince  to  Salerno,  to  surrender 
herself  to  Lucifer ;  but  the  prince  rescued  her,  and 
made  her  his  wife.  The  excitement  and  exercise  cured 
t!ie  indolent  young  prince.  This  tale  is  from  Hartmanii 
von  dcr  Aur,  the  Minne-singer. 

Alceste'  (2  syl.),  the  hero  of  Moli^re's 
comedy  Le  Misanthrope  (1666),  not  un- 
like Timon  of  Athens.,  by  Shakespeare. 
Alceste  is,  in  fact,  a  pure  and  noble  mind 
soured  by  perfidy  and  disgusted  with 
society.  Courtesy  seems  to  him  the  vice 
of  fops, — and  the  usages  of  civilized  life  no 
better  than  hypocrisy.  Alceste  pays  his 
addresses  to  Celimene,  a  coquette. 

Alceste  is  an  upright,  manly  character,  but  rude  and 
impatient,  even  of  the  ordinary  civilities  of  life. — Sir 
ir.  Scolt. 

Al 'chemist  ( The) ,  the  last  of  the  three 
great  comedies  of  Ben  Jonson  (1610).  The 
other  two  are  Vol' pone  (2  syl.),  (1605), 
and  The  Silent  Woman  (1609).  The 
object  of  The  Alchemist  is  to  ridicule  the 
belief  in  the  philosopher's  stone  and 
the  elixir  of  life.  The  alchemist  is 
"Subtle,"  a  mere  quack;  and  "sir 
Epicure  Mammon"  is  the  chief  dupe, 
who  supphes  money,  etc.,  for  the 
"  transmutation  of  metal."  "  Abel  Drug- 
ger"  a  tobacconist,  and  "Dapper"  a 
lawyer's  clerk,  are  two  other  dupes. 
"Captain  Face,"  alias  "Jeremy,"  the 
house-servant  of  "  Lovewit,"  and  "  Dol 
Common"  are  his  allies.  The  whole 
thing  is  blown  up  by  the  unexpected 
return  of  "  Lovewit." 

Alcibi'ades  (5  syl.),  the  Athenian 
general.  Being  banished  by  the  senate, 
he  marches  against  the  city,  and  the 
senate,  being  unable  to  offer  resistance, 
open  the  gates  to  him  (b.c.  450-404). 
This  incident  is  introduced  by  Shakespeare 
in  Timon  of  Athens. 

Alfred  (lord)  Tennyson  assumed  this  as  a  pseudonym 
in  Punch  (February,  1846),  a  reply  to  Lord  Lytton's 
Aeiu  TiJiion. 

Alcibiades  of  Germany,  Albert  mar- 
grave of  Baireuth  (1522-1555). 

Alcibi'ades'  Tables  represented  a 
god  or  goddess  outwardly,  and  a  Sile'nus, 
or  deformed  piper,  within.  Erasmus  has 
a  curious  dissertation  on  these  tables 
{Adage,  667,  edited  R.  Stephens)  ;  hence 
emblematic  of  falsehood  and  dissimula- 
tion. 


ALCIDES. 


ALDABELL.\. 


Whoso  wants  virtue  is  compared  to  these 
I'"alse  tables  wrought  by  Alcibiadcs ; 
Which  noted  well  of  all  were  found  t've  bin 
Most  fair  without,  but  most  deformed  within. 
ly.  Browne:  Britannia's  Pastorals,  i.  (1613). 

Alci'des,  Hercules,  son  of  Alca;-us ; 
any  strong  and  valiant  hero.  The  drama 
called  Hercules  Fiirens  is  by  Eurip'ides. 
Seneca  has  a  tragedy  of  the  same  title. 

The  Tuscan  poet  [Ariosto'\  doth  advance 
The  frantic  paladin  of  France  [Or/ando  Furioso\\ 
And  those  more  ancient  do  enhance 
Alcidfis  in  his  fury. 

Drayton  :  Nytnphidia  (1563-1631). 
"WTiere  is  the  gfrcat  Alcldes  of  the  field, 
Valiant  lord  Talbot,  earl  of  Shrewsbury? 
Shakespeart :  i  llcnry  VI.  act  iv.  sc.  7  (1589). 

Alci'na,  Carnal  Pleasure  personified. 
In  Bojardo's  Orlando  Innamorato  she 
is  a  fairy,  who  carries  off  Astolfo.  In 
Ariosto's  Orlando  Furioso  she  is  a  kind 
of  Circ6,  whose  garden  is  a  scene  of 
enchantment.  Alcina  enjoys  her  lovers 
for  a  season,  and  then  converts  them  into 
trees,  stones,  wild  beasts,  and  so  on,  as 
her  fancy  dictates. 

Al'cipliron,  or  The  Minute  Philo- 
sopher, the  title  of  a  work  by  bishop 
Berkeley.  So  called  from  the  name  of  the 
chief  speaker,  a  freethinker.  The  object 
of  this  work  is  to  expose  the  weakness  of 
infidelity. 

Al'ciphron,"  the  epicurean,"  the  hero 
of  T.  Moore's  romance  called  The 
Epicu7-ean. 

Like  Alciphron,  we  swing  in  air  and  darkness,  and 
know  not  whither  the  wind  blows  \is.—Putna?n's 
Masazine. 

Alczne'na  (in  Molifere,  Alcmhne),  the 
wife  of  Amphitryon,  general  of  the  The- 
ban  army.  While  her  husband  is  absent 
warring  against  the  Telebo'ans,  Jupiter 
assumes  the  form  of  Amphitryon ;  but 
Amphitryon  himself  returns  home  the 
next  day,  and  great  confusion  arises  be- 
tween the  false  and  true  Amphitryon, 
which  is  augmented  by  Mercury,  who 
personates  Sos'ia,  the  slave  of  Amphi- 
tryon. By  this  amour  of  Jupiter,  Alc- 
mena  becomes  the  mother  of  Her'cules. 
Piautus,  Moliere,  and  Dryden  have  all 
taken  this  plot  for  a  comedy  entitled 
Amphih-yon. 

Alcofri'bas,  the  pseudonym  as- 
sumed by  Rabelais  in  his  Gargantua  aiid 
Pantag'ruel'.  Alcofribas  Nasier  is  an 
anagram  of  "  Franpois  Rabelais." 

The  inestimable  life  of  the  great  Gar^nnfua,  father 
of  Pantagruel,  heretofore  composed  by  M.  Alcofribas, 
abstractor  of  the  quintessence,  a  book  full  of  pauta- 
^tucWsm.— Rabelais  :  Introduction  (1533). 

Arcolomb,  "subduer  of  hearts," 
daughter  of  AbouAibou  of  Damascus,  and 
sister  of  Ganem.     The  caliph  Haroun-al- 


Raschid,  in  a  fit  of  jealousy,  commanded 
Ganem  to  be  put  to  death,  and  his  mother 
and  sister  to  do  penance  for  three  days  ir> 
Damascus,  and  then  to  be  banished  from 
Syria.  The  two  ladies  came  to  Bagdad, 
and  were  taken  in  by  the  charitable  syn- 
dec  of  the  jewellers.  When  the  jealous 
fit  of  the  caliph  was  over,  he  sent  for  the 
two  exiles.  Alcolomb  he  made  his  wife, 
and  her  mother  he  married  to  his  vizier. 
— Arabian  Nights  ("  Ganem,  the  Slave  of 
Love  "). 

Alcnith,  mentioned  by  Bcde,  is 
Dumbarton. 

Alcjr'on,  "  the  wofullest  man  alive," 
but  once  "  the  jolly  shepherd  swain  that 
wont  full  merrily  to  pipe  and  dance,"  near 
where  the  Severn  flows.  One  day  he  saw 
a  lion's  cub,  and  brought  it  up  till  it  fol- 
lowed him  about  like  a  dog ;  but  a  cruel 
satyr  shot  it  in  mere  wantonness.  By  the 
lion's  cub  he  means  Daphne,  who  died  in 
her  prime,  and  the  cruel  satyr  is  death. 
He  said  he  hated  everything— the  heaven, 
the  earth,  fire,  air,  and  sea,  the  day,  the 
night ;  he  hated  to  speak,  to  hear,  to  taste 
food,  to  see  objects,  to  smell,  to  feel ;  he 
hated  man  and  woman  too,  for  his 
Daphne  lived  no  longer.  What  became 
of  this  doleful  shepherd  the  poet  could 
never  ween.  Alcyon  is  Sir  Arthur  Gorges, 
■ — Spenser:  Daphnaida  (in  seven  fits,  1590). 

And  there  is  that  Alcyon  bent  to  mourn. 
Though  fit  to  frame  an  everlasting  ditty, 

Whose  gentle  sprite  for  Daphne's  death  doth  turn 

Sweet  lays  of  love  to  endless  plaints  of  pity. 
Spenser:  Colin  Clout's  Come  Home  Again  (1591}. 

Alcy'oixe  or  Halcyone  (4  syl.), 
daughter  of  ^61  us,  who,  on  hearing  of 
her  husband's  death  by  shipwreck,  threw 
herself  into  the  sea,  and  was  changed  to  a 
kingfisher.     (See  HALCYON  Days.) 

^  Hero,  the  lady-love  of  Leandor,  threw  herself  into 
the  sea,  when  she  discovered  that  her  lover,  Leander, 
was  drowned  in  the  Hellespont,  which  he  swam  across 
every  night  in  order  to  visit  her.  This  story  is  the 
subject  of  a  poem  (Dc  Amorc  Herois,  etc.)  by 
Mussus. 

Aldabel'Ia,  wife  of  Orlando,  sister  of 
Oliver,  and  daughter  of  Monodan'tfis. — 
Ariosto :  Orlando  Furioso,  etc.  (1516). 

Aldabella,  a  marchioness  of  Florence, 
very  beautiful  and  fascinating,  but  arro- 
gant and  heartless.  She  used  to  give 
entertainments  to  the  magnates  of  Flo- 
rence, and  Fazio  was  one  who  spent 
most  of  his  lime  in  her  society.  Bian'ca 
his  wife,  being  jealous  of  the  marchioness, 
accused  him  to  the  duke  of  being  privy 
to  the  death  of  Bartoldo,  and  for  this 
offence  Fazio  was  executed.  Bianca  died 
broken-hearted,  and  Aldabella  was  cou- 


ALDJ5N.  2: 

demned  to  spend  the  rest  of  her  life  in 
a  nunnery. — Dean  Milman  :  Fazio  (a 
tragedy,  1815). 

Aldexi  [John) ,  one  of  the  sons  of  the 
Pilgrim  Fathers,  ia  love  with  Priscilla,  the 
beautiful  puritan.  (See  Standish.)— 
Longfellow  r  Courtship  of  Miles  Standish, 
ix. 

Alderlievest,  best  beloved. 

And  to  mine  alderlievest  lorde  I  must  endite 
A  wofull  case. 

Gascoigne  :  Voyage  into  Holland  (1572). 

Aldiborontiplioscopliornio  [A^- 
dibbo-ron'te-/os'co-for'?iio],  a  courtier  in 
Chrononhotonthologos,  by  H.  Carey  (1734)- 

(Sir  Walter  Scott  used  to  call  James  Bal- 
lantyne,  the  printer,  this  nickname,  from 
his  pomposity  and  formahty  of  speech.) 

Aldigfer,  son  of  Buo'vo,  of  the  house 
of  Clarmont,  brother  of  Malagi'gi  and 
Vivian. — Ariosto:  Orlando  Fu?-ioso{i $16). 

Al'dixie  (2  syl.),  leader  of  the  second 
squadron  of  Arabs  which  joined  the 
Egyptian  armament  against  the  crusaders. 
Tasso  says  of  the  Arabs,  "  Their  accents 
were  female  and  their  stature  diminu- 
tive" (xvii.). —  Tasso:  Jerusalem  De- 
livered (1575)' 

Al'dingar  [Sir),  steward  of  queen 
Eleanor,  wife  of  Henry  11.  He  impeached 
the  queen's  fideHty,  and  agreed  to  prove 
his  charge  by  single  combat  ;  but  an 
angel  (in  the  shape  of  a  little  child) 
established  the  queen's  innocence.  This 
is  probably  a  blundering  version  of  the 
story  of  Gunhilda  and  the  emperor  Henry. 
—Percy  :  Reliques,  ii.  9. 

Aldo,  a  Caledonian,  was  not  invited  by 
Fingal  to  his  banquet  on  his  return  to 
Morven,  after  the  overthrow  of  Swaran. 
To  resent  this  affront,  he  went  over  to 
Fingal's  avowed  enemy,  Erragon  king  of 
Sora  (in  Scandinavia),  and  here  Lorna,  the 
king's  wife,  fell  in  love  with  him.  The 
guilty  pair  fled  to  Morven,  which  EiTagon 
immediately  invaded.  Aldo  fell  in  single 
combat  with  Erragon,  Lorna  died  of 
grief,  and  Erragon  was  slain  in  battle  by 
Gaul,  son  of  Morni. — Ossian  :  The  Battle 
ofLora. 

Aldovrand  [Father),  chaplain  of  sir 
Raymond  Berenger,  the  old  Norman 
warrior. — Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Betrothed 
(time,  Henry  H.). 

Aldrick  the  Jesuit,  confessor  of 
Charlotte  countess  of  Derby. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles 
II.). 


ALEXANDER  THE  GREAT. 

Aldus,  father  of  Al'adine  (3  syl),  the 
"lusty  knight." — Spenser:  Faerie  Queene, 
vi.  3  (1596). 

Alea,  a  warrior  who  invented  dice  at 
the  siege  of  Troy ;  at  least  so  Isidore  of 
Seville  says.  Suidas  ascribes  the  inven- 
tion to  Palamedes. 

Alea  est  ludus  tabuire  inventa  a  Graecis,  in  otio  Trojani 
belli,  a  quodam  milite,  nomine  ALE.4,  a  quo  et  ars 
nomen  accepit. — Jsidorus  ;  Ori^inmn,  etc.,  xviii.  57. 

Alector'ia,  a  stone  extracted  from  a 
capon.  It  is  said  to  render  the  wearer 
invisible,  to  allay  thirst,  to  antidote  en- 
chantment, and  ensure  love. — Mirror  of 
Stones. 

Alec'tryon,  a  youth  set  by  Mars  to 
guard  against  surprises  ;  but  he  fell  asleep, 
and  Apollo  surprised  Mars  and  Venus  in 
each  other's  embrace.  Mars  in  anger 
changed  Alectryon  into  a  cock. 

And  from  out  the  neighbouring-  farmyard 
Loud  the  cock  Alectryon  crowed. 

Longfellow  :  I'egasus  in  Pound. 

Ale'ria,  one  of  the  Amazons,  and  the 
best  beloved  of  the  ten  wives  of  Guido  the 
Savage. — A riosio :  OrlandoP''urioso[is^(>). 

Alessio,  the  young  man  with  whom 
Lisa  was  living  in  concubinage,  when 
Elvi'no  promised  to  marry  her.  Elvino 
made  the  promise  out  of  pique,  because 
he  thought  Ami'na  was  not  faithful  to 
him  ;  but  when  he  discovered  his  error  he 
returned  to  liis  first  love,  and  left  Lisa  to 
marry  Alessio,  with  whom  she  liad  been 
previously  cohabiting.  —  Bellini's  opera, 
La  Sonnambula  (1831). 

Ale'thes  (3  syl.),  an  ambassador  from 
Egypt  to  king  Al'adine  (3  syl.) ;  subtle, 
false,  deceitful,  and  full  of  wiles. —  Tasso : 
Jerusalem  Delivered  (1575). 

Alexander  the  Corrector,  Alex- 
ander Cruden  (1701-1770),  author  of  the 
Concordance.  (See  Dictionary  of  Phra:e 
and  Liable,  p.  30.) 

Alexander  the  Great,  king  of 
Macedonia  (b.c.  356,  336-323). 

(His  life  has  been  written  by  Quintus 
Curtius,  in  ten  books  (Latin),  about  A.D. 
80 ;  by  Julius  Valerius  (Latin)  ;  by  Les- 
farguus,  in  1639 ;  Gaudenzio,  in  1645  ;  by 
Lehmann,  in  1667  ;  by  Fessler,  in  1797  ; 
by  Mueller,  in  1830  ;  by  archdeacon  Wil- 
liams, in  1830  ;  by  Droysen,  in  1833  ;  by 
Pfizer,  in  1845.) 

Alexander's  chief  Battles.  Arbela,  in  331 ;  Issus, 
333 ;  Granicus  in  334,  all  against  Darius  the  Persian. 

Alexander's  Beard.  A  smooth  chin,  or  very  small 
beard.  Alexander  had  no  perceptible  beard,  and 
hence  is  said  to  have  had  "an  A.cazonian  chin." 


ALEXANDER  AND  CLITUS.    23  ALEXANDER  AND  THE  ROBBER. 


Disfruiscd  with  Alexander's  beard. 

Cascoyne:  The  Steele  Clas  (dii:d  1577). 
City  founded  by  Alexander.    Alexandria  in  Egypt, 
ahout  B.C.  322. 

De/orftiity  of  Alexander,    One  shoulder  was  higher 
than  the  other. 

Amnion's  preat  Fon  one  shoulder  had  too  high. 
Pope  :  Prologue  to  his  Satires,  117. 
rather  of  Alexander.    His  mother's  husband  was 
Philip  king  of  Macedon  ;  but  Alexander  hunself  dainic  J 
the  god  Ainmon  for  his  father. 
Alexander's  favourite  Horse.    Buceph'alos  (q.v.). 
Mother  of  Alexander.    Olymplas,  daughter  of  Nco- 


of  f-ord  kosebery's  horse  in  the  famous  race  of  1894. 

Successor  of  Alexander,  rtolemy  Sotcr,  supposed 
to  be  his  half-brother  (on  the  father  s  side),  succeeded 
him  in  the  government  of  Kgypt. 

Only  t7vo  Alexanders.  Alexander  said,  "  There  are 
but  two  Alexanders— the  invincible  son  of  Philip,  and 
the  inimitable  Apelles,  who  painted  him." 

Alexander  and  Clitus.  Clitus  was 
Alexander's  great  friend,  and  saved  his 
life  in  the  battle  of  Granicus  (b.c.  334). 
In  328  he  was  slain  by  Alexander  at  a 
banquet,  when  both  were  heated  with 
wine. 

IT  The  above  reminds  us  of  Peter  L  of 
Russia  and  Lefort.  Lefort,  a  Swiss,  was 
the  great  friend  of  Peter  L,  and  ac- 
companied him  in  his  travels,  when  he 
visited  various  European  capitals  to  learn 
the  art  of  government.  At  Konigsberg, 
while  both  were  heated  with  wine,  Peter 
threw  himself  on  his  friend,  Lefort,  and 
pierced  him  with  his  sword.  No  sooner 
had  he  done  so  than  he  repented,  and 
exclaimed,  "  I,  who  want  to  reform  my 
nation,  cannot  reform  myself." 

Clitus  (to  Alexander).  Nay,  frown  not  so ;  you  can- 
not look  me  dead.— /;.«»  .1'  Tragedy. 

Alexander  and  the  Daugfliters 
of  Darius.  After  the  battle  of  Issus, 
in  333,  the  family  of  Darius  fell  into 
his  hands,  and  he  treated  the  ladies  as 
queens.  A  eunuch,  having  escaped,  told 
Darius  of  this  noble  conduct,  and  Darius 
could  not  but  admire  such  magnanimity 
in  a  rival. — Arrian  :  Anabasis  of  Alex- 
ander, iv.  20. 

Alexander  and  Diogenes.  One 
day  the  king  of  Macedon  presented 
himself  before  Diogenes  the  cynic,  and 
said,  "I  am  Alexander."  "Well," 
replied  the  master  of  the  tub,  "and  I 
am  Diogenes."  When  the  king  asked 
if  he  could  render  him  any  service, 
Diogenes  surlily  replied,  "Yes;  get  out 
of  the  sun." 

Alexander  and  Homer.  When 
Alexander  invaded  Asia  Minor,  he  offered 
up  sacrifice  to  Priam,  and  then  went  to 
visit  the  tomb  of  Achillas.  Here  he  ex- 
claim.ed,  "  O  most  enviable  of  men,  who 
had  Homer  to  sing  thy  deeds  I " 


Which  made  the  Eastern  conqueror  to  cry, 
"  ()  fortunate  young  man  1  whose  virtue  lound 
So  brave  a  trump  thy  noble  deeds  to  sound." 

S/>enser:  The  Ruins  of  Tinu  (1591). 

Alexander  and  the  Olympic 
Games.  Alexander,  being  asked  if  he 
would  run  a  course  at  the  Olympic 
games,  replied,  "  Yes,  if  my  competitor* 
are  all  kings." 

Alexander  and  Farmenio.  When 
Darius  king  of  Persia  offered  Alexander 
his  daughter  Stati'ra  in  marriage,  with  a 
dowry  of  10,000  talents  of  gold,  Parmenio 
said,  "  I  would  accept  the  offer,  if  I  were 
Alexander."  To  this  Alexander  rejoined, 
"  So  would  I,  if  I  were  Parmenio." 

On  another  occasion  the  general  thought 
the  king  somewhat  too  lavish  in  his  gifts, 
whereupon  Alexander  made  answer,  "  I 
consider  not  what  Parmenio  ought  to 
receive,  but  what  Alexander  ought  to 
give." 

Alexander  and  Ferdiccas.  When 

Alexander  started  for  Asia  he  divided  his 
possessions  among  his  friends.  Perdiccas 
asked  what  he  had  left  for  himself. 
"  Hope,"  said  Alexander.  "  If  hope  is 
enough  for  Alexander,"  replied  the  friend, 
"it  is  enough  for  Perdiccas  also;"  and 
declined  to  accept  anything. 

Alexander  and  Raphael.  Alex- 
ander encountered  Raphael  in  a  cave  in 
the  montain  of  Kaf,  and  being  asked 
what  he  was  in  search  of,  replied,  "  The 
water  of  immortality."  Whereupon 
Raphael  gave  him  a  stone,  and  told  him 
when  he  found  another  of  the  same 
weight  he  would  gain  his  wish.  "  And 
how  long,"  said  Alexander,  "have  I  to 
hve?"  The  angel  replied,  "Till  the 
heaven  above  thee  and  the  earth  beneath 
thee  are  of  iron."  Alexander  now  went 
forth  and  found  a  stone  almost  of  the 
weight  required,  and  in  order  to  complete 
the  balance,  added  a  little  earth  ;  falling 
from  his  horse  at  Ghur  he  was  laid  in  his 
armour  on  the  ground,  and  his  shield  was 
set  up  over  him  to  ward  off  the  sun. 
Then  understood  he  that  he  would  gain 
immortality  when,  like  the  stone,  he  was 
buried  in  the  earth,  and  that  his  hour  was 
come,  for  the  earth  beneath  him  was  iron, 
and  his  iron  buckler  was  his  vault  of 
heaven  above.    So  he  died. 

Alexander    and    the    Robber. 

When  Dion'idgs,  a  pirate,  was  brought 
before  Alexander,  he  exclaimed,  "Vile 
brigand  1  how  dare  you  infest  the  seas 
with  your  misdeeds?"  "And  you," 
replied  the  pirate,   "by  what  right  do 


ALEXANDER  DRAMATIZED.        24  ALFRED  AS  A  GLEEMAN. 


you  ravage  the  world?  Because  I  have 
only  one  ship,  I  am  called  a  brigand,  but 
you  who  have  a  whole  fleet  are  termed 
a  conqueror, "  Alexander  commanded  the 
man  to  be  set  at  liberty. 

Alexander  dramatized.  In  1678 
Nathaniel  Lee  introduced  his  tragedy  of 
Alexander  the  Great.  Racine  produced 
his  tragedy  (in  French)  in  1665. 

(Lambert-li-Cors  published  his  novel  of 
the  Roman  <f  Alexandre  in  the  twelfth 
century. ) 

Lee's  "Alexander"  was  a  favourite  part  with  T. 
Betterton  (1635-1710),  Wm.  Mountford  (1660-1692),  H. 
Norris  (1665-1734);  C.  Hulet  (1701-1736),  and  Spranger 
Barry  (1710-1777) ;  but  J.  W.  Croker  says  that  J.  P. 
Kenible,  in  "Hamlet,"  " Coriolamis,"  "Alexander," 
and  "Cato,"  excelled  all  his  predecessors. — yohnson. 

Alexander's  Feast  (or  "  7  he  Power 
of  Music  ").  A  Pindaric  ode  by  Dryden 
(1694),  in  honour  of  St.  Cecilia's  Day 
(November  22).  St.  Cecilia  was  a  Roman 
lady  who,  it  is  said,  suffered  martyrdom 
in  230,  and  was  regarded  as  the  patroness 
of  music.  Dryden's  poem  ends  with 
these  words  : 

Let  old  Timotheus  yield  the  prize. 

Or  both  divide  the  crown  ; 
He  rasied  a  mortal  to  the  skies. 

She  drew  an  angel  down. 

He  (Timotheus)  "  raised  a  mortal  to 
the  skies  "  is  a  bold  way  of  saying,  by 
,the  concord  of  sweet  sounds,  Timotheus 
.raised  his  hearers  from  earth  to  heaven. 

"  She  drew  an  angel  down  "  refers  to 
^he  legend  that  an  angel  left  the  choirs 
above  to  listen  to  the  more  ravishing 
music  of  St.  Ceciha.  Pope  wrote  a  Pin- 
doric  ode  on  the  same  subject. 

ALEXANDER.  The  Albanian 
Alexajtder,  George  Castriot  {Scanderbc^ 
or  Iscander  beg,  1404-1467). 

The  English  Alexander,  Henry  V. 
(1388,  1413-1422).  He  resembled  Alex- 
ander in  the  brevity  and  glory  of  his 
reign,  in  his  great  military  talents,  and 
■his  wonderful  hold  on  the  hearts  of  his 
people.  Like  Alexander's,  his  generosity 
was  unbounded ;  like  Alexander's,  his 
"life  was  gay  and  hcentious;  hke  Alex- 
ander, he  was  most  impatient  of  control. 
And  his  victories  over  the  French  were 
like  those  of  Alexander  over  the  Persians. 

(Captain  Fluellen  put  the  resemblance 
thus :  Alexander  was  born  at  Macedon, 
and  Henry  V.  was  bom  at  Monmouth, 
both  which  places  begin  with  M.) 

Alexander  of  the  Noi-th,  Charles  XH. 
•of  Sweden  (1682-1718). 

The  Persian  Alexander,  Sandjar  (1117- 
.158). 


Alexan'dra,  daughter  of  Oronthea, 
queen  of  the  Am'azons,  and  one  of  the 
ten  wives  of  Elba'nio.  It  is  from  this 
person  that  the  land  of  the  Amazons  was 
called  Alexandra. — Ariosto:  Orlando  Fu- 
rioso  (15 1 6). 

Alexan'drite  (4  syl.),  a  species  of 
beryl  found  in  Siijeria.  It  shows  the 
Russian  colours  (green  and  red),  and  is 
named  from  the  emperor  Alexander  of 
Russia. 

Alexas,  a  eunuch  in  Cleopatra's 
household.  Timid  and  cowardly,  faith- 
less and  untruthful. — Dryden  :  All  for 
Love,  etc. 

Alexis,  the  wanton  shepherd  in  The 
Faithftil  Shepherdess,  a  pastoral  drama 
by  John  Fletcher  (1610). 

Alfa'der,  the  father  of  all  the  ^^^sir 
or  celestial  deities  of  Scandinavia,  creator 
and  governor  of  the  universe,  patron  of 
arts  and  magic,  etc. 

Alfonso,  father  of  Leono'ra  d'Este, 
and  duke  of  Ferrara.  Tasso  the  poet 
fell  in  love  with  her,  and  the  duke  con- 
fined him  as  a  lunatic  for  seven  years  in 
the  asylum  of  Santa  Anna  ;  at  the  ex- 
piration of  which  period  he  was  released 
through  the  intercession  of  Vincenzo 
Gonzago  duke  of  Mantua.  Byron  refers 
to  this  in  his  Childe  Harold,  iv.  36. 

Alfon'so,  in  Walpole's  tale  called  The 
Castle  of  Otranto,  appears  as  an  appari- 
tion in  the  moonlight,  dilated  to  a  gigantic 
form  (1769). 

Alfonso  XI.  of  Castile,  whose  "  fa- 
vourite" was  Leonora  de  Guzman. — Doni- 
zetti: La  Favor  it  a  (an  opera,  1842). 

Alfon'so  (Don),  of  Seville,  a  man  of  50 
and  husband  of  donna  Julia  (twenty-seven 
years  his  junior),  of  whom  he  was  jealous 
without  cause. — Byron  :  Don  Juan,  i. 

Alfred  as  a  Gleeman.  Alfred, 
wishing  to  know  the  strength  of  the 
Danish  camp,  assumed  the  disguise  of  a 
minstrel,  and  stayed  in  the  Danish  camp 
for  several  days,  amusing  the  soldiers 
with  his  harping  and  singing.  After  he 
had  made  himself  master  of  all  he  re- 
quired, he  returned  back  to  his  own 
place. —  William  of  Malmesbury  (twelfth 
century). 

IT  William  of  Malmesbury  tells  a  simi- 
lar story  of  Anlaf,  a  Danish  king,  who, 
he  says,  just  before  the  battle  of  Brunan- 
burh,  in  Northumberland,  entered  the 
camp  of  king  Athelstan  as  a  gleeman, 


ALFRED. 


as 


ALICIA. 


Iiarp  in  hand ;  and  so  pleased  was  the 
Enghsh  king  that  he  gave  him  gold. 
Anlaf  would  not  keep  the  gold,  but  buried 
it  in  the  earth. 

Alfred,  a  masque,  by  James  Thom- 
son and  David  Mallet  (1740).  Afterwards 
dramatized  by  Mallet,  and  brought  out  at 
Drury  Lane  in  1851.  Especially  noted 
for  the  famous  song  of  Rule  Britannia. 

(Sir  Richard  Blackmore  wrote  an 
historic  poem  in  twelve  books,  called 
Alfred,  1715.  H.  J.  Pye  published,  in 
1801,  an  epic  in  six  books,  called  by  the 
same  name. ) 

Algfarsife  (3  syl.)  and  Cam'ballo, 
sons  of  Cambuscan'  king  of  Tartary, 
and  Elfgta  his  wife.  Algarsife  marritd 
Theodora. 

I  speak  of  Algarsife, 
How  that  he  won  Theodora  to  his  wife. 

Chaucer:  T/u  Squire's  TaU. 

Algebar'  ("  the  giant ").  So  the  Ara- 
bians call  the  constellation  Orion. 

Begirt  with  many  a  blazing  star, 
Stood  the  great  giant  Algebar— 
Orion,  hunter  of  the  beast. 
Long/eUo-w  :  T/ie  Occultaiion  0/ Orion. 

Alham'bra  {The\  a  volume  of 
legends  and  narratives  by  Washington 
Irving  (1812). 

Everything  in  the  [Alhambra]  relating  to  myself  and 
to  the  actual  inhabitants  of  the  Alhanibra,  is  uu- 
exaggerated  fact.— /K  Irving. 

A'li,  cousin  and  son-in-law  of  Ma- 
homet. The  beauty  of  his  eyes  is  pro- 
verbial in  Persia,  Ayn  AH  ("eyes  of 
AU")  being  the  highest  compliment  a 
Persian  can  pay  to  beauty. 

All  Baba,  a  poor  Persian  wood- 
carrier,  who  accidentally  learned  the 
magic  words,  "  Open,  SesamS  !"  "  Shut, 
Sesamg  I  "  by  which  he  gained  entrance 
into  a  vast  cavern,  the  repository  of  stolen 
wealth  and  the  lair  of  forty  thieves.  He 
made  himself  rich  by  plundering  from 
these  stores  ;  and  by  the  shrewd  cunning 
of  Morgia'na,  his  female  slave,  the 
captain  and  his  whole  band  of  thieves 
were  extirpated.  In  reward  of  these 
services,  AH  Baba  gave  Morgiana  her 
freedom,  and  married  her  to  his  own 
son. — Arabian  Nights  ("  Ali  Baba,  or  the 
Forty  Thieves  ").     (See  Tycho.) 

Alias.  "You  have  as  many  aliases 
as  Robin  of  Bagshot."  (See  Robin  of 
Bagshot.) 

AL'ICE  (2  syl),  sister  of  Valentine, 
in  Mons.  Thomas,  a  comedy  by  John 
Fletcher  (1619).     Beaumont  died  1616. 


Al'ice  (2  syl. ),  foster-sister  of  Robert  le 
Diable,  and  bride  of  Rambaldo  the  Nor- 
man troubadour  in  Meyerbeer's  opera  ol 
Roberto  il  Diavolo.  She  came  to  Palermo 
to  place  in  the  duke's  hand  his  mother's 
"  will,"  which  he  was  enjoined  not  to  read 
till  he  became  a  virtuous  man.  She  is 
Robert's  good  genius,  and  when  Bertram, 
the  fiend,  claimed  his  soul  as  the  price  of 
his  ill  deeds,  Alice,  by  reading  the  will, 
reclaimed  him. 

Al'ice  (2  syl. ),  the  servant-girl  of  dame 
Whitecraft,  wife  of  the  innkeeper  at  Al- 
iringham. — Sir  IV,  Scott:  Pevcril  of  the 
Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Al'ice,  the  miller's  daughter,  a  story  of 
happy  first  love  told  in  later  years  by 
an  old  man  who  had  married  the  rustic 
beauty.  He  was  a  dreamy  lad  when  he 
first  loved  Alice,  and  the  passion  roused 
him  into  manhood,  (See  Rose.  ) —  Tenny' 
son  :  The  Miller  s  Daughter. 

Al'ice  [The  lady),  widow  of  Walter 
knight  of  Avenel(2  jj'/.).— 5i>  W.  Scott: 
The  Monastery  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Al'ice  [Gray],  called  "Old  Alice  Gray/' 
a  quondam  tenant  of  the  lord  of  Ravens- 
wood.  Lucy  Ashton  visits  her  after  the 
funeral  of  the  old  lord.— -S/r  W.  Scott: 
Bride  of  Lammermoor  (time,  William 
III.). 

Alice  in  "Wonderland,  a  fairy 
tale  by  "Lewis  Carroll"  (the  assumed 
name  of  C.  L.  Dodgson),  published  in 
1869.  A  continuation,  called  Through 
the  Looking-glass,  was  published  in 
187X. 

Alicbi'no,  a  devil  in  Dante's  Inferno. 

Alick  [Polworth],  one  of  the  ser- 
vants of  Waverley. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 

ALICIA  gave  her  heart  to  Mosby, 
but  married  Arden  for  his  position.  As 
a  wife,  she  played  falsely  with  her  hus- 
band, and  even  joined  Mosby  in  a  plot  to 
murder  him.  Vacillating  between  love 
for  Mosby  and  respect  for  Arden,  she 
repents,  and  goes  on  sinning ;  wishes  to 
get  disentangled,  but  is  overmastered  by 
Mosby's  stronger  will.  Alicia's  passions 
impel  her  to  evil,  but  her  judgment  ac- 
cuses her  and  prompts  her  to  the  right 
course.  She  halts,  and  parleys  with  sin, 
like  Balaam,  and  of  course  is  lost. — Anon. : 
Arden  of  Feversham  (1592). 

Ali'cia,  "a  laughing,  toying,  wheed- 
hng,   whimpering  she,"   who  once  held 


ALICIA. 


26 


ALKOREMMI, 


lord  Hastings  under  her  distaff;  but  her 
annoying  jealousy,  "vexatious  days,  and 
jarring,  joyless  nights,"  drove  him  away 
from  her.  Being  jealous  of  Jane  Shore, 
she  accused  her  to  the  duke  of  Gloster  of 
alluring  lord  Hastings  from  his  allegiance, 
and  the  lord  protector  soon  trumped  up  a 
charge  against  both  ;  the  lord  chamberlain 
he  ordered  to  execution  for  treason,  and 
Jane  Shore  he  persecuted  for  witchcraft. 
Alicia  goes  raving  mad. — Howe:  Jane 
Shore  {171s). 

The  king  of  Denmark  went  to  see  Mrs.  Bellamy  play 
"  Alicia,"  and  fell  into  a  sound  sleep.  The  angry  lady 
had  to  say,  ",0  thou  false  lord  !  "  and  she  drew  near  to 
the  slumbering  monarch,  and  shouted  the  words  into 
the  royal  box.  The  king  started,  rubbed  his  eyes,  and 
remarked  that  ho  would  not  have  such  a  woman  for 
liis  wife,  tliough  she  had  no  end  of  kingdoms  for  a 
dowry.— Co  nihil i  Magazine  (1863). 

Alic'ia  {The  lady),  daughter  of  lord 
Waldemar  Fitzarse. — Sir  VV.  Scott: 
Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Alifan'faron,  emperor  of  the  island 
Trap'oban,  a  Mahometan,  the  suitor  of 
Pentap'olin's  daughter,  a  Christian.  Pen- 
tapolin  refused  to  sanction  this  alliance, 
and  the  emperor  raised  a  vast  army  to 
enforce  his  suit.  This  is  don  Quixote's 
solution  of  two  flocks  of  sheep  coming  in 
opposite  directions,  which  he  told  Sancho 
were  the  armies  of  Alifanfaron  and  Pen- 
tapolin. — Cervantes:  Don  Quixote,  I.  iii.  4 
(1605). 

IT  Ajax  the  Greater  had  a  similar  en- 
counter.    (See  AjAX  Telamon,  p.  17.) 

Alin'da,  daughter  of  Alphonso  an 
irascible  old  lord  of  Sego'via.  —  John 
Fletcher  :  The  Pilgrim  (1621). 

[Alinda  is  the  name  assumed  by  young 
Archas  when  he  dresses  in  woman's  attire. 
This  young  man  is  the  son  of  general 
Archas,  "  the  loyal  subject  "  of  the  great 
duke  of  Moscovia,  in  a  drama  by  John 
Fletcher,  called  The  Loyal  Subject, 
z6i8.) 

Aliprando,  a  Christian  knight,  who 
discovered  the  armour  of  Rinaldo,  and 
informed  Godfrey  of  it.  Both  inferred  that 
Rinaldo  had  been  slain,  but  they  were 
mistaken. — Tasso  :  Jerusalem  Delivered 
(1575)- 

Al'iris,  sultan  of  Lower  Buchar'ia, 
who,  under  the  assumed  name  of  Fer'- 
amorz,  accompanied  Lalla  Rookh  from 
Delhi,  on  her  way  to  be  married  to  the 
sultan.  He  won  her  love,  and  amused 
the  tedium  of  the  journey  by  telling  her 
tales.  "When  introduced  to  the  sultan, 
her  joy  was  unbounded  on  discovering 
that  Feramorz  the  poet  was  the  sultan  to 


whom  she  was  betrothed.  — Moore  :  Lalla 
Rookh  (1817). 

Alisauuder  {fCyng),  an  Arthurian 
romance,  included  in  Weber's  Collection. 
Probably  of  French  origin. 

Alisaunder  {Sir),  surnamed  LoR- 
FELiN,  son  of  the  good  prince  Boudwine 
and  his  wife  An 'glides  (3  syL).  Sir  Mark 
king  of  Cornwall  murdered  his  brother, 
sir  Boudwine,  while  Alisaunder  was  a 
mere  child.  When  Alisaunder  wac 
knighted,  his  mother  gave  him  his  father's 
doublet,  "bedabbled  with  blood,"  and 
charged  him  to  revenge  his  father's  death. 
Alisaunder  married  Alis  la  Beale  Pilgrim, 
and  had  one  son,  called  Bellen 'gerus  le 
Beuse.  Instead  of  fulfilling  his  mother's 
charge,  he  was  himself  "falsely  and 
feloniously  slain  "  by  king  Mark. — Sir  T. 
Malory:  History  of  King  Arthur, u,  119- 
125(1470). 

Al'ison,  the  young  wife  of  John,  a 
rich  old  miserly  carpenter.  Absolon,  a 
priggish  parish  clerk,  paid  her  attention, 
but  she  herself  loved  a  poor  scholar  named 
Nicholas,  lodging  in  her  husband's  house. 
Fair  she  was,  and  her  body  lithe  as  a 
weasel.  She  had  a  roguish  eye,  small 
eyebrows,  was  "  long  as  a  mast  and  up- 
right as  a  bolt,"  more  "  pleasant  to  look 
on  than  a  flowering  pear  tree,"  and  her 
skin  "was  softer  than  the  wool  of  a 
wether." — Chaucer:  Canterbury  Tales 
("  The  Miller's  Tale,"  1383). 

Al'ison,  in  sir  W.  Scoii' sKenilworth,  is 
an  old  domestic  in  the  service  of  the  earl 
of  Leicester  at  Cumnor  Place. 

Al  Kadr  {The  Night  of).  The  97th 
chapter  of  the  Koran  is  so  entitled.  It 
was  the  night  on  which  Mahomet  received 
from  Gabriel  his  first  revelation,  and  was 
probably  the  24th  of  Ramadan. 

Verily  we  sent  down  the  Kordn  in  the  night  of  Al 
Kadr. — Al  Kofdn,  xcvii. 

Al'ken,  an  old  shepherd  who  in- 
structed Robin  Hood's  men  how  to  find  a 
witch,  and  how  she  is  to  be  hunted. — Ben 
Jonson  :  The  Sad  Shepherd  (1637). 

Alkoremmi,  the  palace  built  by  the 
Motassem  on  the  hill  of  "  Pied  Horses." 
His  son  Vathek  added  five  wings  to  it, 
one  for  the  gratification  of  each  of  the 
five  senses. 

I.  The  Eternal  Banquet,  in  which 
were  tables  covered  both  night  and  day 
with  the  most  tempting  foods. 

II.  The  Nectar  of  the  Soul,  filled 
with  the  best  of  poets  and  musicians. 


Al  L  FOOLS. 


27 


ALLEGRE. 


Til.  The  Delight  OF  THE  Eyes,  filled 
with  the  most  enchanting  objects  the  eye 
could  look  on. 

IV.  The  Palace  of  Perfumes,  which 
was  always  pervaded  with  the  sweetest 
odours. 

V.  The  Retreat  of  Joy,  filled  with 
tlie  loveliest  and  most  seductive  houris. — 
II'.  Bedford:   Vathek  (1784). 

All  Pools,  a  comedy  by  George 
Chapman  (1605),  based  on  Terence's 
Heautontirumenos. 

All  for  Love  (or  "A  Sinner  Well 
Saved  "),  a  poem  in  nine  parts,  in  the  form 
of  a  ballad,  bySouthey  {1829).  The  legend 
is  this  :  Elecmon,  afreedman,  was  in  love 
with  Cyra,  his  master's  daughter,  and 
signed  with  his  blood  a  bond  to  give  body 
and  soul  to  Satan,  if  Satan  would  give 
him  Cyra  for  his  wife.  He  married  Cyra, 
and  after  the  lapse  of  twelve  years  Satan 
came  to  Eleemon  to  redeem  his  bond. 
Cyra  applied  to  St.  Basil,  who  appointed 
certain  penance,  and  when  Satan  came 
and  showed  Basil  the  bond,  the  bishop 
replied  that  thebond  was  worthless  for  two 
reasons:  (i)  it  was  made  when  Eleemon 
was  single,  but  marriage  made  the  wife 
one  with  the  man,  and  Cyra's  consent 
was  indispensable  ;  (2)  nothing  that  man 
can  do  can  possibly  render  null  the  work 
of  redemption,  so  the  blood  of  Eleemon 
was  washed  away  by  the  blood  of  Christ. 
If  sin  hath  abounded,  grace  hath  super- 
abounded. 

All  for  Love  (or  "  The  World  Well 
Lost"),  a  tragedy  by  Dryden  (1678). 
VentidJus  induces  Antony  to  free  himself 
from  the  wiles  of  Cleopatra,  but  the  fair 
frail  one  wins  him  back  again.  Where- 
upon Ventidius  brings  forward  Octavia, 
who  succeeds  for  a  lime  in  regaining  her 
husband's  love.  Again  Cleopatra  lures 
him  away,  and  when  Alexandria  fell  into 
the  hands  of  Octavius  Coesar,  Alexis  tells 
Antony  that  Cleopatra  is  dead,  where- 
upon Antony  slays  himself.  Cleopatra 
(erroneously  reported  dead)  arrives  just 
in  time  to  bid  Antony  farewell,  and  then 
kills  herself  with  an  asp. 

All  in  the  Wrong",  a  comedy  by 
Murphy,  adapted  from  the  French 
(1761). '  Also  the  title  of  a  novel  by 
Theodore  Hook  (1839). 

All  the  Year  Sound,  a  weekly 
periodical,  conducted  by  Charles  Dickens, 
and  since  his  death  in  1870  continued  by 
his    son.      It    was    called    "  Household 


Words "  from  1850  to  1857 ;  then  "Once  a 
Wctk  "  (1857-1859). 

All  the  Talents  Administration, 
formed  by  lord  Grenville,  in  1806,  on  the 
death  of  William  Pitt.  The  members 
were  lord  Grenville,  the  earl  F'itzwilliam, 
viscount  Sidmouth,  Charles  James  Fox, 
carl  Spencer,  William  Windham,  lord 
Erskine,  sir  Charles  Grey,  lord  Ivlinto, 
lord  Auckland,  lord  Moira,  Sheridan, 
Richard  Fitzpatrick,  and  lord  Ellen- 
borough.     It  was  dissolved  in  1807. 

On  "all  the  talents  "  vent  your  venal  spleen. 
Byron  :  English  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers. 

All  this  for  a  Song !    (See  Song.) 

All's  Well  that  Ends  Well,  a 

comedy  by  Shakespeare  (1598).  The 
hero  and  heroine  are  Bertram  count  of 
Rousillon,  and  Hel'ena  a  physician's 
daughter,  who  are  married  by  the  com- 
mand of  the  king  of  France  ;  they  part 
because  Bertram  thought  the  lady  not 
sufficiently  well-born  for  him.  Ulti- 
mately, however,  all  ends  well.  (See 
Helena.) 

(The  story  of  this  play  is  from  the 
Decameron,  Novel  ix.  Day  3.) 

Allan,  lord  of  Ravenswood,  a  decayed 
Scotch  nobleman. — Sir  W.  Scott:  The 
Bride  of  Lamtnermoor  (time,  William 
III.). 

Allan  {M7-S.),  colonel  Mannering's 
housekeeper  at  Woodburne. — Sir  W, 
Scott:  Guy  Afannerini^  {ixxne,  George  II.). 

Allan  [Breck  Cameron],  the  ser- 
geant sent  to  arrest  Hamish  Bean 
McTavish,  by  whom  he  is  shot. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  The  Highland  Widow  (time, 
George  II.). 

AUan-a-Dale,  one  of  Robin  Hood's 
men,  introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott  in 
Ivanhoe.     (See  Allin-A-D ale.  ) 

Allegory   for  Allig'ator,  a  mal- 

apropism. 

She's  as  headstrong  as  an  allegory  on  the  banks  of  the 
Nile. 

Sheridan  :  The  Rivah,  iii.  2  (1775). 

AUe'gre  (3  syl.),  the  faithful  servant 
of  Philip  Chabot.  When  Chabot  was 
accused  of  treason,  AUegre  was  put  to  the 
rack  to  make  him  confess  something  to 
his  master's  damage  ;  but  the  brave  fellow 
was  true  as  steel,  and  it  was  afterwards 
shown  that  the  accusation  had  no  foun- 
dation but  jealousv. — G.  Chapman  and 
J.  Shirley :  The  '  Tragedy  of  Philip 
Chabot  (1639). 


ALLEGRO. 


23 


ALMAN50R. 


Allegro  {L'),  one  of  two  exquisite 
poems  in  seven-syllable  verse,  by  Milton. 
The  other  is  called  //  Penseroso.  L' Allegro 
or  Mirth  dwells  on  the  innocent  delights 
of  the  country,  such  as  the  lark,  the 
barn-door  cock,  the  hunting-horn,  the 
ploughman,  the  mower,  the  milkmaid, 
ajid  so  on. 

These  deligfhts  if  thou  canst  give, 
Mirth,  with  thee  1  uieau  to  live. 

Milton. 

AUelu'jall,  wood-sorrel,  so  called  by 
a  corruption  of  its  name,  Juliola,  where- 
by it  is  knov/n  in  the  south  of  Italy. 
Its  official  name  is  Luzula. 

Allemayne  (2  syl.),  Germany,  from 
the  French  Allemagne.  Also  written 
Allemain. 

Thy  faithful  bosom  swooned  with  pain, 
O  loveliest  m.iiden  of  Allemayne. 

Caifipbell:  The  Brave  Roland. 

Allen  {Mr.  Benjamin),  a  young 
surgeon  in  Dickens's  Pickwick  Papers. 

Allen  [Ralph),  the  friend  of  Pope,  and 
benefactor  of  Fielding. 

Let  humble  Alien,  with  an  awkward  shame, 
Do  good  by  stealth,  and  blush  to  find  it  fame. 
Pope  :  Epilosue  to  tlu  Satires,  Dialogrue  i.  136. 

Allen  {Major),  an  officer  in  the  duke  of 
Monmouth's  army. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Old 
Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Alley  {The),  i.e.  the  Stock  Ex- 
change Alley  (London). 

John  Rive,  after  many  active  years  In  the  Alley, 
retired  to  the  Continent ;  and  died  at  the  age  of  ii8.— 
Olii  and  New  London. 

All-Fair,  a  princess,  who  was  saved 
from  the  two  lions  (which  guarded  the 
Desert  Fairy)  by  the  Yellow  Dwarf,  on 
condition  that  she  would  become  his 
wife.  On  her  return  home  she  hoped  to 
evade  this  promise  by  marrying  the  brave 
king  of  the  Gold  Mines,  but  on  the  wed- 
ding day  Yellow  Dwarf  carried  her  off 
on  a  Spanish  cat,  and  confined  her  in 
Steel  Castle.  Here  Gold  Mine  came  to 
her  rescue  with  a  magic  sword,  but  in  his 
joy  at  finding  her,  he  dropped  his  sword, 
and  was  stabbed  to  the  heart  with  it 
by  Yellow  Dwarf.  All-Fair,  falling  on 
the  body  of  her  lover,  died  of  a  broken 
heart.  The  syren  changed  the  dead 
lovers  into  two  palm  trees. — Cointesse 
D'Aulnoy,  Fairy  Tales  ("The  Yellow 
Dwarf,"  1682). 

Allin-a-Dale  or  AUen-a-Dale,  of 

Nottinghamshire,  was  to  be  married  to 
a  lady  who  returned  his  love,  but  her 
parents  compelled  lier  to  forego  young 
AUin  for  an  old  knight  of  wealth.     AUin 


told  his  tale  to  Robin  Hood,  and  the  bold 
forester,  in  the  disguise  of  a  harper,  went 
to  the  church  where  the  wedding  cere- 
mony was  to  take  place.  When  the 
wedding  party  stepped  in,  Robin  Hood 
exclaimed,  "  This  is  no  fit  match  ;  the 
bride  shall  be  married  only  to  the  man  of 
her  choice."  Then  sounding  his  horn, 
Al!in-a-Dale  with  four  and  twenty  bow- 
men entered  the  church.  The  bishop 
refused  to  marry  the  woman  to  AUin  till 
the  banns  had  been  asked  three  times, 
whereupon  Robin  pulled  off  the  bishop's 
gown,  and  invested  Little  John  in  it,  who 
asked  the  banns  seven  times,  and  per- 
formed the  ceremony. — Robin  Hood  a?id 
Allin-a-Dale  (a  ballad). 

AUnut  {Noll),  landlord  of  the  Swan, 
Lambythe  Ferry  (1625). 

Grace  AUnut,  his  wife. 

Oliver  Allnut,  the  landlord's  son.— 
Sterling:  John  Felton  (1852). 

AUwortli  {Lady),  stepmother  to  Tom 
AUworth.  Sir  Giles  Overreach  thought 
she  would  marry  his  nephew  Weliborn, 
but  she  married  lord  Lovel. 

Tom  AUworth,  stepson  of  lady  All- 
worth,  in  love  with  Margaret  OveiTeach, 
whom  he  marries. — Massinger :  A  New 
IVay  to  pay  Old  Debts  (1625). 

The  first  appearance  of  Thomas  King  was  "Allworth, ' 
on  the  19th  October,  1748. — Boaden. 

Airworthy,  in  Fielding's  Tom  Jones, 
a  man  of  sturdy  rectitude,  large  charity, 
infinite  modesty,  independent  spirit,  and 
untiring  philanthropy,  with  an  utter  dis- 
regard of  money  or  fame.  Fielding's 
friend,  Ralph  Allen,  was  the  academy 
figure  of  this  character.     (See  Allen.  ) 

Alma  [the  human  soul],  queen  of 
"  Body  Castle,"  which  for  seven  years 
was  beset  by  a  rabble  rout.  Spenser 
says,  "The  divine  part  of  man  is 
circular,  and  the  mortal  part  triangular." 
Arthur  and  sir  Guyon  were  conducted  by 
Alma  over  "Body  Castle." — Spenser: 
Faerie  Qiieene,  ii.  9  (1590). 

• .  •  Prior  wrote  a  poem  called  Alma,  in 
three  cantos. 

Almain,  Germany;  in  French  Alle- 
magne.   (See  Allemayne.  ) 

Almansor  {"the  invincible"),  a 
title  assumed  by  several  Mussulman 
princes,  as  by  the  second  caliph  of  the 
Abbasside  dynasty,  named  Abou  Giafar 
Abdallah  {the  invincible,  or  al  mansor). 
Also  by  the  famous  captam  of  the  Moors 
in  Spain,  named  Mohammv^d.     In  Africa, 


ALMANZOR. 


ALNASCHAR. 


Vacoub-al-Modjahed  was  enlilled  "  al 
Mansor,"  a  royal  name  of  dignity  given 
lo  the  kings  of  Fez,  Morocco,  and 
Algiers. 

The  kingdoms  of  Almansor,  Fez,  and  Sus, 
Marocco  and  Algiers. 

MiUcn  :  Paradise  Lost,  xL  403  (1665). 

AIiMANZOB,  the  caliph,  wishing  to 
found  a  city  in  a  certain  spot,  was  told 
by  a  hermit  named  Bagdad  that  a  man 
called  Moclas  was  destined  to  be  its 
founder,  "  I  am  that  man,"  said  the 
caliph,  and  he  then  told  the  hermit  how  in 
his  boyhood  he  once  stole  a  bracelet  and 
])awned  it,  whereupon  his  nurse  ever  after 
called  him  "  Moclas"  {thief).  Almanzor 
founded  the  city,  and  called  it  Bagdad, 
the  name  of  the  hermit. — Marigny. 

Alman'zor,  in  Dryden's  tragedy  of 
77/1?  Conquest  0/  Grana'da  (1672). 

Almanzor,  lackey  of  Madclon  and  her 
cousin  Cathos,  the  affected  fine  ladies  in 
Moli6re*s  comedy  of  Les  Pricieusts 
Ridicules  (1659). 

Almanzor  and  Alm'anzaida,  a 

novel  said  to  be  by  Sir  Philip  Sidney,  and 
published  in  1678,  which,  however,  being 
ninety-two  years  after  his  deatli,  renders 
the  attributed  authorship  extremely  sus- 
picious. 

Almavi'va{C£>«;?/and  countess),  in  the 
Barber  0/ Seville  and  in  the  Mariage  de 
Figaro.  Holcroft  has  a  wretched  adapta- 
tion called  The  Follies  of  a  Day.  Tlie 
count  is  a  libertine,  and  the  countess  is 
his  wife. — Hollies  (1745-1809). 

Alme'ria,  daughter  of  Manuel  king 
of  Grana'da.  Prince  Alphonso  fell  in 
love  with  her,  and  married  her  ;  but  on 
the  very  day  of  espousal  the  ship  in  which 
they  were  sailing  was  wrecked,  and  each 
thought  the  other  had  perished.  Both, 
however,  were  saved,  and  met  unex- 
pectedly on  the  coast  of  Granada,  to 
which  Alphonso  was  brouglit  as  a  captive. 
Here  (under  the  assumed  name  of  Osmyn) 
he  was  imprisoned,  but  made  his  escape, 
and  invaded  Granada.  He  found  king 
Manuel  dead ;  succeeded  to  the  crown  ; 
and  "  the  mourning  bride  "  became  con- 
verted into  the  joyful  wife. —  W.  Congreve  : 
The  Mourning  Bride  (1697). 

AlmesTsury  (3  syl.).  It  was  in  a 
sanctuary  of  Almesbury  that  queen 
Guenever  took  refuge,  after  her  adul- 
terous passion  for  sir  Lancelot  was  made 
knovra  to  the  king.  Here  she  died,  but 
her  body  was  buried  at  Glastonbury,  in 
Somersetshire. 


(Almesbury,  i.e.  Almondsbury,  in 
Gloucestershire.) 

Alm.ey'da,  the  Portuguese  governor 
of  India.  In  his  engagement  with  the 
united  fleets  of  Cambaya  and  Egypt,  he 
had  his  legs  and  thighs  shattered  by  chain- 
shot,  but,  instead  of  retreating  to  the  rear, 
he  had  himself  bound  to  the  ship-mast, 
where  he  "waved  his  sword  to  cheer  on 
the  combatants,"  till  he  died  from  loss  of 
blood. 

MHiirled  by  the  cannons'  rag:e,  In  sliivers  torn, 
His  tliig^hs  far  scattered  o'er  the  waves  are  borne ; 
Uound  to  the  mast  the  g^odlikc  liero  stands. 
Waves  his  proud  sword  and  cheers  his  woeful  bauds ; 
Tho'  winds  and  seas  their  wonted  aid  deny. 
To  yield  he  luiows  not ;  but  he  knows  to  die. 

Cainoens :  Ljtstad,  x.  (1369). 

^  Similar  stories  are  told  of  admiral 
Benbow,  Cynasgeros  brother  of  the  poet 
/Eschylos,  Jaafer  who  carried  the  sacred 
banner  of  "the  prophet"  in  the  battle  of 
Muta,  and  of  some  others. 

Almirods  ( The),  a  rebellious  people, 
who  refused  to  submit  to  prince  Pan- 
tng'ruel  after  his  subjugation  of  Anar- 
chus  king  of  the  Dipsodes  (2  syl.).  It 
was  while  Pantagruel  was  marching 
against  these  rebels  that  a  tremendous 
shower  of  rain  fell,  and  the  prince,  putting 
out  his  tongue  "half-way,"- sheltered  his 
whole  army. — Rabelais:  Pantagruel,  ii. 
32  (1533)- 

Arnaschar,  the  dreamer,  the  "bar- 
ber's fifth  brother."  He  invested  all  his 
money  in  a  basket  of  glassware,  on  which 
he  was  to  gain  so  much,  and  then  to  in- 
vest again  and  again,  till  he  grew  so  rich 
that  he  would  marry  the  vizier's  daughter 
and  live  in  grandeur;  but,  being  angry 
with  his  supposed  wife,  he  gave  a  kick 
with  his  foot  and  smashed  all  the  ware 
which  had  given  birth  to  his  dream  of 
wealth. — The  Arabian  Nights'  Entertain- 
vients. 

If  Echep'ron's  fable  of  The  Shoemaker 
and  a  Ha' forth  of  Milk,  in  Rabelais; 
7'he  Milkmaid  and  her  Pail  of  Milk, 
Dodsley  ;  and  Perrette  et  le  Pot  au  Lait, 
by  La  Fontaine,  are  similar  fables. 

The  leading  ideas  of  Malvolio,  in  his  humour  of  state, 
bear  a  strong  resemblance  to  those  of  Alnaschar,  and 
some  of  the  expressions  are  very  similar,  too. — Tyr- 
whit.  _ 

To  indulge  in  Alnaschar-like  dreams  of  compound 
Interest  ad  infinitum. — Tht  Times. 

The  Alnaschar  of  Modern  Literature, 
S.  Taylor  Coleridge,  who  dreamt  his 
Kubla  Khan  {q.v.),  and  wrote  it  out  next 
morning  from  memory  (1772-1834). 

'.*  Most  likely  he  had  been  reading 
Purchas's  Pilgrimage,  which  recurred  to 


ALNECMA. 


30 


AT.QUIFE. 


him  in  his  dreams.     None  can  doubt  the 
resemblance  of  the  two  poems. 

Alnec'ma  or  Alnecmacht,  ancient 
name  of  Connaught. 

In  Alnecma  was  the  warrior  honoured,  the  first  of  the 
race  of  Bolga  lihe  Belgoi  0/  South  Irekind\. — Ossian  : 
Temcra,  ii. 

Aloa'din  (4  syl.),  a  sorcerer,  who  made 
for  liimself  a  palace  and  garden  in  Arabia 
called  "  The  Earthly  Paradise."  Thalaba 
slew  him  with  a  club,  and  the  scene 
of  enchantment  disappeared. — Southey  : 
Thalaba  the  Destroyer,  vii.  (1797). 

A.  L.  O.  E.  (that  is,  A  L[adyl  0[f] 
E[ngland]),  Miss  Charlotte  Tucker  (1821- 
1893). 

Alon'so,  king  of  Naples,  father  of 
Ferdinand  and  brother  of  Sebastian,  in 
The  Tempest,  by  Shakespeare  (1609). 

AIiQNZO  the  brave,  the  name  of  a 
ballad  by  M.  G.  Lewis.  The  fair  Imogen' 
was  betrothed  to  Alonzo,  but,  during  his 
absence  in  the  wars,  became  the  bride  of 
another.  At  the  wedding  feast  Alonzo's 
ghost  sat  beside  the  bride,  and,  after 
rebuking  her  for  her  infidelity,  carried 
her  off  to  the  grave. 

Alonzo  the  brave  was  the  name  of  the  knight ; 
The  maid  was  the  fair  Iinoijen. 

M.  G.  Lewis  (177S-1818). 

Alon'zo,  a  Portuguese  gentleman,  the 
sworn  enemy  of  the  vainglorious  Duarte 
(3  syl. ),  in  the  drama  called  The  Ctisto^n 
of  the  Country,  by  Beaumont  and  Flet- 
cher (pubhshed  in  1647). 

Alonzo,  the  husband  of  Cora.  He  is  a 
brave  Peruvian  knight,  the  friend  of  Rolla, 
and  beloved  by  king  Atali'ba.  Alonzo, 
being  taken  prisoner  of  war,  is  set  at 
liberty  by  Rolla,  who  changes  clothes 
with  him.  At  the  end  he  fights  with 
Pizarro  and  kills  him . — Sheridan :  Pizarro 
(altered  from  Kotzebue)  (1799). 

Alonzo  {Don),  "the  conqueror  of 
Afric,"  friend  of  don  Carlos,  and  husband 
of  Leonora.  (For  the  plot,  see  Zanga.) — 
Young  :  The  Revenge  ( 1 72 1 ). 

Alonzo  Fernandez  de  Avella- 
neda,  author  of  a  spurious  Don  Qtiixote, 
who  makes  a  third  sally.  This  was  pub- 
lished during  the  lifetime  of  Cervantes, 
and  caused  him  great  annoyance. 

Alp,  a  Venetian  renegade,  who  was 
commander  of  the  Turkish  army  in  the 
siege  of  Corinth.  He  loved  Francesca, 
daughter  of  old  Minotti,  governor  of 
Corinth,  but  she  refused  to  marry  a  rene- 
gade and  apostate.     Alp  was  shot  in  the 


siege,  and  Francesca  died   of  a  broken 
heart. — Byron:  Siege  of  Corinth  (i8i6). 

Alph,  a  river  in  Xanadu,  mentioned 
by  Coleridge  in  his  Kubla  Khan. 

In  Xanadu  did  Kubla  Khan 

A  stately  pleasure-dome  decree. 
Where  Alph,  the  sacred  river,  ran. 
Thro'  caverns  measureless  to  man, 
Down  to  a  sunless  sea. 

Kubla  Khan. 

Alpha 'us  (3  syl.),  a  magician  and 
prophet  in  the  army  of  Charlemagne, 
slain  in  sleep  by  Clorida'no. — Ariosto : 
Orlando  Furioso  (1516), 

Alphe'us  (3  syl.),  of  classic  story,  being 
passionately  in  love  with  Arethu'sa,  pur- 
sued her  ;  but  she  fled  from  him  in  a 
fright,  and  was  changed  by  Diana  into 
a  fountain,  which  bears  her  name. 

Alphon'so,  an  irascible  old  lord  in 
The  Pilgrim,  a  comedy  by  John  Fletcher 
(1621). 

Alplion'so,  king  of  Naples,  deposed  by 
his  brother  Frederick.  Sora'no  tried  to 
poison  him,  but  did  not  succeed.  Ulti- 
mately, he  recovered  his  crown,  and 
Frederick  and  Sorano  were  sent  to  a 
monastery  for  the  rest  of  their  lives. — 
John  Fletcher:  A  Wife  for  a  Month 
(1624).     Beaumont  died  i6i6. 

Alphonso,  son  of  count  Pedro  of  Can- 
ta.bria,  afterwards  king  of  Spain.  He  was 
plighted  to  Hermesind,  daughter  of  lord 
Pelayo. 

The  young  Alphonso  was  in  truth  an  heir 

Of  nature's  largest  patrimony  ;  rich 

In  form  and  feature,  growing  strength  of  limb, 

A  gentle  heart,  a  soul  affectioiiate, 

A  joyous  spirit,  filled  with  generous  thoughts. 

And  genius  heightening  and  ennobling  all. 

Southey  :  Roderick,  etc.,  viii.  (1814), 

Alpleiclx  or  Elfenreigfen,  the  weird 
spirit-song,  or  that  music  which  some 
hear  before  death.  Faber  .refers  to  it  in 
his  "  Pilgrims  of  the  Night  " — 

Hark,  hark,  my  soul  I    Angelic  songs  are  swelling. 

And  Pope,  in  The  Dying  Christian  to  his 
Soul,  when  he  says — 

Hark  I  they  whisper,  angels  say, 
Sister  spirit,  come  away  1 

Alps-Vinegfar.  It  is  Livy  who  says 
that  Hannibal  poured  hot  vinegar  on  the 
Alps  to  facilitate  his  passage  over  the 
mountains.  Where  did  he  get  the  vinegar 
from?  And  as  for  the  fire,  Polybius  says 
there  was  no  means  of  heating  tlie  vinegar, 
not  a  tree  for  fire-wood. 

Alq^ui'fe  (351'/.),  a  famous  enchanter 
in  Amddis  of  Gaul,  by  Vasco  de  Lobeira, 
of  Oporto,  who  died  1403. 


AL  RAKIM. 


31 


ALTON. 


La  Noue  denounces  such  beneficent  enchanters  as 
Alijuife  and  Urganda,  because  they  serve  "as  a  vindi- 
cation of  tliose  who  traffic  with  the  powers  of  darkness." 
—J-'rancis  dt  la  Noue:  Discourses,  87  (1587). 

Al  Rakim  {rah-keem''\.  The  meaning 
of  this  word  is  very  doubtful.  Some  say 
it  is  the  mountain  or  valley  of  the  cave 
of  the  seven  sleepers.  Others  think  it  is 
tiie  name  of  tlie  dog  shut  up  in  the  cave 
with  them  ;  but  probably  it  is  a  stone  or 
metal  tablet  set  up  near  the  cave,  con- 
taining the  names  of  the  seven  sleepers 
and  their  dog  Katmir'. — Sale  :  Al  Koran, 
xviii.  note. 

Alrinacli,  the  demon  who  causes 
shipwrecks,  and  presides  over  storms  and 
earthquakes.  When  visible  it  is  always 
in  the  form  and  dress  of  a  woman, — 
Eastern  Mythology. 

Alsa'tia,  the  Whitefriars'  sanctuary 
for  debtors  and  law-breakers.  The  name 
is  taken  from  Alsatia  {Alsace,  in  France), 
a  seat  of  war  and  lawlessness  when  king 
James's  son-in-law  was  the  prince  Pala- 
tine. Sir  Walter  Scott,  in  The  Fortunes 
of  Nigel,  has  graphically  described  the 
life  and  state  of  this  rookery,  but  he  is 
greatly  indebted  to  Shadwell's  comedy, 
The  Squire  of  Alsatia  (1640-1692). 

Alscrip  [Miss),  "the  heiress,"  a  vulgar 
parvenuc,  affected,  conceited,  ill-natured, 
and  ignorant.  Having  had  a  fortune  left 
her,  she  assumes  the  airs  of  a  woman  of 
fashion,  and  exhibits  the  follies  without 
possessing  the  merits  of  the  upper  ten. 

Mr.  Alscrip,  the  vulgar  father  of  "  th^ 
heiress,"  who  finds  the  grandeur  of  sud- 
den wealth  a  great  bore,  and  in  his  new 
mansion,  Berkeley  Square,  sighs  for  the 
snug  comforts  he  once  enjoyed  as  scrive- 
ner in  Furnival's  Inn. — Burgoyne:  The 
Heiress  (17S1). 

Al  Sirat',  an  imaginary  bridge  be- 
tween earth  and  the  Mahometan  paradise, 
not  so  wide  as  a  spider's  thread.  Those 
laden  with  sin  fall  over  into  the  abyss 
below. 

Al'tainont,ayoungGenoeseIord,  who 
marries  Calista,  daughter  of  lord  Sciol'to 
(3  syl. ),  On  his  wedding  day  he  discovers 
that  his  bride  has  been  seduced  by  Lotha'- 
rio,  and  a  duel  ensues,  in  which  Lothario 
is  killed,  whereupon  Calista  stabs  herself. 
— Rmve  :   7  he  Fa  ir  Pen  iten  /  ( 1 703 ). 

• .  •  Rowe  makes  Sciolto  three  syllables 
always. 

[John  Quick]  commenced  his  career  at  Fulham,  where 
be  performed  the  character  of  "Altamont,"  which  he 
.icted  so  much  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  manager  th;a 
ho  desired  his  wife  to  set  dowi  young  Quick  a  whole 


share,  which,  at  the  close  of  the  performance,  amounted 
to  three  iXxy^xn^^— Memoir  of  John  Quick  (1832). 

Altamoms,  king  of  Samarcand',  who 
joined  the  Egyptian  army  against  the 
crusaders.  He  surrendered  himself  to 
Godfrey  (bk,  xx.). — Tasso:  Jerusalem  De- 
livered {isis)- 

Althe'a  ( The  divine),  of  Richard  Love- 
lace, was  Lucy  Sachevcrell,  called  by  the 
poet,  Lncretia. 

When  love  with  unconfinid  wings 

Hovers  within  my  gates, 
And  my  divine  Althea  brings 

To  whisper  at  my  grates.  .  .  . 

(The  "grates"  here  referred  to  were 
those  of  a  prison  in  which  Lovelace  was 
confined  by  the  Long  Parliament,  for  his 
petition  from  Kent  in  favour  of  the  king.) 

Althaea's  Brand.  The  Fates  told 
Althtea  that  her  son  Melea'ger  would  live 
just  as  long  as  a  log  of  wood  then  on  the 
fire  remained  unconsumed.  Althaea  con- 
trived to  keep  the  log  unconsumed  for 
many  years  ;  but  when  her  son  killed  her 
two  brothers,  she  threw  it  angrily  into  the 
fire,  where  it  was  quickly  consumed,  and 
Meleager  expired  at  the  same  time. — 
Ovid:  Metamorphoses,  viii.  4. 

The  fatal  brand  AlthKa  burned. 
Shakesj>eare  :  2  Henry  VJ.  act  i.  sc.  i  (1S91J. 

(Shakespeare  says  {2  Henry  IV.  act  ii. 
sc.  2).  Althaea  dreamt  "she  was  delivered 
of  a  fire-brand."  This  is  a  mistake.  It 
was  Hecuba  who  so  dreamt.  The  story 
of  Althaea  and  the  fire-brand  is  given 
above. ) 

Altisido'ra,  one  of  the  duchess's 
servants,  who  pretends  to  be  in  love  with 
don  Quixote,  and  serenades  him.  The 
don  sings  his  response  that  he  has  no 
other  love  than  what  he  gives  to  his 
Dulcin'ea,  and  while  he  is  still  singing 
he  is  assailed  by  a  string  of  cats,  let  into 
the  room  by  a  rope.  As  the  knight  was 
leaving  the  mansion,  Altisidora  accused 
him  of  having  stolen  her  garters,  but 
v/hen  the  knight  denied  the  charge,  the 
damsel  protested  that  she  said  so  in  her 
distraction,  for  her  garters  were  not  stolen. 
"  I  am  like  the  man,"  she  said,  "  looking 
for  his  mule  at  the  time  he  was  astride  its 
liack." — Cervantes:  Don  Quixote,  II.  iii. 
9,  etc.  ;  iv.  5  {1615). 

Al'tou  [Miss),  alias  Miss  CLIFFORD,  a 
sweet,  modest  young  lady,  the  companion 
of  Miss  Alscrip,  "  tlie  heiress,"  a  vulgar, 
conceited  parvemce.  Lord  Gayville  is 
expected  to  marry  "the  heiress,"  but 
detests  her,  and  loves  Miss  Alton,  her 
humble  companion.     It  turns  out   that 


ALTON  LOCKE.  3a 

/■2000  a  year  of  "the  heiress's"  fortune 
Mong;  to  Mr.  Cliflford  (Miss  Alton's 
brother),  and  is  by  him  settled  on  his 
sister.  Sir  Clement  Flint  destroys  this 
bond,  whereby  the  money  returns  to  Clif- 
ford, who  marries  lady  Emily  Gayville, 
and  sir  Clement  settles  the  same  on  his 
nephew,  lord  Gayville,  who  marries  Miss 
P^\ox\,.—Burgoyne  :  The  Heiress  (1781). 

Al'ton  Locke,  tailor  and  poet,  a 
novel  by  the  Rev.  Charles  Kingsley 
(1850).  This  novel  won  for  the  author 
the  title  of  "The  Chartist  Clergyman." 

Alzir'do,  king  of  Trem'izen,  in  Africa, 
overthrown  by  Orlando  in  his  march  to 
join  the  allied  army  of  Ag'ramant.— 
Ariosto:  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Am'adis  of  Gaul,  a  love-child  of 
king  Per 'ion  and  the  princess  Elize'na. 
He  is  the  hero  of  a  famous  prose  romance 
of  chivalry,  the  first  four  books  of  which 
(in  old  French)  are  attributed  to  Vasco 
de  Lobeira  of  Portugal,  who  died  1403, 
Three  other  books  were  added  in  the 
same  century,  and  were  translated 
into  Spanish  in  1460  by  Montal'vo,  who 
added  a  fifth  book.  The  five  were 
rendered  into  French  by  Herberay,  who 
increased  the  series  to  twenty-four  books. 
Lastly,  Gilbert  Saunier  added  seven  more 
volumes,  and  called  the  entire  series  Le 
Roman  des  Romans. 

'.'  Whether  Amadis  was  French  or 
British  is  disputed.  Some  maintain  that 
' '  Gaul  "  means  Wales,  not  France  ; 
that  Elizena  was  princess  of  Briiiany 
(Bretagne),  and  that  Perion  was  king 
of  Gaul  (  Wales),  not  Gaul  (France). 

Amailis  de  Gaul  was  a  tall  man,  of  a  fair  complexion, 
his  aspect  something  between  mild  and  austere,  and 
had  a  handsome  black  beard.  He  was  a  person  of  very 
few  words,  was  not  easily  provoked,  and  w^as  soon 
appeased.— CervanUs  :  Don  Quixote,  II.  i.  i  (1615). 

(WiUiam  Stewart  Rose  has  a  poem  in 
three  books,  called  Amadis  of  Gaul, 
1803.) 

As  Arthur  is  the  central  figure  of 
British  romance,  Charlemagne  of  French, 
and  Diderick  of  German,  so  Amadis  is 
the  central  figure  of  Spanish  and  Portu- 
guese romance ;  but  there  is  this  difference 
— the  tale  of  Amadis  is  a  connected  whole, 
concluding  with  the  marriage  of  the  hero 
with  Oria'na.  The  intervening  parts  are 
only  the  obstacles  he  encountered  and 
overcame  in  obtaining  this  consummation. 
In  the  Arthurian  romances,  and  those  of  the 
Charlemagne  series,  we  have  a  number  of 
adventures  of  different  heroes,  but  there 
is  no  unity  of  purpose,  each  set  of  adven- 
tures is  complete  in  itself. 


AMALTHEA. 

(Southey  the  poet  has  an  admirable 
abridgment  of  .^wa^/j  o/"G<7w/,  and  also 
of  Pabnerin  of  England.  Bernardo 
Tasso  wrote  Amadigi  di  Gaula  in  1560.) 

Am'adis  of  Greece,  a  supplemental 
part  of  Amadis  of  Gaul,  by  Felicia'no  de- 
Silva.  There  are  also  several  other  Ama- 
dises — as  Amadis  of  Colchis,  Amadis  of 
Trebisond,  Amadis  of  Cathay ;  but  all 
these  are  very  inferior  to  the  original 
A  madis  of  Gaul. 

The  ancient  fables,  whose  relickes  doe  yet  remain, 
n^me\y,  Lancelot  0/ the  Lai:e,  Pierceforest,  Tristram, 
Giron  the  Courteous,  etc.,  doe  beare  witnesse  of  this 
odde  vjynitie.  Herewith  were  men  fed  for  the  space 
of  500  yeeres,  untill  our  language  growing  more 
polisiied,  and  our  minds  more  ticklish,  they  were 
driven  to  invent  some  novelties  wherewith  to  delight 
us.  Thus  came  y"  bookes  of  Amadis  into  light  among 
us  in  this  last  age. — Francis  dt  la  None:  Discourses, 
87  (1587). 

Amai'mon  (3  syl.),  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal devils.  Asmode'us  is  one  of  his 
lieutenants.  Shakespeare  twice  refers  to 
him,  in  i  Hetiry  IV.  act  ii.  sc.  4,  and  in 
Tlie  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,  act  ii. 
sc.  2. 

Amal'alita,  son  of  Erill'yab  the 
deposed  queen  of  the  Hoamen  (2  jy/.),  an 
Indian  tribe  settled  on  the  south  of  the 
Missouri.  He  is  described  as  a  brutal 
savage,  wily,  deceitful,  and  cruel.  Amal- 
ahta  wished  to  marry  the  princess  Goer'- 
vyl,  Madoc's  sister,  and  even  seized  her 
by  force,  but  was  killed  in  his  flight. — 
Southey :  Madoc,  ii.  16  (1805). 

Amalthse'a,  the  sibyl  who  offered  to 
sell  to  Tarquin  nine  books  of  prophetic 
oracles.  When  the  king  refused  to  give 
her  the  price  demanded,  she  went  away, 
burnt  three  of  them,  and  returning  to  the 
king,  demanded  the  same  price  for  the 
remaining  six.  Again  the  king  declined 
the  purchase.  The  sibyl,  after  burning 
three  more  of  the  volumes,  demanded 
the  original  sum  for  the  remaining  three. 
Tarquin  paid  the  money,  and  Amalthcea 
was  never  more  seen.  Aulus  Gellius 
says  that  Amalthasa  burnt  the  books  in 
the  king's  presence.  Pliny  affirms  that 
the  original  number  of  volumes  was  only 
three,  two  of  which  tlie  sibyl  burnt,  and 
the  third  was  purchased  by  king  Tarquin. 

Anialthe'a,  mistress  of  Ammon  and 
mother  of  Bacchus.  Ammon  hid  his 
mistress  in  the  island  Nysa  (in  Africa), 
in  order  to  elude  the  vigilance  and 
jealousy  of  his  wife  Rhea.  This  account 
(given  by  Diodorus  Sic'ulus,  bk.  iii., 
and  by  sir  Walter  Raleigh  in  his  History 
of  the  World,  I.  vi.  5)  differs  from  the 
ordinary  story,  which  makes  Sem'elS  the 


AMANDA, 


33 


AMARYLLIS. 


I  mother  of  Bacchus,  and  Rhea  his  nurse. 
\  (Amnion  is  Ham  or  Cham,  the  son  of 
I        Noah,  founder  of  the  African  race.) 

...  that  Nyseian  ile, 
Girt  with  the  river  Triton,  where  old  Cham 
(Whom  Gentiles  Ammon  call,  and  Libyan  Jove) 
Hid  Amalthea  and  her  florid  son, 
Youn£  Bacchus,  from  his  stepdame  Rhea's  eye. 
A/iUoH  :  Parodist  Lost,  iv.  375  (1665). 

Amanda,  wife  of  Loveless.  Lord 
Foppington  pays  her  amorous  attentions, 
but  she  utterly  despises  the  conceited 
coxcomb,  and  treats  him  with  contumely. 
Colonel  Townly,  in  order  to  pique  his 
lady-love,  also  pays  attention  to  Love- 
less's  wife,  but  she  repels  his  advances 
with  indignation ;  and  Loveless,  who 
overhears  her,  conscious  of  his  own  short- 
comings, resolves  to  reform  his  ways,  and, 
"  forsaking  all  other,"  to  remain  true  to 
Amanda,  "so  long  as  they  both  should 
live." — Sheridan:  A  Trip  to  Scarborough 
{1777). 

Aman'da,  in  Thomson's  Seasons,  is 
meant  for  Miss  Young,  who  married 
admiral  Campbell. 

And  thou,  Amanda,  come,  pride  of  my  songl 
Formed  by  the  Graces,  loveliness  itself. 

"Spring,"  480,  481  (1728). 

Awakened  by  the  genial  year. 
In  vain  the  birds  around  me  sing; 

In  vain  the  freshening  fields  appear  ; 
Without  my  love  there  is  no  spring. 

Amanda,  the  victim  of  Peregrine 
Pickle's  seduction,  in  Smollett's  novel 
of  Peregrine  Pickle  (1751). 

Am'ara  (Afount),  a  place  where  the 
Abyssinian  kmgs  kept  their  younger  sons, 
to  prevent  sedition.  It  was  a  perfect 
paradise  enclosed  with  alabaster  rocks, 
and  containing  thirty-four  magnificent 
palaces. — Heylin:  Microcosnius  (1627). 

Where  the  Abassin  kings  their  issue  guard, 
Mount  Amara,  ...  by  some  supposed 
True  paradise  under  the  Ethiop  Ime, 
By  Nilus  line,  enclosed  with  shming  rock 
A  whole  day's  journey  high. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  iv.  280,  etc.  (1665). 

("The  Ethiop  line"  means  the  equi- 
noctial line.) 

Am'arant.  There  are  numerous 
species  of  this  flower,  those  best  known 
are  called  princes  feather  and  love  lies 
a-bleeding,  both  crimson  flowers.  The 
bloody  amaranth  and  the  clustered  ama- 
ranth  also  bear  red  flowers  ;  but  there  is 
a  species  called  the  melancholy  amaranth, 
which  has  a  purple  velvety  flower.  All 
retain  their  colours  pretty  well  to  the  last, 
and  the  flowers  endure  for  a  long  time. 
Pliny  says  (xxi.  ii)  that  the  flowers  of  the 
amaranth  recover  their  colour  by  being 
sprinkled  with  water. 


Immortal  amaranth,  a  flower  which  one* 

In  paradise,  fast  by  the  Tree  of  Life, 

Began  to  bloom.  .  .  .  With  these  ...  the  spirits  ele«t 

Bind  their  resplendent  locks. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  iii.  353,  etc.  (i665h 

Amaran'ta,  wife  of  Bar'tolus,  the 
covetous  lawyer.  She  was  wantonly 
loved  by  Leandro,  a  Spanish  gentle- 
man.— John  Fletcher:  The  Spanish 
Curate  (1622).     Beaumont  died  in  i6i6. 

Ajxi'a.vanth. (Greek, amarantos,  "ever- 
lasting"), so  called  because  its  flowers 
retain  their  "flaming  red"  colour  to  the 
last.  Longfellow,  by  a  strange  error, 
crowns  the  angel  of  death  with  amaranth, 
with  which  (as  Milton  says)  "the  spirits 
elect  bind  their  resplendent  locks,"  and 
his  angel  of  life  he  crowns  with  asphode?, 
the  flower  of  Pluto  or  the  g^ave. 

He  who  wore  the  crown  of  asphodels  .  .  , 
[said]  "  My  errand  is  not  death,  but  life     ... 
[but]  The  angel  with  the  amaranthine  wreath 

Whispered  a  word,  that  had  a  sound  like  death. 
Longfellow:  The  Two  Angels. 

Am'aranth  [Lady],  in  Wild  Oats,  by 
John  O'Keefe,  a  famous  part  of  Mrs. 
Pope  (1740-1797). 

Amaril'lis,  a  shepherdess  in  love 
with  Per'igot  (/  sounded),  but  Perigot 
loved  Am'oret.  In  order  to  break  off  this 
affection,  Amarillis  induced  "the  sullen 
shepherd"  to  dip  her  in  "the  magic 
well,"  whereby  she  became  transformed 
into  the  perfect  resemblance  of  her  rival ; 
and  soon  effectually  disgusted  Perigot 
with  her  bold  and  wanton  conduct. 
When  afterwards  he  met  the  true 
Amoret,  he  repulsed  her,  and  even 
wounded  her  with  intent  to  kill.  Ulti- 
mately, the  trick  was  discovered  by 
Cor'in,  "the  faithful  shepherdess,"  and 
Perigot  was  married  to  his  true  love. — 
John  Fletcher:  The  Faithful  Shepherd 
(1610). 

Amaryllis,  in  Spenser's  pastoral, 
Colin  Clout's  Come  Hojne  Again,  is  the 
countess-dowager  of  Derby.  Her  name 
was  Alice,  and  she  was  the  youngest  of 
the  six  daughters  of  sir  John  Spenser,  of 
Althorpe,  ancestor  of  the  noble  houses 
of  Spenser  and  Marlborough.  After  the 
death  of  the  earl,  the  widow  married  sir 
Thomas  Egerton,  keeper  of  the  Great 
Seal  (afterwards  baron  of  Ellesmere  and 
viscount  Brackley).  It  was  for  this  very 
lady,  during  her  widowhood,  that  Mil  ton 
wrote  his  Ai-' cades  (3  syl.). 

No  less  praiseworthy  are  the  sisters  three 
The  honour  of  the  noble  family 
Of  which  I  meanest  boast  myself  to  t>e  .  .  . 
Phyllis,  Charj'llis,  and  sweet  Amaryllis; 
Phyllis  the  fair  is  eldest  of  the  three. 
The  next  to  her  is  bountiful  Charj'llis, 
But  Amarj-Uis  highest  in  degree. 
Sjienser;  Colin  Cloiifs  Come  Home  Asain  (xta^ 

C 


AMARYLLIS. 

Amaryllis,  the  name  of  a  rustic 
beauty  in  the  Idylls  of  Theocrltos,  and 
in  the  Eclogues  of  Virgil. 

To  sport  with  Amaryllis  in  the  shade. 

Milton. 

Amasis,  the  ring  of  Aniasis  is  the 
same  as  Polycrates'  ring  {q.v.). 

Am'asis,  Amdsis,  or  Aah'mes  (3  syl.), 
founder  of  the  eighteenth  Egyptian 
dynasty  (B.C.  1610).  Lord  Brooke  at- 
tributes to  him  one  of  the  pyramids.  The 
three  chief  pyramids  are  usually  ascribed 
to  Suphis  (or  Cheops),  Sen-Suphis  (or 
Cephrenes),  and  MencherSs,  all  of  the 
fourth  dynasty. 

Amasis  and  Cheops  how  can  time  forgive, 
Who  ill  their  useless  pyramids  would  live  7 

Lord  Brooke  :  Peace. 

Amatetir  {An).  Pierce  Egan  the 
younger  published  under  this  pseudonym 
his  Real  Life  in  London,  or  The  Rajnbles 
and  Adventures  of  Rob  Tally-ho,  Esq., 
and  his  Cousin,  the  Hon.  To7n  Dashall, 
through  the  Metropolis  (1S21-2). 

Aznaurite,  a  bridge  in  Utopia.  Sir 
Thomas  More  says  he  could  not  recollect 
whether  Raphael  Hythloday  told  him  it 
was  500  paces  or  only  300  paces  long,  and 
fae  requested  his  friend,  Peter  Giles,  living 
at  Antwerp,  to  question  the  adventurer 
about  it. 

Amanrot,  the  chief  city  of  "  Utopia  " 
iq.v.).  (Greek,  amauros,  "  shadowy,  un- 
known.") 

Amaurots  {The),  a  people  whose 
kingdom  was  invaded  by  the  Dipsodes 
{2  syl.),  but  Pantag'ruel,  coming  to  their 
defence,  utterly  routed  the  invaders. — 
Rabelais:  Pantagruel,  ii.  (1533). 

Axna'via,  the  personification  of  In- 
temperance in  grief.  Hearing  that  her 
husband,  sir  Mordant,  had  been  enticed 
to  the  Bower  of  Bliss  by  the  enchantress 
Acra'sia,  she  went  in  quest  of  him,  and 
found  him  so  changed  in  mind  and  body 
she  could  scarcely  recognize  him  ;  how- 
ever, she  managed  by  tact  to  bring  him 
away ;  but  he  died^-  on  the  road,  and 
Amavia  stabbed  herself  from  excessive 
grief. — Spenser :  Faerie  Queene,  ii.  i 
<i59o). 

Amazia.  Samuel  Pordage  wrote  a 
poem  entitled  Azaria  and  Hushai,  in 
reply  to  T>xydit.v^s  Absalom  and  Achitophel 
{q.v.).  Amazia  stands  for  Charles  II.  In 
this  reply  we  meet  with  these  preposterous 
lines — 


34  AMBROSE. 

All  his  subjects,  who  his  fate  did  moan, 
Widi  joyful  hearts  restored  him  to  his  throne; 
Who  then  his  father's  murderers  destroyed. 
And  a  long-,  happy,  peaceful  reign  enjoyed. 
Beloved  of  all,  for  merciful  was  he 
Like  God,  in  the  superlative  degree  1    (II!) 

Amazo'na,  a  fairy,  who  freed  a 
certain  country  from  the  Ogri  and  the 
Blue  Centaur.  When  she  sounded  her 
trumpet,  the  sick  were  recovered  and  be- 
came both  young  and  strong.  She  gave 
the  princess  Carpil'Iona  a  bunch  of  giUi- 
flowcrs,  which  enabled  her  to  pass  un- 
recognized before  those  who  knew  her 
well. — Comtesse  D'Aulnoy  :  Fairy  Tales 
{"  The  Princess  Carpillona,"  1682). 

Aiuazo'nian  Chin,  a  beardless  chin, 
like  that  of  the  Amazonian  women. 
Especially  applied  to  a  beardless  young 
soldier.    (See  Alexander,  p.  22.) 

When  with  his  Amazonian  chin  he  drove 
The  bristled  lips  before  him. 
Shakespeare ;  Coriolanus,  act  ii.  sc.  2  (1609). 

Amber,  said  to  be  a  concretion  of 
birds'  tears,  but  the  birds  were  the  sisters 
of  Melea'ger,  called  Meleag'rides,  who 
never  ceased  weeping  for  their  dead 
brother. — Pliny:  Natural  History^  xxxvii. 
2,  II. 

Around  thee  shall  glisten  the  loveliest  amber 
That  ever  the  sorrowing  sea-birds  have  wept. 

Moore:  Fire- Worshippers. 

AM'B]R>OS£  (2  syl. ),  a  sharper,  who 
assumed  in  the  presence  of  Gil  Bias  the 
character  of  a  devout.  He  was  in  league 
with  a  fellow  who  assumed  the  name  of 
don  Raphael,  and  a  young  woman  who 
called  herself  Camilla,  cousin  of  donna 
Mencia.  These  three  sharpers  allure  Gil 
Bias  to  a  house  which  Camilla  says  is  hers, 
fleece  him  of  his  ring,  his  portmanteau, 
and  his  money,  decamp,  and  leave  him  to 
find  out  that  the  house  is  only  a  hired 
lodging. — Lesage :    Gil  Bias,   i.    15,    16 

(1715)- 

(This  mcident  is  borrowed  from  Es- 
pinel's  romance  entitled  Vidade  Escudero, 
marcos  de  Obregon,  1618. ) 

Am.lsrose  (2  syl.),  a  female  domestic 
servant  waiting  on  iVIiss  Seraphine  and 
Miss  Angelica  Arthuret. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Redgauntlet  (time,  George  II.). 

Ambrose  {Brother),  a  monk  who  at- 
tended the  prior  Aymer,  of  Jorvaulx 
Abbey. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Ivanhoe  (time, 
Richard  I.). 

Am-brose  {Father),  abbot  of  Kenna- 
quhair,  is  Edward  Glendinning,  brother  of 
sir  Halbert  Glendinning  (the  knight  of 
Avenel).  He  appears  at  Kinross,  dis- 
guised as  a  nobleman's  retainer. — Sir  W, 
Scott :  The  Abbot  (time,  Elizabeth). 


AMBROSIAN  CHANT. 


35 


AMERICA. 


*.  •  Father  Ambrose  (Edward  Glcn- 
dinning),  abbot  of  Kcnnaquhair,  and 
subsequently  a  servant  at  Kinross.  The 
novel  is  called  the  "Abbot,"  but  Roland 
Graeme  is  the  real  hero  and  chief  character. 

Ambrosian  Chant  [The),  or  hymn 
called  Ar?!l>rosidnum,  mentioned  by  Isi- 
dore, in  his  De  Eccl.  Offic,  bk.  i.  chap.  6. 
It  was  a  chant  or  hymn  introduced  into 
the  Cinirch  of  Milan  in  the  fourth  century, 
and  now  known  as  the  TeDeum  lauddmus. 
It  is  said  to  have  been  the  joint  work  of 
St.  Ambrose  and  St.  Augustine.  The 
historic  fact  is  disputed. 

Ambrosio,  the  hero  of  Lewis's 
romance  The  Monk.  He  is  abbot  of  the 
Capuchins  of  Madrid,  and  is  called  "The 
man  of  holiness  ;  "  but  Matilda  overcame 
his  virtue,  and  he  goes  on  from  bad  to 
worse,  till  he  is  condemned  to  death  by 
the  Inquisition.  He  now  bargains  with 
Lucifer  for  release.  He  gains  his  bargain, 
it  is  true,  but  only  to  be  dashed  to  pieces 
on  a  rock. 

Amelia,  a  model  of  conjugal  affec- 
tion, in  Fielding's  novel  so  called  (1751). 
It  is  said  that  the  character  was  modeilcd 
from  his  own  wife.  Dr.  Johnson  read 
this  novel  from  beginning  to  end  without 
once  stopping. 

Amelia  is  perhaps  the  only  book  of  which,  beingf 
printed  off  betimes  one  morning,  a  new  edition  was 
called  for  before  nig-ht.  The  character  of  Amelia  is 
the  most  pleasing  heroine  of  all  the  romances. — Dr. 
yohnson. 

(Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montague  tells  us 
that  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Booth  are  faithful  pre- 
sentments of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Fielding.) 

Amelia,  in  Thomson's  Seasons,  a  beau- 
tiful, innocent  young  woman,  overtaken 
by  a  storm  while  walking  with  her  troth- 
plight  lover,  Cel'adon,  "  with  equal  virtue 
formed,  and  equal  grace.  Hers  the 
mild  lustre  of  the  blooming  morn,  and 
his  the  radiance  of  the  risen  day." 
Amelia  grew  frightened,  but  Celadon 
said,  ' '  "lis  safety  to  be  near  thee,  sure  ;  " 
when  a  flash  of  lightning  struck  her 
dead  in  his  arms. — "  Summer  "  (1727). 

Amelia,  in  Schiller's  tragedy  of  The 
Robbers. 

Or  they  will  leam  how  generous  worth  sublimes 
The  robber  Moor,  and  pleads  for  all  his  crimes ; 
How  poor  Amelia  kissed  with  many  a  tear 
His  hand,  blood-stained,  but  ever,  ever  dear. 

Campbell:  Pleasures  of  Hope,  ii.  (1799). 

Amelia  Sedley,  "  a  dear  little 
creature,"  in  love  with  George  Osborne, 
in  Tliackeray's  novel  of  Vanity  Fair. 

Amelot  (2  syl.\  the  page  of  sir  Da- 


mian  de  Lacy.— 5?>  W.  Scott:  The  Be- 
t rot Jud  {i\mc,  Henry  II.). 

America.      Names    of  the    United 

States,  whence  derived — 

Alabama,  an  Indian  word,  meaning  "  Here  we  rest.' 

So  named  in  1817,  from  the  chief  river. 

Annap'olis  (Marj'Iand),  so  named  from  queen  Anne, 
In  whose  reiga  it  was  constituted  the  seat  of  locai 
government. 

Asto'ria  (Oregon),  so  called  from  Mr.  Astor,  mer- 
chant, of  New  York,  who  founded  here  a  fur-trading 
station  in  1811.  The  adventure  of  this  merchant  forms 
the  subject  of  Washin^oa  Irving's  Astoria. 

BaVtimore  {3  syl.),  in  Maryland,  is  so  called  from 
lord  Baltimore,  who  led  a  colony  to  that  state  in 
I6.-J4- 

Boston  (Massachusetts),  so  called  from  Boston  in 
Lincolnshire,  whence  many  of  the  original  founders 
emigrated. 

Carolina  (North  and  South),  named  originally  from 
Charles  IX.  of  France ;  but  Charles  II.  granted  the 
whole  country  to  eight  needy  courtiers. 

Carson  City  (Oregon)  commemorates  the  name  oS 
Kit  Carson,  the  Rocky  Mountain  trapper  and  guide, 
who  died  in  1871. 

Charlestown  (Carolina),  founded  in  1670,  and  named 
after  Cliarles  II. 

Connecticut  (Indian),  so  called  from  the  chief  river. 

Delaware  (3  syl.),  in  Pennsylvania,  so  named  fron> 
lord  De  la  Ware,  who  died  in  the  bay  (1703). 

Flor'ida,  discovered  by  the  Spaniards  on  Palm 
Sunday,  and  thence  called  [,Pasqua\  Florida. 

Geor'gia,  named  in  honour  of  George  II.,  in  whose- 
reign  the  first  settlement  there  was  made. 

Harrisburg  (Pennsylvania),  named  from  Mr.  Harris, 
by  whom  it  was  iirst  settled  in  1733,  under  a  grant  frora 
the  Penn  family. 

Indiana,  so  named  from  the  number  of  Indians 
which  dwelt  there  (1801). 

Louisiana,  so  named  "by  M.  de  la  Sale  (1682),  in 
honour  of  Louis  XIV.  of  France. 

Maine,  so  called  (1638)  from  the  French  province  of 
the  same  name. 

Maryland,  so  named  by  lord  Baltimore  (1632),  in 
compliment  to  Henrietta  Maria,  the  wife  of  Charles  I. 
of  England. 

Massachusetts  (Indian)  means  "  Blue  Hills." 

Nevada,  so  called  from  the  Sierra  Nevada  mountain- 
chain. 

New  Hampshire,  previously  called  Laconia.  W 
received  its  present  name  from  J.  Mason,  govemo* 
of  Hampshire,  to  whom  it  was  conceded  in  1629. 

New  Jersey,  so  called  in  honour  of  sir  G.  Carteret, 
who  had  defended  Jersey  against  the  parliamentary 
forces  in  1664. 

New  York,  previously  called  Neiu  Amsterdam-.  It 
received  its  present  name  (1664)  in  compliment  to 
James  duke  of  York  (afterwards  James  II.). 

Pennsylvania  ("the  Penn  Forest"),  so  called  froni 
W'illiam  Penn,  who,  in  x68i,  gave  to  the  state  its  con- 
stitution. 

Rhode  Island,  so  called,  in  1644,  In  reference  to  the 
ishnd  of  Rhodes.  It  is  the  smallest  of  the  13  original 
States  of  North  America,  and  was  colonized  by  the 
Pilgrim  Fathers. 

Texas  [i.e.  "the  place  of  nro-tection "),  so  called  in 
1817,  because  general  Lalleniant  gave  there  "pro- 
tection "  to  a  colony  of  French  refugees. 

Vermont  (i.e.  "Verts  Monts"),  so  called  from  th» 
Green  Mountains,  which  traverse  the  state. 

P'iririnia,  so  called  (1584)  by  sir  Waller  Raleigh,  in 
compliment  to  Elizabeth,  "the  virgin  queen." 

•.•  Illinois,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Kentucky,  Michigan 
("  a  lake  "),  Minnesota  ("  laughing  waters  "),  Missis- 
sippi  ("  sea  of  waters  "),  Missouri,  Nebraska,  Ohio, 
Oregon,  and  Wisconsin,  are  names  of  rivers. 

America.  Nicknames  of  the  United 
States'  inhabitants  :  Alabama,  lizards  ; 
Arkan^sas,  tooth-picks;  Calif ornHa,  gold- 
hunters  ;  Colora'do,  rovers ;  Connecticut, 
wooden  nutmegs  ;  DeVaware,  musk-rats ; 
Flor'ida,     fly-up- the-creeks  ;      Geor^gia, 


AMERICAN  NOTES. 

buEzards  ;  Illinois,  suckers';  Indiana, 
hoosiers ;  Iowa,  hawk-eyes ;  Kansas, 
jay-hawkers  ;  Kentucky,  corn-crackers  ; 
Louisiana,  Creoles  ;  Maine,  foxes  ; 
Maryland,  craw-thumpers  ;  Michigan, 
wolverines  ;  Minnesot'a,  gophers  ;  Mis- 
sissippi, tadpoles  ;  Missou'ri,  pukes ; 
Nebraska,  bug-eaters  ;  Neva'da,  sage 
hens  ;  New  Hampshire,  granite  boys  ; 
New  Jersey,  blues  or  clam-catchers  ; 
New  York,  knickerbockers  ;  North  Caro- 
lina, tar-boilers  and  tuckoes  ;  Ohio, 
buck-eyes  ;  Or'egon,  web-feet  and  hard- 
cases  ;  Pennsylva'nia,  Pennanites  and 
leather-heads  ;  Rhode  Island,  gun-flints  ; 
South  Carolina,  weasels  ;  Tennessee', 
whelps  ;  Texas,  beef-heads  ;  Vermont, 
Green  Mountain  boys ;  Virgin' ia,  beadies ; 
Wisconsin,  badgers. 

American  Notes,  by  Charles 
Dickens  (1842).  The  book  was  well 
received  in  England,  but  gave  great 
offence  in  America.  A  reply,  called 
Change  for  American  Notes,  was 
published  by  an  American  lady,  cutting 
up  the  book  hip  and  thigh. 

American  States.  The  eight  states, 
Alabama,  Arkansas,  Illinois,  Kentucky, 
Mississippi,  Missouri,  Ohio,  and  Wis- 
consin, derive  their  names  from  their  re- 
spective chief  rivers. 

Amethyst  is  said  to  dispel  drunken- 
ness. (Greek,  a,  privative  ;  meihusis, 
"drunkenness.") 

Amen'ti,  the  heaven  of  Egyptian 
mythology. 

Open  the  gate  of  heaven  .  .  .  open  the  gate  of  the 
starry  region ;  open  the  gate  of  Araeuti ! — Inscription 
»n  the  mummy  opened  by  Pettigrew,  in  1836. 

Am'g'iad,  son  of  Camaralzaman  and 
Badoura,  and  half-brother  of  Assad  (son 
of  Camaralzaman  and  Haiatal'nefous). 
Each  of  the  two  mothers  conceived  a  base 
passion  for  the  other's  son,  and  when  the 
young  princes  revolted  at  their  advances, 
accused  them  to  their  father  of  designs 
upon  their  honour.  Camaralzaman  or- 
dered his  emir  Giondar  to  put  them  both 
to  death,  but  as  the  young  men  had  saved 
him  from  a  lion,  he  laid  no  hand  on  them, 
but  told  them  not  to  return  to  their  father's 
dominions.  They  wandered  on  for  a  time, 
and  then  parted,  but  both  reached  the 
same  place,  which  was  a  city  of  the  Magi. 
Here  by  a  strange  adventure  Amgiad  was 
made  vizier,  while  Assad  was  thrown  into 
a  dungeon,  where  he  was  designed  as  a 
sacrifice  to  the  fire-god.  Bosta'na,  a 
daughter  of  the  old  man  who  imprisoned 
Assad,  released  him,  and  Amgiad  out  of 


36  AMIEL. 

gratitude  made  her  his  wife.  After  which 
the  king,  who  was  greatly  advanced  in 
years,  appointed  him  his  successor,  and 
Amgiad  used  his  best  efforts  to  abolish 
the  worship  of  fire  and  establish  "the 
true  faith." — Arabian  Nights  ("Amgiad 
and  Assad  "). 

Amliara,  the  kingdom  in  which  was 
the  "happy  valley,"  where  the  Abys- 
sinian princes  were  doomed  to  live.  The 
valley  was  encompassed  by  mountains, 
and  had  but  one  entrance,  which  was 
under  a  cavern,  concealed  by  woods  and 
closed  by  iron  gates. — Dr.  Johnson: 
Rasselas  (1759). 

Am'ias,  a  squire  of  low  degree,  beloved 
by  .Emilia.  They  agreed  to  meet  at  a 
given  spot,  but  on  their  way  thither  both 
were  taken  captives — Amias  by  Corflambo, 
and  Emilia  by  a  man-monster.  Emilia 
was  released  by  BelphoebS  (3  syl.),  who 
slew  "  the  caitiff;  "  and  Amias  by  prince 
Arthur,  who  slew  Corflambo.  The  two 
lovers  were  then  brought  together  by  the 
prince  "in  peace  and  settled  rest." — 
Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  iv.  7,  9(1596). 

Am'idas,  the  younger  brother  of 
Brac'idas,  sons  of  Mile'sio ;  the  former 
in  love  with  the  dowerless  Lucy,  and  the 
latter  with  the  wealthy  Philtra.  The  two 
brothers  had  each  an  island  of  equal  size 
and  value  left  them  by  their  father,  but 
the  sea  daily  added  to  the  island  of  the 
younger  brother,  and  encroached  on  that 
belonging  to  Bracidas.  When  Philtra 
saw  that  the  property  of  Amidas  was 
daily  increasing,  she  forsook  the  elder 
brother  and  married  the  wealthier  ;  while 
Lucy,  seeing  herself  jilted,  threw  herself 
into  the  sea.  A  floating  chest  attracted 
her  attention ;  she  clung  to  it,  and  was 
drifted  to  the  wasted  island.  The  chest 
was  found  to  contain  great  riches,  and 
Lucy  gave  its  contents  and  herself  to 
Bracidas.  Amidas  claimed  the  chest  as 
his  own  by  right,  and  the  question  in 
dispute  was  submitted  to  sir  Ar'tegal. 
The  wise  arbiter  decided,  that  whereas 
Amidas  claimed  as  his  own  all  the  addi- 
tions given  to  his  island  by  the  sea,  Lucy 
might  claim  as  her  own  the  chest,  because 
the  sea  had  given  it  to  her. — Spenser: 
Faerie  Queene,  v.  4  (1596). 

Am'iel,  in  Dryden's  Absalom  and 
Achitophel,  is  meant  for  sir  Edward  Sey- 
mour, Speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons. 
An  anagram  for  ElKam,  "the  friend  of 
God  "  (2  Sam.  xxiii.  34). 


AMIN.  37 

Wlio  can  Amiel's  praise  refuse  t 
Of  ancient  race  ly  birth,  but  nobler  yet 
In  his  own  worth,  and  without  title  great. 
The  sanliedrim  long  time  as  chief  he  ruled, 
Their  reason  iniided,  and  their  passion  cooled. 
Part  L  899-903. 

A'min  {Prince),  son  of  the  caliph 
Haroun-al-Raschid ;  he  married  Am'in6, 
sister  of  Zobeide  (3  syl.),  the  caliph's  wife. 
— A rabian  iWights  Entertainments  ( ' '  The 
History  of  Amine  "). 

Am'iixa,  an  orphan,  who  walked  in 
her  sleep.  (For  the  tale,  see  Sonnam- 
BULA.)  —  Bellini:  La  Sonnambula  (an 
opera,  1831). 

Am'ine  (3  syl.),  half-sister  of  Zobei'dd 
(3  syl.),  and  \vife  of  Amin,  the  caliph's 
son.  One  day  she  went  to  purchase  a 
robe,  and  the  seller  told  her  he  would 
charge  nothing  if  she  would  suffer  him  to 
kiss  her  cheek.  Instead  of  kissing  he 
bit  it,  and  Amine,  being  asked  by  her 
husband  how  she  came  by  the  wound, 
so  shuffled  in  her  answers  that  he  com- 
manded her  to  be  put  to  death — a  sentence 
he  afterwards  commuted  to  scourging. 
One  day  she  and  her  sister  told  the  stories 
of  their  lives  to  the  caliph  Haroun-al- 
Raschid,  when  Amin  became  reconciled 
to  his  wife,  and  the  caliph  married  her 
half-sister. — Arabian  Nights'  Entertain- 
ments ("  History  of  Zobeide  and  History 
of  Amine"). 

Am'ine  (3  syl.)  or  Amines  (3  syl.), 
the  beautiful  wife  of  Sidi  Nouman.  In- 
stead of  eating  her  rice  with  a  spoon,  she 
used  a  bodkin  for  the  purpose,  and  carried 
it  to  her  mouth  in  infinitesimal  portions. 
This  went  on  for  some  time,  till  Sidi 
Nouman  determined  to  ascertain  on  what 
his  wife  really  fed,  and  to  his  horror 
discovered  that  she  was  a  ghoul,  who 
went  stealthily  by  night  to  the  cemetery, 
and  feasted  on  the  fresh-buried  dead. — 
Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments  {"  HiS' 
tory  of  Sidi  Nouman  "), 

N,B. — Amine  was  so  hard-hearted  that 
she  led  about  her  three  sisters  like  a  leash 
of  greyhounds. 

One  of  the  Amine's  sort,  who  pick  up  their  grains  of 
food  with  a  bodkin.— O.  fV.  Holnui  :  Autocrat  of  Uu 
Break/ast-TabU. 

Aanin'tor,  a  young  nobleman,  the 
troth-plight  husband  of  Aspatia,  but  by 
the  king's  command  he  marries  Evad'ne 
(3  syl.).  This  is  the  great  event  of  the 
tragedy  of  which  Amintor  is  the  hero. 
The  sad  story  of  Evadne,  the  heroine, 
gives  name  to  the  play. — Beaumont  and 
Fletcher:  The  Maids  Tragedy  {1610). 

(Till  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  the  kings 


AMNION'S  SON. 

of  England  claimed  the  feudal  right  of 
disposing  in  marriage  any  one  who  owei 
them  feudal  allegiance.  In  All's  Well 
that  Ends  Well,  Shakespeare  malies  the 
king  of  France  e.xercise  a  similar  right, 
when  he  commands  Bertram,  count  of 
Rousillon,  to  marry  against  his  will  Hel'- 
ena,  the  physician's  daughter.) 

Amis  the  Priest,  the  hero  of  a 
comic  German  story,  in  verse  (thirteenth 
century).  He  was  an  Englishman,  whose 
popularity  excited  the  envy  of  the  higher 
clergy ;  so  they  tried  to  depose  him  on 
the  score  of  ignorance.  Being  brought 
before  them,  they  demand  answers  to 
such  questions  as  these:  "How  many 
days  is  it  since  Adam  was  placed  in 
paradise  ?  "  but  Amis  fools  them  with  his 
wit.  The  poem  reminds  one  of  the  Abbot 
of  Canterlmry,  and  the  Abbi  de  St.  Gall.— 
Strieker  of  Austria  (fourteenth  century), 

Am'let  {Richard),  the  gamester  in 
Vanbrugh's  Confederacy  (1695),  He  is 
usually  called  "  Dick." 

I  saw  Miss  Pope  for  the  second  time,  in  the  vear 
1790,  in  the  character  of  "  Flippanta,"  John  Palmer 
being  "  Dick  Amlet,"  and  Mrs.  Jordan  "  Corinna."— 
Jatnts  Smith. 

Mrs.  Amlet,  a  rich,  vulgar,  trades- 
woman, mother  of  Dick,  of  whom  she  is 
very  proud,  although  she  calls  him  a 
"sad  scapegrace,"  and  swears  "he  will 
be  hanged."  At  last  she  settles  on  him 
_^io,ooo,  and  he  marries  Corinna,  daugh- 
ter of  Gripe  the  rich  scrivener. 

Ammo'nian  Horn  {The),  the  cornu- 
copia, Ammon  king  of  Lib'ya  gave  to 
his  mistress  Amalthe'a  (mother  of  Bac- 
chus) a  tract  of  land  resembling  a  ram's 
horn  in  shape,  and  hence  called  the 
"  Ammonian  horn"  (from  the  giver),  the 
"  Amalthe^an  horn"  (from  the  receiver), 
and  the  "  Hisperian  horn"  (from  its 
locality).  Almathea  also  personifies  fer- 
tility. (Ammon  is  Ham,  son  of  Noah, 
founder  of  the  African  race.)  (See 
Amalthea.) 

[Here]  Amalthea  pours, 
Well  pleased,  the  wealth  of  that  Ammonian  horn. 
Her  dower. 

Akenside  :  Hymn  to  the  Naiads. 

Ammon's  Son.  Alexander  the  Great 
called  himself  the  son  of  the  god  Ammon, 
but  others  call  him  the  son  of  Philip  of 
Macedon. 

Of  food  I  think  with  Philip's  son,  or  rather 
Ammon's  (ill  pleased  with  one  world  and  one  father). 
Byron  :  Don  yuan,  v.  31. 

(Alluding  to  the  tale  that  when  Alex- 
ander had  conquered  the  whole  world,  he 
wept  that  there  was  no  other  world  to 
conquer. ) 


AMON'S  SON.  38 

A'mon's  Son  is  Rinaldo,  eldest  son 
of  Amon  or  Aymon  marquis  d'Este,  and 
nephew  of  Charlemagne.— ^rwj/<J.-  Or- 
lando Furioso  (1516). 

Am'oret,  a  modest,  faithful  shep- 
herdess, who  plighted  her  troth  to  Per'igot 
(/sounded)  at  the  "  Virtuous  Well."  The 
wanton  shepherdess  Amarillis  assumed 
her  appearance  and  dress,  but  the  decep- 
tion being  revealed  by  Cor 'in,  "  the  faith- 
ful shepherdess,"  the  lovers  were  happily 
m?Lrr\e±—yohti  Fletcher:  The  Faithful 
Shepherdess  {1610).  (See  Amarillis, 
p.  33) 

Amoret'ta  or  Am'oret,  twin-bom 
with  BelphoebS  (3  syl.),  their  motlier 
being  Chrysog'ong  (4  syl.).  While  the 
mother  and  her  two  babes  were  asleep, 
Diana  took  one  (Belphoebe)  to  bring  up, 
and  Venus  the  other.  Venus  committed 
Amoretta  to  the  charge  of  Psyche  (2  syl.), 
and  PsychS  tended  her  as  lovingly  as 
she  tended  her  own  daughter  Pleasure, 
"to  whom  she  became  the  companion." 
When  grown  to  marriageable  estate, 
Amoretta  was  brought  to  Fairyland,  and 
wounded  many  a  heart,  but  gave  her  own 
only  to  sir  Scudamore  (bk.  iii.  6).  Being 
seized  by  Ba'sirane,  an  enchanter,  she  was 
kept  in  durance  by  him  because  she  would 
not  "  her  true  love  deny  ;  "  but  Britomart 
delivered  her  and  bound  the  enchanter 
(bk.  iii.  II,  12),  after  which  she  became 
the  tender,  loving  wife  of  sir  Scudamore. 
Amoret  is  the  type  of  female  loveliness 
and  wifely  affection,  soft,  warm,  chaste, 
gentle,  and  ardent;  not  sensual  nor  yet 
platonic,  but  that  living,  breathing,  warm- 
hearted love  which  fits  woman  for  the 
fond  mother  and  faithful  ^Mq.— Spenser  : 
Faerie  Queenc,  iii.  (1590)- 

Amour'y  [Sir  Giles),  the  Grand- 
Master  of  the  Knights  Templars,  who 
conspired  with  the  marquis  of  Montserrat 
against  Richard  I.  Saladin  cut  off  the 
Templar's  head  while  in  the  act  of  drink- 
mg.—Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Talisman  (time, 
Richard  I.). 

Am'perzaud,  a  corruption  oiAnd-as- 
and,  i.e.  "  &-as-and."  The  symbol  is  the 
old  Italian  monogram  et  {"  and  "),  made 
thus  6^,  in  which  the  first  part  is  the  letter 
e  and  the  flourish  at  the  end  the  letter  /. 

State  epistles,  so  dull  and  so  erand, 
Mustn't  contain  the  shortened  *'  and." 

O  my  nice  litUe  amperzand  ! 

Nothing  that  Cadmus  ever  planned 

Equals  my  elegant  amperzand. 

Quoted  in  J^oies  and  Queries  (May  g,  1877). 

(Cadmus  invented  the  original  Greek 
alphabet.) 


AMPHITRYON. 

Am'pliibal  {St.),  confessor  of  St. 
Alban  of  Verulam.  When  Maximia'nus 
Hercu'lius,  general  of  Diocle'tian's  army 
in  Britain,  pulled  down  the  Christian 
churches,  burnt  the  Holy  Scriptures,  and 
put  to  death  the  Christians  with  unflagging 
zeal,  Alban  hid  his  confessor,  and  offered 
to  die  for  him. 

A  thousand  other  saints  whom  Amphibal  had  taught .  . . 
Were  slain  where  Lichfield  is,  whose  name  doth  rightly 

sound 
(There  of  those   Christians    slain),   "Dead-field"  o» 

burying-ground. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xxiv.  (1622)^ 

Aiuplii'on  is  said  to  have  built 
Thebes  by  the  music  of  his  lute.  Tenny- 
son has  a  poem  called  Am-phion,  a  skit 
and  rhyming  jcVm  d esprit. 

Amphion  there  the  loud  creating  Ivre 
Strikes,  and  behold  a  sudden  Thebes  aspire. 
Pope  :  Tc)nJ>le  o/Famt. 

Amph.is-'bsana,  a  reptile  which  could 
go  head  foremost  either  way,  because  it 
had  a  head  at  each  extremity.  Milton 
uses  the  word  in  Paradise  Lost,  x.  524. 
(Greek,  amphis-baina,  a  serpent  which 
could  go  either  backwards  or  forwards. ) 

The  amphis-baena  doubly  armed  appears, 
At  either  end  a  threatening  head  she  rears. 
Rovie  :  Pharsalia,  ix.  696,  etc.  (by  Lucan>. 

Amphitryon,  a  Theban  general, 
husband  of  Alcme'nd.  While  Amphi- 
tryon was  absent  at  war  with  Pter'elas 
king  of  the  Tel'eboans,  Jupiter  assumed 
his  form,  and  visited  Alcmeng,  who  in 
due  time  became  the  mother  of  Her'cules. 
Next  day  Amphitryon  returned,  having 
slain  Pterelas,  and  Alcmeng  was  surprised 
to  see  him  so  soon  again.  Here  a  great 
entanglement  arose,  AlcmenS  telling  her 
husband  he  visited  her  last  night,  and 
showing  him  the  ring  he  gave  her  ;  but 
Amphitryon  declared  he  was  with  the 
army.  This  confusion  was  still  further 
increased  by  his  slave  Sos'ia,  who  went 
to  tell  AlcmenS  the  news  of  her  husband's 
victory,  but  was  stopped  by  Mercury,  who 
had  assumed  for  the  nonce  Sosia's  form  ; 
and  the  slave  could  not  make  out  whether 
he  was  himself  or  not.  This  plot  has  been 
made  a  comedy  by  Plautus,  Moliere,  and 
Dry  den. 

The  scenes  which  Plautus  drew,  to-night  we  show. 
Touched  by  Moliire.  by  Dryden  taught  to  glow. 

Prolog^ue  to  Haivks-worth' s  version. 
As  an  Amphitryon  chex  qui  Von  dine,  no  one  knows 

better  than  Ouidi  the  uses  of  a  rechercM  dinner.— 

Yates:  Celebrities,  xix. 

"Amphitryon:"  Le  viritaUe  Amphi- 
tryon est  VAmphytrion  oil  Con  dine  ( ' '  The 
master  of  the  feast  is  the  master  of  the 
house").      While  the  confusion  was  at 


AMREET. 

its  height  between  the  false  and  true 
Amphitryon,  Socie  [Sosia]  the  slave  is 
requested  to  decide  which  was  which,  and 
replied — 

Je  ne  me  trompotr,  pas,  messieurs ;  ce  mot  terinino 
Toute  lirrdsolution ; 


Le  veritable  Amphitiyon 
nphitryon  oii  fo; 
MolUrt :  Amphitryon,  iii.  s  (i 


Est  I'Araphitryon  oii  fon  dine. 


Demosthenes  and  Cicero 
Are  doubtless  stately  names  to  hear, 

Cut  that  of  good  Amphitryon 
Sounds  far  more  pleasant  to  my  ear. 

M.  A.  Desansiers  (1772-1827). 

Amree't,  the  drink  wliich  imparts 
immortality,  or  the  Water  of  Immortahty. 
It  is  obtained  by  churning  the  sea,  either 
with  the  mountain  Meroo  or  with  the 
mountain  Mandar. — Mahahharat. 

"  Bring  forth  the  Amrecta-cup ! "  Kehama  cried 

To  Vamen,  rising  sternly  in  his  pride ; 

"  It  is  within  the  marble  sepulchre."  .  .  . 

"  Take !  drink  I "  with  accents  dread  the  spectre  said. 

"  For  thee  and  Kailgal  hath  it  been  assig^ied. 

Ye  only  of  the  children  of  mankind." 

Southcy  :  Cursi  of  Kehama,  xxiv.  13  (1809). 

Am'ri,  in  Absalom  and  Achitophd, 
by  Dryden  and  Tate,  is  Heneage  Finch, 
earl  of  Nottingham  and  lord  chancellor. 
He  is  called  "The  Father  of  Equity" 
(1621-1682). 

To  whom  the  double  blessing  did  belong, 
With  Moses'  inspiration,  Aaron's  tongue. 

Part  iu  1023-4  (1682). 

Amun'deville  [Lord  Henry),  one  of 
the  "British  privy  council."  After  the 
sessions  of  parliament  he  retired  to  his 
country  seat,  where  he  entertained  a 
select  and  numerous  party,  amongst  which 
were  the  duchess  of  Fitz-Fulke,  Aurora 
Raby,  and  don  Juan  "the  Russian 
envoy."  His  wife  was  lady  AdeHne. 
(His  character  is  given  in  xiv.  70,  71.) — 
Byron  :  Don  Juan,  xiii.  to  end. 

Am'urath  III.,  sixth  emperor  of  th; 
Turks.  He  succeeded  his  father,  Selim 
n.,  and  reigned  1574-1595.  His  first 
act  was  to  invite  all  his  brothers  to  a 
banquet,  and  strangle  them.  Henry  IV. 
alludes  to  this  when  he  says — 

This  is  the  Hnglish,  not  the  Turkish  court ; 
Not  Amurath  an  Amurath  succeeds,  ' 
But  Harry,  Harry. 
Shakespeare  :  2  Henry  IV.  act  v.  sc.  2  (1598). 

Amusements    of    Kings.      The 

great  amusement  of  Aritas  of  Arabia  Pe- 
traea,  was  currying  horses  ;  oi  Artaba'niis 
of  Persia,  was  mole-catching  ;  cii Domitian 
ofRome,  was  catching  flies  ;  ol  Ferdinand 
VII.  of  Spain,  was  embroidering  petti- 
coats ;  of  Hejiri  III. ,  bilboquet ;  of 
Lotiis  XVI.,  clock  and  lock  making  ;  of 
George  IV.,  the  game  of  patience. 

Am3rn'tas,  in  Colin  Clout's  Cotne 
Home  Again,  by  Spenser,  is  Ferdinando 
earl  of  Derby,  who  died  1594. 


39  ANACHRONISMS. 

Ainyntas,  (lower  of  shepherd's  pride  forlorn. 
He,  whilst  ho  livM,  was  the  noblest  swain 
1  hat  ever  piptd  on  an  oaten  quill. 
Spenser:  Colin  Clouts  Come  Home  Asain  (is?i;. 

Amyn'tor.    (See  Amintor.) 
Amy  Robsart.     (See  Robsart.) 

A'mys  and  Amyrion,  the  Damon 
and  Pyihias  of  mediaeval  romance.  (See 
I':ilis's  Specimens  0/ Early  English  Metri- 
cal Romances. ) 

Anab'asis,  the  expedition  of  the 
younger  Cyrus  against  his  brother  Arta- 
xer.xes,  and  the  retreat  of  his  ' '  ten  thou- 
sand" Greeks,  described  by  Xen'ophon 
the  Greek  historian. 

Your  chronicler.  In  writing  this, 
Had  in  his  mind  th'  Anabasis. 
Lonsfello-w  :  Tlu  U^ayside  Inn  (an  interlude). 

Anacharsis.  Le  voyage  du  Jeune 
Anacharsis.  An  historical  romance  by 
I'abbd  Barthdlemy  (1788).  It  is  a  descrip- 
tion of  Greece  in  the  time  of  Pericles  and 
Philip,  and  was  a  labour  of  30  years. 
The  introduction  is  especially  admired. 
At  one  time  it  was  extremely  popular,  but 
it  has  not  maintained  its  original  high 
reputation, 

• .  •  Anacharsis  the  Scythian,  of  princely 
rank,  left  his  native  country  to  travel  in 
pursuit  of  knowledge.  He  reached 
Athens  about  B.C.  594,  and  became 
acquainted  with  Solon,  etc.  By  his 
talents  and  acute  observations  he  has 
been  reckoned  by  some  one  of  the 
"Seven  Wise  Men."  Barthdiemy's  ro- 
mance is  not  a  translation  of  the  Scy- 
thian's book,  but  an  original  work  called 
Anacharsis  the  Younger. 

Anacharsis  [Clootz].  Baron  Jean 
Baptiste  Clootz  assumed  the  prenome  of 
Anacharsis,  from  the  Scythian  so  called, 
who  travelled  about  Greece  and  other 
countries  to  gather  knowledge  and  im- 
prove his  own  countrymen.  The  baron 
wished  by  the  name  to  intimate  that  his 
own  object  in  life  was  like  that  of  Ana- 
charsis (1755-1794)- 

He  assumed  the  name  of  "  Anacharsis  "  in  his  travels, 
before  Barthdlemy  had  published  his  book. 

Anachronisms.    (See  Errors.) 
_  Chaucer,  in  his  tale  of  Troylus,  at  the 
siege  of  Troy,  makes  Panddrus  refer  to 
Robin  Hood. 


And  to  himsclfe  ful  soberly  he  saled, 
From  hasellwood  there  jolly  Robin  p 


plaied. 
Book  T. 


•.•He  also  makes  Chryseyde  talk  of 
reading  the  "  lives  of  the  saints,"  and 
rejoicing  that  she  is  not  a  man. 

In  the  House  of  Fajne,  Orion  the  giant 
is  mistaken  for  Alton  the  musician. 


ANACHRONISMS. 


40 


ANACREON  MOORE. 


Cicero  (Holden's  edition,  De  Officiis, 
p.  15  note).  Demosthenes  is  said  to  have 
given  up  oratory  at  the  instigation  of 
SocritSs.  Socrates  lived  B.C.  460-391 ; 
Demosthenes,  383-322. 

Giles  Fletciieu,  in  Christ s  Victory, 
pt.  ii.,  makes  the  Tempter  seem  to  be  "a 
good  old  hermit  or  palmer,  travelling  to 
see  some  saint,  and  telling  his  beads  I !  " 

Lodge,  in  The  True  Tragedies  of 
Marias  and  Sylla  (1594),  mentions  "the 
razor  of  Palermo"  and  "St.  Paul's 
steeple,"  and  introduces  Frenchmen  v/ho 
"for  forty  crowns"  undertake  to  poison 
the  Roman  consul. 

MoRGLAY  makes  Dido  tell  /Eneas  that 
she  should  have  been  contented  with  a 
son,  even  "if  he  had  been  a  cockney 
dandiprat"  {i$S2). 

Schiller,  in  his  Piccolomini,  speaks 
of  lightning  conductors.  This  was  at 
least  150  years  before  they  were  invented. 

Shakespeare,  in  his  Coriolanus  (act 
ii.  so.  i),  makes  Menenius  refer  to  Galen 
above  600  years  before  he  was  born. 

Cominius  alludes  to  Roman  plays,  but 
no  such  things  were  known  for  250  years 
after  the  death  of  Cominius. — Coriolanus, 
act  ii.  sc.  2. 

Brutus  refers  to  the  "  Marcian  waters 
brought  to  Rome  by  Censorinus."  This 
was  not  done  till  300  years  afterwards. 

In  Hamlet,  the  prince  Hamlet  was 
educated  at  Wittemberg  School,  which 
was  not  founded  till  1502  ;  whereas  Saxo- 
Germanicus,  from  whom  Shakespeare 
borrowed  the  tale,  died  in  1204.  Hamlet 
was  30  years  old  when  his  mother  talks  of 
his  going  back  to  school  (act  i.  sc.  2) . 

In  I  Henry  IV.  the  carrier  complains 
that  "  the  turkeys  in  his  pannier  are  quite 
starved"  (act  ii.  sc.  5),  whereas  turkeys 
came  from  America,  and  the  New  World 
was  not  even  discovered  for  a  century 
later.  Again  in  Henry  V.  Gower  is 
made  to  say  to  Fluellen,  "Here  comes 
Pistol,  swelling  like  a  turkey-cock"  (act 
V.  sc.  1). 

In  Julius  CcEsar,  Brutus  says  to 
Cassius,  "Peace,  count  the  clock."  To 
which  Cassius  replies,  "The  clock  has 
stricken  three."  Clocks  were  not  known 
to  the  Romans,  and  striking-clocks  were 
not  invented  till  some  1400  years  after  the 
death  of  Caesar. 

Virgil  places  .^neas  in  the  port 
Vellnus,  which  was  made  by  Curius 
Den  tat  us. 

This  list  with  very  little  trouble  might 
be  greatly  multiplied.  The  hotbed  of 
anachronisms    is    mediaeval     romance: 


there  nations,  times,  and  places  are  most 
recklessly  disregarded.  This  may  be 
instanced  by  a  few  examples  from 
Ariosto's  great  poem  Orlando  Furioso. 

N.B. — Here  we  have  Charlemagne  and 
his  paladins  joined  by  Edward  king  of 
England,  Richard  earl  of  Warwick,  Henry 
duke  of  Clarence,  and  the  dukes  of  York 
and  Gloucester  (bk.  vi. ).  We  have  cannons 
employed  by  Cymosco  king  of  Friza 
(bk.  iv.),  and  also  in  the  siege  of  Paris 
(bk.  vi.).  We  have  the  Moors  established 
in  Spain,  whereas  they  were  not  invited 
over  by  the  Saracens  for  nearly  300  years 
after  Charlemagne's  death.  In  bk.  xvii. 
we  have  Prester  John,  who  died  in  1202  ; 
and  in  the  last  three  books  we  have  Con- 
stantine  the  Great,  who  died  in  337. 

Anaclironisms  of  Artists.  This 
would  furnish  a  curious  subject.  Fra 
AngeUco,  in  his  Crucifixion  (in  the  Chapter 
House  of  San  Muro)  has,  in  the  fore- 
ground, a  man  holding  up  the  crucifix,  a 
Dominican  monk,  a  bishop  with  his 
crosier,  and  a  mitred  abbot  blessing  the 
people  with  one  finger  extended. 

Anac'reon,  the  prince  of  erotic  and 
bacchanalian  poets,  insomuch  that  songs 
on  tliese  subjects  are  still  called  anac- 
reon'tic  (B.C.  563-478). 

Anacreon  of  Painters,  Francesco  Albano 
or  Alba'ni  (1578-1660). 

Anacreon  of  the  Guillotine,  Bertrand 
Bar^re  de  Vieuzac  (1755-1841). 

Anacreon  of  the  Temple,  Guillaume 
Amfrye,  abb6  de  Chaulieu  (1639-1720). 

Anacreon  of  the  Twelfth  Century, 
Walter  Mapes,  "The  Jovial  Toper."' 
His  famous  drinking  song,  "  Meum  est 
propositum  ..."  has  been  translated  by 
Leigh  Hunt  (1150-1196). 

The  French  Anacreon.  i.  Pontus  de 
Thiard,  one  of  the  "  Pleiad  poets  "  (1521- 
1605).  2.  P.  Laujon,  perpetual  president 
of  the  Caveau  Moderne,  a  Paris  club 
noted  for  its  good  dinners,  but  every  mem- 
ber was  of  necessity  a  poet  (1727-1811). 

The  Scotch  Anacreon,  Alexander  Scot, 
who  flourished  in  1550. 

The  Persian  Anacreon,  Mahommed 
Hafiz.  The  collection  of  his  poems  is 
called  The  Divan  (1310-1389). 

The  Sicilian  Anacreon,  Giovanni  Mell 
(1740-1815). 

Anacreon  Moore,  Thomas  Moore  of 
Dublin  ( 1779-1852),  poet.  Called  ' '  Anac- 
reon," from  his  translation  of  that  Greek 
poet,  and  his  own  original  anacreontic 
songs. 

Described  by  Mahomet  and  Anacreon  Moore. 

Byron  :  Don  yuan,  i.  lo^ 


ANADEMS. 


41 


ANASTASIUS. 


Anadems,  crowns  of  flowers.   (Greek, 

aa  ode  ma,  ' '  a  head-dress. ' ' ) 

With  fingers  neat  and  fine 
Brave  anadems  they  make. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xt.  (1613). 

Auagfnus,  Inchastity  personified  in 
The  Purple  Island,  by  Phineas  Fletcher 
(canto  vii.).  He  had  four  sons  by  Caro, 
named  NIaschus  {adultery),  Pornei'us 
{fornication),  Acath'arus,  and  Asel'ges 
{lasciviousness),  all  of  whom  are  fully 
described  by  the  poet.  In  the  battle  of 
Mansoul  (canto  xi.)  Anagnus  is  slain  by 
Agnei'a  {wifely  chastity),  the  spouse  of 
lincra'tes  {temperance)  and  sister  of  Par- 
Lhen'ia  {maidenly  chastity).  (Greek,  an- 
agnos,  "impure.")     (1633.) 

Anagrams.  Invented  by  Lycophron, 
a  Greek  poet,  a.d.  280. 

Charles  James  Stuart  (James  I.). 
Claims  Arthur's  Seat, 

Dame  Eleanor  Davies  (prophetess 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.).  Never  so  mad 
a  ladie. 

Horatio  Nelson.  Honor  est  a 
Nilo.     By  Dr.  Burncy. 

Marie  Touchet  (mistress  of  Charles 
IX.).  Je  charme  tout.  Made  by  Henri 
IV. 

Pilate's  question,  Quid  est  Veritas? 
Est  Vir  qui  adest. 

Queen  Victoria's  Jubile[e]  Year. 
Love  in  a  subject  I  reqjiire. 

Radical  Reform.    Rare  mad  frolic. 

Revolution  Fran9aise.  Un  Corse 
la  finera,  Bonaparte  was  the  Corsican 
who  put  an  end  to  the  Revolution. 

Sir  Roger  Charles  Doughty  Tich- 
borne.  Baronet.  You  horrid  butcher, 
Orton,  biggest  rascal  here. 

A'nali,  granddaughter  of  Cain  and 
sister  of  Aholiba'mah.  Japhet  loved  her, 
but  she  had  set  her  heart  on  the  seraph 
Azaz'iel,  who  carried  her  off  to  another 
planet  when  the  Flood  came. — Byron: 
Heaven  and  Earth. 

Anati  and  Aholibamah  are  very  different  characters : 
Allah  is  soft,  gentle,  and  submissive;  her  sister  is 
proud,  imperious,  and  aspiring ;  the  one  loving  in  fear, 
the  other  in  ambition.  She  tears  that  her  love  makes 
her  "  heart  grow  impious,"  and  that  she  worships  the 
seraph  rather  than  the  Creator.— Z.<»>-<a(  Lytton, 

Anak,  a  giant  of  Palestine,  whose 
descendants  were  terrible  for  their  gigantic 
stature.  The  Hebrew  spies  said  that 
they  themselves  were  mere  grasshoppers 
compared  with  the  Anakim. 

I  felt  the  thews  of  Anakim, 
The  pulses  of  a  Titan's  heart. 

Tmnyson  :  In  Memoriam,  iH. 

(The   Titans   were    giants,    who,    ac- 


cording to  classic  fable,  made  war  with 
Jupiter  or  Zeus,  i  syl.) 

Anak  of  Publishers.  So  John 
Murray  was  called  by  lord  Byron  (1778- 
1843). 

.Anamnes'tes  (4  syl),  the  boy  who 
waited  on  Eumnestfis  (Memory).  Eu- 
mnestfis  was  a  very  old  man,  decrepit  and 
half  blind,  a  "  man  of  infinite  remem- 
brance, who  things  foregone  through  many 
ages  held."  When  unable  to  "  fet  "  what 
he  wanted,  he  was  helped  by  a  little  boy 
yclept  Anamnestfis,  who  sought  out  for  him 
what  "was  lost  or  laid  amiss."  (Greek, 
eumnestis,  "good  memory;"  anamnhtis, 
"  research  or  calling  up  to  mind.") 

And  oft  when  things  were  lost  or  laid  amiss, 
That  boy  them  soiight  and  unto  him  did  lend ; 
Therefore  he  Anamnestes  cleped  is, 
And  that  old  man  Eumnestes. 

Spenser:  FaSrie  Queene,  ii.  9  (1590). 

Anani'as,  in  The  Alchemist,  a  comedy 
by  Ben  Jonson  (1610). 

Benjamin  Johnson  (1651-1742)  .  .  .  seemed  to  be 
proud  to  wear  the  poet's  double  name,  and  was  particu- 
larly great  in  all  that  author's  plays  that  were  usually 
performed,  viz.  "Wasp,"  "Corbaccio,"  "Morose," 
and  "Ananias." — Chetwood, 

( "  Wasp  "  in  Bartholomew  Fair,  "  Cor- 
baccio "  in  The  Fox,  "Morose"  in  The 
Silent  Woman,  all  by  B.  Jonson.) 

Anarchns,  king  of  the  Dipsodes 
(2  syl.),  defeated  by  Pantag'ruel,  who 
dressed  him  in  a  ragged  doublet,  a  cap 
with  a  cock's  feather,  and  married  him  to 
"an  old  lantern-carrying  hag."  The 
prince  gave  the  wedding  breakfast,  which 
consisted  of  garlic  and  sour  cider.  His 
wife,  being  a  regular  termagant,  "  did 
])eat  him  like  plaster,  and  the  ex-tyrant 
did  not  dare  to  call  his  soul  his  own." — 
Rabelais:  Pantagrucl,  ii.  31  (1533). 

Anarchy  {The  Masque  of),  by  Percy 
Bysshe  Shelley  (1819).  A  satirical  poem 
on  what  was  called  the  "  Manchester  Mas- 
sacres," an  exaggerate  expression  for  the 
injuries  received  by  the  crowd  which  had 
met  at  St.  Peter's  Field,  Manchester,  in 
defiance  of  the  magistrates'  orders,  to 
hear  "Orator  Hunt"  on  parliamentary 
reform.  About  80,000  persons  assembled, 
and  the  military,  being  sent  for,  dispersed 
the  mob  with  the  backs  of  their  swords,  but 
100  persons  were  injured  either  by  acci- 
dent or  being  knocked  down  by  the 
crowd.  Shelley  took  the  side  of  the 
mob,     (See  Peterloo.  ) 

Anasta'sins,  the  hero  of  a  novel 
called  A/emoirs  of  Anastasius,  by  Thomas 
Hope  (1819),  his  master-work.  It  is  the 
autobiography  of  a  Greek,  who,  to  escape 


ANASTASIUS  GRUN. 


42     AXDROCLUS  AND  THE  LION. 


the  consequences  of  his  crimes  and  vil- 
lainies, becomes  a  regenade,  and  passes 
through  a  long  series  of  adventures. 

Fiction  has  but  few  pictures  which  will  bear  com- 
parison with  that  of  Anastasius,  sittings  on  the  steps  of 
the  lazaretto  of  Trieste,  with  his  dying  boy  in  his  arms. 
— Eiicyclopadia  Britannica  (article  "  Romance  "). 

Anastasius  Grriln,  the  pseudonym 
of  Anton  Alexander  von  Auersperg,  a 
German  poet  (1806-1876). 

Anasteraz,  brother  of  Niquee  \?ie.- 
kay\  with  whom  he  lived  in  illicit  inter- 
course. The  fairy  Zorphee,  in  order  to 
withdraw  her  goddaughter  from  this 
alliance,  enchantedher. — Ainadis  dc  Gaul. 

Anazar'te  {4  syL),  the  Am'adis  of 
Greece,  a  supplemental  part  of  the  Por- 
tuguese romance  called  Amadis  of  Gaul 
[Wales].  Amadis  of  Greece  was  written 
by  Feliciano  de  Silva.    =.. 

All'cho,  a  Spanish  brownie,  who  haunts 
the  shepherds'  huts,  warms  himself  at 
their  fires,  tastes  their  clotted  milk  and 
cheese,  converses  with  the  family,  and  is 
treated  with  familiarity  mixed  with  terror. 
The  Ancho  hates  church-bells. 

Anchors.  A  frigate  has  six:  (i) 
the  cock-bill  anchor,  forward ;  {2)  tne 
kedger,  aft ;  ['x)  the  food  anchor,  towards 
the  open;  (4)  the  ebb  anchor;  (5)  the 
boiver  anclior,  to  starboard  ;  (6)  the  sheet 
anchor,  to  larboard  or  port. 

Ancient  Mariner  [The),  a  poem 
by  Coleridge  (about  1796),  The  man, 
having  shot  an  albatross  (a  bird  of  good 
omen  to  seamen),  was  doomed  to  wander 
with  his  crew  from  land  to  land.  On  one 
of  his  landings  he  told  his  tale  to  a  hermit, 
and  whenever  he  rested  on  tei-ra  frma, 
he  was  to  repeat  it  as  a  warning  to  others. 

Swinburne  says  :  "  For  absolute  melody  and  splen- 
dour, it  were  hardly  rash  to  call  it  the  first  poem  in  the 
language." 

An'cor,  a  river  of  Leicestershire,  run- 
ning through  Harshul,  where  Michael 
Drayton  was  born.  Hence  Wm.  Browne 
calls  him  the  shepherd 

Who  on  the  banks  of  Ancor  tuned  his  pipe. 

Biitamiia's  Pastorals,  i.  5  (1613). 

An'derson  [Eppie),  a  servant  at  the 
Inn  of  St.  Ronan's  Well,  held  by  Meg 
Dods.— 5iV  IV.  Scott :  St.  Ronan's  Well 
(time,  George  HL). 

Andre  (2  syl.),  Petit-Andr^  and  Trois 
Echelles  are  the  executioners  of  Louis  XI. 
of  France.  They  are  introduced  by  Sir 
W.  Scott,  both  in  Quentin  Dunoard  and 
\n  Anne  of  Geierstein. 

Andre,  the  hero  and  title  of  a  novel 


by  George  Sand  (Mde.  Dudevant).  This 
novel  and  that  called  Consnelo  (4  syl.)  are 
considered  her  best  (1804-1876). 

An'drea  Perra'ra,  a  sword,  so 
called  from  a  famous  Italian  sword-maker 
of  the  name.  Strictly  speaking,  only  a 
broad-sword  or  claymore  should  be  so 
called. 

There's  nae  sic  thing  as  standing  a  Highlander's 
Andrew  Ferrara ;  they  will  slaughie  aff  a  fellow's  head 
at  a  dash  slap.— C  Macklin  :  Love-d-la-mode  (1779). 

Andre 'OS,  Fortitude  personified  in 
The  Purple  Island,  by  Phineas  Fletcher 
(canto  X.).  "  None  fiercer  to  a  stubborn 
enemy,  but  to  the  yielding  none  more 
sweetly  kind."  (Greek,  awd^rfa  or  andreia, 
"manliness.") 

An'drew,  gardener  at  Ellangowan, 
to  Godfrey  Bertram  the  laird. — Sir  W, 
Scott :  Guy  Ma?inering  (time,  George  II. ). 

Andre'VT'S,  a  private  in  the  royal  army 
of  the  duke  of  Monmouth.— ^'z'r  W. 
Scott :  Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles  II. ). 

Andre-ws  {Joseph),  the  hero  and  title 
of  a  novel  by  Fielding  (1742).  He  is  a 
footman  who  marries  a  maidservant. 
Joseph  Andrews  is  a  brother  of  [Richard- 
son's] ''Pamela,"  a  handsome,  model 
young  man.  Parson  Adams  is  a  delight- 
ful character  {q.v.). 

The  accounts  of  Joseph's  bravery  and  good  qualities, 
his  voice  too  musical  to  halloa  to  the  dogs,  his  bravery 
in  riding  races  for  the  gentlemen  of  the  county,  and 
liis  constancy  in  refusing  bribes  and  temptation,  have 
something  refreshing  in  their  naiveU  and  freshness, 
and  prepossess  one  in  favour  of  that  handsome  young 
hero. — Thackeray. 

Androclus  and  the  Lion.     An- 

droclus  was  a  runaway  Roman  slave,  who 
took  refuge  in  a  cavern.  A  lion  entered, 
and  instead  of  tearing  him  to  pieces, 
lifted  up  its  fore  paw  that  Androclus  might 
extract  from  it  a  thorn.  The  fugitive, 
being  subsequently  captured,  was  doomed 
to  fight  with  a  lion  in  the  Roman  arena, 
and  it  so  happened  that  the  very  same 
lion  was  let  out  against  him  ;  it  instantly 
recognized  its  benefactor,  and  began  to 
fawn  upon  him  with  every  token  of 
gratitude  and  joy.  The  story  being  told 
of  this  strange  behaviour,  Androclus  was 
forthwith  set  free. 

IT  A  somewhat  similar  anecdote  is  told 
of  sir  George  Davis,  English  consul  at 
Florence  at  the  beginning  of  the  nine- 
teenth century.  One  day  he  went  to  see 
the  lions  of  the  great-duke  of  Tuscany. 
There  was  one  which  the  keepers  could 
not  tame,  but  no  sooner  did  sir  George 
appear,  than  the  beast  manifested  every 
symptom  of  joy.    Sir  George  entered  the 


ANDROMACHE. 


43 


ANGELICA. 


cage,  when  the  creature  leaped  on  his 
shoulder,  licked  his  face,  wagged  its  tail, 
and  fawned  like  a  dog.  Sir  George  told 
the  great-duke  that  he  had  brought  up 
this  lion,  but  as  it  grew  older  it  became 
dangerous,  and  he  sold  it  to  a  Barbary 
captain.  The  duke  said  he  bought  it  of 
the  same  man,  and  the  mystery  was 
cleared  up. 

Andromaclie  [Androm'akj'],  the 
widow  of  Hector.  At  the  downfall  of 
Troy  both  she  and  her  son  Asty'ana.x 
were  allotted  to  Pyrrhus  king  of  Epirus, 
and  Pyrrhus  fell  in  love  with  her,  but  she 
repelled  his  advances.  At  length  a 
Grecian  embassy,  led  by  Orestes,  son  of 
Agamemnon,  arrived,  and  demanded 
that  Astyanax  should  be  given  up  and 
put  to  death,  lest  in  manhood  he  should 
attempt  to  avenge  his  father's  death, 
Pyrrhus  told  Andromache  that  he  would 
protect  her  son  in  defiance  of  all  Greece 
if  she  would  become  his  wife,  and  she 
reluctantly  consented  thereto.  While  the 
marriage  ceremonies  were  going  on,  the 
ambassadors  rushed  on  Pyrrhus  and  slew 
him,  but  as  he  fell  he  placed  the  crown 
on  the  head  of  AndromachS,  who  thus 
became  the  queen  of  Epirus,  and  the 
ambasscidors  hastened  to  their  ships  in 
fL\g\\\.— -Ambrose  Phillip:  Tlie  Dis- 
tressed Motlier  ( 1712). 

(This  is  an  English  adaptation  of 
R3iCmQ's  Andromaqzie,  1667.) 

• .  •  "  Andromache  "  was  a  favourite  part 
with  Charlotte  Clarke,  daughter  of  Colley 
Cibber  (1710-1760),  and  with  Mrs.  Yates 
(1737-1787). 

Androm'eda,  a  poem  in  English 
hexameters,  by  the  Rev.  C.  Kingsley 
(1858).  It  is  the  old  classical  story  of 
Andromeda  and  Perseus  {2  syl. ). 

' .  •  George  Chapman  in  1614  published 
a  poem  on  the  Nuptials  0/  Perseus  and 
Andromeda. 

Androui'ca,  one  of  Logistilla's  hand- 
maids, noted  for  her  beauty. — Ariosto : 
Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Androni'cus  (r?V«j),  a  noble  Roman 
general  against  the  Goths,  father  of  La- 
vin'ia.  In  the  play  so  called,  published 
amongst  those  of  Shakespeare,  the  word 
all  through  is  called  Andron'icus  (1593). 

Marcus  Andronicus,  brother  of  Titus, 
and  tribune  of  the  people. 

AndropH'iltlS,  Philanthropy  per- 
sonified in  The  Purple  Island,  by  Phineas 
Fletcher     (1633).     Fully     described     in 


canto  X.     (Greek,  andro-philos,  "  a  lover 
of  mankind.") 

An'eal  (2  syl.),  daughter  of  Maa'ni, 
who  loved  Djabal,  and  believed  him  to  be 
' '  hakeem' "  (the  incarnate  god  and 
founder  of  the  Druses)  returned  to  life  for 
the  restoration  of  the  people  and  their 
return  to  Syria  from  exile  in  the  Spo'- 
radfis.  When,  however,  she  discovered 
his  imposture,  she  died  in  the  bitterness 
of  her  disappointment. — Robert  Bro^on- 
ing  :  The  Return  of  the  Druses  (1848). 

Angfel.  When  the  Rev.  Mr.  Patten, 
vicar  of  Whitstable,  was  dying,  the  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  sent  him  ^^lo  ;  and 
the  wit  said,  "Tell  his  grace  that  now  I 
own  him  to  be  a  man  of  God,  for  I  have 
seen  his  angels." 

An  angel  was  a  gold  coin,  worth  about  5J. 

To  write  like  an  Angel,  that  is  like 
Angel  [Vergecios],  a  Greek  of  the 
fifteenth  century,  noted  for  his  caligraphy. 
Macklin  (1690-1797)  said  of  Goldsmith — 

[He]  wrote  like  an  angel,  and  talked  like  poor  poll. 

L'angedeDieu,  Isabeau  la  belle,  the  "  in- 
spired prophet-child  "  of  the  Camisards. 

Angfels  [Orders  of).  According  to 
Dionysius  the  Areop'agite,  the  angels  are 
divided  into  nine  orders :  Seraphim  and 
Cherubim,  in  the  first  circle ;  Thrones 
and  Dominions,  in  the  second  circle; 
Virtues,  Powers,  Principalities,  Arch- 
angels, and  Angels,  in  the  third  circle. 

Novem  angelorum  ordines  diciraus,  quia  videlicet 
esse,  testante  sacro  eloquio,  sciinus  Angelos,  Arch- 
angelos,  Virtutes,  Potestates,  Principatus,  Domina- 
tiones.  Thrones,  Cherubim,  atque  Seraphim. — St, 
Gregory  (the  Great) :  Homily  34. 

(See  Hymns  Ancient  and  Modern,  No. 
421,  vers.  2,  3  ;  see  306,  ver.  2.) 

Angels'  Visits.  Norris  of  Bemerton 
(1657-1711)  wrote — those  joys  which 

Soonest  take  their  fliglit 
Are  the  most  exquisite  and  strong-. 
Like  angels'  visits,  short  and  briglit. 

Robert  Blair,  in  1743,  wrote  in  his 
poem  called  The  Grave,  "  in  visits," 

Like  those  of  angels,  short  and  far  between. 

Campbell,  in  1799,  appropriated  the 
simile,  but  without  improving  it.  He 
wrote — 

Like  angels'  visits,  few  and  far  between. 

Of  these  the  only  sensible  line  is   that  by  Blair. 

"Short  and  brief"  is  the  same  thing.     "Few  and  far 

between"  is  not  equal  to  "short  and  far  between," 

though  more  frequently  quoted. 

ANGEL'ICA,  in  Bojardo's  Orlando 
Jnnamorato  (1495),  is  daughter  of  Gal'a- 
phron  king  of  Cathay.  She  goes  to  Paris, 
and  Orlando  falls  in  love  with  her,  forgetful 


ANGELICA/ 


ANGELO. 


of  wife,  sovereign,  country,  and  glory. 
Angelica,  on  the  other  hand,  disregards 
Orlando,  but  passionately  loves  Rinaldo, 
who  positively  dislikes  her.  Angelica 
and  Rinaldo  drink  of  certain  fountains, 
when  the  opposite  effects  are  produced  in 
their  hearts,  for  then  Rinaldo  loves  Ange- 
lica, while  Angelica  loses  all  love  for 
Rinaldo. 

Angelica,  in  Ariosto's  Orlando  Furioso 
(1516},  is  the  same  lady.  She  was  sent  to 
sow  discord  among  the  Christians.  Char- 
lemagne sent  her  to  the  duke  of  Bavaria, 
but  she  fled  from  the  castle,  and,  being 
seized,  was  bound  naked  to  a  rock,  exposed 
to  sea-monsters.  Rogero  delivered  her, 
but  again  she  escaped  by  the  aid  of  a 
magic  ring.  Ultimately  she  married 
Medoro,  a  young  Moor,  and  returned  to 
Cathay,  where  Medoro  succeeded  to  the 
crown.  As  for  Orlando,  he  is  driven  mad 
by  jealousy  and  pride. 

The  fairest  of  her  sex,  Angeh'ca, 

.  .  .  sought  by  many  prowest  knights, 

Both  painim  and  the  peers  of  Charlemagne. 

AHlton  :  Paradise  Regained,  lii.  (1671). 

JkxiQelicSi. {The princess),  called  "The 
Lady  of  the  Golden  Tower."  The  loves 
of  Parisme'nos  and  Angelica  form  an 
important  feature  of  the  second  part  of 
Parismus  Prince  of  Bohemia,  by  Emanuel 
Foorde  (1598). 

Angelica,  an  heiress,  with  whom  Va- 
lentine Legend  is  in  love.  For  a  time 
he  is  unwilling  to  declare  himself  because 
of  his  debts  ;  but  Angelica  gets  possession 
of  a  bond  for  ;^40oo,  and  tears  it.  The 
money  difficulty  being  adjusted,  the 
marriage  is  arranged  amicably. — Con- 
greve  :  Love  for  Love  (1695). 

[Mrs.  Anne  Bracegirdle]  equally  delighted  in  melting 
tenderness  and  playful  coquetr\',  in  "Statira"or  "  Milla- 
mant ;  "  and  even  at  an  advanced  age,  when  she  played 
"Angelica." — C  Dibdin. 

Angelica,  the  troth-plight  wife  of  Va- 
lere,  "the  gamester."  She  gives  him  a 
picture,  and  enjoins  him  not  to  part  with 
it  on  pain  of  forfeiting  her  hand.  How- 
ever, he  loses  it  in  play,  and  Angelica  in 
disguise  is  the  winner  of  it.  After  much 
tribulation,  Valere  is  cured  of  his  vice, 
and  the  two  are  happily  united  by 
marriage. —i/;'j.  Centlivre  :  The  Game- 
ster {1705). 

Angelic  Doctor  {The),  Thomas 
Aquinas,  called  the  "  Angel  of  the  Schools" 
(1224-1274). 

It  is  said  that  Thomas  Aquinas  was  called  the  Angel 
of  the  Schools  from  his  controversy  "  Utrum  Angelas 
posset  mover!  in  extreme  ad  extrenium  non  transeundo 
per  medium."    Aquinas  took  the  negative. 

Angeli'na,  daughter  of  lord  Lewis, 


in  the  comedy  called  The  Elder  Brother 
by  John  Fletcher  (1637). 

Angelina,  daughter  of  don  Charino. 
Her  father  wanted  her  to  marry  Clodio, 
a  coxcomb,  but  she  preferred  his  elder 
brother  Carlos,  a  bookworm,  with  whom 
she  eloped.  They  were  taken  captives 
and  carried  to  Lisbon.  Here  in  due  time 
they  met  the  fathers,  who,  going  in  search 
of  them,  came  to  the  same  spot ;  and  as 
Clodio  had  engaged  himself  to  Elvira  of 
Lisbon,  the  testy  old  gentlemen  agreed  to 
the  marriage  of  Angelina  with  Carlos. — 
Cibber  :  Love  makes  a  Man  (1700). 

AngeliciTie  (3  jy/.),  daughter  of  Argan 
the  malade  imaginaire.  (For  the  tale, 
see  Argan.) 

Angelique,  the  aristocratic  wife  of 
George  Dandin,  a  French  commoner.  She 
has  a  liaison  with  a  M.  Clitandre,  but 
always  contrives  to  turn  the  tables  on  her 
husband.  George  Dandin  first  hears  of  a 
rendezvous  from  one  Lubin,  a  foolish 
servant  of  Clitandre,  and  lays  the  affair 
before  M.  and  Mde.  Sotenville,  his  wife's 
parents.  The  baron  with  George  Dandin 
call  on  the  lover,  who  denies  the  accu- 
sation, and  George  Dandin  has  to  beg 
pardon.  Subsequently  he  catches  his 
wife  and  Clitandre  together,  and  sends  at 
once  for  M.  and  Mde.  Sotenville ;  but 
Angelique,  aware  of  their  presence,  pre- 
tends to  denounce  her  lover,  and  even 
takes  up  a  stick  to  beat  him  for  the  "  in- 
sult offered  to  a  virtuous  wife  ;  "  so  again 
the  parents  declare  their  daughter  to  be 
the  very  paragon  of  women.  Lastly, 
George  Dandin  detects  his  wife  and  Cli- 
tandre together  at  night-time, and  succeeds 
in  shutting  his  wife  out  of  her  room  ;  but 
Angelique  now  pretends  to  kill  herself, 
and  when  George  goes  for  a  light  to  look 
for  the  body,  she  rushes  into  her  room 
and  shuts  him  out.  At  this  crisis  the 
parents  arrive,  when  Angelique  accuses 
her  husband  of  being  out  all  night  in  a 
debauch ;  and  he  is  made  to  beg  her  pardon 
on  his  knees. — Moliere:  George  Dandin 
(1668). 

An'gelo,  in  Shakespeare's  comedy  of 
Measure  for  Measure,  lord-deputy  of 
Vienna  in  the  absence  of  Vincentio  the 
duke.  His  betrothed  lady  is  Maria'na. 
Lord  Angelo  conceived  a  base  passion  for 
Isabella,  sister  of  Claudio  ;  but  his  designs 
were  foiled  by  the  duke,  who  compelled 
him  to  marry  Mariana  (1603). 

Angelo  is  the  name  of  a  goldsmith  la 
Shakespeare's  Comedy  of  Errors, 


ANGELO. 


45 


ANJOU, 


An'gfelo,  a  gentleman,  friend  to  Julio 
In  The  Captain,  a  drama  by  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher  (1613). 

Ang'er  .  .  .  the  Alphabet.    It  was 

Athenodo'rus  the  Stoic  who  advised 
Augustus  to  repeat  the  alphabet  when  he 
felt  inclined  to  give  way  to  anger. 

tin  certain  Grec  disait  4  I'empereur  August*, 
Comme  une  instruction  utile  autant  que  juste. 
Que,  lorsqu'  une  aventure  en  colfere  nous  met. 
Nous  devons,  avant  tout,  dire  notre  alpliabet, 
Afin  que  dans  ce  temps  la  bile  se  tempore, 
Et  qu  on  ne  fasse  rif;n  que  Ton  ne  doive  faire. 

Aloliirt :  L'EcoU  ties  Fetnmes,  ii.  4  (1662), 

Angioli'ua  {4  syl.),  daughter  of 
Loreda'no,  and  the  young  wife  of  Mari'no 
Faliero,  the  doge  of  Venice.  A  patrician 
named  Michel  Steno,  having  behaved  in- 
decently to  some  of  the  women  assembled 
at  the  great  civic  banquet  given  by  tlie 
doge,  was  kicked  out  of  the  house  by 
order  of  the  doge,  and  in  revenge  wrote 
some  scurrilous  lines  against  the  doga- 
ressa.  This  insult  was  referred  to  "The 
Forty,"  and  Steno  was  sentenced  to  two 
months'  imprisonment,  which  the  doge 
considered  a  very  inadequate  punishment 
for  the  offence. — Byron  :  Marino  Faliero. 

The'character  of  the  calm,  pure-spirited  Angiolina  is 
developed  most  admirably.  The  great  difference  be- 
tween her  temper  and  that  of  her  fiery  husband  is 
\ividly  portrayed ;  but  not  less  vividly  touched  is  that 
strong  Dond  of  union  which  exists  in  the  common 
nobleness  of  their  deep  natures.  There  is  no  spark  of 
jealousy  in  the  old  man's  thoughts.  He  does  not 
expect  the  fervour  of  youthful  passion  in  his  young 
wife ;  but  he  finds  what  is  far  better  —  the  fearless 
confidence  of  one  so  innocent  that  she  can  scarcely 
believe  in  the  existence  of  guilt.  .  .  .  She  thinks 
Steno's  greatest  punishment  will  be  the  "  blushes  of 
his  privacy." — Lockhait. 

Anglan'te's  Lord,  Orlando,  who 
was  lord  of  Anglante  and  knight  of 
Brava. — Ariosto  :  Orla?tdo  Furioso  (1516). 

An'gflesey,  i.e.  Angles  e^-land  (the 
island  of  the  English).  Edwin  king  of 
Northumberland,  "warred  with  them  that 
dwelt  in  the  Isle  of  Mona,  and  they 
became  his  servants,  and  the  island  was 
no  longer  called  Mona,  but  Anglesey,  the 
isle  of  the  English." 

Au'^lides  (3  syl.),  wife  of  good  prince 
Boud'wine  (2  syl.),  brother  to  sir  Mark 
king  of  Cornwall  ("the  falsest  traitor 
that  ever  was  born").  When  king  Mark 
slew  her  husband,  Anglides  and  her  son 
Alisaunder  made  their  escape  to  Magounce 
[i.e.  Arundel),  where  she  lived  in  peace, 
and  brought  up  her  son  till  he  received 
the  honour  of  knighthood. — Sir  T.  Ma- 
lory :  Hist,  of  Pr.  Arthur,  ii.  117,  118 
(1470). 

An'g'lo-ma'nia,  generally  applied  to 
a  French  or  German  imitation  of    the 


manners,  customs,  etc.,  of  the  English. 
It  prevailed  in  France  some  time  befora 
the  first  Revolution,  and  was  often  ex- 
tremely ridiculous. 

Ans^lo-pho'bia  (Greek,  phoboa, 
"fear  '),  hatred  or  dread  of  everything 
English. 

Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle  ( The). 
Said  to  have  been  begun  at  the  instigation 
of  king  Alfred.  It  begins  with  Ca:sar's 
invasion,  compiled  in  a  great  measure 
from  the  Venerable  Bede,  who  died  in 
901.  It  ends  with  the  accession  of  Henry 
II.,  in  1154.  It  was  compiled  by  monks, 
who  acted  as  historiographers. 

An'g^isant,  king  of  Erin  [Ireland), 
subdued  by  king  Arthur,  fighting  in  behalf 
of  Leod'ogran  king  of  Cam'eliard  (3  syl.). 
—  Tennyson  ;  Com  ing  of  King  A  rih  ur. 

Angnle  [St.),  bishop  of  London,  put 
to  death  by  Maximia'nus  Hercu'lius, 
Roman  general  in  Britain  in  the  reign  of 
Diocletian. 

St.  Angule  put  to  death,  one  of  our  holiest  men, 
At  London,  of  that  see  the  godly  bishop  then. 

Drayton  :  Polyoibio7i,  xxiv.  (1622). 

AngTirva'del,  Frithiof's  sword,  itr- 
scribed  with  Runic  characters,  which 
blazed  in  time  of  war,  but  gleamed  dimly 
in  time  of  peace. 

Ani'der  for  Anyder  ("without 
water"),  the  chief  river  of  sir  Thomas 
More's  Utopia  ("no  place").  (Greek, 
ana  udor.) 

Animals  admitted  to  Heaven. 
According  to  the  Moslem's  creed,  ten 
animals  are  admitted  into  paradise  besides 
man.  i.  The  dog  Kratim,  of  the  seven 
sleepers  of  Ephesus.  2.  Balaam's  ass, 
which  reproved  the  self-willed  prophet. 
3.  Solomon's  ant,  which  reproves  the 
sluggard.  4.  Jonah's  whale.  5.  The 
ram  of  Ishmael,  caught  by  the  horns,  and 
offered  in  sacrifice  instead  of  Isaac 
6.  Noah's  dove.  7.  The  camel  of  Saleh. 
8.  The  cuckoo  of  Belkis.  9,  The  ox  of 
Moses.  10.  The  animal  called  Al  Borak, 
which  conveyed  Mahomet  to  heaven. 

The  following  are  sometimes  added  or 
substituted :  The  ass  on  which  our 
Saviour  rode  into  Jerusalem  ;  the  ass  on 
wliich  the  queen  of  Sheba  rode  when  she 
visited  Solomon. 

Anjou  ( The  Fair  Maid  of), \ady  Edith 
Plantagenet,  who  married  David  earl  of 
Pluniingdon  (a  royal  prince  of  Scotland). 
Edith  was  a  kinswoman  of  Richard  Cceur 
de  Lion,  and  an  attendant  on  queen 
Berengaria. 


ANN. 


46 


ANNIE  WINNIE. 


(Sir  Walter  Scott  has  introduced  her 
in  The  Talisman,  1825.) 

Anil  [TJie  princess),  lady  of  Beaujeu. 
— Sir  W.  Scott:  Quentin  Durward 
{time,  Edward  IV.).     (See  Anne.) 

Anna  [Donna],  the  lady  beloved  by 
don  Otta'vio,  but  seduced  by  don  Gio- 
vanni.— Mozart's  opera,  Don  Giovantii 
(1787). 

Annabel,  in  Dry  den's  Absalom  and 
Achitophel,  is  meant  for  (Anne  Scott)  the 
■duchess  of  Monmouth,  the  richest  heiress 
of  Europe. 

[He]  made  the  charming  Amiabel  his  bride. 

Part  i.  34. 
•••  Monmouth  ill  deserved  his  charming  bride,  and 
bestowed  wliat  little  love  he  had  on  lady  Margaret 
Wentworth.    After  the  execution  of  Monmoutli,  his 
widow  married  again. 

Annals  of  tlie  Poor,  containing 
The  Dairyman  s  Daughter,  The  Negro 
Servant,  and  other  simple  stories,  by  the 
Rev.  Legh  Richmond,  published  in  1814, 
were  written  in  the  Isle  of  Wight. 

An'naple  [Bailzou],  Effie  Deans's 
"monthly"  nurse. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Heart 
of  Midlothian  (time,  George  II.). 

An'naple,  nurse  of  Hobbie  Elliot  of 
the  Heugh-foot,  a  young  farmer. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  The  Black  Dwarf  {iime,  Anne). 

Anne  [Sister],  the  sister  of  Fat'ima 
the  seventh  and  last  wife  of  Blue  Beard, 
Fatima,  having  disobeyed  her  lord  by 
looking  into  the  locked  chamber,  was 
allowed  a  short  respite  before  execution. 
Sister  Anne  ascended  the  high  tower  of 
the  castle,  under  the  hope  of  seeing  her 
brothers,  who  were  expected  to  arrive 
every  moment.  Fatima,  in  her  agony, 
kept  asking  ' '  sister  Anne  "  if  she  could 
see  them,  and  Blue  Beard  kept  crying  out 
for  Fatima  to  use  greater  despatch.  As 
the  patience  of  both  was  well-nigh  ex- 
hausted, the  brothers  came,  and  Fatima 
was  rescued  from  death.— CAar/^j  Per- 
rault :  La  Bai-be  Bleue. 

Anne,  own  sister  of  king  Arthur.  Her 
father  was  Uther  the  pendragon,  and  her 
mother  Ygerna,  widow  of  Gorlois.  She 
was  given  by  her  brother  in  marriage  to 
Lot,  consul  of  Londonesia,  and  afterwards 
king  of  Norway. — Geoffrey:  British  His- 
tory, viii.  20,  21. 

'.•  In  Arthurian  romance  this  Anne 
is  called  Margawse  [History  of  Prince 
Arthur,  i,  2);  Tennyson  calls  her  Belli- 
cent  [Gareth  and  Lynette].  In  Arthurian 
romance  Lot  is  always  called  king  of 
Orkney. 


Anne.  Queen  Anne's  Fan.  Your 
thumb  to  your  nose,  and  fingers  spread, 

Anne  of  Geierstein,  a  novel  of  the 
fourteenth  century,  by  sir  Walter  Scott, 
based  on  the  conquest  of  Charles  the 
Bad,  duke  of  Burgundy,  by  the  Swiss,  at 
Nancy,  and  his  subsequent  death ;  after 
wliich  the  Swiss  were  free.  The  Secret 
Tribunal  of  Westphalia  was,  at  the  time, 
in  full  power,  and  the  provincial  of  the 
tribunal,  called  "  The  Black  Monk,"  was 
the  father  of  Anne  of  Geierstein  (baroness 
of  Arnheim).  These  were  the  two  op- 
posite poles  which  the  art  of  the  novelist 
had  to  bring  together.  To  this  end,  two 
Englishmen,  the  earl  of  Oxford  and  his 
son  sir  Arthur  de  Vere,  travelling  as 
merchants  under  the  name  of  Philipson, 
are  discovered  bearing  a  letter  addressed 
to  the  duke  of  Burgundy.  They  are  im- 
prisoned, and  brought  before  the  Secret 
Tribunal.  Now,  it  so  happened  that  sir 
Arthur  and  Anne  had  met  before,  and 
fallen  in  love  with  each  other ;  so  when 
sir  i^j-thur  was  tried  by  the  Secret  Tribunal, 
Anne's  father  (the  Black  Monk)  acquitted 
him  ;  and  when  the  duke  of  Burgundy 
v.as  dead,  the  two  "  Philipsons  "  settled 
in  Switzerland  ;  and  here,  in  due  time, 
the  "Black  Monk"  freely  consented  to 
the  marriage  of  his  daughter  with  sir 
Arthur,  the  son  of  the  earl  of  Oxford. 
This  novel  was  pubhshed  in  1829. 

Annesley,  in  Mackenzie's  novel,  called 
T/ie  Man  of  the  World  [1773),  noted  for 
his  adventures  among  the  Indians. 

Annesley"  [fames],  the  name  of  the 
"Wandering  Heir"  in  Charles  Reade's 
novel  ( 1875). 

Annette,  daughter  of  Mathis  and 
Catherine,  the  bride  of  Christian,  captain 
of  the  patrol.— y.  E.  Ware:  The  Polish 
Jew  (1874). 

Annette  and  Liibin,  by  Marmontel, 
imitated  from  the  Daphnis  and  Chloe  of 
Longos  [q.v.]. 

An'nie  Lau'rie,  eldest  of  the  three 
daughters  of  sir  Robert  Laurie,  of  Max- 
welton.  In  1709  she  married  James  Fer- 
gusson,  of  Craigdarroch,  and  was  the 
mother  of  Alexander  Fergusson,  the  hero 
of  Burns's  song  The  Whistle.  The  song 
of  Annie  Laurie  was  written  by  William 
Douglas,  of  Fingland,  in  the  stewardry  of 
Kirkcud'bright,  hero  of  the  song  Willie 
zvas  a  Wanton  Wag ;  the  music  was  by 
lady  John  Scott.     (See  Whistle.  ) 

An'nie    Win'nie,  one   of   the   old 


ANNIR.  47 

sibyls  at  Alice  Gray's  death ;  the  ether 
was  Ailsie  Gourlay.— 5xr  W.  Scott :  The 
Bndeof  Lammermoor{\.\mQ,  William  III.). 

Annir,  king  of  Inis-thona  (an  island 
of  Scandinavia).  He  had  two  sons  (Argon 
and  Ruro)  and  one  daughter.  One  day 
Cor'malo,  a  neighbouring  chief,  came  and 
begged  the  honour  of  a  tournament. 
Argon  granted  the  request,  and  overthrew 
him,  which  so  vexed  Cormalo  that  during 
a  hunt  he  shot  both  the  brothers  secretly 
with  his  bow.  Their  dog  Runa  ran  to 
the  palace,  and  howled  so  as  to  attract 
attention  ;  whereupon  Annir  followed  the 
hound,  and  found  both  his  sons  dead, 
and  on  his  return  he  further  found  that 
Cormalo  had  carried  off  his  daughter. 
Oscar,  son  of  Ossian,  led  an  army  against 
the  villain,  and  slew  him  ;  then  liberating 
tlie  young  lady,  he  took  her  back  to  Inis- 
thona,  and  delivered  her  to  her  father.— 
Ossian:  The  War  of  Inis-thona, 

An'nopliel,  daughter  of  Cas'silane 
(3  sy^- )  general  of  Candy. — Beaumont  and 
Fletcher  :  The  Laivs  of  Candy  { 1647). 

Annual  Register  {.The),  a  sum- 
mary of  the  chief  historic  events  of  the 
past  year,  first  published  by  John  Dodsley, 
in  1758. 

Annus  Mirabilis  (the  wonderful 
year  of  1666),  a  poem  of  304  four-line 
stanzas  in  alternate  rhyme,  by  Dryden. 
The  year  referred  to  was  noted  for  our 
victories  over  the  Dutch  and  for  the  Great 
Fire  of  London,  which  followed  the  plague 
of  1665. 

In  June  the  English  ruinad  the  Dutch 
fleet  and  drove  it  out  of  the  seas.  In  the 
first  four  days  of  this  month  the  Dutch 
lost  15  ships,  and  on  the  20th  (at  the 
mouth  of  the  Thames)  24  ships,  4  ad- 
-nirals,  and  4000  other  officers  and  sea- 
men. Prince  Rupert  greatly  distinguished 
himself. 

In  September  the  same  year  occurred 
the  Great  Fire  of  London,  which  in  four 
days  laid  waste  400  streets,  burnt  down 
13,200  houses,  89  churches,  the  Royal 
Exchange,  the  Custom  House,  Guildhall, 
and  many  other  public  buildings. 

Anselm,  prior  of  St.  Dominic,  the  con- 
fessor of  khig  Henry  \M.—Sir  W.  Scott: 
Fair  Maid  0/ Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Anselme  (2  syl.),  father  of  Val^re 
(2  syl.)  and  Mariane  (3  syL).  In  reality 
he  is  don  Thomas  d'Alburci,  of  Naples. 
The  family  were  exiled  from  Naples  for 
political  reasons,  and,  being  shipwrecked, 


ANTiEOS. 

were  all  parted.  Val6re  was  picked  up 
by  a  Spanish  captain,  who  adopted  him  ; 
Mariane  fell  into  the  hands  of  a  corsair, 
who  kept  her  a  captive  for  ten  years,  when 
she  effected  her  escape ;  and  Anselme 
wandered  from  place  to  place  for  ten 
years,  when  he  settled  in  Paris,  and 
intended  to  marry.  At  the  expiration  of 
sixteen  years  they  all  met  in  Paris  at  the 
house  of  Har'pagon,  the  miser.  Val^re 
was  in  love  with  Elise  (2  syl.),  the 
miser's  daughter,  promised  by  Harpagon 
in  marriage  to  Anselme;  and  Mariane, 
affianced  to  the  miser's  son  C16ante  (2  syl. ), 
was  sought  in  marriage  by  Harpagon,  the 
old  father.  As  soon  as  Anselme  dis- 
covered that  Val6re  and  Mariane  were 
his  own  children,  matters  were  amicably 
arranged,  the  young  people  married,  and 
the  old  ones  retired  from  the  unequal 
coniQSX.—Molitre  :  L'Avare  (1667). 

Anselmo,  a  noble  cavalier  of  Florence, 
the  friend  of  Lothario.  Anselmo  married 
Camilla,  and  induced  his  friend  to  try  to 
corrupt  her,  that  he  might  rejoice  in  her 
incorruptible  fidelity.  Lothario  unwill- 
ingly undertook  the  task,  and  succeeded 
but  too  well.  For  a  time  Anselmo  was 
deceived,  but  at  length  Camilla  eloped, 
and  the  end  of  the  silly  affair  was  that 
Anselmo  died  of  grief,  Lothario  was  slain 
in  battle,  and  Camilla  died  in  a  convent. 
^Cervajites:  Don  Quixote,  I.  iv.  5,  6; 
Fatal  Curiosity  (1605). 

An'ster  {Hob),  a  constable  at  Kinross 
village.— 5?>  W.Scott:  The  A  i  dot  {time. 
Elizabeth). 

Anster  Fair,  a  mock-heroic  by 
W.  Tennant  (1812).  The  subject  is  the 
marriage  of  Maggie  Lauder.  Frere's 
Monks  and  Giants,  suggested  by  Anster 
Fair,  suggested  in  turn  Byron's  Beppo. 

Ant  ( The).  Ants'  eggs  are  an  antidote 
to  love. 

Ants  never  sleep.  Emerson  says  this  is 
a  "recently  observed  fact." — Nature,  iv. 

Ants  have  mind,  etc.  "In  formica  non 
modo  sensus,  sed  etiam  mens,  ratio, 
memoria." — Phny. 

Ajit  [Solomon's),  one  of  the  ten  animals 
admitted  into  paradise,  according  to  the 
Koran,  ch.  xxvii.     (See  Animals,  p.  45.) 

Ants  lay  up  a  store  for  the  winter. 
This  is  an  error  in  natural  history,  as 
ants  are  torpid  during  the  winter. 

Antse'os,  a  gigantic  wrestler  of  Libya 
(or  Irassa).  His  strength  was  inex- 
haustible so  long  as  he  touched  the  earth, 
and  was  renewed  every  time  he  did  touch 


ANTENOR. 


ANTIOPE. 


it.  Her'culSs  killed  him  by  lifting  liim 
up  from  the  earth  and  squeezing  him  to 
death,     (See  Maleger.) 

As  when  earth's  son  Antaeus  ...  in  Irassa  strove 
With  Jove's  Alcid^s,  and  oft  foiled,  still  rose, 
Receiving  from  his  mother  earth,  new  strength, 
l-resh  from  his  fall,  and  fiercer  grapple  joined, 
*5"hrottled  at  length  i'  the  air,  expired  and  fell. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Regained,  iv.  (1671). 

^  Similarly,  when  Bernardo  del  Carpio 
assailed  Orlando  or  Rowland  at  Ronces- 
vall6s,  as  he  found  his  body  was  not  to 
be  pierced  by  any  instrument  of  war,  he 
took  him  up  in  his  arms  and  squeezed 
him  to  death. 

N.B. — The  only  vulnerable  part  of  Or- 
lando was  the  sole  of  his  foot. 

Aute'lLor,  a  traitorous  Trojan  prince, 
related  to  Priam.  He  advised  Ulysses  to 
carry  away  the  palladium  from  Troy  ;  and 
wlien  the  wooden  horse  was  built,  it  was 
Antenor  who  urged  the  Trojans  to  make 
a  breach  in  the  wall  and  drag  the  horse 
into  the  city. — Shakespeare  has  introduced 
him  in  Troilus  and  Cressida  {1602). 

Antlii'a,  the  lady  beloved  by  Abroc'- 
omas  in  the  Greek  romance  called 
De  Amoribus  AnthicB  et  Abrocomce,  by 
Xenophon  of  Ephesus,  who  lived  in  the 
fourth  Christian  century. 

This  is  not  Xenophon,  the  historian,  who  lived  B.C. 
4-44-3S9- 

An'thony,  an  English  archer  in  the 
cottage  of  farmer  Dickson,  of  Douglas- 
dale. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Castle  Dangerous 
(time,  Henry  I. ). 

An'thony,  the  old  postillion  at  Meg 
Dods's,  the  landlady  of  the  inn  at  St. 
Ronan's  Well.  — 5?>  W.  Scott:  St. 
Ronan's  Well  (time,  George  HI.).  (See 
Antonio.) 

Antid'ius,  bishop  of  Jaen,  martyred 
by  the  Vandals  in  411.  One  day,  seeing 
the  devil  writing  in  his  pocket-book  some 
sin  committed  by  the  pope,  he  jumped 
upon  his  back  and  commanded  his  Satanic 
majesty  to  carry  him  to  Rome.  The  devil 
tried  to  make  the  bishop  pronounce  the 
name  of  Jesus,  which  would  break  the 
spell,  and  then  the  devil  would  have  tossed 
his  unwelcome  burden  into  the  sea ;  but 
the  bishop  only  cried,  "  Gee  up,  devil !  " 
and  when  he  reached  Rome  he  was 
covered  with  Alpine  snow.  The  chronicler 
naively  adds,  "  the  hat  is  still  shown  at 
Rome  in  confirmation  of  this  miracle." — 
General  Chronicle  of  King  Alphonso  the 
Wise. 

Antig'oue  (4  -y/-).  daughter  of 
(E'dipos  and  Jocas'tS,  a  noble  maiden, 


with  a  truly  heroic  attachment  to  her 
father  and  brothers.  When  CEdipos  had 
blinded  himself,  and  was  obliged  to  quit 
Thebes,  Antigonfi  accompanied  him,  and 
remained  with  him  till  his  death,  when 
she  returned  to  Thebes.  Creon,  the  king, 
had  forbidden  any  one  to  bury  Polyni'cSs, 
her  brother,  who  had  been  slain  by  his 
elder  brother  in  battle ;  but  AntigonS,  in 
defiance  of  this  prohibition,  buried  the 
dead  body,  and  Creon  shut  her  up  in  a 
vault  under  ground,  where  she  killed 
herself.  Hseman,  her  lover,  killed  him- 
self also  by  her  side.  Sophocles  has  a 
Greek  tragedy  on  the  subject,  and  it  has 
been  dramatized  for  the  English  stage. 

Then  suddenly— oh ! .  .  .  what  a  revelation  of  beauty! 
forth  stepped,  walking  in  brightness,  the  most  faultless 
of  Grecian  marbles.  Miss  Helen  Faucet  as  "  Antigone." 
Wliat  perfection  of  Athenian  sculpture !  the  noble 
figure,  the  lovely  arms,  the  fluent  drnpery  I  What  an 
unveiling  of  the  statuesque!  .  .  .  Perfect  in  form; 
perfect  in  attitude.— Z><  Quincey  (1845). 

The  Modern  AntigonS,  Mari6  Th^rfese 
Charlotte  duchesse  d'Angouleme,  daugh- 
ter of  Louis  XVI.  and  Marie  Antoinette 
(1778-1851). 

Antig'onns,  a  Sicilian  lord,  com- 
manded by  king  Leontes  to  take  his 
infant  daughter  to  a  desert  shore  and 
leave  her  to  perish.  Antigonus  was 
driven  by  a  storm  to  the  coast  of  Bohemia, 
where  he  left  the  babe ;  but  on  his  way 
back  to  the  ship,  he  was  torn  to  pieces 
by  a  bear. — Shakespeare:  The  Winter's 
Tale  (1604). 

N.B. — "The  coast  of  Bohemia.''  Bohemia  is  quite 
Inland,  and  has  no  "coast."  It  is  in  the  middle  of 
what  was  once  called  Germany,  but  is  now  a  part  of 
the  Austrian  empire. 

Antigf 'ontis  {King),  an  old  man  with 
a  young  man's  amorous  passions.  He  is 
one  of  the  four  kings  who  succeeded  to 
the  divided  empire  of  Alexander  the 
Great. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher:  The 
Humorous  Lieutenant  (printed  1647). 

Antin'ous  (4  syl.),  a  page  of  Ha- 
drian the  Roman  emperor,  noted  for  his 
beauty. 

Antin'ous  (4  syl.),  son  of  Cas'silane 
(3  svl.)  general  of  Candy,  and  brother  of 
Annophel,  in  The  Laws  of  Candy,  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher  (printed  1647). 

Anti'ochus,  emperor  of  Greece,  who 
sought  the  life  of  Per'iclSs  prince  of  Tyre, 
but  died  without  effecting  his  design. — 
Shakespeare:  Pericles  Prince  of  Tyre 
(1608). 

Anti'ope  (4  ^yl-),  daughter  of 
Idom'eneus  (4  jy/.),forwhomTelem'achus 
had   a  iendre.      Mentor   approved    his 


ANTIPHOLUS. 


49 


ANTONIAD. 


choice,  an  1  assured  Telemachus  that  the 
lady  was  designed  for  him  by  the  gods. 
Her  charms  were  '  the  glowing  modesty 
of  her  countenance,  her  silent  diffidence, 
and  her  sweet  reserve;  her  constant  at- 
tention to  tapestry  or  to  some  other  useful 
and  elegant  employment ;  her  diligence 
ia  household  affairs,  her  contempt  of 
finery  in  dress,  and  her  ignorance  of  her 
own  beauty."  Telemachus  says,  "She 
encourages  to  industry  by  her  example, 
sweetens  labour  by  the  melody  of  her 
voice,  and  excels  the  best  of  painters  in 
the  elegance  of  her  embroidery." — 
Finelon:  Tilimaque,  xxii.  (1700). 

Ho  [Pau!]  fancied  he  had  found  in  Virjrinia  the 
wisdom  of  Antiope  with  tlie  misfortunes  and  tlie 
tenderness  of  Buchans.—Bertiariiin  dc  St.  Pierre: 
Paul  and  Virginia  (1788). 

Antipli'olus.  The  name  of  two 
brothers,  twins,  the  sons  of  iEge'on  a 
merchant  of  Syracuse.  The  two  brothers 
were  shipwrecked  in  infancy  ;  and,  being 
picked  up  by  different  cruisers,  one  was 
taken  to  Syracu^^e,  and  the  other  to 
Ephesus.  The  Ephesian  entered  the 
service  of  the  duke  ;  and,  being  fortunate 
enough  to  save  the  duke's  life,  became  a 
great  man  and  married  well.  The  Syra- 
cusian  Antipholus,  going  in  search  of 
his  brother,  came  to  Ephesus,  where  a 
series  of  blunders  occur  from  the  won- 
derful likeness  of  the  two  brothers  and 
their  two  servants  called  Dromio.  The 
confusion  becomes  so  great  that  the 
Ephesian  is  taken  up  as  a  mad  man.  It 
so  happened  that  both  brothers  appeared 
before  the  duke  at  the  same  time  ;  and 
the  extraordinary  likeness  being  seen  by 
all,  the  cause  of  the  blunders  was  evident, 
and  everything  was  satisfactorily  ex- 
plained.— Shakespeare:  Comedy  of  Errors 
U593)- 

Antiquary  ( The),  Jonathan  Oldbuck, 
laird  of  Monkbarns.  He  exchanged  some 
excellent  arable  land  for  a  worthless  plot 
of  barren  soil,  because  he  fancied  it  was 
the  remains  of  a  Roman  camp  in  the 
time  of  Julius  Caesar.  In  confirmation  of 
this  supposition,  he  discovered  an  old 
stonewith  the  letters  A.  D.  L.  L.  scratched 
on  it.  This  he  read  "  Agricola  Dicavit 
Iiibens  Lubens."  An  old  beadsman, 
named  Edie  Ochiltree,  here  interrupted 
him,  and  said  twenty  years  ago,  at  Aiken 
Drum's  wedding,  one  of  the  masons,  for  a 
joke,  cut  on  a  stone  the  letters,  which  stood 
for  "Aiken  Drum's  Lang  Ladle." — Sir 
W.  Scott:  The  Antiquary,  chap.  iv. 

The  Antiquary:  a  novel  by  sir  VV. 
Scott  {1816).     The  third  of  the  Waverley 


Novels,  the  subject  is  the  marriage  be- 
tween William  Lovel  and  Miss  Wardour. 
Mr.  Lovel  accidentally  meets  the  Anti- 
quary (laird  of  Monkbarns)  at  a  coach 
office  in  Edinburgh  High  Street,  pays 
him  a  visit,  and  is  introduced  to  sir 
Arthur  Wardour  and  his  daughter.  Sir 
Arthur,  his  daughter,  and  Lovel  meet  on 
the  sands  at  Halkethead,  but  being  over- 
taken by  a  spring-tide  are  hauled  up  the 
cliffs  by  ropes.  Further  intimacy  is  ob- 
structed by  a  letter,  which  compels  Lovel 
to  leave  Monkbarns  for  Fairport,  where 
the  Antiquary  returns  his  visit,  taking 
with  him  his  kinsman,  captain  M'Intyrc. 
Lovel  and  the  captain  quarrel ;  and  in 
the  duel  which  ensues  the  captain  receives 
a  wound  supposed  to  be  deadly,  so  that 
Lovel  flees  and  hides  in  a  cave.  Here  he 
accidentally  overhears  Dousterswivel  and 
sir  Arthur  Wardour  in  the  ruins,  searching 
for  treasure.  Sir  Arthur  receives  a  lawyer's 
letter,  demanding  instant  payment  of  the 
money  thus  swindled  out  of  him,  and 
sheriffs  officers  take  possession  of  the 
castle.  The  Antiquary  comes  to  his 
rescue,  and  the  castle  is  cleared.  An 
alarm  of  an  invasion  of  Fairport  causes 
the  retainers  to  muster  in  its  defence. 
Lovel  arrives,  is  recognized  as  the  son  of 
the  earl  of  Glenallan,  and  marries  Miss 
Wardour  (time  of  George  III.). 

Anton  {Sir).  Tennyson  says  thnt 
Merlin  gave  Arthur,  when  an  infant,  to  sir 
Anton  and  his  lady  to  bring  up,  and  they 
brought  him  up  as  their  own  son.  This 
does  not  correspond  with  the  History  of 
Prince  Arthur,  which  states  that  he  was 
committed  to  the  care  of  sir  Ector  and 
his  lady,  whose  son,  sir  Key,  is  over 
and  over  again  called  the  prince's  foster- 
brother.  "The  History  furthermore  states 
that  Arthur  made  sir  Key  his  seneschal 
because  he  was  his  foster-brother. 

So  the  child  was  delivered  unto  Merlin,  and  he  bare 
him  forth  unto  sir  Ector,  and  made  a  holy  man  christen 
him,  and  named  him  "Arthur."  And  so  sir  Ector's 
wife  nourished  him  with  her  own  breast. — Part  i.  3. 

So  sir  Ector  rode  to  the  justs,  and  with  him  rode  sir 
Key,  his  son,  and  young  Arthur  that  was  his  nourished 
\,roX.\\ax.— Ditto. 

"  Sir,"  said  sir  Ector,  "  I  will  ask  no  more  of  you  but 
that  you  will  make  my  son,  sir  Key,  your  foster- 
brother,  seneschal  of  all  your  lands."  "  That  shall  be 
done,"  said  Artlmr  (ch.  »,).—Sir  T.  Malory,  History 
0/ Prince  Arthur  (1470). 

Anton,  one  of  Henry  Smith's  men  in 
The  Fair  Maid  of  Perth,  by  sir  W. 
Scott  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Anto'niad,  the  name  of  Cleopat'ra's 
ship  at  the  battle  of  Actium,  so  named 
in  compliment  to  Mark  Antony. — Plu- 
tarch. 


ANTONIO. 

ANTONIO,  a  sea-captain  who  saved 
Sebastian  (the  brother  of  Viola)  when 
wrecked  off  the  Illyrian  coast. — Shak^' 
speare:  Twelfth  Night  {x6\i^). 

Antonio,  "  the  merchant  of  Venice," 
in  Shakespeare's  drama  so  called  (1598). 
Antonio  borrows  of  Shylock,  a  Jew, 
3000  ducats  for  three  months,  to  lend  to 
his  friend  Bassanio.  The  conditions  of 
the  loan  were  these :  if  the  money  was 
paid  within  the  time,  only  the  principal 
should  be  returned  ;  but  if  not,  the  Jew 
sliould  be  allowed  to  cut  from  any  part  he 
chose  of  Antonio's  body  "a  pound  of 
flesh,"  As  the  ships  were  delayed  by 
contrary  winds,  Antonio  was  unable  to 
pay  within  the  three  months,  and  Shylock 
demanded  the  forfeiture  according  to  the 
bond.  Portia,  in  the  dress  of  a  law- 
doctor,  conducted  the  case,  and  when  the 
Jew  was  about  to  cut  the  flesh,  stopped 
him,  saying — (i)  the  bond  gave  him  no 
drop  of  blood ;  and  {2)  he  must  take 
neither  more  nor  less  than  an  exact 
pound.  If  he  shed  one  drop  of  blood,  or 
if  he  cut  more  or  less  than  an  exact 
pound,  his  life  would  be  forfeited.  As  it 
was  quite  impossible  to  comply  with 
these  restrictions,  the  Jew  was  nonsuited, 
and  had  to  pay  a  heavy  fine  for  seeking 
the  life  of  a  citizen.  (See  Shylock,  for 
similar  tales. ) 

Antonio,  the  usurping  duke  of  Milan, 
brother  of  Prospero  the  righttul  heir,  and 
father  of  Miranda. — Shakespeare:  The 
Tempest  (1623). 

Antonio,  father  of  Proteus  (2  syl.) 
and  suitor  of  Julia. — Shakespeare  :  The 
Tivo  Gentlemen  of  Verona  (1598). 

Antonio,  a  Swiss  lad  in  Scott's  novel 
called  Anne  of  Geierstein  (time,  Edward 
IV.). 

Antonio,  a  stout  old  gentleman, 
kinsman  of  Petruccio  governor  of  Bo- 
logna.— Fletcher :  The  Chances  (1620). 

(Tiiis  comedy  was  altered  first  by 
Buckingham,  and  then  by  Garrick. ) 

Antonio  {Don),  father  of  Carlos  a 
bookworm,  and  of  Clodis  a  coxcomb.  A 
headstrong  testy  old  man,  who  wants 
Carlos  to  sign  away  his  birthright  in 
favour  of  his  younger  brother,  whom  he 
designed  Angelina  to  marry.  Carlos 
refuses  to  do  so,  and  elopes  with  Angelina. 
Clodis  (the  younger  brother)  gives  his 
troth  to  Elvira  of  Lisbon. — Cibber  :  Love 
makes  a  Man  (1700). 


SO        ANTONY  AND  CLEOPATRA. 

Antonio  [Don),  in  love  with  Louisa, 
daughter  of  don  Jerome  of  Seville.  He 
is  a  nobleman  of  ancient  family,  but 
without  GsiaXe.— Sheridan :  The  Duenna 
(1778). 

Antonomas'ia  ( The  princess), 
daughter  of  Archipiela  king  of  Candaya, 
and  his  wife  Magimcia.  She  married 
don  Clavijo,  but  the  giant  Malambru'no, 
by  enchantment,  changed  the  bride  into 
a  brass  monkey,  and  her  spouse  into  a 
crocodile  of  some  unknown  metal.  Don 
Quixote  mounted  the  wooden  horse 
Clavileno  the  Winged,  to  disenchant  the 
lady  and  her  husband,  and  this  he 
effected  "  simply  by  making  the 
attempt." — Cervantes:  Don  Quixote,  II. 
iii.  4,  5  (1615). 

Antony  {Mark),  the  Roman  trium- 
vir, in  love  with  Cleopat'ra.  By  this  fatal 
passion  he  lost  his  empire,  his  character 
as  a  hero,  and  his  Wie.—Dryden  :  All  for 
Love.    (See  Antony  and  Cleopatra.) 

Antony  {Saint)  lived  in  a  cavern  on 
the  summit  of  Cavadonga,  in  Spain,  and 
was  perpetually  annoyed  by  devils. 

Old  St.  Antonius  from  the  hell 
Of  his  bewildered  phantasy  saw  fiends 
In  actual  vision,  a  foul  throng  grotesque 
Of  all  horrific  shapes  and  forms  obscene, 
Crowd  in  broad  day  before  his  open  eyes. 

Southey:  Roderick,  etc.,  xvL  (1814), 

An 'tony  and  Caesar.  Macbeth 
says  that  "  under  Banquo  his  own 
genius  was  rebuked  [or  snubbed],  as  it 
is  said  Mark  Antony's  was  by  Caesar" 
(act  iii.  sc.  i),  and  in  Antony  and  Cleo- 
patra this  passage  is  elucidated  thus — 

Thy  daemon,  that's  thy  spirit  which  keeps  thee.  Is 
Noble,  courageous,  high,  unmatchable 
Wlicre  Caesar's  is  not ;  but  near  him  thy'angel 
Becomes  a  fear,  as  being  o'erpowcred. 

Act  ii.  sc.  3. 

Antony  and  Cleopat'ra,  a  tragedy 
by  Shakespeare  (1608):  the  illicit  love 
of  Antony  (the  Roman  triumvir)  and 
Cleopatra  (queen  of  Egypt).  Antony, 
being  in  Egypt,  falls  in  love  with  Cleopatra, 
and  wholly  neglects  his  duties  as  one  of 
the  rulers  of  the  vast  Roman  empire. 
During  the  time,  his  wife  Fulvia  dies,  the 
Roman  people  become  turbulent,  and 
Sextus  Pompey  makes  himself  master  of 
the  seas.  Octavius  Caesar  sends  to  Egypt 
to  beg  Antony  to  return  to  Rome  without 
delay.  The  first  interview  between  the 
triumvirs  was  very  stormy,  but  Agrippa 
suggests  that  Antony  should  marry  Octavia 
(Caesar's  sister),  lately  left  a  widow,  and 
urges  that  the  alliance  would  knit  together 
the  two   triumvirs    in   mutual  interests. 


ANVIU 

Antony  assents  to  the  proposal,  and 
marries  Octavia.  About  the  same  time 
Sextus  Pompey  was  bought  over  by  the 
promise  of  Sicily  and  Sardinia,  and  soon 
after  this  Lepldus  (the  third  triumvir)  was 
deposed  by  Ccesar.  Antony,  returning  to 
Egypt,  falls  again  into  the  entanglement 
of  the  queen,  and  Ca;sar  proclaims  war 
against  him.  Antony,  enforced  by  sixty 
Egyptian  ships,  prepares  to  defend  him- 
self, but  in  the  midst  of  the  fight  the 
sixty  Eg}'ptian  ships  with  Cleopatra  flee, 
and  Antony  follows,  so  that  the  battle  of 
Actium  was  a  complete  fiasco.  Other 
losses  follow,  and  Antony  kills  himself  by 
falling  on  his  own  sword.  Caesar  hopes 
to  make  Cleopatra  a  captive,  and  deprives 
her  of  every  weapon  of  offence,  but  the 
self-willed  queen  sends  a  slave  to  procure 
some  asps  in  a  basket  of  figs.  She  applies 
two  of  them,  and  dies.  Caesar  arrives  in 
time  to  see  her  in  royal  robes,  and  orders 
that  Antony  and  Cleopatra  be  buried  in 
the  same  tomb. 

For  the  accent— 

I  will  o'ertake  thee,  Clcopat'ra,  and 
Weep  for  thy  pardon. 
Shakespeare:  Antony  and  Cleopatra,  act  iv.  sc.  14. 
Proud  Cleopat'ra,  when  she  met  her  Roman. 

Shakespeare  :  CytHbetine,  act  ii.  sc.  4. 

•,*  Dryden  has  a  tragedy  entitled 
All  for  Love,  on  the  same  subject. 

An'vil  ( The  Literary').  Dr.  Mayo  was 
so  called,  because  he  bore  the  hardest 
blows  of  Dr.  Johnson  without  flinching. 

Aodh,  last  of  the  Culdees,  or  primitive 
clergy  of  lo'na,  an  island  south  of 
Staffa.  His  wife  was  Reullu'ra.  Ulv- 
fa'gre  the  Dane,  having  landed  on  the 
island  and  put  many  to  the  sword,  bound 
Aodh  in  chains  of  iron  ;  then,  dragging 
him  to  the  church,  demanded  where  the 
"  treasures  were  concealed."  A  mys- 
terious figure  now  appeared,  which  not 
only  released  the  priest,  but  took  the 
Dane  by  the  arm  to  the  statue  of  St. 
Columb,  which  fell  on  him  and  crushed 
him  to  death.  After  this  the  "  saint " 
gathered  the  remnant  of  the  islanders 
together,  and  went  to  Ireland. — Campbell: 
Reullura. 

Aon'ian  Mount  {The),  in  Bo^o'tia, 
the  haunt  of  the  Muses.  Milton  says  his 
Muse  is  to  soar  above  ' '  the  Aonian 
mount,"  i.e.  above  the  flight  of  fable  and 
classic  themes,  because  his  subject  was 
"Jehovah,  lord  of  all." — Paradise  Lost,  i. 
15  (1665). 

Ape  (i  syl.),  the  pseudonym  of  M. 
Pellegrini,,  the  caricaturist  of  Vanity 
Fair,     Dr.  Johnson    says  "/<?  ape  is  to 


SI  APICIUS. 

imitate  ludicrously ; "  whence  the  adoption 
of  the  name. 

Apes.  To  lead  Apes  in  Hell,  to  die  an 
old  maid.  Thus  Fadladin'ida  says  to 
Tatlanthe  {3  syl.) — 

Pity  that  you  who've  served  so  lone  and  well 
Should  die  a  virgin,  and  lend  apes  m  Ii-jU; 
Choose  for  yourself,  dear  girl,  our  empire  round, 
Your  portion  is  twelve  hundred  thousand  pound. 
//.  Carey  :  Chrononliotonthologos, 
Women,  dying  maids,  lead  apes  in  hell. 

The  London  Prodigal,  L  a. 

Apelles  (3  syl.),  a  character  in  Lyly's 
dra.ma.oi  Alexander  and  Campaspe  {^  syl. ), 
noted  for  the  song  beginning  thus— 

Cupid  and  my  Campaspe  played 
At  cards  for  kisses. 

Aperies.  When  his  famous  painting 
of  Venus  rising  out  of  the  sea  (hung  by 
Augustus  in  the  temple  of  Julius  Caesar) 
was  greatly  injured  by  time,  Nero  re- 
placed it  by  a  copy  done  by  Dorothcus 
(4.  syl.).  This  Venus  by  Apelles  is  called 
"  Venus  Anadyom'enfi,"  his  model  (accord- 
ing to  tradition)  being  Campaspe  (after- 
wards his  wife). 

Apel'les  and  the  Cobbler.  A  cobbler 
found  fault  with  the  shoe-latchet  of  one  of 
Apelles'  paintings,  and  the  artist  rectified 
the  fault.  The  cobbler,  thinking  himself 
very  wise,  next  ventured  to  criticize  the 
legs ;  but  Apelles  said,  Ne  sutor  supi-a 
crepidum  ( ' '  Let  not  the  cobbler  go  beyond 
his  last ").     - 

Within  that  range  of  criticism  where  all  are  equally 
judges,  and  where  Crispin  is  entided  to  dictate  to 
Apollcs.— Encyclopedia  Britanniea  (article  "  Ro- 
inauce  "). 

Apelles  of  liis  Age  ( The).  Samuel 
Cooper  is  so  called  in  his  epitaph,  in  old 
St.  Pancras'  Church  (1609-1672). 

Apeman'tus,  a  churlish  Athenian 
philosopher,  who  snarled  at  men 
systematically,  but  showed  his  cynicism 
to  be  mere  affectation,  when  Timon 
attacked  him  with  his  own  weapons. — 
Shakespeare  :   Timo?i  of  Athens  (i5oo). 

Their  affected  melancholy  showed  like  the  cynicism 
of  Apemantus,  contrasted  with  the  real  misanthropy  of 
Timon.— Sir  IV.  Scott. 

Apic'ius,  an  epicure  in  the  time  of 
Tiberius.  He  wrote  a  book  on  the  ways 
of  provoking  an  appetite.  Having  spent 
^^800,000  in  supplying  the  delicacies 
of  the  table,  and  having  only  ^^80,000 
left,  he  hanged  himself,  not  thinking  it 
possible  to  exist  on  such  a  wretched 
pittance.  Apicia,  however,  became  a 
stock  name  for  certain  cakes  and  sauces, 
and  his  name  is  still  proverbial  in  all 
matters  of  gastronomy.     (See  Ralph.) 

(There  was  another  of  the  name  in  the 


APOCRYPHA. 

reign  of  Trajan,   who  wrote  a  cooking- 
book  and  manual  of  sauces. ) 

No  Brahmin  could  abominate  your  meal  more  than  I 
clo.  Hirtius  and  Apicius  would  have  blushed  for  it. 
Mark  Antony,  who  roasted  eight  whole  boars  for 
supper,  never  massacred  more  at  a  meal  than  you 
have  done.— Cumberland :  The  Fashionable  Lover, 
L  1  (1780). 

Apoc'rypha  {The)  properly  means 
the  hidden  books.  Writings  may  be  so 
called — 

(i)  Because  the  name  of  the  author  is  hidden  or  not 
certainly  known. 

(2)  Because  the  book  or  books  have  not  been  openly 
admitted  into  the  canon  of  Scripture. 

(3)  Because  they  are  not  accepted  as  divinely  in- 
spired, and  no  doctrine  can  be  proved  by  them. 

(4)  Because  they  have  been  issued  by  heretics  to 
justify  their  errors. 

The  fourteen  books  of  the  Apocrypha 
(sometimes  bound  up  with  our  Scriptures) 
are  included  in  the  Septuagint  version, 
and  were  accepted  at  the  Council  of  Trent 
in  1546.  In  the  Church  of  England  much 
was  excluded  in  1871. 

AFOIiLO,  in  Homeric  mythology,  is 
the  embodiment  of  practical  wisdom  and 
foresight,  of  swift  and  far-reaching  in- 
telligence, and  hence  of  poetry,  music, 
etc. 

The  Apollo  Belvidere,  that  is,  the  Apollo 
preserved  in  the  Belvidere  gallery  of  the 
Vatican,  discovered  in  1503  amidst  the 
ruins  of  An'tium,  and  purchased  by  pope 
Julius  II.  It  is  supposed  to  be  the  work 
of  Cal'amis,  a  Greek  sculptor  of  the  fifth 
century  B.C. 

The  Apollo  of  Actium  was  a  gigantic 
statue,  which  served  for  a  beacon. 

The  Apollo  of  Rhodes,  usually  called  the 
colossus,  was  a  gigantic  bronze  statue,  150 
feet  high,  made  by  Charts,  a  pupil  of 
Lysippus,  and  set  up  B.C.  300. 

Animals  consecrated  to  Apollo,  the  cock, 
the  crow,  the  grasshopper,  the  hawk,  the 
raven,  the  swan,  and  the  wolf. 

Apollo,  the  sun. 

Apollo's  angry,  and  the  heavens  themselves 
Do  strike  at  my  injustice. 

Shakespeare:  IVinter's  Tale,  act  iii.  sc.  a. 

ApoUonius  of  Tyre,  a  British 
romance,  printed  under  the  care  of  Ben 
Thorpe.  It  is  a  story  similar  to  that  of 
"  Pericles,  prince  of  Tyre,"  by  Shake- 
speare. 

Apollo'nius  EhocUus,  author  of 
a  Greek  epic  poem  in  four  books,  greatly 
admired  by  the  Romans,  and  translated 
into  Latin  by  Varro.  There  are  several 
English  translations.  One  by  Fawkes 
and  Meen,  in  1780.  In  verse  by  Greene, 
in  1750  ;  and  by  Preston,  in  1803.  (See 
Argon AUTic  Expedition,  p.  58.) 


52  APOSTOLIC  FATHERS. 

N.B. — ApoUonius  was  born  in  Alex- 
andria, but  he  migrated  to  Rhodes,  where 
he  was  so  much  admired  that  they  called 
him  the  Rhodian.  He  returned  to  Alex- 
andria, and  was  made  librarian.  He 
flourished  B.C.  222-181. 

ApoU'yon,  king  of  the  bottomless 
pit ;  introduced  by  Bunyan  in  his 
Pilgrims  Progress.  Apollyon  encounters 
Christian,  by  whom,  after  a  severe  con- 
test, he  is  foiled  (1678).  (Greek,  apollumi, 
"  to  ruin.") 

Apostle  or  Patron  Saint  of— 

ABYSSINIANS,  St.   Frumcntius   (died  360).    His  d^ 

is  October  27. 
Alps,  Felix  Neff  (1798-1829). 
ANTIOCH,  St.  Margaret  (died  27S).    Her  day  is  July  20. 


Ardennes,  St.  Hubert  (656-730). 
Armenians,  Gregory  of  Armen' 
CAGLIARI  (Sardinia),  St.  Efisio, 


rmenia  (256-331). 


Corfu,  St.   Spiridion  (fourth  century).     His  day  is 

December  14. 
English,  St  Augustin  (died  607) ;  St.  George  (died 

290). 
ETHIOPIA,  St.  Frumentius  (died  360).     His  day  U 

Octoberi/. 
FRANCONIA,  St.  Kilian  (died  689).     His  day  is  July  a 
Free  Trade,  Richard  Cobden  (1804-1865). 
French,  St.  Denis  (died  272).     His  day  is  October  9. 
FRISIANS,  St.  Wilbrod  (657-738). 
Gauls,  St.  Irenre'us  (130-200) ;  St.  Martin  (316-397). 
GENTILES,  St.  Paul  (died  66J.    His  days  are  June  39, 

January  25. 
Georgia,  St.  Nino. 

GERMANY,  St.  Boniface  (680-755).    His  day  is  June  5. 
Highlanders,  St.  Colomb  (521-597).    His  day  is 

June  9. 
Hungarians,  St  Anastasius  (died  628).    His  day  is 

January  22. 
INDIANS,  Bartolomd  de  Las  Casas  (1474-1566);  Rev. 

John  Eliot  (160^-1690). 
Indies,  St  Francis  Xavier  (1506-1552).    His  day  is 

December  3. 
Infidelity,  Voltaire  (1694-1778). 
Irish,  St  Patrick  (372-493).     His  day  is  March  17. 
Liberty,  Thomas  Jefferson,  third  president  of  the 

U.S.  (1743-1826). 
London,  St.  Paul ;  St   Michael    Days,  January  23 ; 

September  29. 
Netherlands,  St  Armand  (589-679). 
North,  St  Ansgar  (801-864)  ;  Bernard  Gilpin  (1517- 

1583)- 
Padua,  St  Anthony  (1195-1231).     His  day  is  June  13. 
Paris,  St  Genevifeve  (419-512).    Her  day  is  January  3. 
Peak,  W.  Bagshaw,   so  called  from  his   missionary 

labours  in  Derbyshire  (1628-1702). 
PICTS,  St  Ninian. 

Scottish  Reformers,  John  Knox  (1505-1572). 
Sicily  (the  tutelary  deity  is)  Ceres. 
Slaves,  St.  Cyril  (died  868).    His  day  is  February  14. 
Spain,  St.  James,  the  Greater  (died  44).    His  day  is 

July  24. 
Temperance,  Father  Mathew  (1790-18^6). 
Venice,    St    Mark;    St.    Pantaleon;    St     Andrew 

Tustiniani.    St  Mark's  day  is  April  25 ;  St  PanU- 

leon's,  July  27. 
Yorkshire,  St  PauU'nus,  bishop  of  York  (597-644). 
Wales,  St  David  (480-544).     His  day  is  March  i. 

Apostle  of  Free  Trade,  Richard 
Cobden  (1804-1865).  John  Bright  was 
also  so  called  (1811-1889). 

Apostolic  Fathers  ( The  Five) : 
Clement  of  Rome,  Barnabas,  Hernias, 
Igna'tius,  and  Polycarp.  All  contem- 
porary with  the  apostles.  These  names 
are  not  to  be  depended  en. 


p 


APPETISER. 

Ap'petiser.  A  Scotchman  being  told 
that  the  birds  called  kiltiewiaks  were  ad- 
mirable appetisers,  ate  six  of  them,  and 
then  complained  "he  was  no  hungrier 
than  he  was  before." 

Ap'pius,  in  Pope's  Essay  on  Criticism, 
is  intended  for  John  Dennis,  the  critic 
(1709). 

Appiiis  reddens  at  each  word  you  speaV, 
And  stares  tremendous,  with  a  threatening  eye^ 
Like  some  fierce  tyrant  in  old  tapestry. 
I'cars  most  to  tax  an  honourable  fool, 
Whose  rij;ht  it  is,  uncensured  to  be  dull. 

Pope  :  Jissay  en  Criticism,  583-589. 

Appius    and    Virgfinia,    one   of 

Macaulay's  lays.  Also  a  "  Morality  "  by 
R.  B.  (1574) ;  a  tragedy  by  Webster 
{1654) ;  a  tragedy  by  Dennis  {1705). 

Apple  [Prince  AAmecTs),  a  cure  for 
every  disorder. — Arabian  Nights'  Enter- 
tainments ("Ahmed  and  Pari-banou  "), 

Tlie  Singing  Apple,  the  perfect  em- 
beUisher  of  wit.  It  would  persuade  by 
its  smell  alone,  and  would  enable  the 
possessor  to  write  poetry  or  prose,  to 
make  people  laugh  or  cry,  and  discoursed 
such  excellent  music  as  to  ravish  every 
one. — Comtcsse  D'Aulnoy:  Fairy  Tales 
{"  Chery  and  Fairstar,"  1682). 

Apples  of  Sodom  (called  by  Wit- 
man,  oranges)  are  the  yellow  fruit  of 
the  osher  or  ashey  tree.  Tacitus  {His- 
tory, V.  7)  and  Josephus  both  refer  to 
these  apples,  Thevenot  says,  "The 
fruit  is  lovely  [externally],  but  within  is 
full  of  ashes." 

The  fruit  of  the  osher  or  ashey  tree,  called  "  Apples 
or  Oranges  of  Sodom,"  resembles  a  smooth  apple  or 
oraiifre,  hangs  in  clusters  of  three  or  four  on  a  branch, 
and  is  of  a  yellow  colour  when  ripe.  Upon  being  struck 
or  pressed,  it  explodes  with  a  puff,  and  is  reduced  to 
the  rind  and  a  few  fibres,  being  chiefly  filled  with  air.— 
Gallery  of  Geography,  8ii. 

Like  to  the  apples  on  the  Dead  Sea  shore. 

All  ashes  to  the  taste. 

Byron  :  Childe  Harold,  iii.  34. 

Apprentice's  Wise  Choice  {An). 
A  loving  couple  of  Cantire  had  one  son  ; 
but  being  very  poor,  the  husband  came  to 
England,  and  took  service  with  a  farmer. 
Years  rolled  on,  and  the  man  resolved  to 
return  home.  His  master  asked  him 
which  he  would  take — his  wagefi  or  three 
bits  of  advice?  and  he  chose  the  latter. 
The  three  bits  of  advice  were  these:  (i) 
Keep  in  the  high-road ;  (2)  never  lodge 
in  a  house  where  there  is  an  old  man 
with  a  young  wife ;  and  (3)  do  nothing 
rashly.  On  his  way  home  he  met  a  pedlar 
going  the  same  way,  who  told  him  he 
would  show  him  a  short  cut,  but  the 
Highlander  said  he  would  keep  the  high- 
road.   The  pedlar,  who  took  the  short 


S3 


APRIL  FOOU 


cut,  fell  among  thieves,  and  was  robbed 
of  everything.  They  met  again,  and  the 
pedlar  advised  him  to  put  up  for  the 
night  at  a  roadside  house  ;  but  when  he 
found  that  the  old  man  had  lately  mar- 
ried a  young  wife,  he  passed  on.  In  the 
night  the  old  landlord  was  murdered, 
and  the  pedlar  was  accused  of  the  crime. 
At  length  the  Highlander  reached  Cantire, 
and  saw  his  wife  caressing  a  young  man. 
In  his  rage  he  would  have  killed  the 
young  man,  but,  determined  to  "do 
nothing  rashly,"  he  asked  who  the  young 
man  was,  and  discovered  it  was  his  own 
son.  To  crown  all,  when  the  Highlander 
opened  the  cake  given  him  by  his  late 
master  as  a  present  to  his  wife,  he  found 
in  it  his  wages  in  full. — Ctithbert  Dede : 
The  White  Wife,  and  other  Stories  {1^64,). 

IF  The  following  is  a  somewhat  similar 
tale :  A  poor  man,  not  long  married, 
started  for  Maremma  to  earn  a  livelihood, 
and,  after  the  lapse  of  some  years, 
returned  home.  On  his  way  he  asked 
a  publican  for  alms,  and  the  publican 
replied,  "Which  shall  I  give  you — three 
scudi  or  three  bits  of  advice?  "  The  man 
chose  the  latter,  and  the  publican  said  to 
him,  "  (i)  Never  interfere  with  what  does 
not  concern  you ;  (2)  never  leave  the 
high-road  for  a  short  cut ;  and  (3)  keep 
your  wounded  pride  under  control  till  the 
following  day."  On  his  way  home  he 
lodged  at  an  inn  where  a  murder  was 
committed,  but  kept  a  wise  tongue  ia 
his  head,  and  was  suffered  to  depart 
in  peace.  As  he  journeyed  on  he  was 
advised  by  a  traveller  to  take  a  short 
cut,  but  declined  doing  so ;  and  the 
traveller,  who  left  him,  was  murdered 
by  highwaymen.  On  reaching  home  he 
beheld  his  wife  caressing  a  young  priest, 
but  he  kept  his  wounded  pride  under 
control  till  the  day  following,  and  thea 
discovered  that  the  young  priest  was  his 
own  son.  When  he  opened  a  cake  given 
him  by  the  publican,  he  found  in  k 
three  scndi.—Nerucci:  Sessanta  Novelle 
Populari. 

IF  Every  one  will  remember  Solomon's 
choice.  He  chose  wisdom,  and  found 
riches  were  given  in  to  boot. 

Appul'durcomTje  (4  syl.),  the  Isle 
of  Wight.  The  word  is  a  compound  of 
apuldre-combe  ("valley  of  apple  trees"),, 
and  not  y  pul  dur  y  cum  {"  the  lake  in 
the  valley"). 

.  April  Pool.  One  of  the  most 
favourite  London  jokes  was  to  send 
greenhorns  to  the  Tower,  "to  see  the 


APULEIUS.  54 

lions  washed. ' '    (See  Dictionary  of  Phrase 
and  Fable,  p.  58.) 

IT  When  asked  the  origin  of  this 
custom,  send  the  inquirer  to  look  out 
Matt,  xxviii.  22. 

Apnle'ius,  an  African  by  birth,  noted 
for  his  allegorical  romance,  in  eleven 
books,  of  The  Golden  Ass  {q.v.).  Books 
iv.,  v.,  vi.  contain  the  exquisite  episode 
of  Cupid  and  Psyche  {q.v.).  Apuleius 
lived  about  A.D.  114-190. 

Aquarius,  Sagittarius.  Mrs. 
Browning  says  that  "Aquarius"  is  a 
symbol  of  man  suffering,  and  "Sagit- 
tarius" of  man  combattiiig — the  passive 
and  active  forms  of  human  labour. 

Eve.        Two  phantasms  of  two  men. 

Adam.   One  that  sustains, 

And  one  that  strives,  so  the  ends 
Of  manhood's  curse  of  labour. 

Mrs.  Browning :  A  Dratna  0/  Exile  (1851). 

A'quilaut,  son  of  Olive'ro  and 
Sigismunda;  a  knight  in  Charlemagne's 
army.  He  was  called  "-black,"  and  his 
brother  Gryphon  "zvhite,"  from  the  colour 
of  their  armour. — Ariosto:  Orlando 
Furioso  (1516). 

A'quiline  (3  syl.),  Raymond's  steed, 
whose  sire  was  the  wind. — Tasso  :  Jeru- 
salem Delivered,  vii.  (1575). 

(Solinus,  Columella,  and  VaiTO  relate 
how  the  Lusitanian  mares  "with  open 
mouth  against  the  breezes  held,  receive  the 
gale,  with  warmth  prolific  filled,  and  thus 
inspired,  their  swelling  wombs  produce 
the  wondrous  offspring."  See  also 
Virgil:  Georgics,  iii.  266-283.) 

Aq.uin'ian  Sage  {The).  Juvenal  is 
so  called,  because  he  was  born  at  Aqui'- 
num,  in  Latiura.  (He  flourished  A.D. 
100.) 

Arabella,  an  heiress  left  under  the 
charge  of  justice  Day,  whose  son,  Abel, 
aspired  to  her  hand  and  fortune ;  but 
Arabella  conferred  both  on  captain  Manly 
instead. — T.  Knight:  TIieHo?iest  Thieves. 

Arabia  Felix  [Araby  the  Blest]. 
The  name  is  a  blunder  made  by  British 
merchants,  who  supposed  that  the  precious 
commodities  of  India,  bought  of  Arabian 
merchants,  were  the  produce  of  Arabia. 

Arabian  Bird  [The),  the  phoenix. 
Metaphorically,  a  marvellous  person  ;  one 
quite  S7ii generis. 

O  Anthony  !  0  thou  Arabian  bird  1 
Shakapca^-e :  Anthojiy  and  Cleopatra,  iii.  2. 

Arabian  Nig-hts'  Entertain- 
ments ( The).  (See  Thousand-and-ONE 
Nights.) 


ARANZA. 

Arachne  \A-rah'-7iy\  a  spider.  Me- 
taphorically, a  weaver,  "Arachne's 
labours,"  spinning  and  weaving.  Arachne 
was  a  Lydian  maiden,  who  challenged 
Minerva  to  compete  with  her  in  needle 
tapestry,  and  Minerva  metamorphosed 
her  into  a  spider. 

No  orifice  for  a  point 
As  subtle  as  Arachne's  broken  woof 
To  enter. 
Shakespeare  :  Troilus  and  Cressida,  v.  2  (1602). 

A'raf  (^/),  a  sort  of  hmbo  between 
paradise  and  jehennam,  for  those  who 
die  without  sufficient  merit  to  deserve  the 
former,  and  v/ithout  sufficient  demerit  to 
be  confined  in  the  latter.  Here  idiots, 
lunatics,  and  infants  go  at  death,  accord- 
ing to  the  Koran. 

Ar 'afat  {Motmt),  a  granite  hill  15  miles 
south-east  of  Mecca,  where  Adam  (con- 
ducted by  Gabriel)  met  Eve,  after  a  puni- 
tive separation  of  200  years.  Every 
pilgrim  to  this  mount  enjoys  the  privilege 
of  a  Hadji. 

*.•  A  Hadji  is  one  who  has  performed  his  Hadj, 
or  pilgrimage  to  Mecca. 

Aragnol,  the  son  of  ArachnS  {<!■'"•)■ 
He  entertained  a  secret  and  deadly  hatred 
against  prince  Clarion,  son  of  Muscarol, 
the  fly-king.  And,  weaving  a  curious  net, 
he  soon  caught  the  gay  young  flutterer, 
and  gave  him  his  death-wound  by  pierc- 
ing him  under  the  left  wing. — Spenser: 
Muiopotmos,    or     The    Butterfly's    Fate 

Aram  {Eugene,  2  syl.),  a  romance  by 
Lytton  Bulwer  (lord  Lytton),  founded 
on  the  story  of  a  Knaresborough  school- 
master, who  (under  very  peculiar  circum- 
stances) committed  a  murder.  He  is 
described  as  a  learned  man,  of  kindly 
disposition,  and  blameless  life.  The 
murder  so  haunted  him  that  he  committed 
suicide. 

*.•  Thomas  Hood  has  told  the  story  in 
verse,  and  W.  G.  Wills  has  dramatized  it. 

Aramin'ta,  the  wife  of  Moneytrap, 
and  friend  of  Clarissa  (wife  of  Gripe  the 
scrivener). — Sir  John  Va7ibrugh  :  The 
Cotifederacy  (1695). 

Aranza  {The  duhe  of).  He  married 
Juliana,  elder  daughter  of  Balthazar.  She 
was  so  haughty,  arrogant,  and  overbear- 
ing, that,  after  the  marriage,  Aranza  took 
her  to  a  mean  hut,  which  he  called  his 
home,  and  pretended  that  he  was  only  a 
peasant,  who  had  to  work  for  his  living, 
and  expected  his  bride  to  perform  the 
household  duties.  Juhana  chafed  for  a 
time,  but  firmness,  manliness,  and  affec- 


ARAPHIU 

tion  won  the  day ;  and  when  the  duke 
saw  that  she  really  loved  him  for  himself, 
he  led  her  to  his  castle  and  revealed  to 
her  his  proper  station. — y.  Tobin:  The 
Honeymoon  {1804). 

•.•  Of  course,  this  is  only  a  richauffi  oi 
Shakespeare's  Taming  of  the  Shrew. 

Ar'aphil  or  Ar'aphill,  the  poetic 
pseudonym  of  William  Habington.  His 
lady-love,  Miss  Lucy  Herbert,  he  calls 
Castara. 

Aras'pes  (3  syl),  king  of  Alexandria, 
who  joined  the  Egyptian  armament 
against  the  crusaders.  He  was  ' '  more 
famed  for  devices  than  for  courage." — 
Tasso:  Jerusalem  Delivered  (1575). 

Arba'ces  (3  syl.),  king  of  Iberia,  in 
the  drama  called  A  King  or  no  King,  by 
John  Fletcher  (1619). 

Arbate  fa  syl.),  in  Racine's  drama  of 
Mithridate\^  syl.,  1673). 

Arbate  (2  syl.),  governor  of  the  prince 
of  Ithica,  in  Moli^re's  comedy  La  Prin- 
cesse  d Elide  (1664).  In  his  speech  to 
Euryle  (2  syl.)  prince  of  Ithaca,  persuad- 
ing him  to  love,  he  is  supposed  to  refer  to 
Louis  XV. ,  then  26  years  of  age. 

Te  dirai  que  I'amour  sied  bien  i  vos  pareil  .  .  . 
Et  qu'il  est  malaisi  que,  sans  etre  amoreux, 
Un  jeune  prince  soit  et  grand  et  g:6n6reux ! 

Act  i.  sc.  z. 

ArTiiter  EregantisB.  C.  Petronius 
was  appointed  dictator-in-chief  of  the 
imperial  pleasures  at  the  court  of  Nero  ; 
and  nothing  was  considered  comme  ilfaut 
till  it  had  received  the  sanction  of  this 
Roman  "beau  Brummel." 

Behold  the  new  Petronius  of  the  day, 
The  arbiter  of  pleasure  and  of  play. 
Byron  :  Hnglish  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewtrs. 

Arbre  Sec,  a  tree  said  to  have  dried 
up  and  withered  when  our  Lord  was 
crucified. — A  MedicBval  Christian  Tradi- 
tion. 

Arbre  Sol  foretold,  with  audible 
voice,  the  place  and  manner  of  Alex- 
ander s  death.  This  tree  figures  in  all 
he  fabulous  legends  of  Alexander. 

Arbuthnot  [Epistle  to  Dr.),  by  Alex- 
ander Pope.  The  prologue  of  the  Satires. 
It  contains  the  famous  description  of 
Addison,  under  the  name  of  "Atticus," 
and  is  most  prolific  in  hnes  familiar  as 
household  words. 

Arc  [Joan  of),  or  Jeanne  la  Pucelle, 
the  Maid  of  Orleans,  daughter  of  a  rustic 
of  Domr^my,  near  Vaucouleurs,  in 
France.  She  was  servant  at  an  inn  when 
she  conceived  the  idea  of  liberating  France 


%^       ARCHBISHOP  OF  GRANADA. 

from  the  English.  Having  gained  Ad* 
mission  to  Charles  VII.,  she  was  sent  by 
him  to  raise  the  siege  of  Orleans,  and 
actually  succeeded  in  so  doing.  Schiller 
(1801)  wrote  a  tragedy  on  the  subject; 
Balfe{i839),  an  opera  ;  Casimir  Delavigne 
an  elegy ;  T.  Taylor  {1870)  a  tragedy ; 
Southey,  an  epic  poem  on  her  life  and 
death  ;  and  Voltaire,  a  burlesque. 

N.B. — In  regard  to  her  death,  M. 
Octave  Delepiere,  in  his  Doute  Historique, 
denies  the  tradition  of  her  having  been 
burnt  to  death  at  Rouen  ;  and  Vignier 
discovered  in  a  family  muniment  chest 
the  "contract  of  marriage  between" 
Robert  des  Armoise,  knight,  and  Jeanne 
d'Arc,  surnamed  "  The  Maid  of  Orleans." 

Ar'cades  Aiubo,  both  fools  alike ; 
both  ' '  sweet  innocents  ;  "  both  alike 
eccentric.  There  is  nothing  in  the  cha- 
racter of  Corvdon  and  Thyrsis  (Virgil's 
Eclogue,  vii.  4)  to  justify  this  disparaging 
application  of  the  phrase.  All  Virgil 
says  is  that  they  were  both  "  in  the  flower 
of  their  youth,  and  both  Arcadians,  both 
equal  in  setting  a  theme  for  song  or  cap- 
ping it  epigrammatically ; "  but  as  Ar- 
cadia was  the  least  intellectual  part  of 
Greece,  an  "Arcadian"  came  to  signify 
dunce,  and  hence  "Arcades  ambo  "  re- 
ceived its  present  acceptation. 

Arca'dia,  a  pastoral  romance  in  prose 
by  sir  Philip  Sidney,  in  imitation  of  the 
Dian'a  of  Montemayor  (1590). 

Arcala'us  {4J[y/.).  an  enchanter  who 
bound  Am'adis  de  Gaul  to  a  pillar  in  his 
courtyard,  and  administered  to  him  200 
stripes  with  his  horse's  bridle. — Amadis 
de  Gaul  (fifteenth  century). 

Arca'ues  (3  syl.),  a  noble  soldier, 
friend  of  Cas'silane  (3  syl.)  general  of 
Candy. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher:  The 
Laws  of  Candy  (printed  1647). 

Arcban'gel.  Burroughs,  the  puritan 
preacher,  called  Cromwell  ' '  the  arch- 
angel that  did  battle  with  the  devil." 

Arcbas,  "the  loyal  subject"  of  the 
great-duke  of  Moscovia,  and  general  of 
the  Moscovites.  His  son  is  colonel  Theo- 
dore. 

Young  Archas,  son  of  the  genera?. 
Disguised  as  a  woman,  he  assumes  the 
name  of  Alinda. — Fletcher:  The  I^yal 
Subject  (1618).     Beaumont  died  1616. 

Archbish'op  of  Grana'da  told  his 
secretary,  Gil  Bias,  when  he  hired  him, 
"Whenever  thou  shalt  perceive  my  pen 
smack  of  old  age  and  my  genius  flag, 


ARCHER. 


S6 


ARDVEN. 


don't  fail  to  advertise  me  of  it,  for  I  don  t 
trust  to  my  own  judgment,  which  may  be 
seduced  by  self-love."  After  a  fit  of 
apoplexy,  Gil  Bias  ventured  in  the  most 
delicate  manner  to  hint  to  his  grace  that 
"his  last  discourse  had  not  altogether 
the  energy  of  his  former  ones."  To  this 
the  archbishop  replied,  "  You  are  yet  too 
raw  to  make  proper  distinctions.  Know, 
child,  that  I  never  composed  a  better 
homily  than  that  which  you  disapprove. 
Go,  tell  my  treasurer  to  give  you  loo 
ducats.  Adieu,  Mr.  Gil  Bias;  I  wish 
you  all  manner  of  prosperity,  with  a  little 
more  ta.ste."—Lesage :  Gil  Bias,  vii.  3 
(1715)- 

Ar'clier  (Francis),  friend  of  Aimwell, 
who  joins  him  in  fortune-hunting.  These 
are  the  two  "  beaux."  Thomas  viscount 
Aimwell  marries  Dorinda,  the  daughter 
of  lady  Bountiful.  Archer  hands  the 
deeds  and  property  taken  from  the  high- 
waymen to  sir  Charles  Freeman,  who 
takes  his  sister,  Mrs.  Sullen,  under  his 
charge  again. — George  Farquhar :  The 
Beaux  Stratagem  {1707). 

Arcli'ibald  [jfohn),  attendant  on  the 
duke  of  Argyle.— 5i>  W.  Scott:  Heart  of 
Midlothian  (time,  George  II. ). 

ArcHima'^o,  the  reverse  of  holiness, 
and  therefore  Satan  the  father  of  lies 
and  all  deception.  Assuming  the  guise 
of  the  Red  Cross  Knight,  he  deceived 
Una  ;  and  under  the  guise  of  a  hermit,  he 
deceived  the  knight  himself.  Archimago 
(Greek,  archi  magos,  "chief  magician")  is 
introduced  in  bks.  i.  and  ii.  of  Spenser's 
Faerie  Queene.     The  poet  says— 

...  he  could  take 
As  many  forms  and  shapes  in  seeming  wise 
As  ever  Proteus  to  himself  could  make  : 
Sometimes  a  fowl,  sometimes  a  fish  in  lake. 
Now  Uke  a  fox,  now  like  a  dragon  fell. 

Sfenser:  Falrit  Queene,  I.  ii.  lo  (1590). 

Arcliy  M'Sarcasm.  (See  M 'Sar- 
casm. ) 

Archy'tas  of  Tarentum  made  a 
wooden  pigeon  that  could  fly;  and 
Regiomontanus,  a  German,  made  a 
wooden  eagle  that  flew  from  Koenigsberg 
to  meet  the  emperor  ;  and,  having  saluted 
him,  returned  whence  it  set  out  {1436- 
1476). 

Ar'cite  (2  syl. )  and  Fal'amon,  two 

Theban  knights,  captives  of  duke  Theseus 
(2  syl. ).  {For  the  tale,  see  Palamon  .  .  . ) 
—Chaucer:  Canterbury  Tales  (1388). 

Ar'den  [Enoch),  the  hero  of  a  poetic 
tale  by  Tennyson  (1864).  He  is  a  sea- 
man who  had  been  wrecked  on  a  desert 


island,  and,  after  an  absence  of  several 
years,  returning  home,  he  found  his  wife 
married  to  another.  Seeing  her  both 
happy  and  prosperous,  he  resolves  not 
to  make  himself  known,  so  he  leaves  the 
place,  and  dies  of  a  broken  heart. — 
Tennyson  :  Enoch  Arden. 

Arden  [Forest  of),  in  Shakespeare's 
comedy  of  As  You  Like  It,  is  a  purely 
imaginary  place. 

•.•  There  is  a  forest  of  Arden  in 
Staffordshire,  but  Shakespeare's  forest 
cannot  possibly  be  the  same. 

Ar'den  of  Pev'ersliain,  a  noble  cha- 
racter,honourable,  forgiving,  affectionate, 
and  modest.  His  wife  Alicia,  in  her  sleep, 
reveals  to  him  her  guilty  love  for  Mosby, 
but  he  pardons  her  on  condition  that 
she  will  never  see  the  seducer  again. 
Scarcely  has  she  made  the  promise 
when  she  plots  with  Mosby  her  hus- 
band's murder.  In  a  .  planned  street- 
scuffle,  Mosby  pretends  to  take  Arden's 
part,  and  thus  throws  him  off  his  guard. 
Arden  thinks  he  has  wronged  him,  and 
invites  him  to  his  house,  but  Mosby 
conspires  with  two  hired  ruffians  to  fall 
on  his  host  during  a  game  of  draughts, 
the  right  moment  being  signified  by 
Mosby's  saying,  "Now  I  take  you." 
Arden  is  murdered  ;  but  the  whole  gang 
is  apprehended  and  brought  to  justice. 

This  drama  is  based  on  a  murder  which  took  place 
In  1551.  Ludwig  Tieck  has  translated  the  play  into 
German,  as  a  genuine  production  of  Shakespeare. 
Some  ascribe  the  play  to  George  Lillo,  but  Charles 
I^amb  gives  1592  as  the  date  of  its  production,  and  says 
the  author  is  unknown. 

Ardenne  ( Water  of).  This  water  had 
the  power  of  converting  love  to  hate.  The 
fountain  was  made  by  Merlin  to  cure  sir 
Tristram  of  his  love  for  Isolt,  but  sir 
Tristram  never  drank  of  it.  It  is  mentioned 
by  Bojardo,  in  his  Orlando  Jnnamorato. 

'.'  Nepenthe  (3  syl.)  had  the  direct 
opposite  effect,  namely,  that  of  turning 
hatred  to  love.     (See  Nepenthe.  ) 

.  .  that  same  water  of  Ardenne, 
The  whicli  Rinaldo  drank  in  happy  hour. 
Described  by  that  famous  Tuscan  pen  .  .  . 
...  It  had  the  power  to  change  the  hearts  of  men 
From  love  to  hate. 

SJ>enser:  Falrie  Queene,  iv.  3  (1596). 

Ardennes  [The  Black  d"),  one  ot 
Charlemagne's  paladins. 

Ardven,  west  coast  of  Scotland 
(Argyleshire  and  its  vicinity). 

"Gol"  .  .  .  said  Starno;  "go  to  Ardven's  sea- 
surrounded  rocks.  Tell  the  king  of  Selma  [Fin^raf, 
the  capital  of  whose  kingdom  was  Selma]  ...  I  give 
him  my  daughter,  the  loveliest  maid  that  ever  heaved 
a  breast  of  snow.  Her  arms  are  white  as  the  foam  of 
my  waves;  her  soul  is  generous  and  mild."— O^ifaw, 
Finical,  iii. 


AREOPAGITICA. 


57 


ARGENTILE. 


Axeopagit'ica,  a  prose  work  by 
Milton  in  favour  of  "liberty  of  the  press," 
published  in  1644.  It  is  powerfully  written, 
but  very  temperate.  The  title  was  taken 
from  the  AreopSgos,  or  Mars'  Hill,  of 
Athens,  a  famous  court  of  justice  and 
equity, 

Areons'ki,  the  Indian  war-god ;  also 
war,  tumult. 

A  cry  of  "  Areouski  I "  broke  our  sleep. 
CamfbtU:  Gertrude  0/  Wyoming,  L  i6  (1809). 

Arethu'sa,  daugliter  of  king  Messina, 
in  the  drama  of  Philaster  or  Love  lies 
a-bleeding,  by  John  Fletcher  (printed 
1633),     One  of  tlie  very  best. 

Aretlm'sa,  a  nymph  pursued  by 
Alpheos,  the  river-god,  and  changed  into 
a  fountain  in  the  island  of  Ortygia ;  but 
the  river-god  pursued  her  still,  and 
mingled  his  .  stream  with  the  fountain. 
Ever  since,  "like  friends  once  parted, 
grown  single-hearted,"  they  leap  and 
flow  and  slumber  together,  "like  spirits 
that  love,  but  live  no  more." 

•.•  This  fable  has  been  exquisitely  turned Intopoetry 
by  Percy  B.  Shelley  (1820). 

Arethn'se  (4  syL),  a  Syracusian 
fountain,  especiaJly  noted  because  the 
poet  Theok'ritos  was  born  on  its  banks. 
Milton  alludes  to  it  in  his  Lyc'idas,  v,  85. 

Argfali'a,  brother  of  Angel'ica,  slain 
by  Ferrau. — Ariosto:  Orlando  Furioso 
(1S16). 

Ar'gfan,  the  malade  imaginaire  and 
father  of  Angelique.  He  is  introduced  tax- 
ing his  apothecary's  bills,  under  the  con- 
viction that  he  cannot  afford  to  be  sick 
at  the  prices  charged,  but  then  he  notices 
that  he  has  already  reduced  his  bills 
during  the  current  month,  and  is  not  so 
well.  He  first  hits  upon  the  plan  of 
marrying  Angelique  to  a  young  doctor, 
but  to  this  the  lady  objects.  His  brother 
suggests  that  Argan  himself  should  be 
his  own  doctor,  and  when  the  invalid 
replies  he  has  not  studied  either  diseases, 
drugs,  or  Latin,  the  objection  is  over- 
ruled by  investing  the  "malade"  in  a 
doctor's  cap  and  robe.  The  piece  con- 
cludes with  the  ceremonial  in  macaronic 
Latin. 

When  Argan  asks  his  doctor  how  many  grains  of 
salt  he  ought  to  eat  with  an  c^^,  the  doctor  answers, 
"Six,  huit,  dix,  etc.,  par  les  nombres  pairs,  comme 
dans  les  medicaments  par  les  nombres  impairs,"— 
MolUre  :  Le  Malade  Imaginaire,  ii.  9  (1673). 

Argfa'no,  leader  of  the  Libicanians, 
and  an  ally  of  Agramont. — Ariosto: 
Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 


Argfan'te  (3  syl.),  a  giantess,  called 
"  the  very  monster  and  miracle  of  lust." 
She  and  her  twin-brother  OUyphant  or 
Oliphant  were  the  children  of  Typhoe'us 
and  Earth.  Argantfi  used  to  carry  off 
young  men  as  her  captives,  and  seized 
"the  Squire  of  Dames"  as  one  of  her 
victims.  The  squire,  who'  was  in  fact 
Britomart  (the  heroine  of  chastity),  was 
delivered  by  sir  Sat'yrane  (3  jy/.).— 
Spenser  :  Faerie  Queene,  iii.  7  (1590), 

Argante'  (2  syl.),  father  of  Octave  (a 
syl.)  and  Zerbinette  (3  syl.).  He  pro- 
mises to  give  his  daughter  Zerbinette  to 
Leandre  (2  syl.),  the  son  of  his  friend 
G^ronte  (2  syl. ) ;  but  during  his  absenctj 
abroad  the  young  people  fall  in  love, 
unknown  to  their  respective  fathers. 
Both  fathers  storm,  and  threaten  to  break 
off  the  engagement,  but  are  delighted 
beyond  measure  when  they  discover  that 
the  choice  of  the  young  people  has  ur?- 
knowingly  coincided  with  their  own. — 
Moliire  :  Les  Fourberies  de  Scapin  (1671). 

(Thomas  Otway  has  adapted  this  play 
to  the  English  stage,  and  called  it  The 
Cheats  of  Scapin.  "Argante"  he  calls 
Thrifty;  "Gironte"  is  Gripe;  "  Zerbt- 
nette"  he  calls  Z««a /  and  "Leandre" 
he  Anglicizes  into  Leander.) 

Arg'an'tes  (3  syl.),  a  Circassian  of 
high  rank  and  undoubted  courage,  but 
fierce  and  a  great  detester  of  the  Naza- 
renes.  Argant^s  and  Solyman  were  un- 
doubtedly the  bravest  heroes  of  the  infidel 
host.  Argantes  was  slain  by  Rinaldo, 
and  Solyman  by  Tancred. — Tasso  :  Jeru' 
salem  Delivered  (1575). 

Bonaparte  stood  before  the  deputies  like  the 
Ar2:antSs  of  Italy's  heroic  poet.— 5»V  W.  Scott. 

Ar'^enis,  a  political  romance  in 
Latin,  by  John  Barclay  (1621).  It  has 
been  frequently  translated  into  English. 

Ar'genk  {The  halls  of ).  Here  are 
portrayed  all  the  various  creatures  that 
inhabited  this  earth  before  the  creation 
of  Adam. — Beckford  :  Vathek  ( 1784). 

Ar'^entile  (3  syl.),  daughter  of  kin«r 
Adelbright,  and  ward  of  Edel.  Curan,  a 
Danish  prince,  in  order  to  woo  her, 
became  a  drudge  in  her  house,  but,  being 
obliged  to  quit  her  service,  became  a 
shepherd.  Edel,  the  guardian,  forcing 
his  suit  on  Argentile,  compelled  her  to 
flight,  and  she  became  a  neatherd's  maid. 
In  this  capacity  Curan  wooed  and  won 
her.  Edel  was  forced  to  restore  the 
possessions  of  his  ward,  and  Curaa 
became  king  of  Northumberland.    As  for 


ARGENTIN. 

Edel,  he  was  put   to  death. —  Warner: 
A /Eton's  E?tgland  (i5'36). 

Ar'gfentiu  {Le  sieur  d"),  one  of  the 
officers  of  the  duke  of  Burgundy. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  Anne  of  Geier stein  (time, 
Edward  IV.). 

Argfe'o,  baron  of  Servia  and  husband 
of  Gabrina, — Ariosto  :  Orlando  Furioso 
(1516). 

Argfes'tes  {3  syL ),  the  west  wind. 

Wingid  Argestes,  faire  Aurora's  sonne, 
Licensed  that  day  to  leave  his  dungeon, 
Meekly  attended. 
W,  Brown  :  Britannia's  Pastorals,  ii.  S  (1613). 

Arges'tes  (3  syl. ),  the  north-east  wind  ; 
Coe'cias,  the  north-west ;  Bo'reas,  the  full 
north. 

Boreas  and  Csecias  and  Argrestes  loud 
.  ,  .  rend  the  woods,  and  seas  upturn. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  x.  699,  etc.  (i66s). 

N.B. — The  exact  direction  of  the  winds 
in  Greek  and  Latin  it  is  not  possible  to 
determine.  The  west  wind  is  generally 
called  "Zephyrus,"  and  the  Romans 
called  the  north-east  wind  "  Vulturnus." 
Perhaps  we  may  reckon  Boreas  as  full 
north ;  Ausier  as  south  ;  Eur  us  as  east ; 
and  Zephyrus  as  west. 

Ar'g'illan,  a  haughty,  turbulent 
knight,  born  on  the  banks  of  the  Trent. 
He  induced  the  Latians  to  revolt,  was 
arrested,  made  his  escape,  but  was  ulti- 
mately slain  in  battle  by  Solyman. — 
Tasso:  Jerusalem  Delivered,  viii.,  ix. 
{1575)- 

Argon  and  Hi  tiro,  the  two  sons  of 
Annir  king  of  Inis-thona,  an  island  of 
Scandinavia,  Cor'malo,  a  neighbouring 
chief,  came  to  the  island,  and  asked  for 
the  honour  of  a  tournament.  Argon 
granted  the  request  and  overthrew  him, 
which  so  vexed  Cormalo,  that  during  a 
hunt  he  shot  both  the  brothers  with  his 
bow.  Their  dog  Runo,  running  to  the 
hall,  howled  so  as  to  attract  attention, 
and  Annir,  following  the  hound,  found 
his  two  sons  both  dead-  On  his  return 
he  discovered  that  Cormalo  had  run  off 
with  his  daughter ;  but  Oscar,  son  of 
Ossian,  slew  Cormalo  in  fight,  and  re- 
stored the  young  lady  to  her  father. — 
Ossian  :  The  War  of  Inis-thona. 

Argonautic  Expedition  {The)  or 
Argonan'tica,  about  a  generation 
before  the  Trojan  War.  A  narration  in 
Greek  hexameters  and  in  four  books  of 
the  expedition  of  Jason  and  some  fifty 
Greek  heroes  from  lolcus  in  Thessaly  to 
Colchis,  in  the  Argo,  a  ship  of  fifty  oars, 


58  ARICONIUM. 

to  fetch  thence  the  Golden  Fleece,  which 
was  hung  on  an  oak  and  guarded  by  a 
sleepless  dragon.  After  many  strange 
adventures  the  crew  reached  Colchis,  and 
the  king  promised  to  give  Jason  the  fleece 
if  he  would  yoke  to  a  plough  the  two  fire- 
breathing  bulls,  and  sow  the  dragons'  teeth 
left  by  Cadmus  in  Thebes.  Jason,  by  the 
help  of  Medea,  a  sorceress,  fulfilled  these 
conditions,  became  master  of  the  fleece, 
and,  with  Medea  who  had  fallen  in  love 
with  him,  secretly  quitted  Colchis.  The 
return  voyage  was  as  full  of  adventures  as 
the  outward  one,  but  ultimately  the  ship 
arrived  at  lolcus,  and  was  dedicated  to 
Neptune  in  Corinth. 

Arg-'uri  (in  Russian  Armenia).  Here, 
according  to  tradition,  Noah  first  planted 
the  vine.  {Argh  urri,  "he  planted  the 
vine.") 

Ar'gns,  the  turf- writer,  was  Irwin 
Willes,  who  died  in  1871. 

Arg-yle'  {Mac  Galium  More,  duke  of), 
in  the  reign  of  George  I. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Rob  Roy  (1818). 

Mac  Callunt  More,  marquis  of  Ar^yU,  In  the  reign 
of  Charles  I.,  was  commander  of  the  parliamentary 
forces,  and  is  called  "Gillespie  Gruraach;"he  disguise's 
himself,  and  assumes  the  name  of  Murdoch  CanipbeU. 
—Sir  W.  Scott:  Legend  0/ Montrose  (1819). 

(Duke  and  duchess  of  Argyle  are  intro- 
duced also  in  The  Heart  of  Midlothian, 
by  sir  W.  Scott,  iBiB.) 

Ariad'ne  (4  syl. ),  daughter  of  Minos 
king  of  Crete.  She  gave  Theseus  a  clew 
of  thread  to  guide  him  out  of  the  Cretan 
labyrinth,  Theseus  married  his  deliverer, 
but  when  he  arrived  at  Naxos  {Dia)  for- 
sook her,  and  she  hanged  herself. 

Surely  it  is  an  Ariadne.  .  .  .  There  is  dawning 
womanhood  in  every  line ;  but  she  knows  nothing  of 
lia.j.os.—Ouida  :  Ariadfie,  i.  i. 

Aria'na,  an  ancient  name  of  Khoras- 
san,  in  Persia. 

Ar'ibert,  king  of  the  Lombards  (653- 
661),  left  "no  male  pledge  behind,"  but 
only  a  daughter  named  Rhodahnd,  whom 
he  wished  duke  Gondibert  to  marry,  but 
the  duke  fell  in  love  with  Bertha,  daugh- 
ter of  As'tragon,  the  sage.  The  tale 
being  unfinished,  the  sequel  is  not  known. 
— Daveuant:  Gondibert  (died  166S). 

Arico'nium,  Kenchester,  in  Here- 
ford, on  the  Ine.  Here  Offa  had  a  palace. 
In  poetry,  Ariconium  means  Hereford- 
shire, noted  for  its  wool. 

I  [Her^t/s]  conduct 
The  English  merchant,  with  the  buxom  fleece 
Of  fertile  Ariconium,  while  I  clothe 
Sanuatian  kings  [Poland  and  Russia\ 

Akcnside  :  Hymn  to  the  Naiads. 


ARIDEUa 


59 


ARISTARCHUS. 


AridexiS  [A-ree'-dr-t/s),  a  herald  in 
the  Christian  army. — Tasso:  Jerusalem 
Delivered  {i^jZ), 

A'riel,  in  The  Tempest,  an  airy  spmt, 
,able  to  assume  any  shape,  or  even  to  be- 
come invisible.  He  was  enslaved  to  the 
witch  Syc'orax,  mother  of  Cal'iban,  who 
overtasked  the  little  thing,  and  in  punish- 
ment for  not  doing  what  was  beyond  his 
strength,  imprisoned  him  for  twelve  years 
in  the  rift  of  a  pine  tree,  where  Caliban 
delighted  to  torture  him  with  impish 
cruelty.  Prospero,  duke  of  Milan  and 
father  of  Miranda,  liberated  Ariel  from 
the  pine-rift,  and  the  grateful  spirit 
served  the  duke  for  sixteen  years,  when 
he  was  set  free. 

And  like  Ariel  in  the  cloven  pine  tree. 
For  its  freedom  groans  and  sighs. 

Lonsfellcw  :  The  Golden  Milestone. 

A'riel,  the  sylph  in  Pope's  Rape  of  the 
Lock.  The  impersonation  of  "fine  life" 
in  the  abstract,  the  nice  adjuster  of  hearts 
and  necklaces.  When  disobedient  lie  is 
punished  by  being  kept  hovering  over  the 
fumes  of  chocolate,  or  is  transfixed  with 
pins,  clogged  with  pomatums,  or  wedged 
in  the  eyes  of  bodkins. 

A'riel,  one  of  the  rebel  angels.  The 
word  means  "  the  Lion  of  God."  Abdiel 
encountered  him,  and  overthrew  him. — 
Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  vi.  371  (1665). 

Ariman'es  (4  syl.),  the  prince  of  the 
powers  of  evil,  introduced  by  Byron  in  his 
drama  called  Manfred.  The  Persians 
recognized  a  power  of  good  and  a  power 
of  evil :  the  former  Yezad,  and  the  latter 
Ahriman  (in  Greek,  Oroma'zes  and  Ari- 
man'nes).  These  two  spirits  are  ever  at 
war  with  each  other.  Oromazes  created 
twenty-four  good  spirits,  and  enclosed 
them  in  an  ^g'g  to  be  out  of  the  power  of 
Arimangs ;  but  Arimanfis  pierced  the 
shell,  and  thus  mixed  evil  with  every 
good.  However,  a  time  will  come  when 
Arimanfis  shall  be  subdued,  and  the  earth 
become  a  perfect  paradise. 

Arimas'pians,  a  one-eyed  people  of 
Scythia,  who  adorned  their  hair  with 
gold.  As  gold-mines  were  guarded  by 
Gryphons,  there  were  perpetual  conten- 
tions between  the  Arimaspians  and  the 
Gryphons.    (See  Gryphon.  ) 

Arimaspi,  quos  diximus  uno  oculo  in  fronte  media  in- 
signcs :  quibus  assidue  bellum  esse  circa  metalla  cum 
grypliis,  ferarum  vulucri  genere,  quale  viil<jo  traditur, 
eruente  ex  cuniciilis  aurum,  raire  cupiditate  et  feris 
custodientibus,  et  Arimaspis  rapientibus,  multi,  sod 
maxime  illustres  Herodotus  et  Aristeas  Proconnesius 
scribunt. —/'/»■«>,  Nat.  Hist,  vii.  2. 

Ar'iocli  {"  afie?-ce  lion  "],  one  of  the 


fallen   angels   overthrown    by  Ab<:Trel. — 
Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  vi.  371  (1665). 

Ariodan'tes  (s  syl,),  the  beloved  of 
Geneu'ra,  a  Scotch  princess.  Geneura 
being  accused  of  incontinence,  Ariodantfis 
stood  forth  her  champion,  vindicated  her 
innocence,  and  married  her. — Ariosto  : 
Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 
(Ariodantes  was  made  duke  of  Albania. ) 
Ai'i'on.  William  Falconer,  author  of 
The  Shipwreck,  speaks  of  himself  under 
this  pseudonym  (canto  iii.).  He  was 
sent  to  sea  when  a  lad,  and  says  he  was 
eager  to  investigate  the  "  antiquities  of 
foreign  states."  He  was  junior  officer  in 
the  Britannia,  which  was  wrecked  against 
the  projecting  verge  of  cape  Colonna,  the 
most  southern  point  of  Attica,  and  was 
the  only  officer  who  survived. 

Thy  woes,  Arion,  and  thy  simple  tale 

O'er  all  the  hearts  shall  triumph  and  prevail. 

Campbell:  Pleasures  0/ Hope,  \\.  (1799). 

Ari'on,  a  Greek  musician,who,  to  avoid 
being  murdered  for  his  wealth,  threw 
himself  into  the  sea,  and  was  carried  to 
Tce'naros  on  the  back  of  a  dolphin. 

Ari'on,  the  wonderful  horse  which  Her- 
cules gave  to  Adrastos.  It  had  the  gift 
of  human  speech,  and  the  feet  on  the  right 
side  were  the  feet  of  a  man. 

IF  The  two  horses  of  Achilles  possessed 
the  power  of  human  speech.  Balaam's 
ass  had  the  same  gift.  (See  Speech 
ascribed  to  dumb  animals. ) 

(One  of  the  masquers  in  sir  W.  Scott's 
Kenilworih  is  called  "Arion.") 

Ario'sto  of  the  Nortli,  sir  Walter 
Scott  (1771-1832). 

And,  like  the  Ariosto  of  the  North, 
Sang  ladye-love  and  war,  romance  and  knightly  worth. 
Byron  :  Childe  Harold,  iv.  40. 

AristsB'us,  protector  of  vines  and 
olives,  huntsmen  and  herdsmen.  He  in- 
structed man  also  in  the  management  of 
bees,  taught  him  by  his  mother  CyrenS. 

In  such  a  palace  Aristaeus  found 
Cyrend.  when  ho  bore  the  plaintive  tale 
Of  his  lost  bees  to  her  maternal  ear. 
Coivper:   The  Ice  Palace  of  Anne  0/  Russia. 

Aristar'clius,  any  critic.  Aristar- 
chus  of  Samothrace  was  the  greatest  critic 
of  antiquity.  His  labours  were  chiefly 
directed  to  the //?a^ and  Odyssey  oi  Homer. 
He  divided  them  into  twenty-four  books 
each,  marked  every  doubtful  line  with  an 
obelos,  and  every  one  he  considered 
especially  beautiful  with  an  asterisk. 
(Fl.  B.C.  156;  died  aged  72.) 

The  whole  region  of  belles  lettres  fell  under  my  in- 
spection .  .  .  There,  sirs,  like  another  Aristarcn,  I 
dealt  out  fame  and  damnation  at  pleasure. — S.  Foote: 


ARISTE. 


60 


ARMANDE. 


"  HoTT,  friend  I "  replied  the  archbishop,  "  has  It  [/he 
kotnily]  met  with  any  Aristarchus  [severe  critu:]X"— 
Lesage  :  Gil  Bias,  viL  4  (1715). 

Ariste  (2  syl.),  brother  of  Chrysale 
(2  syl.),  not  a  savant,  but  a  practical 
tradesman.  He  sympathizes  with  Hen- 
rietta, his  womanly  niece,  against  his 
sister-in-law  Philaminte  (3  syl.)  and  her 
daughter  Armande  (2  syl.),  who  are 
femmes  savantes. — MolUre  :  Lcs  Femmes 
Savanies  {1672). 

Ariste'as,  a  poet  who  continued  to 
appear  and  disappear  alternately  for  above 
400  years,  and  who  visited  all  the  mythi- 
cal nations  of  the  earth.  When  not  in 
the  human  form,  he  took  the  form  of  a 
stag. — Greek  Legend. 

Aristi'des  {The  British),  Andrew 
Marvell,  an  influential  member  of  the 
House  of  Commons  in  the  reign  of  Charles 
n.  He  refused  every  offer  of  promotion, 
and  a  direct  bribe  tendered  to  him  by  the 
lord  treasurer-  Dying  in  great  poverty, 
he  was  buried,  like  Aristldfes,  at  the  public 
■expense  (1620-1678). 

Aristip'pos,  a  Greek  philosopher  of 
Cyre'nS,  who  studied  under  Soc'rat^s,  and 
set  up  a  philosophic  school  of  his  own, 
called  '^he'donism  "  (Jjio^^,  •'  pleasure"). 

' .'  O.  M- Wieland  has  an  historic  novel 
in  German,  called  Aristippus,  in  which 
he  sets  forth  the  philosophical  dogmas  of 
this  Cyrenian  (1733-1813). 

An  axiom  of  Aristippos  was,  Omnis 
Aristippum  decuit  color,  et  status,  et  res 
(Horace,  Epist.,  i.  17.  23);  and  his  great 
precept  was,  Mihi  res,  non  me  rebus  sub- 
jungere  {l^or2ice.,  Epist.,  L  i.  18). 

I  am  a  sort  of  Aristippus,  and  can  equally  accommo- 
date myself  to  company  and  solitude,  to  afflueuce  and 
frugality.— if  ja^«  ■/  GU  Bias,  v.  X2  (1715). 

AristoT9Ti'lus,  called  by  Drayton 
Aristob'ulus  {Rom,  xvi.  lo),  and  said  to 
be  the  first  that  brought  to  England  the 
"glad  tidings  of  salvation."  He  was 
murdered  by  the  Britons. 

The  first  that  ever  told  Christ  crudfied  to  ui. 
By  Paul  and  Peter  sent,  just  Aristob'ulus  .  .  . 
By  the  Britons  murdered  was. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbton,  rxiv.  (1622). 

Aristom'enes  (s  syl.),  a  young  Mes- 
senian  of  the  royal  line,  the  "Cid"  of 
ancient  Messe'nia.  On  one  occasion  he 
entered  Sparta  by  night  to  suspend  a 
shield  in  the  temple  of  Pallas.  On  the 
shield  were  inscribed  these  words  :  "  Aris- 
tomenSs  from  the  Spartan  spoils  dedi- 
cates this  to  the  goddess." 

IT  A  similar  tale  is  told  of  Fernando 
Perez  del  Pulgar,  when  serving  under 
Ferdinand   of   Castile    at    the  siege  of 


Grana'da.  With  fifteen  companions  he 
entered  Granada,  then  in  the  power  of  the 
Moors,  and  nailed  to  the  door  of  the 
principal  mosque  with  his  dagger  a  tablet 
inscribed,  "  Ave,  Maria  1 "  then  galloped 
back  before  the  guards  recovered  from 
their  amazement. —  Washington  Irving: 
Conquest  0/ Granada,  91. 

Aristoph'anes  (5  syl.),  a  Greek 
who  wrote  fifty-four  comedies,  eleven  of 
which  have  survived  to  the  present  day 
(b.  c.  444-380).  He  is  called  ' '  The  Prince 
of  Ancient  Comedy,"  and  Menander 
"The  Prince  of  New  Comedy"  (b.c. 
342-291). 

The  English  or  Modern  Aristophanes, 
Samuel  Foote  (1722-1777), 

The  French  Aristophanes,  J.  Baptiste 
Poquelin  de  Molifere  {1622-1673). 

Aristotle.  The  mistress  of  this 
philosopher  was  Hepyllis ;  of  Plato, 
Archionassa;  and  of  Epicurus,  Leontiura. 

Aristotle  of  China,  Tehuhe,  who  died 
A.D.  1200,  called  "The  Prince  of  Science." 

A  ristotle  of  Christian  ity,  Th  os.  Aqui'nas , 
who  tried  to  reduce  the  doctrines  of  faith 
to  syllogistic  formulae  (1224-1274). 

Aristotle  of  the  Nineteenth  Century, 
George  Cuvier,  the  naturalist  (1769-1832). 

Aristotle  in  Love.  Godfrey  Gobi- 
lyve  told  Sir  Graunde  Amoure  that  Aris- 
totle the  philosopher  was  once  in  love,  and 
the  lady  promised  to  hsten  to  his  prayer 
if  he  would  grant  her  request.  The  terms 
being  readily  accepted,  she  commanded 
him  to  go  on  all-fours  ;  and  then,  putting 
a  bridle  into  his  mouth,  mounted  on  his 
back,  and  drove  him  about  the  room  till 
he  was  so  angry,  weary,  and  disgfusted, 
that  he  was  quite  cured  of  his  fooUsh 
attachment.  —  Hawes  :  Tlu  Pastime  of 
Plesure,  xxix.  (1555). 

Armado  {Don  Adriajto  de),  a  pom- 
pous military  bully  and  braggart,  in  Shake- 
speare's Love's  Labour's  Lost.  This  man 
was  chosen  by  Ferdinand,  the  king  of 
Navarre,  when  he  resolved  to  spend  three 
years  in  study  with  three  companions,  to 
relate  in  the  interim  of  his  studies  "  in 
high-born  words  the  worth  of  many  a 
knight  from  tawny  Spain  lost  in  the 
world's  debate. " 

His  humour  Is  lofty,  his  discourse  peremptory,  his 
tongue  filed,  his  eye  ambitious,  his  gait  majestical,  and 
his  general  behaviour  vain,  ridiculous,  and  thrasonical. 
.  .  .  lie  draweth  out  the  thread  of  his  verbosity  finer 
than  the  staple  of  his  argument. — Shakespeare  :  Love's 
Labour's  Lost,  act  v.  sc.  i  (1594). 

Armande  {2  syl. ),  daughter  of  Chry- 
sale (2  syl.)    and    sister    of   Henriette. 


ARMIDA. 


6r 


ARNOLD. 


AiTTiande  is  a  femme  savante,  and  Hen- 
riette  a  "thorough  woman,"  Both  love 
Chtandre;  but  Armande  loves  him  pla- 
tonicly,  while  Henriette  loves  him  with 
womanly  affection.  Clitandre  prefers  the 
younger  sister,  and,  after  surmounting  the 
usual  obstacles,  marries  her. — Molibre  : 
Les  Femtnes  Savantes  (1672). 

Armi'da,  in  Tasso's  Jerusalem  De- 
livered. A  sorceress,  who  seduced  Rinaldo 
and  other  crusaders  from  the  siege  of 
Jerusalem.  Rinaldo  was  conducted  by 
her  to  her  splendid  palace,  where  he  for- 
got his  vows,  and  abandoned  himself  to 
sensual  joys.  Carlo  and  Ubaldo  were 
sent  to  bring  him  back,  and  he  escaped 
from  Armida  ;  but  she  followed  him,  and, 
not  being  able  to  allure  him  back  again, 
set  fire  to  her  palace,  went  to  Egypt,  and 
offered  to  marry  any  one  who  would  kill 
Rinaldo.  She  herself  discharged  an 
arrow  at  him,  and  attempted  to  kill  herself, 
but  was  prevented  by  Rinaldo,  to  whom 
she  became  reconciled. 

•.•  Her  father  was  Arbilan  of  humble 
race,  her  mother  was  Chariclea  queen  of 
Damascus  ;  both  died  while  Armida  was 
a  mere  child.  Her  uncle  was  Hidrastes 
(3  sj'l.)  king  of  Damascus. 

rjuUa's]  small  hand 
Withdrew  itself  from  his,  but  left  behind 
A  Httlc  pressure  .  .  .  but  ne'er  magician's  wand 
Wrought  change  with  all  Armida's  fairy  art. 
Like  what  this  light  touch  left  on  Juan  s  heart. 

Byron  :  Don  ^uan,  i.  71. 

N.B.— When  the  young  queen  of 
Frederick  William  of  Prussia  rode  about 
in  military  costume  to  incite  the  Prussians 
to  arms  against  Napoleon,  the  latter  wittily 
said,  "She  is  Armida  in  her  distraction 
setting  fire  to  her  own  palace." 

(Both  Gliick  and  Rossini  have  taken 
the  story  of  Armida  as  the  subject  of  an 
opera.) 

Armida's  Girdle.  Armida  had  an  en- 
chanted girdle,  which,  "in  price  and 
beauty,"  surpassed  all  her  other  orna- 
ments ;  even  the  cestus  of  Venus  was  less 
costly.  It  told  her  everything;  "and 
when  she  would  be  loved,  she  wore  the 
same." — Tasso  :  Jerusalem  Delivered 
1575)- 

AHMSTRONQ  [Archie],  court 
jester  to  James  I.,  inti-oduced  in  The 
Fortunes  of  Nigel,  by  sir  Walter  Scott 
{1822). 

Armstrong'  [Grace],  the  bride-elect 
of  Hobbie  Elliot  of  the  Heugh-foot,  a 
young  farmer. — Sir  W.  Scott :  The  Black 
Dwarf  {iime,  Anne). 

Ana'strongf    [John],    called    "  The 


Laird's  Jock."  He  is  the  laird  of  Man- 
gerton.  This  old  warrior  witnesses  a 
national  combat  in  the  valley  of  Liddes- 
dale,  between  his  son  (the  Scotch  chief- 
tain) and  Foster  (the  English  champion), 
in  which  young  Armstrong  is  overthrown. 
—Sir  IV.  Scott:  The  Lairds  Jock  {iimQ, 
Elizabeth). 

Armstrong^  [Johnny],  a  ballad,  the 
tale  of  which  is  as  follows :  James  V. 
of  Scotland,  in  an  expedition  against  the 
borderers,  in  1529,  came  in  contact  with 
Johnny  Armstrong,  the  freebooter,  and 
his  horsemen.  Armstrong  craved  pardon 
and  permission  to  enter  the  royal  service ; 
but  the  king  replied — 

Thou  Shalt  have  no  pardon,  [but! 
To-morrow  morning  by  ten  o'  the  clock 
Ye  all  shall  hang  on  tlie  gallows-tree. 

A  fight,  of  course,  ensued,  "  and  every 
man  was  slain."  Their  graves  are  still 
pointed  out  in  Carlenrig  churchyard, 

Ar'na'at,  an  Albanian  mountaineer. 
The  word  means  "  a  brave  man." 

Stained  with  the  best  of  Amaut  blood. 

Byron  ;  7'he  Giaour,  526. 

Arnheim  (2  syl.].  The  baron  Her- 
man von  ArnJieim,  Anne  of  Geierstein's 
grandfather. 

Sibilla  of  Arnheim,  Anne's  mother. 

The  baroness  of  Arnheim,  Anne  of 
Geierstein. — Sir  W,  Scott:  Anne  of 
Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Ar'zio,  the  river  of  Florence,  the  birth- 
place of  both  DantS  and  Boccaccio. 

At   last  the   Muses  rose  .  .  .  and   scattered  ...  as 

they  flew. 
Their  blooming  wreaths  from  fair  Valclusa's  bowers 

[Petrarch'\ 
To  Amo's  myrtle  border. 

AAenstde  :  Pleasures  o/ Imagination,  11. 

AR'NOLD,  the  deformed  son  of 
Bertha,  who  hates  him  for  his  ugHness. 
Weary  of  life,  he  is  about  to  make  away 
with  himself,  when  a  stranger  accosts  him, 
and  promises  to  transform  him  into  any 
shape  he  likes  best.  He  chooses  that  of 
Achilles,  and  then  goes  to  Rome,  where 
he  joins  the  besieging  army  of  Bourbon. 
During  the  siege,  Arnold  enters  St.  Peter's 
of  Romejust  in  time  to  rescue  Olimpia  ;  but 
the  proud  beauty,  to  prevent  being  taken 
captive  by  him,  flings  herself  from 
the  high  altar  on  to  the  pavement,  and  is 
taken  up  apparently  hfeless.  As  the 
drama  was  never  completed,  the  sequel 
is  not  known. — Byron:  Tlu  Deformed 
Transformed. 

Ar'nold,  the  torch-bearer  at  Rother- 
wood. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Ivanhoe  (time, 
Richard  I.). 


ARNOLD. 


6a 


ARSACES. 


Ar'nold  of  Benthnj^sen,  disguised  as  a 
beggar,  and  called  "  Ginks." —F/efcker  : 
The  Beggar's  Bush  (1622). 

Arnold  {Matthew).  His  creed  for  the 
regeneration  of  nnan  is  contained  in  the 
three  words,  "  Light,  Sweetness,  and 
Culture."  Dante  speaks  of  "Light, 
Grace,  and  Mercy ; "  but  neither  ap- 
proaches St.  Paul's  triplet,  "Faith,  Hone 
and  Charity." 

Amoldo,  son  of  Melchtal,  patriot  of 
the  forest  cantons  of  Switzerland.  He 
was  in  love  with  Mathilde  (3  syl.),  sister 
of  Gessler,  the  Austrian  governor  of  the 
district.  When  the  tyranny  of  Gessler 
drove  the  Swiss  into  rebellion,  Arnoldo 
joined  the  insurgents  ;  but  after  the  death 
of  Gessler  he  married  Mathilde,  whose 
life  he  had  saved  when  it  was  imperilled 
by  an  avalanche. — Rossini:  Guglielnio 
Tell  (1829). 

AmoI'do,  a'  gentleman  contracted  to 
Zeno'cia,  a  chaste  lady,  dishonourably 
pursued  by  the  governor,  count  Clodio. — 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher:  The  Custom  of 
the  Country  (printed  1647). 

Ar'nolphe  (2  syl.),  a  man  of  wealth, 
who  has  a  crotchet  about  the  proper  train- 
ing of  girls  to  make  good  wives,  and  tries 
his  scheme  on  Agnes,  whom  he  adopts 
from  a  peasant's  hut,  and  whom  he  in- 
tends in  time  to  make  his  wife.  She  was 
brought  up,  from  the  age  of  four  years, 
in  a  country  convent,  where  difference  of 
sex  and  the  conventions  of  society  were 
wholly  ignored.  But  when  removed 
from  the  convent,  she  treated  men  like 
school-girls,  nodded  to  them  familiarly, 
kissed  them,  and  played  with  them. 
Being  told  by  her  guardian  that  married 
women  have  more  freedom  than  maidens, 
she  asked  him  to  marry  her  ;  however,  a 
young  man  named  Horace  fell  in  love 
with  her,  and  made  her  his  wife,  so 
Arnolphe,  after  all,  profited  nothing  by  his 

fiains. — Molihre  :    L'Ecole    des    Femmes 
1662). 

Dans  un  petit  couvent  loin  de  toute  pratique 
Je  le  fis  flever  selon  ma  politique 
C'est-i-dire,  ordonnant  quels  soins  on  emploerolt 
Poure  le  rendre  idiote  autant  qu'il  se  pourroit. 

Act  1.  J. 

Amolplio,  a  German  duke  slain  by 
Rodomont. — Ariosto  :  Orlando  Furioso. 

Ar'not  {Andrew),  one  of  the  yeomen 
of  the  Balafr6  [Ludovic  Lesly].— 5?>  W. 
Scott:  Quentin  Dunvard  {time,  Edward 
IV.). 

Arod,  in  the  second  part  of  Absalom 
and  Achitophel,  by  Tate  and  Dryden,  is 


meant  for  sir  William  Waller,  who  de- 
tected the  "  Meal-tub  Plot." 

In  the  sacred  annals  of  our  plot, 
Industrious  Arod  never  be  forgot. 
The  labours  of  this  midnight  magistrate 
May  vie  with  Corali's  [  Titus  Oates]  to  preserve  the  state. 
Part  u.  533,  etc.  (1682). 

Aron'tetis  (4  syl.),  an  Asiatic  king, 
who  joined  the  Egyptian  armament 
against  the  crusaders. — Tasso  :  Jerusalem 
Delivered  {1575). 

Aroun'dig-lit,  the  sword  of  sir  Lan- 
celot of  the  Lake. 

Arpa'sia,  the  betrothed  of  Mone's^s, 
a  Greek,  but  made  by  constraint  the  bride 
of  Baj'azet  sultan  of  Turkey.  Bajazet 
commanded  MonesSs  to  be  bow-strung  in 
the  presence  of  Arpasia,  to  frighten  her 
into  subjection,  but  she  died  at  the  sight. 
— Rowe  :  Tamerlane  {1702). 

.  Ar'rant  Knave  {An),  a  corruption 
of  the  Anglo-Saxon  nearo-cndpa  ( ' '  great 
knave").  Similarly,  nearo-bregd  ("great 
fear  ") ;  neai-o-grdp  ("  great  grip  ") ;  nearo- 
wrence{''  great  deceit "),  etc. 

Ar'rot  {Dame),  the  weasel  in  the 
beast-epic  of  Reynard  the  Fox  (1498). 

Arrow  in  the  Pable  ( The).  "  The 
arrow,  like  that  in  the  fable,  has  to  be 
aimed  at  a  mark  which  the  archer's  eye  is 
allowed  to  see  only  as  reflected  on  some 
other  substance."  The  allusion  is  to  the 
Parthians,  who  shot  behind  them  when 
in  flight.  It  is  said  that  each  Par- 
thian horseman  carried  on  his  back  a 
"  reflecting  plate  of  metal,"  in  which  the 
man  behind  saw  reflected  those  in  pur- 
suit. He  shot,  therefore,  over  his  left 
shoulder,  guided  by  the  reflection  of  the 
foe  in  the  back  of  the  man  before  him. 

Arrow  Festival  ( T/ie),  instituted  by 
Zoroaster  to  commemorate  the  flight  of 
the  arrow  shot  from  the  top  of  the  Peak 
of  Demavend,  in  Persia,  with  such  miracu- 
lous prowess  as  to  reach  the  banks  of 
the  Oxus,  causing  the  whole  intervening 
country  to  be  ceded  to  Persia. 

Arrow  sliot  a  Mile.  Robin  Hood 
and  Little  John  "  frequently  shot  an 
arrow  a  measured  mile  "  (1760  yards). 

Tradition  informs  us  that  in  one  of  Robin  Hood's 
peregrinations,  attended  by  Little  Jolin,  he  went  to 
dine  at  Whitby  Abbey  with  the  abbot  Richard  .  .  . 
they  went  to  the  top  of  the  abbey,  and  each  of  them 
sliot  an  arrow,  which  fell  not  far  from  Whitby-laths, 
and  a  pillar  was  set  up  by  the  abbot  where  each  arrow 
was  found  .  .  .  both  fell  more  than  a  measured  milo 
from  the  abb^y.—CharUon  :  History  o/ Whitby,  York, 
146. 

Ar'saces  (3  syl.\  the  patronymic 
name  of  the  Persian  kings,  from  Arsaces, 


ARSETES.  63 

their  great  monarch.  It  was  generally 
added  to  some  distinctive  name  or  appel- 
lation, as  the  Roman  emperors  added  the 
name  of  Caesar  to  their  own. 

Cujus  memoriae  hunc  honorem  Parthi  tribucrunt  ut 
onines  exiude  regts  suos  Arsacis  nomine  nuiicupent.— 
Justin :  Historiara  Vhilippica,  xli. 

Arse'tes  (3  syl.),  the  aged  eunuch 
who  brought  up  Clorinda,  and  attended  on 
her.  — Zajj<7.-  Jerusalem  Delivered i^isj^). 

Ar'taban,  the  French  type  of  nobi- 
liary pride. 

Ar'tamenes  (3  syl.)  or  Le  Grand 
Cyrus,  "a  long-winded  romance,"  by 
Mdlle.  Scuddri  (1607-1701). 

Artaxam'inous  (5  syl.),  king  of 
Utopia,  married  to  Griskinissa,  whom  he 
wishes  to  divorce  for  Distaffi'na.  But 
Distaffina  is  betrothed  to  general  Bom- 
bastSs,  and  when  the  general  finds  that 
his  "fond  one"  prefers  "half  a  crown" 
to  himself,  he  hates  all  the  world,  and 
challenges  the  whole  race  of  man  by 
hanging  his  boots  on  a  tree,  and  daring 
any  one  to  displace  them.  The  king, 
coming  to  the  spot,  reads  the  challenge, 
and  cuts  the  boots  down,  whereupon 
BombastSs  falls  on  his  majesty,  and 
"  kills  him,"  in  a  theatrical  sense,  for  the 
dead  monarch,  at  the  close  of  the  burletta, 
joins  in  the  dance,  and  promises,  if  the 
audience  likes,  "  to  die  again  to-morrow." 
— Rhodes  :  Bombastes  Furioso. 

Ar'tcliila  Mur'tcliila,  the  magic 
words  which  "Fourteen"  was  required  to 
pronounce  when  he  wished  to  get  any 
specific  object  "into  hissack." — A  Basque 
Legend.    (See  Fourteen.) 

Ar'tegal,  a  mythic  king  of  Britain 
in  the  Chronicle  of  Geoffrey  of  Mon- 
mouth. Milton  introduces  him  in  his 
mythical  History  of  Britain  in  six  books 
(1670). 

Ar'tegal  or  Arthegal  {Sir),  son 
of  Gorlois  prince  of  Cornwall,  stolen  in 
infancy  by  the  fairies,  and  brought  up  in 
Fairyland.  Brit'omart  saw  him  in  VenuS's 
looking-glass,  and  fell  in  love  with  him. 
She  married  him,  and  became  the  mother 
of  Aurelius  Conan,  from  whom  (through 
Cadwallader)  the  Tudor  dynasty  derives 
descent.  The  wanderings  of  Britomart, 
as  a  lady  knight-errant  and  the  imper- 
sonation of  chastity,  is  the  subject  of 
book  iii.  of  the  Faerie  Quecne ;  and  the 
achievements  of  sir  Artegal,  as  the  im- 
personation of  justice,  is  the  subject  of 
bk.  V. 

•.•  Sir   Artegal's  first  exploit  was   to 


ARTFUL  DODGER. 

decide  to  which  claimant  a  living  woman 
belonged.  This  he  decided  according  to 
Solomon's  famous  judgment  respecting 
"the  hving  and  dead  child"  (canto  i). 
His  next  was  to  destroy  the  corrupt 
practice  of  bribery  and  toll  (canto  2). 
His  third  was  the  exposing  of  Bragga- 
doccio  and  his  follower  Trompart  (canto 
3).  He  had  then  to  decide  to  which 
brother  a  chest  of  money  found  at  sea  be- 
longed— whether  to  Bractdas  or  Am'idas  ; 
he  gave  judgment  in  favour  of  the  former 
(canto  4).  He  then  fell  into  the  hands  of 
Rad'igund  queen  of  the  Amazons,  and 
was  released  by  Britomart  (cantos  5  and 
6),  who  killed  Radigund  (canto  7).  His 
last  and  greatest  achievement  was  the 
deliverance  of  Ire'na  {Ireland)  from 
Grantorto  {rebellion),  whom  he  slew 
(canto  12). 

(This  rebellion  was  that  called  the  earl 
of  Desmond's,  in  1580.  Before  bk.  iv.  6, 
Artegal  is  spelt  Arthegal,  but  never 
afterwards. ) 

N.B. — "Sir  Artegal"  is  meant  for  lord 
Gray  of  Wilton,  Spenser's  friend.  He 
was  sent  in  1580  into  Ireland  as  lord- 
lieutenant,  and  the  poet  was  his  secretary. 
The  marriage  of  Artegal  with  Britomart 
means  that  the  justice  of  lord  Gray  was 
united  to  purity  of  mind  or  perfect  in- 
tegrity of  conduct. — Spenser:  Faerie 
Queene,  v.  (1596). 

Artemisia,  daughter  of  Lygdamis 
and  queen  of  Carla.  With  five  ships  she 
accompanied  Xerxes  in  his  invasion  of 
Greece,  and  greatly  distinguished  herself 
in  the  battle  of  Sahtmis  by  her  prudence 
and  courage.  (This  is  not  the  Artemisia 
.who  built  the  Mausoleum.) 

Our  statues  .  .  .  she 

The  foundress  of  the  Babylonian  wall  ISemiramis], 

The  Carian  Artemisia,  strong  in  war. 

Tennyson  :  7'he  Princess,  ii. 

Artemisia,  daughter  of  Hecatomnus 
and  sister-wife  of  Mauso'lus.  Arte- 
misia was  queen  of  Caria,  and  at  the 
death  of  her  fraternal  husband  raised  a 
monument  to  his  memory  (called  a  mau- 
sole'um),  which  was  one  of  the  "Seven 
Wonders  of  the  World."  It  was  built  by 
four  different  architects:  Scopas,  Tirao- 
theus,  Leocharfis,  and  Bruxis. 

This  made  the  four  rare  masters  which  began 
Fair  Artemysia's  husband's  dainty  tomb 

(When  death  took  her  before  the  work  was  done. 
And  so  bereft  them  of  aU  hopes  to  come), 

That  they  would  yet  their  own  work  perfect  make 

E'en  for  their  worltec.  and  theii  self-glories  sake. 
Lord  Brooke  :  j4n  Inquiry  upon  Fanu,  etc.  (1554- 1628). 

Artful  Dodger,  the  sobriquet  of 
John  Dawkins,  a  young  thief,  up  to  every 


ARTHGALLO. 


ARTHUR. 


sort  of  dodge,  and  a  most  marvellous 
adept  in  villainy. — Dickens:  Oliver  Twist 
(1837). 

Artlxg-allo,  a  mythical  British  king, 
brother  of  Gorbonian,  his  predecessor  on 
the  throne,  and  son  of  Mor'vidus,  the 
tyrant  who  was  swallowed  by  a  sea- 
monster,  Arthgallo  was  deposed,  and 
his  brother  El'idure  was  advanced  to  the 
throne  instead. — Geoffrey:  British  History, 
iii.  17  (1142). 

ARTHUR  {King) ,  parentage  of.  His 
father  was  Uther  the  pendragon,  and  his 
mother  YgernS  (3  syt.),  widow  of  Gorlois 
duke  of  Cornwall.  YgernS  had  been 
a  widow  only  three  hours,  knew  not 
that  the  duke  was  dead  (pt.  i.  2),  and 
her  marriage  with  the  pendragon  was 
not  consummated  till  thirteen  days  after- 
wards. When  the  boy  was  born  Merlin 
took  him,  and  he  was  brought  up  as  the 
foster-son  of  sir  Ector  (Tennyson  says 
"  sir  Anton"),  till  MerUn  thought  proper 
to  announce  him  as  the  lawful  successor 
of  Uther,  and  had  him  crowned.  Uther 
lived  two  years  after  his  marriage  with 
Ygerng. — Sir  T.  Malory:  History  of 
Prince  Arthur,  \.  2,  6  (1470). 

Wherefore  Merlin  took  the  child 
And  gave  him  to  sir  Anton,  an  old  knight 
And  ancient  friend  of  Uther ;  and  his  wife 
Nursed  the  young  prince,  and  reared  him  with  her  own. 
Tennyson:  Coming  of  ArtJtur. 

Coming  of  Arthur.  Leod'ogran,  king 
of  Cam'eliard  {3  syl. ),  appealed  to  Arthur 
to  assist  him  in  clearing  his  kingdom  of 
robbers  and  wild  beasts.  This  being 
done,  Arthur  sent  three  of  his  knights 
to  Leodogran,  to  beg  the  hand  of  his 
daughter  Guenever  in  marriage.  To  this 
Leodogran,  after  some  little  hesitation, 
agreed,  and  sir  Lancelot  was  sent  to 
escort  the  lady  to  Arthur's  court. 

Arthur  not  dead.  According  to  tra- 
dition Arthur  is  not  dead,  but  rests  in 
Glastonbury,  ' '  till  he  shall  come  again, 
full  twice  as  fair,  to  rule  over  his  people." 
(See  Barbarossa,  ) 

According  to  tradition,  Arthur  never  died,  but  was 
converted  into  a  raven  by  encliantment,  and  will,  in  the 
fuhicss  of  time,  appear  again  in  his  original  shape,  to 
recover  his  throne'and  sceptre.  For  this  reason  there 
is  never  a  raven  killed  in  England.— C«  z/a«/M  ;  Don 
Quixote,  I,  ii,  5  (1605), 

Arthur's  Twelve  Battles  (or  victories 
over  the  Saxons),  i.  The  battle  of  the 
river  Glem  {i.e.  the  glen  of  Northumber- 
land), 2  to  5.  The  four  battles  of  the 
Duglas  (which  falls  into  the  estuary  of 
the  Ribble).  6,  The  battle  of  Bassa,  said 
to  be  Bashall  Brook,  which  joins  the 
Ribble  near  Clithere.     7.   The  battle  of 


Celidon,  said  to  be  Tweeddale.  8,  The 
battle  of  Castle  Gwenion  {i.e.  Caer  Wen, 
in  Wedale,  Stow).  9,  The  battle  of 
Caerleon,  i.e.  CarUsle;  which  Tennyson 
makes  to  be  Caerleon-upon-Usk.  10,  The 
battle  of  Trath  Treroit,  in  Anglesey,  some 
say  the  Solway  Frith.  11.  The  ij^ttle  of 
Agned  Cathregonion  {i.e.  Edinburgh). 
12,  The  battle  of  Badon  Hill  {i.e.  the 
Hill  of  Bath,  now  Bannerdown). 

Then  bravely  chanted  they 
The  several  twelve  pitched  fields  he  lArthur\  with  tba 
Saxons  fought. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  iv,  (1612). 

Arthur,  one  of  the  Nine  Worthies. 
Three  were  Gentiles  :  Hector,  Alexander, 
and  Julius  Caesar ;  three  were  Jews ; 
Joshua,  David,  and  Judas  Maccabaeus ; 
three  were  Christians :  Arthur,  Charle- 
magne, and  Godfrey  of  Bouillon. 

Arthur's  Body  found.  In  1189  the 
body  of  king  Arthur  was  fovmd  in 
Glastonbury  Abbey,  16  feet  under  the 
surface.  It  was  found  under  a  stone, 
bearing  the  inscription.  Hie  jacit  sepultus 
inclitus rex Arthurus  in  Insula  Avallonia. 
The  body  had  crumbled  into  dust,  but 
a  lock  of  golden-red  hair  was  found, 
supposed  to  be  that  of  his  wife. — Sharon 
Turner:  History  of  the  Anglo-Saxons, 
p.  107. 

Arthur's  Butler,  sir  Lucas  ox,  Lucan, 
son  of  duke  Corneus ;  but  sir  Griflet,  son 
of  Cardol,  assisted  sir  Key  and  sir  Lucas 
"in  the  rule  of  the  service." — History  of 
Prince  Arthur,  i.  8  (1470). 

Arthur's  Dagger,  Carnwenhan. 

Arthur's  Dog,  Caval. 

Arthur's  Drinking-Hom.  No  one 
who  was  unchaste  or  unfaithful  could 
drink  from  this  horn.  Lai  du  Corn  and 
Morte  d ArthtfT.     (See  Chastity.) 

Arthur's  Foster-Father  and  Motlier,  sir 
Ector  and  his  lady.  Their  son,  sir  Key 
(his  foster-brother),  was  his  senesclial  or 
steward, — Sir  T,  Malory:  History  of 
Prince  Arthur,  i.  3,  8  (1470). 

N,B, — ^Tennyson  makes  sir  Anton  the 
foster-father  of  Arthur. 

Arthur  s  Lance,  Rhomgomyant. 

Arthur's  Mare,  Llamrei,  which  means 
"bounding,  curvetting,  spumador." 

Arthur's  Round  Table.  It  contained 
seats  for  150  knights.  Three  were  re- 
served, two  for  honour,  and  one  (called 
the  "siege  perilous")  for  sir  Galahad, 
destined  to  achieve  the  quest  of  the 
sangreal.  If  any  one  else  attempted  to 
sit  in  it,  his  death  was  the  certain  penalty. 

*.'  There  is  a  table  so  called  at  Win- 
chester, and  Henry  VIII.  showvd  it  to 


ARTHUR. 


ARTHURIAN  ROMANCES. 


Franfois  I.  as  the  very  table  made  by 
Merlin  for  Uther  the  pendiason. 

And  for  great  Arthur's  seat,  her  Winchester  prefers. 
Whose  old  round  t.ibli  yet  she  vaunteth  to  be  hers. 
Dia'ytQti  :  Polyolbion,  ii.  (i6iz). 

Arthur's  Shield,  Pridwin.  Geoffrey 
calls  it  Priwen,  and  says  it  was  adorned 
with  the  picture  of  the  Virgin  Mary. — 
British  History,  ix.  4  (1142). 

'.•  In  the  Mabinogion  it  is  called 
Wenebgw  rihucher. 

Arthurs  Sisters  [half-sisters],  Mor- 
gause  or  Margawse  (wife  of  king  Lot) ; 
Elain  (wife  of  king  Nentres  of  Carlot) ; 
and  Morgan  le  Fay,  the  "great  dark  of 
Nigromancy,"  who  wedded  king  Vrience, 
of  the  land  of  Cor6,  father  of  Ewayns  le 
Blanchemayne.  Only  the  last  had  the 
same  mother  (Ygraine  or  Ygerne)  as  the 
king. — Sir  T.  Malory:  History  of  Prince 
Arthur,  i.  2. 

Arthurs  Sons — Urien,  Llew,  and 
Arawn.  Borre  was  his  son  by  Lyonors, 
daughter  of  the  earl  Sanam. — History  of 
Prince  Arthur,  i.  15.  Mordred  was  his 
son  by  Elain,  wife  of  king  Nentres  of 
Carlot.  In  some  of  the  romances  collated 
by  sir  T.  Malory  he  is  called  the  son  of 
Margause  and  Arthur;  Margause  being 
called  the  wife  of  king  Lot,  and  sister  of 
Arthur.  This  incest  is  said  to  have  been 
the  cause  of  Mordred's  hatred  of  Arthur. 
— Ft.  i.  17,  36,  etc. 

(In  the  Welsh  "Triads,"  Llew  is 
called  Llacheu.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
*'  most  valiant  and  learned.") 

Arthur's  Spear,  Rone.  Geoffrey  calls  it 
Ron.  It  was  made  of  ebony. — British 
History,  ix.  4  (1142).    (See  Lance.) 

His  spere  he  nom  an  honde  tha  Ron  wes  ihaten. 
Layamon  :  Brut,  (twelfth  centuryj. 

Arthur's  Sword,  Escal'ibur  or  Excal'- 
iber.  Geoffrey  calls  it  Caliburn,  and  says 
it  was  made  in  the  isle  of  Avallon. — 
British  History,  ix.  4  (1142). 

The  temper  of  his  sword,  the  tried  Escalabour, 
The  bigness  and  the  Ieng:th  of  Rone,  his  noble  spear, 
With  Pridwin,  his  great  shield. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  iv.  (1612). 

Arthur  [King],  in  the  burlesque  opera 
of  Tom  Thumb,  has  Dollallolla  for  his 
queen,  and  Huncamuncafor  his  daughter. 
This  dramatic  piece,  by  Henry  Fielding, 
the  novelist,  was  produced  in  1730,  but 
was  altered  by  Kane  O'Hara,  author  of 
Midas,  about  half  a  century  later. 

Arthur's  Harp,  a  Lyrae,  which 
forms  a  triangle  with  the  Pole-star  and 
Arcturus. 

Dost  thou  know  the  star 

We  call  the  "  Harp  ot  Arthur  "  up  In  heaven! 

Tennyson ;  The  Last  Tcumanttnt. 


Arthur's  Seat,  the  hill  which  over- 
liaiigs  Edinburgh. 

Nor  hunt  the  bloodhounds  back  to  Arthur's  seat  T 
Byron  :  English  Bards  atui  Scotch  Reviewers. 

Arthurian  Romances. 

King  Arthur  and  the  Round  Table,  a 
romance  in  verse  (1096). 

The  Holy  Graal  (in  verse,  iioo). 
Titurel  or  The  Guardian  of  the  Holy 
Graal,    by    Wolfram    von    Eschenbach. 
Titurel  founded  the  temple  of  Graalburg 
as  a  shrine  for  the  holy  graal. 

T/ie  Romance  of  Parzival,  prince  of  the 
race  of  the  kings  of  Graalburg.  By 
Wolfram  of  Eschenbach  (in  verse).  This 
romance  was  translated  into  French  by 
Chretien  de  Troyes  in  1170.  It  contains 
4018  eight-syllable  lines. 

Launcelot  oft/ie  Lake,  by  Ulrich  of  Zaz\- 
koven,  contemporary  with  William  Rufus. 
Wigalois  or  The  Knight  of  the  W/ieel, 
by  Wirnd  of  Graffenberg.  This  adven- 
turer leaves  his  mother  in  Syria,  and 
goes  in  search  of  his  father,  a  knight  of 
the  Round  Table. 

Twain  or  T/ie  Knight  of  the  Lion,  and 
Ereck,  by  Hartmann  von  der  Aue  (thir- 
teenth century). 

Tristan  a?id  Yseult  (in  verse,  by  Master 
Gottfried  of  Strasburg  (thirteenth  cen^ 
tury).  This  is  also  the  subject  of  Luc  du 
Cast's  prose  romance,  which  was  revised 
by  Elie  de  Borron,  and  turned  into  verse 
by  Thomas  the  Rhymer,  of  Erceldoune, 
under  the  title  of  the  Romance  of  Tris' 
tram. 
Merlyn  Ambroise,  by  Robert  de  Borron. 
Roman  desdiversesQuetes  de  St.  Graal, 
by  Walter  Mapes  (prose). 

A  Life  of  Joseph  of  Arimathea,  by 
Robert  de  Borron. 

La  Mort  dArtur  [d" Arthur],  by  Walter 
Mapes. 

7716  Idylls  of  the  King,  "by  Tennyson,  in 
blank  verse,  containing  "  The  Coming  of 
Arthur,"  "Garethand  Lynette,""  Geraint 
and  Enid,"  *'  Merlin  and  Vivien,"  "  Lan- 
celot and  Elaine,"  "The  Holy  Graal," 
' '  Peleas  and  Estarre  "  (2  syl. ),  "  The  Last 
Tournament,"  "Guinevere"  (3  syl.),  and 
"The  Passing  of  Arthur,"  which  is  the 
"  Morte  d'Arthur"  with  an  introduction 
added  to  it. 

(The  old  Arthurian  Romances  have 
been  collated  and  rendered  into  English, 
by  sir  Thomas  Malory,  in  three  parts. 
Part  i.  contains  the  early  history  of  Arthur 
and  the  beautiful  allegory  of  Gareth  and 
Linet ;  part  ii.  contains  the  adventures 
of  sir  Tristram  ;  and  part  iii.  the  adven 
tures  of  sir  Launcelot,  with  the  death  oi 
D 


ARTHURET. 


66 


ARVIRAGUS. 


Arthur  and  bis  knights.  Sir  Frederick 
Madden  and  J.  T.  K.  have  also  con- 
tributed to  the  same  series  of  legends. ) 

• .  •  Sources  of  the  A  rthurian  Romances. 
The  prose  series  of  romances  called 
Arthurian  owe  their  origin  to  :  i.  The 
legendary  chronicles  composed  in  Wales 
or  Brittany,  such  asZ>^  Excidio  Britannice 
of  Gildas.  2,  The  chronicles  of  Nennius 
(ninth  century).  3,  The  Armoric  collec- 
tions of  Walter  [Cale'nius]  or  Gauhter, 
archdeacon  of  Oxford.  4.  The  ChronUon 
sive  Historia  Britomim  of  Geoffrey  of 
Monmouth.  5.  Floating  traditions  and 
metrical  ballads  and  romances.  (See 
Charlemagne  and  Mabinogion.) 

The  story  of  king  Arthur,  of  course,  has  been  repre- 
sented in  sundry  forms.  There  is  an  opera  by  Drydcn, 
music  by  Purcell  (1691) ;  a  play  by  Hathaway  (1598)  ;  an 
heroic  poem  entitled  Prince  Arthur  (1695),  by  sir 
Richard  Blackmore,  followed  in  1697  by  King  A  rthtir  ; 
a  poem  in  twelve  books  by  Edward,  lord  Lytton  ; 
Idylls  of  the  King,  by  Tennyson;  Death  0/  King- 
Art?tur,  a  ballad. 

Ar'tllTiret  {Miss  Seraphina  the  papist, 
and  Miss  Angelica),  two  sisters  in  sir  W. 
Scott's  novel  called  Redgauntlet  (time, 
George  III.). 

Arts  ( The  fine)  and  Genius.    Sir 

Walter  Scott  was  wholly  ignorant  of 
pictures,  and  quite  indifferent  to  music. 
Rogers  felt  no  pleasure  in  paintings,  and 
music  gave  him  positive  discomfort.  Sir 
Robert  Peel  detested  music.  Byron  and 
Tasso  cared  nothing  for  architecture,  and 
Byron  had  no  ear  for  mvisic,  Mde.  de 
Stael  could  not  appreciate  scenery.  Pope 
and  Dr.  Johnson,  hke  Scott  and  Byron, 
had  no  ear  for  music,  and  could  scarcely 
discern  one  tune  from  another ;  Pope 
preferred  a  street-organ  to  Handel's 
Messiah. 

Ar'turo  (lord  Arthur  Talbot),  a 
cavalier  affianced  to  Elvi'ra  "  the  puritan," 
daughter  of  lord  Walton.  On  the  day 
appointed  for  the  wedding,  Arturo  has 
to  aid  Enrichetta  {Henrietta^  widow  of 
Charles  I.)  in  her  escape,  and  Elvira, 
supposing  he  is  eloping  with  a  rival, 
temporarily  loses  her  reason.  On  his 
return,  Ai-turo  explains  the  circumstances, 
and  they  vow  never  more  to  part.  At 
this  juncture  Arturo  is  arrested  for 
treason,  and  led  away  to  execution  ;  but 
a  herald  announces  the  defeat  of  the 
Stuarts,  and  free  pardon  of  all  political 
offenders  ;  whereupon  Arturo  is  released, 
and  marries  "the  fair  puritan." — Bellini's 
opera,  I  Puritani  (1834). 

Ar'turo  [Bucklaw].  So  Frank 
llayston  is  called  in    Donizetti's   opera 


of  Lttcia  di  Lammermoor  (1835),  (See 
Hayston.) 

Ar'undel,  the  steed  of  sir  Bevis  of 
Southampton,  given  him  by  his  wife 
Josian,  daughter  of  the  king  of  Armenia. 
Probably  the  word  is  meant  for  Hiron- 
delle,  a  swallow. — Drayton:  Polyolbion, 
ii.  (1612). 

Arundel  Castle,  called  Magounce 
{2syl.). 

She  [AH'^lides]  came  to  a  castle  that  was  called  Ma- 
gounce, arid  now  is  called  Arundell,  in  Southsea. — Sir 
T.  Malory  :  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  ii.  ii8  {1470). 

Ar'valan,  the  wicked  son  of  Keha'ma, 
slain  by  Ladur'lad  for  attempting  to 
dishonovir  his  daughter  Kail'yal  (2  syl.). 
After  this,  his  spirit  became  the  relent- 
less persecutor  of  the  holy  maiden,  but 
holiness  and  chastity  triumphed  over  sin 
and  lust.  Thus  when  Kailyal  was  taken 
to  the  bower  of  bliss  in  paradise,  Arvalan 
borrowed  the  dragon-car  of  the  witch 
Lor'rimite  (3  syl.)  to  carry  her  off;  but 
when  the  dragons  came  in  sight  of  the 
holy  place  they  were  unable  to  mount, 
and  went  perpetually  downwards,  till 
Arvalan  was  dropped  into  an  ice-rift  of 
perpetual  snow.  When  he  presented 
himself  before  her  in  the  temple  of  Jaga- 
naut,  she  set  fire  to  the  pagoda.  And 
when  he  caught  the  maiden  waiting  for 
her  father,  who  was  gone  to  release  the 
glendoveer  from  the  submerged  city  of 
Baly,  Baly  himself  came  to  her  rescue. 

'*  Help,  help,  Kehama !  help  1 "  he  cried. 
But  Baly  tarried  not  to  abide 
That  mightier  power.     With  irresistible  feet 
He  stanipt  ana  cleft  the  earth.     It  opened  wide. 
And  gave  him  way  to  his  own  judgment-seat. 
Down  like  a  plummet  to  the  world  below 
He  sank  ...  to  punishment  deserved  and  endless  woe. 
Sonthey  :  Curse  of  Kehama,  xvii.  12  (1809). 

Arvi'da  {Prince),  a  noble  friend  of 
Gustavus  Vasa.  Both  Arvida  and  Gus- 
tavus  are  in  love  with  Christi'na,  daughter 
of  Christian  II.  king  of  Scandinavia. 
Christian  employs  the  prince  to  entrap 
Gustavus ;  but  when  he  approaches  him 
the  better  instincts  of  old  friendship  and 
the  nobleness  of  Gustavus  prevail, ^so 
that  Arvida  not  only  refuses  to  betray 
his  friend,  but  even  abandons  to  him  all 
further  rivalry  in  the  love  of  Christina. — 
H.  Brooke:  Gustavus  Vasa  (1730). 

Arvir'agfus,  the  husband  of  Do'rigen. 

Aurelius  tried  to  win  her  love,  but  Dorigen 
made  answer  that  she  would  never  listen 
to  his  suit  till  the  rocks  that  beset  the 
coast  were  removed,  "and  there  n'is  no 
stone  y-seen."  By  the  aid  of  magic, 
Aurelius  caused  all  the  rocks  of  the  coast 


ARVIRAGUS. 


ASELGES. 


to  disappear,  and  Dorigen's  husband 
insisted  that  she  should  keep  her  word. 
When  AureUus  saw  how  sad  she  was,  and 
was  told  that  she  had  come  in  obedience 
to  her  husband's  wishes,  he  said  he  would 
rather  die  than  injure  so  true  a  wife  and 
noble  a  gentleman. — Chaucer  :  Canterbury 
Tales  <"  The  Franklin's  Tale,"  1388). 

(This  is  substantially  the  same  as 
Boccaccio's  tale  of  Dianora  and  Gilberto, 
dayx.  5.    See  Dianora.) 

Arvir'agfus,  younger  son  of  Cym'be- 
line  (3  syl.)  king  of  Britain,  and  brother 
of  Guide'rius.  The  two  in  early  childhood 
were  kidnapped  by  Bela'rius,  out  of  re- 
venge for  being  unjustly  banished,  and 
were  brought  up  by  him  in  a  cave.  When 
they  were  grown  to  manhood,  Belarius, 
having  rescued  the  king  from  the  Romans, 
was  restored  to  favour.  He  then  intro- 
duced the  two  young  men  to  Cymbeline, 
and  told  their  story,  upon  which  the  king 
was  rejoiced  to  find  that  his  two  sons 
whom  he  thought  dead  were  both  living. 
— Shakespeare :  Cymbel'uie  (1605). 

Aryan  Languages  {The)— 

X.  Sanskrit,  whence  Hindustanee. 

2.  Zend,  ,,         Persian. 

3.  Greek,         ,,        Romaic. 

4.  Latin,  „         Italian, French,Span- 

ish,  Portuguese,  Wal- 
lachian  {Rotnance). 

5.  Keltic,         ,,        Welsh,  Irish,  Gaelic. 

6.  Gothic,        ,,        Teutonic,      Enghsh, 

Scandinavian. 

7.  Slavonic,     „         European     Russian, 

and  Austi-ian. 

As  You  Like  It,  a  comedy  by  Shake- 
speare, published  in  1600.  One  of  the 
French  dukes,  being  driven  from  his  duke- 
dom by  his  brother,  went  with  certain 
followers  to  the  forest  of  Arden  (a  purely 
hypothetical  place),  where  they  lived  a 
free-and-easy  life,  chiefly  occupied  in  the 
chase.  The  deposed  duke  had  one 
daughter,  named  Rosalind,  whom  the 
usurper  kept  at  court  as  the  companion 
of  his  own  daughter  Celia,  and  the  two 
cousins  were  very  fond  of  each  other.  At 
a  wrestling  match  Rosalind  fell  in  love 
with  Orlando,  who  threw  his  antagonist, 
a  giant  and  professional  athlete.  The 
usurping  duke  (Frederick)  banished  Rosa- 
lind from  the  court,  but  her  cousin  Celia 
resolved  to  go  to  Arden  with  her ;  so 
Rosalind  in  boy's  clothes  (under  the  name 
of  Ganimed),  and  Celia  as  a  rustic  maiden 
(under  the  name  of  Alie'na),  started  to 
find  the  deposed  duke.  Orlando  being 
driven  from  home  by  his  elder  brother, 


also  went  to  the  forest  of  Arden,  and  was 
taken  under  the  duke's  protection.  Here 
he  met  the  ladies,  and  a  double  marriage 
was  the  result — Orlando  married  Rosalind, 
and  his  elder  brother  Oliver  married  Celia. 
The  usurper  retired  to  a  religious  house, 
and  the  deposed  duke  was  restored  to  his 
dominions. — (1598. ) 

Asaph..  So  Tate  calls  Dryden,  ia 
Absalom  and  Achitophel. 

While  Judah's  tlirone  and  Zion's  rock  stand  fast. 
The  song  of  Asuph  aiid  his  fame  shall  last. 

Part  ii.  1064  (1682). 

Asaph  {St.),  a  British  \i.e.  IVeM] 
monk  of  the  sixth  century,  abbot  of  Llan- 
Elvy,  which  changed  its  name  to  St. 
Asaph,  in  honour  of  him. 

So  bishops  can  she  brings,  of  which  her  saints  shall  be » 
As  Asaph,  who  first  gave  that  name  unto  that  see. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xxiv.  (1622). 

Ascal'aphos,  son  of  Acheron,  turned 
into  an  owl  for  tale-telling  and  trying  to 
make  mischief. — Greek  Fable. 

Asca'nio,  son  of  don  Henrique  (2  syl. ), 
in  the  comedy  called  The  Spanish  Curate, 
by  John  Fletcher  (1622). 

As'capart  or  As'cupart,  an  enormous 
giant,  thirty  feet  high,  who  carried  off  sir 
Bevis,  his  wife  Jos'ian,  his  sword  Morglay, 
and  his  steed  Ar'undel,  under  his  arm. 
Sir  Bevis  afterwards  made  Ascapart  his 
slave,  to  run  beside  his  horse.  The  eflfigy 
of  sir  Bevis  is  on  the  city  gates  of  South- 
ampton.— Drayton:  Poly oldion, 11.  (1612). 

He  was  a  man  whose  huge  stature,  thews,  sinews, 
and  bulk  .  .  .  would  have  enabled  him  to  enact 
"Colbrand,"  "Ascapart,"  or  any  other  giant  of 
romance,  without  raising  himself  nearer  to  heavea 
even  by  the  altitude  of  a  chopin.— 5t>  IV.  Scott. 
Those  Ascaparts,  men  big  enough  to  throw 
Charing  Cross  for  a  bar. 

Dr.  Donne  (1573-1631). 

Thus  imitated  by  Pope  (1688-1744) — 

Each  man  an  Ascapart  of  strengtli  to  toss 

For  quoits  both  Temple  Bar  and  Charing  Cross. 

Ascrse'au  Sage,  or  AscrcBan  Poet, 
Hesiod,  who  was  born  at  Ascra,  in  Boeo'tia. 
Virgil  calls  him  "  The  Old  Ascraean." 

Hos  tibi  dant  calamos,  en  accipe,  Musae 
Ascra30  quos  ante  scni. 

Biicolic,  vii.  7a 

As'ehie  (3  sylJ),  Irreligion  personified 
in  The  Purple  Island  {ib-^-^),  by  Phineas 
Fletcher  (canto  vii.).  He  had  four  sons  : 
Idol'atros  {idolatry),  Phar'makeus  (3  syl.) 
{witchcraft),  Hasret'icus,  and  Hypocrisy  ; 
all  fully  described  by  the  poet.  (Greek, 
asebeia,  "impiety.") 

Asel'ges  (3  syl. ),  Lasciviousness  per- 
sonified. One  of  the  four  sons  of  Anag' 
nus  {inchastity),  his  three  brothers  being 
Moechus  {adultery),  Pornei'us  {fornica- 
tion), and  Acath'arus,  Seeing  his  brother 


ASEN. 


68 


ASMODEUS. 


Porneius  fall  by  the  spear  of  Parthen'ia 
{maidenly  chastity),  Aselgfis  rushes  for- 
ward to  avenge  his  death  ;  but  the  martial 
maid  caught  him  with  her  spear,  and 
tossed  him  so  high  i'  the  air  "that  he 
hardly  knew  whither  his  course  was  bent." 
(Greek,  asilges,  "intemperate,  wanton.") 
— Phineas  Fletcher :  The  Purple  Isla?id, 
xJ.  (1633). 

As'en,  strictly  speaking,  are  only  the 
three  gods  next  in  rank  to  the  twelve 
male  Asir  ;  but  the  word  is  not  unfre- 
quently  used  for  the  Scandinavian  deities 
generally. 

As'g'ard,  the  fortress  of  the  .^sir, 
or  Scandinavian  deities.  It  is  situate  in 
the  heavenly  hills,  between  the  Earth  and 
the  Rainbow-bridge  [Bifrost).  The  river 
is  Nornor,  overshadowed  by  the  famous 
ash  tree  Ygdrasil'.  Above  the  Rainbow 
dwelt  the  "Mysterious  Three." 

As'gil's  Translation.  John  Asgill 
wrote  a  book  on  the  possibility  of  man 
being  translated  into  eternal  life  without 
dying.  The  book,  in  1707,  was  condemned 
to  be  burnt  by  the  common  hangman. 


Here's  no  depending  upon  old  women  in  my  country, 
•   jifs  ' 
>  great-grandmother  not  \ 
Centlivre  :  The  Busybody,  it.  2  (1709). 


.  .  and  a  man  may  as  safely  trust  to  Asgifs  transla- 
tion as  to  his  great-grandmother  not  marrying. — Mrs. 


Ash. 'field  {Farmer),  a  truly  John  Bull 
farmer,  tender-hearted,  noble-minded  but 
homely,  generous  but  hot-tempered.  He 
loves  his  daughter  Susan  with  the  love  of 
a  woman.  His  favourite  expression  is 
'*  Behave  pratty,"  and  he  himself  always 
tries  to  do  so.  His  daughter  Susan  marries 
Robert  Handy,  the  son  of  sir  Abel  Handy. 

Dame  Ashjield,  the  farmer's  wife,  whose 
bete  noire  is  a  neighbouring  farmer  named 
Grundy.  What  Mrs.  Grundy  will  say, 
or  what  Mrs.  Grundv  will  think  or  do,  is 
dame  Ashfield's  decalogue  and  gospel. 

Susan  Ashjield,  daughter  of  farmer  and 
dame  Ashfield.  —  Morion :  Speed  the 
Plough  {1798). 

Asli'ford  {Isaac),  "  a  wise,  good  man, 
contented  to  be  poor." — Crabbe  :  Parish 
Register  {xZo-]). 

Ash'tarath,  a  general  name  for  all 
Syrian  goddesses.     (See  Astoreth.) 

Yrhey'\  had  general  names 
Of  Baalim  and  Ashtaroth :  those  male, 
These  feminine. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  i.  422  (1665). 

Ash 'ton  {Sir  William),  the  lord 
keeper  of  Scotland,  and  father  of  Lucy 
Ashton. 

Lady  Eleanor  Ashton,  wi.^'e  of  sir  Wil- 
liam. 


Colonel  Slwlto  Douglas  Ashton,  eldest 
son  of  sir  William. 

Lucy  Ashton,  daughter  of  sir  William, 
betrothed  to  Edgar  (the  master  of  Ravens- 
wood)  ;  but  being  compelled  to  marry 
Frank  Hayston  (laird  of  Bucklaw),  she 
tries  to  murder  him  in  the  bridal  chamber, 
and  becomes  insane.  Lucy  dies,  but  the 
laird  recovers. — Sir  W.  Scott :  The  Bride 
of  Lammermoor  (time,  William  UL). 

(This  has  been  made  the  subject  of  an 
opera  by  Donizetti,  called  Lucia  di  Lam- 
mermoor, 1835.) 

Asia,  the  wife  of  that  Pharaoh  who 
brought  up  Moses.  She  was  the  daughter 
of  Mozahem. — Sale:  Al  Koran,  xii. 
notes. 

Asia,  wife  of  that  Pharaoh  who  knew 
not  Joseph.  Her  husband  tortured  her 
for  believing  in  Moses  ;  but  she  was  taken 
alive  into  paradise. — Sale:  Al  Koran, 
Ixvi.  note. 

•.*  Mahomet  says,  "Among  women 
four  have  been  perfect :  Asia,  wife  of 
Pharaoh ;  Mary,  daughter  of  Imrin ; 
Khadijah,  the  prophet's  first  wife  ;  and 
Fatima,  his  own  daughter." 

Asir'  or  rather  2Bsir,  the  celestial 
deities  of  Scandinavian  mythology,  viz. 
Odin,Thor,  Baldr,  Tyr,  Bragi,  Heimdall, 
Vidar,  Vali,  Ullur,  and  Forsetti. 

Sometimes  the  goddesses  P'rigga  (wife 
of  Odin),  Sif  (wife  of  Thor),  and  Idu'na 
are  ranked  among  the  .^sir  ;  but  Ni'ord, 
with  his  wife  Shado,  their  son  Frey  and 
daughter  Frega,  do  not  belong  to  the 
celestials  but  to  the  Vanir. 

As'madai  (3  syl.),  the  same  as  Asmo- 
de'us  (4  syL),  the  lustful  and  destroying 
angel,  who  robbed  Sara  of  her  seven  hus- 
barids  {Tobit  iii.  8).  Milton  makes  him 
one  of  the  rebellious  angels  overthrown 
by  Uriel  and  Ra'phael.  Hume  says  the 
word  means  "the  destroyer." — Paradise 
Lost,  vi.  365  (1665). 

Asmode'us  (4  syl.),  the  demon  of 
vanity  and  dress,  called  in  the  Talmud 
"king  of  the  devils."  As  "dress"  is 
one  of  the  bitterest  evils  of  modern  life, 
it  is  termed  "  the  Asmodeus  of  domestic 
peace,"  a  phrase  employed  to  express  any 
"skeleton"  in  the  house  of  a  private 
family. 

(In  the  book  of  T*!?^// Asmodeus  falls  in 
love  with  Sara,  daughter  of  Rag'uel,  and 
causes  the  successive  deaths  of  seven 
husbands  each  on  his  bridal  night ;  but 
when  Sara  married  Tobit,  Asmodeus  was 
driven  into  Egypt  by  a  charm  made  of 


ASMODEUS. 

the  heart  and  liver  of  a  fish  burnt  on  per- 
fumed ashes.) 

N.B. — Milton  makes  it  a  word  of  4  syl. 
with  the  accent  on  the  penult ;  but  Tenny- 
son makes  the  word  either  Asmo'deus 
{3  ^}'^-)>  or  Asmo'deus  (4  syl.),  with  the 
accent  on  the  second  syl. 

Better  pleased 
Than  Asmodeus  with  the  fishy  fume. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  iv.  i68. 
Abaddon  and  Asmodeus  caught  at  me. 

Tennyson:  St.  Sittuon  StyCitis. 

Asiuode'ns,  a  "diable  bon-homme," 
with  more  gaiety  than  malice ;  not  the 
least  like  Mephistophelfis.  He  is  the 
companion  of  Cle'ofas,  whom  he  carries 
through  the  air,  and  shows  him  the  inside 
of  houses,  where  they  see  what  is  being 
done  in  private  or  secrecy  without  being 
seen.  Although  Asmodeus  is  not  malig- 
nant, yet  with  all  his  wit,  acuteness,  and 
playful  malice,  we  never  forget  the  fiend 
even  when  he  is  most  engaging. 

(Such  was  the  popularity  of  the  Diable 
Boileux,  by  Lesage,  that  two  young  men 
fought  a  duel  in  a  bookseller's  shop  over 
the  only  remaining  copy — an  incident 
worthy  to  be  recorded  by  Asmodeus  him- 
self.) 

Miss  Austen  gives  us  just  such  a  picture  of  domestic 
life  as  Asmodeus  would  present  could  he  remove  the 
roof  of  many  aa  English  home. — Encyc.  Brit.  (art. 
"Romance"). 

(Asmodeus  must  not  be  confounded 
with  AsmoncBus,  surnamed  ' '  Maccabaeus. " 
See  Hammer.  ) 

Aso'tus,  Prodigality  personified  in 
Tlie  Purple  Island  (1633),  by  Phineas 
Fletcher,  fully  described  in  canto  viii. 
(Greek,  asotos,  "a  profligate.") 

Aspa'sia,  a  maiden,  the  very  ideal  of 
ill-fortune  and  wretchedness.  She  is  the 
troth-plight  wife  of  Amintor,  but  Amin- 
tor,  at  the  king's  request,  marries  Evad'ne 
(3  syl.).  Women  point  with  scorn  at  the 
forsaken  Aspasia,  but  she  bears  it  all 
with  patience.  The  pathos  of  her  speeches 
is  most  touching,  and  her  death  forms 
the  tragical  event  which  gives  name  to 
the  drama. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher:  The 
MaiSs  Tragedy  (i6io). 

Asphal'tic  Pool  [The),  the  Dead 
Sea.  So  called  from  the  asphalt  or  bitu'- 
men  abounding  in  it.  The  river  Jordan 
empties  itself  into  this  "pool." — Milton  : 
Paradise  Lost,  i.  411  (1665). 

As'phodel,  in  the  language  of  flowers, 
means  ' '  regret."  It  is  said  that  the  spirits 
of  the  dead  sustain  themselves  with  the 
roots  of  this  flosver.     It  was  planted  by 


69  ASS'S  EARS. 

the  ancients  on  graves,  and  both  Theo- 
philus  and  Pliny  state  that  the  ghosts 
beyond  AchCron  roam  through  the  mea- 
dows of  Asphodel,  in  order  if  possible  to- 
reach  the  waters  of  Lethfi  or  Oblivion'. 
The  asphodel  was  dedicated  to  Pluto. 
Longfellow  strangely  enough  crowns  his. 
angel  ol  death  with  amaranth,  with  which 
the  "spirits  elect  bind  their  resplendent 
locks,"  and  his  angel  of  life  with  aspho- 
del, the  flower  of  "regret"  and  emblera 
of  the  grave. 

Hi  who  wore  the  crown  of  asphodels  .  .  . 
[said]  "  My  errand  is  not  death,  but  life"  .  .  . 
tbutj  The  angel  with  the  amaranthine  wreath 

Whispered  a  word  that  had  a  sound  like  deaths 
Loit^ellow :  The  Two  Aiisels. 

As'pramont,  a  place  mentioned  by 
Ariosto  in  his  Orlando  Furioso,  in  the 
department  of  the  Meuse  (1516). 

Jousted  in  Aspramont  and  Mont'alban  \_MontaubaH\. 
Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  i.  583  (1665). 

As'pramonte  (3  syl.),  in  sir  W. 
Scott's    Count    Robert    of   Paris    (time^ 

Rufus). 

The  old  knight,  father  of  Brenhilda. 

The  lady  of  Asp-amonte,  the  knight's- 
wife. 

Brenhilda  of  Aspramonte,  their  daugh- 
ter, wife  of  count  Robert. 

As'rael  or  Az'rael,  an  angel  of 
death.  He  is  immeasurable  in  height, 
insomuch  that  the  space  between  his  eyes- 
equals  a  70,000  days'  journey. — Moham- 
medan Mythology. 

Ass  [An),  emblem  of  the  tribe  of 
Issachar.  In  the  old  church  at  Totnes  is. 
a  stone  pulpit,  divided  into  compartments, 
containing  shields  decorated  with  the 
several  emblems  of  the  Jewish  tribes,  of 
which  this  is  one. 

Issachar  is  a  strong  ass,  couching  down  between  tws*- 
burdens. — Gen.  xlix.  14. 

Ass.  Three  of  these  animals  are  by 
different  legends  admitted  into  heaven  :. 

1.  The  ass  on  which  Christ  rode  on  His 
journey  to  Jerusalem  on  the  day  of  palms. 

2.  The  ass  on  which  Balaam  rode,  and 
which  reproved  the  prophet,  "speaking- 
with  the  voice  of  a  man."  3.  The  ass  of 
Aaz'is  queen  of  Sheba  or  Saba,  who  came 
to  visit  Solomon.     (See  Animals,  p.  45.) 

Ass's  Ears.  Midas  was  chosen  to 
decide  a  trial  of  musical  skill  between 
Apollo  and  Pan.  The  Phrygian  king- 
gave  his  verdict  in  favour  of  Pan,  where- 
upon Apollo  changed  his  ears  to  those  of 
an  ass.  The  servant  who  used  to  cut  the- 
king's  hair,  discovering  the  deformity, 
was  afraid  to  whisper  the  secret  to  any 
one,  but,  not  being  able  to  contain  himselfc 


ASSAD. 


70 


ASTORETH. 


dug  a  hole  in  the  earth,  and,  putting  his 
mouth  into  it,  cried  out,  "King  Midas 
has  ass's  ears."  He  then  filled  up  the  hole, 
and  felt  relieved.  I'ennyson  malces  the 
barber  a  woman. 

No  livelier  than  the  dame 
That  whispered,  "  Asses'  ears  "  [sic],  among  the  sedge, 
•*  My  sister," 

The  Princess,  ii, 

As'sad,  son  of  Camaral'zaman  and 
Haiatal'nefous  (5  syl),  and  half-brother 
of  Amgiad  (son  of  Camaralzaman  and 
Badoura).  Each  of  the  two  mothers 
conceived  a  base  passion  for  the  other's 
son,  and,  when  the  young  men  repulsed 
their  advances,  accused  them  to  their 
father  of  gross  designs  upon  their  honour, 
Camaralzaman  commanded  his  vizier  to 
put  them  both  to  death;  but  instead  of 
doing  so,  he  conducted  them  out  of  the 
city,  and  told  them  not  to  return  to  their 
father's  kingdom  (the  island  of  Ebony). 
They  wandered  on  for  ten  days,  when 
Assad  went  to  a  city  in  sight  to  obtain 
provisions.  Here  he  was  entrapped  by  an 
old  fire-worshipper,  who  offered  him  hos- 
pitality, but  cast  him  into  a  dungeon,  in- 
tending to  offer  him  up  a  human  victim 
on  the  "  mountain  of  fire."  The  ship  in 
which  he  was  sent  being  driven  on  the 
coast  of  queen  Margiana,  Assad  was  sold 
to  her  at;  a  slave,  but  being  recaptured  was 
carried  back  to  his  old  dungeon.  Here 
Bosta'na,  one  of  the  old  man's  daughters, 
took  pity  on  him,  and  released  him  ;  and 
ere  long  Assad  married  queen  Margiana, 
while  Amgiad,  out  of  gratitude,  married 
Bostana. — A rabian  Nights  ( ' '  Amgiad  and 
Assad  "). 

As'sidos,  a  plant  in  the  country  of 
Prester  John.  It  not  only  protects  the 
wearer  from  evil  spirits,  but  forces  every 
spirit  to  tell  its  business. 

Astagf'oras,  a  female  fiend,  who  has 
the  power  of  raising  storms.— /"flwc- 
Jerusaletn  Delivered  (1575). 

Astar'te  {3  syl.),  the  Phoenician 
moon-goddess,  the  Astoreth  of  the 
Syrians. 

•y^'ith  these 
Came  Astoreth,  whom  the  Phoenicians  called 
Astarte,  queen  of  heaven,  with  crescent  horns. 
Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  i.  438  (1663). 

As'tarte  (2  syl),  an  attendant  on  the 
princess  Anna  Conine'na. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Count  Robert  of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Astarte  (2  or  3  syl.),  beloved  by  Man- 
fred,— Byron :  Manfred, 

We  think  of  Astarte  as  young,  beautiful,  innocent, — 
giiilty,  lost,  murdered,  judged,  pardoned  ;  but  still,  in 
tier  pcrniiited  visit  to  earth,  speaking  in  a  voice  of 


sorrow,  and  with  a  countenance  yet  pale  with  mortal 
trouble.  We  had  but  a  glimpse  of  her  in  her  beauty 
and  innocence,  but  at  last  she  rises  before  us  in  all 
the  mortal  silence  of  a  ghost,  with  fixed,  glazed,  and 
passionless  eyes,  revealing  death,  judgment,  and 
e.t&xxiwj.— Professor  Wilson. 

{2  syl.)  The  lady  Astarte  hist  Hush  !  who  comes  here t 
(3  -yf-)  •  •  •  The  same  Astarte?  No.  (iii.  4.)         [(iii.  4-) 

As'tery,  a  nymph  in  the  train  of 
Venus ;  the  lightest  of  foot  and  most 
active  of  all.  One  day  the  goddess, 
walking  abroad  with  her  nymphs,  bade 
them  go  gather  flowers.  Astery  gathered 
most  of  all ;  but  Venus,  in  a  fit  of 
jealousy,  turned  her  into  a  butterfly,  and 
threw  the  flowers  into  the  wings.  Since 
then  all  butterflies  have  borne  wings  of 
many  gay  colours. — Spenser:  Muiopotmos 
or  the  Butterfly's  Fate  (1590). 

Ast'olat,  Guildford,  in  Surrey. 
The  Lily  Maid  of  Astolat,  Elaine,  in 
Tennyson's  Idylls  of  tlie  King. 

Astol'plio,  the  English  cousin  of 
Orlando ;  his  father  was  Otho.  He  was 
a  great  boaster,  but  was  generous,  cour- 
teous, gay,  and  singularly  handsome. 
Astolpho  was  carried  to  Alci'na's  isle  on  the 
back  of  a  whale ;  and  when  Alcina  tired 
of  him,  she  changed  him  into  a  myrtle 
tree,  but  Melissa  disenchanted  him. 
Astolpho  descended  into  the  infernal 
regions  ;  he  also  went  to  the  moon,  to 
cure  Orlando  of  his  madness  by  bringing 
back  his  lost  wits  in  a  phial. — Ariosto : 
Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Astolpho  s  Book.  The  fairy  Log'istilla 
gave  him  a  book,  which  would  direct  him 
aright  in  all  his  journeyings,  and  give 
him  any  other  information  he  required. — 
Ariosto:  Orlando  Furioso,  viii. 

Astolpho' s  Horn.  The  gift  of  Logistilla. 
Whatever  man  or  beast  heard  it,  was 
seized  with  instant  panic,  and  became  an 
easy  captive. — Ariosto  :  Orlando  Furioso, 
viii. 

As 'ton  {Sir  Jacob),  a  cavalier  during 
the  Commonwealth  ;  one  of  the  partisans 
of  the  late  king. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Wood- 
stock (period,  Commonwealth). 

As 'ton  {Enrico).  So  Henry  Ashtori 
is  called  in  Donizetti's  opera  of  Lucia  di 
Lammermoor  (1835).     (See  Ashton.) 

As'torax,  king  of  Paphos  and 
brother  of  the  princess  Calis. — John 
Fletcher:  The  Mad  Lover  (1617). 

As'toretL.,  the  moon-goddess  of 
Syrian  mythology ;  called  by  Jeremiah, 
"the  Queen  of  Heaven,"  and  by  the 
Phoenicians,  "Astar'tS."  (See  ASHTA- 
ROTII,  p.  68,) 


ASTR.^A. 


ATALA. 


With  these  [tfu  host  0/ heaven]  in  troop 
Came  Astoreth,  whom  the  I'hoenicians  calloj 
Astartd,  queen  of  heaven,  with  crescent  horns. 
MUtoH  :  J'araiiise  Lost,  i.  438  (1665). 

(Milton  does  not  always  preserve  the 
difference  between  Ashtaroth  and  Asto- 
reth;  for  he  speaks  of  the  "  moonM 
Ashtaroth,  heaven's  queen  and  mother.") 
AstrSB'a,  Mrs.  Aphra  Eelin,  an 
authoress.  Slie  published  the  story  of 
Prince  Oroonoka  (died  1689). 

The  stage  how  loosely  does  Astraea  tread ! 

rope. 

Hymns  of  Astrcea,  a  series  of  twenty- 
six  acrostics  in  honour  of  queen  EUza- 
beth,  by  sir  John  Davies  (1570-1626). 

As'tragfon,  the  philosopher  and  great 
physician,  by  whom  Gondibert  and  his 
friends  were  cured  of  the  wounds  re- 
ceived in  the  faction  fight  stirred  up  by 
prince  Oswald.  Astragon  had  a  splendid 
library  and  museum.  One  room  was 
called  "  Great  Nature's  Office,"  another 
"  Nature's  Nursery,"  and  the  library  was 
called  "The  Monument  of  Vanished 
Mind."  Astragon  (the  poet  says)  dis- 
covered the  loadstone  and  its  use  in 
navigation.  He  had  one  child,  Bertha, 
who  loved  duke  Gondibert,  and  to  whom 
she  was  promised  in  marriage.  The  tale 
being  unfinished,  the  sequel  is  not  known. 
— Davenant:  Gondibert  (died  1668). 

Astree  (2  syl.),  a  pastoral  romance 
by  Honore  D'Urf(5  (1616),  very  cele- 
brated for  giving  birth  to  the  pastoral 
school,  which  had  for  a  time  an  over- 
whelming power  on  literature,  dress,  and 
amusements.  Pastoral  romance  had  re- 
appeared in  Portugal  fully  sixty  years 
previously  in  the  pastoral  romance  of 
Monteraayer  called  Diana  (1552);  and 
Longos,  in  the  fifteenth  century,  had  pro- 
duced a  beautiful  prose  pastoral  called 
The  Loves  of  Dap/mis  and  Chloe,  but 
both  these  pastorals  stand  alone,  while 
that  of  D'Urf6  is  the  beginning  of  a 
long  series. 

(The  Romance  of  Astree  is  very  cele- 
brated.) 

Astrin^er,  a  falconer.  Shakespeare 
introduces  an  astringer  in  Alfs  Well  that 
Ends  Well,  act  v.  sc.  i.  (From  the  French 
austour,  Latin  austercus,  "a  goshawk.") 
A  "gentle  astringer"  is  a  gentleman- 
falconer. 

We  usually  call  a  falconer  who  keeps  that  kind  of 
hawk  [the  goshawk]  an  austringer.— Cowf//  ;  Law 
Dictionary. 

As'tro-fiamman'te  (5  syl.),  queen 
of  the  night.  The  word  means  "  flaming 
Star." — Mozart:  Die  Zaiiberfote  (1791). 


Astronomer  (^The),  in  Rasselas,  an 
old  enthusiast,  who  believed  himself  to 
have  the  control  and  direction  of  th.i 
weather.  He  leaves  Imlac  his  successor, 
but  implores  him  not  to  interfere  with 
the  constituted  order. 

"  I  have  possessed,"  said  ho  to  Imlac,  "  for  five  years 
the  regulation  of  the  weather,  and  the  distribution  of 
the  seasons:  the  sun  has  listened  to  my  dictates,  and 
passed  from  tropic  to  tropic  by  my  direction ;  the 
clouds,  at  my  call,  have  poured  their  waters,  and  the 
Nile  has  overflowed  at  my  command ;  I  have  restrained 
the  rage  of  the  Dog-star,  and  mitigated  the  fervour  oi 
the  Crab.  The  winds  alone  .  .  .  have  hitherto  refused 
my  authority.  ...  I  am  the  first  of  human  beings  to 
whom  this  trust  lias  been  imparted." — Dr.  Johnson  : 
Rasselas,  xli.-xliii.  (I759^ 

As'trophel,  sir  Philip  Sidi:;ey. 
"  Phil.  Sid."  maybe  a  contraction  oiphilos 
sidtis,  and  the  Latin  sidus  being  changed 
to  the  Greek  dstron,  we  get  astron  philos 
("star-lover").  The  "star"  he  loved 
was  Penelope  Devereux,  whom  he  calls 
Stella  ("star"),  and  to  whom  he  was 
betrothed.  Spenser  wrote  a  pastoral  elegy 
called  Astrophel,  to  the  memory  of  sir 
Philip  Sidney. 

Rut  while  as  Astrophel  did  live  and  reign, 

Amongst  all  swains  was  none  his  paragon. 

Spenser:  Colin  Clouts  Come  Home  Ag^ain  (1591). 

Astsm'ome  (4  syl.)   or  Chryseis, 

daughter  of  Chryses  priest  of  Apollo. 
When  Lyrnessus  was  taken,  AstynomS 
fell  to  the  share  of  Agamemnon,  but  tlie 
father  begged  to  be  allowed  to  ransom 
her.  Agamemnon  refused  to  comply. 
Whereupon  the  priest  invoked  the  anger 
of  his  patron  god,  and  Apollo  sent  a 
plague  into  the  Grecian  camp.  This  was 
the  cause  of  contention  between  Aga- 
memnon*,and  Achilles,  and  forms  the 
subject  of  Homer's  epic  The  Iliad. 

As'wad,  son  of  Shedad  king  of  Ad. 
When  the  angel  of  death  destroyed 
Shedad  and  all  his  subjects,  Aswad  was 
saved  aUve  because  he  had  shown  mercy 
to  a  camel  which  had  been  bound  to  a 
tomb  to  starve  to  death,  that  it  might 
serve  its  master  on  the  day  of  resurrec- 
tion.— Southey :  Thalaba  the  Destroyer 
{1797). 

Asylum  Chris'ti.  So  England  was 
called  by  the  Camisards  during  the 
scandalous  religious  persecutions  of  the 
"Grand  Monarque"  (Louis  XIV.). 

Atabalipa,  the  last  emperor  of  Peru, 
subdued  by  Pizarro,  the  Spanish  general. 
Milton  refers  to  him  in  Paradise  Lost,  xi. 
409  (1665). 

At'ala,  the  name  of  a  novel  by 
Fran9ois  Ren6  Chateaubriand.  It  was 
published  in  i8oi,  and  created  universal 


ATALANTA. 


ATHENA. 


admiration.  Like  his  novel  called  Reni, 
it  was  designed  as  an  episode  to  his 
GSniedu  Christianisme.  His  wanderings 
through  the  priniceval  woods  of  North 
America  are  described  ia  Acala  and  Rend 
also. 

(This  has  nothing  to  do  with  Atiila, 
king  of  the  Huns  (by  Corneille) ;  nor  with 
Athalie,  queen  of  Judah,  the  subject  of 
Racine's  great  tragedy.) 

Atalauta,  of  Arcadia,  wished  to 
remain  single,  and  therefore  gave  out 
that  she  would  marry  no  one  who  could 
not  outstrip  her  in  running  ;  but  if  any 
challenged  her  and  lost  the  race,  he  was 
to  lose  his  hfe.  Hippom'en^s  won  the 
race  by  throwing  down  golden  apples, 
which  Atalanta  kept  stopping  to  pick  up. 
William  Morris  has  chosen  this  for  one  of 
his  tales  in  \.\vt  Earthly  Paradise  (March). 

In  short,  she  thus  appeared  like  another  Atalant.i.— 
Comlesse  D'Aulnoy  :  Fairy  7a/M  ("  Fortunio,"  1682). 

Atalanta  in  Calydon.  A  dramatic 
poem  by  Algernon  C.  Swinburne  (1864). 

Atalantis.  "Secret  Memoirs  of 
Persons  of  Quality  "  in  the  court  of  1688, 
by  Mrs.  de  la  Riviere  Manley  (1736).  It 
is  full  of  party  scandal ;  not  unfrequently 
new  minting  old  lies. 

As  long  as  Atalantis  shall  be  read. 

Popt :  Rape  of  the  Lock. 

Atalilia,  the  inca  of  Peru,  most 
dearly  beloved  by  his  subjects,  on  whom 
Pizarro  made  war.  An  old  man  says  of 
the  inca — 

The  virtues  of  our  monarch  alike  secure  to  him  the 
affection  of  his  people  and  the  benign  regard  of  Heaven. 
—Sheridan  :  Pizarro,  ii.  4  (from  Kotzebue),  (1799). 

Atba'ra  or  Black  River,  called  the 
"dark  mother  of  Egypt."  (See  Black 
River.) 

Ate  (2  syl. ),  goddess  of  revenge. 

With  him  along  is  come  the  mother-queen. 
An  Ate,  stirring  him  to  blood  and  strife. 
Sliakespeare  :  Kiytg  John,  act  ii.  sc.  i  (1596). 

Ate  (2  syL),  "mother  of  debate  and 
all  dissension,"  the  friend  of  Duessa. 
She  squinted,  lied  with  a  false  tongue, 
and  maligned  even  the  best  of  beings. 
Her  abode,  "far  underground  hard  by 
the  gates  of  hell,"  is  described  at  length 
in  bk.  iv.  i.  When  sir  Blandamour  was 
challenged  by  Braggadoccio  (canto  4), 
the  terms  of  the  contest  were  that  the 
conqueror  should  have  "Florimel,"  and 
tlie  other  "the  old  hag  AtS,"  who  was 
always  to  ride  beside  him  till  he  could 
pass  her  off  to  another.— 5/«»J^r.'  Faerie 
Queene,  iv.  (1596). 


Atell'an  Fables  {The),  in  Latin 
Atella'nce  Fabulce,  a  species  of  farce  per- 
formed by  the  ancient  Romans,  and  so 
called  from  Atella,  in  Campania.  They 
differed  from  comedy  because  no  magis- 
trates or  persons  of  rank  were  introduced  ; 
they  differed  from  the  tabernarice  or  genre 
drama,  because  domestic  life  was  not 
represented  in  them;  and  they  differed 
from  the  mimes,  because  there  was  neither 
buffoonery  nor  ribaldry.  They  were  not 
performed  by  professional  actors,  but  by 
Roman  citizens  of  rank  ;  were  written  in 
the  Oscan  language  ;  and  were  distin- 
guished for  their  refined  humour. 

They  were  supposed  to  be  directly  derived  from  the 
ancient  mimi  of  the  Atellan  Fables.— 5co// ,•  Tk* 
Drama, 

A'tha,  a  country  in  Connaught,  which 
for  a  time  had  its  own  chief,  and  some- 
times usurped  the  throne  of  Ireland. 
Thus  Cairbar  (lord  of  Atha)  usurped  the 
throne,  but  was  disseated  by  Fingal,  who 
restored  Conar  king  of  Ulster.  The  war 
of  Fingal  with  Cairbar  is  the  subject  of 
the  Ossianic  poem  Tem'ora,  so  called 
from  the  palace  of  that  name  where 
Cairbar  murdered  king  Cormac,  The 
kings  of  the  Fir-bolg  were  called  "lords 
of  Atha." — Ossian. 

Ath'alie  (3  syl.),  daughter  of  Ahah 
and  Jezebel,  and  wife  of  Joram  king  of 
Judah.  She  massacred  all  the  remnant 
of  the  house  of  David  ;  but  Joash  escaped, 
and  six  years  afterwards  was  proclaimed 
king.  Athalie,  attracted  by  the  shouts, 
went  to  the  temple,  and  was  killed  by  the 
mob.  This  forms  the  subject  and  title  of 
Racine's  chef-d' auvre  (1691),  and  was 
Mdlle.  Rachel's  great  part. 

(Racine's  tragedy  of  Athalie,  queen  of 
Judah,  must  not  be  confounded  with 
Corneille's  tragedy  oi  Attila,  king  of  the 
Huns  ;  nor  with  Atala,  q.v.) 

Atheist's  Tragedy  {The)-,  by  Cyril 
Tourneur.  The  "atheist"  is  D'Amville, 
who  murdered  his  brother  Montferrers  for 
his  estates  (i6ii). 

Ath'elstane  (3  syl.),  sumamed  "  The 
Unready,"  thane  of  Coningsburgh. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

•.•  "  Unready"  does  not  mean  unpre- 
pared, but  injudicious  (from  Anglo-Saxon., 
reed,  "wisdom,  counsel"). 

Atlie'na  {Juno']  once  meant  "  the  air," 
but  in  Homer  this  goddess  is  the  repre- 
sentative of  civic  prudence  and  military 
skill.  Athena,  in  Greek  mythology,  is 
the  armed  protectress  of  states  and  cities. 


ATHEN^UM. 

Athenaeum  ( T/^^),  "a  Magazine  of 
l/iterary  and  Miscellaneous  Informa- 
tion," edited  by  John  Aikin  (1807-1809). 

Re-started  by  James  Silk  Buckingham 
in  1829. 

Athe'nian  Bee.  Plato  was  so  called 
from  the  honeyed  sweetness  of  his  com- 
position. It  is  said  that  a  bee  settled  on 
his  lips  while  he  was  an  infant  asleep  in 
his  cradle,  and  indicated  that  "  honeyed 
words"  would  fall  from  his  hps,  and  flow 
from  his  pen.  Sophocles  is  called  "  The 
Attic  Bee." 

Atheuodo'rus,  the  Stoic,  told  Augus- 
tus the  best  way  to  restrain  unruly  anger 
is  to  repeat  the  alphabet  before  giving 
way  to  it. 

The  sacred  line  he  did  but  once  repeat. 
And  laid  the  storm,  and  cooled  the  raging  heat. 
Tickell:  The  Horn-book. 

Ath'ens. 

German  Athens,  Saxe-Weimar. 

Athens  of  Ireland,  Belfast. 

Modern  Athens,  Y.(!!M{!o\iX^,  So  called 
from  its  resemblance  to  the  Acropolis, 
when  viewed  from  the  sea  opposite. — 
Willis. 

Moha?nmedan  Athens,  Bagdad  in  the 
time  of  Haroun-al-Raschid. 

Athens  of  the  New  World,  Boston, 
noted  for  its  literature  and  literary  institu- 
tions. 

Athens  of  the  North,  Copenhagen,  un- 
rivalled (for  its  size)  in  the  richness  of  its 
literary  and  antique  stores,  the  number  of 
its  societies  for  the  encouragement  of  arts, 
sciences,  and  general  learning,  together 
with  the  many  illustrious  names  on  the 
roll  of  its  citizenship. 

Athens  of  Switzerland,  Zurich.  So  called 
from  the  number  of  protestant  refugees 
who  resorted  thither,  and  inundated 
Europe  with  their  works  on  controversial 
divinity.  Coverdale's  Bible  was  printed 
at  Zurich  in  1535 ;  here  Zuinglius 
preached,  and  here  Lavater  lived. 

Athens  of  the  West.  Cor' dova,  in  Spain, 
was  so  called  in  the  Middle  Ages. 

Ath'liot,  the  most  wretched  of  all 
women. 

Her  comfort  Is  fif  for  her  any  be), 
That  none  could  show  more  cause  of  grief  than  she. 
/•K  Browiu  :  Britannia's  Pastorals,  ii.  5  (1613). 

Ath'os.  Dinoc'ratSs,  a  sculptor,  pro- 
posed to  Alexander  to  hew  mount  Athos 
into  a  statue  representing  the  great  con- 
queror, with  a  city  in  his  left  hand,  and  a 
basin  in  his  right  to  receive  all  the  waters 
which  flowed  from  the  mountain.  Alex- 
ander greatly  approved  of  the  suggestion, 
but  objected  to  the  locality. 


73  ATOM. 

And  hew  out  a  huge  monument  of  pathos- 
As  Philip's  son  proposed  to  do  witli  Athos. 

Bryon  :  Don  yuan,  xii.  86. 

Athos  is  one  of  the  musketeers  in 
Three  Musketeers,  by  Dumas. 

Athtiu'ree,  in  Connaught,  where  was 
fought  the  great  battle  between  Felim 
O'Connor  on  the  side  of  the  Irish,  and 
William  de  Bourgo  on  the  side  of  the 
English.  The  Irish  lost  10,000  men,  and 
the  whole  tribe  of  the  O'Connors  fell  ex- 
cept Fe'lim's  brother,  who  escaped  alive. 

Athtin'ree  {Lord),  a  libertine  with 
broken  coffers ;  a  man  of  pleasure,  who 
owned  "no  curb  of  honour,  and  who 
possessed  no  single  grace  but  valour." 
— Knowles:   Woman's  Wit  {1838). 

Atimtis,  Baseness  of  mind  personified 
in  IVie  Purple  Island  (1633),  by  Phineas 
Fletcher.  "A  careless,  idle  swain  .  .  . 
his  work  to  eat,  drink,  sleep,  and  purge 
his  reins."  Fully  described  in  canto  viii. 
(Greek,  atlmos,  "  one  dishonoured.") 

A'tin  [Strife),  the  squire  of  Pyr'- 
ochles. — Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  ii.  4, 
5.  6  (1590). 

Atlante'an  Shoulders,  shoulders 
broad  and  strong,  like  those  of  Atlas, 
which  support  the  world. 

Sage  he  [Beelzebubl  stood. 
With  Atlantean  shoulders,  fit  to  bear 
The  weight  of  mightiest  monarchies. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  ii.  303  (1665). 

Atlantes  (3  syl.),  the  magician  and 
sage  who  educated  Rogero  in  all  manly 
virtues. — Ariosto:  Orlando  Furioso{i^i6), 

Atlan'tis.  Lord  Bacon  wrote  an 
allegorical  fiction  called  Atlantis,  or  The 
New  Atlantis.  It  is  an  island  in  the 
Atlantic,  on  which  the  author  feigns  that 
he  was  wrecked.  There  found  he  every 
model  arrangement  for  the  promotion  of 
science  and  the  perfection  of  man  as  a 
social  being. 

A  moral  country?    But  I  hold  my  hand— 
For  I  disdain  to  write  an  Atalaiitis  \sic\ 

Byron  :  Don  Juan,  xi.  87. 

Atlas'Shoulders.enormousstrength. 

Atlas  king  of  Mauritania  is  said  to  sup- 
port the  world  on  his  shoulders. 

Change  thy  shape  and  shake  off  age  .  .  .  Get  thee 
Medea's  kettle  (q»v.)  and  be  boiled  anew,  come  forth 
with  .  .  .  callous  hands,  a  chine  of  steel,  and  Atlas' 
shoulders. — Con^reve:  Love Jor  Love,  iv.  (1695). 

Atom  {The  History  and  Adventures  of 
an),  by  Smollett  (1769).  A  satire  on  the 
political  parties  of  England  from  1754  to 
the  dissolution  of  lord  Chatham's  ad- 
ministration. Chatham  himself  is  severely 
handled. 


ATOSSA.  74 

Atossa.  It  is  doubtful  to  whom  Pope 
alludes  in  his  Moral  Essays,  ii.— 

But  what  are  these  to  great  Atossa's  mind! 

Atossa,  daughter  of  Cyrus,  was  the 
wife  of  Darius  Hystaspis,  and  their  son 
was  Xerxes.  As  Xerxes  was  the  son  of 
Ahasuerus  and  Vashti  {Old  Testaine7ii), 
and  Vashti  was  the  daughter  of  Cyrus, 
it  would  seem  that  Ahasuerus  was  the 
same  as  Darius,  and  Vashti  as  A  fossa. 

'.•  It  is  supposed  that  Pope  referred 
either  to  the  duchess  of  Marlborough  or 
to  the  duchess  of  Buckingham.  He  calls 
the  former  Sappho,  but  Sappho's  great 
friend  was  Atthis,  not  Atossa. 

At'roDOS,  one  of  the  Fates,  w^hose 
office  it  was  to  cut  the  thread  of  life  with 
a  pair  of  scissors. 

.  .  .  nor  shines  the  knife, 
Nor  shears  of  Atropos  before  their  vision. 

Byron  :  Don  Jiiart,  ii.  64. 

Attala's  Wife,  Cerca. 

Attic  Bee  {The\  SophoclSs  (b.c. 
495-405).  Plato  is  called  ' '  The  Athe'nian 
Bee." 

Attic  Boy  {The),  referred  to  by 
Milton  in  his  //  Penseroso,  is  Ceph'alus 
or  Kephalos,  beloved  by  Aurora  (Morn), 
but  married  to  Pro'cris.  He  was  passion- 
ately fond  of  hunting. 

Till  civil-suited  Morn  apoear, 

Not  tricked  and  flounced,  as  she  was  wont 

With  the  Attic  boy  to  hunt. 

But  kerchiefed  in  a  comely  cloud. 

//  Penseroso  (1638). 

Attic  Muse  {The),  Xenophon,  the 
historian  (B.C.  444-359). 

At'ticus  ( The  English),  Joseph  Addi- 
son (1672-1719). 

Who  but  must  laug-h  if  such  a  man  there  be. 
Who  would  not  weep  if  Atticus  were  he? 

Pope:  Prologue  to  Oie  Satires. 

The  Christian  Atticus,  Reginald  Heber, 
bishop  of  Calcutta  (1783-1826). 

The  Irish  Atticus.  George  Faulkner 
(1700-1775)  is  satirized  under  this  name 
in  a  series  of  letters  by  the  earl  of 
Chesterfield. 

At'tila,  one  of  the  tragedies  of  Pierre 
Corneille  (1667).  This  king  of  the  Huns, 
usually  called  the  "Scourge  of  God," 
must  not  be  confounded  with  "Athalie," 
daughter  of  Jezebel  and  wife  of  Joram, 
the  subject  and  title  of  Racine's  chef- 
d'ceuvre,  and  Mdlle.  Rachel's  chief 
character. 

Attreba'tes  (4  jt/.),  Drayton  makes 
it  3  syl.     The  Attrebates  inhabited  part 


AUBRI'S  DOG. 

of  Hampshire  and  Berkshire.  The  primary 
city  was  Calleba  {Silchester). — Richard 
of  Cirencester,  vi.  10. 

The  Attrebates  in  Bark  unto  the  bank  of  Thames. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xvi.  (1612). 

•  .*  "  In  Bark  "  means  in  Berkshire. 

AtyS,  a  Phrygian  shepherd,  trans- 
formed into  a  fir  tree.  Catullus  wrote  a 
poem  in  Latin  on  the  subject,  and  his 
poem  has  been  translated  into  English 
by  Leigh  Hunt  (1784-1859). 

•.•  William  Whitehead  (1715-1785) 
wrote  an  heroic  poem  entitled  Atys  and 
Adrastus ;  but  this  Atys  was  quite 
another  person.  The  Phrygian  shepherd 
was  son  of  Nana,  but  Whitehead's  Atys 
was  son  of  Croesus.  The  former  was 
metamorphosed  by  Cybele  (3  syl.)  into 
a  fir  tree ;  the  latter  was  slain  by  Adrastos 
(not  the  king  of  Argos,  but  son  of 
Gordius),  who  accidentally  killed  him 
while  hunting,  and  was  so  distressed  at 
the  accident  that  he  put  an  end  to  his 
own  life. 

AubeiH;  {Thirhe),  the  chief  charac- 
ter of  a  romance  by  C.  Nodier  (1819). 
The  story  contains  the  adventures  of  a 
young  royalist  in  the  French  Revolution, 
who  disguised  himself  in  female  attire  to 
escape  discovery. 

Aubrey,  a  widower  for  18  years. 
At  the  death  of  his  wife  he  committed 
his  infant  daughter  to  the  charge  of  Mr. 
Bridgemore  a  merchant,  and  lived  abroad. 
He  returned  to  London  after  an  absence 
of  18  years,  and  found  that  Bridgemore 
had  abused  his  trust ;  and  his  daughter 
had  been  obliged  to  quit  the  house  and 
seek  protection  with  a  Mr.  Mortimer. 

Augusta  Aubrey,  daughter  of  Mr. 
Aubrey,  in  love  with  Francis  Tyrrel,  the 
nephew  of  Mr.  Mortimer.  She  is  snubbed 
and  persecuted  by  the  vulgar  Lucinda 
Bridgemore,  and  most  wantonly  per- 
secuted by  lord  Abberville ;  but  after 
passing  through  many  a  most  painful 
visitation,  she  is  happily  married  to  the 
man  of  her  choice. — Cumberland :  The 
Fashionable  Lover  (1780). 

Au'bri's  Dog  showed  a  most  un- 
accountable hatred  to  Richard  de  Macaire, 
snarling  and  flying  at  him  whenever  he 
appeared  in  sight.  Now,  Aubri  had 
been  murdered  by  some  one  in  the  forest 
of  Bondy,  and  this  animosity  of  the  dog 
directed  suspicion  towards  Richnrd  de 
Macaire.  Richard  was  taken  up,  and 
condemned  to  single  combat  with  the 
dog,   by  whom   he  was    killed.     In  his 


AUBURN. 


75 


AUGUSTAN  AGE. 


dying  moments  he  confessed  himself  to 
be  the  murderer  of  Aubri.     (See  Dog.) 

Le  combat  entre  Macaire  et  lo  chien  eut  lieu  k  Paris, 
flans  rile  Louviers.  On  place  ce  fait  mencilleux  en 
1 37 1,  mais  ...  il  est  bien  ant^rieur,  car  il  est  men- 
tionni  dis  le  sitcle  priicddent  par  Albino  des  Trois- 
1  ontaincs.— ^oj«V/f/  .•  Diet.  Universal,  etc. 

Auburn,  the  name  of  Goldmith's 
Deserted  Village.  Supposed  to  be  Lissoy, 
in  Kilkenny  West,  Ireland,  where  Gold- 
smith's father  was  the  pastor. 

Sweet  Auburn,  loveliest  village  of  the  plain. 

Goldsmith  :  The  Deserted  Villaj^e  (1770). 

Auch'termtich'ty  [John),  the  Kin- 
ross Ciirrier.— 5z>  W.  Scott:  The  Abbot 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

AudliTun"bla,  the  cow  created  by 
Surt  to  nourish  Ymir.  She  supplied  him 
with  four  rivers  of  milk,  and  was  herself 
nourished  by  licking  dew  from  the  rocks. 
— Scandinavian  Mythology. 

Andley.  Is  John  Audley  here  f  In 
Richardson's  travelling  theatrical  booth 
this  question  was  asked  aloud,  to  signify 
that  the  performance  was  to  be  brought 
to  a  close  as  soon  as  possible,  as  the 
platform  was  crowded  with  new-comers, 
waiting  to  be  admitted  (1766-1836). 

^  The  same  question  was  asked  by 
Shuter  (in  1759),  whose  travelling  com- 
pany preceded  Richardson's. 

Au'drey,  a  country  wench,  who  jilted 
William  for  Touchstone.  She  is  an  ex- 
excellent  specimen  of  a  wondering  she- 
gawky.  She  thanks  the  gods  that  "she 
is  foul,"  and  if  to  be  poetical  is  not  to  be 
honest,  she  thanks  the  gods  also  that 
"she  is  not  poetical." — Shakespeare :  As 
You  Like  It  \iS9^). 
The  character  of  "Audrey,"  that  of  a  female  fool, 


should  not  have  been  assumed  [i.e.  bv  Miss  Pope,  in 

her  last  appearance  in  public];  the  la;     "" 

farewell  address  was,  "And  now  poor  Audrey  bids  you 


last  line  of  the 


all  farewell "  (May  26,  iZcSl.—j/'anies  Smith  :  Memoirs, 
etc.  (1840). 

Au'gean  Stables.  Auggas  king  of 
the  Epeans,  in  Ehs,  kept  3000  oxen  for 
thirty  years  in  stalls  which  were  never 
cleansed.  It  was  one  of  the  twelve 
labours  of  Her'culSs  to  cleanse  these 
stables  in  one  day.  This  he  accomplished 
by  letting  two  rivers  into  them. 

If  the  Augrcan  stable  \of  drajnatic  iinpurityl  was 
not  sufficiently  cleansed,  the  stream  of  public  opinion 
was  fairly  directed  against  its  conglomerated  impuri- 
ties.—5jy  W.  Scott:  The  Drama. 

AUGUSTA.  London  [Trinoban- 
tina\  was  so  called  by  the  Romans. 

AVhere  full  in  view  Augusta's  spires  are  seen, 
With  flowery  lawns  and  waving  woods  between, 
A  humble  habitation  rose,  beside 
Where  Thames  meandering  rolls  his  ample  tide. 
Falconer  :  The  Ship-wreck,  i.  3  (1736). 


Augfus'ta,  mother  of  Gustavus  Vasa. 
She  is  a  prisoner  of  Christian  II.  king  of 
Denmark ;  but  the  king  promises  to  set 
her  free  if  she  will  induce  her  son  (Gusta- 
vus) to  submission.  Augusta  refuses.  In 
the  war  which  followed,  Gustavus  defeated 
Christian,  and  became  king  of  Sweden. 
— //.  Brooke;  Gustavus  Vasa  (1730). 

Augtista,  a  title  conferred  by  the 
Roman  emperors  on  their  wives,  sisters, 
daughters,  mothers,  and  even  concubines. 
It  had  to  be  conferred  ;  for  even  the  wife 
of  an  Augustus  was  not  an  Augusta  until 
after  her  coronation. 

1.  Empresses.  Livia  and  Julia  were 
both  Augusta;  so  were  Julia  (wife  of 
Tiberius),  Messalina,  Agrippina,  Octavia, 
Poppsea,  Statilia,  Sabina,  Domitilla, 
Domitia,  and  Faustina.  In  imperials  the 
wife  of  an  emperor  is  spoken  of  as 
Augusta:  Serenissiina  Augusta  conjux 
7wstra ;  Divina  Augusta,  etc.  But  the 
title  had  to  be  conferred  ;  hence  we  read, 
"  Domitian  uxorem  suam  Augustam 
jussit  nuncupari ;  "  and  "  Flavia  Titiana, 
eadem  die,  uxor  ejus  [i.e.  Pertinax] 
Augusta  est  appellata." 

2.  Mothers  or  Grandmothers.  An- 
tonia,  grandmother  of  Caligula,  was 
created  Augusta.  Claudius  made  his 
mother  Antonia  Augusta  after  her  death. 
Heliogab'alus  had  coins  inscribed  with 
"  Juha  Massa  Augusta,"  in  honour  of  his 
grandmother  ;  Mammsea,  mother  of  Alex- 
ander Severus,  is  styled  Augusta  on 
coins;  and  so  is  Hel6na,  mother  of 
Constantine. 

3.  Sisters.  Honorius  speaks  of  his 
sister  as  "  venerabilis  Augusta  germana 
nostra."  Trajan  has  coins  inscribed  with 
"  Diva  Marciana  Azigusta." 

4.  Daughters.  Mallia  Scantilla  the 
wife,  and  Didia  the  daughter  of  Didius 
Julianus,  were  both  Augusta.  Titus  in- 
scribed on  coins  his  daughter  as  ' '  Julia 
Sabina  Augusta  ;  "  there  are  coins  of  the 
emperor  Decius  inscribed  with  ' '  Hercnnia 
EtrusciWa.  Augusta,"  and  "  Sallustia  ^«- 
gusta,"  sisters  of  the  emperor  Decius. 

5.  Others.  Matidia,  niece  of  Trajan, 
is  called  Augusta  on  coins ;  Constantine 
Monomachus  called  his  concubine  Au- 
gusta. 

Augusta,  the  lady  to  'whom  lord 
Byron,  in  1816,  addressed  several  stanzas 
and  epistles.  She  was  a  relative,  and 
married  colonel  Leigh. 

Augns'tan  Age,  the  golden  age  of 
a  people's  hterature,  so  called  because. 


AUGUSTINA. 


76  AUSTRIA  AND  THE  LION'S  HIDE. 


while  Augustus  was  emperor,  Rome  was 
noted  for  its  literary  giants. 

The  Augustan  Age  of  England,  the 
Elizabethan  period.  That  of  Anne  is 
called  the  "  Silver  Age." 

TJu  Augustan  Age  of  France,  that  of 
Louis  XIV.  (1610-1740). 

The  Augustan  Age  of  Germany,  nine- 
teenth century. 

The  Augustan  Age  of  Portugal,  from 
John  the  Great  to  John  III.  (1385-1557). 
In  this  period  Brazil  was  occupied ;  the 
African  coast  explored  ;  the  sea-route  to 
India  was  traversed  ;  and  Camoens 
flourished. 

Au^sti'na,  the  Maid  of  Saragoza. 
She  was  only  22  when,  her  lover  being 
shot,  she  mounted  the  battery  in  his 
place  ;  and  the  French,  after  a  siege  of 
two  months,  were  obliged  to  retreat, 
August  15,  1808. 

Such  were  the  exploits  of  the  Maid  of  Sarajjoza,  who 
fey  her  valour  elevated  herself  to  the  highest  rank  of 
heroines.  When  the  author  was  at  Seville,  she  walked 
daily  on  the  Prado,  decorated  with  medals  and  orders, 
by  order  of  the  Junta. — Byron. 

Augustine.  The  Ladder  of  St.  Au- 
gustine, a  poem  by  Longfellow. 

Augustus   Dunshtmner,  W.   E. 

Aytoun  (1813-1865). 

Auld  Iiang  Syne.  Robert  Burns,  in 
a  letter  to  Mr.  Thomson,  dated  September, 
1793,  says,  "  One  song  more,  and  I  have 
done.  'Auld  Lang  Syne.'  The  air  is 
but  mediocre,  but  .  .  .  the  old  song  .  ,  . 
which  has  never  been  in  print,  nor  even 
in  MS.  until  I  took  it  down  from  an  old 
i-nan'.s  singing,  is  enough  to  recommend 
any  air." 

Auld  Robin  Gray  was  written 
(1771)  by  lady  Anne  Barnard,  to  raise  a 
little  money  for  an  old  nurse.  Lady 
Anne's  maiden  name  wns  Lindsay,  and 
her  father  was  earl  of  Balcarras. 

Aullay,  a  monster  horse  with  an 
elephant's  trunk.  The  creature  is  as 
much  bigger  than  an  elephant  as  an 
elephant  is  larger  than  a  sheep.  King 
Baly  of  India  rode  on  an  aullay. 

The  aullay,  hug^cst  of  four-footed  kind. 

The  aullay-horse,  that  in  his  force, 
With  elephantine  trunk,  could  bind 
And  lift  the  elephant,  and  on  the  wind 
Whirl  him  away,  with  sway  and  swiiij,'. 
E'en  like  a  pebble  from  a  practised  slingf. 
SoiUlicy  :  Curse  0/ Kehama,  xvi.  2  (1809). 

Aumerle  \0-murV\  a  French  corrup- 
tion of  Albemarle  (in  Normandy). 

Aurelia  Darnel,  in  Smollett's  novel 
©f    Sir   Launcelot    Greaves.      His   best 


female  character.     She  is  both  lady-like 
and  womanly. 

Aurelius.    (See  Arviragus,  p.  65.  ) 

Aurelius,  elder  brother  of  Uther  the 
pendragon,  and  uncle  of  Arthur  ;  but  he 
died  before  the  hero  was  bom. 

Even  sicke  of  a  flixe  \ill  of  the  flnx\  as  he  was,  he 
caused  himself  to  be  carried  forth  on  a  litter;  with 
whose  presence  the  people  were  so  encouraged,  that 
encountering  with  the  Saxons  they  wan  the  victorie.— 
liolinshed:  History  ofScoiland,  99. 
.  .  .  once  I  read 
That  stout  Pendragon  on  his  litter  sick 
Came  to  the  field,  and  vanquished  his  foes. 
Shakespeare  :  i  Henry  VI.  act  ilL  sc.  2  (1589). 

Aurora  Leigh,  a  novel  in  blank 
verse  by  Elizabeth  B.  Browning  (1856). 
Aurora  Leigh  is  an  orphan  child  sent  from 
Italy  to  the  care  of  an  aunt  in  England. 
She  falls  in  love  with  Romney  Leigh,  a 
' '  social  reformer,"  who  proposes  marriage, 
but  is  rejected.  Romney  then  gives  him- 
self up  to  socialistic  work,  and  has  a 
child  by  Marian  Erie  (a  working  girl). 
He  would  have  married  her,  but  was  pre- 
vented by  lady  Waldemar.  Aurora,  in 
the  mean  time,  being  left  penniless  by  the 
death  of  her  aunt,  supports  herself  by  her 
writings,  goes  to  Italy,  and  takes  charge 
of  Marian's  child.  Romney  sets  up  a 
socialistic  establishment,  but  the  house 
is  burnt  down  by  the  settlers ;  Romney 
loses  his  eyesight,  retires  to  Italy,  comes 
upon  Marian,  and  offers  her  marriage  to 
compensate  for  the  evil  he  has  done  her. 
His  proposal  is  rejected,  and  he  finally 
marries  Aurora  Leigh. 

Aurora  Raby,  a  wealthy  English 
orphan,  a  "rose  with  all  its  sweetest 
leaves  yet  unfolded." — Byron  :  Don  yuan, 
canto  XV. 

Auro'ra's  Tears,  the  morning  dew. 
These  tears  are  shed  for  the  death  of  her 
son  Memnon,  slain  by  Achillas  at  the 
siege  of  Troy. 

Auso'nia,  Italy,  so  called  from  Au- 
son,  son  of  Ulysses. 

.  .  .  romantic  Spain,— 
Gay  lilied  fields  of  France,  or  more  refined. 
The  soft  Ausonia's  monumental  reign. 
Campbell:  Gerirude  of  IVyoming,  ii.  13  (1809). 

Austin,  the  assumed  name  of  the 
lord  of  Clarinsal,  when  he  renounced  the 
world  and  became  a  monk  of  St.  Nicholas. 
Theodore,  the  grandson  of  Alfonso,  was 
his  son,  and  rightful  heir  to  the  posses- 
sions and  title  of  the  count  of  Narbonne. 
— Jephson  :  Count  ofNarbotine  (1782). 

Aus'tria  and  the  Lion's  Hide. 

There  is  an  old  tale  that  the  archduke  of 


AUSTRIAN  ARMY. 


n 


AVENEL, 


Austria  killed  Richard  I.,  and  wore  as  a 
spoil  the  lion's  hide  which  belonged  to 
our  English  monarch.  Hence  Faulcon- 
bridge  (the  natural  son  of  Richard)  says 
jeeringly  to  the  archduke — 

Thou  wear  a  lion's  hide  I  doff  it  for  shame, 
And  hany  a  calf-skin  on  those  recreant  limbs. 
SJiakesJCeart :  King  yohn,  act  iii.  sc.  x  (1596). 

(The  point  is  better  understood  when  it 
is  borne  in  mind  that  fools  and  jesters 
were  dressed  in  calf-skins. ) 

Austrian  Army  awfully  ar- 
l*ayed  {An).  (See  P,  for  this  and^several 
other  alliterative  poems.) 

Aus'triau  Lip  {The),  a  protruding 
under  jaw,  with  a  heavy  lip  disincUned 
to  shut  close.  It  came  from  kaiser  Maxi- 
milian I.,  son  of  kaiser  Frederick  III.,  and 
was  inherited  from  his  grandmother  Cim- 
burgis,  a  Polish  princess,  duke  of  Masovia's 
daughter,  and  hence  called  the  *'  Cim- 
burgis  Under  Lip." 

\  A  similar  peculiarity  occurs  in  the 
family  of  sir  Gideon  Murray  of  Elibank. 
He  had  taken  prisoner  a  young  gentleman 
named  Scoto,  whom  he  was  about  to 
hang  ;  but  his  wife  persuaded  him  to  com- 
mute the  sentence  into  a  marriage  with 
their  daughter  "Meg  of  the  muckle 
mouth."  Meg  made  him  a  most  excellent 
wife,  but  the  ' '  muckle  mouth  "  descended 
to  their  posterity  for  many  generations. 

Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast-Table 

( The),  a  series  of  essays  contributed  by 
Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  to  the  first  twelve 
numbers  of  the  Atlantic  Monthly,  and 
republished  in  1858.  The  essays  are  dis- 
cursive, poetical,  philosophical,  imagina- 
tive, and  amusing. 

It  was  followed  by  Tht  Professor  at  (he  Breakfast- 
Table  {1870),   and   The  Poet  at  tJu  Breakfast-Table 

Autol'ycos,  the  craftiest  of  thieves. 
He  stole  the  flocks  of  his  neighbours,  and 
changed  their  marks.  Sis'yphos  outwitted 
him  by  marking  his  sheep  under  their  feet. 

Autol'ycus,  a  pedlar  and  witty  rogue, 
in  The  Winter's  Tale,  by  Shakespeare 
<i6o4). 

Av'alon  or  Avallon,  Glastonbury, 
generally  called  the  "isle  of  Avalon." 
The  abode  of  king  Arthur,  ObSron, 
Morgaine  la  F^e,  and  the  Fees  generally  ; 
sometimes  called  the  "island  of  the 
blest."  It  is  very  fully  described  in  the 
French  romance  of  Ogier  le  Danois. 
Tennyson  calls  it  Avil'ion  {q.v.).  Draj'- 
ton,  in  his  Polyolbion,  styles  it  "the 
ancient  isle  of  Avcllon,"  and  the  Romans 
"insula  Avalonia." 


O  three-times  famous  Ule  1  where  is  that  place  th«t 

might 
ne  with  thyself  compared  for  jjlory  and  delight. 
Whilst  Glastonbury  stood  ? 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  iii.  (1613). 

Avan'turine   or  Aven'turine  (4 

syL),  a  variety  of  rock-crj'stal  having  a 
spangled  appearance,  caused  by  scales  of 
mica  or  crystals  of  copper.  The  name 
is  borrowed  from  that  of  the  artificial 
gold-spangled  glass  obtained  in  the  first 
instance /ar  aventure  ("by  accident "). 

.  .  .  and  the  hair 
All  over  glanced  with  dew-drop  or  with  g;em. 
Like  sparkles  in  the  stone  avanturine. 

Tennyson :  Gareth  and  Lynetle, 

Avare  {L).  The  plot  of  this  comedy 
is  as  follows :  Harpagon  the  miser  and 
his  son  Cl(5ante  (2  syl.)  both  want  to 
marry  Mariane  (3  syl. ),  daughter  of  An- 
selme,  alias  don  Thomas  d'Alburci,  of 
Naples.  Cl^ante  gets  possession  of  a 
casket  of  gold  belonging  to  the  miser, 
and  hidden  in  the  garden.  When  Har- 
pagon discovers  his  loss,  he  raves  like 
a  madman,  and  Cl^ante  gives  him  the 
choice  of  Mariane  or  the  casket.  The 
miser  chooses  the  casket,  and  leaves  the 
young  lady  to  his  son.  The  second  plot 
is  connected  with  Elise  {2 syl.),  the  miser's 
daughter,  promised  in  marriage  by  the 
father  to  his  friend  Anselme  (2  syl.)  ;  but 
Elise  is  herself  in  love  with  Val^re,  who, 
however,  turns  out  to  be  the  son  of  An- 
selme. As  soon  as  Anselme  discovers 
that  Val6re  is  his  son,  who  he  thought 
had  been  lost  at  sea,  he  resigns  to  him 
Elise  ;  and  so  in  both  instances  the  young 
folks  marry  together,  and  the  old  ones 
give  up  their  unnatural  rivalry. — Moli'ere  : 
L Avare  (1667). 

Avatar',  the  descent  of  Brahma  to 
this  earth.  It  is  said  in  Hindd  mytho- 
logy that  Brahma  has  already  descended 
nine  times  in  various  forms.  He  is  yet  to 
appear  once  more,  when  he  will  assume 
the  figure  of  a  warrior  upon  a  white  horse, 
and  will  cut  off  all  incorrigible  offenders. 

Nine  times  have  Brahma's  wheels  of  lightning  hurled 

His  awful  presence  o'er  the  alarmi^d  world  ; 

Nine  times  hath  Guilt,  through  all  his  giant  frame, 

Convulsive  trembled,  as  the  Mighty  came ; 

Nine  times  hath  suffering  Mercy  spared  in  vain,— 

But  Heaven  shall  burst  her  starry  gates  ag^in. 

He  comes !  dread  Brahma  shakes  the  sunless  sky  .  . 

Heaven's  fiery  horse,  beneath  his  warrior-form, 

Paws  the  light  clouds,  and  gallops  on  the  storm. 

Campbell:  Pleasures  of  Hope,  i.  (1799). 

AVENEL  (2  syl.),  Julian  Avcnet, 
the  usurper  of  Avenel  Castle. 

Lady  Alice  Avenel ^  widow  of  sir 
Walter. 

Mary  Avenel,  daughter  of  lady  Alice. 
She  marries  Halbert  Glendinning. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  The  Monastery  {didiXQ  i559)« 


AVENEL. 

Avenel  {Sir  Halbert  Glendhumig, 
knight  of),  same  as  the  bridegroom  in 
The  Mo7iastery. 

The  lady  Mary  of  Avenel,  same  as  the 
bride  in  The  Monastery. — Sir  W.  Scott : 
The  Abbot  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Avenel  ( The  White  Lady  of),  a  spirit 
mysteriously  connected  with  the  Avenel 
family,  as  the  Irish  banshee  is  with  true 
Mile'sian  families.  She  announces  good 
or  ill  fortune,  and  manifests  a  general 
interest  in  the  family  to  which  she  is 
attached,  but  to  others  she  acts  with  con- 
siderable caprice ;  thus  she  shows  un- 
mitigated malignity  to  the  sacristan  and 
the  robber.  Any  truly  virtuous  mortal 
has  commanding  power  over  her. 

Noon  gleams  on  the  lake. 

Noon  glows  on  the  fell ; 
Awake  thee,  awake, 

White  maid  of  Avenel  1 
Sir  IV.  Scott:  The  Monastery  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Avenel  [Dick),  in  lord  Lytton's  My 
Novel  (1853).  A  big,  blustering,  sharp 
Yankee,  honest,  generous,  and  warm- 
hearted. 

Aven'g-er  of  Blood,  the  man  who 
had    the    birthright,    according    to    the 

iewish   polity,    of  taking  vengeance  on 
,im  who  had  killed  one  of  his  relatives. 


TcHJiyson  :  Maud,  II.  i.  i. 

Av'icen  or  Abou-ilm-Sina,  an  Arabian 
physician  and  philosopher,  born  at  Shiraz, 
in  Persia  (980-1037).  He  composed  a 
treatise  on  logic,  and  another  on  meta- 
physics. Avicen  is  called  both  the  Hippo'- 
crat6s  and  the  Aristotle  of  the  Arabs. 

Of  physicke  speake  for  me,  king  Avicen  .  .  . 
Yet  was  his  glory  never  set  on  shelfe, 
Nor  never  shall,  whyles  any  worlde  may  stande 
Where  men  have  minde  to  take  good  bookes  in  hande. 
Gascoisne :  The  Fruits  0/  IVarre,  Ivii.  (died  1557). 

Avil'ion  \^'the  apple  island"'],  near 
the  terrestrial  paradise.     (See  Avalon.  ) 

Where  falls  not  hail,  or  rain,  or  any  snow. 
Nor  ever  wind  blows  loudly ;  but  it  lies 
Deep-meadowed,  happy,  feir  with  orchard-lawns 
And  bowery  hollows  crowned  with  summer  sea. 
Where  I  [^  ;'/•/«;<;-]  will  heal  me  of  my  grievous  woimd. 
Tennyson:  Moried' Arthur. 

Ayl'mer  {Mrs.),  a  neighbour  of  sir 
Henry  Lee. — Sir  IV.  Scott  :  Woodstock 
(time.  Commonwealth). 

Ay'mer  {Prior),  a  jovial  Benedictine 
monk,  prior  of  Jorvaulx  Abbey. — Sir  W. 
Scott ;  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Ay'mon,  duke  of  Dordona  {Dor- 
dogne).  He  had  four  sons,  Rinaldo, 
Guicciardo,  Alardo,  and  Ricciardetto 
{i.e.  Renaud,  Guiscard,  Alard,  and 
Richard),  whose  adventures  are  the 
subject  of  a  French  romance  entitled  Les 


78  AZRAEL. 

Quatreflz  Aymon,  byHuon  deVilleneuve 
( 1 165-1223). 

The  old  legend  was  modernized  in  1504,  and  Balfe 
wrote  an  opera  on  the  subject  (1843). 

Ayrshire  Bard  {The),  Robert  Burns, 
the  Scotch  poet  (i 759-1 796). 

Az'amat-Bat'uk,  pseudonym  of  M. 
Thiebland,  war  correspondent  of  the 
Pall  Mall  Gazette  in  1870. 

Azari'a  and  Hush'ai,  a  reply  inverse 
to  Dryden's  Absalom  and  Achitophel,  by 
Samuel  Pordage.  The  characters  common 
to  the  two  satires  are — 

By  Pordage.      By  Dryden. 

Charles  II Amazia  . .  David 

Cromwell Zabad  ..  Saul 

Dryden    Shimei  ,.  ^ja'/A  (in  part  H.) 

Monmouth  (duke of)  ..v4^-a?7a  ..  Absalom 

Shaftesbury  (earl of)  ../f/^/iaj  ..  Achitophel 

Titus  Gates Libni  ..  Corah 

•.•  Hence  "Azaria  and  Hushai"  are 
Monmouth  and  Shaftesbury  in  Pordage's 
reply,  but  "Absalom  and  Achitophel" 
represent  them  in  Dryden's  satire. 

Aza'zel,  one  of  the  ginn  or  jinn,  all  of 
whom  were  made  <5f  "smokeless  fire," 
that  is,  the  fire  of  the  Simoom.  These 
jinn  inhabited  the  earth  before  man  was 
created,  but  on  account  of  their  persistent 
disobedience  were  driven  from  it  by  an 
army  of  angels.  When  Adam  was 
created,  and  God  commanded  all  to  wor- 
ship him,  Aza.zel  insolently  made  answer, 
' '  Me  hast  Thou  created  of  fire,  and  him 
of  earth  :  why  should  I  worship  him  ?  " 
Whereupon  God  changed  the  jinnee  into 
a  devil,  and  called  him  Iblis  or  Despair. 
In  hell  he  was  made  the  standard-bearer 
of  Satan's  host. 

Upreared 
His  mighty  standard ;  that  proud  honour  claimed 
Azizel  as  his  right. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  i.  534  (1663). 

Azla,  a  suttee,  the  young  widow  of 
Ar'valan,  son  of  Keha'ma. — Southcy : 
Curse  of  Kehama,  i.  lo  (1809). 

Az'o,  husband  of  Parisi'na.  He  was 
marquis  d'Este,  of  Ferrara,  and  had 
already  a  natural  son,  Hugo,  by  Bianca, 
who  died  of  a  broken  heart  because  she 
was  not  made  his  bride.  Hugo  was 
betrothed  to  Parisina  before  she  married 
the  marquis,  and  after  she  became  his 
mother-in-law  they  loved  on  still.  One 
night  Azo  heard  Parisina  in  sleep  express 
her  love  for  Hugo,  and  the  angry  marquis 
condemned  his  son  to  death.  Although 
he  spared  his  bride,  no  one  ever  knew 
what  became  of  her. — Byron  :  PaHsina. 

Az'rael  (3  syl.),  the  angel  of  death 
(called  Raphael  in  the  Gospel  of  Barna' 
bas). — A I  Koran, 


AZTECAS.  79 

Az'tecas,  nn  Indian  tribe,  which  con- 
quered the  Hoamen  (2  j>'/.),  seized  their 
territory,  and  estabhshed  themselves  on 
a  southern  branch  of  the  Missouri,  having 
Az'tlan  as  their  imperial  city.  When 
Madoc  conquered  the  Aztccas  in  the 
twelfth  century,  he  restored  the  Hoa- 
men, and  the  Aztccas  migrated  to  Mexico. 
—Sou they:   Mudoc  {iSos). 

' .  •  Cortez  conquered  Mexico,  and  ex- 
tirpated the  Aztecs  in  1520. 

Az'tlan,  the  imperial  city  of  the 
Az'tecas,  on  a  southern  branch  of  the 
Missouri.  It  belonged  to  the  Hoamen  {2 
syl.),  but  this  tribe  being  conquered  by 
the  Aztecas,  the  city  followed  the  fate  of 
war.  When  Madoc  led  his  colony  to 
North  America,  he  took  the  part  of  the 
Hoamen,  and,  conquering  the  Aztccas, 
restored  the  city  and  all  the  territory 
pertaining  thereto  to  the  queen  Erill'yab, 
and  the  Aztecas  migrated  to  Mexico.  The 
city  Aztlan  is  described  as  "  full  of 
palaces,  gardens,  groves,  and  houses  "  (in 
the  twelfth  century). — Southey :  Madoc 
(180S). 

Azuce'na,  a  gipsy.  Manri'co  is  sup- 
posed to  be  her  son,  but  is  in  reality  the 
son  of  Garzia  (brother  of  the  conte  di 
\j\xn2i).— Verdi :  II  Trovato'ri  [i%S3)- 

Azyoru'ca  (4  syl. ),  queen  of  the  snakes 
and  dragons.  She  resides  in  Patala,  or  the 
infernal  regions. — HindQ.  Mythology. 

There  Azyoruca  veiled  her  awful  form 
In  those  eternal  shadows.     There  she  sat, 
And  as  the  trembling  souls  who  crowd  around 
The  judgment-seat  received  the  doom  of  fate, 
Her  giant  arms,  extending  from  the  cloud. 
Drew  tliem  within  the  darkness. 

Southey:  Curse  of  Kehama,  xxiii.  is  (1809), 


B. 


Baal,  plu.  Baalim,  a  general  name 
for  all  the  Syrian  gods,  as  Ash'taroth  was 
for  the  goddesses.  The  general  version 
of  the  legend  of  Baal  is  the  same  as  that 
of  Adonis,  Thammuz,  Osiris,  and  the 
Arabian  myth  of  El  Khouder.  All  alle- 
gorize the  sun,  six  months  above  and  six 
months  below  the  equator.  As  a  title  of 
honour,  the  word  Baal,  Bal,  Bel,  etc., 
enters  into  a  large  number  of  Phoenician 
and  Carthaginian  proper  names,  as  Hanni- 
bal, Hasdru-bal,  I3el-shazzar,  etc. 

.  .  .  [the]  general  nair.es 
Of  Baalim  and  Ashtaroth  :  those  male ; 
These  female. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  i.  422  (1665). 


BABEU 

Baalbec  of  Ireland,  Kilmallock  \% 
Limerick,  noted  for  its  ruins. 

Bab  [Lady],  a  waiting-maid  on  a  lady 
so  called,  who  assumes  the  airs  with  the 
name  and  address  of  her  mistress.  Her 
fellow-servants  and  other  servants  address 
her  as  "  lady  Bab,"  or  "  Your  ladyship." 
She  is  a  fine  wench,  "  but  by  no  means 
particular  in  keeping  her  teeth  clean." 
She  says  she  never  reads  but  one  "  book, 
which  is  Shikspur."  And  .she  calls 
Lovcl  and  Freeman,  two  gentlemen  of 
fortune,  "downright  hottenpots." — Rev. 
y.  Townley :  High  Life  Below  Stairs 
(1763). 

Bal^a,  chief  of  the  eunuchs  in  the 
court  of  the  sultana  Gulbey'az. — Byron  : 
Don  Juan,  v.  28,  etc.  (i8io). 

Baba  [AH),  who  relates  the  story  of 
the  "Forty  Thieves"  in  the  Arabian 
Nights'  Entertainments.  He  discovered 
the  thieves'  cave  while  hiding  in  a  tree, 
and  heard  the  magpie  word,  "Ses'ame,"  at 
which  the  door  of  the  cave  opened  and 
shut. 

Cassim  Baba,  brother  of  Ali  Baba,  who 
entered  the  cave  of  the  forty  thieves,  but 
forgot  the  pass-word,  and  stood  crying, 
"  Open,  Wheat ! "  "  Open,  Barley  1  "  to  the 
door,  which  obeyed  no  sound  but  "  Open, 
Sesame !  " 

Baba  Mus'tapba,  a  cobbler  who 
sev/ed  together  the  four  pieces  into  which 
Cassim's  body  had  been  cleft  by  the  forty 
thieves.  When  the  thieves  discovered 
that  the  body  had  been  taken  away,  they 
sent  one  of  the  band  into  the  city,  to 
ascertain  who  had  died  of  late.  The  man 
happened  to  enter  the  cobbler's  stall,  and 
falling  into  a  gossip,  heard  about  the  body 
which  the  cobbler  had  sewed  together. 
Mustapha  pointed  out  to  him  the  house 
of  Cassim  Baba's  widow,  and  the  thief 
marked  it  with  a  piece  of  white  chalk. 
Next  day  the  cobbler  pointed  out  the 
house  to  another,  who  marked  it  with 
red  chalk.  And  the  day  following  he 
pointed  it  out  to  the  captain  of  the  band, 
who,  instead  of  marking  the  door,  studied 
the  house  till  he  felt  sure  of  recognizing 
it. — Arabian  Nights  ("Ali  Baba,  or  The 
Forty  Thieves"). 

Bababalouk,  chief  of  the  black 
eunuchs,  \\hose  duty  it  was  to  wait  on  the 
sultan,  to  guard  the  sultanas,  and  to 
superintend  the  harem. — Hahesci:  State 
of  the  Ottojnan  Empire,  155,  156. 

Ba'bel  [' '  confusion  "].  There  is  a  town 
in  Abyssinia  called  Hahzh,  the  Arabic 


BABES  IN  THE  WOOD. 


BADGER. 


word  for  "confusion."  This  town  is  so 
called  from  the  great  diversity  of  races 
by  which  it  is  inliabited :  Cliristians, 
Jews,  and  Mohammedans,  Ethiopians, 
Arabians,  Falashas  [exiles),  Gallas,  and 
Negroes,  all  consort  together  there. 

Babes  in  the  Wood,  insurrec- 
tionary hordes  which  infested  the  moun- 
tains of  Wicklow  and  the  woods  of 
Enniscarthy  towards  the  close  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  (See  Children  in 
THE  Wood.) 

Babie,  old  Alice  Gray's  servant-girl. 
— Sir  W.  Scott :  Bride  of  Lammer)}toor 
(time,  William  III.). 

Babie'ca  (3  syl. ),  the  Cid's  horse. 

I  learnt  to  prize  Babieca  from  his  head  unto  his  hoof. 
The  Cid  (1128). 

Baboon  [Philip),  Philippe  Bourbon, 
due  d'Anjou, 

Lewis  Baboon,  Louis  XIV.,  "a  false 
loon  of  a  grandfather  to  Philip  duke  of 
Anjou,  and  one  that  might  justly  be  called 
a  Jack-of-all-trades." 

Sometimes  you  would  see  this  Lewis  Baboon  behind 
his  counter,  selling  broad-cloth,  sometimes  measuring- 
linen  ;  next  day  he  would  be  dealing  in  mercery-ware  ; 
high  heads,  ribbons,  gloves,  fans,  and  lace,  he  under- 
stood to  a  nicety  .  .  ,  nay,  he  would  descend  to  the 
selling  of  tapes,  garters,  and  shoe-buckles.  AVhen  shop 
was  shut  up,  he  would  go  about  the  neighbourhood, 
and  earn  half-a-crown,  by  teaching  the  young  men  and 
maidens  to  dance.  By  these  means  he  had  acquired 
immense  riches,  which  he  used  to  squander  away  at 
back-sword  \in  7var],  quarter-staff,  and  cudgel-play, 
isi  which  he  took  great  pleasure. — Dr.  Arbulhnot  : 
History  0/ yohn  Bull,  ii.  (1712). 

Bab'ylon.  Cairo  in  Egypt  was  so 
called  by  tlie  crusaders.  Rome  was  so 
called  by  the  puritans  ;  and  London  was, 
and  still  is,  so  called  by  some,  on  account 
of  its  wealth,  luxury,  and  dissipation. 
The  reference  is  to  Rzv.  xvii.  and  xviii. 

Babylonian  Wall.  The  foundress 
of  this  wall  (two  hundred  cubits  high, 
and  fifty  thick)  was  SemirSmis,  mythic 
foundress  of  the  Assyrian  empire.  She 
was  the  daughter  of  the  fish-goddess 
Der'ceto  of  AscAlon,  and  a  Syrian  youth. 

Our  statues  .  .  ,  she 

The  foundress  of  the  Babylonian  wall. 

Temiyson  :  The  Pritucss,  ii. 

Bacbuc  or  Babouc,  the  oracle  of 
the  "Holy  Bottle  of  Lanternland. " — 
Rabelais:  Pantagruel. 

Bacchan'tes  (3  syl.),  priestesses  of 
Bacchus. 

Round  about  him  [Bacchus]  fair  Bacchantes, 
Bearing  cymbals,  flutes,  and  thyrses. 

Wild  from  Naxian  groves,  or  Zante's 
Vineyards,  sing  delirious  verses. 

Longfellcrw :  Drinking  Song. 

Bacchos,   in   the   Lusiad,    an   epic 


poem  by  Camoens  (1569),  is  the  personi- 
fication  of  the  evil  principle  which  acts  in 
opposition  to  Jupiter,  the  lord  of  Destiny. 
Mars  is  made  by  the  poet  the  guardian 
power  of  Christianity,  and  Bacchus  of 
Mohammedanism. 

Bacharach  {Back-a-rack\  a  red 
wine,  so  called  from  a  town  of  the  same 
name  in  the  Lower  Palatinate.  Pope  Pius 
II.  used  to  import  a  tun  of  it  to  Rome 
yearly,  and  Nuremberg  obtained  its  free- 
dom at  the  price  of  four  casks  of  it  a-year. 
The  word  Bacharach  means  "  the  altar  of 
Bacchus  "  [Bacchiara),  the  altar  referred  to 
being  a  rock  in  the  bed  of  the  river,  which 
indicated  to  the  vine-growers  what  sort  of 
year  they  might  expect.  If  the  head  of 
the  rock  appeared  above  water,  the  season 
would  be  a  dry  one,  and  a  fine  vintage 
might  be  looked  for  ;  if  not,  it  would  be  a 
wet  season,  and  bad  for  the  grapes. 

.  .  .  that  ancient  town  of  Bacharach,— 
The  beautiful  town  that  gives  us  wine, 
With  the  fragrant  odour  of  Muscadine. 

Longfellow     The  Golden  Legend. 

Backbite  [Sir  Benjamin),  nephew  of 
Crabtree,  very  conceited  and  very  cen- 
sorious. His  friends  called  him  a  great 
poet  and  wit,  but  he  never  published  any- 
thing, because  "'twas  very  vulgar  to 
print ;  "  besides,  as  he  said,  his  little  pro- 
ductions circulated  more  "by  giving 
copies  in  confidence  to  friends." — Sheri- 
dan :  School  for  Scandal  (1777). 

When  I  first  saw  Miss  Pope  she  was  performing 
"Mrs.  Candour,"  to  Miss  Farren's  "lady  Teazle,' 
King  as  "sir  Peter,'  Parsons  "Crabtree,"  Dodd 
"Backbite,"  Baddeley  "Moses,"  Smith  "Charles." 
and  John  Palmer  "  Joseph  "  [Surface].— ya:»/«j Smith 
Memoirs,  etc. 

Bacon  of  Theology,  bishop  Butler, 
author  of  The  Analogy  of  Religion, 
Natural  and  Revealed,  etc.  (1692-1752). 

Bacrack.    (See  Bacharach.) 

Bactrian  Sage  [The),  Zoroas'ter  or 
Zerdusht,  a  native  of  Bactria,  now  Balkh 
(B.C.  589-513)- 

Bade'bec  (2  syl),  wife  of  Gargantua 
and  mother  of  Pan'tagruel'.  She  died  in 
giving  him  birth,  or  rather  in  giving  birth 
at  the  same  time  to  900  dromedaries  laden 
with  ham  and  smoked  tongues,  7  camels 
laden  with  eels,  and  25  waggons  full  of 
leeks,  garlic,  onions,  and  shallots. — Ra- 
belais: Pantagruel,  ii.  2  (1533). 

Badger  (  Will),  sir  Hugh  Robsart's 
favourite  domestic. — SirW,  Scott:  Kenil- 
worth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Badger  [Mr.  Bayham),  a  medical 
practitioner  at  Chelsea,  under  whom 
Richard  Carstone  pursues    his    studies. 


BADINGUET. 


8x 


BAHMAN. 


Mr.  Badger  was  a  crisp-looking  gentle- 
man, with  "surprised  eyes  ;  "  very  proud 
of  being  Mrs.  Badger's  "  third,"  and 
always  referring  to  her  former  two  hus- 
bands, captain  Swosscr  and  professor 
Dingo.— C  Dickens:  Bleak  House  {1853). 

Badin§niet  [BacP -en-ga}^,  one  of  the 
many  niclcnames  of  Napoleon  III,  It 
was  the  name  of  the  mason  in  whose 
clothes  he  escaped  from  the  fortress  of 
Ham  (1808,  1851-1873),  Napoleon's 
party  was  nicknamed  Badingueux ;  the 
empress's  party  was  nicknamed  Monti- 
joeux  and  Montijocrisses. 

Ba'don,  Bath.  The  twelfth  great 
victory  of  Arthur  over  the  Saxons  was  at 
Badon  Hill  (Bannerdown). 

They  sanjr  how  he  himself  \_kin2  Arthurl  at  Badon 

bore  that  day, 
When  at  the  glorious  goal  his  British  sceptre  lay. 
Two  days  together  how  the  battle  strongly  stood ; 
Pcndragoii's  worthy  son  [/t<'«j?''-.4r/A«r]  .  .  . 
Three  hundred  Saxons  slew  with  his  own  valiant  hand. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  v.  (1612). 

Badon'ra,  daughter  of  Gaiour  {2  syl. ) 
king  of  China,  the  "  most  beautiful 
woman  ever  seen  upon  earth."  The  em- 
peror Gaiour  wished  her  to  marry,  but 
she  expressed  an  aversion  to  wedlock. 
However,  one  night  by  fairy  influence  she 
was  shown  prince  Camaral'zaman  asleep, 
fell  in  love  with  him,  and  exchanged 
rings.  Next  day  she  inquired  for  the 
prince,  but  her  inquiry  was  thought  so 
absurd  that  she  was  confined  as  a  mad 
woman.  At  length  her  foster-brother 
solved  the  difficulty  thus :  The  emperor 
having  proclaimed  that  whoever  cured  the 
princess  of  her  [supposed]  madness  should 
have  her  for  his  wife,  he  sent  Camaral- 
zaman  to  play  the  magician,  and  imparted 
the  secret  to  the  princess  by  sending  her 
the  ring  she  had  left  with  the  sleeping 
prince.  The  cure  was  instantly  effected, 
and  the  marriage  solemnized  with  due 
pomp.  When  the  emperor  was  informed 
that  his  son-in-law  was  a  prince,  whose 
father  was  sultan  of  the  "  Island  of  the 
Children  of  Khal'edan,  some  twenty  days' 
sail  from  the  coast  of  Persia,"  he  was 
delighted  with  the  alliance. — Arabian 
Nights  ("  Camaralzaman  and  Badoura  "). 

Badroiil'boudour,  daughter  of  the 
sultan  of  China,  a  beautiful  brunette. 
"  Her  eyes  were  large  and  sparkling,  her 
expression  modest,  her  mouth  small,  her 
h'ps  vermilion,  and  her  figure  perfect." 
She  became  the  wife  of  Aladdin,  but  twice 
nearly  caused  his  death ;  once  by  ex- 
changing "the  wonderful  lamp"  for  a 
new  copper  one,  and    once    by    giving 


hospitality  to  the  false  Fatima.  Aladdin 
killed  both  these  magicians. — Arabian 
Nights  ("Aladdin,  or  The  Wonderful 
Lamp"). 

Bse'tica  or  Bsetic  Vale,  Grana'da 
and  Andalusia,  or  Spain  in  general.  So 
called  from  the  river  Baetis  or  Guadal- 
quivir. 

Wliile  o'er  the  Ba;tic  vale 
Or  thro'  the  towers  of  Memphis  \.E,!:ypt\  or  the  palms 
Hy  sacred  Ganges  watered,  I  conduct 
The  English  merchant. 

Akenside:  Hymn  to  the  Naiads. 

Bagdad.  A  hermit  told  the  caliph 
Almanzor  that  one  Moclas  was  destined 
to  found  a  city  on  the  spot  where  he  was 
standing.  "I  am  that  man,"  said  the 
caliph,  and  he  then  informed  the  hermit 
how  in  his  boyhood  he  once  stole  a  brace- 
let, and  his  nurse  ever  after  called  him 
"Moclas,"  the  name  of  a  well-known 
thief. — Marigny. 

Bagsliot,  one  of  a  gang  of  thieves 
who  conspire  to  break  into  the  house  of 
Lady  Bountiful. — Farquhar  :  The  Beaux' 
Stratagem  (1705). 

'Ra.^Btock  {Major  Joe),  an  apoplectic 
retired  military  officer,  living  in  Princess's 
Place,  opposite  to  Miss  Tox.  The  major 
had  a  covert  kindness  for  Miss  Tox,  and 
was  jealous  of  Mr.  Dombey.  He  speaks 
of  himself  as  "  Old  Joe  Bagstock,"  "Old 
Joey,"  "Old  J.,"  "  Old  Josh,"  "Rough 
and  tough  Old  Jo,"  "J.  B.,"  "Old  J.  B.," 
and  so  on.  lie  is  also  given  to  over-eat- 
ing, and  to  abusing  his  poor  native 
servant. — C.  Dickens:  Dombey  and  Son 
(1846). 

Bah'adar,  master  of  the  horse  to 
the  king  of  the  Magi.  Prince  Am'giad 
was  enticed  by  a  collet  to  enter  the 
minister's  house,  and  when  Bahadar 
returned,  he  was  not  a  little  surprised  at 
the  sight  of  his  uninvited  guest.  The 
prince,  however,  explained  to  him  in 
private  how  the  matter  stood,  and  Baha- 
dar, entering  into  the  fun  of  the  thing, 
assumed  for  the  nonce  the  place  of  a 
slave.  The  collet  would  have  murdered 
him,  but  Amgiad,  to  save  the  minister, 
cut  off  her  head.  Bahadar,  being  arrested 
for  murder,  was  condemned  to  death,  but 
Amgiad  came  forward  and  told  the  whole 
truth  ;  whereupon  Bahadar  was  instantly 
released,  and  Amgiad  created  vizier. — 
Arabian  Nights  ("Amgiad  and  Assad  "). 

Baliman  [Prince],  eldest  son  of  the 
sultan  Khrossou-schah  of  Persia.  In 
infancy  he  was  taken  from  the  palace  by 
the  sultana's  sisters,  and  set  adrift  on  a 


BAILEY. 


B2 


BAKER. 


canal ;  but  being  rescued  by  the  superin- 
tendent of  the  sultan's  gardens,  he  was 
brought  up,  and  afterwards  restored  to 
the  sultan.  It  was  the  "talking  bird" 
that  told  the  sultan  the  tale  of  the  young 
prince's  abduction. 

Prince  Bahman's  Knife.  When  prince 
Bahman  started  on  his  exploits,  he  gave 
to  his  sister  Parizade  [^  syl.)  a  knife, 
saying,  "As  long  as  you  find  this  knife 
clean  and  bright,  you  may  feel  assured 
that  I  am  alive  and  well ;  but  if  a  drop 
of  blood  falls  from  it,  you  may  know  that 
I  am  no  longer  alive." — Arabian  Nights 
("  The  Two  Sisters,"  the  last  tale). 

Bailey,  a  sharp  lad  in  the  service  of 
Todger's  boarding-house.  His  ambition 
was  to  appear  quite  a  full-grown  man. 
On  leaving  Mrs.  Todger's,  he  became  the 
servant  of  Montague  Tigg,  manager  of 
the  '"Anglo-Bengalee  Company." — C. 
Dickens:  Martin  C/iuzslewit  {184^). 

Bailie  {Generatj,  a  parliamentary 
leader.— 5?V  W.  Scott:  Legend  of  Mont- 
rose (time,  Charles  I. ). 

Bailie  {Giles),  a  gipsy ;  father  of  Ga- 
brael  Faa  (nephew  to  Meg  Merrilies).^ 
Sir  IV.  Scott:  Guy  Mannering  (time, 
George  II.). 

Bailiff's  Daughter  of  Isliiigtoi? 
(in  Norfolk).  A  squire's  son  loved  the 
bailiff's  daughter,  but  she  gave  him  no 
encouragement,  and  his  friends  sent  him 
to  London,  "  an  apprentice  for  to  binde." 
After  the  lapse  of  seven  years,  the  bailiffv 
daughter,  "in  ragged  attire,"  set  out  tc- 
walk  to  London,  "her  true  love  to 
inquire."  The  young  man  on  horseback 
met  her,  but  knew  her  not.  "One  penny, 
one  penny,  kind  sir  !  "  she  said.  "  Where- 
were  you  born  ?  "  asked  the  young  man. 
"At  Islington,"  she  replied.  "Then 
prithee,  sweetheart,  do  you  know  the- 
bailiffs  daughter  there?"  "  She's  dead, 
sir,  long  ago."  On  hearing  this  the  young 
man  declared  he'd  live  an  exile  in  some 
foreign  land,  "Stay,  oh  stay,  thou 
goodly  youth,"  the  maiden  cried  ;  "she  is 
not  really  dead,  for  I  am  she."  "  Thei, 
farewell  grief  and  welcome  joy,  for  I  have 
found  my  true  love,  whom  I  feared  I 
should  never  see  again." — Percy:  Reliquec 
of  English  Poetry ,  ii.  8. 

Baillif  [Herry],  mine  host  in  the 
Canterbury  Tales,  by  Chaucer  (1388). 
When  the  poet  begins  the  second  fit  of 
the  "Rime  of  Sir  Thopas,"  mine  host 
exclaims — 


No  mor  of  this  for  Goddes  dignitie  I 
For  thou  niakest  me  so  wery  .  ,  .  that 
Mine  eeres  aken  for  thy  nasty  speeche. 

V.  1S327.  etc.  (1388). 

Bailzon  {Ann'aple),  the  nurse  of 
Effie  Deans  in  her  confinement. — Sir  VV. 
Scott :  Heai-t  of  Midlothian  (time,  George 
IL). 

Baiser-Lamourette  {Lamourette  s 
Kissl,  a  short-lived  reconciliation. 

II  y  avail  (20  juin,  1792),  scission  entre  les  membres 
de  I'Assembl^e.  Lamourette  les  exliorta  i  se  re- 
concilier.  Persuades  par  son  discours,  ils  s'embras- 
rferont  les  uns  les  autres.  Mais  cette  rdconciliation  ne 
dura  pas  deux  jours;  et  elle  fut  bientot  ridiculisd  sous 
le  nom  de  Baiser-Lantourette. — BoiiilUt:  Diet.  d'Hist., 
etc. 

Bajar'do,  Rinaldo's  steed. — Ariosto: 
Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Baj'azet,  surnamed  "The  Thunder- 
bolt "  \il  derim),  sultan  of  Turkey. 
After  subjugating  Bulgaria,  Macedonia, 
Thessaly,  and  Asia  Minor,  he  laid  siege 
to  Constantinople,  but  was  taken  captive 
by  Tamerlane  emperor  of  Tartary.  He 
was  fierce  as  a  wolf,  reckless,  and  in- 
domitable. Being  asked  by  Tamerlane 
how  he  would  have  treated  him  had  their 
lots  been  reversed,  "Like  a  dog,"  he 
cried.  "I  would  have  made  you  my 
footstool  when  I  mounted  my  saddle, 
and,  when  your  services  were  not  needed, 
would  have  chained  you  in  a  cage  like 
a  wild  beast."  Tamerlane  replied,  "Then 
to  show  you  the  difference  of  my  spirit, 
I  shall  treat  you  as  a  king."  So  saying, 
he  ordered  his  chains  to  be  struck  off, 
gave  him  one  of  the  royal  tents,  and 
promised  to  restore  him  to  his  throne  if 
he  would  lay  aside  his  hostility.  Bajazet 
abused  this  noble  generosity  ;  plotted  the 
assassination  of  Tamerlane ;  and  bow- 
strung  Mone'ses.  Finding  clemency  of 
no  use,  Tamerlane  commanded  him  to 
be  used  "  as  a  dog,  and  to  be  chained 
in  a  cage  like  a  v.ild  beast." — Rowe : 
Tamerlane  (a  tragedy,  1702). 

•.•  This  was  one  of  the  favourite  parts 
of  Spranger  Barry  (1719-1777)  and  of 
J.  Kemble  (1757-1823). 

Bajazet,  a  black  page  at  St.  James's 
Palace.— 5z>  W.  Scott:  Peveril  of  the 
Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Bajura,  Mahomet's  standard. 

Baker  ( The),  and  the  ' '  Baker's  Wife." 
Louis  XVI.  and  Marie  Antoinette  were 
so  called  by  the  revolutionary  party, 
because  on  the  6th  October,  1789,  they 
ordered  a  supply  of  bread  to  be  given  to 
tlie  mob  which  surrounded  tlie  palace  at 
Versailles,  clamouring  for  bread. 


BALAAM. 


83 


BALDRINGHAM. 


Balaam  (2  sjyi.),  the  earl  of  Hunt- 
ingdon, one  of  the  rebels  in  the  army  of 
the  duke  of  Mommouth. 

And  therefore,  in  the  name  of  dulness,  bo 
The  wcU-hung  lialaam. 
Dryden  :  Absalom  and  Achitophel,  pt.  i.  11.  S73,  S74- 

Ba'laam,  a  "citizen  of  sober  fame," 
who  hved  near  the  monument  of  London. 
While  poor  he  was  "religious,  punctual, 
and  frugal ;  "  but  when  he  became  rich 
and  got  knighted,  he  seldom  went  to 
church,  became  a  courtier,  "  took  a  bribe 
from  France,"  and  was  hung  for  treason. 
— Pope  :  Moral  Essays,  iii. 

Balaam's  Ass.    (See  Arion,  p.  59.) 

Balacla'va,  a  corruption  of  bella 
chiare  ("beautiful  port"),  so  called  by 
the  Genoese,  who  raised  the  fortress,  some 
portions  of  which  still  exist. 

Balaclava  Chargfe.  (See  Charge 
OF  THE  Light  Brigade.) 

Balafre  [Le),  alias  Ludovic  Lesly,  an 
old  archer  of  the  Scottish  Guard  at  Plessis 
les  Tours,  one  of  the  castle  palaces  of 
Louis  XL  Le  Balafrd  is  uncle  to  Quen- 
tin  Durward. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Quentin 
Dunvard  [time,  Edward  IV.). 

'.*  Henri,  son  of  Franpois  second 
duke  of  Guise,  was  called  Le  Balafri 
("  the  gashed"),  from  a  frightful  scar  in 
the  face  from  a  sword-cut  in  the  battle  of 
Dorraans  (1575). 


:,  in  the  second  part  of  Dryden 
and  Tate's  Absalom  and  Achitophel  (line 
395,  etc.),  was  meant  for  Dr.  Burnet,  author 
of  the  History  of  the  Reformation.  He 
exceedingly  disliked  Charles  XL  ( ' '  David  ") ; 
but  was  made  bishop  of  Salisbury  by 
William  HL  in  1689.  He  died  in  1715, 
in  the  seventy-second  year  of  his  age. 

The  Second  Part  of  Absalom  and  Achitophel  (by 
Tate)  was  published  in  the  autumn  of  1682. 

Balam.',  the  ox  on  which  the  faithful 
feed  in  paradise.  The  fish  is  call  Nun, 
the  lobes  of  whose  hver  will  suffice  for 
70,000  men. 

Balan',  brother  of  Balyn  or  Balin  le 
Savage  {q.v.),  two  of  the  most  valiant 
knights  that  the  world  ever  produced.— 
Sir  T.  Malory:  History  of  Prince 
Arthur,  i.  31  (1470). 

Balan,  "the  bravest  and  strongest  of 
all  the  giant  race."  Am'adis  de  Gaul 
rescued  Gabrioletta  from  his  hands. — 
l-'asco  de  Lobeira:  Amadis  de  Gaul,  iv. 
129  (fourteenth  century). 

Balance  [Justice],  the  father  of  Sylvia. 


He  had  once  been  in  the  army,  and  as  he 
had  run  the  gauntlet  himself,  he  could 
make  excuses  for  the  \vild  pranks  of 
young  men. — G.  Farquhar  :  Tlu  Recruit- 
ing Officer  (1704). 

Ba'land  of  Spain,  a  man  of  gigantic 
strength,  who  called  himself  "  Fierabras." 
— MedicBval  Romance. 

Balchris'tie  [Jenny],  ihousekeeper  to 
the  laird  of  Dumbiedikes. — Sir  IV.  Scott: 
Heart  of  Midlothian  (time,  George  H.). 

Balcln'tlia,  a  town  belonging  to  the 
Britons  on  the  river  Clyde.  It  "fell  into 
the  hands  of  Comhal  (Fingal's  father), 
and  was  burnt  to  the  ground. 

"I  have  seen  the  walls  of  Balclutha,"  said  Fingal, 
"but  they  were  desolate.  The  fire  had  resounded  in 
the  halls:  and  the  voice  of  the  people  is  heard  no 
more  .  .  .  The  thistle  shook  there  its  lonely  head  :  the 
moss  whistled  in  the  wind,  and  the  fox  looked  out 
from  the  windows." — Ossian  :  Carthon. 


Baldassa're  (4  syl.],  chief  of  the 
monastery  of  St.  Jacopo  di  Compostella. 
— Donizetti  :  La  Favorita  (1842). 

Bal'dex',  the  god  of  light,  peace,  and 
day,  was  the  young  and  beautiful  son  of 
Odin  and  Frigga.  His  palace,  Briedab- 
lik  ("  wide-shining"),  stood  in  the  Milky 
Way.  He  was  slain  by  Hoder,  the  blind 
old  god  of  darkness  and  night,  but  was 
restored  to  life  at  the  general  request  of 
the  gods. — Scandinavian  Mythology. 

Balder  the  beautiful 
God  of  the  summer  sun. 

Longfellow  :   Tegnier's  Death. 

(Sydney  Dobell  has  a  poem   entitled  ' 
Balder,  published  in  1854.) 

Bal'derstone  [Caleb],  the  favourite 
old  butler  of  the  master  of  Ravenswood, 
at  Wolf's  Crag  Tower.  Being  told  to 
provide  supper  for  the  laird  of  Bueklaw, 
he  pretended  that  there  were  fat  capon 
and  good  store  in  plenty,  but  all  he  could 
produce  was  "  the  hinder  end  of  a 
mutton  ham  that  had  been  three  times 
on  the  table  already,  and  the  heel  of  a 
ewe-milk  kebbuck  \cheese\'  (ch.  vii.). — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Bride  of  Lammermoor 
(time,  William  III.). 

Baldrick,  an  ancestor  of  the  lady 
Eveline  Berenger  "  the  betrothed."  He 
was  murdered,  and  lady  Eveline  assured 
Rose  Flammock  that  she  had  seen  his 
ghost  frowning  at  her. — Sir  IV.  Scott: 
The  Betrothed  (time,  Henry  II.). 

Bal'dringham  [The  lady  Ermen- 
garde  oj],  great-aunt  of  lady  Eveline 
Berenger  "  the  betrothed." — Sir  IV, 
Scott:  The  Betrothed  [time,  Plenry  II.). 


BALDWIN. 


BALISARDA. 


BAZiDWIN,  the  youngest  and 
comeliest  of  Charlemagne's  paladins, 
nephew  of  sir  Roland. 

Baldwin,  the  restless  and  ambitious 
duke  of  Bologna,  leader  of  1200  horse 
m  the  allied  Christian  army.  He  was 
Godfrey's  brother,  and  very  like  him,  but 
not  so  tall. — Tasso:  Jerusalem  Delivej-ed 
(^575). 

•.•  He  is  introduced  by  sir  Walter 
Scott  in  Count  Robert  of  Paris. 

Baldwin.  So  the  Ass  is  called  in  the 
beast-epic  entitled  Reynard  tlie  Fox  (the 
word  means  "  bold  friend  ").  In  pt.  iii.  he 
is  called  "  Dr."  Baldwin  (1498). 

Bald'win,  tutor  of  Rollo  ("the  bloody 
brother")  and  Otto,  dukes  of  Normandy, 
and  sons  of  Sophia.  Baldwin  was  put  to 
death  by  Rollo,  because  Hamond  slew 
Gisbert  the  chancellor  with  an  axe  and 
not  with  a  sword.  Rollo  said  that 
Baldwin  deserved  death  "for  teaching 
Hamond  no  better." — Beaumont:  The 
Bloody  Brother  (published  1639). 

Baldwin  {Count),  a  fatal  example  of 
paternal  self-will.  He  doted  on  his  elder 
son,  Biron,  but,  because  he  married  against 
his  inclination,  disinherited  him,  and 
fixed  all  his  love  on  Carlos  his  younger  son. 
Biron  fell  at  the  siege  of  Candy,  and  was 
supposed  to  be  dead.  His  wife  Isabella 
mourned  for  him  seven  years,  and 
being  on  the  point  of  starvation,  applied 
to  the  count  for  aid,  but  he  drove  her 
from  his  house  like  a  dog.  Villeroy  (2  syl. ) 
married  her,  but  Biron  returned  the 
following  day.  Carlos,  hearing  of  his 
brother's  return,  employed  ruffians  to 
murder  him,  and  then  charged  Villeroy 
with  the  crime;  but  one  of  the  ruffians 
impeached.  Carlos  was  arrested,  and 
Isabella,  going  mad,  killed  herself.  Thus 
was  the  wilfulness  of  Baldwin  the  source  of 
infinite  misery.  It  caused  the  death  of  his 
two  sons,  as  well  as  of  his  daughter-in-law. 
— Southern  :  The  Fatal  Marriage  (1692). 

Baldwin,  archbishop  of  Canterbury 
(1184-1190),  introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott 
in  The  Betrothed  [Xxme,  Henry  11, ). 

Baldwin  de  Oyley,  esquire  of  sir 
Brian  de  Bois  Guilbert  ( Preceptor  of  the 
Knights  Templars). — Sir  VV.  Scott : 
Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Balfour  [John),  of  Burley.  A  leader 
of  the  Covenanters'  army.  Disguised  for 
a  time  as  Quentin  Mackell  of  Irongray. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Old  Mortality  (time, 
Charles  II.). 


Balin  [Sir),  or  "  Balin  le  Savage," 
knight  of  the  two  swords.  He  was  a 
Northumberland  knight,  and  being  taken 
captive,  was  imprisoned  six  months  by 
king  Arthur.  It  so  happened  that  a 
damsel  girded  with  a  sword  came  to 
Camelot  at  the  time  of  sir  Balin's  release, 
and  told  the  king  that  no  man  could 
draw  it  who  was  tainted  with  "shame, 
treachery,  or  guile."  King  Arthur  and 
all  his  knights  failed  in  the  attempt,  but 
sir  Balin  drew  it  readily.  The  damsel 
begged  him  for  the  sword,  but  he  refused 
to  give  it  to  any  one.  Whereupon  the 
damsel  said  to  him,  "That  sword  shall 
be  thy  plague,  for  with  it  shall  ye  slay 
your  best  friend,  and  it  shall  also  prove 
your  own  death."  Then  the  Lady  of  the 
Lake  came  to  the  king,  and  demanded  the 
sword,  but  sir  Balin  cut  oft  her  head  with 
it,  and  was  banished  from  the  court. 
After  various  adventures  he  came  to  a 
castle  where  the  custom  was  for  every 
guest  to  joust.  He  was  accommodated 
with  a  shield,  and  rode  forth  to  meet  his 
antagonist.  So  fierce  was  the  encounter 
that  both  the  combatants  were  slain,  but 
Balin  lived  just  long  enough  to  learn  that 
his  antagonist  was  his  dearly  beloved 
brother  Balan,  and  both  were  buried  in 
one  \.omh.~Sir  T.  Malory:  History  of 
Prince  Arthur,  i.  27-44  (1470). 

•.  •  "  The  Book  of  Sir  Balin  le  Savage ' 
is  part  i.  ch,  27  to  44  (both  inclusive)  of 
sir  T.  Malory's  History  of  Prince  Arthur. 

Balin verno,  one  of  the  leaders  in 
Agramant's  allied  army. — Ariosto:  Or- 
lando Furioso  (1516). 

'Z?i!'^Q\{Edward),  usurper  of  Scotland, 
introduced  in  Redgauntlet,  a  novel  by  sir 
W.  Scott  (time,  George  II.). 

Ba'liol  [Mrs.),  friend  of  Mr.  Croft- 
angry,  in  the  introductory  chapter  of  The 
Fair  Maid  of  Perth,  a  novel  by  sir  W. 
Scott  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Baliol  [Mrs.  Arthur  Bethune),  a  lady 
of  quality  and  fortune,  who  had  a  house 
called  Baliol  Lodging,  Canongate,  Edin- 
burgh. At  death  she  left  to  her  cousin 
Mr.  Croftangry  two  series  of  tales  called 
The  Chronicles  of  Canongate  [q.v.),  which 
he  published.— ^'zV  W.Scott:  The  High- 
land Widow  (introduction,  1827). 

Baliol  College,  Oxford,  was  founded 
(in  1263)  by  John  de  Baliol,  knight,  father 
of  Baliol  king  of  Scotland. 

Balisar'da,  a  sword  made  in  the 
garden  of  Orgagna  by  the  sorceress 
Faleri'na ;    it  would    cut    through  even 


BALIVERSO.  8s 

enchanted  substances,  and  was  given  to 
Roge'ro  for  the  express  purpose  of  "  deal- 
ing Orlando's  death." — Ariosto :  Orlando 
Furioso,  XXV.  15  (1516). 

He  knew  with  Halisarda's  lightest  blows. 
Nor  hehn,  nor  shield,  nor  cuirass  conld  avail. 


Baliverso,  the  basest  knight  in  tlie 
Saracen  army. — Ariosto:  Orlando  Furioso 
(1516). 

Balk  or  'Bzi,\'k'h.["loembrace"'\,  Omurs, 
surnamed  Ghil-Shah  ("earth's  king"), 
founder  of  the  Paishdadian  dynasty.  He 
travelled  abroad  to  make  himself  familiar 
with  the  laws  and  customs  of  other  lands. 
On  his  return  he  met  his  brother,  and 
built  on  the  spot  of  meeting  a  city,  which 
he  called  Balk ;  and  made  it  the  capital 
of  his  kingdom. 

Balkis,  the  Arabian  name  of  the 
queen  of  Sheba,  who  went  from  the  South 
to  witness  the  wisdom  and  splendour  of 
Solomon.  According  to  the  Koran,  she 
was  a  fire-worshipper.  It  is  said  that 
Solomon  raised  her  to  his  bed  and  throne. 
She  is  also  called  queen  of  Saba  or  Aaziz. 
— Al  Koran,  xxvi.  (Sale's  notes). 

She  fancied  herself  already  more  potent  than  Balkis 
and  pictured  to  her  imagination  the  genii  falling  pros 
trate  at  the  foot  of  her  throne. — W.  Beck/ord  :  yathck 

' .'  Solomon,  being  told  that  her  legs 
were  covered  with  hair  "  like  those  of  an 
ass,"  had  the  presence-chamber  floored 
with  glass  laid  over  running  water  filled 
with  fish.  When  Balkis  approached  the 
room,  supposing  the  floor  to  be  water, 
she  lifted  up  her  robes  and  exposed  her 
hairy  ankles,  of  which  the  king  had  been 
rightly  informed. — Jallalo  'dinn. 

Balleudi'no  {Don  Antonio),  in  Ben 
Jonson's  comedy  called  The  Case  is 
Altered  (1597).  Probably  intended  to 
ridicule  Anthony  Munday,  the  dramatist, 
who  lived  1554-1633,  a  voluminous  writer. 

Bal'lenkeirocli  (Oli),  a  Highland 
chief  and  old  friend  of  Fergus  M'lvor. — 
Sir W. Scott :  Waverlejy {time, George  11.). 

Balmun^,  the  sword  of  Siegfried, 
forged  by  Wieland  the  smith  of  the 
Scandinavian  gods.  In  a  trial  of  merit, 
Wieland  cleft  Amilias  (a  brother  smith) 
to  the  waist  ;  but  so  fine  was  the  cut  that 
Amilias  was  not  even  conscious  of  it  till 
he  attempted  to  move,  when  he  fell 
asunder  into  two  pieces. — Nibebmgen 
Lied. 

Balni-Barbi,  the  land  of  projectors, 
visited  by  Gulliver. — Swift:  Gullivers 
Travels  (1726). 


BALTIC. 

Balrud'dery(  The  laird  of),  a  relation 
of  Godfrey  Bertram,  laird  of  Ellangowan. 
— Sir  IV.  Scott:  Guy  Mannering  (time, 
George  II.). 

Balsam  of  Fierabras.  "This 
famous  balsam,"  said  don  Quixote,  "only 
costs  three  rials  [about  sixpence]  for  three 
quarts."  It  was  the  balsam  with  whicli 
tlie  body  of  Christ  was  embalmed,  and  was 
stolen  by  sir  Fierabras  \^Fe-d' .ra-braH\. 
Such  was  its  virtue,  that  one  single  drop 
of  it  taken  internally  would  instantly  heal 
the  most  ghastly  wound. 

"  It  is  a  balsam  of  balsams ;  it  not  only  heals  all 
wounds,  but  even  defies  death  itself.  If  thou  should'st 
see  my  body  cut  in  two,  friend  Sancho,  by  some 
unlucky  backstroke,  you  must  carefully  pick  up  that 
half  of  me  which  falls  on  the  ground,  and  clap  it  upon 
the  other  half  before  the  blood  congeals,  then  give  me 
a  draught  of  the  balsam  of  Fierabras,  and  you  will 
presently  see  me  as  sound  as  an  orange." — Cervantes  : 
Don  Quixote,  I.  ii.  a  1605). 

BALTHA'ZAK>,  a  merchant,  in 
Shakespeare's  Comedy  of  Errors  (1593). 

Baltha'zar,  a  name  assumed  by 
Portia,  in  Shakespeare's  Merchant  of 
Venice  (1598). 

Baltha'zar,  servant  to  Romeo,  in 
Shakespeare's  Romeo  and  Juliet  (1597). 

Baltlia'zar,  servant  to  don  Pedro,  in 
Shakespeare's  Much  Ado  about  Nothing 
(1600). 

Baltlia'zar,  one  of  the  three  "kings  " 
shown  in  Cologne  Cathedral  as  one  of  the 
"  Magi "  led  to  Bethlehem  by  the  guiding 
star.  The  word  means  "lord  of  treasures." 
The  names  of  the  other  two  are  Melchior 
("king  of  light"),  and  Caspar  or  Caspar 
("the  white  one").  Klopstock,  in  The 
Messiah,  makes  six  "Wise  Men,"  and 
none  of  the  names  are  like  these  three. 

Baltliazar,  father  of  Juliana,  Vo- 
lantS,  and  Zam'ora.  A  proud,  peppery, 
and  wealthy  gentleman.  His  daughter 
Juliana  married  the  duke  of  Aranza ;  his 
second  daughter,  Volante  (3  syl.),  married 
the  count  Montalban  ;  and  Zamora  mar- 
ried signor  Rinaldo. — J.  T'obin:  The 
Honeymoon  (1804). 

Baltic  {The  Battle  of  the),  ^  lyric  by 
Thomas  Campbell  (1809).  This  battle 
(April  10,  1801)  was  in  reality  the  bom- 
bardment of  Copenhagen  by  lord  Nelson 
and  admiral  Parker.  In  their  engage- 
ment with  the  Danish  fleet,  18  out  of  23 
ships  of  the  line  were  taken  and  destroyed 
by  the  British.     The  poem  says — 

Of  Nelson  and  the  North 
Sing  the  glorious  day's  renowOb 


BALUE. 


86 


BANDY-LEGGED. 


When  to  battle  fierce  came  forth 
All  the  mi{,'lit  of  Denmark's  crown   .  .  • 

It  was  10  of  April  morn  .  .  . 
[When  fell  the  Danes]  in  Elsinore. 

Salue  [Cardinal),  in  the  court  of 
Louis  XI.  of  P'rance  (1420-1491),  intro- 
duced by  sir  W.  Scott  in  Qucntin  Dur- 
ward  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Balugantes  (4  syl),  leader  of  the 
men  from  Leon,  in  Spain,  and  in  alliance 
with  Agramant. — Ariosto :  Orlando  Fu- 
rioso  {1516). 

Balveny  [Lord),  kinsman  of  the  earl 
of  Douglas.— 5?>  W.  Scott:  Fair  Maid 
of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Balwhidder  \Bat -wither],  a  Scotch 
presbyterian  pastor,  filled  with  all  the 
old-fashioned  national  prejudices,  but 
sincere,  kind-hearted,  and  pious.  _  Heis 
garrulous  and  loves  his  joke,  but  is  quite 
ignorant  of  the  world,  being  "in  it  but 
not  of  it." — Gait:  Annals  of  the  Parish 
(1821). 

The  Rev.  Micah  Bahvhidder  is  a  fine  representation 
of  the  primitive  Scottish  pastor;  diligent,  blameless, 
loyal,  and  exemplary  in  his  life,  but  without  the  fiery 
zeal  and  "kirk-filling  eloquence  "  of  the  supporters  of 
the  Covenant.— i2.  Chambers:  English  LiUratiire,  ii. 
591- 

Baly,  one  of  the  ancient  and  gigantic 
kings  of  India,  who  founded  the  city 
called  by  his  name.  He  redressed 
wrongs,  upheld  justice,  was  generous  and 
truthful,  compassionate  and  charitable, 
so  that  at  death  he  became  one  of  the 
judges  of  hell.  His  city  in  time  got 
overwhelmed  with  the  encroaching  ocean, 
but  its  walls  were  not  overthrown,  nor 
were  the  rooms  encumbered  with  the 
weeds  and  alluvial  of  the  sea.  One  day 
a  dwarf,  named  Vamen,  asked  the  mighty 
monarch  to  allow  him  to  measure  three 
of  his  own  paces  for  a  hut  to  dwell  in. 
Baly  smiled,  and  bade  him  measure  out 
what  he  required.  The  first  pace  of  tlie 
dwarf  compassed  the  whole  earth,  the 
second  the  whole  heavens,  and  the  third 
the  infernal  regions.  Baly  at  once  per- 
ceived that  the  dwarf  was  Vishnft,  and 
adored  the  present  deity.  Vishnu  made 
the  king  "Governor  of  Pad'alon "  or 
hell,  and  permitted  him  once  a  year  to 
revisit  the  earth,  on  the  first  full  moon  of 
November. 

Baly  built 
A    ity,  like  the  cities  of  the  gods. 
Being  like  a  god  himself.    For  many  an  age 
Hatli  ocean  warred  against  liis  palaces. 
Till  overwhelmed  they  lie  beneath  the  waves. 
Not  overthrown. 

SoutJuy  :  Curse  of  Kchatna,  xv.  i  (1809). 

Bampton  Lectvxres  ( The),  founded 
by  John   Bampton,  canon   of  Salisbury, 


who  died  in  1751.  These  lectures  were 
designed  to  confirm  the  Catholic  faith  and 
confute  heresies.  The  first  of  the  series 
was  delivered  in  1780. 

Ban,  king  of  Benwick  \Brittany\ 
father  of  sir  Launcelot,  and  brother  of 
Bors  king  of  Gaul.  This  "  shadowy  king 
of  a  still  more  shado^vy  kingdom  "  came 
over  with  his  royal  brother  to  the  aid  of 
Arthur,  when,  at  the  beginning  of  his 
reign,  the  eleven  kings  leagued  against 
him  (pt.  i.  8). 

Yonder  I  see  the  most  valiant  knight  of  the  world, 
and  the  man  of  most  renown ;  for  such  two  brethren  as 
are  king  Ban  and  king  Bors  are  not  living. — Sir  T, 
Malory  :  History  oj" Prince  Arthur,  L  14  (1470). 

Ban'agfher,  a  town  in  Ireland,  on  the 
Shannon  (King's  County).  It  formerly 
sent  two  members  to  parliament,  and  was 
a  pocket  borough.  When  a  member 
spoke  of  a  rotten  borough,  he  could  de- 
vise no  stronger  expression  than  That 
beats  Banagher,  which  passed  into  a 
household  phrase. 

Banastar  [Humfrey),  brought  up  by 
Henry  duke  of  Buckingham,  and  ad- 
vanced by  him  to  honour  and  wealth. 
He  professed  to  love  the  duke  as  his 
dearest  friend ;  but  when  Richard  III. 
offered  ;!^icoo  reward  to  any  one  who 
would  deliver  up  the  duke,  Banastar 
betrayed  him  to  John  Mitton,  sheriff  of 
Shropshire,  and  he  was  conveyed  to  Salis- 
bury, where  he  was  beheaded.  The  ghost 
of  the  duke  prayed  that  Banaster's  eldest 
son,  "reft  of  his  wits  might  end  his  life 
in  a  pigstye  ;  "  that  his  second  son  might 
"  be  drowned  in  a  dyke  "  containing  less 
than  "half  a  foot  of  water;"  that  his 
only  daughter  might  be  a  leper  ;  and  that 
Banaster  himself  might  "live  in  death 
and  die  in  life." — Sackville:  A  Mirrour 
for  Magistraytes  ("The  Complaynt," 
1587). 

Banlsergf  [The  bishop  of),  introduced 
in  Donnerhugel's  narrative. — Sir  IV.  Scott: 
Anne  of  Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Eaxxbury  Cheese.  Bardolph  calls 
Slender  a  "Banbury  cheese"  [Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor,  act  i.  sc.  i)  ;  and  in 
Jack  Drum's  Entertainment  we  read, 
' '  You  are  like  a  Banbury  cheese,  nothing 
but  paring."  The  Banbury  cheese 
alluded  to  was  a  milk  cheese,  about  an 
inch  in  thickness. 

Bandy  -  legg-ed,  Armand  Gouff^ 
(1775-1845),  also  called  Le  panard  du 
dix-ncuvibme  sihcle.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  "  Caveau  moderne." 


BANE  OF  THE  LAND. 

Bane  of  the  Land  [Landschadcn], 
tlie  name  given  to  a  German  robber- 
knight  on  account  of  his  reckless  depre- 
dations on  his  neighbours'  property.  He 
was  placed  under  the  ban  of  the  empire 
for  his  offences. 

Bangfo'rian  Controversy,  a  theo- 
logical paper-war  begun  by  Dr.  Hoadly, 
bisliop  of  Bangor,  the  best  reply  being  by 
Law.  The  subject  of  this  controversy 
was  a  sermon  preached  before  George  L, 
on  the  text,  "  My  kingdom  is  not  of  this 
world  "  (1717). 

Banks,  a  farmer,  the  great  terror  of 
old  mother  Sawyer,  the  witch  of  Edmon- 
ton.— The  Witch  of  Edmonton  (by  J^ow- 
ley,  Dekker,  and  Ford,  1658). 

Banks  o'  Yarrow  [The),  a 
"Scotch"  ballad,  describing  how  two 
brothers-in-law  designed  to  fight  a  duel 
on  the  banks  of  Yarrow,  but  one  of  them 
laid  an  ambush  and  slew  the  other.  The 
anguish  of  the  widow  is  the  chief  charm 
of  the  ballad. 

Ban'natyne  Club,  a  literary  club 
which  takes  its  name  from  George  Ban- 
natyne.  It  was  instituted  in  1823  by  sir 
Walter  Scott,  and  had  for  its  object  the 
publication  of  rare  works  illustrative  of 
Scottish  history,  poetry,  and  general 
literature.  The  club  was  dissolved  in 
1859. 

Bannockbnrn  (in  Stirling),  famous 
for  the  great  battle  between  Bruce  and 
Edward  II.,  in  which  the  English  army 
was  totally  defeated,  and  the  Scots  re- 
gained their  freedom  (June  24,  1314). 

Departed  spirits  of  the  miglity  dead  !  .  .  . 
Oh  1  once  again  to  Freedom's  cause  return 
The  patriot  Tell,  the  Bruce  of  Bannockburn. 

Campbell:  Pleasures  of  HoJ>e,  L  (1799). 

Banquo,  a  Scotch  general  of  royal 
extraction,  in  the  time  of  Edward  tha 
Confessor.  He  was  murdered  at  the  in- 
stigation of  king  Macbeth,  but  his  so^ 
Fleance  escaped,  and  from  this  Fleanco 
descended  a  race  of  kings  who  filled  the 
throne  of  Scotland,  ending  with  James  7v 
of  England,  in  whom  were  united  tb? 
two  crowns.  It  was  the  ghost  of  Banquo 
which  haunted  Macbeth.  The  witches 
on  the  blasted  heath  hailed  Banquo  as—- 

(i)  I-esser  than  Macbeth,  and  greater. 

(2)  Not  so  liappy,  yet  much  happier. 

(3)  Thou  slialt  get  kings,  though  thou  be  none. 

Sliukespeare:  Alacbeih,  act  i.  so.  3  (i6o6>, 

(Historically,  no  such  person  as  Banq&.»- 
evcr  existed,  and  therefore  Fleance  wju» 
uot  the  ancestor  of  the  house  of  Stuart.i 


87  BARADAS. 

Ban'sbee.    (See  Benshee.) 

Bantam  [An^elo  Cyrus),  grand-mastef 
of  the  ceremonies  at  "  Ba-ath,"  and  a 
very  mighty  personage  in  the  opinion  of 
the  dlite  of  Bath.— C.  Dickens:  The  Pick- 
wick Papers  [iZ^''^). 

Bantingf.  Doing BantingmG:\.x\s  living 
by  regimen  for  the  sake  of  reducing 
SLiperliuous  fat.  William  Banting,  an 
undertaker,  was  at  one  time  a  very  fat 
man,  but  he  resolved  to  abstain  from 
beer,  farinaceous  foods,  and  all  vege- 
tables, his  chief  diet  being  meat  (1796- 
1878). 

Bap,  a  contraction  of  Bap' hornet,  i.e. 
Mahomet.  An  imaginary  idol  or  symbol 
which  the  Templars  were  accused  of  em- 
ploying in  their  mysterious  religious 
rites.  It  was  a  small  human  figure  cut 
in  stone,  with  two  heads,  one  male  and 
the  other  female,  but  all  the  rest  of  the 
figure  was  female.     Specimens  still  exist. 

Bap'tes  (2  syl.),  priests  of  the  god- 
dess Cotytto,  whose  midnight  orgies 
were  so  obscene  as  to  disgust  even  the 
very  goddess  of  obscenity.  (Greek,  bap/o, 
"to  baptize,"  because  these  priests  bathed 
themselves  in  the  most  effeminate  man- 
ner.)— Juvenal:  Satires,  ii.  91. 

Baptis'ta,  a  rich  gentleman  of 
Padua,  father  of  Kathari'na  "  the  shrew" 
and  Bianca. — Shakespeare:  Taming  of  the 
Shrew  (1594), 

Baptist!  Damiotti,  a  Paduan  quack, 
who  shows  in  the  enchanted  mirror  a 
picture  representing  the  clandestine  mar- 
riage and  infidehty  of  sir  Philip  Forester. 
— Sir  W.  Scott:  Aunt  Alargaret's  Mirror 
(time,  William  III.). 

Bar  of  Gold.  A  bar  of  gold  above 
the  instep  is  a  mark  of  sovereign  rank  in 
the  women  of  the  families  of  the  deys, 
and  is  worn  as  a  "  crest  "  by  their  female 
relatives. 

Around,  as  princess  of  her  father's  land, 
A  hke  gold  bar,  above  her  instep  rolled. 
Announced  her  rank. 

Byron:  Don  yuan,  iii.  72  (1820). 

Bar'abas,  the  faithful  servant  of 
Ralph  deLascours,  captain  of  the  UranHa. 
His  favourite  expression  is  "  I  am  afraid ; " 
but  he  always  acts  most  bravely  when  he 
is  afraid.  (See  Barrabas.)— ^.  Stirling: 
The  Orphan  of  the  Frozen  Sea  (1856). 

Bar'adas  [Count),  the  king's  fa- 
vourite, first  gentleman  of  the  chamber, 
and  one  of  the  conspirators  to  detl^rone 
Louis  XI II.,  kill  Richelieu,  and  place  the 


BARAK  EL  HADGI. 


88 


BARD  OF  AVON. 


due  d'Orldans  on  the  throne  of  France. 
Baradas  loved  Julie,  but  Julie  married  the 
chevalier  Adrien  de  Mauprat.  When 
Richelieu  fell  into  disgrace,  the  king 
made  count  Baradas  his  chief  minister ; 
but  scarcely  had  he  done  so  when  a 
despatch  was  put  into  his  hand,  reveal- 
ing the  conspiracy,  and  Richelieu  ordered 
the  instant  arrest  of  the  conspirator. — 
LordLytion:  Richelieu  [i^^g). 

Barak  el  Hadgi,  the  fakir',  an 
emissary  from  the  court  of  Hyder  Ali. — 
Sir  W.  Scoti:  The  Surgeon's  Daughter 
(time,  George  II.). 

Barata'ria,  the  island-city  over  which 
Sancho  Panza  was  appointed  governor. 
The  table  was  presided  over  by  Dr.  Pedro 
Rezio  de  Ague'ro,  who  caused  every  dish 
set  before  the  governor  to  be  whisked 
away  without  being  tasted, — some  be- 
cause they  heated  the  blood,  and  others 
because  they  chilled  it,  some  for  one  evil 
effect,  and  some  for  another,  so  that 
Sancho  was  allowed  to  eat  nothing. 

Sancho  then  arrived  at  a  town  containingr  about  a 
thousand  inhabitants.  They  grave  him  to  understand 
that  it  was  called  the  Island  of  i5arataria,  either  because 
Barataria  was  really  the  name  of  the  place,  or  because 
he  obtained  the  government  barato,  i.e.  "  at  a  cheap 
rate."  On  his  arrival  near  the  gates  of  the  town,  tlie 
municipal  officers  came  oiit  to  receive  him.  Presently 
after,  with  certain  ridiculous  ceremonies,  they  pre- 
sented him  with  the  keys  of  the  town,  and  constituted 
him  perpetual  governor  of  the  island  of  Barataria.— 
Cervantes:  Don  Quixote,  II.  iii.  7,  etc.  (1615). 

Barbara  Allan,  a  ballad  by  Allan 
Ramsay  {1724)  ;  inserted  in  Percy's 
Reliques.  The  tale  is  that  sir  John 
Orehme  was  dying  out  of  love  to  Barbara 
Allan.  Barbara  went  to  see  him,  and, 
drawing  aside  the  curtain,  said,  "  Young 
man,  I  think  ye're  dyan'."  She  then  left 
him  ;  but  had  not  gone  above  a  mile  or 
so  when  she  heard  the  death-bell  toll. 

O  mithcr,  mither,  mak'  my  bed  .  .  . 
Since  my  love  died  for  me  to-day, 
Ise  die  for  him  to-morrow. 

Barbarossa  ["  red  beard"\  surname 
of  Frederick  I.  of  Germany  (1121-1190). 
It  is  said  that  he  never  died,  but  is  still 
sleeping  in  Kyff  hauserberg  in  Thuringia. 
There  he  sits  at  a  stone  table  with  his  six 
knights,  waiting  the  "fulness  of  time," 
when  he  will  come  from  his  cave  to 
rescue  Germany  from  bondage,  and  give 
her  the  foremost  place  of  all  the  world. 
His  beard  has  ahready  grown  through  the 
table-slab,  but  must  wind  itself  thrice 
round  the  table  before  his  second  advent. 
^See  Mansur,  Charlemagne,  Arthur, 
Desmond,  Sebastian  I.,  to  whom 
similar  legends  are  attributed.) 


Like  Barbarossa,  who  sits  in  a  cave. 
Taciturn,  sombre,  sedate,  and  grave. 

Lonsfellow:  The  Golden  Legend. 

\  Ogier  the  Dane,  one  of  Charle- 
magne's paladins,  was  immured  with  his 
crown  in  a  vault  at  Cronenberg  Castle, 
till  his  beard  grew  through  a  stone  table, 
which  was  burst  in  two  when  he  raised 
his  head  upon  the  spell  being  dissolved. — 
Torfxns:  History  of  Norway,  vol.  i.  bk.  8. 

Barbarossa,  a  tragedy  by  John 
Brown.  This  is  not  Frederick  Barbarossa, 
the  emperor  of  Germany  (1121-1190),  but 
Horuc  Barbarossa,  the  corsair  (1475- 
1519).  He  was  a  regenade  Greek,  of 
MitylenS,  who  made  himself  master  of 
Algeria,  which  was  for  a  time  subject  to 
Turkey.  He  killed  the  Moorish  king; 
tried  to  cut  off  Selim  the  son,  but  without 
success  ;  and  wanted  to  marry  Zaphi'ra, 
the  king's  widow,  who  rejected  his  suit 
with  scorn,  and  was  kept  in  confinement 
for  seven  years.  Selim  returned  unex- 
pectedly to  Algiers,  and  a  general  rising 
took  place  ;  Barbarossa  was  slain  by  the 
insurgents ;  Zaphira  was  restored  to  the 
throne  ;  and  Selim  lier  son  married  IrenS 
the  daughter  of  Barbarossa  {1742). 

BarTiary  {St.),  the  patron  saint  ot 
arsenals.  When  her  father  was  about  to 
strike  oiT  her  head,  she  was  killed  by  a 
flash  of  lightning. 

Bar'bary  {Roan),  the  favoiu-ite  horse 
of  Richard  II. 

Bolingbroke  rode  on  roan  Barbary, 
Thnt  horse  that  thou  so  often  hast  bestrid  1 
Shakespeare :  Richard  11.  act  v.  sc.  s  (1597). 

Bar'bason,  the  name  of  a  demon 
mentioned  in  The  Merry  Wives  of  Wind- 
sor, act  ii.  sc.  2  (1596). 

I  am  not  Barbason;  yoix  cannot  conjure  me. — Shake- 
tpeare:  Henry  K  act  li.  sc.  i  (1599)- 

Barco'chebali,  an  antichrist. 

Shared  the  fall  of  the  antichrist  Barcochebah.— ^^f»- 
fessor  SeliuiJi:  Ecce  Homo. 

Bard  {The),  a  Pindaric  ode  by  Gray 
(1757),  founded  on  a  tradition  that  Edward 
I.,  having  conquered  Wales,  ordered  all 
its  bards  to  be  put  to  death.  A  bard  is 
supposed  to  denounce  the  king,  and  pre- 
dict the  evil  which  would  befall  his  race, 
which  would  be  superseded  by  the  Tudors, 
"the  genuine  kings"  of  Britain;  when 
Wales  will  give  us  iilizabeth,  "  the  glory  " 
of  the  world;  and  a  futiure  dazzUng  to 
"his  aching  sight," 

Bard  of  Avon,  Shakespeare,  born  and 
buried  at  Stratford-upon-Avon(  1564-1616). 
Also  called  the  Bard  of  all  Times. 

N.B.— Beaumont  also  died  in  1616. 


BARDS.  I 

Bard  of  Ayrshire,  Robert  Burns,  a 
native  of  Ayrshire  (1759-1796). 

Bard  of  Hope,  Thomas  Campbell, 
author  of  The  Pleasures  of  Hope  (1777- 
1844). 

Bard  of  the  Imagination,  Mark  Aken- 
side,  author  of  The  Pleasures  of  tlie  Im- 
agination (1721-1770). 

Bard  of  Memory,  S.  Rogers,  author  of 
The  Pleasures  of  Memory  (1762-1855). 

Bard  of  Olney,  W.  Cowper  [Cw'-//-], 
who  lived  for  many  years  at  Olney,  in 
Bucks.  (1731-1800). 

Bard  of  Prose,  Boccaccio  (1313-1375). 

He  of  the  hundred  tales  of  love. 

Byron:  CItUdc  Harold,  iv.  $6  (1818). 

Bard  of  Rydal  Mount,  William  Words- 
worth, who  lived  at  Rydal  Mount ;  also 
called  the  Poet  of  the  Exmrsion,  from  his 
principal  poem  (1770-1850). 

Bard  of  Twickenham,  Alexander  Pope, 
who  lived  at  Twickenham  (1683-1744). 

Bards.  The  ancient  Gaels  thought 
that  the  soul  of  a  dead  hero  could  never 
be  happy  till  a  bard  had  sung  an  elegy 
over  the  deceased.  Hence  when  Cairbar, 
the  usurper  of  the  throne  of  Ireland,  fell, 
though  he  was  a  rebel,  a  murderer,  and  a 
coward,  his  brother  Cathmor  could  not 
endure  the  thought  of  his  soul  being 
unsung  to  rest.  So  he  goes  to  Ossian,  and 
gets  him  to  send  a  bard  "  to  give  the  soul 
of  the  king  to  the  wind,  to  open  to  it  the 
airy  hall,  and  to  give  joy  to  the  darkened 
ghost." — Ossian:  Temora,  \\. 

Bardell  [Mrs.),  landlady  of  "apart- 
ments for  single  gentlemen"  in  Goswell 
Street.  Here  Mr.  Pickwick  lodged  for 
a  time.  She  persuaded  herself  that  he 
would  make  her  a  good  second  husband, 
and  on  one  occasion  was  seen  in  his  arms 
by  his  three  friends.  Mrs.  Bardell  put 
herself  in  the  hands  of  Messrs.  Dodson 
and  Fogg  (two  unprincipled  lawyers), 
who  vamped  up  a  case  against  Mr.  Pick- 
wick of ' '  breach  of  promise, "  and  obtained 
a  verdict  against  the  defendant.  Subse- 
quently Messrs.  Dodson  and  Fogg  arrested 
their  own  client,  and  lodged  her  in  the 
Fleet.— Dichens :  The  Pickwick  Papers 
(1836). 

Barde'sanist  (4  syl.\  a  follower  of 
Barde'san,  founder  of  a  Gnostic  sect  in 
the  second  century. 

Bar'dolpH,  corporal  of  captain  sir 
John  FalstafF  in  i  and  2  Henry  IV.  and 
in  The  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor.  In 
Henry  V.  he  is  promoted  to  lieutenant, 
and  Nym  is  corporal.     Both  are  hanged. 


I  BARICONDO. 

Birdolph  is  a  bravo,  but  great  humorrst ; 
he  is  a  low-bred,  drunken  swaggerer, 
wholly  without  principle,  and  always 
poor.  His  red,  pimply  nose  is  an  ever- 
lasting joke  with  sir  John  and  others- 
Sir  John  in  allusion  thereto  calls  Bardolpl'i 
"The  Knight  of  the  Burning  Lamp." 
He  says  to  him,  "Thou  art  our  admiraT. 
and  bearest  the  lantern  in  the  poop." 
Elsewhere  he  tells  the  corporal  he  had 
saved  him  a  "thousand  marks  in  links 
and  torches,  walking  with  him  in  the  night 
betwixt  tavern  and  tavern." — Shakespeare. 

We  are  much  of  the  mind  of  FalstafTs  tailor.  ^V"e 
must  have  better  assurance  for  sir  Jolm  than  Bardolpli's. 
^Macaulay. 

(The  reference  is  to  2  Henry  IV.  act  1. 
sc.  2.  When  Falstaflfasks  Page,  "What 
said  Master  Dumbleton  about  the  satin 
for  my  short  cloak  and  slops?"  Page 
replies,  "  He  said,  sir,  you  should  pro- 
cure him  better  assurance  than  Bardolph. 
He  .  .  .  liked  not  the  security.") 

Bardon  {Hugh),  the  scout-master  in 
the  troop  of  lieutenant  Fitzurse. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Barere  (2  syl. ),  an  advocate  of  Tour 
louse,  called  "The  Anacreon  of  the 
Guillotine. "  He  was  president  of  the  Con- 
vention, a  member  of  the  Constitutional 
Committee,  and  chief  agent  in  the  con- 
demnation to  death  of  Louis  XVI.  As 
member  of  the  Committee  of  Public 
Safety,  he  decreed  that  "Terror  must  be 
the  order  of  the  day."  In  the  first  em^ 
pire  Barere  bore  no  public  part,  but  at  tire 
restoration  he  was  banished  from  France, 
and  retired  to  Brussels  (1755-1841). 

The  filthiest  and  most  spiteful  Yahoo  was  a  nobis 
creature  compared  with    Barriire  \sic\  of  history.— 

Macaulay. 

Bar'gfuest,  a  goblin  armed  with  teeth 
and  claws.  It  would  sometimes  set  up 
in  the  streets  a  most  fearful  scream  in  the 
"  dead  waste  and  middle  of  the  night." 
The  faculty  of  seeing  this  monster  was 
limited  to  a  few,  but  those  who  possessed 
it  could  by  the  touch  communicate  the 
"gift"  to  others. — Fairy  Mythology; 
North  of  England. 

Bar'gulus,  an  Illyrian  robber  or 
pirate. 

BargTjlus,  Illyriuslatro,  de  quoestapud  Theoporapum 
magfnas  opes  Uabuit. — Cicero:  Dc  Officiis,  ii.  ii. 

Baricondo,  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
Moorish  army.  He  was  slain  by  the 
duke  of  Clarence. — Ariosto :  Orlando 
Furioso  (1516). 


BARKER.  90 

Barker  {Mr.),  friend  to  Sowerberry. 
M?-s.  Barker,  his   wife. —  IV.  B rough: 
A  Phenomenon  in  a  Smock  Frock. 

Bar 'Iris,  the  carrier  who  courted 
[Clara]  Peggot'ty,  by  telling  David  Cop- 
perfield  when  he  wrote  home  to  say  to 
his  nurse,  "  Barkis  is  willin'."  Clara  took 
the  hint  and  became  Mrs.  Barkis. 

He  dies  when  the  tide  goes  out,  confirming  the  super- 
stition that  people  can't  die  till  the  tide  goes  out,  or  be 
born  till  it  is  in.  The  last  words  he  utters  are  "  Barkis 
is  wy^m'."— Dickens  :  David  CoJ>J>erfield,  xxx.  (1849). 

(Mrs.  Quickly  says  of  sir  John  Falstaff, 
"  'A  parted  even  just  between  twelve  and 
one,  e'en  at  the  turning  o'  the  tide." — 
Henry  V.  act  ii.  sc.  3,  1599.) 

Barlaham    and    Josapliat,    the 

heroes  and  title  of  a  minnesong,  the 
object  of  which  was  to  show  the  triumph 
of  Christian  doctrines  over  paganism. 
Barlaham  is  a  hermit  who  converts  Josa- 
phat,  an  Indian  prince.  This  "lay  "  was 
immensely  popular  in  the  Middle  Ages, 
and  has  been  translated  into  every  Euro- 
pean language. — Rudolf  of  Ems  (a  min- 
nesinger, thirteenth  century). 

("Barlaham,"  frequently  spelt  "  Bar- 
laam."  The  romance  was  originally  in 
Greek,  ninth  century,  and  erroneously 
ascribed  to  John  Damascene.  There  was 
a  Latin  version  in  the  thirteenth  century, 
to  which  Rudolf  was  indebted.     For  plot, 

see  JOSAPHAT. ) 

Barley  [Bill),  Clara's  father.  Chiefly 
remarkable  for  drinking  rum,  and  thump- 
ing on  the  floor.  He  lived  at  Chink's 
Barn,  Mill-pond  Bank. 

His  dinner  consisted  of  two  mutton-chops,  three 
potatoes,  some  split  peas,  a  little  flour,  2  ozs.  of  butter, 
a  pinch  of  salt,  and  a  lot  of  black  pepper,  all  stewed 
together,  and  eaten  hot. 

Clara  Barley,  daughter  of  the  above. 
A  "pretty,  gentle,  dark-eyed  girl,"  who 
marries  Herbert  Pocket. — Dickens:  Great 
Expectations  (1861). 

Barleycorn  {Sir  John),  Malt-liquor 
personified.  His  neighbours  vowed  that 
sir  John  should  die,  so  they  hired  ruffians 
to  "plough  him  with  ploughs  and  bury 
him ; "  this  they  did,  and  afterwards 
"  combed  him  with  harrows  and  thrust 
clods  on  his  head,"  but  did  not  kill  him. 
Then  with  hooks  and  sickles  they  ' '  cut 
his  legs  off  at  the  knees,"  bound  him  like 
a  thief,  and  left  him  "  to  wither  with  the 
wind,"  but  he  died  not.  They  now  ' '  rent 
him  to  the  heart,"  and  having  "mowed 
him  in  a  mow,"  sent  two  bravos  to  beat 
him  with  clubs,  and  they  beat  him  so  sore 
that  "all  his  flesh  fell  from  his  bones," 


BARNABY. 

but  yet  he  died  not.  To  a  kiln  they  next 
hauled  him,  and  burnt  him  like  a 
martyr,  but  he  survived  the  burning. 
They  crushed  him  between  two  stones, 
but  killed  him  not.  Sir  John  bore  no 
malice  for  this  ill  usage,  but  did  his  best 
to  cheer  the  flagging  spirits  even  of  his 
worst  persecutors. 

'.'  This  song,  from  the  English 
Dancing-Master  (1651),  is  generally  as- 
cribed to  Robert  Burns,  but  all  that  the 
Scotch  poet  did  was  slightly  to  alter 
parts  of  it.  The  same  may  be  said  of 
"  Auld  Lang  Syne  "  (see  p.  76),  "  Ca'  the 
Yowes,"  "My  Heart  is  Sair  for  Some- 
body," "Green  grow  the  Rashes,  O!" 
and  several  other  songs,  set  down  to  the 
credit  of  Burns. 

Barlow,  the  favourite  archer  of 
Henry  VHL  He  was  jocosely  created 
by  the  merry  monarch  "  duke  of  Shore- 
ditch,"  and  his  two  companions  "marquis 
of  Islington"  and  "earl  of  Pancras." 

Barlow  {Billy),  a  jester,  who  fancied 
himself  a  "mighty  potentate."  He  was 
well  known  in  the  east  of  London,  and 
died  in  Whitechapel  workhouse.  Some 
of  his  sayings  were  really  witty,  and  some 
of  his  attitudes  truly  farcical. 

Bar'mecide  Feast,  a  mere  dream- 
feast  ;  an  illusion ;  a  castle  in  the  air. 
Schacabac  "  the  hare-lipped,"  a  man  in 
the  greatest  distress,  one  day  called  on  the 
rich  Barmecide,  who  in  merry  jest  asked 
him  to  dine  with  him.  Barmecide  first 
washed  in  hypothetical  water,  Schacabac 
followed  his  example.  Barmecide  then 
pretended  to  eat  of  various  dainties,  , 
Schacabac  did  the  same,  and  praised  them  j 
highly,  and  so  the  "feast"  went  on  to  the 
close.  The  story  says  Barmecide  was  so 
pleased  that  Schacabac  had  the  good 
sense  and  good  temper  to  enter  into  the 
spirit  of  the  joke  without  resentment, 
that  he  ordered  in  a  real  banquet,  at 
which  Schacabac  was  a  welcome  guest. — 
Arabian  Nights  ("The  Barber's  Sixth 
Brother"). 

Bar'nabas  {St. ),  a  disciple  of  Gama- 
liel, cousin  of  St.  Mark,  and  fellow-la- 
bourer with  St.  Paul.  He  was  martyred 
at  Salamis,  A.D,  63.  St.  Barnabas'  Day 
is  June  11. — Acts  iv.  36,  oj. 

Bar'naby  { H^zV^izy),  the  title  and  chief 
character  of  a  novel  by  Mrs.  Trollope 
(1839).  The  widow  is  a  vulgar,  pre- 
tentious husband-hunter,  wholly  witliout 
principle.  Widow  Barnaby  has  a  sequel 
called  The  Barnabys  in  America,  or  Tlie 


BARNABY. 


9» 


BARRABAS. 


Widow  Alarried,  a  satire  on  America  and 
the  Americans  (1840). 

Barnaby,  an  old  dance  with  a  quick 
movement. 

"  Bounce ! "  cries  the  port -hole  ;  out  they  fly, 
And  make  the  world  dance  "  Barnaby." 

Cotton  :  yirgil  Ti-avestie. 

Barnaby  Budge,  a  half-witted  lad. 
whose  companion  was  a  raven.  He  was 
allured  into  joining  the  Gordon  rioters,  and 
was  condemned  to  death,  but  reprieved. 
— Dickens  :  Barnaby  Eudge  (1841).     (See 

RUDGK.) 

Barnacle,  brother  of  old  Nicholas 
Cockney,  and  guardian  of  Priscilla 
Tomboy  of  the  West  Indies.  Barnacle  is 
a  tradesman  of  the  old  school,  who  thinks 
the  foppery  and  extravagance  of  the 
"  Cockney  "school  inconsistent  with  pros- 
perous shop-keeping.  Though  brusque 
and  even  ill-mannered,  he  has  good  sense 
and  good  discernment  of  character. — T/ie 
Romp  (altered  from  Bickerstaff  s  Love  in 
the  City). 

Barn-burners,  ultra-radicals  or  de- 
sti-uctives,  who  burnt  the  barns  in  order 
to  reform  social  and  political  abuses. 
These  wiseacres  were  about  as  sapient 
as  the  Dutchman  who  burnt  down  his 
barns  to  get  rid  of  the  rats  which  infested 
them. 

Barnardine,  introduced  in  the  last 
scene  of  Measure  for  Measure,  but  only 
to  be  reproved  by  the  duke. 

Sirrah,  thou  art  said  to  have  a  stubborn  soul, 
That  apprehends  no  further  than  this  world, 
And  squar'st  thy  life  according'. 
Shakespeare:  Measure  for  Measure,  act  v.  so.  x. 

Bame  Bisliop  {A\  a  boy -bishop. 
Barne  =  a  child. 

Barnes  (i  syl.),  servant  to  colonel 
Mannering,  at  Woodburne. — Sir  IV. 
Scott:  Gtiy Mannering {iiTXiQ,  George II.). 

"Barnevelt  {Esdras)  Apoth,"  the 
pseudonym  assumed  by  Pope,  when,  in 
1715,  he  published  a  Key  to  his  RaJ>e  of  the 
Lock. 

Barney,  a  repulsive  Jew,  who  waited 
on  the  customers  at  the  low  public-house 
frequented  by  Fagin  and  his  associates. 
Barney  always  spoke  through  his  nose. — 
Dickens  :  Oliver  Twist  (1837). 

Barn'stable  (Lieutenant),  in  the 
British  navy,  in  love  with  Kate  Plowden, 
niece  of  colonel  Howard  of  New  York. 
The  alliance  not  being  approved  of,  Kate 
is  removed  from  England  to  America, 


but  Barnstable  goes  to  America  to  dis- 
cover her  retreat.  In  this  he  succeeds, 
but,  being  seized  as  a  spy,  is  commanded 
by  colonel  Howard  to  be  hung  to  the 
yardarm  of  an  American  frigate  called  the 
Alacrity.  Scarcely  is  the  young  man  led 
off,  when  the  colonel  is  informed  that 
Barnstable  is  his  own  son,  and  he  arrives 
at  the  scene  of  execution  just  in  time  to 
save  him.  Of  course  after  this  he  marries 
the  lady  of  his  affection. — E.  Fitzball : 
Tlie  Pilot  (a  burletta). 

Barnwell  [George),  the  chief  character 
and  title  of  a  tragedy  by  George  Lillo. 
George  Barnwell  is  a  London  apprentice, 
who  falls  in  love  with  Sarah  Millwood  of 
Shoreditch,  who  leads  him  astray.  He 
first  robs  his  master  of  ;^2oo.  He  next 
robs  his  uncle,  a  rich  grazier  at  Ludlow, 
and  murders  him.  Having  spent  all  the 
money  of  his  iniquity,  Sarah  Millwood 
turns  him  off  and  informs  against  him. 
Both  are  executed  (1732). 

•.*  For  many  years  this  play  was  acted 
on  boxing-night,  as  a  useful  lesson  to 
London  apprentices. 

A  g-entleman  .  .  .  called  one  day  on  David  Ross  (1728- 
1790;  the  actor,  and  told  him  his  father,  who  lay  at  the 
point  of  death,  greatly  desired  to  see  him.  When  the 
actor  was  at  the  bed-side,  the  dying  man  said,  "Mr. 
Ross,  some  forty  years  ago,  like  'George  Barnwell,' 
I  wronged  my  master  to  supply  the  unbounded 
extravagance  of  a  'Millwood.'  I  took  her  to  see 
your  performance,  which  so  shocked  me  that  I  vowed 
to  break  the  connection  and  return  to  the  path  of 
virtue.  I  kept  ray  resolution,  replaced  the  money  I 
had  stolen,  and  found  a  '  Maria '  in  my  master's  daughter. 
I  soon  succeeded  to  my  master's  business,  and  have 
bequeathed  you  ^xooo  in  my  will." — Pelham:  Chro- 
nicles 0/ Crime. 

Baron  (The  old  English),  a  romance 
by  Clara  Reeve  (1777). 

Barons  (7/^5  Last  of  the),  an  historical 
novel  by  lord  Lytton  (1843).  Supposed 
to  be  during  the  time  of  the  "Wars  of 
the  Roses."  The  hero  is  Richard  Neville 
earl  of  Warwick,  called  the  "  King- 
Maker,"  whose  downfall  is  the  main  gist 
of  the  story.     It  is  an  excellent  romance. 

Barons  (  Wars  of  the),  an  insurrection 
of  the  barons  against  Henry  III.  It 
broke  out  in  1262,  and  terminated  in 
1265,  when  Simon  de  Montfort  was  slain 
n  the  battle  of  Evesham. 

• .  •  Sometimes  the  uprising  of  the  barons 
(1215-1216)  to  compel  king  John  to  sign 
Magna  Charta,  is  called  "The  Barons' 
War,"  or  "The  War  of  the  Barons." 

Bar'rabas,  the  rich  "Jew  of  Malta." 
He  is  simply  a  human  monster,  who  kills 
in  sport,  poisons  whole  nunneries,  and 
invents  infernal  machines.    Shakespeare's 


BARRABAS. 


BARUCH. 


"Shylock"  has  a  humanity  in  the  very 
whirlwind  of  his  resentment,  but  Mar- 
lowe's "  Barrabas "  is  a  mere  ideal  of 
that  "thing"  which  Christian  prejudice 
once  deemed  a  Jew.  (See  Barabas, 
p.  87. )— Marlowe  :  The  Jew  of  Malta 
(1586). 

Bar'rabas,  the  famous  robber  and 
murderer  set  free  instead  of  Christ  by 
desire  of  the  Jews.  Called  in  the  New 
Testament  Barab'bas.  Marlowe  calls  the 
word  "  Barrabas  "  in  his  Jew  of  Malta  ; 
and  Shakespeare  says — 

Would  any  of  the  stock  of  Bar'rabas 
Had  been  her  husband,  rather  than  a  Christian ! 
Merchant  0/ yenice,  act  iv.  sc.  i  (1598). 

Barry  Cornwall,  the  pseudonym 
of  Bryan  Waller  Procter,  It  is  an  im- 
perfect anagram  of  his  name  (1788- 
1874). 

Barsad  [John),  alias  Solomon  Pross, 
a  spy. 

He  had  an  aquiline  nose,  but  not  straight,  having  a 
peculiar  inclination  towards  the  left  cheek  ;  expression, 
tlierefore,  sinister. — Dickens:  A  Tale  of  Two  Citie 
ii.  16  (1839). 

Barsis'a  {Santon),  in  The  Guardian, 
the  basis  of  the  story  called  The  Monk,  by 
M.  G.  Lewis  (1796). 

Barston,  alias  captain  Fenwicke,  a. 
Jesuit  and  secret  correspondent  of  the 
countess  of  Derby. — Sir  W.  Scott; 
Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Barthoromew  {Brother),  guide  of 
the  two  Philipsons  on  their  way  to  Stras- 
burg. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  Anne  of  Geier stein 
(time,  Edward  IV.). 

Barthol'oniew  {St.).  His  day  is 
August  24,  and  his  symbol  a  knife,  in 
allusion  to  the  knife  with  which  he  is 
said  to  have  been  flayed  alive. 

Barfcholomew  Pair,  a  comedy  by 
Ben  Jonson  (1614).  It  gives  a  good 
picture  of  the  manners  and  amusements 
of  the  times. 

Bartliolomew    Massacre.     The 

great  slaughter  of  the  French  huguenots 
I  Protestants']  in  the  reign  of  Charles  IX., 
begun  on  St.  Bartholomew's  Eve,  1572, 
In  this  persecution  we  are  told  some 
30,000  persons  were  massacred  in  cool 
blood.  Some  say  more  than  double  that 
number. 

Bartholomew  Pi^s.  Nares  says 
these  pigs  were  real  animals  roasted  and 
sold  piping  hot  in  the  Smithfield  fair. 
Dr.  Johnson  thinks  they  were  the  "  tidy 


boar-pigs"  made  of  flour  with  currants 
for  their  eyes.     Falstafi:"  calls  himself 

A  little  tidy  Bartholomew  boar-pig. 
Shakespeare :  a  Henry  /K  act  ii.  sc.  4(1598). 

Bartoldo,  a  rich  old  miser,  who  died 
of  fear  and  want  of  sustenance.  Fazio 
rifled  his  treasures,  and,  at  the  accusation 
of  his  own  wife,  was  tried  and  executed. — 
Dean  Milman  :  Fazio  (1815). 

Bartole  (2  syl.),  a  French  lawyer  of 
the  fourteenth  century,  whose  authority 
amongst  French  barristers  is  equal  to  that 
of  Blackstone  in  our  own  courts.  Hence 
the  French  proverb.  He  kiiows  his  "  Bar- 
tole "  as  well  as  a  cordelier  his  "  Dormi." 
The  Dormi  is  an  anonymous  compilation 
of  sermons,  for  the  use  of  the  cordeliers,  or 
preaching  monks. 

Bartole,  or  Bartolus  of  Sasso-Ferrato,  in  Umbria 
(1313-1356),  practised  law  in  Pisa  and  Perouse.  ilis 
great  book  was  Cormnentaries  on  the  Corpus  Juris 
Ciinlis.  Bartole  was  called  *'  The  Coryphoeus  of  the 
Interpreters  of  Law." 

Bartole  or  Bartoldo,  a  man  who 

sees  nothing  in  anything,  quite  used  up. 
This  is  not  the  lawyer  referred  to  above, 
but  Bartoldo  or  Bartole,  the  hero  of  an 
Italian  tale  by  CrocS,  and  very  popular  in 
the  early  part  of  the  seventeenth  century. 
This  Bartoldo  was  a  comedian  by  profes- 
sion, and  replies  to  everything,  "I  see 
nothing  in  it."  He  treats  kings  and 
princes  with  no  more  ceremony  than  he 
does  beggars  and  sweeps.  From  this 
character  comes  the  French  phrase,  Ri' 
solu  comme  Bartole,  "qui  veut  dire,  un 
homme  qui  rien  ne  d^concerte." — Hilaire 
de  Gai. 

Bar'tolus,  a  covetous  lawyer,  husband 
of  Amaran'ta. — Fletcher:  The  Spanish 
Curate  (1622). 

Barton  {Sir  Andrew),  a  Scotch  sea- 
officer,  who  had  obtained  in  151 1  letters 
of  marque  for  himself  and  his  two  sons, 
to  make  reprisals  upon  the  subjects  of 
Portugal.  The  council-board  of  England, 
at  which  the  earl  of  Surrey  presided,  was 
daily  pestered  by  complaints  from  British 
merchants  and  sailors  against  Barton,  and 
at  last  it  was  decided  to  put  him  down. 
Two  ships  were  therefore  placed  under 
the  commands  of  sir  Thomas  and  sir 
Edward  Howard— an  engagement  took 
place,  and  sir  Andrew  Barton  was  slain, 
bravely  fighting.  A  ballad  in  two  parts, 
called  "  Sir  Andrew  Barton,"  is  inserted 
in  Percy's  Reliques,  II.  ii.  12. 

Barucll.  Dites,  done,  avez-vous  lu 
Baruch  ?  Said  ^when  a  person  puts  an 
unexpected  question,  or  makes  a  startling 


I 


BARZILLAI. 


93 


BASILISK. 


proposal.  It  arose  thus :  Lafontaine 
went  one  day  with  Racine  to  tenebrcB,  and 
was  given  a  Bible.  He  turned  at  random 
to  the  "  Prayer  of  the  Jews,"  in  Barucli, 
and  was  so  struck  with  it  that  he  said 
aloud  to  Racine,  "  Dites,  done,  who  was 
this  Baruch  ?  Why,  do  you  know,  man, 
he  was  a  fine  genius  ;  "  and  for  some  days 
afterwards  the  first  question  he  asked  his 
friends  was,  Dites,  done,  Mons. ,  avez-vous 
lu  Baruch  i 

Barzillai  (3  syl.),  the  duke  of 
Ormond,  a  friend  and  firm  adherent  of 
Charles;  II.  As  Barzillai  assisted  David 
when  he  was  expelled  by  Absalom  from 
his  kingdom,  so  Ormond  assisted  Charles 
II.  when  he  was  in  exile. 

Barzillai,  croivned  with  honours  and  with  years, ,  .  . 
In  exile  with  his  gotllike  prince  he  mourned, 
l-or  him  he  suffered,  and  witli  him  returned. 

Dryden  :  Absalom  and  AchitoJ>/ul,  i.  756-763. 

Bas  Bleu  \_Bah  .  .  .].  A  Bas  Eleu  is 
a  book-wise  woman.  In  1786  Hannah 
More  published  a  poem  called  "  The 
Bas  Bleu,  or  Conversation,"  in  praise  of 
the  Bas  Bleu  Club,  which  met  at  the 
house  of  Mrs.  Montagu,  its  foundress. 
The  following  couplet  is  memorable — 


Basa-Andre,  the  wild  woman,  a 
sorceress,  married  to  Basa-Jaun,  a  sort  of 
vampire.  Basa-Andre  sometimes  is  a 
sort  of  land  mermaid  (a  beautiful  lady 
who  sits  in  a  cave  combing  her  locks  with 
a  golden  comb).     (See  below. ) 

Basa-Jaun,  a  wood-sprite,  married  to 
Basa-Andre,  a  sorceress.  Both  hated  the 
sound  of  church-bells.  Three  brothers 
and  their  sister  agreed  to  serve  him,  but 
the  wood-sprite  used  to  suck  blood  from 
the  finger  of  the  girl ;  and  the  brothers 
resolved  to  kill  him.  This  they  accom- 
plished. The  Basa-Andre  induced  the 
girl  to  put  a  tooth  into  each  of  the  foot- 
baths of  her  brothers,  and,  lo  !  they  be- 
came oxen.  The  girl,  crossing  a  bridge, 
saw  Basa-Andre,  and  said  if  she  did  not 
restore  her  brothers  she  would  put  her 
into  a  red-hot  oven  ;  so  Basa-Andre  told 
the  girl  to  give  each  brother  three  blows 
on  the  back  with  a  hazel  wand,  and  on  so 
doing  they  were  restored  to  their  proper 
forms. — Rev.  IV.  Webster:  Basijzte  Le- 
gends, 49  (1877). 

Bashful  Man  [The),  a  comic  drama 
by  W.  T.  Moncrieff.  Edward  Blushing- 
ton,  a  young  man  just  come  into  a  large 
fortune,  was  so  bashful  and  shy  that  life 
was    a    misery    to    him.     He    dined  at 


Friendly  Hall,  and  made  all  sorts  of 
ridiculous  blunders.  His  college  chum-, 
Frank  Friendly,  sent  word  to  say  that  he 
and  his  sister  Dinah,  with  sir  Thomas 
and  lady  Friendly,  would  dine  with  him 
at  Blushington  House.  After  a  few  glasses 
of  wine,  Edward  lost  his  shyness,  made 
a  long  speech,  and  became  the  accepted 
suitor  of  Dinah  Friendly. 

Basil,  the  blacksmith  of  Grand  Pr^, 
in  Acadia  (now  Nova  Scotia),  and  father 
of  Gabriel  the  betrothed  of  Evangeline. 
When  the  colony  was  driven  into  exile 
in  1713  by  George  II.,  Basil  settled  in 
Louisiana,  and  greatly  prospered  ;  but 
his  son  led  a  wandering  hfe,  looking  for 
Evangeline,  and  died  in  Pennsylvania  of 
the  plague.  —  Longfellow  :  Evangeline 
(1849). 

Basil  {Count),  a  drama  by  Joanna 
Baillie  (1802).     One  of  her  series  on  the 

Passions. 

Ba'sile  (2  syl),  a  calumniating,  nig- 
gardly bigot  in  Le  Mariage  de  Figaro, 
and  again  in  Le  Barbier  dc  Seville,  both 
by  Beaumarchais.  "Basi!e"and  "  Tar- 
tuffe  "  are  the  two  French  incarnations  of 
religious  hypocrisy.  The  former  is  the 
clerical  humbug,  and  the  latter  the  lay 
religious  hypocrite.  Both  deal  largely 
in  calumny,  and  trade  in  slander. 

Basil'ia,  an  hypothetical  island  in  the 
northern  ocean,  famous  for  its  amber. 
Mannert  says  it  is  the  southern  extremity 
of  Sweden,  erroneously  called  an  island. 
It  is  an  historical  fact  that  the  ancients 
drew  their  chief  supply  of  amber  from  the 
shores  of  the  Baltic. 

Basil'ikon  Doron,  a  collection  of 
precepts  on  the  art  of  government.  It 
was  composed  by  James  I.  of  England 
for  the  benefit  of  his  eldest  son,  Henry, 
and  published  in  1599. 

Basilis'co,  a  bully  and  a  braggart,  in 
Soliman  and  Perseda  (1592).  Shake- 
speare has  made  "  Pistol"  the  counter- 
part of  "  Basilisco." 

Knight,  knight,  good  mother,  Dasilisco-like. 
Shakespeare:  King  yohn,  act  i.  sc.  i  (1596). 

(That  is,  "my  boasting  like  Basilisco 
has  made  me  a  knight,  good  mother.") 

Basilisk,  supposed  to  kill  with  its 
gaze  the  person  who  looked  on  it.  Thus 
Henry  VI.  says  to  Suffolk,  "Come, 
basilisk,  and  kill  the  innocent  gazer  with 
thy  sight." 

Nntus  in  ardente  Lydiae  basiliscus  arena 
Vulnerat  aspectu,  luminibusque  nocet. 

MantuaHM*. 


BASILIUS. 


94 


BATAVIA. 


Basilius,  a  neighbour  of  Quiteria, 
whom  he  loved  from  childhood ;  but 
when  grown  up,  the  father  of  the  lady 
forbade  him  the  house,  and  promised 
Quiteria  in  marriage  to  Camacho  the 
richest  man  of  the  vicinity.  On  their 
way  to  church  they  passed  Basilius, 
who  had  fallen  on  his  sword,  and  all 
thought  he  was  at  the  point  of  death. 
He  prayed  Quiteria  to  marry  him,  ' '  for 
his  soul's  peace,"  and  as  it  was  deemed  a 
mere  ceremony,  they  were  married  in  due 
form.  Up  then  started  the  wounded  man, 
and  showed  that  the  stabbing  was  only  a 
ruse,  and  the  blood  that  of  a  sheep  from 
the  slaughter-house.  Camacho  gracefully 
accepted  the  defeat,  and  allowed  the  pre- 
parations for  the  general  feast  to  proceed. 

Basilius  is  strong  and  active,  pitches  the  bar  ad- 
mirably, wrestles  with  amazing  dexterity,  and  is  an 
excellent  cricketer.  He  runs  like  a  buck,  leaps  like  a 
wild  goat,  and  plays  at  skittles  like  a  wizard.  Then  he 
has  a  fine  voice  for  singing,  he  touches  the  guitar  so  as 
to  malce  it  speak,  and  handles  a  foil  as  well  as  any 
fencer  in  Spain.— Cervanies ;  Von  Quixote,  II.  ii.  4 
(1615). 

Baskerville  {A),  an  edition  of  the 
New  Testament  and  Latin  classics, 
brought  out  by  John  Baskerville,  a  famous 
printer  (1706-1775). 

Basket.  Paul  escaped  from  Damascus 
by  being  "let  down  over  the  wall  in  a 
basket"  [Acts  ix.  25).  Caroloscadt,  the 
image-breaker,  in  1524,  escaped  his  per- 
secutors at  Rotenburg,  by  ' '  being  let 
dov/n  over  the  wall  in  a  basket." — Mil- 
man  :  Ecclesiastical  History,  iv.  p.  266. 

Basrigf  or  Ba^sec^,  a  Scandinavian 
king,  who  with  Halden  or  Halfdene 
(2  syl.)  king  of  Denmark,  in  871,  made  a 
descent  on  Wessex.  In  this  year  Ethel- 
red  fought  nine  pitched  battles  with  the 
Danes.  The  first  was  the  battle  of  Engle- 
field,  in  Berkshire,  lost  by  the  Danes  ;  the 
next  was  the  battle  of  Reading,  won  by 
the  Danes ;  the  third  was  the  famous 
battle  of  .(Escesdun  or  Ashdune  (now 
Ashton),  lost  by  the  Danes,  and  in  which 
king  Bagsecg  was  slain. 

And  Ethelred  with  them  \the  Danes]  nine  sundry  fields 

that  fought .  .  . 
Then  Reading  ye  regained,  led  by  that  valiant  lord, 
WJiere  Basrig  ye  outbraved,  and  Halden  sword  to 
sword.  ..   , 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xu.  (1613). 
Next  year  (871)  the  Danes  for  the  first  time  entered 
Wessex.  .  .  .  The  first  place  they  came  to  was  Reading. 
.  .  .  Nine  great  battles,  besides  smaller  skirmishes,  were 
fought  this  year,  in  some  of  which  the  English  won,  and 
In  others  the  Danes.  First,  alderman  ^thelwulf  fought 
the  Danes  at  Englefield,  and  beat  them.  Four  days  after 
that  there  was  another  battle  at  Reading  .  .  .  where  the 
Danes  had  the  better  of  it,  and  yEthelwulf  was  killed. 
Four  days  afterwards  there  was  another  more  famous 
battle  ot  /Escesdun  .  .  .  and  king  ^^ith-jldred  fought 
against  the  two  kings,  and  slew  Bagsecg  with  his  own 
hand.— £.  A.  Freeman  :  Old  English  History  (i86q). 
See  Asser  :  Life  0/ Alfred  (ninth  century). 


I'nio,  the  lover  of  Portia,  suc- 
cessful in  his  choice  of  the  three  caskets, 
which  awarded  her  to  him  as  wife.  It 
was  for  Bassanio  that  his  friend  Antonio 
borrowed  3000  ducats  of  the  Jew  Shy  lock, 
on  the  strange  condition  that  if  he  re- 
turned the  loan  within  three  months  no 
interest  should  be  required,  but  if  not, 
the  Jew  might  claim  a  pound  of  Antonio's 
flesh  for  forfeiture. — Shakespeare:  Mer- 
chant of  Venice  {1598). 

Bas'set  [Count),  a  swindler  and  forger, 
who  assumed  the  title  of  "count"  to 
further  his  dishonest  practices. — C.  Gib- 
ber:  The  Provoked  Husbafid  (1728). 

Bassia'nus,  brother  of  Satur'nius 
emperor  of  Rome,  in  love  with  Lavin'ia 
daughter  of  Titus  Andron'icus  (properly 
Andronlcus).  He  is  stabbed  by  Deme'- 
trius  and  Chiron,  sons  of  Tam'ora  queen 
of  the  Goths. — {})ShakesJ>eare  :  Titus  An- 
dronicus  (1593). 

Bassi'no  [Count),  the  "perjured  hus- 
band" of  Aurelia,  slain  byAlonzo. — Mrs. 
Centlivre  :  The  Perjured  Husband  ( 1700) . 

Bastard.  Homer  was  probably  a 
bastard.  Virgil  was  certainly  one. 
Neoptol'emos  was  the  bastard  son  of 
Achillas  by  Deidamla  (5  syl.).  Romulus 
and  Remus,  if  they  ever  existed,  were  the 
love-sons  of  a  vestal.  Brutus  the  regicide 
was  a  bastard.  Ulysses  was  probably  so, 
Teucer  certainly,  and  Darius  gloried  in 
the  surname  of  Nothos. 

Bastard  [The),  in  English  history  is 
William  I. ,  natural  son  of  Robert  le  Diable. 
His  mother  was  a  peasant-girl  of  Falaise. 

Bastard  of  Orleans,  Jean  Dunois, 
a  natural  son  of  Louis  duo  d'Orl^ans 
(brother  of  Charles  VI.),  and  one  of  the 
most  brilliant  soldiers  France  ever  pro- 
duced (1403-1468).  B^ranger  mentions 
him  in  his  Charles  Sept. 

Bastille.  The  prisoner  who  had 
been  confined  in  the  Bastille  for  sixty-one 
years  was  A.  M.  Dussault,  who  was  in- 
carcerated by  cardinal  Richelieu. 

Bat.  In  South  Staffordshire  that 
slaty  coal  which  will  not  burn,  but  which 
lies  in  the  fire  till  it  becomes  red  hot,  is 
called  "  bat ;  "  hence  the  expression, 
Warm  as  a  bat, 

Bata'via,  Holland  or  the  Nether- 
lands. So  called  from  the  Bata'vians,  3 
Celtic  tribe,  which  dwelt  there, 

.  .  .  void  of  care, 
Batavia  rushes  forth ;  and  as  they  sweep 
On  sounding  skates,  a  thousand  different  wajrs. 
The  then  gay  land  is  maddened  all  with  joy. 

Thornson  :  Seascns  ("  Winter,"  1726). 


BATES. 

Bates  (r  syl.),  a  soldier  in  the  firniy  of 
Henry  V.,  under  sir  Ihomas  Erpingham. 
He  is  introduced  with  Court  and 
Williams  as  sentinels  before  the  English 
camp  at  Agincourt,  and  the  king  un- 
known comes  to  tlicm  during  the  watcli, 
and  holds  with  them  a  conversation  re- 
specting the  impending  battle. — Shake- 
speare: Henry  V.  act  iv.  sc.  i  (1599). 

Bates  -  {Charley),  generally  called 
"Master  Bates,"  one  of  Fagin's  "ptipils," 
training  to  be  a  pickpocket.  He  is  always 
laughing  uproariously, and  is  almost  equal 
in  artifice  and  adroitness  to  "  The  Artful 
Dodger"  himself. — C  Dicke?is:  Oliver 
Twist  (1837). 

Bates  [Frank)  .the  friend  of  Whittle. 
A  man  of  good  plain  sense,  who  tries  to 
laugh  the  old  beau  out  of  his  folly.— 
Gan-ick:  The  hish  Widow  {17 sj). 

BATH,  called  by  the  Romans  Agues 
Solis  ("waters  of  the  sun"),  and  by  the 
Anglo-Saxons  Achamunnum  ("city  of  the 
sick").     (See  Badon,  p.  81.) 

Bath  {Major),  a  poor  but  high-minded 
gentleman,  who  tries  to  conceal  his  poverty 
under  a  bold  beai-ing  and  independent 
speech. — Fielding :  Amelia  (1751). 

'.•  G.  Colman  the  Younger  has  made 
major  Bath  his  model  for  lieutenant 
Worthington,  in  his  comedy  entitled  The 
Poor  Gentleman  (1802). 

Bath  {King  of),  Richard  Nash, -gene- 
rally called  Beau  Nash  {q.v.,  p.  100). 

Bath.  ( The  Maid  of),  Miss  Linley,  a 
beautiful  and  accomplished  singer,  who 
married  Richard  B,  Sheridan,  the  states- 
man and  dramatist. 

Bath  {The  Wife  of),  one  of  the 
pilgrims  travelling  from  Southwark  to 
Canterbury,  in  Chaucer's  Canterbury 
Tales.  She  tells  her  tale  in  turn,  and 
chooses  "  Midas"  for  her  subject  (13S8). 
Modernized  by  Dryden. 

Bathos,  or  "  The  Art  of  Sinking,"  by 
Pope,  contributed  to  The  Proceedings  of 
the  Scriblerius  Club. 

Bath'sheba,  duchess  of  Portsmouth, 
a  favourite  court  lady  of  Charles  H.  As 
Bathsheba,  the  wife  of  Uri'ah,  was 
criminally  loved  by  David,  so  Louisa  P. 
Keroual  (duchess  of  Portsmouth)  was 
criminally  loved  by  Charles  H. 

My  fathcr[C/%ar/<rj  //.],  whom  with  reverence  I  name . . . 
Is  grown  in  Bathsheba's  embraces  old. 

Dryden  ;  Absalom  and  Achilo/>hel,  11.  708-711. 


93  BATTLE  OF  WARTBURG. 

Batra-chomyo-machia,  or  "The 
Battle  of  the  Frogs  and  Mice,"  by  Pigres. 
A  Greek  skit  on  Homer's  Iliad.  The 
tale  is  this  :  A  Mouse  having  escaped 
from  a  weasel,  stopped  on  the  bank  of  a 
pond  to  drink,  when  a  Frog  invited  the 
Mouse  to  pay  him  a  visit.  The  Mouse 
consented,  and  mounted  on  the  Frog's 
back  to  get  to  Frog  Castle.  When  in  the 
middle  of  the  pond  an  otter  appeared, 
and  so  terrified  Mr.  Froggie  that  he  dived 
under  water,  leaving  his  friend  Mousie 
to  struggle  in  the  water  till  he  was 
drowned.  A  comrade, 'who  witnessed  the 
scene,  went  and  told  the  Mouse-king, 
who  instantly  declared  war  against  the 
Frogs.  When  arrayed  for  battle,  a  band 
of  gnats  sounded  the  attack,  and  after  a 
Lloody  battle  the  Frogs  were  defeated ; 
but  an  army  of  land-crabs  coming  up 
saved  the  race  from  extermination,  and 
the  victorious  Mice  made  the  best  of  their 
way  in  terrible  disorder.  The  name  of 
the  Mouse-king  was  Troxartes  (3  syl.), 
probably  a  pun  on  T7-os,  a  Trojan. 
Translated  into  English  verse  by  T. 
Parnel  (1679-1718).  (See  BATTLE  OF  THK 
Frogs  and  Mice,  p.  96,) 

The  Mice  were  the  Trojans,  the  Frogrs  the  Greeks, 
wlio  came  across  the  sea  to  the  sie^e.  They  won  the 
"battle,"  but  immediately  returned  m  terrible  disorder. 

Battar  {Al),  i.e.  the  trenchant,  one  of 
Mahomet's  swords. 

Battle  of  Barnet,  f  4th  April,  1471 , 
was  certainly  one  of  the  most  decisive 
ever  fought,  although  it  finds  no  place 
amongst  professor  Creasy's  list  of  "  de- 
cisive battles."  It  closed  for  ever  the 
Age  of  Force,  the  potentiality  of  the 
barons,  and  opened  the  new  era  of  trade, 
literature,  and  public  opinion.  Here  fell 
Warwick,  the  "  king-malcer,"  "last  of  the 
barons  ; "  and  thenceforth  the  king  had 
no  peer,  but  king  was  king,  lords  were 
lords,  and  commons  ih^  people. 

Battle  of  Life  {The),  a  love-story  by 
Dickens  (1847).     (See  Jeddler.) 

Battle  of  Prague,  a  piece  of  de- 
scriptive music,  very  popular  in  the  first 
quarter  of  the  nineteenth  century.  It 
was  composed  by  Franz  Kotzwara  of 
Prague,  born  1791. 

Battle  of  Wartburgr  [The),  the 
annual  contest  of  the  minnesingers  for 
the  prize  offered  by  Hermann,  margraf 
of  Wartburg,  near  Gotha,  in  Germany, 
in  the  twelftii  century.  There  is  a  minne- 
song  so  called,  celebrating  the  famous 
contests _pf  Walter  von  Vogelwcide  and 


BATTLE  OF  THE  BRITISH. 


BATTLES. 


Wolfram  von  Eschenbach  with  Heinrich 
von  Ofterdingen.  Heinrich  lost  the  former 
and  won  the  latter. 

Battle  of  tlie  Britisli  Soldier 

{The),  Inkerman,  November 5,  1854. 

Battle  of  tlie  Frogs  and  Mice 

{The),  a  skit  by  G.  RoUenhagen,  a 
master-singer  (fourteenth  century).  No 
doubt  suggested  by  the  Batra-chomyo- 
machia  {q.v.,  p.  95),  sometimes  absurdly 
attributed  to  Homer.  The  German  tale 
runs  thus  :  King  Mouse's  son,  on  a  visit 
to  king  Frog,  recounted  all  the  news  of 
Mouse-land,  and  in  return  king  Frog  told 
his  guest  all  the  news  of  Frog-moor,  and 
then  proposed  a  visit  to  Frog  Park.  As 
they  were  crossing  a  pool,  prince  Mouse 
slipped  from  the  Frog's  back  into  the 
water  and  was  drowned.  Whereupon 
king  Mouse  declared  a  war  of  extermina- 
tion against  king  Frog. 

Battle  of  the  G-iants,  Marignano, 
September,  1515.  Fran9ois  I.  won  this 
battle  over  the  Swiss  and  the  duke  of 
Milan.  The  French  numbered  26,000 
men,  the  Swiss  20,000.  The  loss  of  the 
former  was  6coo,  and  of  the  latter  10,000. 
It  is  called  "  the  Battle  of  the  Giants  "  be- 
cause the  combatants  on  both  sides  were 
"mighty  men  of  war,"  and  strove  for 
victory  hke  giants. 

Battle  of  th.e  Nations,  or  of  the 

Peoples  {The"],  the  terrible  conflict  at 
Leipsig,  i6th,  18th,  19th  October,  18 13, 
between  Napoleon  and  the  allied  armies 
of  Austria,  Russia,  Prussia,  and  Sweden, 
numbering  240,000  men.  The  French 
army  consisted  of  180,000  men.  In  the 
heat  of  the  battle,  the  German  battalions 
(10,000  men  strong)  in  alliance  with  the 
French  deserted, '  and  Napoleon  was 
utterly  defeated.  Each  side  lost  about 
40,000  men. 

The  bridge  over  the  Elster,  blown  up  by  a  mine,  was 
the  most  disastrous  part  of  this  sanguinary  war. 

Battle  of  tlxe  Three  Emperors, 

Austerlitz,  2nd  December,  1805.  So 
called  because  the  emperor  Napoleon,  the 
emperor  of  Russia,  and  the  emperor  of 
Austria  were  all  present.  Napoleon  won 
the  fight. 

Battle  of  the  West  {Great),  the 
battle  between  king  Arthur  and  Mordred. 
Here  the  king  received  his  death-wound. 

For  battle  of  the  books,  of  the  herrings, 
of  the  moat,  of  the  standard,  of  the 
spurs,  etc.,  see  Dictionary  of  Phrase  and 
Fablz. 


Battles  ( The  Fifteen  Decisive),  accora  • 
ing  to  professor  Creasy,  are — 

(i)  Mar'athon  (b.c.  490),  in  which  the 
Greeks  under  Milli'ades  defeated  Darius 
the  Persian,  and  turned  the  tide  of  Asiatic 
invasion. 

(2)  Syracuse  (b.c.  413),  in  which  the 
Athenian  power  was  broken  and  the  ex- 
tension of  Greek  domination  prevented. 

(3)  ArbeUa  (b.C.  331),  by  which  Alex- 
ander overthrew  Darius  and  introduced 
European  habits  into  Asia. 

(4)  Metau^rus  (B.C.  207),  in  which  the 
Romans  defeated  Hannibal,  and  Carthage 
came  to  ruin. 

(5)  Armiti'itis  (a.d.  9),  in  which  the 
Gauls  overthrew  the  Romans  under  Varus, 
and  Gaul  became  independent. 

(6)  Chalons  (A.D.  451),  in  which  Attila, 
"The  Scourge  of  God,"  was  defeated 
by  Actius,  ani  Europe  saved  from  utter 
devastation. 

(7)  Tou7-s  (a.d.  732),  in  which  Charles 
Martel  overthrew  the  Saracens,  and  broke 
from  Europe  the  Mohammedan  yoke. 

(8)  Hastitigs  (a.d.  1066),  by  v/hich 
William  the  Norman  became  possessed  of 
the  English  crown. 

(9)  OrUaris  {k.V).  1429),  by  which  Joan 
of  Arc  raised  the  siege  of  the  city  and 
secured  the  independence  of  France. 

{10)  Armada  {The)  (A.D.  1588),  which 
crushed  the  hopes  of  Spain  and  of  the 
papacy  in  England. 

(11)  Blejiheim  (A.D.  1704),  in  which 
Marlborough,  by  the  defeat  of  Tallard, 
broke  off  the  ambitious  schemes  of  Louis 
XIV. 

(12)  Pultowa  (a.d.  1709),  in  which 
Charles  XII.  of  Sweden  was  defeated  by 
Peter  the  Great  of  Russia,  and  the  sta- 
bility of  the  Muscovite  empire  was  estab- 
lished. 

(13)  Sarato'ga  (A.D.  1777),  in  which 
general  Gates  defeated  Burgoyne,  and 
decided  the  fate  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion, by  making  France  their  ally. 

(14)  Valmy  (A.D.  1792),  in  which  the 
allied  armies  under  the  duke  of  Bruns- 
wick were  defeated  by  the  French  Revo- 
lutionists, and  the  revolution  was  suffered 
to  go  on. 

(15)  Waterloo  (a.D.  1815),  in  which 
Wellington  defeated  Napoleon  and  saved 
Europe  from  becoming  a  French  pi'o- 
vince. 

(See  Battle  of  Barnet,  p.  95.) 

Battles.  J.  B.  Martin,  of  Paris,  painter 
of  battle-scenes,  was  called  by  the  French 
M.  des  Batailles  (1659-1735). 


BATTLE. 


97 


BAYARD. 


Battle  for  Battle-axe. 

TIk-  word  battle  .  .  .  seems  to  be  used  for  battU-nxt 
\n  this  unuoticeil  passage  of  thcPsiilms:  "  There  br^ke 
lie  the  arrows  of  the  binr,  the  shield,  the  siucrd,  and 
the  bat  tit  [axe]."— /f«(.  y.  Uhita/ur :  Gibbon's  His- 
tory Reviewed  (1791). 

Battle-Bridg'e,  King's  Cross,  Lon- 
don. Called  ' '  Battle "  from  being  the 
site  of  a  battle  between  Alfred  and  the 
Danes  ;  and  called  "  King's  Cross  "  from 
a  wretched  statue  of  George  IV.,  taken 
down  in  1842.  The  historic  name  of 
"  Battle  Bridge"  was  changed  in  1871,  by 
the  Metropolitan  Board,  for  that  of  "  York 
Road."    Miser abile  dictu  / 

Battus,  a  shepherd  of  Arcadia.  Hav- 
ing witnessed  Mercury's  theft  of  Apollo's 
oxen,  he  received  a  cow  from  the  thief 
to  ensure  his  secrecy ;  but,  in  order  to 
test  his  fidelity.  Mercury  reappeared  soon 
afterwards,  and  offered  him  an  ox  and 
a  cow  if  he  would  blab.  Battus  fell  into 
the  trap,  and  was  instantly  changed  into 
a  touchstone. 

When  Tantalus  in  hell  sees  store  and  staves ; 
And  senseless  Battus  for  a  touchstone  serves. 

Lord  Brooke:  Treatise  on  Monarchie,  iv. 

Bati'cis  and  Fhile'mon,  an  aged 
Phrygian  woman  and  her  husband,  who 
received  Jupiter  and  Mercury  hospitably 
when  every  one  else  in  the  place  had 
refused  to  entertain  them.  For  this 
courtesy  the  gods  changed  the  Phr>'gians' 
cottage  into  a  magnificent  temple,  and 
appointed  the  pious  couple  over  it.  They 
both  died  at  the  same  time,  according  to 
their  wish,  and  were  converted  into  two 
trees  before  the  temple. — Greek  and  Ro- 
man Mytholo^, 

Baul'die  {2  syl.),  stable  -  boy  of 
Joshua  Geddes  the  quaker.— 5/r  W.Scott: 
Redgauntlet  {iixaQ,  George  IlL). 

Batll'die  (2  syl.),  the  old  shepherd  in 
the  introduction  of  The  Black  Dwarf,  by 
sir  W.  Scott  (time,  Anne). 

Bav'iad  ( The),  a  satire  by  W.  Gifford 
on  the  Delia  Cruscan  school  of  poetry 
(1794).  It  was  followed  in  1800  by  The 
M(Eviad.  The  words  "  Baviad "  and 
"  Masviad "  were  suggested  by  Virgil, 
Eclogue,  iii.  90,  91. 

He  may  with  foxes  ploug-h,  and  milk  he-goats. 
Who  praises  Bavius  or  on  Maevius  dotes. 

E.  C.  B. 

Bavian  Pool  {The),  one  of  the 
characters  in  the  old  morris-dance.  He 
wore  a  red  cap  faced  with  yellow,  a 
yellow  "  slabbering-bib,"  a  blue  doublet, 
red  hose,  and  black  shoes.  He  represented 
an  overgrown  baby,  but  was  a  tumbler, 
smd  mimicked  the  barking  of  a  dog.    The 


word  "  Bavian  "  is  derived  from  havon,  \ 
"bib  for  a  slabbering  child"  (see  Cot- 
grave's  French  Dictiojiary).  In  modern 
French ^at/^ means  "drivel,"  "slabbering," 
and  the  verb  baver  "  to  slabber,"  but  the 
bib  is  now  called  bavette. 

Bavie'ca,  the  Cid's  horse.  He  sur- 
vived his  master  two  years  and  a  half, 
and  was  buried  at  Valencia.  No  one  was 
ever  allowed  to  mount  him  after  the 
death  of  the  Cid. 

The  duke  of  Wellin^on's  horse,  Copenhagen,  was 
pensioned  oflf  after  the  battle  of  Waterloo. 

Bavie'ca[;.^.  "Booby"].  When  Rodri- 
go  was  taken  in  his  boyhood  to  choose  a 
horse,  he  passed  over  the  best  steeds,  and 
selected  a  scrubby-looking  colt.  His 
godfather  called  the  boy  a  booby  [bavie- 
ca]  for  making  such  a  silly  choice,  and 
the  name  was  given  to  the  horse. 

Ba'vins,  any  vile  poet.  (See 
M.iivius.) 

Qui  Bavium  non  odit,  amet  tua  cannina,  Mcevi, 
Atque  idem  jungat  vulpes,  et  mulgeat  hircos. 

yirgil:  Eclogue,  iii.  90,  91. 
May  some  choice  patron  bless  each  grey  goose-qutlf: 
May  every  Bavius  have  his  Bufo  still  1 

Pofe  :  Prologue  to  the  Satires. 

Bawtry.  Like  the  saddler  of  Bawtry, 
who  was  hanged  for  leaving  his  liquor 
{Yorkshire  Proverb).  It  was  customary 
for  criminals  on  their  way  to  execution 
to  stop  at  a  certain  tavern  in  York  for  a 
"  parting  draught."  The  saddler  of  Baw- 
try refused  to  accept  the  liquor,  and  was 
hanged.  If,  however,  he  had  stopped  a 
few  minutes  at  the  tavern,  his  reprieve, 
which  was  on  the  road,  would  have  arrived 
in  time  to  save  him. 

Ba'yard,  Le  chevalier  sans  peur  et 
sans  reproche  (1476-1524). 

The  British  Bayard,  sir  Philip  Sidney 
(1554-1584). 

The  Polish  Bayard,  prince  Joseph  Poni- 
atowski  (1763-18 14). 

The  Bayard  of  India,  sir  James  Outram 
(1803-1863).     So  called  by  sir  C.  Napier. 

The  Bayard  of  the  Netlurlands,  Louis 
of  Nassau  (seventeenth  century),  brother 
of  William  of  Orange,  and  founder  of  the 
Dutch  Republic. 

Ba'yard,  a  horse  of  incredible  speed, 
belonging  to  the  four  sons  of  Aymon. 
If  only  one  mounted,  the  horse  was  of 
the  ordinary  size,  but  increased  in  pro- 
portion as  two  or  more  mounted.  (The 
word  means  "bright  bay  colour.") — 
Villetieuve  :  Les  Quat7-e-Filz- Aymon. 

Bayard,  the  steed  of  Fitz-James.— 
SirW,  Scott:  Lady  of  the  Lake,  v.  18  (i8io> 


BAYARDO. 

Bayar'do,  the  famous  steed  of 
Rinaldo,  which  once  belonged  to  AmMis 
of  Gaul.  It  was  found  in  a  grotto  by 
the  wizard  Malagigi,  along  with  the 
sword  Fusberta,  both  of  which  he  gave 
to  his  cousin  Rinaldo. 

His  colour  bay,  and  hence  his  name  he  drew— 
Bayardo  called.    A  star  of  silver  hue 
Emblazed  bis  front. 

Tasso  :  Rinaldo,  ii.  229  (is62). 

Eayes  (i  syl.),  the  chief  character  of 
The  Rehearsal,  a  farce  by  George  Villiers, 
duke  of  Buckingham  {1671).  Bayes  is 
represented  as  greedy  of  applause,  im- 
patient of  censure,  meanly  obsequious, 
regardless  of  plot,  and  only  anxious  for 
claptrap.  The  character  is  meant  for 
John  Dryden,  and  several  passages  of 
his  plays  are  well  parodied. 

•.•  C.  Dibdin,  in  his  History  of  the 
Stage,  states  that  Mrs.  Mountford  played 
"Bayes"  "with  more  variety  than  had 
ever  been  thrown  into  the  part  before." 

No  species  of  novel-writing  exposes  itself  to  a  severer 
trial,  since  it  not  only  resigns  all  Bayes'  pretensions  "to 
elevate  the  imagination,"  .  .  .  but  places  its  productions 
within  the  range  of  [general]  criticism.— £«0'^.  Brit. 
(article  "Romance"). 

Dead  men  may  rise  again,  like  Bayes' 
troops,  or  the  savages  in  the  Fantocini.  In 
the  farce  above  referred  to,  a  battle  is 
fought  between  foot-soldiers  and  great 
hobby-horses.  At  last  Drawcansir  kills 
all  on  both  sides.  Smith  then  asks  Bayes 
"How  are  they  to  go  off?"  "As  they 
came  on,"  says  Bayes,  "  upon  their  legs." 
Wheieupon  the  dead  men  all  jump  up  alive 
again. 

•.•This  revival  of  life  is  imitated  by 
Rhodes,  in  the  last  scene  of  his  Bombastes 
Furioso. 

Bayeux  Tapestry,  said  to  be  the 
work  of  English  damsels  retained  in  the 
court  of  Matilda,  the  Conqueror's  wife. 
When  Napoleon  contemplated  the  invasion 
of  England  in  1803,  he  caused  this  record 
to  be  removed  to  Paris,  where  it  was  ex- 
hibited in  the  National  Museum,  Having 
served  its  purpose,  it  was  returned  to 
Bayeux.  Facsimiles  by  Stothard  were 
published  in  the  Vetusta  Monumenta,  at 
the  expense  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries. 
The  original  is  preserved  in  the  Hotel  of 
the  Prefecture  of  Bayeux  (Normandy), 
and  is  called  Toile  de  St.  Jean.  It  is  coiled 
round  a  windlass,  and  consists  of  hnen 
v/Orked  with  wools.  It  is  20  inches 
broad,  214  feet  long,  and  contains  72 
compartments. 

ist  compartment,  Edwardus  Rex :  the 
Confessor  is  giving  audience  to  two  per- 
sons,  one  of  whom   is   Harold.     2nd, 


98  BEAN  LEAN. 

Harold,  with  a  hawk  in  his  hand  (a  mark 
of  nobility)  and  his  hounds,  on  his  way 
to  Bosham.  3rd,  Ecclesia :  a  Saxon 
church,  with  two  figures  about  to  enter. 
4th,  Harold  embarking.  5th,  the  voyage 
to  Normandy.  6th,  disembarking  on  the 
coast  of  Normandy.  7th  and  8th,  seizure 
of  Harold  by  the  count  of  Ponthieu.  9th, 
Harold  remonstrating  with  Guy,  the 
count,  upon  his. unjust  seizure.  loth  to 
20th,  scenes  connected  with  the  sojourn 
of  Harold  at  the  court  of  William.  26th, 
Harold  swearing  fidelity  to  William,  with 
each  hand  on  a  shrine  of  relics.  27th, 
Harold's  return.  28th,  his  landing.  29th, 
presents  himself  to  king  Edward.  30th 
to  32nd,  the  sickness  of  the  Confessor, 
his  death,  and  his  funeral  procession  to 
Westminster  Abbey.  33rd,  the  crown 
offered  to  Harold.  34th,  Harold  on  the 
throne,  and  Stigant  the  archbishop.  35th, 
the  comet.  36th,  William  orders  a  fleet 
to  be  built.  55th,  orders  the  camp  at 
Hastings  to  be  constructed.  71st,  death 
of  Harold.  72nd,  duke  William  triumph- 
ant. Although  530  figures  are  repre- 
sented in  this  tapestry,  only  three  of 
them  are  women. 

Baynard  {Mr.),  introduced  in  an 
episode  in  the  novel  called  Hu7nphry 
Clinker,  by  Smollett  (1771). 

Bayswater  (London),  that  is, 
Bayard's  Watering,  a  string  of  pools  and 
ponds  which  now  form  the  Serpentine. 

Bea'con  {Tom),  groom  to  Master 
Chiffinch  (private  emissary  of  Charles  II.). 
— Sir  W:  Scott:  Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time. 
Charles  II.). 

Beadle.  The  running  banquet  of  two 
beadles,  a  public  whipping.  (See  Henry 
VHI.  act  v.  sc.  3.) 

Bea'gle  {Sir  Harry),  a  horsy  country 
gentleman,  who  can  talk  of  nothing  but 
horses  and  dogs.  He  is  wofuUy  rustic 
and  commonplace.  Sir  Harry  makes  a 
bargain  with  lord  Trinket  to  give  up 
Harriet  to  him  in  exchange  for  his  horse. 
(See.GoLDFiNCH.)— C<7//«a«!.-  The  Jealous 
Wife  (1761). 

Beak.  Sir  John  Fielding  was  called 
"  The  Blind  Beak  "  (died  1780). 

Bean  Lean  {Donald),  alias  Will 
Ruthven,  a  Highland  robber-chief.  He 
also  appears  disguised  as  a  pedlar  on  the 
road-side  leading  to  Stirling.  Waverley 
is  rowed  to  the  robber's  cave,  and  remains 
there  all  night. 

Alice  Bean,  daughter  of  Donald,  who 


BEAR. 

attended  on  Waverley  during  a  fever. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Waverley  (time,  George 
II.). 

BEAR  (The),  emblem  of  ancient 
Persia.  The  golden  lion  was  the  emblem 
of  ancient  Assyria. 

Where  is  th'  Assyrian  lion's  golden  hide, 
That  all  the  East  once  grasped  in  lordly  paw  J 

Where  that  great  Persian  bear,  whose  swelling  pride 
The  lion's  self  tore  out  with  ravenous  jawt 

P.  Fletcher:  The  PurJ>U  Island,  vii.  (1633). 

Bear  [The),  Russia,  its  cognizance 
being  a  bear. 

France  turns  from  her  abandoned  friends  afresh, 

And  soothes  the  Bear  that  prowls  for  patriot  flesh. 

Campbell:  Poland. 

Bear  { The  Brave),  Warwick  is  so  called 
from  his  cognizance,  which  was  a  bear 
and  ragged  staff. 

Bear  [The  Great),  called  "  Hellicd." 

Night  on  the  earth  poured  darkness ;  on  the  sea 
The  wakeful  sailor  to  Orion's  star 
And  Hellice  turned  heedful. 

ApollonUis  Rhodius  :  ArgonauHcs. 

Bearcli£f  [Deacon),  at  the  Gordon 
Arms  or  Kippletringam  inn,  where 
colonel  Mannering  stops  on  his  return  to 
England,  and  hears  of  Bertram's  illness 
and  distress. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Guy  Man- 
nering (time,  George  XL). 

Bearded  [The),  (i)  Geoffrey  the 
crusader.  (2)  Bouchard  of  the  house  of 
Montmorency.  (3)  Constantine  IV. 
(648-685).  (4)  Master  George  Killing- 
woithe  of  the  court  of  Ivan  the  Terrible 
of  Russia,  whose  beard  (says  Hakluyt) 
was  five  feet  two  inches  long,  yellow, 
thick,  and  broad.  Sir  Hugh  Willoughby 
was  allowed  to  take  it  in  his  hand. 

The  Bearded  Master.  Soc'ratSs  was  so 
called  by  Persius  (b.c.  468-399). 

Handsome  Beard,  Baldwin  IV.  earl  of 
Flanders  (1160-1186). 

John  the  Bearded,  John  Mayo,  the 
German  painter,  whose  beard  touched  the 
ground  when  he  stood  upright. — Memorial 
Poriatif  [xZzg). 

Bearnais  [Le),  Henri  IV.  of  France, 
so  called  from  his  native  province,  Le 
B(iarn  (1553-1610). 

BBATRICE,  wife  of  Ludov'ico 
Sforza. 

Beatrice,  daughter  of  Ferdinando 
king  of  Naples,  sister  of  Leonora  duchess 
of  Ferrara,  and  wife  of  Mathias  Corvi'nus 
of  Hungary, 

Beatrice,  niece  of  Leonato governor  of 
Messi'na,  lively  and  light-hearted,  affec- 
tionate and  impulsive.  Though  wilful, 
she  was  not  wayward;   though  volatile, 


99  BEAU  HEWITT. 

not  unfeeling ;  teeming  with  wit  and 
gaiety,  she  was  affectionate  and  energetic. 
At  first  she  disliked  Benedick,  and  tliought 
him  a  flippant  conceited  coxcomb;  but 
overhearing  a  conversation  between  her 
cousin  Hero  and  her  gentlewoman,  In 
which  Hero  bewails  that  Beatrice  should 
trifle  with  such  deep  love  as  that  of  Bene- 
dick, and  should  scorn  so  true  and  good 
a  gentleman,  she  said,  "Sits  the  wind 
thus  ?  then  farewell  contempt.  Benedick, 
love  on  ;  I  will  requite  you."  This  con- 
versation of  Hero's  was  a  mere  ruse,  but 
Benedick  had  been  caught  by  a  similar 
trick  played  by  Claudio.  The  result  was 
they  sincerely  loved  each  other,  and  were 
married. — Shakespeare:  Much  Ado  about 
Nothi?tg  [1600). 

Miss  Helen  Faucit's  impersonations  are  nature  itself. 
"Tulict,"  "  Rosalind,"  divine  "Imogen,"  "Beatrice," 
ail  crowd  upon  our  (ancy.—Vudlin  Uiiivcrsity  Maga- 
tine  (1846). 

Beatrice  Cenci,  the  Beautiful  Par- 
ricide [q. v.,  p.  100). 

Bea-fcrice  d'Este,  canonized  at 
Rome. 

Be'atrice  Portina'ri,  a  child  eight 
years  old,  to  whom  Dante  at  the  age  of 
nine  was  ardently  attached.  She  was  the 
daughter  of  Folco  Portina'ri,  a  rich  citizen 
of  Florence.  Beatrice  married  Simoni  de 
Bardi,  and  died  before  she  was  24  years 
old  (1266-1290).  Dantg  married  Gem- 
ma Donati,  and  his  marriage  was  a  most 
unhappy  one.  His  love  for  Beatrice  re- 
mained after  her  decease.  She  was  the 
fountain  of  his  poetic  inspiration,  and  in 
his  Divina  Coimnedia  he  makes  her  his 
gfuide  through  paradise. 

Dante's  Beatrice  and  Milton's  Eve 
Were  not  drawn  from  their  spouses  you  conceive, 
Byron  :  Don  yuan,  iii.  lo  (1820J, 

(Milton,  whose  first  wife  was  Mary 
Powell,  of  Oxfordshire,  was  as  unfortunate 
in  his  choice  as  Dantd. ) 

Bean  Bnunmel,  George  Bryan 
Brummel  (1778-1840). 

Beau  Clark,  a  billiard-marker  at  the 
beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century. 
He  was  called  "The  Beau,"  assumed  the 
name  of  Beauclerc,  and  paid  his  addresses 
to  ^frotegie  of  lord  Fife. 

Beau  Clincher,  in  Farquhar's 
comedy  called  The  Constant  Couple 
(1700), 

Bean  Fieldingf,  called  "  Handsome 
Fielding"  by  Charles  II.,  by  a  play  on. 
his  name,  which  was  Hendrome  Fielding. 
He  died  in  Scotland  Yard. 

Bean  Hewitt  was  the  original  of  sir 


BEAU  NASH. 


BEAUTY. 


George  Etherege's  "  sir  Fopling  Flutter," 
in  the  comedy  called  The  Man  of  Mode, 
or  Sir  Fopling  Flutter  (1676). 

Bean  Nasli,  Richard  Nash,  called 
also  ' '  King  of  Bath ; "  a  Welsh  gentleman, 
who  |for  many  years  managed  the  bath- 
rooms of  Bath,  and  conducted  the  balls 
with  unparalleled  splendour  and  decorum. 
In  his  old  age  he  sank  into  poverty  (1674- 
1761).  Appointed  master  of  the  cere- 
monies in  1704. 

Beau  d'Orsay  {Le),  father  of  count 
d'Orsay,  whom  Byron  calls  "Jeune  Cu- 
pidon. " 

Bean  Seant,  the  Templars'  banner, 
half  white  and  half  black ;  the  white 
signified  that  the  Templars  were  good  to 
Christians,  the  black  that  they  were  evil 
to  infidels. 

Bean  TiTabs,  in  Goldsmith's  Citizen 
of  the  World,  a  dandy  noted  for  his 
finery,  vanity,  and  poverty  {1760). 

Beanclerk,  Henry  I.  king  of  Eng- 
land {1068,  1100-1135). 

Beanfort,  the  lover  of  Maria  Wilding, 
whom  he  ultimately  married. — A.  Mur- 
phy: Tfie  Citizen  (a  farce,  1761). 

Beaufort  {Cardinal),  bishop  of  Win- 
chester, great-uncle  to  Henry  VI.  His 
death-raving  is  quite  harrowing;  and 
Warwick  says — 

So  bad  a  desth  argues  a  monstrous  life. 

Sliakespcart :  a  Henry  VI.  act  iii.  sc.  9. 

Beaufort  [Robert),  in  lord  Lytton's 
Night  and  Morning,  a  novel  (1841). 

Beaujeu  {Mons.  le  chevalier  de), 
keeper  of  a  gambling-house  to  which 
Dalgarno  took  Nigel. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time.  James  I. ). 

Beaujeu  [Mons.  le  comte  de),  a  French 
ofFicer  in  the  army  of  the  Chevalier  Charles 
Edward,  the  Pretender.— 5z>  W.  Scott: 
Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 

Beaumains  {"Hg  hands"],  a  nick- 
name which  sir  Kay  (Arthur's  steward) 
gave  to  Gareth  when  he  was  kitchen 
drudge  in  the  palace.  "He  had  the 
largest  hands  that  ever  man  saw. "  Gareth 
was  the  son  of  king  Lot  and  Margawse 
(king  Arthur's  sister).  His  brothers  were 
sir  Gaw'ain,  sir  Agravain,  and  sir  Gaheris. 
Mordred  was  his  half-brother. — Sir  T. 
Malory:  History  of  Prince  Arthur, '\.  120 

(1470).        ,  .  ,       , 

(His  achievements  are  given  under  the 

word  "  Gareth,"  q.v.) 

Tennyson,  in  his  Gareih  and  Lynette, 


makes  sir  Kay  tauntingly  address  Lance- 
lot thus,  referring  to  Gareth — 

Fair  and  fine,  forsooth  ! 
Sir  Fine-face,  sir  Fair-hands  t    But  see  thou  to  it 
That  thine  own  dneness,  Lancelot,  some  fine  day, 
Undo  thee  not. 

Be  it  remembered  that  Kay  himself 
called  Gareth  "  Beaumains"  from  the  ex- 
traordinary size  of  the  lad's  hands  ;  but 
the  taunt  put  into  the  mouth  of  Kay  by 
the  poet  indicates  that  the  lad  prided  him- 
self on  his  "fine "  face  and  "  fair  "  hands, 
which  is  not  the  case.  If  "fair  hands" 
is  a  translation  of  this  nickname,  it 
should  be  "fine  hands,"  which  bears  the 
equivocal  sense  of  big  and  beautiful. 

Beau'mauoir  {Sir  Lucas),  grand- 
master of  the  Knights  Templars. — Sir 
W.  Scott :  /vanhoe  {time,  Richard  1.). 

Beaupre  [Bo-pray'],  son  of  judge 
Vertaigne  (2  syl.)  and  brother  of  Lami'ra. 
— Beaumont  and  Fletcher:  The  Little 
French  Lauyer  (printed  1647). 

Beauseant,  in  The  Lady  of  Lyons,  by 
Bulwer  Lytton  [lord  Lytton]  (1838). 

Beaute  (2  syl.).  La  dame  de  Beauts. 
Agnes  Sorel,  so  called  from  the  chateau 
de  Beauty,  on  the  banks  of  the  Marne, 
given  to  her  by  Charles  VII.  (1409-1450). 

Beautiful  {The)  or  La  Bella.  So 
Florence  is  called.  France  is  spoken  of 
by  Frenchmen  as  La  Belle  France, 

Beautiful  Corisande  (3  syl.),  Diane 
comtesse  de  Guiche  et  de  Grammont. 
She  was  the  daughter  of  Paul  d'Andouins, 
and  married  Philibert  de  Gramont,  who 
died  in  1580.  The  widow  outUved  her 
husband  twenty-six  years.  Henri  IV., 
before  he  was  king  of  Navarre,  was  des- 
perately smitten  by  La  belle  Corisande ; 
and  when  he  was  at  war  with  the  League, 
she.  sold  her  diamonds  to  raise  for  him  a 
levy  of  20,000  Gascons  (1554-1620). 

(The  letters  of  Henri  to  Corisande  are 
still  preserved  in  the  Bibliothique  dt 
I' Arsenal,  and  were  published  in  1769.) 

Beautiful  Parricide  {The),  Bea 
trice  Cenci,  daughter  of  a  Roman  noble- 
man, who  plotted  the  death  of  her  father 
because  he  violently  defiled  her.  She  was 
executed  in  1605.  Shelley  has  a  tragedy 
on  the  subject,  entitled  The  Cenci,  Guido 
Reni's  "  The  Execution  of  the  Cenci,"  is 
one  of  the  most  interesting  paintings  in 
Rome. 

Beauty  {Queen  of).  So  the  daughter 
of  Schems'eddin  Mohammed,  vizier  of 
Egypt,   was    called.     She    married    her 


BEAUTY  AND  THE  BEAST.        loi 


BEDLAM  BEGGARS. 


cousin,  Bed'rcddin  Hassan  {'/.v.),  son  of 
Nour'eddin  Ali,  vizier  of  Basora.— ^;-a- 
dian  Nights  {"  Noureddin  Ali,"  etc.). 

Beauty  and  the  Beast  [La  Belle 
et  la  Bete),  from  Les  Contes  Marines  of 
Mde.  Villeneuvre  {1740),  the  most  beau- 
tiful of  all  nursery  tales.  A  young  and 
lovely  woman  saved  her  father  by  putting 
herself  in  the  power  of  a  frightful  but 
kind-hearted  monster,  whose  respectful 
affection  and  melancholy  overcame  her 
aversion  to  his  ugliness,  and  she  consented 
to  become  his  bride.  Being  thus  freed 
from  enchantment,  the  monster  assumed 
his  proper  form  and  became  a  young  and 
handsome  prince.  Well  known  in  Italy. 
Modernized  by  Miss  Thackeray,  in  her 
Two  Old  Friends,  etc.  (1868). 

•.'  The  moral  is  that  love  gives  beauty 
to  the  eyes  of  the  lover. 

Beauty  of  Buttermere  {3  syl.), 
Mary  Robinson,  who  married  Jolm  Hat- 
field, a  heartless  impostor  executed  for 
forgery  at  Carlisle,  in  1803. 

Beaux'  Stratagem  ( The),  by  Geo. 
Farquhar.  Thomas  viscount  Aimwell 
and  his  friend  Archer  (the  two  beaux), 
having  run  through  all  their  money,  set 
out  fortune-hunting,  and  come  to  Lich- 
field as  "master  and  man."  Aimwell 
pretends  to  be  very  unwell,  and  as  lady 
Bountiful's  hobby  is  tending  the  sick  and 
playing  the  leech,  she  orders  him  to  be 
removed  to  her  mansion.  Here  he  and 
Dorinda  (daughter  of  lady  Bountiful)  fall 
in  love  with  each  other,  and  finally  marry. 
Archer  falls  in  love  with  Mrs.  Sullen,  the 
wife  of  squire  Sullen,  who  had  been  mar- 
ried fourteen  months  but  agreed  to  a 
divorce  on  the  score  of  incompatibility  of 
tastes  and  temper.  This  marriage  forms 
no  part  of  the  play ;  all  we  are  told  is 
that  she  returns  to  the  roof  of  her  brother, 
sir  Charles  Freeman  (1707). 

Bed  of  Ware,  a  large  bed,  capable  of 
holding  twelve  persons.  Tradition  assigns 
it  to  .Warwick,  the  "king-maker."  It 
was  12  feet  square ;  but  in  1895  it  was 
shortened  3  feet.  It  is  now  (1897)  at  Rye 
House,  where  it  is  exhibited  at  zd.  a 
head.  Alluded  to  by  Shakespeare  in 
Twelfth  Night,  act  iii.  sc.  2. 

IT  The  bed  of  Og,  king  of  Bashan,  was 
9  cubits  by  4.  If  a  cubit  was  18  inches,  it 
was  13^  feet  by  6.     It  was  made  of  iron. 

It  seems  incredible  that  the  cubit  was  S2  inches. 
(See  under  GIANTS  (Goliath).) 

IT  In  the  Great  Exhibition  of  1831 
(London),  a  state  bed  from  Vienna  was 


e.xiiibited,   11  feet  by  9.     It  was  13  feet 
high,  and  made  of  zebra  wood. 

1[  There  is  a  huge  bed  at  the  White 
Hart  inn,  Scole,  Norfolk.  (See  Notes 
and  Queries,  August  8,  1896,  p.  113.) 

Bede  [Adam),  an  e.\cellent  novel  by 
George  Eliot  (Mrs.  T.  W.  Cross,  n6e 
Evans)  (1859). 

Bede  [Cuthberf),  the  Rev.  Edward 
Bradley,  author  of  l^ie  Advcnttires  of 
Mr.  Verdant  Green,  an  Oxford  Freshman 
(1857). 

Bedegrain  {Castle  of),  in  Sherwood. 
It  was  a  royal  castle,  belonging  to  king 
Arthur. 

Bed'er  ["  the  full  moon  "\  son  of  Gul- 
na'rfi  (3  syl.),  the  young  king  of  Persia. 
As  his  mother  was  an  under-sea  princess, 
he  was  enabled  to  live  under  water  as 
well  as  on  land.  Beder  was  a  young  man 
of  handsome  person,  quick  parts,  agree- 
able manners,  and  amiable  disposition, 
who  fell  in  love  with  Giauha'r6.  (For 
the  rest  of  the  tale,  see  Giauhare.) — 
Arabian  Nights  {"  Beder  and  Giau- 
harg  "). 

Bed'er  or  Bedr,  a  valley  noted  for 
the  victory  gained  by  Mahomet,  in  which 
"  he  was  assisted  by  3000  angels  led  by 
Gabriel  mounted  on  his  horse  Haiz'um." 
— Sale:  Al Koran, 

Bed'ivere  [Sir)  or  Bed'iver,  king 
Arthur's  butler  and  a  knight  of  the  Round 
Table.  He  was  the  last  of  Arthur's 
knights,  and  was  sent  by  the  dying  king 
to  throw  his  sword  Excalibur  into  the 
mere.  Being  cast  in,  it  was  caught  by 
an  arm  "clothed  in  white  samite,"  and 
drawn  into  the  stream. —  Tennyson  :  Morte 
d  Arthur. 

Tennyson's  Morte  cC Arthur  is  a  very 
close  and  in  many  parts  a  verbal  render- 
ing of  the  same  tale  in  Sir  Thomas 
Malory's  Morte  d Arthur,  iii.  168  (1470). 

Bedlam  Beggars,  lunatics  or  mad 
men  belonging  to  Bethlehem  Hospital. 
This  institution  was  designed  for  six 
lunatics,  but  in  1641  the  number  admitted 
was  forty-four,  and  applications  were  so 
numerous  that  many  were  dismissed  half 
cured.  These  ' '  ticket-of-leave "  men 
used  to  wander  about  as  vagrants,  singing 
"mad  songs"  and  dressed  in  the  oddest 
manner,  to  excite  compassion. 

He  swears  he  has  been  in  Bedlam,  and  will  talk  fran- 
tikely  of  purpose.  You  see  pinnes  stuck  in  sundry 
places  in  his  naked  flesh,  especially  in  his  armes,  which 
paine  he  gladly  puts  himselfe  to  only  to  make  you 
believe  he  is  out  of  his  wits.    He  calls  himselfe  .     . 


BEDOUINa 


BEES. 


Toore  Tom,'  aad  coming  near  anybody  calls  out 
"  Poore  Tom  is  a-cold."  .  .  .  Some  do  nothing  but 
sing  songs  fashioned  out  of  their  owne  braines ;  some 
will  dance  ;  others  will  doe  nothing  but  either  laugh  or 
weepe ;  others  are  dogged  .  .  .  and  spying  but  a 
small  company  in  a  house  .  .  .  will  compel  the  servants 
through  feare  to  give  them  what  they  demand.— 
Decker:  Bclhnan  of  London. 

Bed'ouins[^^^'-K;2«3:l,  nomadic  tribes 
of  Arabia.  In  common 'parlance,  "the 
homeless  street  poor."  Gutter-children 
are  called  "  Bedouins  "or  "street  Arabs." 

Bed'reddin'  Has'sau  of  Baso'ra, 
son  of  Nour'eddin  Ali  grand  vizier  of 
Basora,  and  nephew  to  Schema 'eddin 
Mohammed  vizier  of  Egypt.  His  beauty 
was  transcendent  and  his  talents  of  the 
first  order.  When  twenty  years  old  his 
father  died,  and  the  sultan,  angry  with 
him  for  keeping  from  court,  confiscated 
all  his  goods,  and  would  have  seized 
him  if  he  had  not  made  his  escape. 
During  sleep  he  was  conveyed  by  fairies 
to  Cairo,  and  substituted  for  an  ugly 
groom  (Hunchback)  to  whom  his  cousin, 
the  Queen  of  Beauty,  was  to  h ave  been  mar- 
ried. Next  day  he  was  carried  off  by  the 
same  means  to  Damascus,  where  he  lived 
for  ten  years  as  a  pastry-cook.  Search 
was  made  for  him,  and  the  search-party, 
halting  outside  the  city  of  Damascus, 
sent  for  some  cheese-cakes.  When  the 
cheese-cakes  arrived,  the  widow  of  Nour- 
eddin  declared  that  they  must  have  been 
made  by  her  son,  for  no  one  else  knew 
the  secret  of  making  them,  and  that  she 
herself  had  taught  it  him.  On  hearing 
this,  the  vizier  ordered  Bedreddin  to  be 
seized  "for  making  cheese-cakes  with- 
out pepper,"  and  the  joke  was  carried  on 
till  the  party  arrived  at  Cairo,  when  the 
pastry-cook  prince  was  reunited  to  his 
v/ife,  the  Queen  of  Beauty. — Arabian 
Nights  ("  Noureddin  Ali,"  etc.). 

Bedver,  king  Arthur's  butler. — Geof- 
frey: British  History,  ix.  13.     (See  Bedi- 

VERE.) 

Bedwin  {Mrs.),  housekeeper  to  Mr. 
Brownlow.  A  kind,  motherly  soul,  who 
loved  Oliver  Twisty  most  dearly. — C, 
Dickens:  Oliver  Tivist  (1837). 

Bee.  The  ancient  Egyptians  sym- 
bolized their  kings  under  this  emblem. 
The  honey  indicated  the  reward  they  gave 
to  the  meritorious,  and  the  sting  the 
punishment  awarded  to  the  unworthy. 

As  the  Egyptians  used  by  bees 
To  express  their  ancient  Ptolemies. 

5.  Bictkr:  Hudibras,  IH.  s. 

*.*  In  the  empire  of  France  the  royal 
mantle  and  standard  were  thickly  sown 


v.'ith  golden  bees  instead  of  "Louts 
flowers."  In  the  tomb  of  Child'eric  more 
than  300  golden  bees  were  discovered  in 
1653.  Hence  the  emblem  of  the  French 
empire. 

Bee,  an  American  word  introduced  in 
the  latter  half  of  the  nineteenth  century, 
to  signify  a  voluntary  competitive  exami- 
nation :  thus — 

A  Spelling  Bee  meant  a  competition  in 
spelling. 

A  Husking  Bee,  a  competition  in  strip- 
ping husks  from  the  ears  of  maize. 

A  Musical  Bee,  a  competition  in  singing 
or  playing  music  "at  sight,"  etc.,  etc. 

These  "Bees,"  immensely  popular  at 
first,  rapidly  subsided. 

Bee-line,  the  straightest  or  shortest 
distance  between  two  points.  This  is  an 
American  expression,  equivalent  to  "As 
the  crow  flies  ;  "  but  crows  do  not  always 
fly  in  a  direct  line,  as  bees  do  when  they 
seek  their  home. 

Sinnurs,  you  are  making  a  bee-line  from  time  to 
eternity,  and  what  you  have  once  passed  over  you  wiB 
never  pass  over  again. — Dow :  Lay  Sermons. 

Bee  of  Attica,  Soph'oclSs  the  dra- 
matist {B.C.  495-405). 

The  Bee  of  Attica  rivalled  ^schylus  when  in  posses- 
sion of  the  stage. — Sir  IV.  ScoU  :  The  Drama. 

The  Athenian  Bee,  Plato  the  philoso- 
pher (B.C. "428-347).  It  is  said  that  when 
Plato  was  in  his  cradle  a  swarm  of  bees 
lighted  on  his  mouth. 

^  A  similar  tale  is  told  of  St.  Ambrose  ; 
but,  not  to  be  outdone  by  a  pagan,  the 
Christian  biographer  says  that  the  bees 
flew  in  and  out  of  his  mouth,  and  that  the 
event  prognosticated  his  great  eloquence. 
The  same  is  said  of  St.  Dorainick. 

Bee  Painted  {A)  by  Quintin  Matsys 
on  the  outstretched  leg  of  a  fallen  angel 
painted  by  Mandyn.  It  was  so  life-like 
that  when  the  old  artist  returned  to  his 
studio  he  tried  to  frighten  it  away  with 
his  pocket-handkerchief.  (See  Fly 
Painted.  ) 

^  Hans  Holbein,  Journeying  to  England,  and  finding 
himself  at  Strasburg  without  money,  dashed  off  a  pic- 
ture, and  on  a  conspicuous  part  thereof  painted  a  bee. 
He  sold  his  picture  to  a  native  dealer,  who  was  both 
surprised  and  delighted  on  discovering  the  conceit. 

Bees  {The  Fable  of  the),  or  "The 
Grumbling  Hive."  First  published  in 
octo-syllabic  rhyme,  running  to  the  length 
of  .^oo  lines,  and  afterwards  produced  in 
prose.  The  object  of  the  fable  is  to  show 
that  opposition  and  difference  of  opinion 
tends  to  elicit  good  results.  A  dead  calm 
is  certainly  undesirable. — Bernard  de 
Mandeville  {1714). 


I 


BEEFINGTON. 


103 


BEHRAM. 


Beef  ingfton  {Mi/or),  in  Canning[s 
burlesque  called  T/ie  Rovers.  Casimir  is 
a  Polish  emigrant,  and  Beefington  an 
English  nobleman  exiled  by  the  tyranny 
of  king  John. — Anti- Jacobin. 

"Wil  without  power,"  said  the  sagacious  Casimir  to 
MUor  Beefington,  "is  like  children  playing  at  soldiers." 
—Macaulay. 

Be'elzebnb  (4  syl.),  called  "  prince 
of  the  devils"  [Matt.  xii.  24),  worshipped 
at  Ekron,  a  city  of  the  Philistines  (2 
Kings  I.  2),  and  made  by  Milton  second 
to  Satan. 

One  next  himself  in  power  and  next  in  crime— 
Beelzebub. 

Paradise  Lost,  i.  80  (1665). 

Bee'nie  (2  syl.),  cliambermaid  at  Old 
St.  Ronan's  inn,  held  by  Meg  Dods. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  St.  Ronan's  Well  (time, 
George  III.). 

Befa'ua,  the  good  fairy  of  Italian 
children.  She  is  supposed  to  fill  their 
shoes  and  socks  with  toys  when  they  go 
to  bed  on  Twelfth  Night,  Some  one 
enters  the  bedroom  for  the  purpose,  and 
the  wakeful  youngsters  cry  out,  "  Ecco  la 
Be/ana  I"  According  to  legend,  Befana 
was  too  busy  with  house  affairs  to  take 
heed  of  the  Magi  when  they  went  to  offer 
their  gifts,  and  said  she  would  stop  for 
their  return;  but  they  returned  by 
another  way,  and  Befana  every  Twelfth 
Night  watches  to  see  them.  The  name  is 
a  corruption  of  Epiphania. 

Beg  ["/<?/-</"],  a  title  generally  given  to 
lieutenants  of  provinces  under  the  grand 
signior,  but  rarely  to  supreme  princes. 
Occasionally,  however,  the  Persian  em- 
perors have  added  the  title  to  their  names, 
as  Hagmet  beg,  Alman  beg,  Morad  beg, 
etc, — Selden:  Titles  of  Honour,  vi.  70 
(X672). 

^es {Callum),  page  to  Fergus  M'lvor, 
in  VVaverley,  a  novel  by  sir  W.  Scott 
(time,  George  II,), 

Beg  ( Toskach),  MacGillie  Chattanach's 
second  at  the  combat, — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Beggar  of  Bethnal  Green  ( The), 
a  drama  by  S,  Knowles  (recast  and  pro- 
duced, 1834).  Bess,  daughter  of  Albert, 
"the  blind  beggar  of  Bethnal  Green," 
was  intensely  loved  by  Wilford,  who  first 
saw  her  in  the  streets  of  London,  and 
subsequently,  after  diligent  search,  di> 
covered  her  in  the  Queen's  Arms  inn  at 
Romford,  It  turned  out  that  her  father 
Albert  was  brother  to  lord  Woodville, 
and  Wilford  was  his  truant  son.  so  that 


Bess  was  his  cousin.  Queen  Elizabeth 
sanctioned  their  nuptials,  and  took  them 
under  her  own  conduct.     (Sec  Blind.) 

This  play  is  founded  on  the  ballad  The  Besgar's 

Beggars  {King  of  the),  Bampfylde 
Moore  Carew,  who  succeeded  Claiise 
Patch  (1693,  1730-1770). 

Beggar's  Bush  (The),  a  comedy 
by  John  Fletcher  (1622). 

Beggar's  Dangliter  ( The).  ' '  Bessee 
the  beggar's  daughter  of  Bethnal  Green  " 
was  very  beautiful,  and  was  courted  by 
four  suitors  at  once — a  knight,  a  country 
squire,  a  rich  merchant,  and  the  son  of 
an  innkeeper  at  Romford.  She  told  them 
all  they  must  first  obtain  the  consent  of 
her  'poor  blind  father,  the  beggar  of 
Bethnal  Green,  and  all  slunk  off  except 
the  knight,  who  went  and  asked  leave  to 
marry  "the  pretty  Bessee,"  The  beggar 
gave  her  for  a  "dot"  ;^30oo,  and  ;^'ioo 
for  her  trousseau,  and  informed  the 
knight  that  he  (the  beggar)  was  Henry, 
son  and  heir  of  sir  Simon  de  Montfort, 
and  that  he  had  disguised  himself  as  a 
beggar  to  escape  the  vigilance  of  spies, 
who  were  in  quest  of  all  those  engaged 
on  the  barons'  side  in  the  battle  of 
Evesham, — Percy:  Reliqiies,  II.  ii,  10. 

As  the  value  of  money  was  about 
twelve  times  what  it  now  is,  this  "  dot  " 
would  equal  ;^36,ooo.  (See  BEGGAR  OF 
Bethnal  Green.) 

Beggar's    Opera    {The),    by    Gay 

{1727).  The  beggar  is  captain  Macheath, 
For  plot,  see  Macheath,  ) 

Beggar's  Petition  {The),  a  poem 
by  the  Rev.  Thomas  Moss  (1769).  It 
begins — 

Pity  the  sorrows  of  a  poor  old  man. 

Whose  trembling  limbs  have  borne  him  to  your  door ; 
Whose  days  are  dwindled  to  the  shortest  span ; 

Oh,  give  relief,  and  Heaven  vill  bless  your  store  ! 
Stanza  i. 

Beguines  \Ba-gweens^  or  beg-eens'\ 
the  earliest  of  all  lay  societies  of  women 
united  for  religious  purposes.  Brabant 
says  the  order  received  its  name  from  St. 
Begga,  daughter  of  Pepin,  who  founded 
it  at  Namur',  in  696  ;  but  it  is  more  likely 
to  be  derived  from  their  beguins,  or  linen 
caps. 

Beli'rani,  captain  of  the  ship  which 
was  to  convey  prince  Assad  to  the 
"  mountain  of  fire,"  where  he  was  to  be 
offered  up  in  sacrifice.  The  ship  being 
driven  on  the  shores  of  queen  Margia'na's 
kingdom,  Assad  became  her  sUve,  but 


BELARIUS. 


X04 


BELFIELD. 


was  recaptured  by  Behram's  crew,  and 
carried  back  to  the  ship.  The  queen 
next  day  gave  the  ship  chase.  Assad 
was  thrown  overboard,  and  swam  to  the 
city  whence  he  started.  Behram  also 
was  drifted  to  the  same  place.  Here  the 
captain  fell  in  with  the  prince,  and  re- 
conducted him  to  the  original  dungeon. 
Bosta'na,  a  daughter  of  the  old  fire- 
worshipper,  taking  pity  on  the  prince, 
released  him  ;  and,  at  the  end,  Assad 
married  queen  Margiana,  Bostana  married 
prince  Amgiad  (half-brother  of  Assad), 
and  Behram,  renouncing  his  religion, 
became  a  Mussulman,  and  entered  the 
service  of  Amgiad,  who  became  king  of 
the  city. — Arabian  Nights  ("Amgiad 
and  Assad  "). 

Bela'rius,  a  nobleman  and  soldier  in 
the  army  of  Cym'beline  (3  syl.)  king  of 
Britain.  Two  villains  having  sworn  to 
the  king  that  Belarius  was  "  confederate 
with  the  Romans,"  he  was  banished,  and 
for  twenty  years  lived  in  a  cave  ;  but  he 
stole  away,  out  of  revenge,  the  king's  two 
infant  sons,  Guide 'rius  and  Arvir'agus. 
When  these  two  princes  were  grown  to 
manhood,  a  battle  was  fought  between  the 
Romans  and  Britons,  in  which  Cymbeline 
was  made  prisoner  ;  but  Belarius  coming 
to  the  rescue,  the  king  was  liberated  and 
the  Roman  general  in  turn  was  made 
captive.  Belarius  was  now  reconciled  to 
Cymbeline,  and,  presenting  to  him  the 
two  young  men,  told  their  story  ;  where- 
upon they  were  publicly  acknowledged 
to  be  the  sons  of  Cymbeline  and  princes 
of  the  realm. — Shakespeare:  Cymbeline 
(1605). 

Belch  [Sir  Toby),  uncle  of  Olivia 
the  rich  countess  of  Illyria,  He  is  a 
reckless  roisterer  of  the  old  school,  and 
a  friend  of  sir  Andrew  Ague-cheek. — 
Shakespeare  :  Twelfth  Night  (1614). 

Belcour,  a  foundling  adopted  by  Mr. 
Belcour,  a  rich  Jamaica  merchant,  who 
at  death  left  him  all  his  property.  He 
was  in  truth  the  son  of  Mr.  Stockwell, 
the  clerk  of  Belcour,  senior,  who  clan- 
destinely married  his  master's  daughter, 
and  afterwards  became  a  wealthy  mer- 
chant. On  the  death  of  old  Belcour,  the 
young  man  came  to  England  as  the  guest 
of  his  unknown  father,  and  falling  in  love 
with  Miss  Dudley,  married  her.  He  was 
hot-blooded,  impulsive,  high-spirited,  and 
generous,  his  very  faults  serving  as  a 
foil  to  his  noble  qualities  ;  ever  erring  and 
repenting,  offending  and  atoning  for  his 


offences. — Cumberland:  The  West  Indian 
(1771).' 

Be'led,  one  of  the  six  Wise  Men  of 
the  East,  lead  by  the  guiding  star  to 
Jesus.  He  was  a  king,  who  gave  to  his 
enemy,  who  sought  to  detlirone  him,  half 
of  his  kingdom,  and  thus  turned  a  foe 
into  a  fast  friend. — Klopstock  :  The  Mes- 
siah, v.  (1747). 

Belen,  the  mont  St.  Michael,  in 
Normandy.  Here  nine  druidesses  used 
to  sell  arrows  to  sailors  ' '  to  charm  away 
storms."  These  arrows  had  to  be  dis- 
charged by  a  young  man  25  years  old. 

Beleriua,  the  lady  whom  DurandartS 
served  for  seven  years  as  a  knight-errant 
and  peer  of  France.  Wlien,  at  length, 
he  died  at  Roncesvalles,  he  prayed  his 
cousin  Montesi'nos  to  carry  his  heart  to 
Belerma. 


i  was  twice  as  large  as  the  largest  of  the  others; 
her  eyebrows  were  joined,  her  nose  was  rather  flat, 
her  mouth  wide,  but  her  lips  of  a  vermilion  colour. 
Her  teetli  were  thin-set  and  irregular,  though  very 
white ;  and  she  carried  in  her  hand  a  fine  linen  cloth, 
containing  a  heart.  Montesinos  informed  me  that  this 
lady  was  Belerma. — Cervantes :  Don  Quixote,  II.  ii.  t 
(1615). 

Bele'ses  (3  syl),  a  Chaldean  sooth- 
sayer and  Assyrian  satrap,  who  told 
Arba'ces  (3  syl.)  governor  of  Me'dia  that 
he  would  one  day  sit  on  the  throne  of 
Nineveh  and  Assyria.  Plis  prophecy 
came  true,  and  Beleses  was  rewarded 
with  the  government  of  Babylon. — Byron : 
Sardanapdlus  (1819). 

Belfab'orac,  the  palace  of  the  em- 
peror of  Lilliput,  in  the  middle  of  MiU 
dendo,  the  metropolis  of  the  empire. — 
Swift:  Gullive7-'s  Travels  ("Voyage  to 
Lilliput,"  1726). 

Belfield  {Atidreiv),  the  elder  of  two 
brothers,  who  married  Violetta(an  English 
lady  born  in  Lisbon),  and  deserted  her. 
He  then  promised  marriage  to  Lucy 
Waters,  the  daughter  of  one  of  his 
tenants,  but  had  no  intention  of  making 
her  his  wife.  At  the  same  time,  he  en- 
gaged himself  to  Sophia,  the  daughter  of 
sir  Benjamin  Dove.  The  day  of  the 
wedding  arrived,  and  it  was  then  dis- 
covered that  he  was  married  already, 
and  that  Violetta  his  wife  was  actually 
present. 

Robert  Belfield,  the  younger  of  the 
two  brothers,  in  love  with  Sophia  Dove. 
He  went  to  sea  in  a  privateer  under 
captain  Ironside,  his  uncle,  and  changed 
his   name   to  Lewson.     The  vessel  was 


BELFORD. 


105 


BELINE. 


wrecked  on  the  Cornwall  coast,  and  lie 
renewed  his  acquaintance  with  Sopliia, 
but  heard  that  she  was  engaged  in  mar- 
riage to  his  brother.  As,  however,  it  was 
proved  that  his  brother  was  already  mar- 
ried, the  young  lady  willingly  abandoned 
the  elder  for  the  younger  brother. — R, 
Cumberland :  The  Brotliers  (1769). 

Bel  ford,  a  friend  of  Lovelace  (2  syL). 
They  made  a  covenant  to  pardon  every 
sort  of  hberty  which  tliey  took  with  each 
other. — Richardson  :  Clarissa  Ilarlowe 
(1749)- 

Belford,  in  The  Clandestine  Mar- 
riage, by  George  Colnian  and  Garrick 
(1760).  Hazlitt  says  of  this  play,  "it  is 
nearly  without  a  fault," 

Belford  [Major),  the  friend  of  colonel 
Tamper,  and  the  plighted  husband  of 
Mdlle.  Florival.— (3.  Colman  the  Elder: 
The  Deuce  is  in  Him  (1762). 

Belfry  of  Bmgfes  {The),  a  poem 
by  Longfellow.     It  begins  thus — 

In  the  market-place  of  Bruges  (2  syl.)  stands  the  belfry 

old  and  brown. 
Thrice  consumed  and  thrice  rebuild&d,  still  it  watches 

o'er  Uie  town. 

Beige  (2  syl. ),  the  mother  of  seventeen 
sons.  She  applied  to  queen  Mercilla  for 
aid  against  Geryon'eo,  who  had  deprived 
her  of  all  her  offspring  except  five. — 
Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  v.  10  (1596). 

•.*  "Beige"  is  Holland;  the  "seven- 
teen sons  "  are  the  seventeen  provinces 
which  once  belonged  to  her  ;  "  Geryoneo  " 
is  Philip  IL  of  Spain  ;  and  "  Mercilla"  is 
queen  Elizabeth. 

Belgfrade'  (2  syl.),  the  camp-suttler. 
So  called  because  she  commenced  her 
career  at  the  siege  of  Belgrade,  Her 
dog's  name  was  Clumsey. 

Belial,  last  or  lowest  in  the  hierarchy 
of  hell.  (See  RiMMON.)  Moloch  was  the 
fiercest  of  the  infernal  spirits,  and  Belial 
the  most  timorous  and  slothful.  The 
lewd  and  profligate,  disobedient  and  re- 
bellious, are  called  in  Scripture  "  sons  of 
Belial." 

Belial  came  last,  than  whom  a  spirit  more  lewd 
Fell  not  from  heaven,  or  more  gross  to  love 
Vice  for  itself  (i.  490,  etc.)  .  .  .  though  his  tongu* 
Dropt  manna,  and  could  make  the  worse  appear 
The  better  reason  .  .  .  but  to  nobler  deeds 
Timorous  and  slothfuL 

MiUon  :  Parodist  Lost,  ii.  112  (1665). 

*.*  Belial  means  "the  lawless  one," 
that  is,  one  who  puts  no  restraint  on  his 
evil  propensities. 

Belia'nis  of  Greece  {Don),  the  hero 
of  an  old  romance  of  chivalry  on  the 


model  of  Am'adis  de  Cart  I.  It  was  one 
of  the  books  in  don  Quixote's  library  ;  but 
was  not  one  of  those  burnt  by  the  cur6  as 
pernicious  and  worthless. 

"  Don  Belianis,"  said  the  curi,  "with  Its  two,  three, 
and  four  parts,  hath  need  of  a  dose  of  rhubarb  to  purge 
ofl'  that  mass  of  bile  with  which  he  is  inflamed.  His 
Castle  of  Fame  and  other  impertinences  should  be 
totally  obliterated.  This  done,  we  would  show  him 
lenity  in  proportion  as  we  found  him  capable  of  reform. 
Take  don  Belianis  home  with  you,  and  keep  him  in 
close  coaRaemeat.'^CtrvanUs  :  Don  Quixote,  I.  L  6 
(1605). 

(An  English  abridgment  of  this  ro- 
mance was  published  in  1673. ) 

BELINDA,  niece  and  companion  of 
lady  John  Brute,  Young,  pretty,  full  of 
fun,  and  possessed  of  ^^^lo.ooo.  Heart- 
free  married  her. — Vanbrugh:  The  Pro- 
voked Wife  (1697). 

Belin'da,  the  heroine  of  Pope's  Rape 
of  the  Lock.  Tiiis  mock  heroic  is  founded 
on  the  following  incident :  Lord  Petre 
cut  a  lock  of  hair  from  the  head  of  Miss 
Arabella  Fermor,  and  the  young  lady 
resented  the  liberty  as  an  unpardonable 
affront.  The  poet  says  Belinda  wore  on 
her  neck  two  curls,  one  of  which  the 
baron  cut  off  with  a  pair  of  scissors 
borrowed  of  Clarissa ;  and  when  Belinda 
demanded  that  it  should  be  delivered  up, 
it  had  flown  to  the  skies  and  become  a 
meteor  there.    (See  Berenice,  p.  112.) 

Belinda,  daughter  of  Mr.  Blandford, 
in  love  with  Beverley  the  brother  of 
Clarissa.  Her  father  promised  sir  Wil- 
liam Bellmont  that  she  should  marry 
his  son  George,  but  George  was  already 
engaged  to  Clarissa.  Belinda  was  very 
handsome,  very  independent,  most  irre- 
proachable, and  devotedly  attached  to 
Beverley.  When  he  hinted  suspicions  of 
infidelity,  she  was  too  proud  to  deny 
it ;  but  her  pure  and  ardent  love  instantly 
rebuked  her  for  giving  her  lover  cause- 
less pain. — Murphy:  All  in  the  Wrong 
(1761). 

Belin'da,  the  heroine  of  Miss  Edge- 
worth's  novel  of  the  same  name.  The 
object  of  the  tale  is  to  make  the  reader 
feel  what  is  good,  and  pursue  it  (1803). 

Belin'da,  a  lodging-house  servant- 
girl,  very  poor,  very  dirty,  very  kind- 
hearted,  and  shrewd  in  observation. 
When  married,  Mr.  Middlewick  the 
butter-man  set  her  husband  up  in  busi- 
ness in  the  butter  line. — H.  J.  Byron: 
Our  Boys  {187s). 

Beline  (2  syl.],  second  wife  of  Argan 
the  tnalade  imagtnaire,  and  stepmother 
of  Angelique,  whom  she  hates.    Beline 


BELISARIUS. 


xo6 


BELLS 


pretends  to  love  Argan  devotedly, 
humours  him  in  all  his  whims,  calls  him 
"  mon  fils,"  and  makes  him  believe  that 
if  he- were  to  die  it  would  be  the  death  of 
her.  Toinette  induced  Argan  to  put  these 
protestations  to  the  test  by  pretending  to 
be  dead.  He  did  so,  and  when  Beline 
entered  the  room,  instead  of  deploring 
her  loss,  she  cried  in  ecstasy — 

"  Le  del  en  soit  lou6  I  Me  voilh  ddlivr^e  d'un  grrande 
fardeau  1  .  .  .  de  quoi  servait-il  sur  la  terre  ?  Un 
homme  incommode  k  tout  le  monde,  malpropre,  d^- 
g-ofltant  .  ,  ,  mouchant,  toussant,  crachant  toujours, 
sans  esprit,  ennuyeux,  de  mauvaise  humeur,  fatiguant 
sans  cesse  les  gens,  et  grondant  jour  et  nuit  servantes 
et  valets  "  (iii.  i8). 

She  then  proceeded  to  ransack  the  room 
for  bonds,  leases,  and  money ;  but  Argan, 
starting  up,  told  her  she  had  taught  him 
one  useful  lesson  for  life,  at  any  rate. — 
Moliire  :  La  Malade  l7nagi?taire  ( 1673). 

Belisa'rius,  the  greatest  of  Justi- 
nian's generals.  Being  accused  of  treason, 
he  was  deprived  of  all  his  property,  and 
his  eyes  were  put  out.  In  this  state  he 
retired  to  Constantinople,  where  he  lived 
by  begging.  The  story  says  he  fastened 
a  label  to  his  hat,  containing  these  words, 
"  Give  an  oholus  to  poor  old  Belisarius." 
Marmontel  has  written  a  tale  called 
Belisaire,  which  has  helped  to  perpetuate 
these  fables,  originally  invented  by 
TzetzSs  or  Cassios,  a  Greek  poet,  born  at 
Constantinople  in  1120. 

Belise  (2  syl.),  sister  of  Philaminte 
(3  ^y^')<  ^"d,  like  her,  a.  feitime  savante. 
She  imagined  that  every  one  was  in  love 
with  her. — Molitre:  Les Femines  Savantes 
(1672). 

BELL  [Adam),  a  wild,  north-country 
outlaw,  noted,  like  Robin  Hood,  for  his 
skill  in  archery.  His  place  of  residence 
was  Englewood  Forest,  near  Carlisle ; 
and  his  two  comrades  were  Clym  of  the 
Clough  {Clement  of  the  Cliff]  and  William 
of  Cloudesly  (3  syl).  William  was 
married,  but  the  other  two  were  not. 
When  William  was  captured  at  Carlisle 
and  was  led  to  execution,  Adam  and 
Clym  rescued  him,  and  all  three  went  to 
London  to  crave  pardon  of  the  king, 
which,  at  the  queen's  intercession,  was 
granted  them.  They  then  showed  the 
king  specimens  of  their  skill  in  archery, 
and  the  king  was  so  well  pleased  that  he 
made  William  a  "gentleman  of  fe,"  and 
the  two  others  yeomen  of  the  bed- 
chamber.—  Percy:  R  cliques  ("Adam 
Bell,"  etc.),  L  ii.  i. 

Bell  [Bessy).  Bessy  Bell  and  Vi^ry 
Gray  were  the  daughters  of.  tv/o  country 


gentlemen  near  Perth.  When  the  plagua 
broke  out  in  1666  they  built  for  them- 
selves a  bower  in  a  very  romantic  spot 
called  Burn  Braes,  to  which  they  retired, 
and  were  supplied  with  food,  etc.,  by  a 
young  man  who  was  in  love  with  both  of 
them.  The  young  man  caught  the  plague, 
communicated  it  to  the  two  young  ladies, 
and  all  three  died. — Allan  Ramsay : 
Bessy  Bell  and  Mary  Gray  (a  ballad). 

Bell.  Anne,  Charlotte,  and  Emily 
Bronte  assumed  the  names  of  Acton, 
Currer,  and  Ellis  Bell  (first  half  of  the 
nineteenth  century).  Currer  Bell,  who 
married  the  Rev.  Arthur  Bell  NichoUs, 
was  the  author  of  Jane  Eyre. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  initial 
letter  of  both  names  is  in  every  case  pre- 
served throughout — Acton  (Anne),  Currer 
(Charlotte),  Ellis  (Emily),  and  Bell 
(Bronte). 

Bell  [Peter),  the  subject  of  a  "tale  in 
verse"  by  Wordsworth  (1798).  Shelley 
wrote  a  burlesque  upon  it,  entitled  Peter 
Bell  the  Third. 

Bell  Battle  [The).  The  casus  belli 
was  this :  Have  the  local  magistrates 
power  to  allow  parish  bells  to  be  rung  at 
their  discretion,  or  is  the  right  vested  in 
the  parish  clergyman?  This  squabble 
was  carried  on  with  great  animosity  in 
the  parish  of  Paisley  in  1832.  The. 
clergyman,  John  Macnaughton,  brought 
the  question  before  the  local  council, ; 
which  gave  it  in  favour  of  the  magis- 
trates ;  but  the  court  of  sessions  gave  it 
the  other  way,  and  when  the  magistrates 
granted  a  permit  for  the  bells  to  be  rung, 
the  court  issued  an  interdict  against  them. 

For  nearly  two  years  the  Paisley  bell  battle  was 
fought  with  the  fiercest  zeal.  It  was  the  subject  of 
every  political  meeting,  the  theme  of  every  board,  the 
gossip  at  tea-tables  and  dinner-parties,  and  the  cliildren 
delighted  in  chalking  on  the  walls,  "  Please  to  ring  the 
bell "  (May  14,  1832,  to  September  10,  1834).— VVewj. 
paper  paragraph. 

Bell-the-Cat,  sobriquet  of  Archibald 
Douglas,  great  earl  of  Angus,  who  died 
in  1514. 

The  mice,  being  much  annoyed  by  the  persecutions 
of  a  cat,  resolved  that  a  bell  should  be  hung  about  her 
neck  to  give  notice  of  her  approach.  The  measure 
was  agreed  to  in  full  council,  but  one  of  the  sager  mice 
inquired,  "Who  would  undertake  to  bell  the  cat?" 
When  Lauder  told  this  fable  to  a  council  of  Scotch 
nobles,  met  to  declaim  against  one  Cochran,  Archibald 
Douglas  started  up,  and  exclaimed  in  thunder,  "  I  will; " 
and  hence  the  sobriquet  referred  to.—Sir  IV.  Scott: 
Tales  of  a  Grandfather,  xxii. 

Bells.  Those  Evening  Bells,  a  poem 
by  T.  Moore.  The  bells  referred  to 
were  those  of  Ashbourne  parish,  qtuirc^. 
Derbyshire. — National  Airs,  t.'/^'ZT':-. 


BELLS  TOLLED  BACKWARDS.     107 


BELLEFONTAINE. 


To  shake  one's  hells,  to  defy,  to  resist, 
to  set  up  one's  back.  The  allusion  is  to 
the  little  bells  tied  to  the  feet  of  hawks. 
Immediately  the  hawks  were  tossed,  they 
were  alarmed  at  the  sound  of  the  bells, 
and  took  to  flight. 

Neither  the  king:,  nor  he  that  loves  him  best  .  .  . 
Dare  stir  a  wing  if  Warwick  shake  liis  bells. 

Shakespeare  :  3  Henry  VI.  act  i.  sc.  i  {1592). 

Seven  ^^//j (half-past  7),  breakfast-time; 
eight  bells  (noon),  dinner-time ;  three 
bells  (half-past  5),  supper-time. 

Eight  bells  (the  highest  number)  are 
rung  at  noon  and  every  fourth  hour  after- 
wards. Thus  they  are  sounded  at  12,  4, 
and  8  o'clock.  For  all  other  parts  of  the 
day  an  Even  number  of  bells  announce 
the  hours,  and  an  Odd  number  the  half- 
liours.  Thus  12^  is  i  bell ;  i  o'clock  is 
2  bells ;  li  is  3  bells  ;  2  o'clock  is  4  bells ; 
2^  is  5  befls ;  3  o'clock  is  6  bells  ;  s^s 
7  'oells.  Again,  4-^  is  i  bell ;  5  o'clock  is 
2  bells ;  si  is  3  bells ;  6  o'clock  is  4  bells ; 
6i  is  5  bells;  7  o'clock  is  6  bells;  7^  is 
7  bells.  Again,  8^  is  i  bell ;  9  o'clock  is 
2  bells ;  9^  is  3  bells ;  10  o'clock  is  4  bells ; 
lo^  is  5  bells ;  11  o'clock  is  6  bells  ;  iiA  is 

7  bells.  Or,  i  bell  sounds  at  12^,  4^,  8^  ; 
2  bells  sound  at  i,  5,  9  ;  3  bells  sound  at 
at  i^,  5^,  9^ ;  4  bells  soimd  at  2,  6,  10 ; 
5  bells  sound  at  2^,  6^,  xo\  ;  6  bells  sound 
at  3,  7,  II ;  7  belfs  sound  at  3,^,  7^,  11^; 

8  bells  sound  at  4,  8,  12  o'clock. 
Bells  tolled   Backwards.     This 

was  the  tocsin  of  the  French,  first  used 
as  an  alarm  of  fire,  and  subsequently  for 
any  uprising  of  the  people.  In  the  reign 
of  Charles  IX.  it  was  the  signal  given  by 
the  court  for  the  Bartholomew  slaughter. 
In  the  French  Revolution  it  was  the  call 
to  the  people  for  some  united  attack 
against  the  royalists. 

Old  French,  toquer,  "  to  strike,"  seing 
or  sing,  "  a  church-bell." 

Bella  Wilfer,  a  lovely,  wilful,  lively, 
spoilt  darling,  who  loved  every  one,  and 
whom  every  one  loved.  She  married 
John  Rokesmith  {i.e.  John  Harmon). — 
C.  Dickens:  Our  Mutual  Friend  {1864). 

Bellair,  in  Etherege's  comedy  of  The 
Man  of  Mode  (1676).  Supposed  to  repre- 
sent the  author  himself. 

Bellamy,  a  steady  young  man,  look- 
ing out  for  a  wife  "  capable  of  friendship, 
love,  and  tenderness;  with  good  sense 
enough  to  be  easy,  and  good  nature 
enough  to  like  him."  He  found  his  beau- 
ideal  in  Jacintha,  who  had  besides  a 
fortune  of  ^30,000. — Ben  Hoadly,  M.D,  : 
The  Suspicious  Husband  (1761). 


Bella'rio,  the  assumed  name  of 
Euphrasia,  when  she  put  on  boy's  ap- 
parel that  she  might  enter  the  service  of 
prince  Philaster,  whom  she  greatly  loved. 
— Fletcher:  Philaster,  or  Love  Lies  a-blecd- 
ing  {1622).     An  excellent  tragedy. 

Bel'laston  {Lady),  a  profligate,  from 
whom  Tom  Jones  accepts  support.  Her 
conduct  and  conversation  may  be  con- 
sidered a  fair  photograph  of  the  "beau- 
ties "  of  the  court  of  Louis  XV. — Fielding: 
History  of  Tom  Jones,  a  Foundling  (1750) . 

Tlie  character  of  Jones,  otherwise  a  model  of  gene- 
rosity, openness,  and  manly  spirit,  mingled  with 
thoughtless  dissipation,  is  unnecessarily  degraded  by 
tlie  nature  of  his  intercourse  with  lady  Uellaston.— 
EncycloJ-adia  Britannica  (article  "Fielding"). 

Belle  Cordiere  {La),  Louise  Lab<5, 
who  married  Ennemond  Perrin,  a  wealthy 
rope-maker  (1526-1566). 

Belle  Corisande  {La),  Diane  com- 
tesse  de  Guiche  et  de  Grammont  (1554- 
1620). 

Belle  France  {La),  a  pet  way  ot 
alluding  to  France,  similar  to  our  Merry 

England. 

Belle  tlie  Giant.  It  is  said  that  the 
giant  Belle  mounted  on  his  sorrel  horse 
at  a  place  since  called  mount  Sorrel.  He 
leaped  one  mile,  and  the  spot  on  which 
he  lighted  was  called  Wanlip  {one-leap) ; 
thence  he  leaped  a  second  mile,  but  in  so 
doing  "  burst  all  "  his  girths,  whence  the 
spot  was  called  Burstall ;  in  the  third  leap 
he  was  killed,  and  the  spot  received  the 
name  of  Bellegrave. 

Belle's  Stratagem  {The).  The 
"belle"  is  Letitia  Hardy,  and  her  stra- 
tagem was  for  the  sake  of  winning  the 
love  of  Doricourt,  to  whom  she  had  been 
betrothed.  The  very  fact  of  being  be- 
trothed to  Letitia  set  Doricourt  against 
her,  so  she  went  unknown  to  him  to  a 
masquerade,  where  Doricourt  fell  in  love 
with  "the  beautiful  stranger."  In  order 
to  consummate  the  marriage  of  his 
daughter,  Mr.  Hardy  pretends  to  be  "sick 
unto  death,"  and  beseeches  Doricourt  to 
wed  Letitia  before  he  dies.  Letitia  meets 
her  betrothed  in  her  masquerade  dress, 
and  unbounded  is  the  joy  of  the  young 
man  to  find  that  "the  beautiful  stranger" 
is  the  lady  to  whom  he  has  been  be- 
trothed.—  Mrs.  Cowley:  The  Belle's 
Stratagem.     (See  Beaux'  Stratagem.  ) 

Belief  ontaine  {Benedict),  the  wealthy 
farmer  of  Grand  Pr6  \Nova  Scotia'\  and 
father  of  Evangeline.  When  the  inhabit- 
ants of  his  village  were  driven  into  exile, 
Benedict  died  of  a  broken  heart  as  he 


BEL  LEX  DEN. 


xo8 


BELLINGHAM. 


was  about  to  embark,  and  was  buried  on 
the  seashore. — Longfellow  :  Evangeline 
(1849). 

Bel'lenden  [Lady  Margaret),  an  old 
lady,  mistress  of  the  Tower  of  Tillietud- 
1cm,  and  devoted  to  the  house  of  Stuart. 

Old  major  Miles  Bellenden,  brother  of 
lady  Margaret. 

Miss  Edith  Bellenden,  granddaughter 
of  lady  Margaret,  betrothed  to  lord 
Evendale,  of  the  king's  army,  but  in  love 
with  Morton  (a  leader  of  the  Covenanters, 
and  the  hero  of  the  novel).  After  the 
death  of  lord  Evendale,  who  is  shot  by 
Balfour,  Edith  marries  Morton,  and  this 
terminates  the  tale. — Sir  VV.  Scott:  Old 
Mortality  (time,  Charles  IL). 

Beller'ophon,  son  of  Glaucos.  A 
kind  of  Joseph,  who  refused  the  amorous 
solicitations  of  Antea,  wife  of  Prcetos  (2 
syl.)  king  of  Argos.  Antea  accused  him 
of  attempting  to  dishonour  her,  and 
Prcetos  sent  him  into  Lycia  with  letters 
desiring  his  destruction.  Accordingly, 
he  was  set  several  enterprises  full  of 
hazard,  which,  however,  he  surmounted. 
In  later  life  he  tried  to  mount  up  to 
heaven  on  the  winged  horse  Peg3.sus,  but 
fell,  and  wandered  about  the  Alei'an 
plains  till  he  died. — Homer:  Iliad,  vi. 

As  once 
Bellerophon  .  .  .  dismounted  in  the  Alcian  field  .  .  . 
Erroneous  there  to  wander  and  forlorn. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  vii.  17,  etc.  (1665). 

Letters  of  Bellerophon,  a  treacherous 
letter,  pretending  to  recommend  the 
bearer,  but  in  reality  denoimcing  him  ; 
like  the  letter  sent  by  Proetos  to  the  king 
of  Lycia,  requesting  him  lo  kill  the  bearer 
(Bellerophon). 

IF  Pausa'nias  the  Spartan,  in  his 
treasonable  correspondence  with  Xerxes, 
sent  several  such  letters.  At  last  the  bearer 
bethought  that  none  of  the  persons  sent 
ever  returned ;  and,  opening  the  letter, 
found  it  contained  directions  for  his  own 
death.  It  was  shown  to  the  ephors,  and 
Pausanias  in  alarm  fied  to  a  temple, 
where  he  was  starved  to  death. 

IT  De  Lacy,  being  sent  by  king  John 
against  De  Courcy,  was  informed  by  two 
of  the  servants  that  their  master  always 
laid  aside  his  armour  on  Good  Friday. 
De  Lacy  made  his  attack  on  that  day, 
and  sent  De  Courcy  prisoner  to  London. 
The  two  servants  now  asked  De  Lacy  for 
passports  from  Ireland  and  England,  and 
De  Lacy  gave  them  Letters  of  Bellerophon, 
exhorting  "all  to  whom  these  presents 
come  to  spit  on  the  faces  of  the  bearers, 
drive  them  forth  as  hounds,  and  use  th.em 


as  it  behoved  the  betrayers  of  their  masters 
to  be  treated." — Cameos  of  English  His- 
tory ("  Conquest  of  Ireland  "). 

\  The  Letter  of  Uriah  (2  Sam.  xi,  14) 
was  of  a  similar  character.  It  pretended 
to  be  one  of  friendship,  but  was  in  reality 
a  death-warrant. 

Beller'oplion  (4  syl.),  the  English 
man-of-war  under  the  command  of  captain 
Mailland.  After  tlie  battle  of  Waterloo, 
Bonaparte  set  out  for  Rocheford,  intend- 
ing to  seek  refuge  in  America ;  but  the 
Bellerophon  being  in  sight  and  escape 
impossible,  he  made  a  virtue  of  necessity 
by  surrendering  himself,  and  was  forth- 
with conveyed  to  England. 

Belle'ms,  a  Cornish  giant,  whence 
the  Land's  End  is  called  Bellerium. 
Milton  in  his  Lycidas  suggests  the  pos- 
sibility that  Edward  King,  who  was 
drowned  at  sea,  might  be  sleeping  near 
Bellerium  or  the  Land's  End,  on  mount 
St.  Michael,  where  an  archangel  ordered 
a  church  to  be  built. 

Sleepst  [thoii]  by  the  fable  of  Bellerus  old, 
Where  the  great  vision  of  the  g^unrded  mount 
Looks  towards  Nainancos  \_old  CasHle}. 

Milton  :  Lycidas,  i6o,  etc.  (1638). 

Belleur',  companion  of  Pinac  and 
Mirabel  ("the  wild  goose"),  of  stout 
blunt  temper ;  in  love  with  Rosalu'ra, 
a  daughter  of  Nantolet. — Fletcher:  The 
Wild  Goose  Chase  (1619,  printed  1652). 

Belliceut,  daughter  of  Gorlois  lord  of 
Tintag'il  and  his  wife  YgernS  or  Igerna. 
As  the  widow  married  Uther  the  pen- 
dragon,  and  was  then  the  mother  of  king 
Arthur,  it  follows  that  Bellicent  was  half- 
sister  of  Arthur.  Tennyson  in  Gareth 
and  Lynette  says  that  Bellicent  was  the 
wife  of  Lot  king  of  Orkney,  and  mother 
of  Gaw'ain  and  Mordred,  but  this  is  not 
in  accordance  either  with  the  chronicle  or 
the  history  ;  for  Geoffrey  in  his  Chronicle 
says  that  Lot's  wife  was  Anne,  the  sister 
(not  half-sister)  of  Arthur  (viii.  20,  21). 
and  sir  T.  Malory,  in  his  History  of 
Prince  Arthur,  says — 

King  Lot  of  Lothan  and  Orkney  wedded  ^f  argawse  ; 
Ncntres,  of  the  land  of  Carlot,  wedded  Elain  ;  and  that 
Morgan  le  I"ay  was  [Arthur's}  third  sister.— Pt.  i.  *, 
35.  36. 

Bel'lin,  the  ram,  in  the  beast-epic  of 
Reynard  the  Fox.  The  word  means 
"gentleness"  (1498). 

Bellingham,  a  man  about  town. — 
Boucicaztlt:  After  Dark  {\%tZ). 

I  was  engaged  for  two  years  at  St.  James's  Theatre, 
acting  "Charles  Surface  eighty  nights,  "  Bclliiigham" 
a  coujileof  hundred  nights,  and  had  two  special  engage* 
nients  for  "  .Mcrcutio  "  at  the  \j^-c^\x\\\.— Walter  La ^y. 


BELLISANT.  109 

Bel'lisant,  sister  of  king  Pepin  of 
Fnmce,  and  wife  of  Alexander  enipcror 
of  Constantinople.  Being  accused  of 
infidelity,  the  emperor  banished  her,  and 
she  took  refuge  in  a  vast  forest,  where 
she  became  the  mother  of  Valentine  and 
Orson. — Valetttine  and  Orson. 

Belliuont  {Sir  William),  father  of 
George  Bellmont ;  tyrannical,  positive, 
and  headstrong.  He  imagined  it  is  the 
duty  of  a  son  to  submit  to  his  father's  will, 
even  in  the  matter  of  matrimony. 

George  Bellmont,  son  of  sir  William,  in 
love  with  Clarissa,  his  friend  Beverley's 
sister ;  but  his  father  demands  of  him  to 
marry  Belinda  Blandford,  the  troth-plight 
wife  of  Beverley.  Ultimately  all  comes 
right. — Murphy:  All  in  the  Wrong 
{1761). 

Bello'ua's  Handmaids,  Blood, 
Fire,  and  Famine. 

The  joddesse  of  warre,  called  Bellona,  had  these  thre 
handmaids  ever  attendynge  on  her:  BLOOD,  FiRE, 
and  FAMINE,  which  thre  damosels  be  of  that  force 
and  strength  that  every  one  of  them  alone  is  able  and 
sufficient  to  torment  and  afflict  a  proud  prince;  and 
they  all  joyned  together  are  of  puissance  to  destroy 
the  most  populous  country  and  most  richest  region  of 
the  world.— //a//.-  ClironicU  (1530). 

Belliuu  [Master),  war. 

A  difference  \is\  'twixt  broyles  and  bloudie  warres,— 
Yet  have  I  shot  at  Maister  Bellum's  butte, 
And  thrown  his  ball,  although  I  toucht  no  X.wXX^\be>ieJi(\. 
Gascoignc:  The  Fruites  0/ IVarre,  94  (died  1577). 

Belmont  [Sir  Robert),  a  proud,  testy, 
mercenary  country  gentleman  ;  friend  of 
his  neighbour  sir  Charles  Raymond. 

Charles  Belmont,  son  of  sir  Robert,  a 
young  rake.  He  rescued  Fidelia,  at  the 
age  of  12,  from  the  hands  of  Villard,  a 
villain  who  wanted  to  abuse  her ;  and, 
taking  her  to  his  own  home,  fell  in  love 
with  her,  and  in  due  time  married  her. 
She  turns  out  to  be  the  daughter  of  sir 
Charles  Raymond. 

Rosetta  Belmont,  daughter  of  sir 
Robert,  high-spirited,  witty,  and  affec- 
.tionate.  She  was  in  love  with  colonel 
Raymond,  whom  she  delighted  in  tor- 
menting.— Ed.  Moore:  The  Foundling 
{1748). 

Belmonr  [Edward),  a  gay  young 
man  about  town. — Congreve:  The  Old 
Bachelor  {1693). 

Belmonr  [Mrs.),  a  widow  of  "  agree- 
able vivacity,  entertaining  manners, 
quickness  of  transition  from  one  thing  to 
another,  a  feeling  heart,  and  a  generosity 
of  sentiment."  She  it  is  who  shows  Mrs. 
Lovemore  the  way  to  keep  her  husband 
at  home,  and  to  make  him  treat  her  with 
that  deference  which  is  her  just  due. — 
Murphy:  The  Way  to  Keep  Hint  [T^fx^). 


BELTENEBROS. 

Beloved  Disciple  [The),  John,  to 
whom  the  Fourth  Gospel  is  attributed. — 
John  xiii.  23,  etc. 

Beloved  Fliysician  ( Zi^^),  supposed 
to  be  Luke  the  evangelist. — Col.  iv.  14. 

Bel-phegor,  a  Moabitish  deity,  whose 
orgies  were  celebrated  on  mount  Phegor, 
and  were  noted  for  their  obscenity. 

Belphoelje  (3  syl. ).  "  All  the  Graces 
rocked  her  cradle  when  she  was  born."^ 
Her  mother  was  Chrysog'onS  (4  syl.\ 
daughter  of  Amphisa  of  fairy  lineage, 
and  her  twin-sister  was  Amoretta.  While- 
the  mother  and  her  babes  were  asleep, 
Diana  took  one  (Belphosbe)  to  bring  up,, 
and  Venus  took  the  other. 

•.*  Belphoebg  is  the  "Diana"  among 
women,  cold,  passionless,  correct,  and 
strong-minded.  Amoretisthe  "Venus," 
but  without  the  licentiousness  of  that 
goddess, — warm,  loving,  motherly,  and 
wifely.  Belphoebfi  was  a  lily ;  Amoret  a 
rose.  BclphoebS  a  moonbeam,  light  with- 
out heat ;  Amoret  a  sunbeam,  bright  and 
warm  and  life-giving.  Belphoebfi  would 
go  to  the  battle-field,  and  make  a  most 
admirable  nurse  or  lady-conductor  of  an 
ambulance ;  but  Amoret  would  prefer  to 
look  after  her  husband  and  family,  whose 
comfort  would  be  her  first  care,  and 
whose  love  she  would  seek  and  largely 
reciprocate. — See  Spenser:  Faerie  Queene, 
in.,  iv.  (1590). 

• .  •  "  Belphceb^ "  is  queen  Elizabeth, 
As  queen  she  is  Gloriana,  but  as  woman, 
she  is  Belphceb^  the  beautiful  and  chaste^ 

Either  Gloriana  let  her  choose, 
Or  in  Belphoebe  fashionfed  to  be ; 
In  one  her  rule ;  in  the  other  her  rare  chastitie. 
SJ>eitser;  Faerie  QueeneJva.\.xod.  to  bk.  iii.). 

Belshazzar,  a  drama  by  Milman. 
( 1822) ;  a  drama  by  Hannah  More  [Sacred 
Dramas)  (1782);  Byron  [The  Vision  of 
Belshazzar). 

Belted  Will,  lord  William  Howard, 
warden  of  the  western  marches  (1563- 
1640). 

His  Bilboa  blade,  by  Marchmcn  fcH, 
Hung  in  a  broad  and  studded  belt; 
>fcnce  in  rude  phrase  the  Borderers  still 
Called  noble  Howard  "Belted  Will." 

Sir  W.  Scott. 

Belten^eliros  (4  syl).  AmSdis  of 
Gaul  assumes  the  name  when  he  retires 
to  the  Poor  Rock,  after  receiving  a  cruel 
letter  from  Oria'na  his  lady-love. — Vclsco 
de  Lobeira:  Amadis  de  Gaul.,  iL  6  {before 
1400). 

One  of  the  most  distinguishing  testimonies  which  that 
hero  gave  of  his  fortitude,  constancy,  and  love,  was  his 
retiring  to  the  Poor  Rock  when  iu  disgrace  wlUi  his 


BELVAWNEY. 


no 


BENEDICK. 


mistress  Oriana,  to  do  penance  under  the  name  of  Bel- 
teneiros,  or  the  Lovely  Obscure. — Cervantes:  Don 
Quixcrte,  I.  iii.  ii  (1603). 

Belvawney  [Miss),  of  the  Portsmouth 
Theatre.  She  always  took  the  part  of 
page,  and  wore  tights  and  silk  stockings. 
— Dickens:  Nicholas  Nickleby  (1838). 

B«lvide'ra,  daughter  of  Priu'li  a 
senator  of  Venice.  She  was  saved  from 
the  sea  by  Jafifier,  eloped  with  him,  and 
married  him.  Her  father  then  discarded 
her,  and  her  husband  joined  the  con- 
spiracy of  Pierre  to  murder  the  senators. 
He  told  Belvidera  of  the  plot,  and 
Belvidera,  in  order  to  save  her  father, 
persuaded  Jaffier  to  reveal  the  plot  to 
Priuli,  if  he  would  promise  a  general  free 
pardon.  Priuh  gave  the  required  promise, 
but  notwithstanding,  all  the  conspirators, 
except  Jaffier,  were  condemned  to  death 
by  torture.  Jaffier  stabbed  Pierre  to  save 
him  from  the  dishonour  of  the  wheel,  and 
then  killed  himself.  Belvidera  goes  mad 
and  dies. — Otvuay  ;  Venice  Preserved 
(1682). 

We  have  to  check  our  tears,  although  well  aware  that 
the  "  Belvidera  "  with  whose  sorrows  we  sympathize  is 
no  other  than  our  own  inimitable  Mrs.  Siddons.— Jir 
fy,  Scott;  The  Drama, 

\  (The  actor  Booth  used  to  speak  in 
rapture  of  Mrs.  Porter's  "  Belvidera."  It 
obtained    for    Mrs.    Barry    the    title    of 

famous;  Miss  O'Neill  and  Miss  Helen 
Faucit  were  both  great  in  the  same  part.) 
Ben  [Legend],  sir  Sampson  Legend's 
younger  son,  a  sailor  and  a  "sea-wit,"  in 
whose  composition  there  enters  no  part 
of  the  conventional  generosity  and  open 
frankness  of  a  British  tar.  His  slang 
phrase  is  "D'ye  see,"  and  his  pet  oath 
"Mess  !  " —  W.  Congreve  :  Love  for  Love 
(169s).  I  cannot  agree  with  the  follow- 
ing sketch : — 

What  is  Ben—Va^  pleasant  sailor  which  Bannister  gives 
us— but  a  piece  of  satire  ...  a  dreamy  combination  of 
all  the  accidents  of  a  sailor's  character,  his  contempt  of 
money,  his  credulity  to  women,  with  that  necessary 
estrangement  from  home?  .  .  .  We  never  think  the 
worse  of  Ben  for  it,  or  feel  it  as  a  stain  upon  his  charac- 
ter.—C  Lamb. 

C.  Dibdin  says,  "  If  the  description  of  Thorn.  Doggett's 
performance  of  this  character  be  correct,  the  part  has 
certainlj  never  been  performed  since  to  any  degree  of 
perfection." 

Ben  Israel  {Nathan)  or  Nathan 
ben  Samuel,  the  physician  and  friend 
of  Isaac  the  Jew. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Ivanhoc 
{time,  Richard  I. ). 

Ben  Joc'hanan,  In  the  satire  of 
■Absalom  and  Achitophel,  by  Dry  den  and 
Tate,  is  meant  for  the  Rev,  Samuel  John- 
son, who,  it  is  said,  suffered  a  scandalous 
amoui  under  his  own  roof, 


Let  Hebron,  nay,  let  hell  produce  a  man 
So  made  for  mischief  as  Ben  Jochanan. 
A  Jew  of  humble  parentage  was  he. 
By  trade  a  Levite,  though  of  low  degree. 

Dryden  and  Tate:  pL  ii.  351-334  (1682). 

Benai'ah  (3  syl.),  in  Absalom  and 
Achitophel,  is  meant  for  general  George 
Edward  Sackville.  As  Benaiah,  captain 
of  David's  guard,  adhered  to  Solomon 
against  Adonijah,  so  general  Sackville 
adhered  to  the  duke  of  York  against  the 
prince  of  Orange  (1590-1652). 

Nor  can  Benaiah's  worth  forgotten  lie, 

Of  steady  soul  when  public  storms  were  high. 

Dryden  and  l^ate:  pt.  ii.  819,  820  (1682). 

Benas'kar     or     Bennaskar,     a 

wealthy  merchant  and  magician  of  Delhi. 
— James  Ridley:  Tales  of  the  Genii 
{"  History  of  Mahoud,"  tale  vii.,  1751). 

Benbow  {Admiral).  In  an  engage- 
ment with  the  French  near  St.  Martha  on 
the  Spanish  coast  in  1701,  admiral  Ben- 
bow  had  his  legs  and  thighs  shivered 
into  sphnters  by  chain-shot;  but,  sup- 
ported in  a  wooden  frame,  he  remained 
on  the  quarter-deck  till  morning,  when 
Du  Casse  sheered  off. 

^  Similar  acts  of  heroism  are  recorded 
of  Almeyda  the  Portuguese  governor  of 
India  ;  of  Cynsegeros  brother  of  the  poet 
^schylos ;  of  Jaafer  the  standard-bearer 
of  ' '  the  prophet "  in  the  battle  of  AJuta  ; 
of  Widdrington  {q.v.)\  and  of  some 
others.    (See  Jaafer.  ) 

Benbow,  an  idle,  generous,  free-and- 
easy  sot,  who  spent  a  good  inheritance  in 
dissipation,  and  ended  life  in  the  work- 
house. 

Benbow,  a  boon  companion,  long  approved 
By  jovial  sets,  and  (as  he  thought)  beloved, 
Was  judged  as  one  to  joy  and  friendship  prone^ 
And  deemed  injurious  to  himself  alone. 

Crabbe:  Borough,  xvi.  (1810). 

Ben'demeer',  a  river  that  flows  near 
the  ruins  of  Chil'minar'  or  Istachar',  in 
the  province  of  Chusistan  in  Persia. 

Bend-tlie-Bow,  an  English  archer 
at  Dickson's  cottage. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Castle  Dangerous  (time,  Henry  I.). 

Benedick,  a  wild,  witty,  and  light- 
hearted  young  lord  of  Padua,  who  vowed 
celibacy,  but  fell  in  love  with  Beatrice 
and  married  her.  It  fell  out  thus :  He 
went  on  a  visit  to  Leonato  governor  of 
Messina;  here  he  saw  Beatrice,  the 
governor's  niece,  as  wild  and  witty  as 
himself,  but  he  disliked  her,  thought  her 
pert,  forward,  and  somewhat  ill-mannered 
withal.  However,  he  heard  Claudio 
speaking  to  Leonato  about  Beatrice, 
saying  hdXv  deeply  she  loved  Benedick, 
and  bewailing  that  so  nice  a  girl  should 


BENEFIT-PLAY. 


BEPPO. 


break  her  heart  with  unrequited  love. 
This  conversation  was  a  mere  ruse,  but 
Benedick  beheved  it  to  be  true,  and 
resolved  to  reward  the  love  of  Beatrice 
with  love  and  marriage.  It  so  happened 
that  Beatrice  had  been  entrapped  by  a 
similar  conversation  which  she  had  over- 
heard from  her  cousin  Hero.  The  end 
was  they  sincerely  loved  each  other,  and 
became  man  and  wife. — Shakespeare: 
Much  Ado  about  Nothing  (1600). 
A  married  man  is  called  a  Benedick. 

Benefit-Flay.  The  first  actress  in- 
dulged with  a  benefit-play  was  Mrs. 
Elizabeth  Barry  {16S2-1733). 

Ben'engfel'i  {Cid  Hamet),  the  hypo- 
thetical Moorish  chronicler  from  whom 
Cervantfis  pretends  he  derived  the  ac- 
count of  the  adventures  of  don  Quixote. 

The  Spanish  commentators  .  . .  have  discovered  that 
Hd  Hamet  Batcngeli  is  after  all  no  more  than  an  Arabic 
version  of  the  name  of  Cervantes  himselt  Haviet  is 
a  Moorish  prefix,  and  i/ejw^w^^/j  signifies  "son  of  a  stag," 
In  Spanish  Cervanieno. — Lockhart. 

Benengeli  {Cid  Hamet),  Thomas 
Babington  lord  Macaulay,  His  signa- 
ture in  his  Fragment  of  an  Ancient 
Eomance  {1826). 

Benev'olus,  in  Cowper's  Task,  is 
John  Courtney  Throckmorton,  of  Weston 
Underwood. 

Benjie  [Little],  or  Benjamin  Col- 
thred,  a  spy  employed  by  Cristal  Nixon, 
the  agent  of  Redgauntlet.  — Sir  IV.  Scott  : 
Redgaitntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Ben'net  [Brother),  a  monk  at  St. 
Mary's  convent. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  The 
Monastery  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Ben'net  [Mrs.),  a  demure,  intriguing 
woman  in  Amelia,  a  novel  by  Fielding 
(1750. 

Ben'oiton  {Madami),  a  woman  who 
has  been  the  ruin  of  the  family  by  neglect. 
In  the  "famille  Benoiton"  the  constant 
question  was,  "  Oil  est  Madame  ?"  and  the 
invariable  answer,  "  Elle  est  sortie."  Atthe 
dinoucmmt  the  question  was  asked  again, 
and  the  answer  was  varied  thus  :  ' '  Madam 
has  been  at  home,  but  is  gone  out  again." 
— La  Famille  Benoiton. 

Ben'shee  or  Banshee,  the  domestic 
spirit  of  certain  Irish  families.  The 
benshee  takes  an  interest  in  the  prosperity 
of  the  family  to  which  it  is  attached,  and 
intimates  to  it  approaching  disaster  or 
death  by  wailings  or  shrieks.  The  Scotch, 
Bodach  Glay,  or  "grey  spectre,"  is  a 
similar  spirit.    (See  White  Lady.) 


How  oft  has  the  Bcnshce  cried  J 
How  oft  has  death  untied 
Bright  links  that  glory  wore, 
Sweet  bonds  entwined  by  love  !■ 

T.  Moore :  Irish  Melodies,  H. 

Bentinck  Street  (London),  named 
after  William  Bentinck,  second  duke  of 
Portland,  who  married  Margaret,  only 
child  of  Edward  second  earl  of  Oxford 
and  Mortimer. 

Benvolio,  nephew  to  Montague,  and 
Romeo's  friend.  A  testy,  htigious  fellow, 
who  would  quarrel  about  goat's  wool  or 
pigeon's  miJk.  Mercutio  says  to  him, 
"  Thou  hast  quarrelled  with  a  man  for 
coughing  in  the  street,  because  he  hath 
wakened  thy  dog  that  hath  lain  asleep 
in  the  sun"  (act  iii.  sc.  1), — Shakespeare:- 
Romeo  and  Juliet  (1598). 

Ben'wicke  (2  syl.),  the  kingdom  of 
king  Ban,  father  of  sir  Launcelot.  It 
was  situated  in  that  extremely  shadowy 
locality  "beyond  seas;"  but  whether  it 
was  Brittany  or  Utopia,  '*  non  nostrum 
tantas  compongre  lites."  .     . 

Probably  it  was  Brittany,  because  it 
was  across  the  channel,  and  was  in 
France.  Ban  king  of  Benwicke  was, 
brother  of  Bors  king  of  Gaul. — Malory: 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  8  (1470). 

Beownlf,  the  name  of  an  Anglo- 
Saxon  epic  poem  of  the  sixth  century.  It 
received  its  name  from  Beowulf,  who 
delivered  Hrothgar  king  of  Denmark  from 
the  monster  Grendel.  This  Grendel  was 
half  monster  and  half  man,  and  night 
after  night  stole  into  the  king's  palace' 
called  Heorot,  and  slew  sometimes  as 
many  as  thirty  of  the  sleepers  at  a  time. 
Beowulf  put  himself  at  the  head  of  a 
mixed  band  of  warriors,  went  against  the 
monster  and  slew  it.  This  epic  is  very 
Ossianic  in  style,  is  full  of  beauties,  and- 
is  most  interesting. — Kemble's  Transla- 
tion. 

(A.  D.  Wackerbarth  published  in  1849- 
a  metrical  translation  of  this  Anglo- 
Saxon  poem,  of  considerable  merit ;  and'. 
T.  Arnold,  in  1876,  published  an  edition 
of  the  fragment,  consisting  of  6337  lines.) 

Beppo.  Byron's  Beppo  is  the  husband 
of  Laura,  a  Venetian  lady.  He  was  taken 
caiptive  in  Troy,  turned  Turk,  joined  a 
band  of  pirates,  grew  rich,  and  after 
several  years  returned  to  his  native  land. . 
He  found  his  wife  at  a  carnival  ball  with' 
a  cavaliero,  made  himself  known  to  her,' 
and  they  lived  together  again  as  man  ancJ 
wife.  (Beppo  is  a  contraction,  of  Gtdseppe^ 
as  Bill  is  Of  William.    1818.} 


BEPPO. 


BERINTHIA. 


BeppO,  in  Fra  Diavolo,  an  opera  by 
Auber  (1836). 

Be 'r aide  {2  syL),  brother  of  Argan  the 
vialade  imaginaire.  He  tells  Argan  that 
his  doctors  will  confess  this  much,  that 
the  cure  of  a  patient  is  a  very  minor  con- 
sideration with  them,  "  toute  I'excellence 
de  leur  art  consiste  en  un  pompeux  gali- 
matias, en  un  specietix  babil,  gut  vous 
donne  des  mots  pour  des  raisons,  et  des 
promesses pour  des  effets."  Again  he  says, 
" presque  tous  les  hommes  meurent  de  leur 
remides  et non  pas  de  leurs maladies."  He 
then  proves  that  Argan's  wife  is  a  mere 
hypocrite,  while  his  daugher  is  a  true- 
hearted,  loving  girl ;  and  he  makes  the 
invalid  join  in  the  dancing  and  singing 
provided  for  his  cure. — MolUre :  Le 
Malade  Imaginaire  {1673). 

Bercll  'ta  [  "  the  white  lady  "],  a  fairy  of 
Southern  Germany,  answering  to  Hulda 
<("  the  gracious  lady")  of  Northern  Ger- 
many. After  the  introduction  of  Chris- 
tianity, Berchta  lost  her  first  estate  and 
lapsed  into  a  bogie. 

Berecyxi'tliian  Goddess  { The). 
•CybSlfi  is  so  called  from  mount  Berecyn'- 
tus,  in  Phrygia,  where  she  was  held  in 
especial  adoration.  She  is  represented  as 
crowned  with  turrets,  and  holding  keys 
in  her  hand. 

Her  helmfed  head 
Rose  like  the  Berecynthian  s^oddess  crowned 
With  towers. 

Southey:  Roderick,  etc.,  ii.  (1814). 

N.B. — Virgil  gives  the  word  both 
'Cybfile  and  Cybele — 

nine  mater  cultrix  Cybgle  Corybantiaque  aera. 
/Uniid,  iii.  irx. 
Occurrit  comitum :  Nymphae,  quas  alma  Cybele. 
jEneid,  x.  220. 

Berecyn'thian  Hero  [The),  Midas 
'king  of  Phiygia,  so  called  from  mount 
Berecyn'tus  (4  syL),  in  Phrygia. 

Bereu^a'ria,  queen  -  consort  of 
•Richard  Coeur  de  Lion,  introduced  in  The 
Talisman,  a  novel  by  sir  W.  Scott 
{1825).     Berengaria  died  1230. 

Berenger  [Sir  Raymond),  an  old 
Norman  warrior,  living  at  the  castle  of 
Garde  Doloureuse. 

Tht  lady  Eveline  Berenger,  sir  Ray- 
mond's daughter,  betrothed  to  sir  Hugo 
de  Lacy.  Sir  Hugo  cancels  his  own 
betrothal  in  favour  of  his  nephew  (sir 
Damian  de  Lacy),  who  marries  the  lady 
Eveline  "  the  betrothed."— ^/r  W.  Scott: 
The  Betrothed  (time,  Henry  H.). 

Bereni'ce    (4    lyl.),    sister- wife    of 


Ptolemy  HL  She  vowed  to  sacrifice  her 
hair  to  the  gods  if  her  husband  returned 
home  the  vanquisher  of  Asia.  On  his 
return,  she  suspended  her  hair  in  the 
temple  of  the  war-god,  but  it  was  stolen 
the  first  night,  and  Conon  of  Samos  told 
the  king  that  the  winds  had  carried  it  to 
heaven,  where  it  still  forms  the  seven 
stars  near  the  tail  of  Leo,  called  Coma 
Berenices. 

Pope,  in  his  Rape  of  the  Lock,  has 
borrowed  this  fable  to  account  for  the 
lock  of  hair  cut  from  Belinda's  head,  the 
restoration  of  which  the  young  lady 
insisted  upon.    (See  Belinda,  p.  105. ) 

Bereni'ce  (4  syl. ),  a  Jewish  princess, 
daughter  of  Agrippa,  She  married  Herod 
king  of  Chalcis,  then  Polemon  king  of 
Cilicia,  and  then  went  to  live  with 
Agrippa  H.  her  brother.  Titus  fell  in 
love  with  her  and  would  have  married 
her,  but  the  Romans  compelled  him  to 
renounce  the  idea,  and  a  separation  took 
place.  Otway  (1672)  made  this  the 
subject  of  a  tragedy  called  Titus  and 
Berenice :  and  Jean  Racine  (1670),  in  his 
tragedy  of  Birinice,  has  made  her  a  sort 
of  Henriette  d'Orl^ans. 

(Henriette  d'Orldans,  daughter  of 
Charles  L  of  England,  married  Philippe 
due  d'Orldans,  brother  of  Louis  XIV. 
She  was  brilliant  in  talent  and  beautiful 
in  person,  but  being  neglected  by  her 
husband,  she  died  suddenly  after  drinking 
a  cup  of  chocolate,  probably  poisoned.) 

Beresi'na  (4  syl.).  Every  streamlet 
shall  prove  a  new  Beresina  (Russian)  : 
meaning  "  every  streamlet  shall  prove 
their  destruction  and  overthrow,"  The 
allusion  is  to  the  disastrous  passage  of  the 
French  army  in  November,  1812,  during 
their  retreat  from  Moscow.  It  is  said 
that  12,000  of  the  fugitives  were  drowned 
in  the  stream,  and  16,000  were  taken 
prisoners  by  the  Russians. 

Beril.    (See  Beryl.) 

Beriugfhen  {The  Sieur  de),  an  old 
gourmand,  who  preferred  patties  to  trea- 
son ;  but  cardinal  Richelieu  banished  him 
from  France,  saying — 

Sleep  not  another  night  in  Paris, 

Or  else  your  precious  life  may  be  in  danger. 

LordLyttott:  Richelieu  (1839?. 

BeriU'thia,  cousin  of  Amanda ;  a 
beautiful  young  widow  attached  to  colonel 
Townly.  In  order  to  win  him  she  plavs 
upon  his  jealousy  by  coquetting  with 
Loveless. — Sheridan  :  A  Trip  to  Scar- 
borough (1777). 


I 


BERKELEY. 

Berkeley  {The  Old  Woman  of),  a 
tsoman  whose  life  had  been  very  wicked. 
On  her  death-bed  she  sent  for  her  son 
who  was  a  monk,  and  for  her  daughter 
who  was  a  nun,  and  bade  them  put  her 
in  a  strong  stone  coffin,  and  to  fasten  the 
coffin  to  the  ground  with  strong  bands  of 
iron.  Fifty  priests  and  fifty  choristers 
were  to  pray  and  sing  over  her  for  three 
days,  and  the  boll  was  to  toll  without 
ceasing.  The  first  night  passed  without 
much  disturbance.  The  second  night  the 
candles  burnt  blue,  and  dreadful  yells 
were  heard  outside  the  church.  But  the 
third  night  the  devil  broke  into  the  church 
and  carried  off  the  old  woman  on  his 
black  horse.  — Southcy  :  The  Old  Woman 
of  Berkeley  (a  ballad  from  Olaus  Magnus). 

Dr.  Bayers  pointed  out  to  us  in  conversation  a  story 
related  by  Olaus  Majpus  of  a  witcli  whose  coffin  was 
confined  by  three  chauis,  but  nevertheless  was  carried 
oft'  by  demons.  Dr.  Sayers  had  made  a  ballad  on  the 
subject ;  so  had  I ;  but  after  seeing  TIte  Old  IVoman 
^AVr/C'«/0'.  we  awarded  it  the  preference.— //'.  Taylor. 

Berkeley  Square  (London),  so 
called  in  compliment  to  John  lord 
Berkeley  of  Stratton, 

Berkely  { The  lady  Augusta),  plighted 
to  sir  John  de  Walton  governor  of 
Douglas  Castle.  She  first  appears  under 
the  name  of  Augustine,  disguised  as  tlie 
son  of  Bertram  the  minstrel,  and  the 
novel  concludes  with  her  marriage  to  De 
Walton,  to  whom  Douglas  Castle  had 
been  surrendered. — Sir  W.  Scoft :  Castle 
Dangerous  {time,  Henry  L). 

Berkley  {Mr.),  an  English  bachelor 
of  fortune,  somewhat  advanced  in  age, 
"  good  humoured,  humane,  remarkable 
for  good  common  sense,  but  very  eccen- 
tric."— Longfellow  :  Hyperion  (1839). 

Berkshire  Lady  ( The),  Miss  Frances 
Kendrick,  daughter  of  Sir  William  Ken- 
drick,  second  baronet ;  his  father  was 
created  baronet  by  Charles  IL  The  line, 
"Faint  heart  never  won  fair  lady,"  was 
the  advice  of  a  friend  to  Mr.  Child,  the 
son  of  a  brewer,  who  sought  the  hand  of 
the  lady. — Quarterly  Review,  cvi.  205- 
245. 

Berme'ja,  the  Insula  de  la  Torri, 
from  which  Am*adis  of  Gaul  starts  when 
he  goes  in  quest  of  the  enchantress- 
damsel,  daughter  of  Finetor,  the  necro- 
mancer. 

Bermu'das,  a  cant  name  for  one  of 
the  purlieus  of  the  Strand,  at  one  time 
frequented  by  vagabonds,  thieves,  and 
all  evil-doers  who  sought  to  lie  perdu. 

Bernard.  SoJomon  Bernard,  engraver 


"3 


BERTHA. 


of  Lions  (sixteenth  century),  called  Le 
petit  Bernard.  Claude  Bernard  of  Dijon, 
the  philanthropist  (1588-1641),  is  called 
Poor  Bernard.  Pierre  Joseph  Bernard, 
the  French  poet  (1710-1775),  is  called  Le 
gi'.util  Bernard. 

Bernard,  an  ass ;  in  Italian,  Bernardo. 
In  the  beast-epic  called  Reynard  the  Fox, 
the  sheep  is  called  "Bernard,"  and  the 
ass  is  "  Bernard  I'archipretre  "  (1498). 

Bernar'do,  an  officer  in  Denmark,  to 
whom  the  ghost  of  the  murdered  king 
appeared  during  the  night-watch  at  the 
royal  castle.  —  Shakespeare:  Hamlet 
(150). 

Bernardo  del  Carpio,  one  of  the 
most  favourite  subjects  of  the  old  Spanish 
minstrels.  The  other  two  were  The  Cid 
and  Lara's  Seven  Infants.  Bernardo  del 
Carpio  was  the  person  who  assailed 
Orlando  (or  Rowland)  at  RoncesvallSs, 
and,  finding  him  invulnerable,  took  him 
up  in  his  arms  and  squeezed  him  to  death, 
as  Herculgs  did  Antae'os. — Cervantes: 
Don  Quixote,  II.  ii.  13  (1615). 

• .  •  The  only  vulnerable  part  of  Orlando 
was  the  sole  of  the  foot. 

Mrs.  Hemans  wrote  a  ballad  so  called. 

Bemescme  Poetry,  like  lord  By. 
ron's  Don  Juan,  is  a  mixture  of  satire, 
tragedy,  comedy,  serious  thought,  wit, 
and  ridicule.  L.  Pulci  was  the  father  of 
this  class  of  rhyme  (1432-1487)  ;  but 
Francesco  Berni  of  Tuscany  (1490-1537) 
so  greatly  excelled  in  it,  that  it  is  called 
Bernesque,  from  his  name. 

Bemit'ia  with  Dei'ra  constituted 
Northumbria.  Bernitia  included  West- 
moreland, Durham,  and  part  of  Cumber- 
land. Deira  contained  the  other  part 
of  Cumberland,  with  Yorkshire  and 
Lancashire. 

Two  kingdoms  which  had  be«n  with  several  thrones 

enstalled. 
Beniitia  hijiht  the  one,  Diera  \sic\  th'  other  called. 

Drayton:  Polyolbion,  xvi.  (1613). 

Ber'rathon,  an  island  of  Scandinavia. 

Berser'ker,  grandson  of  the  eight- 
handed  Starka'der  and  the  beautiful 
Alfliil'd^.  He  was  so  called  because  he 
wore  "no  shirt  of  mail,"  but  went  to 
battle  unharnessed.  He  married  the 
daughter  of  Swafurlam,  and  had  twelve 
sons.  {BcBr-syrce,  Anglo-Saxon,  ' '  bare 
of  shirt ;  "  Scotch,  "bare-sark.") 

You  say  that  I  am  a  Berserker,  and  .  .  .  bare-sark  I 
go  to-morrow  to  the  war,  and  bare-sark  I  win  that  war 
or  die. — Rev.  C.  KingsUy:  Hcrewardtht  /Fa/ft^,  i.  247. 

BERTHA,  the  supposed  daughter  of 
Vandunke  (2  syl.)  burgomaster  of  Bruges, 


BERTHA, 


114 


BERTRAM. 


and  mistress  of  Goswin  a  rich  merchant 
of  the  same  city.  In  reality,  Bertha  is 
the  duke  of  Brabant's  daughter  Gertrude, 
and  Goswin  is  Florez,  son  of  Gerrard 
king  of  the  beggars.  — Fletcher:  The 
Beggars'  Bush  (1622). 

Ber'tha,  daughter  of  Burkhard  duke 
of  the  Alemanni,  and  wife  of  Rudolf  II. 
king  of  Burgundy  beyond  Jura.  She  is 
represented  on  monuments  of  the  time  as 
sitting  on  her  throne  spinning. 

You  are  the  beautiful  Bertha  the  Spinner,  the  queen  of 

Helvetia ;  .  .  . 
Who  as  she  rode  on  her  palfrey,  o'er  valley  and  meadow 

and  mountain, 
Ever  was  spinning  her  thread  from  the  distaff  fixed  to 

her  saddle. 
She  was  so  thrifty  and  good,  that  her  name  passed  into 

a  proverb. 
Longfellow:  Courtship  of  Miles  Slandisk,  viil. 

Bertha,  alias  Agatha,  the  betrothed 
of  Hereward  (3  syl.)  one  of  the  emperor's 
Varangian  guards.  The  novel  concludes 
with  Hereward  enlisting  under  the  banner 
of  count  Robert,  and  marrying  Bertha. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Count  Robert  of  Paris 
(time,  Rufus). 

Ber'tha,  the  betrothed  of  John  of  Ley- 
den.  When  she  went  with  her  mother  to 
ask  count  Oberthal's  permission  to  marry, 
the  count  resolved  to  make  his  pretty 
vassal  his  mistress,  and  confined  her  in 
his  castle.  She  made  her  escape  and 
went  to  Munster,  intending  to  set  fire  to 
the  palace  of  "the  prophet,"  who,  she 
thought,  had  caused  the  death  of  her 
lover.  Being  seized  and  brought  before 
the  prophet,  she  recognized  in  him  her 
lover,  and  exclaiming,  "I  loved  thee 
once,  but  now  my  love  is  turned  to  hate," 
stabbed  herself  and  died.  —Meyerbeer  :  Le 
PropMte  (an  opera,  1849). 

Bertlia,  the  blind  daughter  of  Caleb 
Plummer,  in  Dickens's  Christmas  story 
The  Cricket  on  the  Hearth  (1845). 

Bertlie  au  Grand-Pied,  mother  of 
Charlemagne,  so  called  from  a  club-foot. 

Bertold  [St.),  the  first  prior-general 
of  Carmel  (1073-1188).  We  are  told  in 
the  Briviare  des  Carmes  that  the  good- 
ness of  this  saint  so  spiritualized  his  face 
that  it  seemed  actually  luminous:  "son 
ame  se  refl^tait  sur  sa  figure  qui  paraissait 
comme  environn^e  des  rayons  de  soleil." 

Till  oft  converse  with  heavenly  habitants 
Begin  to  cast  a  beam  on  th'  outward  shape  .  .  . 
And  turn  it  by  degrees  to  the  soul's  essence. 

Milton  :  Comus. 

Bertoldo  [Prince),  a  knight  of  Malta, 
and  brother  of  Roberto  king  of  the  Two 
Sicilies.      He  is  in  love  Vvith  Cami'ola 


"the  maid  of  honour,"  but  could  not 
marry  without  a  dispensation  from  the 
pope.  While  matters  were  at  this  crisis, 
Bertoldo  laid  siege  to  Sienna,  and  was 
taken  prisoner.  Camiola  paid  his  ransom, 
but  before  he  was  released  the  duchess 
Aurelia  requested  him  to  be  brought 
before  her.  Immediately  the  duchess  saw 
him,  she  fell  in  love  with  him,  and  offered 
him  marriage  ;  and  Bertoldo,  forgetful  of 
Camiola,  accepted  the  offer.  The  be- 
trothed then  presented  themselves  before 
the  king.  Here  Camiola  exposed  the 
conduct  of  the  knight ;  Roberto  was  in- 
dignant;  Aurelia  rejected  her /a«f/ with 
scorn  ;  and  Camiola  took  the  veil. — MaS' 
singer:  The  Maid  0/ Honour  (1637). 

Bertol'do,  the  chief  character  of  a 
comic  romance  called  Vita  di  Bertoldo,  by 
Julio  Cesare  Croc6,  who  flotirished  in  the 
sixteenth  century.  It  recounts  the  suc- 
cessful exploits  of  a  clever  but  ugly 
peasant  whom  nothing  astonishes.  Hence 
the  phrase.  Imperturbable  as  Bertolde 
(never  disconcerted).  This  jeu  d esprit 
was  for  two  centuries  as  popular  in  Italy 
as  Robinson  Crusoe  is  in  England. 

Bertoldo's  Son,  Rinaldo.— rof*?.- 
Jerusale7n  Delivered  (1575). 

BERTRAM  {Baron),  one  of  Charle- 
magne's paladins. 

Ber'tram,  count  of  Rousillon.  While 
on  a  visit  to  the  king  of  France,  Hel'ena, 
a  physician's  daughter,  cured  the  king  of 
a  disorder  which  had  baflBed  the  court 
physicians.  For  this  service  the  king 
promised  her  for  husband  any  one  she 
chose  to  select,  and  her  choice  fell'  on 
Bertram.  The  haughty  count  married 
her,  it  is  true,  but  deserted  her  at  once, 
and  left  for  Florence,  where  he  joined 
the  duke's  army.  It  so  happened  that 
Helena  also  stopped  at  Florence  while  on 
a  pilgrimage  to  the  shrine  of  St.  Jacques 
le  Grand.  In  Florence  she  lodged  with  a 
widow  whose  daughter  Diana  was  wan- 
tonly loved  by  Bertram.  Helena  ol> 
tained  permission  to  receive  his  visits  in 
lieu  of  Diana,  and  in  one  of  these  visits 
exchanged  rings  with  him.  Soon  after 
this  the  count  went  on  a  visit  to  ^  his 
mother,  where  he  saw  the  king,  and  the 
king  observing  on  his  finger  the  ring  he 
had  given  to  Helena,  had  him  arrested  on 
the  suspicion  of  murder.  Helena  now 
came  forward  to  explain  matters,  and  all 
was  well,  for  all  ended  yi€^.—Shak^ 
speare:  All's  Well  that  Ends  Well 
(1598).  ..:-r.:^ 


BERTRAM.  xiS 

I  cannot  reconcile  my  heart  to  "  Bertram,"  a  man 
noble  without  generosity,  and  young  without  truth ;  who 
marries  Helena  as  a  coward,  and  leaves  her  as  a  pro- 
fligate. When  she  is  dead  by  his  unkindness  he  sneaks 
home  to  a  second  marriage,  is  accused  by  a  woman 
whom  he  has  wronged,  defends  himself  by  falsehood, 
and  is  dismissed  to  happiness.— Z)r.  yohnson. 

Bertram  [Sir  Stephen),  an  austere 
merchant,  very  just  but  not  generous. 
Fearing  lest  his  son  should  marry  the 
sister  of  his  clerk  (Charles  Ratcliffe),  he 
dismissed  Ratcliffe  from  his  service,  and 
being  then  informed  that  the  marriage 
had  been  already  consummated,  he  dis- 
inherited his  son.  Sheva  the  Jew  assured 
him  that  the  lady  had  ;^io,ooo  for  her 
fortune,  so  he  relented.  At  the  last  all 
parties  were  satisfied. 

Frederick  Bertram,  only  son  of  sir 
Stephen ;  he  marries  Miss  Ratcliffe  clan- 
destinely, and  incurs  thereby  his  father's 
displeasure,  but  the  noble  benevolence  of 
Sheva  the  Jew  brings  about  a  reconcilia- 
tion, and  opens  sir  Bertram's  eyes  to 
"see  ten  thousand  merits,"  a  grace  for 
every  pound. — Cumberland:  The  Jew 
(1776). 

Bertraiu  [Count),  an  outlaw,  who  be- 
comes the  leader  of  a  band  of  robbers. 
Being  wrecked  on  the  coast  of  Sicily,  he 
\s  conveyed  to  the  castle  of  lady  Imogine, 
and  in  her  he  recognizes  an  old  sweetheart 
to  whom  in  his  prosperous  days  he  was 
greatly  attached.  Her  husband  [St.  Aldo- 
brand),  who  was  away  at  first,  returning 
unexpectedly,  is  murdered  by  Bertram  ; 
Imogine  goes  mad  and  dies  ;  and  Bertram 
puts  an  end  to  his  own  life.— C  Maturin  : 
Berti-am  (a  tragedy,  18 16). 

Bertram  [Mr.  Godfrey),  the  laird  of 
EUlangowan. 

Mrs.  Bertram,  his  wife. 

Harry  Bertram,  alias  captain  Van- 
beest  Brown,  alias  Dawson,  alias  Dudley, 
son  of  the  laird,  and  heir  to  EUangowan. 
Harry  Bertram  is  in  love  with  Julia 
Mannering,  and  the  novel  concludes  with 
his  taking  possession  of  the  old  house  at 
EUangowan  and  marrying  Julia. 

Lucy  Bertram,  sister  of  Harry  Bertram. 
She  marries  Charles  Hazlewood,  son  of 
sir  Robert  Hazlewood,  of  Hazlewood. 

Sir  Allen  Bertram,  of  EUangowan,  an 
ancestor  of  Mr.  Godfrey  Bertram. 

Denis  Bertram,  Donohoe  Bertram,  and 
Lewis  Bertram,  ancestors  of  Mr.  Godfrey 
Bertram. 

Captain  Andrew  Bertram,  a  relative  of 
the  family. — Sir  W.  Scott :  Guy  Man- 
ftering  [\.\mQ,  George  II.). 

Bertram,  the  English  minstrel,  and 


BERTULPHE. 

guide  of  lady  Augfusta  Berkely.  When  in 
disguise,  the  lady  Augusta  calls  herself 
Augustine,  the  minstrel's  son. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Castle  Dangerous  (time,  Henry  I.). 
Ber'tram,  one  of  the  conspirators 
against  the  republic  of  Venice.  Having 
"a  hesitating  softness,  fatal  to  a  great 
enterprise,"  he  betrayed  the  conspiracy 
to  the  senate. — Byron:  Marino  Faliero 
(1819). 

Bertra'm.0,  the  fiend-father  of  Robert 
le  Diable.  After  alluring  his  son  to 
gamble  away  all  his  property,  he  met 
him  near  St.  Ire'nd,  and  Hel'ena  seduced 
him  to  join  in  "  the  Dance  of  Love." 
When  at  last  Bertramo  came  to  claim 
his  victim,  he  was  resisted  by  Alice  (the 
duke's  foster-sister),  who  read  to  Robert 
his  mother's  will.  Being  thus  reclaimed, 
angels  celebrated  the  triumph  of  good 
over  evil. — Meyerbeer:  Roberto  il  Diavolo 
(an  opera,  1831). 

Bertrand,  a  simpleton  and  a  villain. 
He  is'the  accomplice  of  Robert  Macaire, 
a  libertine  of  unblushing  impudence,  who 
sins  without  compunction. — Daumier  : 
L'Auberge  des  Adrets. 

Bertrand  du  Gueslin,  a  romance 
of  chivalry,  reciting  the  adventures  of 
this  conn^table  de  France,  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  V. 

Bertrand  du  Gueslin  in  prison.  The 
prince  of  Wales  went  to  visit  his  captive 
Bertrand  ;  and,  asking  him  how  he  fared, 
the  Frenchman  replied,  "Sir,  I  have 
heard  the  mice  and  the  rats  this  many  a 
day,  but  it  is  long  since  I  heard  the  song 
of  birds,"  i.e.  I  have  been  long  a  captive 
and  have  not  breathed  the  fresh  air, 

^  The  reply  of  Bertrand  du  Gueslin 
brings  to  mind  that  of  Douglas,  called 
"The  Good  sir  James,"  the  companion 
of  Robert  Bruce,  "It  is  better,  1  ween, 
to  hear  the  lark  sing  than  the  mouse 
cheep,"  i.e.  It  is  better  to  keep  the  open 
field  than  to  be  shut  up  in  a  castle. 

Bertulplie  (2  syl. ),  provost  of  Bruges, 
the  son  of  a  serf.  By  his  genius  and 
energy  he  became  the  richest,  most 
honoured,  and  most  powerful  man  in 
Bruges.  His  arm  was  strong  in  fight,  his 
wisdom  swayed  the  council,  his  step  was 
proud,  and  his  eye  untamed.  Bertulphe 
had  one  child,  the  bride  of  sir  Bouchard, 
a  knight  of  noble  descent.  Now,  Charles 
"  the  Good,"  earl  of  Flanders,  had  made 
a  law  (1127)  that  whoever  married  a 
serf  should  become  a  serf,  and  that  serfs 
were  serfs  till  manumission.     By  these 


BERWINE. 


xi6 


BETROTHED. 


absurd  decrees  Bertulphe  the  provost,  his 
daughter  Constance,  and  liis  knightly  son- 
in-law  were  all  serfs.  The  result  was  that 
the  provost  slew  the  earl  and  then  himseL'" ; 
his  daughter  went  mad  and  died  ;  and 
Bouchard  was  slain  in  fight, — Knowlcs  : 
The  Provost  of  Bruges  {1836). 

Ber'wine  {2  syl.),  the  favourite  at- 
tendant of  lady  Er'mengarde  (3  syl.)  of 
Baldringham,  great-aunt  of  lady  Eveline 
"the  betrothed."— 5z>  W.  Scott:  The 
Betrothed  {time,  Henry  H.). 

Be'ryl,  a  kind  of  crystal,  much  used  at 
one  time  by  fortune-tellers,  who  looked 
into  the  beryl  and  then  uttered  their  pre- 
dictions. 

.  .  .  and,  like  a  prophet. 
Looks  in  a  glass  that  shews  what  future  evils  .  .  . 
Are  now  to  have  no  successive  degree, 
But  where  they  Hve,  to  end. 
Shakespeare :  Measure  for  Measure,  act  i.  sc.  2  (1603). 

Ber'yl  Mol'ozane  {3  syl.),  the  lady- 
love of  George  Geith.  All  beauty,  love, 
and  sunshine.  She  has  a  heart  for  every 
one,  is  ready  to  help  every  one,  and  is  by 
every  one  beloved ;  yet  her  lot  is  most 
painfully  unhappy,  and  ends  in  an  early 
death.— /^.  G.  Trafford  [Mrs.  Riddell]  : 
George  Geith  {1864). 

Besiegfer(77zf),  Demetrius  Polic'rates 
(4  syl.),  king  of  Macedon  (died  B.C.  522). 

Since  the  days  of  Demetrius  Policrat^s,  no  man  had 
besieged  so  many  cities. — Motley:  The  Dutch  Re- 
public, pt.  iil  I. 

Beso'uian  {A),  a  scoundrel.  From 
the  Italian,  bisogtwso,  "a  needy  person,  a 
beggar." 

Proud  lords  do  tumble  from  the  towers  of  their  high 
descents;  and  be  trod  under  feet  of  every  inferior 
bcsonian. — Thomas  Nash:  Pierce  Pcnnylesse,  his 
Supplication,  etc.  (1592). 

Bess  {Good  queen),  Elizabeth  (1533, 
1558-1603). 

Bess,  the  daughter  of  the  "blind 
beggar  of  Bethnal  Green,"  a  lady  by 
birth,  a  sylph  for  beauty,  an  angel  for 
constancy  and  sweetness.  She  was  loved 
to  distraction  by  Wilford,  who  turns  out 
to  be  the  son  of  lord  Woodville  ;  and  as 
Bess  was  the  daughter  of  lord  Wood- 
ville's  brother,  they  were  cousins.  Queen 
Elizabeth  sanctioned  their  nuptials,  and 
took  them  under  her  own  especial  conduct. 
—S.  Knowlcs :  The  Beggar  of  Bethnal 
Green  (1834). 

Bess  o'  Bedlam,  a  female  lunatic 
vagrant ;  the  male  lunatic  vagrant  being 
called  a  Tom  0'  Bedlam. 

Bessus,    governor   of    Bactria,    who 

seized  Dari'us  (after  the  battle  of  Arbe'la) 


and  put  him  to  death.  Arrian  says,  Alex- 
ander caused  the  nostrils  of  the  regicide 
to  be  slit,  and  the  tips  of  his  ears  to  be 
cut  off.  The  offender,  being  then  sent  to 
Ecbat'Sna  in  chains,  was  put  to  death. 

Lo  1  Bessus,  he  that  armde  with  murderer's  knyfe 

And  traytrous  hart  agaynst  his  royal  king, 
■With  bluddy  hands  bereft  his  master's  life  .  .  . 

AVhat  booted  him  his  false  usurped  raygne  .  .  . 
"When  like  a  wretche  led  in  an  iron  chayne. 
He  was  presented  by  his  chiefest  friende 
Unto  the  toes  of  him  whom  he  had  slaynet 

Sackville:  A  Mirrotir/or  MagistrayUs 
("The  Complaynt,"  1587). 

Bes'sus,  a  cowardly  bragging  captain, 
a  sort  of  Bobadil  or  Vincent  de  la  Rosa. 
Captain  Bessus,  having  received  a  chal- 
lenge, wrote  word  back  that  he  could  not 
accept  the  honour  for  thirteen  weeks,  as 
he  had  already  212  duels  on  hand,  but  he 
was  much  grieved  he  could  not  appoint 
an  earlier  day. — Fletclier :  King  or  No 
King  (a  tragedy,  1619). 

Rochester  I  despise  for  want  of  wit ,  .  . 
So  often  does  he  aim,  so  seldom  hit .  .  . 
Mean  in  each  action,  leud  in  every  limb, 
Manners  themselves  are  mischievous  in  him  .  .  . 
[OhJ  what  a  Bessus  has  he  always  lived  1 

Dryden:  Essay  upon  Satire. 

Bessy  Bell.  (See  Bell,  p.  io6.} 
Bestiaries,  a  class  of  books  im- 
mensely popular  in  the  eleventh,  twelfth, 
and  thirteenth  centuries,  when  symbolism 
was  much  in  vogue,  and  sundry  animals 
were  made  symbols,  not  only  of  moral 
qualities,  but  of  religious  doctrines.  Thus 
the  unicorn  with  its  one  horn  symbolized 
Christ  (the  one  Saviour),  the  gospel  (or 
one  way  of  salvation)  ;  and  the  legend 
that  it  cou^d  be  caught  only  by  a  virgin 
symbolized  "God made  man  "  being  born 
of  the  virgin  Mary. 

Beth.  Gelert.  (See  Dictionary  of 
Phrase  and  Fable,  p.  128. ) 

Betique  (2  syl.)  or  Bse'tica  (Gra- 

na'da  and  Andalusia),  so  called  from  th^ 
river  Bsetis  {Guadalquiver).  Ado'am  de- 
scribes this  part  of  Spain  to  Telem'achus 
as  a  veritable  Utopia. — Fdnelon  :  Aven- 
tures  dcs  Tilimaque,  viii.  (1700). 

Betrothed  {The),  one  of  the  Tales 
of  the  Crusaders,  by  sir  W.  Scott  (1825) ; 
time,  Henry  II.  of  England.  The  lady 
Eveline,  daughter  of  sir  Raymond,  was 
for  three  years  "  betrothed"  to  sir  Hugo 
de  Lacy  (the  crusader),  but  ultimately 
married  his  nephew,  sir  Damian  de  Lacy. 
The  tale  is  as  follows :  Gwenwin,  a 
Welsh  prince,  living  in  PowysCastle,  asked 
the  hand  of  lady  Eveline  in  marriage,  but 
the  aUiance  was  declined  by  her  father. 
Whereupon  Gwenwyn  besieged  sir  Ray- 
mond's castle,  and  lady  Eveline  saw  her 


BETTER  TO  REIGN  IN  HELL.      117 


BEVERLEY. 


f.xtheT  fall,  slain  by  the  Welsh  prince. 
Sir  Hugo  de  Lacy  came  to  the  rescue, 
dispersed  the  Welsh  army,  proposed 
marriage,  and  being  accepted,  lady 
Eveline  was  placed  in  a  convent  under 
charge  of  her  aunt  till  the  marriage 
could  be  consummated.  Sir  Hugo  was 
now  ordered  to  the  Holy  Land  for  three 
years  on  a  crusade,  and  lady  Eveline  had 
to  wait  for  his  return.  On  one  occasion 
she  was  treacherously  induced  to  join  a 
hawking  party ;  and,  being  seized  by 
emissaries  of  the  Welsh  prince,  was  con- 
fined in  a  "cavern."  Sir  Damian  de 
Lacy  rescued  her,  but,  being  severely 
wounded,  was  confined  to  his  bed  and 
nursed  by  the  lady.  When  sir  Hugo  re- 
turned, he  soon  found  out  how  the  land 
lay,  and  magnanimously  cancelled  his 
own  betrothal  in  favour  of  his  nephew. 
Sir  Damian  married  the  betrothed,  and 
so  the  novel  ends. 

Better  to  Rei^  in  Hell  than 
Serve  in  Heaven. — Milton :  Paradise 
Lost,  i.  263  {1665). 

^  Julius  Coesar  used  to  say  he  would 
rather  be  the  first  man  in  a  country  village 
than  the  second  at  Rome.  (See  C^sar, 
p.  165.) 

Betty  Dozy.  Captain  Macheaih 
says  to  her,  "Do  you  drink  as  hard  as 
ever?  You  had  better  stick  to  good 
wholesome  beer ;  for,  in  troth,  Betty, 
strong  waters  will  in  time  ruin  your  con- 
stitution. You  should  leave  those  to  your 
betters." — Gay :  The  Beggar's  Opera,  ii.  i 
(1727). 

Betty  Poy,  "  the  idiot  mother  of 
an  idiot  boy." — Wordsworth  {1770-1850). 

Betty  [Hint],  servant  in  the  family 
of  sir  Pertinax  and  lady  McSycophant. 
She  is  a  sly,  prying  tale-bearer,  who 
hates  Constantia  (the  beloved  of  Egerton 
McSycophant),  simply  because  every  one 
else  loves  her. — Macklin  :  The  Man  of  tlu 
World  (a  comedy,  1764). 

Betn'bium,  Dumsby  or  the  Cape  of 
St  Andrew,  in  Scotland. 

The  north-inflated  tempest  foams 
O'er  Orka's  or  Betubiuni's  highest  peak. 
Thomson  :  The  Seasons  ("  Autumn,"  1730). 

Betula  Alba,  common  birch.  The 
Roman  lictors  made  fasces  of  its  branches, 
and  also  employed  it  for  scourging  chil- 
dren, etc.     {Latin,  baiulo,  "to  beat.") 

The  college  porter  brought  in  a  huge  quantity  of  that 
betulineous  tree,  a  native  of  Britain,  called  Betula  alha, 
which  furnished  rods  for  the  school. — Lord  W.  Ji. 
Lennox  :  Celebrities,  etc.,  i.  43. 

Benlah,  that  land  of  rest  which  a 


Christian  enjoys  when  his  faith  is  so 
strong  that  he  no  longer  fears  or  doubts. 
Sunday  is  sometimes  so  called.  In 
Bimyan's  allegory  {The  Pilgrim's  Pro- 
gress) the  pilgrims  tarry  in  the  land  of 
IJeulah  after  their  pilgrimage  is  over,  till 
they  are  summoned  to  cross  the  stream 
of  Death  and  enter  into  the  Celestial 
City. 

After  this,  I  beheld  until  they  came  unto  the  land  of 
Beulah,  where  the  sun  shineth  night  and  day.  Here, 
because  they  were  weary,  they  betook  themselves 
awhile  to  rest ;  but  a  little  while  soon  refreshed  them 
here,  for  the  bells  did  so  ring,  and  the  trumpets  sounded 
so  melodiously  that  they  could  not  sleep.  ...  In  this 
laud  they  heard  nothing,  saw  nothing,  smelt  nothing, 
tasted  nothing  that  was  offensive.— A'/o/yaw ;  Tht 
IHlsfims  Proaress,  i.  (1678). 

Beuves  (i  syl.)  or  Buo'vo  of 
Ay'gfremont,  father  of  Malagigi,  and 
uncle  of  Rinaldo.  Treacherously  slain  by 
Gano. — Ariosto:  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Beuves  de  Hantone,  the  French 

form  for  Bcvis  of  Southampton  {q^v. ). 

Bev'an  {Mr.),  an  American  physician, 
who  befriends  Martin  Chuzzlewit  and 
Mark  Tapley  in  many  ways  during  their 
stay  in  the  New  World. — Dickens:  Martin 
Chuzzlewit  (1844). 

Bev'erley,  "the  gamester,"  naturally 
a  good  man,  but  led  astray  by  Stukely, 
tiU  at  last  he  loses  everything  by  gambling, 
and  dies  a  miserable  death. 

Mrs.  Beverley,  the  gamester's  wife.  She 
loves  her  husband  fondly,  and  clings  to 
him  in  all  his  troubles. 

Charlotte  Beverley,  in  love  with  Lewson, 
but  Stukely  wishes  to  marry  her.  She 
loses  all  her  fortune  through  her  brother 
"the  gamester,"  but  Lewson  notwith- 
standing marries  her. — Edw.  Moore:  The 
Gamester  (1753). 

Mr.  Young  was  acting  "Beverley"  with  Mrs.  Siddons. 
.  .  .  In  the  4th  act  "  Beverley  "  swallows  poison;  and 
when  "  Bates  "  comes  in  and  says  to  the  dying  man, 
"  Jar\'is  found  you  quarrelling  with  Lawson  in  tl)e 
streets  last  night,"  "Mrs.  Beverley"  replies,  "No,   I 


'  Jar\'is  found  you  quarrelling  with  Lawson  in  tl)e 
treets  last  night,"  "Mrs.  Beverley"  replies,  "No,  I 
am  sure  he  did  not."    To  this  "Jarvis"  adds,  "And  if 


1  did- 


whcn  "  Mrs.  Beverley  "  interrupts  him  with. 


uttering  these  words,  Mrs.  Siddons  gave  such  a 
piercing  shriek  of  grief  that  Young  was  unable  to  utter 
a  word  from  a  sweUing  in  his  throat. — Campbell:  Lift 
o/Siddons. 

Beverley,  brother  of  Clarissa,  and 
the  lover  of  Belinda  Blandford.  He  is 
extremely  jealous,  and  catches  at  trifles 
light  as  air  to  confirm  his  fears ;  but  his 
love  is  most  sincere,  and  his  penitence 
most  humble  when  he  finds  out  how 
causeless  his  suspicions  are.  Belinda  is 
too  proud  to  deny  his  insinuations,  but 
her  love  is  so  deep  that  she  repents  of 
giving  him  a  moment's  pain. — Murphy: 
All  in  the  Wrong  (a  comedy,  1761). 


BEVIL. 


118 


BIBLE  IN  SPAIN. 


Young's  countenance  was  equally  well  adapted  for 
the  expression  of  pathos  or  of  pride;  thus  in  such 
parts  as  "  Hamlet,"  "  Beverley,"  "  The  Stranger  "... 
he  looked  the  men  he  represented.— A^trw  Monthly 
(1822). 

Bev'il,  a  model  gentleman,  in  Steele's 
Conscious  Lovers. 

Whate'er  can  deck  mankind 
Or  charm  the  heart,  in  generous  Bevil  shewed. 
Thomson  ;  The  Seasons  ("  Wiater,"  1726). 

Bevil  [Francis,  Harry,  and  George), 
three  brothers — ^one  an  M.  P. ,  another  in 
the  law,  and  the  third  in  the  Guards — who, 
unknown  to  each  other,  wished  to  obtain 
in  marriage  the  hand  of  Miss  Grubb,  the 
daughter  of  a  rich  stock-broker.  The 
M.P.  paid  his  court  to  the  father,  and 
obtained  his  consent ;  the  lawyer  paid  his 
court  to  the  mother,  and  obtained  her 
consent ;  the  officer  paid  his  court  to  the 
young  lady,  and,  having  obtained  her 
consent,  the  other  two  brothers  retired 
from  the  field. — O'Brien  :  Cross  Purposes. 

Be'vis,  the  horse  of  lord  Marmion. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Marmion  (1808). 

Be'vis  [Sir)  of  Southampton.  Having, 
while  still  a  lad,  reproved  his  mother  for 
murdering  his  father,  she  employed  Saber 
to  kill  him  ;  but  Saber  only  left  him  on  a 
desert  land  as  a  waif,  and  he  was  brougln 
up  as  a  shepherd.  Hearing  that  his 
mother  had  married  Mor'dure  (2  syl.), 
the  adulterer,  he  forced  his  way  into  the 
marriage  hall  and  struck  at  Mordure ;  but 
Mordure  slipped  aside,  and  escaped  the 
blow.  Bevis  was  now  sent  out  of  the 
country,  and  being  sold  to  an  Armenian, 
was  presented  to  the  king.  Jos'ian,  the 
king's  daughter,  fell  in  love  with  him  ; 
they  were  duly  married,  and  Bevis  was 
knighted.  Having  slain  the  boar  which 
made  holes  in  the  earth  as  big  as  that 
into  which  Curtius  leapt,  he  was  ap- 
pointed general  of  the  Armenian  forces, 
subdued  Brandamond  of  Damascus,  and 
made  Damascus  tributary  to  Armenia. 
Being  sent,  on  a  future  occasion,  as  am- 
bassador to  Damascus,  he  was  thrust  into 
a  prison,  where  were  two  huge  serpents  ; 
these  he  slew,  and  then  effected  his 
escape.  His  next  encoimter  was  with 
Ascupart,  the  giant,  whom  he  made  his 
slave.  Lastly,  he  slew  the  great  dragon 
of  Colein,  and  then  returned  to  England, 
where  he  was  restored  to  his  lands  and 
titles.  The  French  call  him  Beuves  de 
Hantonc. — Drayton:  Polyolbion,  ii.  {1612). 

The  Sword  of  Bevis  of  Southampton 
was  Morglay,  and  his  steed  Ar'undel. 
Both  were  given  him  by  his  wife  Josian, 
daughter  of  the  king  of  Armenia. 


Beza'liel,  in  the  satire  of  Absalom 
and  Achitophel,  is  meant  for  the  marquis 
of  Worcester,  afterwards  duke  of  Beau- 
fort. Bezaliel,  the  famous  artificer,  "  was 
filled  with  the  Spirit  of  God  to  devise 
excellent  works  in  every  kind  of  workman- 
ship ;  "  and  of  the  marquis  of  Worcester, 
Tate  says — 

...  so  largely  Nature  heaped  her  store, 
There  scarce  remained  for  arts  to  give  him  more. 
Dryden  and  Tate  :  Part  li.  read  from  941  to  966  (1682). 

Bezo'niau,  a  beggar,  a  rustic. 
{J\.2^\z.r\,  bisognoso,  "necessitous.")  Pistol 
(in  2  Henry  IV.  act  v.  sc.  3)  so  calls  Justice 
Shallow. 

The  ordinary  tillers  of  the  earth,  such  as  we  call 
httsbandmen  ;  in  France,  pesants  ;  in  Spaine,  beson-. 
yans  ;  and  generally  cloutshoc.—Markham  :  English 
Husbandtnan,  4. 

Bian'ca,  the  younger  daughter  of 
Baptista  of  Pad'ua,  as  gentle  and  meek 
as  her  sister  Katherine  was  violent  and 
irritable.  As  it  was  not  likely  any  one 
would  marry  Katherine  "  the  shrew,"  the 
father  resolved  that  Bianca  should  not 
marry  before  her  sister.  Petruchio  mar- 
ried "the  shrew,"  and  then  Lucentio 
married  Bianca. — Shakespeare:  Taming 
of  the  Shrew  (1594). 

Bian'ca,  a  courtezan,  the  "almost" 
wife  of  Cassio,  lago,  speaking  of  the 
lieutenant,  says — 

And  what  was  he  t 
Forsooth,  a  great  arithmetician. 
One  Michael  Cassio,  a  Florentine, 
A  fellow  almost  damn'd  in  a  fair  wife. 

Shakespeare  :  Othello,  act  i.  sc.  x  (1611}. 

Bian'ca,  wife  of  Fazio.  When  her 
husband  wantons  with  the  marchioness 
Aldabella,  Bianca,  out  of  jealousy,  ac- 
cuses him  to  the  duke  of  Florence  of 
being  privy  to  the  death  of  Bartol'do, 
an  old  miser.  Fazio  being  condemned 
to  death,  Bianca  repents  of  her  rashness, 
and  tries  to  save  her  husband,  but  not 
succeeding,  goes  mad  and  dies. — Dean 
Milman:  Fazio  (1815). 

Bibbet  [Master),  secretary  to  major- 
general  Harrison,  one  of  the  parliamentary 
commissioners. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Wood- 
stock (time.  Commonwealth). 

"Bible"  Butler,  alias  Stephen 
Butler,  grandfather  of  Reuben  Butler  the 
Presbyterian  minister  (married  to  Jeanie 
Deans).— 5?>  W.  Scott:  Heart  of  Midlo- 
thian (time,  George  II.). 

Bible  in  Spain  [The),  a  prose 
work  by  George  Borrow  (1844),  giving 
graphic  pictures  of  high,  middle,  and  low 
life  in  Spain. 


BIBLIA  SAUFERUM. 


119 


BIGOT. 


Biblia  Sanpemm.  (See  Diction- 
ary of  Phrase  and  Fable,  p.  132.) 

Bib'lis,  a  woman  who  fell  in  love 
with  her  brother  Caunus,  and  was 
changed  into  a  fountain  near  Mile'tus. — 
Ovid:  Metamorphoses,  ix.  662. 

Not  \\ia.\\/oMntain\  where  Biblisdropt,  too  fondly  light, 
Iler  tears  and  self  may  dare  compare  with  this. 

P.  Fletcher:  The  PurpU  Island,  v.  (1633;. 

Bib'ulns,  a  colleague  of  Julius  Caesar, 
but  a  mere  cipher  in  office ;  hence  his 
name  became  a  household  word  for  a 
nonentity. 

Bickerstaff  (/j^fl^),  a  pseudonym  as- 
sumed by  dean  Swift,  in  the  paper-war 
with  Partridge  the  almanac-maker  (1709). 

Richard  Steele,  editor  of  The  Tathr,  entitled  his 
periodical  "The  lucubrations  of  Isaac  Bickerstaff,  esq., 
astrologer  "  (1705-1711). 

Bickerton  {Mrs.),  landlady  of  the 
Seven  Stars  inn  of  York,  where  Jeanie 
Deans  stops  on  her  way  to  London, 
whither  she  is  going  to  plead  for  her 
sister's  pardon. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Heart  of 
Midlothian  (time,  George  II.). 

Bid'denden  Maids  [The),  two 
sisters  named  Mar)'  and  Elizabeth  Chulk- 
hurst,  born  at  Biddenden  in  iioo.  They 
were  joined  together  by  the  shoulders 
and  hips,  and  lived  to  the  age  of  34. 
Some  say  that  it  was  Mary  and  Elizabeth 
Chulkhurst  who  left  twenty  acres  of  land 
to  the  poor  of  Biddenden.  This  tene- 
ment is  called  "  Bread  and  Cheese  Land," 
because  the  rent  derived  from  it  is  dis- 
tributed on  Easter  Sunday  in  doles  of 
bread  and  cheese.  Halstead  says,  in  his 
History  of  Kent,  that  it  was  the  gift  of 
two  maidens  named  Preston,  and  not  of 
the  Biddenden  Maids. 

Biddy,  servant  to  Wopsle's  great-aunt, 
who  kept  an  "educational  institution." 
A  good,  honest  girl,  who  falls  in  love 
with  Pip,  was  loved  by  Dolge  Orlick,  but 
married  Joe  Gargery. — Dickens:  Great 
Expectations  ( 1 860) . 

Biddy  [Bellair]  [Miss),  "Miss  in 
her  teens,"  in  love  with  captain  Loveit. 
She  was  promised  in  marriage  by  her 
aunt  and  guardian  to  an  elderly  man 
whom  she  detested;  and  during  the 
absence  of  captain  Loveit  in  the  Flanders 
war,  she  coquetted  with  Mr.  Fribble  and 
captain  Flash.  On  the  return  of  her 
"Strephon,"  she  set  Fribble  and  Flash 
together  by  the  ears ;  and  while  they 
stood  menacing  each  other  but  afraid  to 
tight,  captain  Loveit  entered  and  sent 
them  both  to  the  right-about,— Gam^>6.- 
Miss  in  Her  Teens  (1753). 


Bide-the-Beut  [Mr.  Peter),  minis- 
ter of  Wolfs  Hope  village.— 5r>  W. 
Scott:  Bride  oj  Lammermoor  (time, 
William  in.). 

Bid'more  [Lord),  patron  of  the  rev. 
Josiah  Cargill,  minister  of  St.  Ronan's. 

The  Hon.  Augustus  Bidmore,  son  of 
lord  Bidmore,  and  pupil  of  the  rev. 
Josiah  Cargill, 

Afiss  Augusta  Bidmore,  daughter  of 
lord  Bidmore ;  beloved  by  the  rev. 
Josiah  Cargill.— ^?>  W.  Scott:  St. 
/Ronan's  Well  (time,  George  III.). 

Bie'dermau  [Arnold),  alias  count 
Arnold  of  Gcicrstein  [Gi'-er-stine],  lan- 
damman  of  Unterwalden.  Anne  of  Geier- 
stein,  his  brother's  daughter,  is  under  his 
charge. 

Bertha  Biederman,  Arnold's  late  wife. 

Ru'diger  Biederman,  Arnold  Bieder- 
man's  son. 

Ernest  Biederman,  brother  of  Rudiger. 

Sigismund  Biederman,  nicknamed 
"  The  Simple,"  another  brother. 

Ulrick  Biederman,  youngest  of  the 
four  brothers. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Anne  of 
Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV. ). 

Bi-forked  Letter  of  tb.e  Greeks, 

T  (capital  U),    which  resembles   a  bird 
flying. 

[The  birds']  flying,  write  upon  the  sky 
The  bi-forked  letter  of  the  Greeks. 

Longfellow:  7'he  IVay side />in  (prelude). 

Bifrost,  the  bridge  which  spans 
heaven  and  earth.  The  rainbow  is  this 
bridge,  and  its  colours  are  attributed  to 
the  precious  stones  which  bestud  it.— 
Scandifiavian  Myth, 

Bigf-eu'dians  [The),  a  hypothetical 
religious  party  of  Lilliput,  who  made  it  a 
matter  of  "  faith  "  to  break  their  eggs  at 
the  "big  end."  Those  who  broke  them 
at  the  other  end  were  considered  heretics, 
aind  called  Little-endians. — Dean  Swift : 
Gulliver's  Travels  (1726). 

Bigflow  Papers  [The),  a  series  of 
satirical  poems  in  "  Yankee  dialect,"  by 
Hosea  Biglow  (James  Russell  Lowell,  of 
Boston,  U.S.).  First  series,  1848  ;  second 
series,  1864. 

Biff 'ot  (Z?e),  seneschal  of  prince  John.— • 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

"We  will  not  forget  it,"  said  prince  John  .  .  .  "  De 
Bigot,"  he  added  to  his  seneschal,  "  thou  wilt  word 
this  .  .  .  summons  so  courteously  as  to  gratify  the 
pride  of  these  Saxons  .  .  .  although,  by  the  bones 
of  liecket,  courtesy  to  them  is  casting  pearls  before 
swine."— Chap.  xiii. 

Bi^'ot,  in  C.  Lamb's  Essays,  is  John 
Fenwick,  .editor  of  the  Albion  newspaper 


BIG-SEAAVATEk.  i 

Bigr-Sea-Water,  lake  Superior,  also 
called  Gitch6  Gu'mee. 

Forth  upon  the  Gitche  Gumee, 
On  the  shining  Big-Sea- Water  ... 
All  alone  went  Hiawatha. 

Longfellow:  Hiawatha,  vSi 

Bi'lander,  a  boat  used  in  coast  navi- 
gation \By-land-er\. 

Why  choose  we  then  like  bilanders  to  creep 
Along  the  coast,  and  land  in  view  to  keep, 
When  safely  we  may  launch  into  the  deep  f 

Dryden  :  Hind  and  the  Panther  (1687). 

Billlilis,  a  river  in  Spain.  The  high 
temper  of  the  best  Spanish  blades  is  due 
to  their  being  dipped  into  this  river,  the 
water  of  which  is  extremely  cold. 

Help  me,  I  pray  you,  to  a  Spanish  sword. 
The  trustiest  blade  that  e'er  in  BUbilis 
Was  dipt. 

Southey  :  Roderick,  tic.,  xxv.  (1814). 

Bilbo,  a  Spanish  blade  noted  for  its 
flexibility, and  so  called  from  Bilba'o,  where 
at  one  time  the  best  blades  were  made. 

Bilboes  (2  syl),  a  bar  of  iron  with 
fetters  annexed  to  it,  by  which  mutinous 
.sailors  were  at  one  time  linked  together. 
Some  of  the  bilboes  taken  from  the 
Spanish  Armada  are  preserved  in  the 
British  Museum.  They  are  so  called,  not 
because  they  were  first  made  at  Bilba'o,  in 
Spain,  but  from  the  entanglements  of  the 
river  on  which  Bilbao  stands.  These 
' '  entanglements  "  are  called  The  Bilboes. 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher  compare  the  mar- 
riage knot  to  bilboes. 

Bil'dai  (2  syl.),  a  seraph  and  the 
tutelar  guardian  of  Matthew  the  apostle, 
the  son  of  wealthy  parents  and  brought 
up  in  great  \\xy.Mxy,—Klopstock:  The 
Messiah,  iii.  (1748). 

Billee'  {Little),  a  comic  ballad  by 
Thackeray,  telling  how  three  sailors  of 
Bristol  city  went  to  sea,  and,  having  eaten 
all  their  food,  resolved  to  make  a  meal  of 
Little  Billee  ;  but  the  lad  eluded  his  fate. 

There  were  three  sailors  of  Bristol  city 

Who  took  a  boat  and  went  to  sea. 
But  first  with  beef  and  captain's  biscuit 

And  pickled  pork  they  loaded  she. 
There  was  gorging  Jack  and  gurzling  Jimmy, 

And  the  younger  he  was  little  Billee. 
Now  when  they  had  got  as  far  as  the  Equator 

They'd  nothmg  left  but  one  split  pea. 
Note.—1\\\s  is  supposed  to  be  the  correct  version  of 
.the  first  two  verses. 

Billingrs  [Josh.).  A.  W.  Shaw  so 
signs  His  Book  of  Sayings  (1866). 

Bil'ling'sg'ate  (3  syl.).  Beling  was  a 
friend  of ' '  Brennus  "  the  Gaul,  who  owned 
a  wharf  called  Beling's-gate.  Geoffrey  of 
Monmouth  derives  the  word  from  Belin, 
a  mythical  king  of  the  ancient  Britons, 
■who  "built  a  gate  there,  b,c.  400 "  {1142). 


20  BINKS.. 

Billy  Barlow,  a  merry  Andrew,  so 
called  from  a  semi-idiot,  who  fancied 
himself  "a  great  potentate."  He  was 
well  known  in  the  east  of  London,  and 
died  in  Whitechapel  workhouse.  Some 
of  his  sayings  were  really  witty,  and 
some  of  his  attitudes  truly  farcical. 

Billy  Black,  the  conundrum-maker. 
—  The  Hundred-pound  Note. 

When  Keeley  was  playing  "  Billy  Black  "  at  Chelms- 
ford, he  advanced  to  the  lights  at  the  close  of  the 
piece,  and  said,  "  I've  one  more,  and  this  is  a  good  'un. 
Why  is  Chelmsford  Theatre  like  a  half-moon?  D'ye 
give  it  upT  Because  it  is  never  l\x\L"— Records  of  a 
Stage  Veteran. 

'Bvsa.Z.^iSt  \_"  two-mother"\  Bacchus 
was  so  called  because  at  the  death  of  his 
mother  during  gestation,  Jupiter  put  the 
foetus  into  his  own  thigh  for  the  rest  of 
the  time,  when  the  infant  Bacchus  was 
duly  brought  forth. 

Bimbister  {Margery),  the  old  Ran- 
zelman's  spouse. — Sir  W.  Scott:  The 
Pirate  (time,  William  III.). 

Bimini  \Bi-ine-nee\,  a  fabulous  island, 
said  to  belong  to  the  Baha'ma  group, 
and  containing  a  fountain  possessed  of 
the  power  of  restoring  youth.  This 
island  was  an  object  of  long  search  by 
the  Spanish  navigator  Juan  Ponce  de 
Leon  (1460-1521). 

Bind  loose  {J^ohn),  sheriffs  clerk  and 
banker  at  Marchthorn. — Sir  IV.  Scott: 
St.  Ronan's  Well  (time,  George  III.). 

BingT'en  {Bishop  of),  generally  called 
bishop  Hatto.  The  tale  is  that  during 
the  famine  of  970,  he  invited  the  poor  to 
his  barn  on  a  certain  day,  under  the  plea 
of  distributing  corn  to  them ;  but  when 
the  barn  was  crowded  he  locked  the  door 
and  set  fire  to  the  building  ;  for  which 
iniquity  he  was  himself  devoured  by  an 
army  of  mice  or  rats.  His  castle  is  the 
Mouse-tower  on  the  Rhine.  Of  course, 
this  is  a  mere  fable,  suggested  by  the 
word  "Mouse-tower,"  which  means  the 
tower  where  tolls  are  collected.  The 
toll  on  corn  was  very  unpopular. 

They  almost  devour  me  with  kisses. 
Their  amis  about  me  entwine. 

Till  I  think  of  the  bishop  of  Bingen, 
la  his  Mouse-tower  on  the  Rhine. 

Longfellow  :  Th:  Children's  Hour. 

Binks  {Sir  Bingo'),  a  fox-hunting 
baronet,  and  visitor  at  the  Spa. 

LM.dy  Binks,  wife  of  sir  Bingo,  but 
before  marriage  Miss  Rachael  Bonny- 
rigg. Visitor  at  the  Spa  with  her  hus- 
band.—5?>  W.  Scott:  St.  Ronan's  Well 
(time,  George  III.). 


BION.  I 

Bi'on,  the  rhetorician,  noted  for  his 
acrimonious  and  sharp  sayings. 

Bionis  scrmonibus  et  sale  nigro. 

Horace :  2  Ej>istUs,  W.  60. 

Biondello,  one  of  the  servants  of 
Lucentio  the  future  husband  of  Bianca 
(sister  of  "the  shrew").  His  fellow- 
servant  \^'Yx2lx\\o.—Shakespeare:  Taming 
of  the  Shrew  (1594). 

Birch..  "  Dr.  Birch  and  his  Young 
rr lends."  A  "Christmas  Tale"  by 
Thackeray  (1849). 

Birch  {Harvey),  a  prominent  cha- 
racter in  The  Spy,  a  novel  by  J.  F. 
Cooper  (1821). 

Birch'over  Lane  (London),  so 
called  from  Birchover,  the  builder,  who 
owned  the  houses  there. 

Bird  ( The  Little  Green),  of  the  frozen 
regions,  which  could  reveal  every  secret 
and  impart  information  of  events  past, 
present,  or  to  come.  Prince  Chery  went 
in  search  of  it,  so  did  his  two  cousins, 
Brightsun  and  Felix ;  last  of  all  went 
Fairstar,  who  succeeded  in  obtaining  it, 
and  liberated  the  princes  who  had  failed 
in  their  attempts. — Comtesse  U Aulnoy  : 
Fairy  Tales  ("  Princess  Chery,"  1682). 

This  tale  is  a  mere  reproduction  of 
"  The  Two  Sisters,"  the  last  tale  of  the 
Arabian  Nights,  in  which  the  bird  is 
called  "  Bulbul-hezar,  the  talking  bird." 

Bird 

monk  was 
legend,  ii. 

Archbishop  Trench  has  written  a  version  of  this 
legend  in  verse  j  bishop  Ken  tells  the  same  story  in 
verse ;  and  cardinal  Newman  repeats  it  in  his  Gratn- 
>>tar  0/ Assent. 

Bird  Told  Me  {A  Little).  "A  bird 
of  the  air  shall  carry  the  voice,  and  that 
which  hath  wings  shall  tell  the  matter " 
{Eccles.  X.  20).  In  the  old  Basque  legends 
a  "  little  bird  "  is  introduced  "  which  tells 
the  truth."  The  sisters  had  deceived  the 
king  by  assuring  him  that  his  first  child 
was  a  cat,  his  second  a  dog,  and  his  third 
a  bear ;  but  the  "  httle  bird"  told  him 
the  truth — the  first  two  were  daughters 
md  the  third  a  son.  This  httle  truth- 
telling  bird  appears  in  sundry  tales  of 
great  antiquity  ;  it  is  introduced  in  the 
tale  of  "Princess  Fairstar"  (Comtesse 
D'Aulnoy)  as  a  "httle  green  bird  who 
tells  everything;"  also  in  the  Arabian 
Nights  {iYiQ  last  tale,  called  "The  Two 
iSisters  "). 

I  think  I  hear  a  little  bird  who  sings, 

••The  people  by-and-by  will  be  the  stronger." 

£jrcn  :  Den  yuan,  viiL  50  (iSax). 


Singling  to  a  Monk.    The 

as    Felix. — Longfellow  :    Golden 


I  BIRNAM  WOOIX 

^  When  Kenelm  or  Cenhehn  was  niur- 
dered  by  the  order  of  his  sister  Cwen- 
thryth,  "at  the  very  same  hour  a  white 
dove  flew  to  Rome,  and,  lighting  on  the 
high  altar  of  St.  Peter's,  deposited  there 
a  letter  containing  a  full  account  of  the 
murder."  So  the  pope  sent  men  to  ex- 
amine into  the  matter,  and  a  chapel  was 
built  over  the  dead  body,  called  "St. 
Kenelm's  Chapel  to  this  day"  (Shrop- 
shire). 

Bire'no,  the  lover  and  subsequent 
husband  of  Olympia  queen  of  Holland. 
He  was  taken  prisoner  by  Cymosco  king 
of  Friza,  but  was  released  by  Orlando. 
Bireno,  having  forsaken  Olympia,  was 
put  to  death  by  Oberto  king  of  Ireland, 
who  married  the  young  widow. — Ariosto: 
Orlando  Furioso,  iv.,  v.  (1516). 

Bire'no  {Duke),  heir  to  the  crown  of 
Lombardy.  It  was  the  king's  wish  he 
should  marry  Sophia,  his  only  child,  but 
the  princess  loved  Pal'adore  (3  syl.),  a 
Briton.  Bireno  had  a  mistress  named 
Alin'da,  whom  he  induced  to  personate 
tlie  princess,  and  in  Paladore's  presence 
she  cast  down  a  rope-ladder  for  the  duke 
to  climb  up  by.  Bireno  has  Alinda 
murdered  to  prevent  the  deception  being 
known,  and  accuses  the  princess  of  ir»- 
chastity — a  crime  in  Lombardy  punished 
by  death.  As  the  princess  is  led  to  exe- 
cution, Paladore  challenges  the  duke, 
and  kills  him.  The  villainy  is  fully  re- 
vealed, and  the  princess  is  married  to  the 
man  of  her  choice,  who  had  twice  saved 
her  life. — Jephson  :  The  Law  of  Lombardy 
{1779). 

Birmingham  of  Belgium,  Li^ge, 

Birmingham  of  Russia,  Tula, 
south  of  Moscow. 

Birmingham  Poet  {The),  John 
Freeth,  the  wit,  poet,  and  publican,  who 
wrote  his  own  songs,  set  them  to  music, 
and  sang  them  (1730-1808). 

Bimam  Wood.  Macbeth  said  he 
was  told — 

..."  Fear  not,  till  Bimam  wood 
Do  come  to  Dunsinane ;  "  and  now  a  wood 
Comes  towards  Dunsinane. 

Shakespeare:  Macbeth,  act  v.  sc.  5. 

Tills  has  been  often  repeated  in  history, 
as  by  Alexander,  the  Spanish  mutineers, 
Hassan,  and  others. 

\  When  Alexander  marched  against 
Darius,  he  commanded  his  soldiers  "  ut 
inciderent  ramos  arbQrum  .  ,  .  easque 
inferent  equ5rum  pedibus  .  .  .  quos 
videntes    Perses    ab    excelsis    montibus 


BIRON. 


BISHOPS. 


stupebant. ' — Historia  Alexandri  Magni 
(1490). 

\  At  the  siege  of  Antwerp,  1576,  the 
Spanish  mutineers  wore  green  branches 
when  they  came  from  Alost,  and  looked 
like  a  moving  wood  approaching  the 
citSLdeL—Moiley :  The  Dutch  Republic, 
iv.  S- 

For  Hassan's  incident,  see  Notes  and  Queries 
IMarch  13, 1880). 

BIBiON,  a  merry  mad-cap  young 
lord,  in  attendance  on  Ferdinand  king  of 
Navarre.  Biron  promised  to  spend  three 
years  with  the  king  in  study,  during  which 
time  no  woman  was  to  approach  his 
court ;  but  no  sooner  has  he  signed  the 
compact  than  he  falls  in  love  with 
Rosaline.  Rosaline  defers  his  suit  for 
twelve  months  and  a  day,  saying,  "If 
you  my  favour  mean  to  get,  for  twelve 
months  seek  the  weary  beds  of  people 
sick." 

A  merrier  man, 
Within  the  limit  of  becoming  mirth, 
I  never  spent  an  liour's  talk  withal. 
His  eye  begets  occasion  for  his  wit : 
For  every  object  that  the  one  doth  catch, 
The  other  turns  to  a  mirth-moving  jest ; 
Which  his  fair  tongue  (conceit's  expositor) 
Delivers  in  such  apt  and  gracious  words. 
That  aged  ears  play  truant  at  his  tales, 
And  younger  hearings  are  quite  ravished. 
Sha^es/eare :  Love's  Labour's  Losi,  actii.  sc.  i  (iS94) 

Biron  (Charles  de  Gontaut  due  de), 
greatly  beloved  by  Henri  IV.  of  France. 
He  won  immortal  laurels  at  the  battles 
of  Arques  and  Ivry,  and  at  the  sieges  of 
Paris  and  Rouen.  The  king  loaded  him 
with  honours  :  he  was  admiral  of  France, 
marshal,  governor  of  Bourgoyne,  duke 
and  peer  of  France.  This  too-much 
honour  made  him  forget  himself,  and  he 
entered  into  a  league  with  Spain  and 
Savoy  against  his  country.  The  plot 
was  discovered  by  Lafin;  and  although 
Henri  wished  to  pardon  him,  he  was 
executed  (1602,  aged  40).  George  Chap- 
man has  made  him  the  subject  of  two 
tragedies,  entitled  Biron' s  Conspiracy  and 
Biron' s  Tragedy  (1557-1634). 

Biron,  eldest  son  of  count  Baldwin, 
who  disinherited  him  for  marrying  Isa- 
bella, a  nun.  (For  the  rest  of  the  tale, 
see  Isabella.) — Southern:  Isabella,  or 
the  Fatal  Marriage. 

During  the  absence  of  the  elder  Macready,  his  son 
took  the  part  of  "  Biron  "  in  Isabella.  The  father  was 
shocked,  because  he  desired  his  son  for  the  Church  ; 
but  Mrs.  Siddons  remari.-.ed  to  him,  "  In  the  Church 
your  son  will  live  and  die  a  curate  onj^so  a  year,  but  if 
successful,  the  stage  will  bring  him  iu  a  thousand."— 
Donaldson  :  Recolleclions. 

Biron  {Harriet),  the  object  of  sir 
Charles  Grandison's  affections. 


One  would  prefer  Dulcinea  del  Toboso  to  Miss  Biron 
as  soon  as  Grandison  becomes  acquainted  with  the 
amiable,  delicate,  virtuous,  unfortunate  Clementina. — 
Epilogite  0/  the  Editor  on  the  Story  of  Habib  and 
Dorathilgoase. 

Birth.  It  was  lord  Thurlow  who 
called  high  birth  "  the  accident  of  an 
accident." 

Birtlia,  the  motherless  daughter  and 
only  child  of  As'tragon  the  Lombard 
philosopher.  In  spring  she  gathered 
blossoms  for  her  father's  still ,  in  autumn 
berries,  and  in  summer  flowers.  She  fell 
in  love  with  duke  Gondibert,  whose 
wounds  she  assisted  her  father  to  heal. 
Birtha,  "  in  love  unpractised  and  unread," 
is  the  beau-ideal  of  innocence  and  purity 
of  mind.  Gondibert  had  just  plighted 
his  love  to  her  when  he  was  summoned  to 
court,  for  king  Aribert  had  proclaimed 
him  his  successor  and  future  son-in-law. 
Gondibert  assured  Birtha  he  would  remain 
true  to  her,  and  gave  her  an  emerald  ring 
which  he  told  her  would  lose  its  lustre  if 
he  proved  untrue.  Here  the  tale  breaks 
off,  and  as  it  was  never  finished  the  sequel 
is  not  known. — Sir  W.  Davenant:  Gon- 
dibert (an  heroic  poem,  1651). 

Bise,  a  wind  prevalent  in  those  valleys 
of  Savoy  which  open  to  the  sea.  It  especi- 
ally affects  the  nervous  system. 

Biser'ta,  formerly  called  U'tica,  in 
Africa.  The  Saracens  passed  from  Biserta 
to  Spain,  and  Charlemagne  in  800  under- 
took a  war  against  the  Spanish  Saracens. 
The  Spanish  historians  assert  that  he  was 
routed  at  Fontarabia  (a  strong  town  in 
Biscay) ;  but  the  French  maintain  that 
he  was  victorious,  although  they  allow  that 
the  rear  of  his  army  was  cut  to  pieces. 

Or  whom  Biserta  sent  from  Afric  shore. 
When  Charlemain  with  all  his  peerage  fell 
By  Fontarabia. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  i.  58s  (i66s)' 

Bishop.  Burnt  milk  is  called  by 
Tusser  "  milk  that  the  bishop  doth  ban." 
Tyndale  says  when  milk  or  porridge  is 
burnt  "  we  saye  the  bishope  hath  put  his 
fote  in  the  potte,"  and  explains  it  thus, 
"  the  bishopes  burn  whom  they  lust." 

Bishops.  The  seven  who  refused 
to  read  the  declaration  of  indulgence 
pubhshed  by  James  II.  and  were  by 
him  imprisoned  for  recusancy,  were  arch- 
bishop Sancroft  [Canterbury),  bishops 
Lloyd  [St.  Asaph),  Turner  [Ely),  Kew 
[Bath  and  Wells),  White  [Peterborough^ 
Lake  [Chichester),  Trelawney  {Bristol). 
Being  tried,  they  were  all  acquitted  (Jime, 
1688J. 


BISHOP  MIDDLEHAM. 

Bishop  Middleham,  who  was  al- 
ways declaiming  against  ardent  drinks, 
and  advocating  water  as  a  beverage, 
killed  himself  by  secret  intoxication. 

Bisto'nians,  the  Thracians ;  so  called 
from  Biston  (son  of  Mars),  who  built 
Bisto'nia  on  Like  Bis'tonis. 

So  the  Bistonian  race,  a  maddening  train. 
Exult  and  revel  on  the  Thracian  Dlain. 

Pitt's  Slatius,  U. 

Bit'elas  (3  syl.),  sister  of  Fairlimb, 
p.nd  daughter  of  Rukenaw  the  ape,  in 
the  beast-epic  called  Reynard  the  Fox 
(1498). 

Bi'tingf  Remark  [A).  Near'chos 
ordered  Ze'no  the  philosopher  to  be 
pounded  to  death  in  a  mortar.  When  he 
had  been  pounded  some  time,  he  told 
Nearchos  he  had  an  important  com- 
munication to  make  to  him,  but  as  the 
tyrant  bent  over  the  mortar  to  hear  what 
he  had  to  say,  Zeno  bit  off  his  ear. 
Hence  the  proverb,  A  remark  more  biting 
than  Zeno's. 

Bit'tlebrains  {Lord),  friend  of  sir 
William  Ashton,  lord-keeper  of  Scotland. 

Lady  Bittlebrains,  wife  of  the  above 
lord. — Sir  IV,  Scott:  Bride  of  Lammer- 
moor  (time,  William  HI.). 

Bit'zer,  light  porter  in  Bounderby's 
bank  at  Coketown.  He  was  educated  at 
M'Choakumchild's  "  practical  school," 
and  became  a  general  spy  and  informer. 
Bitzer  finds  out  the  robbery  of  the  bank, 
and  discovers  the  perpetrator  to  be  Tom 
Gradgrind  fson  of  Thomas  Gradgrind, 
Esq.,  M.P.),  informs  against  him,  and 
gets  promoted  to  his  place. — Dickens: 
Hard  Times  (1854). 

Bizarre  [Be-zar'],  the  friend  of  Orian'a, 
for  ever  coquetting  and  sparring  with 
Duretete  [Dure-tait],  and  placing  him  in 
awkward  predicaments. — Farquhar  :  The 
Inconstant  (1702). 

Miss  Farren's  last  performances   were   "  Bizarre," 

March  26,   1797,  and   "lady  Teazle'    on  the  28th.— 
Memoirs  of  Elizabeth  Countess  0/  Derby  (1829). 

Black  Agf'nes,  the  countess  of 
March,  noted  for  her  defence  of  Dunbar 
during  the  war  which  Edward  IH.  main- 
tained in  Scotland  (1333-1338). 

She  kept  a  stir  in  tower  and  trench, 

That  brawling,  boist'rous  Scottish  wench, 

Came  I  early,  came  I  late, 

I  found  Black  Agfnes  at  the  gate. 

Sir  Walter  Scott  says,  "The  countess  was  called 

•  Black  Agnes '  from  her  complexion.    She  was  the 

daughter  of  Thomas  Randolph,  earl  of   Murray." — 

Tales  o/a  Grandfather,  i.  14.    (See  BLACK  PRINCE.) 

Black  A^'ues,  the  palfrey.  (See 
Agnes,  p.  15.) 


133  BLACK  DWARF. 

Black  Bartholome'w,  the  day 
when  2000  presbyterian  pastors  were 
ejected.  They  had  no  alternative  but  to 
subscribe  to  the  articles  of  uniformity  or 
renounce  their  livings.  Amongst  their 
number  were  Calamy,  Baxter,  and  Rey- 
nolds, who  were  offered  bishoprics,  but 
refused  the  offer. 

Black  Bess,  the  famous  mare  of 
Dick  Turpin,  which,  according  to  tradi- 
tion, carried  him  from  London  to  York. 

Black  Charlie,  sir  Charles  Napier 
(1786-1860). 

Black  Clergy  (7"/%^),  monks,  in  con- 
tradistinction to  The  White  Clergy,  or 
parish  priests,  in  Russia. 

Black  Colin  Campbell,  general 
Campbell,  in  the  army  of  George  HI., 
introduced  by  sir  W,  Scott  in  Redgauntlet. 

Black  Death,  fully  described  by 
Hecker,  a  German  physician.  It  was  a 
putrid  typhus,  and  was  called  Black 
Death  because  the  bodies  turned  black 
with  rapid  putrefaction.  (See  Cornhill, 
yi^vf,  1865,) 

In  1348-9  at  least  half  of  the  entire 
population  of  England  died.  Thus  57,000 
out  of  60,000  died  in  Norwich ;  7000 
out  of  10,000  died  in  Yarmouth ;  17  out 
of  21  of  the  clergy  of  York;  2,500,000 
out  of  5,000,000  of  the  entire  population. 

Between  1347  and  1350  one-fourth  of 
all  the  population  of  the  world  was 
carried  off  by  this  pestilence.  Not  less 
than  25,000,000  perished  in  Europe 
alone,  while  in  Asia  and  Africa  the 
mortality  was  even  greater.  It  came  from 
China,  where  fifteen  years  previously  it 
carried  off  5,000,000.  In  Venice  the 
aristocratic,  died  100,000;  in  Florence 
the  refined,  60,000  ;  in  Paris  the  gay, 
50,000 ;  in  London  the  wealthy,  100,000  ; 
in  Avignon,  a  number  wholly  beyond 
calculation. 

N.  B. — This  form  of  pestilence  has  never 
occurred  a  second  time. 

Black  Dcag-las,  William  Douglas, 
lord  of  Nithsdale,  who  died  1390. 

He  was  tall,  strong,  and  well  made,  of  a  swarthy 
complexion,  with  dark  hair,  from  which  he  was  called 
"  The  Black  Douglas,"— Ji'r  W.  Scott:  TaUs  of  a 
Grandfather,  xi. 

Black  D-warf  [The),  a  romance  by 
sir  Walter  Scott  (1816).  The  "Black 
Dwarf"  is  called  "  Elshander  the  Re- 
cluse," or  "  Cannie  Elshie,  the  Wise 
Wight  of  Mucklestane  Moor,"  but  is 
in  reality  sir  Edward  Manley,  The  tale 
runs  thus:   Isabella  Vere,  daughter  ol 


BLACK-EYED  SUSAN. 


124 


BLACK  THURSDAY. 


Richard  Vere  (laird  of  Ellieslaw,  and 
head  of  a  Jacobite  conspiracy)  tried  to 
compel  his  daughter  to  marry  sir  Frederici« 
Langley,  one  of  his  chief  followers.  She 
resisted  and  was  carried  off  to  Westburn- 
flat,  but  was  rescued  by  Patrick  Earnscliff 
(laird  of  Earnscliff).  Being  persuaded 
to  consult  the  Black  Dwarf,  she  goes  to 
his  hut,  and  he  promises  to  prevent  the 
obnoxious  marriage.  When  the  wedding 
preparations  of  sir  F.  Langley  were  all 
completed,  the  Black  Dwarf  suddenly 
appeared  on  the  scene,  declared  himself 
to  be  sir  Edward  Manley,  and  forbade 
the  marriage.  Miss  Vere  ultimately 
married  Patrick  Earnscliff,  and  all  went 
merry  as  a  marriage-bell. 

It  is  said  that  the  "  Black  Dwarf"  is  meant  for  David 
Ritchie,  whose  cottage  was  and  still  is  on  Manor  Water, 
In  the  county  of  Peebles. 

Black-eyed  Susan,  a  ballad  by 
John  Gay.  Also  a  drama  by  Douglas 
Jerrold  (1822). 

The  ballad  begins— 

All  in  the  Downs  the  fleet  was  moored, 
The  streamers  waving  in  the  wind, 
When  Black-eyed  Susan  came  on  board. 

Black  Flag  (A)  was  displayed  by 
Tamerlane  when  a  besieged  city  refused 
to  surrender,  meaning  that  "mercy  is 
now  past,  and  the  cite  is  devoted  to  utter 
destruction." 

Black  George,  the  gamekeeper  in 
Fielding's  novel  called  TAe  History  of 
Tom  Jones,  a  Foundling  (1750). 

Black  CS-eorge,  George  Petrowitsch 
of  Servia,  a  brigand  ;  called  by  the  Turks 
Kara  George,  from  the  terror  he  in- 
spired. 

Black  Horse  { The),  the  7th  Dragoon 
Guards  ^not  the  7th  Dragoons).  So 
called  because  their  facings  (or  collar  and 
cuffs)  are  black  velvet.  Their  plumes  are 
black  and  white ;  and  at  one  time  their 
horses  were  black,  or  at  any  rate  dark 
bay. 

Black  Jack,  a  large  flagon. 

But  oh,  oh,  oh  1  his  nose  doth  show 
his  lips  doth  l 
Simon  the  Cellarer, 


How  oft  Black  Jack  to  his  lips  doth  go. 
-'Cel- 


Black  Enight  of  tlie  Black 
Lands  [The),  sir  Peread.  Called  by 
Tennyson  "  Night  "  or  "  Nox."  He  was 
one  of  the  four  brothers  who  kept  the 
passages  of  Castle  Dangerous,  and  was 
overthrown  by  sir  Gareth. — Sir  T.  Ma- 
lory:  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  126 
( 1470) ;  Tennyson  :  Idylls  { ' '  Gareth  and 
Lynette  "). 

Black  lord   Clifford,  John    ninth 


lord  Clifford,  son  of  Thomas  lord  Clifford. 
Also  called  "The  Butcher  "  (died  1461). 

Black  Prince,  Edward  prince-  of 
Wales,  son  of  Edward  HL  Froissart 
says  he  was  styled  black  "by  terror  of  his 
arms"  {c.  169).  Similarly,  lord  Clifford 
was  called  "  The  Black  Lord  Clifford  "  for 
his  cruelties  (died  1461).  George  Petro- 
witsch was  called  by  the  Turks  ' '  Black 
George "  from  the  terror  of  his  name. 
The  countess  of  March  was  called  "  Black 
Agnes  "  from  the  terror  of  her  deeds,  and 
not  (as  sir  W.  Scott  says)  from  her  dark 
complexion.  Similarly,  ' '  The  Black  Sea  " 
{q.v.),  or  Axinus,  as  the  Greeks  once  called 
it,  received  its  name  from  the  inhospitable 
character  of  the  Scythians.  The  "  Black 
Wind,"  or  Sherki,  is  an  easterly  wind,  so 
called  by  the  Kurds,  from  its  being  such  a 
terrible  scourge. 

N.B.— Fulc  was  called  Black,  or  Nerra,  for  his  ill 
deeds.  He  burnt  his  wife  at  the  stake ;  waged  the 
bitterest  war  against  his  son ;  despatched  twelve  as- 
sassins to  murder  the  minister  of  the  French  king;  and 
revolted  even  the  rude  barbarians  of  the  times  in  which 
he  lived  by  his  treason,  rapine,  and  bloodshed. 

Shirley  falls  into  the  general  error — 

Our  great  third  Edward  .  •  .  and  his  brave  son  .  .  . 
In  his  black  armour. 

Ed-ward  the  Black  Prince,  Iv.  i  (1640). 

He  wore  gilt  or  "  gold  "  armour.) 
Black  River  or  Atba'ra,  of  Africa, 
so  called  from  the  quantity  of  black  earth 
brought  down  by  it  during  the  rains. 
This  earth  is  deposited  on  the  surface  of 
the  country  in  the  overflow  of  the  Nile, 
and  hence  the  Atbara  is  regarded  as  the 
"  dark  mother  of  Egypt." 

Black  Sea  ( The),  once  called  by  the 
Greeks  Axinus  ("inhospitable"),  either 
because  the  Scythians  on  its  coast  were 
inhospitable,  or  because  its  waters  were 
dangerous  to  navigation.  It  was  after- 
wards called  Euxinus  ("hospitable") 
when  the  Greeks  themselves  became 
masters  of  it.  The  Turks  called  it  The 
Black  Sea,  either  a  return  to  its  former 
name,  or  from  its  black  rock. 

Black  Thursday,  the  name  given 
in  the  colony  of  Victoria,  Australia, 
to  Thursday,  February  6,  1851,  when 
the  most  terrible  bush  fire  known  in  the 
annals  of  the  colony  occurred.  It  raged 
over  an  immense  area.  One  vn-iter  in  the 
newspapers  of  the  time  said  that  he  rode  at 
headlong  speed  for  fifty  miles,  with  fire 
raging  on  either  side  of  his  route.  The 
heat  was  felt  far  out  at  sea,  and  many 
birds  fell  dead  on  the  decks  of  coasting 
vessels.  The  destruction  of  animal  life 
and  farming  stock  in  this  conflagration 
was  enormous. 


BLACKS. 


BLAIZE. 


Blacks  ( The)^  an  Italian  faction  of  the 
fourteenth  century.  The  Guelphs  of 
Florence  were  divided  into  the  Blacks 
who  wished  to  open  their  gates  to  Charles 
de  V^alois,  and  the  Whites  who  opposed 
him.  Dant6  the  poet  was  a  "White," 
and  as  the  "Blacks"  were  the  pre- 
dominant party,  he  was  exiled  in  1302, 
and  during  his  exile  wrote  his  immortal 
poem,  the  Divina  Cojnmedia. 

Black'acre  {Widow),  a  masculine, 
litigious,  pettifogging,  headstrong  wo- 
man,— Wycherly:  The  Plain  Dealer 
(1677). 

Blackchester  {The  countess  of), 
sister  of  lord  Dalgarno. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time,  James  I,). 

Blackfriar's  Bridge  (T.ondon)  was 
once  called  "Pitt's  Bridge."  This  was 
the  bridge  built  by  R.  Mylne  in  1780,  but 
the  name  never  found  favour  with  the 
general  public. 

Blackguards  (Victor  Hugo  says), 
soldiers  condemned  for  some  offence  in 
discipline  to  wear  their  red  coats  (which 
were  lined  with  black)  inside  out.  The 
French  equivalent,  he  says,  is  Blaquers. 
— L' Homme  qui  Rit,  II.  iii.  i. 

It  is  quite  impossible  to  believe  this  to 
be  the  true  derivation  of  the  word. 
Other  suggestions  will  be  found  in  the 
Dictionary  of  Phrase  and  Fable,  p.  141. 

Blackless  {Tomalin),  a  soldier  in 
the  g^ard  of  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion. 
—Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Talisman  (time, 
Richard  I.). 

Blackmantle  {Bernard),  Charles 
MollovWestmacott,  author  of  The  English 
Spy  (1826). 

Black'pool  {Stephen),  a  power-loom 
weaver  in  Boundcrby's  mill  at  Coketown. 
He  had  a  knitted  brow  and  pondering 
expression  of  face,  was  a  man  of  the 
strictest  integrity,  refused  to  join  the 
strike,  and  was  turned  out  of  the  mill. 
When  Tom  Gradgrind  robbed  the  bank 
of/"  150,  he  threw  suspicion  on  Stephen 
Blackpool,  and  while  Stephen  was  hasten- 
ing to  Cokeburn  to  vindicate  himself,  he 
fell  into  a  shaft  known  as  "the  Hell 
Shaft,"  and,  although  rescued,  died  on  a 
litter.  Stephen  Blackpool  loved  Rachel, 
one  of  the  hands,  but  had  already  a 
drunken,  worthless  wife. — Dickens:  Hard 
Tm«(i854). 

Blacksmith  {The  Flemish),  Quintin 
Matsys,  the  Dutch  painter  (1460-1529). 


Blacksmith    {The   LearnedS,  Elihu 

Burritt,  United  States  (1811-1879). 

Blacksmith's    Daughter    ( The), 

lock  and  key. 

Place  it  under  the  care  of  the  blacksmith's  daughter. 
—Dicf:ens  :  TaU  of  Two  Cities  (1859). 

Blackwood's     Magazine.       The 

vignette  on  the  wrapper  of  this  magazine 
is  meant  for  George  Buchanan,  the  Scotch 
historian  and  poet  (1506-1582).  He  is 
the  representative  of  Scottish  literature 
generally. 

The  magazine  originated  in  1817  with 
William  Blackwood  of  Edinburgh,  pub- 
lisher. 

Bladamour,  the  friend  of  Paridel 
the  libertine. — Spenser  :  Faerie  Queene. 

Blad'derskate  {I^rd)  and  lord 
Kaimes,  the  two  judges  in  Peter  Peeble's 
lawsuit. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Redgauntlet 
(time,  George  III.). 

Bla'dud,  father  of  king  Lear.  Geof- 
frey of  Monmouth  says  that  Bladud, 
attempting  to  fly,  fell  on  the  temple  of 
Apollo,  and  was  dashed  in  pieces.  Hence 
when  Lear  swears  ' '  By  Apollo  "  he  is 
reminded  that  Apollo  was  no  friend  of 
the  kings  (act  i.  sc.  i).  Bladud,  says  the 
story,  built  Bath  (once  called  Badon), 
and  dedicated  to  Minerva  the  medicinal 
spring  which  is  called  "  Bladud's  Well." 

Blair  {Adam),  the  hero  of  a  novel  by 
J.  G.  Lockhart,  entitled  Adam  Blair,  a 
Story  of  Scottish  Life  (1822).  It  is  the 
story  of  a  Scotch  minister  who  "  fell  from 
grace,"  but  after  a  season  of  penitence 
was  restored  to  his  pastorate. 

Blair  {Father  Clement),  a  Carthusian 
monk,  confessor  of  Catherine  Glover 
"  the  fair  maid  of  Perth."— -5z>  W.  Scott: 
Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Blair  {Rev.  David),  sir  Richard 
Philips,  author  of  The  Universal  Pre- 
ceptor (18 16),  Motliers  Question  Book,  etc. 
Philips  issued  books  under  a  legion  of 
false  names. 

Blaise,  a  hermit,  who  baptized  Merlin 
the  enchanter. 

Blaise  {St.),  patron  saint  of  wool- 
combers,  because  he  was  torn  to  pieces 
with  iron  wool-combs. 

Blaize  {Mrs.  Mary),  an  hypothetical 
comic  elegy  full  of  puns,  by  Oliver  Gold- 
smith (1765).  The  character  of  this  yVa 
d esprit  may  be  gleaned  from  the  two  lines 
following — 

The  king  himself  has  followed   licr— 
When  she  has  gone  before. 


BLANCHE. 


126 


BLEAK  HOUSE. 


BLANCHE  (i  syl.),  niece  of  king 
John,  in  Shakespeare's  historic  tragedy 
of  iring  John  (1623). 

Blanche,  one  of  the  domestics  of  lady 
Eveline  "  the  betrothed."—  Sir  W.  Scoit : 
The  Betrothed  (time,  Henry  H.). 

Blanche  {La  reine),  the  queen  of 
France  during  the  first  six  weeks  of  her 
widowhood.  During  this  period  of 
mourning  she  spent  her  time  in  a  closed 
room,  lit  only  by  a  wax  taper,  and  was 
dressed  wholly  in  white.  Mary,  the 
widow  of  Louis  XH.,  was  called  La  reine 
Blanche  during  her  days  of  mourning, 
and  is  sometimes  (but  erroneously)  so 
called  afterwards. 

Blanche  {Lady)  makes  a  vow  with 
lady  Anne  to  die  an  old  maid,  and  of 
course  falls  over  head  and  ears  in  love 
with  Thomas  Blount,  a  jeweller's  son, 
who  enters  the  army  and  becomes  a 
colonel.  She  is  very  handsome,  ardent, 
brilliant,  and  fearless. — Knowles:  Old 
Maids  (1841), 

Blanche'fleur  (2  syl),  the  heroine 
of  Boccaccio's  prose  romance  called  // 
Filocopo.  Her  lover  ' '  Flores  "  is  Boccaccio 
himself,  and  "  Blanchefleur "  was  the 
daughter  of  king  Robert.  The  story  of 
Blanchefleur  and  Floras  is  substantially 
the  same  as  that  oi Dor'igen  andAurelius, 
by  Chaucer,  and  that  of  "  Diano'ra  and 
Ansaldo,"  in  the  Decameron. 

Bland'amour  {Sir),  a  man  of  "  mickle 
might,"  who  "bore  great  sway  in  arms 
and  chivalry,"  but  was  both  vainglorious 
and  insolent.  He  attacked  Brit'omart, 
but  was  discomfited  by  her  enchanted 
spear  ;  he  next  attacked  sir  Ferraugh, 
and  having  overcome  him,  took  from  him 
the  lady  who  accompanied  him,  "  the 
False  Florimel. " — Spenser:  Fa'erie  Queene, 
iv.  I  (1596). 

Blande'ville  {Lady  Emily),  a  neigh- 
bour of  the  Waverley  family,  afterwards 
married  to  colonel  Talbot. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Waverley  (time,  George  H.). 

Bland'ford,  the  father  of  Belin'da, 
who  he  promised  sir  William  Bellmont 
should  marry  his  son  George.  But  Belinda 
was  in  love  with  Beverley,  and  George 
Bellmont  with  Clarissa  (Beverley's  sister). 
Ultimately  matters  arranged  themselves, 
so  that  the  lovers  married  according  to 
their  inclinations. — Murphy:  All  in  the 
WroJtg  (1761). 

Blan'diman,  the  faithful  man-servant 


of  the  fair  Bellisant,  and  her  attendant 
after  her  divorce. — Valentine  and  Orson. 

Blandi'na,  wife  of  the  churlish  knight 
Turpin,  who  refused  hospitality  to  sir 
Calepine  and  his  lady  Sere'na  (canto  3). 
She  had  "the  art  of  a  suasive  tongue," 
and  most  engaging  manners ;  but  "  her 
words  were  only  words,  and  all  her  tears 
were  water"  (canto  7). — Spenser;  Faerie 
Queene,  iv.  (1596). 

Blandish,  a  "practised  parasite." 
His  sister  says  to  him,  "  May  you  find 
but  half  your  own  vanity  in  those  you 
have  to  work  on  !  "  (act  i.  i). 

Miss  Letitia  Blandish,  sister  of  the 
above,  a  fawning  timeserver,  who  sponges 
on  the  wealthy.  She  especially  toadies 
Miss  Alscrip  "the  heiress,"  flattering 
her  vanity,  fostering  her  conceit,  and 
encouraging  her  vulgar  affectations.  — 
Burgoyne:  The  Heiress  {ijQi). 

Blane  {Niell),  town  piper  and  pub- 
lican. 

Jenny  Blane,  his  daughter. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles  H.). 

Bla'ney,  a  wealthy  heir,  ruined  by 
dissipation. — Cralbe  :  Borough  (1810). 

Blarney  {Lady),  one  of  the  flash 
women  introduced  l)y  squire  Thornhill  to 
the  Primrose  family. — Goldsmith:  Vicar 
of  Wakefield  (1765). 

Blas'phemous  Balfonr.  Sir  James 
Balfour,  the  Scottish  judge,  was  so  called 
from  his  apostasy  (died  1583). 

Bla'tant  Beast  {The),  the  personi- 
fication of  slander  or  public  opinion.  The 
beast  had  100  tongues  and  a  sting.  Sir 
Artegal  muzzled  the  monster,  and  dragged 
it  to  Faery-land,  but  it  broke  loose  and 
regained  its  hberty.  Subsequently  sir 
Cal'idore  (3  syl.)  went  in  quest  of  it. — 
Spenser  :  Faerie  Queene,  v.  and  vi.  (1596). 

•.•  "Mrs.  Grundy"  is  the  modern 
name  of  Spenser's  "  Blatant  Beast." 

Blath'ers  and  Duff,  detectives  who 
investigate  the  burglary  in  which  Bill 
Sikes  had  a  hand.  Blathers  relates  the 
tale  of  Conkey  Chickweed,  who  robbed 
himself  of  327  guineas. — Dickens  :  Oliver 
Twist  (1837). 

Blat'tergfrowl  {The  Rev.  Mr.), 
minister  of  Trotcosey,  near  Monkbarns. 
— Sir  W.  Scott:  T/ie  A}itiquary  (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Bleak  House,  a  novel  by  C.  Dickens 
(1852).  The  main  story  is  the  intermin- 
able law-suit  of  Jarndycez/.  Jarndyce(^.  v. ). 


BLEEDING-HEART  YARD.  127     BLIND  BARD  ON  THE  CHIAN. 


Bleeding-heart  Tard  (London). 
So  called  because  it  was  the  place  where 
the  devil  cast  the  bleeding  heart  of  lady 
Hatton  (wife  of  the  dancing  chancellor), 
after  he  had  torn  it  out  of  her  body  with 
his  claws.— £>/-,  Mackay:  Extraordinary 
Popular  Delusions. 

Blefus'cu,  an  island  inhabited  by 
pigmies.  It  was  situated  north-east  of 
Lilliput,  from  which  it  was  parted  by  a 
channel  800  yards  wide. — Dean  Swift: 
Gulliver's  Travels  (1726). 

"Blefuscu  '  Is  France,  and  the  Inhabitants  of  the 
Lilliputian  court,  which  forced  Gulliver  to  take  shelter 
there  rather  than  have  his  e^rcs  put  out,  is  an  indirect 
reproach  upon  that  \,sic\  of  England,  and  a  vindication 
of  the  flight  of  Ormond  and  Bolingbroke  to  Paris.— 
$ir  H'.  Scott. 

Bleise  (i  syl.)  of  Northumberland, 
the  historian  of  king  Arthur's  court. 

Merlin  told  Bleise  how  king  Arthur  had  sped  at  the 
great  battle,  and  how  the  battle  ended ;  and  told  him 
the  names  of  every  king  and  knight  of  worship  that 
was  there.  And  Bleise  wrote  the  battle  word  for  word 
as  Merlin  told  him,  how  it  began  and  by  whom,  and 
how  it  ended,  and  who  had  the  worst.  All  the  battles 
that  were  done  in  king  Arthur's  days.  Merlin  caused 
Bleise  to  write  them.  Also  he  caused  him  to  write  all 
the  battles  that  every  worthy  knight  did  of  king 
Arthur's  court.— 5t>  T.  Malory:  History  of  Princt 
Arthur,  i.  15  (i47o). 

Blem'xuyes  (3  syl.),  a  people  of 
Africa,  fabled  to  have  no  head,  but  having 
eyes  and  mouth  in  the  breast.  (See 
Gaora.  ) 

Blemmyis  traduntur  capita  abesse,  ore  et  oculis 
pectori  zSvsSs.— Pliny. 

\  Ctesias  speaks  of  a  people  of  India 
near  the  Ganges,  sine  cervtce,  oculos  in 
humeris  habentes.  Mela  also  refers  to  a 
people  quibus  capita  et  vultui  in  pectore 
sunt. 

Blenheim  {The  battle  of),  a  poem 
by  John  Dennis,  to  whom  the  duJie  of 
Marlborough  gave_^ico  (1705). 

Another  by  Southey  (1798),  supposed 
to  be  told  by  Kasper — 

It  was  a  summer's  evening. 
Old  Rasper's  work  was  done ; 

And  he  before  his  cottage  door 
Was  sitting  in  the  sun.  .  .  . 

The  ballad  goes  on  to  tell  all  the  horrors 
of  the  war,  and  the  burden  is  nevertheless 
"  It  was  a  famous  victory." 

Blenheim  Spaniels.  The  Oxford 
electors  are  so  called,  because  for  many 
years  they  obediently  supported  any  can- 
didate which  the  duke  of  Marlborough 
commanded  them  to  retiurn.  Lockhart 
broke  through  this  custom  by  telling  the 
people  the  fable  of  the  Dog  and  the  Wolf. 
The  dog,  it  will  be  remembered,  had  on 
his  neck  the  marks  of  his  collar,  and  the 
wolf  said  he  preferred  liberty. 


(The  race  of  the  little  dog  called  the 
Blenheim  spaniel  has  been  preserved  ever 
since  Blenheim  House  was  built  for  the 
duke  of  Marlborough  in  1704.) 

Blet'son  {Master  Joshua),  one  of  the 
three  parliamentary  commissioners  sent 
by  Cromwell  with  a  warrant  to  leave  the 
royal  lodge  to  the  Lee  family.— 5?>  W. 
Scott :   Woodstock  (time,  Commonwealth). 

Bleys,  called  Merlin's  master,  but  he 

.  .  .  taught  him  naught  .  .  .  the  scholar  ran 
Before  his  master ;  and  so  far  that  Bleys 
Laid  magic  by ;  and  sat  him  down  and  wrote 
All  things  ana  whatsoever  Merlin  did 
In  one  great  annal  book. 

I'tnnyson  :  Idylls  of  the  King  ("  The 
Couiuig  of  Arthur  "). 

Bli'fil,  a  noted  character  in  Fielding's 
novel  called  The  History  of  Tom  Jones, 
a  Foundling  (1750). 

•.'  Blifil  is  the  original  of  Sheridan's 
"  Joseph  Surface,"  in  the  School  for 
Scandal  (1777). 

Bligh  ( William),  captain  of  the 
Bounty,  so  well  known  for  the  mutiny, 
headed  by  Fletcher  Christian,  the  mate 
(1790). 

Blimber  {Dr.),  head  of  a  school  for 
the  sons  of  gentlemen,  at  Brighton.  It 
was  a  select  school  for  ten  pupils  only  ; 
but  there  was  learning  enough  for  ten 
times  ten.  "Mental  green  peas  were 
produced  at  Christmas,  and  intellectual 
asparagus  all  the  year  round."  The 
doctor  was  really  a  ripe  scholar,  and  truly 
kind-hearted  ;  but  his  great  fault  was 
over-tasking  his  boys,  and  not  seeing 
when  the  bow  was  too  much  stretched. 
Paul  Dombey,  a  delicate  lad,  succumbed 
to  this  strong  mental  pressure. 

Mrs.  Blimber,  wife  of  the  doctor,  not 
learned,  but  wishing  to  be  thought  so. 
Her  pride  was  to  see  the  boys  in  the 
largest  possible  collars  and  stiffest  pos- 
sible cravats,  which  she  deemed  highly 
classical. 

Cornelia  Blimber,  the  doctor's  daughter, 
a  slim  young  lady,  who  kept  her  hair 
short  and  wore  spectacles.  Miss  Blimber 
"had  no  nonsense  about  her,"  but  had 
grown  "  dry  and  sandy  with  working  in 
the  graves  of  dead  languages."  She 
married  Mr.  Feeder,  B.A.,  Dr.  Blimber 's 
usher. — Dickens:  Dombey  and  Son  (1846). 

Blind  Author  {A).  Robert  Wau- 
chope,  appointed  archbishop  of  Armagh 
by  Paul  III.,  in  1543,  was  blind  from  his 
birth,  and  died  1551. 

Blind  Bard  on  the  Chian  Strand 

(The).   So  Coleridge  calls  Homer.   Byron 


BLIND  BEGGAR. 


128 


BLOOD- BATH. 


calls  him  ' '  The  blind  old  man  of  Scio's 
rocky  isle,"  in  his  Bride  of  Abydos.  Also 
called  "The  man  of  Chios,"  Melesigen^, 
Maeonld^s,  etc.     (See  these  words.) 

Blind  Beggfar  of  Bethnal  Green, 

Henry,  son  and  heir  of  sir  Simon  de 
Montfort.  At  the  battle  of  Evesham  the 
barons  were  routed,  Montfort  slain,  and 
his  son  Henry  left  on  the  field  for  dead. 
A  baron's  daughter  discovered  the  young 
man,  nursed  him  with  care,  and  married 
him.  The  fruit  of  the  marriage  was 
"pretty  Bessee,  the  beggar's  daughter." 
Henry  de  Montfort  assumed  the  garb 
and  semblance  of  a  blind  beggar,  to 
escape  the  vigilance  of  king  Henry's  spies. 
N.B. — Day  produced,  in  1659,  a  drama 
called  The  Blind  Beggar  of  Bethnal  Green ; 
and  S.  Knowles,  in  1834,  produced  his 
amended  drama  on  the  same  subject. 
There  is  [or  was],  in  the  Whitechapel 
Road,  a  public-house  sign  called  the 
Blind  Beggar  of  Bethnal  Green. — History 
of  Sign-boards.     (See  Bli  x  de.  ) 

Blind  Chapel  Court  (Mark  Lane, 
London)  is  a  corruption  of  Blanch  Apple- 
\ton\.  In  the  reign  of  Richard  II.  it  was 
part  of  the  manor  of  a  knight  named 
Appleton. 

Blind  Bmperor  [The),  Ludovig 
III.  of  Germany  (83o,  890-934). 

Blind  Harper  [The),  John  Parry, 
who  died  1739. 

\  J.  Stanley,  musician  and  composer, 
was  blind  from  his  birth  (1713-1786). 

Blind  Harry,  a  Scotch  minstrel 
of  the  fifteenth  century,  blind  from  in- 
fancy. His  epic  of  Sir  William  Wallace 
runs  to  11,861  lines.  He  was  minstrel  in 
the  court  of  James  IV. 

Blind  Mechanician  [The).  John 
Strong,  a  great  mechanical  genius,  was 
blind  from  his  birth.  He  died  at  Carlisle, 
aged  66  (1732-1798). 

Blind  Men's  Dinner.  [See  Diction- 
ary of  Phrase  and  Fable,  p.  116. )  The  joke 
forms  the  subject  of  one  of  Sacchetti's 
tales.  It  is  also  told  by  Sozzini ;  but  is 
of  Indian  origin. 

Blind  Naturalist  [The),  F.  Huber 

(1750-1830). 

Blind  Poet  [The),  Luigi  Groto,  an 
Italian  poet,  called  //  Cieco  (1541-1585). 
John  Milton  (1608-1674). 

Homer  is  called  The  Blind  Old  Bard 
(fl.  B.C.  960). 

Blind  Traveller  [The),  lieutenant 


James  Ilolman.  He  became  blind  at  the 
age  of  25  ;  nevertheless  he  travelled  round 
the  world,  and  published  an  account  of 
his  travels  (1787-1857). 

Blinde  Begfg-ar  of  Alexandria 

[The],  a  drama  by  George  Chapman 
(1598). 

Blin'kinsop,  a  smuggler  in  Red- 
gauntlet,  a  novel  by  sir  W.  Scott  (time, 
George  III.). 

Blister,  the  apothecary,  who  says, 
"  Without  physicians,  no  one  could  know 
whether  he  was  well  or  ill."  He  courts 
Lucy  by  talking  shop  to  her. — Fielding: 
The  Virgin  Unmasked  (a  farce,  1740). 

Blithe-Heart  King  [The).  David 
is  so  called  by  Caedmon. 

Those  lovely  lyrics  written  by  his  hand 
Whom  Saxon  Caedmon  calls  "The  Blithe-heart  King." 
Longfellow  :  The  Poets  Tale  (ref.  is  to  Ps.  cxlviii.  9). 

Block  [Martin).  One  of  the  com- 
mittee of  the  Estates  of  Burgundy,  who 
refused  supplies  to  Charles  the  Bold,  duke 
of  Burgundy. — Sir  W.  Scott :  Anne  of 
Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV. ). 

Blok  [Nikkei),  the  butcher,  one  of  the 
insurgents  at  Liege. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Quentin  Durward  [lime,  Edward  IV.). 

Blondel    de    Nesle     [JVeePj,    the 

favourite  minstrel  of  Richard  Coeur  de 
Lion.  He  chanted  the  Bloody  Vest  in 
presence  of  queen  Berengaria,  the  lovely 
Edith  Plantagenet.— ^'zV  W.  Scott:  The 
Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Blon'dina,  the  mother  of  Fairstar 
and  two  boys  at  one  birth.  She  was  the 
wife  of  a  king  ;  but  the  queen-mother 
hated  her,  and,  taking  away  tlie  three 
babes,  substituted  three  puppies.  Ulti- 
mately her  children  were  restored  to  her, 
and  the  queen-mother  was  duly  pun- 
ished, with  her  accomplices. — Comtesse 
D'Aulnoy  :  Fairy  Tales  ("  Princess  Fair- 
star,"  1682). 

Blood  [Colonel  Thomas),  emissary  of 
the  duke  of  Buckingham  (1628-1680), 
introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott  in  Peveril  of 
the  Peak,  a  novel  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Blood  [The  Court  of).  "The  twelve 
judges  of  the  Tumult,"  established  in  the 
Netherlands  by  the  duke  of  Alva,  in  1557. 
—Motley  :  T/ie  Dutch  Republic. 

"Blood  [General),  Zisca,  the  Hannibal 
of  Bohemia,  who  was  totally  blind. 

Blood-Bath  (1520),  a  massacre  of 
the  Swedish  nobles  and  leaders,  which 
occurred  three  days  after  the  coronation 


BLOODS. 

of  Christian  II.  king  .  of  Denmark, 
Sweden,  and  Norway.  The  victims  were 
invited  to  attend  the  coronation,  and 
were  put  to  the  sword,  under  tlie  plea  of 
being  enemies  of  the  true  Church.  In 
this  massacre  fell  both  the  father  and 
brother-in-law  of  Gustavus  Vasa.  The 
former  was  named  Eric  Johansson,  and 
Ihe  latter  Brahe  (2  syl. ). 

IF  This  massacre  reminds  us  of  the 
"Bloody  Wedding"  [q.v.],  or  slaughter  of 
huguenots  during  the  marriage  cere- 
monies of  Henri  of  Navarre  and  Mar- 
guerite of  France,  in  1572. 

Bloods  {The  Five)  :  (i)  The  O'Neils 
of  Ulster;  (2)  the  O'Connors  of  Con- 
naught  ;  (3)  the  O'Briens  of  Thomond  ; 
(4)  the  O'Lachlans  of  Meath ;  and  (5) 
the  M'Murroughs  of  Leinster.  These  are 
the  five  principal  septs  or  families  of 
Ireland,  and  all  not  belonging  to  one  of 
these  five  septs  were  (even  down  \o  the 
reign  of  Elizabeth)  accounted  aliens  or 
enemies,  and  could  "  neither  sue  nor  be 
sued." 

IF  William  Fitz-Roger,  being  arraigned 
(4th  Edward  II.)  for  the  murder  of 
Roger  de  Cantilon,  pleads  that  he  was 
not  guilty  of  felony,  because  his  victim 
was  not  of  "free  blood,"  i.e.  one  of  the 
"  five  bloods  of  Ireland ;  "  and  the  plea 
was  admitted  by  the  jury  to  be  good. 

Robertus  de  Waley,  tried  at  Waterford  for  slaying 
John  M'Gillimorry,  in  the  time  of  Edward  II.,  confessed 
the  fact,  but  pleaded  that  he  could  not  thereby  have 
committed  felony,  "  because  the  deceased  was  a  mere 
Irishman,  and  not  one  of  the  five  bloods." — Sir  John 
Da-dies. 

Bloody  [The),  Otho  II.  emperor  of 
Germany  (955,  973-983)- 
Bloody-Bones,  a  bogie. 

As  bad  as  Bloody-bones  or  Lunsford  \i.e.  sir  Thomas 
Lunsford,  governor  of  the  Tower,  the  dread  of  every 
one]. — 5.  Butler:  Hudibras. 

Bloody  Brother  {The),  a  tragedy 
by  Beaumont  (printed  1639).  The 
"bloody  brother"  is  RoUo  duke  of  Nor- 
mandy, who  killed  his  brother  Otto  and 
several  other  persons.  RoUo  was  himself 
killed  ultimately  by  Hamond  captain  of 
the  guard.    (See  Appendix,  Fletcher. ) 

Bloody  Butcher  ( The).  The  duke 
of  Cumberland,  second  son  of  George  II., 
was  so  called  from  his  barbarities  in  the 
suppression  of  the  rebellion  in  favour  of 
Charles  Edward,  the  young  pretender. 
"Black  Clifford"  was  also  called  "  The 
Butcher"  for  his  cruelties  (died  1461). 

Bloody  Hand,  Cathal,  an  ancestor 
of  the  O'Connors  of  Ireland. 


129  BLOUNT. 

Bloody  Mary,  queen  ^Tary  of  Eng- 
land, daughter  of  Henry  VIII.  and  elder 
half-sister  of  queen  Elizabeth.  So  called 
on  account  of  the  sanguinary  persecutions 
carried  on  by  her  against  the  protestants. 
It  is  said  that  200  persons  were  burnt  to 
death  in  her  short  reign  (1553-1558). 

Bloody  Weddingf  {The),  that  of 
Henri  of  Navarre  with  Marguerite,  sister 
of  Charles  IX.  of  France.  Catharine  de 
Medici  invited  all  the  chief  protestant 
nobles  to  this  wedding,  but  on  the  eve  of 
the  festival  of  St.  Bartholomew  (August 
24,  1572),  a  general  onslaught  was  made 
on  all  the  protestants  of  Paris,  and  next 
day  the  same  massacre  was  extended  to 
the  provinces.  The  number  which  fell 
in  this  wholesale  slaughter  has  been  esti- 
mated at  between  30,000  and  70,000  per- 
sons of  both  sexes. 

Bloomfield  {Louisa),  a  young  lady 
engaged  to  lord  Totterly  the  beau  of  60, 
but  in  love  with  Charles  Danvers  the 
embryo  barrister.— C  Selby :  The  Un- 
finished Gentleman  (1841). 

Blougfram's  Apologfy  [Bishop),  a 
poem  by  Robert  Browning  on  the 
question  whether  a  clergyman  "  who 
doubts  the  articles  of  the  Christian  faith 
is  justified  in  retaining  his  hving."  The 
answer  given  is  that  "  disbelief  is  only 
doubt,  and  in  all  charges  the  criminal  is 
allowed  the  benefit  of  a  doubt." 

I#o  Christian  doctrine  is  capable  of  mathcmatic«I, 
scientific,  or  experimental  proof. 

Blount  [Nicholas),  afterwards  knight- 
ed ;  master  of  the  horse  to  the  earl  of 
Sussex. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Kenilworth 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Blount  [Sir  Frederick),  a  distant  rela- 
tive of  sir  John  Vesey.  He  had  a  great 
objection  to  the  letter  r,  which  he  con- 
sidered "  wough  and  wasping."  He 
dressed  to  perfection,  and,  thoi  gh  not 
"wich,"  prided  himself  on  havmg  the 
"  best  opewa-box,  the  best  dogs,  the  best 
horses,  and  the  best  house  "  of  any  one. 
He  liked  Georgina  Vesey,  and  as  she  had 
;,^io,ooo,  he  thought  he  should  do  himself 
no  harm  by  "  mawywing  the  girl." — Lord 
Lytton  :  Money  (1840). 

Blount  {Master),  a  wealthy  jeweller 
of  Ludgate  Hill,  London.  An  old- 
fashioned  tradesman,  not  ashamed  of  his 
calling.  He  had  two  sons,  John  and 
Thomas  ;  the  former  was  his  favourite. 

Mistress  Blount,  his  wife.     A  .shrewd. 

F 


BLOUZELINDA.  130 

discerning  woman,  who  loved  her  son 
Thomas,  and  saw  in  him  the  elements  of 
a  rising  man. 

yo/in  Blount,  eldest  son  of  the  Ludgate 
jeweller.  Being  left  successor  to  his 
father,  he  sold  the  goods  and  set  up  for  a 
man  of  fashion  and  fortune.  His  vanity 
and  snobbism  were  most  gross.  He  had 
good-nature,  but  more  cunning  than  dis- 
cretion ;  he  thought  himself  far-seeing, 
but  was  most  easily  duped.  ' '  The  phaeton 
was  built  after  my  design,  my  lord,"  he 
says,  "  mayhap  your  lordship  has  seen  it." 
"My  taste  is  driving,  my  lord,  mayhap 
your  lordship  has  seen  me  handle  the 
ribbons. "  ' '  My  horses  are  all  bloods,  my 
lord,  mayhap  your  lordship  has  noticed 
my  team."  "  I  pride  myself  on  my  seat 
in  the  saddle,  mayhap  your  lordship  has 
seen  me  ride."  "If  1  am  superlative  in 
anything,  'tis  in  my  wines."  "So  please 
your  ladyship,  'tis  dress  I  most  excel  in. 
.  .  .  'tis  walking  I  pride  myself  in," 
No  matter  what  is  mentioned,  'tis  the  one 
thing  he  did  or  had  better  than  any  one 
else."^  This  conceited  fool  was  duped  into 
believing  a  parcel  of  men-servants  to  be 
lords  and  dukes,  and  made  love  to  a 
iady's  maid,  supposing  her  to  be  a 
countess.  (See  Boroughcliff,  p.  138.) 
'  Thomas  Blount,  John's  brother,  and  one 
of  nature's  gentlemen.  He  entered  the 
army,  became  a  colonel,  and  married 
lady  Blanche.  He  is  described  as  having 
*'  a  lofty  forehead  for  princely  thought  to 
dwell  in,  eyes  for  love  or  war,  a  nos^  of 
Grecian  mould  with  touch  of  Rome,  a 
mouth  like  Cupid's  bow,  ambitious  chin 
dimpled  and  knobbed." — Knowles  :  Old 
Maids  (1841). 

Blouzelin'da  or  Blowzelinda,  a 
shepherdess  in  love  with  Lobbin  Clout, 
in  The  Shepherd: s  Week. 

My  Blouzelinda  is  the  blithest  lass, 
Tiian  primrose  sweeter,  or  the  clover-gfrass  .  .  < 
My  Blouzelind's  than  gilliflower  more  fair, 
Than  daisie,  tnarygold,  or  kingcup  rare. 

Gay  :  Pastoral,  i.  (1714). 
Sweet  is  my  toil  when  Blowzelind  is  near. 
Of  her  bereft  'tis  winter  all  the  year  .  .  . 
Come,  Blowzelinda,  ease  thy  swain's  desire. 
My  summer's  shadow,  and  my  winter's  fire. 

Ditto. 

Blower  {Mrs.  Margaret),  the  ship- 
owner's widow  at  the  Spa.  She  married 
Dr.  Quackleben,  "  the  man  of  medicine  " 
^one  of  the  managing  committee  at  the 
Spa).— 5/r  W.  Scott:  St.Ronans  Well 
(time,  George  HI.). 

Bl'uch.er  was  nicknamed  "  Marshal 
Forwards  "  for  his  dash  and  readiness  in 
♦he  campaign  of  1813. 


BLUE  BEARD. 

BLUE  {Dark),  the  O.vford  boat  crew 
(see  Boat  Colours)  ;  Eton,  in  cricket. 

Blue  {Light),  the  Cambridge  boat 
crew  (see  Boat  Colours);  Harrow, 
in  cricket. 

Bl'ue  ( True).  When  it  is  said  that  any- 
thing or  person  is  True  blue  or  True  as 
Coventry  blue,  the  reference  is  to  a  blue 
cloth  and  blue  thread  made  in  Coventry, 
noted  for  its  fast  colour.  Lincoln  was  no 
less  famous  for  its  green  cloth  and  dye. 

True  blue  has  also  reference  to  un- 
tainted aristocratic  descent.  This  is  de- 
rived from  the  Spanish  notion  that  the 
really  high-bred  have  bluer  blood  than 
those  of  meaner  race.  Hence  the  French 
phrases,  Sang  bleu  ("aristocratic  blood"). 
Sang  noir  ( "  plebeian  blood  "),  etc. 

As  a  very  general  rule,  "blue  "is,  in  parliamentary 
elections,  the  badge  colour  of  the  tory  party. 

Blue  Beard  {La  Barbe  Bleue),  from 
the  contes]  of  Charles  Perrault  (1697). 
The  chevalier  Raoul  is  a  merciless  tyrant, 
with  a  blue  beard.  His  young  wife  is 
entrusted  with  all  the  keys  of  the  castle, 
with  strict  injunctions  on  pain  of  death 
not  to  open  one  special  room.  During 
the  absence  of  her  lord  the  ' '  forbidden 
fruit "  is  too  tempting  to  be  resisted,  the 
door  is  opened,  and  the  young  wife  finds 
the  floor  covered  with  the  dead  bodies  of 
her  husband's  former  wives.  She  drops 
the  key  in  her  terror,  and  can  by  no 
means  obliterate  from  it  the  stain  of 
blood.  Blue  Beard,  on  his  return,  com- 
mands her  to  prepare  for  death,  but  by 
the  timely  arrival  of  her  brothers  her  life 
is  saved  and  Blue  Beard  put  to  death. 

N.B.— Dr.  C.  Taylor  thinks  Blue  Beard 
is  a  type  of  the  castle-lords  in  the  days  of 
knight-errantry.  Some  say  Henry  VIH. 
(the  noted  wife-killer)  was  the  "academy 
figure."  Others  think  it  was  Giles  de 
Retz,  marquis  de  Laval,  marshal  of 
France  in  1429,  who  (according  to  M^ze- 
ray)  murdered  six  of  his  seven  wives, 
and  was  ultimately  strangled  in  1440. 

Another  solution  is  that  Blue  Beard 
was  count  Conomar',  and  the  young  wife 
Triphy'na,  daughter  of  count  Guerech. 
Count  Conomar  was  lieutenant  of  Brit- 
tany in  the  reign  of  Childebert,  M, 
Hippolyte  Violeau  assures  us  that  in  1850, 
diiring  the  repairs  of  the  chapel  of  St. 
Nicolas  de  Bieuzy,  some  ancient  frescoes 
were  discovered  with  scenes  from  the  life 
of  St.  Triphyna:  (i)  The  marriage;  (2) 
the  husband  taking  leave  of  his  young 
wife  and  entrusting  to  her  a  key ;  (3)  a 
room  with  an  open  door,  through  which 


BLUE  FLAG. 

are  seen  the  corpses  of  seven  women 
hanging  ;  {4)  the  husband  threatening  his 
wife,  while  another  female  [sis/er  ATine] 
is  looking  out  of  a  window  above;  (5) 
the  husband  has  placed  a  halter  round 
the  neck  of  his  victim,  but  the  friends, 
accompanied  by  bt.  Gildas,  abbot  of 
Rhuys  in  Brittany,  arrive  just  in  time 
to  rescue  the  future  saint. — Pilerinages  de 
Bretagne. 

(Ludwig  Tieck  brought  out  a  drama  in 
Berlin,  on  the  story  of^Blue  Beard.  The 
incident  about  thekeys  and  the  doors  is 
similar  to  that  mentioned  by  "The  Third 
Calender"  \n  \he  Arabian  Nights.  The 
forty  princesses  were  absent  for  forty 
days,  and  gave  king  Agib  the  keys  of  the 
palace  during  their  absence.  He  had 
leave  to  enter  every  room  but  one.  H-'s 
curiosity  led  him  to  open  the  forbidden 
chamber  and  mount  a  horse  which  he  saw 
(liere.  The  horse  carried  him  through  the 
air  far  from  the  palace,  and  with  a  whisk 
of  its  tail  knocked  out  his  right  eye. 
The  same  misfortune  had  befallen  ten 
other  princes,  who  warned  him  of  the 
danger  before  he  started. ) 

^  Campbell  has  a  "  Blue  Beard"  story 
in  his  Tales  of  the  Western  Highlands, 
called  "The  Widow  and  her  Daughters." 
T[  A  similar  one  is  No.  3  of  Bernoni's, 
and  No.  39  of  Visentini's  collection  of 
Italian  stories. 

Blue  Plag  [A)  in  the  Roman  empire 
was  a  warning  of  danger.  Livy  speaks 
of  it  in  his  Annals. 

Blne-Gowns.  King's  bedesmen,  or 
privileged  Scotch  mendicants,  were  so 
called  from  their  dress.  On  the  king's 
birthday  each  of  these  bedesmen  had 
given  to  him  a  cloak  of  blue  cloth,  a 
penny  for  every  year  of  the  king's  life, 
a  loaf  of  bread,  and  a  bottle  of  ale.  No 
new  member  has  been  added  since  1833. 

Blue  Hen,  a  nickname  for  the  state 
of  Delaware,  United  States.  The  term 
arose  thus :  Captain  Caldwell,  an  officer 
of  the  ist  Delaware  Regiment  in  the 
American  War  for  Independence,  was  very 
fond  of  game-cocks,  but  maintained  that 
no  cock  was  truly  game  unless  its  mother 
was  a  "blue  hen."  As  he  was  exceed- 
ingly popular,  his  regiment  was  called 
"The  Blue  Hens,"  and  the  term  was 
afterwards  transferred  to  the  state  and 
its  inhabitants. 

Your  mother  was  a  blue  hen,  no  doubt ; 
a  reproof  to  a  braggart,  especially  to  one 
who  boasts  of  his  ancestry. 


131  BLUNDER. 

Blue  Knig'h.t  {The),  sir  Pcrsaunt 
of  India,  called  by  Tennyson  "Morning 
Star"  or  "  Phosphorus. "  He  was  one 
of  the  four  brothers  who  kept  the  pas- 
sages of  Castle  Perilous,  and  was  over- 
thrown by  sir  Gareth. — Sir  T.  Malory: 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  131  (1470) ; 
Tennyson:  Idylls  ("Gareth  and  Ly- 
nette"). 

(It  is  evidently  a  blunder  in  Tennyson 
to  call  the  Blue  Knight  "  Morning  Star," 
and  the  Green  Knight  "Evening  Star," 
The  reverse  is  correct,  and  in  the  old 
romance  the  combat  with  the  Green 
Knight  was  at  day-break,  and  with  the 
Blue  Knight  at  sunset.) 

Blue  Moon.  Once  in  a  blue  moon, 
very  rarely  indeed.  The  expression  is  a 
modification  of  "the  Greek  Kalends," 
which  means  "never,"  because  there  were 
no  Greek  Kalends. 

Blue  Roses,  unattainable  luxuries 
or  indulgences,  There  are  no  such 
things  as  blue  roses. 

The  blue  rose  of  German  romance  represented  th» 
ideal  and  unattainable. 

Blue-Skin.  Joseph  Blake,  an  Eng- 
lish burglar,  was  so  called  from  his  com- 
plexion.    He  was  executed  in  1723. 

Blue-Stocking  {A).  (See  Dictionary 
0/ Phrase  and  Fable,  p.  152.) 

Bluff  [Captain  Noll),  a  swaggering 
bully  and  boaster.  He  says,  "I  think 
that  fighting  for  fighting's  sake  is  suffi- 
cient cause  for  fighting.  Fighting,  to 
me,  is  religion  and  the  laws." 

"You  must  know,  sir,  I  was  resident  in  Flanders  the 
last  campaign  .  .  .  there  was  scarce  anything^  of 
moment  done,  but  .1  humble  servant  of  yours  .  .  .  had 
the  greatest  sliare  in't.  .  .  .  Well,  would  you  tliink  it, 
in  all  this  time  .  .  .  that  rascally  Gazette  never  so  much 
as  once  mentioned  me  ?  Not  once,  by  the  wars  1  Took 
no  more  notice  of  Noll  Bluff  than  if  he  had  not  been  in 
the  land  of  the  \i\ing."—Cofi£-}eve  :  The  Old  Bachelor 
(1693). 

Bluff  Hal  or  Blufp  Harry,  Henry 
VIII.  (1491,  1509-1547). 

Ere  yet  in  scorn  of  Peter's  pence. 

And  numbered  bead  and  shrift, 
Bluff  Hall  he  broke  into  the  spence  [a  larder]. 

And  turned  the  cowls  adrift, 

Tennyson.    ' 

Blumine,      a     young     hazel-eyed,, 
beautiful,    and  high-born    maiden,   witb 
whom    Teufelsdrockh    falls    in    love.  . 
Carlyle:  Sartor  Pesart us  (iQ^S). 

Blunder.  The  bold  but  disastrous 
charge  of  the  British  Light  Brigade  at 
Balacla'va  is  attributed  to  a  blunder ; 
even  Tennyson  says  of  it,   "Some  one 


BLUNDERBORE.  132 

hath  blundered  ;  "  but  Thomas  Woolner, 
with  less  reserve,  says — 

A  general 
May  blunder  troops  to  death,  yea,  and  receive 
His  senate's  vote  of  tlianks. 

My  Beautiful  Lady. 

Blun'derbore  {3  syl.\  the  giant 
who  was  drowned  because  Jack  scuttled 
his  boat. — Jack  the  Giant-killer. 

Blunt  {Colonel),  a  brusque  royalist, 
who  vows  "he'd  woo  no  woman,"  but 
falls  in  love  with  Arbella  an  heiress, 
woos  and  wins  her.  T.  Knight,  who 
has  converted  this  comedy  into  a  farce, 
with  the  title  of  Honest  Thieves,  calls 
colonel  Blunt  "captain  Manly." — Hon, 
Sir  R.  Howard:  The  Cotmitittee  {i6-jo). 

Blunt  {Major-general),  an  old  cavalry 
officer,  rough  in  speech,  but  brave, 
honest,  and  a  true  patriot. — Shadwell : 
The  Volunteers  {1690). 

BlusMngfton  {Edivard),  a  bashful 
young  gentleman  of  25,  sent  as  a  poor 
scholar  to  Cambridge,  without  any 
expectations ;  but  by  the  death  of  his 
father  and  uncle  left  all  at  once  as  ' '  rich 
as  a  nabob."  At  college  he  was  called 
"the  sensitive  plant  of  Brasenose,"  be- 
cause he  was  always  blushing.  He  dines 
by  invitation  at  Friendly  Hall,  and  com- 
mits ceaseless  blunders.  Next  day  his 
college  chum,  Frank  Friendly,  writes 
word  that  he  and  his  sister  Dinah,  with 
sir  Thomas  and  lady  Friendly,  will  dine 
with  him.  After  a  few  glasses  of  wine, 
he  loses  his  bashful  modesty,  makes  a 
long  speech,  and  becomes  the  accepted 
suitor  of  the  pretty  Miss  Dinah  Friendly. 
^■Moncrieff:  The  Bashful  Man. 

Bo  or  Boh,  says  Warton,  was  a  fierce 
Gothic  chief,  whose  name  was  used  to 
frighten  children.  This  needs  confirma- 
tion. 

Boadice'a,  wife  of  Prsesu'tagus  king 
of  the  Ice'ni.  For  the  better  security  of 
his  family,  Proesutagus  made  the  emperor 
of  Rome  coheir  with  his  daughters ; 
whereupon  the  Roman  officers  took  pos- 
session of  his  palace,  gave  up  the  prin- 
cesses to  the  licentious  brutality  of  the 
Roman  soldiers,  and  scourged  the  queen 
in  public.  Boadicea,  roused  to  ven- 
geance, assembled  an  army,  burnt  the 
Roman  colonies  of  London,  Colchester 
\_Camalodunu7}{],  Verulam,  etc.,  and  slew 
above  80,000  Romans.  Subsequently, 
Sueto'nius  Paullnus  defeated  the  Britons, 
and  Boadicea  poisoned  herself,  A.D.  61. 

^J.    Fletcher  wrote    a    tragedy    called 


BOATING  COLOURS. 

Boadicea  in   i6ii ;    and    Glover  one  in 
1758.) 

Boaner'ges  (4  syl.),  a  declamatory 
pet  parson,  who  anathematizes  all  except 
his  own  "elect."  "He  preaches  real 
rousing-up  discourses,  but  sits  down 
pleasantly  to  his  tea,  and  makes  himself 
friendly." — Mrs.  Oliphant:  Salem  Chapel. 

A  protestant  Boanerges,  visiting  Birmingham,  sent 
an  invitation  to  Dr.  Newman  to  dispute  publicly  with 
him  in  the  Town  Hall.— i;.  Yates  :  Celebrities,  xxiu 

*.*  Boanerges  or  "  sons  of  thunder"  is 
the  name  given  by  Jesus  Christ  to  James 
and  John,  because  they  wanted  to  call 
down  fire  from  heaven  to  consume  the 
Samaritans. — Luke  ix.  54. 

Boar  {The),   Richard  III.,  so  called 

from  his  cognizance. 

The  bristled  boar,  in  infant  gore, 
Wallows  beneath  the  thorny  shade. 

Gray  :  The  Bard  (1757). 

In  contempt  Richard  III.  is  called  The 
Hog,  hence  the  popular  distich — 

The  Cat,  the  Rat,  and  Lovell  the  dog. 
Rule  all  England  under  the  Hog. 

{"  The  Cat "  is  Catesby,  and  "  the  Rat " 

Ratcliffe. ) 

Boar  {The  Blue).  This  public-house 
sign  (Westminster)  is  the  badge  of  the 
Veres  earls  of  Oxford. 

The  Blue  Boar  Lane  (St.  Nicholas, 
Leicester)  is  so  named  from  the  cog- 
nizance of  Richard  III.,  because  he  slept 
there  the  night  before  the  battle  of  Bos- 
worth  Field. 

Boar  of  Ardennes  ( The  Wild),  in 
French  Le  Sanglier  des  Ardennes 
{2  syl.),  was  Guillaume  comte  de  la 
Marck,  so  called  because  he  was  as  fierce 
as  the  wild  boar  he  delighted  to  hunt. 
The  character  is  introduced  by  sir  W. 
Scott  in  Quentin  Durward,  under  the 
name  of  "  William  count  of  la  Marck." 

Boar's  Head  {The).  This  tavern, 
immortalized  by  Shakespeare,  stood  in 
Eastcheap  (London),  on  the  site  of  the 
present  statue  of  William  IV.  It  was 
the  cognizance  of  the  Gordons,  who 
adopted  it  because  one  of  their  progenitors 
slew,  in  the  forest  of  Huntley,  a  wild  boar, 
the  terror  of  all  the  Merse  (1093). 

Boating-  Colours.  College  Clubs : 
Cambridge  :  Caius,  black  and  light 
blue ;  St.  Catherines,  claret  and  yellow ; 
Christ's,  blue  and  white ;  Clare,  black 
and  gold ;  Corpus,  white  and  cherry ; 
Downing,  magenta  and  black;  Emmanuel, 
cherry  and  blue ;  Fitzwilliam  Hall,  red 
and  green  ;  Jesus,  red  and  black  ;  King's, 


\ 


BOAZ  AND  JACHIN. 


133 


BOFFIN. 


purple  and  white;  Lady  Margaret  [St. 
John's),  scarlet  and  white ;  Magdalene, 
French  grey  and  indigo ;  Pembroke,  dark 
blue  and  light  blue  ;  Peterhouse,  blue  and 
white  ;  Queens  ,  green  and  white  ;  Sidney 
Sussex,  blue  and  magenta ;  1st  Selwyn, 
red  and  gold ;  xst  Trinity,  dark  blue ; 
yd  Trinity,  dark  blue  and  white ; 
Trinity  Hall,  black  and  white. 

Oxford  :  Balliol,  red  and  white ; 
Brasenose,  black  and  yellow ;  Christ 
Church,  dark  blue  and  white ;  Corpus 
Christ i,  blue  and  red ;  Exeter,  magenta 
and  black ;  Hertford,  red  and  white ; 
Jesus,  green  and  white  ;  Keble,  red,  white, 
and  blue ;  Lincoln,  dark  and  light  blue ; 
Magdalen,  scarlet ;  Merton,  blue  and 
magenta  ;  A^ezo  College,  violet  and 
orange;  Oriel,  white  and  dark  blue; 
Pembroke,  cerise,  white,  and  dark  blue ; 
Queen's,  blue  and  white,  three  red  eagles 
on  breast  pocket ;  St.  John's,  blue  and 
white  ;  Trinity,  blue  and  white  ;  Univer- 
sity, dark  blue  and  yellow ;  Wadham, 
light  blue;  Worcester,  black,  pink,  and 
white  ;  St.  Catherine's  (unattached 
students),  French  grey  and  magenta. 

Boaz  and  Jachin,  two  brazen 
pillars,  which  were  set  up  by  Solomon 
at  the  entrance  of  the  temple  built  by 
him.  Boaz,  which  means  "strength," 
was  on  the  left  hand,  and  Jachin,  which 
means  "  stability,"  on  the  right. — i  Kings 
vij.  21. 

(The  names  of  these  two  pillars  are 
adopted  in  the  craft  called  ' '  Free 
Masoniy.") 

Bo'b'adil  [Captain),  an  ignorant, 
clever,  shallow  bully,  thoroughly  cow- 
ardly, but  thought  by  his  dupes  to  be  an 
amazing  hero.  He  lodged  with  Cob  (the 
water-carrier)  and  his  wife  Tib.  Master 
Stephen  was  greatly  struck  with  his 
"dainty  oaths,"  such  as  "  By  the  foot  of 
Pharaoh!"  "  Body  of  Coesar  1"  "As  I 
am  a  gentleman  and  a  soldier  !  "  His 
device  to  save  the  expense  of  a  standing 
army  is  inimitable  for  its  conceit  and 
absurdity — 

"  I  would  select  19  more  to  myself  throughout  the 
land  ;  gentlemen  they  should  be,  of  a  good  spirit  and 
able  constitution.  I  would  choose  them  by  an  instinct, 
.  .  .  and  I  would  teach  them  the  special  rules  .  .  .  till 
thej  could  play  [fence]  very  near  as  well  as  myself. 
This  done,  siy  the  enemy  were  40,000  strong,  we  zo 
v.xjuld  .  .  .  challenge  20  of  the  enemy;  .  .  .  kill  them  ; 
challenge  20  more,  kill  them ;  20  more,  kill  them  too ; 
.  .  .  every  man  his  10  a  day,  that's  10  score  .  .  .  200  a 
day ;  five  days,  a  thousand  ;  40,000,  40  times  5,  200 
days;  kill  them  a.\\."—Ben  jonson ;  Every  Man  in 
His  Humour,  iv.  7  (1598). 

Since  his  [Henry  JVoodward,  1717-1777]  time  the 
part  of  '•  Bobadil"  has  never  been  justly  performed. 
It  may  be  said  to  have  died  with  him.— £>r.  Doran. 


'.'  The  name  was  probably  suggested 
by  Bobadilla  first  governor  of  Cuba,  who 
superseded  Columbus  sent  home  in 
chains  on  a  most  frivolous  charge. 
Similar  characters  are  "Metamore"  and 
"Scaramouch"  (Molicre);  "ParoUfis" 
and  "Pistol"  (Shakespeare);  "Bessus" 
(Beaumont  and  Fletcher).  (See  also 
Basilisco,  Boroughcliff,  Captain 
Brazen,  Captain  Noll  Bluff,  Sir 
Petronel  Flash,  Sacripant,  Vincent 
DE  la  Rose,  etc.) 

Bodach  Glay  or  "Grey  Spectre.- 
A  house-demon  of  the  Scotch,  similar  to 
the  Irish  benshee. 

Bodkin.  Hamlet  says  a  man  may 
"his  quietus  make  with  a  bare  bodkin." 
Chaucer  uses  "bodkin"  for  a  dagger 
(p.  165);  but  the  nut-brown  maid  killed 
her  rival  with  a  "  bodkin  from  her  head- 
gear."   (See  Lord  Thomas.) 

Bodleian  Library  [The),  Oxford, 
founded  by  sir  Thomas  Bodley  in  1597. 

Boe'mond,  the  Christian  king  of 
Antioch,  who  tried  to  teach  his  subjects 
arts,  law,  and  religion.  He  was  of  the 
Norman  race,  Roge'ro's  brother,  and  son 
of  Roberto  Guiscar'do. — Tasso:  Jerusa- 
lem Delivered  (1575). 

Boeo'tian  Ears,  ears  unable  to  ap- 
preciate music  and  rhetoric.  Boeotia  was 
laughed  at  by  the  Athenians  for  the  dul- 
ness  and  stupidity  of  its  inhabitants. 

"  This  is  having  taste  and  sentiment.  Well,  friend, 
I  assure  thee  thou  hast  not  got  Boeotian  &zx%"[because 
he  praised  certain  extracts  read  to  hint  by  an  aut/ior\. 
—Lesage:  Gil  Bias,  vii.  3  {1713). 

Boenf  [Front  de),  a  gigantic  ferocious 
follower  of  prince  John. — Sir  IV.  Scott: 
Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Bof5,n  [Nicodemiis),  "the  golden 
dustman,"  foreman  of  old  John  Harmon, 
dustman  and  miser.  He  was  "a  broad, 
round-shouldered,  one-sided  old  fellovv-, 
whose  face  was  of  the  rhinoceros  build, 
with  over-lapping  ears."  A  kind,  shrewd 
man  was  Mr.  Boflfin,  devoted  to  his  wife, 
whom  he  greatly  admired.  Being  re- 
siduary legatee  of  John  Harmon,  dust- 
man, he  came  in  for  ^^loo.ooo.  After- 
wards, John  Harmon,  the  son,  being  dis- 
covered, Mr.  Boffin  surrendered  the  pro- 
perty to  him,  and  lived  with  him. 

Mrs.  BoJ/in,  wife  of  Mr.  N.  BofHn,  and 
daughter  of  a  cat's-meat  man.  She  was 
a  fat,  smiling,  good-tempered  creature, 
the  servant  of  old  John  Harmon,  dust- 
man and  miser,  and  very  kind  to  the 
miser's  son  (young  John  Harmon).    After 


BOGIO. 


134    BOLD  STROKE  FOR  A  WIFE. 


Mr.  Boffin  came  into  his  fortune  she 
became  "a  high  flyer  at  fashion,"  wore 
black  velvet  and  sable,  but  retained  her 
kindness  of  heart  and  love  f®r  her  hus- 
band. She  was  devoted  to  Bella  Wilfer, 
who  ultimately  became  the  wife  of  young 
John  Harmon,  alias  Rokesmith. — C. 
Dickens:  Our  Mutual  Friend  {1864). 

Bo'gio,  one  of  the  allies  of  Charle- 
magne. He  promised  his  wife  to  return 
within  six  months,  but  was  slain  by 
Dardi  nello.  — A  riosto  :  Or  Ian  do  Furioso 
(1516). 

Bo^le  S'windle  {The),  a  gigantic 
swindling  scheme,  concocted  at  Paris  by 
fourteen  sharpers,  who  expected  to  clear 
by  it  at  least  a  million  sterling.  This 
swindle  was  exposed  by  O'Reilly  in  the 
Times  newspaper,  and  the  corporation  of 
London  thanked  the  proprietors  of  that 
journal  for  their  public  services. 

Bo'gtis,  sham,  forged,  fraudulent,  as 
bogus  currency,  bogus  transactions;  said 
to'  be  a  corruption  of  Borghese,  a  swindler, 
who,  in  1837,  flooded  the  North  American 
States  with  counterfeit  bills,  bills  on 
fictitious  banks,  and  sham  mortgages.— 
Boston  Daily  Courier. 

(Some  think  the  word  a  corruption  of 
bogie ;  Lowell  suggests  the  French  word 
bagasse.  The  corresponding  French  term 
is  Passe  muscade.) 

Bolie'iuia,  any  locality  frequented  by 
jovu-nalists,  artists,  actors,  opera-singers, 
spouters,  and  other  similar  characters. 

Bohemian  {A),  a  gipsy,  from  the 
French  notion  that  the  first  gipsies  came 
from  Bohemia. 

A  Literary  BoJiemian,  an  author  of 
desultory  works  and  irregular  life. 

Never  was  there  an  editor  with  less  about  him  of  the 
literary  V,o\i&xi\3Xi..— Fortnightly  Review  ("Fasten 
Letters"). 

Bohemian  Literature,  desultory  read- 
ing. 

A  Bohemian  Life,  an  irregular,  wan- 
dering, restless  way  of  living,  like  that  of 
a  gipsy. 

Boliemond,  prince  of  Antioch,  a 
crusader. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Count  Robert 
of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Bois'gelin  {The  young  countess  de), 
introduced  in  the  ball  given  by  king  Rend 
at  Aix. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Anne  of  Geier- 
stein  (time,  Edward  IV,). 

Bois-€ruilbert  {Sir  Brian  dc),  a 
preceptor    of    the    Knights    Templars. 


He  offers  insult  to  Rebecca,  and  she 
threatens  to  cast  herself  from  the  battle- 
ments if  he  touches  her.  When  the  castle 
is  set  on  fire  by  the  sibyl,  sir  Brian  carries 
off  Rebecca  from  the  flames.  The  Grand- 
Master  of  the  Knights  Templars  charges 
Rebecca  with  sorcery,  and  she  demands  a 
trial  by  combat.  Sir  Brian  de  Bois-Guil- 
bert  is  appointed  to  sustain  the  charge 
against  her,  and  Ivanhoe  is  her  champion. 
Sir  Brian  being  found  dead  in  the  lists, 
Rebecca  is  declared  innocent. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Boisterer,  one  of  the  seven  attendants 
of  Fortu'nio.  His  gift  was  that  he  could 
overturn  a  windmill  with  his  breath,  and 
even  wreck  a  man-of-war. 

Fortunio  asked  him  what  he  was  doing.  "  I  am  blow- 
ings a  little,  sir,"  answered  he,  "  to  set  those  mills  a4 
worlc."  "But,"  said  the  knight,  "you  seem  too  fai 
off."  "On  the  contrary,"  replied  the  blower,  "  I  am 
too  near,  for  if  I  did  not  restrain  my  breath  I  should 
blow  the  mills  over,  and  perhaps  the  hill  too  on  which 
tliey  stand." — Comtcssc  D'Aulnoy  :  Fairy  Tales 
("  Fortunio,"  1682). 

Bold  Beaucliamp  [BeecA'-um],  a 
proverbial  phrase,  similar  to  "  an  Achilles," 
"  a  Hector,"  etc.  The  reference  is  to 
Thomas  de  Beauchamp,  earl  of  Warwick, 
who,  with  one  squire  and  six  archers, 
overthrew  a  hundred  armed  men  at 
Hogges,  in  Normandy,  in  1346. 

So  had  we  still  of  ours.  In  France  that  fajaous  were, 
Warwick,  of  England  then  high-constabk  that  was, 
...  So  hardy,  great  and  strong. 
That  after  of  that  name  it  to  an  adage  grew. 
If  any  man  himself  adventurous  happed  to  shew, 
"  Bold  Beauchamp  "  men  him  termed,  if  none  so  boJc) 
as  he. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xviiL  (1613J. 

IT  A  similar  story  is  told  of  the  captal 
de  Buch,  who,  with  forty  followers,  cleared 
Meaux  of  La  Jacquerie,  7000  of  whom  were 
either  slain  or  trampled  to  death  (1358). 

Bold  Stroke  for  a  Husband,  n 

comedy  by  Mrs.  Cowley.  There  are  two 
plots :  one  a  bold  stroke  to  get  the  man 
of  one's  choice  for  a  husband,  and  the 
other  a  bold  stroke  to  keep  a  husband. 
Olivia  de  Zuniga  fixed  her  heart  on  Julio 
de  Melesina,  and  refused  or  disgusted  all 
suitors  till  he  came  forward.  Donna 
Victoria,  in  order  to  keep  a  husband, 
disguised  herself  in  man's  apparel,  as- 
sumed the  name  of  Florio,  and  made  love 
as  a  man  to  her  husband's  mistress.  She 
contrived  by  an  artifice  to  get  back  an 
estate  which  don  Carlos  had  made  over 
to  his  mistress,  and  thus  saved  her  hus- 
band from  ruin  (1782). 

Bold   Stroke   for  a  Wife.    Old 

Lovely,  at  death,  left  his  daughter  Anne 
/"so.ooo,  but  with  this  proviso,  that  she 


BOLGA. 


133 


\  IS  to  forfeit  the  money  if  she  munied 
without  the  consent  of  her  guardians. 
Now,  her  guardians  were  four  in  number, 
and  their  characters  so  widely  different 
that  "they  never  agreed  on  any  one 
thing."  They  were  sir  Philip  Modelove, 
an  old  beau;  Mr.  Periwinkle,  a  silly 
virtuoso ;  Mr.  Tradelove,  a  broker  on 
'Change;  and  Mr.  Obadiah  Prim,  a  hypo- 
critical quaker.  Colonel  Feignwell  con- 
trived to  flatter  all  the  guardians  to  the 
lop  of  their  bent,  and  won  tlie  heiress. 
—Mrs.  Centlivre  (1717)- 

Bol'gfa,  the  southern  parts  of  IroJand, 
so  called  from  the  Fir-bolg  or  Belgae  of 
Britain,  who  settled  there.  Bolg  means  a 
**  quiver, "  and  Fir-bolg  means  ' '  bowmen. " 

The  chiefs  of  Bolga  crowd  round  the  shield  of 
generous  C^Wvaxox.—Ossian  :  Tetncra,  ii. 

Bolster,  a  famous  Wrath,  who  com- 
pelled St.  Agnes  to  gather  up  the  boulders 
which  infested  his  territory.  She  carried 
three  apronfuls  to  the  top  of  a  hill,  hence 
called  St.  Agnes'  Beacon.  (See  Wrath's 
Hole.  ) 

Bol'ton  [Stawarth),  an  English  officer 
in  The  Monastery,  a  novel  by  sir  W. 
Scott  (time,  Ehzabeth). 

Bolton  Ass.  This  creature  is  said 
to  have  chewed  tobacco  and  taken  snuff. 
— Dr.  Dor  an. 

Bomba  [King),  a  nickname  given  to 
Ferdinand  II.  of  Naples,  in  consequence 
of  his  cruel  bombardment  of  Messi'na  in 
1848.  His  son,  who  bombarded  Palermo 
in  i860,  is  called  BombalVno  ("Little 
Bomba"). 

A  young  Sicilian,  too,  was  there  .  ,  . 
\}Vho'\  being  rebellious  to  his  liege. 
After  Palermo's  fatal  siege. 
Across  the  western  seas  he  fled 
In  good  king  Bomba's  happy  reign. 
Lon£/eU<rw  :  The  IVayside  Inn  (prelude). 

Bombardinlan,  the  general  of  the 
forces  of  king  Chrononhotonthologos. 
He  invites  the  king  to  his  tent,  and  gives 
him  hashed  pork.  The  king  strikes  him, 
and  calls  him  traitor.  "Traitor,  in  thy 
teeth  !  "  replies  the  general.  They  fight, 
and  the  king  is  killed. — H.  Carey  :  Chro- 
nonhotonihologos  (a  burlesque,  1734). 

Bombastes  Furioso,  general  of 
Artaxam'inous  (king  of  Utopia).  He 
is  plighted  to  Distaffi'na,  but  Arta.x- 
aminous  promises  her  "  half-a-crown  "  if 
she  will  forsake  the  general  for  himself. 
"This  bright  reward  of  ever-daring 
minds  "  is  irresistible.  When  Bombastes 
sees  himself  flouted,  he  goes  mad,  and 


BONEY. 

hangs  his  boots  on  a  tree,  with  this  label 
duly  displayed — 

Who  dares  this  pair  of  boots  disptacs. 
Must  meet  Bombastes  face  to  face. 

The  king,  coming  up,  cuts  down  the  boots, 
and  Bombastes  "kills  him."  Fusbos, 
seeing  the  king  fallen,  "kills"  the  gene- 
ral ;  but  at  the  close  of  the  farce  the 
dead  men  rise  one  by  one,  and  join  the 
dance,  promising,  if  the  audience  hkes, 
"to  die  again  to-morrow." — Rhodes: 
Bombastes  Furioso  (1790). 

•.'  This  farce  is  a  travesty  of  Orlando 
Furioso,  and  "  Distaffina"  is  Angelica,  be- 
loved by  Orlando,  whom  she  flouted  for 
Medoro  a  young  Moor.  On  this  Orlando 
went  mad,  and  hung  up  his  armour  on  a 
tree,  with  this  distich  attached  thereto — 

Orlando's  arms  let  none  displace, 
But  such  who'll  meet  him  face  to  face. 

IT  In  The  Rehearsal,  by  the  duke  of 
Buckingham,  Bayes'  troops  are  killed, 
every  man  of  them,  by  Drawcansir,  but 
revive,  and  "  go  off  on  their  legs." 

Sec  the  translation  of  Don  Quixote,  by  C.  H.  Wilmot 
esq.,  u.  363  (1764). 

Bombastes  Furioso  {The  French), 
capitaine  Fracasse.  —  Thiophile  Gautier. 

Bombas't'as,  the  family  name  of  Pa- 
racelsus. He  is  said  to  have  kept  a  small 
devil  prisoner  in  the  pommel  of  his  sword. 

Bombastus  kept  a  devil's  bird 
Shut  in  the  pommel  of  his  sword, 
That  taught  him  all  the  cunning  pranks 
Of  past  and  future  mountebanks. 

5.  ButUr:  Hitdibras,  H.  3. 

'  Bon  Gaultier  Ballads,  parodies 
of  modern  poets,  by  W.  E.  Aytoun  and 
[sir]  Theodore  Martin  (1854). 

Bo'naparte's  Cancer.  Napoleon 
I.  and  HI.  suffered  from  an  internal 
cancer. 

I  .  .  .  would  much  rather  have  a  sound  digestion 
Than  Buonaparte's  cancer. 

Byron  :  Don  yuan,  ix.  14  (1821). 

Bonas'sus,  an  imaginary  wild  beast, 
which  the  Ettrick  shepherd  encoimtered. 
(The  Ettrick  shepherd  was  James  Hogg, 
the  Scotch  poet.) — Nodes  Afubrosiance 
(No.  xlviii,,  April,  1830). 

Bondman  [The),  a  tragedy  by 
Massinger  (1624).  The  hero  is  Pisander, 
and  the  heroine  Cleora. 

Bone-setter  [The),  Sarah  Mapp 
(died  1736). 

Bo'ney,  a  familiar  contradiction  of 
Bo'naparte  (3  syl.),  used  by  the  English 
in  the  early  part  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury by  way  of  depreciation.  Thus 
Thorn.  Moore  speaks  of  "  the  infidel 
Boney." 


BONHOMME. 


136 


Bonhomme  [Jacques),  a  peasant  who 
interferes  with  politics ;  hence  the  peasants' 
rebeUion  of  1358  was  called  La  Jacquerie. 
The  words  may  be  rendered  "Jimmy"  or 
"Johnny  Good  fellow." 

BONIFACE  [St.],  an  Anglo-Saxon 
whose  name  was  Winifrid  or  Winfrith, 
born  in  Devonshire.  He  was  made  arch- 
bishop of  Mayence  by  pope  Gregory  III., 
and  is  called  "TheApostl^of  the  Germans." 
St.  Boniface  was  murdered  in  Friesland 
by  some  peasants,  and  his  day  is  June  5 
(680-755). 

...  in  Friesland  first  St.  Boniface  our  best, 
Who  of  tlie  see  of  Mentz,  while  there  he  sat  possessed, 
At  Dockum  had  his  death,  by  faithless  Frisians  slain. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xxiv.  (1622). 

Bon'iface  [Father],  ex-abbot  of 
Kennaquhair.  lie  first  appeg.rs  under 
the  name  of  Blinkhoodie  in  the  character 
of  gardener  at  Kinross,  and  afterwards 
as  the  old  gardener  at  Dundrennan. 
[Ke7inaqiihair,  that  is,  "I  know  not 
where.")  — 5?>  W.  Scott:  The  Abbot 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Bon'iface  [The  abbot),  successor  of 
the  abbot  Ingelram,  as  Superior  of  St. 
Mary's  Convent.— 5z>  W.  Scott,  The 
Monastery  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Bon'iface,  landlord  of  the  inn  at  Lich- 
field, in  league  with  the  highwaymen. 
This  sleek,  jolly  publican  is  fond  of  the 
cant  phrase,  "as  the  saying  is."  Thus  : 
' '  Does  your  master  stay  in  town,  as  the 
saying  is?"  "  So  well,  as  the  saying  is, 
I  could  wish  we  had  more  of  them." 
' '  I'm  old  Will  Boniface ;  pretty  well 
known  upon  this  road,  as  the  saying  is." 
He  had  lived  at  Lichfield  "  man  and  boy 
above  eight  and  fifty  years,  and  not  con- 
sumed eight  and  fifty  ounces  of  meat." 
He  says— 

"  I  have  fed  purely  upon  ale.  I  have  eat  my  ale, 
drank  my  ale,  and  I  always  sleep  upon  my  ale." — 
Farquhar  :   The  Beaux'  Stratagem,  i.  i  (1707). 

• .  •  Hence  Boniface  has  become  a 
common  term  for  a  publican. 

Bonne  Beine,  Claude  de  France, 
daughter  of  Louis  XII.  and  wife  of 
Fran9ois  I.  (1499-1524). 

Bonnet  [Je  parte  i  mon),  "  I  am 
talking  to  myself." 

Harpas^on.  Aquituparle? 

La  Piece.  Je  parle  &  men  bonnet. 

MolUre:  L'Avare,  I  3  (1667). 

Bonnet  Rouge,  a  red  republican, 
so  called  from  the  red  cap  of  liberty 
which  he  wore. 

Bonnivard  [Francois  de),  the 
prisoner  of  Chillon,  in  Byron's  poem.    He 


BOOBY 

was  one  of  six  brothers,  five  of  whona 
died  violent  deaths.  The  father  and  two 
sons  died  on  the  battle-field ;  one  was 
burnt  at  the  stake ;  three  were  imprisoned 
in  the  dungeon  of  Chillon,  near  the  lake 
of  Geneva.  Two  of  the  three  died,  and 
Franpois  was  set  at  liberty  by  Henri  the 
Bearnais.  They  were  incarcerated  by 
the  duke-bishop  of  Savoy  for  republican 
principles  (1496-1570). 

Bonstet'tin  [Nicholas),  the  old 
deputy  of  Schwitz,  and  one  of  the  depu- 
ties of  the  Swiss  confederacy  to  Charles 
duke  of  Burgundy. — Sir  IV.  Scott :  Anne 
of  Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Bon'temps  [Roger),  the  personi- 
fication of  that  buoyant  spirit  which  is 
always  "  incHned  to  hope  rather  than 
fear,"  and  in  the  very  midnight  of  dis- 
tress is  ready  to  exclaim,  "There's a  good 
time  coming  :  wait  a  httle  longer."  Th.e 
character  is  the  creation  of  B^ranger. 

Vous,  pauvres  pleins  d'envie, 

Vous,  riches  ddsireux ; 
Vous,  dont  le  char  ddvie 

Apres  un  cours  heureux ; 
Vous,  qui  perdrez  peut-etre 

Des  titres  iclatans, 
Eh  gai !  prenez  pour  maitro 

Le  gros  Roger  Bontemps. 

iieranzer  (i8i4>. 

Bon'tliron  [Anthony),  one  of  Ra- 
morny's  followers  ;  employed  to  murder 
Smith,  the  lover  of  Catherine  Glover 
("the  fair  maid  of  Perth  "),  but  he  mur- 
dered Oliver  instead,  by  mistake.  When 
charged  with  the  crime,  he  demanded  a 
trial  by  combat,  and  being  defeated  by 
Smith,  confessed  his  guilt  and  was  hanged. 
He  was  restored  to  life,  but  being  again 
apprehended,  was  executed. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Fair  Maid  of 'Perth  (time,  Henry 
IV.). 

Bon  Ton,  a  farce  by  Garrick.  Its 
design  is  to  show  the  evil  effects  of  the 
introduction  of  foreign  morals  and  foreign 
manners.  Lord  Minikin  neglects  his  wife, 
and  flirts  with  Miss  Tittup.  Lady  Mini- 
kin hates  her  husband,  and  flirts  with 
colonel  Tivy.  Miss  Tittup  is  engaged  to 
the  colonel.  Sir  John  Trotley,  who  does 
not  understand  ban  ton,  thinks  this  sort 
of  flirtation  very  objectionable.  "You'll 
excuse  me,  for  such  old-fashioned  notions, 
1  am  sure"  (1760). 

BooTay  [Lady),  a  vulgar  upstart,  who 
tries  to  seduce  her  footman,  Joseph 
Andrews.  Parson  Adams  reproves  her 
for  laughing  in  church.  Lady  Booby  is 
a  caricature  of  Richardson's  "  Pamgla." 
— Fielding:  Joseph  Andrews  (1742). 


DOOK  OF  MARTYRS. 

Book  of  Martyrs  (The),  by  John 
Fox  (1562).  Also  called  the  Acts  and 
Monuments. 

Books  ( The  Battle  of  the).  (See  Dic- 
tionary 0/  Phrase  and  Fable,  p.  103.) 

Books  [Enormous  prices  given  for 
rare).  The  highest  price  ever  given  was 
^^3990  for  a  copy  in  vellum  of  the 
Mazarine  Bible.  Another  copy  was 
bought  by  Lord  Ashburnham,  at  Parker's 
sale,  in  1873,  for  ^^3400.  Mr.  Quaritch, 
the  bookseller,  gave  ;^2ooo  for  one  on 
paper  in  1887  ;  and  one,  slightly  damaged, 
fetched  ^2000  in  1889. 

At  the  auction  of  the  duke  of  Roxburgh, 
Caxton's  first  book,  called  Recuyell  of  the 
Hisforyes  of  Troye,  fetched  ;^iooo ;  and 
a  first  edition  of  Boccaccio's  Decameron 
fetched  £'2100. 

Boone  (i  syl.),  colonel  [afterwards 
"  general  "]  Daniel  Boone,  in  the  United 
States  service,  was  one  of  the  earliest 
settlers  in  Kentucky,  where  he  signalized 
himself  by  many  daring  exploits  against 
the  Red  Indians  (1735-1820). 

f  )f  all  men,  s.iving  Sylla  the  man-slayer  .  .  . 

The  general  Boone,  the  back-woodsman  of  Kentucky, 

Was  happiest  amongst  mortals  anywhere,  etc. 

Byron  :  Don  yuan,  viii.  61-65  (1821). 

Booshallocll  (IVeil),  cowherd  to 
Ian  Eachin  MTan,  chief  of  the  clan 
Quhele.—Sir  W.  Scott:  Fair  Maid  of 
Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Boo'tes  (3  syl),  Areas  son  of  Jupiter 
and  Calisto.  One  day  his  mother,  in  the 
semblance  of  a  bear,  met  him,  and  Areas 
was  on  the  point  of  killing  it,  when 
Jiipiter,  to  prevent  the  murder,  converted 
him  into  a  constellation,  either  Booth  or 
Ursa  Major. — Pausanias  :  Itinerary  of 
Greece,  viii.  4. 

Doth  not  Orion  worth'dy  deserve 
A  higher  place  .  .  . 

Than  frail  Booths,  who  was  placed  above 
Only  because  the  gods  did  else  foresee 
He  should  the  murderer  of  his  mother  be? 
Lord  Brooke  :  Of  Nobility. 

Booth,  husband  of  Amelia.  Said  to 
be  a  drawing  of  the  author's  own  character 
and  experiences.  He  has  all  the  vices  of 
Tom  Jones,  with  an  additional  share  of 
meanness. — Fielding:  Amelia  (1751). 

Boots   of  tlie   Holly-tree  Znu. 

(See  Cobb.) 

Boraclx'io,  a  follower  of  don  John 
of  Aragon.  He  is  a  great  villain,  en- 
gaged to  Margaret,  the  waiting-woman  of 
Hero. — Shakespeare:  Much  Ado  about 
Nothing  [\6oo). 


137  BORE. 

Boi'ach'io,  a  drunkard.  (Spanish, 
bor radio,  "drunk;"  borrachuilo,  "a 
tippler.") 

'•  Why,  you  stink  of  wine  I  Dye  think  my  niece  will 
ever  endure  such  a  borachioT  Von  are  an  absolute 
\iOx;^c\\\o."—CoHgrcve:  The  H^'ay  oj  the  irorlJ  (ijoo). 

Borachio  {Joseph),  landlord  of  tlie 
Eagle  hotel,  in  Salamanca. — Jephson  : 
Tzvo  Strings  to  your  Bow  (1792). 

Bor'ak  [A I),  the  animal  brought  by 
Gabriel  to  convey  Mahomet  to  the  seventh 
heaven.  The  word  means  "lightning." 
Al  Borak  had  the  face  of  a  man,  but  the 
cheeks  of  a  horse ;  its  eyes  were  like 
jacinths,  but  brilliant  as  the  stars  ;  it  had 
eagle's  wings,  glistened  all  over  with 
radiant  light,  and  spoke  with  a  human 
voice.  This  was  one  of  the  ten  animals 
(not  of  the  race  of  man)  received  into 
paradise.     (See  Animals,  p.  45.) 

Borak  was  a  fine-limbed,  high-standing  horse,  strong 
in  frame,  and  with  a  coat  as  glossy  as  marble.  His 
colour  was  saffron,  with  one  hair  of  gold  for  every 
three  of  tawny ;  his  ears  were  restless  and  pointed  lilte 
a  reed  ;  his  eyes  large  and  full  of  fire  ;  his  nostrils  wide 
and  steaming  ;  he  had  a  white  star  on  his  forehead,  a 
neck  gracefully  arched,  a  mane  soft  and  silky,  and  a 
thick  tail  that  swept  the  grouad.—Crofiiemitaine,  ii.  9. 

Borax,  Nosa,  or  Crapon'dinus, 

a  stone  extracted  from  a  toad.  It  is  the 
antidote  of  poison. — Mirror  of  Stones. 

.  .  .  the  toad,  ug!^  and  venomous, 
Wears  yet  a  precious  jewel  in  his  head. 
Shakespeare :  As  you  Like  It,  act  ii.  sc.  i  (1600). 

Border  Minstrel  ( The),  sir  Walter 
Scott  (1771-1832). 

My  steps  the  Border  Minstrel  led. 

lyordsTuorlh  :  Yarrow  Revisited. 

Border  States  (of  North  America) : 
Delaware,  Maryland,  Virginia,  Ken- 
tucky, and  Missouri.  So  called  because 
they  bordered  upon  the  line  of  Free  States 
and  Slave-holding  States.  The  term  is 
now  an  anachronism. 

Border-thief     School    {The),    a 

term  applied  by  Thomas  Carlyle,  in  his 
Sartor Resartus,  to  sirW.  Scott  and  others, 
who  celebrated  the  achievements  of  free- 
booters, etc.,  like  Rob  Roy.  Defoe  and 
Ainsworth  made  Jack  Sheppard  such  a 
hero.  Dick  Turpin  and  Cartouche  belong 
to  the  same  school,  as  also  Robin  Hood  and 
other  outlaws.  (Sec  Pic  aresco  School.) 

Bore  (i  syl.),  a  tidal  wave.  The 
largest  are  those  of  the  Ganges  (espe- 
cially the  Hooghly  branch),  Brahmaputra, 
and  Indus.  In  Great  Britain,  the  Severn, 
Trent,  Wye,  Solway,  the  Dee  in  Cheshire, 
Clyde,  Dornoch  Frith,  and  Lune.  That 
of  the  Trent  is  called  the  "  Eager  : "  evi- 
dently derived  from  the  Norse  word 
Aegir  (the  God  of  Storms). 


BOREAa 


138 


BORS. 


Bo'reas,  the  north  wind.  lie  lived  in 
a  cave  on  mount  Haemus,  in  Tlarace. 

Cease,  rude  Boreas,  blustering  railer. 

G.  A.  Stephens:  The  Shipwreck. 

Bor'i^ia  {Lucrezia  di),  duchess  of  Fer- 
ra'ra,  vv^ife  of  don  Alfonso.  Her  natural 
son  Genna'ro  was  brought  up  by  a  fisher- 
man in  Naples ;  but  when  he  grew  to 
manhood  a  stranger  gave  him  a  paper 
from  his  mother,  announcing  to  him  that 
he  was  of  noble  blood,  but  concealing  his 
name  and  family.  He  saved  the  life  of 
Orsi'ni  in  the  battle  of  Rim'ini,  and  they 
became  sworn  friends.  In  Venice  he  was 
introduced  to  a  party  of  nobles,  all  of  whom 
had  some  tale  to  tell  against  Lucrezia : 
Orsini  told  him  she  had  murdered  her 
own  brother  ;  ViteUi,  that  she  had  caused 
his  uncle  to  be  slain  ;  Liverotto,  that  she 
had  poisoned  his  uncle  Appia'no ;  Gazella, 
that  she  had  caused  one  of  his  relatives 
to  be  drowned  in  the  Tiber.  Indignant  at 
these  acts  of  wickedness,  Gennaro  struck 
off  the  "  B  "  from  the  escutcheon  of  the 
duke's  palace  at  Ferrara,  changing  the 
name  Borgia  into  Orgia.  Lucrezia  prayed 
the  duke  to  put  to  death  the  man  who  had 
thus  insulted  their  noble  house,  and  Gen- 
naro was  condemned  to  death  by  poison. 
Lucrezia,  to  save  him,  gave  him  an  anti- 
dote, and  let  him  out  of  prison  by  a  secret 
door.  Soon  after  his  liberation  the  princess 
Negroni,  a  friend  of  the  Borgias,  gave  a 
grand  supper,  to  which  Gennaro  and  his 
companions  were  invited.  At  the  close  of 
the  banquet  they  were  all  arrested  by 
Lucrezia,  after  having  drunk  poisoned 
wine.  Gennaro  was  told  he  was  the  son 
of  Lucrezia,  and  died.  Lucrezia  no  sooner 
saw  him  die  than  she  died  also. — Doni- 
zetti: Lucrezia  di  Borgia  (an  opera,  1835). 

Born  at  Sea.  All  persons  born  at 
sea  are  registered  in  the  parish  of  Stepney, 
a  borough  of  the  Tower  Hamlets. 

Borougfh  [The),  in  ten-syllable  verse 
with  rhymes,  in  twenty-four  letters,  by 
George  Crabbe  (1810). 

Bor'ougllcliiF  {Captain),  a  vulgar 
Yankee,  boastful,  conceited,  and  slangy. 
"I  guess,"  "I  reckon,"  "I  calculate," 
are  used  indifferently  by  him,  and  he 
perpetually  appeals  to  sergeant  Drill  to 
confirm  his  boastful  assertions  :  as,  "  I'm 
a  pretty  considerable  favourite  with  the 
ladies;  aren't  I,  sergeant  Drill?"  "My 
character  for  valour  is  pretty  well  known  ; 
isn't  it,  sergeant  Drill?"  "If  you  once 
saw  me  in  battle,  you'd  never  forget  it ; 
would  he,  sergeant  Drill? "  "I'm  a  sort  of 
a  kind  of  a  nonentity ;  aren't  I,  sergeant 


Drill?"  etc.  He  is  made  the  butt  of 
Long  Tom  Coffin.  Colonel  Howard 
wishes  him  to  marry  his  niece  Katharine, 
but  the  young  lady  has  given  her  heart  to 
lieutenant  Barnstaple,  who  turns  out  to 
be  the  colonel's  son.— ^.  Fitzball :  The 
Pilot.    (See  John  Blount,  p.  130.) 

Borre  (i  syl.),  natural  son  of  king 
Arthur,  and  one  of  the  knights  of  the 
Round  Table.  His  mother  was  Lyo- 
nors,  an  earl's  daughter,  who  came  to 
do  homage  to  the  young  king. — Sir  T. 
Malory  :  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  15 
(1470). 

• .  •  Sir  Bors  de  Ganis  is  quite  another 
person,  and  so  is  king  Bors  of  Gaul. 

Borrioboola  Glia,  in  Africa.  (See 
Jellybv,  Mrs.) 

Borro'meo  [Charles),  cardinal  and 
archbishop  of  Milan.  Immortalized  by 
his  self-devotion  in  ministering  at  Mil'an 
to  the  plague-stricken  (1538-1584). 

IF  St.  Roche,  who  died  1327,  devoted 
himself  in  a  similar  manner  to  those 
stricken  with  the  plague  at  Piacenza  ;  and 
Mompesson  to  the  people  of  Eyam.  In 
1720-22  H.  Francis  Xavier  de  Belsunce 
was  indefatigable  in  ministering  to  the 
plague-stricken  of  Marseilles. 

Borrowingf.  Who  goeth  a-borrowing, 
goeth  a-sorrowing. —  Tusser:  Five  Hun- 
dred Points  of  Good  Husbandry,  xv.'  8 
and  again  xlii.  6  (1557). 

Bors  {King)  of  Gaul ,  brother  of  kin.s; 
Ban  of  Benwicke  [  ?  Brittany].  They 
went  to  the  aid  of  prince  Arthur  when 
he  was  first  estabhshed  on  the  British 
throne,  and  Arthur  promised  in  return  to 
aid  them  against  king  Claudas,  "a  mighty 
man  of  men,"  who  warred  against  them. 
— Sir  T.  Malory:  History  of  Prince 
Arthur  (1470). 

There  are  two  bretliren  beyond  the  sea,  and  tliey 
kings  both  .  .  .  the  one  hight  king  Ban  of  Benwicke, 
and  the  other  hight  king  Bors  of  Gaul,  that  is,  France. 
-Pt.  i.  8. 

(Sir  Bors  was  of  Ganis,  that  is,  Wales, 
and  was  a  knight  of  the  Round  Table. 
So  also  was  Borre  (natural  son  of  prince 
Arthur),  sometimes  called  sir  Bors.) 

Bors  {Sir),  called  sir  Bors  de  Ganis, 
brother  of  sir  Lionell  and  nephew  of  sir 
Launcelot.  "  For  all  women  was  he  a 
virgin,  save  for  one,  the  daughter  of 
king .  Brandeg'oris,  on  whom  he  had  a 
child,  hight  Elaine ;  save  for  her,  sir 
Bors  was  a  clean  maid  "  (ch.  iv.).  When 
he  went  to  Corbin,  and  saw  Galahad  the 
son  of  sir  Launcelot  and  Elaine  (daughter 
of  king  Pelles),  he  prayed  that  the  child 


BORTELL. 


X39 


BOTHWELL 


might  prove  as  good  a  knight  as  his 
father,  and  instantly  a  vision  of  the  holy 
greal  was  vouchsafed  him  ;  for — 

There  came  a  white  dove,  bearing  a  little  censer  of 

fold  in  her  bill  .  .  .  and  a  maiden  that  bear  the 
ancgrcall,  and  she  said,  "  Wit  ye  well,  sir  Bors,  that 
this  child  .  .  .  shall  achieve  the  Sancgreall "...  th»Mi 
they  kneeled  down  .  .  .  and  there  was  such  a  savour 
as  all  the  spicery  in  the  world  had  been  there.  And 
when  the  dove  took  her  flight,  the  maiden  vanished 
away  with  the  Sancgreall.— Pt.  iii.  4. 

*.•  Sir  Bors  was  with  sir  Galahad  and 
sir  Percival  when  the  consecrated  wafer 
assumed  the  visible  and  bodily  appearance 
of  the  Saviour.  And  this  is  what  is 
meant  by  "  achieving  the  holy  greal ;  "  for 
when  th6y  partook  of  the  wafer  their 
eyes  saw  the  Saviour  enter  it. — Sir  T. 
Malory:  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  iii. 
loi,  102  (1470). 

N.B. — This  sir  Bors  must  not  be  con- 
founded with  sir  Borre,  a  natural  son  of 
king  Arthur  and  Lyonors  (daughter  of 
the  earl  Sanam,  pt.  i.  15),  nor  yet  with 
king  Bors  of  Gaul,  i.e.  France  (pt.  i.  8). 

Bortell,  the  bull,  in  the  beast-epic 
called  Reynard  the  Fox  (1498). 

Bos'can-[Almoga'va],  a  Spanish 
poet  of  Barcelona  (1500-1543).  His 
poems  are  generally  bound  up  with  those 
of  Garcilasso.  They  introduced  the  Italian 
style  into  Castilian  poetry. 

Sometimes  lie  turned  to  gaze  upon  his  book, 
Boscan,  or  Garcilasso. 

Bryon  :  Don  yuan,  i.  93  (1819). 

Boscobel,  or  the  preservation  and 
escape  of  Charles  II.  after  the  battle  of 
Worcester.  J.  Blount  (?)  professes  his 
account  to  be  a  truthful  narrative.  Ains- 
worth  wrote  a  novel  called  Boscobel,  or 
The  Royal  Oak  {\Zt2). 

Sir  W.  Scott's  Woodstock  contains  an 
account  of  the  escape  of  Charles  II.  after 
the  battle  of  Worcester,  and  carries  on 
the  romance  to  the  death  of  Cromwell, 
the  return  of  the  king,  and  his  death. 

Boscobel  Tracts  {The\  relative  to 
the  hairbreadth  escapes  of  Charles  II.  in 
the  forty  days  between  the  battle  of  Wor- 
cester and  his  escape  to  France.  Dr. 
Copleston,  bishop  of  Llandaff,  wrote  the 
Introduction  (1827). 

Bosmi'na,  daughter  of  Fingal  king 
of  Morven  (north-west  coast  of  Scotland). 
—Ossian. 

Boss,  of  Arthurian  legend,  is  Boscastle, 
in  Cornwall,  on  the  Bristol  Channel. 
Bude  is  also  in  Cornwall,  on  the  Bristol 
Channel. 

When  the  long  wave  broke 
All  down  the  thundering  shores  of  Bude  and  Boss. 
Tittu^son ;  Idylls  o/the  Kin^, 


Bossu  {R^n^  le),  French  scholar  and 
critic  (1631-1680). 

And  for  the  epic  poem  your  lordship  bade  me  look 
at,  upon  taking  the  length,  breadth,  height,  and  depth 
of  it,  and  trying  them  at  home  upon  an  exact  scale  of 
Bossu 's,  'tis  out,  my  lord,  in  every  one  of  its  dimensions. 
—Siente  (1768). 

(I  think  Sterne  means  the  Abb^  Bossut, 
the  mathematician.  His  critic  tried  the 
book  on  its  "length,  breadth,  height,  and 
depth ;  "  or  perhaps  he  wishes  to  confound 
the  two  authors.) 

Bossut  {Abbi  Charles),  a  celebrated 
mathematician  (1730-1814). 

(Sir  Richard  Phillips  assumed  a  host 
of  popular  names,  amongst  others  that  of 
M.  I'Abbi  Bossut  in  several  educational 
works  in  French. ) 

Bosta'xia,  one  of  the  two  daughters 
of  the  old  man  who  entrapped  prince 
Assad  in  order  to  offer  him  in  sacrifice 
on  "the  fiery  mountain."  His  other 
daughter  was  named  Cava'ma.  The  old 
man  enjoined  these  two  daughters  to 
scourge  the  prince  daily  with  the  bas- 
tinado, and  feed  him  with  bread  and 
water  till  the  day  of  sacrifice  arrived. 
After  a  time,  the  heart  of  Bostana  soft- 
ened towards  her  captive,  and  she  re- 
leased him.  Whereupon  his  brother 
Amgiad,  out  of  gratitude,  made  her  his 
wife,  and  became  in  time  king  of  the  city 
in  which  he  was  already  vizier. — Arabian 
Nights  ("Amgiad  and  Assad "). 

Bostock,  a  coxcomb,  cracked  on  the 
point  of  aristocracy  and  family  birth. 
His  one  and  only  inquiry  is,  "  How  many 
quarterings  has  a  person  got  ?  "  Descent 
from  the  nobihty  with  him  covers  a 
multitude  of  sins,  and  a  man  is  no  one, 
whatever  his  personal  merit,  who  "is 
not  a  sprig  of  the  nobihty." — J.  Shirley  : 
The  Ball  (1642). 

Bosworth  Field,  an  historical  poem 
in  heroic  couplets,  by  sir  J.  Beaumont 
(1629), 

Botanic  Garden  {The),  a  poem  in 
two  parts,  by  Dr.  Erasmus  Darwin,  with 
scientific  and  other  notes  (1791). 

Bot'any  [[Father  of  English),  W. 
Turner,  M.D.  (1520-1568). 

J.  P.  de  Tournefort  is  called  The  Father 
of  Botany  (1656-1708). 

(Anthony  de  Jussieu  hved  1686-1758, 
and  his  brother  Bernard  1699-1777.) 

Botany-Bay  Eclogues,  by  Southey 

(1794)- 

Bothwell  {Sergeant),    alias    Francis 


BOTHWELL. 


X40 


EOUSTRAPA. 


Stewart,  in  the  royal  army. — Sir  IV. 
Scoti:  Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Botliwell  [Lady),  sister  of  lady 
Forester. 

Sir  Geoffrey  Both-well,  the  husband  of 
lady  Bothwell. 

Mrs.  Margaret  Bothwell,  in  the  intro- 
duction of  the  story.  Aunt  Margaret  pro- 
posed to  use  Mrs.  Margaret's  tombstone 
for  her  own. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Aunt  Mar- 
garet's Mirror  [^\vciQ,  William  III.). 

Bothwell,  a  novel  by  James  Grant 
(1851) ;  an  historic  tale  in  verse  by  Ay- 
toun  (1856);  a  tragedy  by  Swinburne 
(1874).  Of  course,  all  these  are  of  the 
days  of  Mary  queen  of  Scots. 

Bottled  Beer,  Alexander  Nowell, 
author  of  a  celebrated  Latin  catechism 
which  first  appeared  in  1570,  under  the 
title  of  ChristiancB  pietatis  prima  Insti- 
tutio,  ad  usum  Scholarum  Latine  Scripta, 
In  1560  he  was  promoted  to  the  deanery 
of  St.  Paul's  {xso7-i6o2).  —  Fuller : 
Worthies  of  England  ("  Lancashire  "). 

Bottom  [Nick),  an  Athenian  weaver, 
a  compound  of  profound  ignorance  and 
imbounded  conceit,  not  v.'ithout  good 
nature  and  a  fair  dash  of  mother-wit. 
When  the  play  of  Piramus  and  Thisbe 
is  cast,  Bottom  covets  every  part ;  the 
lion,  ThisbS,  Pyrimus,  all  have  charms 
for  him.  In  order  to  punish  Titan 'ia,  the 
fairy-king  made  her  dote  on  Master 
Bottom,  on  whom  Puck  had  placed  an 
ass's  head. — Shakespeare:  Midsummer 
Night's  Dream  (1592). 

When  Goldsmith,  jealous  of  the  attention  which  a 
dancing  monkey  attracted  in  a  coffee-house,  said,  "  I 
can  do  that  as  well,"  and  was  about  to  attempt  it,  he 
was  but  playing  -'  Bottom."— /J.  G.  IVhite. 

Bottomless  Pit  [The),  a  ludicrous 
sobriquet  of  William  Pitt,  who  was  re- 
markably thin  {1759-1806). 

Boubekir'  Muez'in,  of  Bagdad,  "  a 
vain,  proud,  and  envious  iman,  who  hated 
the  rich  because  he  himself  was  poor." 
When  prince  Zeyn  Alasnam  came  to  the 
city,  he  told  the  people  to  beware  of  him, 
for  probably  he  was  "  some  thief  who  had 
made  himself  rich  by  plunder."  The 
prince's  attendant  called  on  him,  put  into 
his  hand  a  purse  of  gold,  and  requested 
the  honour  of  his  acquaintance.  Next 
day,  after  morning  prayers,  the  iman  said 
to  the  people,  "I  find,  my  brethren,  that 
the  stranger  who  is  come  to  Bagdad  is 
a  young  prince  possessed  of  a  thousand 
virtues,  and  worthy  the  love  of  all  men. 
Let  us  protect  him,  and  rejoice  that  he 


has  come  among  us." — Arabian  Nights 
("  Prince  Zeyn  Alasnam  "). 

Boucliard  [Sir).    (See  Bertulpiie.) 

Bou'illon  [Godfrey  duke  of),  a 
crusader  (1058-1100),  introduced  in  Count 
Robert  of  Paris,  a  novel  by  sir  W.  Scott 
(time,  Rufus). 

Bounce  [Mr.  T.),  a  nickname  given 
in  1837  to  T.  Barnes,  editor  of  the  Times 
(or  the  Turnabout,  as  it  was  called). 

Pope's  dog  was  called  "  Bounce."    (See  DOG.) 

Bouxtd'erby  [Josiah),  of  Coketown, 
banker  and  mill-owner,  the  "  Bully  of 
Humility,"  a  big,  loud  man,  with  an  iron 
stare  and  metallic  laugh.  Mr.  Bounderby 
is  the  son  of  Mrs.  Pegler,  an  old  woman 
to  whom  he  pays  ^30  a  year  to  keep  out 
of  sight,  and  in  a  boasting  way  he  pre- 
tends that  "  he  was  dragged  up  from  the 
gutter  to  become  a  millionaire."  Mr. 
Bounderby  marries  Louisa,  daughter  of 
his  neighbour  and  friend,  Thomas  Grad- 
grind,  Esq.,  M.P. — Dickens:  Hard 
Times  (1854). 

Bountiful  [Lady),  widow  of  sir 
Charles  Bountiful.  Her  delight  was 
curing  the  parish  sick  and  relieving  the 
indigent. 

My  lady  Bountiful  is  one  of  the  best  of  women.  Her 
late  husband,  sir  Charles  Bountiful,  left  her  with  ;^iooo 
a  year ;  and  I  believe  she  lays  out  one-half  on't  in 
charitable  uses  for  the  good  of  her  neighbours.  Irk 
short,  she  has  cured  more  people  in  and  about  IJchfield 
within  ten  years  than  the  doctors  have  killed  in 
twenty;  and  that's  a  bold  word. — Farquhar :  The 
Beaicx'  Stratagem,  i.  i  (1705). 

Bounty  [Muti?iy  of  the),  in  1790, 
headed  by  Fletcher  Christian.  "The 
mutineers  finally  settled  in  Pitcairn 
Island  (Polynesian  Archipelago).  In 
1808  all  the  mutineers  were  dead  except 
one  (Alexander  Smith),  who  had  changed 
his  name  to  John  Adams,  and  became  a 
model  patriarch  of  the  colony,  which  was 
taken  under  the  protection  of  the  British 
Government  in  1839.  [Adams  died  1829, 
aged  65.]  Lord  Byron,  in  The  Island, 
has  made  the  "mutiny  of  the  Bounty  " 
the  basis  of  his  tale,  but  the  facts  are 
greatly  distorted. 

In  Notes  and  Queries,  January  lo,  1880,  is  given  a 
list,  etc.,  of  all  the  crew.    Corrected,  etc.,  January  31. 

Bous'trapa,  a  nickname  given  to 
Napoleon  III.  It  is  compounded  of  the 
first  syllables  of  Boulogne],  .S'/ra[sbourg], 
/'rt[ris]  ;  and  alludes  to  his  escapades  in 
1840,  1836,  1851  [coup  ddtat). 

(No  man  ever  lived  who  was  dis- 
tinguished by  more  nicknames  than  Louts 
Napoleon.  Beside  the  one  above  men- 
tioned, be  was  called  Badinguet,  Man  oj 


BOW  CHURCH. 


141 


Decemler,  Man  of  Sedan,  Raiipol,  Man 
of  Silence,  Verhucl,  etc.;  and  after  his 
escape  from  the  fortress  of  Ham  he  called 
himself  le  count  Arenenberg. ) 

Bow  Churcli  (London).  Stow  gives 
two  derivations:  (i)  He  says  it  was  so 
called  because  it  was  the  first  church  in 
London  built  on  arches.  This  is  the 
derivation  most  usually  accepted.  (2)  He 
says  also  it  took  its  name  from  certain 
stone  arches  supporting  a  lantern  on  the 
top  of  the  lower. 

Bower  of  Bliss,  a  garden  belonging 
to  the  enchantress  Arnii'da.  It  abounded 
in  everything  that  could  contribute  to 
earthly  pleasure.  Here  Rinal'do  spent 
some  time  in  love-passages  with  Armi'da, 
but  he  ultimately  broke  from  the  enchan- 
tress and  rejoined  ihaviax.—Tasso  :  Je- 
rusalem Delivered  (1575). 

Bower  of  Bliss,  the  residence  of  the 
witch  Acras'ia,  a  beautiful  and  most  fasci- 
nating woman.  This  lovely  garden  was 
situated  on  a  floating  island  filled  with 
everything  which  could  conduce  to  enchant 
the  senses,  and  "wrap  the  spirit  in  for- 
getfulness."— 5/^«j^r.-  Faerie  Qucene,  ii. 
12(1590). 

Bowkit,  in  The  Son-in-Law. 

In  the  scene  where  Cranky  declines  to  accept  Bowkit 
as  son-in-law  on  account  of  his  Uijliness,  John  Edwin, 
who  was  playing  "  Bowkit  "  at  the  Haymarket,  uttered 
in  a  tone  of  surprise,  "  UglyV  and  then  advancing  to 
the  lamps,  said  with  infinite  impertinence,  "I  submit 
to  the  decision  of  the  British  public  which  is  the  ugliest 
of  us  three :  I,  old  Cranky,  or  that  gentleman  there 
In  the  front  row  of  the  balcony  \>oxV'—CornhiU 
Magazine  (1867). 

Bowley  {Sir  Joseph),  M.P.,  who  face- 
tiously called  himself  "the  poor  man's 
friend. "  His  secretary  is  Y\s\\.— Dickens  : 
The  Chimes  {1844). 

Bowlingf  {Lieufena?it  Tain'),  an  ad- 
mirable naval  character  in  Smollett's 
Roderick  Random.  Dibdin  wrote  a  naval 
song  in  memoricm  of  Tom  Bowling,  be- 
ginning thus — 

Here  a  sheer  hulk  lies  poor  Tom  Bowling, 
The  darling  of  the  crew  .  .  . 

Bowyer  [Master],  usher  of  the  black 
rod  in  the  court  of  queen  Elizabeth. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  Ketiilworih  {\.\mQ,  Elizabeth). 

Bowzybe'us  {4  J>'^-).  the  drunhard, 
r.oted  for  his  songs  in  Gay's  pastorals, 
called  The  Shepherds  Week,  He  sang  of 
"Nature's  Laws,"  of  "  Fairs  and  Shows," 
"The  Children  in  the  Wood,"  "Chevy 
Chase,"  "Taffey  Welsh,"  "Rosamond's 
Bower,"  "  Lilly-buUero,"  etc.  The  6th 
pastoral  is  in  imitation   of  Virgil's  6lh 


BOY  CRUCIFIED. 

Bucolic,    and  Bowzybtius  is  a  vulgarized 

SilC'nus. 

That  Bowzybcus,  who  with  Jocund  tongue. 
Ballads,  and  roundelays,  and  catches  sun?. 

Gay:  Pastoral,  vi.  (1714^. 

Box  and  Cox,  a  farce  by  J.  M. 
Morton,  the  principal  characters  of  which 
are  Box  and  Cox. 

Boy  and  the  Mantle  ( The),  a  ballad 
in  Percy's  Reliques.  It  tells  us  how  a  boy 
entered  the  court  of  king  Arthur  while 
he  was  keeping  his  Christmas  feast  at 
"  Carleile,"  and,  producing  a  mantle,  said 
no  lady  who  was  not  leal  and  chaste 
could  put  it  on.  Queen  Guenever  tried, 
but  utterly  failed,  and  only  Cradock's 
wife  succeeded.  He  then  drew  his  wand 
across  a  head  of  brawn,  and  said  no 
cuckold  knight  could  cut  it.  Sir  Cradock 
only  succeeded.  Lastly,  he  drew  forth 
a  gold  cup,  and  said  no  cuckold  could 
drink  therefrom.  Here  again  sir  Cradock 
alone  of  all  the  company  contrived  to 
drink  from  that  cup.  So  sir  Cradock 
became  possessed  of  the  mantle,  the 
brawn's  head,  and  the^  golden  drink 
ing-cup. 

Boy  Archbishop  ( The).  A  child  of 
only  five  years  old  was  made  archbishop  of 
Rheims.  The  see  of  Narbonne  was  pur- 
chased for  a  boy  of  ten.  Pope  Benedict 
IX.  is  said  to  have  been  only  twelve  when 
he  was  raised  to  St.  Peter's  chair. — 
Hallam,  vol.  ii.  p.  248. 

Boy  Bachelor  ( The),  William  Wot- 
ton,  D.D.,  admitted  at  St.  Catherine's 
Hall,  Cambridge,  before  he  was  ten,  and 
to  his  degree  of  B.  A.  when  he  was  twelve 
and  a  half  (1665-1726). 

This  was  by  no  means  a  unique  instance- 
Henry  Philpotts,  C.C.C,  matriculated  at  the  age  of  m 

James  lord  Abinger,  at  the  age  of  135^. 
John  Kelle,  C.C.C,  at  the  age  of  14,  in  1808. 
Richard  Bethell,  Wadham,  Oxford,  aged  14,  1814. 
I.ord  Westbury,  Oxford,  at  the  age  of  14,  1818. 
Edward  Copleston,  C.C.C,  at  the  age  of  13,  1791. 

Boy  Bishop  [The),  St.  Nicholas,  the 
patron  saint  of  boys  (fourth  century). 

(There  was  also  an  ancient  custom  of 
choosing  a  boy  from  the  cathedral  choir 
on  St.  Nicholas'  Day  (December  6)  as  a 
mock  bishop.  This  boy  possessed  certain 
privileges,  and  if  he  died  during  the  year 
was  buried  in  pontificalibus.  The  custom 
was  abolished  by  Henry  VIII.  In  Salis- 
bury Cathedral  visitors  are  shown  a  small 
sarcophagus,  which  the  verger  says  was 
made  for  a  boy  bishop. ) 

Boy  Crucified.  It  is  said  that  som« 
time  during  the  dark  ages,  a  boy  narned 


BOYET. 


C43 


BRADAMANT. 


Werner  was  impiously  crucified  at  Bacha- 
rach  on  the  Rhine,  by  the  Jews.  A  little 
chapel  erected  to  the  memory  of  this  boy 
stands  on  the  walls  of  the  town,  close  to 
the  river.  Hugh  of  Lincoln  and  William 
of  Norwich  are  instances  of  a  similar 
story. 

See  how  its  currents  g-leam  and  shine  .  .  . 
As  if  the  grapes  Were  stained  with  the  blood 
Of  the  innocent  boy  who,  some  years  back, 
Was  taken  and  crucified  by  the  Jews 
In  that  ancient  town  of  Bacharach. 

Longfellow:  The  Golden  Legend. 

Boyet\  one  of  the  lords  attending  on 
the  princess  of  France. — Shakespeare: 
Loves  Labour s  Lost  ( 1594). 

Boyle's  Lectures,  founded  by  the 
hon.  Robert  Boyle,  for  any  "  minister " 
who  shall  preach  eight  sermons  in  a  year 
in  defence  of  the  Christian  religion,  as 
opposed  to  atheism,  deism,  paganism,  or 
Mohammedanism,  or  the  Jewish  faith. 
The  first  course  was  preached  in  1692,  by 
Richard  Bentley.  All  the  lectures  up  to 
S739  have  been  printed  in  3  vols,  folio.  In 
1846  the  course  of  lectures  by  the  Rev. 
F.  D.  Maurice  were  published  under  the 
title  of  The  Religions  of  the  World. 
Many  courses  since  then  have  been  de- 
livered. 

Boytliom(Z.fl!?(tr^«^^),  a  robust  gentle- 
man with  the  voice  of  a  Stentor,  a  friend 
of  Mr.  Jarndyce.  He  would  utter  the 
most  ferocious  sentiments,  while  at  the 
same  time  he  fondled  a  pet  canary  on  his 
finger.  Once  on  a  time  he  had  been  in 
iove  with  Miss  Barbary,  lady  Dedlock's 
sister  ;  but  ' '  the  good  old  times — all  times 
when  old  are  good  —  were  gone."  — 
Dickens :  Bleak  House  {1853). 

("  Laurence  Boy  thorn  "  is  a  photograph 
of  W.  S.  Landor;  as  "Harold  Skim- 
pole,"  in  the  same  story,  is  drawn  from 
Leigh  Hunt.) 

Boss,  Charles  Dickens.  It  was  the 
nickname  of  a  pet  child  dubbed  Moses, 
in  honour  of  "  Moses  Primrose"  in  the 
Vicar  of  Wakefield.  Children  called  the 
name  Bozes,  which  got  shortened  into  Boz 
<i8i2-iB7o). 

Who  the  dickens'     Boz"  could  be 

Puzzled  many  a  learned  elf; 
But  time  revealed  the  mystery, 

And  "Boz"  appeared  as  Dickens*  self. 

Epigram  on  the  Carthusian. 

{Sketches  by  Boz,  by  Charles  Dickens, 
(1836),  two  series.  The  first  sketch  is 
called  Mr.  Mifitts  and  his  Cousin. ) 

Bozzy,  James  Boswell,  the  gossipy 
biographer  of  Dr.  Johnson  (1740-1795). 

Brabau'tio,   a   senator    of  Venice, 


father  of  Desdemo'na  ;  most  proud,  arro- 
gant, and  overbearing.  He  thought  the 
"insolence"  of  Othello  in  marrying  his 
daughter  unpardonable,  and  that  Desde- 
mona  must  have  been  drugged  with  love- 
potions  so  to  demean  herself. — Shake- 
speare: Othello  {1611). 

Brac'cio,  commissary  of  the  republic 
of  Florence,  employed  in  picking  up  every 
item  of  scandal  he  could  find  against 
Lu'ria  the  noble  Moor,  who  commanded 
the  army  of  Florence  against  the  Pisans. 
The  Florentines  hoped  to  find  sufficient 
cause  of  blame  to  lessen  or  wholly  cancel 
their  obligations  to  the  Moor,  but  even 
Braccio  was  obliged  to  confess  "This 
Moor  hath  borne  his  faculties  so  meek, 
hath  been  so  clear  in  his  great  office,  that 
his  virtues  would  plead  like  angels, 
trumpet-tongued,"  against  the  council 
which  should  censure  him. — R.  Brown- 
ing: Luria  (a  poetical  drama,  1879). 

Brac'idas  and  Am'idas,  the  two 

sons  of  Mile'sio,  the  former  in  love  with 
the  wealthy  Philtra,  and  the  latter  with 
the  dowerless  Lucy.  Their  father  at 
death  left  each  of  his  sons  an  island  of 
equal  size  and  value,  but  the  sea  daily 
encroached  on  that  of  the  elder  brother 
and  added  to  the  island  of  Amidas.  The 
rich  Philtra  now  forsook  Bracidas  for  the 
richer  brother,  and  Lucy,  seeing  herself 
forsaken,  jumped  into  the  sea.  A  floating 
chest  attracted  her  attention,  she  clung  to 
it,  and  was  drifted  to  the  wasted  island, 
where  Bracidas  received  her  kindly.  The 
chest  was  found  to  contain  property  of 
great  value,  and  Lucy  gave  it  to  Bracidas, 
together  with  herself,  ' '  the  better  of  them 
both."  Amidas  and  Philtra  claimed  the 
chest  as  their  right,  and  the  dispute  was 
submitted  to  sir  Ar'tegal.  Sir  Artegal 
decided  that  whereas  Amidas  claimed  as 
his  own  all  the  additions  which  the  sea 
had  given  to  his  island,  so  Lucy  might 
claim  as  her  own  the  chest  which  the 
sea  had  given  into  her  hands. — Spenser: 
Faerie  Queene,  v.  4  (1596). 

Bracy  {Sir  Maurice  de),  a  follower 
of  prince  John.  He  sues  the  lady  Rowen'a 
to  become  his  bride,  and  threatens  to  kill 
both  Cedric  and  Ivanhoe  if  she  refuses. 
The  interview  is  intercepted,  and  at  the 
close  of  the  novel  Rowena  marries 
Ivanhoe. — Sir  W.  Scott:  /vanhoe  {lime, 
Richard  I.). 

Brad'amaut,  daughter  of  Anion  and 
Beatrice,  sister  of  Rinaldo,  and  niece  of 
Charlemagne.     She  was  called  the  Virgin 


BRADBOURNE. 


M3 


Knight.  Her  armour  was  white,  .ind  her 
plume  white.  She  loved  Roge'ro  tlie 
Moor,  but  refused  to  marry  him  till  he 
was  baptized.  Her  marriage  with  great 
pomp  and  Rogero's  victory  over  Rodo- 
mont,  form  the  subject  of  the  last  book  of 
Orlando  Furioso.  Bradamant  possessed 
an  irresistible  spear,  which  unhorsed  any 
knight  with  a  touch.  Britomart  had  a 
similar  spear.— Bojardo  :  Orlando  Inna- 
w/ora/<?  (1495) ;  Ariosto:  Orlando  Furioso 
{1516). 

Bradljonme  [Mistress  Lilias),  wait- 
ing-woman of  lady  Avenel  (2  syl.),  at 
Avenel  CasiXc— Sir  VV.  Scoii:  The  Abbot 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Bradwardine  {Co  mo  Cosmyne),  baron 
of  Bradwardine  and  of  TuUy  Veolan, 
He  is  very  pedantic,  but  brave  and 
gallant. 

Rose  Drad'ioardine,  his  daughter,  the 
heroine  of  the  novel,  which  concludes 
with  her  marriage  with  Waverley,  and 
the  restoration  of  the  manor-house  of 
TuUy  Veolan. 

Malcolm  Bradwardine  of  Inchgrabbit, 
a  relation  of  the  old  baron. — Sir  W, 
Scott:   Waverley  (time,  George  H.). 

Brady  [Martha),  a  young  "  Irish 
widow,"  23  years  of  age,  and  in  love  with 
William  Whittle.  She  was  the  daughter 
of  sir  Patrick  O'Neale.  Old  Thomas 
'  Whittle,  the  uncle,  a  man  of  63,  wanted 
to  oust  his  nephew  in  her  affections,  for 
he  thought  her  "so  modest,  so  mild,  so 
tender-hearted,  so  reserved,  so  domestic. 
Her  voice  was  so  sweet,  with  just  a 
souP(on  of  the  brogue  to  make  it  enchant- 
ing." In  order  to  break  off  this  detestable 
passion  of  the  old  man,  the  widow  assumed 
the  airs  and  manners  of  a  boisterous, 
loud,  flaunting,  extravagant,  low  Irish- 
woman, deeply  in  debt,  and  abandoned 
to  pleasure.  Old  Whittle,  thoroughly 
frightened,  induced  his  nephew  to  take 
the  widow  off  his  hands,  and  gave  him 
^^5000  as  a  douceur  for  so  doing.  -~ 
Garrick:  The  Irish  Widow  [17 $?). 

Braes  of  Yarrow  [The),  an  old 
Scotch  ballad.  W.  Hamilton  wrote  an 
imitation  of  it  in  1760.  Scott  and  Hogg 
have  celebrated  this  stream  and  its  le- 
gends ;  and  Wordsworth  wrote  a  poem 
called  Yarrow  Revisited,  in  1833. 

Bragf  [Jack),  a  vulgar  boaster,  who 
gets  into  good  society,  where  his  vulgarity 
stands  out  in  strong  relief;  —  Theodore 
Hook  :  Jack  Brag  (a  novel). 


BRAGMARDO. 

Bra^  [Sir  Jack),  general  John  Bur- 
goyne  (died  1792).     A  ballad. 

Bragfansa  ( The),  the  largest  diamond 
in  existence,  its  weight  being  1680  carats. 
It  is  uncut,  and  its  value  is  ;^58, 350,000. 
It  is  now  among  the  crown  jewels  of 
Portugal. 

•.•It  is  thought  that  this  diamond, 
which  is  the  size  of  a  hen's  ^g%,  is  in 
reality  a  white  topaz. 

Brasfanza  [Juan  duke  of).  In  1580 
Philip  11.  of  Spain  claimed  the  crown  of 
Portugal,  and  governed  it  by  a  regent. 
In  1640  Margaret  was  regent,  and  Velas- 
quez her  chief  minister,  a  man  exceed- 
ingly obnoxious  to  the  Portuguese.  Don 
Juan  and  his  wife  Louisa  of  Braganza 
being  very  popular,  a  conspiracy  was 
formed  to  shake  off  the  Spanish  yoke. 
Velasquez  was  torn  to  death  by  the 
populace,  and  don  Juan  of  Braganza  was 
proclaimed  king. 

Louisa  duchess  of  Braganza.  Her  cha- 
racter is  thus  described  — 

Bright  I^ouisn, 

To  all  the  softness  of  her  tender  se», 

TJnites  the  noblest  qualities  of  man : 

A  genius  to  embrace  the  amplest  schemes  .  .  . 

Judgment  most  sound,  persuasive  eloquence  .  .  . 

Pure  piety  without  religious  dross. 

And  fortitude  that  shrinks  at  no  disaster. 

Jephson  :  Braganza,  i.  (1775). 

Mrs.  Bellamy  took  her  leave  of  the  stage  May  24, 
1785.  On  this  occasion  Mrs.  Yates  sustained  the  part 
of  the  "duchess  of  Braganza,"  and  Miss  Farrcn  spoke 
the  address.—/'".  Reynolds 

Bragela,  daughter  of  Sorglan,  and 
wife  of  CuthuUin  (general  of  the  Irish 
army,  and  regent  during  the  minority  of 
king  Cormac). — Ossian  :  Fingal. 

Bragfgfado'clxio,  personification  of 
the  intemperance  of  the  tongue.  For  a 
time  his  boasting  serves  him  with  some 
profit,  but  being  found  out  he  is  stripped 
of  his  borrowed  plumes.  His  shield  is 
claimed  by  Mar'Inel ;  his  horse  by  Guyon  ; 
Talus  shaves  off  his  beard ;  and  his  lady 
is  shown  to  be  a  sham  Florlmel.  — 
Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  iii.  8  and  lo, 
with  v.  3. 

(It  is  thought  that  Philip  of  Spain  was 
the  academy  figure  of  "  Braggadochio."j 

Braggadochio  s  Sword,  San'glamore  (3 
syl.). 

Bragfli  [braw].  Go  Iragh  I  (Irish)  "  for 
ever  ! " 

One  dying  wish  my  bosom  can  draw ; 
Erin  !  an  exile  bequeaths  thee  his  bicssingf: 
Lcind  of  ray  forefathers,  Erin  go  bragh  1 

CantpbeU:  Exile  o/Eritt, 

Bra^mar'do  [Jano^tus  de),  the  so- 
phister  sent  by  the  Parisians  to  Gargantua, 
to  remonstrate  with  him  for  carrying  off 


BRAINWORM. 


144 


BRANDAN. 


the  bells  of  Notre-Dame  to  suspend  round 
the  neck  of  his  mare  for  jingles.  — 
Rubelais:  Gargantua  and  Panta^ruel\ 
".  (1533)- 

Brain'-worm,  the  servant  of  Kno'- 
well,  a  man  of  infinite  shifts,  and  a  regular 
Proteus  (2  syl.)  in  his  metamorphoses. 
He  appears  first  as  Brainworm  ;  after- 
wards as  Fitz-Sword  ;  then  as  a  reformed 
soldier  whom  Knowell  takes  into  his 
service ;  then  as  justice  Clement's  man  ; 
and  lastly  as  valet  to  the  courts  of  law, 
by  which  devices  he  plays  upon  the  same 
clique  of  some  half-dozen  men  of  average 
intelligence. — Ben  J  on  son:  Every  Man  in 
His  Humour  (1598). 

Brakel  {Adrian),  the  gipsy  mounte- 
bank, formerly  master  of  Fenella,  the 
deaf-and-dumb  girl.  —  Sir  W.  Scott : 
Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Bramble  (Matthew),  an  "odd  kind 
of  humourist,"  "always  on  the  fret," 
■dyspeptic,  and  afflicted  with  the  gout,  but 
benevolent,  generous,  and  kind-hearted. 

Miss  Tabitha  Bramble,  an  old  maiden 
sister  of  Matthew  Bramble,  of  some  45 
years  of  age,  noted  for  her  bad  spelling. 
She  is  starch,  vain,  prim,  and  ridiculous  ; 
souiea  in  temper,  proud,  imperious,  pry- 
ing, mean,  malicious,  and  uncharitable. 
She  contrives  at  last  to  marry  captain 
Lismaha'go,  who  is  content  to  take  "  the 
maiden  "  for  the  sake  of  her  _^4ooo. 

"She  is  tall,  raw-boned,  awkward,  flat-chested,  and 
stooping ;  her  complexion  is  sallow  and  freckled  ;  her 
eyes  are  not  grey,  but  greenish,  like  those  of  a  cat,  and 
generally  inflamed ;  her  hair  is  of  a  sandy  or  rather  of  a 
dusty  hue ;  her  forehead  low ;  her  nose  long,  sharp, 
and  towards  the  extremity  always  red  in  cold  weather ; 
her  lips  skinny;  her  mouth  extensive;  her  teeth 
straggling  and  loose,  of  various  colours  and  conforma- 
tions; and  her  long  neck  shrivelled  into  a  thousand 
wrinkles." — Smollett:  The  Expedition  0/  Humphry 
Clinker  (1771). 

• .  •  "  Matthew  Bramble  "is  "  Roderick 
Random"  grown  old,  somewhat  cynical 
by  experience  of  the  world,  but  vastly 
improved  in  taste. 

Smollett  took  some  of  the  Incidents  of  the  family 
tour  from  "Anstey's  New  Bath  Q\x\diQ."— Chambers : 
llnglish  Literature,  ii. 

Bramble  [Sir  Robert),  a  baronet  living 
at  Blackberry  Hall,  Kent.  Blunt  and 
testy,  but  kind-hearted  ;  ' '  charitable  as 
a  Christian,  and  rich  as  a  Jew  ; "  fond 
of  argument  and  contradiction,  but  de- 
testing flattery ;  very  proud,  but  most 
considerate  to  his  poorer  neighbours.  In 
his  first  interview  with  lieutenant  Wor- 
thington  "  the  poor  gentleman,"  the 
lieutenant  mistook  him  for  a  bailiff  come 
to  arrest  him,  but  sir  Robert  nobly  paid 
the  bill  for  ^500  when  it  was  presented 


to  him  for  signature  as  sherilT  of  the 
county. 

•  •  "Sir  Robert  Bramble"  is  the  same 
type  of  character  as  Sheridan's  "sir  An- 
thony Absolute." 

Frederick  Bramble,  nephew  of  sir 
Robert,  and  son  of  Joseph  Bramble  a 
Russian  merchant.  His  father  having 
failed  in  business,  Frederick  was  adopted 
by  his  rich  uncle.  He  is  full  of  life  and 
noble  instincts,  but  thoughtless  and  im- 
pulsive. Frederick  falls  in  love  with  Emily 
Worthington,  whom  he  marries.  —  Col- 
man  :  The  Poor  Gentleman  (1802). 

Bra'mine  {2  syl.)  and  Bra'min 
( The),y[.x?..  Elizabeth  Draper  and  Laurence 
Sterne.  Sterne  being  a  clergyman,  and 
Mrs.  Draper  being  born  in  India,  sug- 
gested the  names.  Ten  of  Sterne's  letters 
to  Mrs.  Draper  are  published,  and  called 
Letters  to  Eliza. 

Bran,  the  dog  of  Lamderg  the  lover 
of  Gelchossa  (daughter  of  Tuathal),— 
Ossian:  Fingal,  v. 

•.•  Fingal  king  of  Morven  had  a  dog 
of  the  same  name,  and  another  named 
Luath.     (See  Dog.) 

Call  White-breasted  Bran  and  the  surly  strength  of 
Luath. — Ossian  :  Fingal,  vL 

It  is  not  Bran,  but  Bran's  brother.  It 
is  not  Simon  Pure,  but  only  somewhat 
hke  him. 

Brand  [Alice),  wife  of  lord  Richard. 
(See  Urgan.) 

Brand  [SirDenys),  a  county  magnate, 
who  apes  humility.  He  rides  a  sorry 
brown  nag  "not  worth ,^5,"  but  mounts 
his  groom  on  a  race-horse  "  twice  victor 
for  a  ^\a.iQ."—Crabbe:  Borough  (1810). 

Bran'damond  of  Damascus,  whom 
sir  Bevis  of  Southampton  defeated. 

That  dreadful  battle  wherewith  Brandamond  he  fought, 
And  with  his  sword  and  steed  such  earthly  wonders 

wrought 
As  e'en  among  his  foes  him  admiration  won. 

Drayton:  Polyclbion,  ii.  (1612). 

Bran'dan  {Island  of  St. )  or  Island 
OF  San  Boran'dan,  a  flying  island,  so 
late  as  1755  set  down  in  geographical 
charts  west  of  the  Canary  group.  In 
1721  an  expedition  was  sent  by  Spain  in 
quest  thereof.  Tiie  Spaniards  say  their 
king  Rodri'go  has  retreated  there,  and 
the  Portuguese  affirm  that  it  is  the  retreat 
of  their  don  Sebastian.  It  was  called  St. 
Brandan  from  a  navigator  of  the  sixth 
century,  who  went  in  search  of  the 
"  Islands  of  Paradise." 

Its  reality  was  for  a  long  time  a  matter  of  firm  belief 
.  .  ,  the  garden  of  Armi'da,   where  Rinaldo  was 


BRANDAN. 


MS 


BRAYMORE. 


detained,  and  which  Tasso  places  in  one  of  the  Canary 
Isles,  has  been  identified  with  Saa  Botandan.— 
tf'askinetoH  Irving. 

(If  there  is  any  truth  at  all  in  the  legend, 
the  island  must  be  ascribed  to  the  FaU 
Morgana. ) 

Brandan  [St\  a  poem  by  Matthew 
Arnold.  It  relates  that  Judas  did  an  act 
of  charity  to  a  leper  at  Joppa,  and  there- 
fore was  let  out  of  hell  for  a  day. 

Bran'detiin,  plu.  Brandea,  a  piece 
of  cloth  enclosed  in  a  box  with  relics, 
which  thus  acquired  the  same  miraculous 
powers  as  the  relics  themselves. 

Pope  Leo  proved  this  fact  beyond  a  doubt,  for  when 
Boine  Greeks  ventured  to  question  it,  he  cut  a  brandeuin 
through  with  a  pair  of  scissors,  and  it  was  instantly 
covered  with  blood.— ^rarfy ;  Clavis  CaUndaria,  182. 

Bran'dimart,  brother-in-law  of  Or- 
lando, son  of  Monodantes,  and  husband 
of  For'delis.  This  "  king  of  the  Distant 
Islands  "  was  one  of  the  bravest  knights 
in  Charlemagne's  army,  and  was  slain  by 
Gradasso. — Dojardo:  Orlando  Innamorato 
(1495) ;  Ariosto:  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Brandley  [Mrs. )  of  Richmond,  Surrey. 
The  lady  who  undertakes  to  introduce 
Estella (i'.  V. ) into  society. — Dickens:  Great 
Expectations  (1861). 

Brandons,  lighted  torches.  St.  Valen- 
tine's day  was  called  Dominica  de  bran- 
donlbus,  because  boys,  at  one  time,  used 
to  carry  about  lighted  torches  on  that 
day,  i.e.  "  Cupid's  lighted  torches." 

Brandt,  the  leader  of  the  Indians 
who  destroyed  the  village  of  Wyoming, 
Pennsylvania,  in  1788.  Campbell  repre- 
sents him  as  a  monster  ef  cruelty. — Ger- 
trude of  Wyoming  (1809). 

Brandy  Nan,  queen  Anne,  who  was 
very  fond  of  brandy  (1664,  1702-1714). 

Brandy  Nan,  brandy  Nan,  left  [<i//]  in  the  lurch. 

Her  face  to  the  gnn-shop,  her  back  to  the  church. 

Written  on  the  statue  of  qtteen  Anne  in  St.  Pant's 

ipalajit. 

Brangtons  (TJie),  vulgar,  jealous, 
malicious  gossips  in  Evelina,  a  novel  by 
Miss  Burney  (1778). 

Branno,  an  Irishman,  father  of 
Evirallin.  Evirallin  was  the  wife  of 
Ossian  and  mother  of  Oscar. — Ossian. 

Brass,  the  roguish  confederate  of 
Dick  Amlet,  and  acting  as  his  servant. 

"  I  am  your  valet,  'tis  true ;  your  footman  sometimes 
.  .  .  but  you  have  always  had  the  ascendant,  I  confess. 
When  we  were  schoolfellows,  you  made  me  carry  your 
books,  make  your  exercise,  own  your  rogueries,  and 
sometimes  take  a  whipping  for  you.  When  we  were 
fellow-'prentices,  though  I  was  your  senior,  you  made 
me  open  the  shop,  clean  my  master's  boots,  cut  last  at 
dinner,  and  eat  all  the  crusts.    la  your  sins,  too,  I 


must  own  you  still  kept  me  under ;  you  saired  up  to 
the  mistress,  while  I  was  content  with  the  maid." — Sir 
y.  Vanbrush  :  The  Confederacy,  iii.  i  (1695). 

Brass  {Sampson),  a  knavish,  servile 
attorney,  affecting  great  sympathy  with 
his  clients,  but  in  reality  fleecing  them 
without  mercy. 

Sally  Brass,  Sampson's  sister,  and  an 
exaggerated  edition  of  her  brother. — 
Dickens:  Old  Curiosity  Shop  {1840). 

Bravassa  [Miss],  of  the  Portsmouth 
Theatre.  Suf)posed  to  be  a  great  beauty. 
— Dickens  :  Nicholas  Nickleby  {1838). 

Brave  ( The),  Alfonzo  IV.  of  Portugal 
(1290-1357). 

The  Brave  Fleming,  John  Andrew  van 
der  Mersch  (1734-1792). 

The  Bravest  of  the  Brave,  Marshal  Ney, 
Le  Brave  des  Braves  (1769-1815). 

Brawn.  One  day  a  little  boy  came 
into  king  Arthur's  court,  and,  drawing  his 
wand  over  a  boar's  head,  exclaimed, 
"  There's  never  a  cuckold's  knife  can  cut 
this  head  of  brawn  !  "  and,  lo  I  no  knight 
except  sir  Cradock  was  able  to  carve  it. 
— Percy:  Reliques,  III.  iii.  8.  (See  BOY 
AND  THE  Mantle,  p.  141.) 

Bray(il/r.),  a  selfish,  miserly  old  man, 
who  dies  suddenly  of  heart-disease,  just 
in  time  to  save  his  daughter  being  sacri- 
ficed to  Arthur  Gride,  a  rich  old  miser. 

Madeline  Bray,  daughter  of  Mr.  Bray, 
a  loving,  domestic,  beautiful  girl,  who 
marries  Nicholas  Nickleby. — Dickens: 
Nicholas  Nickleby  (1838), 

Bray  ( Vicar  of),  supposed  by  some  to 
be  Simon  Aleyn,  who  lived  (says  Fuller) 
"  in  the  reigns  of  Henry  VIII.,  Edward 
VI.,  Mary,  and  Elizabeth.  In  the  first 
two  reigns  he  was  a  protestant,  in  Mary's 
reign  a  catholic,  and  in  Elizabeth's  a 
protestant  again."  No  matter  who  was 
king,  Simon  Aleyn  resolved  to  live  and 
die  "  the  vicar  of  Bray  "  (1540-1588). 

Others  think  the  vicar  was  Simon 
Symonds,  who  (according  to  Ray)  was 
an  independent  in  the  protectorate,  a  high 
churchman  xa.  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  a 
papist  under  James  II.,  and  a  moderate 
churchman  in  the  reign  of  William  III. 

Others  again  give  the  cap  to  one  Pen- 
dleton. 

•.•  The  well-known  song  was  written 
by  an  officer  in  colonel  Fuller's  regiment, 
in  the  reign  of  George  I.,  and  seems  to 
refer  to  some  clergyman  of  no  very  distant 
date. 

Bray'more  {Lady  Caroline),  daughter 


BRAWVICK. 


X46 


BRECHAN. 


of  lord  Fitz-Balaam,  She  was  to  have 
married  Frank  Rochdale,  but  hearing  that 
her  "intended  "  loved  Mary  Thornberry, 
she  married  the  hon.  Tom  Shuffleton. — 
Colman:  John  Bull  {\%os)' 

Bra3rwick,  the  town  of  asses.  An 
alderman  of  Bray  wick,  having  lost  his 
donkey,  went  fourteen  days  in  search  of 
it ;  then  meeting  a  brother  alderman,  they 
agreed  to  retire  to  the  two  opposite  sides 
of  a  mountain  and  bray,  in  hopes  that  the 
donkey  would  answer,  and  thus  reveal 
its  place  of  concealment.  This  led  to 
a  public  scandal,  insomuch  that  the 
people  of  Braywick  had  to  take  up  arms 
in  order  to  avenge  themselves  on  those 
who  jeered  at  them. — Cervantes:  Don 
Quixote,  II.  ii.  7  {1615). 

Brazen  {Captain),  a  kind  of  Bobadil. 
A  boastful,  tongue-doughty  warrior,  who 
pretends  to  know  everybody ;  to  have  a 
liaison  with  very  wealthy,  pretty,  or  dis- 
tinguished woman  ;  and  to  have  achieved 
in  war  the  most  amazing  prodigies. 

He  knows  everybody  at  first  sight ;  his  impudence 
weie  a  prodigy,  were  not  his  ignorance  proportionable. 
He  has  the  most  universal  acquaintance  of  any  man 
living,  for  he  won't  be  alone,  and  nobody  will  keep  him 
company  twice.  Then  he's  a  Caesar  among  the  women ; 
Veni,  vidi,  vici,  that's  all.  If  he  has  but  talked  with 
the  maid,  he  swears  he  has  [corrjified]  the  mistress ; 
but  the  most  surprising  part  of  his  character  is  his 
memory,  which  is  the  most  prodigious  and  the  most 
trifling  in  the  v,'ox\di.—Fai-giihar:  The  Recruiting 
Officer,  iii.  i  (1705). 

Brazen  Agfe,  the  age  of  war  and 

violence.  The  age  of  innocence  was  the 
golden  age  ;  then  followed  the  silver  age  ; 
then  the  brazen  age ;  and  the  present  is 
the  iron  age,  or  the  age  of  hardware  and 
railroads. 

Brazen  Head.  The  first  on  record 
is  one  which  Silvester  II.  [Gerbert)  pos- 
sessed. It  told  him  he  would  be  pope, 
and  not  die  till  he  had  sung  mass  at  Jeru- 
salem. When  pope  he  was  stricken  with 
his  death-sickness  while  performing  mass 
in  a  church  called  Jerusalem  (999-1003). 

The  next  we  hear  of  was  made  by  Rob. 
Grosseteste  (1175-1253). 

The  third  was  the  famous  brazen  head 
of  Albertus  Magnus,  which  cost  him 
thirty  years'  labour,  and  was  broken  to 
pieces  by  his  disciple  Thomas  Aqui'nas 
(1193-1280). 

The  fourth  was  that  of  friar  Bacon. 
It  spoke  thrice.  If  Bacon  heard  it  speak, 
he  would  succeed,  if  not,  he  would  fail. 
While  Bacon  slept,  Milis  was  set  to 
watch,  and  the  head  spoke  twice  :  "  Time 
was,"  it  said,  and  half  an  hour  later, 
"  Time  is."  Still  Bacon  slept,  and  another 


half-hour  transpired,  vi'hen  the  head  ex- 
claimed, "  Time's  past,"  fell  to  the  ground 
and  was  broken  to  pieces.  Byron  refers 
to  it,  not  quite  correctly,  in  the  lines — 

Like  friar  Bacon's  brazen  head,  I've  spoken, 
"  Time  is,  time  was,  time's  past  [?] " 

Don  yuan,  i.  217  (i8ij). 

Another  was  made  by  the  marquis  of 
Vilena  of  Spain  (1384-1434).  And  a  sixth 
by  a  Polander,  a  disciple  of  Escotillo  an 
Itahan. 

Brazen  Head  ( The),  a  gigantic  head 
kept  in  the  castle  of  the  giant  Fer'ragus 
of  Portugal.  It  was  omniscient,  and 
told  those  who  consulted  it  whatever  they 
desired  to  know,  past,  present,  or  future. 
—  Valentine  and  Orson. 

Bread  Street  (London)  was  the 
bread-market  in  the  time  of  Edward  I. 
Here  Milton  was  born. 

Breakingf  a  Stick  is  part  of  the 
marriage  ceremony  of  the  American 
Indians,  as  breaking  a  glass  is  still  part 
of  the  marriage  ceremony  of  the  jews. — 
Lady  Augusta  Hamilton:  Marriage 
Rites,  etc.,  292,  298. 

In  one  of  Raphael's  pictures  we  see  an 
unsuccessful  suitor  of  the  Virgin  Mary 
breaking  his  stick,  and  this  alludes  to  the 
legend  that  the  several  suitors  of  the 
' '  virgin  "  were  each  to  bring  an  almond 
stick  which  was  to  be  laid  up  in  the  sanc- 
tuaiy  over  night,  and  the  owner  of  the 
stick  which  budded  was  to  be  accounted 
the  suitor  God  ordained,  and  thus  Joseph 
became  her  husband. — B.  H.  Coivper : 
Apocryphal  Gospel  ("Pseudo-Matthew's 
Gospel,"  40,  41). 

In  Florence  is  a  picture  in  which  the 
rejected  suitors  break  their  sticks  on  the 
back  of  Joseph. 

Brec'an,  a  mythical  king  of  Wales. 
He  had  twenty-four  daughters  by  one 
wife.  These  daughters,  for  their  beauty 
and  purity,  were  changed  into  rivers,  all 
of  which  flow  into  the  Severn.  Breck- 
nockshire, according  to  fable,  is  called 
after  this  king.     (See  next  art. ) 

Brecan  was  a  prince  once  fortunate  and  great 
(Who  dying  lent  his  name  to  that  his  noble  seat), 
With  twice  twelve  daughters  blest,  by  one  and  only 

wife. 
They,  for  their  beauties  rare  and  sanctity  of  life. 
To  rivers  were  transfc*3ned  ;   whose  pureness  dotU 

declare 
How  excellent  they  were  by  being  what  they  are  .  ,  . 
.  .  .  \they\  to  Severn  shape  their  courge. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbioii,  v.  (i6i2>. 

Brec'han  {Prince),  father  of  St. 
Cadock  and  St.  Canock,  the  former  a 
martyr  and  the  latter  a  confessor. 


BRECK. 


147 


BRIBOCI. 


Then  Cadock,  next  to  wliom  comes  Canock,  both 
which  were 

Prince  Brechan's  sons,  who  gave  the  name  to  Breck- 
nockshire ; 

Tlie  first  a  martyr  made,  a  confessor  the  other. 

Drayton  :  PolyolbioM,  xxiv.  (l6aa). 

Breck(/^/z-ro«),  an  old  fishwife,  friend 
of  the  Mucklebackits,— 5/r  W.  Scott: 
The  Antiquary  (time,  George  III.). 

Breck  [Angus),  a  follower  of  Rob  Roy 
M'Gregor  the  outlaw. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Rob  Roy  (time,  George  I. ). 

Breeches  Bible  [The),  1557.  It  was 
printed  by  Whittingham,  Gilby,  and 
Sampson.  So  called,  because  Gen.  iii.  7 
runs  thus  :  "The  eyes  of  them  bothe  were 
opened,  .  .  .  and  they  sewed  figge-tree 
leaves  together  and  made  themselves 
breeches." 

Breeches  Review  [The).  The 
Westminster  Review  was  so  called, 
because  Francis  Place,  an  important 
shareholder,  was  a  breeches-maker. 

Breu'da  [Troil],  daughter  of  Magnus 
Troll  and  sister  of  Minna. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
The  Pirate  (time,  William  III.). 

Breng'-wain,  the  confidante  of  Is'olde 
{2  syl.)  wife  of  sir  Mark  king  of  Corn- 
wall. Isolde  was  criminally  attached  to 
her  nepliew  sir  Tristram,  and  Brengwain 
assisted  the  queen  in  her  intrigues. 

Breng'wain,  wife  of  Gwenwyn  prince 
of  Powys-Iand.— 5z>  W.  Scott:  The  Be- 
trothed (time,  Henry  II.). 

Brenta'no  [A),  one  of  inconceivable 
folly.  The  Brentanos  (Clemens  and 
Bettina)  are  wild  erratic  Germans,  in 
whom  no  absurdity  is  inconsistent. 
Bettina's  book,  Goethe's  Correspondence 
zvith  a  Child  (1835),  is  a  pure  fabrication. 

At  the  point  where  the  folly  of  others  ceases,  that  of 
the  Brentanos  begins. — German  Proverb. 

Brentford  {T/i£  two  kings  of).  In 
the  duke  of  Buckingham's  farce  called 
The  Rehearsal  (1671),  the  two  kings  of 
Brentford  enter  hand-in-hand,  dance  to- 
gether, sing  together,  walk  arm-in-arm, 
and  to  heighten  the  absurdity,  the  actors 
represent  them  as  smelling  at  the  same 
nosegay  (act  ii,  2). 

Some  say  this  was  a  skit  on  Charles  II.  and  James 
/afterwards  James  II.).  Others  think  tlie  persons 
meant  were  Hoabdelin  and  Abdalla,  the  two  contend- 
ing kings  of  Granada. 

Bres'an,  a  small  island  upon  the  very 
point  of  Cornwall. 

Upon  the  utmost  end  of  Cornwall's  furrowing  beak. 
Where  Besan  from  the  land   the  tilting  waves  doth 
break. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  I.  (1612). 

Breton.  Entiti  eomme  le  Breton. 
Frcncli  proverbial  expression. 


Breton  [Captain),  "a  spirited  and 
enterprising  soldier  of  fortune,"  the  lover 
of  Clara. — Mrs.  Cent livre  :  The  Wonder 
(a  comedy,  1713). 

Bretwalda,  the  over-king  of  the 
Saxon  rulers,  established  in  England 
during  the  heptarchy.  In  Germany  the 
over-king  was  called  emperor.  The 
bretwalda  had  no  power  in  the  civil 
affairs  of  the  under-kings,  but  in  times  of 
war  or  danger  formed  an  important  centre. 
("  Walda  "  is  Anglo-Saxon  for  "  ruler.") 

Brewer  of  Ghent  [The),  James 
van  Artevelde,  a  great  patriot.  His  son 
Philip  fell  in  the  battle  of  Rosbecq 
(fourteenth  century). 

Brian  de  Bois  Qnilbert  [Sir),  pre- 
ceptor of  the  Knights  Templars.  He 
offers  insult  to  Rebecca,  the  Jew's  daugh- 
ter, but  she  repels  him  with  scorn,  and, 
rushing  to  the  battlement,  threatens  to 
cast  herself  over  if  he  touches  her, — Sir 
W.  Scott ;  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Bria'na,  the  lady  of  a  castle  who 
demanded  for  toll  "the  locks  of  every 
lady  and  the  beard  of  every  knight  that 
passed."  This  toll  was  established  be- 
cause sir  Crudor,  with  whom  she  was  in 
love,  refused  to  marry  her  till  she  had 
provided  him  with  human  hair  sufficient 
to  "  purfle  a  mantle  "  with.  Sir  Crudor, 
having  been  overthrown  in  knightly  com- 
bat by  sir  Calidore,  who  refused  to  give 
"the  passage  pay,"  is  made  to  release 
Briana  from  the  condition  imposed  on 
her,  and  Briana  swears  to  discontinue 
the  discourteous  toll. — Spenser;  Faerie 
Queene,  vi.  i  (1596). 

Bri'anor  [Sir),  a  knight  overthrown 
by  sir  Artegal,  the  "  Salvage  Knight." — 
Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  iv.  5  (1596), 

Briar'eos  (4  syl.),  usually  called 
Briareus  {Bri' -a-ruce\  the  giant  with  a 
hundred  hands.  Hence  Dryden  says, 
' '  And  Briareus,  with  all  his  hundred 
hands"  [Virgil,  vi.)  ;  but  Milton  writes 
the  name  Briareos  [Paradise  Lost,  i.  199). 

Then,  called  by  thee,  the  monster  Titan  came, 
Whom  gods  Briareos  men  ^geon  name. 

Pope  :  Iliad,  \. 

Bri'areus  [Bold),  Handel (1685-1757). 

Bri'areus  of  Langtiagces,  cardinal 
Mezzofanti,  who  was  familiar  with  fifty- 
eight  different  languages.  Byron  calls 
him  "  a  walking  polyglot"  (1774-1849). 

Bribo'ci,  inhabitants  of  Berkshire 
and  the  adjacent  counties. — Casar :  Com- 
mentaries. 


BRICK. 


148 


Brick  [Jefferson),  a  very  weak,  pale 
young  man,  the  war  correspondent  of 
the  JSIew  York  Rowdy  Journal,  of  which 
colonel  Diver  was  editor. — Dickens:  Mar- 
tin Chuzzlewit  (1844). 

Bride-catcliing'.  It  is  a  common 
Asiatic  custom  for  the  bridegroom  to 
give  chase  to  the  bride,  either  on  foot, 
on  horseback,  or  in  a  canoe.  If  the  bride- 
groom catches  the  fugitive,  he  claims  her 
as  his  bride,  otherwise  the  match  is  broken 
off.  The  classical  tales  of  Hippom'enes 
and  Atalanta  will  instantly  recur  to  the 
reader's  memory. 

\  In  mythical  times  the  savage  was 
wont  to  waylay  and  hunt  his  bride  ;  and 
liaving,  as  the  poet  says,  seized  her  by 
the  hair,  "  to  nuptials  rude  he  bore  her.." 

A  girl  is  first  mounted,  and  rides  off  at  full  speed. 
Her  lover  pursues,  and  if  he  overtakes  her  she  becomes 
his  wife.  No  Kalmuck  girl  is  ever  caught  unless  she 
chooses  to  be  so. — Dr.  Clarke. 

In  Turcomania  the  maiden  carries  a  lamb  and  kid, 
which  must  be  taken  from  her  in  the  chase.  In  Singa- 
pore the  chase  is  made  in  canoes. — Came7-o}t. 

Bride  of  Aby'dos  [The),  Zulei'ka 
(3  syl.),  daughter  of  Giaffer  (2  syl.) 
pacha  of  Abydos.  She  is  the  troth- 
plight  bride  of  Selim  ;  but  Giaffer  shoots 
ihe  lover,  and  Zuleika  dies  of  a  broken 
heart. — Byron:  Bride  of  Abydos  {18 13). 

Bride  of  Lammermoor  ( The) ,  Lucy 
Ashton,  in  love  with  Edgar  master  of 
Ravenswood,  but  compelled  to  marry 
Frank  Hayston  laird  of  Bucklaw.  She 
tries  to  murder  him  on  the  bridal  night, 
and  dies  insane  the  day  following. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  The  Bride  of  Lammermoor 
(time,  William  III.). 

( The  Bride  of  Lammermoor  is  one  of 
the  most  finished  of  Scott's  novels,  pre- 
senting a  unity  of  plot  and  action  from 
beginning  to  end.  The  old  butler,  Caleb 
Balderston,  is  exaggerated  and  far  too 
prominent,  but  he  serves  as  a  foil  to  the 
tragic  scenes.) 

In  The  Bride  of  Lammermoor  we  see  embodied  the 
dark  spirit  of  fatalism— that  spirit  which  breathes  on 
the  writings  of  the  Greek  tragedians  when  they  traced 
the  persecuting  vengeance  of  destiny  agamst  the 
houses  of  Laius  and  Atreus.  From  the  time  that  we 
hear  the  prophetic  rhymes  the  spell  begins,  and  the 
clouds  blacken  round  us,  till  they  close  the  tale  in  a 
night  of  \\QXXQr. —MacaiUay. 

Bride  of  tlie  Sea.  Venice  is  so  called 
from  the  ancient  ceremony  of  the  doge 
marrying  the  city  to  the  Adriatic  by 
throwing  a  ring  into  it,  pronouncing  these 
words,  "  We  wed  thee,  O  sea,  in  token  of 
perpetual  dominion." 

Bridewell  was  a  king's  palace  before 
the  Conquest.  Henry  I.  gave  the  stone 
for  rebuilding  it.     Its  name  is  from  St. 


BRIBGENORTH. 

Bride  (or  Bridget),  and  her  holy  well. 
The  well  is  now  represented  by  an  iron 
pump  in  Bride  Lane. 

Bridg'e.  The  imaginary  bridge  be- 
tween earth  and  the  Mohammedan  para- 
dise is  called  "  All  Sirat'." 

%  The  rainbow  bridge  which  spans 
heaven  and  earth  in  Scandinavian  mytho- 
logy is  called  "  Bif'rost." 

Bridg'e  of  Gold.  According  to 
German  tradition,  Charlemagne's  spirit 
crosses  the  Rhine  on  a  golden  bridge,  at 
Bingen,  in  seasons  of  plenty,  and  blesses 
both  corn-fields  and  vineyards. 

Thou  standest,  like  imperial  Charlemagne, 
Upon  thy  bridge  of  gold. 

Longfellow:  Autumn. 

Bridge  of  Sighs,  the  covered  pas- 
sage-way which  connects  the  palace  of 
the  doge  in  Venice  with  the  State  prisons. 
Called  "  the  Bridge  of  Sighs  "  because  the 
condemned  passed  over  it  from  the  judg- 
ment-hall to  the  place  of  execution. 
Hood  has  a  poem  called  The  Bridge  of 
Sighs. 

The  bridge  in  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  has 
been  facetiously  called  "  The  Bridge  of  Grunts,"  the 
Johnians  being  nicknamed  "  pigs  "or  "  hogs  " — at  least 
they  were  so  m  my  time. 

Bridges  of  Cane,  in  many  parts 
of  Spanish  America,  are  thrown  over 
narrow  streams. 

Wild-cane  arch  high  flung  o'er  gulf  profound. 
Campbell:  Gej'trude  of  IFyoming,  ii.  i6  (i8o9>. 

Bridgemore  [Mr.),  of  Fish  Street 
Hill,  London.  A  dishonest  merchant, 
wealthy,  vulgar,  and  purse-proud.  He  is 
invited  to  a  soiree  given  by  lord  Abber- 
ville,  ' '  and  counts  the  servants,  gapes 
at  the  lustres,  and  never  enters  the 
drawing-room  at  all,  but  stays  below, 
chatting  with  the  travelling  tutor." 

Mrs.  Bridgemore,  wife  of  Mr.  Bridge>- 
more,  equally  vulgar,  but  with  more  pre- 
tension to  gentility. 

Miss  Lucinda  Bridgemore,  the  spiteful, 
purse-proud,  malicious  daughter  of  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Bridgemore,  of  Fish  Street 
Hill.  She  was  engaged  to  lord  Abber- 
ville,  but  her  money  would  not  out- 
balance her  vulgarity  and  ill-temper,  so 
the  young  "fashionable  lover"  made 
his  bow  and  r&\.\ved.— Cumberland :  The 
Fashionable  Lover  (1780). 

Bridgenorth.  [Major  Ralph),  a 
roundhead  and  conspirator  ;  neighbour  of 
sir  Geoffrey  Peveril  of  the  Peak,  a  staunch 
cavalier. 

Mrs.  Bridgenorth,  the  major's  wife. 

Alice  Bridgenorth,  the  major's  daugliter 
and  heroine  of  the  novel,  who  marries 


{ 


BRIDGET. 


149 


Julian  Peveril,  a  cavalier. — Sir  IV.  Scott : 
Fe-jerilofthe  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

BRIDGET  {Miss),  the  mother  of 
Tom  Jones,  in  Fielding's  novel  called 
Tlu  Hiitory  of  Tom  Jones,  a  Foundling 
(1750)- 

It  has  been  wondered  why  Fielding  should  hare 
chosen  to  leave  the  stain  of  illceitimacy  on  the  liirth  of 
his  hero  .  .  .  but  had  Miss  Bridget  been  privately 
married  .  .  .  there  could  have  been  no  adec;uate 
motive  assig^ned  for  keeping  the  birth  of  the  cliild  a 
secret  from  a  man  so  reasonable  and  compassionate  as 
Allworthy.— iMCVC.  Britannica  (article  "Fielding"). 

Bridg^et  [Mrs.),  in  Sterne's  novel 
called  The  Life  and  Opinions  of  Tristram 
Shandy,  Gent.  (1759). 

Bridgfet  [Mother),  aunt  of  Catherine 
Seyton,  and  abbess  of  St.  Catherine. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Abbot  (time,  Eliza- 
beth). 

Bridgfet  {May),  the  milkwoman  at 
Falkland  Castle.— 6^z>  W.  Scott:  Fair 
Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Bridge'ward  {Peter),  the  bridge- 
keeper  of  Kennaquhair  ("I  know  not 
wliere").— 5j>  W.  Scott:  The  Abbot  {i\mQ, 
Elizabeth). 

Bridgfeward  {Peter),  warder  of  the 
bridge  near  St.  Mary's  Convent.  He 
refuses  a  passage  to  father  Philip,  who  is 
carrying  off  the  Bible  of  lady  Alice. — Sir 
W.  Scott :  The  Monastery  (time,  Eliza- 
beth). 

Bridgewater  Treatises  {The), 
founded  by  the  right  hon.  and  Rev.  F.  H. 
Egerton,  eighth  earl  of  Bridgevvater.  The 
subject  of  these  treatises  is  to  show  the 
"  power,  wisdom,  and  goodness  of  God 
in  creation."  There  have  been  eight 
treatises  published  (1833-1836).  A  ninth 
(by  Babbage)  was  published  in  1837, 

Paley's  Evidences  was  for  many  years  a  standard 
book  in  the  University  of  Cambridge ;  but  it  will  not 
bear  the  test  of  modern  criticism. 

Bridle.  John  Gower  says  that  Rosi- 
phele  princess  of  Armenia,  insensible  to 
love,  saw  in  a  vision  a  troop  of  ladies 
splendidly  mounted,  but  one  of  them  rode 
a  wretched  steed,  wretchedly  accoutred 
except  as  to  the  bridle.  On  asking  the 
reason,  the  princess  was  informed  that 
the  lady  on  the  wretched  horse  was  dis- 
graced for  cruelty  to  her  lovers,  but  that 
the  bridle  had  been  recently  given  her 
because  she  had  for  the  last  month  shown 
symptoms  of  true  love.  Moral :  Hence 
let  ladies  warning  take — 

Of  love  that  they  be  not  Idle, 
And  bid  them  think  of  my  bridle. 
Cen/essio  Atnantis  ("  Episode  of  Rosiphele," 
132S-1402J. 


BRILLIANT. 

Bridlegoose  {Judge),  a  judge  who 
decided  the  causes  brought  before  hina, 
not  by  weighing  the  merits  of  the  case, 
but  by  the  more  simple  process  of  throw- 
ing dice. — Rabelais:  Pantag^rueP,  iii.  39 

(1545). 

•.•  Beaumarchais,  in  his  Marriage  of 
Figaro  (1784),  has  introduced  this  judge 
under  the  name  of  "  Brid'oison."  The 
person  satirized  by  Rabelais  is  the  chan- 
cellor Poyet. 

Bri'dlesly  {Joe),  a  horse-dealer  at 
Liverpool,  of  whom  Julian  Peveril  bought 
a  horse. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Peveril  of  the 
Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Brid'oison  {Bree-dwoy-zdn^\  a  stupid 
jud^e  in  the  Mariage  de  Figaro,  a  comedy 
in  French,  by  Beaumarchais  (1784). 

Bridoon  {Corporal),  in  lieutenant 
Nosebag's  regiment. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 

Brien'uius  {Nicephorus),  the  Caesar 
of  the  Grecian  empire,  and  husband  of 
Anna  Comne'na  (daughter  of  Alexius 
Comnenus,  emperor  of  Greece). — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Count  Robert  of  Paris  (time, 
Rufus). 

Brigfado're  (4  syl),  sir  Guyon's 
horse.  The  word  means  "  Golden-bridle." 
— Spenser :  Faerie  Queene,  v.  3  (1596). 

Brig-an'tes  (3  syl.),  called  by  Drayton 
Brig'ants,  the  people  of  Yorkshire,  Lan- 
cashire, Westmoreland,  Cumberland,  and 
Durham. 

Where  in  the  Britons'  rule  of  yore  the  Brigants  swayed^ 
The  powerful  Fnglish  established  .  .  .  NorthumberUiDd 
[Norlhunibrid]. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xvi.  (1613)1. 

Briggs,  one  of  the  ten  young  gentle- 
men in  the  school  of  Dr.  Blimber  when 
Paul  Dombey  was  a  pupil  there.  Briggs 
was  nicknamed  the  *'  Stoney,"  because  his 
brains  were  petrified  by  the  constant  drop- 
ping of  wisdom  upon  them. — Dickens: 
Dombey  and  Son  (1846). 

Brigliadoro  \Bril'-ye-dor''-ro\  Or- 
lando's steed.  The  word  means  ' '  Golden- 
bridle." — Ariosto:  Orlando Furioso{i$x6). 

Sir  Guyon's  horse,  in  Spenser's  Faerie 
Queene,  is  called  by  the  same  name  (1596). 
(See  Brigadore.) 

Brigs  of  Ayr  ( The),  a  poetical  chat 
between  the  Old  and  New  Bridge  across 
the  river  Doon,  at  Ayr,  by  Burns. 

Brilliant  {Sir  Philip),  a  great  fop, 
but  brave  soldier,  like  the  famous  Murat. 
He  would  dress  with  all  the  finery  of  a 
vain  girl,  but  would  share  watching,  toil. 


BRILLIANT  MADMAN. 


BRITANNIA. 


and  peril  with  the  meanest  soldier.  "A 
butterfly  in  the  drawing-room,  but  a  lion 
on  the  battle-field."  Sir  Philip  was  a 
"  blade  of  proof  ;  you  might  laugh  at  the 
scabbard,  but  you  wouldn't  at  the  blade." 
He  falls  in  love  with  lady  Anne,  reforms 
his  vanities,  and  marries. — Knowles  :  Old 
Maids  (1841). 

Brilliant  Madman  (.The),  Charles 
XII.  of  Sweden  (1682,  1697-1718). 

Brillianta  {The  lady),  a  great  wit  in 
the  ancient  romance  entitled  Tirante  le 
Blanc,  author  unknown. 

Here  [in  Tirante  le  Blanc\  we  shall  find  the  famous 
knight  don  Kyrie  Elyson  of  Montalban,  his  brother 
Thomas,  the  kniglit  Fonseca,  ...  the  stratagems  of 
the  widow  Tranquil  .  .  .  and  the  witticisms  of  lady 
Brillianta.  This  is  one  of  the  most  amusing  books  ever 
written.— C<r»a«/M  .■  Don  Quixote,  I.  i.  6  (1605). 

Bris  {II  contedi  San),  governor  of  the 
Louvre.  He  is  father  of  Valenti'na  and 
leader  of  the  St.  Bartholomew  massacre. 
— Meyerbeer:  Les  Huguenots  (1836). 

Brisac'  {Justice),  brother  of  Mira- 
mont. 

Charles  Brisac,  a  scholar,  son  of  justice 
Brisac. 

Eustace  Brisac,  a  courtier,  brother  of 
Charles.  —Fletcher  :  The  Elder  Brother  (a 
comedy,  printed  in  1637). 

Brise'is  (3  syL ),  whose  real  name  was 
Hippodaml'a,  was  the  daughter  of  Brises, 
brother  of  the  priest  Chrysgs.  She  was 
the  concubine  of  Achilles ;  but  when 
Achilles  bullied  Agamemnon  for  not 
giving  Chryse'is  to  her  father,  who  offered 
a  ransom  for  her,  Agamemnon  turned 
upon  him  and  said  he  would  let  Chryseis 
go,  but  should  take  Briseis  instead. — 
Homer:  Iliad,  i. 

Ovid  in  Yiis  Herotdes,  ^  sy!.)  has  a  letter  in  hexameter 
and  pentameter  verses,  supposed  to  be  addressed  by 
Briseis  to  Achilles,  and  imploring  him  to  take  her 
back,  as  Agamemnon  has  consented  to  give  her  up,  if 
he  (Achilles)  will  return  to  the  war. 

Brisk,  a  good-natured  conceited  cox- 
comb, with  a  most  voluble  tongue.  Fond 
of  saying  "good  things,"  and  pointing 
them  out  with  such  expressions  as  "There 
I  had  you,  eh  ?  "  "  That  was  pretty  well, 
egad,  eh  ?  "  "  I  hit  you  in  the  teeth  there, 
egad  1 "  His  ordinary  oath  was  "  Let  me 
perish  1 "  He  makes  love  to  lady  Froth. — 
Congreve  :  The  Double  Dealer  (1694). 

Bris'kie  (2  syL),  disguised  under  the 
name  of  Putskie.  A  captain  in  the  Mos- 
covite  army,  and  brother  of  general 
Archas  "  the  loyal  subject  "  of  the  great- 
duke  of  Moscovia. — Flctclier  :  Tfie  Loyal 
Stibject  {1618). 

B3±i'sotin,  one  of  the  followers  of 


Jean  Pierre  Brissot,  an  advanced  revolu- 
tionist. The  Brissotins  were  subsequently 
merged  in  the  Girondists,  and  the  word 
dropped  out  of  use. 

Bristol  Boy  { The),  Thomas  Chatter- 
ton  the  poet,  born  at  Bristol.  Also  called 
"The  Marvellous  Boy."  Wordsworth 
calls  him  "the  wondrous  boy  who 
perished  in  his  pride  "  (1752-1770). 

Bristol  Man's  Gift,  a  present  of 
something  which  the  giver  pronounces  to 
be  of  no  use  or  no  value  to  himself. 

Britain,  according  to  the  British 
triads,  was  called  first  ' '  The  green  v/ater- 
fort"  {Clas  Merddyn)  ;  this  was  before  it 
was  populated.  Its  next  name  was  "The 
honey  isle"  (F  Vel  Ynys),  But  after  it 
was  brought  under  one  head  by  Prydain 
son  of  Aedd,  it  was  called  "  Prydain's 
isle  "  { Ynys  Prydain). 

It  has  also  been  called  "  Hyperbo'rea," 
"  Atlan'tica,"  "  Cassit'eris,"  "Roma'na," 
and  "Thuld."  Also  "Yr  Ynys  Wen" 
("  the  white  island  "),  and  some  will  have 
that  the  word  Albion  is  derived  from  the 
Latin,  albus,  "  white,"  and  that  the  island 
was  so  called  from  "  its  white  chffs  "—an 
etymology  only  suited  to  fable. 

Bochai-t  says  Baratanic  ("country  of 
tin"),  a  Phoenician  word,  contracted  into 
B'ratan',  is  the  true  derivation. 

N.B. — Britain,  in  Arthurian  romance, 
always  means  Brittany.  England  is  called 
Logris  or  Logria. 

Britain  {Benjamin),  in  Dickens's 
Battle  of  Life  (1846). 

Britan'nia.  The  Romans  represented 
the  island  of  Great  Britain  by  the  figure 
of  a  woman  seated  on  a  rock,  from  a 
fanciful  resemblance  thereto  in  the  general 
outline  of  the  island.  The  idea  is  less 
poetically  expressed  by  "An  old  witch  on 
a  broomstick." 

(The  effigy  of  Britannia  on  our  copper 
coin  dates  from  the  reign  of  Charles  II. 
(1672),  and  was  engraved  by  Roetier  from 
a  drawing  by  Evelyn  ) 

It  is  not  known  for  certainty  which  of  the  court 
favourites  of  Charles  II.  is  meant  to  be  represented  by 
the  effigy.  Some  say  Frances  Theresa  Stuart,  duchess 
of  Richmond;  others  think  it  is  intended  for  Barbara 
Villiers,  duchess  of  Cleveland  ;  but  as  the  effigy  was 
first  struck  on  the  coin  in  1672,  and  Louise  de  QuerouaiUe 
was  created  duchess  of  Portsmouth  in  1673,  probably 
the  French  favourite  was  honoured  by  bemg  selected 
for  the  academy  figure. 

Britannia,  the  name  of  the  ship 
under  the  command  of  captain  Albert,  in 
Falconer's  poem  called  The  Shipwreck. 
It  was  dashed  to  pieces  on  the  projecting 


BRITANNIA  REDIVIVUS. 


iSi 


BROADSIDE. 


verge  of  cape  Colonna,  the  most  southern 
point  of  Attica  (1756). 

Britannia  Redivi'vus,  a  poem  on 
the  binh  of  James  [II.]  by  Dryden. 

Britannia's    Pastorals,    by    W. 

Browne.    Book  i.  published  in  1613  ;  book 
ii.,  in  1616 ;  and  book  iii.,  in  1652. 

British  Apollo  {T/i€),  containing 
answers  to  2000  questions  on  arts  and 
sciences,  some  serious  and  some  hu- 
morous (1740),  by  a  "  Society  of  Gentle- 
men." 

British  History  of  GeoflFrey  of 
Monmouth,  is  a  translation  of  a  Welsh 
Chronicle.  *It  is  in  nine  books,  and  con- 
tains a  "history"  of  the  Britons  and 
Welsh  from  Brutus, great-grandson  of  the 
Trojan  ^neas  to  the  death  of  Cadwallo 
or  Cadwallader  in  688.  This  Geoffrey  was 
first  archdeacon  of  Monmouth,  and  then 
bishop  of  St.  Asaph.  The  general  outline 
of  the  work  is  the  same  as  that  given 
by  Nennius  three  centuries  previously. 
Geoffrey's  Chronicle,  published  about  1143, 
formed  a  basis  for  many  subsequent 
"historical"  works.  A  compendium  by 
Diceto  is  published  in  Gale's  Chronicles. 

N.B.— It  has  its  value  as  an  ancient  chronicle,  but  is 
wholly  worthless  as  a  history  of  facts. 

'British  Lion  {The),  the  spirit  or 
pugnacity  of  the  British  nation,  as  op- 
posed to  John  Bull,  which  symbolizes  the 
substantiality,  obstinacy,  and  solidity  of 
the  British  nation,  with  all  its  prejudices 
and  national  peculiarities.  To  rouse 
John  Bull  is  to  tread  on  his  corns,  to 
rouse  the  British  Lion  is  to  blow  the  war- 
trumpet  in  his  ears.  The  British  Lion 
also  means  the  most  popular  celebrity  of 
the  British  nation  for  the  time  being. 

Our  elorious  constitution  is  owing  to  tije  habit  which 
the  British  Lion  observes  of  sitting  over  his  wine  after 
dinner.—//',  yerdan. 

British  Pausanias  {The),  W. 
Camden,  the  antiquary  (1551-1623). 

British  Soldiers'  Battle  (TA^),  the 
battle  of  Inkerman,  November  5,  1854. 

l'"or  stubborn  valour,  for  true  old  English  resolution 
to  fight  it  out  to  the  last,  amid  every  disadvantage  and 
against  almost  overwhelming  odds,  men  will  for  ages 
I>oint  to  Inkerman,  '*  The  British  Soldiers'  Battle."— 
5i>  E.  Creasy  :  The  Fifteen  Decisive  Bailies  (preface). 

Brit'omart,  the  representative  of 
chastity.  She  was  the  daughter  and 
heiress  of  king  Ryence  of  Wales,  and  her 
legend  forms  the  third  book  of  the  Faerie 
Qitcene.  One  day,  looking  into  Venus's 
looking-glass,  given  by  Merlin  to  her 
father,  she  saw  therein  sir  Artegal,  and 
fell  in  love  with  him.     Her  nurse  GlaucS 


(2  syl.)  tried  by  charms  "to  undo  her 
love,"  but  "love  that  is  in  gentle  heart 
begun  no  idle  charm  can  remove.* 
Glaucfi,  finding  her  "charms"  ineffectual, 
took  her  to  Merlin's  cave  in  Carmarthen, 
and  the  magician  told  her  she  would  be 
the  mother  of  a  line  of  kings  {tlu  Tudors), 
and  after  twice  400  years  one  of  her  off- 
spring, "  a  royal  virgin,"  would  shake  the 
power  of  Spain.  GlaucS  now  suggested 
that  they  should  start  in  quest  of  sir 
Artegal,  and  Britomart  donned  the  armour 
of  An'gela  (queen  of  the  Angles),  which 
she  found  in  her  father's  armoury,  and 
taking  a  magic  spear  which  "nothing 
could  resist,"  she  sallied  forth.  Her 
adventures  allegorize  the  triumph  of 
chastity  over  impurity  :  Thus  in  Castle 
Joyous,  Malacasta  {lust),  not  knowing  her 
sex,  tried  to  seduce  her,  "  but  she  flees 
youthful  lust,  which  wars  against  the 
soul."  She  next  overthrew  Marinel,  son 
of  Cym'oent.  Then  made  her  appearance 
as  the  Squire  of  Dames.  Her  last  achieve- 
ment was  the  deliverance  of  Am'oret 
{wifely  love)  from  the  enchanter  Busirane. 
Her  marriage  is  deferred  to  bk.  v.  6, 
when  she  tilted  with  sir  Artegal,  who 
"shares  away  the  ventail  of  her  helmet 
with  his  sword,"  and  was  about  to  strike 
again  when  he  became  so  amazed  at  her 
beauty  that  he  thought  she  must  be  a 
goddess.  She  bade  the  knight  remove 
his  helmet,  at  once  recognized  him,  con- 
sented "to  be  his  love,  and  to  take  him 
for  her  lord." — Spenser :  Faerie  Queene^ 
iii.  (1590). 

She  charmed  at  once  and  tamed  the  heart. 
Incomparable  Britomart. 

Sir  W.  Scott. 

Briton  {Colonet),  a  Scotch  officer,  who- 
sees  donna  Isabella  jump  from  a  window 
in  order  to  escape  from  a  marriage  she 
dislikes.  The  colonel  catches  her,  and 
takes  her  to  the  house  of  donna  Violante, 
her  friend.  Here  he  calls  upon  her,  but 
don  Felix,  the  lover  of  Violante,  sup- 
posing Violante  to  be  the  object  of  his 
visits,  becomes  jealous,  till  at  the  end 
the  mystery  is  cleared  up,  and  a  double 
marriage  is  the  result. — Mrs.  Centlivre  z 
The  Wonder  {1714). 

Broad  Grins,  a  series  of  farcical  tales 
in  verse  by  G.  Colman  the  younger  (1797). 

Broadside  {A).  To  constitute  a 
broadside,  the  matter  should  be  printed 
on  the  entire  sheet,  on  one  side  of  the 
paper  only,  not  in  columns,  but  in  one 
measure.  It  matters  not  which  way  of 
the  paper  the  printing  is  displayed,  or 


BROBDINGNAG. 

what  the  size  of  type,  provided  the  whole 
is  presented  to  the  eye  in  one  view. 
Although  the  entire  matter  of  a  broadside 
must  be  contained  on  one  side  of  a  sheet 
of  paper,  an  endorsement  may  be  allowed. 

Brob'ding^ag,  a  coimtry  of  enor- 
mous giants,  to  whom  Gulliver  was  a 
tiny  dwarf.  They  were  as  tall  "  as  an 
ordinary  church  steeple,"  and  all  their 
surroundings  were  in  proportion. 

Yon  high  church  steeple,  yon  jjawky  stag. 
Your  husband  must  come  from  Brobdingnag. 

Kane  O'Hara  :  Midas  (1764). 

Brock  {Adam),  in  Charles  XII.,  an 
historical  drama  by  Planch^  (1828). 

Broken  Feather.  A  broken  feather 
in  his  wing,  a  scandal  connected  with 
one's  name,  a  blot  on  one's  'scutcheon. 

If  an  angel  were  to  walk  about,  Mrs.  Sam  Hurst 
would  never  rest  till  she  had  found  out  where  he  came 
from. 

And  perhaps  whether  he  had  a  broken  feather  in  his 
^ng.— Mrs,  Oliphant:  Phoebe,  jun.,  ii.  6. 

"BTcdken-Ctvct'h.'Tlovr {Laird of),  one 
of  the  Jacobite  conspirators  in  The  Black 
Dwarf,  a  novel  by  sir  W.  Scott  (time, 
Anne). 

Broken  Heart  {The),  a  tragedy  by 
John  Ford  {1633).     (See  Calantha.) 

Broker  of  the  Empire  {The). 
Dari'us,  son  of  Hystaspes,  was  so  called 
by  the  Persians  from  his  great  care  of  the 
financial  condition  of  his  empire. 

Bro'mia,  wife  of  Sosia  (slave  of 
Amphitryon),  in  the  service  of  Alcme'na. 
A  nagging  termagant,  who  keeps  her 
husband  in  petticoat  subjection.  She  is 
not  one  of  the  characters  in  Moliere's 
comedy  of  Amphitryon. — Dry  den  :  Am- 
phitryon (1690). 

Bromton's  Chronicle  (time,  Ed- 
ward III.),  that  is,  "The  Chronicle  of 
John  Bromton,"  printed  among  the  Decern 
Scriptores,  under  the  titles  of  "  Chronicon 
Johannis  Bromton,"  and  "  Johanensis 
Historia  a  Johanne  Bromton,"  abbot  of 
Jerevaux,  in  Yorkshire.  It  commences 
with  the  conversion  of  the  Saxons  by  St. 
Augustin,  and  closes  with  the  death  of 
Richard  I.  in  1199.  Selden  has  proved 
that  the  chronicle  was  not  written  by 
Bromton,  but  was  merely  brought  to  the 
abbey  while  he  was  abbot. 

Bronte  (2  syl.).    (See  Bell.) 

Bron'tes  {2 syl.),  one  of  the  Cyclops, 
hence  a  blacksmith  generally.  Called 
Hronteus  (2  syl.)  by  Spenser,  Faerie 
Qjteene,  iy.  $1^1 596). 


XS2  BROTHERS. 

Not  with  such  weight,  to  frame  the  forky  brand. 
The  ponderous  hammer  falls  from  Brontis'  hand. 
Jerusalan  Delivered,  xx.  (Hool's  translation). 

Bronze  ( i  syl. ).  The  Age  of  Bronze.  A 
poem  in  heroic  verse  on  Napoleon,  his 
victories,  his  fall,  and  the  effects  produced 
by  liberating  the  spirit  of  Liberty.  Clause 
iii,  contains  some  e.Kcellent  lines— 

But  where  is  he,  the  modem,  mightier  far. 

Who,  born  no  king,  made  nionarchs  draw  his  cart  .  .  . 

Bronzely  (2  syl.),  a  mere  rake,  whose 
vanity  was  to  be  thought  "  a  general 
seducer. " — Mrs.  Inchbald  :  Wives  as  they 
Were,  ajid  Maids  as  they  Are  (1797). 

Bron'zomarte  (3  syl.),  the  sorrel 
steed  of  sir  Launcelot  Greaves.  The 
word  means  a  "mettlesome  sorrel." — 
Smollett :  Sir  Launcelot  Greaves  (1756). 

Brook  {Master),  the  name  assumed 
by  Ford  when  sir  John  Falstaff  makes 
love  to  his  wife.  Sir  John,  not  knowing 
him,  confides  to  him  every  item  of  his 
amour,  and  tells  him  how  cleverly  he  has 
duped  Ford  by  being  carried  out  in  a 
buck -basket  before  his  very  face. — 
Shakespeare :  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor 
(1601). 

Brook  Street  (Grosvenor  Square, 
London)  is  so  called  from  a  brook  or 
stream  which  at  one  time  ran  down  that 
locality. 

Broo'ker,  the  man  who  stole  the  son 
of  Ralph  Nickleby  out  of  revenge,  called 
him  "Smike,"  and  put  him  to  school  at 
Dotheboys  Hall,  Yorkshire.  His  tale  is 
told  pp.  594-5  (original  edit.). — Dickens: 
Nicholas  Nickleby  (1838). 

Brother  Jon'athan.  When  Wash- 
ington was  in  want  of  ammunition,  he 
called  a  council  of  officers  ;  but  no  prac- 
tical suggestion  being  offered,  he  said, 
"We  must  consult  brother  Jonathan," 
meaning  his  excellency  Jonathan  Trum- 
bull, the  elder  governor  of  the  state  of 
Connecticut.  This  was  done,  and  the 
difficulty  surmounted.  ' '  To  consult  brother 
Jonathan  "  then  became  a  set  phrase,  and 
"  Brother  Jonathan  "  became  the  "John 
Bull"  of  the  United  States.— .ffa;-//^//.- 
Dictionary  of  A  mericanisms. 

Brother  Sam,  the  brother  of  lord 
Dundreary,  the  hero  of  a  comedy  based 
on  a  German  drama,  by  John  Oxenford, 
with  additions  and  alterations  by  E.  A. 
Sothern  and  T.  B.  Buckstone.— Supplied 
by  T.  B.  Buckstone,  esq. 

Brothers  ( The),  a  comedy  by  Richard 
Cumberland  (1769).  (For  the  plot,  see 
Belfielf,  Brothers.) 


BROUGHAM'S  PLAID  TROUSERS.  153        BRUCE  AND  THE  SPIDER. 


•.'  Wordsworth  has  a  poem  with  the 
same  title,  written  in  1800. 

Brongham's     Flaid    Trousers. 

The  story  goes  that  lord  Brougham 
[Broom]  once  paid  a  visit  to  a  great  cloth 
factory  in  the  north,  and  was  so  pleased 
with  one  of  the  patterns  that  he  requested 
to  be  supplied  with  "a  dozen  pieces  for  his 
own  use,"  meaning,  of  course,  enough  for 
a  dozen  pairs  of  trousers.  The  clothier 
sent  him  "a  dozen  pieces,"  containing 
several  hundred  yards,  so  that  his  lord- 
ship was  not  only  set  up  for  life  in  plaid 
for  trousers,  but  had  enough  to  supply  a 
whole  clan. 

Browdie  [Jo^n),  a  brawny,  big-made 
Yorkshire  corn-factor,  bluff,  brusque, 
honest,  and  kind-hearted.  He  befriends 
poor  Smike,  and  is  much  attached  to 
Nicholas  Nickleby.  John  Browdie  marries 
Matilda  Price,  a  miller's  daughter. — 
Dickens  :  Nicholas  Nickleby  {1838). 

BROWN  [Vanleest),  lieutenant  of 
Dirk  Hatteraick.— 5i>  W.  Scott:  Guy 
Ma7inering  (time,  George  II.). 

Brown,  {Jonathan),  landlord  of  the 
Black  Bear  at  Darlington.  Here  Frank 
Osbaldistone  meets  Rob  Roy  at  dinner. — 
Sir  IV.  Scott :  Rob  Roy  (time,  George  I.). 

Brown  {Mrs.),  the  widow  of  the 
brother-in-law  of  the  hon.  Mrs.  Skewton. 
She  had  one  daughter,  Alice  Marwood, 
who  was  first  cousin  to  Edith  (Mr.  Dom- 
bey's  second  wife).  Mrs.  Brown  lived  in 
great  poverty,  her  only  known  vocation 
being  ' '  to  strip  children  of  their  clothes, 
which  she  sold  or  pawned." — Dickens: 
Dombey  and  Son  (1846). 

Brown  {Mrs.),  a  "Mrs.  John  Bull," 
with  all  the  practical  sense,  kind-hearted- 
ness, absence  of  conventionality,  and  the 
prejudices  of  a  well-to-do  but  half-educated 
Englishwoman  of  the  middle  shop  class. 
She  passes  her  opinions  on  all  current 
events,  and  travels  about,  taking  with  her 
all  her  prejudices,  and  despising  every- 
thing which  is  not  English.  —  Arthur 
Sketchley  [Rev.  George  Rose]. 

Brown  ( Yellowish).   (See  Isabella.  ) 

Brown  tlie  Younger  ( Thomas),  the 
nom  de  flume  of  Thomas  Moore,  in  The 
Two-penny  Post-bag,  a  series  of  witty  and 
very  popular  satires  on  the  prince  regent 
(afterwards  George  IV.),  his  ministers, 
and  his  boon  comi.jinions.  Also  in  The 
Fudge  Family  in  Paris,  and  in  The 
Fudges  in  England  (1835). 


Brown,   Jones,  and  B.obinson, 

three  Englishmen  who  travel  together. 
Their  adventures,  by  Richard  Doyle,  were 
published  in  Punch.  In  them  is  held  up 
to  ridicule  the  gaucherie,  the  contracted 
notions,  the  vulgarity,  the  conceit,  and 
the  general  snobbism  of  the  middle-class 
English  abroad. 

Browne  {General)  paid  a  visit  to  lord 
Woodville.  His  bedroom  for  the  nighl 
was  the  "tapestried  chamber,"  where  he 
saw  the  apparition  of  "the  lady  in  the 
sacque  ;  "  and  next  morning  he  relates  his 
adventure. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  The  Tapes- 
tried Chamber  (time,  George  III.). 

Browne  {Hablot  Knight)  illustrated 
some  of  Dickens's  novels,  and  took  the 
pseudonym  of  "  Phiz  "  (1812-1882). 

Brown's  School  Days  {Tom),  a 
story  by  T.  Hughes  (1856). 

Browns.  To  astonish  the  Bi'owns,  to 
do  or  say  something  regardless  of  the 
annoyance  it  may  cause  or  the  shock  it 
may  give  to  Mrs.  Grundy.  Anne  Bole>^^ 
had  a  whole  clan  of  Browns,  or  "  countiy 
cousins,"  who  were  welcomed  at  court  in 
the  reign  of  Elizabeth.  The  queen,  how- 
ever, was  quick  to  see  what  was  gauche, 
and  did  not  scruple  to  reprove  them  for 
uncourtly  manners.  Her  plainness  of 
speech  used  quite  to  ' '  astonish  the 
Browns." 

Brownists.  {^^  Dictionary  of  Phran 
and  Fable,  p.  181.) 

Brownlow,  a  most  benevolent  oM 
gentleman,  who  rescued  Oliver  Twist  from  . 
his  vile  associates.  He  refused  to  believie 
in  Oliver's  guilt  of  theft,  although  appear- 
ances were  certainly  against  him,  and  he 
even  took  the  boy  into  his  service. — 
Dickens:  Oliver  Twist  {x^-yf)' 

Brox'moutli  {John),  a  neighbour  of 
Happer  the  miller.— 5i>  W.  Scott:  The 
Monastery  (time,  Ehzabelh). 

Bruce  ( The),  an  epic  poem  by  John 
Barbour  (1376).  There  was  published  an 
edition  in  1869.  It  is  in  octo-syllabic 
verse,  and  runs  to  about  14,000  lines. 
The  subject  is  the  adventures  of  Robert  I. 
of  Scotland. 

Bruce    and    the    Spider.      The 

popular  tradition  is  that  in  the  spring  of 
1305,  Robert  Bruce  was  crowned  at  Scone 
king  of  Scotland  ;  but,  being  attacked  by 
the  English,  he  retreated  first  to  the  wilds 
of  Athole,  and  then  to  the  little  island  of 
Rathhn,  off  the  north  coast  of  Ireland, 


BRUEL. 


XS4 


BRUNELLO. 


and  all  supposed  him  to  be  dead.  While 
lying  perdu  in  Rathlin,  he  one  day 
noticed  a  spider  near  his  bed  try  six 
times  to  fix  its  web  on  a  beam  in  the 
ceiling.  "Now  shall  this  spider  (said 
Bruce)  teach  me  what  I  am  to  do,  for  I 
also  have  failed  six  times."  The  spider 
made  a  seventh  effort,  and  succeeded ; 
whereupon  Bruce  left  the  island  (in  the 
spring  of  1307),  and  collecting  together  300 
followers,  landed  at  Carrick,  and  at  mid- 
night surprised  the  English  garrison  in 
Turnberry  Castle ;  he  next  overthrew  the 
earl  of  Gloucester,  and  in  two  years 
made  himself  master  of  well-nigh  all 
Scotland,  which  Edward  III.  declared 
in  1328  to  be  an  independent  kingdom. 
Sir  Walter  Scott  tells  us,  in  his  Tales  of  a 
Grandfather  (p.  26,  col.  2),  that  in  re- 
membrance of  this  incident,  it  has  always 
been  deemed  a  foul  crime  in  Scotland  for 
any  of  the  name  of  Bruce  to  injure  a 
spider. 

"I  will  grant  you,  my  father,  that  this  valiant 
burgess  of  Perth  is  one  of  the  best-hearted  men  that 
draws  breath  ...  He  would  be  as  loth,  in  wantonness, 
to  kill  a  spider,  as  if  he  were  a  kinsman  to  king 
Robert  of  happy  memory."— 5i>  IV.  Scott:  Fair  Maid 
qf  Perth,  ch.  ii.  (1828). 

f  Frederick  the  Great  and  the  Spider. 
While  Frederick  II.  was  at  Sans  Souci, 
he  one  day  went  into  his  ante-room,  as 
usual,  to  drink  a  cup  of  chocolate,  but 
set  his  cup  down  to  fetch  his  handker- 
chief from  his  bedroom.  On  his  return 
he  found  a  great  spider  had  fallen  from 
the  ceiling  into  his  cup.  He  called  for 
fresh  chocolate,  and  next  moment  heard 
the  report  of  a  pistol.  The  cook  had 
been  suborned  to  poison  the  chocolate, 
and,  supposing  his  treachery  had  been 
found  out,  shot  himself.  On  the  ceiling 
of  the  room  in  Sans  Souci  a  spider  has 
been  painted  (according  to  tradition)  in 
remembrance  of  this  story. 

^  Mahomet  and  the  Spider.  When 
Mahomet  fled  from  Mecca,  he  hid  in  a 
certain  cave,  and  the  Koreishites  were 
close  upon  him.  Suddenly  an  acacia  in 
full  leaf  sprang  up  at  the  mouth  of  the 
cave,  a  wood-pigeon  had  its  nest  in  the 
branches,  and  a  spider  had  woven  its  net 
between  the  tree  and  the  cave.  When 
the  Koreishites  saw  this,  they  felt  per- 
suaded that  no  one  could  have  recently 
passed  that  way,  and  went  on. 

IT  A  kindred  story  is  told  of  David, 
who  was  saved  from  the  hand  of  Saul  in 
pursuit  of  him,  by  the  web  of  a  spider 
over  the  mouth  of  a  cave  in  the  desert  of 
Ziph. 

Bru'eli  the  name  of  the  goose,  in  the 


tale    of  Reynard  the  Fox.      Tlie    word 
means  the  "  Little  roarer  "  (1498). 

Bm'in,  the  name  of  the  bear,  in  the 
best-epic  called  Reynard  the  Fox.  Hence 
a  bear  in  general.  The  word  means  the 
"  Brown  one  "  (1498). 

Bru'in,  one  of  the  leaders  arrayed 
against  Hudibras.  He  is  meant  for  one 
Talgol,  a  Newgate  butcher,  who  obtained 
a  captain's  commission  for  valour  at 
Naseby.  He  marched  next  to  Orsin 
[Joshua  Gosling,  landlord  of  the  bear- 
gardens at  South wark]. — S.  Butler: 
Hudibras,  i.  3  (1663). 

Bruin  [Mrs.  and  Mr.),  daughter  and 
son-in-law  to  sir  Jacob  JoUup.  Mr. 
Bruin  is  a  huge  bear  of  a  fellow,  and  rules 
his  wife  with  scant  courtesy. — Foote  :  The 
Mayor  of  Garratt  (1763). 

Bmlgrud'dery  {Dennis),  landlord  of 
the  Red  Cow,  on  Muckslush  Heath.  He 
calls  himself  "  an  Irish  gintleman  bred 
and  born."  He  was  "  brought  up  to  the 
church,"  i.e.  to  be  a  church  beadle,  but  lost 
his  place  for  snoring  at  sermon-time.  He 
is  a  sot,  with  a  very  kind  heart,  and  is 
honest  in  great  matters,  although  in 
business  he  will  palm  off  an  old  cock  for 
a  young  capon. 

Mrs.  Brulgruddery,  wife  of  Dennis,  and 
widow  of  Mr.  Skinnygauge,  former  land- 
lord of  the  Red  Cow.  Unprincipled,  self- 
willed,  ill-tempered,  and  over-reaching. 
Money  is  the  only  thing  that  moves  her, 
and  when  she  has  taken  a  bribe  she  will 
whittle  down  the  service  to  the  finest 
point. — Colnian:  John  Bull  {iZos). 

Bramo,  a  place  of  worship  in  Craca 
(one  of  the  Shetland  Isles). 

Far  from  his  friends  they  placed  him  In  the  horrid 
circle  of  Brumo,  where  the  ghosts  of  the  dead  howl 
round  the  stone  of  their  kd.t.—OssiaH  :  Finsal,  vi. 

Biran'clieval  "the  Bold,"  a  paynim 
knight,  who  tilted  with  sir  Satyrane ; 
both  were  thrown  to  the  ground  together 
at  the  first  encounter. — Spenser:  Faerie 
Queene,  iv.  4  (1596). 

Bmnell'o,  a  deformed  dwarf,  who  at 
the  siege  of  Albracca  stole  Sacripan'te's 
charger  from  between  his  legs  without  his 
knowing  it.  He  also  stole  Angelica's 
magic  ring,  by  means  of  which  he  re- 
leased Roge'ro  from  the  castle  in  which 
he  was  imprisoned.  Ariosto  says  that 
Agramant  gave  the  dwarf  a  ring  which 
had  the  power  of  resisting  magic. — 
Bojardo:  Orlando  Innamorato  (1495); 
and  Ariosto:  Orlando  Furioso  (15 16). 


BRUNENBURG.  155 

"  I»"  says  Snncho,  "  slept  so  soundly  upon  Dapple, 
that  the  thief  had  time  enoutjh  to  clap  four  stakes 
under  the  four  corners  of  my  pannel,  and  to  lead  away 
the  beast  from  under  my  legs  without  waking  me."— 
CtrvanUs:  Don  QuixoU,  if.  i.  4  (1615). 

Bninenbnr^  [Daitle  of),  referred  to 
in  Tennyson's  King  Harold,  is  the  victory 
obtained  in  938  by  king  Athelstan  over 
the  Danes. 

Bmnetta,  mother  of  Chary  (who 
married  his  cousin  Fairstar). — Comtesse 
nAulnoy  :  Fairy  7fl/«("  Princess  Fair- 
star,"  1682), 

Bmnetta,  the  rival  beauty  of  Phyllis. 
On  one  occasion  Phyllis  procured  a  most 
mar\'ellbi{s  fabric  of  gold  brocade  in 
order  to  eclipse  her  rival ;  but  Brunetta 
arrayed  her  train-bearer  in  a  dress  of  the 
same  material,  and  cut  in  the  same 
fashion.  Phyllis  was  so  annoyed  that 
she  went  home  and  died. — The  Spectator. 

BrnxLhild,  queen  of  Issland,  who 
made  a  vow  that  none  should  win  her 
who  could  not  surpass  her  in  three  trials 
of  skill  and  strength :  (i)  hurling  a  spear ; 
(2)  throwing  a  stone;  and  {3)  jumping. 
Giinther  king  of  Burgundy  undertook 
the  three  contests,  and  by  the  aid  of 
Siegfried  succeeded  in  winning  the 
martial  queen.  First,  hurling  a  spear 
that  three  men  could  scarcely  lift :  the 
queen  hurled  it  towards  Giinther,  but 
Siegfried,  in  his  invisible  cloak,  reversed 
its  direction,  causing  it  to  strike  the  queen 
and  knock  her  down.  Next,  throwing  a 
stone  so  huge  that  twelve  brawny  men 
were  employed  to  carry  it  :  Brunhild 
lifted  it  on  high,  flung  it  twelve  fathoms, 
and  jumped  beyond  it.  Again  Siegfried 
helped  his  friend  to  throw  it  further,  and 
in  leaping  beyond  the  stone.  The  queen, 
being  fairly  beaten,  exclaimed  to  her  liege- 
men, "I  am  no  longer  your  queen  and 
mistress  ;  henceforth  are  ye  the  liegemen 
of  Gunther"  (lied  vii.).  After  marriage 
Brunhild  was  so  obstreperous  that  the 
king  again  applied  to  Siegfried,  who  suc- 
ceeded in  depriving  her  of  her  ring  and 
girdle,  after  which  she  became  a  very 
submissive  wife. — The  Nibelungen  Lied. 

Bru'no  [Bishop),  bishop  of  Herbi- 
polita'num.  Sailing  one  day  on  the 
Danube  with  Henry  III.  emperor  of 
Germany,  they  came  to  Ben  Strudel 
("the  devouring  gulf"),  near  Grinon 
Castle,  in  Austria.  Here  the  voice  of  a 
spirit  clamoured  aloud,  "Ho!  ho!  Bishop 
Bruno,  whither  art  thou  travelling?  But 
go  thy  ways,  bishop  Bruno,  for  thou  shalt 
travel  with  me  to-night."   At  night,  while 


BRUTE. 

feasting  with  the  emperor,  a  rafter  fell  on 
his  head  and  killed  him.  Southey  has  a 
ballad  called  Bishop  Bruno,  but  it  deviates 
from  the  original  legend  given  by  Hey- 
wood  in  several  particulars  :  It  makes 
bishop  Bruno  hear  the  voice  first  on  his 
way  to  the  emperor,  who  had  invited  him 
to  dinner ;  next,  at  the  beginning  of 
dinner  ;  and  thirdly,  when  the  guests  had 
well  feasted.  At  the  last  warning  an  ice- 
cold  hand  touched  him,  and  Bruno  fell 
dead  in  the  banquet-halL 

Brash,  the  impertinent  English  valet 
of  lord  Ogleby.  If  his  lordship  calls,  he 
never  hears  unless  he  chooses  ;  if  his  belJ 
rings,  he  never  answers  it  till  it  suits  his 
pleasure.  He  helps  himself  freely  to  all 
his  master's  things,  and  makes  love  to  all 
the  pretty  chambermaids  he  comes  into 
contact  with. — Colman  and  Garrick  .- 
The  Clandestine  Marriage  (1766). 

Bmss  [Robert  the),  an  historical  poen> 
by  Barbour,  father  of  the  Scotch  verna- 
cular poets.  This  Robert  was  Robert  I.  of 
Scotland  (1276,  1306-1329).  John  Bar- 
bour lived  1316-1395.  The  full  title  of 
his  poem  is  The  Gestes  of  king  Robert 
Bruce ;  it  consists  of  14,000  lines,  and 
may  be  divided  into  twenty  books.  The 
verses  are  octosyllabic  like  Scott's  Alar- 
tnion,  etc. 

Brat  [Le),  a  metrical  chronicle  of 
Maitre  Wace,  canon  of  Caen,  in  Nor- 
mandy. It  contains  the  earliest  history 
of  England,  and  other  historical  legends 
(twelfth  century). 

Brute  (i  syl.),  the  first  king  of  Britain 
(in  mythical  history).  He  was  the  son  of 
yEneas  Silvius  (grandson  of  Ascanius 
and  great-grandson  of  yEneas  of  Troy). 
Brute  called  London  (the  capital  of  his 
adopted  country)  Troynovant(A^«f  Troy).. 
The  legend  is  this  :  An  oracle  declared 
that  Brute  should  be  the  death  of  both 
his  parents;  his  mother  died  in  child- 
birth, and  at  the  age  of  15  Brute  shot  his 
father  accidentally  in  a  deer-hunt.  Being 
driven  from  Alba  Longa,  he  collected  a 
band  of  old  Trojans  and  landed  at  Tot- 
ness,  in  Devonshire.  His  wife  was 
Innogen,  daughter  of  Pandra'sus  king  of 
Greece.  His  tale  is  told  at  length  in  the 
Chronicles  of  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth,  in 
the  first  song  of  Drayton's  Polyolbion, 
and  in  Spenser's  Faerie  Queene,  ii. 

Brute  [Sir  John),  a  coarse,  surly,  ill- 
mannered  brute,  whose  delight  was  to 
"provoke  "  his  young  wife,  who  he  tells 


BRUTE  GREEN-SHIELD. 


ts6 


BRUTUS  AND  CICERO. 


us  "  is  a  young  lady,  a  fine  lady,  a  witty 
lady,  and  a  virtuous  lady,  but  yet  I  hate 
her."  In  a  drunken  frolic  he  intercepts  a 
tailor  taking  home  a  new  dress  to  lady 
Brute  ;  he  insists  on  arraying  himself 
therein,  is  arrested  for  a  street  row,  and 
taken  before  the  justice  of  the  peace. 
Being  asked  his  name,  he  gives  it  as 
"  lady  John  Brute,"  and  is  dismissed. 

Lady  Brufe,  wife  of  sir  John.  She  is 
sabjected  to  divers  indignities,  and  in- 
sulted morn,  noon,  and  night,  by  her 
surly,  drunken  husband.  Lady  Brute 
intrigues  with  Constant,  a  former  lover  ; 
but  her  intrigues  are  more  mischievous 
than  vicious. —  Vanbrugh:  The  Provoked 
Wife  {1697). 

The  coarse  pot-house  valour  of  "sJr  John  Brute" 
(Carrick's  famous  part)  is  well  contrasted  with  the  fine- 
lady  airs  and  affectation  of  his  wife.  [Surely  this  must 
be  an  error.  It  applies  to  "  lady  Fanciful,  but  not  to 
"lady  Brutt."\—R.  Chambers:  English  Literature, 
1.598. 

Brute  Green-Shield,  the  successor 
of  Ebranc  king  of  Britain.  The  mythical 
line  is  :  (i)  Brute,  great-great-grandson 
of  .^neas  ;  (2)  Locrin,  his  son  ;  h^ 
Guendolen,  the  widow  of  Locrin  ;  (4) 
Ebranc  ;  {5)  Brute  Green-Shield.  Then 
follow  in  order  Leil,  Hudibras,  Bladud, 
Leir  [Shakespeare's  ' '  Lear  "],  etc, 

.  .  .  of  her  courageous  kings. 
Brute  Green-Shield,  to  whose  name  wo  providcnca 

impute 
Divinely  to  revive  the  land's  first  conqueror.  Brute. 
Drayton:  Polyolbion,  viii.  (1612). 

Brute's  City,  London,  called  Troy- 
novant  or  Trinovant  {^New  Troy). 

The  goodly  Thames  near  which  Brute's  city  stands, 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xvi.  (1613J. 

(Of  course  Trinovant  is  so  called  from 
tlie  Trinovantfis  or  TrinobantSs,  a  Celtic 
tribe  settled  in  Essex  and  Middlesex 
when  Caesar  invaded  the  island. ) 

Bm'ton  Street  (London),  so  called 
from  Bruton,  in  Somersetshire,  the  seat 
cf  John  lord  Berkeley  of  Stratton. 

BrtlttlS  {Lucius  Junius),  first  consul 
of  Rome,  who  condemned  his  own  two 
sons  to  death  for  joining  a  conspiracy  to 
restore  Tarquin  to  the  throne  from  which 
he  had  been  banished.  This  subject  was 
dramatized  by  N.  Lee  (1679)  and  John  H. 
Payne,  under  the  title  of  Brutus,  or  The 
Fall  of  Tarquin  (1820).  Alfieri,  in  1783, 
wrote  an  Italian  tragedy  on  the  same  sub- 
ject In  French  we  have  the  tragedies  of 
Arnault  (1702)  and  Ponsard  (1843).    (See 

LUCRETIA.) 

The  elder  Kean  on  one  occasion  consented  to  appear 
•t  the  Glasgow  Theatre  for  his  son's  benefit.  The  play 
chosen  was  Payne's  Brutus,  in  which  the  father  tooJe 
tha  part   of  "Brutus"  and   Charles   Kean   that  of 


"Tttus."  The  audience  sat  suffused  In  tears  during 
the  pathetic  interview,  till  "  Brutus"  falls  on  the  neck 
of  "  Titus,"  exclaiming,  in  a  burst  of  agony,  "  Embrace 
thy  wretched  father  1"  when  the  whole  house  broke 
forth  into  peals  of  approbation.  Edmund  Kean  then 
whispered  m  his  son's  ear,  "Charlie,  we  are  doing  the 
trick."— ^.  C.  Russell:  Representative  Actors,  476. 

IT  Junius  Brutus.  So  James  Lynch  Fitz- 
Stephen  has  been  called,  because  (like 
the  first  consul  of  Rome)  he  condemned 
his  own  son  to  death  for  murder ;  and, 
to  prevent  a  rescue,  caused  him  to  be 
executed  from  the  window  of  his  own 
house  in  Gal  way  (1493). 

The  Spanish  Brutus,  Alfonso  Perez  de 
Guzman,  governor  of  Tarifa  in  1293. 
Here  he  was  besieged  by  the  infant  don 
Juan,  who  had  revolted  against  his 
brother,  king  Sancho  IV.  ;  and,  having 
Guzman's  son  in  his  power,  threatened  to 
kill  him  unless  Tarifa  was  given  up  to 
him.  Guzman  replied,  "  Sooner  than  be 
guilty  of  such  treason,  I  will  lend  Juan  a 
dagger  to  slay  my  son  ;  "  and  so  saying 
tossed  his  dagger  over  the  wall.  Sad  to 
say,  Juan  took  the  dagger,  and  assas- 
sinated the  young  man  there  and  then 
(1258-1309). 

Bmtns  {Marcus),  said  to  be  the  son 
of  Julius  Cassar  by  Servilia. 

Brutus'  bastard  hand 
Stabb'd  Julius  Caesar. 
Shakespeare :  Henry  VI.  act  iv.  sc.  i  (iS9i). 

This  Brutus  is  introduced  by  Shake- 
speare in  his  tragedy  of  Julius  Ccesar, 
and  the  poet  endows  him  with  every 
quality  of  a  true  patriot.  He  loved 
Ccesar  much,  but  he  loved  Rome  more. 

John  P.  Kemble  seems  to  me  always  to  play  best 
those  characters  in  which  there  is  a  predominating 
tinge  ofsomeover-raastering  passion.  .  . .  The  patrician 
pride  of  " Coriolanus,"  the  stoicism  of  "Brutus,"  the 
vehemence  of  "  Hotspur,"  mark  the  class  of  characters 
I  mean.-ir.y  W.  Scott. 

In  the  life  of  C.  M.  Young,  we  are  told  that  Edmund 
Kean  in  "  Hamlet,"  "  Coriolanus,"  "  Brutus  "...  never 
approached  within  any  measurable  distance  of  th« 
learned  and  majestic  Kemble. 

Brutus.  Et  tu,  Brute/  Shakespeare, 
on  the  authority  of  Suetonius,  puts  these 
words  into  the  mouth  of  Caesar  when 
Brutus  stabbed  him.  Shakespeare's 
drama  was  written  in  1607,  and  probably 
he  had  seen  The  True  Tragedy  of 
Richard  duke  of  York  (1600),  where  these 
words  occur ;  but  even  before  that  date 
H.  Stephens  had  said — 

Jule  Cesar,  quand  il  vit  que  Brutus  aussl  estoit  de 
ceux  qui  luy  tirient  des  coups  d'espee,  luy  dit,  Kai  sy 
tecnon  1  c'est  ^  dire.  .  .  .  Et  toy  nion  fils,  en  es  tu 
aussi. — Detix  Dial,  du  Noveau  Latt^.  Franc  (1583). 

Brutus  and  Cicero.  Cicero  says, 
"Caesare  interfecto,  statint,  cruentum 
alte  extoUens  M,  Brutus  pugionem  Cice- 
ronem  nominatim    exclamavit,   atque  d 


BRYCE'S  DAY. 


157 


BUCKLAW. 


recuperatam  libertatem  estgratulatus." — 
Philippics,  ii.  12. 

■WTien  Brutus  rose, 
Refulgent  from  the  stroke  of  Caesar's  fate, 
.  .  .  \_kt\  called  aloud 

On  Tully's  name,  and  shook  his  crimson  steel. 
And  bade  the  "  father  of  his  country  "  hail. 

Akenside  :  Pleasures  of  Imagination,  L 

Bryce's  Day  {St.),  November  13. 
On  St.  Bryce's  Day,  1002,  Ethelred  caused 
all  the  Danes  in  the  kingdom  to  be 
secretly  murdered  in  one  night. 

In  one  night  the  throats  of  all  the  Danish  cut. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xii.  (1613). 

Bry'done  [Ehpeth)  or  Glendinning, 
widow  of  Simon  Glendinning,  of  the 
Tower  of  Glendearg.— 5z>  W.  Scott: 
The  Monastery  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Bulaas'tis,  the  Dian'a  of  Egyptian 
mythology.  She  was  the  daughter  of 
Isis  and  sister  of  Horus. 

BuTjenturg  {Sir  Adrian  de),  aveteran 
knight  of  Berne. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Anne  of 
Geiersiein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Bncca,  goblin  of  the  wind  in  Celtic 
mythology,  and  supposed  by  the  ancient 
inhabitants  of  Cornwall  to  foretell  ship- 
wrecks. 

Bucen'tanr,  the  Venetian  State 
galley  used  by  the  doge  when  he  went 
"to  wed  the  Adriatic."  In  classic 
mythology  the  bucentaur  was  half  man 
and  half  ox. . 

Buceph'alos  ["dull-headed"],  the 
name  of  Alexander's  horse,  which  cost 
;^35oo.  It  knelt  down  when  Alexander 
mounted,  and  was  30  years  old  at  its 
death.  Alexander  built  a  city  called 
Bucephala  in  its  memory. 

T/te  Persian  Bucephalos,  Shibdiz,  the 
famous  charger  of  Chosroes  Parviz. 

Buck'et  {Mr.),  a  shrewd  detective 
officer,  who  cleverly  discovers  that  Hor- 
tense,  the  French  maidservant  of  lady 
Dedlock,  was  the  murderer  of  Mr.  Tul- 
kinghorn,  and  not  lady  Dedlock  who  was 
charged  with  the  deed  by  Hortense. — 
Dickens  :  Bleak  House  (1853). 

BUCKINGHAM  {George  Villiers, 
first  duke  of),  the  profligate  favourite  of 
James  I.,  who  called  him  "  Steenie"  from 
his  beauty,  a  pet  corruption  of  Stephen, 
whose  face  at  martyrdom  was  "as  the 
face  of  an  angel."  This  was  the  duke 
who  was  assassinated  by  Fenton  (1592- 
1628).  He  is  introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott 
in  The  Fortunes  of  Nigel.  (See  Dumas, 
The  Three  Musketeers.) 


Buckingham  {George  Villiers,  second 
duke  of),  son  of  the  preceding,  and 
favourite  of  Charles  II.  He  made  the 
"whole  body  of  vice  his  study."  His 
name  furnishes  the  third  letter  of  the 
famous  anagram  "  CAI3AL."  This  was 
the  duke  who  wrote  The  Rehearsal. 
He  is  introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott  in 
Peveril  of  the  Peak,  and  by  Drydcn  in  his 
Absalom  and  Achitopliel,  who  called  him 
Zimri  {q.v.).  He  died  in  very  reduced 
circumstances  in  the  house  of  one  of  his 
tenants  in  Yorkshire  (1627-1688).  Pope 
says  the  house  was  a  sordid  inn. 

In  the  worst  inn's  worst  room,  with  mat  half-hung. 
The  floor  of  plaister,  and  the  walls  of  dungr, 
On  once  a  flock-bed,  but  repaired  with  straw, 
With  tape-tied  curtains,  never  meant  to  draw  .  .  . 
Great  Villiers  lies — alas  I  how  changed  from  him,— 
That  life  of  pleasure,  and  that  soul  of  whim  I 

Pope:  Moral  Essays,  iii. 

Buckingham  {Henry  duke  of)  was 
Henry  Stafford,  son  and  heir  of  Humphrey 
Stafford  duke  of  Buckingham.  He  was 
made  hereditary  lord  high  constable  in 
1483.  Shakespeare  says  (in  Richard  HI. ) 
that  Buckingham,  alarmed  at  the  execution 
of  Hastings,  fled  to  Brecknock,  in  Wales, 
where  he  had  a  castle.  Here  he  collected 
together  a  levy,  which  was  easily  dispersed ; 
and  Buckingham,  being  taken  prisoner, 
was  brought  to  Salisbury,  and  beheaded 
in  1521  {Richard  HI.  act  v.  sc.  i). 

Sackville,  in  A  Mirrour  for  Magistraytes  (1587), 
gives  a  slightly  different  account- 
Then  first  came  Henry,  duke  of  Buckingham, 
His  cloke  of  blacke  al  piUle  and  quite  forwoni. 

Mirrour  for  Magistraytes. 

The  ghost  of  Buckingliam  tells  Thomas  Sackville 
that  he  and  king  Richard  III.  had  so  plotted  together, 
and  were  so  privy  to  each  other's  guilt,  that  each 
sought  to  kill  the  other.  Richard  having  discovered 
the  treasonable  designs  of  Buckingham,  he  [the  duke] 
fled  to  John  Banastar,  a  man  who  had  received  great 
favours  of  the  duke,  and  professed  himself  his  fast 
friend ;  but,  for  the  sake  of  ;^iooo  blood-money, 
Banastar  betrayed  the  duke  to  John  Mitton,  sheriflf  of 
Shropshire,  and  Mitton  delivered  up  the  duke  to  the 
king. 

Buckingham  {Mary  duchess  of), 
introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott  in  Peveril  of 
the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Bucklaw  ( The  laird  of),  afterwards 
laird  of  Girnington.  His  name  was 
Frank  Hayston.  Lucy  Ashton  plights 
her  troth  to  Edgar  master  of  Ravens- 
wood,  and  they  exchange  love-tokens  at 
the  Mermaid's  Fountain  ;  but  her  father, 
sirWilliam  Ashton,  for  mercenary  motives, 
promises  her  in  marriage  to  the  laird  of 
Bucklaw,  and  as  she  signs  the  articles 
Edgar  suddenly  appears  at  the  castle. 
They  return  to  each  other  their  love- 
tokens,  and  Lucy  is  married  to  the  laird  ; 
but  on  the  wedding  night  the  bridegroom 
is  found   dangerously  wounded    in   the 


BUCKLE. 


IS8 


BULU 


bridal  chamber,  and  the  bride  hidden  in 
the  chimney-corner,  insane.  Lucy  dies 
In  convulsions,  but  Bucklaw  recovers  and 
goes  abroad. — Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Bride 
of  Lammermoor  [ixme,  William  IIL). 

Buckle  [Put  into),  put  into  pawn  at 
the  rate  of  40  per  cent,  interest. 

To  talk  buckle,  to  talk  about  marriage. 

I  took  a  girl  to  dinner  who  tallced  buckle  to  me,  and 
the  girl  on  the  other  side  talked  balls.— ri^'ra,  154. 

Bucklers-bury  (London),  so  called 
from  one  Buckle,  a  grocer  ( Old  and  New 
London).  In  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  and 
long  afterwards  Bucklersbury  was  chiefly 
inhabited  by  druggists,  who  sold  green 
and  dried  herbs.  Hence  Falstaff  says  to 
Mrs.  Ford,  he  could  not  assume  the  ways 
of  those  "lisping  hawthorn  buds  [i.e. 
young  fops],  who  smell  like  Bucklers-bury 
in  simple-time." — Shakespeare:  Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor,  act  iii.  sc.  3  (1601). 

Bude  Lig'ht,  a  light  devised  by  Mr. 
Gurney  of  Bude,  in  Cornwall.  Intense 
light  is  obtained  by  supplying  the  burner 
with  an  abundant  stream  of  oxygen. 
The  principle  of  the  Argand  lamp  is  also 
a  free  supply  of  oxygen.  Gurney's  in- 
vention is  too  expensive  to  be  of  general 
service,  but  an  intense  light  is  obtained 
by  reflectors  and  refractors  called  Bude 
lights,  although  they  wholly  differ  in 
principle  from  Gurney's  invention. 

Bu£fbon  ( The  Pulpit).  Hugh  Peters 
is  so  called  by  Dugdale  (1599-1660). 

Bu^  Bible  [The),  1551.  Matthew's 
Bible  IS  so  called,  because  Psa.  xci.  5 
reads,  "Thou  shalt  not  be  afraid  of  the 
bugges  [bogies]  by  night." 

Bugf  Jarg'al,  a  negro,  passionat>ely  in 
love  with  a  white  woman,  but  tempering 
the  wildest  passion  with  the  deepest  re- 
spect.— Hugo:  Bug  Jargal  (a  novel). 

Bulbul,  a  nightingale,  any  singer  of 
ditties.  When,  in  The  Princess  (by 
Tennyson),  the  prince,  disguised  as  a 
woman,  enters  with  his  two  friends 
(similarly  disguised)  into  the  college  to 
which  no  man  was  admitted,  he  sings  ; 
and  the  princess,  suspecting  the  fraud, 
says  to  him,  "  Not  for  thee,  O  bulbul,  any 
rose  of  Gulistan  shall  burst  her  veil,"  i.e. 
"  O  singer,  do  not  suppose  that  any  woman 
will  be  taken  in  by  such  a  flimsy  deceit," 
The  bulbul  loved  the  rose,  and  Gulistan 
means  the  "garden  of  roses."  The  prince 
was  the  bulbul,  the  college  was  Gulistan, 
and  the  princess  the  rose  sought. — Tenny- 
lon  :  The  Princess,  iv. 


Bulbul-He'zar,  the  talking  bird, 
which  was  joined  in  singing  by  all  the 
song-birds  in  the  neighbourhood.  (See 
Talking  Bird.  )—A  rahian  Nights  ( ' '  The 
Two  Sisters,"  the  last  story). 

Bulls,  mother  of  Egyp'ius  of  Thessaly. 
Egypius  entertained  a  criminal  love  for 
Timandra,  the  mother  of  Neoph'ron,  and 
Neophron  was  guilty  of  a  similar  passion 
for  Bulls.  Jupiter  changed  Egypius  and 
Neophron  into  vultures.  Bulls  into  a  duck, 
and  Timandra  into  a  sparrow-hawk. — 
Classic  Mythology. 

Bull  [A),  a  species  of  inadvertent  wit, 
arising  either  from  a  blunder  of  facts  or 
analogies,  or  from  an  irreconcilable  con- 
nection of  the  close  of  a  sentence  with  its  " 
commencement.  The  well-known  quota- 
tion of  sir  Boyle  Roche,  M.P,,  will  serve 
for  an  example :  "  Mr.  Speaker,  how 
could  I  have  been  in  two  places  at  the 
same  time,  unless  I  were  a  bird  ?  "  (See 
Roche.  ) 

(Maria  Edgeworth,  in  1802,  wrote  an 
essay  on  Irish  Bulls. ) 

Bull  [John),  the  English  nation  per- 
sonified, and  hence  any  typical  English- 
man. 

Bull  in  the  niain  was  an  honest,  plain-dealing  fellow, 
choleric,  bold,  and  of  a  very  inconstant  temper.  II«i 
dreaded  not  old  Lewis  {Louis  JCIV.\  either  at  back- 
sword, single  falchion,  or  cudgel-play ;  but  then  he  was 
very  apt  to  quarrel  with  his  best  friends,  especially  if 
they  pretended  to  govern  him.  If  you  flattered  him, 
you  might  lead  him  as  a  child.  John's  temper  depended 
very  much  upon  the  air ;  his  spirits  rose  and  fell  with 
the  weather-glass.  He  was  quick,  and  understood 
business  well ;  but  no  man  alive  was  more  careless  in 
looking  into  his  accompts,  nor  more  cheated  by  part- 
ners, apprentices,  and  servants.  ...  No  man  kept  a 
better  house,  nor  spent  his  money  more  generously.— 
Chap.  s. 

(The  subject  of  Dr.  Arbuthnot's  History 
of  John  Bull  IS  the  "Spanish  Succession" 
in  the  reigns  of  Louis  XIV.  and  queen 
Anne. ) 

Mrs.  Bull,  queen  Anne,  "very  apt  to  be 
choleric. "  On  hearing  that  Philip  Baboon 
[Philippe  due  d! Anjou)  was  to  succeed  to 
lord  Strutt's  estates  [i.e.  the  Spanish 
throne),  she  said  to  John  Bull — 

"You  sot,  you  loiter  about  ale-houses  and  taverns, 
spend  your  time  at  billiards,  ninepins,  or  puppet-shows, 
never  minding  me  nor  my  numerous  family.  Don't  you 
hear  how  lord  ^\.r\xXX\the  kin,!^  of  Spain\\\3,%  bespoke 
his  liveries  at  Lewis  Baboon's  shop  {France\1  .  .  .  Fie 
upon  it !  l^,  man  I  ...  I'll  sell  my  shift  before  111  be 
so  used."— Chap.  4. 

John   BuUs  Mother,    the   Church   of 

England. 

John  had  a  mother,  whom  he  loved  and  honoured 
extremely ;  a  discreet,  grave,  sober,  good-conditioned, 
cleanly  old  gentlewoman  as  ever  lived.  She  was  none 
of  your  cross-grained,  termagant,  scolding  jades  .  .  . 
always  censuring  your  conduct  ...  on  the  contrary, 
she  was  of  a  meek  spirit  .  .  .  and  put  the  best  cou- 


BULL-DOG. 

'•tfuctton  upon  the  words  and  actions  of  her  ne'.jflibours, 
...  She  neither  wore  a  ruff,  forehead  cloth,  nor  high- 
crowned  hat.  .  .  .  She  scorned  to  patch  and  paint,  yet 
she  loved  cleanliness.  .  .  .  She  was  no  less  genteel  in 
her  behaviour  ...  in  the  due  mean  between  one  of 
your  affected  curtsying  pieces  of  formality,  and  your 
ill-mannered  creatures  which  have  no  regard  to  tho 
common  rules  of  civility.— /'ar/  ii.  i. 

John  BulTs  Sister  Peg,  the  Scotch,  in 
love  with  Jack  {Cahin). 

John  had  a  sister,  a  poor  girl  that  had  been  reared 
...  on  oatmeal  and  water  .  .  .  and  lodged  In  a  garret 
exposed  to  the  north  wind.  .  .  .  However,  this  usage 
.  .  .  gave  her  a  hardy  constitution.  .  .  .  Peg  had,  m- 
deed,  some  odd  humours  and  comical  antipathies,  .  .  . 
she  would  faint  at  the  sound  of  an  organ,  and  yet  dance 
and  frisk  at  the  noise  of  a  bagpipe.— i?r.  ArbutHnot: 
History  o/John  Bull,  ii.  a  (17x3). 

•.•  George  Colman  the  younger  pro- 
duced a  comedy  called  John  Bull,  in 
1805. 

Bnll-dog',  rough  iron. 

A  man  was  putting  some  bull-dog  into  the  rolls,  when 
bis  spade  caught  between  the  rolls. —  Times, 

Bull-dog's,  the  two  menservants  of  a 
university  proctor,  who  follow  him  in  his 
rounds  to  assist  him  in  apprehending 
students  who  are  violating  the  university 
statutes,  such  as  appearing  in  the  streets 
after  dinner  without  cap  and  gown,  etc. 

Bullaxny,  porter  of  the  "Anglo- 
Bengalee  Disinterested  Loan  and  Life 
Insurance  Company."  An  imposing 
personage,  whose  dignity  resided  chiefly 
in  the  great  expanse  of  his  red  waistcoat. 
Respectability  and  well-to-doedness  were 
expressed  in  that  garment. — Dickens  : 
Martin  Chuzzlewit  (1844). 

Bnllcalf  (Peter),  of  the  Green,  who 
was  pricked  for  a  recruit  in  the  army  of 
sir  John  Falstaff.  He  promised  Bardolph 
"  four  Harry  ten-shillings  in  French 
crowns"  if  he  would  stand  his  friend, 
and  when  sir  John  was  informed  thereof, 
he  said  to  BuUcalf,  "  I  will  none  of  you." 
Justice  Shallow  remonstrated,  but  Falstaff 
e-xclaimed,  "Will  you  tell  me,  Master 
Shallow,  how  to  choose  a  man  ?  Care  I 
for  the  limb,  the  thews,  the  stature?  .  .  . 
Give  me  the  spirit,  Master  Shallow."— 
Shakespeare:  2  Henry  IV.  act  iii.  so.  2 

Bullen  {Anne\  maid  of  honour  to 
queen  Katharine,  and  afterwards  queen- 
consort.— ^/iaZ'^j/^<?r^.-  Henry  VIII. 

Bnllet-liead  {The  Great),  George 
Cadoudal,  leader  of  the  Chouans  (1769- 
1804). 

Buirseg§f  {Mr,),  laird  of  Killan- 
cureit,  a  friend  of  the  baron  of  Bradwar- 
dine. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Waverley  (time, 
George  n.). 


«S9 


BUNCH. 


Bnlmer  {Valentine),  titular  earl  of 
Etherington,  married  to  Clara  Mowbray. 

Mrs.  Ann  Buhner,  mother  of  Valen- 
tine, married  to  the  earl  of  Etherington 
during  the  lifetime  of  his  countess  ; 
hence  his  wife  in  bigamy. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
St,  Ronan's  H^V// (time,  George  III.). 

Buxn'Tlle,  beadle  of  the  workhouse 
where  Oliver  Twist  was  born  and  brought 
up.  A  stout,  consequential,  hard-hearted, 
fussy  official,  with  mighty  ideas  of  his 
own  importance.  This  character  has 
given  to  the  language  the  word  bumble- 
dom, the  officious  arrogance  and  bump- 
tious conceit  of  a  parish  authority  or 
petty  dignitary.  After  marriage  with 
Mrs.  Corney,  the  high  and  mighty  beadle 
M-as  sadly  hen-pecked  and  reduced  to  a 
Jerry  Sneak. — Dickens:  Oliver  Twist 
(1837). 

Bumbledom,  parish-dom,  the  pride 
of  parish  dignity,  the  arrogance  of  parish 
authority,  the  mightiness  of  parish 
officers.  From  Bumble,  the  beadle,  in 
Dickens's  Oliver  Twist  (1837). 

Bmn'kinet,  a  shepherd.  He  pro- 
poses to  Grub'binol  that  they  should 
repair  to  a  certain  hut  and  sing  "Gillian 
of  Croydon,"  "  Patient  Grissel,"  "Cast 
away  Care,"  "Over  the  Hills,"  and  so  on  ; 
but  being  told  that  Blouzelinda  was  dead, 
he  sings  a  dirge,  and  Grubbinol  joins 
him. 

Thus  wailed  the  louts  in  melancholy  strain. 
Till  bonny  Susan  sped  across  the  plain  ; 
They  seized  the  lass  in  apron  clean  arrayed. 
And  to  the  ale-house  forced  the  willing  maid ; 
In  ale  and  kisses  they  forgot  their  cares, 
And  Susan  Blouzelinda's  loss  repairs. 

Gay  ;  Pastoral,  v.  (1714). 

(An  imitation  of  Virgil's  Bucolic,  v., 
"  Daphnis.") 

Btim.per  {Sir  Harry),  a  convivial 
friend  of  Charles  Surface.  He  sings  the 
popular  song  beginning — 

Here's  to  the  maiden  of  bashful  fifteen. 
Here's  to  the  widow  of  fifty,  etc. 

Sheridan  :  School /or  Scandal  (ijyj}, 

Btince  {Jack),  alias  Frederick  Alta- 
mont,  a  ci-devant  actor,  one  of  the  crew 
of  the  pirate  vessel. — Sir  W.  Scott:  The 
Pirate  (time,  William  III.). 

Buucli  {Mother),  an  alewife,  men- 
tioned by  Dekker  in  his  drama  called 
Satiromastix  (1602).  In  1604  was  pub- 
lished PasquiFs  Jests,  mixed  with  Mother 
Bunch's  Merriments, 

There  are  a  series  of  "Fairy  Tales'* 
called  Mother  Bunch's  Fairy  Tales. 

Bunch.  {Mother),  the  supposed   pos- 


BUNGLE. 


x6o 


BURBON. 


sessor  of  a  "  cabinet  broken  open "  and 
revealing  "  rare  secrets  of  Art  and 
Nature,"  such  as  love-spells  {1760), 

BnH'cle,  messenger  to  the  earl  of 
Douglas. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Fair  Maid  of 
Perth  (time,  Henry  IV,). 

Bun'cle  {John),  "  a  prodigious  hand 
at  matrimony,  divinity,  a  song,  and  a 
peck."  He  married  seven  wives,  and 
lost  all  in  the  flower  of  their  age.  For 
two  or  three  days  after  the  death  of  a 
wife  he  was  inconsolable,  but  soon  became 
resigned  to  his  loss,  which  he  repaired  by 
marrying  again. — T.  Amory  :  The  Life, 
etc.,  of  John  Buncle,  Esq. 

Bundalinda,  the  beau-ideal  of  ob- 
scurity. 

Transformed  from  a  princess  to  a  peasant,  from 
beauty  to  ugliness,  from  polish  to  rusticity,  from  light 
to  darkness,  from  an  angel  of  light  to  an  imp  of  hell, 
from  fragrance  to  ill-savour,  from  elegance  to  rudeness, 
from  Aurora  in  full  brilliancy  to  Bundalinda  in  deep 
ohs,z\m\.y.—Cervatites:  Don  Quixote,  II.  ii.  13  (1615). 

Bundle,  the  gardener,  father  of 
Wilelmi'na,  and  friend  of  Tom  Tug  the 
waterman.  He  is  a  plain,  honest  man, 
but  greatly  in  awe  of  his  wife,  who  nags 
at  him  from  morning  till  night. 

Mrs.  Bundle,  a  vulgar  Mrs.  Malaprop, 
and  a  termagant.  ' '  Everything  must  be 
her  way,  or  there's  no  getting  any  peace." 
She  greatly  frequented  the  minor  the- 
atres, and  acquired  notions  of  sentimental 
romance.  She  told  Wilelmina,  if  she 
refused  to  marry  Robin — 

'  I'll  disinherit  you  from  any  share  in  the  blood  of 


my  family,  the  Grograns,  and  you  may  creep  through 
life  with  the  dirty,  pitiful,  mean,  paltiy,  low,  ill-bred 
notions  which  you  have  gathered  from  [your /alher's\ 


nMi  the  dirty,  pitiful,  mean,  paltiy,  low,  ill-bred 
ns  which  you  liave  gathered  from  [your  /ai/ier's] 
family,  the  Bundles." — Dibdin  :  The  Waterman  (1774). 

Buugfay,  in  Thackeray's  Pendennis, 
bookseller  and  publisher  of  the  Pall  Mall 
Gazette,  edited  by  captain  Shannon  (1849). 
The  real  Pall  Mall  Gazette  was  started  in 
1865. 

'  •  Why  Pall  Mall  Gazette  ?  "  asks  Wagg.  ' '  Because 
the  editor  was  bom  in  Dublin,  the  sub-editor  in  Cork, 
.  .  .  the  proprietor  lives  in  Paternoster  Row,  and  the 
paper  is  published  in  Catherine  Street,  Strand." 

Buu'g'ay  or  Bongfay  [Frier),  one  of 
the  friars  in  a  comedy  by  Robert  Green, 
entitled  Frier  Bacon  and  Frier  Bongay. 
Both  the  friars  are  conjurers,  and  the  piece 
concludes  with  one  of  their  pupils  being 
carried  off  to  the  infernal  regions  on  the 
back  of  one  of  friar  Bacon's  demons 
{1591)- 

BnUj^en  \Bung-n\  the  street  in 
Ham'elin  down  which  the  pied  piper 
Bunting  led  the  rats  into  the  river  Weser 
and  the  children  into  a  cave  in  the  moun- 


tain Koppenberg.  No  music  of  any  kind 
is  permitted  to  be  played  in  this  street. 

Bungfey  {Friar),  personification  of 
the  charlatan  of  science  in  the  fifteenth 
century. 

• .  •  In  The  Last  of  the  Barons,  by  lord 
Lytton,  friar  Bungey  is  an  historical 
character,  and  is  said  to  have  "raised 
mists  and  vapours,"  which  befriended 
Edward  IV.  at  the  battle  of  Barnet. 

Buns'by  {Captain  John  or  Jack), 
owner  of  the  Cautious  Clara.  Captain 
Cuttle  considered  him  "a  philosopher, 
and  quite  an  oracle."  Captain  Bunsby 
had  one  "stationary  and  one  revolving 
eye,"  a  very  red  face,  and  was  extremely 
taciturn.  The  captain  was  entrapped  by 
Mrs.  McStinger  (the  termagant  landlady 
of  his  friend  captain  Cuttle)  into  marry- 
ing her. — Dickens  :  Dombey  and  Son 
(1846). 

Btuitingf,  the  pied  piper  of  Ham'elin. 
He  was  so  called  from  his  dress. 

To  blow  the  pipe  his  lips  he  wrinkled, 
And  green  and  blue  his  sharp  eyes  twinkled  .  .  , 
And  ere  three  notes  his  pipe  had  uttered  .  .  . 
Out  of  the  houses  rats  came  tumbling- 
Great  rats,  small  rats,  lean  rats,  brawny  rats, 
Brown  rats,  black  rats,  grey  rats,  tawny  rats, .  .  . 
And  step  by  step  they  followed  him  dancing. 
Till  they  came  to  the  river  Weser. 

R.  BroTuntng. 

Buonaventn'ra  {Father),  a  disguise 
assumed  for  the  nonce  by  the  chevalier 
Charles  Edward,  the  pretender. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Redgauntlet  {\.\me,  George  III.). 

Bur  {John),  the  servant  of  Job  Thorn- 
berry,  the  brazier  of  Penzance.  Brusque 
in  his  manners,  but  most  devotedly 
attached  to  his  master,  by  whom  he  was 
taken  from  the  workhouse.  John  Bur 
kept  his  master's  "books"  for  twenty- 
two  years  with  the  utmost  fidelity. — Col- 
man  :  John  Bull  (1805). 

EurTjoa  {i.e.  Henri  IV.  of  Finance). 
He  is  betrothed  to  Fordelis  {France), 
who  has  been  enticed  from  him  by  Gran- 
torto  {rebellion).  Being  assailed  on  all 
sides  by  a  rabble  rout,  Fordelis  is  carried 
off  by  "hellrake  hounds."  The  rabble 
batter  Burbon's  shield  {protestantism), 
and  compel  him  to  throw  it  away.  Sir 
Ar'tegal  {right  or  justice)  rescues  the 
"recreant  knight"  from  the  mob,  but 
blames  him  for  his  unknightly  folly  in 
throwing  away  his  shield  (of  faith). 
Talus  {the  executive)  beats  off  the  hell- 
hounds, gets  possession  of  the  lady,  and 
though  she  flouts  Burbon,  he  catches  her 
up  upon  his  steed  and  rides  off  with  her. 
^Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  v.  2  (1596). 


BURCHELL. 


x6i 


BUSINESS  TO-MORROW. 


Burchell  (Mr.),  alias  sir  William 
Thornhill,  about  30  years  of  age.  When 
Dr.  Primrose,  the  vicar  of  Wakefield, 
loses  j^i4oo,  Mr.  Burchell  presents  him- 
self as  a  broken-down  gentleman,  and  the 
doctor  offers  him  his  purse.  He  turned 
his  back  on  the  two  flash  ladies  who 
talked  of  their  high-life  doings,  and  cried 
"  Fudge  1"  after  all  their  boastings  and 
remarks.  Mr.  Burchell  twice  rescued 
Sophia  Primrose,  and  ultimately  married 
her. — Goldsmith:  Vicar  of  Wakefield 
{1765). 

B-argfundy  (Charles  the  Bold,  duke 
of),  introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott  in  Quentin 
Durward  and  in  Anne  of  Geierstein.  The 
latter  novel  contains  the  duke's  defeat  at 
Nancy',  and  his  death  (time,  Edward  IV,). 

Bn'ridan's  Ass.  A  man  of  inde- 
cision is  so  called  from  the  hypothetical 
ass  of  Buridan,  the  Greek  sophist.  Bu- 
ridan  maintained  that  "if  an  ass  could 
be  placed  between  two  hay-stacks  in  such 
a  way  that  its  choice  was  evenly  balanced, 
it  would  starve  to  death,  for  there  would 
be  no  motive  why  he  should  choose  the 
one  in  preference  to  the  other." 

Burleigh  {  William  Cecil,  lord),  lord 
treasurer  to  queen  Elizabeth  (1520-1598), 
introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott  in  his  his- 
torical novel  called  Kenilworth  (time, 
Elizabeth). 

(Lord  Burleigh  is  one  of  the  principal 
characters  in  The  Earl  of  Essex,  a  tragedy 
by  Henry  Jones,  1745.) 

Burleigh  (Lord),  a  parliamentary 
leader,  in  The  Legend  of  Montrose,  a 
novel  by  sir  W.  Scott  (time,  Charles  I. ). 

A  lord  Burleigh  shake  of  the  head,  a 
great  deal  meant  by  a  look  or  movement, 
though  little  or  nothing  is  said.  Puff,  in 
his  tragedy  of  The  Spatiish  Armada, 
introduces  lord  Burleigh,  "who  has  the 
affairs  of  the  whole  nation  in  his  head, 
and  has  no  time  to  talk ;  "  but  his  lord- 
ship comes  on  the  stage  and  shakes  his 
head,  by  which  he  means  far  more  than 
words  could  utter.     Puff  says — 

Why,  by  that  shake  of  the  head  he  grave  you  to 
understand  that  even  though  tliey  had  more  justice  in 
their  cause  and  wisdom  in  their  measures,  yet,  if  there 
was  not  a  greater  spirit  shown  on  the  part  of  tlie 
people,  the  country  would  at  last  fall  a  sacrifice  to  the 
hostile  ambition  of  the  Spanish  monarchy. 

Sneer.  Did  he  mean  all  that  by  shaking  his  head  t 

Puff.  Every  word  of  \X..— Sheridan  :  The  Critic,  ii.  i 
fi779). 

The  original  "  lord  Burleigh  "  was  Irish  Moody  [1728- 
1813].— Cor«Aj7/  Magazine  (1867). 

Burlesque  Poetry  (Father  of),  Hip- 
po'nax  of  Ephesus  (sixth  century  B.C.). 


Burley  (John),  "  poor,  honest,  ne'er- 
do-well,  never  sober,  never  solvent,  but 
always  genial  and  witty.  On  his  death, 
like  Falstaff,  babbling  of  green  fields."— 
Lord  Lytion  :  My  Novel  (1853). 

Burlong,  a  giant,  whose  legs  sir 
Try'amour  cut  oS..— Romance  of  Sir  Try- 
amour, 

Bum  Daylight  (We),  we  waste 
time  (in  talk  instead  of  action).— 5A<z>tf- 
spcare :  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,  act  ii. 
sc.  I  (i6oi). 

Bumbill,  Henry  de  Londres,  arch- 
bishop of  Dublin  and  lord  justice  of 
Ireland,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  III.  It 
is  said  that  he  fraudulently  burnt  all  the 
' '  bills "  or  instruments  by  which  his 
tenants  of  the  archbishopric  held  their 
estates. 

Burnett  Prize  (The),  once  in  forty 
years,  for  the  best  two  essays  on  "the 
evidence  of  an  all-powerful  and  all-wise 
God."     The  first  was  awarded  in  1815. 

Burning  Crown.  Regicides  were 
at  one  time  punished  by  having  a  crown 
of  red-hot  iron  placed  on  their  head. 
(See  Damiens.) 

He  was  adjudged 
To  have  his  head  seared  with  a  burning  crown. 
Author  unknown,  Tragedy  of  Hoffman  (1631). 

Bums  (Helen),  in  Charlotte  Bronte's 
novel  of  Jane  Eyre  (1847). 

Bums  of  France  (The),  Jasmin,  a 
barber  of  Gascony.  Louis  Philippe  pre- 
sented to  him  a  gold  watch  and  chain, 
and  the  duke  of  Orleans  an  emerald  ring. 

Bur'ris,  an  honest  lord,  favourite 
of  the  great-duke  of  Moscovia. — John 
Fletcher:  The  Loyal  Subject  (1618). 

Busby  (A ),  a  tall  fur  cap,  with  a  bag 
hanging  from  the  top  over  the  right  side. 
Worn  by  British  hussars,  artillerymen, 
and  engineers.  Probably  "Busby"  is  a, 
proper  name. 

Bushy  Wig  (A),  a  punning  syno- 
nym of  a  "buzzwig,"  the  joke  being  a, 
reference  to  Dr.  Busby  of  Westminster 
School,  who  never  wore  a  wig,  but  only 
a  skull-cap. 

Business    To-morrow     is    what 

Archias,  one  of  the  Spartan  polemarchs 
in  Athens,  said,  when  a  letter  was  handed 
to  him  respecting  the  insurrection  of 
Pelopldas.  He  was  at  a  banqtiet  at  the 
time,  and  thrust  the  letter  under  his 
cushion  ;  but  Pelopidas,  with  his  400 
insurgents,  rushed  into  the  room  during 


BUSIRANE. 


X62 


BUTLER. 


the  feast,  and  slew  both  Archias  and  the 
rest  of  the  Spartan  officers. 

Bn'sirane  (3  syl.),  an  enchanter  who 
bound  Am'oret  by  the  waist  to  a  brazen 
pillar,  and,  piercing  her  with  a  dart, 
wrote  magic  characters  with  the  dropping 
blood,  "all  for  to  make  her  love  him." 
When  Brit'omart  approached,  the  en- 
chanter started  up,  and,  running  to 
Amoret,  was  about  to  plunge  a  knife 
into  her  heart  ;  but  Britomart  intercepted 
the  blow,  overpowered  the  enchanter, 
compelled  him  to  "reverse  his  charms," 
and  then  bound  him  fast  with  his  own 
chain. — Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  iii.  11, 
12  (1590). 

Busi'ris,  king  of  Egypt,  was  told  by 
a  foreigner  that  the  long  drought  of  nine 
years  would  cease  when  the  gods  of  the 
country  were  moUified  by  human  sacri- 
fice. "So  be  it,"  said  the  king,  and 
ordered  the  man  himself  to  be  offered  as 
the  victim. — Herod.,  ii.  59-61. 

"Tis  said  that  Egypt  for  nine  years  was  dry ; 

Nor  Nile  did  floods  nor  heaven  did  rain  supply. 

A  foreigner  at  length  informed  the  king 

That  slaughtered  guests  would  kindly  moisture  brinsr. 

The  king  replied,  "  On  thee  the  lot  shall  fall ; 

Be  thou,  my  guest,  the  sacrifice  for  alL" 

OviJ:  Art  0/ Love,  I. 

(Young  wrote  a  tragedy  on  this  king, 
called  Busiris  King  of  Egypt,  1719.) 

Busi'ris,  supposed  by  Milton  to  be 
the  Pharaoh  drowned  in  the  Red  Sea. 

Ilath  vexed  the  Red  Sea  coast,  whose  waves  o'erthrew 
liasiris  and  his  Memphian  chivalrj'. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  1.  306  (1665). 

Bns'ne  (2  syl.).  So  the  gipsies  call 
all  who  do  not  belong  to  their  race. 

The  gold  of  the  Busnd ;  give  me  her  gold. 

Longfclloiii :  The  Spanish  Student, 

BTisg.aeue  {Lord),  plaintiff  in  the 
great  Pantagruelian  lawsuit  known  as 
"lord  Busqueue  v.  lord  Suckfist,"  in 
which  the  parties  concerned  pleaded  for 
themselves.  Lord  Busqueue  stated  his 
grievance  and  spoke  so  learnedly  and  at 
such  length  that  no  one  understood  one 
word  about  the  matter;  then  lord  Suckfist 
replied,  and  the  bench  declared,  "We 
have  not  understood  one  iota  of  the 
defence."  Pantag'ruel,  however,  gave 
judgment,  and  as  both  plaintiff  and 
defendant  considered  he  had  got  the 
verdict,  both  were  fully  satisfied — "a 
thing  without  parallel  in  all  the  annals 
of  the  court." — Rabelais:  Pantagruel,  ii. 
(1533)- 

Busy  Body  [The),  a  comedy  by  Mrs. 
Centlivre  (1709).  Sir  Francis  Gripe 
(guardian  of  Miranda  an  heiress,  and 


father  of  Charles),  a  man  65  years  old, 
wishes  to  marry  his  ward  for  the  sake 
of  her  money,  but  Miranda  loves  and  is 
beloved  by  sir  George  Airy,  a  man  of 
24.  She  pretends  to  love  "  Gardy,"  and 
dupes  him  into  yielding  up  her  money 
and  giving  his  consent  to  her  marriage 
with  "the  man  of  her  choice,"  believ- 
ing himself  to  be  the  person.  Charles 
is  in  love  with  Isabinda,  daughter  of  sir 
Jealous  Traffick,  who  has  made  up  his 
mind  that  she  shall  marry  a  Spaniard 
named  don  Diego  Babinetto,  expected  to 
arrive  forthwith.  Charles  dresses  in  a 
Spanish  costume,  passes  himself  off  as 
the  expected  don,  and  is  married  to  the 
lady  of  his  choice  ;  so  both  the  old  men 
are  duped,  and  all  the  young  people  wed 
according  to  their  wishes. 

But  are  Ye  sure  the  News  is 
True  ?  This  exquisite  lyric  is  generally 
attributed  to  William  Mickle,  but  Sarah 
Tyler,  in  Good  Woods,  March,  1869, 
ascribes  it  to  Jean  Adam  of  Crawfurd's 
Dyke.  She  says,  "Colin  and  Jean"  are 
Colin  and  Jean  Campbell  of  Crawfurd's 
Dyke — the  Jean  being  the  poetess  and 
writer  of  the  poem. 

Butcher  [The),  Achmet  pasha,  who 
struck  off  the  heads  of  seven  of  his  wives 
at  once.  He  defended  Acre  against 
Napoleon  I. 

John  ninth  lord  Chfford,  called  "The 
Black  Clifford  "  (died  1461). 

Ohver  de  Clisson,  constable  of  France 
(1320-1407). 

Butcher  ( The  Bloody).  (See  Bloody 
Butcher,  p.  129.) 

Butcher  of  England,  John  Tiptoft, 
earl  of  Worcester,  a  man  of  great  learning 
and  a  patron  of  learning  (died  1470). 

On  one  occasion  in  the  reign  of  Edward  IV.  he 
ordered  Clapham  (a  sauire  to  lord  Warwick;  and  nine- 
teen others,  all  gentlemen,  to  be  impaled. — Stow  : 
IVarkmorth  Chronicle  ("  Cont.  Croyl."). 

Yet  so  barbarous  was  the  age,  that  this  same  learned 
man  impaled  forty  Lancastrian  prisoners  at  South- 
ampton, put  to  death  the  infant  children  of  the  Irish 
chief  Desmond,  and  acquired  the  name  of  "  The 
Butcher  of  England." — Old  a>id  New  London,  ii.  21. 

Butler  [The  Rev.  Mr.),  military 
chaplain  at  Madras. — Sir  W.  Scott:  The 
Surgeons  Daughter  (time,  George  II.). 

Butler  [Reuben),  a  presbyterian  min- 
ister, married  to  Jeanie  Deans. 

Benjamin  Butler,  father  of  Reuben. 

Stephen  Butler,  generally  called  "  Bible 
Butler,"  grandfather  of  Reuben  and 
father  of  Benjamin. 

Widow  Judith  Butler,  Reuben's  grand 
mother  and  Stephen's  wife. 


BUTTERCUP. 


t63 


CACURGUS. 


Euphemia  or  Femie  Butler,  Reuben's 
daughter. 

David  and  Reuben  Butler,  Reuben's 
sons.— 5i>  W.  Scott:  Heart  of  Mid- 
lothian (time,  George  II.). 

Bnttercnp  {John),  a  milkman.— H^. 
B rough :  A  Phenomenon  in  a  Smock  Frock. 

Buzo'ma,  a  shepherdess  with  whom 
Cuddy  was  in  love. 

My  brown  Buxoma  is  the  featest  maid 
That  e'er  at  wake  delightsome  gambol  played  .  .  . 
And  neither  lamb,  nor  kid,  nor  c.ilf,  nor  Tray, 
Dance  like  Buxoma  on  the  first  of  May. 

Gay  :  Pastoral.  1.  (1714)- 

Bnz'fnz  {Serjeant),  the  pleader  re- 
tained by  Dodson  and  Fogg  for  the 
plaintiff  in  the  celebrated  case  of  "  Bar- 
dell  V.  Pickwick."  Serjeant  Buzfuz  is  a 
driving,  chaffing,  masculine  bar  orator, 
who  proved  that  Mr.  Pickwick's  note 
about  "chops  and  tomato  sauce"  was  a 
declaration  of  love ;  and  that  his  reminder 
"not  to  forget  the  warming-pan"  was 
only  a  flimsy  cover  to  express  the  ardour 
of  his  affection.  Of  course,  the  defendant 
was  found  guilty  by  the  enlightened  jury. 
(His  junior  was  Skimpin.) — Dickens  : 
The  Pickwick  Papers  (1836). 

Bnz'zard  {The),  in  The  Hind  and  the 
Panther,  by  Dryden  (pt.  iii.),  is  meant 
for  Dr.  Gilbert  Burnet,  whose  figure  was 
lusty  (1643-1715). 

Bycom,  a  fat  cow,  so  fat  that  its  sides 
were  nigh  to  bursting,  but  this  is  no 
wonder,  for  its  food  was  "  good  and 
enduring  husbands,"  of  which  there  is 
good  store.     (See  Chichi-Vache.) 

BYRON  {Lord).  His  life  has  been 
often  written  ;  for  example,  by  T.  Moore 
(the  poet)  in  1830 ;  also  by  Dallas,  Gait, 
Lake,  Brydges,  Armstrong,  etc. 

Byron  ( The  French),  Alfred  de  Mus- 
set  (1810-1857). 

Paul  de  Musset  has  gone  to  rejoin  his  brother  the 
French  Byron. — Edw.  About:  To  the  Athettaum 
(July  3,  1880). 

l^he  Polish  Byron,  Adam  Mickiewicz 
{1798-1855). 

The  Russian  Byron,  Alexander  Ser- 
geivitch  Puschkin  (1799-1837). 

Byron  {Miss  Harriet),  a  beautiful  and 
accomplished  woman  of  high  rank,  de- 
votedly attached  to  sir  Charles  Grandison, 
whom  ultimately  she  marries. — Richard- 
ton:  Sir  Charles  Grandison  (1753). 

Byron  and  Mary.  The  "  Mary  "  of 
Bryon's  song  is  Miss  Chaworth.  Both 
Miss  Chaworth    and    lord    Byron  were 


wards  of  Mr.  White.  Miss  Chaworth 
married  John  Musters,  and  lord  Byron 
married  Miss  Milbanke  of  Durham  ;  both 
equally  unhappy. 

I  have  a  passion  for  the  name  of  "  Mary," 
For  once  it  was  a  magic  name  to  me. 

Byron:  Don  yuan,  v.  4  (1820). 

Byron    and    Teresa    Guiccioli. 

This  lady  was  the  wife  of  count  Guiccioli, 
an  old  man,  but  very  rich.  Moore  says 
that  Bryon  "  never  loved  but  once,  till  he 
loved  Teresa." 

Byron  and  the  Edinburgh  Re- 
view. It  was  Jeffrey  and  not  Brougham 
who  wrote  the  article  which  provoked  the 
poet's  reply. 


C.  {See  P  for  alliterative  poems  in  this 
letter,  and  in  some  others.) 

C  (in  Notes  and  Queries),  the  right 
hon.  John  Wilson  Croker. 

Caal}a  {Al),  the  shrine  of  Mecca, 
said  by  the  Arabs  to  be  built  by  Abra- 
ham on  the  exact  spot  of  the  tabernacle 
let  down  from  heaven  at  the  prayer  of 
repentant  Adam.  Adam  had  been  a 
wanderer  for  200  years,  and  here  received 
pardon. 

The  black  stone,  according  to  one  tra- 
dition, was  once  white,  but  was  turned 
black  by  the  kisses  of  sinners.  It  is  "a 
petrified  angel." 

According  to  another  tradition,  this 
stone  was  given  to  Ishmael  by  the  angel 
Gabriel ;  and  Abraham  assisted  his  son 
to  insert  it  in  the  wall  of  the  shrine. 

Cabal,  an  anagram  of  a  ministry 
formed  by  Charles  II.  in  1670,  and  con- 
sisting of  Clifford],  A[shley],  B[ucking- 
ham],  A[rlington],  L[auderdale]. 

Cacafo'go,  a  rich,  drunken  usurer, 
stumpy  and  fat,  choleric,  a  coward,  and 
a  bully.  He  fancies  money  will  buy 
everything  and  every  one. — Fletcher: 
Rule  a  Wife  and  Have  a  Wife  (1624). 

Cacnr'gns,  the  fool  or  domestic  jester 
of  Misog'onus.  Cacurgus  is  a  rustic 
simpleton  and  cunning  mischief-maker. — 
T.  Rychardes :  Misogonus  (the  third 
English  comedy,  1560}. 


CACUS. 


164 


CiESAR. 


Ca'cns,  a  giant  who  lived  in  a  cave  on 
mount  Av'entine  (3  syl.).  When  Her- 
cules came  to  Italy  with  the  oxen  which 
he  had  taken  from  Ger'yon  of  Spain, 
Cacus  stole  part  of  the  herd,  but  dragged 
the  animals  by  their  tails  into  his  cave, 
that  it  might  be  supposed  they  had  come 
ouf  of  it. 

If  he  falls  into  slips,  It  is  equally  clear  they  were 
introduced  by  him  on  purpose  to  confuse,  like  Cacus, 
the  traces  of  his  retreat.— ^wcyc.  Srit.  (article  "  Ro- 
mance "). 

Cad,  a  low-born,  vulgar  fellow.  A 
cadie  in  Scotland  was  a  carrier  of  a 
sedan-chair.  A  caddie  is  one  who  carries 
your  clubs,  etc.,  in  golf. 

All  Edinburgh  men  and  boys  know  that  when  sedan- 
chairs  were  discontinued,  the  old  cadies  sank  into 
ruinous  poverty,  and  became  synonymous  with  roughs. 
The  word  was  brought  to  London  by  James  Hannay, 
who  frequently  used  it. — M.  PringU. 

(M.  Pringle  assures  us  that  the  word 
came  from  Turkey. ) 

Cade'nus  (3  syl.),  dean  Swift.  The 
word  is  simply  de-cd-nus  ("a  dean") 
with  the  first  two  syllables  transposed 
(ca-de-nus).  "Vanessa"  is  Miss  Esther 
Vanhomrigh,  a  young  lady  who  fell  in 
love  with  Swift,  and  proposed  marriage. 
The  dean's  reply  is  given  in  the  poem 
entitled  Cadmus  and  Vanessa  [i.e.  Van- 
Esther]. 

Cadu'ceus,  the  wand  of  Mercury. 
The  "  post  of  Mercury  "  means  the  office 
of  a  pimp,  and  to  "bear  the  caduceus  " 
means  to  exercise  the  functions  of  a 
pimp. 

I  did  not  think  the  post  of  Mercury-in-chief  quite  so 
honourable  as  it  was  called  .  .  .  and  I  resolved  to 
abandon  the  Caduceus  for  ever. — Lesage:  Gil  Bias, 
xii.  3.  4  (1715)- 

Cadur'ci,  the  people  of  Aquita'nia. 

Cad'wal.  Arvir'agus,  son  of  Cym'- 
beline,  was  so  called  while  he  lived  in 
the  woods  with  Bela'rius,  who  called 
himself  Morgan,  and  whom  Cadwal  sup- 
posed to  be  his  father. — Shakespeare: 
Cymbeline  (1605). 

Cad-wallader,  called  by  Bede  (i  syl.) 
Elidwalda,  son  of  Cad  walla  king  of  Wales. 
Being  compelled  by  pestilence  and  famine 
to  leave  Britain,  he  went  to  Armorica. 
After  the  plague  ceased  he  went  to  Rome, 
where,  in  689,  he  was  baptized,  and 
received  the  name  of  Peter,  but  died  very 
soon  afterwards. 

Cadwallader  that  drave  \sailed\  to  the  Armoric  shore. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  ix.  (1612). 

Cadwallader,  the  misanthrope  in 
Smollett's  Peregrine  Pickle  (1751). 


Cadwallader  [Mrs.),  the  rector's 
vife  in  the  novel  called  Middlemarch,  by 
George  Eliot  (Mrs.  J.  W.  Cross),  {1872). 

CadwaU'on,  son  of  the  blinded 
Cyne'tlia.  Both  father  and  son  accom- 
panied prince  Madoc  to  North  America 
in  the  twelfth  century. — S out  hey  :  Mada 
(1805). 

Cadwallon,  the  favourite  bard  oJ 
prince  Gwenwyn.  He  entered  the  ser- 
vice of  sir  Hugo  de  Lacy,  disguised, 
under  the  assumed  name  of  Renault 
Vidal.— 5i>  W.  Scott:  The  Betrothed 
(time,  Henry  H.). 

CsB'cias,  the  north-west  wind.  Ar- 
gestes  is  the  north-east,  and  Bo'reas  the 
full  north. 

Boreas  and  Csecias  and  Argestes  loud 
.  .  .  rend  the  woods,  and  seas  upturn. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  x.  699,  etc.  (1665). 

Caslesti'ua,  the  bride  of  sir  Walte? 
Terill.  The  king  commanded  sir  Walter 
to  bring  his  bride  to  court  on  the  night  of 
her  marriage.  Her  father,  to  save  he? 
honour,  gave  her  a  mixture  supposed  to 
be  poison,  but  in  reality  it  was  only  a 
sleeping-draught.  In  due  time  the  bride 
recovered,  to  the  amusement  of  the  king 
and  the  delig-ht  of  her  husband. — Dekker  : 
Satiro-mastix  (1602). 

Cse'neus  \Se.nuce\  was  born  of  the 
female  sex,  and  was  originally  called 
Casnis.  Vain  of  her  beauty,  she  rejected 
all  lovers ;  but  was  one  day  surprised  by 
Neptune,  who  offered  her  violence, 
changed  her  sex,  converted  her  name  to 
Ceneus,  and  gave  her  (or  rather  him)  the 
gift  of  being  invulnerable.  In  the  wars 
of  the  Lap'ithas,  Ceneus  offended  Jupiter, 
and  was  overwhelmed  under  a  pile  of 
wood,  but  came  forth  converted  into  a 
yellow  bird.  ^Eneas  found  Ceneus  in  the 
infernal  regions  restored  to  the  feminine 
sex.  The  order  is  inverted  by  sir  John 
Davies — 

And  how  was  Caeneus  made  at  first  a  man, 
And  then  a  woman,  then  a  man  again. 

Orchestra,  etc.  (1615). 

CJESAR,  said  to  be  a  Punic  word 
meaning  "an  elephant,"  "  Qu6d  avus 
ejus  in  Africa  manu  propria  occldit  ele- 
phantem"  (Phn.  Hist.  viii.  7).  There 
are  old  coins  stamped  on  the  one  side 
with  DIVUS  JULIUS,  the  reverse  hav- 
ing S.P.Q.R.  with  an  elephant,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  African  original.    (See  below.) 

In  Targ^m  Tonathanis  Cesira  extat,  notione  affine, 
pro  scuto  vel  clypeo  ;  et  fortasse  inde  est  quod,  Punica 
lingua,  elephas  "Casar"  dicebatur,  quasi  tutamen 
et  prxfidium  Xt^oxMxa.—Cassauben  :  Animadv,  im 
2'ranquiii,  i. 


CiESAR.  165 

Csesar  [Cuius  Julius). 

Somewhere  I've  read,  but  where  I  forgfet,  he  could 
dictate 

Seven  letters  at  once,  at  the  same  time  writing  his 
memoirs  .  .  . 

better  be  first,  he  said,  in  a  little  Iberian  village 

Than  be  second  in  Rome,  and  I  thiulc  be  was  rii,'ht 
when  he  said  it. 

Twice  was  he  married  before  he  was  ao,  and  many 
times  after ; 

Battles  SCO  he  fou£^ht,  and  a  thousand  cities  he  con- 
quered ; 

But  was  finally  stabbed  by  his  friend  the  orator  Brutus. 
Lonsfellmu:  Courtship  0/ Miles  Standisk,  ii. 

(Longfellow  refers  to  Pliny,  vii.  25, 
where  he  says  that  Caesar  •'  could  employ, 
at  one  and  the  same  time,  his  ears  to 
listen,  his  eyes  to  read,  his  hands  to 
write,  and  his  tongue  to  dictate."  He  is 
said  to  have  conquered  300  nations,  to 
have  taken  8co  cities,  to  have  slain  in 
battle  a  million  men,  and  to  have  defeated 
three  millions.  See  below,  Caesar  s 
Wars.) 

CcBsar  and  his  Fortune.  Plutarch  says 
that  Coesar  told  the  captain  of  the  vessel 
in  which  he  sailed  that  no  harm  could 
come  to  his  ship,  for  that  he  had  "  Caesar 
and  his  fortune  with  him." 

Now  am  I  like  that  proud  insulting  ship. 
Which  Cxs;ir  and  his  fortune  bare  at  once. 
Shakespeare:  i  Henry  VJ.  act  L  sc.  2  (1589). 

Ccesar  saves  his  Commentaries.  Once, 
when  Julius  Csesar  was  in  danger  of 
being  upset  into  the  sea  by  the  overload- 
ing of  a  boat,  he  swam  to  the  nearest 
ship,  with  his  book  of  Commentaries  in 
his  hand. — Suetonius. 

Ctesar's  Death.  Both  Chaucer  and 
Shakespeare  say  that  Julius  Caesar  was 
killed  in  the  capitol.  Thus  Polonius  says 
to  Hamlet,  "  I  did  enact  JuUus  Caesar ;  I 
was  killed  i'  the  capitol  "  (Hamlet,  act  iii, 
sc.  2).    And  Chaucer  says — 

This  JuLus  to  the  capitole  wente  .  .  . 
And  m  the  capitole  anon  him  hente 
This  false  Brutus,  and  his  other  soon, 
And  sticked  him  with  bodekins  anon. 
CanUrbury  Tales  ("The  Monk's  Tale,"  1388). 

•••  Plutarch  expressly  tells  us  he  was 
killed  in  Pompey's  Porch  or  Piazza ;  and 
in  Julius  CcBsar  Shakespeare  says  he  fell 
"e'en  at  the  base  of  Pompey's  statue" 
(act  iii.  sc.  2). 

CcBsar's  Famous  Despatch,  "  Veni,  vidi, 
vici,"  written  to  the  senate  to  announce 
his  overthrow  of  Pharnic^s  king  of  Pon- 
tus.  This  "  hop,  skip,  and  a  jump  "  was, 
however,  the  work  of  three  days. 

CcBsar's  Likeness.  That  by  Aure'lius 
is  the  most  celebrated. 

CcBsar's  Wars.  The  carnage  occa- 
sioned by  the  wars  of  Caesar  is  usually 
estimated  at  a  million  fighting  men.  He 
won  320  triumphs,  and  fought  500  battles. 
(See  above,  C^SAR  {Caius  Julius),) 


CAERLEON. 

Csesar,  the  Mephistoph'elts  of  Byron  s 
unfinished  drama  called  The  Deformed 
Transformed.  This  Caesar  changes  Ar- 
nold (the  hunchback)  into  the  form  of 
Achilles,  and  assumes  himself  the  de- 
formity and  ugliness  which  Arnold  casts 
off.  The  drama  being  incomplete,  alt 
that  can  be  said  is  that  "Caesar,"  in 
cynicism,  effrontery,  and  snarling  bitter- 
ness of  spirit,  is  the  exact  counterpart  of 
his  prototype,  Mephistophelfis  (1823). 

CsBsar  [Don),  an  old  man  of  63,  the 
father  of  Olivia.  In  order  to  induce  his 
daughter  to  marry,  he  makes  love  to- 
Marcella,  a  girl  of  16.— Mrs.  Caivlcy :  A 
Bold  Stroke  for  a  Husband  (1782). 

Cse'sarism,  the  absolute  rule  of  man 
over  man,  with  the  recogniiion  of  no  law 
divine  or  human  beyond  that  of  the  ruler's- 
will.  Csesar  must  be  summus  pontifex- 
as  well  as  imperdtor. — Dr.  Manning  r 
On  CcBsarism  (1873).  (See  Chauvinism.)- 

Gael,  a  Highlander  of  the  western 
coast  of  Scotland.  The  Cael  hadi 
colonized,  in  very  remote  times,  the 
northern  parts  of  Ireland,  as  the  Fir-hols' 
or  Belgae  of  Britain  had  colonized  the- 
southern  parts.  The  two  colonies  had 
each  a  separate  king.  When  Crothar  was- 
king  of  the  Fir-bolg  (or  "  lord  of  Atha  ")^ 
he  carried  off  Conla'ma,  daughter  of  the 
king  of  Ulster  [i.e.  "chief  of  the  Cael ")>. 
and  a  general  war  ensued  between  the 
two  races.  The  Cael,  being  reduced  to  the 
last  extremity,  sent  to  Trathal  (Fingal's 
grandfather)  for  help,  and  Trathal  sent 
over  Con'ar,  who  was  chosen  "king  of 
the  Cael"  immediately  he  landed  in 
Ulster  ;  and  having  reduced  the  Fir-bolg  to 
submission,  he  assumed  the  title  of  "  king 
of  Ireland."  The  Fir-bolg,  though  con- 
quered,  often  rose  in  rebellion,  and  mada 
many  efforts  to  expel  the  race  of  Conar, 
but  never  succeeded  in  so  doing. — 
Ossian. 

Caer  Ery'ri,  Snowdon.  [Eryri  means 
"an  eyrie"  or  "eagle's  nest."), 

.  .  .  once  the  wondering  forester  at  dawn     .  , 
On  Caer  Eryri's  highest  found  the  king. 

Tennyson  :  Gareih  and  Lynettt.. 

Caer  Gwent,  Venta,  that  is,  Gwentv 
ceaster,  Wintan-ceaster  (or  Winchester): 
The  word  Gwent  is  Celtic,  and  means  ";> 
fair  open  region." 

Caerleon  or  Caerle'on.,  on  the  Usk;, 
in  Wales,  the  chief  royal  residence  of: 
king  Arthur.  It  was  here  that  he  kept  af 
Pentecost  "his  Round  Table,"  in  great 


CAERLEON 


i66 


CAIRBAR. 


splendour.     Occasionally  these  "  courts" 
were  held  at  Camelot — 

Where  as  at  Caer'leon  oft,  he  kept  the  Table  Round, 
Most  famous  for  the  sports  at  Pentecost. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  iii.  (1612). 
For  Arthur  on  the  Whitsuntide  before 
Held  court  at  old  Caerle'on-upon-Usk. 

Tennyson:  Enid. 

Caerleon  {  Tht  Battle  of),  one  of  the 
twelve  great  victories  of  prince  Arthur 
over  the  Saxons.  The  battle  was  not 
fought,  as  Tennyson  says,  at  Caerleon- 
upon-Usk,  in  the  South  of  Wales,  but  at 
Caerleon,  now  called  Carlisle. 

Cag-es  for  Men.  Alexander  the 
Great  had  the  philosopher  Callisthenes 
chained  for  seven  months  in  an  iron  cage, 
for  refusing  to  pay  him  divine  honours. 

Catherine  II.  of  Russia  kept  her  perru- 
quier  for  more  than  three  years  in  an  iron 
cage  in  her  bed-chamber,  to  prevent  his 
teUing  people  that  she  wore  a  wig. — Mons. 
De  Masson  :  Mimoires  Secrets  sur  la 
Russie. 

Edward  I.  confined  the  countess  of 
Buchan  in  an  iron  cage,  for  placing 
the  crown  of  Scotland  on  the  head  of 
Bruce.  This  cage  was  erected  on  one 
of  the  towers  of  Berwick  Castle,  where 
the  countess  was  exposed  to  the  rigour  of 
the  elements  and  the  gaze  of  passers-by. 
One  of  the  sisters  of  Bruce  was  similarly 
dealt  with. 

Louis  XI.  confined  cardinal  Balue 
(grand-almoner  of  France)  for  ten  years 
in  an  iron  cage  in  the  castle  of  Loches 
\Ldsh\ 

Tamerlane  enclosed  the  sultan  Bajazet 
in  an  iron  cage,  and  made  him  a  public 
show.    So  says  D'Herbelot.    {See  Calis- 

THENES,  p.  170.) 

An  iron  cage  was  made  by  Timour's  command,  com- 
posed on  every  side  of  iron  gratings,  through  which  the 
captive  sultan  [Bajazet]  could  be  seen  in  any  direction. 
He  travelled  in  this  den  slung  between  two  horses.— 
Ltnnclavius. 

Caglios'tro  {Count  de),  Giuseppe 
Balsamo,  the  prince  of  literary  thieves 
and  impostors  (i743-i79S)-  (See  under 
Forgers  and  Forgeries.) 

<?a  ira,  one  of  the  most  popular 
revolutionary  songs,  composed  for  the 
Fete  de  la  Fideration,  in  1789,  to  the 
tune  of  Le  Carillon  National.  Marie 
Antoinette  was  for  ever  strumming  this 
air  on  her  harpsicord.  ' '  Ca  ira  ! "  was  the 
rallying  cry  borrowed  by  the  Federalists 
from  Dr.  Franklin,  who  used  to  say,  in 
reference  to  the  American  Revolution,  Ah! 
ah  I  fa  ira  I  (a  ira  I  (• '  It  will  speed  !  "). 

'Twas  all  the  same  to  him— .^^af  save  tht  King  I 
Or  Ca  ira  t 

B^ron  :  Din  Juan,  iii.  84  (i8»o). 


Cain,  "  a  Mystery,"  by  lord  Byron 
(1821).  Cain's  wife  he  calls  Adah,  and 
Abel's  wife  he  calls  Zillah.  The  poet 
assumes  (with  Cuvier)  that  the  world  had 
been  destroyed  several  times  before  man 
was  created.  Certainly  there  were  several 
races  of  animals  extinct  before  the  sup- 
posed creation  of  Adam,  the  most  noted 
being  the  Saurian  period.  Cain,  in  many 
respects,  is  a  rephca  of  Man/red,  pub- 
hshed  in  1817. 

Coleridge  wrote  a  prose  poem  called  The  Wandtr- 
in£-s  of  Cain  (1798). 

Cain  and  Abel  are  called  in  the 
Kor&n  "KabilandHabil."  The  tradition 
is  that  Cain  was  commanded  to  marry 
Abel's  sister,  and  Abel  to  marry  Cain's ; 
but  Cain  demurred  because  his  own  sister 
was  the  more  beautiful,  and  so  the  matter 
was  referred  to  God,  who  answered  ' '  No  " 
by  rejecting  Cain's  sacrifice. 

N.  B. — The  Mohammedans  say  that 
Cain  carried  about  with  him  the  dead 
body  of  Abel,  till  he  saw  a  raven  scratch 
a  bole  in  the  ground  to  bury  a  dead  bird. 
The  hint  was  taken,  and  Abel  was  buried 
under  ground. — Sale:  A I  Koran,  v. ,  notes. 

Cain-coloured  Beard.  Cain  and 
Judas,  in  old  tapestries  and  paintings,  are 
always  represented  with  yellow  beards. 

He  hath  a  little  wee  face,  with  a  little  yellow  beard ; 
a  Cain-coloured  beard. — Shakespeare  :  Merry  IVives 
0/  Windsor,  act  i.  sc.  4  (1601). 

Cain's  Hill.  Maundrel  tells  us  that 
"  some  four  miles  from  Damascus  is  a 
high  hill,  reported  to  be  that  on  which 
Cain  slew  his  brother  Abel." — Travels, 
131. 

In  that  place  where  Damascus  was  founded,  Kayn 
sloughe  Abel  his  brother. — Maiindeville  :  Travels,  148. 

Caina  \^Ka-V-naK\,  the  place  to  which 
murderers  are  doomed. 

Caina  waits 
The  soul  who  spills  man's  life. 

Dante  :  Inferno,  r.  (1300). 

Cair1}ar,  son  of  Borbar-Duthul, ' '  lord 
of  Atha"  (Connaught),  the  most  potent 
of  the  race  of  the  Fir-bolg.  He  rose  in 
rebellion  against  Cormac,  "king  of  Ire- 
land," murdered  him  {Temora,  i.),  and 
usurped  the  throne  ;  but  Fingal  (who  was 
distantly  related  to  Cormac)  went  to  Ire- 
land with  an  army,  to  restore  the  ancient 
dynasty.  Cairbar  invited  Oscar  (Fingal's 
grandson)  to  a  feast,  and  Oscar  accepted 
the  invitation  ;  but  Cairbar  having  pro- 
voked a  quarrel  with  his  guest,  the  two 
fought,  and  both  were  slain. 

"  Thy  heart  is  a  rock.  Thy  thoughts  are  dark  and 
bloody.  Thou  art  the  brother  of  Cathnior  .  .  .  but  my 
soul  is  not  like  thine,  thou  feeble  hand  in  fight.  The 
light  of  my  bosom  is  stained  by  thy  deeds."— (?xj»a/».' 
Tcmeru,  i. 


CAIRBRE. 


157 


CALED. 


Cairlire  (2  jv/.),  sometimes  called 
"Cair'bar,"  third  king  of  Ireland,  of  the 
Caledonian  line.  (There  was  also  a  Cair- 
bar,  "lord  of  Atha,"  a  Fir-bolg,  quite  a 
different  person.) 

The  Caledonian  line  ran  thus  :  (i) 
Conar,  first  "king  of  Ireland  ;  "  (2)  Cor- 
mac  I.,  his  son  ;  (3)  Cairbre,  his  son  ;  (4) 
Artho,  his  sen  ;  (5)  Cormac  II.,  his  son  ; 
(6)  Ferad-Artho,  his  cousin. — Ossian. 

Cai'tlS  {2  syl.),  the  assumed  name  of 
the  earl  of  Kent  when  he  attended  on 
king  Lear,  after  Goneril  and  Re'gan  re- 
,fused  to  entertain  their  aged  father  with 
his  suite. — Shakespeare  :  Kitig  I^ar 
(1605). 

Cai'as  [Dr.],  a  French  physician, 
whose  servants  are  Rugby  and  Mrs. 
Quickly. — Shakespeare:  Merry  Wives  of 
Windsor  (1601). 

The  clipped  English  of  Dr.  CA\x%.—Macaulay. 

Cai'iis  College  (Cambridge),  origin- 
ally Gonville  Hall.  In  1557  it  was 
erected  into  a  college  by  Dr.  John  Key,  of 
Norwich,  and  called  after  him  Caius  or 
Key's  College. 

Cakes  [Land  of),  Scotland,  famous 
for  its  oatmeal-cakes. 

Calais.  When  Calais  was  lost,  queen 
Mary  said  they  would  find  at  her  death 
the  word  Calais  svritten  on  her  heart. 

IT  Montpensier  said,  if  his  body  were 
opened,  the  name  of  Felipe  [II.  of 
Spain]  would  be  found  imprinted  on  his 
heart  (i 552-1 596). — Motley:  Dutch  Re- 
public, part  ii.  5. 

Calandri'no,  a  character  in  the  De- 
catneron,  whose  "  misfortunes  have  made 
all  Europe  merry  for  four  centuries." 
— Boccaccio:  Decameron,  viii.  9  (1350). 

Calan'tlia,  princess  of  Sparta,  loved 
by  Ith'ocl6s.  Ithocles  induces  his  sister 
Penthe'a  to  break  the  matter  to  the  prin- 
cess. This  she  does  ;  the  princess  is  won 
to  requite  his  love,  and  the  king  consents 
to  the  union.  During  a  great  court  cere- 
mony Calantha  is  informed  of  the  sudden 
death  of  her  father,  another  announces  to 
her  that  Penthea  had  starved  herself  to 
death  from  hatred  to  Bass'anes,  and  a 
third  follows  to  tell  her  that  IthoclSs,  her 
betrothed  husband,  has  been  murdered. 
Calantha  bates  no  jot  of  the  ceremony, 
but  continues  the  dance  even  to  the 
bitter  end.  The  coronation  ensues,  but 
scarcely  is  the  ceremony  over  than  she 
can  support  the  strain  no  longer,  and, 


broken-hearted,    she    falls    dead.— 7<7An 
Ford:  The  Broken  Heart  {1622). 

Calantha  and  Ordclla  {f.v.)  are  the  most  perfect 
of  women  in  all  the  ranjfe  of  fiction. 

Calan'the  (3  syl.),  the  betrothed  wife 
of  Pyth'ias  the  Syracu'-.ian.— Z?<3//j/»  .• 
Damon  and  Pythias  (1825). 

Cala'ya,  the  third  paradise  of  the 
Hindus. 

CaVCTllator  [The).  Alfragan  the 
Arabian  astronomer  was  so  called  (died 
A.D.  820).  Jedcdiah  Buxton,  of  Elmeton, 
in  Derbyshire,  was  also  called  "  The  Cal- 
culator" (1705-1775).  George  Bidder 
(1806- 1 878),  Zerah  Colburn,  and  a  girl 
named  Heywood  (whose  father  was  a 
Mile  End  weaver),  all  exhibited  their 
calculating  powers  in  public.  (See 
Percy:  Anecdotes.) 

N.  B. — Pascal,  in  1642,  made  a  calcu- 
lating machine,  which  was  improved  by 
Leibnitz.  C.  Babbage  also  invented  a 
calculating  machine  (1790-1871). 

Calctlt'ta  is  Kali-cuttah  {"  temple  of 
the  goddess  Kah  "). 

Cal'deron  {Don  Pedro),  a  Spanish 
poet  born  at  Madrid  (1600-168 1).  At 
the  age  of  52  he  became  an  ecclasiastic, 
and  composed  religious  poetry  only.  Al- 
together he  wrote  about  1000  dramatic 
pieces. 

Her  memory  was  a  mine.    She  knew  by  heart 
All  Cal'deron  and  fjrcater  part  of  Lope. 

Byron:  Don  Jiian,  .  ii  (1819). 

("Lope,"  that  is,  Lope  de  Vega,  the 
Spanish  poet,  1562-1635.) 

Calel},  the  enchantress  who  carried 
off  St.  George  in  infancy. 

Calel),  in  Dry  den's  satire  of  Absalom 
and  Achitop/iel,  is  meant  for  lord  Grey  of 
Wark,  in  Northumberland,  an  adherent 
of  the  duke  of  Monmouth. 

And,  therefore  in  the  name  of  dulness  be 
The  wcU-liung  Balaam  and  cold  Caleb  free.   -  - . 
Parti.  573,  574;  -^ 

•.*  "  Balaam  "  is  the  earl  of  Hunting- 
don. 

Caleb  Williams.    (See  Williams.) 

Ca'led,  commander-in-chief  of  the 
Arabs  in  the  siege  of  Damascus.  He  is 
brave,  fierce,  and  revengeful.  War  is  his 
delight.  When  Pho'cyas,  the  Syrian, 
deserts  Eu'men^s,  Caled  asks  him  to 
point  out  the  governor's  tent ;  he  refuses — 
they  fight,  and  Caled  falls. — J.  Hughes: 
Siege  of  Damascus  [1720], 


CALEDONIA. 


j68 


CALIANAX. 


Caledo'nia,  Scotland.  Also  called 
Cal'edon. 

O  Caledonia,  stem  and  wild, 
Meet  nurse  for  a  poetic  child  1 

Sir  W.  Scott. 
Not  thus  in  ancient  days  of  Caledon 
"Was  thy  voice  mute  amid  the  festal  crowd. 

Sir  W.  Scott. 

Caledo'nians,  Gauls  from  France 
who  colonized  South  Britain,  whence  they 
journeyed  to  Inverness  and  Ross.  The 
word  is  compounded  of  two  Celtic  words, 
Cad  ("Gaul"  or  "Celt"),  and  don  or 
dun  ("a  hill"),  so  that  Cael-don  means 
"Celts  of  the  highlands." 

The  Highlanders  to  this  day  call  themselves  "  Cael," 
and  their  language  "  Gaelic  '  or  "  Gaelic,"  and  their 
country  "  Caeldock,"  which  the  Romans  softened  into 
"  CA&diOxixa.."— Dissertation  on  the  Poems  ofOssian. 

Calendar  {The  French)  was  devised 
by  Fabre  d'Eglantine  and  Romme  (1792). 

Calenders,  a  class  of  Mohammedans ' 
who  abandoned  father  and  mother,  wife 
and  children,  relations  and  possessions, 
to  wander  through  the  world  as  religious 
devotees,  living  on  the  bounty  of  those 
whom  they  made  their  dupes. — D'Herbe- 
lot:  Suppleme7it ,  204. 

He  diverted  himself  with  the  multitude  of  calenders, 
santons,  and  dervises,  who  had  travelled  from  the 
heart  of  India,  and  halted  on  their  way  with  the  emir. 
^IV.  Beckford :  yat/teJi  {1786}. 

The  Th?-ee  Calenders,  three  royal 
princes,  disguised  as  begging  dervishes, 
each  of  whom  had  lost  his  right  eye. 
Their  adventures  form  three  tales  in  the 
Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments. 

Tale  of  the  First  Calender.  No  names 
are  given.  This  calender  was  the  son  of 
a  king,  and  nephew  of  another  king. 
While  on  a  visit  to  his  uncle,  his  father 
died,  and  the  vizier  usurped  the  throne. 
When  the  prince  returned,  he  was  seized, 
and  the  usurper  pulled  out  his  right  eye. 
The  uncle  died,' and  the  usurping  vizier 
made  himself  master  of  this  kingdom  also. 
So  the  hapless  young  prince  assumed  the 
garb  of  a  calender,  wandered  to  Bagdad, 
and  being  received  into  the  house  of  ' '  the 
three  sisters,"  told  his  tale  in  the  hearing 
of  the  caliph  Haroun-al-Raschid. — The 
Arabian  Nights. 

Tale  of  the  Second  Calender.  No  names 
given.  This  calender,  like  the  first,  was 
the  son  of  a  king.  On  his  way  to  India 
he  was  attacked  by  robbers,  and  though 
he  contrived  to  escape,  he  lost  all  his 
effects.  In  his  flight  he  came  to  a  large 
city,  where  he  encountered  a  tailor, 
who  gave  him  food  and  lodging.  In 
order  to  earn  a  living,  he  turned  wood- 
man for  the  nonce,  and  accidentally  dis- 
covered an  under-ground  palace,  in  which 


lived  a  beautiful  lady,  confined  there  by 
an  evil  genius.  With  a  view  of  liberating 
her,  he  kicked  down  the  talisman ;  the 
genius  killed  the  lady  and  turned  the 
prince  into  an  ape.  As  an  ape  he  was 
taken  on  board  ship,  and  transported  to 
a  large  commercial  city,  where  his  pen- 
manship recommended  him  to  the  sultan, 
who  made  him  his  vizier.  The  sultan's 
daughter  undertook  to  disenchant  him 
and  restore  him  to  his  proper  form ;  but 
to  accomplish  this  she  had  to  fight  with 
the  malignant  genius.  She  succeeded  in 
killing  the  genius,  and  restoring  the  en- 
chanted prince  ;  but  received  such  severe 
injuries  in  the  struggle  that  she  died,  and 
a  spark  of  fire  which  flew  into  the  right 
eye  of  the  prince,  perished  it.  The  sultan 
was  so  heart-broken  at  the  death  of  his 
only  child,  that  he  insisted  on  the  prince 
quitting  the  kingdom  without  delay.  So 
he  assumed  the  garb  of  a  calender,  and 
being  received  into  the  hospitable  house 
of  "the  three  sisters,"  told  his  tale  in  the 
hearing  of  the  caliph  Haroun-al-Raschid, 
— The  Arabian  Nights. 

Tale  of  the  Third  Calender.  This  tale 
is  given  under  the  word  Agib,  p.  14. 

"  I  am  called  Agib,"  he  says,  "  and  am  the  son  of  a 
king  whose  name  was  Zzs&\\>."— Arabian  Nights. 

Calepine  [Sir),  the  knight  attached 
to  Sere'na  (canto  3).  Seeing  a  bear 
carrying  off  a  child,  he  attacked  it,  and 
squeezed  it  to  death,  then  committed  the 
babe  to  the  care  of  Matilde,  wife  of  sir 
Bruin.  As  Matilde  had  no  child  of  her 
own,  she  adopted  it  (canto  4). — Spenser: 
Faerie  Queene,  vi.  (1596). 

(Upton  says,  "the  child"  in  this  in- 
cident is  meant  for  M'Mahon,  of  Ireland, 
and  that  "Mac  Mahon"  means  the  "son 
of  a  bear."  He  furthermore  says  that 
the  M'Mahons  were  descended  from  the 
Fitz-Ursulas,  a  noble  English  family, ) 

Ca'les  (2  syl.).  So  gipsies  call  thena- 
selves. 

Beltran  Crurado,  count  of  the  Cales. 

Longfellow  :  The  Spanish  Student. 

Calf -skin.  Fools  and  jesters  used  to 
wear  a  calf-skin  coat  buttoned  down  the 
back,  and  hence  Faulconbridge  says  inso- 
lently to  the  archduke  of  Austria,  who 
had  acted  very  basely  towards  Richard 
Lion-heart — 

Thou  wear  a  lion's  hide  I  doff  it  for  shame. 
And  hang  a  calf-skin  on  those  recreant  limb* 
Shakespeare  :  King  John,  act  iiL  sc.  i  (1596), 

Cal'ianaz,  a  humorous  old  lord, 
father  of  Aspatia  the  troth-plight  wife  of 
Amin'tor.      It  is  the  death  of  Aspatia 


CALIBAN. 


169 


CALISTO  AND  ARCAS. 


which  gives  name  to  the  drama. — Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher  :  The  Maid's  Tragedy 
(1610). 

Cal'lban,  a  savage,  deformed  slave 
of  Prospero  (the  rightful  duke  of  Milan 
and  father  of  Miranda).  Caliban  is  the 
"  freckled  whelp  "  of  the  witch  Syc'orax. 
Mrs.  Shelley's  monster,  in  Frankenstein, 
is  a  sort  of  Q^LVCodja.,— Shakespeare :  The 
Tempest  (1609). 

"  Caliban  "...  is  all  earth  ...  he  has  the  dawn- 
Ings  of  understanding  without  reason  or  the  moral 
sense  .  .  .  this  advance  to  the  intellectual  faculties 
without  the  moral  sense  is  marked  by  the  appearance 
of  vice. — CoUridst. 

Caribum,  same  as  Excalibar,  the 
fcunous  sword  of  king  Arthur. 

Ooward  Arthur  paced,  with  hand 

On  Calibum's  resistless  brand. 

Sir  ly.  Scott:  Bridal 0/ TrUrmain  (1813). 
Arthur  .  .  .  drew  out  his  Calibum,  and  .  .  .  rushed 
forward  with  great  fury  into  tlie  thickest  of  the  enemy's 
ranks  .  .  .  nor  did  he  give  over  the  fury  of  his  assault 
till  he  had,  with  his  Calibum,  killed  470  men — Geoffrey  : 
British  History,  ix.  4  (1142). 

Cal'idore  {Sir),  the  type  of  courtesy, 
and  the  hero  of  the  sixth  book  of  Spenser's 
Faerie  Queene.  The  model  of  this  cha- 
racter was  sir  Philip  Sydney.  Sir  Calidore 
(3  jy/.)  starts  in  quest  of  the  Blatant  Beast, 
which  had  escaped  from  sir  Artegal  (bk. 
V.  12).  He  first  compels  the  lady  Bria'na 
to  discontinue  her  discourteous  toll  of 
*Mhe  locks  of  ladies  and  the  beards  of 
knights"  (canto  i).  Sir  Calidore  falls  in 
love  with  Pastorella,  a  shepherdess,  dresses 
like  a  shepherd,  and  assists  his  lady-love 
in  keeping  sheep.  Pastorella  being  taken 
captive  by  brigands,  sir  Calidore  rescues 
her,  and  leaves  her  at  Belgard  Castle  to 
be  taken  care  of,  while  he  goes  in  quest  of 
the  Blatant  Beast.  He  finds  the  monster 
after  a  time,  by  the  havoc  it  had  made 
with  religious  houses,  and  after  an  obsti- 
nate fight  succeeds  in  muzzling  it,  and 
dragging  it  in  chains  after  him  ;  but  it  got 
loose  again,  as  it  did  before  (canto  12). — 
Spenser :  Faerie  Queene,  vi.  (1596). 

Sir  GaWain  was  the  "  Calidore  "  of  the  Round  Table. 
—Soulhey. 

'.'  "  Pastorella "  is  Frances  Walsing- 
ham  (daughter  of  sir  Francis),  whom  sir 
Philip  Sydney  married.  After  the  death 
of  sir  Philip  she  married  the  earl  of  Essex. 
The  "Blatant  Beast"  is  what  we  now 
call  "Mrs.  Grundy." 

'.  •  "  Calidore  "  is  the  name  of  a  poeti- 
cal fragment  by  Keats  (i796-i82i)'. 

CaligT'orant,  an  Egyptian  giant  and 
cannibal,  who  used  to  entrap  travellers 
with  an  invisible  net.  It  was  the  very 
same  net  that  Vulcan  made  to  catch  Mars 
and  Venus  with.     Mercury  stole  it  for  the 


purpose  of  entrapping  Chloris,  and  left  it 
in  the  temple  of  Anu'bis,  whence  it  was 
stolen  by  Caligorant.  One  day  Astolpho, 
by  a  blast  of  his  magic  horn,  so  frightened 
the  giant  that  he  got  entangled  in  his  own 
net,  and  being  made  captive  was  despoiled 
of  it. — Ariosto:  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Cali'no,  a  famous  French  utterer  of 
bulls. 

Calipli  means  "vicar"  or  representa- 
tive of  Mahomet.  Scaliger  says,  ' '  Calipha 
est  vicarius "  {Isagoge  of  Chronology,  3). 
The  dignity  of  sultan  is  superior  to  that 
of  caliph,  although  many  sultans  called 
themselves  caliphs.  That  passage  which 
in  our  version  of  the  New  Testament  is 
rendered  ' '  Archelaus  reigned  in  his  stead  " 
{i.e.  in  the  place  of  Herod),  is  translated 
in  the  Syriac  version  Chealaph  Herodes, 
that  is,  "Archelaus  was  Herod's  caliph" 
or  vicar.  Similarly,  the  pope  calls  him- 
self "St.  Peter's  y\c2.x."—Seld£n:  Titles 
of  Honour,  v.  68,  69  (1672). 

Calip'olis,  in  The  Battle  of  Alcazar, 
a  drama  by  George  Peele  (1582).  Pistol 
says  to  Mistress  Quickly — 

Then  feed  and  be  fat,  my  fair  CalipoUs. — Shake- 
sj>eart :  a  Henry  IV.  act  ii.  sc.  4  (1598). 

Cal'is  {The  princess),  sister  of  As'- 
torax  king  of  Paphos,  in  love  with  Poly- 
dore,  brother  of  general  Memnon,  but 
loved  greatly  by  Siphax. — John  Fletcher  : 
The  Mad  Lover  (1617). 

Calis'ta,  the  fierce  and  haughty 
daughter  of  Sciol'to  (3  syl.),  a  proud 
Genoese  nobleman.  She  yielded  to  the 
seduction  of  Lotha'rio,  but  engaged  to 
marry  Al'tamont,  a  young  lord  who  loved 
her  dearly.  On  the  wedding  day  a  letter 
was  picked  up  which  proved  her  guilt, 
and  she  was  subsequently  seen  by  Alta- 
mont  conversing  with  Lothario.  A  duel 
ensued,  in  which  Lothario  fell.  In  a  street- 
row  Sciolto  received  his  death-wound, 
and  Calista  stabbed  herself.  The  charac- 
ter of  "  Calista"  was  one  of  the  parts  of 
Mrs.  Siddons,  and  also  of  Miss  Brunton. 
— Rowe  :  The  Fair  Penitent  (1703). 

Richardson  has  given  a  purity  and  a  sanctity  to  the 
sorrows  of  his  "  Clarissa  "  which  leave  "  Calista  "  im- 
measurably behind.—^.  Chatnbers:  English  Litera- 
ture, i.  590. 

Twelve  years  after  Norris's  death,  Mrs.  Barry  was 
acting  the  character  of  "Calista."  In  the  last  act, 
where  "  Calista  "  lays  her  hand  upon  a  skull,  she  \_Mrs. 
ISarry']  was  suddenly  seized  with  a  shuddering,  and 
fainted.  Next  day  she  asked  whence  the  skull  had 
been  obtained,  and  was  told  it  was  "the  skull  of  Mr. 
Norris,  an  actor."  This  Norris  was  her  former  hus- 
band, and  so  great  was  the  shock  that  she  died  within 
six  ■nccVs.—Oxberry. 

Calis'to  and  Ar'cas.  Calisto,  an 
Arcadian    nymph,    was  changed   into  a 


CALLAGHAN  O'BRALLAGHAN.     170 


CALUMET  OF,  PEACE. 


she-bear.  Her  son  Areas,  supposing  the 
bear  to  be  an  ordinary  beast,  was  about 
to  shoot  it,  when  Jupiter  metamorphosed 
him  into  a  he-bear.  Both  were  taken  to 
heaven  by  Jupiter,  and  became  the  con- 
stellations Ursa  Minor  and  Ursa  Major. 

Call'ag-lian  O'Brall'ag'lian  {Sir), 
"a  wild  Irish  soldier  in  the  Prussian 
army.  His  military  humour  makes  one 
fancy  he  was  not  only  born  in  a  siege, 
but  that  Bellona  had  been  his  nurse, 
Mars  his  schoolmaster,  and  the  Furies 
his  playfellows"  (act  i.  sc.  i).  He  is  the 
successful  suitor  of  Charlotte  Goodchild. 
— Macklin  :  Love  a- la-mode  (1779). 

In  the  records  of  the  stage,  no  actor  ever  approached 
Jack  Jolinstone  in  Irish  characters  :  "  sir  Lucas  O'Trigf- 
g^er,"  "Callaghan  O'Brallaijhan,"  "  major  O'Flaherty," 
"  Teague,"  "  TuUy  "  (the  Irish  gardener),  and  "  Dennis 
Brulgruddery "  were  portrayed  by  hini  in  most  ex- 
quisite colours. — New  Motthly  Magazine  (1829). 

("Lucius  O'Trigger,"  in  The  Rivals 
(Sheridan) ;  "  major  O'Flaherty,"  in  The 
West  Indian  (Cumberland);  "Teague," 
in  The  Committee  (Howard);  "Dennis 
Brulgruddery,"  in  John  Bull  (Colman).) 

Callet,  a  fille  publique.  Brantdme 
says  a  calle  or  calotte  is  "  a  cap  ;  "  hence 
the  phrase,  Plattes  comme  des  calles. 
Ben  Jonson,  in  his  Magnetick  Lady, 
speaks  of  "  wearing  the  callet,  the  politic 
hood." 

Des  filles  du  peuple  et  de  la  campagne  s'appellant 
calks,  &  cause  de  la  "  cale  "  qui  leur  servait  de  coiifure. 
— Francisgue  Michel. 

En  sa  tete  avoit  un  gros  bonnet  blanc,  qui  Von  appelle 
une  calle,  et  nous  autres  appelons  calotte,  ou  bonnette 
blanche  de  lagne,  nou6e  ou  bridge  par  dessoubz  le 
menton. — Brantdtne  :  Fies  des  Datnes  Illustres. 
A  beggar  in  his  drink 
Could  not  have  laid  such  terms  upon  his  callet. 
Shakespeare :  Othello,  act  iv.  sc.  2  (1611). 

Callim'achus  {The  Italian),  Filippo 
Buonaccorsi  (1437-1496). 

Callir'rlioe  (4  syl.),  the  lady-love  of 
Chas'reas,  in  a  Greek  romance  entitled 
The  Loves  of  Chtzreas  and  Callirrhoe,  by 
Char'iton  (eighth  century).     {Qhxe.—ke.) 

Callis'tb,enes  {i^syl.),  a  philosopher 
who  accompanied  Alexander  the  Great 
on  his  Oriental  expedition.  He  refused 
to  pay  Alexander  divine  honours,  for 
which  he  was  accused  of  treason ;  and, 
being  mutilated,  he  was  chained  in  a 
cage  for  seven  months  like  a  wild  beast. 
Lysimachus  put  an  end  to  his  tortures  by 
poison.    (See  Cages  for  Men,  p.  166. ) 

Oh,  let  me  roll  in  Macedonian  rays, 
Or,  like  Callisthenes,  be  caged  for  life. 
Rather  than  shine  in  fashions  of  the  East. 

Lee:  Alexander  the  Great,  iv.  i  (1678). 

Cal'mar,  son  of  Matha,  lord  of  Lara 
(in   Connaught).     He  is  represented   as 


presumptuous,  rash,  and  overbearing, 
but  gallant  and  generous.  The  very 
opposite  of  the  temperate  Connal,  who 
advises  caution  and  forethought.  Calmar 
hurries  CuthuUin  into  action,  which  ends 
in  defeat.  Connal  comforts  the  general 
in  his  distress. — Ossian  :  Fingal^  i, 

Cal'pe  (2  syl.),  Gibraltar.  The  two^ 
pillars  of  Hercules  are  CalpS  and  Ab'yla. 

She  her  thundering  na\'y  leads 
To  Calpe. 

Akenside  :  Hymn  to  the  Naiads. 

Cal'tlion,  brother  of  Col'mar,  sons  of 
Rathmor  chief  of  Clutha  {the  Clyde). 
The  father  was  murdered  in  his  halls  by 
Dunthalmo  lord  of  Teutha  {the  Tweed), 
and  the  two  boys  were  brought  up  by  the 
murderer  in  his  own  house,  and  accom- 
panied him  in  his  wars.  As  they  grew  in 
years,  Dunthalmo  fancied  he  perceived 
in  their  looks  a  something  which  excited 
his  suspicions,  so  he  shut  them  up  in  two 
separate  dark  caves  on  the  banks  of  the 
Tweed.  Colmal,  daughter  of  Dunthalmo, 
dressed  as  a  young  warrior,  hberated 
Calthon,  and  fled  with  him  to  Morven, 
to  crave  aid  in  behalf  of  the  captive  Col- 
mar.  Accordingly,  Fingal  sent  his  son 
Ossian  with  300  men  to  effect  his  libera- 
tion. When  Dunthalmo  heard  of  the 
approach  of  this  army,  he  put  Colmar  to 
death.  Calthon,  mournin  g  for  his  brother,  • 
was  captured,  and  bound  to  an  oak  ;  but 
at  daybreak  Ossian  slew  Dunthalmo,  cut 
the  thongs  of  Calthon,  gave  him  to  Col- 
mal, and  they  lived  happily  in  the  halls  of, 
Teutha. — Ossian  :  Calt/wn  and  Colmal. 

Calumet  of  Peace.  The  bowl  of 
this  pipe  is  made  of  a  soft  red  stone 
easily  hollowed  out,  the  stem  of  cane  or 
some  light  wood,  painted  with  divers 
colours,  and  decorated  with  the  heads, 
tails,  and  feathers  of  birds.  When 
Indians  enter  into  an  alliance  or  solemn 
engagement,  they  smoke  the  calumet 
together.  When  war  is  the  subject,  the 
whole  pipe  and  all  its  ornaments  are 
deep  red. — Major  Rogers:  Account  of. 
North  America.    (See  Red  Pipe.) 

A-calumeting,  a-courting.  In  the  day- 
time any  act  of  gallantry  would  be  deemei' 
indecorous  by  the  American  Indians  \ 
but  after  sunset,  the  young  lover  goi  ' 
a-calurneting.  He,  in  fact,  lights  hi: 
pipe,  and,  entering  the  cabin  of  his  well 
beloved,  presents  it  to  her.  If  the  lady^ 
extinguishes  it,  she  accepts  his  addresses 
but  if  she  suffers  it  to  burn  on,  she  reject! 
them,  and  the  gentleman  retires. — Ashe 
Travels. 


I 


CALYDON. 


171  CAMBRIDGE  ON  THE  CHARLES. 


Carydon  [Prince  of),  Melea'ger, 
famed  for  killing  the  Calvdonian  boar. — 
Apollodorus,  i.  8.     (See  Meleager.) 

As  did  the  fatal  brand  Althsea  bum'd, 
Unto  the  prince's  heart  of  Calydon. 
Sliakespeare ;  a  Henry  VI.  act  1.  sc.  i  (1591). 

Cal'ydon,  a  town  of  ^to'lia,  founded 
by  Calydon.  In  Arthurian  romance 
Calydon  is  a  forest  in  the  north  of  our 
island.  Probably  it  is  what  Richard  of 
Cirencester  calls  the  "Caledonian  Wood," 
westward  of  the  Varar  or  Murray  Frith. 

Calydo'ziian  Hunt.  Artemis,  to 
punish  CEneus  ^^E\7iuce\  king  of  Cal'ydon, 
in  ^to'iia,  for  neglect,  sent  a  monster 
boar  to  ravage  his  vineyards.  His  son 
Melea'ger  collected  together  a  large  com- 
pany to  hunt  it.  The  boar  being  killed, 
a  dispute  arose  respecting  the  head,  and 
this  led  to  a  war  between  the  Curetes  and 
Calydo'nians. 

H  A  similar  tale  is  told  of  Theseus 
(2  syl.),  who  vanquished  and  killed  the 
gigantic  sow  which  ravaged  the  territory 
of  Krommyon,  near  Corinth.  (See  Krom- 
MYONIAN  Sow.) 

Calyp'so,  in  Tilimaque,  a  prose  epic 
by  F^nelon,  is  meant  for  Mde.  de  Mon- 
tespan.  In  mytliology  she  was  queen  of 
the  island  Ogyg'ia,  on  which  Ulysses  was 
wrecked,  and  where  he  was  detained  for 
seven  years. 

Calypso's  Isle,  Ogygia,  a  mythical 
island  "in  the  navel  of  the  sea."  Some 
consider  it  to  be  Gozo,  near  Malta. 
Ogygia  [not  the  island)  is  Boeo'tia,  in 
Greece. 

Caiua'clio.    (See  Basilius.  p.  94.) 

Camalodu'niiin,  Colchester. 

Girt  by  half  the  tribes  of  Britain,  near  the  colony  Camu- 
Iodine. 

Tennyson :  Boadicea. 

Caman'clies  (3  syl.)  or  Coman'ches, 
an  Indian  tribe  of  the  Texas  (United 
States). 

It  is  a  caravan,  whitening  the  desert  where  dwell  the 
Camanches. 

Lonsfdlov)  :  To  the  Driving  Cloud. 

Camaral'zanian.  (See  Badoura, 
p.  81.) 

Canx'Tiallo,  the  second  son  of  Cam- 
buscan'  king  of  Tartary,  brother  of 
Al'garsife  (3  syl.)  and  Can'ac6  (3  syl.). 
He  fought  with  two  knights  who  asked 
the  lady  Canac6  to  wife,  the  terms  being 
that  none  should  have  her  till  he  had 
succeeded  in  worsting  Camballo  in  com- 
bat. Chaucer  does  not  give  us  the  sequel 
oj  Ibis  tale,  but  Spenser  says  that  tiiree 


brothers,  named  Priamond,  Diamond, 
and  Triamond  were  suitors,  and  that 
Triamond  won  her.  The  mother  of 
these  three  (all  born  at  one  birth)  was 
Ag'ap6,  who  dwelt  in  Faery -land  (bk. 
iv,  2). 

N.  B. — Spensermakes  Cambi'na  (daugh- 
ter of  Agapg)  the  lady-love  of  Camballo. 
Camballo  is  also  called  Camballus  and 
Cambel. 

Camballo' s  Ring,  given  hira  by  his 
sister  Canac6,  "had  power  to  stanch  all 
wounds  that  mortally  did  bleed." 

Well  mote  ye  wonder  how  that  noble  knight. 

After  he  had  so  often  wounded  been. 
Could  stand  on  foot  now  to  renew  tlie  fight  ... 
All  was  thro'  virtue  of  the  ring  he  wore  ; 

The  which  not  only  did  not  from  him  let 
One  drop  of  blood  to  fall,  but  did  restore 

His  weakened  powers  and  his  dulled  spirits  whet. 
S/enser:  Faerie  Queene,  iv.  a  (1596). 

Camlialn,  the  royal  residence  of  the 
chara  of  Cathay  (a  province  of  Tartary). 
Milton  speaks  of  "  Cambalu,  seat  of 
Cathayan  Can." — Paradise  Lost,  xi.  388 
(1665). 

CamT)aluc,  spoken  of  by  Marco  Polo, 
is  Pekin. 

Cambel.    (See  Canace,  p.  174. ) 

Cambi'xia,  daughter  of  the  fairy 
Ag'ape  (3  syl.).    (See  Canace,  p.  174.) 

Cam'bria,  Wales.  According  to 
legend,  it  is  so  called  from  Camber,  the 
son  of  Brute.  This  legendary  king  divided 
his  dominions  at  death  between  his  three 
sons  :  Locrin  had  the  southern  part,  hence 
called  Loegria  [England) ;  Camber  the 
west  (  Wales) ;  and  Albanact  the  north, 
called  Albania  [Scotland). 

From  Cambria's  curse,  from  Cambria's  tears. 

Gray  :  The  Bard  (1757). 

Cam'brian,  Welsh,  pertaining  to 
Cambria  or  Wales. 

Cambridge.  Cam  is  a  moderti 
corrupt  form  of  Granta,  as  the  river  Cana 
was  anciently  called.  The  transition  is 
Granta,  turned  by  the  Normans  into 
Caunter,  whence  Canter,  Can  or  Cam. 

:•  Out  "  count "  is  the  French  comie. 

Cambridge  University  Boat 
Crew.     Colours  :  light  blue. 

Cambridge  on  tlie  Cliarles,  con- 
tains Harvard  University,  founded  1636 
at  Cambridge  on  the  river  Charles 
(Massachusetts),  and  endowed  in  1639 
by  the  Rev.  John  Harvard. 

A  theologian  firora  the  school 
Of  Cambridge  on  the  Charles,  was  there. 
LoHsfelloio  :  Th*  Wayside  Inn  (preludey. 


CAMBRIDGE   UNIVERSITY.         172 

Cambridge  University,  said  to 
have  been  founded  by  Sebert  or  Segbert 
icing  of  Essex,  the  reputed  founder  of 
St.  Peter's,  Westminster  (604). 

Wise  Segbert,  worthy  praise,  preparing  us  the  seat 
Of  famous  Cambridge  first,  then  with    endowments 

great, 
T-iie  Muses  to  maintain,  those  sisters  thither  brought. 
Drayton  •  Polyolbion,  xi.  (1613). 

Cambuscau',  king  of  Sarra,  in  the 
land  of  Tartary  the  model  of  all  royal 
virtues.  His  wife  was  El'feta ;  his  two  sons 
Al'garsife  (3  syl. )  and  Cam'ballo  ;  and  his 
daughter  Can'acg  (3  syl. ).  Chaucer  accents 
the  last  syllable,  but  Milton  erroneously 
throws  the  accent  on  the  middle  syllable. 
Thus  Chaucer  says— 

And  so  befell  that  when  this  Cambuscan'  .  .  , 

And  again — 

This  Cambuscan',  of  which  I  have  you  told  .  .  . 
Squire's  Tale. 

But  Milton,  in  //  Penseroso,  says — 

Him  who  left  half-told 

The  story  of  Cambus'can  bold. 

The  accent  might  be  preserved  by  a 
slight  change,  thus — 

Him  who  left  of  old 

The  tale  of  Cambuscan'  half-told. 

Cambuscan  had  three  presents  sent  him 
by  the  king  of  Araby  and  Ind  :  (i)  a 
horse  of  brass,  which  would  within  a 
single  day  transport  its  rider  to  the  most 
distant  region  of  the  world  ;  (2)  a  tren- 
chant sword,  which  would  cut  through  the 
stoutest  armour,  and  heal  a  sword-wound 
by  simply  striking  it  with  the  flat  of  the 
blade ;  (3)  a  minor,  which  would  reveal 
conspiracies,  tell  who  were  faithful  and 
loyal,  and  in  whom  trust  might  be  con- 
fided. He  also  sent  CanacS  (daughter  of 
Cambuscan)  a  ring  that  she  might  know 
the  virtues  of  all  plants,  and  by  aid  of 
which  she  would  be  able  to  understand 
tiie  language  of  birds,  and  even  to  con- 
verse with  them. — Chaucer:  Canterbury 
Tales  ("The  Squire's  Tale,"  1388). 

Caiuby'ses  (3  syl.),  a  pompous, 
ranting  character  in  Preston's  tragedy  of 
that  name  (1569). 

I  must  speak  in  passion,  and  I  will  do  it  in  king 
Cambyses'  \€m.—Shakespeare :  i  Henry  ly.  act  ii.  sc. 

4  (1597). 

Camby'ses  and  Smerdis.  Cam- 
bysds  king  of  Persia  killed  his  brother 
Smerdis  from  the  wild  suspicion  of  a 
Hiad  man,  and  it  is  only  charity  to  think 
that  he  was  really  non  compos  mentis. 

Behold  CambTses  and  his  fatal  daye  .  .  . 
While  he  his  brother  Mergus  cast  to  slaye, 
A  dreadful  thing,  his  wittes  were  him  bereft. 

SackviUe  :  A  Mirrour/or Magistraytet 
("  The  Complaynt,"  1587). 


CAMILLA. 

Camden  Society  [The),  established, 
in  1838,  for  the  republication  of  British 
historical  documents.  So  named  in 
honour  of  William  Camden,  the  historian 
(1551-1623). 

Camel.  The  pelican  is  called  the 
"  river  camel ;  "  in  French  chameau  deau  ; 
and  in  Arabic  jimmel  el  bahar. 

We  saw  abundance  of  camels  [i.e.  pelicans],  but  they 
did  not  come  near  enough  for  us  to  shoot  them.— 
Norden  :  Voyag'e. 

Cameliard  (3  syl.),  the  realm  of 
Leod'ogran  or  Leod'ogrance,  father  of 
Guinevere  {Guin-e^-ver)  wife  of  Arthur. 

I.eodogran,  the  king  of  Cameliard 

Had  one  fair  daughter  and  none  other  child  .  .  . 

Guinevere,  and  in  her  his  one  delight. 

Tennyson:  Corning  of  Arthur, 

Cam'elot  (3  syl.).  There  are  two 
places  so  called.  The  place  referred  to  in 
King  Lear  is  in  Cornwall,  but  that  of 
Arthurian  renown  was  in  Winchester.  In 
regard  to  the  first  Kent  says  to  Cornwall, 
"  Goose,  if  I  had  you  upon  Sarum  Plain, 
I'd  drive  ye  cackling  home  to  Camelot," 
i.e.  to Tintag'il or  Camelford,  the  "home" 
of  the  duke  of  Cornwall.  But  the  Came- 
lot of  Arthur  was  in  Winchester,  where 
visitors  are  still  shown  certaia  large  en- 
trenchments once  pertaining  to  "king 
Arthur's  palace." 

Sir  Balin's  sword  was  put  into  marble  stone,  standing 
it  upright  as  a  great  millstone,  and  it  swam  down  the 
stream  to  the  city  of  Camelot,  that  is,  in  English, 
Winchester. — Sir  T.  Malory :  History  of  Prince 
Arthur,  L  44  (1470). 

• .  •  In  some  places,  even  in  Arthurian 
romance,  Camelot  seems  the  city  on  the 
Camel,  in  Cornwall.  Thus,  when  sir 
Tristram  left  Tintagil  to  go  to  Ireland,  a 
tempest  "drove  him  back  to  Camelot" 
(pt.  ii.  19). 

Camilla,  the  virgin  queen  of  the 
Volscians,  famous  for  her  fleetness  of 
foot.     She  aided  Turnus  against  .^neas. 

Not  so  when  swift  Camilla  scours  the  plain, 
Flies  o'er  th'  unbending  corn,  or  skims  along  the  main. 

Pope. 

Camilla,  wife  of  Anselmo  of  Florence. 
Anselmo,  in  order  to  rejoice  in  her  incor- 
ruptible fidelity,  induced  his  friend  Lo- 
thario to  try  to  corrupt  her.  This  he  did, 
and  Camilla  was  not  trial-proof,  but  fell. 
Anselmo  for  a  time  was  kept  in  the  dark, 
but  at  the  end  Camilla  eloped  with  Lo- 
thario. Anselmo  died  of  grief,  Lothario 
was  slain  in  battle,  and  Camilla  died  in  a 
convent. — Cervantes  :  Don  Quixote,  I.  iv. 
5,  6  ("  Fatal  Ciu-iosity,"  1605). 

Camilla,  a  novel  by  Mde.  D'Arblay, 
authoress  of  Evelina,  etc.,  published 
1796. 


CAMILLE. 


«73 


Cajuille'  (2  syl. ),  in  Corneille's  tragedy 
of  Les  Horaces  (1639).  When  her  brotlicr 
meets  her,  and  bids  her  congratulate  him 
for  his  victory  over  the  three  Curiaiii,  she 
gives  utterance  to  her  grief  for  the  death 
of  her  lover.  Horace  says,  "  What  1  can 
you  prefer  a  man  to  the  interests  of 
Rome?/'  Whereupon  Camille  denounces 
Rome,  and  concludes  with  these  words  : 
"Oh  that  it  were  my  lot  I  "  When  Mdlle. 
Rachel  first  appeared  in  the  character  of 
"Camille,"  she  took  Paiis  by  storm  (1838). 

Voir  le  dernier  Romain  i  son  dernier  soupir, 
Moi  seule  en  etre  cause,  et  niourir  de  plaisir. 

(Whitehead  has  dramatized  the  subject, 
and  called  it  The  Roman  Father,  1741.) 

Camillo,  a  lord  in  the  Sicilian  court, 
and  a  very  good  man.  Being  commanded 
by  king  LeontSs  to  poison  Polixengs, 
instead  of  doing  so  he  gave  him  warning, 
and  fled  with  him  to  Bohemia.  When 
Polixenfis  ordered  his  son  Florlzel  to 
abandon  Perdlta,  Camillo  persuaded  the 
young  lovers  to  seek  refuge  in  Sicily, 
and  induced  Leontfis,  the  king  thereof, 
to  protect  them.  As  soon  as  Polixenes 
discovered  that  Perdita  was  Leont^s' 
daughter,  he  readily  consented  to  the 
union  which  before  he  had  forbidden. — • 
Shakespeare:  The  Winter' s  Tale  [xtoi,). 

Cami'ola,  "  the  maid  of  honour,"  a 
lady  of  great  wealth,  noble  spirit,  and 
great  beauty.  She  loved  Bertoldo 
(brother  of  Roberto  king  of  the  two 
Sicilies),  and,  when  Bertoldo  was  taken 
prisoner  at  Sienna,  paid  his  ransom. 
Bertoldo  before  his  release  was  taken 
before  Aurelia,  the  duchess  of  Sienna. 
Aurelia  fell  in  love  with  him,  and 
proposed  marriage,  an  offer  which 
Bertoldo  accepted.  The  betrothed  then 
went  to  Palermo  to  be  introduced  to  the 
king,  when  Cami51a  exposed  the  conduct 
of  the  base  young  prince.  Roberto  was 
disgusted  at  his  brother,  Aurelia  rejected 
him  with  scorn,  and  Camiola  retired  to 
a  nunnery. — Massinger :  The  Maid  of 
Honour  {1637). 

Camlan  (in  Cornwall),  now  the  river 
Alan  or  Camel,  a  contraction  of  Cam-alan 
("  the  crooked  river"),  so  called  from  its 
continuous  windings.  Here  Arthur  re- 
ceived his  death-wound  from  the  hand  of 
his  nephew  Mordred  or  Modred,  A.D.  542. 

Camel  .  .  . 

Frantic  ever  since  her  British  Arthur's  blood. 

By  Mordred's  murtherous  hand,  wsa  mingled  with  her 

flood, 
For  as  that  river  best  might  boast  that  conqueror's 

brcith  \birth\ 
So  sadly  she  bemoans  his  too  untimely  death. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  I.  (iSia). 


CAMPBELL. 

Cam'lotte  (2  syl),  shoddy,  fustian, 
rubbish,  as  Cest  de  la  camlotte  ce  qui  vous 
dites-la. 

Camoens,  one  of  the  five  great 
European  epic  poets :  Homer,  Virgil, 
Dante,    Camoens,     and    Milton.      (See 

LUSIAD.) 

There  are  numerous  poetical  romances  of  an  epic 
character,  which  do  not  rise  to  the  dignity  of  the  true 

epic. 

Cam'omile  (3  syl),  says  Falstaff, 
"the  more  it  is  trodden  on  the  faster  it 
grows." — Shakespeare  :  i  Henry  IV.  act 
ii.  sc.  4  (1597). 

Though  the  catnomiU,  the  more  it  is  trodden  and 
pressed  downe,  the  more  it  spreadeth  ;  yet  tlie  violet, 
the  oftener  it  is  handled  and  touched,  the  sooner  it 
withereth  and  decayeth.— Z.«Vy;  Eufhues. 

Campaign  {The),  a  poem  by  Addi- 
son, to  celebrate  the  victories  of  the  duke 
of  Marlborough.  Published  in  1704.  It 
contains  the  two  noted  lines — 

Pleased  the  Almighty's  orders  to  perform. 
Rides  on  the  whirlwind  and  directs  the  storm. 

Casupaigfner  {The  old),  Mrs.  Mac- 
kenzie, mother  of  Rosa,  in  Thackeray's 
novel  called  The  Newcomes  (1855). 

Campa'nia,  the  plain  country  about 
Cap'ua,  the  terra  di  Lavo'ro  of  Italy. 

Cazupas'pe  (3  syl.),  mistress  of  Alex- 
ander. He  gave  her  up  to  Apelles,  who 
had  fallen  in  love  with  her  while  painting 
her  likeness. — Pliny  :  Hist.  xxxv.  10. 

John  Lyly  produced,  in  1583,  a  drama 
entitled  Cupid  and  Catnpaspe,  in  which  is 
the  well-known  lyric — 

Cupid  and  my  Campaspd  played 
At  cards  for  kisses ;  Cupid  paid. 

CAMPBELL  {Captain),  called 
"  Green  Colin  Campbell,"  or  Bar'caldine 
{■^  syl.).— Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Highland 
Widow  (time,  George  II.). 

Campbell  {General),  called  "Black 
Colin  Campbell,"  in  the  king's  service. 
He  suffers  the  papist  conspirators  to 
depart  unpunished. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Red- 
gauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Camp'bell  {Sir  Duncan),  knight  of 
Ardenvohr,  in  the  marquis  of  Argyll's 
army.  He  was  sent  as  ambassador  to 
the  earl  of  Montrose. 

Lady  Alary  Campbell,  sir  Duncan's 
wife. 

Sir  Duncan  Campbell  of  Auchenbrcck, 
an  officer  in  the  army  of  the  marquis  of 
Argyll. 

Murdoch  Campbell,  a  name  assumed  by 
the  marquis  of  Argyll,  Disguised  as  a 
servant,  he  visited  Dalgetty  and  M'Eagh 


CAMPBELL. 


174 


CANTABRIAN  SURGE. 


io  the  dungeon ;  but  the  prisoners  over- 
mastered him,  bound  him  last,  locked 
him  in  the  dungeon,  and  escaped. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  Legend  of  Montrose  {time, 
Charles  I.). 

Campbell  ( The  lady  Mary),  daughter 
of  the  duke  of  Argyll. 

The  lady  Caroline  Campbell,  sister  of 
lady  Uaxy.—Sir  W.  Scott:  Heart  of 
Midlothian  (time,  George  II.). 

Campo-Basso  [The  count  of),  an 
officer  in  the  duke  of  Burgundy's  army, 
introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott  In  two  novels, 
Quentin  Durwa7-d  axid.  Anne  ofGeierstein, 
both  laid  in  the  time  of  Edward  IV. 

Campeador  \JKam-pay^-dor\  the  Cid, 
who  was  called  Mio  Cid  el  Campeador 
("  my  lord  the  champion  ").  "  Cid  "  is  a 
corruption  of  sa'id  ("  lord  "). 

Can 'a,  a  kind  of  grass  plentiful  in  the 
heathy  morasses  of  the  north. 

It  on  the  heath  she  moved,  her  breast  was  whiter 
than  the  down  of  cana ;  if  on  the  sea-beat  shore,  than 
the  foam  of  the  roIUng  ocean.— O^^zaw  .•  Cath-Loda,  ii. 

Can 'ace  (3  syl.),  daughter  of  Cam- 
buscan',  and  the  paragon  of  women, 
Chaucer  left  the  tale  half-told,  but 
Spenser  makes  a  crowd  of  suitors  woo 
her.  Her  brother  Cambel  or  Cam'ballo 
resolved  that  none  should  win  his  sister 
who  did  not  first  overthrow  him  in  fight. 
At  length  Tri'amond  sought  her  hand,  and 
was  so  nearly  matched  in  fight  with  Cam- 
ballo,  that  both  would  have  been  killed, 
if  Cambi'na,  daughter  of  the  fairy  Ag'apg 
(3  syl.),  had  not  interfered.  Cambina 
gave  the  wounded  combatants  nepenthe, 
which  had  the  power  of  converting  enmity 
to  love ;  so  the  combatants  ceased  from 
fight,  Camballo  took  the  fair  Cambina  to 
wife,  and  Triamond  married  Canacg. — 
Chaucer:  Squire's  Tale;  Spenser:  Faerie 
Queene,  iv.  3  (1596). 

Canact's  Mirror,  a  mirror  which  told 
the  inspectors  if  the  persons  on  whom 
they  set  their  affections  woixld  prove  true 
or  false. 

Canaces  Ring.  (See  CambusCAN, 
p.  172.) 

Candau'les  {3  syl.),  king  of  Lydia, 
who  exposed  the  charms  of  his  wife  to 
Gy'ggs.  The  queen  v/as  so  indignant 
that  she  employed  GygSs  to  murder  her 
husband.  She  then  married  the  assassin, 
who  became  king  of  Lydia,  and  reigned 
twenty-eight  years  (b.c.  716-688). 

Great  men  aro  as  Jealous  of  their  thoughts  as  the 
wife  of  king  Candaules  was  of  her  charms.— i'lV  ly. 
Scott:  The  Abbot,  xviii. 

Canday'a  { The  kingdom  of),  situated 


between  the  great  Trapoba'na  and  the 
South  Sea,  a  couple  of  leagues  beyond 
cape  Com'orin. — Cervantes:  Don  Quixote, 
II.  iii.  4  (1615).       , 

Candide'  (2  syl.),  the  hero  of  Vol- 
taire's novel  of  the  same  name.  All 
conceivable  misfortunes  are  piled  on  his 
head,  but  he  bears  them  with  cynical 
indifference. 

Voltaire  says  "  No."    He  tells  you  that  Candide 
Found  life  most  tolerable  after  meals. 

Byron  :  Don  Jitan,  v.  31  (1820). 

Candour  {Mrs.),  the  beau-ideal  cA 
female  backbiters. — Sheridan:  The  School 
for  Scandal  {1777). 

The  name  of  "  Mrs.  Candour "  has  become  one  ol 
those  formidable  by-words  which  have  more  power  in 
putting  folly  and  ill-nature  out  of  countenance  than 
whole  volumes  of  the  wisest  remonstrance  and  reas«B- 
ing.— 7".  Moore. 

Since  the  days  of  Miss  Pope,  It  may  t>e  questioned 
whether  "Mrs.  Candour"  has  ever  found  a  more 
admirable  representative  than  Mrs.  Stirling.— X>»-a- 
inalic  Memoirs. 

Can'idia,  a  Neapolitan,  beloved  by 
the  poet  Horace.  When  she  deserted 
him,  he  held  her  up  to  contempt  as  an  old 
sorceress  who  could  by  a  rhomb  unspheje 
the  moon. — Horace:  Epodes  v.  and  xvii. 

Such  a  charm  were  right 
Canidian. 
Mrs.  Browning:  Hector  in  the  Garden,  Iw. 

Canmore  or  Great-Head,  Mal- 
colm III.  of  Scotland  (*,  1057-1093). — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Tales  of  a  Gratidfather, 
i.  4. 

Canning  {George),  statesman  {1770- 
1827).     Charles  Lamb  calls  him — 

St.  Stephen's  iocA,  the  zany  of  debate. 

Sonnet  in  "  Tfte  Champion.' 

Cano'pos,  Menelaos's  pilot,  killed 
in  the  return  voyage  from  Troy  by  the 
bite  of  a  serpent.  The  town  Canopos 
(Latin,  Canopus)  was  built  on  the  site 
where  the  pilot  was  buried. 

Canossa.  When,  in  November,  1887, 
the  czar  went  to  Berlin  to  visit  the  em- 
peror of  Germany,  the  Standard  asked 
in  a  leader,  "  Has  the  czar  gone  to 
Canossa  ?  "  i.e.  has  he  gone  to  eat  humble* 
pie  ?  Canossa,  in  the  duchy  of  Mod6na, 
is  where  (in  the  winter  of  1076-7),  the 
kaiser  Henry  IV,  went  to  humble  himself 
before  pope  Gregory  VII.  [Hildebrand]. 

Can 'tab,  a  member  of  the  University 
of  Cambridge.  The  word  is  a  contraction 
of  the  Latin  CantabrigHa. 

Canta'brian  Surge  {The),  Bay  of 
Biscay. 

She  her  thundering  navy  leads 
To  CalpiS  [Gibra/tar]  ,  ,  ,  or  the  rough 
CsuUabrian  surge. 

Akenside  :  Hyntn  to  the  A'aiadt. 


CANTABRIC  OCEAN. 


175 


CANYNGE. 


Caxiiab'ric  Ocean,  the  sea  whicli 
washes  the  south  of  Ireland. — Richard  of 
Cirencester  :  Ancient  State  of  Britain,  i.  8. 

Can'taci^zene'  {4  syl.),  a  noble 
Greek  family,  which  has  furnished  Con- 
stantinople with  two  emperors,  and  Mol- 
davia and  Wallachia  with  several  princes. 
The  family  still  Survives. 

We  mean  to  show  that  the  Cantacuzen^s  are  not  the 
only  princely  family  in  the  world. — Disraeli:  Lo- 
thair. 

There  are  other  members  of  the  Cantacu«en4  family 
besides  myself.— -Z'iV/'o. 

Can'tacusene'  {Michael),  the  grand 
sewer  (butler)  of  Alexius  Comne'nus, 
emperor  of  Greece. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Count  Robert  of  Paris  {time,  Rufus). 

Canterbury,  according  to  mythical 
story,  was  built  by  Rudhudibras. 

By  Rudhudibras  Kent's  famous  town  .  .  .  arose. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  viii.  (1612). 

Canterbury  Tales.  Twenty-three 
tales  told  by  a  company  of  pilgrims  going  to 
visit  the  shrine  of  ' '  St.  Thomas  4  Becket " 
at  Canterbury.  The  party  first  assembled 
at  the  Tabard ,  an  inn  in  Southwark,  and 
there  agreed  to  tell  one  tale  each  both 
going  and  returning,  and  the  person  who 
told  the  best  tale  was  to  be  treated  by  the 
rest  to  a  supper  at  the  Tabard  on  the 
homewai  d  journey.  The  party  consisted 
of  twenty-nine  pilgrims,  so  that  tlie 
whole  budget  of  tales  should  have  been 
fifty-eight,  but  only  twenty-three  of  the 
number  were  told,  not  one  being  on  the 
homeward  route.     (1388.) 

The  tales  are  as  follows  :— 


Clerk's  tale,  Patient  Grisildes. 

Cook's  tale,  Gamelyon  ("  As  You  Like  It "). 

Doctor  of  Physic's  tale,  Virsinius. 

Franklin's  tale,  Dorigen  and  Arviragus. 

Friar's  tale,  a  Compact  with  the  Devil. 

Host's  tale,  Melihius  (or  the  forgiveness  of  In- 
juries). 

Knight's  tale,  Palimon  and  Arcite  (or  king  The- 
seus). 

Man  of  Law's  tale,  kinz  Alia  and  Constance. 

Manciple's  tale,  the  Tell-tale  Crow  turned  Black. 

Merchant's  tale,  'January  and  May. 

Miller's  tale,  Nicholas  and  Alison. 

Monk's  tale.  Mutability  0/ Fortune  (examples). 

Nun's  tale  (second).  Valerian  and  Tiburce. 

Nun's  Priest's  tale,  Chanticleer  and  the  Fox, 

Pardoner's  tale,  the  Devil  and  the  Proctor. 

Prioress's  tale,  similar  to  "  Hugh  of  Lincoln  " 

Reeve's  tale,  Symon  and  the  Miller. 

Shipraan's  tale,  the  Merchant  and  the  Monk, 

Squire's  tale,  Cainbuscan. 

Sumpnor's  tale,  the  Bagging  Friar. 

Thopus'  (Sir)  tale  (cut  short  by  mine  host),  a 
Fight  with  a  Three-headed  Giant. 

Wife  of  Bath's  tale,  IVhat  a  Woman  likes  Best  (to 
have  her  own  sweet  will). 

Canton,  the  Swiss  valet  of  lord 
Ogleby.  He  has  to  skim  the  morning 
papers  and  serve  out  the  cream  of  them 
to  bis  lordship  at  breakfast,  "  with  good 


emphasis  and  good  discretion."  He 
laughs  at  all  his  master's  jokes,  flatters 
him  to  the  top  of  his  bent,  and  speaks  of 
him  as  a  mere  chicken  compared  to 
himself,  though  his  lordship  is  70  and 
Canton  about  50.  Lord  Ogleby  calls 
him  his  "  cephaUc  snuff,  and  no  bad 
medicine  against  megrims,  vertigoes,  and 
profound  thinkings." — Colman  and  Gar- 
rick  :  The  Clandestine  Marriage  (1766). 

Can 'trips  (iV/rj. ),  a  quondam  friend 
of  Nanty  Ewart  the  smuggler-captain. 

Jessie  Cantrips,  her  daughter. — Sir  IV. 
Scott:  Redgauntlct  (time,  George  III.). 

Cant'well  {Dr.),  the  hypocrite,  the 
English  representative  of  Moli^re's  ••  Tar- 
tuffe."  He  makes  religious  cant  the 
instrument  of  gain,  luxurious  living,  and 
sensual  indulgence.  His  overreaching 
and  dishonourable  conduct  towards  lady 
Lambert  and  her  daughter  gets  thoroughly 
exposed,  and  at  last  he  is  arrested  as  a 
^ys'm^QX.—Bickerstaff:  The  Hypocrite 
(X768). 

( This  is  Gibber's  Nonjuror  (1717! 
modernized.) 


Dr.  Cantwell  . 


the  meek  and  saintly  hypocrite. 
Hunt. 


Canute'   or   Cnut   and   Edmund 

Ironside.  William  of  Malmesbuiy 
says :  When  Cnut  and  Edmund  were 
ready  for  their  sixth  battle  in  Gloucester- 
shire, it  was  arranged  between  them  to 
decide  their  respective  claims  by  single 
combat.  Cnut  was  a  small  man,  and 
Edmund  both  tall  and  strong  ;  so  Cnut 
said  to  his  adversary,  "We  both  lay- 
claim  to  the  kingdom  in  right  of  our 
fathers  ;  let  us,  therefore,  divide  it  ands 
make  peace  ;  "  and  they  did  so. 

Canutus  of  the  two  that  furthest  was  from  hope  .  .  . 
Cries,  "  Noble  Edmund,  hold  1   Let  us  the  land  divide." 
.  .  .  and  all  aloud  do  cry, 

"  Courageous  kings,  divide  I    'Twere  pity  such  should' 
die." 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xii.  (1613). 

Canute's  Bird,  the  knot,  a  corruption  oK' 
"Knut,"  the  Cinclus  bellonii,  of  which 
king  Canute  was  extremely  fond. 

The  knot,  that  called  was  Canutus'  bird  of  old, 

Of  that  great  king  of  Danes,  his  name  that  still  dot* 

hold. 
His   appetite   to   please  .  .  .  from    Denmark    hithei 

brought. 

Drayton  :  Polyoanon,'rx\.  (1622). 

N.B. — There  are  thirty  "  songs  "  in  the 
Polyolbion,  from  19  to  30  being  of  the 
date  1622. 

Cau'ynge  [Sir  William)  is  repre- 
sented in  the  Rowley  Romance  as  a 
rich.  God-fearing  merchant,  devoting 
much  money  to  the  Church,  and  much 


CAORA. 


176 


CAPTAIN  SWING. 


to  literature.  He  was,  in  fact,  a 
Maece'nas,  of  princely  hospitality,  living 
in  the  Red  House.  The  priest  Rowley 
was  his  "  Horace." — Chatterton  (1752- 
1770), 

Ca'ora,  inhabited  by  men  "whose 
heads  do  grow  beneath  their  shoulders." 
(See  Blemmyes,  p.  127. ) 

On  that  branch  which  is  called  Caora  are  \_sic\  a 
nation  of  people  whose  heades  appeare  not  above  their 
stioulders.  They  are  reported  to  have  their  eyes  in 
their  shoulders,  and  their  niouthes  in  the  middle  of 
their  breasts.— //acA/wy^.-  Voyage  (i.WS). 

*.  •  Raleigh,  in  his  Description  of  Guiana 
(1596),  also  gives  an  account  of  men 
whose  "heads  do  grow  beneath  their 
shoulders," 

Capability  Brown,  Launcelot 
Brown,  the  English  landscape  gardener 
(1715-1783). 

Cap'aneus  (3  syL),  a  man  of  gigantic 
stature,  enormous  strength,  and  headlong 
valour.  He  was  impious  to  the  gods,  but 
faithful  to  his  friends.  Capaneus  was 
one  of  the  seven  heroes  who  marched 
against  Thebes  (i  syL),  and  was  struck 
dead  by  a  thunderbolt  for  declaring  that 
not  Jupiter  himself  should  prevent  his 
scaling  the  city  walls. 

If  The  "Mezentius"  of  Virgil  and 
Tasso's  '*  Argant^  "  are  similar  characters ; 
but  the  Greek  Capaneus  exceeds  Mezen- 
tius  in  physical  daring  and  Argant^  in 
impiety. 

Cape  of  Storms,  now  called  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope.  It  was  Bartholomew 
Diaz  who  called  it  Cabo  Tormentoso  {i^%6), 
and  king  Juan  II.  who  changed  the 
name.    (See  Black  Sea,  p.  124.) 

Capitan,  a  boastful,  swaggering 
coward,  in  several  French  farces  and 
comedies  prior  to  the  time  of  Mohere. 

Caponsac'chi  {Giuseppe),  the  young 
priest  under  whose  protection  Pompilia 
fled  from  her  husband  to  Rome.  Tlie 
husband  and  his  friends  said  the 
elopement  was  criminal ;  but  Pompilia, 
Caponsacchi,  and  their  friends  main- 
tained that  the  young  canon  simply  acted 
the  part  of  a  chivalrous  protector  of  a 
young  woman  who  was  married  at  15,  and 
who  fled  from  a  brutal  husband  who  ill- 
treated  her. — R.  Browning:  The  Ring 
Gftd  the  Book  {1868). 

Capstem  {Captain),  captain  of  an 
East  Indiaman,  at  Madras. — Sir  IV.  Scott  : 
The  Surgeon  s Daughter  (time,  George  II.). 

Captain,  Manuel  Comne'nus  of 
Ti-eb'izond  (1120,  1143-1180). 


Captain  of  Kent.  So  Jack  Cade  called 
himself  (died  1450). 

Tfie  Black  Captain,  heutenant-colonel 
Dennis  Davidoff,  of  the  Russian  army. 
In  the  French  invasion  he  was  called  by 
the  French  Le  Capitaine  Noir.  • 

The  Great  Captain  {el  Gran  Capitano), 
Gonzalvo  di  Cor'dovo  (1453-1515). 

Tfie  People's  Captain  {el  Capitano  del 
Popolo),  Giuseppe  Garibaldi  (1807-1882). 

A  Copper  Captain,  a  poor  captain, 
whose  swans  are  all  geese,  his  jewellery 
paste,  his  guineas  counters,  his  achieve- 
ments tongue-doughtiness,  and  his  whole 
man  Brummagem. 

To  this  copper  captain  was  confided  the  coounand 
o{  the  troops.—/^.  Irving 

Let  all  the  world  view  here  the  captain's  treasure  .  . 
Here's  a  goodly  jewel  .  .  . 
See  how  it  sparkles,  like  an  old  lady's  eyes  .  .  . 
And  here's  a  chain  of  whitmgs'  eyes  for  pearls  .  .  , 
Your  clothes  are  parallels  to  these,  all  counterfeits. 
Put  these  and  them  on,  you're  a  man  of  copper  ; 
A  kind  of  candlestick;  a  copper,  copper  captain. 
Fletcher :  Rule  a  IVi/e  and  Have  a  IVi/e  (1640). 

A  Led  Captai?i,  a  poor  obsequious 
captain,  who  is  led  about  as  a  cavalier 
servante  by  those  who  find  him  hospitality 
and  pay  nunky  for  him.  He  is  not  the 
leader  of  others,  as  a  captain  ought  to  be, 
but  is  by  others  led. 

When  you  quarrel  with  the  family  of  Blandish,  you 
only  leave  refmed  cookery  to  be  fed  upon  scraps  by  a 
poor  cousin  or  a  led  captain. — Bursoyne  :  Tht  Heiress, 
V.  3  (1781), 

Captain  Loys  [Lo-is].  Louise  Lab^ 
was  so  called,  because  in  early  life  she 
embraced  the  profession  of  arms,  and 
gave  repeated  proofs  of  great  valour. 
She  was  also  called  La  Belle  Cordiire. 
Louise  Lab^  was  a  poetess,  and  has  left 
several  sonnets  full  of  passion,  and  some 
good  elegies  ( 1526-1566). 

Captain  Right,  a  fictitious  com- 
mander, the  ideal  of  the  rights  due  to 
Ireland.  In  the  last  century  the  peasants 
of  Ireland  were  sworn  to  captain  Right, 
as  chartists  were  sworn  to  their  articles 
of  demand  called  their  charter. 

Captain  Xdock,  a  fictitious  name 
assumed  by  the  leader  of  certain  Irish 
insurgents  in  1822,  etc.  All  notices, 
summonses,  and  so  on,  were  signed  by 
this  name. 

Captain  S-vs^ing,  a  fictitious  cha- 
racter, in  whose  name  threats  were  issued 
and  attacks  made  by  the  barn-burners  and 
machinery-destroyers  early  in  the  nine- 
teenth century. 

Captain  is  a  Bold  Man  {The),  a 
popular  phrase  at  one  time.  Peachum 
applies  the  expression  to  captain  Mac- 
heath.— Gay  .•  The  Beggar's  Opera  (1727). 


CAPUCINADE.  x^^ 

Capu'cinade  (4  syl.).  "A  capu- 
cinade"  is  twaddling  composition,  or 
wishy-washy  literature.  The  term  is 
derived  from  the  sermons  of  the  Capu- 
chins, which  were  notoriously  incorrect 
in  doctrine  and  debased  in  style. 

It  was  a  vague  discourse,  the  rhetoric  of  an  old  pro- 
of, a  mere  capucinade.— i«<»^?  ;  GU  Bias,  vii.  4 


CARADOC. 


Cap'ulet,  head  of  a  noble  house  of 
rona,  in  feudal  enmity  with  the  house 
!  Mon'tague  (3  syl.).     Lord  Capulet  is 
:  jovial,  testy  old  man,  self-willed,  pre- 
judiced, and  tyrannical. 

Lady  Capulet,  wife  of  lord  Capulet, 
and  mother  of  ]\i\\e\..— Shakespeare  : 
Romeo  and  Juliet  (1598). 

Then  lady  Capulet  comes  sweeping  by  with  her  train 
of  velvet,  her  black  hood,  her  fan,  and  her  rosary,  the 
very  beau-ideal  of  a  proud  Italian  matron  of  the 
fifteenth  century,  whose  offer  to  poison  Romeo  in 
revenge  for  the  death  of  Tybalt  stamps  her  with  one 
very  characteristic  trait  of  the  age  and  country.  Yet 
she  loves  her  daughter,  and  there  is  a  touch  of  re- 
morseful tenderness  in  her  lamentation  over  her.— 
Mrs.  yatmson. 

(Lord  Capulet  was  about  60.  He  had 
"  left  off  masking  "  for  above  thirty  years 
(act  i.  sc.  5). 

The  tomb  of  all  the  Capulets.  Burke, 
in  a  letter  to  Matthew  Smith,  says,  "  I 
would  rather  sleep  in  the  corner  of  a 
little  country  churchyard  than  in  the 
tomb  of  all  the  Capulets."  It  does  not 
occur  in  Shakespeare. 

Capys,  a  blind  old  seer,  who  pro- 
phesied to  Romulus  the  military  triumphs 
of  Rome  from  its  foundation  to  the  de- 
struction of  Carthage. 

In  the  hall-gate  sat  Capys, 
Capys  the  sightless  seer  ; 
From  head  to  foot  he  trembled 

As  Romulus  drew  near. 
And  up  stood  stiff  his  thin  white  hair. 
And  his  blind  eyes  flashed  fire. 
Uaaiulay;  Lays  of  Ancient  Rotne  ("The  Pro- 
phecy of  Capys,"  xi.). 

Car'abas  [Le  marquis  de),  en  hypo- 
thetical title  to  express  a  fossilized  old 
aristocrat,  who  supposed  the  whole  world 
made  for  his  behoof.  The  "king  owes 
his  throne  to  him;"  he  can  "trace  his 
pedigree  to  Pepin  ;  "  his  youngest  son  is 
"  sure  of  a  mitre  ;  "  he  is  too  noble  "  to 
pay  taxes ; "  the  very  priests  share  their 
tithes  with  him  ;  the  country  was  made 
for  his  "hunting-ground;"  and,  there- 
fore, as  B^ranger  says — 

Chapeau  bas  I  chapeau  bas  I 
Gloire  au  marquis  de  Carabas  i 

{The  name  occurs  in  Perrault's  tale  of 
Puss  in  Boots,  and  in  Disraeli's  novel  of 


Vivian  Grey  f  1820) ;  but  it  is  Stranger's 
song  (1816)  which  has  given  the  word  its 
present  meaning.) 

Carac'ci  of  France,  Jean  Jouvenet, 
who  was  paralyzed  on  the  right  side,  and 
painted  with  his  left  hand  (1647-1707). 

Carac'tacus  or  Caradoc/  king  of 
the  Sil'urSs  {Monmouthshire,  etc.).  For 
nine  years  he  withstood  the  Roman  arms, 
but  being  defeated  by  Osto'rius  Scap'ula, 
the  Roman  general,  he  escaped  to  Bri- 
gantia  ( Yorkshire,  etc. )  to  crave  the  aid 
of  Carthisman'dua  (or  Cartimandua),  a 
Roman  matron  married  to  Venu'tius,  chief 
of  those  parts.  Carthismandua  betrayed 
him  to  the  Romans,  A.D.  47. — Richard 
of  Cirencester  :  Ancient  State  of  Britain, 
i.  6,  23. 

Caradoc  was  led  captive  to  Rome,  A.D. 
51,  and,  struck  with  the  grandeur  of  that 
city,  exclaimed,  "Is  it  possible  that  a 
people  so  wealthy  and  luxurious  can  envy 
me  a  humble  cottage  in  Britain  ?  "  Clau- 
dius the  emperor  was  so  charmed  with 
his  manly  spirit  and  bearing  that  he  re- 
leased him  and  craved  his  friendship, 

Drayton  says  that  Caradoc  went  to 
Rome  with  body  naked,  hair  to  the  waist, 
girt  with  a  chain  of  steel,  and  his  "  manly 
breast  enchased  with  sundry  shapes  of 
beasts.  Both  his  wife  and  children  were 
captives,  and  walked  with  him." — Poly- 
olbion,  viii.  (1612). 

Caracul  [i.e.  Caracalla),  son  and  suc- 
cessor of  Severus  the  Roman  emperor. 
In  A.D.  210  he  made  an  expedition  against 
the  Caledo'nians,  but  was  defeated  by 
Fingal.  Aurelius  Antoninus  was  called 
"  Caracalla "  because  he  adopted  the 
Gaulish  caracalla  in  preference  to  the 
Roman   toga. — Ossian:  Comala. 

The  Caracul  of  Fingal  is  no  other  than  Caracalla,  who 
(as  the  son  of  Severus)  the  emperor  of  Rome  .  .  .  was 
not  without  reason  called  "  The  Son  of  the  King  of  the 
World."  This  was  A.D.  210. — Dissertation  on  the  Era 
0/ Ossian. 

Caracul,  called  Caraculla  in  Ossian, 
is  Antoninus. 

CaraculiaxulK),  the  hypothetical 
giant  of  the  island  of  Mahndra'ma, 
whom  don  Quixote  imagines  he  may  one 
day  conquer  and  make  to  kneel  at  the 
foot  of  his  imaginary  lady-love. — Cer- 
vantes: Don  Quixote,  I.  i.  i  (1605). 

Car'adoc  or  Cradock,  a  knight  of 
the  Round  Table.  He  was  husband  of 
the  only  lady  in  the  queen's  train  who 
could  wear  "  the  mantle  of  matrimonial 
fidelity."     This  mantle  fitted  only  chaste 


CARADOC  OF   MENWYGENT.       178 


CARE. 


and  virtuous  wives ;  thus,   when   queen 
Guenever  tried  it  on — 

One  while  it  was  too  long,  another  while  too  short, 
And  wrinkled  on  her  shoulders  in  most  unseemly  sort. 
Percy  :  Reiiques  ("  Boy  and  the  Mantle,"  III,  lii.  18). 

Sir  Caradoc  and  the  Boar's  Head.  The 
boy  who  brought  the  test  mantle  of 
fidelity  to  king  Arthur's  court,  drew  a 
wand  three  times  across  a  boar's  head, 
and  said,  ' '  There's  never  a  cuckold  who 
can  carve  that  head  of  brawn,"  Knight 
after  knight  made  the  attempt,  but  only 
sir  Cradock  could  carve  the  brawn. 

Sir  Caradoc  and  the  Drinking-horn. 
The  boy  furthermore  brought  forth  a 
drinking-horn,  and  said,  "No  cuckold 
can  driuk  from  that  horn  without  spilling 
the  liquor."  Only  Cradock  succeeded, 
and  "  he  wan  the  golden  can," — Percy: 
Reiiques  ("  Boy  and  the  Mantle,"  III. 
iii.  18). 

Caradoc  of  Men'-wygfent,  the 
younger  bard  of  Gwenwyn  prince  of 
Powys-land.  The  elder  bard  of  the 
prince  was  Cadwallon. — Sir  W,  Scott: 
The  Betrothed  (time,  Henry  II.). 

Car'ataclL  or  Carac'tacus,  a  British 
king  brought  captive  before  the  emperor 
Claudius  in  A.D.  52.  He  had  been  be- 
trayed by  Cartimandua.  Claudius  set 
him  at  liberty. 

And  Beaumont's  pilfered  Caratach  affords 
A  tragedy  complete  except  in  words. 
Byron :  English  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers  (1809). 

(Byron  alludes  to  the  "spectacle"  of 
Caractacus  produced  by  Thomas  Sheri- 
dan at  Drury  Lane  Theatre.  It  was 
Beaumont's  tragedy  of  Bonduca,  minus 
the  dialogue.) 

Digges  [1720-1786!  was  the  very  absoluta  "  Cara- 
tach." The  solid  bulk  of  his  frame,  his  action,  his 
voice,  all  marked  him  with  identity. — Boaden  :  Life  c/ 
Siddons. 

Car'athis,  mother  of  the  caliph 
Vathek.  She  was  a  Greek,  and  induced 
her  son  to  study  necromancy,  held  in 
abhorrence  by  all  good  Mussulmans. 
When  her  son  threatened  to  put  to  death 
every  one  who  attempted  without  success 
to  read  the  inscriptions  of  certain  sabres, 
Carathis  wisely  said,  "Content  yourself, 
my  son,  with  commanding  their  beards 
to  be  burnt.  Beards  are  less  essential  to 
a  state  than  men."  She  was  ultimately 
carried  by  an  afrit  to  the  abyss  of  Eblis, 
in  punishment  of  her  many  crimes. — 
Beckford:   Vathek  (1784). 

Carau'sitis,  the  first  British  emperor 
(237-294).  His  full  name  was  Marcus 
Aurelius  Valerius  Carausius,  and  as  em- 
peror of   Britain    he   was  accepted    by 


Diocletian  and  Maxim'ian ;  but  after  a 
vigorous  reign  of  seven  years,  he  was 
assassinated  by  AUectus,  who  succeeded 
him  as  "  emperor  of  Britain."  (See 
Gibbon  :  Decline  and  Fall,  etc. ,  ii.  13, ) 

Cards.  It  is  said  that  there  never 
was  a  good  hand  of  cards  containing  four 
clubs.  Such  a  hand  is  called  ' '  The  Devil's 
Four-poster." 

Cards  of  Compliment.  When  it 
was  customary  to  fold  down  part  of  an 
address  card,  the  strict  rule  was  this : 
Right  hand  bottom  corner  turned  down 
meant  a  Personal  call.  Right  hand  to/> 
corner  turned  down  meant  Condolence; 
Left  hand  bottom  corner  turned  down 
meant  Congratulation. 

Car'dau  [Jeromo)  of  Pa'via  (1501- 
1^576),  a  great  mathematician  and  astro* 
loger.  He  professed  to  have  a  demon  or 
familiar  spirit,  who  revealed  to  him  the 
secrets  of  nature. 

What  did  your  Cardan  and  your  Ptolemy  tell  yout 

Vour  Messahalah  and  your  Long-omontanus[rtt/oaj/r*i 
lOi;crs'\,  your  harmony  of  chiromancy  with  astrology  ?— 
Congreve  :  Love  for  Love,  iv.  (1695). 

Carde'nio  of  Andalusi'a,  of  opulent 
parents,  fell  in  love  with  Lucinda,  a  lady 
of  equal  family  and  fortune,  to  whom  he 
v/as  formally  engaged.  Don  Fernando, 
his  friend,  however,  prevailed  on  Lucin- 
da's  father,  by  artifice,  to  break  off  the 
engagement  and  promise  Lucinda  to  him» 
self,  "  contrary  to  her  wish,  and  in  viola- 
tion of  every  principle  of  honoiu:."  This 
drove  Cardenio  mad,  and  he  haunted  the 
Sierra  Morena  or  Brown  Mountain  for 
about  six  months,  as  a  maniac  with  lucid 
intervals.  On  the  wedding  day  Lucinda 
swooned,  and  a  letter  informed  the  bride- 
groom that  she  was  married  to  Cardenio. 
Next  day  she  privately  left  her  father's 
house,  and  took  refuge  in  a  convent ;  but 
being  abducted  by  don  Fernando,  she 
was  carried  to  an  inn,  where  Fernando 
found  Dorothea  his  wife,  and  Cardenio, 
the  husband  of  Lucinda.  All  parties 
were  now  reconciled,  and  the  two  gentle- 
men paired  respectively  with  their  proper 
wives. — Cervantes:  Don  Quixote,  I.  iv. 
(1605). 

Car'duel  or  Kar'tel,  Cariisle,  the 
place  where  Merhn  prepared  the  Round 
Table.  \ 

Care,  described  as  a  blacksmith,  who 
"  worked  all  night  and  day."  His  bellows, 
says  Spenser,  are  Pensiveness  and  Sighs. 
— Faerie  Queene,  iv.  5  (1596), 


CARELESS. 


179 


CARE'LESS,  one  of  the  boon  com- 
panions of  Charles  Surface. — Sheridan  : 
School  for  Scandal  {1777). 

Careless  [Colonel),  an  officer  of  high 
spirits  and  mirthful  temper,  who  seeks 
to  win  Ruth  (the  daughter  of  sir  Basil 
Thoroughgood)  for  his  wife.— T.  Ktiight  : 
The  Honest  Thieves. 

(This  farce  is  a  mere  rSchauffi  of  The 
Committee,  by  the  hon.  sir  R.  Howard. 
The  names  "colonel  Careless"  and 
"  Ruth  "  are  the  same,  but  "  Ruth  "  says 
her  proper  Christian  name  is  "Anne." 
The  Committee  recast  by  Knight  is  called 
The  Honest  Thieves.) 

Careless,  in  The  Committee,  was  the 
part  for  which  Joseph  Ashbury  (1638- 
1720)  was  celebrated. — Chetwood:  History 
of  the  Stage. 

Careless  [Ned)  makes  love  to  lady 
Pliant. — Congreve:  The  Double  Dealer 
(1700). 

Careless  Husband  ( The),  a  comedy 
by  Colley  Cibber  (1704).  The  "careless 
husband  "is  sir  Charles  Easy,  who  has 
amours  with  different  persons,  but  is  so 
careless  that  he  leaves  his  love-letters 
about,  and  even  forgets  to  lock  the  door 
when  he  has  made  a  liaison,  so  that  his 
wife  knows  all ;  yet  so  sweet  is  her  temper, 
and  under  such  entire  control,  that  she 
never  reproaches  him,  nor  shows  the 
slightest  indication  of  jealousy.  Her  con- 
fidence so  wins  upon  her  husband  that  he 
confesses  to  her  his  faults,  and  reforms 
entirely  the  evil  of  his  ways. 

Careme  [Jean  de),  chefde  cuisine  of 
Leo  X.  This  was  a  name  given  him  by 
the  pope  for  an  admirable  soupe  maigre 
which  he  invented  for  Lent.  A  descend- 
ant of  Jean  was  chef\.o  the  prince  regent, 
at  a  salary  of  ;,^iooo  per  annum,  but  he 
left  this  situation  because  the  prince  had 
only  a  minage  bourgeois,  and  entered  the 
service  of  baron  Rothschild  at  Paris 
(1784-1833). 

Carey  [Patrick),  the  poet,  brother  of 
lord  Falkland,  introduced  by  sir  W. 
Scott  in  Woodstock  (time,  Common- 
wealth). 

Car' gill  ( The  Rev.  Josiah),  minister 
of  St.  Ronan's  Well,  tutor  of  the  hon. 
Augustus  Bidmore  (2  syl. ),  and  the  suitor 
of  Miss  Augusta  Bidmore,  his  pupil's 
sister.— 5/r  W.Scott:  St.  Ronan's  Well 
(time,  George  HL).      • 

Car'ibee   Islands   (London),    now 


CARLOS. 

Chandos  Street.  It  was  called  the  Cari- 
bce  Islands  from  its  countless  straits  and 
intricate  thieves"  passages. 

Cari'no,  father  of  Zeno'cia  the  chaste 
troth-plight  wife  of  ArnoIdo(the  lady  dis- 
honourably pursued  by  the  governor  count 
Clodio). — Beaumont  and  Fletcher:  71u 
Custom  of  the  Country  (printed  1647). 

Car'ker  [James),  manager  in  the 
house  of  Mr.  Dombey,  merchant.  Carker 
was  a  man  of  40,  of  a  florid  complexion, 
with  very  glistening  white  teeth,  which 
showed  conspicuously  when  he  spoke. 
His  smile  was  like  "  the  snarl  of  a  cat." 
He  was  the  Alas'tor  of  the  house  of 
Dombey,  for  he  not  only  brought  the 
firm  to  bankruptcy,  but  he  seduced  Alice 
Marwood  (cousin  of  Edith,  Dombey's 
second  wife)  and  also  induced  Edith  to 
elope  with  him.  Edith  left  the  wretch  at 
Dijon,  and  Carker,  returning  to  England, 
was  run  over  by  a  railway  train  and 
killed. 

John  Carker,  the  elder  brother,  a  junior 
clerk  in  the  same  firm.  He  twice  robbed 
it  and  was  forgiven. 

Harriet  Carker,  a  gentle,  beautiful 
young  woman,  who  married  Mr.  Morfin, 
one  of  the  employis  in  the  house  of  Mr. 
Dombey,  merchant.  When  her  elder 
brother  John  fell  into  disgrace  by  robbing 
his  employer,  Harriet  left  the  house  of 
her  brother  Tames  (the  manager)  to  live 
with  and  cheer  her  disgraced  brother 
John. — C  Dickens:  Dombey  and  Son 
(1846). 

Carle'gfion  (4  syl.)  ox  Cair-Li'gioni, 

Chester,  or  the  "fortress  upon  Dee." 

Fair  Chester,  called  of  old 
Carlegion. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xi.  (1613J. 

Carle 'ton  (Ca//a?«),  an  officer  in  the 
Guards.— 5/r  W.  Scott:  Peveril  of  the 
Peak  (time,  Charles  H.). 

Carlisle  [Frederick  Howard,  earl  of)y 
uncle  and  guardian  of  lord  Byron  (1748- 
1826).  His  tragedies  are  The  Father's 
Revenge  and  Bellamere. 

The  paralytic  puling  of  Carlisle  .  .  . 
Lord,  itiymesleT.feiii-ffiadre,  pamphleteer. 
Byron  :  Eiti^lish  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers  (iZcx)). 

CARIiOS,  elder  son  of  don  Antonio, 
and  the  favourite  of  his  paternal  uncle 
Lewis.  Carlos  is  a  great  bookworm, 
but  when  he  falls  in  love  with  Angelina, 
he  throws  off  his  diffidence  and  becomes 
bold,  resolute,  and  manly.  His  younger 
brother  is  Clodio,  a  mere  coxcomb.— 
Cibber:  Love  Makes  a  Man  (1694). 


CARLOS. 


i8o 


CAROCIUM. 


Carlos  (under  the  assumed  name  of  the 
marquis  D'Antas)  married  Ogari'ta,  but 
as  the  marriage  was  effected  under  a 
false  name,  it  was  not  binding,  and 
Ogarita  left  Carlos  to  marry  Horace  de 
Brienne.  Carlos  was  a  great  villain  :  He 
murdered  a  man  to  steal  from  him  the 
plans  of  some  Californian  mines.  Then 
embarking  in  the  Urania,  he  induced  the 
crew  to  rebel  in  order  to  obtain  mastery 
of  the  ship.  "  Gold  was  the  object  of  his 
desire,  and  gold  he  obtained."  Ultimately, 
his  villainies  being  discovered,  he  was 
given  up  to  the  hands  of  justice. — Stir- 
ling :  The  Orphan  of  the  Frozen  Sea 
<i856). 

Carlos  {Don),  son  of  Philip  I.  He  and 
Alexis  son  of  Peter  the  Great  were  alike 
in  many  respects.  Don  Carlos  was  the 
son  of  Mary  of  Portugal,  Philip's  first 
■wife  ;  and  Alexis  the  son  of  Eudoxia,  the 
first  wife  of  czar  Peter.  Don  Carlos  is 
represented  as  weak,  vindictive,  and 
spiritless ;  and  Alexis  was  the  same. 
Philip  hated  his  son  Carlos,  mistrusted 
5iim,  and  finally  murdered  him  ;  and  czar 
Peter  did  the  same  with  Alexis. 

Carlos  {Don),  son  of  Philip  H.  of 
Spain  ;  deformed  in  person,  violent  and 
vindictive  in  disposition.  Don  Carlos 
was  to  have  married  Elizabeth  of  France, 
but  his  father  supplanted  him.  Sub- 
sequently he  expected  to  marry  the  arch- 
duchess Anne,  daughter  of  the  emperor 
Maximilian,  but  her  father  opposed  the 
match.  In  1564  Philip  H.  settled  the 
succession  on  Rodolph  and  Ernest,  his 
jiephews,  declaring  Carlos  incapable. 
This  drove  Carlos  into  treason,  and  he 
joined  the  Netherlanders  in  a  war  against 
his  father.  He  was  apprehended  and 
condemned  to  death,  but  was  killed  in 
prison. 

{This  has  furnished  the  subject  of 
several  tragedies :  i.e.  Otway's  Don 
Carlos  (1672)  in  English ;  those  of  J.  G. 
de  Campistron  (1683) ;  J.  C.  F.  Schiller 
^1787)  in  German  ;  M.  J.  de  Ch^nier  (1789) 
in  French  ;  and  Alfieri  in  Italian,  about 
the  same  time.) 

Carlos  {Don),  the  friend  of  don  Alonzo, 
and  the  betrothed  husband  of  Leono'ra, 
whom  he  resigns  to  Alonzo  out  of  friend- 
s"hip.  After  marriage,  Zanga  induces 
Alonzo  to  believe  that  Leonora  and  don 
Carlos  entertain  a  criminal  love  for  each 
other,  whereupon  Alonzo  out  of  jealousy 
has  Carlos  put  to  death,  and  Leonora 
kills  herseli — Young:  The  Revenge 
(1721). 


Carlos  {Don),  husband  of  donna 
Victoria.  He  gave  the  deeds  of  his  wife's 
estate  to  donna  Laura,  a  courtezan  ;  and 
Victoria,  in  order  to  recover  them,  assumed 
the  disguise  of  a  man,  took  the  name  of 
Florio,  and  made  love  to  Laura.  Having 
secured  a  footing,  Florio  introduced 
Caspar  as  the  wealthy  uncle  of  Victoria, 
and  Caspar  told  Laura  the  deeds  in  her 
hand  were  utterly  worthless.  Laura,  in  a 
fit  of  temper,  tore  them  to  atoms,  and 
thus  Carlos  recovered  the  estate,  and  was 
rescued  from  impending  ruin. — Mrs. 
Cowley :  A  Bold  Stroke  for  a  Husband 
(1782). 

Carmen  Seculare  (4  syl.),  for  the 
year  1700 ;  in  which  Prior  celebrates 
William  III. 

Carmen  Triumphale  (4  syl.),  by 
Southey  (1815).  The  year  referred  to 
was  1 8 14. 

Car'milhan,  the  "phantom  ship." 
The  captain  of  this  ship  swore  he  would 
double  the  Cape,  whether  God  willed  it 
or  not.  For  this  impious  vow  he  was 
doomed  to  abide  for  ever  and  ever  captain 
in  the  same  vessel,  which  always  appears 
near  the  Cape,  but  never  doubles  it.  The 
kobold  of  the  phantom  ship  (named 
Klabot'erman)  helps  sailors  at  their  work, 
but  beats  those  who  are  idle.  When  a 
vessel  is  doomed,  the  kobold  appears 
smoking  a  short  pipe,  dressed  in  yellow, 
and  wearing  a  night-cap. 

Caro,  the  Flesh  or  "natural  man" 
personified.  Phineas  Fletcher  says  "  this 
dam  of  sin  "  is  a  hag  of  loathsome  shape, 
arrayed  in  steel,  polished  externally,  but 
rusty  within.  On  her  shield  is  the  device 
of  a  mermaid,  with  the  motto,  "Hear,' 
Gaze,  and  Die."— 7:^^  Purple  Island,  vii. 
(1633). 

Carocinm,  the  banner  of  the  Mi- 
lanese, having  for  device  "  St.  Ambrose," 
the  patron  saint  of  Milan.  It  was 
mounted  on  an  iron  tree  with  iron  leaves, 
and  the  summit  of  the  tree  was  sur- 
mounted by  a  large  cross.  The  whole 
was  raised  on  a  red  car,  drawn  by  four 
red  bulls  with  red  harness.  Mass  was 
always  said  before  the  car  started,  and 
GuinefoUe  tells  us,  "  tout  la  c^rdmonie 
6tait  une  imitation  de  I'arche  d'alliance 
des  Israelites." 

Le  carocium  des  Milanais  ^tait  au  milieu,  en tourr^da 
300  jeunes  gens,  qui  s'dAieait  unis  i  la  vie  i  la  mort  pour 
le  d<5fenclre.  II  y  avail  encore  pour  sa  garde  un  batnillon 
de  la  mort,  compos<5  de  900  cavaliers.— Z.a  Batnil.'e  <U 
Li^nano,  aj  Mai,  1176. 


CAROLINE. 


i8z 


CARPIO 


Caroline,  queen-consort  ofGeorge  1 1., 
introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott  in  The  Heart 
of  Midlothian.  Jeanie  Deans  has  an 
interview  with  her  in  the  gardens  at  Rich- 
mond, and  her  majesty  promises  to  inter- 
cede with  the  king  for  Effie  Deans's 
pardon. 

Caroline  of  Brunswick,  wife  ofGeorge 
IV.,  was  divorced  for  "infidelity."  It 
was  Bergami,  her  chamberlain,  with  whom 
her  name  was  slanderously  connected. 

Caroline  G-ann,  the  heroine  of 
Thackeray's  Shabby  Genteel  Story  (1857), 
continued  in  i860  in  The  Adventures  of 
Philip.  Caroline  Gann  was  meant  to  be 
a  model  "Job,"  deserted  by  a  wicked 
husband,  oppressed  by  wrongs,  yet 
patient  withal  and  virtuous. 

Caros    or     Carausius,    a    Roman 

captain,  native  of  Belgic  Gaul.  The 
emperor  Maximian  employed  Caros  to 
defend  the  coast  of  Gaul  against  the 
Franks  and  Saxons.  He  acquired  great 
wealth  and  power,  but  fearing  to  excite 
the  jealousy  of  Maximian,  he  sailed  for 
Britain,  where  (in  A.D.  287) 'he  caused 
himself  to  be  proclaimed  emperor.  Caros 
resisted  all  attempts  of  the  Romans  to 
dislodge  him,  so  that  they  ultimately 
acknowledged  his  independence.  He 
repaired  Agricola's  wall  to  obstruct  the 
incursions  of  the  Caledonians,  and  while 
he  was  employed  oA  this  work  was 
attacked  by  a  party  commanded  by  Oscar, 
son  of  Ossian  and  grandson  of  Fingal. 
"The  warriors  of  Caros  fled,  and  Oscar 
remained  like  a  rock  left  by  the  ebbing 
sea." — Ossian:  The  War  of  Caros. 

The  Caros  mentioned  ...  is  the  .  .  .  noted  usurper 
Carausius,  who  assumed  the  purple  in  the  year  287,  and 
seizing  on  Britain,  defeated  the  emperor  Maximinian 
Herculius  in  several  naval  engagements,  which  give 
propriety  to  his  being  called  "  The  King  of  Ships."— 
Dissertation  on  the  Era  0/ Ossian. 

Car'ove  (3  JJ>'/-)>  "  a  story  without  an 
end." — Mrs.  Austin  :  Translation. 

I  must  get  on,  or  my  readers  will  anticipate  that  my 
story,  like  Carovd's  more  celebrated  one,  will  prove  a 
"story  without  an  end."— TTiowj;  Notes  and  Queries, 
March  24,  1877. 

Carpathian  Wizard  [The),  Pro- 
teus (2  syL),  who  lived  in  the  island  of 
Car'pithos,  in  the  Archipelago.  He  was 
a  wizard,  who  could  change  his  form  at 
will.  Being  the  sea-god's  shepherd,  he 
carried  a  crook. 

\By\  the  Carpathian  wizard's  hook  \cro(iK\. 

Milton  :  Cojniis,  872  (1634). 

Carpet  [Prince  Housain's),  a  magic 
carpet,  to  all  appearances  quite  worthless, 


but  it  would  transport  any  one  who  sat  on 
it  to  any  part  of  the  world  in  a  moment. 
This  carpet  is  sometimes  called  "the 
magic  carpet  of  Tangu,"  because  it  came 
from  Tangu,  in  Persia. — Arabian  Nights 
("  Prince  Ahmed  "). 

Solomon's  Carpet.  Solomon  had  a 
green  silk  carpet,  on  which  his  throne  was 
set.  This  carpet  was  large  enough  for  all 
his  court  to  stand  on  ;  human  beings 
stood  on  the  right  side  of  the  throne,  and 
spirits  on  the  left.  When  Solomon 
wished  to  travel  he  told  the  wind  where 
to  set  him  down,  and  the  carpet  with  all 
its  contents  rose  into  the  air  and  alighted 
at  the  proper  place.  In  hot  weather  the 
birds  of  the  air,  with  outspread  wings, 
formed  a  canopy  over  the  whole  party. — 
Sale:  Al  Koj-an,  xxvW.  noies. 

Carpet  Knight  [A),  a  civil,  not  a 

military  knight. 

Carpet  knights  are  men  who  are,  by  the  prince's 
^race  and  favour,  made  knights  at  home,  ana  in  the 
time  of  peace,  by  the  imposition  or  laying  on  of  the 
king's  sword,  having,  by  some  special  service  done  to 
the  commonwealth,  deserved  this  title  and  dignity. 
They  are  called  "Carpet  Knights"  because  they  receive 
their  honour  in  the  court,  and  upon  carpets  [and  not  in 
the  battle-field].- .4/ar>feA(TWj ;  Booke  of  Honour  (1625). 

Carpil'lona  [Princess),  the  daughter 
of  Subli'mus  king  of  the  Peaceable 
Islands.  Sublimus,  being  dethroned  by 
a  usurper,  was  with  his  wife,  child,  and  a 
foundling  boy,  thrown  into  a  dungeon, 
and  kept  there  for  three  years.  The  four 
captives  then  contrived  to  escape  ;  but 
the  rope  that  held  the  basket  in  which 
Carpillona  was  let  down,  snapped 
asunder,  and  she  fell  into  the  lake. 
Sublimus  and  the  other  two  lived  in 
retirement  as  a  shepherd  family,  and 
Carpillona,  being  rescued  by  a  fisherman, 
was  brought  up  by  him  as  his  daughter. 
When  the  "  Humpbacked  "  Prince  de- 
throned the  usurper  of  the  Peaceable 
Islands,  Carpillona  was  one  of  the  cap- 
tives, and  the  "  Humpbacked"  Prince 
wanted  to  make  her  his  wife  ;  but  she  fled 
in  disguise,  and  came  to  the  cottage 
home  of  Sublimus,  where  she  fell  in  love 
with  his  foster-son,  who  proved  to  be  half- 
brother  of  the  "Humpbacked"  Prince. 
Ultimately,  Carpillona  married  the  found- 
ling, and  each  succeeded  to  a  kingdom. — 
Comtesse  D' Aulnoy  :  Fairy  Tales  ("  Prin- 
cess Carpillona,"  1682). 

Car'pio  [Bernardo  del),  natural  son  of 
don  Sancho,  and  dona  Ximena,  sumamed 
"The  Chaste."  It  was  Bernardo  del 
Carpio  who  slew  Roland  at  Roncesvalles 
(4  syl. ).  In  Spanish  romance  he  is  a  very 
conspicuous  figure. 


CARRASCO. 


182 


CARTHON. 


Carras'co  [Samson),  son  of  Bartholo- 
mew Carrasco.  He  is  a  .licentiate,  of 
much  natural  humour,  who  flatters  don 
Quixote,  and  persuades  him  to  undertake 
a  second  tour. 

He  was  about  24  years  of  age,  of  a  pale  complexion, 
and  had  good  talents.  His  nose  was  remarkably  fiat, 
and  his  mouth  remarkably  Yi'ide.  —  CetvanUs :  Don 
QuixoU,  II.  i.  3  (1615). 

He  may  perhaps  boast  ...  as  the  bachelor  Samson 
Carrasco,  of  fixmg  the  weather-cock  La  Giralda  of 
Seville,  for  weeks,  months,  or  years,  that  is,  for  as  long 
as  the  wind  shall  uniformly  blow  from  one  quarter. — 
Sir  W.  Scott. 

(The  allusion  is  to  Don  Quixote,  II.  i. 
14.) 

Carric-TliTira,  in  the  Orkney  Islands, 
the  palace  of  king  Cathulla.  It  is  the 
title  of  one  of  the  Ossian  poems,  the 
subject  being  as  follows  : — Fingal,  going 
on  a  visit  to  Cathulla  king  of  the  Ork- 
neys, observes  a  signal  of  distress  on  the 
palace,  for  Frothal  (king  of  Sora)  had 
invested  it.  Whereupon  Fingal  puts  to 
flight  the  besieging  army,  and  overthrew 
Frothal  in  single  combat ;  but  just  as  his 
sword  was  raised  to  slay  the  fallen  king, 
Utha,  disguised  in  armour,  interposed. 
Her  shield  and  helmet  "flying  wide," 
revealed  her  sex,  and  Fingal  not  only 
spared  Frothal,  but  invited  him  and 
Utha  to  the  palace,  where  they  passed 
the  night  in  banquet  and  in  song. — 
Ossian:  Carric-Thura, 

Carril,  the  grey-headed  son  of  Kin- 
fe'na  bard  of  Cutlnillin,  general  of  the 
Irish  tribes.— Ojj/a«  .•  Fingal. 

Carrillo  [Fi-ay]  was  never  to  be 
found  in  his  own  cell,  according  to  a 
famous  Spanish  epigram. 

Like  Fray  Carillo, 
The  only  place  in  which  one  cannot  find  him 
Is  his  own  cell. 

LongfcUoiu:  The  Spanish  Student,  L  5. 

Car'rol,  deputy  usher  at  Kenilworth 
Castle.— 5/r  W.  Scott:  Kenilworth  (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Carroll  [Lewis),  the  pseudonym  of  the 
Rev.  C.  E,  Dodgson  (1833-  ),  attached 
to  Alice  in  Wonderland,  Through  the 
Looking-glass,  Hunting  the  Snark,  etc. 
\q.v.). 

Car 'stone  [Richard),  cousin  of  Ada 
Clare,  both  being  wards  in  chancery, 
interested  in  the  great  suit  of  ' '  Jarndyce 
V.  Jarndyce."  Richard  Carstone  is  a 
* '  handsome  youth,  about  19,  of  ingenuous 
face,  and  with  a  most  engaging  laugh." 
He  marries  his  cousin  Ada,  and  lives  in 
hope  that  the  suit  will  soon  terminate 
and  make  him  rich.     In  the  mean  time. 


he  tries  to  make  two  ends  meet,  first  by 
the  profession  of  medicine,  then  by  that 
of  law,  then  by  the  army  ;  but  the  rolling 
stone  gathers  no  moss,  and  the  poor 
fellow  dies  with  the  sickness  of  hope 
deferred.— C.  Dickens:  Bleak  House 
(1853). 

Cartaph'ilus.  (See  Wandering 
Jew.) 

The  story  of  Cartaphilus  is  taken  from  the  Book  of 
the  Chronicles  o^  the  Abbey  of  St.  Albans,  which  was 
copied  and  continued  by  Matthew  Paris,  and  contains 
the  earliest  account  of  the  Wandering  Jew,  A.D.  1228. 
In  1242  Philip  Mouskes,  afterwards  bishop  of  Tournay, 
wrote  the  "rhymed  chronicle." 

Carter  [Mrs.  Deborah),  housekeeper 
to  Surplus  the  lawyer. — Morton  :  A 
Regular  Fix. 

Car'tha^e  (2  syl.).  When  Dido 
came  to  Africa  she  bought  of  the  natives 
' '  as  much  land  as  could  be  encompassed 
with  a  bull's  hide."  The  agreement  being 
made,  Dido  cut  the  hide  into  thongs,  so 
as  to  enclose  a  space  sufficiently  large  for 
a  citadel,  which  she  called  Bursa,  "the 
hide."     (Greek,  boursa,  "a  bull's  hide.") 

IT  The  following  is  a  similar  story  in 
Russian  history  : — The  Yakutsks  granted 
to  the  Russian  explorers  as  much  land  as 
they  could  encompass  with  a  cow's  hide  ; 
but  the  Russians,  cutting  the  hide  into 
strips,  obtained  land  enough  for  the  town 
and  fort  which  they  called  Yakutsk. 

IT  A  similar  legend  is  connected  with 
Doncaster,  under .  the  supposition  that 
Don  ="  thong,"  and  that  Don-caster  = 
"Thong-city."  Of  course  it  is  the  city 
on  the  river  Don.  It  was  the  Dona 
Castre  of  the  Anglo-Saxons,  and  the 
Danum  of  the  Romans. 

Carthage  of  tlie  North.  Lubeck 
was  so  called  when  it  was  the  head  of  the 
Hanseatic  League. 

Car'thon,  son  of  Cless'ammor  and 
Moina,  born  while  Clessammor  was  in 
flight ;  his  mother  died  in  childbirth. 
When  he  was  three  years  old,  Comhal 
(Fingal's  father)  took  and  burnt  Balclutha 
(a  town  belonging  to  the  Britons,  on  the 
Clyde),  but  Carthon  was  carried  away 
safely  by  his  nurse.  When  grown  to 
man's  estate,  Carthon  resolved  to  revenge 
this  attack  on  Balclutha,  and  accordingly 
invaded  Morven,  the  kingdom  of  Fingal. 
After  overthrowing  two  of  Fingal's  heroes, 
Carthon  was  slain  by  his  own  father,  who 
knew  him  not ;  but  when  Clessammor 
learnt  that  it  was  his  own  son  whom  he 
had  slain,  he  mourned  for  him  three  days, 
and  on  the  fourth  he  died. — Ossian : 
Carthon, 


CARTON. 

Car'ton  (Sydney),  a  friend  of  Charles 
Darnay,  whom  he  personally  resembled. 
Sydney  Carton  loved  Lucie  Manette,  but, 
knowing  of  her  attachment  to  Darnay, 
never  attempted  to  win  her.  Her  friend- 
ship, however,  called  out  his  good 
qualities,  and  he  nobly  died  instead  of 
his  friend.— C.  Dickens  :  A  Tale  of  Two 
Cities  (1859). 

Cartouclie,  an  eighteenth-century 
highwayman.  He  is  the  French  Dick 
Turpin. 

Car'tin,  a  small  river  of  Scotland,  now 
called  Carron,  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Agricola's  walL  The  word  means  ' '  wind- 
ing." 

Ca'ms  [Slow),  in  Garth's  Dispensary^ 
is  Dr,  Tyson  (1649-170S). 

Carvel  {Hans),  a  tale  in  a  verse  by 
Prior  (1664-1721). 

Caryati'des  (5  syl.)  or  Carya'tes 
(4  syl. ),  female  figures  in  Greek  costume, 
used  in  architecture  to  support  entabla- 
tures. Ca'rya,  in  Arcadia,  sided  with  the 
Persians  when  they  invaded  Greece ;  so 
after  the  battle  of  Thermopylae,  the  vic- 
torious Greeks  destroyed  the  city,  slew 
the  men,  and  made  the  women  slaves. 
Praxit'elfis,  to  perpetuate  the  disgrace, 
employed  figures  of  Caryan  women  wiiii 
Persian  men,  for  architectural  columns. 

Casablanca.  A  boy  set  by  his  father 
on  watch.  The  ship  caught  fire,  and  his 
father  was  burnt  to  death.  As  the  flames 
spread,  the  boy  called  to  his  father,  but 
the  ship  blew  up,  and  the  boy  was  killed. 
— Mrs.  Hemans:  A  Poem  {1794-1835). 

Casanbon  [Mr.),  the  scholar  who 
marries  the  heroine  in  George  Eliot's 
novel  ol  Middlemarch  {1872). 

Casa  Wappy,  an  elegy  by  D.  M. 
Moir,  on  the  death  of  his  infant  son, 
cpJled  by  the  pet  name  of  "Casa 
Wappy." 

Casb^,  a  blunt,  violent  conspirator,  in 
the  faction  of  Brutus.  When  Caesar  was 
skin,  Antony  said,  "  See  what  a  rent  the 
envious  Casca  made  !  "Shakespeare  : 
yulitis  CcBsar  (1607). 

Casch'cascb,  a  hideous  genius, 
"hunchbacked,  lame,  and  blind  of  one 
eye  ;  with  six  horns  on  his  head,  and  both 
his  hands  and  feet  hooked."  The  fairy 
Maimou'ng  {3  syl.)  summoned  him  to  de- 
cide which  was  the  more  beautiful,  "the 
prince    Camaral'zaman  or    the    princess 


183 


CASSANDRA. 


Eadou'ra,"  but  he  was  unable  to  deter- 
mine the  knotty  point. — A  radian  Nights 
("  Camaralzaman  and  Badoura"). 

Case  is  Altered  {The),  a  comedy 
by  Ben  Jonson  {1597). 

Casella,  a  musician  and  friend  of  jthe 
poet  Dant^  introduced  in  his  Purgatory, 
ii.  On  arriving  at  purgatory,  the  poet 
sees  a  vessel  freighted  with  souls  come  to 
be  purged  of  their  sins  and  made  fit  for 
paradise ;  among  them  he  recognizes  his 
friend  Casella,  whom  he  "  woos  to  sing ;  " 
whereupon  Casella  repeats  with  enchant- 
ing sweetness  the  words  of  [DantS's] 
second  canzone. 

DantS  shall  give  Fame  leave  to  set  thee  higher 
Than  his  Casella,  wliom  he  wooed  to  sing. 
Met  in  the  milcicr  shades  of  purgatory. 

Milton  :  Sonnet,  xiii.  (To  H.  Lawes). 

Caser  Wine,  forbidden  fruit.  The 
reference  is  to  the  ancient  Jews  after  their 
conquest  by  the  Romans. 

A   Tew  niiglit    be  seen  to  drink   Caser  wine,   and 

heard  to  ask  a  blessing  in  his  cup.—HeJi-worlh  Dixon; 
The  T-wo  Queens,  chap.  iv. 

Cashmere  (2  syl.),  a  Polish  erai- 
grant  in  The  Pavers,  a  parody  by  Canning 
on  Schiller's  Robbers. 

Casket  Homer,  Alexander's  edition 
with  Aristotle's  notes.  So  called  because 
it  was  kept  in  a  golden  casket,  studded 
with  jewels,  part  of  the  spoil  which  fell 
into  the  hands  of  Alexander  after  the 
baule  of  Arbe'la. 

Cas'par,  master  of  the  horse  to  the 
baron  of  Axnheim.  Mentioned  in  Don- 
nerhugel's  narrative. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Anne  of  Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Cas'par,  a  man  who  sold  himself  to 
Za'miel  the  Black  Huntsman.  The  night 
before  the  expiration  of  his  life-lease,  he 
bargained  for  a  respite  of  three  years,  on 
condition  of  bringing  Max  into  the  power 
of  the  fiend.  On  the  day  appointed  for 
the  prize-shooting,  Max  aimed  at  a  dove 
but  killed  Caspar,  and  Zamiel  carried  off 
his  victim  to  "  his  own  place." — Weber's 
opera,  Der  Freischiilz  (1822). 

Cassan'dra,  daughter  of  Priam, 
gifted  with  the  power  of  prophecy ;  but 
Apollo,  whom  she  had  offended,  cursed 
her  with  the  ban  "that  no  one  should 
ever  believe  her  predictions." — Shake- 
speare: Troilus  and  Cressida  (1602). 

Mrs.  Barry  in  characters  of  greatness  was  graceful, 
noble,  and  dignified ;  no  violence  of  passion  was  beyond 
the  reach  of  her  feeling,  and  in  the  most  melting  distress 
and  tenderness  she  was  exquisitely  affecting.  Thusshe 
was  equally  admirable  in  "Cassandra,"  "Cleopatra," 
"Roxana,  "Monimia,"  or  "Belvidera,"  — i'ji<ftiT»,* 
History  of  the  Stage. 


CASSEL. 


184 


CASSIUS. 


^"Cassandra"  {Troilus  and  Cressida, 
Shakespeare)  ;  "Cleopatra"  {Antony 
and  Cleopatra,  Shakespeare,  or  All  for 
Love,  Dryden) ;  "Roxana"  [Alexander 
the  Great,  Lee)  ;  "  Monimia  "  {The 
Orphan,  Otway)  ;  "Belvidera"  {Venice 
Preserved,  by  Otway). ) 

Cassel  {Count),  an  empty-headed, 
heartless,  conceited  puppy,  who  pays 
court  to  Amelia  Wildcnhaim,  but  is  too 
Insufferable  to  be  endured.  He  tells  her 
he  "learnt  delicacy  in  Italy,  hauteur  in 
Spain,  enterprise  in  France,  prudence  in 
Russia,  sincerity  in  England,  and  lo\'e 
m  the  wilds  of  America,"  for  civilized 
nations  have  long  since  substituted  in- 
trigue for  love. — Mrs.  Inchbald:  Lover i' 
Vows  (1800),  altered  from  Kotzebue. 

Cassi,  the  inhabitants  of  Hertford- 
shire or  Cassio. — Ceesar  :  Commentaries. 

Cassib'ellaun      or      Cassib'elan 

^probably  "  Caswallon "),  brother  and 
successor  of  Lud.  He  was  king  of 
Britain  when  Julius  Caesar  invaded  the 
island.  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth  says,  in 
his  British  History,  that  Cassibellaun 
routed  Caesar,  and  drove  him  back  to 
Gaul  (bk.  iv.  3,  5).  In  Caesar's  second  in- 
vasion the  British  again  vanquished  him 
(ch.  7),  and  "sacrificed  to  their  gods  as 
a  thank-offering,  40,000  cows,  loo.coo 
sheep,  30,000  wild  beasts,  and  fowls 
without  number "  (ch.  8).  Androg'eus 
^4  syl.)  "duke  of  Trinovantum,"  with 
5000  men,  having  joined  the  Roman  forces, 
Cassibellaun  was  worsted,  and  agreed  "  to 
pay  3000  pounds  of  silver  yearly  in 
tribute  to  Rome."  Seven  years  after  this 
Cassibellaun  died  and  was  buried  at  York. 

(In  Shakespeare's  Cymbeline  the  name 
i^  called  "  Cassibelan.") 

N.B. — Polyaenus  of  Macedon  tells  us 
that  Caesar  had  a  huge  elephant  armed 
with  scales  of  iron,  with  a  tower  on  its 
back,  filled  with  archers  and  slingers. 
When  this  beast  entered  the  sea,  Cassi- 
velaunus  and  the  Britons,  who  had  never 
seen  an  elephant,  were  terrified,  and  their 
horses  fled  in  affright,  so  that  the  Romans 
were  able  to  land  without  molestation. — 
See  Drayton's  Polyolbion,  viii. 

There  the  hive  of  Roman  liars  worsliip  a  gluttonous 

enipcror-idiot. 
Such  is  Koine  .  .  .  hear  it,  spirit  of  Cassivelatm. 

Tennyson:  BoadUea. 

Cas'silane  (3  syl.),  general  of  Candy 
and  father  of  Annophel. — Bcajtmont  and 
Fletcher:  Laws  0/ Candy  {printed  1647). 

Cassim,    brother    of    Ali    Baba,     a 


Persian.  He  married  an  heiress  and  soon 
became  one  of  the  richest  merchants  of 
the  place.  When  he  discovered  that  his 
brother  had  made  himself  rich  by  hoards 
from  the  robbers'  cave,  Cassim  took  ten 
mules  charged  with  panniers  to  carry  away 
partiof  the  same  booty.  ' '  Open,  Sesame ! " 
he  cried,  and  the  door  opened.  He  filled 
his  sacks,  but  forgot  the  magic  word. 
•'Open,  Barley  !  "  he  cried,  but  the  door 
remained  closed.  Presently  the  robber- 
band  returned,  and  cut  him  down  with 
their  sabres.  They  then  hacked  the 
carcase  into  four  parts,  placed  them  near 
the  door,  and  left  the  cave.  AH  Baba 
carried  off  the  body  and  had  it  decently 
interred.— Arabian  Nights  ("AU  Baba, 
or  the  Forty  Thieves  "). 

Cas'sio  {Michael),  a  Florentine, 
lieutenant  in  the  Venetian  army  under 
the  command  of  Othello.  Simple-minded 
but  not  strong-minded,  and  therefore 
easily  led  by  others  who  possessed  greater 
power  of  will.  Being  overcome  with 
wine,  he  engaged  in  a  street-brawl,  for 
which  he  was  suspended  by  Othello,  but 
Desdemona  pleaded  for  his  restoration, 
lago  made  capital  of  this  intercession  to 
rouse  the  jealousy  of  the  Moor.  Cassio's 
"almost"  wife  was  Bianca,  his  mistress. 
— Shakespeare:  Othello  (1611). 

"  Cassio  "  is  brave,  benevolent,  and  honest,  ruined 
only  by  his  want  of  stubbornness  to  resist  an  insidious 
invitation. — Dr.  Johnson. 

Cassiodo'rus  {Marcus  Aurelius),  a 
great  statesman  and  learned  writer  of  the 
si.xth  century,  who  died  at  the  age  of 
100,  in  A.D.  562.  He  filled  many  high 
offices  under  Theod'oric,  but  ended  his 
days  in  a  convent. 

Listen  awhile  to  a  learned  prelection 
On  Marcus  Aurelius  Cassiodorus. 

LonsfilloTv:  T>tt  Goldtn.  Legend. 

Cassiope'ia,  wife  of  Ce'pheus 
{2  syl.)  king  of  Ethiopia,  and  mother  of 
Androm'eda.  She  boasted  that  her 
beauty  surpassed  that  of  the  sea-nymphs  ; 
and  Neptune,  to  punish  her,  sent  a  huge 
sea-serpent  to  ravage  her  husband's  king- 
dom. At  death  she  was  made  a  con- 
stellation, consisting  of  thirteen  stars,  the 
largest  of  which  form  a  "  chair"  or  im- 
perfect W. 

.  .  .  that  starred  Ethiop  queen,  that  strove 

To  set  her  beauty's  praise  above 

I'he  sea-nyiiiphs,  and  tlieir  powers  offended. 

Milton  :  II  Fenseroso,  19  (163S). 

Cassius,  instigator  of  the  conspiracy 
against  Julius  Cassar,  and  friend  of 
Brutus.  —  Shakespeare  :  Julius  Ceesar 
(1607). 


CASTAGNETTE. 


18S 


CASTLE  PERILOUS. 


Btutus.  The  last  o(  a!l  the  Romans,  fare  thee  welll 
It  is  impossible  that  ever  Rome 
bhoiiKl  breed  thy  fellow.    Friends,  T  owe  more  tears 
I  o  tliis  tlead  man  than  you  shall  sec  me  pay. 
1  shall  fmd  time,  Casbius,  I  shall  tiud  time. 

Act  T.  sc.  3. 

Charles  Mayne  Young:  trod  the  boards  with  freedom. 
His  countenance  was  equally  well  adapted  for  tlie  ex- 
pression of  pathos  or  of  pride:  thus  m  such  parts  as 
■   Hamlet,"  "Beverley,"  "The  Stranjfer,  '  "Pierre," 

Zanga,"  and  "Cassius,"  he  looked  the  men  he  repre- 
-nted.— /C«/.  y.  Youn^:  Li/cq/C.  M.  K^i<«i'. 

("Hamlet  "  (Shakespeare)  ;  "  Bever- 
ley" (The  Gamester,  Moore);  "The 
Stranger"  (B.  Thompson);  "Pierre" 
(Venice  Presetted,  Otway) ,  "Zanga" 
Revenge t  by  Young).) 

Castagfnette  (Captain),  a  hero  whose 
stomach  was  replaced  by  a  leather  one 
made  by  Desgenettes  \pa'-ge-7iet'\  but 
his  career  was  soon  ended  by  a  bomb- 
shell, which  blew  him  into  atoms. — 
Manuel :  A  French  Extravaganta. 

Casta'lio,  son  of  lord  Acasto,  and 
Polydore's  twin-brolher.  Both  the 
brothers  loved  their  father's  ward,  Mo- 
nim'ia  "  the  orphan."  The  love  of  Poly- 
dore  was  dishonourable  love,  but  Castalio 
loved  her  truly  and  married  her  in 
private.  On  the  bridal  night  Polydore  by 
treachery  took  his  brother's  place,  and 
next  day,  when  Monimia  discovered  the 
deceit  which  had  been  practised  on  her, 
and  Polydore  heard  tliat  Monimia  was 
really  married  to  his  brother,  the  bride 
poisoned  herself,  the  adulterer  ran  upon 
his  brother's  sword,  and  the  husband 
stabbed  himself. — Otivay  :  The  Orphan 
(1680). 

Mr.  Wilks's  excellence  in  comedy  was  never  once 
disputed,  but  the  best  judijes  extol  him  for  different 
ly,  as  "  Hamlet,"  "  Castalio,"  "  Edgar," 
J  affier. " — Clul-wood. 

("  Hamlet  "  (Shakespeare) ;  ' '  Edgar  " 

iKing  Lear,  Shakespeare) ;  "  Moneses  " 
Tamerlane,   Rowe) ;    "Jaffier"  (Venice 
Preserved,  by  Otway). ) 

Cas'taly,  a  fountain  of  Pamassos, 
sacred  to  the  Muses.  Its  waters  had  the 
virtue  of  inspiring  those  who  drank 
thereof  with  the  gift  of  poetry. 

Casta'ra,  the  lady  addressed  by  Wm. 
Habington  in  his  poems.  She  was  Lucy 
Herbert  (daughter  of  Wm.  Herbert,  firs't 
lord  Powis),  and  became  his  wife.  (Latin, 
casta,  "  chaste.") 

If  then,  Castara,  I  in  heaven  nor  move. 
Nor  earth,  nor  hell,  where  am  I  but  in  love  t 

/K  Habinston:  To  Castata  (died  1654). 
The  poetry  of  Habington  shows  that  he  possessed 
...  a  real  passion  for  a  lady  of  birth  and  virtue,  the 
"Castara,"  whom  he  afterwards  married. — llallam. 

Castle  Dangferous,  a  novel  by  sir 


parts  in  tragedy, 
"  Moneses,"  "Ja/ 


\V.  Scott,  after  the  wTeck  of  his  fortune 
and  repeated  strokes  of  paralysis  (1831). 
Those  who  read  it  must  remember  they 
are  the  last  notes  of  a  dying  swan,  and 
forbear  to  scan  its  merits  too  strictly. 

Castle     DaxifferoQS,     or      "  The 

Perilous  Castle  ofDouglas."  So  called 
because  it  was  thrice  taken  from  the 
English  between  1306  and  1307. 

1.  On  Palm  Sunday,  while  the  English 
soldiers  were  at  church,  Douglas  fell  on 
them  and  slew  them  ;  then,  entering  the 
castle,  he  put  to  the  sword  all  he  found 
there,  and  set  fire  to  the  castle  (March 
19). 

2.  The  castle  being  restored  was  placed 
under  the  guard  of  Thirwall,  but  Douglas 
disguised  his  soldiers  as  drovers,  and 
Thirwall  resolved  to  "  pillage  the  rogues." 
He  set  upon  them  to  drive  off  the  herds, 
but  the  "  drovers,"  being  too  strong  for 
the  attacking  party,  overpowered  them, 
and  again  Douglas  made  himself  master 
of  the  castle. 

3.  Sir  John  de  Walton  next  volunteered 
to  hold  the  castle  for  a  year  and  a  day, 
but  Douglas  disguised  his  soldiers  as 
market-men  carrying  corn  and  grass  to 
Lanark.  Sir  John,  in  an  attempt  \.o> 
plunder  the  men,  set  upon  them,  but  was 
overmastered  and  slain.  This  is  the 
subject  of  sir  W.  Scott's  novel  called 
Castle  Dafigerous,  but  instead  of  the 
market-men  "  with  corn  and  grass,"  the 
novel  substitutes  lady  Augusta,  the  pri- 
soner of  Black  Douglas,  whom  he  pro- 
mises to  release  if  the  castle  is  surrendered 
to  him.  De  Walton  consents,  gives  up 
the  castle,  and  marries  the  lady  Augusta. 

Castle  Perilous,  the  habitation  of 
lady  Liones  (called  by  Tennyson 
Lyonors).  Here  she  was  held  captive  by 
sir  Ironside  the  Red  Knight  of  the  RecJ 
Lands.  Sir  Gareth  overcame  the  knight,, 
and  married  the  lady. — Sir  T.  Malory  : 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  120-153. 

*.•  Tennyson  has  poetised  the  tale  ia 
Gareth  and  Lynetfe,  but  has  altered  it. 
He  has  even  departed  from  the  old  story 
by  making  sir  Gareth  marry  Lynette, 
and  leaving  the  lady  Lyonors  in  the  cold. 
In  the  old  story  Gareth  marries  Liongs 
(or  Lyonors),  and  his  brother  Ga'heris 
marries  Linet  (or  Lynette). 

Tennyson  has  quite  missed  the  scope  of  the  Arthurian 
allegory,  which  is  a  Bunyan's  Pilg^rim's  Progress. 
Lynette  represents  the  peojjlc  of  this  world  or  the  in- 
habitants of  the  "City  of  Destruction."  "Liones" 
represents  the  "  bride,  '  which  says  to  the  Christian, 
"  Come ! "  and  is  the  bride  in  heaven  of  those  who  fight 
the  fight  of  faith.  "  Castle  Perilous  "  is  the  Celestial 
City,  set  on  a  hill.    Lynette  scoffs  at  GsTCtli  after  evtry 


CASTLE  RACKRENT. 

conquest,  for  "the  carnal  mind  is  enmity  against  God;" 
but  Gareth  "  fights  the  fight,"  and  wins  the  bride. 
Tennyson  makes  the  Cliristian  leave  the  City  of 
Destruction,  conquer  Apollyon  and  all  the  giants, 
stand  in  sight  of  the  Celestial  City,  see  the  bride 
inviting  him  to  heaven,  and  then  marry  Lynette  or  tlie 
personification  of  the  "  world,  the  flesh,  and  the 
devil."— See  Notes  and  Qtieries  {January  19,  February 
16,  March  16,  1878). 

Castle  Rackrent,  an  Irish  story 
by  Maria  Edgewortli,  to  illustrate  the 
evils  of  absenteeism,  etc.  (1799). 

Castle  Spectre  [The),  a  drama 
full  of  horrors,  by  M.  G.  Lewis  (author 
of  The  Monk,  1797.) 

Castle  in  the  Air  or  Cliateaxi 
dXspagne,  a  splendid  thing  of  fancy 
or  hope,  but  wholly  without  any  real 
existence,  called  a  "  castle  of  Spain," 
because  Spain  has  no  castles  or  chateaux. 
So  Greek  Kalends  means  "  never,"  be- 
cause there  were  no  such  things  as 
"Greek  Kalends." 

Ne  semez  point  vos  ddsirs  sur  le  jardin  d'autruy ; 
cultivez  seulment  bien  le  vostre ;  ne  desirez  point  de 
n'estre  pas  ce  que  vous  estes,  mais  desirez  d'estre  fort 
bien  ce  que  vous  estes.  .  .  .  De  quoy  sert-il  de  bastir 
des  cliasteaux  en  Espagne,  quisqu'il  nous  faut  habiter 
en  France. — St.  Fran<;ois  de  Sales  (bishop  of  Gcnevn), 
IVriting  to  a  Lady  on  the  subject  of"  Contentjnent,"  L 
285  (1567). 

Castle  of  Andalusia,  an  opera  by 
John  O'Keefe,  Don  Cassar,  the  son  of 
don  Scipio,  being  ill-treated  by  his 
father,  turns  robber-chief,  but  ultimately 
marries  Lorenza,  and  becomes  reconciled 
to  his  father. 

(The  plot  is  too  complicated  to  be 
understood  in  a  few  lines.  Don  Caesar, 
Spado,  Lorenza,  Victoria,  Pedrillo,  and 
Fernando,  all  assume  characters  different 
to  their  real  ones. ) 

Castle  of  Athlin  and  Dnnbayne 

(The),  by  Mrs.  Radclifife  (1789). 

Castle  of  In'dolence  (3  syl.),  in 
the  land  of  Drowsiness,  where  every 
sense  is  enervated  by  sensual  pleasures. 
The  owner  of  the  castle  is  an  enchanter, 
who  deprives  those  who  enter  it  of  their 
physical  energy  and  freedom  of  will. — 
Thomson:  Castle  of  Indolence  (1748). 

Castle  of  Maidens,  Edinburgh. 

iEbraucus']  also  built  the  .  .  .  town  of  mount  Agned 
VSdinburgh],  called  at  this  time  "the  Castle  of 
Maidens  or  the  Mountain  of  Sorrow."— Geq^rey  : 
British  History,  ii.  7  (1142). 

Castle  of  Otranto  ( The),  a  tale  in 
prose  by  Walpole  (1765). 

Cas'tlewood  [Beatrix),  the  heroine 
of  Esmond,  a  novel  by  Thackeray,  the 
"finest  picture  of  splendid  lustrous 
physical  beauty  ever  given  to  the  world." 

Lady    Rachel    Castlewood,   mother  of 


186 


CAT. 


Beatrix.  She  is  described  as  "very  sweet 
and  pure,  without  ceasing  to  be  human 
and  fallible."  Lady  Rachel  marries  Harry 
Esmond. 

Cas'tor,  of  classic  fable,  is  the  son  of 
Jupiter  and  Leda,  and  twin-brother  of 
Pollux,  The  brothers  were  so  attached 
to  each  other  that  Jupiter  set  them  among 
the  stars,  where  they  form  the  constella- 
tion Gemini  ("  the  twins  ").  Castor  and 
Pollux  are  called  the  Dios'curi  or  ' '  sons 
of  Dios,"  i.e.  Jove. 

Cas'tor  [Steph'anos),  the  wrestler.— 
Sir  IV.  Scott :  Count  Robert  of  Paris 
(time,  Rufus). 

Cas'triot  {George),  called  by  the 
Turks  "Scanderbeg"  (1404-1467). 
George  Castriot  was  son  of  an  Albanian 
prince,  delivered  as  a  hostage  to  Amu- 
rath  IL  He  won  such  favour  from  the 
sultan  that  he  was  put  in  command  of 
5000  men,  but  abandoned  the  Turks  in 
the  battle  of  Mora'va  (1443). 

This  is  the  first  dark  blot 
On  thy  name,  George  Castriot. 
Longfello-w  :  The  Wayside  Inn  (an  interlude). 

Castruc'cio  Castraca'ni's  Sword. 

When  Victor  Emmanuel  IL  went  to  Tus- 
cany, the  path  from  Lucca  to  Pistoia 
was  strewed  with  roses.  At  Pistoia  the 
orphan  heirs  of  Pucci'ni  met  him, 
bearing  a  sword,  and  said,  "This  is 
the  sword  of  Castruccio  Castracani,  the 
great  Italian  soldier,  and  head  of  the 
GhibeUnes  in  the  fourteenth  century. 
It  was  committed  to  our  ward  and  keep- 
ing till  some  patriot  should  arise  to 
deliver  Italy  and  make  it  free."  Victor 
Emmanuel,  seizing  the  hilt,  exclaimed, 
"  Questa  i  per  me  I"  ("This  is  for 
me.") — Mrs.  Browning:  The  Sword  of 
Castruccio  Castracani. 

Cas'yapa  (3  syl.),  father  of  the 
immortals,  who  dwells  in  the  mountain 
called  Hemacd'ta  or  Himakoot,  under 
the  Tree  of  Life. — Southey :  Curse  of 
Kehama  (canto  vi.  is  called  "Casyapa," 
1809). 

Cat  [The)  has  been  from  time  im- 
memorial the  familiar  of  witches;  thus 
Galinthia  was  changed  by  the  Fates  into 
a  cat  (Antoninus  Liberahs,  Metam.  29). 
Hecate  also,  when  Typhon  compelled  the 
gods  and  goddesses  to  hide  themselves  in 
animals,  assumed  the  form  of  a  cat 
(Pausanias,  Bceotics).  Ovid  says,  "  Fele 
soror  Phoebi  latuit." 

The  cat  i'  the  adage:  that  is,  Cat  us 
amat  pisces,  sed  non  vult  tingere  plantas 


CATAIAxNT. 


187 


CATHERINE. 


("The  cat  loves  fish,  but  does  not  Uke  to 
wet  her  paws"). 

Letting  I  dare  not  wait  upon  I  would. 
Like  the  poor  cat  i'  the  auage. 

Shakespeare  :  Macbeth,  act  I.  sc.  7  (1606). 

Not  room  to  swinff  a  cat ;  reference  is 
to  the  sport  of  swinging  a  cat  to  the 
branch  of  a  tree  as  a  mark  to  be  shot  at. 
Shakespeare  refers  to  another  variety  of 
the  sport ;  the  cat  being  enclosed  in  a 
leather  bottle,  was  suspended  to  a  tree 
and  shot  at.  "  Hang  me  in  a  bottle,  hke  a 
caX'  {Much  Ado  about  Nothiyig,  acti.  sc.  i); 
and  Steevers  tells  us  of  a  third  variety  in 
which  the  "cat  was  placed  in  a  soot-b.ng, 
hung  on  a  line,  and  the  players  had  to 
beat  out  the  bottom  of  the  bag,"  He 
who  succeeded  in  thus  liberating  the  cat, 
had  the  "privilege"  of  hunting  it  after- 
wards. 

Kilkenny  Cats.  A  favourite  amuse- 
ment of  the  "good  old  times"  with  a 
certain  regiment  quartered  at  Kilkenny, 
was  to  tie  two  cats  together  by  the  tails, 
swing  them  over  a  line,  and  watch  their 
ferocious  attacks  upon  each  other  in  their 
struggles  to  get  free.  It  was  determined 
to  put  down  this  cruel  ' '  sport ;  "  and  one 
day,  just  as  two  unfortunate  cats  were 
swung,  the  alarm  was  given  that  the 
colonel  was  riding  up  post  haste.  An 
officer  present  cut  through  their  tails 
with  his  sword  and  liberated  the  cats, 
which  scampered  off  before  the  colonel 
arrived. — From  a  correspondent,  signed, 
R.  G.  Glenn  {4,  Rowden  Buildings, 
Temple). 

N.B. — Hogarth  has  a  picture  of  the 
Kilkenny  cats  in  his  Four  Stages  of 
Cruelty. 

The  Kilkenny  Cats.  The  story  is  that 
two  cats  fought  in  a  saw-pit  so  ferociously 
that  each  swallowed  the  other,  leaving 
only  the  tails  behind  to  tell  of  the  won- 
derful encounter.  (See  Dictionary  of 
Phrase  and  Fable,  for  several  other  re- 
ferences to  cats,  pp.  223,  224.) 

Catai'au  {3  syl.),  a  native  of  Catai'a 
or  Cathay,  the  ancient  name  of  China  ;  a 
boaster,  a  liar.  Page,  speaking  of  Fal- 
staff,  says — 

I  will  not  believe  such  a  Catalan,  though  the  priest  of 
the  town  commended  liim  for  a  true  man  [i.e.  truth/itl 
tHan\ — Merry  IVives  0/  Vyindsor,  act  ii.  sc.  i  (1601). 

Cateticla'ni,  called  CatieuchWni  by 
Ptolemy,  and  Cassii  by  Richard  of  Ciren- 
cester. They  occupied  Buckinghamshire, 
Bedfordshire,  and  Hertfordshire.  Dray- 
ton refers  to  them  in  his  Pclyolbion,  xvi. 

Catgut   [Dr.),   a   caricature   of   Dr. 


Arne  in  The  Commissary,  by  Sam.  Foote 
(1765). 

Catharick  {Anne),  "  the  Woman  in 
White,"  in  Wilkie  CoUins's  novel  (i860). 

Cath'arine,  queen-consort  of  Charles 
II. ;  introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott  in 
Peveril  of  the  Peak.  (See  CATHERINE, 
and  also  under  the  letter  K.) 

Catharine  {St. )  of  Alexandria  (fourth 
century),  patron  saint  of  girls  and  vir- 
gins generally.  Her  resd  name  was 
Dorothea;  but  St.  Jerome  says  she  was 
called  Catharine  from  the  Syriac  word 
Kethar  or  Kalhar,  "a  crown,"  because 
she  won  the  triple  crown  of  martyrdom, 
virginity,  and  wisdom.  She  was  fastened 
to  a  wheel,  but  was  beheaded  No- 
vember 25,  which  is  her  fete  day. 

To  braid  St.  Catharine's  hair  means  ' '  to 
live  a  virgin." 

Thou  art  too  fait  to  be  left  to  braid  St.  Catharine's 
tresses. 

Longfellow  :  Evangeline  (1848). 

Cathay',  China  or  rather  Tartary, 
a  corruption  of  the  Tartar  word  Khitai', 
"  the  country  of  the  Khitai'ans  or  Khi- 
tans.'  The  capital  was  Albracca,  ac- 
cording to  Ariosto  (Orlando  Furioso). 

.  ,  .  the  ship 
From  CoyTon,  Ind,  or  fair  Cathay  unloads. 

Byron:  Don  yuan,  xii.  9  (1821). 

Cathl}a,  son  of  Torman,  beloved  by 
Morna,  daughter  of  Cormac  king  of 
Ireland.  He  was  killed  out  of  jealousy 
by  Duchd'mar,  and  when  Duchomar  told 
Morna  and  asked  her  to  marry  him,  she 
replied,  "Thou  art  dark  to  me,  Ducho- 
mar ;  cruel  is  thine  arm  to  Morna. 
Give  me  that  sword,  my  foe ;  "  and  when 
he  gave  it,  she  "pierced  his  manly 
breast,"  and  he  died. 

Cathba,  young  son  of  Torman,  thou  art  of  the  love  of 
Morna.  Thou  art  a  sunbeam  in  the  day  of  the  gloomy 
storm.— Ossian  :  Fingal,  i. 

CATHERINE,  wife  of  Mathis,  in 
The  Polish  Jew,  by  J.  R.  Ware. 

Catherine  [Hayes],  by  Ikey  Solo- 
mon (a  pseudonym  of  Thackeray), 
1839-1840.  The  object  of  the  novel  was 
to  discountenance  the  popular  fictions 
of  highwaymen,  freebooters,  pirates,  and 
burglars. 

•.•  Catherine  Hayes  was  burnt  to  death  at  Tyburn, 
In  1720,  for  the  murder  of  her  husband. 

Catherine  {The  countess),  usually 
called  "  The  Countess,"  falls  in  love  with 
Huon,  a  serf,  her  secretary  and  tutor. 
Her  pride  revolts  at  the  match,  but  her 
love  is  masterful.  When  the  duke  her 
father  is  told  of  it,  he  insists  on  Huoa't 


CATHERINE  OF  NEWPORT. 


i88 


CATHOS. 


marrying  Catherine,  a  freed  serf,  on  pain 
of  death.  Huon  refuses  to  do  so  till  the 
countess  herself  entreats  him  to  comply. 
He  then  rushes  to  the  wars,  where  he 
greatly  distinguishes  himself,  is  created 
prince,  and  learns  that  his  bride  is  not 
Catherine  the  quondam  serf,  but  Cathe- 
rine the  duke's  daughter. — Knowles  : 
Love  (1840). 

Catli'erine  of  Newport,  the  wife 
of  Julian  Avenel  (2  syl.). — Sir  W.  Scott : 
The  Monastery  (time,  Elizabeth).  (See 
Catharine,  and  under  K.) 

Cathleen,  one  of  the  attendants  on 
Flora  M'lvor.— 5?>  W.  Scott:  Waver  ley 
(time,  George  II.). 

Cathlin  of  Clxi'tha,  daughter  of 
Cathmol.  Duth-Carmor  of  Cluba  had 
slain  Cathmol  in  battle,  and  carried  off 
Cathlin  by  force,  but  she  contrived  to 
make  her  escape  and  craved  aid  of  Fingal. 
Ossian  and  Oscar  were  selected  to  espouse 
her  cause,  and  when  they  reached  Rath- 
col  (where  Duth-Carmor  lived),  Ossian 
resigned  the  command  of  the  battle  to  his 
son  Oscar.  Oscar  and  Duth-Carmor  met 
in  combat,  and  the  latter  fell.  The  victor 
carried  the  mail  and  helmet  of  Duth- 
Carmor  to  Catlilin,  and  Cathlin  said, 
"  Take  the  mail  and  place  it  high  in 
Selma's  hall,  that  you  may  remember  the 
helpless  in  a  distant  land." — Ossian: 
Cathlin  of  Clutha. 

Catli-Lo'da.  The  tale  is  this :  Fingal 
in  his  youth,  making  a  voyage  to  the 
Orkneys,  was  driven  by  stress  of  weather 
to  Denmark.  The  king  Starno  invited 
him  to  a  feast,  but  Fingal,  in  distrust, 
declined  the  invitation.  Starno  then 
proposed  to  his  son  Svvaran  to  surprise 
Fingal  in  his  sleep ;  but  Swaran  replied, 
"I  shall  not  slay  in  shades.  I  move 
forth  in  light ; "  and  Starno  himself  re- 
solved to  attack  the  sleeper.  He  came 
to  the  place  where  Fingal  lay,  but  Fingal, 
hearing  the  step,  started  up  and  succeeded 
in  binding  Starno  to  an  oak.  At  day- 
break he  discovered  it  to  be  the  king,  and 
loosing  him  from  his  bonds  he  said,  ' '  I 
have  spared  thy  hfe  for  the  sake  of  thy 
daughter,  who  once  warned  me  of  an 
ambuscade. " —  Ossian  :  Cath  -  Loda  (in 
three  duans). 

Catli'inor,  younger  brother  of  Cair'- 
bar  ("lord  of  Atha"),  but  totally  unlike 
him.  Cairbar  was  treacherous  and  malig- 
nant ;  Cathmor  high-minded  and  hospi- 
table. Cairbar  murdered  Cormac  king  of 
Ireland,  and  having  inveigled  Oscar  (son 


of  Ossian)  to  a  feast,  vamped  up  a  quarrel, 
in  which  both  fell.  Cathmor  scorned 
such  treachery.  Cathmor  is  the  second 
hero  of  the  poem  called  Tem'ora,  and 
falls  by  the  hand  of  Fingal  (bk.  viii.). 

Cathmor,  the  friend  of  strangers,  the  brother  of  red- 
haired  CaiSar.  Their  souls  were  not  the  same.  The 
light  of  heaven  was  in  the  bosom  of  Cathmor.  His 
towers  rose  on  the  banks  of  Atha ;  seven  paths  led  to 
his  halls ;  seven  chiefs  stood  on  the  paths  and  called 
strangers  to  the  feast.  But  Cathmor  dwelt  in  the  wood, 
to  shun  the  voice  of  praise. — Ossiuti:  Temora,  i. 

Catholic  [The). 

Alfonso  I.  of  Asturias,  called  by 
Gregory  III.  His  Catholic  Majesty  (693, 
739-757)- 

Ferdinand  II.  of  Ar'agon,  husband  of 
Isabella.  Also  called  7??^i-/,  "the  wily" 
(1452,  1474-1516). 

Isabella  wife  of  Ferdinand  II.  of 
Aragon,  so  called  for  her  zeal  in  establish- 
ing the  Inquisition  (1450,  1474-1504). 

Catholic  Majesty  [CathoHca  Ma- 
gcstad\  the  special  title  of  the  kings  of 
Spain.  It  was  first  given  to  king  Recared 
(590)  in  the  third  Council  of  Toledo,  for 
his  zeal  in  rooting  out  the  "  Arian 
heresy." 

Cui  a  Deo  aetemum  meritum  nisi  vero  CathoBco  Re> 
caredo  regi?  Cui  a  Deo  aeterna  corona  nisi  vero  ortho- 
doxo  Kecaredo  regi  T — Gregory  the  Great  :  Magna 
Moralia,  127  and  128. 

But  it  was  not  then  settled  as  a  fixed 
title  to  the  kings  of  Spain.  In  1500 
Alexander  VI.  gave  the  title  to  Ferdinand 
V.  king  of  Aragon  and  Castile,  and  from 
that  time  it  became  annexed  to  the 
Spanish  crown. 

Ab  Alexandre  pontifice  Ferdinandus  "CathoKci" 
cognomentum  accei^it  in  posteros  cum  regno  trans- 
fiisuni  stabili  possessione.  Honorum  titulos  principibus 
dividcre  pontificibus  Romauis  datur. — Mariana  :  Dt 
Rebus  HesJ).,  xxvi.  12 ;  see  also  vii.  4. 

Ca'thos,  cousin  of  Madelon,  brought 
up  by  her  uncle  Gor'gibus,  a  plain  citizen 
in  the  middle  rank  of  life.  These  two 
silly  girls  have  had  their  heads  turned  by 
novels,  and  thinking  their  names  common- 
place, Cathos  calls  herself  Aminta,  and 
her  cousin  adopts  the  name  of  Polix'ena. 
Two  gentlemen  wish  to  marry  them,  but 
the  girls  consider  their  manners  too 
unaffected  and  easy  to  be  "good  style," 
so  the  gentlemen  send  their  valets  to 
represent  the  "marquis  of  Mascarille'' 
and  the  "viscount  of  Jodelet."  The 
girls  are  delighted  with  these  "  dis- 
tinguished noblemen  ;  "  but  when  the 
game  has  gone  far  enough,  the  masters 
enter,  and  lay  bare  the  trick.  The  girls 
are  taught  a  useful  lesson,  without  being 
involved  in  any  fatal  ill  consequences.— 
Moliire:  Les  Pricieuses  Ridicules  (1659)^ 


CATHULLA. 


139 


CAURUS. 


Cathulla,    king    of     Inistore     (the 

,    Orkneys)  and  brother  of  Coma'la  {g.v.). 

I    Fingal,  on  coming  in  sight  of  the  palace, 

I    observed  a  beacon-fiame  on  its  top  as 

j    signal  of  distress,   for  Frothal  king   of 

Sora  had  besieged  it,      Fingal  attacked 

Frothal,  engaged  him  in  single  combat, 

defeated  him,  and  made  him  prisoner. — 

Ossian:  Carrick-Thura. 

Catiline  {3  syl.),  a  Roman  patrician, 
who  headed  a  conspiracy  to  overthrow  the 
Government,  and  obtain  for  himself  and 
his  followers  all  places  of  power  and 
trust.  The  conspiracy  was  discovered  by 
Cicero.  Catiline  escaped  and  put  him- 
self at  the  head  of  his  army,  but  fell  in 
battle  after  fighting  with  desperate  daring 
(B.C.  62).  Voltaire,  in  his  Rome  Saiivie, 
has  introduced  the  conspiracy  and  death 
of  Catiline  (1752). 

'.'  Cicero  has  four  orations  In  Catilinutn. 

Catilines  and  Cethegi  {The),  a 
synonym  for  conspirators  who  hope  to 
mend  their  fortunes  by  rebellion. 

The  intrigT.ies  of  a  few  impoverished  Catilines  and 
Cethegi.— il/o/Zo' ."  'flte  Dutch  Republic. 

Catiline's  Conspiracy,  a  long 
tedious  tragedy  by  Ben  Jonson  (161 1). 
Full  of  wearisome  speeches. 

•.•  Gosson  wrote  a  tragedy  with  the  same  title  in  the 
tbcteenth  century.  CroTy,  in  1822,  ■  wrote  a  tragedy 
called  Catiline. 

Catins,  in  Pope's  Moral  Essays 
(Epistle  i),  is  meant  for  Charles  Darti- 
neuf,  called  by  Warburton  "a  glutton." 
Hence  the  lines — 

He  prefers,  no  doubt, 
A  rogue  with  venison  to  a  rogue  without. 

Ca'to,  the  hero  and  title  of  a  tragedy 
by  J.  Addison  (1713).  Disgusted  with 
Caesar,  Cato  retired  to  U'tica  (in  Africa), 
where  he  had  a  small  republic  and 
mimic  senate;  but  Caesar  resolved  to 
reduce  Utica  as  he  had  done  the  rest  of 
Africa ;  and  Cato,  finding  resistance 
hopeless,  fell  on  his  own  sword. 

Tho'  stern  and  awful  to  the  foes  of  Rome, 
lie  is  all  goodness,  Lucia,  always  mild, 
Compassionate,  and  gentle  to  his  friends ; 
Filled  with  domestic  tenderness. 

Act  T.  I. 

When  Barton  Booth  [17137  first  appeared  as  "  Cato,' 
Bolingbroke  called  him  into  his  box  and  gave  him  fifty 
guineas  for  defending  the  cause  of  liberty  so  well 
against  a  perpetual  dictator.— Z.j/<r  0/ Addison. 

•  .•  In  his  De  Senutitte,  Cicero  introduces  Cato  as  the 
chief  speaker. 

He  is  a  Cato,  a  man  of  simple  habits, 
severe  morals,  strict  justice,  and  blunt 
speech, — but  of  undoubted  integrity  and 
patriotism ;  like  the  Roman  censor  of 
that  name,  grandfather  of  the  Cato  of 


Utica,  who  resembled  him  in  character 

and  manners. 

Cato  and  Kortens'ins.     Cato  of 

Utica's  second  wife  was  Martia  daughter 
of  Philip.  He  allowed  her  to  live  with 
his  friend  Hortensius,  and  after  the  death 
of  Hortensius  took  her  back  again. 

\SHltans\  don't  agree  at  all  with  the  wise  Roman^ 

Heroic,  stoic  Cato,  the  sententious, 

Who  lent  his  lady  to  his  friend  Hortensius. 

Byron  :  Don  yuan,  vL  7  (iSzi);. 

Catullns.  Lord  Byron  calls  Thomas 
Moore  the  "British  Catullus,"  referring 
to  a  volume  of  amatory  poems  published 
in  1808,  under  the  pseudonym  of 
"Thomas  Little." 

'Tis  little  !  Young-  Catullus  of  his  day. 
As  sweet,  but  as  unmoral  in  his  lay. 
Byron  :  linglisk  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers  (1809). 

The  Oriental  Catullus,  Saadi  or  Sadi, 
a  Persian  poet.  He  married  a  rick 
merchant's  daughter,  but  the  marriage 
was  an  unhappy  one.  His  chief  works 
are  The  Gulistan  (or  "  garden  of  roses  "K 
and  The  Bostan  (or  "garden  of  fruits ")i 
(1176-1291). 

Cau'dine  Forks,  a  narrow  pass  in 
the  mountains  near  Capua,  now  called 
"  the  Valley  of  Arpaia."  Here  a  Roman 
army  under  the  consuls  T.  Vetu'rius 
Calvi'nus  and  Sp.  Postu'mius  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  Sam'nites  (2  syl. ),  and  were 
made  to  "pass  under  the  yoke." 

Cau'dle  [Mrs.  Margaret),  a  curtain 
lecturer,  who  between  eleven  o'clock  at 
night  and  seven  the  next  morning,  deli- 
vered for  thirty  years  a  curtain  lecture  to 
her  husband  Job  Caudle,  generally  a  most 
gentle  listener;  if  he  replied,  she  pro- 
nounced him  insufferably  rude,  and  if  he 
did  not,  he  was  insufferably  sulky. — 
Douglas  Jerrold:  Punch  ("The  Caudle 
Papers"). 

Cau'line  [Sir),  a  knight  who  served 
the  wine  to  the  king  of  Ireland.  He  fell 
in  love  with  Christabelle  (3  syl.),  the 
king's  daughter,  and  she  became  his 
troth-plight  wife,  without  her  father's 
knowledge.  When  the  king  knew  of  it,, 
he  banished  sir  Cauline  (2  syl.).  After 
a  time  the  soldain  asked  the  lady  in 
marriage,  but  sir  Cauline  challenged  hia 
rival  and  slew  him.  He  himself,  however, 
died  of  the  wounds  he  had  received,  and' 
the  lady  Christabelle,  out  of  grief,  "  burst 
her  gentle  hearte  in  twayne." — Percy: 
R cliques,  I.  i.  4. 

Cau'rus,  the  stormy  west-north-west, 
wind  ;  called  in  Greek,  Arge^tes. 

The  ground  by  piercing  Caurus  seared. 

Thomson  ;  Castle  0/  indolence,  ii.  (1748): 


CAUSTIC. 


190 


CAXTONIA. 


Caustic,  of  the  Despatch  newspaper, 
was  the  signature  of  Mr.  Serle. 

Christopher  Caustic,  the  pseudonym 
of  Thomas  'Green  Fessenden,  author  of 
Terrible  Tractoration,  a  Hudibrastic 
poem  (1771-1837). 

Caustic  {^Colonel),  a  fine  gentleman  of 
the  last  century,  very  severe  on  the 
degeneracy  of  the  present  race. — Henry 
Mackenzie,  in  The  Lounger. 

Ca'va,  or  Florida,  daughter  of  St. 
Julian.  It  was  the  violation  of  Cava  by 
Roderick  that  brought  about  the  war 
between  the  Goths  and  the  Moors,  in 
which  Roderick  was  slain  (a.d.  711). 

Cavalier  [The),  Eon  de  Beaumont, 
called  by  the  French  Le  Chevalier 
d'Eon  (1728-1810).  Charles  Breydel,  the 
Flemish  landscape  painter  (1677-1744). 
Francisco  Cairo,  the  historian,  called 
El  Chevaliere  del  Cairo  (1598-1674). 
Jean  le  Clerc,  Le  Chevalier  {1^87-1623). 
J.  Bapt.  Marini,  the  Italian  poet,  called 
//  Cavaliere  (1569-1625),  Andrew  Michael 
Ramsay  {1686-1743). 

(James  Francis  Edward  Stuart,  the 
"Old  Pretender,"  was  styled  Le  Chevalier 
de  St.  George  (1688-1765).  Charles 
Edward,  the  "Young  Pretender,"  was 
styled  The  Bonnie  Chevalier  or  Tlu 
Young  Cavalier,  1720-1788.) 

Cavalier  {The  History  of  a),  a.  tale 
by  Defoe  (1723).  So  true  to  life  that 
lord  Chatham  thought  it  was  "a  true 
biography." 

Cavalier  Servente,  called  in 
Spanish  corte^go  and  in  Italian  cicisbeo, 
A  young  gentleman  who  plays  the 
gallant  to  a  married  woman,  escorts  her 
to  places  of  public  amusement,  calls  her 
coach,  hands  her  to  supper,  buys  her  bou- 
quets and  opera  tickets,  etc. 

He  may  resume  his  amatory  care 
As  cavalier  servente. 

Byron  :  Don  Juan,  iiL  94  (1820). 

Cavall',  "king  Arthur's  hound  of 
deepest  mouth." — Tennyson  :  Idylls  of  the 
King{:'^n\di"). 

Cave  of  Adullam,  a  cave  in  which 
David  took  refuge  when  he  fled  from 
king  Saul ;  and  thither  resorted  to  him 
^' every  one  that  was  in  distress,  and 
every  one  that  was  in  debt,  and  every  one 
that  was  discontented"  (i  Sam.  xxii.  i,  2). 
Mr.  John  Bright  called  the  seceders  of 
the  reform  party  Adull'amites  (4  syl.), 
and  said  that  Lowe  and  Horsman,  like 
David  in  the  cave  of  AduUara,  gathered 


together  all  the  discontented,  and  all  that 
were  politically  distressed. 

Cave  of  Makkedah,  in  which  the 
five  kings  who  fought  against  Joshua  hid 
themselves,  but  were  slain  by  Joshua. — 
Josh»  X. 

Cave  of  Mammon,  the  abode  of  the 
god  of  wealth.  The  money-god  first 
appears  as  a  miser,  then  becomes  a  worker 
of  metals,  and  ultimately  the  god  of  all 
the  treasures  of  the  world.  All  men  bow 
down  to  his  daughter  Ambition. — Spenser: 
Faerie  Queene,  ii.  7  (1590). 

Cave  of  Montesi'nos,  about  sixty 
feet  in  depth,  in  the  heart  of  La  Mancha. 
So  called  because  Montesinos  retired 
thither  when  he  quitted  the  French  court 
on  account  of  some  insult  offered  to  him. 
Cervantes  visited  the  cave,  and  it  is  now 
often  resorted  to  by  shepherds  as  a 
shelter  from  the  cold  or  rain. 

Cav'eudish,  author  of  Principles  of 
Whist,  and  numerous  guide-books  on 
games,  as  Bdzique,  Picquet,  I^carld, 
Billiards,  etc.  Henry  Jones,  editor  of 
"  Pastimes  "  in  The  Field  and  The  Queen 
newspapers  (1831-        ). 

Cavendish.  Square  (London),  so 
called  from  Henrietta  Cavendish,  wife  of 
Edward  second  earl  of  Oxford  and 
Mortimer  (built  1718). 

Cawther  [At),  the  lake  of  paradise, 
the  waters  of  which  are  sweet  as  honey, 
cold  as  snow,  and  clear  as  crystal.  He 
who  once  tastes  thereof  shall  never  thirst 
again. — Al  KorUn,  cviii. 

The  righteous,  having  surmounted  the  difficulties  of 
life,  and  having  passed  the  sharp  bridge  [al  Sirdf],  will 
be  refreshed  by  drinking  at  the  pond  of  their  propliet, 
the  waters  of  which  are  supplied  from  al  Cawther.  .  .  . 
This  is  the  first  taste  which  the  blessed  will  have  of 
their  future  but  near-approaching  felicity. — Sale  :  Al 
Kordn  ("  The  Preliminary  Discourse,"  iv.). 

Cax'on  [Old  Jacob),  hairdresser  of 
Jonathan  Oldbuck  ("the  antiquary")  of 
Monkbarns. 

Jenny  Caxon,  a  milliner  ;  daughter  of 
Old  Jacob.— 5z>  W.Scott:  The  Antiquary 
(time,  George  III.). 

Cazton  [Pisistrutus),  the  hypothetical 
author  oi  My  Novel  [i8$'^)  ;  The  Caxions; 
and  the  essays  called  Caxtonia. 

Caxton  Society  [The),  (i845-i8;4), 
for  the  publication  of  the  chronicles,  etc., 
of  the  Middle  Ages. 

Caxtonia,  a  series  of  essays  supposed 
to  be  written  by  Pisistritus  Caxton, 
Edward  lord  Lytton  (1863). 


CAXTOXS. 

f  Caztons  {TAe),  a  domestic  novel  by 
Edward  lord  Lytton  (1849).  Supposed  to 
be  written  by  Pisistritus  Caxton. 

Ceca  to  Mecca  {From),  from  pillar 
to  post.  To  saunter  or  ramble  from  Ceca 
to  Mecca  is  a  Spanish  proverb,  meaning  to 
roam  about  purposelessly  or  idly.  Ceca 
and  Mecca  are  two  places  visited  by 
Mohammedan  pilgrims. 

"  Let  us  return  home,"  said  Sancho,  "  nor  longrer 
ramble  from  Ceca  to  l.\.ccc&."— Cervantes :  Don 
Quixote,  I.  Ui.  4  (1605). 

Cecil,  or  The  Adventures  of  a  Coxcomb, 
the  hero  of  a  novel  so  called  by  Mrs. 
Gore  (1841). 

Cecil  {Davenant),  the  pseudonym 
adopted  by  Coleridge  in  his  contributions 
to  the  Quarterly  Magazine. 

Cecil's  Fast,  an  Act  of  Parliament 
by  W.  Cecil,  lord  Burleigh,  to  enjoin  the 
eating  of  fish  on  certain  days.  The 
object  of  this  Act  was  to  restore  the  fish 
trade,  which  had  been  almost  ruined  by 
the  Reformation.  Papists  eat  fish  on 
fast-days,  and  at  the  Reformation,  the 
eating  of  fish  being  looked  on  as  a  badge 
of  bad  faith,  no  one  was  willing  to  lie 
under  the  suspicion  of  being  a  papist, 
and  no  one  would  buy  fish. 

Cecilia  [St.),  the  patroness  of  musi- 
cians and  "  inventor  of  the  organ."  The 
legend  says  that  an  angel  fell  in  love 
with  Cecilia  for  her  musical  skill,  and 
nightly  brought  her  roses  from  paradise. 
Her  husband  saw  the  angel-visitant,  who 
gave  to  both  a  crown  of  martyrdom. 

Thou  seem  st  to  me  like  the  angel 
That  brought  the  immortal  roses 
To  St.  Cecilia's  bridal  chamber. 

Lons/illoTv  :  The  Golden  Legend. 

Ce'dric,  a  thane  of  Rotherwood,  and 
surnamed  "the  Saxon."— 5i>  W.  Scott: 
Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I. ). 

Ceradon  and  Amelia.  (See 
Amelia,  p.  35.) 

(Celadon,  like  Chloe,  Celia,  Lesbia, 
DaphnS,  etc.,  may  be  employed  to 
signify  a  lady-love  generally. ) 

Celandine  (3  syl-),  a  shepherd  of 
"various  natural  gifts,"  in  love  with 
Marina,  a  neighbouring  shepherdess,  of 
enchanting  beauty.  Finding  his  "  suite 
was  quickly  got,  as  moved,"  he  waxed 
cold  and  indifferent. —  W,  Browne: 
Britannia's  Pastorals  (1613). 

Cele'no  or  Celss'no,  chief  of  the 
harpies. 

There  on  a  craggy  stone 
Celcno  hung,  and  made  his  direful  moan. 
Gitti  Fletcher  :  Chris fs  Triumph  \pn  Earth\  (i6i«). 


X91  CELIDON. 

Celes'tial  City  [The).  Heaven  is 
so  called  by  John  Bunyan,  in  his  Pilgrim's 
Prot^ress  (1678).  Pekin,  in  China,  is  so 
called  also. 

Celes'tial  Empire,  China,  so  called 
because  the  first  emperors  were  all 
"celestial  deities  :  "  as  Puon-Ku  ("high- 
est eternity"),  Tien-Hodng  ("emperor 
of  heaven"),  Ti-Hoftng  ("emperor  of 
earth"),  Gine-Hodng  ("emperor  of  men"), 
etc.,  embracing  a  period  of  300,000  years 
previous  to  To-hi,  whose  reign  is  placed 
B.C.  2953-2838. 

CE'LIA,  daughter  of  Frederick  the 
usurping  duke,  and  cousin  of  Ros'alind 
daughter  of  the  banished  duke.  When  Ro- 
salind was  driven  from  her  uncle's  court, 
Celia  determined  to  go  with  her  to  the 
forest  of  Arden  to  seek  out  the  banished 
duke,  and  for  security  sake,  Rosalind 
dressed  in  boy's  clothes  and  called  her- 
self "  Gan'imed,"  while  Celia  dressed  as 
a  peasant  -  girl  and  called  herself 
"Aliena."  When  they  reached  Arden 
they  lodged  for  a  time  in  a  shepherd's 
hut,  and  Oliver  de  Boys  was  sent  to  tell 
them  that  his  brother  Orlando  was  hurt 
and  could  not  come  to  the  hut  as  usual. 
Oliver  and  Celia  fell  in  love  with  each 
other,  and  their  wedding  day  was  fixed. 
Ganimed  resumed  the  dress  of  Rosalind, 
and  the  two  brothers  married  at  the  same 
time. — Shakespeare:  As  You  Like  It 
(1598). 

Arden  is  an  hypothetical  place. 

Celia,  a  girl  of  16,  in  Whitehead's 
comedy  of  The  School  for  Lovers.  It 
was  WTitten  expressly  for  Mrs.  Gibber, 
daughter  of  Dr.  Arne. 

Mrs.  Cibber  was  at  the  time  more  than  Jo  years  old, 
but  the  uncommon  symmetry  and  exact  proportion  in 
her  form,  with  her  singular  vivacity,  enabled  her  to  re- 
present the  character  of  "Celia"  with  all  the  juvenile 
appearance  marked  by  the  author. — Percy  :  Anecdotes. 

Ce'lia,  a  poetical  name  for  any  lady- 
love :  as  "  Would  you  know  my  Celia's 
charms  .  .  .  ? "  Not  unfrequently 
Streph'on  is  the  wooer  when  Celia  is  the 
wooed.  Thomas  Carew  calls  his  ' '  sweet 
sweeting"  Celia;  her  real  name  is  not 
known. 

Celia  (Z^aw^),  mother  of  Faith,  Hope, 
and  Charity.  She  lived  in  the  hospice 
called  Holiness.  (Celia  is  from  the  Latin, 
caelum,  "heaven.") — Spenser:  Faerie 
Queene,  i.  10  (1590). 

Celldon,  the  scene  of  one  of  Arthur's 
twelve  battles,  also  called  "  Celidon-the- 
Forest,"    and    said    to    be    Tweeddale. 


CELIMENE. 


19a 


CEPHALUS. 


Celyddon  was  a  common  term  for  a 
British  forest.    (See  Celadon,  p,  191.) 

C^limeue  (3  syL),  a  coquette  courted 
by  Alceste  (2  sjyl.)  the  "misanthrope"  (a 
really  good  man,  both  upright  and  manly, 
but  blunt  in  behaviour,  rude  in  speech, 
and  unconventional).  Alceste  wants  C6- 
lim^ne  to  forsake  society  and  live  with 
him  in  seclusion  ;  this  she  refuses  to  do, 
and  he  replies,  as  you  cannot  find,  "  tout 
en  moi,  comme  moi  tout  en  vous,  allez, 
je  vous  refuse."  He  then  proposes  to  her 
cousin  Eliante  (3  syl.),  but  Eliante  tells 
him  she  is  already  engaged  to  his  friend 
Philinte  (2  syl.),  and  so  the  plays  ends. — 
Moliere  :  Le  Misanthrope  (1666). 

("  C^limfene"  in  MoU^re's  Les  Priciemes 
Ridicules  is  a  mere  dummy.  She  is 
brought  on  the  stage  occasionally  towards 
the  end  of  the  play,  but  never  utters  one 
word,  and  seems  a  supernumerary  of  no 
importance  at  all. ) 

Celin'da,  the  victim  of  count  Fathom's 
seduction. — Smollett  :  Count  Fathom 
(1754)- 

The  count  placed  an  Eolian  harp  In  her  bedroom, 
and  "  the  strings  no  sooner  felt  the  impression  of  the 
■wind  than  they  began  to  pour  forth  a  stream  of  melody 
more  ravishingly  delightful  than  the  song  of  Philomel, 
the  warbling  brook,  and  all  the  concert  of  the  wood."— 
StTiollctt:  Count  Fathom. 

Cellide  (2  syl.\  beloved  by  Valentine 
and  his  son  Francisco.  The  lady  naturally 
prefers  the  younger  man. — Fletcher:  Mons. 
Thomas  (1619}.     Beaumont  died  1616. 

Celt.  Tennyson  calls  the  irritability 
of  the  Irish  and  Welsh 

The  blind  hysterics  of  the  Celt. 

In  Memoriam,  clx. 

Celtic  and  Ibe'rian  Fields  ( The), 

France  and  Spain. 

Roving  the  Celtic  and  Iberian  fields. 

Milton  :  Comus,  60  (1634). 

Celtic  Homer  { The),  Ossian,  said  to 
be  of  the  third  century. 

If  Ossian  lived  at  the  introduction  of  Christianity,  as 
by  all  appearances  he  did,  his  epoch  will  be  tlie  latter 
end  of  the  third  and  beginning  of  the  fourth  century. 

The  "  Caracul "  of  Fingal,  who  is  no  other  than  Cara- 
calla)  son  of  Seve'rus,  emperor  of  Rome),  and  the  battle 
fought  against  Caros  or  Carausius,  ...  fix  the  epoch  of 
Fingal  to  the  third  century,  and  Irish  historians  place 
his  death  in  the  year  283.  Ossian  was  Fingal's  son.— 
£ra  0/ Ossian. 

Celtic  Langfuages.  (See  Keltic.) 
Cenci.  Francesco  Cenci  was  a  most 
profligate  Roman  noble,  who  had  four 
sons  and  one  daughter,  all  of  whom  he 
treated  with  abominable  cruelty.  It  is 
said  that  he  assassinated  his  two  elder 
sons  and  debauched  his  daughter  Beatrice. 
Beatrice  and  her  two  surviving  brothers, 
with  I.ucretia  {th-ir  mother),   conspired 


against  Francesco  and  accomplished  his 
death  ;  but  all  except  the  youngest  brother 
perished  on  the  scaffold,  September  11, 
1599.  (See  Quarterly  Review,  February, 
1879.) 

It  has  been  doubted  whether  the  famous  portrait  In 
the  Earberini  palace  of  Rome  is  that  of  Beatrice  Cenci, 
and  even  whether  Guido  was  the  painter  thereof. 

Percy  B.  Shelley  wrote  a  tragedy  called 
The  Cenci  (1819). 

Cenimajf'ni,  the  inhabitants  of 
Norfolk,  Suffolk,  and  Cambridge. — 
Ccesar :  Commentaries. 

Cennini,  the  jeweller  in  Romola,  a 
novel  by  "  George  Eliot  "  (Mrs.  Lewis  or 
J.  W.  Crosse),  (1863). 

Centaur  {The  Blue),  a  human  form 
from  the  waist  upwards,  and  a  goat 
covered  with  blue  shag  from  the  waist 
downwards.  Like  the  ogri,  he  fed  on 
human  flesh. 

"  Shepherds,"  said  he,  "  I  am  the  Blue  Centaur.  If  yon 
will  give  me  every  third  year  a  young  child,  I  promise  to 
bring  a  hundred  of  my  kinsmen  and  drive  the  Ogri 
away."  .  .  .  W^\the  Blue  Centaur\  used  to  appear  on 
the  top  of  a  rock,  with  his  club  in  one  hand  .  .  .  and 
with  a  terrible  voice  cry  out  to  the  shepherds,  "  Leave 
me  my  prey,  and  be  off  with  ^ou ! " — Comtesse 
D'Aulnoy  :  Fairy  Tales  ("  Princess  Carpillona,"  1682). 

Centaurs  ( The),  of  classic  mythology, 
were  half  men  and  half  horses.  They 
fought  with  the  Lapithas  at  the  marriage 
feast  of  Pirithous,  were  expelled  from 
their  country,  and  took  refuge  on  Mount 
Pindus.  Chiron  was  the  most  famous  of 
the  Centaurs. 

Cen'tury  White,  John  White,  the 
nonconformist  lawyer.  So  called  from 
his  chief  work,  entitled  The  First  Century 
of  Scandalous,  Malignant  Priests,  etc. 
(1590-1645). 

Ce'phal  (Greek,  Kephalt),  the  Head 
personified,  the  "  acropolis  "  of  The  Purple 
Island,  fully  described  in  canto  v.  of  that 
poem,  by  Phineas  Fletcher  (1633). 

Ceph'alus  (in  Greek,  Kephdlos).  One 
day,  overcome  with  heat,  Cephalus  threw 
himself  on  the  grass,  and  cried  aloud, 
' '  Come,  gentle  Aura,  and  this  heat 
allay  1  "  The  words  were  told  to  his 
young  wife  Procris,  who,  supposing  Aura 
to  be  some  rival,  became  furiously  jealous. 
Resolved  to  discover  her  rival,  she  stole 
next  day  to  a  covert,  and  soon  saw  her 
husband  come  and  throw  himself  on  the 
bank,  crying  aloud,  "  Come,  gentle 
Zephyr  ;  come.  Aura,  come,  this  heat 
allay  !  "  Her  mistake  was  evident,  and 
she  was  about  to  throw  herself  into  the 
arms  of  her  husband,  when  the  young 
man,  aroused  by  the  rustling,  shot  an 


CERASTES. 


X93 


arrow  into  the  covert,  supposing  some 
wild  beast  was  about  to  spring  on  him. 
Procris  was  shot,  told  her  tale,  and  died, 
—Ovid:  Art  of  Love,  iii. 

Cephalus  loves  Procris,  i.e.  "  the  sun  kisses  the  dew. 
Frocris  is  kiUed  by  Cephalus,  i.e.  "the  dew  is  de- 
stroyed by  the  rays  of  the  sun." 

Ceras'tes  (3  sy/.),  the  horned  snake 
(Greek,  keras,  "a  horn").  Milton  uses 
the  word  in  Paradise  Lost,  x.  525  {1665). 

Cerberos,  a  dog  with  three  heads, 
which  keeps  guard  in  hell.  Dantfi  places 
it  in  the  third  circle. 

Cerberus,  cruel  monster,  fierce  and  strange, 
Through  his  wide  threefold  tl.roat  barks  as  a  dog.  .  . 
His  eyes  glare  crimson,  black  its  unctuous  beard, 
His  belly  Targe,  and  clawed  the  hands  with  which 
He  tears  the  spirits,  flays  them,  and  their  Umbs 
Piecemeal  disparts. 

Vante  :  HtU,  vL  (1300,  Gary's  translation). 

Cer'don,  the  boldest  of  the  rabble 
leaders  in  the  encounter  with  Hu'dibras 
at  the  bear-baiting.  The  original  of  this 
character  was  Hewson,  a  one-eyed 
cobbler  and  preacher,  who  was  also  a 
colonel  in  the  Rump  army.— 5.  Butler: 
Hudibras,  \.  2  (X663). 

Ce'res  (2  syi.),  the  Fruits  of  Harvest 
personified.  In  classic  mythology  CerSs 
means  "Mother  Earth,"  the  protectress 
of  agriculture  and  fruits. 

Ceres,  the  planet,  is  so  called  because 
it  was  discovered  from  the  observatory  of 
Palermo,  and  CerSs  is  the  tutelar  goddess 
of  Sicily. 

Ceret'tick  Shore  (The),  the  Car- 
digan coast. 

...  the  other  floods  from  the  Cerettick  shore 
To  the  Virginian  sea  [if.v.],  contributing  their  store. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  vi.  (1612). 

Cer'imon,  a  physician  of  Ephesus, 
who  restored  to  animation  Thaisa,  the 
wife  of  Per'iclfis  prince  of  Tyre,  sup- 
posed to  be  dead. — Shakespeare  :  Pericles 
Prince  of  Tyre  (1608). 

Certa'men  Cathol'ictiin  cum 
Calvinistis,  of  Hamconius,  is  a  poem 
in  which  every  word  begins  with  C. 

N.B. — In  the  Materia  more  Magistrdlis 
every  word  begins  with  M  ;  and  in  the 
Pugna  Porcorum  per  P.  Porcum  poetam 
very  word  begins  with  P. 

Chab'ot  {Philippe  de),  admiral  of 
France,  governor  of  Bourgoyne  and  Nor- 
andy  vmder  Fran9ois  I.  Montmorency 
d  the  cardinal  de  Lorraine,  out  of 
lealousy,  accused  him  of  malversation, 
.s  faithful  servant  AUegre  was  put  to  the 
ck  to  force  evidence  against  the  accused, 
d  Chabot  was  sent  to  prison  because  he 


CHAM  OF  TARTARY. 

was  unable  to  pay  the  fine  levied  upon 
him.  His  innocence,  however,  was  estab- 
lished by  the  confession  of  his  enemies, 
and  he  was  released;  but  disgrace  had 
made  so  deep  an  impression  on  his  mind 
that  he  sickened  and  died.  This  is  the 
subject  of  a  tragedy  entitled  The  Tragedy 
of  Philip  Chabot,  etc.,  by  Chapman  and 
Shirley  (1639). 

Cliad'band  \J'he  Rev.  Mr.),  type  of 
a  canting  hypocrite  "in  the  ministry." 
He  calls  himself  "  a  vessel,"  is  much 
admired  by  his  dupes,  and  pretends  to 
despise  the  "  carnal  world,"  but  never- 
theless loves  dearly  its  "good  things," 
and  is  most  self-indulgent. — C,  Dickens  : 
Bleak  House  {1853). 

Chaflangton  (Afr.  Percy),  M.P.,  a 
stock-broker. — Morton:  If  1  had  a  Thou- 
sand a  Year, 

Cbalbrook,  a  giant,  the  root  of  the 
race  of  giants,  including  Polypheme 
(3  syl),  Goliath,  the  Titans,  Fierabras, 
Gargantua,  and  closing  with  Pantag'ruel. 
He  was  born  in  the  year  known  for  its 
"week  of  three  Thursdays." — Rabelais: 
Pantagruel,  ii.  {1533). 

Cliary"bes  (3  syl.),  a  people  on  the 
south  shore  of  the  Black  Sea,  who  occu- 
pied themselves  in  working  iron. 

On  the  left  hand  dwell 
The  Iron-workers  called  the  Chalyb^, 
Of  whom  beware. 
Mrs.  Browning:  Prometheus  Bound  (1850). 

Cbam,  the  pseudonym  of  comte 
Amdd^e  de  No6,  a  peer  of  France,  a  great 
wit,  and  the  political  caricaturist  of 
Charivari  (the  French  Punch).  The 
count  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
French  Republic  in  1875.  As  Cham  or 
Ham  was  the  second  son  and  scapegrace 
of  Noah,  so  Am^d^e  was  the  second  son 
and  scapegrace  of  the  comte  de  N06 
[Noah]. 

Cbam  [fTam],  the  sovereign  prmce  of 
Tartary,  now  written  Khan. 

The  Great  Cham  of  Literature.  Dr. 
Johnson  (1709- 1784)  was  so  called  by 
Smollett. 

Cbam  of  Tartary,  a  corruption  of 
Chan  or  Khan,  i.e.  "  lord  or  prince,"  as 
Hoccota  Chan.  "  Ulu  Chan"  means 
"  gfreat  lord,"  "ulu"  being  equal  to  the 
Latin  magnus,  and  "chan"to  dominus 
or  imperdtor.  Sometimes  the  word  is 
joined  to  the  name,  as  Chan-balu,  Cara- 
chan,  etc.  The  Turks  have  also  had 
their  "Sultan  Murad  chan  bin  Sultan 
Selim  chan,"  i.e.  Sultan  Murad  prince, 
H 


CHAMBERLAIN. 


194 


f<m  of  Sultan  Selim  prince. — Selden : 
Titles  of  Honour,  vi.  66  (1672). 

Cham'berlain  [Matthew),  a  tapster, 
the  successor  of  Old  Roger  Raine  (i  syl.). 
—Sir  W.  Scott:  Peveril  of  the  Peak 
(lime,  Charles  II. ). 

Chambers's  Journal,  a  weekly 
serial  by  William  and  Robert  Chambers, 
begun  in  1832. 

ChauLOnt,  brother  of  Monimia  "the 
orphan,"  and  the  troth-plight  husband  of 
Seri'na  (daughter  of  lord  Acasto).  He  is 
,a  soldier,  so  proud  and  susceptible  that 
be  is  for  ever  taking  offence,  and  setting 
himself  up  as  censor  or  champion.  He 
fancies  his  sister  Monim'ia  has  lost  her 
honour,  and  calls  her  to  task,  but  finds  he 
is  mistaken.  He  fancies  her  guardian, 
old  Acasto,  has  not  been  sufficiently 
watchful  over  her,  and  draws  upon  him  in 
his  anger,  but  sees  his  folly  just  in  time 
to  prevent  mischief.  He  fancies  CastaHo, 
his  sister's  husband,  has  ill-treated  her, 
and  threatens  to  kill  him,  but  his 
suspicions  are  again  altogether  erroneous. 
In  fact,  his  presence  in  the  house  was 
like  that  of  a  madman  with  fire-brands 
in  a  stack-yard.— C>/way  .•  The  Orphan 
(1680). 

There  are  characters  in  which  he  [C.  M.  Young\  is 
unrivalled  and  almost  perfect.  His  "  Pierre  "  [Venice 
Preserved,  Otway]  is  more  soldierly  than  Kemble  s ; 
his  "  Chamont "  is  full  of  brotherly  pride,  noble  im- 
petuosity, and  heroic  scorn.— AVa/  Monthly  Masaziru 
(1822), 

GhampaiT'Le  [Henry  earl  of),  a 
crusader.— -Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Talisman 
(time,  Richard  I.). 

Cliain'pernel',  a  lame  old  gentle- 
man, the  husband  of  Lami'ra,  and  son- 
in-law  of  judge  Vertaigne  (2  syL).— 
{i)  Beaumont  and  Fletcher:  The  Little 
French  Lawyer  (printed  1647). 

Champion  and  Severall.  A 
"champion"  is  a  common,  or  land  in 
allotments  without  enclosures.  A 
"severall"  is  a  private  farm,  or  land 
enclosed  for  individual  use.  A  "cham- 
pion "  also  means  one  who  holds  an  open 
allotment  or  "  champion." 

More  profit  is  quieter  found 

(Where  pastures  in  severall  be) 
Of  one  seely  acre  of  ground. 

Than  champion  maketh  of  three. 
Again  what  a  joy  it  is  known 
When  men  may  be  bold  of  their  own  I 

Tusser:  Five  Hundred  Points  o/Cood 
Husbandry,  liii.  23. 

Again— 

The  champion  differs  from  severall  much 
For  want  of  partition,  closier,  and  such. 

Tusser  (Introduction),  (1557). 

Champion   of  the  Virgfin.     St. 


CHAONIAN  BIRD. 

Cyril  of  Alexandria  iS  so  called  from  his 
defence  of  the  ' '  Incarnation  "  or  doctrine 
of  the  "hypostatic  union,"  in  the  long 
and  stormy  dispute  with  Nesto'rius 
bishop  of  Constantinople. 

Champneys  [Sir  Geoffry),  a  fossi- 
lized old  country  gentleman,  who  beheves 
in  "  blue  blood"  and  the  "British  peer- 
age." Father  of  Talbot,  and  neighbour 
of  Perkyn  Middlewick,  a  retired  butter- 
man.  The  sons  of  these  two  magnates 
are  fast  friends,  but  are  turned  adrift  by 
their  fathers  for  marrying  in  opposition 
to  their  wishes.  When  reduced  to  abject 
poverty,  the  old  men  go  to  visit  their 
sons,  relent,  and  all  ends  happily. 

Talbot  Champneys,  a.  swell  with  few 
brains  and  no  energy.  His  name,  which 
was  his  passport  into  society,  would  not 
find  him  in  salt  in  the  battle  of  life.  He 
marries  Mary  Melrose,  a  girl  without  a 
penny,  but  his  father  wanted  him  to 
marry  Violet  the  heiress. 

Miss  Champneys,  sir  Geoffry's  sister,  , 
proud  and  aristocratic,  but  quite  wiUing 
to  sacrifice  both  on  the  altar  of  Mr. 
Perkyn  Middlewick,  the  butterman,  if  the 
wealthy  plebeian  would  make  her  his 
wife,  and  allow  her  to  spend  his  money. 
—H.  J.  Byron  :  Our  Boys  (1875). 

Chandos  House  (Cavendish  Square, 
London),  so  called  from  being  the  resi- 
dence of  James  Brydges,  duke  of  Chan- 
dos, generally  called  "The  Princely 
Chandos." 

Chandos  Street.  (See  Caribee 
Islands,  p.  179.) 

Chanounes  Yemenes  Tale  ( The), 
that  is,  a  yeraen's  tale  about  a  chanoun. 
(A  "yemen"  is  a  bailiff.)  This  is  a  tale 
in  ridicule  of  alchemy.  A  chanoun  hum- 
bugged a  priest  by  pretending  to  conver; 
rubbish  into  gold.  With  a  film  of  wax  h 
concealed  in  a  stick  a  small  lot  of  thin  gold. 
The  priest  stirred  the  boiling  water  with 
the  stick,  and  the  thin  pieces  of  gold,  as 
the  wax  melted,  dropped  into  the  pot. 
The  priest  gave  the  chanoun  ,^^40  for  the 
recipe;  and  the  crafty  alchemist  was 
never  seen  by  him  afterwards. 

Chan'ticleer  (3  syl.),  the  cock,  in 
the  beast-epic  of  Reynard  the  Fox  (1498), 
and  also  in  "  The  Nonne  Prestes  Tale," 
told  in  The  Canterbury  Tales,  by  Chaucer 
(1388). 

Chaon'ian  Bird  [The),  the  dove;  sc 
called  because  doves  delivered  the  oracle; 
of  Dodona  or  Chaon'ia. 


CIIAONIAN  FOOD.  19S 

But  the  mild  swallow  none  with  ton<;  Infest, 
hrA  none  the  sol't  Chaonian  bird  molest. 

Ovid :  A  rt  of  Love,  B. 

Chaonian  Food,  acorns  ;  so  called 

the  oak  trees  of  Dodona,  which  gave 

he  oracles  by  means  of  bells  hung 

r^  the  branches.     Beech  mast  is  so 

.!  ,    1  also,  because  beech  trees  abounded 

n  t!ie  forest  of  Doddna. 

^'liapelie  Aventnreuse,  the  place 

Launcelot  had  his  second  vision  of 

P>eatific  Cup."    His  first  was  during 

t  of  madness. 

Slumberinff,  he  saw  the  vision  high. 
He  might  not  view  with  waking  eye. 

Sir  IV.  Scott:  Afarmion  (1808). 

Cliaracters  of  Vathek's  Sabres. 

'  1  ike  the  characters  of  Vathek's  sabres, 

never  remained   two    days  alike." 

(^  sabres  would  deal  blows  without 

...^  wielded  by  man,  obedient   to  his 

A-isii  on\y.—Beck/ord :   Vathek  ( 1784). 

Cliaraiois,  son  of   the   marshal    of 

-^undy.     When  he  was  28  years  old, 

ather  died  in  prison   at   Dijon,  for 

s  contracted  by  him  for  the  service  of 

'tate  in  the  wars.     According  to  the 

Nshich  then  prevailed  in  France,  the 

.   of  the  marshal  was  seized  by  his 

tors,  and  refused  burial.     The  son 

iiaralois  redeemed  his  father's  body 

:  y  his  own,  which  was  shut  up  in  prison 

m  lieu  of  the  marshal. — Massinger:  The 

Fatal  Dowry  (1632). 

^  It  will  be  remembered  that  Milti'adds, 

the  Athenian  general,  died  in  prison  for 

•     t,  and  the  creditors  claimed  the  body, 

h  they  would  not  suflfer  to  be  buried 

his  son  Cimon  gave  up  himself  as  a 

!.r--,tage. 

Char'eifite  {3  syl).  The  Charegite 
assassin,  in  the  disguise  of  a  Turkish 
Miftrab«ut  or  enthusiast,  comes  and  dances 
tjetore  the  tent  of  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion, 
and  suddenly  darting  forward,  is  about  to 
tstab  the  king,  when  a  Nubian  seizes  his 
krm,  and  the  king  kills  the  assassin  on 
the  spot.— 5/>  W.  Scott:  The  Talisman 
(tine,  Richard  1.). 

Charge  of  tlie  Light  Brigade, 

or  ' '  The   Death   Charge  of  the  600  at 

Fjiilaclava,"  Sept.  20,  1854.    The  brigade 

consisted  of  the  13th   Light  Dragoons, 

the    17th    Lancers,    the    nth    Hussars 

"-^mmanded   by  lord  Cardigan,  the  8th 

^sars,   and  the  4th  Light  Dragoons. 

>  Russians  were  advancing  in  great 

ngth   to  intercept   the    Turkish  and 

ish  forces,  when  lord  Raglan  (com- 

nvmder- in-chief)  sent  an  order  to  lord 


CHARIVARI. 

Lucan  to  advance,  and  lord  Lucan  (not 
understanding  what  was  intended )  applied 
to  captain  Nolan,who  brought  the  message, 
for  information.  Nolan  replied,  "  There, 
my  lord,  is  your  enemy."  Lucan  then 
gave  orders  to  lord  Cardigan  to  attack, 
and  the  6co  rode  forward  into  the  jaws 
of  death.  In  20  minutes,  12  officers  were 
slain,  and  4  others  wounded  ;  147  men 
were  slain,  and  no  wounded.  The 
blunder  must  be  shared  by  lord  Lucan, 
general  Airey,  and  captain  Nolnn.  How- 
ever, never  was  victory  more  glorious  to 
the  devoted  men  than  this  useless  and 
deadly  charge.  It  "was  magnificent, 
but  it  was  not  war,"  and  when  lord 
Cardigan  rallied  the  scattered  remains, 
he  said,  "My  men,  someone  has  blun- 
dered." They  replied,  "  Never  mind, 
my  lord,  we  are  ready  to  charge  again  if 
it  is  your  lordship's  command."  Tenny- 
son wrote  a  poem  on  the  fatal  charge. 

N.  B. — Coincidences.  The  names  of  the 
four  persons  concerned  all  end  in  -an; 
Raglan  told  Nolan,  Nolan  told  Lucan, 
and  Lucan  told  Cardigan.  The  initials 
of  these  names  make  R  a  C-L  a  N,  very 
near  the  name  R  a  G-L  a  N, 

Charicle'ia,the/a«^<^^ofTheag'en^s, 
in  the  Greek  romance  called  The  Loves  of 
Thedgenls  and  Charicleia,  by  Heliodo'ros 
bishop  of  Trikka  (fourth  century). 

Chari'no,  father  of  Angelina.  Charino 
wishes  Angelina  to  marry  Clodio,  a  young 
coxcomb ;  but  the  lady  prefers  his  elder 
brother  Carlos,  a  young  bookworm.  Love 
changes  the  character  of  the  diffident 
Carlos,  and  Charino  at  last  accepts  him 
for  his  son-in-law.  Charino  is  a  testy, 
obstinate  old  man,  who  wants  to  rule  the 
whole  world  in  his  own  -wz-y.—Cibber: 
Love  Makes  a  Man  (1694). 

Chariva'ri.  In  the  Middle  Ages  a 
"charivari"  consisted  of  an  assemblage 
of  ragamuffins,  who,  armed  with  tin 
pots  and  pans,  fire-shovels,  and  kettles, 
gathered  in  the  dark  outside  the  house  of 
any  obnoxious  person,  making  the  night 
hideous  by  striking  the  pots  against  the 
pans,  and  howling  "  Haro  I  haro  !  "  or  Ma 
the  south)  "Hari  !  hari  I  "  In  1563  tne 
Council  of  Trent  took  the  matter  up,  and 
solemnly  interdicted  "  charivaries"  under 
pain  of  excommunication  ;  nevertheless, 
the  practice  long  continued  in  some  of 
the  French  villages,  notably  in  La  Rus- 
cade. 

IF  Tn  East  Lavant,  near  Chichester,  be- 
tween 1869  and  1872,  1  witnessed  three 


CHARLEMAGNE. 

such  visitations  made  to  different  houses. 
In  two  cases  the  husband  had  bullied  his 
wife  ;  and  in  one  the  wife  had  injured  her 
husband  with  a  broomstick.  The  visi- 
tation in  all  cases  was  made  for  three 
successive  nights ;  and  the  villagers  as- 
sured me  confidently  that  the  ' '  law  had 
no  power  to  suppress  these  demonstra- 
tions." 

Charlemag-ne  and  his  Pala- 
dins. This  series  of  romances  is  of 
French  origin  ;  as  the  Arthurian  is  Welsh 
or  British.  It  began  with  the  legendary 
chronicle  in  verse,  called  Historia  de  Vita 
Caroli  Magni  et  Rolandi,  erroneously 
attributed  to  Turpin  archbishop  of  Rheims 
(a  contemporary  of  Charlemagne).  Pro- 
bably they  were  written  200  or  300  years 
later.  The  chief  of  the  series  are  Huon 
of  Bordeaux,  Guerin  de  Monglave,  Gaylen 
Rhetori  (in  which  Charlemagne  and  his 
paladins  proceed  in  mufti  to  the  Holy 
Land),  Miles  and  Ames,  Jairdain  de 
Blaves,  Doolin  de  Mayence,  Ogier  le 
Danois,  and  Maugis  the  Enchanter. 

Charlemagne  was  buried  at  Aix-la-Chapelle  in  814. 

i  Charlemagne's  Stature.  We  are  told 
that  Charlemagne  was  "  eight  feet  high," 
and  so  strong  that  he  could  "straighten 
with  his  hands  alone  three  horse-shoes  at 
once."  His  diet  and  his  dress  were  both 
as  simple  as  possible. 

Charlemagne' s Nine  Wives:  (i)  Hamil- 
trude,  a  poor  Frenchwoman,  who  bore 
him  several  children.  (2)  Desidera'ta, 
who  was  divorced.  {3)  Hildegarde.  (4) 
Fastrade,  daughter  of  count  Rodolph  the 
Saxon,  (s)  Luitgarde  the  German.  (The 
last  three  died  before  him.)  (6)  Malte- 
garde.  (7)  Gersuinde  the  Saxon.  (8) 
Regina.     (9)  Adalinda. 

Charlemagne's  Sword,  La  Joyeuse. 

Charlemagne  and  the  Ring.  Pasquier 
says  that  Charles  le  Grand  fell  in  love 
with  a  peasant-girl  [Agatha],  in  whose 
society  he  seemed  bewitched,  insomuch 
that  all  matters  of  State  were  neglected 
by  him  ;  but  the  girl  died,  to  the  g^eat  joy 
of  alU  What,  however,  was  the  astonish- 
ment of  the  court  to  find  that  the  king 
seemed  no  less  bewitched  with  the  dead 
body  than  he  had  been  with  the  living, 
and  spent  all  day  and  night  with  it,  even 
when  its  smell  was  quite  offensive.  Arch- 
bishop Turpin  felt  convinced  there  was 
sorcery  in  this  strange  infatuation ;  and  on 
examining  the  body,  found  a  ring  under 
the  tongue,  which  he  removed.  Charle- 
magne now  lost  all  regard  for  the  dead 
body;  but  followed  Turpin,  with  whom 


196 


CHARLES. 


he  seemed  infatuated.  The  archbishop 
now  bethought  him  of  the  ring,  which  he 
threw  into  a  pool  at  Aix,  where  Charle- 
magne built  a  palace  and  monastery  ;  and 
no  spot  in  the  world  had  such  attractions 
for  him  as  Aix-la-Chapelle,  where  "  the 
ring"  was  buried. — Recherches  de  la 
France,  vi.  33. 

Charlemagne  not  dead.  According  to 
legend,  Charlemagne  waits  crowned  and 
armed  in  Odenberg  [Hesse)  or  Unters- 
berg,  near  Saltzburg,  till  the  time  of  anti- 
christ, when  he  will  wake  up  and  deliver 
Christendom.    (See  Barbarossa,  p.  88.) 

Charlemagne  and  Years  of  Plenty. 
According  to  German  legend,  Charle- 
magne appears  in  seasons  of  plenty.  He 
crosses  the  Rhine  on  a  golden  bridge,  and 
blesses  the  corn-fields  and  vineyards. 

Thou  standest,  like  imperial  Chariemagne, 
Upon  thy  bridge  of  gold. 

Longfellow:  Autumn. 

CKARI.es  I.    (See  Appendix  II.) 

Charles  II.  of  England,  introduced 
by  sir  W.  Scott  in  two  novels,  viz. 
Peveril  of  the  Peak  and  Woodstock.  In 
this  latter  he  appears  first  as  a  gipsy- 
woman,  and  afterwards  under  the  nama 
of  Louis  Kemeguy  (Albert  Lee's  page). 

Charles  XII.  of  Sweden.  Deter- 
mined to  brave  the  seasons,  as  he  had 
done  his  enemies,  Charles  XII.  ventured 
to  make  long  marches  during  the  cold 
of  the  memorable  winter  of  1709.  In  one 
of  these  marches  2000  of  his  men  died 
from  the  cold. 

Or  learn  the  fate  that  bleeding  thousands  bore, 
Marched  by  their  Charles  to  Dnieper's  swampy  shore; 
Faint  in  his  wounds,  and  shivering  in  the  blast, 
The  Swedish  soldier  sank,  and  groaned  his  last. 

Campbell:  The  Pleasures  of  Hope,  ii.  (1799). 

(Planch^  has  an  historical  drama,  in 
two  acts,  called  Charles  XII.  ;  and  the 
Life  of  Charles  XII.,  by  Voltaire,  is  con- 
sidered to  be  one  of  the  best-written  his- 
torical works  in  the  French  language. ) 

Charles  "the  Bold,"  duke  of  Bur- 
gundy, introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott  in  two 
novels,  Quentin  Durward  and  Anne  of 
Geierstein.  The  latter  contains  an  ac- 
count of  the  battle  of  Nancy  {Nahn-sei\ 
where  Charles  was  slain. 

Charles,  prince  of  Wales  (called 
*•  Babie  Charles  "),  son  of  James  I.,  in- 
troduced by  sir  W.  Scott  in  The  Fortunes 
of  Nigel. 

Charles  "the  Good,"  earl  of  Flanders. 
In  1 127  he  passed  a  law  that  whoever 
married  a  serf  should  become  a  serf: 
thus  if  a  prince  married  a  serf,  the  prince 


CHARLES  EDWARD  [STUART].     197        CHARLOTTE  GOODCHILD. 


would  become  a  serf.  This  absurd  law 
caused  his  death,  and  the  death  of  the 
best  blood  in  Bruges. — S.  Knowles:  The 
Provost  of  Bruges  { 1 836). 

Charles  Edward  [Stnart],  called 
•♦The  Chevalier  Prince  Charles  Edward, 
the  Young  Pretender,"  introduced  by  sir 
W.  Scott  in  Redgauntlet  (time,  George 
in.),  first  as  '*  father  Buonaventura,"  and 
afterwards  as  "  Pretender  to  the  British 
crown."  He  is  again  introduced  m 
Waver  ley  (time,  George  H.). 

Cliarles  Emmanuel,  son  of  Victor 
Amade'us  (4  syl.)  king  of  Sardinia,  In 
1730  his  father  abdicated,  but  some- 
what later  wanted  his  son  to  restore  the 
crown  again.  This  the  son  refused  to 
do  ;  and  when  Victor  plotted  against  him, 
D'Orme'awas  sent  to  arrest  the  old  man, 
and  he  died.  Charles  was  brave,  patient, 
single-minded,  and  truthful. — R.  Brown- 
ing :  King  Victor  and  King  Charles,  etc. 

Charles's  Wain,  the  constellation 
called  The  Great  Bear.  A  corruption  of 
the  Old  English  ceorles  xveen  ("  the  churl's 
or  farmer's  waggon  ") ;  sometimes  still 
further  corrupted  into  "  king  Charles's 
wain." 

Heigh  ho  I    An  t  be  not  four  by  the  day.  111  be 
banged.    Charles'  wain  is  over  the  new  chimney. — 
Shakespeare:  i  Henry  IV.  act  ii.  sc.  i  (1597). 
Could  he  not  beg  the  loan  of  Charles's  wain  t 

Byron :  Don  yuan,  iii.  99.  (1820). 

Charley  [A\  an  imperial,  or  tuft  of 
hair  on  the  chin. 

A  tuft  of  hair  on  his  chin,  termed  grandiloquently 
an  "  imperial,"  but  familiarly  a  "  Charley." — R.  M. 
Jephson  :  The  Girl  He  left  behind  Him,  i.  5. 

Charley,  plu.  Charleys,  an  old 
watchman  or  "  night  guardian,"  before 
the  introduction  of  the  police  force  by 
sir  Robert  Peel,  in  1829.  So  called  from 
Charles  I.,  who  extended  and  improved 
the  police  system. 

Chariot,  a  messenger  from  Lie'ge 
{Lee-aje)  to  Louis  XI.— Sir  W.  Scott: 
Quentin  Durward  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

CHARLOTTE,  the  faithful  sweet- 
heart of  young  Wilmot,  supposed  to  have 
perished  at  sea. — Lillo  :  Fatal  Curiosity 
(1736). 

Charlotte,  the  dumb  girl,  in  love  with 
Leander  ;  but  her  father,  sir  Jasper,  wants 
her  to  marry  Mr.  Dapper.  In  order  to 
avoid  this  hateful  alliance,  Charlotte  pre- 
tends to  be  dumb,  and  only  answers, 
"  Han,  hi,  han,  hon."  The  "  mock 
doctor  "  employs  Leander  as  his  apothe- 


cary, and  the  young  lady  is  soon  cured  by 
"pills  matrimonial."  The  jokes  in  act  ii. 
6  are  verbally  copied  from  the  French. — 
Fielding:   The  Mock  Doctor  [ij 23)- 

In  Molitre's  U  \Mrrin  Malgri  Lui.  Charlotte  la 
called  ••  Lucinde  "  (a  syl.). 

Charlotte,  daughter  of  sir  John  I^m- 
bert,  in  The  Hypocrite,  by  Bickerstaff 
(1768);  in  love  with  Darnley.  She  is  a 
giddy  girl,  fond  of  tormenting  Darnley ; 
but  being  promised  in  marriage  to  Dr. 
Cantwell,  who  is  59,  and  whom  she  utterly 
detests,  she  becomes  somewhat  sobered 
down,  and  promises  Darnley  to  become  his 
loving  wife.  Her  constant  exclamation 
is  "  Lud !  "  In  Moliere's  comedy  of 
Tartuffe,  Charlotte  is  called  "Mariane," 
and  Darnley  is  "  Val^re." 

Charlotte,  in  Goethe's  novel     (See 

I.OTTE,  p.627.  ) 

Charlotte,  the  pert  maidservant  of 
the  countess  Wintersen.  Her  father  was 
"state  coachman."  Charlotte  is  jealous 
of  Mrs.  Haller,  and  behaves  rudely  to 
her  (see  act  ii,  3). — B.  Thomson  :  Tht 
Stranger  (1797). 

Charlotte,  servant  to  Sowerberry.  A 
dishonest,  rough  servant-girl,  who  ill 
treats  Oliver  Twist,  and  robs  her  master. 
— Dickens:  Oliver  Twist  (iS^?)- 

Charlotte,  daughter  of  George  IV. 
Her  mother's  name  was  Caroline ;  her 
husband  was  prince  Coburg  ;  she  was 
married  at  Carlton  House  ;  her  town 
residence  was  Camelford  House ;  her 
country  residence  was  Claremont,  after- 
wards the  property  of  lord  Clive.  Princess 
Charlotte  died  in  childbirth,  and  the  name 
of  her  accoucheur  was  Croft. 

Charlotte,  daughter  of  general 
Baynes.  She  marries  Philip  Firmin,  the 
hero  of  Thackeray's  novel  The  Adventures 
of  Philip  (i860). 

Charlotte  {Lady"),  the  servant  of  a 
lady  so  called.  She  assumes  the  airs  with 
the  name  and  address  of  her  mistress. 
The  servants  of  her  own  and  other  house- 
holds address  her  as  "  Your  ladyship,"  or 
"  lady  Charlotte  ; "  but  though  so  mighty 
grand,  she  is  "  noted  for  a  plaguy  pair  of 
thick  legs. " — Rev.  James  Townley  :  High 
Life  Below  Stairs  (1759). 

Charlotte  Elizabeth,  whose  sur- 
name was  Phelan,  afterwards  Tonna, 
author  of  numerous  books  for  children, 
tales,  etc.  (1825-1862). 

Charlotte  Goodchild,  a  merchant's 


CHARMIAN. 


198 


CHEAP  JACK. 


©rpTian  daughter  of  large  fortune.  She  is 
pestered  by  many  lovers,  and  her  guardian 
gives  out  that  she  has  lost  all  her  money 
by  the  bankruptcy  of  his  house.  On  this 
all  her  suitors  but  one  fall  off,  and  that 
one  is  sir  Callaghan  O'Brallaghan.  Sir 
Callaghan  declares  he  loves  her  now  as 
an  equal,  and  one  whom  he  can  serve  ; 
but  before  he  loved  her  "with  fear  and 
trembling,  like  a  man  that  loves  to  be  a 
soldier,  yet  is  afraid  of  a  gun." — Macklin  : 
Love  d-la-Mode  (1779). 

Cliar'inian,  a  kind-hearted,  simple- 
minded  attendant  on  Cleopat'ra.  After 
the  queen's  death,  she  applied  one  of  the 
asps  to  her  own  arm ;  and  when  the 
Roman  soldiers  entered  the  room,  fell 
down  dead. — Shakespeare:  Antony  and 
Cleopatra  (i6o8);  and  Dry  den  :  All  for 
Love  (1678). 

Cliar'teris  {Sir  Patrick)  of  Kinfauns, 
provost  of  VerXh.— Sir  W.  Scott:  Fair 
Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Chartist  Clergyman  [The),  Rev. 
Charles  Kingsley  (1809-1877). 

Chartre  [Le  billet  qu  a  la),  the 
promise  of  a  candidate  to  those  he  can- 
vasses. The  promise  of  a  minister  or 
prince,  which  he  makes  from  politeness, 
and  forgets  as  soon.  Ah,  le  bon  billet  qu' 
a  la  Chartre. — Ninon  de  Lenclos. 

Charyllis,  in  Spenser's  pastoral 
Colin  Clout's  Come  home  Again,  is  lady 
Compton.  Her  name  was  Anne,  and  she 
was  the  fifth  of  the  six  daughters  of  sir 
John  Spenser  of  Althorpe,  ancestor  of 
the  noble  houses  of  Spenser  and  Marl- 
borough. Edmund  Spenser  dedicated  to 
her  his  satirical  fable  called  Mother  Hub- 
bards  Tiz/*?  (1591).  Char}'llis  was  thrice 
married  ;  her  first  husband  was  lord  Mont- 
eagle,  and  her  third  was  Robert  lord 
Buckhurst  (son  of  the  poet  Sackville), 
who  succeeded  his  father  in  1608  as  earl 
of  Dorset. 

No  less  praiseworthy  are  the  sisters  three. 
The  honour  of  the  noble  family 
Of  which  I  meanest  boast  myself  to  be,  .  •  » 
Phyllis,  Charyllis,  and  sweet  Amaryllis : 
Phyllis  the  fair  is  eldest  of  the  three, 
The  next  to  her  is  bountiful  Charyllis. 

Colin  Cloufs  Come  Home  Ag'oin  (1594). 

Cliase  ( The),  a  poem  in  four  books, 
by  Somerville  (1735),  in  blank  verse. 
The  subject  is  thus  indicated — 

The  chase  I  sin^,  hounds  and  their  rarious  breed. 
And  no  less  various  use. 

Chaste  ( The),  Alfonso  II.  of  Asturias 
and  Leon  (738,  791-835  abdicated,  died 
842). 


Chastelard,  a  tragedy  of  Swin- 
burne (1865).  A  gentleman  of  Daupliiny, 
who  fell  in  love  with  Mary  queen  of 
Scots.  He  is  discovered  in  the  queen's 
bedroom. 

Chastity  {Tests  of)  :  Alasnam's 
mirror,  Arthur's  drinking-horn,  the  boy's 
mantle,  cutting  the  brawn's  head,  Flori- 
mel's  girdle,  the  horn  of  fidelity,  la  coupe 
enchant^e,  the  mantle  of  fidelity,  the 
grotto  of  Ephesus,  etc..  (See  Caradoc, 
p.  177,  and  each  article  named. ) 

Chd,tean     en     Espag'xie.       (See 

Castle  in  the  Air,  p.  186.) 

Chatookee,  an  Indian  bird  that 
never  drinks  at  a  stream,  but  catches  the 
rain-drops  in  falling. — Period.  Account  of 
the  Baptist  Missionaries,  ii.  309. 

Less  pure  than  these  Is  that  strangle  Indian  bird, 
Who  never  dips  in  earthly  stream  her  bill. 

But,  when  the  sound  of  coming  showers  is  heard. 
Looks  up,  and  from  the  clouds  receives  her  fill. 
Southey:  Curse  of  Kehama,  xxi.  6  {1809). 

Chat'tanach  {M' Gillie),  chief  of  the 
clan  Chattan.— .S?>  W.  Scott:  Fair  Maid 
of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Chat'terley  (-^.fw.  5m<?«),  "the  man 
of  religion  "  at  the  Spa,  one  of  the  man- 
aging committee. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  St. 
Ronan's  Well {\S.ts\^,  George  III,). 

Chaubert  {Mons. ),  Master  ChiflSnch's 
cook.— 6Vr  W.  Scott :  Peveril  of  the  Peak 
(time,  Charles  II.). 

Chaucer     of    France,     Q^ment 

Marot  (1484-1544). 

Chan'nns.  Arrogance  personified  in 
The  Purple  Island,  by  Phineas  Fletcher 
(1633).  "Fondly  himself  with  praising 
he  dispraised."  Fully  described  in  canto 
viii.     (Greek,  tf;^a««oj,  "vain.") 

Chan'vinism,  a  blind  idolatry  of 
Napoleon  I.  Now  it  is  applied  to  a  blind 
idolatry  of  France  and  Frenchmen.  A 
chauvin  is  the  person  who  idolizes.  The 
word  is  taken  from  "Chauvin"  in 
Scribe's  Soldat  Laboureur,  a  veteran 
soldier  of  the  first  empire,  whose  admira- 
tion of  Napoleon  was  unbounded,  and 
who  honoured  even  "  the  shadow  of  his 
shoe-tie." 

Such  is  the  theme  on  which  French  chauvinism  Is 
inexhaustible. — Times,  1871. 

Cheap  as  the  Sardinians  {Latin). 
The  reference  is  to  the  vast  crowds  of 
Sardinian  prisoners  and  slaves  brought  to 
Rome  by  Tiberius  Gracchus. 

Cheap  Jack  means  market  Jack  or 


CHEATLY.  X99 

Jack  the  chapman.    (Anglo-Saxon,  chepe, 
"  a  market,"  hence  Cheap-side.) 

Clieatly  (2  syl.),  a  lewd,  imprudent 
debauchee  of  Alsatia  (Whitefriars).  He 
dares  not  leave  the  "refuge  "  by  reason 
of  debt ;  but  in  the  precincts  he  fleeces 
young  heirs  of  entail,  helps  them  to 
money,  and  becomes  bound  for  them. — 
Shadwell:  Squire  of  Alsatia  {1688). 

Che'liar,  the  tutelar  angel  of  Mary 
sister  of  Martha  and  Lazarus  of  Bethany. 
— Klopstock:  The  Messiah, -xXx.  {1771). 

Clied'eraza'de  (5  syl.),  mother  of 
Hem'junah  and  wife  of  Zebene'zer  sultan 
of  Cassimir'.  Her  daughter  having  run 
away  to  prevent  a  forced  marriage  with 
the  prince  of  Georgia,  whom  she  had 
never  seen,  the  sultana  pined  away  and 
died.— .S«>  C.  Morell  [J.  Ridley] :  Tales 
of  the  Genii  ("  Princess  of  Cassimir,"  tale 
vii.,  1751). 

Cliederles  {z^yl-),  a  Moslem  hero, 
who,  like  St.  George,  saved  a  virgin 
exposed  to  the  tender  mercies  of  a  huge 
dragon.  He  also  drank  of  the  waters  of 
immortality,  and  still  lives  to  render  aid 
in  war  to  any  who  invoke  him. 

When  Chederl^  comes 
To  aid  Uie  Moslem  on  his  deathless  horse, 
.  .  .  as  [  i/1  he  had  newly  quaffed 
The  hidden  waters  of  eternal  youth. 

Southey:  Joan  of  Arc,  vi.  302,  etc  (1837). 

Clxeerly'  ^Mrs.),  daughter  of  colonel 
Woodley.  After  being  married  three 
years,  she  was  left  a  widow,  young,  hand- 
some, rich,  lively,  and  gay.  She  came 
to  London,  and  was  seen  in  the  opera  by 
Frank  Heartall,  an  open-hearted,  im- 
pulsive young  merchant,  who  fell  in  love 
with  her,  and  followed  her  to  her  lodging. 
Ferret,  the  villain  of  the  story,  misinter- 
preted all  the  kind  actions  of  Frank,  attri- 
buting his  gifts  to  hush-money ;  but  his 
character  was  amply  vindicated,  and  "  the 
soldier's  daughter  "  became  his  blooming 
wife. — Cherry  :  The  Soldier  s  Daughter 
(1804). 

Miss  O'Neill,  at  the  ag:e  of  19,  made  her  (Ubut  at  the 
Theatre  Royal,  Crow  Street,  la  1811,  as  "The  Widow 
Cheerly."— /iK  Donaldson. 

Cheeryble  Brothers  [The),  brother 
Ned  and  brother  Charles,  the  incarnations 
of  all  that  is  warm-hearted,  generous, 
benevolent,  and  kind.  They  were  once 
horr^eless  boys  running  about  the  streets 
barefooted  ;  and,  when  they  grew  to  be 
wealthy  London  merchants,  were  ever 
ready  to  stretch  forth  a  helping  hand  to 
those  struggling  against  the  buffets  erf 
fortune. 


CHERONEAN. 

Frank  Cheeryble,  nephew  of  the  brothers 
Cheeryble.  He  married  Kate  Nickleby. 
—Dickens  :  Nicholas  Nickleby  (1838). 

Cheese.  The  "ten  topping  guests." 
(See  CiSJLEy,  p.  211.) 

Cheese  [Dr.),  an  English  translation 
of  the  Latin  Dr.  Caseus,  that  is.  Dr.  John 
Chase,  a  noted  quack,  who  was  born  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  H.,  and  died  in  that  of 
queen  Anne. 

Cheese-Cakes.  Sir  W.  Scott,  allud- 
ing to  the  story  of  "  Noiur'eddin'  Ali  and 
Bed'reddin'  Hassan,"  in  the  Arabian 
Nights'  Entertainments,  makes  in  four  or 
five  lines  as  many  blunders.  The  quota- 
tion is  from  The  Heart  of  Midlothian, 

She,  i.e.  Effie  Deans,  amused  herself  with  visiting  the 
dairy  .  .  .  and  was  near  discovering  herself  to  Mary 
Hetley  by  betraying  her  acquaintance  with  the  cele- 
brated receipt  for  Dunlop  cheese,  that  she  compared 
herself  to  Bedreddin  Hassan,  whom  the  vizier  his 
/ixther-in-law  discovered  by  his  superlative  skill  ia 
composing  cream-tarts  with/<r//<r  in  them. 

(i)  It  was  not  "cream-tarts"  but 
cheese-cakes.  (2)  The  charge  was  that  he 
made  cheese-cakes  without  putting  pepper 
in  them,  and  not  "  cream-tarts  with 
pepper,"  (3)  It  was  not  "the  vizier  his 
father-in-law,"  but  the  widow  of  Nour- 
eddin  Ali  and  the  mother  of  Bedreddin, 
who  made  the  discovery.  She  declared 
that  she  herself  had  given  the  receipt  to 
her  son,  and  it  was  known  to  no  one  else. 

Chemistry  [The  Father  of),  Arnaud 
de  Villeneuve  (1238 -13 14). 

Che'mos(<:A  =  k),  god  of  the  Moabites ; 
also  called  Baal-Pe'or;  the  Pria'pus  or 
idol  of  turpitude  and  obscenity.  Solomon 
built  a  temple  to  this  obscene  idol  "  in 
the  hill  that  is  before  Jerusalem " 
(i  Ki?igs  xi.  7).  In  the  hierarchy  of  hell 
Milton  gives  Chemos  the  fourth  rank  :  (i) 
Satan,  (2)  Beelzebub,  (3)  Moloch,  (4) 
Chemos. 

Next  Chemos,  the  ob'scene  dread  of  Moab's  sons  .  .  . 
PeOr  his  other  name. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  406,  <i3  (1665). 

Cheq'uers,  a  public-house  sign ;  the 
arms  of  Fitz- Warren,  the  head  of  which 
house,  in  the  days  of  the  Plantagenets, 
was  invested  with  the  power  of  licensing 
vintners  and  publicans. 

The  Chequers  of  Abingdon  Street,  West- 
minster, the  bearings  of  the  earls  of 
Arundel,  at  one  time  empowered  to  grant 
licences  to  public-houses. 

Cherone'an  ( Tfui)  or  The  Cherone'- 
AN  Sage  [ch  =  k),   Plutarch,   who  was 


CHERRY. 


CHEVY  CHASE. 


bom  at  Chaerone'a,  in  Boeo'tia  (a.d.  46- 
120). 

This  praise,  O  Cheronean  sage,  Is  thine  I 

Beattie:  Minstrel  (ijj^. 

Clier'ry,  the  lively  daughter  of  Boni- 
face, landlord  of  the  inn  at  Lichfield. — 
*  Farquhar  :  The  Beaux  Stratagem  (1707). 
(See  below,  Chery,  ) 

Cherry  [Andrew),  comic  actor  and 
dramatist  (1762-1812),  author  of  The 
Soldier's  Daughter,  All  for  Fame,  Two 
Strings  to  your  Bow,  The  Village,  Spanish 
Dollars,  etc.  He  was  specially  noted  for 
his  excellent  wigs. 

Shall  sapient  managers  new  scenes  produce 
From  Cherry,  Skeffington,  and  Mother  Goose  t 
Byron ;  English  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers  (1809}. 

{Mother  Goose  is  a  pantomime  by  C. 
Dibdin.) 

Cher'sett  (Anglo-Saxon,  chirch-sett, 
or  "  church-seed,"  ecclesice  semen),  a  cer- 
tain quota  of  wheat  annually  made  to  the 
Church  on  St.  Martin's  Day. 

All  that  measure  of  wheat  called  chersett. — Deed  qf 
Giji  to  Boxgro^e  Priory  (near  Chichester). 

Clier'tLbiiu  {Don),  the  "bachelor  of 
Salamanca,"  who  is  placed  in  a  vast 
number  of  different  situations  of  life,  and 
made  to  associate  with  all  classes  of 
society,  that  the  authors  may  sprinkle 
his  satire  and  wit  in  every  direction. — 
Lesage :  The  Bachelor  of  Salamanca 
(1737). 

Clier'y,  the  son  of  Brunetta  (who  was 
the  wife  of  a  king's  brother),  married 
his  cousin.  Fairstar,  daughter  of  the  king. 
He  obtained  for  his  cousin  the  three 
wonderful  things :  The  dancing  water, 
which  had  the  power  of  imparting 
beauty  ;  the  singing  apple,  which  had  the 
power  of  imparting  wit ;  and  the  little  green 
bird,  which  had  the  power  of  telling 
secrets. — Comtesse  D' Aulnoy  :  Fairy  Tales 
("The  Princess  Fairstar,"  1682). 

Cliesse  ( The  Game  and  Play  of),  the 
first  book  printed  by  William  Caxton,  at 
the  Westminster  Press  (1474).  The  art  of 
printing  by  movable  type  was  known  at 
Mayence,  Strasburg,  and  Haarlem  some 
20  years  before  Caxton  set  up  his  press  in 
England. 

Ches'ter  (^^V  John),  a  plausible, 
foppish  villain,  the  sworn  enemy  of 
Geoffrey  Haredale,  by  whom  he  is  killed 
in  a  duel.  Sir  John  is  the  father  of  Hugh, 
the  gigantic  servant  at  the  Maypole  inn. 

Edward  Chester,  son  of  sir  John,  and 
the  lover  of  Emma  Haredale. — Dickens: 
Bamaby  Rudge  (1841). 


Chester  Mysteries,  certain  miracle- 
plays  performed  at  Chester  in  the  fifteenth 
century,  and  printed  in  1843  for  the 
Shakespeare  Society,  under  the  care 
of  Thomas  Wright.  (See  Townley 
Mysteries.) 

N.B.— There  were  24  dramas,  one  for 
each  city  company.  Nine  were  performed 
on  Whit-Monday,  nine  on  Whit-Tuesday, 
and  the  other  six  on  Wednesday.  The 
"  Fraternity  of  the  Passion  "  was  licensed 
in  France,  in  1402. 

•.'  Several  manuscript  copies  of  the  Chester  Myracle- 
Plays  exisL  That  of  the  duke  of  Devonshire  is  dated 
1581 ;  those  in  the  British  Museum  are  dated  1600  and 
1607. 

Chesterfield  {Charles),  a  young  man 
of  genius,  the  hero  and  title  of  a  novel  by 
Mrs.  Trollope  (1841).  The  object  of  this 
novel  is  to  satirize  the  state  of  Uterature 
in  England,  and  to  hold  up  to  censure 
authors,  editors,  and  publishers,  as  pro- 
fligate, selfish,  and  corrupt. 

Chesterfield  House  (London), 
built  by  Isaac  Ware  for  Philip  fourth 
earl  of  Chesterfield,  author  of  Chester- 
field! s  Letters  to  his  Son  (1694-1773). 

Chesterton  {Paul),  nephew  to  Mr. 
Percy  Chaffington,  stock-broker  and  M.  P. 
— Morton  :  If  I  had  a  Thousand  a  Year 
(1764-1838). 

Chevalier  Malfet  {Le).  So  sir 
Launcelot  calls  himself  after  he  was  cured 
of  his  madness.  The  meaning  of  the 
phrase  is  "  The  knight  who  has  done  ill," 
or  "The  knight  who  has  trespassed." — 
Sir  T.  Malory  :  History  of  Prince  Arthur, 
iii.  20  (1470). 

Cheveril  {Hans),  the  ward  of  Mor- 
dent, just  come  of  age.  Impulsive, 
generous,  hot-blooded.  He  resolves  to 
be  a  rake,  but  scorns  to  be  a  villain. 
However,  he  accidentally  meets  with 
Joanna  "the  deserted  daughter,"  and 
falls  in  love  with  her.  He  rescues  her 
from  the  clutches  of  Mrs.  Enfield  the 
crimp,  and  marries  her.— Holcroft:  The 
Deserted  Daughter  (altered  into  The 
Steward),  (1785). 

The  part  that  placed  me  [JValter  Lacy]  in  the  posi- 
tion of  a  light  comedian  was  "  Clieveril,"  in  The 
Steward,  altered  from  Hoicroit's  Deserted /Daughter.— 
VK  Lacy:  Letter  to  C.  W.  Russell. 

Chevy  Chase  is  not  the  battle  of 
Otterburn,  although  the  two  are  mixed 
up  together  in  the  ballad  so  called.  Chevy 
Chase  is  the  chase  of  the  earl  of  Douglas 
among  "  the  Chyviat  Hyls  "  after  Percy 
of  Northumberland,  who  had  vowed  "  he 


CHIBIABOa 


CHILD. 


would  hunt   there    three    days    without 
asking  the  warden's  consent." 

The  Pers^  owt  of  Northombarlande, 

And  a  vowe  to  God  mayd  he 
That  he  wolde  hunte  in  the  mountayns 

OffChyviat  within  dayes  thre. 
In  mauger  of  dougrhtd  Dogles 

And  ail  that  with  him  be. 

Percy:  Rtliqtus,  I.  L  i. 

Cliibialios,  the  Harmony  of  Nature 
personified ;  a  musician,  the  friend  of 
Hiawatha,  and  ruler  in  the  land  of  spirits. 
When  he  played  on  his  pipe,  the  "  brooks 
ceased  to  murmur,  the  wood-birds  to  sing, 
the  squirrel  to  chatter,  and  the  rabbit  sat 
upright  to  look  and  listen."  He  was 
drowned  in  lake  Superior  by  the  breaking 
of  the  ice. 

Most  beloved  by  Hiawatha 
Was  the  gentle  Chibiabos ; 
He  the  best  of  all  musicians, 
He  the  sweetest  of  all  sing-ers. 

Lon^/elloTu:  Hiawatha,  vi.  and  rr. 

ClxicaneaTi  [She'-ka-no'\  a  litigious 
tradesman,  in  Les  Plaideurs,  by  Racine 
(i668). 

CMchl-Vaclie  (3  syl.),  a  monster 
that  fed  only  on  good  women.  The  word 
means  the  "  sorry  cow."  It  was  all  skin 
and  bone,  because  its  food  was  so  ex- 
tremely scarce.     (See  Bycorn,  p.  163.) 

O  noble  wyvAs,  full  of  heigh  prudence. 
Let  noon  humilitie  your  tongas  navle  .  .  . 
Lest  Chichi- Vache  you  swolive  in  her  entraile. 
Chaucer:  Canterbury  Tales  ("  Merchant's  Tale,"  1388). 

Cliick  (Mr.),  brother-in-law  of  Mr. 
Dombey;  a  stout  gentleman,  with  a 
tendency  to  whistle  and  hum  airs  at  in- 
opportune moments.  Mr.  Chick  is  some- 
what hen-pecked  ;  but  in  the  matrimonial 
squalls,  though  apparently  beaten,  he  not 
unfrequently  rises  up  the  superior,  and 
gets  his  own  way. 

Louisa  Chick,  Mr.  Dombey's  married 
sister.  She  is  of  a  snappish  temper,  but 
dresses  in  the  most  juvenile  style  ;  and  is 
persuaded  that  anything  can  be  accom- 
plished if  persons  will  only  "make  an 
effort." — Dickens  :  Dombey  and  Son  (1846). 

Chicken  {The),  Michad  Angelo 
Taylor,  barrister.  So  called  because  in 
his  maiden  speech,  1785,  he  said,  "  I 
deliver  this  opinion  with  great  deference, 
being  but  a  chicken  in  the  profession  of 
the  law." 

Chicken  ( The  Game),  a  low  fellow,  to 
be  heard  of  at  the  bar  of  the  Black  Badger. 
Mr.  Toots  selects  this  man  as  his  instruc- 
tor in  fencing,  betting,  and  self-defence. 
The  Chicken  has  short  hair,  a  low  fore- 
head, a  broken  nose,  and  "  a  considerable 
tract  of  bare  and  sterile  country  behind 


each  ear." — Dickens:  Dombey  and  Son 
(1846). 

Chickens     and     the      An^rs. 

When  the  augurs  told  Publius  Claudius 
Pulcher,  the  Roman  consul,  who  was 
about  to  engage  the  Carthaginian  fleet, 
that  the  sacred  chickens  would  not  eat,  he 
replied,  "  Then  toss  them  into  the  sea, 
that  they  may  drink." 

Chick'enstalker  {Mrs.),  a  stout, 
bonny,  kind-hearted  woman,  who  keeps  a 
general  shop.  Toby  Veck,  in  his  dream, 
imagines  her  married  to  Tugby,  the 
porter  of  sir  Joseph  Bowley. — Dickens: 
The  Chimes  (1844). 

Chick'weed  {Conkey,  i.e.  Nosey), 
the  man  who  robbed  himself.  He  was  a 
licensed  victualler  on  the  point  of  failing, 
and  gave  out  that  he  had  been  robbed  of 
327  guineas  "  by  a  tall  man  with  a  black 
patch  over  his  eye."  He  was  much 
pitied,  and  numerous  subscriptions  were 
made  on  his  behalf.  A  detective  was 
sent  to  examine  into  the  "robbery,"  and 
Chickweed  would  cry  out,  "There  he  is  !  " 
and  run  after  the  ' '  hypothetical  thief " 
for  a  considerable  distance,  and  then  lose 
sight  of  him.  This  occurred  over  and 
over  again,  and  at  last  the  detective  said 
to  him,  "  I've  found  out  who  done  this 
here  robbery."  "Have  you?"  said 
Chickweed.  "Yes,"  says  Spyers,  "you 
done  it  yourself."  And  so  he  had. — 
Dickens:  Oliver  Twist,  xxxi.  {1837). 

Chif 'finch  {Master  Thomas),  alias 
Will  Smith,  a  friend  of  Richard  Gau- 
lesse  (2  syl.).  The  private  emissary  of 
Charles  II.  He  was  employed  by  the 
duke  of  Buckingham  to  carry  off  Alice 
Bridgenorth  to  Whitehall,  but  the  captive 
escaped  and  married  Julian  Peveril, 

Kate  Chiffinch,  mistress  of  Thomas  Chif- 
finch.— 5t>  W.Scott:  Peveril  of  the  Peak 
(time,  Charles  II.). 

Chignon  \Shin-ydng\^  the  French 
valet  of  Miss  Alscrip  "the  heiress."  A 
silly,  affected,  typical  French  valet-de- 
chambre. — Burgoyne  :  The  Heiress  (1718). 

Chilaz,  a  merry  old  soldier,  lieu- 
tenant to  general  Memnon,  in  Paphos. — 
yohn  Fletcher:  The  Mad  Lover  (1617). 

Beaumont  died  1616. 

CHILD  or  Childe,  a  title  given 
to  a  knight.  It  is  given  by  Spenser  to 
prince  Arthur.  We  have  Childe  Polande, 
Byron's  Childe  Harold,  Childe  Waters, 
Childe  Tristram,  Childe  Childers,  etc 
The  Spanish  in/ante  means  a  "  prince." 


CHILD.  a 

Child.  The  notes  of  this  bank  bear 
a  marigold,  because  this  flower  was  the 
trade-mark  of  "  Blanchard  and  Child." 
The  original  "marigold"  is  still  to  be 
seen  in  the  front  office,  with  the  motto, 
Ainsi  mm  am^.—^et  First  London  Direc- 
tory [1677). 

Child  {The),  Bettina,  daughter  of 
Maximiliane  Brentano.  So  called  from 
the  title  of  her  book,  Goethe's  Corre- 
spondence with  a  Child. 

Child  of  Elle  (i  iyl),  a  ballad  of 
considerable  antiquity.  The  Child  of 
Elle  loved  the  fair  Emmeline,  but  the 
two  families  being  severed  by  a  feud,  the 
lady's  father  promised  her  to  another. 
The  Child  of  Elle  told  Emmeline's  page 
that  he  would  set  her  free  that  very  night, 
but  when  he  came  up,  the  lady's  damselle 
betrayed  her  to  her  father,  who  went  in 
pursuit  with  his  "  merrie  men  all."  The 
Child  of  Elle  slew  the  first  who  came 
up,  and  Emmeline,  kneeling  at  her  father's 
feet,  obtained  her  forgiveness  and  leave 
to  marry  her  true  love.  He  said  to  the 
knight — 

And  as  thou  love  her,  and  hold  her  deafe. 

Heaven  prosper  thee  and  thine ; 
And  now  my  blessing  wend  wi'  thee, 

My  lovely  Emmeline. 

Child  of  Nature  [The),  a  play  by 
Mrs.  Inchbald.  Amantis  is  the  "child  of 
Nature,"  She  was  the  daughter  of  Al- 
berto, banished  "by  an  unjust  sentence," 
and  during  his  exile  he  left  his  daughter 
under  the  charge  of  the  marquis  Almanza. 
Amantis  was  brought  up  in  total  ignorance 
of  the  world  and  the  passion-principles 
which  sway  it,  but  felt  grateful  to  her 
guardian,  and  soon  discovered  that  what 
she  called  "gratitude"  the  world  calls 
"  love."  Her  father  returned  home  rich, 
his  sentence  cancelled  and  his  innocence 
allowed,  just  in  time  to  give  his  daughter 
in  marriage  to  his  friend  Almanza. 

Child  of  the  Cord.  So  the  defend- 
ant was  called  by  the  judges  of  the 
Vehm-gericht,  in  Westphalia;  because 
every  one  condemned  by  the  tribunal  was 
hanged  to  the  branch  of  a  tree, 

Child-Ein^.  Shakespeare  says, 
"  Woe  to  that  land  that's  governed  by  a 
child  !  "  {Richard  III.  act  ii.  sc.  3). 

Woe  to  thee,  O  land,  when  thy  king  is  a  chfld  I— 
Secies.  X..16. 

Childe  Harold,  a  man  sated  with 
the  world,  who  roams  from  place  to  place, 
to  kill  time  and  escape  from  himself. 
The    'childe"  is,   in   fact,   lord   Byron 


I  CHILDREN. 

himself,  who  was  only  21  when  he  began 
the  poem,  which  was  completed  in  seven 
years.  In  canto  i.  the  "childe"  visits 
Portugal  and  Spain  (1809) ;  in  canto  ii., 
Turkey  in  Europe  (1810);  in  canto  iii., 
Belgium  and  Switzerland  (18 16) ;  and  in 
canto  iv.,  Venice,  Rome,  and  Florence 
(1817). 

Childe  Waters.  The  fair  Ellen  was 
enceinte  of  Childe  Waters,  and,  when  he 
went  on  his  travels,  besought  that  she 
might  be  his  foot-page.  She  followed 
him  in  this  capacity  barefoot  through 
"mosse  and  myre."  They  came  to  a 
river,  and  the  knight  pushed  her  in,  but 
"  our  Ladye  bare  upp  her  chinne,"  and 
she  came  safe  ashore.  Having  treated 
her  with  other  gross  indignities,  she  was 
taken  with  the  throes  of  childbirth  while 
on  the  knight's  steed.  The  child  was 
bom,  and  then  Childe  Waters  relented, 
and  married  the  much-wronged  mother. — 
Percy  :  Reliques  (Third  Series,  No.  9). 

Chil'ders  {E.  W.  B.),  one  of  the 
riders  in  Sleary's  circus,  noted  for  his 
vaulting  and  reckless  riding  in  the  cha- 
racter of  the  "Wild  Huntsman  of  the 
Prairies."  This  compound  of  groom 
and  actor  marries  Josephine,  Sleary's 
daughter. 

Kidderminster  Childers,  son  of  the 
above,  known  in  the  profession  as 
"Cupid."  He  is  a  diminutive  boy,  with 
an  old  face  and  facetious  manner  wholly 
beyond  his  years. — Dickens  :  Hard  Times 
{1854). 

Children  ( The  Henneierg).  It  is  said 
that  the  countess  of  Henneberg  railed  at  a 
beggar  for  having  twins  ;  and  the  beggar, 
turning  on  the  countess,  who  was  42  years 
old,  said,  "May  you  have  as  many 
children  as  there  are  days  in  a  year ! " 
Sure  enough  on  Good  Friday,  1276,  the 
countess  brought  forth  365  at  one  birth  ; 
all  the  males  were  christened  John,  and 
all  the  females  Elizabeth.  They  were 
buried  at  a  village  near  La  Hague,  and 
the  jug  is  still  shown  in  which  they  were 
baptized. 

\  A  similar  story  is  told  of  lady  Scars- 
dale,  who  reproved  a  gipsy-woman  who 
applied  for  alms  at  Kedleston  Hall,  be- 
cause she  was  about  to  become  a  mother. 
The  beggar,  turning  on  her  moralizer,  said, 
"  When  next  you  are  in  my  condition, 
may  you  have  as  many  children  at  a  birth 
as  there  are  days  in  the  week  !  "  It  is 
said  that  ere  long  the  lady  actually  was 
dilivered  of  seven  children  at  a  birth. 


CHILDREN  IN  THE  WOOD.        203 


CHIOS. 


and  that  "  the  fact"  is  set  forth  in  Latin 
in  Kedleston  Church. 

Children  in  the  Wood,  the  little 
son  (three  years  old)  and  younger 
daughter  (Jane),  left  by  a  Norfolk  gentle- 
man on  his  death-bed  to  the  care  of  his 
deceased  wife's  brother.  The  boy  was  to 
have  ;^30o  a  year  on  coming  of  age,  and 
the  girl  /soo  as  a  wedding  portion  ;  but 
if  the  children  died  in  their  minority  the 
money  was  to  go  to  the  uncle.  The 
uncle,  in  order  to  secure  the  property, 
hired  two  ruffians  to  murder  the  children, 
but  one  of  them  relented  and  killed  his 
companion  ;  then,  instead  of  murdering 
the  babes,  left  them  in  Wayland  (Wailing) 
Wood,  where  they  gathered  blackberries, 
but  died  at  night  with  cold  and  terror. 
All  things  went  ill  with  the  uncle,  who 
perished  in  gaol,  and  the  ruffian,  after  a 
lapse  of  seven  years,  confessed  the  whole 
villainy. — Percy:  Reliques,  III.  ii.  18. 

Children  of  the  Mist,  one  of  the 

branches  of  the  MacGregors,  a  wild  race 
of  Scotch  Highlanders,  who  had  a  skir- 
mish with  the  soldiers  in  pursuit  of  Dal- 
getty  and  M'Eagh  among  the  rocks 
(ch.  14). — Sir  W.  Scott:  Legend  of  Mont- 
rose (time,  Charles  I.). 

Chiilip  [Dr.),  a  physician  who  at- 
tended Mrs.  Copperfield  at  the  birth  of 
David. 

He  was  the  meekest  of  his  set,  the  mildest  of  little 
m&n.— Dickens:  David  Copperfield,  i.  (1849). 

Chillon'  [Prisoner  of),  Fran9ois  de 
Bonnivard,  of  Lunes,  the  Genevise  patriot 
(1496-1570)  who  opposed  the  enterprises 
of  Charles  III.  (the  duke-bishop  of 
Savoy)  against  the  independence  of 
Geneva,  and  was  cast  by  him  into  the 
prison  of  Chillon,  where  he  was  confined 
for  six  years.  Lord  Byron  makes  him 
one  of  six  brothers,  all  of  whom  were 
victims  of  the  duke-bishop ;  one  was 
burnt  at  the  stake,  and  three  were  im- 
prisoned at  Chillon.  Two  of  the  prisoners 
died,  but  Franpois  was  set  at  liberty  by 
the  people  of  Berne. — Byron  :  Prisoner 
of  Chillon  (1816). 

Chil'minar',  the  city  of  "forty  pil- 
lars," built  by  the  genii  for  a  lurking- 
place  to  hide  themselves  in.  Balbec  was 
also  built  by  the  genii. 

Chim^ne  [La  Belle)  or  Xime'na, 
daughter  of  count  Lozano  de  Gormaz, 
wife  of  the  Cid.  After  the  Cid's  death 
she  defended  Valentia  from  the  Moors 
with  great  bravery,  b'it  without  success. 


Comeille  and  Guilhem  de  Cantro  have 
introduced  her  in  their  tragedies,  but  the 
role  they  represent  her  to  have  taken  is 
wholly  imaginary. 

Chimes  ( The),  a  Christmas  story  by 
Dickens  (1844).  It  is  about  some  bells 
which  rang  the  old  year  out  and  the  new 
year  in.  Trotty  Veck  is  a  little  old 
London  ticket-porter  and  messenger. 
He  hears  the  Christmas  chimes,  and 
receives  from  them  both  comfort  and 
encouragement, 

China,  a  corruption  of  Tsina,  the  ter- 
ritory of  Tsin.  The  dynasty  of  Tsin 
(B.C.  256-202)  takes  the  same  position  in 
Chinese  history  as  that  of  the  Normans 
(founded  by  William  the  Conqueror)  does 
in  English  history.  The  founder  of  the 
Tsin  dynasty  built  the  Great  Wall, Hiivided 
the  empire  into  thirty-six  provinces,  and 
made  roads  or  canals  in  every  direction, 
so  that  virtually  the  empire  begins  with 
this  dynasty. 

Chinaman  [John),  a  man  of  China. 

ChindasTiin'tho  (4  syl.),  king  of 
Spain,  father  of  Theod'ofred,  and  grand- 
father of  Roderick  last  of  the  Gothic 
kings. — Southey  :  Roderick,  etc.  (1814), 

Chinese  Philosopher  [A).  Oliver 
Goldsmith,  in  the  Citizen  of  the  World, 
calls  his  book  ' '  Letters  from  a  Chinese 
Philosopher  residing  in  London  to  his 
friends  in  the  East  "  (1759). 

Chinese  Tales,  translated  into  French 
prose  by  Gueulette,  in  1723.  The 
French  tales  have  been   translated  into 

English, 

Chingachcook,  the  Indian  chief, 
called  in  French  Le  Gros  Serpent.  Feni- 
more  Cooper  has  introduced  this  chief  in 
four  of  his  novels.  The  Last  of  the  Mo- 
hicans, The  Pathfinder,  The  Deerslayer, 
and  The  Pioneer. 

Chintz  [Mary),  Miss  Bloomfield's 
maid,  the  bespoke  of  Jem  Miller. — C. 
Selby:  The  Unfinished  Gentleman. 

Chi'os  [The  Man  of).  Homer,  who 
lived  at  Chios  \JCV-os\  At  least  Chios 
was  one  of  the  seven  cities  which  laid 
claim  to  the  bard,  according  to  the  Latin 
hexameter  verse — 

Smyrna,  Rhodes,  ColSphon,  SaUmls,   Chios,  Argos, 
Atheme, 

Varro. 
Our  national  feelings  are  In  unison  with  the  bard  of 
Chios,  and  his  heroes  who  live  in  his  verse.— 5»y  W, 
Scott:  Th<  Atenasttry  (introduction). 


CHIRNSIDE. 

Clxim'side  {Luckie),  poulterer  at 
Wolfs  Hope  village.— 5z>  W.  Scott: 
Bride  of Lammer  moor  {\!\vs\&,  William  III.). 

Chi'ron,  a  centaur,  renowned  for  his 
skill  in  hunting,  medicine,  music,  gymnas- 
tics, and  prophecy.  He  numbered  among 
his  pupils,  Achilles,  Peleus,  Diomede, 
and  indeed  all  the  most  noted  heroes  of 
Grecian  story.  Jupiter  took  him  to 
heaven,  and  made  him  the  constellation 
Sagittarius. 

...  as  Chiron  erst  had  done 
To  that  proud  bane  of  Troy,  her  eod-resemblinz  son 
[AchilUs\ 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  v.  (1612). 

Chitlingf  ( Tom),  one  of  the  associates 
of  Fagin  the  Tew.  Tom  Chitling  was 
always  most  deferential  to  the  "Artful 
Dodger." — Dickens:  Oliver  Twist {1837). 

Chivalry  {TAe  Flozver  of),  William 
Douglas,  lord  of  Liddesdale  (fourteenth 
century). 

Clilo'e  {ICy-i],  the  shepherdess  be- 
loved by  Daphnis,  in  the  pastoral  romance 
called  Daphnis  and  Chloi,  by  Longus. 
St,  Pierre's  tale  of  Paul  and  Virginia  is 
based  on  this  pastoral. 

Cliloe,  in  Pope's  Moral  Essay  (epistle 
11),  is  meant  for  lady  Suffolk,  mistress  of 
George  H.  "  Placid,  good-natured,  and 
kind-hearted,  but  very  deaf  and  of  mean 
intelligence. " 

Virtue  she  finds  too  painful  an  endeavour, 
Content  to  dwell  on  decencies  for  ever. 

Chlo'e  or  rather  Cloe.  So  Prior  calls 
Mrs.  Centlivre  (1661-1723). 

Chloe  or  Cloe  is  a  stock  name  in  pastoral  poetry. 
The  male  name  is  generally  Stephen. 

Chlo'ris,  the  ancient  Greek  name  of 
Flora. 

Around  your  haunts 
The  laughing:  Chloris  with  profusest  hand 
Throws  Avide  her  blooms  and  odours. 

Akenside  :  Hymn  to  the  Naiads. 

Choas'pes  {3  syL),  a  river  of  Susia'na, 
noted  for  the  excellency  of  its  water. 
The  Persian  kings  used  to  carry  a  suffi- 
cient quantity  of  it  with  them  when 
journeying,  so  that  recourse  to  other 
water  might  not  be  required. 

There  Susa,  by  Choaspes'  amber  stream. 
The  drink  of  none  but  kings. 
Milton  :  Paradise  Regained,  HI.  a88  (1661). 

Choe'reas  [ch=^k),  the  lover  of  Cal- 
lirrho^,  in  the  Greek  romance  called  The 
Loves  of  Chcereas  and  Callirrhoi,  -  by 
Char'iton  (eighth  century). 

Choice  [The),  a  poem  in  ten-syllabic 
rhymes,  by  John  Pomfret  (1699).  His 
beau-ideal  is  a  rural  literary  life. 


204  CHRISOM  CHILD. 

Choke  [General),  a  lank  North 
American  gentleman,  "one  of  the  most 
remarkable  men  in  the  century."  He 
was  editor  of  The  Watertoast  Gazette, 
and  a  member  of  "The  Eden  Land 
Corporation."  It  was  general  Choke 
who  induced  Mai'tin  Chuzzlewit  to  stake 
his  all  in  the  egregious  Eden  swindle.— 
Dickens:  Martin  Chuszleu'it  (18^). 

Cholmondeley  [Cham'-ly],  of  Vale 
Royal,  a  friend  of  sir  Geoffrey  Peveril. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time, 
Charles  IL). 

Cholmondeley,  in  Ainsworth's 
Tower  of  London  (1843),  is  the  squire  of 
lord  Guildford  Dudley. 

Cholnla  [Pyramid  of),  the  great 
Mexican  pyramid,  west  of  Puebla, 
erected  in  the  reign  of  Montezuma 
emperor  of  Mexico  (1466-1520).  Its 
base  is  1423  feet  each  side,  or  double 
that  of  the  largest  Egyptian  pyramid,  but 
its  height  does  not  exceed  164  feet. 

Choppard  [Pierre),  one  of  the  gang 
of  thieves,  called  "The  Ugly  Mug." 
When  asked  a  disagreeable  question,  he 
always  answered,  "  I'll  ask  my  wife,  my 
memory's  so  shppery." — Stirling:  The 
Courier  of  Lyon*  (1852). 

Choruses.  The  foUovinng  are  druid- 
ical,  and  of  course  Keltic  in  origin  : — 
"  Down,  down,  derry  down  I  "  (for  dun  / 
dun!  daragon,  dun!),  that  is,  "To  the 
hill  !  to  the  hill !  to  the  oak,  to  the  hill !  " 
"Fal,  lal,  la!"  (for/a//4  Id),  that  is,  "The 
circle  of  day  !  "  The  day  or  sun  has  com- 
pleted its  circle.  "  Fal,  lero,  loo  I  "  (for 
falld,  lear  lu  [aidh]),  that  is,  "  The  circle 
of  the  sun  praise!'  "Hey,  nonnie,  non- 
nie!"  that  is,  "Hail  to  the  noon  1  " 
"High  trolollie,  lollie  lol "  (for  ai  [or 
aibhe],  trah  lA,  ' '  Hail,  early  day  ! "  trahla, 
"early  day,"  Id  lee  [or  Id  lo],  "bright 
day!").  "  Lilli  burlero"  (for  Li,  It 
beur,  Lear-a  I  buille  na  Id),  that  is, 
"  Light,  light  on  the  sea,  beyond  the 
promontory  I  'Tis  the  stroke  of  day  1 " — 
All  the  Year  Round,  316-320,  August, 
1873. 

Chrestien  de  Troyes.  The  chevalier 
au  Lion,  chevalier  de  I'Ep^e,  was  the 
Lancelot  du  Lac  of  mediaeval  French 
romance  (twelfth  century). 

Chriemhil'da.    (See  under  K.) 

Chrisom  Child  [A),  a  child  that  dies 
within  a  month  of  its  birth.     So  called 


CHRIST  AND  HIS  APOSTLES.     205 


I 

^^feause  it  is  buried  in  the  white  clolh 
anointed  with  fAmw  (oil  and  balm),  worn 
at  its  baptism. 

He's  in  Arthur's  [Abraham's]  hosom,  if  ever  man 
went  to  Arthur's  bosom.  "A  made  a  finer  end,  and 
went  away,  an  it  had  been  any  christom  [fhrisotn] 
child.  'A  parted  just ...  at  turning  o'  the  tide. 
(Quickly's  description  of  the  death  of  Falstaff.)— 
Siiakesfeare  :  Henry  V.  act  ii.  sc  3  (1599)- 

Why,  Mike's  a  chUd  to  him  ...  a  chrism  child. 
Ingelow:  Brothers  and  a  Sermon. 

CHirist  and  His  Apostles.  Dupuis 
maintained  that  Christ  and  His  apostles, 
like  Hercules  and  his  labours,  should  be 
considered  a  mere  allegory  of  the  sun  and 
the  twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac. 

Christ's  Victory  and  Triumphs. 

a  poem  in  four  parts,  by  Giles  Fletcher 
(1610)  :  Part  i.  "  Christ's  Victory  in 
Heaven,"  when  He  reconciled  Justice  with 
Mercy,  by  taking  on  Himself  a  body  of 
human  flesh;  part  ii.  "Christ's  Triumph 
on  Earth,"  when  He  was  led  up  into  the 
wilderness,  and  was  tempted  by  Pre- 
sumption, Avarice,  and  Ambition  ;  part 
iii.  "  Christ's  Triumph  over  Death,"  when 
He  died  on  the  cross  ;  part  iv.  ' '  Christ's 
Triumph  after  Death,"  in  His  resurrection 
and  ascension.  (See  Paradise  Re- 
gained.) 

Chris'tabel  [ch  =  i),  the  heroine  of 
a  fragmentary  poem  of  the  same  title  by 
Coleridge  (18 16). 

Christabel,  the  heroine  of  an  ancient 
romance  entitled  Sir  Eglamour of  Artois. 

Christabelle  \Kri^ -ta-ber\,  daughter 
of  "abonnie  king  of  Ireland,"  beloved 
by  sir  Cauhne  (2  syl.).  When  the  king 
knew  of  their  loves,  he  banished  sir 
Cauline  from  the  kingdom.  Then,  as 
Christabelle  drooped,  the  king  held  a 
tournament  for  her  amusement,  every 
prize  of  which  was  carried  off  by  an 
unknown  knight  in  black.  On  the  last 
day  came  a  giant  with  two  "gogghng 
eyes,  and  mouthe  from  ear  to  ear," 
called  the  Soldain,  and  defied  all  comers. 
No  one  would  accept  his  challenge  save 
the  knight  in  black,  who  succeeded  in 
killing  his  adversary,  but  died  himself  of 
the  wounds  he  had  received.  When  it 
was  discovered  that  the  knight  was  sir 
Cauline,  the  lady  "  fette  a  sighe,  that 
burst  her  gentle  hearte  in  twayne." — 
Percy:  Reliques  {"  Sir  Cauline,"  I.  i.  4). 

CHRISTIAN,  a  follower  of  Christ. 
So  called  first  at  Antioch. — Acts  xi.  26. 

Christian,  the  hero  of  Bunyan's 
allegory  called  The  Pilgrim's  Progress. 
He   flees   from   the   City  of  Destruction 


CHRISTIAN. 


and  journeys  to  the  Celestial  City.  At 
starting  he  has  a  heavy  pack  upon  bis 
shoulders,  which  falls  off  immediately  he 
reaches  the  foot  of  the  cross.  (The  pack, 
of  course,  is  the  bundle  of  sin,  which  is 
removed  by  the  blood  of  the  cross.    1678.) 

Christian,  captain  of  the  patrol  in  a 
small  German  town  in  which  Mathis  is 
burgomaster.  He  marries  Annette,  the 
burgomaster's  daughter. — J.  R.  Ware: 
The  Polish  Jew. 

Christian,  synonym  of  "  Peasant"  in 
Russia.  This  has  arisen  from  the  abund- 
ant legislation  under  czar  Alexis  and  czar 
Peter  the  Great  to  prevent  Christian  serfs 
from  entering  the  service  of  Mohammedan 
masters.  No  Christian  is  allowed  to 
belong  to  a  Mohammedan  master,  and 
no  Mohammedan  master  is  allowed  to- 
employ  a  Christian  on  his  estate. 

Christian  II.  (or  Chrisliern),  king  of 
Norway,  Sweden,  and  Denmark.  When 
the  Dalecarlians  rose  in  rebellion  against 
him  and  chose  Gustavus  Vasa  for  their 
leader,  a  great  battle  was  fought,  in  which 
the  Swedes  were  victorious  ;  but  Gustavus 
allowed  the  Danes  to  return  to  their 
country.  Christian  then  abdicated,  and 
Sweden  became  an  independent  kingdona. 
— H.  Brooke:  Gustavus  Vasa  (1730). 

Christian  {Edward),  a  conspirator. 
He  has  two  aliases,  "  Richard  Gan'lesse" 
(2  syl.)  and  '*  Simon  Can'ter." 

Colonel  William  Christian,  Edward's 
brother.     Shot  for  insurrection. 

Fenella,  alias  Zarah  Christian,  daughter 
of  Edward  Christian. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Pcveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Christian  {Fletcher),  mate  of  the 
Bounty,  under  the  command  of  captain 
Bligh,  and  leader  of  the  mutineers.  After 
setting  the  captain  and  some  others  adrift, 
Christian  took  command  of  the  ship,  and, 
according  to  lord  Byron,  the  mutineers 
took  refuge  in  the  island  of  Toobouai  (one 
of  the  Society  Islands).  Here  Torquil, 
one  of  the  mutineers,  married  Neuha,  a 
native.  After  a  time,  a  ship  was  sent 
to  capture  the  mutineers.  Torquil  and 
Neuha  escaped,  and  lay  concealed  in  a 
cave ;  but  Christian,  Ben  Bunting,  and 
Skyscrape  were  shot.  This  is  not  accord- 
ing to  fact,  for  Christian  merely  touched 
at  Toobouai,  and  then,  with  eighteen  of 
the  natives  and  nine  of  the  mutineers, 
sailed  for  Tahiti,  where  all  soon  died 
except  Alexander  Smith,  who  changed 
his  name  to  John  Adams,  and  became  a 
model  patriarch. — Byron:  The  Island. 


CHRISTIAN  DOCTOR. 


206 


CHRONICLERS. 


Cb.ristiaii  Doctor  {Mosi),  Joha 
Charlier  de  Gerson  {1363-1429). 

Christian  Eloquence  ( TAe  Founder 
of),  Louis  Bourdaloue  (1632-1704). 

Christian  Kingf  [Most).  So  the 
kings  of  France  were  styled.  Pepin  le 
Bref  was  so  styled  by  pope  Stephen  III. 
(714-768).  Charles  II.  le  Chauve  was 
so  styled  by  the  Council  of  Savonni^res 
(823,  840-877).  Louis  XI.  was  so  styled 
by  Paul  II.  {1423,  1461-1483)  !  1 

Christian  Sen'eca  [The),  J.  Hall, 
bishop  of  Norwich,  poet  and  satirist 
{1574-1656). 

Christian  Year  [The),  "Thoughts 
in  verse  for  every  Sunday  and  Holiday 
throughout  the  Year,"  by  John  Keble 
{1827). 

Christian'a  [ch  =  k),  the  wife  of 
Christian,  who  started  with  her  children 
and  Mercy  from  the  City  of  Destruction 
long  after  her  husband's  flight.  She  was 
under  the  guidance  of  Mr.  Greatheart, 
and  went,  therefore,  with  silver  slippers 
along  the  thorny  road.  This  forms  the 
second  part  of  Bunyan's  Pilgrim's  Pro- 
gress (1684). 

Chris'tie  (2  syl.)  of  the  Clint  Hill, 
one  of  the  retainers  of  Julian  Avenel  (2 
syl.), — Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Monastery 
(time,  Ehzabeth). 

Christie  {John),  ship-chandler  at 
Paul's  Wharf. 

Dame  Nelly  Christie,  his  pretty  wife, 
carried  off  by  lord  Dalgarno. — Sir  W. 
Scott :  Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Christi'na,  daughter  of  Christian  II. 
king  of  Denmark,  Sweden,  and  Norway. 
She  is  sought  in  marriage  by  prince 
Arvi'da  and  by  Gustavus  Vasa ;  but  the 
prince  abandons  his  claim  in  favour  of 
his  friend.  After  the  great  battle,  in 
which  Christian  is  defeated  by  Gustavus, 
Chrisiina  chngs  to  her  father,  and  pleads 
with  Gustavus  on  his  behalf.  He  is 
sent  back  to  Denmark,  with  all  his  men, 
without  ransom,  but  abdicates,  and 
Sweden  is  erected  into  a  separate  king- 
dom.— H.Brooke:  Gustavus  Vasa  (1730). 

Chris 'tine  (2  syl.),  a  pretty,  saucy 
young  woman,  in  the  service  of  the 
countess  Marie,  to  whom  she  is  devotedly 
attached.  After  the  recapture  of  Ernest 
("the  prisoner  of  State"),  she  goes 
boldly  to  king  Frederick  II.,  from  whom 
she  obtains  his  pardon.      Being  set  at 


liberty,    Ernest  marries   the  countess. — 
Stirling  :  The  Prisoner  of  State  (1847). 

Christmas  Carol  [A),  o.  Christmas 
story  in  prose  by  Dickens  (1843).  The 
subject  is  the  conversion  of  Scrooge,  ' '  a 
grasping  old  sinner,"  to  generous  good 
temper,  by  a  series  of  dreams.  Scrooge's 
clerk  is  Bob  Cratchit.  The  moral  in- 
fluence of  this  story  was  excellent.  It  is 
an  admirable  Christmas  tale. 

Christmas  Day,  called  "the  day 
of  new  clothes,"  from  an  old  French 
custom  of  giving  those  who  belonged  to 
the  court  new  cloaks  on  that  day. 

On  Christmas  Eve,  1245,  the  king[/:owir  IX. '\  bade  all 
his  court  be  present  at  early  morning  mass.  At  the 
chapel  door  each  man  received  his  new  cloak,  put  it  on, 
and  went  in  ...  As  the  day  rose,  each  man  saw  on  his 
neighbour's  shoulder  betokened  "  the  crusading  vow." 
— Kitchin  :  History  0/ France,  \.  328. 

Chris'topher  (5^.),  a  saint  of  the 
Roman  and  Greek  Churches,  said  to  have 
lived  in  the  third  century.  His  pagan 
name  was  Oflfgrus,  his  body  was  twelve 
ells  in  height,  and  he  lived  in  the  land  of 
Canaan.  Offerus  made  a  vow  to  serve 
only  the  mightiest;  so,  thinking  the 
emperor  was  "  the  mightiest,"  he  entered 
his  service.  But  one  day  the  emperor 
crossed  himself  for  fear  of  the  devil,  and 
the  giant  perceived  that  there  was  one 
mightier  than  his  present  master,  so  he 
quitted  his  service  for  that  of  the  devil. 
After  a  while,  Offerus  discovered  that  the 
devil  was  afraid  of  the  cross,  whereupon 
he  enlisted  under  Christ,  employing  him- 
self in  carrying  pilgrims  across  a  deep 
stream.  One  day,  a  very  small  child  was 
carried  across  by  him,  but  proved  so 
heavy  that  Offerus,  though  a  huge  giant, 
was  well-nigh  borne  down  by  the  weight. 
This  child  was  Jesus,  who  changed  the 
giant's  name  to  Christoferus,  "  bearer  of 
Christ."  He  died  three  days  afterwaids, 
and  was  canonized. 

Like  the  great  giant  Christopher,  it  stands 
Upon  the  brink  of  the  tempestuous  wave. 

Lons/elloTv  :  The  Lig-hthouse, 

Christopher,  the  head-waiter  in 
Somebody's  Luggage,  a  tale  by  Dickens 
(1864). 

Chronicle  ( The),  a  relation,  in  eight- 
syllable  verse,  of  the  poet's  various  sweet- 
hearts.— Cowley  (1618-1667). 

Chronicle  [The  Saxon),  an  historical 
prose  work  in  Anglo-Saxon,  down  to  the 
reign  of  Henry  II.,  a.d.  1154. 

Chroniclers  [Anglo-Norman),  a 
series  of  writers  on  British  history,  in 
verse,  of  very  early  date.     Geffroy  Gaimar 


CHRONICLEa 


207 


CHRYSAOR. 


wrote  his  Anglo-Norman  chronicle  before 
1 146.  It  is  a  history,  in  verse,  of  the 
Angb-Sj>xon  kings,  Kobert  Wace  wrote 
the  Brut  d Angleterre  [i.e.  Chronicle  of 
England .  in  eight-syllable  verse,  and  pre- 
sented his  work  to  Henry  II.  It  was 
begun  in  1160,  and  finished  in  1170. 

Latin  Chroniclers,  historical  writers  of 
the  eleventh  and  twelfth  centuries. 

Rhyming  Chroniclers,  a  series  of 
writers  on  English  history  from  the 
thirteenth  century.  The  most  noted  are  : 
Layamon  (called  "  the  English  Ennius  ") 
bishop  of  Ernleye-upon-Severn  (1216). 
Robert  of  Gloucester,  who  wrote  a  narra- 
tive of  British  history,  from  the  landing 
of  Brute  to  the  close  of  the  reign  of 
Henry  III.  (♦  to  1272).  No  date  is 
assigned  to  the  coming  of  Brute,  but  he 
was  the  son  of  Silvias  ^ne'as  (the  third 
generation  from  /Eneas  who  escaped  from 
Troy,  B.C.  1 1 83),  so  that  the  date  may  be 
assumed  to  be  B.C.  1028,  thus  giving  a 
scope  of  2300  years  to  the  chronicle. 
(The  verse  of  this  chronicle  is  eight  and 
six  syllables  displayed  together,  so  as  to 
form  lines  of  fourteen  syllables  each.) 
Robert  de  Brunne,  whose  chronicle  is  in 
two  parts.  The  first  ends  with  the  death 
of  Cadwallader,  and  the  second  with  the 
death  of  Edward  I.  The  earlier  parts  are 
similar  to  the  Anglo-Norman  chronicle  of 
Wace.  (The  verse  is  octo-syllabic. )  John 
Harding  wrote  a  chronicle,  in  rhyme, 
down  to  the  reign  of  Edward  IV.  (1470) ; 
it  was  edited  by  sir  Henry  Ellis,  in  1812. 

Clironicles.  Two  books  of  the  Old 
Testament  bear  this  title.  'Y\\^  first  book 
contains  the  history  of  David  from  the 
death  of  Saul,  and  corresponds  to  the 
Second  Book  of  Samuel.  The  second 
book  devotes  the  first  nine  chapters  to  a 
biography  of  Solomon,  and  the  rest  to  an 
epitome  of  kings  of  Judah  to  the  time  of 
the  Captivity. 

The  first  nine  chapters  correspond  to  x  Kings  iU.-xl. 

Chronicles  of  Canongfate,  cer- 
tain stories  supposed  to  have  been  written 
by  Mrs.  Martha  Bethune  BaUol,  a  lady 
of  quality  and  fortune,  who  lived,  when 
in  Edinburgh,  at  Baliol  Lodging,  in  the 
Canongate.  These  tales  were  written  at 
the  request  of  her  cousin,  Mr.  Croft- 
angry,  by  whom,  at  her  death,  they  were 
published.  The  first  series  contains  The 
Highland  Widow,  The  Two  Drovers, 
and  {The  Surgeon's  Daughter,  afterwards 
removed  from  this  series}  The  second 
series  contains  The  Fair  Maid  of  Perth.  — 
Sir    W.  Scott:  "Chronicles  of  Canon- 


gate  "    (introduction    of    The   Highland 

Widow). 

Chronology  [The  Father  of),  J.  J. 
Scaliger  (1540-1609). 

Clironon-Hoton-Tliol'og'os(A7«f'). 

He  strikes  Bom  bard  in'ean,  general  of  his 
forces,  for  giving  him  hashed  p)ork,  and 
snying,  "Kings  as  great  as  Chronon- 
hotonthologos  have  made  a  hearty  meal 
on  worse."  The  king  calls  his  general  a 
traitor.  "  Traitor  in  thy  teeth  !  "  retorts 
the  general.  They  fight,  and  the  king 
dies. — Carey:  Chrononhotonthologos  (a 
burlesque,  1734). 

Clxrysale  (2  syl.),  a  simple-minded, 
hen-pecked  French  tradesman,  whose  wife 
Philaminte  (3  syl. )  neglects  her  house  for 
the  learned  languages,  women's  rights, 
and  the  aristocracy  of  mind.  He  is  him- 
self a  plain  practical  man,  who  has  no 
sympathy  with  the  pas  blue  movement. 
Chrysale  has  two  daughters,  Armande 
(2  syl.)  and  Henriette,  both  of  whom  love 
Clitandre  ;  but  Armande,  who  is  a  "blue- 
stocking," loves  him  platonically  ;  while 
Henriette,  who  is  a  "thorough  woman," 
loves  him  with  woman's  love.  Chrysale 
sides  with  his  daughter  Henriette,  and 
when  he  falls  info  money  difficulties 
through  the  "learned  proclivities"  of  his 
wife,  Clitandre  comes  forward  like  a 
man,  and  obtains  the  consent  of  both 
parents  to  his  marriage  with  Henriette. — 
Moliire  :  Les  Femmes  Savantes  (1672). 

Chrysa'or  \ch  =  k),  the  sword  of 
sir  Ar'tegal,  which  "  exceeded  all  other 
swords."  It  once  belonged  to  Jove,  and 
was  used  by  him  against  the  Titans,  but 
it  had  been  laid  aside  till  Astraea  gave  it 
to  the  Knight  of  Justice. 

Of  most  perfect  metal  it  was  made, 

Tempered  with  adamant  ...  no  substance  was  so  . . . 

hard 
But  it  would  pierce  or  cleave  whereso  it  came. 

S/enser:  faerie  Queent,  v.  (1596^ 

N.B. — The  f)oet  tells  us  it  was  broken 
to  pieces  by  Radigund  queen  of  the  Ama- 
zons (bk.  V.  7),  yet  it  reappears  whole 
and  sound  (canto  12),  when  it  is  used  with 
good  service  against  Grantorto  [the  spirit 
of  rebellion).  Spenser  says  it  was  called 
Chrysaor  because  "  the  blade  was  gar- 
nished all  with  gold." 

Chrysa'or,  son  of  Neptune  and 
Medu'sa.  He  married  Callir'rhofi  (4  syl.), 
one  of  the  sea-nymphs. 

Chrysaor  rising  out  of  the  sea, 

Showed  thus  glorious  and  thus  emulous, 
Leaving  the  arms  of  Challirroe. 

Lon^fencrw :  The  Evening-  Star, 


CHRYSEIS. 


CHUZZLEWIT. 


Cliryseis  [A^ri-seZ-iss],  daughter  of 
Chrysfis  priest  of  Apollo.  She  was  famed 
for  her  beauty  and  her  embroidery. 
During  the  Trojan  war  Chtyseis  was 
taken  captive  and  allotted  to  Agamemnon 
king  of  Argos,  but  her  father  came  to 
ransom  her.  The  king  would  not  accept 
the  offered  ransom,  and  ChrysSs  prayed 
that  a  plague  might  fall  on  the  Grecian 
camp.  His  prayer  was  answered  ;  and 
in  order  to  avert  the  plague  Agamemnon 
sent  the  lady  back  to  her  father,  not  only 
without  ransom,  but  laden  with  costly 
gifts. — Homer:  Iliad,  i. 

Clirysos,  a  rich  Athenian,  who  called 
himself  "  a  patron  of  art,"  but  measured 
art  as  a  draper  measures  tape. — Gilbert: 
Pygmalion  and  Galatea  {1871).  (See 
Critic,  p.244.) 

Clirysostom,  a  famous  scholar,  who 
died  for  love  of  Marcella,  "rich  William's 
daughter." 

Unrivalled  In  learning  and  wit,  he  was  sincere  in 
disposition,  generous  and  magnificent  without  ostenta- 
tion, prudent  and  sedate  witliout  affectation,  modest 
and  complaisant  without  meanness.  In  a  word,  one  of 
the  foremost  in  goodness  of  heart,  and  second  to  none 
in  misfortunes.— Coz/aw/lM  .•  Don  Quixote,  I.  ii.  s  (1605). 

N.B.— The  saint  (317-407)  was  called 
Chrysostom,  Golden-mouth,  for  his  great 
eloquence.  His  name  was  John.  (Greek, 
chrusos,  "gold  ;"  stoma,  "  mouth.") 

CliTicks,  the  boatswain  under  captain 
Savage. — Marry  at:  Peter  Simple  (1833). 

CliTiffey,  Anthony  Chuzzlewit's  old 
clerk,  almost  in  his  dotage,  but  master 
and  man  love  each  other  with  sincerest 
affection. 

Chuflfey  fell  back  into  a  dark  comer  on  one  side  of 
the  fire-place,  where  he  always  spent  his  evenings,  and 
was  neither  seen  nor  heard  .  .  .  save  once,  when  a  cup 
of  tea  was  given  him,  in  wliich  he  was  seen  to  soak  his 
bread  mechanically.  .  .  .  He  remained,  as  it  were, 
frozen  up,  if  any  term  expressive  of  such  a  vigorous 
process  can  be  applied  to  \am.— Dickens ;  Martin 
Ckuxzleiuit,  xL  (1843). 

Chtin^e  {A  la),  very  huge  and  bulky. 
Chun^e  was  the  largest  elephant  ever 
brought  to  England.  Henry  Harris, 
manager  of  Covent  Garden,  bought  it 
for  ;^9oo  to  appear  in  the  pantomime  of 
Harlequin  Padmenaba,  in  iBia  It  was 
subsequently  sold  to  Cross,  the  proprietor 
of  Exeter  'Change.  Chun6e  at  length 
became  mad,  and  was  shot  by  a  detach- 
ment of  the  Guards,  receiving  152  wounds. 
The  skeleton  is  preserved  in  the  museum 
of  the  College  of  Surgeons.  It  is  la  feet 
4  inches  high. 

Churcli.  I  go  to  church  U>  hear  God 
praised,  not  the  king.     This  was  the  wise 


but  severe  rebuke  of  George  III.  to  Dr. 
Wilson,  of  St.  Margaret's  Church,  London, 

Chnrcli  "built  by  Voltaire.    Vol- 
taire the  atheist  built  at  Ferney  a  Christian 
church,   and  had  this  inscription  affixed 
to  it,  "  Deo  erexit  Voltaire."     Campbell, 
in  the  life  of  Cowper  (vol.  vii.  358),  says 
' '  he  knows  not  to  whom  Cowper  alludes 
in  these  lines  " — 
Nor  his  who  for  the  bane  of  thousands  bom. 
Built  God  a  church,  and  laughed  His  Word  to  scorn. 
Cowper:  Retirement  (1783). 

Chnrcli  -  of  -  Euglaudism.  This 
word  was  the  coinage  of  Jeremy  Ben- 
tham  (1748-1832). 

Churchill  (Ethel),  a  novel  by  L.  E. 
L.  (Letitia  E.  Landon),  1837.  Walpole 
and  other  contemporaries  of  George  I. 
are  introduced, 

Chuz'zlewit  [Anthony),  cousin  of 
Martin  Chuzzlewit  the  grandfather. 
Anthony  is  an  avaricious  old  hunks, 
proud  of  having  brought  up  his  son 
Jonas  to  be  as  mean  and  grasping  as 
himself.  His  two  redeeming  points  are 
his  affection  for  his  old  servant  Chuffey, 
and  his  forgiveness  of  Jonas  after  his 
attempt  to  poison  him. 

The  old-established  firm  of  Anthony  Chuzzlewit  and 
Son,  Manchester  warehousemen  .  .  .  had  its  place  of 
business  in  a  very  narrow  street  somewhere  behind  the 
Post-Office.  ...  A  dim,  dirty,  smoky, -tumble-down, 
rotten  old  house  it  was  .  .  .  but  here  the  firm  .  .  . 
transacted  their  business  ...  and  neither  the  young 
man  nor  the  old  one  had  any  other  residence.— Chap,  xl 

Jonas  Chuzzlewit,  son  of  Anthony,  of 
the  "firm  of  Anthony  Chuzzlewit  and 
Son,  Manchester  warehousemen."  A 
consummate  villain  of  mean  brutafity 
and  small  tyranny.  He  attempts  to 
poison  his  old  father,  and  murders  Mon- 
tague Tigg,  who  knows  his  secret.  Jonas 
marries  Mercy  Pecksniff,  his  cousin,  and 
leads  her  a  life  of  utter  misery.  His 
education  had  been  conducted  on  money- 
grubbing  principles;  the  first  word  he 
was  taught  to  spell  was  gain,  and  the 
second  money.  He  poisons  himself  to 
save  his  neck  from  the  gallows. 

This  fine  young  man  had  aD  the  inclination  of  a 
profligate  of  the  first  water,  and  oifly  lacked  the  one 
good  trait  In  the  common  catalogue  of  debauched 
vices— open-handedness— to  be  a  notable  vagabond 
But  there  his  griping  and  penurious  babiu  stepped 
in.— Chap,  xL 

Martin  Chuzzlewit,  sen.,  grandfather 
to  the  hero  of  the  same  name.  A  stern 
old  man,  whose  kind  heart  has  been 
turned  to  gall  by  the  dire  selfishness  of 
his  relations.  Being  resolved  to  expose 
Pecksniff,  he  goes  to  live  in  his  house, 
and  pretends  to  be  weak  in  intellect,  but 


CHYNDONAX. 


expose  the  canting  scoundrel  in  all  his 
deformity. 

Martin  Chuzzlewit,  jun.,  the  hero  of 
the  tale  called  Martin  Chuzzlewit,  grand- 
son to  old  Martin,  His  nature  has  been 
warped  by  bad  training,  and  at  first  he 
is  both  selfish  and  exacting ;  but  the 
troubles  and  hardships  he  undergoes  in 
"Exien"  completely  transform  him,  and 
he  becomes  worthy  of  Mary  Graham, 
whom  he  marries. — Dickens  :  Martin 
Chuzzlewit  [i^^). 

Chyndo'nax,  a  chief  druid,  whose 
tomb  (with  a  Greek  inscription)  was 
discovered  near  Dijon,  in  1598. 

Ciacco' (2  syl.),  a  glutton,  spoken  to 
by  Dante,  in  the  third  circle  of  hell,  the 
place  to  which  gluttons  are  consigned  to 
endless  woe.  The  word  means  "  a  pig," 
and  is  not  a  proper  name,  but  only  a 
symbolical  one. — Dante:  Hell,  vi.  (1300). 

Ciacco,  thy  dire  affliction  grieves  me  much. 

Hell,  vi. 

Cicero.  When  the  great  Roman 
orator  was  given  up  by  Augjustus  to  the 
revenge  of  Antony,  it  was  a  cobbler  who 
conducted  the  sicarii  to  Formiae,  whither 
Cicero  had  fled  in  a  litter,  intending  to 
put  to  sea.  His  bearers  would  have 
fought,  but  Cicero  forbade  them,  and 
one  Herennius  has  the  unenviable  noto- 
riety of  being  his  murderer. 

It  was  a  cobbler  that  set  the  murderers  on  Cicero.— 
Oitidi  :  AriadrU,  i.  6, 

(Some  say  that  Publius  Lsenas  gave 
the  fatal  blow.) 

Cicero  of  the  British  Senate,  George 
Canning  (1770-1827), 

Cicero  of  France,  Jean  Baptiste  Mas- 
sillon  (1663-1742), 

Cicero  of  Germany,  John  elector  of 
Brandenberg  ( 1455,  1486-1499). 

Cicero's  Mouth,  Pliilippe  Pot,  prime 
minister  of  Louis  XI,  (1428-1494), 

The  British  Cicero,  William  Pitt,  earl 
of  Chatham  (1708-1778), 

The  Christian  Cicero,  Lucius  Ccelius 
Lactantius  (died  330). 

The  German  Cicero,  Johann  Sturm, 
printer  and  scholar  (1507-1589), 

Cicle'nius.  So  Chaucer  calls  Mer- 
cury, He  was  named  Cylle'nius  from 
mount  Cylle'nS,  in  Peloponnesus,  where 
he  was  born, 

Ciclenius  riding  in  his  chirachee. 
Chaucer:  Compl.  0/ Man  and  Venu»J(\^\). 

Cid  [The)  =  Seid  or  Signior,  also 
called  Campeador  [Cam-pa' -dor]  or 
"Camp  hero,"     Rodrigue  Diaz  de  eivar 


309 


CID. 


was  surnamed  "the  Cid."  The  great 
hero  of  Castille  was  born  at  Burgos  1030 
and  died  1099.  He  signalized  him- 
self by  his  exploits  in  the  reigns  of 
Ferdinand,  Sancho  H.,  and  Alphonso  VI. 
of  Leon  and  Castille.  In  the  wars  be- 
tween Sancho  II,  and  his  brother  (Al- 
phonso VI,),  he  sided  with  the  former; 
and  on  the  assassination  of  Sancho,  was 
disgraced,  and  quitted  the  court.  The  Cid 
then  assembled  his  vassals,  and  marched 
against  the  Moors,  whom  he  conquered 
in  several  battles,  so  that  Alphonso  was 
necessitated  to  recall  him. 

The  Spanish  chronicle  of  the  Cid  belongs  to  the 
thirteenth    century,    and  was    first    printed    in   1544 ; 


another  version  was  by  Medina  del  Camno,  m  1552. 

The  Spanish  poetn  of  the  Cid  dates  from  izo? ;  and 
102  ballads  of  the  Cid  in  Spanish  were  publLsiied  in 


Southey  published  an  excellent  English  Chronicle  0/ 
the  Cid  m  1808;  Lockhart  translated  into  English 
verse  8  of  the  ballads ;  George  Dennis  rendered  into 
prose  and  verse  a  connected  Ule  of  the  great  Spanish 
he      '      " 


tragedies  on  the  subject ;  Ross  Neil  has  an  English 
drama  called  The  Cid;  Sanchez,  in  1775,  wrote  a  long 
poem  of  1 128  verses  called  Poema  del  Cid  Campeador. 


(And  it  was  the  tragedy  of  The  Cid  which  gamed  for 
Comeille  (in  1636)  the  title  ai  Le grand  Comeille.) 

N.B. — The  Cid,  in  Spanish  romance^ 
occupies  the  same  position  as  Arthur 
does  in  English  story,  Charlemagne  in 
French,  and  Theodorick  in  German 
romance. 

The  Cids  Father,  don  Diego  Lainez. 

The  Cid^s  Mother,  dona  Teresa  Nunez, 

The  CiiTs  Wife,  Xime'na,  daughter  of 
count  Lozano  de  Gormaz.  The  French 
call  her  La  Belle  Chimine,  but  the  rdle 
ascribed  to  her  by  Comeille  is  wholly 
imaginary. 

Never  more  to  thine  own  castle 
Wilt  thou  turn  Babieca's  rein  [3  syLy, 

Never  will  thy  loved  Ximena 
Sec  thee  at  her  side  again. 

The  Cid. 

The  Cid's  Children.  His  two  daughters 
were  Elvi'ra  and  Sol ;  his  son  Diego 
Rodriquez  died  young. 

The  Cid's  Horse  was  Babieca  [either 
Bab-i-i-keh  or  Ba-bee^-keh\  It  survived 
its  master  two  years  and  a  half,  but  no 
one  was  allowed  to  mount  it.  Babieca 
was  buried  before  the  monastery  gates  of 
Valencia,  and  two  elms  were  planted  to 
mark  the  spot. 

Troth  it  goodly  was  and  pleasant 
To  behold  him  at  their  head. 

All  in  mail  on  Babieca  [4  syl.\ 
And  to  list  the  words  he  said. 

The  Cid. 

The  CicTs  Swords,  Cola 'da  and  Tizo'na 
("terror  of  the  world ").  The  latter  was 
taken  by  him  from  king  Buscar. 

The  Portuguese  Cid,  Nunez  Alva'rez 
Perei'ra  (1360-1431). 


CID  HAMET  BENENGELI. 


CIPANGO. 


Cid  Hamet  Benengeli,  the  hy- 
pothetical aathor  of  Don  Quixote.     (See 

BeNENGELI,  p.  III.) 

Spanish  commentators  have  discovered 
this  pseudonym  to  be  only  an  Arabian 
version  of  Signior  Cervantes.  Cid,  i.e. 
' '  signior  ;  "  Hamet,  a  Moorish  prefix  ; 
and  Ben-en-geli,  meaning  "son  of  a  stag." 
So  cervato  ("a  young  stag")  is  the  basis 
of  the  name  Cervantes. 

Cider,  a  poem  by  John  Philips 
{1708),  in  imitation  of  the  Georgics  of 
Virgil. 

Cidli,  the  daughter  of  Jairus,  re- 
stored to  life  by  Jesus.  She  was  beloved 
by  Sem'ida,  the  young  man  of  Nain,  also 
raised  by  Jesus  from  the  dead. — Klop- 
stock  :  The  Messiah,  iv.  (1771). 

Cil'laros,  the  horse  of  Castor  or 
Pollux,  so  named  from  Cylla,  in  Troas. 

Cimmerian  Darkness.  Homer 
places  the  Cimmerians  beyond  OceSnus, 
in  a  land  of  never-ending  gloom  ;  and 
immediately  after  Cimmeria  he  places 
the  empire'  of  HadSs.  Pliny  [Historia 
Naturalis,  vi.  14)  places  Cimmeria  near 
the  lake  Avernus,  in  Italy,  where  "the 
sun  never  penetrates."  Cimmeria  is  now 
called  Kertch,  but  the  Cossacks  call  it 
Prekla  [Hell). 

There  under  ebon  shades  and  low-browed  necks  . . . 
In  dark  Cimmerian  deserts  ever  dwell. 

Milton  :  L'Allesro  (1638). 
Ye  spectre-doubts  that  roll 
Cimmerian  darkness  on  the  parting  soui 

Campbell:  Pleasures 0/ Hope,  ti.  (1799). 

Cincinna'tus  of  the  Americans, 

George  Washington  (1732-1799). 

Cinderella,  the  heroine  of  a  fairy 
tale.  She  was  the  drudge  of  the  house, 
' '  put  upon "  by  her  two  elder  sisters. 
While  the  elder  sisters  were  at  a  ball,  a 
fairy  came,  and  having  arrayed  the 
' '  little  cinder-girl "  in  ball  costume,  sent 
her  in  a  magnificent  coach  to  the  palace 
where  the  ball  was  given.  The  prince 
fell  in  love  with  her,  but  knew  not  who 
she  was.  This,  however,  he  discovered 
by  means  of  a  "glass  slipper"  which 
she  dropped,  and  which  fitted  no  foot 
but  her  own. 

^  This  tale  is  substantially  the  same  as 
that  of  Rhodopis  and  Psammifichus  in 
.^lian  {Var.  Hist.,  xiii.  32V  A  similar 
one  is  also  told  in  Strabo  [Georg.  xvii. ). 
It  is  known  all  over  Italy. 

(The  glass  slipper  should  be  the/ar 
slipper,  pantoufle  en  vair,  not  en  verre  ; 
our  version  being  taken  from  the  Contes 
de  Feesoi  C.  Perrault,  1697.) 


Thou  wilt  find 
My  fortunes  all  as  fair  as  hers  who  lay 
Among  the  ashes,  and  wedded  a  king's  son. 

Tennyson  ;  Gareth  and  Lynette,  p.  76. 

"IF  The  variant  of  this  tale  as  told  of  Rho- 
dope  (3  syl. ),  about  B.  c.  670,  is  this  :  Rho- 
dop&was  bathing,  when  an  eagle  pounced 
on  one  of  her  slippers  and  carried  it  off, 
but  dropped  it  at  Memphis,  where  king 
Psammetlcus  was,  at  the  time,  holding  a 
court  of  justice.  Struck  with  the  beauty 
and  diminutive  size  of  the  shoe,  he  sent 
forth  a  proclamation  for  the  owner.  In 
due  time  Rhodop^  was  discovered,  and, 
being  brought  before  the  king,  he  married 
her. — Strabo  and  ^lian. 

Cinna,  a  tragedy  by  Pierre  Corneille 
(1637).  Mdlle.  Rachel,  in  1838,  took  the 
chief  female  character,  and  produced  a 
great  sensation  in  Paris. 

Cinq-Mars  (//.  Coiffler  de  Ruze, 
marquis  de),  favourite  of  Louis  XIII.  and 
protigi  of  Richelieu  (1620-1642).  Irri- 
tated by  the  cardinal's  opposition  to  his 
marriage  with  Marie  de  Gonzague,  Cinq- 
Mars  tried  to  overthrow  or  to  assassinate 
him.  Gaston,  the  king's  brother,  sided 
with  the  conspirator,  but  Richelieu  dis- 
covered the  plot ;  and  Cinq-Mars,  being 
arrested,  was  condemned  to  death. 
Alfred  de  Vigny  published,  in  1826,  a 
novel  (in  imitation  of  Scott's  historical 
novels)  on  the  subject,  under  the  title  of 
Cinq-Mars. 

CincLuecento  (4  syl.),  \h&  five-hun- 
dred epoch  of  Italian  notables.  They 
were  Ariosto  (1474-1533),  Tasso  (1544- 
1595),  and  Giovanni  Rucellai  (1475- 
1^26) ,  poets ;  Raphael  (1483 -1520),  Titian 
(1480-1576),  and  Michael  Angelo  (1474- 
1564),  painters.  These,  with  Machiavelli, 
Luigi  Alamanni,  Bernardo  Baldi,  etc., 
make  up  what  is  termed  the  "  Cinque- 
centesti,"  The  word  means  the  worthies 
of  the  '500  epoch,  and  it  will  be  observed 
that  they  all  flourished  between  1500 
and  the  close  of  that  century.  (See 
Seicenta.) 

Ouidk  writes  in  winter  mornings  at  a  Venetian 
writing-table  of  cinquecento  work  that  would  en- 
rapture the  souls  of  the  virtuosi  who  haunt  Christie's.— 
E.  Yates  :  Celebrities,  xix. 

Cipan'go  or  Zipango,  a  marvel- 
lous island  described  in  the  Voyages 
of  Marco  Polo,  the  Venetian  traveller. 
He  described  it  as  lying  some  1500  miles 
from  land.  This  island  was  an  object  of 
diligent  search  with  Columbus  and  other 
early  navigators ;  but  it  belongs  to  that 
wonderful  chart  which  contains  the  El 
Dorado  of  sir  Walter  Raleigh,  the  Utopia 


CIPHER. 


CITY. 


f 


of  sir  Thomas  More,  the  Atlantis  of  lord 
Bacon,  the  Laputa  of  dean  Swift,  and 
other  places  better  known  in  story  than 
in  geography. 

Cipher.  The  Rev.  R.  Egerton  War- 
birton,  being  asked  for  his  cipher  by 
a  lady,  in  1845,  wrote  back — 

A  0  u  0  I  0  thee. 

Oh  1  0  no  0  but  0  me ; 

Yet  thy  0  my  0  one  0  go. 

Till  u  d  0  the  0  u  0  so. 
A  cipher  you  sigh-for,  I  sigh-for  thee. 
Oh  1  sigh-for  no  cipher,  but  sigh-for  me ; 
Yet  thy  sigli-for  my  cipher  one  ci-for  go  [on-ce  I  for-gol 
Till  you  de-cipher  the  cipher  you  sigh-for  so. 

(Erroneously  ascribed  to  Dr.  Whewell. ) 
Dr.  Whewell's  cipher  is  as  follows  : — 

A  headless  man  had  a  letter  fO]  to  write ; 
He  who  read  it  \nau^k(\  had  lost  his  sight ; 
The  dumb  repeated  it  \nau^h(\  word  for  word ; 
And  deaf  was  the  man  who  listened  and  heard 
\Haught\ 

'.'  Not  equal  to  the  above  is  the  Epi- 
taph on  a  Fifer — 

Hie  jacet    x    S    4     (one  small  Fifer) 
0    4    I    a    8  (hate) 

0    4X30  (sigh  for) 

o    3    8    o    8 
o    a    4    s    4 

Circe  (2  syl.),  a  sorceress  who  meta- 
morphosed the  companions  of  Ulysses 
into  swine.  Ulysses  resisted  the  en- 
chantment by  means  of  the  herb  mo/y, 
given  him  by  Mercury. 

Who  knows  not  Circe, 
The  daughter  of  the  sun,  whose  charmed  cup 
Whoever  tasted  lost  his  upright  shape. 
And  downward  fell  into  a  grovelling  swine  t 

Milton  :  Comus  (1634). 

Circtut  {Serjeant),  in  Foote's  farce 
called  The  Lame  Lover  (1770). 

Circnmlocntion  Office,  a  term 
applied  by  Dickens,  in  Little  Dorrit 
(1855),  to  our  public  offices,  where  the 
duty  is  so  divided  and  subdivided  that 
the  simplest  process  has  to  pass  through 
a  whole  series  of  officials.  The  following, 
from  baron  Stockmar,  will  illustrate  the 
absurdity : — 

In  the.  English  palace  the  lord  steward  yfwrfj  the  fuel 
and  lays  the  fire,  but  the  lord  chamberlain  lights  it. 
The  baron  says  he  was  once  sent  by  the  queen 
\yictoria\  to  sir  Frederick  Watson  (master  of  the 
household),  to  complain  that  the  drawing-room  was 
always  cold.  Sir  Frederick  replied,  "  You  see,  it  is 
not  nty  fault,  for  the  lord  steward  only  lays  the  fire,  it 
is  the  lord  chamberlain  who  lights  it. 

Again  he  says — 

The  lord  chamberlain  provides  the  lamps,  but  the  lord 
steward  has  to  see  that  they  are  trimmed  and  lighted. 

Here,  therefore,  the  duty  is  reversed. 
Again — 

If  a  pane  of  glass  or  the  door  of  a  cupboard  in  the 
kitchen  needs  mending,  the  process  is  as  follows  :  (i)  A 
requisition  must  be  prepared  and  signed  by  the  chief 
cook.  (2)  This  must  be  countersigned  by  the  clerk  of 
the  kitchen.  (3)  It  is  then  taken  to  the  master  of  the 
household.  (4)  It  must  next  be  authorized  at  the  lord 
chamberlain's  office.  (0  Being  thus  authorized,  it  is 
laid  before  the  clerk  of  the  works  under  the  ofiSce  of 


Woods  and  Forests.  So  that  It  would  toke  months 
before  the  pane  of  glass  or  cupboard  could  be  mended. 
—Mevioirs,  ii.  121,  12a. 

(Some  of  this  foolery  has  been  recently 
abolished. ) 

Cirrlia,  one  of  the  summits  of  Par- 
nassus, sacred  to  Apollo.  That  of  Nysa, 
another  eminence  in  the  same  mountain, 
was  dedicated  to  Bacchus. 

My  vows  I  send,  my  homage,  to  the  seats 
Of  rocky  Cirrha. 

Attnside  :  Hymn  to  tkt  Naiads  (1767). 

Cis'ley  or  Ciss,  any  dairy-maid. 
Tusser  frequently  speaks  of  the  ' '  dairy- 
maid Cisley,"  and  in  April  Husbandry 
tells  Ciss  she  must  carefully  keep  these 
ten  guests  from  her  cheeses :  Geha'zi, 
Lot's  wife,  Argus,  Tom  Piper,  Crispin, 
Lazarus,  Esau,  Mary  Maudlin,  Gentiles, 
and  bishops,  (i)  Gehazi,  because  a 
cheese  should  never  be  a  dead  white, 
like  Gehazi  the  leper.  (2)  Lot's  wife, 
because  a  cheese  should  not  be  too  salt, 
like  Lot's  wife.  (3)  Argus,  because  a 
cheese  should  not  be  full  of  eyes,  like 
Argus.  (4)  Tom  Piper,  because  a  cheese 
should  not  be  "  hoven  and  puffed,"  like 
the  cheeks  of  a  piper.  (5)  Crispin, 
because  a  cheese  should  not  be  leathery, 
as  if  for  a  cobbler's  use.  (6)  Lazarus, 
because  a  cheese  should  not  be  poor,  like 
the  beggar  Lazarus.  (7)  Esau,  because 
a  cheese  should  not  be  hairy,  hke  Esau. 
(8)  Mary  Maudlin,  because  a  cheese 
should  not  be  full  of  whey,  as  Mary 
Maudlin  was  full  of  tears.  (9)  Gentiles, 
because  a  cheese  should  not  be  full  of 
maggots  or  gentils.  (10)  Bishops,  be- 
cause a  cheese  should  not  be  made  of 
burnt  milk,  or  milk  "banned  by  a 
bishop." — Tusser:  Five  Hundred  Points 
of  Good  Husbandry  ("  April,"  1557). 

Citizen  {The),  a  farce  by  Arthur 
Murphy.  George  Philpot  is  destined  to 
be  the  husband  of  Maria  Wilding.  But  as 
Maria  Wilding  is  in  love  with  Beaufort, 
she  behaves  so  sillily  to  her  betrothed 
that  he  refuses  to  marry  her ;  whereupon 
she  gives  her  hand  to  Beaufort  (1757). 

Citizen  Eingf  {The),  Louis  Philippe, 
the  first  elective  king  of  France  (1773, 
1830-1849,  abdicated  and  died  1850). 

CITY,  plu.  Cities. 

City  of  Churches  {The),  Brooklyn,  New 
York,  which  has  an  unusual  number  of 
churches. 

City  of  David  {The),  Jerusalem.— 2 
Sam.  V.  7,  9. 

City  of  Destruction  { The),  this  world,  or 
rather  the  worldly  state  of  the  uncon- 
verted,    Bunyan  makes  "  Christian"  flee 


CITY. 


CIVILIS. 


from  the  City  of  Destruction  and  journey 
to  tiie  Celeitial  City.  By  which  he  alle- 
gorizes the  ' '  walk  of  a  Christian  "  from 
conversion  to  death  (1678). 

City  of  Enchantments,  a  magical  city 
described  in  the  story  of  "  Beder  Prince 
of  Persia." — Arabian  Nights'  Entertain- 
ments. 

City  of  God  [The),  the  Church,  or  whole 
body  of  believers.  The  phrase  is  used 
by  St.  Augustine. 

City  of  Lanterns  ( T?ie),  an  imaginary 
cloud-city  somewhere  beyond  the  zodiac. 
— Lucian  :   Veres  Histories. 

City  of  Legions,  Caerleon-on-Usk. 
Newport  is  the  port  of  this  ancient  city 
(Monmouthshire  and  Glamorganshire). 
It  was  in  the  City  of  Legions  that  Arthur 
held  his  court.  It  contained  two  cathe- 
drals, viz.  St.  Julius  and  St.  Aaron,  built 
in  honour  of  two  martyrs  who  suffered 
death  here  in  the  reign  of  Diocletian. 

City  of  Masts  {The),  London. 

City  of  Monuments  ( The\  Baltimore,  in 
Maryland.  One  of  its  streets  is  called 
Monument  Street. 

City  of  Palaces  ( The).  Three  cities  are 
so  called :  (i)  Rome  from  the  reign  of 
Augustus.  Agrippa  converted  "  a  city  of 
brick  huts  into  a  city  of  marble  palaces." 
{2)  Calcutta.  (3)  St.  Petersburg  is  so 
called,  from  its  numerous  Imperial  and 
Government  edifices. 

City  of  Refuge  {The),  Medi'na,  in 
Arabia,  where  Mahomet  took  refuge 
when  driven  by  conspirators  from  Mecca. 
He  entered  the  city,  not  as  a  fugitive, 
but  in  triumph  (a.d.  622). 

Cities  of  Refuge,  Bezer,  Ramoth,  and 
Golan  {east  of  Jordan);  Hebron,  She- 
chem,  and  Kedesh  {west  of  that  river). 
— Deut.  iv.  43  ;  Josh.  xx.  1-8. 

City  of  the  Great  King  {The),  Jeru- 
salem.— Psabn  xlviii.  2 ;  Matt.  v.  33. 

Cities  of  the  Plain  {The),  Sodom  and 
Gomorrah. — Gen.  xiii.  12. 

City  of  the  Prophet,  Medi'na,  in  Arabia, 
where  Mahomet  was  protected  when  he 
fled  from  Mecca  (July  16,  A.  D.  622), 

City  of  the  Sun  {The),  Balbec,  called  in 
Greek,  Heliop'olis  ("sun-city"). 

(In  Campanella's  romance  the  "  City  of 
the  Sun  "  is  an  ideal  republic,  constructed 
on  the  model  of  Plato's  republic.  It  is  an 
hypothetical  perfect  society  or  theocratic 
communism.  Sir  T.  More  in  his  Utopia, 
and  lord  Bacon  in  his  Atlantis,  devised 
similar  cities. ) 

City  of  the  Tribes,  Galway,  in  Ireland, 
"  the  residence  of  thirteen  tribes,"  wh^ih 
settled  there  in  1235. 


City  of  the  West,  Glasgow,  in  Scotland, 
situate  on  the  Clyde,  the  principal  river 
on  the  west  coast. 

The  Cleanest  City  in  the  World  { The), 
Broek,  in  Holland,  which  is  "painfully 
neat  and  clean." 

The  Seven  Cities,  Thebes  (in  Egypt), 
Jerusalem,  Babylon,  Athens,  Rome,  Con- 
stantinople, and  London  (for  commerce) 
or  Paris  (for  beauty). 

(In  the  Seven  Wonders  of  the  World, 
the  last  of  the  wonders  is  doubtful,  some 
giving  the  Pharos  of  Egypt,  and  others 
the  Palace  of  Cyrus ;  so  again  in  the  Seven 
Sages  of  Greece,  the  seventh  is  either 
Periander,  Myson,  or  Epimen'idSs.) 

City  Madam  {The),  a  comedy  by 
Philip  Massinger  (1633).  The  City 
madam  was  the  daughter  of  farmer 
Goodman  Humble,  and  married  sir  John 
Frugal,  a  merchant,  who  became  im- 
mensely wealthy,  and  retired  from  busi- 
ness. By  a  deed  of  gift  he  transferred 
his  wealth  to  his  brother  Luke,  whereby 
madam  and  her  daughter  were  both  made 
dependent  on  him.  During  her  days  of 
wealth  the  extravagance  of  lady  Frugal 
was  unbounded,  and  her  dress  costly 
beyond  conception ;  but  Luke  reduced 
her  state  to  that  of  a  farmer's  daughter. 
Luke  says  to  her — 

You  were  served  in  plate ; 
Stirred  not  a  foot  without  a  coach,  and  going 
To  church,  not  for  devotion,  but  to  show 
Your  pomp. 
The  City  Madam\%  an  extraordinarily  spirited  picture 
of  actual  life,  idealized  into  a  semi-comic  strain  of  poetry. 
—Professor  Spalding. 

City  Mouse  and  Country  Mouse 

{The),  a  fable  by  Prior  (1689),  in  ridicule 
of  Dryden's  Hind  and  Panther.  A  city 
mouse  invited  a  country  mouse  to  supper, 
and  set  before  his  guest  all  sorts  of 
delicacies  ;  but,  in  the  midst  of  the  feast, 
a  cat  rushed  in  and  broke  up  the  banquet. 
Whereupon  the  country  mouse  exclaimed 
that  she  preferred  a  more  frugal  fare  with 
liberty. 
Civil  Wars  of  England. 

There  Dutton  Dutton  kills ;  a  Done  doth  kill  a  Done ; 

A  Booth  a  Booth,  and  Leigh  by  Leigh  is  overthrown  ; 

A  Venables  against  a  Venables  doth  stand ; 

A  Troutbcck  fighteth  with  a  Troutbeck  hand  to  hjuid  ; 

There  Molineux  doth  make  a  Molineux  to  die. 

And  Egerton  the  strength  of  Egerton  doth  try. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xxii.  (1622). 

(S.  Daniel,  in  1609,  published  a  rhyming 
chronicle  of  these  wars,  in  eight  books. ) 

Civi'lis,  the  great  Batavian  hero, 
swore  to  leave  his  beard  and  hair  uncut 
till  he  had  driven  out  the  Romans  (b.c.  69), 

\  Lumeq  (count  de  la  Marck),  a  de- 
scendant of ' '  The  Wild  Boar  of  Ardennes," 


CLACK-DISH. 

swore  to  do  the  same  till  he  had  liberated 
his  country  from  the  Spaniards. — Motley  : 
Dutch  Republic,  partiii.  4.  (See  Isabella.  ) 

Clack-Dish,  a  dish  or  platter  with  a 
lid,  used  at  one  time  by  beggars,  who 
clacked  the  lid  when  persons  drew  near, 
to  arrest  attention  and  thus  solicit  alms. 

Your  begrgar  of  fifty  ;  and  his  use  was  to  put  a  ducat 
in  her  clack-dish.  —  Shakespeart :  Measure  for  Mea- 
sure, act  iii.  sc  a  (1603). 

Cladpole  (Tim),  Richard  Lower,  of 
Chiddingly,  author  of  7'om  Cladpole's 
Journey  to  Lunnun  (1831) ;  Jan  Clad- 
fole's  Trip  to  'Merricur  (1844),  etc. 

Claimant  {The).  William  Knollys, 
in  The  Great  Banbury  Case,  claimed  the 
baronetcy,  but  was  non-suited.  This 
suit  lasted  150  years  (i66o-i8ii). 

IT  Douglas  V.  Hamilton,  in  The  Great 
Douglas  Case,  was  settled  in  favour  of  the 
claimant,  who  was  at  once  raised  to  the 
peerage  under  the  name  and  title  of 
baron  Douglas  of  Douglas  Castle ;  but 
was  not  restored  to  the  title  of  duke 
{1767-1769) 

H  Tom  Provis,  a  schoolmaster  of  ill 
repute,  who  had  married  a  servant  of  sir 
Hugh  Smithes  of  Ashton  Hall,  near 
Bristol,  claimed  the  baronetcy  and  estates. 
He  was  non-suited  and  condemned  to  im- 
prisonment for  twenty-one  years  (1853). 

IF  Arthur  Orton,  who  claimed  to  be  sir 
Roger  Tichborne  (drowned  at  sea).  He 
was  non-suited  and  sentenced  to  fourteen 
years'  imprisonment  for  perjury  (1871- 
1872). 

Clamades  (3  syl. ),  son  of  king  Cram- 
part,  who  mounted  his  father's  wooden 
horse,  and  was  conveyed  through  the 
air  at  the  rate  of  100  miles  an  hour. — 
Alkman  :  Reynard  tlie  Fox  (1498). 

Clandestine  Marriage  ( The). 
Fanny  Sterling,  the  younger  daughter  of 
Mr.  Sterling,  a  rich  city  merchant,  is 
clandestinely  married  to  Mr.  Lovewell, 
an  apprentice  in  the  house,  of  good 
family  ;  and  sir  John  Melvil  is  engaged 
to  Miss  Sterling,  the  elder  sister.  Lord 
Ogleby  is  a  guest  in  the  merchant's  house. 
Sir  John  prefers  Fanny  to  her  elder  sister, 
and  not  knowing  of  her  marriage,  proposes 
to  her,  but  is  rejected.  Fanny  appeals  to 
lord  Ogleby,  who,  being  a  vain  old  fop, 
fancies  she  is  in  love  with  him,  and  tells 
Sterling  he  means  to  make  her  a  countess. 
Matters  being  thus  involved,  Lovewell 
goes  to  consult  with  Fanny  about  de- 
claring their  marriage,  and  the  sister, 
convinced  that  sir  John  is  shut  up  in  her 
sister's  room,  rouses  the  house  with  a  cry 


213  CLARA. 

of  '  •  Thieves ! "  Fanny  and  Lovewell  rK)w 
make  their  appearance.  All  parties  are 
scandalized.  But  Fanny  declares  they 
have  been  married  four  months,  and  lord 
Ogleby  takes  their  part.  So  all  ends 
well. — Colman  and  Garrick  (1766). 

(This  comedy  is  a  richauffi  of  The 
False  Concord,  by  Rev.  James  Townley, 
many  of  the  characters  and  much  of  the 
dialogue  being  preserved.) 

Clan^  of  Shields.  To  strike  the 
shield  with  the  blunt  end  of  a  spear  was 
in  Ossianic  times  an  indication  of  war  to 
the  death.  A  bard,  when  the  shield  was 
thus  struck,  raised  the  mort-song. 

Cairbar  rises  in  his  anns.  Darkness  gathers  on  hb 
brow.  The  hundred  harps  cease  at  once.  The  clang 
of  shields  is  heard.  Far  distant  on  the  heath  OUa 
raised  the  song  of  voc—Ossian  :  Temora,  i. 

Clapham  Academy  [Ode  on  the 
Distant  Prospect  of),  by  T.  Hood  {1847),  a 
parody  on  Gray's  Distant  Prospect  0/  Eton 
College  {17^2). 

CLA'RA,  in  Otway's  comedy  called 
The  Cheats  of  Scapin,  an  English  version 
of  Les  Fourberies  de  Scapin,  by  Moli^re, 
represents  the  French  character  called 
"  Hyacinthe."  Her  father  is  called  by 
Otway  "Gripe,"  and  by  Moli^re  "  G6- 
ronte  "  (2  syl. ) ;  her  brother  is  "  Leander," 
in  French  "  Leandre ; "  and  her  sweet- 
heart "  Octavian  "  son  of  "Thrifty,"  in 
French  "Octave"  son  of  "Argante." 
The  sum  of  money  wrung  from  Gripe  is 
;^20o,  but  that  squeezed  out  of  G^ronte  is 
1500  livres. 

Clara  [d'Almanza],  daughter  c^ 
don  Guzman  of  Seville;  beloved  by  don 
Ferdinand,  but  destined  by  her  mother 
for  a  cloister.  She  loves  Ferdinand  ;  but 
repulses  him  from  shyness  and  modesty, 
quits  home,  and  takes  refuge  in  St. 
Catherine's  Convent.  Ferdinand  dis- 
covers her  retreat ;  and,  after  a  few  neces- 
sary blunders,  they  are  married. — 
Sheridan:  The  Duenna  (1773). 

Clara  (Z><7««a),  the  troth-plight  wife  of 
Octavio.  Her  affianced  husband,  having 
killed  don  Felix  in  a  duel,  was  obliged  to 
lie  perdu  for  a  time,  and  Clara,  assuming 
her  brother's  clothes  and  name,  went  in 
search  of  him.  Both  came  to  Salamanca, 
both  set  up  at  the  Eagle,  both  hired  the 
same  servant  Lazarillo,  and  ere  long  they 
met,  recognized  each  other,  and  became 
man  and  wife. — Jephson  :  Two  Strings  to 
your  Bow  (1792). 

Clara  [Douglas],  a  lovely  girl  of  art- 
less mind,  feeling  heart,  great  modesty, 
and  well  accomplished.     She  loved  Alfred 


CLARCHExN. 

Evelyn,  but  refused  to  marry  him  because 
they  were  both  too  poor  to  support  a 
house.  Evelyn  was  left  an  immense  for- 
tune, and  proposed  to  Georgina  Vesey, 
but  Georgina  gave  her  hand  to  sir  Frede- 
rick Blount.  Being  thus  disentangled, 
Evelyn  again  proposed  to  Clara,  and  was 
joyfully  accepted. — Lord  Lytton:  Money 
(1840). 

Clarclieu  {Klet'-kn],  a  female  cha- 
racter in  Goethe's  Ei^mont,  noted  for  her 
constancy  and  devotion. 

Clare  [Ada),  cousin  of  Richard  Car- 
stone,  both  of  whom  are  orphans  and 
wards  in  Chancery,  They  marry  each 
other,  but  Richard  dies  young,  blighted 
by  the  law's  delay  in  the  great  Chancery 
suit  of  "  Jarndyce  v.  Jarndyce." — C. 
Dickens:  Bleak  House  {1853). 

Clarence  (George  duke  of),  intro- 
duced by  sir  W.  Scott  in  Anne  of  Geier- 
'iein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Clarence  and  tlie  Malmsey- 
Butt.  According  to  tradition,  George 
duke  of  Clarence,  having  joined  Warwick 
to  replace  Henry  VI.  on  the  throne,  was 
put  to  death  ;  and  the  choice  of  the  mode 
of  death  being  offered  him,  he  was 
drowned  in  a  butt  of  malmsey  wine 
(1473)- 

'Twere  better  sure  to  die  so,  than  be  shut 
With  maudlin  Clarence  in  his  malmsey-butt 

Byron  :  Don  yuan,  i.  i66  (1819). 

Clarendon  ( The  earl  of),  lord  chan- 
cellor to  Charles  II.  Introduced  by  sir 
W.  Scott  in  Woodstock  (time,  Common- 
wealth). 

Claribel  {Sir),  siu-named  "The 
Lewd."  One  of  the  six  knights  who  con- 
tended for  the  false  Florimel. — Spenser: 
Faerie  Queene,  iv.  9  {1596). 

Claribel,  the  pseudonym  of  Mrs. 
Barnard,  author  of  numerous  popular 
songs  (from  1865  to        ). 

Clar'ice  (3  syl.),  wife  of  Rinaldo,  and 
sister  of  Huon  of  Bordeaux.  Introduced 
in  the  romances  of  Bojardo,  Ariosto, 
Tasso,  etc. 

Clarin  or  Clarln'da,  the  confidential 
maid  of  Radigund  queen  of  the  Am'azons. 
When  the  queen  had  got  sir  Ar'tegal  into 
her  power,  and  made  him  change  his 
armour  for  an  apron,  and  his  sword  for  a 
distaff,  she  fell  in  love  with  the  captive, 
and  sent  Clarin  to  win  him  over  by  fair 
promises  and  indulgences.  Clarin  per- 
formed the  appointed  mission,  but  fell  in 
lc*'e  herself  wi.h  the  knight,  and  told  the 


214  CLARKE. 

queen  that  sir  Artegal  was  obstinate,  and 
rejected  her  advances  with  scorn. — 
Spenser :  Faerie  Queene,  v.  5  (1596). 

Clarinda,  the  heroine  of  Mrs.  Cent- 
livre's  drama  The  Beau's  Duel  (1703). 

Nothing  could  be  more  captivating  than  Mrs.  Prit- 
chard  [1711-1768]  in  "  lady  Macbeth,"  "  The  Queen  "  in 
Hamlet,  "Clarinda,"  "  Estifania  ;"  in  short,  every 
species  of  strong  nature  received  from  her  a  polish  and 
perfection  than  which  nothing  could  be  more  truly 
captivating.— ZH'Wiw  ;  History  of  the  Stage, 

("  Estifania,"  in  Rule  a  Wife  and  have 
a  Wife,  by  Fletcher  (1624).) 

Clarinda,  a  merry,  good-humoured, 
high-spirited  lady,  in  love  with  Charles 
Frankly.  The  madcap  Ranger  is  her 
cousin. — Dr.  Hoadly  :  The  Suspicious 
Husband  [ij^j). 

Clarinda  of  Robert  Burns  was  Mrs. 
Maclehose,  who  was  alive  in  1833. 

Clarion,  the  son  and  heir  of  Mus- 
carol.  He  was  the  fairest  and  most 
prosperous  of  all  the  race  of  flies. 
Aragnol,  the  son  of  Arachng  (the  spider), 
entertained  a  deep  and  secret  hatred  of 
the  young  prince,  and  set  himself  to 
destroy  him  ;  so,  weaving  a  most  curious 
net.  Clarion  was  soon  caught,  and  Aragnol 
gave  him  his  death-wound  by  piercing  him 
under  the  left  wing. — Spenser:  Muiopot 
mos,  or  The  Butterjlys  Fate  (1590). 

Claris'sa,  wife  of  Gripe  the  scrivener, 
A  lazy,  lackadaisical,  fine  city  lady,  who 
thinks  "  a  woman  must  be  of  mechanic 
m-ould  who  is  either  troubled  or  pleased 
with  anything  her  husband  can  do  "  (act 
i.  3).  She  has  "  wit  and  beauty,  with  a 
fool  to  her  husband,"  but  though  "  fool," 
a  hard,  grasping,  mean  old  hunks. 

"  I  have  more  subjects  for  spleen  than  one.  Is  it  not 
a  most  horrible  thing  tliat  I  should  be  a  scrivener's  wife  t 
.  .  .  Don't  you  thinlc  nature  designed  me  for  some- 
thing plus  elev^e  1  Why,  I  dare  abuse  nobody.  I'm 
afraid  to  affront  people,  ...  or  to  ruin  their  reputa- 
tions. ...  I  dare  not  raise  the  lie  of  a  man,  though  he 
neglects  to  malce  love  to  me ;  nor  report  a  woman  to 
be  a  fool,  though  she  is  handsomer  than  I.  In  short,  I 
dare  not  so  much  as  bid  my  footman  kick  people  out  of 
doors,  though  they  come  to  dun  me  for  what  I  owe 
them."— iVr  J.  yanbrugh:  The  Confederacy,  L  3 
(1695)- 

Clarissa,  sister  of  Beverley,  plighted 
to  George  Bellmont. — Murphy:  All  in 
the  Wrong {ly 61). 

Clarissa    Karlowe.      (See   Har- 

LOWE.) 

Clarke  {The  Rev.  T.),  the  pseudonym 
of  John  Gall,  the  novehst  (1779-1839). 

Clarke  {The  Rev.  C.  C),  one  of  the 
many  pseudonyms  of  sir  Richard  Phillips, 
author  of  The  Hundred  Wonders  of  the 
World  (1818),  Readings  in  Natural 
Philosophy,  etc. 


CLATHO. 


2IS 


CLAVILENO. 


Cla'tho,  the  la^t  wife  of  Fingal  and 
mother  of  Fillan,  Fingal's  youngest  son. 

Claude  ( The  English),  Richard  Wil- 
son (1714-1782). 

Clan' dine  (2  jy/.).  wife  of  the  porter 
of  the  hotel  Harancour,  and  old  nurse  of 
Julio  "  the  deaf  and  dumb"  count.  She 
recognizes  the  lad,  who  had  been  rescued 
by  De  l'Ep6e  from  the  streets  of  Paris, 
and  brought  up  by  him  under  the  name 
of  Theodore.  Ultimately,  the  guardian 
Darlemont  confesses  that  he  had  sent  him 
adrift  under  the  hope  of  getting  rid  of 
him ;  but  being  proved  to  be  the  count, 
he  is  restored  to  his  ran4{  and  property. 
—Holcroft:  The  Deaf  and  Dumb  {\-jZs)- 

Clandio  [Lord)  of  Florence,  a  friend 
of  don  Pedro  prince  of  Aragon,  and 
engaged  to  Hero  (daughter  of  Leonato 
governor  of  Messina). — Shakespeare: 
Much  Ado  about  Nothing  (1600). 

Clandio,  brother  of  Isabella  and  the 
suitor  of  Juliet.  He  is  imprisoned  by  lord 
Angelo  for  the  seduction  of  Juliet,  and 
his  sister  Isabella  pleads  for  his  release. 
—Shakespeare:  Measure  for  Measure 
(1603). 

Clan'dins,  king  of  Denmark,  who 
poisoned  his  brother,  married  the  widow, 
and  usurped  the  throne.  Claudius  in- 
duced Ivaert6s  to  challenge  Hamlet  to 
play  with  foils,  but  persuaded  him  to 
poison  his  weapon.  In  the  combat  the 
foils  got  changed,  and  Hamlet  wounded 
LaertSs  with  the  poisoned  weapon.  In 
order  still  further  to  secure  the  death  of 
Hamlet,  Claudius  had  a  cup  of  poisoned 
wine  prepared,  which  he  intended  to  give 
Hamlet  when  he  grew  thirsty  with  play- 
ing. The  queen,  drinking  of  this  cup, 
died  of  poison  ;  and  Hamlet,  rushing  on 
Claudius,  stabbed  him  and  cried  alond, 
"  Here,  thou  incestuous,  murderous  Dane, 
.  .  .  Follow  my  mother  1 " — Shakespeare  ; 
Hamlet  (1596). 

(In  the  History  of  Hamblet,  Claudius 
is  called  "  Fengon,"  a  far  better  name  for 
a  Dane.) 

Clandins,  the  instrument  of  Appius 
the  decemvir  for  entrapping  Virginia.  He 
pretended  that  Virginia  was  his  slave, 
who  had  been  stolen  from  him  and  sold  to 
Virginius.— A'now&J.*   Virginius  (1820). 

Clandins  (Afathias),  a  German  poet 
bom  at  Rhemfeld,  and  author  of  the 
famous  song  called  Rheinweinlied 
("  Rhenish  wine-song"),  sung  at  all  con- 
vivial feasts  of  the  Germans. 


Claudius,  thougrh  he  sang  of  flagons. 
And  hug'e  tanknrds  filled  with  Rhenish. 

From  the  fiery  blood  of  dragons 
Never  would  his  own  replenish. 

Long/tlUrw :  Drinking  Song. 

Clans  [Peter).     (See  under  K.) 

Clans  or  Elans  {Santa),  a  familiar 
name  for  St.  Nicholas,  the  patron  saint 
of  children.  On  Christmas  Eve  German 
children  have  presents  stowed  away  in 
their  socks  and  shoes  while  they  are 
asleep,  and  the  little  credulous  ones  sup- 
pose that  Santa  Claus  or  Klaus  placed 
them  there. 

St.  Nicholas  Is  said  to  have  supplied  three  destitute 
maidens  with  marriagre  portions  by  secretly  leaving 
money  with  their  widowed  mother ;  and  as  his  day 
occurs  just  before  Christmas,  he  was  selected  for  the 
gift-giver  on  Christmas  Eve.—  Yonge. 

Claverhonse  (3  syl. ),  John  Graham 
of  Claverhouse  (viscount  Dundee),  a  re- 
lentless Jacobite,  so  rapacious  and  pro- 
fane, so  violent  in  temper  and  obdurate 
of  heart,  that  every  Scotchman  hates 
the  name.  He  hunted  the  covenanters 
with  real  vindictiveness,  and  is  almost  a 
byword  for  barbarity  and  cruelty  (1650- 
1689). 

Claverhonse,  or  the  marquis  of 
Argyll,  a  kinsman  of  Ravenswood,  intro- 
duced by  sir  W.  Scott  in  The  Bride  of 
Lammermoor  (time,  William  III.). 

Clavijo  [Don),  a  cavalier  who  "  could 
touch  the  guitar  to  admiration,  write 
poetry,  dance  divinely,  and  had  a  fine 
genius  for  making  bird-cages."  He 
married  the  princess  Antonomasia  of 
Candaya,  and  was  metamorphosed  by 
Malambru'no  into  a  crocodile  of  some 
unknown  metal.  Don  Quixote  disen- 
chanted him  "by  simply  attempting  the 
adventure." — Cervantes:  Don  Quixote, 
II.  iii.  4,  s  (1615). 

Clavile'no,  the  wooden  horse  on 
which  don  Quixote  got  astride  in  order 
to  disenchant  the  infanta  Antonoma'sia, 
her  husband,  and  the  countess  Trifaldi 
(called  the  "  Dolori'da  duena").  It  was 
"  the  very  horse  on  which  Peter  of  Pro- 
vence carried  oflf  the  fair  Magalona,  and 
was  constructed  by  Merlin."  This  horse 
was  called  Clavileno  or  Wooden  Peg,  be- 
cause it  was  governed  by  a  wooden  pin 
in  the  iox€ti^zA.— Cervantes  :  Don  Quixote, 
II.  iii.  4,  5  (1615). 

There  Is  one'peculiar  advantage  attending  this  horse : 
he  neither  eats,  drinks,  sleeps,  nor  wants  shoeing.  .  .  . 
His  name  is  not  Pegasus,  nor  Bucephalus;  nor  is  it 
Brilladoro,  the  name  of  the  steed  of  Orlando  Furioso ; 
neither  is  It  Bayarte.  which  belonged  to  Reynaldo  de 
Montalbon ;  nor  Bootes,  nor  Peritoa,  the  horses  of  the 
sun;  but  his  name  is  Clavileno  the  Winged.— Chap.  ^. 


CLAYPOLE. 


216 


CLEMENT. 


Clasrpole  {Noah),  alias  "  Morris 
Bolter,"  an  ill-conditioned  charity-boy, 
who  takes  down  the  shutters  of  Sower- 
berry's  shop  and  receives  broken  meats 
from  Charlotte  (Sowerberry's  servant), 
whom  he  afterwards  marries. — Dickens  : 
Oliver  Twist  (1837). 

Cleaute  (2  syl.),  brother-in-law  of 
Orgon.  He  is  distinguished  for  his 
genuine  piety,  and  is  both  high-minded 
and  compassionate. — Molikre  :  La  Tar- 
tuffe  (1664). 

Cleante  {2  syl.),  son  of  Har'pagon 
the  miser,  in  love  with  Mariane  (3  syl.). 
Harpagon,  though  60  years  old,  wished 
to  marry  the  same  young  lady,  but 
Cleante  solved  the  difficulty  thus :  He 
dug  up  a  casket  of  gold  from  the  garden, 
hidden  under  a  tree  by  the  miser,  and 
while  Harpagon  was  raving  about  the  loss 
of  his  gold,  Cleante  told  him  he  might 
take  his  choice  between  Mariane  and  the 
gold.  The  miser  preferred  the  casket, 
which  was  restored  to  him,  and  Cleante 
married  Mariane. — Moliire  :  L'Avare 
{1667). 

Cleante  (2  ryl.),  the  lover  of  Ange- 
lique  daughter  of  Argan  the  malade  ima- 
ginaire.  As  Argan  had  promised  Ange- 
lique  in  marriage  to  Thomas  Diafoirus  a 
young  surgeon,  Cl^nte  carries  on  his 
love  as  a  music-master,  and  though  Argan 
is  present,  the  lovers  sing  to  each  other 
their  plans  under  the  guise  of  an  interlude 
called  "  Tircis  and  Philis."  Ultimately, 
Argan  assents  to  the  marriage  of  his 
daughter  with  Cleante. — Moliire:  Le 
Malade  Imaginaire  (1673). 

Clean'tlie  (2  syl.),  sister  of  Siphax 
of  Paphos. — Beaumont  (?)  and  Fletcher  : 
The  Mad  Lover  (1617). 

Beaumont  died  1616. 

Cleantlie  (3  syl),  the  lady  beloved 
by  lon.—Talfourd:  Ion  (1835). 

Clean'thes  {3  jy/.),  son  of  Leon'idfis 
and  husband  of  Hippolita,  noted  for  his 
filial  piety.  The  duke  of  Epire  made  a 
law  that  all  men  who  had  attained  the 
age  of  80  should  be  put  to  death  as  use- 
less incumbrances  of  the  commonwealth. 
SimonidSs,  a  young  libertine,  admired  the 
law,  but  Cleanthgs  looked  on  it  with 
horror,  and  determined  to  save  his  father 
from  its  operation.  Accordingly,  he  gave 
out  that  his  father  was  dead,  and  an  osten- 
tatious funeral  took  place  ;  but  Cleanth^s 
retired  to  a  wood,  where  he  concealed 
Leon'idSs,  while  he  and  his  wife  waited 
on  him  and  administered   to  his  wants. 


—  The  Old  Law  (a  comedy  of  Philip 
Massinger,  T.  Middleton,  and  W.  Rowley, 
1620). 

Cleffgr  (Holdfast),  a  puritan  millwright. 
—Sir  W.  Scott :  Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time, 
Charles  n.). 

Cleisll1}otlia2U  [Jededi'ah),  school- 
master and  parish  clerk  of  Gandercleuch, 
who  employed  his  assistant  teacher  to 
arrange  and  edit  the  tales  told  by  the 
landlord  of  the  Wallace  inn  of  the  same 
parish.  These  tales  the  editor  disposed 
in  three  series,  called  by  the  general  title 
of  The  Tales  of  My  landlord  ( q.  v. ).  (See 
introduction  of  fhe  Black  Dwarf.)  Of 
course  the  real  author  is  sir  Walter  Scott 
(1771-1832). 

Mrs.  Dorothea  Cleishbotham.viMeoi  ihe 
schoolmaster,  a  perfect  Xantippg,  and 
"sworn  sister  of  the  Eumen'idds." 

Cle'lia  or  Cloe'lia,  a  Roman  maiden, 
one  of  the  hostages  given  to  Por'sina. 
She  made  her  escape  from  the  Etruscan 
camp  by  swimming  across  the  Tiber. 
Being  sent  back  by  the  Romans,  Pors!na 
not  only  set  her  at  liberty  for  her  gallant 
deed,  but  allowed  her  to  take  with  her 
a  part  of  the  hostages.  Mdlle.  Scud^ri 
has  a  novel  on  the  subject,  entitled 
Clilie,  Histoire  Romaine. 

Our  statues— not  of  those  that  men  desire- 
Sleek  odalisques  {Turkish  slaves]  ...  but 
The  Carian  Artemisia  .  .  .  [See  p.  63.] 
Clelia,  Cornelia  .  .  .  and  the  Roman  brows 
Of  Agrippina. 

Tennyson  :  The  Princess,  IL 

Clelia,  a  vain,  frivolous  female  butter- 
fly, with  a  smattering  of  everything.  In 
youth  she  was  a  coquette ;  and  when  youth 
was  passed,  tried  sundry  means  to  earn 
a  living,  but  without  success. — Crabbe ; 
The  Borough  (1810), 

Clelie  (2  syl. ),  the  heroine  of  a  novel 
so  called  by  Mdlle.  Scud^ri.  (See 
Clelia.) 

Clemanthe,  the  heroine  of  Talfourd's 

tragedy  of  Ion  (1835). 

Clement,  one  of  the  attendants  of 
sir  Reginal  Front  de  Boeuf  (a  follower  of 
prince  John).— 5/r  W.  Scott:  Ivanhoe 
(time,  Richard  I.), 

Clem'ent  {Justice),  a  man  quite  able 
to  discern  between  fun  and  crime. 
Although  he  had  the  weakness  "of 
justices'  justice,"  he  had  not  the  weak- 
ness of  ignorant  vulgarity. 

Knowell.  They  say  he  wiU  commit  a  man  for  taking 
the  wall  of  his  horse.  * 

Wellbred.  Ay,  or  for  wearing  his  cloak  on  one 
shoulder,  or  serving  God.  Everything,  indeed,  if  it 
comes  in  the  way  of  his  humour.— ^tf«  Janson  ■  Every 
Man  in  His  Humonr,  iii.  2  (1398). 


CLEMENTINA. 

Clementi'ua  {.The  lady),  an  amiable, 
delicate,  beautiful,  accomplished,  but  un- 
fortunate woman,  deeply  in  love  with  sir 
Charles  Grandison.  Sir  Charles  married 
Harriet  Biron. — Richardson  :  The  History 
of  Sir  Charles  Grandison  (1753). 

Those  scenes  relating  to  the  history  of  Clementina 
contain  passages  of  deep  pathos.  —  Encyclojuxdia 
Britannica  (article  "Fielding   ). 

Shakespeare  himself  has  scarcely  drawn  a  more  aflect- 
Ing  or  harrowing  picture  of  high-souled  sufferhig  and 
blighting  calamity  than  the  madness  of  Clementina.— 
Chambtrs ;  English  Literature,  iL  i6i. 

Cle'ofas  {Don),  the  hero  of  a  novel 
by  Lesage,  entitled  Le  Diable  Boiteux 
{The  Devil  on  Two  Sticks).  A  fiery 
young  Spaniard,  proud,  high-spirited, 
and  revengeful  ;  noted  for  gallantry,  but 
not  without  generous  sentiments.  Asmo- 
de'us  (4  syl.)  shows  him  what  is  going 
on  in  private  families  by  unroofing  the 
houses  (1707). 

Cleoxulirotus  or  Ambracio'ta  of 
Ambrac'ia  (in  Epirus).  Having  read 
Plato's  book  on  the  soul's  immortality 
and  happiness  in  another  Ufe,  he  was  so 
ravished  with  the  description  that  he 
leaped  into  the  sea  that  he  might  die  and 
enjoy  Plato's  elysium. 

He  who  to  enjoy 
Plato's  elysium  leaped  into  the  sea, 
Cleorabrotus. 
Milton  ;  Paradise  Lost,  iil.  471,  etc  (1665). 

Cleom'enes  (4  syl.),  the  hero  and 
title  of  a  drama  by  Dryden  (1692). 

As  Dryden  came  out  of  the  theatre  a  young  fop  of 
fashion  said  to  him,  "  If  I  had  been  left  alone  with  a 
young  beauty,  I  would  not  have  spent  my  time  lilce 
your  Spartan  hero."  "  Perhaps  not,"  said  the  poet, 
"but  you  are  not  my  hero."— Af.  C.  Russell;  Repre- 
sentative Actors. 

Cleom'enes  (4  syl.).  "  The  Venus  of 
Cleomen6s  "  is  now  called  "  The  Venus 
di  Medici." 

Such  a  mere  moist  lump  was  once  .  .  .  the  Venus  of 
CleomenSs. — Ouida ;  Ariadn/,  i.  8. 

Cle'on,  governor  of  Tarsus,  burnt  to 
death  with  his  wife  Dionys'ia  by  the 
enraged  citizens,  to  revenge  the  supposed 
murder  of  Mari'na,  daughter  of  Per'iclds 
prince  of  Tyre. — Shakespeare;  Pericles 
Prince  of  Tyre  (1608). 

Cleon,  the  personification  of  glory. — 
Spenser  :  Faerie  Queene. 

Cleopatra,  queen  of  Egypt,  wife  of 
Ptolemy  Dionysius  her  brother.  She 
was  driven  from  her  throne,  but  re-estab- 
lished by  Julius  Caesar,  B.C.  47.  Antony, 
captivated  by  her,  repudiated  his  wife, 
Octavia,  to  live  with  the  fascinating 
Egyptian.  After  the  loss  of  the  battle 
of  Actium,  Cleopatra  killed  herself  by 
an  asp. 

N.B. — Shakespeare     calls    the    word 


2x7  CLEOPATRA. 

Clftopa'tra  or    Cleopat'ra.     Witness  the 
following  quotations    from    his    play  of 
Antony  and  Cleopatra  : — 
Had  gone  to  gaze  on  Cleopatra,  too,  IL  a. 

Next  Cleopatra  does  confess  tin-  greatness.        UL  13. 
Bear  me,  good  friends,  where  Cleopatra  bides,  iv.  14. 

The  Greek  word  is  KXeowarpo.  Yet 
many  persons  call  the  word  Cleop'atra. 

•[f  1  he  tales  of  Cleopatra  and  Sopho- 
nisba  are  very  much  alike  in  many  points. 
Both  were  young  and  fascinating ;  both 
were  married  ;  both  held  their  conqueror 
in  the  bonds  of  love  ;  both  killed  them- 
selves to  prevent  being  made  Roman 
captives  ;  and  both  are  subjects  of  more 
tragedies  than  any  other  woman. 

(1*2.  Jodelle  wrote  in  French  a  tragedy 
called  Cliopdtre  Captive  (1550) ;  Jean 
Mairet  one  called  Cliopdtre  (1630)  ;  fsaac 
de  Benserade  (1670),  J.  F.  Marmontel 
{1750),  Alfieri  (1773),  and  Mde.  de 
Girardin  (1847)  wrote  tragedies  in  French 
on  the  same  subject.  S.  Daniel  (1599) 
wrote  a  tragedy  in  English  called  Cleo- 
patra, in  imitation  of  the  Greek  tragedies, 
with  a  chorus  between  each  act ;  Shake- 
speare one  called  Antony  and  Cleopatra 
(1608);  and  Dryden  one  on  the  same 
subject  called  All  for  Love  or  The  World 
Well  Lost  (1682).) 

(Mrs.  Oldfield  (1683 -1730)  and  Peg 
[Margaret]  Woffington  (1718-1760)  were 
unrivalled  in  Cleopatra. ) 

Cleopatra  and  the  Pearl.  The  tale  is 
that  Cleopatra  made  a  sumptuous  ban- 
quet, which  excited  the  surprise  of 
Antony  ;  whereupon  the  queen  took  a 
pearl  ear-drop,  dissolved  it  in  a  strong 
acid,  and  drank  the  liquor  to  the  health 
of  the  triumvir,  saying,  "My  draught  to 
Antony  shall  e-xceed  in  value  the  whole 
banquet.' 

H  When  queen  Elizabeth  visited  the 
Exchange,  sir  Thomas  Gresham  pledged 
her  health  in  a  cup  of  wine  containing  a 
precious  stone  crushed  to  atoms,  and 
worth  ;^ 1 5, 000. 

Here  .£15,000  at  one  clap  goes 
Instead  of  sugar;  Gresham  drinks  the  peaii 
Unto  his  queen  and  mistress.    Pledge  it,  lords. 
Heywood  ;  1/  You  Kturw  not  Me,  You  Know  Nobody. 

IF  A  similar  tale  is  referred  to  by  Horace 
(2  Satires,  iii.  239-241).  Clodius,  son  of 
iEsop  the  tragedian,  melted  a  pearl  of 
great  value  in  a  strong  acid,  and  drank 
the  draught  off  in  compliment  to  Caecilia 
Metella.  Horace  adds  it  would  have 
been  wiser  if  he  had  tossed  it  into  the 
sewer. 

This  is  referred  to  by  Valerius  Maximus,  Ix.  i;  by 
Macrobius,  iii.  r4 ;  and  by  Pliny,  ix.  35. 

Cleopatra  in  Hades.     Cleopatra,  says 


CLEOPATRA. 


2X8 


CLIFFORD. 


Rabelais,  is  "a  crier  of  onions"  in  the 
shades  below.  The  Latin  for  a  pearl 
and  onion  is  unio,  and  the  ptrn  refers  to 
Cleopatra  giving  her  pearl  (or  onion)  to 
Antony  in  a  draught  of  wine,  or,  as  some 
say,  drinking  it  herself  in  toasting  her  lover. 
— Rabelais:  Pantagruel,  ii.  30  (1533). 

Cleopatra,  queen  of  Syria,  daughter 
of  Ptolemy  Philome'ter  king  of  Egypt. 
She  first  married  Alexander  Bala,  Uie 
usurper  (B.C.  149)  ;  next  Deme'trius 
Nica'nor.  Demetrius,  being  taken  pri- 
soner by  the  Parthians,  married  Rodo- 
gune  (3  syl.),  daughter  of  Phraa'tes  (3 
syl.)  the  Parthian  king,  and  Cleopatra 
married  Antiochus  Side'tfis,  brother  of 
Demetrius,  She  slew  her  son  Seleucus 
(by  Demetrius)  for  treason,  and,  as  this 
produced  a  revolt,  abdicated  in  favour 
of  her  second  son,  Anti'ochus  VIIL,  who 
compelled  her  to  drink  poison  which  she 
had  prepared  for  himself.  P.  Corneille 
has  made  this  the  subject  of  his  tragedy 
called  Rodogune  (1646). 

N.B. — This  is  not  the  Cleopatra  of 
Shakespeare's  and  Dryden's  tragedies. 

Clere'xnont  (2  syl.),  a  merry  gentle- 
man, the  friend  of  Dinant'. — Beaumont 
and  Fletcher:  The  Little  French  Lawyer 
(posthumous,  1647). 

Cleriker,  head  of  the  agency  firm 
in  which  Herbert  Pocket  was  a  partner. 
Herbert  introduced  Pip,  when  he  lost  his 
property,  as  a  clerk ;  and  after  eleven 
years'  service  he  also  became  a  partner. — 
Dickens  :  Great  Expectations  (i86i). 

Cler'imond,  niece  of  the  Green 
Knight,  sister  of  Fer'ragus  the  giant, 
and  bride  of  Valentine  the  brave. —  Valen- 
tine and  Orson. 

Clerk's  Tale  (The),  in  Chaucer's 
Canterbury  Tales.     (See  GaissiLDA.) 

Clerks  (St.  Nicholas's),  thieves,  also 
called  "St.  Nicholas's  Clergymen,"  in 
allusion  to  the  tradition  of  "  St.  Nicholas 
and  the  thieves."  Probably  a  play  on 
the  words  Nich-olas  and  Old  Nick  may 
be  designed. — See  Shakespeare,  x  Henry 
i  V.  act  ii.  sc.  i  (1597). 

Clessammor,  son  of  Thaddu  and 
brother  of  Morna  (Fingal's  mother).  He 
married  Moina,  daughter  of  Reuthamir 
{the  principal  man  of  Balclutha,  on  the 
Clyde).  It  so  happened  that  Moina  was 
beloved  by  a  Briton  named  Reuda,  who 
came  with  an  army  to  carry  her  off. 
Reuda  was  slain  by  Clessammor ;  but 
Clessammor,  being  closely  pressed  by 
the  Britons,  fled,  and  never  again  saw 


his  bride.  In  due  time  a  son  was 
born,  called  Carthon ;  but  the  mother 
died.  While  Carthon  was  still  an  infant, 
Fingal's  father  attacked  Balclutha,  and 
slew  Reuthama  (Carthon's  grandfather). 
When  the  boy  grew  to  manhood,  he 
determined  on  vengeance  ;  accordingly 
he  invaded  Morven,  the  kingdom  of 
Fingal,  where  Clessammor,  not  knowing 
who  he  was,  engaged  him  in  single 
combat,  and  slew  him.  When  he  dis- 
covered that  it  was  his  son,  three  days  he 
mourned  for  him,  and  on  the  fourth  he 
died. — Ossian:  Carthon, 

Cleveland  {Barbara  Villiers,  duchess 
of),  one  of  the  mistresses  of  Charles  II., 
introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott  in  Peveril  of 
the  Peak. 

Cleveland  [Captain  Clement),  alias 
Vaughan  [Vawn],  "  the  pirate,"  son  of 
Noma  of  the  Fitful  Head.  He  is  in  love 
with  Minna  Troil  (daughter  of  Magnus 
Troil.  the  udaller  of  Zetland).— 5i>  IV. 
Scott:  The  Pirate  (time,  WiUiam  III.). 

Clever,  the  man-servant  of  Hero 
Sutton  "  the  city  maiden."  When  Hero 
assumed  the  guise  of  a  quaker.  Clever 
called  himself  Obadiah,  and  pretended  to 
be  a  rigid  quaker  also.  His  constant 
exclamation  was  "  Umph  I" — Knowles: 
Woman's  Wit,  etc.  (1838). 

CLIFFORD  [Mr.),  the  heir  of  sir 
William  Charlton  in  right  of  his  mother, 
and  in  love  with  lady  Emily  Gayville.  The 
scrivener  Alscrip  had  fraudulently  got 
possession  of  the  deeds  of  the  Charlton 
estates,  which  he  had  given  to  his 
daughter  called  "  the  heiress,"  and  which 
amounted  to  _^2ooo  a  year  ;  but  Rightly, 
the  lawyer,  discovered  the  fraud,  and 
' '  the  heiress "  was  compelled  to  relin- 
quish this  part  of  her  fortune.  CUfford 
then  proposed  to  lady  Emily,  and  was 
accepted. —  General  Burgoyne  :  The 
Heiress  (1781). 

Clifford  [Henry  lord),  a  general  in  the 
EngUsh  army. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Castle 
Dangerous  (time,  Henry  I.). 

Clifford  [Paul),  a  highwayman,  re- 
formed by  the  power  of  love. — Lord 
Lytton:  Paul  Clifford,  a  novel  (1830). 

•.•  This  novel  is  on  similar  lines  to  Jonathan  IVild, 
by  Fielding  (1754).  Ainsworth's  yack  S}uJ>J>ard  (1839) 
is  another  novel  of  similar  character. 

Clifford  [Rosamond),  usually  called 
"The  Fair  Rosamond,"  the  favourite 
mistress  of  Henry  II.  ;  daughter  of 
Walter  lord  Chfford.  She  is  introduced 
by  sir  W.  Scott  in  two  novels.  The  Tans' 
man  and  Woodstock.     Dryden  says — 


CLIFFORD. 

yane  Clifford  was  her  name,  as  boots  aver, 
"  Fair  Rosamond  "  was  but  her  Hom  de  guerre. 
Epilo^Mt  to  Henry  IT, 

Clifford  {Sir  Thomas),  betrothed  to 
Julia  (daughter  of  Master  Walter  "  the 
hunchback  ").  He  is  wise,  honest,  truth- 
ful, and  well-favoured,  kind,  valiant,  and 
prudent. — Knowles  :  The  Hunchback 
(1831). 

Clifford  Street  (London),  so  named 
from  Elizabeth  Clifford,  daughter  of  the 
last  earl  of  Cumberland,  who  married 
Richard  Boyle,  earl  of  Burlington.  (See 
Savile  Row.) 

Clifton  {Harry),  lieutenant  of  H.M. 
ship  Tiger.  A  daring,  dashing,  care-for- 
nobody  young  English  sailor,  delighting 
in  adventure,  and  loving  a  good  scrape. 
He  and  his  companion  Mat  Mizen  take 
the  side  of  El  Hyder,  and  help  to  re- 
establish the  Chereddin,  prince  of  Delhi, 
who  had  been  dethroned  by  Hamet  Ab- 
dulerim. — Barry  more  :  El  Hyder,  Chief 
of  the  Ghaut  Mountains. 

Clim  of  the  Clougrli.    (See  Clym.) 

Clincher  {Beau).  (See  Beau,  p.  99. ) 

Clink  {JenC),  the  turnkey  at  New- 
gate.—5ir  W.  Scott :  Peveril  of  tite  Peak 
(time,  Charles  II.). 

Clinker  {Humphry),  a  poor  work- 
house lad,  put  out  by  the  parish  as 
apprentice  to  a  blacksmith,  and  after- 
wards employed  as  an  ostler's  assistant 
and  extra  postilion.  Being  dismissed 
from  the  stables,  he  enters  the  service 
of  Mr.  Bramble,  a  fretful,  grumpy,  but 
kind-hearted  and  generous  old  gentle- 
man, greatly  troubled  with  gout.  Here 
he  falls  in  love  with  Winifred  Jenkins, 
Miss  Tabitha  Bramble's  maid,  and  turns 
out  to  be  a  natural  son  of  Mr.  Bramble. — 
Smollett:  The  Expedition  of  Humphry 
Clinker  {1771). 

(Probably  this  novel  suggested  to 
Dickens  his  Adventures  of  Oliver  Twist.) 

Clio,  an  anagram  of  C[helsea], 
Ii[ondon],  I[slington],  0[ffice],  the 
places  from  which  Addison  despatched 
his  papers  for  the  Spectator.  The  papers 
signed  by  any  of  these  letters  are  by 
Addison  ;  hence  called  "Clio." 

When  panting  virtue  her  last  efforts  made. 
You  brought  your  Clio  to  the  virgin's  aid. 

SonurvilU. 

Clip'purse  {Lawyer),  the  lawyer 
employed  by  sir  Everard  Waverley  to 
make  his  will.— 5i>  W.  Scott :  Waverley 
(time,  George  II. ). 

Cliquot  \Kle£h)],  a  nickname  given 


219  CLOE. 

by  Punch  to  Frederick  William  IV.  of 
Prussia,  from  his  love  of  champagne 
of  the  "Cliquot  brand"  (1795,  1840- 
1861). 

Clitandre,  a  wealthy  bourgeois,  in 
love  with  Henriette,  "  the  thorough 
woman,"  by  whom  he  is  beloved  with 
fervent  affection.  Her  elder  sister  Ar- 
mande  (2  syl.)  also  loves  him,  but  her 
love  is  of  the  Platonic  hue,  and  Clitandre 
prefers  in  a  wife  the  warmth  of  woman's 
love  to  the  marble  of  philosophic  ideality. 
— Moliire :  Les  Femmes  Savanles  (1672). 

Cloaci'na,  the  presiding  personifica- 
tion of  city  sewers.  (Latin,  cloaca,  "a 
sewer.") 

.  .  .  Cloaclna,  goddess  of  the  tide 

Whose  sable  streams  beneath  the  city  j^lide. 

Gay  :  Trivia,  ii.  (1712). 

Clod'dipole  (3  syl.),  "  the  wisest 
lout  of  all  the  neighbouring  plain."  Ap- 
pointed to  decide  the  contention  between 
Cuddy  and  Lobbin  Clout. 

From  Cloddipole  we  learn  to  read  the  skies, 

To  know  when  hail  will  fall,  or  winds  arise. 

He  taught  us  erst  the  heifer's  tail  to  view, 

When  struck  aloft  that  showers  would  straight  ensue. 

He  first  that  useful  secret  did  explain, 

That  pricking  corns  foretell  the  gathering'  rain  ; 

When  swallows  fleet  soar  high  and  sport  in  air. 

He  told  us  that  the  welkin  would  be  clear. 

Gay  :  Pastoral,  L  (1714). 

(Cloddipole  is  the  "  Palaemon "  of 
Virgil's  Bucolic  iii, ) 

Clo'dio  {Count)t  a  dishonourable 
pursuer  of  Zeno'cia,  the  chaste  troth- 
plight  wife  of  Arnoldo, — Fletcher:  The 
Custom  of  the  Country  (1647). 

Clodio,  the  younger  son  of  don 
Antonio,  a  coxcomb  and  braggart. 
Always  boasting  of  his  great  acquaint- 
ances, his  conquests,  and  his  duels.  His 
snuff-box  he  thinks  more  of  than  his 
lady-love,  he  interlards  his  speech  with 
French,  and  exclaims  "Split  me!"  by 
way  of  oath.  Clodio  was  to  have 
married  Angelina,  but  the  lady  preferred 
his  elder  brother  Carlos,  a  bookworm, 
and  Clodio  engaged  himself  to  Elvira  of 
Lisbon.— Ci^^^r  ;  Love  Makes  a  Man 
(1694). 

Clodpole.  Ploughshare  and  Clodpole 
are  two  adventurers  whose  absurdities,  in 
their  "Journey  to  London,"  are  descriljed 
in  Bumkin's  Disaster  by  J.  StrUtt  (1808). 

Clo'e,  in  love  with  the  shepherd 
Thenot,  but  Thenot  rejects  her  suit  out  of 
admiration  of  the  constancy  of  Clorinda 
for  her  dead  lover.  Cloe  is  wanton, 
coarse,  and  immodest,  the  very  reverse  of 
Clorinda,  who  is  a  virtuous,  chaste,  and 


CLORA. 


CLOUT. 


faithful  shepherdess,  ("Thenot,"  the 
final  t  is  sounded.) — John  Fletcher:  The 
Faithful  Shepherdess  (1610).  (SeeCHLOE), 

Clo'ra,  sister  to  Fabrit'io  the  merry- 
soldier,  and  the  sprightly  companion  of 
Frances  (sister  to  Frederick). — Beaumont 
and  Fletcher :  The  Captain  (1613). 

Clorida'no,  a  humble  Moorish  youth, 
who  joined  Medo'ro  in  seeking  the  body 
of  king  Dardinello  to  bury  it.  Medoro 
being  wounded,  Cloridano  rushed  madly 
into  the  ranks  of  the  enemy  and  was 
slain. — Ariosto:  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Clorin'da,  daughter  of  Sena 'pus  of 
Ethiopia  (a  Christian).  Being  born  white, 
her  mother  changed  her  for  a  black  child. 
The  eunuch  Arse'tes  (3  syl. )  was  entrusted 
with  the  infant  Clorinda,  and  as  he  was 
going  through  a  forest,  saw  a  tiger, 
dropped  the  child,  and  sought  safety  in 
a  tree.  The  tiger  took  the  babe  and 
suckled  it,  after  which  the  eunuch  carried 
the  child  to  Egypt.  In  the  siege  of  Jeru- 
salem by  the  crusaders,  Clorinda  was  a 
leader  of  the  pagan  forces.  Tancred  fell 
in  love  with  her,  but  slew  her  unknowingly 
in  a  night  attack.  Before  she  expired  she 
received  Christian  baptism  at  the  hands 
of  Tancred,  who  greatly  mourned  her 
death. — Tasso:  Jerusalem  Delivered,  xii. 

(1675). 

(The  story  of  Clorinda  is  borrowed  from 
the  Thea^anh  and  CharicUa  of  Helio- 
dorus  bishop  of  Trikka.) 

Clorinda,  "  the  faithful  shepherdess," 
called  "  The  Virgin  of  the  Grove,"  faith- 
ful to  her  buried  love.  From  this  beauti- 
ful character,  Milton  has  drawn  his 
"lady"  in  Comus.  Compare  the  words 
of  the  "First  Brother"  about  chastity, 
in  Milton's  Comus,  with  these  lines  of 
Clorinda — 

Yet  I  have  heard  (my  mother  told  it  me). 

And  now  I  do  believe  it,  if  I  keep 

My  virgin  flower  uncropt,  pure,  chaste,  and  fair. 

No  goblin,  wood-god,  fairy,  elf,  or  fiend. 

Satyr,  or  other  power  that  haunts  the  gloves 

Shall  hurt  my  body,  or  by  vain  illusion 

Draw  rae  to  wander  after  idle  fires. 

Or  voices  calling  me  in  dead  of  night 

To  make  me  follow,  and  so  tole  me  on 

Through  mire  and  standing  pools,  to  find  my  ruin. 

.  .  .  Sure  there's  a  power 

In  that  great  name  of  Virgin  that  binds  fast 

All  rude,  uncivil  bloods.  .  .  .  Then  strong  Chastity, 

Be  thou  my  strongest  guard. 

y.  FUtcher:  The  Faithful  Shepherdess  (1610). 

Cloris,  the  damsel  beloved  by  prince 
Prettyman. — Duke  of  Buckingham  :  The 
Rehearsal  (1671). 

Clotaire  (2  syl.).  The  king  of  France 
exclaimed  on  his  death-bed,  "Oh  how 
great  must  be  the  King  of  Heaven,  if  He 


can  kill  so  mighty  a  monarch  as  I  am  ! " 
— Gregory  of  Tours,  iv,  21. 

Cloten  or  Cloton,  king  of  Cornwall, 
one  of  the  five  kings  of  Britain  after  the 
extinction  of  the  Hne  of  Brute  (i  syl.). — 
Geoffrey  :  British  History,  ii.  17  (1142). 

Cloten,  a  vindictive  lout,  son  of  the 
second  wife  of  Cymbeline  by  a  former 
husband.  He  is  noted  for  "his  unmean- 
ing frown,  his  shuffling  gait,  his  burst 
of  voice,  his  bustling  insignificance,  his 
fever-and-ague  fits  of  valour,  his  froward 
tetchiness,  his  unprincipled  mahce,  and 
occasional  gleams  of  good  sense."  Cloten 
is  the  rejected  lover  of  Imogen  (the 
daughter  of  his  father-in-law  by  his  first 
wife),  and  is  slain  in  a  duel  by  Guiderius. 
— Shakespeare:  Cymbeline  (1605). 

Clotha'rius  or  Clothaire,  leader  of 
the  Franks  after  the  death  of  Hugo.  He 
is  shot  with  an  arrow  by  Clorinda. — 
Tasso:  Jerusalem  Delivered,  xi.  (1675). 

Cloud.  A  dark  spot  on  the  forehead 
of  a  horse  between  the  eyes.  It  gives  the 
creature  a  sour  look  indicative  of  ill 
temper,  and  is  therefore  regarded  as  a 
blemish. 

Agrifpa.  He  [Antony\  has  a  cloud  in  his  face. 
Enobarbus.  He  were  the  worse  for  that  were  he  a 
horse. 
Shakespeare :  Antony  andCUopatra,  act  HL  sc.  2  (1608). 

Cloud  [St.),  patron  saint  of  nail- 
smiths.  A  play  on  the  French  word  clou 
("a  nail") 

Cloudesley  ( William  of),  a  famous 
North-country  archer,  the  companion  of 
Adam  Bell  and  Clym  of  the  Clough, 
whose  feats  of  robbery  were  chiefly  carried 
on  in  Englewood  Forest,  near  Carlisle. 
William  Cloudesley  was  taken  prisoner  at 
Carlisle,  and  was  about  to  be  hanged,  but 
was  rescued  by  his  two  companions. 
The  three  then  went  to  London  to  ask 
pardon  of  the  king,  which  at  the  queen's 
intercession  was  granted.  The  king 
begged  to  see  specimens  of  their  skill  in 
archery,  and  was  so  delighted  therewith, 
that  he  made  William  a  "  gentleman  of 
fe,"  and  the  other  two  "yemen  of  his 
chambre."  The  feat  of  William  Cloudes- 
ley was  very  similar  to  that  of  William 
Tell  {q.v.). — Percy:  Reliques,  I.  ii.  i. 

Clout  {Colin),  a  shepherd  loved  by 
Marian  "the  parson's  maid,"  but  for 
whom  Colin  (who  loved  Cicelv)  felt  no 
affection.    (See  Colin  Clout.) 

Young  Colin  Clout,  a  lad  of  peerless  meed, 
Full  well  could  dance,  and  deftly  tune  the  reed ; 
In  every  wood  his  carols  sweet  were  known. 
At  every  wake  his  nimble  feats  were  shown. 

Gay :  Pastoral,  ii  (1714). 


CLOUT. 


CLYTUS. 


Clout  [Lobhtn],  a  shepherd,  in  love  with 
Blouzehnda.  He  challenged  Cuddy  to  a 
contest  of  song  in  praise  of  their  respec- 
tive sweethearts,  and  Cloddipole  was 
appointed  umpire.  Cloddipole  was  unable 
to  award  the  prize,  for  each  merited  "  an 
oaken  staff  for  his  pains."  "  Have  done, 
however,  for  the  herds  are  weary  of  the 
songs,  and  so  am  I." — Gay  :  Pastoral,  i. 
(1714). 

(An  imitation  of  Virgil's  Bucolic  iii. ) 

N.B.— "Colin  Clout"  is  the  name 
under  which  Spenser  describes  himself  in 
The  Shepherd's  Calendar.  (See  Colin 
Clout,  ) 

Club-Bearer  {Tlie).  Periphe't^s,  the 
robber  of  Ar'golis,  who  murdered  his 
victims  with  an  iron  club. — Greek  Fable. 

Clumsy  {Sir  Tunbelly),  father  of 
Miss  Hoyden.  A  mean,  ill-mannered 
squire  and  justice  of  the  peace,  Uving 
near  Scarborough.  Most  cringing  to  the 
aristocracy,  whom  he  toadies  and  courts. 
Sir  Tunbelly  promised  to  give  his 
daughter  in  marriage  to  lord  Foppington, 
but  Tom  Fashion,  his  lordship's  younger 
brother,  pretends  to  be  lord  Foppington, 
gains  admission  to  the  family,  and  marries 
her.  When  the  real  lord  Foppington 
arrived,  he  was  treated  as  an  impostor, 
but  Tom  confessed  the  ruse.  His  lord- 
ship treated  the  knight  with  such  ineffable 
contempt,  that  sir  Tunbelly's  temper  was 
aroused,  and  Tom  received  into  high 
favour.  —  Sheridan:  A  Trip  to  Scar- 
borough (1777)-  .    ,,     , 

(This  character  appears  in  Vanbrugh  s 
Relapse,  of  which  comedy  the  Trip  to 
Scarborough  is  an  abridgment  and 
adaptation.) 

Clumsy,  Belgrade's  dog.     (See Dog.) 

Cluppius  [Mrs.),  in  The  Pickwick 
Papers  by  Dickens.  She  is  the  leading 
witness  for  the  plaintiff  (Mrs.  Bardell) 
in  the  suit  of  "  Bardell  v.  Pickwick." 

Clu'ricaune  (3  syL),  an  Irish  elf  of 
evil  disposition,  especially  noted  for  his 
knowledge  of  hid  treasure.  He  generally 
assumes  the  appearance  of  a  wrinkled  old 
man. 

Clu'tlia,  the  Qyde. 

I  came  in  my  boundine  ship  to  Balclutha's  walls  of 
towers.  The  winds  had  roared  beliind  my  sails,  and 
Ciutha's  stream  received  my  dark-bosomed  ship.— 
Ossian  :  Car  than. 

Clutterbuck  {Captain),  the  hypo- 
thetical editor  of  some  of  sir  Walter 
Scott's  novels,  as  The  Monastery  and 
The  Fortunes  of  Nigel.  Captain  Clutter- 
buck  is  a  retired   officer,-  who  employs 


himself  in  antiquarian  researches  and 
literary  idleness.  The  Abbot  is  dedicated 
by  the  "  author  of  Waver  ley"  to  "cap- 
tain Clutterbuck,"  late  of  his  majesty's 
infantry  regiment. 

Clym  of  the  Clough  {"Clement 
of  the  Cliff"),  a  noted  outlaw,  associated 
with  Adam  Bell  and  William  of  Cloudes- 
ley,  in  Englewood  Forest,  near  Carlisle. 
When  William  was  taken  prisoner  at 
Carlisle,  and  was  about  to  be  hanged, 
Adam  and  Clym  shot  the  magistrates, 
and  rescued  their  companion.  The 
mayor  with  his  posse  went  out  against 
them,  but  they  shot  the  mayor,  as  they 
had  done  the  sheriff,  and  fought  their 
way  out  of  the  town.  They  then  hastened 
to  London  to  beg  pardon  of  the  king, 
which  was  granted  them  at  the  queen's 
intercession.  The  king,  wishing  to  see  a 
specimen  of  their  shooting,  was  so  de- 
lighted at  their  skill  that  he  made  Wil- 
liam a  "gentleman  of  fe,"  and  the  other 
two  "yemen  of  his  chambre." — Percy: 
Reliques  ("Adam  Bell,"  etc.),  L  ii.  i. 

Cly'tie,  a  water-nymph,  in  love  with 
Apollo.  Meeting  with  no  return,  she  was 
changed  into  a  sunflower,  or  rather  a 
toumesol,  which  still  turns  to  the  sun, 
following  him  through  his  daily  course. 

N.B. — The  sunflower  does  not  turn  to 
the  sun.  On  the  same  stem  may  be  seen 
flowers  in  every  direction,  and  not  one  of 
them  shifts  the  direction  in  which  it  has 
first  opened.     T.  Moore  (1814)  says — 


(This  may  do  in  poetry,  but  it  is  not 
coiTCCt.  The  sunflower  is  so  called 
simply  because  the  flower  resembles  a 
picture  sun.) 

N.B.— Lord  Thurlow  (1821)  adopted 
Tom  Moore's  error,  and  enlarged  it — 

Behold,  my  dear,  this  lofty  flower 
That  now  the  golden  sun  receives; 

No  other  deity  has  power. 
But  only  Phoebus,  on  her  leaves  ; 

As  he  in  radiant  glory  bums. 

From  east  to  west  her  visage  turns. 

The  Sunflower. 

Clytus,  an  old  officer  in  the  army  of 
Philip  of  Macedon,  and  subsequently  in 
that  of  Alexander.  At  a  banquet,  when 
both  were  heated  with  wine,  Clytus  said 
to  Alexander,  "  Philip  fought  men,  but 
Alexander  women,"  and  after  some  other 
insults,  Alexander  in  his  rage  stabbed 
the  old  soldier ;  but  instantly  repented 
and  said — 

What  has  my  vengeance  done  T 
Wholsit  thou  hast  slain  t    Clytust   What  was  he  I 
The  faithfullest  subject,  worthiest  counsellor, 
The  bravest  soldier.    He  who  saved  my  life. 


CNEUS. 


COCK  AND  PIE. 


Fightings  bare-headed  at  the  river  Granlc. 
For  a  rash  word,  spoke  in  the  heat  of  wine. 
The  poor,  the  honest  Clytus  thou  hast  slain,— 
Cljrtus,  thy  friend,  thy  guardian,  thy  preserver  J 
Lee:  Alexander  the  Great,  iv.  2  (1678). 

Cne'us,  the  Roman  officer  in  com- 
mand of  tlie  guard  set  to  watch  the  tomb 
of  Jesus,  lest  the  disciples  should  steal 
the  body,  and  then  declare  that  it  had 
risen  from  the  dead. — Klopstock:  The 
Messiah,  xiii.  {1771). 

Coach.es,  says  Stow,  in  his  Chronicle, 
were  introduced  by  Fitz-Allen,  earl  of 
Arundel,  in  1580. 

Before  the  costly  coach  and  silken  stock  came  in. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xvi.  (1613). 

Coal  Hole  { The),  subsequently  called 
"The  Cyder  Cellars,"  Fountain  Court, 
Strand  (London),  was  founded  by  John 
Rhodes,  a  burly  fellow  with  a  bass  voice, 
for  the  coal-heavers  and  coal-whippers  of 
the  adjacent  Thames  wharves.  Rhodes 
died  in  1847,  and  the  last  manager,  before 
the  house  was  demolished,  was  Charles 
Wilmot.  The  entertainment  was  some 
trial  which  was  licentiously  perverted. 

Coals.  To  carry  coals,  to  put  up  with 
affronts.  The  boy  says  in  Henry  V. 
(act  iii,  sc.  2),  "I  knew  .  .  .  the  men 
would  carry  coals."  So  in  Romeo  and 
Juliet  (act  i.  sc,  i),  "Gregory,  o'  my 
word,  we'll  not  carry  coals.  Ben  Jon- 
son,  in  Every  Man  out  of  His  Humour, 
says,  "Here  comes  one  that  will  carry 
coals,  ergo,  will  hold  my  dog." 

The  time  hath  been  when  I  would  'a  scorned  to  cany 
C03.\s.— Troubles  o/Queene  Elizabeth  (1639). 

;.'  {To  carry  com  is  to  bear  wealth,  to 
be  rich.  He  does  not  carry  corn  well, 
"  He  does  not  deport  himself  well  in  his 
prosperity.") 

Co'an  {The),  Hippocrates,  the  "Father 
of  Medicine  "  (B.  c.  460-357). 

.  .  .  the  great  Coan,  him  whom  Nature  made 
To  serve  the  costliest  creature  of  her  tribe  [man\ 
Dante:  Purgatory,  xxix.  (1308). 

Co'anocot'zin  (5  syl),  king  of  the 
Az'tecas.  Slain  in  battle  by  Madoc. — 
Southey  :  Madoc  (1805). 

Co'atel,  daughter  of  Acul'hua,  a  priest 
of  the  Az'tecas,  and  wife  of  Lincoya. 
Lincoya,  being  doomed  for  sacrifice, 
fled  for  refuge  to  Madoc,  the  Welsh 
prince,  who  had  recently  landed  on  the 
North  American  coast,  and  was  kindly 
treated  by  him.  This  gave  Coatel 
a  sympathetic  interest  in  the  White 
strangers,  and  she  was  not  backward  in 
showing  it.  Thus,  when  young  Hoel 
was  kidnapped,  and  confined  in  a  cavern 
to  starve  to  death,  Coatel  visited  him  and 
took    him    food.     Again,    when    prince 


Madoc  was  entrapped,  she  contrived  to 
release  him,  and  assisted  the  prince  to 
carry  off  voung  Hoel.  After  the  defeat 
of  the  Az  tecas  by  the  White  strangers, 
the  chief  priest  declared  that  some  one 
had  proved  a  traitor,  and  resolved  to  dis- 
cover who  it  was  by  handing  round  a  cup, 
which  he  said  would  be  harmless  to  the 
innocent,  but  death  to  the  guilty.  When 
it  was  handed  to  Coatel,  she  was  so 
frightened  that  she  dropped  down  dead. 
Her  father  stabbed  himself,  and  "fell 
upon  his  child,"  and  when  Lincoya  heard 
thereof,  he  flung  himself  down  from  a 
steep  precipice  on  to  the  rocks  below. — 
Southey  :  Madoc  (1805). 

CoT}  {Oliver) t  a  great  admirer  of 
Bobadil  {q.v.)  in  Ben  Jonson's  Every 
Man  in  His  Humour  (1596). 

Cobb  {Ephraim),  in  Cromwell's  troop. 
— Sir  W.  Scott:  Woodstock  (time.  Com- 
monwealth). 

Cobb,  the  "Boots"  in  the  story  of 
The  Holly-tree  Inn,  by  Dickens  (1855). 
He  tells  the  story  of  a  boy,  eight  years 
old,  eloping  to  Gretna  Green  with  a  girl 
of  seven. 

Cobb  {Tom),  one  of  "The  Quadri- 
lateral," in  the  novel  of  Barnaby  Rudge, 
by  Dickens  (1841).  The  other  three  were 
Willet  (senior),  Phil.  Parkes,  and  Solomon 
Daisy. 

Cobbler-Poet  {The),  Hans  Sachs 
of  Nuremberg.  (See  Twelve  Wise 
Mastfrs.) 

Cobbam  {Eleanor),  wife  of  Hum- 
phrey duke  of  Gloucester,  and  aunt  of 
king  Henry  VL ,  compelled  to  do  penance 
bare-foot  in  a  sheet  in  London,  and  after 
that  to  live  in  the  Isle  of  Man  in  banish- 
ment, for  "sorcery."  In  2  Henry  VI. 
Shakespeare  makes  queen  Margaret  "box 
her  ears ; "  but  this  could  not  be,  as 
Eleanor  was  banished  three  years  before 
Margaret  came  to  England. 

Stand  forth,  dame  Eleanor  Cobham,  Gloster's  wife  .  .  . 
You,  madam  .  .  .  despoiled  of  your  honour  .  .  . 
Shall,  after  three  days'  open  penance  done, 
Live  in  your  country  here  in  banishment. 
With  sir  John  Stanley,  in  the  Isle  of  Man. 

Shakespeare  :  a  Henry  VL  act  ii.  sc.  3  (1591). 

Cocagne  {The  Land  of),  a  poem  full 
of  life  and  animation,  by  Hans  Sachs, 
the  cobbler,  called  "The  prince  of  meister- 
singers  "  (1494-1574).    (See  Cockaigne.  ) 

Cock  and  Pie.  Douce  explains  thus— 

In  the  days  of  chivalry  it  was  the  practice  to  make 
solemn  vows  for  the  performance  of  any  considerable 
enterprise.  This  was  usually  done  at  some  festival, 
when  a  roasted  peacock,  being-  served  up  in  a  disli  of 
gold  or  silver,  was  presented  to  the  knight,  who  tiien 
made  his  vow  with  gteat  solemnity. 


COCK  OF  WESTMINSTER. 


223 


Cock  of  Westminster  [The). 
Castell,  a  shoemaker,  was  so  called  from 
his  very  early  hours.  He  was  one  of  the 
benefactors  of  Christ's  Hospital  (London). 

Cockade. 

The  Black  Cockade.  Badge  of  the 
house  of  Hanover,  worn  at  first  only  by 
the  servants  of  the  royal  household,  the 
diplomatic  corps,  the  army,  and  navy  ; 
but  now  worn  by  the  servants  of  justices, 
deputy-lieutenants,  and  ofl&cers  both  of 
the  militia  and  volunteers. 

The  White  Cockade,  (i)  Badge  of  the 
Stuarts,  and  hence  of  the  Jacobites.  (2) 
Badge  of  the  Bourbons,  and  hence  of  the 
royalists  of  France. 

The  White  and  Green  Cockade.  Badge 
worn  bv  the  French  in  the  ' '  Seven  Years 
War  "  (1756). 

The  Blue  and  Red  Cockade.  Badge  of 
tlie  city  of  Paris  from  1789. 

The  Tricolour  was  the  union  of  the 
white  Bourbon  and  blue  and  red  of  the 
city  of  Paris.  It  was  adopted  by  Louis 
XVI.  at  the  H6tel  de  Ville,  July  17,  1789, 
and  has  ever  since  been  recognized  as  the 
national  symbol,  except  during  the  brief 
"  restoration,"  when  the  Bouibon  white 
was  for  the  time  restored. 

Royal  Cockades  are  large  and  circular, 
half  the  disc  projects  above  the  top  of 
the  hat. 

Naval  Cockades  have  no  fan-shaped 
appendage,  and  do  not  project  above  the 
top  of  the  hat. 

(All  other  cockades  worn  for  livery  are 
fan-shaped.) 

Cockaigne'  [The  Land  of),  an  imagi- 
nary land  of  pleasure,  wealth,  luxury,  and 
idleness.  London  is  so  called.  Boileau 
applies  the  word  to  Paris.  The  Land  of 
Cokayne  is  the  subject  of  a  burlesque, 
which,  Warton  says,  "was  evidently 
written  soon  after  the  Conquest,  at  least 
before  the  reign  of  Henry  II." — History 
of  English  Poetry,  i.  12. 

The  houses  were  made  of  barley-sugrar  and  cakes, 
the  streets  were  paved  with  pastry,  and  the  shops 
supplied  goods  without  requiring  money  in  payment. 

The    Land   of  Cockaigne  (an    old    French    poem, 

thirteenth  century).    (See  COCAGNE.) 

(This  satirical  poem  is  printed  at  length 
by  Ellis,  in  his  Specimens  of  Early  Eng- 
lish Poets,  i.  83-95.) 

Cocker  [Edzvard)  published  a  useful 
treatise  on  arithmetic  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  II.,  which  had  a  prodigious  suc- 
cess, and  has  given  rise  to  the  proveib, 
"  According  to  Cocker  "  (1632-1675). 

Cockle  [Sir  John),  the  miller  of  Mans- 


COCLES. 

field,  and  keeper  of  Sherwood  Forest. 
Hearing  a  gun  fired  one  night,  he  went 
into  the  forest,  expecting  to  find  poachers, 
and  seized  the  king  (Henry  VIII.),  who 
had  been  hunting  and  had  got  separated 
from  his  courtiers.  When  the  miller  dis- 
covered that  his  captive  was  not  a  poaclier, 
he  offered  him  a  night's  lodging.  Next 
day  the  courtiers  were  brought  to  Cockle's 
house  by  under-keepers,  to  be  examined 
as  poachers,  and  it  was  then  discovered 
that  the  miller's  guest  was  the  king.  The 
"merry  monarch"  knighted  the  miller, 
and  settled  on  him  loco  marks  a  year.— 
Dodsley:  The  King  and  the  Miller  of 
Mansfield  (1737). 

Cockle  of  Rebellion  [The),  that 
is  the  weed  called  the  cockle,  not  the 
crustacean. 

We  nourish  'gainst  our  senate 
The  cockle  of  rebellion. 
Shalusjiearc :  Coriolanus'a.ct  iii,  sc.  i  (1609). 

Cockney  [Nicholas),  a  rich  City 
grocer,  brother  of  Barnacle.  Priscilla 
Tomboy,  of  the  West  Indies,  is  placed 
under  his  charge  for  her  education. 

Walter  Cockney,  son  of  the  grocer,  in 
the  shop.  A  conceited  young  prig,  not 
yet  out  of  the  quarrelsome  age.  He 
makes  boy-love  to  Priscilla  Tomboy  and 
Miss  La  Blond  ;  but  says  he  will  ' '  tell 
papa"  if  they  cross  him. 

Penelope  Cockney,  sister  of  Walter. — 
The  Romp  (altered  from  Bickerstafifs  Love 
in  the  City). 

Cockney  School  ( The),  a  name  given 
to  a  coterie  of  London  authors,  such  as 
Shelley,  Keats,  Leigh  Hunt,  Hazlitt,  and 
some  others. 

Cockpit  of  Europe.  Belgium  is  so 
called  because  it  has  been  the  site  of  more 
European  battles  than  any  other  :  e.g. 
Oudenarde,  Ramillies,  Fontenoy,  Fleu- 
rus,  Jemmapes,  Ligny,  Quatre  Bras, 
Waterloo,  etc. 

Codes  [Coc-leez]  defended  the  Subli- 
cian  Bridge,  with  two  comrades,  against 
the  whole  Etruscan  army  led  on  by 
Por'sena,  till  the  Romans  had  broken 
down  the  bridge.  H6^then  sent  away  his 
two  comrades,  and  when  the  bridge  had 
fallen  in,  he  plunged  into  the  river  and 
swam  safely  to  the  opposite  bank. 

^  In  the  battle  of  Cerignola,  the 
chevalier  Bayard  (with  one  other  knight) 
guarded  the  bridge  of  Tormaino  against 
200  Spaniards.  He  sent  his  companion 
to  bring  up  reinforcements,  and  he  him- 
self guarded  the  bridge  alone   (ill  loo 


COCQCIGRUES. 


224 


COLE. 


men-at-arms   arrived  and    came  to    his 
assistance. 

Cocqcigrues  [The  Coming  of  the), 
that  golden  period  when  all  mysteries 
will  be  cleared  up. 

"  That  is  one  of  the  seven  things  "  said  the  fairy  .  .  . 
"  I  am  forbidden  to  tell  till  the  coming  of  the  Cocq- 
cigrues."— C.  KingsUy  :  The  Wattr-BabUs,  chap.  vL 

Cocy'tus  \ko-ky^-tus\  one  of  the  five 
rivers  of  hell.  The  word  means  the 
"river  of  weeping"  (Greek,  kdkuo,  "I 
lament"),  because  "  into  this  river  fall  the 
tears  of  the  wicked."  The  other  four 
rivers  are  Styx,  Ach'eron,  Phleg'ethon, 
and  Le'thS.     (See  Styx.) 

Cocytus,  named  of  lamentation  loud. 
Heard  on  the  rueful  stream. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  iL  579  (1665). 

Coelebs'  Wife,  a  bachelor's  ideal  of 
a  model  wife.  Coelebs  is  the  hero  of  a 
novel  by  Mrs.  Hannah  More,  entitled 
Calebs  in  Search  of  a  Wife  (1809). 

In  short  she  was  a  walking  calculation, 

Miss  Edgeworth's  novels  stepping  from  their  covers. 
Or  Mrs.  Trimmer's  books  on  education. 

Or  "  Coelebs'  wife  "  set  out  in  quest  of  lovers. 

Byron  :  Don  yuan,  i.  i6  (1819). 

CoMn  [Long  Tom),  the  best  sailor 
character  ever  drawn.  He  is  introduced 
in  The  Pilot,  a  novel  by  J.  Fenimore 
Cooper,  of  New  York.  Cooper's  novel 
has  been  dramatized  by  E.  Fitzball, 
under  the  same  name,  and  Long  Tom 
Coffin  preserves  in  the  burletta  his  reck- 
less daring,  his  unswerving  fideUty,  his 
simple-minded  affection,  and  his  love  for 
the  sea  (1823). 

Cog'ia  Honssain,  the  captain  of 
forty  thieves,  outwitted  by  Morgiana,  the 
slave.  When,  in  the  guise  of  a  mer- 
chant, he  was  entertained  by  Ali  Baba, 
and  refused  to  eat  any  salt,  the  suspicions 
of  Morgiana  were  aroused,  and  she  soon 
detected  him  to  be  the  captain  of  the  forty 
thieves.  After  supper  she  amused  her 
master  and  his  g^est  with  dancing ;  then 
playing  with  Cogia's  dagger  for  a  time, 
she  plunged  it  suddenly  into  his  heart 
and  killed  him. — Arabian  Nights  ("Ali 
Baba,  or  the  Forty  Thieves  "). 

Coila  (2  syl ),  iCyle,  in  Ayrshire.  So 
called  from  Coilus,  a  Pictish  monarch. 
Sometimes  all  Scotland  is  so  called,  as — 

Farewell,  old  Coila's  hills  and  dales. 
Her  heatliy  moors  and  winding  vales. 

Bums, 

Coincidences.  The  fall  of  Robes- 
pierre was  in  1794.  The  sura  of  this  date 
=21,  which  added  to  the  date  makes  1815 
(the  fall  of  Napoleon).     Again,  the  sum 


of  1815  =  15,  which  added  to  the  date 
comes  to  1830,  the  fall  of  Charles  IX. 

•.•  The  next  would  be  1902.  There 
are  some  remarkable  coincidences  in  the 
history  of  Napoleon.  (See  Dictionary  of 
Phrase  and  Fable,  p.  877,  col.  2.) 

Cola 'da,  the  sword  taken  by  the  Cid 
from  Ramon  Ber'enger,  count  of  Barce- 
lo'na.  This  sword  had  two  hilts  of  solid 
gold. 

Col'az,  Flattery  personified  in  The 
Purple  Island  (1633),  by  Phineas  Flet- 
cher. Colax  ' '  all  his  words  with  sugar 
spices  .  .  .  lets  his  tongue  to  sin,  and 
takes  rent  of  shame  .  .  .  His  art  \was'\ 
to  hide  and  not  to  heal  a  sore."  Fully 
described  in  canto  viii.  (Greek,  kolax, 
"  a  flatterer  or  fawner.") 

Colbrand  or  Colebroud  (2  syl.), 
the  Danish  giant,  slain  in  the  presence  of 
king  Athelstan,  by  sir  Guy  of  Warwick, 
just  returned  from  a  pilgrimage,  still  "  in 
homely  russet  clad,"  and  in  his  hand 
"a  hermit's  staff."  The  combat  is  de- 
scribed at  length  by  Drayton,  in  his 
Polyolbion,  xii. 

One  could  scarcely  bear  his  axe  .  .  . 

Whose  squares  were  laid  with  plates,  and  riveted  with 

steel 
And  armed  down  along  with  pikes,  whose  hardened 

points 
.  .  .  had  power  to  tear  the  joints 
Of  cuirass  or  of  mail. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xil.  (1613). 

Colchos,  part  of  Asiatic  Scythia,  now 
called  Mingrelia.  The  region  to  which 
the  Argonauts  directed  their  course. 

Cold  Harbour  House,  the  original 
Heralds'  College,  founded  by  Richard  H., 
in  Poultney  Lane.  Henry  VH.  turned 
the  heralds  out,  and  gave  the  house  to 
bishop  Tunstal 

Coldstream  [Sir  Charles),  the  chief 
character  in  Charles  Mathew's  play  called 
Used  Up.  He  is  wholly  ennuyi,  sees 
nothing  to  admire  in  anything;  but  is  a 
living  personification  of  mental  inanity 
and  physical  imbecility  (1845). 

Cole  (i  syl.),  a  legendary  British  king, 
described  as  "a  merry  old  soul,"  fond  of 
his  pipe,  fond  of  his  glass,  and  fond  of  his 
"fiddlers  three."  There  were  two  kings 
so  called — Cole  (or  Coil  L)  was  the  pre- 
decessor of  Porrex  ;  but  Coil  H.  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Lucius,  ' '  the  first  British  king 
who  embraced  the  Christian  religion." 
Which  of  these  two  mythical  kings  the 
song  refers  to  is  not  evident. 

Cole  [Mrs.).  This  character  is  de- 
signed for  Mother  Douglas,  who  kept  a 


I 


COLEIN. 


aas      COLLI NGBOURNE'S  RHYME. 


"gentlemen's  magazine  of  frail  beauties" 
in  a  superbly  furnished  house  at  the 
north-east  corner  of  Covent  Garden.  She 
died  1761. — Foote  :  The  Minor  (1760). 

Coleiu  (2  syl.),  the  great  driigon  slain 
by  sir  Bevis  of  Southampton. — Drayton  : 
Polyolbion,  ii.  (1612). 

Colemi'ra  (3  syl.),  a  poetical  name 
for  a  cook.  The  word  is  compounded  of 
coal  and  mire. 

"  Could  I,"  he  cried,  "express  how  bright  a  grace 
Adorns  thy  morning  hands  and  well-washed  face. 
Thou  wouldst,  Colemira,  grant  what  I  implore, 
And  yield  me  love,  or  wash  thy  face  no  more." 

Shenstene  :  Coionira  (an  eclogue). 

Cole'pepper  [Captain)  or  Captain 
Peppercull,  the  Alsatian  bully. — Sir 
\V.  Scott:  Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time, 
James  I.). 

Colin,  or  in   Scotch   Caileu,   Green 

Colin,  the  laird  of  Dunstaffnage,  so  called 
from  the  green  colour  which  prevailed  in 
his  tartan. 

Colin  and  Lucy,  a  ballad  by 
Tickell  (1720).  Gray  calls  it  ''the 
prettiest  ballad  in  the  world."  Lucy, 
being  deserted  by  her  sweetheart  for 
another,  died  of  a  broken  heart,  and  was 
buried  on  the  very  day  her  quondam 
sweetheart  married  his  new  love. 

She  died.     Her  corpse  was  bomo 
The  bridegroom  blithe  to  meet,— 

He  in  his  wedding  trim  so  gay, 
She  in  her  winding-sheet. 

Colin  and  Kosalinde,  in  The  Shep- 
kearde's  Calendar  (1579),  by  Spenser. 
Rosalinde  is  the  maiden  vainly  beloved  by 
Colin  Clout,  as  her  choice  was  already 
fixed  on  the  shepherd  Menalcas.  Rosa- 
linde is  an  anagram  of  "  Rose  Danil,"  a 
lady  beloved  by  Spenser  {Colin  Clout), 
but  Rose  Danil  had  already  fixed  her 
affections  on  John  Florio  the  Resolute, 
whom  she  subsequently  married. 

And  I  to  thee  will  be  as  kiud 

As  Colin  was  to  Rosalinde, 

Of  courtesie  the  flower. 

Drayton  :  Dowsabel  (1593). 

Colin  Clout,  the  pastoral  name  as- 
sumed by  the  poet  Spenser,  in  The  Shep- 
hearde's  Calendar,  The  Ruins  of  Time, 
Daphnaiaa,  and  in  the  pastoral  poem 
called  Colin  Clout's  Come  Home  Again 
(from  his  visit  to  sir  Walter  Raleigh). 
Eclogues  i.  and  xii.  are  soliloquies  of 
Colin,  being  lamentations  that  Rosalinde 
will  not  return  his  love.  Eclogue  vi.  is  a 
dialogue  between  Hobbinol  and  Colin,  in 
which  the  former  tries  to  comfort  the  dis- 
appointed lover.  Eclogue  xi.  is  a  dialogue 
between  Thenot  and  Colin.     Thenot  begs 


Colin  to  sing  some  joyous  lay  ;  but  Colin 
pleads  grief  for  the  death  of  the  shep- 
herdess Dido,  and  then  sings  a  monody 
on  the  great  shepherdess  deceased.  In 
Eclogue  vi.  we  are  told  that  Rosalinde  has 
betrothed  herself  to  the  shepherd  Menal- 
cas (1579). 

N.B.— In  the  last  book  of  the  Fairie 
Queene,  we  have  a  reference  to  "Colin 
and  his  lassie "  (Spenser  and  his  wife), 
supposed  to  be  Elizabeth,  and  elsewhere 
called  "  Mirabella."     (See  Clout,  etc.) 

Witness  our  Colin,  whom  tho'  all  the  Graces 
And  all  the  Muses  nursed  .  .  . 
Yet  all  his  hopes  were  crossed,  all  suits  denied ; 
Discouraged,  scorned,  his  writings  vilified. 
Poorly,  poor  man,  he  lived  ;  poorly,  poor  man,  he  die(t 
Phineas  Fletcher:  The  PurpU  Island,  i.  i  {1633). 

Colin  Clout  and  his  Lassie  {1^96).  (See 
above. ) 

Colin  Clouts  Come  Home  Again. 
"  Colin  Clout"  is  Spenser,  who  had  been 
to  London  on  a  visit  to  "  the  Shepherd  of 
the  Ocean  "  (sir  Walter  Raleigh),  in  1589, 
On  his  return  to  Kilcolman,  in  Ireland, 
he  wrote  this  poem.  "Hobbinol"  his 
friend  (Gabriel  Harvey,  LL.D.)  tells  him 
how  all  the  shepherds  have  missed  him, 
and  begs  him  to  relate  to  him  and  them 
his  adventures  while  abroad.  The  pasr 
toral  contains  a  eulogy  of  British  contem- 
porary poets,  and  of  the  court  beauties  of 
queen  Elizabeth  (1591).     (See  Colyn.) 

Colin  Tampon,  the  nickname  of  a 
Swiss,  as  John  Bull  is  of  an  Englishman, 
etc.    (See  Crapaud,  p.  242.) 

Colkitto  (  Young),  or  "  Vich  Mister 
More,"  or  "  Ahster  M'Donnell,"  a  High- 
land chief  in  the  army  of  Montrose. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Legend  of  Montrose  (time, 
Charles  I.). 

CoUean  {May),  the  heroine  of  a 
Scotch  ballad,  which  relates  how  "  fause 
sir  John  "  carried  her  to  a  rock  for  the 
purpose  of  throwing  her  down  into  the 
sea  ;  but  May  outwitted  him,  and  sub- 
jected him  to  the  same  fate  as  he  had 
designed  for  her. 

Colleen',  i.e.  "  girl ;  "  Colleen  bawn 
("  the  blond  girl")  ;  Colleen  rhue  ("the 
red-haired  girl"),  etc. 

(Dion  Boucicault  has  a  drama  entitled 
The  Colleen  Bawn,  i860. ) 

Collier  {Jem),  a  smuggler.— .S^V  W, 
Scott :  Redgauntlet  (time,  George  IIL). 

Collingbourne's     Rhyme.      The 

rhyme  for  which  Collingbourne  was  exe- 
cuted was — 

A  cat,  a  rat,  and  Level  the  dog. 
Rule  all  England  under  the  hog. 


COLLINGWOOD  AND  ACORNS.    226 


COLOSSOS. 


■Thackeray  : 


For  where  I  meant  the  king  {Richard  /JIAhy  name  of 

Iiog. 
I  only  alluded  to  the  badee  he  bore  [a  boar] ; 
To  Lovel's  name  I  addea  more — our  dog — 
Because  most  dogs  have  borne  that  name  of  yore. 
These  metaphors  I  used  with  other  more, 
As  cat  and  rat,  the  half-names  [Cattsdye,  RaUliffel  of 

the  rest.  ■* 

To  hide  the  sense  that  they  so  wrongly  wrest. 

Sackville:  A  Mirrourfor  Magistraytes 
("  Complaynt  of  Collingbourne  "). 

Collingfwood   and   the   Acorns. 

Collingwood  never  saw  a  vacant  place  in 
his  estate,  but  he  took  an  acorn  out  of  his 
pocket  and  popped  it 
Vanity  Fair  {j.%a^Z). 

Colmal,  daughter  of  Dunthalmo, 
(See  Calthon,  p.  170.) 

Colmar,  brother  of  Calthon.  (See 
Calthon.) 

Colmes-kill,  now  called  Icolmkill, 
the  famous  lona,  one  of  the  Western 
islands.  It  is  I-colm-kill  ;  "  I"  =  island, 
"  colm  "  =  Columi  (5/.),  and  "  kill  "  = 
buryi7ig-place  ("the  burying-ground  in 
St.  Columb's  Isle  "). 

Rosse.    Where  is  Duncan's  body  t 
Macduff.     Carried  to  Colmes-kill ; 

The  sacred  storehouse  of  his  predecessors. 

And  guardian  of  their  bones. 

Shakespeare  :  Macbeth,  act  iu  sc  4  (1606). 

Colna-Dona  \^'love  of  Aeroes"]. 
daughter  of  king  Car'ul.  Fingal  sent 
Ossian  and  Toscar  to  raise  a  memorial  on 
the  banks  of  the  Crona,  to  perpetuate  the 
memory  of  a  victory  he  had  obtained 
there.  Carul  invited  the  two  young  men 
to  his  hall,  and  Toscar  fell  in  love  with 
Colna-Dona.  The  passion  being  mutual, 
the  father  consented  to  their  espousals. — 
Ossian:  Colna-Dond, 

Colog^ne  {The  three  kings  of),  the 
three  Magi,  called  Caspar,  Melchior,  and 
Baltha'zar.  Gasper  means  "the  white 
one;"  Melchior,  "king  of  light;"  Bal- 
thazar, "lord  of  treasures."  Klopstock, 
in  The  Messiah,  says  there  were  six 
Magi,  whom  he  calls  Hadad,  Sel'ima, 
Ziniri,  Mirja,  Beled,  and  Sunith. 

*.•  The  "three"  Magi  are  variously 
named  ;  thus  one  tradition  gives  them 
as  Apellius,  Amerus,  and  Damascus  ; 
another  calls  them  Magalath,  Galgalath, 
and  Sarasin  ;  a  third  says  they  were  Ator, 
Sator,  and  Perat'oras.  They  are  further- 
more said  to  be  descendants  of  Balaam 
the  Mesopotamian  prophet. 

Colon,  one  of  the  rabble  leaders  in 
Hudibras,  is  meant  for  Noel  Perryan  or 
Ned  Perry,  an  ostler.  He  was  a  rigid 
puritan  "of  low  morals,"  and  very  fond 
of  bear-baiting  (seventeenth  centiu-y). 

Colonna  {The  marquis  of),  a  high- 
minded,   incorruptible  noble  of  Naples. 


He  tells  the  young  king  bluntly  that  his 
oily  courtiers  are  vipers  who  would  suck 
his  life's  blood,  and  that  Ludov'ico,  his 
chief  minister  and  favourite,  is  a  traitor. 
Of  course  he  is  not  believed,  and  Ludo- 
vico  marks  him  out  for  vengeance.  His 
scheme  is  to  get  Colonna,  of  his  own  free 
will,  to  murder  his  sister's  lover  and  the 
king.  With  this  view  he  artfully  per- 
suades Vicentio,  the  lover,  that  Evadne 
(the  sister  of  Colonna)  is  the  king's 
wanton.  Vicentio  indignandy  discards 
Evadne,  is  challenged  to  fight  by  Colonna, 
and  is  supposed  to  be  killed.  Colonna, 
to  revenge  his  wrongs  on  the  king,  invites 
him  to  a  banquet  with  intent  to  murder 
him,  when  the  whole  scheme  of  villainy  is 
exposed.  Ludovico  is  slain,  and  Vicentio 
marries  Evadne.— 5/4/<?/.-  Evadne,  or  the 
Statue  (1820). 

Colonna,  the  most  southern  cape  of 
Attica.  Falconer  makes  it  the  site  of  his 
"  shipwreck  "  (canto  iii.) ;  and  Byron  says 
the  isles  of  Greece — 

.  .  .  seen  from  far  Colonna's  height. 
Make  glad  the  heart  that  hails  the  sight, 
And  lead  to  loneliness  delight. 

Byron  :  The  Giaour  (18x3). 

Col'ophon,  the  end  clause  of  a  book, 
containing  the  names  of  the  printer  and 
publisher,  and  the  place  where  the  book 
was  printed  ;  in  former  times  the  date 
and  the  edition  were  added  also.  Colo- 
phon was  a  city  of  lona,  the  inhabitants 
of  which  were  such  excellent  horsemen 
that  they  could  turn  the  scale  of  battle  ; 
hence  the  Greek  proverb  to  add  a  colo- 
phon meant  to  "  put  a  finishing  stroke  to 
an  affair." 

Colossiana  (The  Epistle  to  the), 
written  by  ' '  Paul  the  apostle "  to  the 
people  of  Colossoe,  in  Asia  Minor,  during 
his  imprisonment  at  Rome.  The  first 
two  chapters  are  doctrinal,  and  the  latter 
two  practical. 

It  resembles  the  EpistU  te  the  Ephesians. 

Colossos  (Latin,  Colossus),  a  gigantic 
brazen  statue  126  feet  high,  executed  by 
Charfis  for  the  Rhodians.  Blaise  de  Vigne- 
nfere  says  it  was  a  striding  figure;  but 
comte  de  Caylus  proves  that  it  was  not 
so,  and  did  not  even  stand  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Rhodian  port.  Philo  tells  us  that 
it  stood  on  a  block  of  white  marble ;  and 
Lucius  Ampellius  asserts  that  it  stood  in  a 
car.  Tickell  makes  out  the  statue  to  be 
so  enormous  in  size  that — 

While  at  one  foot  the  thronging  galleys  ride, 

A  whole  hour's  sail  scarce  reached  the  further  side; 

Betwixt  the  brazen  thighs,  in  loose  array. 

Ten  thousand  streamers  on  the  billows  play. 

TickeU:  On  tfic  Prospect  0/  Peac*. 


COLOURS. 


927 


Colours. 

niraldic 
Symbol  0/    na  me. 
Btack:       I'rudence       Sable        Diamond  Satume 
Blood  Itan 

«/oMr.*  Fortitude      Sangiiine  Sardonyx  Dragon's 
Blut :        Loyalty         Azure        Sapphire   Jupiter 
raid    Ve 


Green . 


I-ove 


Vert 


Emerald    Venus 


Purple:  Temperance Purpure  Amethyst  Mercury 

Red:  MagnanlniityGules       Ruby         Mars  [head 

Tenney:  Joy  Tenney   Jacinth       Dragon's 

}Vhite :  innocence     Argent     Pearl  I, una 

YtlUno:  Faith  Or  Topajt        Sol 

Col'tlired  {Benjamin)  or  "  I^ittle 
Benjie,"  a  spy  employed  by  Nixon 
(Exlward  Redgauntlet's  agent). — Sir  IV. 
Scott:  Redgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Coltuub  (5/.)  or  St.  Columba  was  of 
the  family  of  the  kings  of  Ulster ;  and 
with  twelve  followers  founded  amongst 
the  Picts  and  Scots  300  Christian  estab- 
lishments of  presbyterian  character  ;  that 
in  lo'na  was  founded  in  563. 

The  Pictish  men  by  St.  Columb  taught. 

Campbell :  Reullura. 

Colmnbns.  His  three  ships  were  the 
Santa  Maria,  the  Pinta,  and  the  Nina. 
—  \V.  Irving:  History  of  the  Life,  etc.,  of 
Columbun,  183. 

The  Voyage  of  Columhut.  In  twelve 
short  cantos  of  rhyming  ten-syllable 
verse  by  Rogers  (1812).  Columbus  obtains 
three  ships  and  starts  on  his  voyage  of  dis- 
coveries. As  he  approaches  "Columbia," 
he  is  stopped  by  a  mass  of  vegetation,  but 
continues  his  voyage.  In  the  mean  time 
the  deities  of  the  "  New  World  "  meet  in 
council,  and  resolve  to  impede  his  ap- 
proach. The  chief  spirit,  in  the  form  of 
a  condor,  stirs  up  a  mutiny ;  but  Columbus 
quells  it,  and  lands  on  the  New  World, 
where  the  crew  is  hospitably  received. 
After  a  time,  an  angel  tells  Columbus 
to  return,  and  tells  him  that  the  cross 
of  Christ  planted  by  him  will  make 
America  glorious. 

Colyn  Clout  {The  Boke  of),  a  rhym- 
ing six-syllable  tirade  against  the  clergy, 
by  John  Skelton,  poet-laureate  (1460- 
1529). 

Comal  and  Galbi'na.  Comal  was 
the  son  of  Albion,  "  chief  of  a  hundred 
hills."  He  loved  Galbi'na  (daughter  of 
Conlech),  who  was  beloved  by  Grumal 
also.  One  day,  tired  out  by  the  chase, 
Comal  and  Galbina  rested  in  the  cave  of 
Ronan ;  but  ere  long  a  deer  appeared, 
and  Comal  went  forth  to  shoot  it.  Dur- 
ing his  absence,  Galbina  dressed  herself 
in  armour  "  to  try  his  love,"  and  "  strode 
from  the  cave."  Comal  thought  it  was 
Grumal,  let  fly  an  arrow,  and  she  fell. 
The  chief  too  late  discovered  his  mistake. 


COMEDY  OF  ERRORS. 

ntshed  to  battle,  and  was  slain. — Ossian: 
Fingal,  ii. 

Com'ala,  daughter  of  Samo  king  of 
Inistore  [the  Orkneys).  She  fell  in  love 
with  Fingal  at  a  feast  to  which  Sarno 
had  invited  him  after  his  return  from 
Denmark  or  Lochlin  [Fingal,  iii. ). 
Disguised  as  a  youth,  Comala  followed 
him,  and  begged  to  be  employed  in  his 
wars  ;  but  was  detected  by  Hidallan,  son 
of  Lamor,  whose  love  she  had  slighted. 
Fingal  \?as  about  to  marry  her,  when  he 
was  called  to  oppose  Caracul,  who  had 
invaded  Caledonia.  Comala  witnessed 
the  battle  from  a  hill,  thought  she  saw 
Fingal  slain,  and,  though  he  returned 
victorious,  the  shock  on  her  nerves  was 
so  great  that  she  died. — Ossian  :  Comala. 

Comb  [Reynard's  Wonderful),  said  to 
be  made  of  Pan'thera's  bone,  the  per- 
fume of  which  was  so  fragrant  that  no 
one  could  resist  following  it ;  and  the 
wearer  of  the  comb  was  always  of  a 
merry  heart.  This  comb  existed  only 
in  the  brain  of  Master  Fox. — Reynard 
the  Fox,  xii.  (1498). 

Co'm.e  [St.),  a  physician,  and  patron 
saint  of  medical  practitioners. 

"  By  St.  Come  1 "  said  the  surgeon,  "  here's  a  pretty 
adventure." — Lesage  ;  Gil  Bias,  vii.  i  (1735) 

Come  and  Take  Them.  The  re- 
ply of  Leon'idas,  king  of  Sparta,  to  the 
messengers  of  Xerxes,  when  commanded 
by  the  invader  to  deliver  up  his  arms. 

Com'edy  ( The  Father  of),  Aristoph'- 
anes  the  Athenian  (B.C.  444-380). 

The  Prince  of  Ancient  Comedy,  Aris- 
toph'angs  (B.C.  444-380). 

The  Prince  of  New  Comedy,  Menander 
(B.C.  342-291). 

Comedy  of  Errors,  by  Shake- 
speare (1593).  .Emilia  wife  of  iEgeon 
had  two  sons  at  a  birth,  and  named  both 
of  them  Antipholus.  When  grown  to 
manhood,  each  of  these  sons  had  a  slave 
named  Dromio,  also  twin-brothers.  The 
brothers  Antipholus  had  been  shipwrecked 
in  infancy,  and,  being  picked  up  by 
different  vessels,  were  carried  one  to 
Syracuse  and  the  other  to  Ephesus.  The 
play  supposes  that  Antipholus  of  Syracuse 
goes  in  search  of  his  brother,  and  coming 
to  Ephesus  with  his  slave  Dromio,  a  series 
of  mistakes  arises  from  the  extraordinary 
likeness  of  the  two  brothers  and  their 
two  slaves.  Andriana,  the  wife  of  the 
Ephesian,  mistakes  the  Syracusian  for 
her  husband ;  but  he  behaves  so  strangely 
that  her  jealousy  is  aroused,  and  when 


COMHAL. 


323 


COM  US. 


her  true  husband  arrives  he  is  arrested  as 
a  mad  man.  Soon  after,  the  Syracusian 
brother  being  seen,  the  wife,  supposing  it 
to  be  her  mad  husband  broken  loose, 
sends  to  capture  him  ;  but  he  flees  into  a 
convent.  Andriana  now  lays  her  com- 
plaint before  the  duke,  and  the  lady 
abbess  comes  into  court.  So  both 
brothers  face  each  other,  the  mistakes 
are  explained,  and  the  abbess  turns  out 
to  be  Emilia  the  mother  of  the  twin- 
brothers.  Now,  it  so  happerred  that 
^geon,  searching  for  his  son,  also  came 
to  Ephesus,  and  was  condemned  to  pay  a 
fine  or  suffer  death,  because  he,  a  Syra- 
cusian, had  set  foot  in  Ephesus.  The 
duke,  however,  hearing  the  story,  par- 
doned him.  Thus  ^geon  found  his  wife 
in  the  abbess,  the  parents  their  twin-sons, 
and  each  son  his  long-lost  brother. 

•.'  The  plot  of  this  comedy  is  copied 
from  the  Mencechmi  of  Plautus. 

Comhal    or    Com'bal,  son  of  Tra- 

thal,  and  father  of  Fingal.  His  queen 
was  Morna,  daughter  of  Thaddu.  Com- 
hal  was  slain  in  battle,  fighting  against 
the  tribe  of  Morni,  the  very  day  that 
Fingal  was  born. — Ossian. 

Fingal  said  to  Aldo,  "I  was  bom  in  the  midst  of 
battle."— Oj«a«  ;  The  Battle  o/Lora. 

Comic  Annual  (The),  from  1830 
to  1842,  Hood. 

Comic  Blackstone,  by  Gilbert  k 
Beckett  (1846).  In  1847-8  he  published 
a  Comic  History  of  England ;  and  in 
1849-50  a  Comic  History  of  Rome. 

Comines  [C/i/« '-/«].  Philip  des  Co- 
mines,  the  favourite,  minister  of  Charles 
"the  Bold,"  duke  of  Burgundy,  is  intro- 
duced by  sir  W.  Scott  in  Quentin  Dur- 
a;ar<f  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Coming  Race  [The),  a  work  of 
fiction  by  lord  Lytton  (1871).  It  is  the 
supposed  manners  and  customs  of  a  race 
several  ages  hence,  and  is  a  sort  of  Utopia, 
where  the  present  evils  will  be  redressed. 

Com  leach  (2  syl.),  a  mountain  in 
Ulster.  The  Lubar  flows  between  Com- 
leach  and  Cromal. — Ossian. 

Commander    of    tlie    Faithful 

[Emir  al  Mumenin],  a  title  assumed  by 
Omar  I.,  and  retained  by  his  successors 
in  the  caliphate  (581,  634-644). 

Commandment  (  The  Eleventh), 
Thou  shalt  not  be  found  out. 

After  all,  that  Eleventh  Commandment  is  the  only 
one  tiiat  it  is  vitally  important  to  keep  in  these  days.— 
B.  H.  Buxton  :  jFennie  of  the  Prince's,  iii.  314. 


Committee  [The),  a  comedy  by  the 
hon.  sir  R.  Howard.  Mr.  Day,  a  Crom- 
wellite,  is  the  head  of  a  Committee  of 
Sequestration,  and  is  a  dishonest,  canting 
rascal,  under  the  thumb  of  his  wife.  He 
gets  into  his  hands  the  deeds  of  two 
heiresses,  Anne  and  Arbella.  The  former 
he  calls  Ruth,  and  passes  her  off  as  his 
own  daughter  ;  the  latter  he  wants  to 
marry  to  his  booby  son  Abel.  Ruth  falls 
in  love  with  colonel  Careless,  and  Arbella 
with  colonel  Blunt.  Ruth  contrives  to 
get  into  her  hands  the  deeds,  which  she 
delivers  over  to  the  two  colonels,  and 
when  Mr.  Day  arrives,  quiets  him  by 
reminding  him  that  she  knows  of  certain 
deeds  which  would  prove  his  ruin  if 
divulged  (1670). 

T.  Knight  reproduced  this  comedy  as 
a  farce  under  the  title  of  The  Honest 
Thieves. 

Common  (Dol),  an  ally  of  Subtle  the 
alchemist. — Ben  Jonson:  The  Alcliemist 
(1610). 

Commoner  {The  Greaf),  sir  John 
Barnard,  who  in  1737  proposed  to  reduce 
the  interest  of  the  national  debt  from 
4  per  cent,  to  3  per  cent.,  any  creditor 
being  at  liberty  to  receive  his  principal 
in  full  if  he  preferred  it.  William  Pitt, 
the  statesman,  is  so  called  also  (1759- 
1806).  Mr.  Goschen  in  1888  reduced  the 
interest  to  2I  per  cent. 

Comne'nus  [Alexius),  emperor  of 
Greece,  introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott  in 
Count  Robert  of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Anna  Comne'na,  his  daughter. 

Compeyson,  a  would-be  gentleman 
and  a  forger.  He  duped  Abel  Magwitch 
and  ruined  him,  keeping  him  completely 
under  his  influence.  He  also  jilted  Miss 
Havisham.  He  was  drowned  near  Green- 
wich in  attempting  to  arrest  Magwitch 
( q.  V. ).  — Dickens  :  Great  Expectations 
(1861). 

Complaint  ( r/z^),  or  Night  Thoughts. 
Nine  poems,  called  "Nights,"  in  blank 
verse,  by  Edward  Young  (1742-1745). 

Compleat  Angler  [The),  by  Izaac 
Walton  (1653). 

Com'rade  (2  syl.),  the  horse  given  by 
a  fairy  to  Fortunio. 

He  has  many  rare  qualities  .  .  .  first  he  eats  but 
once  in  eight  days ;  and  then  he  knows  what  s  past, 
present,  and  to  come  [and  speaks  with  the  voice  of  a 
man]. — Comtesse  D'Aulnoy  :  Fairy  Tales  ("  For- 
tunio," 1682). 

Comus,  the  god  of  revelry.  In 
Milton's  "  masque"  so  called.  The  "lady" 


CONA. 


229 


COX  LATH. 


Is  lady  Alice  Egerton,  the  younger 
brother  is  Mi.  Thomas  Egerton,  and  tlie 
elder  brother  is  lord  viscount  Brackley 
(eldest  son  of  John  earl  of  Bridgewatcr, 
president  of  Wales).  The  lady,  weary 
with  long  walking,  is  left  in  a  wood  by 
her  two  brothers,  while  they  go  to  gather 
"cooling  fruit"  for  her.  She  sings  to 
let  them  know  her  whereabouts,  and 
Comus,  coming  up,  promises  to  conduct 
her  to  a  cottage  till  her  brothers  could 
be  found.  The  brothers,  hearing  a  noise 
of  revelry,  become  alarmed  about  their 
sister,  when  her  guardian  spirit  informs 
them  that  she  has  fallen  into  the  hands 
of  Comus.  They  run  to  her  rescue,  and 
arrive  just  as  the  god  is  offering  his  cap)- 
tive  a  potion ;  the  brothers  seize  the  cup 
and  dash  it  on  the  ground,  while  the  spirit 
invokes  Sabri'na,  who  breaks  the  spell 
and  releases  the  lady  {1634). 

Co'na  or  Coe,  a  river  in  Scotland, 
falling  into  Lochleven.  It  is  distin- 
guished for  the  sublimity  of  its  scenery. 
Glen-coe  is  the  glen  held  by  the  M 'Do- 
nalds (the  chief  of  the  clan  being  called 
Maclan).  In  "  Ossian,"  the  bard  Ossian 
(son  of  Fingal)  is  called  "  The  voice  of 
Cona." — Ossian:  Songs  of  Selma. 

They  praised  the  voice  of  Cona,  first  amongr  a 
thousand  bards. — Ossian  :  Songs  o/Sclnta. 

Conach'ar,  the  Highland  apprentice 
of  Simon  Glover,  the  old  glover  of  Perth. 
Conachar  is  in  love  with  his  master's 
daughter,  Catharine,  called  "the  fair 
maid  of  Perth  ;  "  but  Catharine  loves  and 
ultimately  marries  Henry  Smith,  the 
armourer.  Conachar  is  at  a  later  period 
Ian  Eachin  \Hector\  M'lan,  chief  of  the 
clan  Quhele.— ^'iV  W.  Scott:  Fair  Maid 
of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Conar,  son  of  Trenmor,  and  first 
"king  of  Ireland."  When  the  Fir-bolg 
(or  Belgse  from  Britain  settled  in  the 
south  of  Ireland)  had  reduced  the  Cael 
(or  colony  of  Caledonians  settled  in  the 
north  of  Ireland)  to  the  last  extremity 
by  war,  the  Cael  sent  to  Scotland  for 
aid.  Trathel  (grandfather  of  Fingal) 
accordingly  sent  over  Conar  with  an 
army  to  their  aid ;  and  Conar,  having 
reduced  the  Fir-bolg  to  submission,  as- 
sumed the  title  of  "king  of  Ireland." 
Conar  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Cormac 
I.  ;  Cormac  I.  by  his  son  Cairbre ;  Cair- 
bre  by  his  son  Artho ;  Artho  by  his  son 
Cormac  II.  (a  minor);  and  Cormac  (after 
a  slight  interregnum)  by  Ferad-Artho 
^restored  by  Fingal). — Ossian. 


Confessio     Amantis,    by    Gower 

(1393),  above  30,000  verses,  in  eight  books. 
It  is  a  dialogue  between  a  lover  and  his 
confessor,  a  priest  of  Venus  named 
Genius.  As  every  vice  is  unamiable,  a 
lover  must  be  free  from  vice  in  order  to 
be  amiable,  i.e.  beloved  ;  consequently, 
Genius  examines  the  lover  on  every  vice 
before  he  will  grant  him  absolution.  Tale 
after  tale  is  introduced  by  the  confessor, 
to  show  the  evil  effects  of  particular  vices, 
and  the  lover  is  taught  science,  and  "  the 
Aristotelian  philosophy,"  the  better  to 
equip  him  to  win  the  love  of  his  choice. 
The  end  is  very  strange :  The  lover  does 
not  complain  that  the  lady  is  obdurate  or 
faithless,  but  that  he  himself  has  grown 
old. 

(Gower  is  indebted  a  good  deal  to 
Eusebius's  Greek  romance  of  Ismcni  and 
Ismenias,  translated  by  Viterbo.  Shake- 
speare drew  his  Pericles  Prince  of  Tyre 
from  the  same  romance.) 

Confession.  The  emperor  Wences- 
las  ordered  John  of  Nep'omuc  to  be  cast 
from  the  Moldau  bridge,  for  refusing  to 
reveal  the  confession  of  the  empress. 
The  martyr  wf^s  canonized  as  St.  John 
Nepomu'cen,  and  his  day  is  May  14 
(1330-1383). 

Confessions  of  an  English 
Opium-Eater,  by  Thomas  De  Quincey 
(1821).  It  describes  the  mental  and  physi- 
cal effects  of  opium-eating. 

Con^eve  [The  Modern),  R.  B. 
Sheridan  (1751-1816). 

The  School  for  Scandal  crowned  the  reputation  ot 
the  modem  Congreve  in  1777. — Craik  :  Literature  and 
Learning  in  England,  v.  7. 

Coningsby,  or  The  Ne7v  Generation, 
a  novel  by  Disraeli  (lord  Beaconsfield), 
(1844).  Coningsby  is  Young  England 
personified,  in  whom  is  delineated  the 
beginning  and  growth  of  perfect  statesmen. 

The  characters  are  supposed  to  be  as  follows: — 
Croker'xs  Rigby ;  Menmonth  is  lord  Howard  ;  Eskdale, 
Lowther;  Urmsby,  Irving;  Lucretia  is  Mde.  Zichy; 
the  countess  Colonna  is  lady  Strachan  ;  Sidonia  is 
baron  A.  de  Rothschild ;  Henry  Sidney  is  lord  John 
Manners ;  Belvoir,  the  duke  of  RuUand. — Notes  and 
Queries,  March  6,  1875. 

Conkey  Cliickweed,  the  man  who 

robbed  himself  of  327  guineas,  in  order  to 
make  his  fortune  by  exciting  the  sympathy 
of  his  neighbours  and  others.  The  tale 
is  told  by  detective  Blathers. — Dickens: 
Oliver  Twist  (1827). 

Conlath,  youngest  son  of  Morni,  and 
brother  of  the  famous  Gaul  {a  man's 
name).  Conlath  was  betrothed  to  Cu- 
tho'na,  daughter  of  Ruma,  but  before  the 


CONNAL. 


233  CONSTANCE  OF  BEVERLEY. 


espousJ\ls  Toscar  came  from  Ireland  to 
Mora,  and  was  hospitably  received  by 
Morni.  Seeing  Cuthona  out  hunting, 
Toscar  carried  her  off  in  his  skiff  by 
force,  and  being  overtaken  by  Conlath, 
they  both  fell  in  fight.  Three  days  after- 
wards Cuthona  died  of  grief. — Ossian  : 
Conlath  and  Ctdhotia. 

Connal,  son  of  Colgar  petty  king  of 
Togorma,  and  intimate  friend  of  Cuthullin 
general  of  the  Irish  tribes.  He  is  a  kind 
of  Ulysses,  who  counsels  and  comforts 
Cuthullin  in  his  distress  ;  and  is  the  very 
opposite  of  the  rash,  presumptuous, 
though  generous  Calmar.  —  Ossian  : 
Fingal. 
f  Con'nell  [Father],  an  aged  catholic 
priest,  full  of  gentle  affectionate  feelings. 
He  is  the  patron  of  a  poor  vagrant  boy 
called  Neddy  Fennel,  whose  adventiires 
furnish  the  incidents  of  Banim's  novel 
called  Father  Connell  (1842). 

Father  Connell  is  not  unworthy  of  association  with 
the  protestant  Vicar  of  II  akefield. — R.  Chambers: 
English  Literature,  ii.  612. 

Conqneror  [The). 

Alexander  the  Great,  77/e  Conqneror  of  the  World 
(B.C.  3S6,  336-323)-     , 

Alfonso  of  Portugal  (1094,  1137-1185). 

Aurungzebe  the  Great,  called  Akmgir  (1618,  1659- 
1707). 


James  of  Aragon  (1206,  1213-1276). 
Othraan  or  Osman  I.,  founder  of  th^ 
(1259,  1239-1326) 


e  Turkish  empire 


Francisco  Pizarro,  called  Conquistador,  because  he 
conquered  Peru  (1475-1341). 

William  duke  of  Normandy,  who  obtained  England 
by  conquest  (1027,  1066-1087). 

ConcLuest  of  Graua'da  {The),  a 
tragedy  by  Dryden  ( 1672). 

Con'rad  (Lord),  the  corsair,  after- 
wards called  Lara.  A  proid,  ascetic,  but 
successful  pirate.  Hearing  that  the 
sultan  Seyd  [Seed]  was  about  to  attack 
the  pirates,  he  entered  the  palace  in  the 
disguise  of  a  dervise,  but  being  found  out 
was  seized  and  imprisoned.  He  was 
released  by  Gulnare  (2  syL ),  the  sultan's 
favourite  concubine,  and  fled  with  her 
to  the  Pirates'  Isle ;  but  finding  his 
Medo'ra  dead,  he  left  the  island  with 
Gulnare,  returned  to  his  native  land, 
headed  a  rebellion,  and  was  shot. — 
Byron  :  The  Corsair,  continued  in  Lara 
(1814). 

Conrad,  a  monk  of  Murpurg,  and 
the  pope's  commissioner  for  the  suppres- 
sion of  heresy. — Kingsley  :  The  Saint's 
Tragedy  (a  dramatic  poem,  1846). 

Con'rade  (2  syl.),  a  follower  of  don 
John  (bastard  brother  of  don  P6dro 
prince  of  Aragon). — Shakespeare :  Much 
Ado  about  Nothing  (1600). 


-Conrade  (2  syl.),  marquis  of  Mont- 
seiTat,  who  with  the  Grand -Master  of  the 
Templars  conspired  against  Richard  Coeur 
de  Lion.  He  was  unhorsed  in  combat, 
and  murdered  in  his  tent  by  the  Templar. 
— Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Talisman  (time, 
Richard  I.). 

Consenting'  Stars,  stars  forming 
certain  configurations  for  good  or  evil. 
Thus  we  read  in  the  book  of  Judges  v.  20, 
"  The  stars  in  their  courses  fought  against 
Sisera,"  i.e.  formed  configurations  which 
were  unlucky  or  malignant. 

.  .  .  scourge  the  bad  revolving  stars. 
That  have  consented  unto  Henry's  death  I 
King  Henry  the  Fifth,  too  famous  to  live  longft 

Shakespeare:  i  Henry  VI.  act  1.  sc.  i  (isSg^. 

Constance,  mother  of  prince  Arthur 
and  widow  of  Geoffrey  Plantagenet. — 
Shakespeare:  King  John  (1598), 

Mrs.  Hartley's  "  lady  Macbeth,"  "  Constance,"  and 
"  queen  Katherine  "  {Henry  VII l.\  were  powerful  em- 
bodiments, and  I  question  if  they  have  ever  since 
been  so  finely  portrayed  (1785-1850).— y,  Adolf  hus: 
Recollections. 

Constance,  daughter  of  sir  William 
Fondiove,  and  courted  by  Wildrake,  a 
country  squire,  fond  of  field  sports. 
"Her  beauty  rich,  richer  her  grace,  her 
mind  yet  richer  still,  though  richest  all." 
She  was  "the  mould  express  of  woman, 
stature,  feature,  body,  limb  ; "  she  danced 
well,  sang  well,  harped  well.  Wildrake 
was  her  childhood's  playmate,  and  be- 
came her  husband. — Knowles  :  The  Love 
Chase  (1837). 

Constance,  daughter  of  Eertulphe 
provost  of  Bruges,  and  bride  of  Bouchard, 
a  knight  of  Flanders.  She  had  ' '  beauty  to 
shame  young  love's  most  fervent  dream, 
virtue  to  form  a  saint,  with  just  enough 
of  earth  to  keep  her  woman."  By  an 
absurd  law  of  Charles  "the  Good,"  earl 
of  Flanders,  made  in  1127,  this  young 
lady,  brought  up  in  the  lap  of  luxury, 
was  reduced  to  serfdom,  because  her 
grandfather  was  a  serf;  her  aristocratic 
husband  was  also  a  serf  because  he 
married  her  (a  serf).  She  went  mad  at 
the  reverse  of  fortune,  and  died. — 
Knowles:  The  Provost  of  Bruges  (1836). 

Constance  of  Beverley,  in  sir  W. 

Scott's  Marmion,  is  a  Benedictine  nun, 
who  fell  in  love  with  Marmion,  and, 
escaping  from  the  convent,  lived  with  him 
as  a  page.  But  Marmion  proved  faithless ; 
and  Constance,  falling  into  the  hands  of 
the  Benedictines,  was  tried  for  violating 
her  vows.  At  the  same  time  a  monk  (who 
had  undertaken  to  remove  her  rival  Clara) 
was  tried  also.     Both  were  condemned. 


CONSTANS.  231 

and  both  were  immured  in  niches  in  tlie 
convent  wall,  which  were  then  filled  up 
with  "  hewn  stones  and  cemeut." — 
Canto  ii. 

Coustans,  a  mythical  king  of  Britain. 
He  was  the  eldest  of  the  three  sons  of 
Constanline,  his  two  brothers  being 
Aurelius  Ambrosius  and  Uther  Pon- 
dragon.  Constans  was  a  monk,  but  at 
the  death  of  his  father  he  laid  aside  the 
cowl  for  the  crown,  Vortigern  caused 
him  to  be  assassinated,  and  usurped  the 
crown.  Aurelius  Ambrosius  succeeded 
Vortigern,  and  was  himself  succeeded  by 
his  younger  brother,  Uther  Pendragon, 
father  of  king  Arthur.  Hence  it  will 
appear  that  Constans  was  Arthur's  uncle. 
Constant  {Ned),  the  former  lover  of 
lady  Brute,  with  whom  he  intrigued  after 
her  marriage  with  the  surly  knight. — 
Vanbrugh:  The  Provoked  IVi/e  {iSg-^). 

Constant  (Sir  Bashful),  a  younger 
brother  of  middle  hfe,  who  tumbles  into 
an  estate  and  title  by  the  death  of  his 
elder  brother.  He  marries  a  woman  of 
quality.  But,  finding  it  comme  ilfaut  not 
to  let  his  love  be  known,  treats  her  with 
indifference  and  politeness  ;  and,  though 
he  dotes  on  her,  tries  to  make  her  belie\e 
he  loves  her  not.  He  is  very  soft,  carried 
away  by  the  opinions  of  others,  and  is 
an  example  of  the  truth  of  what  Dr. 
Young  said,  ' '  What  is  mere  good  nature 
but  a  fool  ?  " 

Lady  Constant,  wife  of  sir  Bashful,  a 
woman  of  spirit,  taste,  sense,  wit,  and 
beauty.  She  loves  her  husband,  and 
repels  with  scorn  an  attempt  to  shake  her 
fidelity  because  he  treats  her  with  cold 
indifference. — Murphy.'  The  Way  to  Keep 
Him  (1760). 

Constant  Couple  [The),  a  comedy 
by  Farquhar  (1700). 

Constan'tia,  sister  of  Petruccio  go- 
vernor of  Bologna,  and  mistress  of  the 
duke  of  Ferrara. — Fletcher:  The  Chances 
(1620). 

Constantia,  a  protigie  of  lady  McSy- 
cophant.  An  amiable  girl,  in  love  with 
Egerton  McSycophant,  by  whom  her  love 
is  amply  returned. — Macklin:  The  Man 
of  the  World  {1764). 

Con'stantine  (3  syl.),  a  king  of 
Scotland,  who  (in  937)  joined  Anlaf  (a 
Danish  king)  against  Athelstan.  The 
illied  kings  were  defeated  at  Brunan- 
burh,  in  Northumberland^  and  Constan- 
tino was  made  prisoner. 


CONTEST. 

Our  Englisli  AtlieUtan  .  .  . 
Made  all  the  isle  liis  uwn  .  .  . 

And  Coiistmuine,  the  kinjj,  a  prisoner  hitlicr  brought. 
Dray  Con  :  rolyolbion,  xii.  3  (1634). 

Constantinople  [Little).  Kertch 
was  so  called  by  the  Genoese  from  its 
extent  and  its  prosperity.  Demosthenes 
calls  it  "  the  granary  of  Athens." 

Consuelo  (4  syl.),  the  impersonation 
of  moral  purity  in  the  midst  of  temp- 
tations. Consuelo  is  the  heroine  of  a 
novel  so  called  by  George  Sand  [i.e.  Mde. 
Dudevant). 

Consul  Bib'ulus  [A),  a  cipher  in 
office,  one  joined  with  others  in  office  but 
without  the  slightest  influence.  Bibulus 
was  joint  consul  with  Julius  Caesar,  but  so 
insignificant  that  the  wits  of  Rome  called 
it  the  consulship  of  Julius  and  Caesar,  not 
of  Bibulus  and  Caesar  (B.C.  59). 

Contemporaneous  Discoverers. 

Goethe  and  Vicq  d'Azyrs  discovered  at 
the  same  time  the  intermaxillary  bone. 
Goethe  and  Von  Baer  discovered  at  the 
same  time  Morphology.  Goethe  and 
Oken  discovered  at  the  same  time  the 
vertebral  system.  The  Penny  Cyclo- 
pcBdia  and  Chambers's  Journal  were 
started  nearly  at  the  same  time.  The 
invention  of  printing  is  claimed  by  several 
contemporaries.  The  process  called  Talbo- 
ty-pe  and  Daguerreotype  were  nearly  simul- 
taneous discoveries.  Leverrier  and  Adams 
discovered  at  the  same  time  the  planet 
Neptune. 

(This  list  may  be  extended  to  a  very 
great  length. ) 

Contemporary  Review  [The],  a 

monthly  review  started  in  i8c6. 

Contes  de  Pees,  by  Claude  Perrault 
(1697).  Fairy  tales  in  French  prose. 
They  have  been  translated  into  English. 

Contest  [Sir  Adam).  Having  lost 
his  first  wife  by  shipwreck,  he  married 
again  after  the  lapse  of  some  twelve  or 
fourteen  years.  His  second  wife  was  a 
girl  of  18,  to  whom  he  held  up  his  first 
wife  as  a  pattern  and  the  very  paragon 
of  women.  On  the  wedding  day  this  first 
wife  made  her  appearance.  She  had  been 
saved  from  the  wreck;  but  sir  Adam 
wished  her  in  heaven  most  sincerely. 

Lady  Contest,  the  bride  of  sir  Adam, 
"  young,  extremely  hvely,  and  pro- 
digiously beautiful."  She  had  been 
brought  up  in  the  country,  and  treated  as 
a  child,  so  her  naivete  was  quite  capti- 
vating. When  she  quitted  the  bride- 
groom's house,  she  said,  "  Good-bye,  sir 
Adam,  good-bye.    I  did  love  you  a  little. 


CONTINENCE. 


COPLEY.. 


upon  my  word,  and  should  be  really  un- 
happy if  I  did  not  know  that  your  hap- 
piness will  be  infinitely  greater  with  your 
first  wife." 

Mr.  Contest,  the  grown-up  son  of  sir 
Adam  by  his  first  wife. — Mrs.  Inchbald: 
The  Wedding  Day  [i'j(^o). 

Continence. 

Alexander  the  Great  having 
gained  the  battle  of  Issus  (B.C.  333), 
the  family  of  king  Darius  fell  into  his 
hands ;  but  he  treated  the  ladies  as 
queens,  and  observed  the  greatest  deco- 
rum towards  them.  A  eunuch,  having 
escaped,  told  Darius  that  his  wife  re- 
mained unspotted,  for  Alexander  had 
shown  himself  the  most  continent  and 
generous  of  men. — Arrian:  Anabasis  of 
Alexander,  iv.  20. 

H  SciPio  Afkicanus,  after  the  con- 
quest of  Spain,  refused  to  touch  a  beauti- 
ful princess  who  had  fallen  into  his  hands, 
"  lest  he  should  be  tempted  to  forget  his 
principles."  It  is,  moreover,  said  that 
he  sent  her  back  to  her  parents  with 
presents,  that  she  might  marry  the  man 
to  whom  she  was  betrothed.  A  silver 
shield,  on  which  this  incident  was  de- 
picted, was  f^und  in  the  river  Rhone  by 
some  fishermen  in  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury. 

E'en  Scipio,  or  a  victor  yet  more  cold, 
Might  have  forgot  liis  virtue  at  her  sight. 

Roive :  Tamerlane,  Hi.  3  (1702). 

1[  Anson,  when  he  took  the  Senhora 
Theresa  de  Jesus,  refused  even  to  see 
the  three  Spanish  ladies  who  formed 
part  of  the  prize,  because  he  was  resolved 
to  prevent  private  scandal.  The  three 
ladies  consisted  of  a  mother  and  her  two 
daughters,  the  younger  of  whom  was  "  of 
surpassing  beauty." 

Contractions.  The  following  is 
probably  the  most  remarkable : — "  Utaca- 
mund"  is  by  the  English  called  Ooty 
(India).  "  Cholmondeley,"  contracted 
into  Chumly,  is  ano'Jier  remarkable 
example. 

Conven'tual  Friars  are  those  who 
live  in  convents,  contrary  to  the  rule  of 
St.  Francis,  who  enjoined  absolute 
poverty,  without  land,  books,  chapel,  or 
house.  Those  who  conform  to  the  rule 
of  the  founder  are  called  "Observant 
Friars." 

Conversation  Sharp,  Richard 
Sharp,  the  critic  (1759-1835). 

Cook  who  Killed  Himself  ( Tyi^). 

Vatel  killed  himself  in  1671,  because  the 


lobster  for  his  turbot  sauce  did  not  arrive 
in  time  to  be  served  up  at  the  banquet  at 
Chantilly,  given  by  the  prince  de  Cond^ 
to  the  king. 

Cook's  Oracle  ( The),  by  Dr.  Kitchener 
(1821). 

Cook's  Tale  ( The),  in  Chaucer's  Can- 
terbury Tales.     (See  Gamelyn.) 

Cooks  (  Wages  received  by).  In  Rome 
as  much  as  ;^8oo  a  year  was  given  to  a 
chef  de  cuisine;  but  Carfime  received 
£1.000  a  year. 

Cooks  of  Modern  Times.  CarSme, 
called  "The  Regenerator  of  Cookery" 
(1784-1833) ;  Vatel,  cook  to  the  great 
Cond6 ;  Ude,  the  most  learned  of  all  cooks, 
at  Crockford's  during  the  regency ;  Weltje, 
cook  to  the  prince  regent  ;  Charles  Elm^ 
FrancateUi,  who  succeeded  Ude  at  Crock- 
ford's,  then  in  the  Royal  Household,  and 
lastly  at  the  Reform  Club  (1805-^1876) ; 
Gouff6 ;  and  Alexis  Soyer,  who  died  in 
1858,  and  whose  epitaph  is  Soyer  tran- 
quille.     (See  Trimalchi.) 

Ude,  the  most  learned  of  cooks,  was  author  of  the 
Science  de  Giieule.  It  was  he  who  said,  "  Coolis  must 
be  born  cooks,  not  made."  Another  of  his  sayings  is, 
"  Music,  dancing,  fencing,  painting,  and  nieclianics 
possess  professors  under  20  years  of  age ;  but  pre- 
eminence in  cookery  is  never  to  be  obtained  under 
30."  He  was  chef  to  Louis  XVI.,  then  to  lord  Sefton, 
then  to  the  duke  of  York,  then  to  Crockford's  Club. 
He  left  lord  Sefton's  service  because  on  one  occasion 
a  guest  added  more  pepper  to  his  soup.  FrancateUi 
succeeded  Ude  at  Crockford's. 

Cooper  {Anthony  Ashly),  earl  of 
Shaftesbury,  introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott 
in  Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

CoKyQ^T  {Do  you  want  a)?  \h3X\?,,  "Do 
you  want  to  taste  the  wines  ?  "  This  ques- 
tion is  addressed  to  those  who  have  an 
order  to  visit  the  London  docks.  The 
"cooper"  bores  the  casks,  and  gives  the 
visitor  the  wine  to  taste. 

Cooper's  Hill,  a  descriptive  poem 
by  sir  John  Denham  (1642).  He  says  of 
the  Thames — 

Though  deep,  yet  clear ;  though  gentle,  yet  not  dull ; 
Strong  without  rage ;  without  o'erflowing  full. 

Cophet'ua  or  Copefhua,  a  mythi- 
cal king  of  Africa,  of  great  wealth,  who 
fell  in  love  with  a  beggar-girl,  and 
married  her.  Her  name  was  Penel'ophon, 
but  Shakespeare  writes  it  Zenel'ophon  in 
Love's  Labour's  Lost,  act  iv.  sc.  i.  Tenny- 
son has  versified  the  tale  in  The  Beggar- 
Maid. — Percy  :  Reliques,  I.  ii.  6. 

Copley  {Sir  Thomas),  in  attendance 
on  the  earl  of  Leicester  at  Woodstock. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Kenilworth  (time,  Eliza- 
beth). 


COPPER  CAPTAIN. 

Copper  Captain  (A),  Michael 
Perez,  a  captain  without  money,  but 
with  a  plentilul  stock  of  pretence,  who 
seeks  to  make  a  market  of  his  person  and 
commission  by  marrying  an  heiress.  He 
is  caught  in  his  own  trap,  for  he  marries 
Estifania,  a  woman  of  intrigue,  fancying 
her  to  be  the  heiress  Margaritta.  The 
captain  gives  the  lady  "  pearls,"  but  they 
are  only  whitings'  eyes.  His  wife  says 
to  him — 

Here's  a  goodly  Jewel  .  .  • 
Did  you  not  win  this  at  Goletta,  captain  f  .  .  . 
See  how  it  sparkles,  like  an  old  lady's  eyes  .  .  . 
And  here's  a  chain  of  whitings'  eyes  for  pearls  .  .  . 
■your  clothes  are  parallels  to  these,  all  counterfeits. 
Put  these  and  them  on,  you're  a  man  of  copper, 
A  copper  .  .  .  copper  captain. 
FUUher:  RuU  a  Wife  and  Have  a  Wife  (1624). 

(W.  Lewis  {1748-1811)  was  famous  in 
this  character ;  but  Robert  Wilks  (1670- 
1732)  was  wholly  unrivalled.) 

The  old  stage  critics  delighted  in  the  "  Copper  Cap- 
tain ; "  it  was  the  test  for  every  comedian.  It  could  be 
worked  on  like  a  picture,  and  new  readings  given. 
Here  it  must  be  admitted  that  Wilks  had  no  rivaL— 
Fitzgerald. 

Copperfield  {David),  the  hero  of  a 
novel  so  called,  by  C.  Dickens.  David 
is  Dickens  himself,  and  Micawber  is 
Dickens's  father.  According  to  the  tale, 
David's  mother  was  nursery  governess  in 
a  family  where  Mr.  Copperfield  visited. 
At  the  death  of  Mr.  Copperfield,  the 
widow  married  Edward  Murdstone,  a 
hard,  tyrannical  man,  who  made  the 
home  of  David  a  dread  and  terror  to 
the  boy.  When  his  mother  died,  Murd- 
stone sent  David  to  lodge  with  the 
Micawbers,  and  bound  him  apprentice  to 
Messrs.  Murdstone  and  Grinby,  by  whom 
he  was  put  into  the  warehouse,  and  set  to 
paste  labels  upon  wine  and  spirit  bottles. 
David  soon  became  tired  of  this  dreary 
work,  and  ran  away  to  Dover,  where  he 
was  kindly  received  by  his  [great ]-aunt 
Betsey  Trotwood,  who  clothed  him,  and 
sent  him  as  day-boy  to  Dr.  Strong ;  but 
placed  him  to  board  with  Mr.  Wickfield, 
a  lawyer,  father  of  Agnes,  between  whom 
and  David  a  mutual  attachment  sprang 
up.  David's  first  wife  was  Dora  Spen- 
low  ;  but  at  the  death  of  this  pretty  little 
"  child-wife,"  he  married  Agnes  Wick- 
field.—Z:'iV>J^«J.'  David  Copperfield {\%i^(^). 

Copperheads,  members  of  a  faction 
in  the  north,  during  the  civil  war  in  the 
United  States.  The  copperhead  is  a 
poisonous  serpent,  that  gives  no  warning 
of  its  approach,  and  hence  is  a  type  of  a 
'  concealed  or  secret  foe  (the  Trigonoce- 
fhalus  contortHx). 


233 


CORBACCIO. 


Coppemose  {3  syl.).  Henry  VHI. 
was  so  called,  because  he  mixed  so  much 
copper  with  the  silver  coin  that  it  showed 
after  a  little  wear  in  the  parts  most  pro- 
nounced, as  the  nose.  Hence  th#  sobri- 
quets "  Coppernosed  Harry,"  "Old 
Coppernose,"  etc. 

Copple,  the  hen  killed  by  Reynard,  in 
the  beast-epic  called  Reynard  the  Fox 
(1498). 

Cora,  the  gentle,  loving  wife  of  Alonzo, 
and  the  kind  friend  of  Rolla  general  of 
the  Peruvian  army. — Sheridan  :  Pizarro 
(altered  from  Kotzebue,  1799). 

Co'rah,  in  Dryden's  satire  of  Absalom 
and  Achitophel  (1681),  is  meant  for  Dr. 
Titus  Oates.  As  Corah  was  the  political 
calumniator  of  Moses  and  Aaron,  so  Titus 
Oates  was  the  political  calumniator  of  the 
pope  and  English  papists.  As  Corah 
was  punished  by  "  going  down  alive  into 
the  pit,"  so  Oates  was  "  condemned  to 
imprisonment  for  life,"  after  being  pub- 
licly whipped  and  exposed  in  the  pillory. 
North  describes  Titus  Oates  as  a  verv 
short  man,  and  says,  "  If  his  mouth  were 
taken  for  the  centre  of  a  circle,  his  chin, 
forehead,  and  cheekbones  would  fall  in 
the  circumference." 

Sunk  were  his  eyes,  his  voice  was  harsh  and  loud. 
Sure  signs  he  neither  choleric  was,  nor  proud ; 
His  long  chin  proved  his  wit ;  his  saint -like  grace, 
A  Church  vermihon,  and  a  Moses'  face ; 
His  memory  miraculously  great 
Could  plots,  exceeding  man's  belief,'  repeat     . 
Dryden  :  Absalom  and  Achitophel,  part  i.  647-659. 

Corbac'cio  [Signior),  the  dupe  of 
Mosca  the  knavish  confederate  of  Vol'- 
pone  (2  syl.).  He  is  an  old  man,  with 
"seeing  and  hearing  faint,  and  under- 
standing dulled  to  childishness,"  yet  he 
wishes  to  live  on,  and 

Feels  not  his  gout  nor  palsy ;  feigns  himself 
Younger  by  scores  of  years ;  flatters  his  ago 
With  confident  belying  it ;  hopes  he  may 
With  charms,  like  /Eson,  have  his  youth  restored. 
Ben  yonson  :  yolpone,  or  the  Fox  (1605). 
Benjamin    Johnson    [1665-1742]  .  .  .  seemed   to   be 
proud  to  wear  the  poet's  double  name,  and  was  particu- 
larly great  in  all  that  author's  plays  that  were  usually 
performed,  viz.  "  Wasp,"  in  Bartholotnew  Fair;  "  Cor- 
baccio  ;  "  "  Morose,"  in  The  Silent  Woman;  and  "  Ana- 
nias," in  The  Alchemist. — Chetwood. 

C.  Dibdin  says  none  who  ever  saw  W. 
Parsons  (1736-1795)  in  "  Corbaccio " 
could  forget  his  effective  mode  of  ex- 
claiming, "  Has  he  made  his  will?  What 
has  he  given  me  ?  "  but  Parsons  himself 
says,  ' '  Ah  I  to  see  '  Corbaccio '  acted  to 
perfection,  you  sliould  have  seen  Shuter. 
The  public  are  pleased  to  think  that  I  act 
that  part  well,  but  his  acting  was  as  far 
superior  to  mine  as  mount  Vesuvius  is  to 
a  rushlight." 


CORBANT. 


234 


Cor'bant,  the  rook,  in  the  beast-epic 
of  Reynard  the  Fox  {1498).  (French, 
corbeau,  "a  rook.") 

Cor]?recli'tan  or  Corylireclitan, 

a  whirlpool  on  the  west  coast  of  Scot- 
land, near  the  isle  of  Jura.  Its  name 
signifies  "Whirlpool  of  the  prince  of 
Denmark,"  from  the  tradition  that  a 
Danish  prince  once  wagered  to  cast  anchor 
in  it,  but  perished  in  his  foolhardiness. 
In  calm  weather  the  sound  of  the  vortex 
is  like  that  of  innumerable  chariots  driven 
with  speed. 

The  distant  isles  that  hear  the  loud  Corbrechtan  roar. 
Campbell:  Gertrude  of  Wyomins,  i.  5  (1809). 

Corce'ca  (3  syl.),  mother  of  Abessa. 
The  word  means  "  blindness  of  heart,"  or 
Romanism.  Una  sought  shelter  under 
her  hut,  but  Corceca  shut  the  door 
against  her ;  whereupon  the  lion  which 
accompanied  Una  broke  down  the  door. 
The  "  lion  "  means  England,  "  Corceca  " 
popeiy,  "Una"  protestantism,  and 
"breaking  down  the  door"  the  Refor- 
mation.— Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  i.  3 
(1590)- 

Cordelia,  youngest  daughter  of  king 
Lear.  She  was  disinherited  by  her  royal 
father,  because  her  protestations  of  love 
were  less  violent  than  those  of  her  sisters. 
Cordelia  married  the  king  of  France,  and 
when  her  two  elder  sisters  refused  to 
entertain  the  old  king  with  his  suite,  she 
brought  an  army  over  to  dethrone  them. 
She  was,  however,  taken  captive,  thrown 
into  prison,  and  died  there. 

Her  voice  was  ever  soft, 
Gentle,  and  low ;  an  excellent  thing  in  woman. 
Shakespeare  :  Kin^r  Lear,  act  v.  sc.  3  (1605). 

Corflam'bo,  the  personification  of 
sensuality,  a  giant  killed  by  Arthur. 
Corflambo  had  a  daughter  named  Paea'na, 
who  married  PlacKdas,  and  proved  a  good 
wife  to  him.  — Spenser:  Faerie  Queene, 
iv.  8  {1596)- 

Coriat  {Thomas),  Coriate,  Coryat, 
CoRYATE.    (See  Coryat's  Crudities.) 

Besides,  'tis  known  he  could  speak  Greek, 
As  naturally  as  pigs  do  squeak. 

Crattfield:  Panegyric  Verses  on  T.  Coriat. 
But  if  the  meaning  were  as  far  to  seek 
As  Coriat's  horse  was  of  his  master's  Greek, 
When  in  that  tongue  he  made  a  speech  at  length, 
To  show  the  beast  the  greatness  of  his  strength. 
Wither:  Abuses  Striptand  JVhipt (i6iz). 

Corin,  "  the  faithful  shepherdess," 
who,  having  lost  her  true  love  by  death, 
retired  from  the  busy  world,  remained  a 
virgin  for  the  rest  of  her  life,  and  was 
called  "The  Virgin  of  the  Grove."  The 
shepherd  Thenot  (final  t  pronounced)  fell 
in  love  with  her  for  her  "  fidelity,"  and  to 


CORINNA. 

cure  him  of  his  attachment  she  pretended 
to  love  him  in  return.     This  broke  the  j 

charm,  and  Thenot  no  longer  felt  that 
reverence  of  love  he  before  entertained. 
Corin  was  skilled  "  in  the  dark,  hidden 
virtuous  use  of  herbs,"  and  says —  : 

Of  all  green  wounds  I  know  the  remedies  ' 

In  men  and  cattle,  be  they  stung  by  snakes,  ' 

Or  charmed  with  powerful  words  of  wicked  art, 
Or  be  they  love-sick. 
y.  Fletcher  :  The  Faithful  Shepherdess,  \.  i  (1610).  ■• 

Corin,  "  strongest  of  mortal  men,"  and 
one  of  the  suite  of  Brute  (the  first  mythical 
king  of  Britain).     (See  CORINEUS. ) 

From  Corin  came  it  first?  \i.e.  the  Cornish    hug  in 
wrestling\ 

Drayton  :  Polyolbton,  I.  (1612). 

Corineus.  Southey  calls  the  word 
Cor' -t-nuse ;  Spenser,  sometimes  Co-rin'- 
nuse,  and  sometimes  Co-rin' -e-us  (4  syl.) ; 
Drayton  calls  the  word  Cor'-i-ne'-us. 
Corineus  was  one  of  the  suite  of 
Brute.  He  overthrew  the  giant  Goem- 
agot,  for  which  achievement  he  was 
rewarded  with  the  whole  western  horn  of 
England,  hence  called  Corin'ea,  and  the 
inhabitants  Corin'eans.     (See  Corin.) 

Corineus  challenged  the  giant  to  wrestle  with  him. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  encounter,  Corineus  and  the 
giant  standing  front  to  front  held  each  other  strongly 
m  their  arms,  and  panted  aloud  for  breath  ;  but  Goe- 
magot  presently  grasping  Corineus  with  all  his  might 
broke  three  of  his  ribs,  two  on  his  right  side  and  one 
on  his  left.  At  which  Corineus,  highly  enraged,  roused 
up  his  whole  strength,  and  snatching  up  the  giant,  ran 
with  him  on  his  shoulders  to  the  neiglibouring  shore, 
„  rock,  hurled  the  mon- 
:  place  where  he  fell  is  called 
Lam  Goemagot  or  Goemagot's  Leap  to  this  day.— 
Geoffrey :  British  History,  i.  i6  (1142). 

When  father  Brute  and  Corineus  set  foot 
On  the  White  Island  first. 

Southey  :  Madoc,  vi.  (1805). 

Corin'eus  had  that  province  utmost  west 
To  him  assigned. 

Spenser  :  Fafrie  Queene,  ii.  10  (1590). 

N.B. — Drayton  makes  the  name  a  word 
of  four  syllables,  and  throws  the  accent 
on  the  last  but  one. 

Which  to  their  general  then  great  Corine'us  had. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  i.  (1612). 

Coriuna,  a  Greek  poetess  of  Bceotia, 
who  gained  a  victory  over  Pindar  at  the 
public  games  (fl.  B.C.  490). 

.  .  .  they  raised 
A  tent  of  satin,  elaborately  wrought 
With  fair  Corinna's  triumph. 

Tennyson  ;  The  Princess,  iii. 

Corinna,  daughter  of  Gripe  the  scri- 
vener. She  marries  Dick  Amlet. — Van- 
hrugh  :  The  Confederacy  (1695). 

See  lively  Pope  advance  in  jig  and  trip 

"  Corinna,"  "  Cherry,'  "  Honeycomb, '  and  "  Snip  ; " 

Not  without  art,  but  yet  to  nature  true. 

She  charms  the  town  with  humour  just  yet  new. 

Chun  Hill:  Xosciad  (ijii). 


CORINNE.  23S 

Corinne'  (2^/.).  the  heroine  and  title 
of  a  novel  by  Mde.  de  Stael.  Her  lover 
proved  false,  and  the  maiden  gradually 
pined  away. 

Corinth.  '  Tis  not  every  one  who  can 
afford  logo  to  Corinth,  ' '  'Tis  not  every  one 
who  can  afford  to  indulge  in  very  expen- 
sive licentiousness."  Aristophangs  speaks 
of  the  unheard-of  sums  (amounting  to 
^(^200  or  more)  demanded  by  the  harlots 
of  Corinth. — Plutarch  :   Parallel  Lives, 

t  3. 

Non  culvis  homlnum  contingit  adire  Corinthum. 
Horace  :  I.  EpistUs,  xvii.  36. 

Corinthian  {A),  a  rake,  a  "fast 
man."  Prince  Henry  says  [i  Henry  IV. 
act  ii.  so.  4),  "[They'\  tell  me  I  am  no 
proud  Jack,  like  Falstaff,  but  a  Corin- 
thian, a  lad  of  mettle." 

Corintkianism,  harlotry. 

To  Corinthianize,  to  live  an  idle,  dissi- 
pated life. 

To  acl  the  Corinthian,  to  become  a 
fille  publique.  Corinth  was  called  the 
nursery  of  harlots,  in  consequence  of  the 
temple  of  Venus,  which  was  a  vast  and 
magnificent  brothel.  Strabo  says  {Geor- 
gics,  vii.),  "There  were  no  fewer  than  a 
thousand  harlots  in  Corinth." 

Corinthians  {Epistles  to  the).  Two 
epistles  written  by  Paul  (the  apostle)  to 
the  Corinthians.  T]\q  Jirst  may  be  di- 
vided into  three  parts:  chaps,  i.-xiv.,  in 
whicli  the  writer  reproves  the  Corinthians 
for  their  ill  practices  ;  chap.  xv.  treats  of 
the  resurrection ;  and  the  rest  of  the 
epistle  contains  practical  instructions. 

The  second  epistle  was  written  from 
Macedonia,  and,  like  \.he  first,  may  be 
divided  into  three  parts  :  chaps,  i.-vii.,  in 
which  the  writer  justifies  the  charges  made 
in  the  former  epistle  ;  chaps,  vii.-ix.,  in 
which  he  exhorts  the  Corinthians  to  make 
a  liberal  collection  for  the  poor  of  Jerusa- 
lem ;  the  rest  being  mainly  a  narrative  of 
what  he  has  suffered  for  Christ's  sake. 

Corin'thian  Brass,  a  mixture  of 
gold,  silver,  and  brass,  which  forms  the 
best  of  all  mixed  metals.  When  Mum- 
mius  set  fire  to  Corinth,  the  heat  of  the 
conflagration  was  so  great  that  it  melted 
the  metal,  which  ran  down  the  streets  in 
streams.  The  three  mentioned  above  ran 
together,  and  obtained  the  name  of 
"  Corinthian  brass.  " 

I  think  it  may  be  of  "  Corinthian  brass," 
"Which  was  a  mixture  of  all  metals,  but 
The  brazen  uppermost. 

Byron  :  Don  yuan,  vi.  56  (1821). 


CORMAC  IT. 

Corinthian  Tom,  "a  fast  man," 
the  sporting  rake  in  Pierce  Egan's  Life  in 
London.  Tlie  companion  of  Tom  was 
Jerry  [Hawthorne]  (1824). 

Coriola'nus  (Caius  Marcius),  called 
Coriolanus  from  his  victory  at  Cori'oli. 
His  mother  was  Vetu'ria  (not  Volumnia), 
and  his  wife  Volumnia  (not  Virgilia). 
Shakespeare  has  a  drama  so  called.  La 
Harpe  has  also  a  drama  entitled  Coriolan, 
produced  in  ijQi.—Livy,  Annals,  ii.  40. 

(Malone  places  Shakespeare's  play  of 
Coriolanus  under  the  year  1610.  The 
first  folio  was  printed  in  1623.) 

I  remember  her  [Mrs.  SiJifons]  coming  down  the 
stage  in  the  triumphal  entry  of  her  son  Coriolanus,  when 
her  dumb-show  drew  plaudits  that  shook  the  house. 
She  came  alone,  marching  and  beating  time  to  the 


music,  rolling  .  .  .  from  side  to  side,  swelling  with  the 
triumph  of  lier  son.  Such  was  the  intoxication  of  joy 
which  flashed  from  her  eye  and  lit  up  her  whole  face, 
that  the  effect  was  irresistible.— C.  M.  Youn£^. 

Corisande  {Lady),  who  by  her  charms 
wins  over  a  young  nobleman  from  popery 
to  become  a  member  of  the  Church  of 
England. — Disraeli  (lord  Beaconsfield) 
(1871). 

Corita'ni,  the  people  of  Lincolnshire, 
Nottinghamshire,  Derbyshire,  Leicester- 
shire, Rutlandshire,  and  Northampton- 
shire. Drayton  refers  to  them  in  his 
Polyolbion,  xvi.  (16 13). 

Cork  Street  (London).  So  called 
from  the  Boyles,  earls  of  Burlington  and 
Cork.    (See  Clifford  Street,  p.  219.) 

Cormac    I.,    son   of    Conar.     (See 

CONAR,  p.  220.) 

Cormac  II.  (a  minor),  king  of  Ire- 
land. On  his  succeeding  his  father  Artho 
on  the  throne,  Swaran  king  of  Lochlin 
{ScandinavicL\  invaded  Ireland,  and  de- 
feated the  army  under  the  command  of 
Cuthullin.  Fingal's  arrival  turned  the 
tide  of  events,  for  next  day  Swaran  was 
routed  and  returned  to  Lochlin.  In  the 
third  year  of  his  reign  Torlath  rebelled, 
but  was  utterly  discomfited  at  lake  Lego 
by  Cuthullin,  who,  however,  was  himself 
mortally  wounded  by  a  random  arrow 
during  the  pursuit.  Not  long  after  this 
Cairbar  rose  in  insurrection,  murdered 
the  young  king,  and  usurped  the  govern- 
ment. His  success,  however,  was  only  of 
short  duration,  for  having  invited  Oscar 
to  a  feast,  he  treacherously  slew  him,  and 
was  himself  slain  at  the  same  time.  His 
brother  Cathmor  succeeded  for  a  few 
days,  when  he  also  was  slain  in  battle 
by  Fingal,  and  ihe  Conar  dynasty  re- 
stored.    Conar  (first  king  of  Ireland,  a 


CORMACK.  236 

Caledonian)  was  succeeded  by  his  son 
Cormac  I.  ;  Cormac  I.  was  succeeded  by 
his  son  Cairbre  ;  Cairbre  by  his  son 
Artho  ;  Artho  by  his  son  Cormac  II.  ; 
and  Cormac  II,  (after  a  short  interreg- 
num) by  his  cousin  Ferad-Anho. —  Ossian  : 
Fingal,  Dar-Thula,  and  Temora. 

Cor'mack  [Donald),  a  Highland 
robber-chief. — Sir  W.Scott:  Fair  Maid 
of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Cor'malo,  a  "chief  of  ten  thousand 
spears,"  who  lived  near  the  waters  of 
Lano  (a  Scandinavian  lake).  He  went  to 
Inis-Thona  (an  island  of  Scandinavia),  to 
the  court  of  king  Annir,  and  "sought  the 
honour  of  the  spear  "  [i.e.  a  tournament). 
Argon,  the  elder  son  of  Annir,  tilted  with 
him  and  overthrew  him.  This  vexed 
Cormalo  greatly,  and  during  a  hunting 
expedition  he  drew  his  bow  in  secret  and 
shot  both  Argon  and  his  brother  Ruro. 
Their  father  wondered  they  did  not 
return,  when  their  dog  Runa  came  bound- 
ing into  the  hall,  howling  so  as  to  attract 
attention.  Annir  followed  the  hound, 
and  found  his  sons  both  dead.  In  the 
mean  time  his  daughter  was  carried  off  by 
Cormalo.  When  Oscar,  son  of  Ossian, 
heard  thereof,  he  vowed  vengeance,  went 
with  an  army  to  Lano,  encountered  Cor- 
malo, and  slew  him.  Then  rescuing  the 
daughter,  he  took  her  back  to  Inis-Thona, 
and  delivered  her  to  her  father. — Ossian  : 
The  War  of  Inis-Thofia. 

Cor'moran'  (The  Giant),  a  Cornish 
giant  slain  by  Jack  the  Giant-killer. 
This  was  his  first  exploit,  accomplished 
when  he  was  a  mere  boy.  Jack  dug  a 
deep  pit,  and  so  artfully  filmed  it  over 
atop,  that  the  giant  fell  into  it,  where- 
upon Jack  knocked  him  on  the  head  and 
killed  him. 

The  Persian  trick  of  "  Ameen  and  the  Ghool  "  recurs 

in  the  Scandinavian  visit  of  Thor  to  Loki,  which  has 

come  down  to  Germany  in  The  Brave  Little  Tailor, 

and  to  us  in  S^ack  the  Giant-killer.— Yonge. 

This  is  the  valiant  Cornish  man 

Who  killed  the  giant  Connoran. 

Jack  the  Giant-killer  (nursery  tale). 

Cornavii,  the  inhabitants  of  Che- 
shire, Shropshire,  Staffordshire,  War- 
wickshire, and  Worcestershire.  Drayton 
refers  to  them  in  his  Polyolbion,  xvi. 
(1613).  . 

Comeille  du  Boulevard,  Guilbert 
de  Pix^recourt  (1773-1844). 

Cornelia,  wife  of  Titus  Sempronius 
Gracchus,  and  mother  of  the  two  tribunes 
Tiberius  and  Caius.  She  was  almost 
idolized  by  the  Romans,   who  erected  a 


CORN-LAW  RHYMER. 

statue  in  her  honour,  with  this  inscription : 
Cornelia,  Mother  of  the  Gracchi, 

Clelia,  Cornelia,  .  .  .  and  the  Roman  brows 
Of  Agrippina. 

Tennyson  :  The  Princess,  if. 

Corner  (The).  So  Tattersall's  used 
to  be  called. 

I  saw  advertised  a  splendid  park  hack,  and  .  .  . 
Immediately  proceeded  to  the  C<iva.e.x.—Lord  W. 
Lennox:  Celebrities,  etc.,  ii.  15. 

Cornet,  a  waiting-woman  on  lady 
Fanciful.  She  caused  great  offence 
because  she  did  not  flatter  her  ladyship. 
She  actually  said  to  her,  "Your  ladyship 
looks  very  ill  this  morning,"  which  the 
French  waiting-woman  contradicted  by 
saying,  "My  opinion  be,  matam,  dat 
your  latyship  never  look  so  well  in 
all  your  life."  Lady  Fanciful  said  to 
Cornet,  ' '  Get  out  of  the  room  ;  I  can't 
endure  you  ;  "  and  then  turning  to  Mdlle. 
she  added,  "This  wench  is  insufferably 
ugly.  ...  Oh,  by-the-by,  Mdlle.,  you 
can  take  these  two  pair  of  gloves.  The 
French  are  certainly  well-mannered,  and 
never  flatter. " —  Vanbrugh  :  The  Provoked 
VVife(i6g7). 

IT  This  is  of  a  piece  with  the  archbishop 
of  Grana'da  and  his  secretary  Gil  Bias. 
(See  Archbishop  of  Granada,  p.  55.) 

Corney  (Mrs. ),  matron  of  the  work- 
house where  Oliver  Twist  was  born.  She 
is  a  well-to-do  widow,  who  marries  Bum- 
ble, and  reduces  the  pompous  beadle  to  a 
hen-pecked  husband. — Dickens:  Oliver 
Twist,  xxxvii.  (1837). 

Cornflower  (Henry),  a  farmer,  who 
' '  beneath  a  rough  outside  possessed  a 
heart  which  would  have  done  honour  to  a 
prince." 

Mrs.  Cornflower  (by  birth  Emma  Belr 
ton),  the  farmer's  wife,  abducted  by  sir 
Charles  Qo\xx\X^ .—Dibdin  :  The  Farmer's 
Wife  (1780). 

Cornhill  Mag-azine  (The),  started 
in  i860,  Thackeray  being  its  editor. 

Cornhill  to  Grand  Cairo  (From), 
by  Thackeray  (1845).  The  "journey" 
was  from  Lisbon  to  Athens,  Constanti- 
nople, and  Jerusalem,  in  the  "  Peninsular 
and  Oriental  Company." 

Corniole  (4  syl.),  the  cognomen 
given  to  Giovanni  Bernardi,  the  great 
cornelian  engraver,  in  the  time  of  Lorenzo 
di  Medici.  Pie  was  called  "Giovanni 
delle  Corniole"  (1495-1555). 

Corn-Law  Rhymer  (The),  Ebe- 
nezer  Elliot  (1781-1849). 


CORNUBIA-  237 

Cornu'bia,  Cornwall.  The  rivers  of 
Cornwall  are  more  or  less  tinged  with  the 
metals  which  abound  in  those  parts. 

Then  from  the  largest  stream  unto  the  lesser  brook  . .  . 
They  curl  their  ivory  frouts,  .  .  .   and   breed  such 

courage  .  .  . 
As  drew  down  many  a  nymph  [river}  from  the  Cornu- 

bian  shore. 
That  paint  theii  goodly  breasts  [waier}  with  sundry 

sorts  of  oar. 

Drayton  :  Ptlyelbion,  Iv.  (1613). 

Cornn'bian  Shore  ( The),  Cornwall, 
famous  for  its  tin-mines.  Merchants  of 
ancient  Tyre  and  Sidon  used  to  export 
from  Cornwall  its  tin  in  large  quantities. 

.  .  .  from  the  bleak  Comubian  shore, 
Dispense  the  mineral  treasure,  which  of  old 
Sidonian  pilots  sought. 

Akcnsidt  :  Hymn  te  the  Naiads. 

Cornwall  (Barry),  an  imperfect 
anagram  of  Bryan  Waller  Proctor,  author 
of  English  Songs  (1788-1874). 

Coromboua  {Vittoria),  the  White 
Devil,  the  chief  character  in  a  drama  by 
John  Webster,  entitled  The  White  Devil, 
or  Vittoria  Corombona  {1612). 

Coro'uis,  daughter  of  Phoroneus 
(3  syl.)  king  of  Pho'cis,  metamorphosed 
by  Minerva  into  a  crow. 

Corporal  [The  Little).  General 
Bonaparte  was  so  called  after  the  battle 
of  Lodi  (1796). 

Corrector  {Alexander  the).  (See 
Alexander,  p.  22.) 

Corriv'reckin,  an  intermittent  whirl- 
pool in  the  Southern  Hebrides,  so  called 
from  a  Danish  prince  of  that  name,  who 
perished  there. 

Corrouge'  (2  syl.),  the  sword  of  sir 
Otuel,  a  presumptuous  Saracen,  nephew 
of  Farracute  (3  syl.).  Otuel  was  in  the 
end  converted  to  Christianity. 

Corsair  {The),  a  poem  in  three 
cantos  (heroic  couplets)  by  lord  Byron 
(1814).  The  corsair  was  lord  Conrad, 
afterwards  called  Lara.  Hearing  that  the 
sultan  Seyd  \See(£\  was  about  to  attack 
the  pirates,  he  assumed  the  disguise  of  a 
dervise  and  entered  the  palace,  while  his 
crew  set  fire  to  the  sultan's  fleet.  Conrad 
was  apprehended  and  cast  into  a  dungeon, 
and  being  released  by  Gulnare  (queen  of 
the  harem),  he  fled  with  her  to  the 
Pirates'  Isle.  Here  he  found  that 
Medo'ra  (his  heart's  darling)  had  died 
during  his  absence,  so  he  left  the  island 
with  Gulnare,  returned  to  his  native  land, 
headed  a  rebellion,  and  was  shot. 

(This  tale  is  based  on  the  adventures  of 
Lafitte,  the  notorious  buccaneer.  Lafilte 
was   pardoned   by    general  Jackson   for 


CORYCIAN  CAVE. 

services  rendered  to  the  States  in  1815, 
during  the  attack  of  the  British  on  New 
Orleans. ) 

Cor'sand,  a  magistrate  at  the  ex- 
amination of  Dirk  Hatteraick  at  Kipple- 
tringan. — Sir  W.Scott:  Guy  Manner  ing 
(time,  George  II.). 

Corsican  Brothers  {The),  a  drama 
by  Boucicault  (1848),  an  adaptation  of 
Dumas's  novel.  The  name  of  the  brothers 
is  Dei  Franchi. 

Corsican  General  {The),  Napoleon 
I.,  who  was  born  in  Corsica  (1769-1821). 

Cor'sina,  wife  of  the  corsair  who 
found  Fairstar  and  Chery  in  the  boat  as 
it  drifted  on  the  sea.  Being  made  very 
rich  by  her  foster-children,  Corsina 
brought  them  up  as  princes. — Comtesse 
D'Aulnoy:  Fairy  Tales  ("The  Princess 
Fairstar,"  1682). 

Corte'jo,  a  cavalier  servente,  who  as 
Byron  says  in  Beppo — 

Coach,  servants,  gondola,  must  go  to  call. 
And  carries  fan  and  tippet,  gloves  and  shawV 
Was  it  for  this  that  no  cortejo  ere 
I  yet  have  chosen  from  the  youth  of  Sev'illet 

Byron  :  Von  yuan,  L  148  (1819). 

Corti'na  [a  cauldron].  It  stood  on 
three  feet.  The  tripod  of  the  Pythoness 
was  so  called,  because  she  sat  in  a  kind 
of  basin  standing  on  three  feet.  When 
not  in  use,  it  was  covered  with  a  lid,  and 
the  basin  then  looked  hke  a  large  metal 
ball. 

Cor'via  or  Cor'vina,  a  valuable 
stone,  which  will  cause  the  possessor  to* 
be  both  rich  and  honoured.  It  is  obtained 
thus  :  Take  the  eggs  from  a  crow's  nest, 
and  boil  them  hard,  then  replace  them  in 
the  nest,  and  the  mother  will  go  in  search 
of  the  stone,  in  order  to  revivify  her  eggs» 
— Mirror  of  Stones. 

Corvi'no  {Signior),  a  Venetian  mer- 
chant, duped  by  Mosca  into  believing 
that  he  is  Vol'pone's  heir. — Ben  jfonson  : 
Volpone,  or  the  Fox  (1605). 

Coryat's  Crudities,  a  book  oi 
travels  by  Thomas  Coryat,  who  called 
himself  the  "  Odcombian  Legstretcher." 
He  was  the  son  of  the  rector  of  Od  combe 
(1577-1617).     (See  COKIAT,  p.  234.) 

Coryc'ian  Cave  {Tlie),  on  mount 
Parnassus,  so  called  from  the  nymph 
Coryc'ia.  Sometimes  the  Muses  are  called 
Cory c' ides  (4  syl.). 

The  immortal  Muse 
To  your  calm  habitations,  to  the  cave 
Corycian,  or  the  Delphic  mount  will  guide 
His  footsteps. 

Akensidt :  Hymn  Co  the  Naiaelt. 


CORYCIAN  NYMPHS. 

Coryciau  Nymplis  {The),  the 
Muses,  so  called  from  the  cave  of 
Corycta  on  Lycorea,  one  of  the  two 
chief  summits  of  mount  Parnassus,  in 
Greece. 

Cor'ydon,  a  common  name  for  a 
shepherd.  It  occurs  in  the  Idylls  of 
Theocritos  ;  the  Eclogues  of  Virgil  ; 
The  Cantata,  v.,  of  Hughes,  etc. 

Cor'ydon,  the  shepherd  who  lan- 
guished for  the  fair  Pastorella  (canto  9). 
Sir  Calidore,  the  successful  rival,  treated 
him  most  courteously,  and  when  he 
married  the  fair  shepherdess,  gave  Cory- 
don  both  flocks  and  herds  to  mitigate 
his  disappointment  (canto  11). — Spenser  : 
Faerie  Queene,  vi.  (1596). 

Cor'ydon,  the  shoemaker,  a  itizen. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Count  Robert  of  Paris 
{lime,  Rufus). 

Corjrphseus  of  German  Litera- 
ture ( The),  Goethe. 

The  Polish  poet  called  upon  .  .  .  the  great  Cory- 
phoeus  of  German  literature.—^.  R.  Maxell:  NoUs 
and  Queries,  April  27,  1878. 

Coryplie'us  (4  syl.),  a  model  man  or 
leader,  from  the  Koruphaios  or  leader  of 
the  chorus  in  the  Greek  drama.  Aris- 
tarchos  is  called  The  Corypheus  of  Gram- 
marians. 

I  was  in  love  with  honour,  and  reflected  with  pleasure 
that  I  should  pass  for  the  Corypheus  of  all  domestics. — 
Lesage  ;  Gil  Bias,  iv.  7  (1724). 

Cosme  [St.),  patron  of  surgeons, 
born  in  Arabia.  He  practised  medicine 
in  Cilicia  with  his  brother  St.  Damien, 
and  both  suffered  martyrdom  under  Dio- 
cletian in  303  or  310.  Their  fdte  day  is 
December  27,  In  the  twelfth  century 
there  was  a  medical  society  called  Saint 
Cosme. 

Cos'miel  (3  syl.),  the  genius  of  the 
world.  He  gave  to  Theodidactus  a  boat 
of  asbestos,  in  which  he  sailed  to  the  sun 
and  planets. — Kircher  :  Ecstatic  J ouriiey 
to  Heaven. 

Cosmos,  the  personification  of  "the 
world  "  as  the  enemy  of  man.  Phineas 
Fletcher  calls  him  "the  first  son  to  the 
Dragon  red  "  {th^  devil).  "  Mistake,"  he 
says,  "points  all  his  darts  ;"  or,  as  the 
Preacher  says,  "  Vanity,  vanity,  all  is 
vanity."  Fully  described  in  T/ie  Purple 
Island,  viii.  (1633).  (Greek, /J<7j;«(?j,  "the 
world.") 

Cos'tard,  a  clown  who  apes  the  court 
wits  of  queen  Elizabeth's  time.  He  uses 
the    word    "  honorificabilitudinitatibus," 


238 


COUNCILSw 


and  some  of  his  blunders  are  very  ridi- 
culous, as  "ad  dunghill,  at  the  fingers' 
ends,  as  they  say"  (act  v.  i). — Shake- 
speare: Love's  Labour's  Lost  (1594). 

Costig'an  [Captain),  the  father  of 
Miss  Fotheringay,  in  Thackeray's  Pen- 
dennis  (1850). 

Costin  {Lord),  disguised  as  a  beggar, 
in  The  Beggar's  Bush,  a  drama  by  Fletcher 
(1622).     Folio  ed.  1647, 

Cote  Male-taild  [Sir),  meaning  the 
"knight  with  the  villainous  coat."  The 
nickname  given  by  sir  Key  (the  seneschal 
of  king  Arthur)  to  sir  Brewnor  le  Noyre, 
a  young  knight  who  wore  his  father's 
coat  with  all  its  sword-cuts,  to  keep  him 
in  remembrance  of  the  vengeance  due  to 
his  father.  His  first  achievement  was 
to  kill  a  lion  that  "had  broken  loose 
from  a  tower,  and  came  hurling  after  the 
queen."  He  married  a  damsel  called 
Maledisaunt  (3  syl.),  who  loved  him,  but 
always  chided  him.  After  her  marriage 
she  was  called  Beauvinant.  —  Sir  T. 
Malory :  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  ii. 
42-50  (1740). 

Cotta,  in  Pope's  Moral  Essays  (epistle 
ii.),  is  said  to  be  intended  for  the  duke  of 
Newcastle,  who  died  1711. 

Cotter's  Saturday  Night  {The), 
a  poem  by  Burns,  Spenserian  metre 
(1787). 

Cotjrfc'to,  goddess  of  the  Edoni  of 
Thrace.  Her  orgies  resembled  those  of 
the  Thracian  Cy'belS  (3  syl.). 

Hail,  goddess  of  nocturnal  sport, 

Dark-veiled  Cotytto,  to  whom  the  secret  flame 

Of  midnight  torches  bums  I 

Milton  :  Comus,  139,  etc.  (1634). 

Cougfar,  the  American  tiger. 

Nor  foeman  then,  nor  cougar's  crouch  I  feared, 
For  I  was  strong'  as  mountain  cataract. 

Campbell:  Gertrude  of  H^yoming,  iii.  14  (1809). 

Coulin,  a  British  giant  pursued  by 
Debon  till  he  came  to  a  chasm  132  feet 
across,  which  he  leaped  ;  but  slipping  on 
the  opposite  side,  he  fell  backwards  into 
the  pit  and  was  killed. 

And  eke  that  ample  pit  yet  far  renowned 
For  the  great  leap  which  Debon  did  compell 

Coulin  to  make,  bemg  eight  lugs  of  grownd, 
Into  the  which  retoummg  back  he  fell. 

Spenser  :  Faerie  Queene,  ii.  lo  (1590). 

Councils  {CEcumenicat).  Only  six  are 
recognized  by  the  Church  of  England, 
viz.  :  (i)  Nice,  325  ;  (2)  Constantinople, 
381 ;  (3)  Ephesus,  431  ;  (4)  Chalce'don, 
451;  (5)  Constantinople,  553;  (6)  ditto, 
680. 


COUNT  NOT  YOUR  CHICKENS.   239 

Count  not  your  Chickens  before 
they  are  Hatched.  Cienerally  ascril)ed 
to  Lafontaine,  from  his  fable  of  the  milk- 
maid Perrette.  But  the  substance  of  this 
fable  is  very  old.     For  example — 

If  InA.D.  550  Barzfiyeh  translated  for 
the  king  of  Persia  a  collection  of  Indian 
fables  called  the  Panka  Tantra  ("five 
books"),  and  one  of  the  stories  is  that  of 
a  Brahmin  who  collected  rice  by  begging; 
but  it  occurred  to  him  there  might  be  a 
famine,  in  which  case  he  could  sell  his 
rice  for  100  rupees,  and  buy  two  goats. 
The  goats  would  multiply,  and  he  would 
then  buy  cows ;  the  cows  would  calve, 
and  he  would  buy  a  farm  ;  with  the 
savings  of  his  farm  he  would  buy  a 
mansion ;  then  marry  some  one  with  a 
rich  dowry ;  there  would  be  a  son  in  due 
time,  who  should  be  named  Sonio  Sala, 
whom  he  would  dandle  on  his  knees.  If 
the  child  ran  into  danger  he  would  cry 
to  the  mother,  "  Take  up  the  baby  !  take 
up  the  baby !  "  In  his  excitement  the 
castle-dreamer  kicked  over  his  packet  of 
rice,  and  all  his  swans  took  wing.  From 
this  fable  the  Persians  say  of  a  castle- 
dreamer,  "  He  is  like  the  father  of  Some 
Sala" 

If  Another  version  of  the  story  is  given 
in  "The  History  of  the  Barber's  Fifth 
Brother,"  whose  name  was  Alnaschar 
{q.v.). — Arabian  Nights  Entertainments. 

\  Rabelais  has  introduced  a  similar 
story,  called  "  The  Shoemaker  and  a 
Ha'poth  of  Milk,"  told  by  Echephron,  in 
^antag'ruel.     (See  EcHEPHRON.) 

Cotuit  of  Narbonue,  a  tragedy  by 
Robert  Jephson  (1782).  His  father,  count 
Raymond,  having  poisoned  Alphonso, 
forged  a  will  barring  Godfrey's  right, 
and  naming  Raymond  as  successor. 
Theodore  fell  in  love  with  Adelaide,  the 
count's  daughter,  but  was  reduced  to  this 
dilemma :  if  he  married  Adelaide,  he 
could  not  challenge  the  count  and  obtain 
the  possessions  he  had  a  right  to  as 
grandson  of  Alphonso ;  if,  on  the  other 
hand,  he  obtained  his  rights  and  killed 
the  count  in  combat,  he  could  not  expect 
that  Adelaide  would  marry  him.  At  the 
end  the  count  killed  Adelaide,  and  then 
himself.  This  drama  is  copied  from 
Walpole  :  Castle  of  Otranto. 

Count  Robert  of  Paris,  a  novel 
by  sir  W.  Scott,  after  the  wreck  of  his 
fortune  and  repeated  strokes  of  paralysis 
(1831).  The  critic  can  afford  to  be 
indulgent,  and  those  who  read  this  story 
must  remember  that  the  sun  of  the  great 


COUNTRY  GIRU 

wizard   was  hastening  to   its  set.      The 
time  of  the  novel  is  thr  reign  of  Rufus. 

Counties.  "  The  clownish  blazon  of 
each  county  "  (from  Drayton's  Polyolbion, 
xxiii.,  towards  the  close). 

BRDFORnSHiRE:  Malthorses. 
Berkshire  :  Ket's  tot,  and  toss  the  ball. 
BRRWiCK  (to  the  Ouse) :  Snaffle,  spur,  and  spear. 
Buckinghamshire  : 

Bread  and  beef. 

Where  if  you  beat  the  bush,  'tis  odds  you  start  a 
thief. 
Cambridgeshire  :  Hold  nets,  and  let  us  win. 
CHESHIRE:  Chief  of  men. 

DEVONSHIRE:   }   Well  wresU- .or  a  falL 
DERDYSHIRE  :  Wool  and  lead. 
Dorsetshire  :  Dorsers. 
Essex  :  Calves  and  stiles. 
Gloucestershire:  Weigh  thy  wood. 

Hants  :  Hampshire  hogs. 

HEREFORPSHIRE:  Give  me  woof  and  warp. 

HERTS : 

The  club  and  clouted  shoon, 

I'll  rise  betimes,  and  sleep  again  at  noon. 

Huntingdonshire:  With  stilts  well  stalk  through 
thick  and  thin. 

Kent  :  I-ong  tails  and  liberty. 

LANCASHIRE:  Witches  tfr  Fair  maids. 

LEICESTERSHIRE  :  Bean-bellies. 

Lincolnshire  :  Bags  and  bagpipes. 

M IDDLESEX : 

LTp  to  London  let  us  go, 

And  when  our  market's  done,  let's  have  a  pot  or  two. 
NORFOLK:  Many  wiles. 
NORTHANTS  :  Love  below  the  girdle,  but  little  else 

above. 
Nottinghamshire  :  Ale  and  bread. 
Oxfordshire  : 

The  scholars  have  been  here, 

And  little  though  they  paid,  yet  have  they  had  good 
cheer. 
RUTLANDSHIRE:  Raddlemen. 
SHROPSHIRE: 

Shins  be  ever  sharp  ; 

Lay  wood  upon  the  fire,  reach  hither  me  the  harp. 

And  whilst  the  black  bowl  walks,  we  merrily  will 
carp. 
SOMERSETSHIRE  :  Set  the  bandog  on  the  bull. 
STAFFORDSHIRE  : 

Stay,  and  I  will  beet  \.Hc\  the  fire, 
And  nothing  will  I  ask  but  goodwill  for  my  hire. 
SUFFOLK :  Maids  and  milk. 
iuss^X-"  )  Then  let  us  lead  home  logs. 
WARWICKSHIRE  :  I'll  bind  the  sturdy  bear. 
WILTSHIRE  :  Get  home  and  pay  for  al'.. 
WORCESTERSHIRE:  And  I  will  squirt  the  pear. 
YORKSHIRE:  I'se  Yorkshire  ««rf Stingo. 

Country  [Father  of  his).  Cicero  was 
so  called  by  the  Roman  senate  (b.c. 
106-43).  Julius  Caesar  was  so  called 
after  quelling  the  insurrection  in  Spain 
(B.C.  100-43).  Augustus  Caesar  was 
called  Pater  atque  Princeps  (b.c.  63,  31- 
14).  Cosmo  de  Med'ici  (1389-1464).  G. 
Washington,  defender  and  paternal  coun- 
sellor of  the  American  States  (1732-1799). 
Andrea  DorSa  is  so  called  on  the  base 
of  his  statue  in  Gen'oa  (1468-1560). 
Andronicus  Paloeol'ogus  II.  assumed  the 
title  (1260- 1332).     (See  i  Chron.  iv.  14. ) 

Country  Q-irl  {The),  a  comedy  by 
Garrick,  altered  from  Wycherly.  The 
"country  girl"  is  Peggy  Thrift,  the 
orphan  daughter  of  sir  Thomas  Thrift, 


COUNTRY  PARSON. 


240 


COVERLEY. 


and  ward  of  Moody,  who  brings  her  up 
in  the  country  in  perfect  seclusion.  When 
Moody  is  50  and  Peggy  is  19,  he  wants 
to  marry  her,  but  she  outwits  him  and 
marries  Belville,  a  young  man  of  suitable 
age  and  position. 

Country  Parson  (A),  the  name 
under  which  Dr.  Boyd  (minister  of  St. 
Andrew's,  Scotland)  wrote  several  books. 

Country  Pastor  {A).  So  arch- 
bishop Whately  signed  his  Lectures  on 
Scripture  Revelations  (1825). 

Country  Wife  [The),  a  comedy  by 
WiUiam  Wycherly  (1675). 

Pope  was  proud  to  receive  notice  from  the  author  of 
The  Country  IVife.— R.Chambers:  English  Literature, 
«•  393- 

Coupee,  the  dancing-master,  who 
says  "if  it  were  not  for  dancing-masters, 
men  might  as  well  walk  on  their  heads  as 
heels."  He  courts  Lucy  by  promising  to 
teach  her  dancing. — Fielding:  The  Virgin 
Unmasked. 

Courland  Weather,  wintry  weather 
with  pitiless  snow-storms.  So  called 
from  the  Russian  province  of  that  name. 

Course  of  Time  (The),  an  epic 
poem  in  blank  verse  (six  books)  by 
PoUok  (1827). 

Course  of  True  Love  never  did 
run  Smooth  [The),  a  tale  by  C. 
Reade  (1857). 

{T.  B.  Aldrich  wrote  a  story  in  verse 
with  the  same  title  in  1858.  It  recounts 
the  ups  and  downs  of  two  lovers,  whom 
the  caliph  tried  to  keep  apart.) 

Court  Holy  Water,  flummery  ;  the 
meaningless  compliments  of  politesse, 
called  in  French  Eau  benite  de  cour. 

To  flatter,  to  claw,  to  give  one  court  holie-water.— 
Florio  :  Italian  Dictionary,  art.  "  Mantellizare." 

Cour'tain,  one  of  the  swords  of 
Ogier  the  Dane,  made  by  Munifican. 
His  other  sword  was  Sauvagine. 

But  Ogier  gazed  upon  it  \the  sea\  doubtfully 
One  moment,  and  then,  sheathing  Courtain,  said, 
"  What  tales  are  these  ?  " 

Morris  :  The  Earthly  Paradiu  ("  August "). 

Courtall,  a  fop  and  consummate 
libertine,  for  ever  boasting  of  his  love- 
conquests  over  ladies  of  the  haut  monde. 
He  tries  to  corrupt  lady  Frances  Touch- 
wood, but  is  foiled  by  Saville. — Mrs. 
Cowley:  The  Belle's  Stratagem  (1780). 

Courtenay  [Peregrine),  the  pseu- 
donym of  Praed  (1802-1839). 

Courtly  [Sir  Charles),  a  young  liber- 
tine, who  abducted  the  beautiful  wife  of 


farmer  Cornflower. — Dibdin:  The  Far- 
mer's Wife  (1780). 

Courtship   of    Miles    Standish 

[The),  a  poem  in  Enghsh  hexameters 
by  Longfellow  (1858). 

Cousin  Michel  or  Michael,  the 
nickname  of  a  German,  as  John  Bull  is 
of  an  Englishman,  Brother  Jonathan  of 
an  American,  Colin  Tampon  a  Swiss, 
John  Chinaman  a  Chinese,  etc. 

Cousins  [The),  a  novel  by  Mrs. 
Trollope  (1847). 

Couvade'  (2  syl.),  a  man  who  takes 
the  place  of  his  wife  when  she  is  in 
child-bed.  In  these  cases  the  man  Ues 
a-bed,  and  the  woman  does  the  household 
duties.  The  people  called  "  Gold  Tooth," 
in  the  confines  of  Burmah,  are  couvades. 
M.  Francisque  Michel  tells  us  the  custoni 
still  exists  in  Biscay ;  and  colonel  Yule 
assures  us  that  it  is  common  in  Yunnan 
and  among  the  Miris  in  Upper  Assam. 
Mr.  Tylor  has  observed  the  same  custom 
among  the  Caribs  of  the  West  Indies, 
the  Abipones  of  Central  South  America, 
the  aborigines  of  California,  in  Guiana, 
in  West  Africa,  and  in  the  Indian 
Archipelago.  Diodorus  speaks  of  it  as 
existing  at  one  time  in  Corsica  ;  Strabo 
says  the  custom  prevailed  in  the  north  of 
Spain  ;  and  ApoUonius  Rhodius  that  the 
Tabarenes  on  the  Euxine  Sea  observed 
the  same — 

In  the  Tabarenian  land, 
When  some  good  woman  bears  her  lord  a  babe, 
Tis  he  is  swathed,  and  groaning  put  to  bed  ; 
While  she  arising  tends  his  bath  and  serves 
Nice  possets  for  her  husband  in  the  straw. 

ApoUonius  Rhodius:  Argonautic  Exp. 

Coventiry,  a  corruption  of  Cune-tre 
("  the  town  on  the  Cune  "). 

Cune,  whence  Coventry  her  name  doth  take. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xiii.  {1613). 

Coventry  Mysteries,  certain 
miracle-plays  acted  at  Coventry  till 
1591.  Tliey  were  published  in  1841  for 
the  Shakespeare  Society,  under  the  care 
of  J.  O.  Halliwell.  (See  Chester 
Mysteries,  p.  200.) 

Cov'erley  [Sir  Roger  de),  a  member 
of  an  hypothetical  club,  noted  for  his 
modesty,  generosity,  hospitality,  and 
eccentric  whims;  most  courteous  to  his 
neighbours,  most  affectionate  to  his 
family,  most  amiable  to  his  domestics. 
Sir  Roger,  who  figures  in  thirty  papers  of 
the  Spectator,  is  the  very  beau-ideal  of 
an  amiable  country  gentleman  of  queen 
Anne's  time. 

What  would  sir  Roger  de  Coverley  be  without  his 
follies  and  his  charming  little  brain-cracks  J  If  the  good 


COVERT-BARON. 

knight  did  not  call  out  to  the  people  sleeplni;  In  church 
and  sny  "Amen"  with  such  deri^htful  pomposity;  If 
lie  did  not  mistake  Mde.  Doll  Tearsheet  for  a  Uay  of 
quality  in  Temple  Garden  ;  If  he  were  wiser  than  he  is, 
.  .  .  ot  what  worth  were  he  to  us !  We  love  him  for 
his  ranitics  as  much  as  for  his  vin\xts.—Tha{:ieray. 

Covert-baron,  a  wife,  so  called 
because  she  is  under  the  covert  or  pro- 
tection of  her  baron  or  lord. 

Cow  and  Calf,  Lewesdon  Hill  and 
Pillesdon  Pen,  in  Dorsetshire. 

Cowards  and  Bullies.  In  Shake- 
speare we  have  ParoUfis  and  Pistol ;  in 
Ben  Jonson,  Bob'adil ;  in  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  Bessus  and  Mons.  Lapet,  the 
very  prince  of  cowards ;  in  the  French 
drama,  Le  Capitan,  Metamore,  and  Scara- 
mouch. (See  also  Basilisco,  Cap  tain 
Noll  Bluff,  Boroughcliff,  Captain 
Brazen,  Sir  Petronel  Flash,  Sacri- 
pant,  Vincent  de  la  Rose,  etc.) 

Cowper,  called  "  Author  of  TA^ 
Task,"  from  his  principal  poem  (1731- 
1800). 

Cowper's    Grave,    a  poem  by   R. 

Browning  (1812-1889). 

Cowper-Temple  Clause,  the  clause 
(xiv.)  in  the  Elementary  Education  Act  of 
1870,  which  runs  thus  :  "No  religious 
catechism  or  religious  formulary  which  is 
distinctive  of  any  particular  denomination 
shall  be  taught  in  [board  schools^" 

Cox's  Diary,  a  comic  story  by 
Thackeray. 

Coxcomb,  an  empty-headed,  con- 
ceited fop,  hke  an  ancient  jester,  who 
wore  on  the  top  of  his  cap  a  piece  of  red 
cloth  resembling  a  cock's  comb. 

The  Prince  of  Coxcombs,  Charles 
Joseph  prince  de  Ligne  (1535-1614). 

Richard  II.  of  England  (1366,  1377- 
1400). 

Henri  III.  of  France,  Le  Mignon  (1551, 
1574-1589)- 

Coxe  {Captain),  one  of  the  masques 
at  Kenilworth.— 6"//-  W.  Scott:  Kenil- 
worth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Crabsbaw  {Timothy),  the  servant  of 
sir  Launcelot  Greaves's  squire. — Smollett  : 
Adventures  of  Sir  Launcelot  Greaves 
(1760). 

Crab'tree,  in  Smollett's  novel  called 
The  Adventures  of  Peregrine  Pickle 
(1751). 

Crab'tree,  uncle  of  sir  Benjamin  Back- 
bite, in  Sheridan's  comedy.  The  School  for 
Scattdal  ( 1777) 


S41 


CRANE. 


Crab'tree,  a  gardener  at  Fairport. — 
Sir  W.Scott :  The  Antiquary  {time,  George 

Craca,  one  of  the  Shetland  Isles. — 
Ossian  :  Fingal. 

Crack'entliorp  {Father),  a  publican. 

Dolly  Crackenihorp,  daughter  of  the 
publican.— 67r  W.  Scott:  Redgauntlet 
(time,  George  III.). 

Crackit  {Flash  Toby),  one  of  the 
villains  in  the  attempted  burglary  in 
which  Bill  Sikes  and  his  associates  were 
concerned. — C.  Dickens:  Oliver  Twist 
(1837). 

Cra'dlemont,  king  of  Wales,  sub- 
dued by  Arthur,  fighting  for  Leod'ogran 
king  of  Cam'eliard  (3  syl.). —  Tennyson: 
Coming  of  A  rthur. 

Cradock  {Sir),  the  only  knight  who 
could  carve  the  boar's  head  which  no 
cuckold  could  cut ;  or  drink  from  a  bowl 
which  no  cuckold  could  quaff  without 
spilling  the  liquor.  His  lady  was  the 
only  one  in  king  Arthur's  court  who 
could  wear  the  mantle  of  chastity  brought 
thither  by  a  boy  during  Christmas-tide. — 
Percy  :  Reliques,  etc..  III.  iii.  18. 

Craigfdal'lie  {Adam),  the  senior 
baillie  of  Perth.— 5z>  W.  Scott:  Fair 
Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Craigf'eng'elt  {Captain),  an  ad- 
venturer and  companion  of  Bucklaw. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Bride  of  Lammermoor 
(time,  William  III.). 

Cramp  {Corporal),  under  captain 
Thornton.- 5?>  W.  Scott:  Rob Roy{\:\m^, 
George  I.). 

Crampart  {King),  the  king  who 
made  a  wooden  horse  which  would  go 
100  miles  an  hour.  —Alkmaar :  Reynard 
the  Fox  {i4gB). 

Cran'boume  {Sir  Jasper),  a  friend 
of  sir  Geoffrey  Peveril— Sir  W.  Scott: 
Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Crane  {Dame  Alison),  mistress  of  the 
Crane  inn,  at  Marlborough. 

Gaffer  Crane,  the  dame's  husband. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Kenilworth  (time,  Eliza- 
beth). 

Crane  {Ichabod),  a  credulous  Yankee 
schoolmaster.  He  is  described  as  "tall, 
exceedingly  lank,  and  narrow-shouldered  ; 
his  arms,  legs,  and  neck  unusually  long  ; 
his  hands  dangle  a  mile  out  of  his 
sleeves  ;  his  feet  might  serve  for  shovels  ; 
and  his  whole  frame  is  very  loosely  hung 
together." — W»  Irving:  SketchBook. 


CRANES. 

The  head  of  Ichabod  Crane  was  small  and  flat  at  top, 
with  huge  ears,  large  green  glassy  eyes,  and  a  long 
snipe  nose,  so  that  it  looked  like  ;  weather-cock 
perched  upon  his  spindle  neck  to  tell  which  way  the 
wind  blew. — Irving-:  Sketch-Book  ("  Legend  of  Sleepy 
Hollow  ). 

Cranes  (i  syl.).  Milton,  referring  to 
the  wars  of  the  pygmies  and  the  cranes, 
calls  the  former 

That  small  infantry 
Warred  on  by  cranes. 

Paradise  Lost,  \.  575  (1665). 

Cranion,  queen  Mab's  charioteer. 

Four  nimble  gnats  the  horses  were, 
Their  harnesses  of  gossamere, 
Fly  Cranion,  her  charioteer. 

Drayton :  Nymphidia  (1563-1631). 

Crank  {Dame),  the  papist  laundress 
at  Marlborough.— ^z>  W,  Scott:  Kenil- 
toorth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Cranmer,  Latimer,  and  Ridley. 

The  following  bill  for  their  burning  is  in 
the  British  Museum  : — 

For  3  loads  wood  faggots,  i2j. ;  item,  one  load  furze 
faggots,  3J.  4rf. ;  item,  for  carriage,  ■zs,  6d. ;  item,  apost, 
2J.  4d. ;  item,  2  chains,  3J.  Ad. ;  item,  2  tables,  6d. ;  item, 
labourers,  zs.  Sd. ;  total,  .£1  6j.  8d. 

Cra'paud  [Johnnie),  a  Frenchman,  as 
John  Bull  is  an  Englishman,  Cousin 
Michael  a  German,  Colin  Tampon  a 
Swiss,  Brother  Jonathan  a  North  Ameri- 
can, etc.  Called  Crapaud  from  the  device 
of  the  ancient  kings  of  France,  "three 
toads  erect,  saltant."  Nostradamus,  in 
the  sixteenth  century,  called  the  French 
crapauds  in  the  well-known  line — 
Les  anciens  crapauds  prendront  Sara, 

("Sara"  is  Aras  backwards,  a  city 
taken  from  the  Spaniards  under  Louis 
XIV.). 

Cratchit  {Boh  or  Robert),  clerk  of 
Ebenezer  Scrooge,  stock-broker.  Though 
Bob  Cratchit  has  to  maintain  nine  persons 
on  15J.  a  week,  he  has  a  happier  home 
and  spends  a  merrier  Christmas  than  his 
master,  with  all  his  wealth  and  selfish- 
ness. 

Tiny  Tim  Cratchit,  the  little  lame  son 
of  Bob  Cratchit,  the  Benjamin  of  the 
family,  the  most  helpless  and  most 
beloved  of  all,  Tim  does  not  die,  but 
Ebenezer  Scrooge,  after  his  change  of 
character,  makes  him  his  special  care. — 
C.  Dickens :  A  Christmas  Carol  (in  five 
staves,  1843). 

Craw'ford  {Lindsay  earl  of),  the 
young  earl-marshal  of  Scotland. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry 
IV.). 

Craw'ford  {Lord),  captain  of  the  Scot- 
tish guard  at  Plessis  Ids  Tours,  in  the  pay 


242 


CRAWLEY. 


of  Louis   XI.— Sir   IV.   Scott:   Quentin 
Durward  {time,  Edward  IV.). 

Crawley  {Sir  Pitt),  of  Great  Gaunt 
Street,  and  of  Queen's  Crawley,  Hants. 
A  sharp,  miserly,  litigious,  vulgar,  ig- 
norant baronet,  very  rich,  desperately 
mean,  "a  philosopher  with  a  taste  for 
low  life,"  and  intoxicated  every  night. 
Becky  Sharp  was  engaged  by  him  to  teach 
his  two  daughters.  On  the  death  of  his 
second  wife,  sir  Pitt  asked  her  to  become 
lady  Crawley,  but  Becky  had  already  mar- 
ried his  son,  captain  Rawdon  Crawley. 
This  "  aristocrat  "  spoke  of  "brass  far- 
dens,"  and  was  unable  to  spell  the  simplest 
words,  as  the  following  specimen  will 
show : — "Sir  Pitt  Crawley  begs  Miss  Sharp 
and  baggidge  may  be  hear  on  Tuseday, 
as  I  leaf.  .  .  to-morrow  erly."  "The 
whole  baronetage,  peerage,  and  common- 
age of  England  did  not  contain  a  more 
cunning,  mean,  foolish,  disreputable  old 
rogue  than  sir  Pitt  Crawley."  He  died 
at  the  age  of  fourscore,  "  lamented  and 
beloved,  regretted  and  honoured,"  if  we 
can  believe  his  monumental  tablet. 

Lady  Crawley.  Sir  Pitt's  first  wife  was 
"a  confounded,  quarrelsome,  high-bred 
jade."  So  he  chose  for  his  second  wife 
the  daughter  of  Mr.  Dawson,  ironmonger, 
of  Mudbury,  who  gave  up  her  sweet- 
heart, Peter  Butt,  for  the  gilded  vanity 
of  Crawleyism.  This  ironmonger's  daugh- 
ter had  "pink  cheeks  and  a  white  skin, 
but  no  distinctive  character,  no  opinions, 
no  occupation,  no  amusements,  no  vigour 
of  mind,  no  temper ;  she  was  a  mere 
female  machine."  Being  a  "  blonde,  she 
wore  draggled  sea-green  or  slatternly 
sky-blue  dresses,"  went  about  slip-shod 
and  in  curl-papers  all  day  till  dinner- 
time. She  died  and  left  sir  Pitt  for  the 
second  time  a  widower,  "to-morrow  to 
fresh  woods  and  pastures  new." 

Mr.  Pitt  Crawley,  eldest  son  of  sir  Pitt, 
and  at  the  death  of  his  father  inheritor  of 
the  title  and  estates.  Mr.  Pitt  was  a 
most  proper  gentleman.  He  would  rather 
starve  than  dine  without  a  di  ess-coat  and 
white  neckcloth.  The  whole  house  bowed 
down  to  him  ;  even  sir  Pitt  himself  threw 
ofFhis  muddy  gaiters  in  his  son's  presence. 
Mr.  Pitt  always  addressed  his  mother-in- 
law  with  "most  powerful  respect,"  and 
strongly  impressed  her  with  his  high 
aristocratic  breeding.  At  Eton  he  was 
called  "Miss  Crawley."  His  religious 
opinions  were  offensively  aggressive 
and  of  the  "evangelical  type."  He 
even  built  a  meeting-house  close  by  his 


CRAYON. 

uncle's  church.  Mr.  Pitt  Crawley  came 
into  the  large  fortune  of  his  aunt,  Miss 
Crawley,  married  lady  Jane  Sheepshanks, 
daughter  of  the  countess  of  Southdown, 
became  an  M.P.,  grew  money-loving  and 
mean,  but  less  and  less  "  evangelical"  as 
he  grew  g^eat  and  wealthy. 

Captain  Rawdon  Crawley,  younger 
brother  of  Mr.  Pitt  Crawley.  He  was  in 
the  Dragoon  Guards,  a  "blood  about 
town,"  and  an  adept  in  boxing,  rat- 
hunting,  the  fives-court,  and  four-in- 
hand  driving.  He  was  a  young  dandy, 
six  feet  high,  with  a  great  voice,  but  few 
brains.  He  could  swear  a  great  deal, 
but  could  not  spell.  He  ordered  about 
the  servants,  who  nevertheless  adored 
him ;  was  generous,  but  did  not  pay  his 
tradesmen  ;  a  Lothario,  free  and  easy. 
His  style  of  talk  was,  "Aw,  aw;  Jave- 
aw ;  Gad-aw ;  it's  a  confounded  fine 
segaw -aw— confounded  as  I  ever  smoked. 
Gad-aw."  This  military  exquisite  was 
the  adopted  heir  of  Miss  Crawley;  but 
as  he  chose  to  marry  Becky  Sharp,  was 
set  aside  for  his  brother  Pitt.  For  a  time 
Becky  enabled  him  to  live  in  splendour 
"upon  nothing  a  year."  But  a  great 
scandal  got  wind  of  g^oss  improprieties 
between  lord  Steyne  and  Becky  ;  so  that 
Rawdon  separated  from  his  wife,  and  was 
given  the  governorship  of  Coventry  Isle 
by  lord  Steyne.  "  His  excellency  colonel 
Rawdon  Crawley  died  in  his  island  of 
yellow  fever,  most  deeply  beloved  and 
deplored,"  and  his  son  Rawdon  inherited 
his  uncle's  title  and  the  family  estates. 

The  Rev.  Bute  Crawley,  brother  of  sir 
Pitt.  He  was  a  "tall,  stately,  jolly, 
sliovel-hatted  rector."  "  He  pulled  stroke- 
oar  in  the  Christ  Church  boat,  and  had 
thrashed  the  best  bruisers  of  the  town. 
The  Rev.  Bute  loved  boxing-matches, 
races,  hunting,  coursing,  balls,  elections, 
regattas,  and  good  dinners  ;  had  a  fine 
singing  voice,  and  was  very  popular." 
His  wife  wrote  his  sermons  for  him. 

Mrs.  Bute  Crazvley,  the  rector's  wife, 
was  a  smart  Httle  lady,  domestic,  politic, 
but  apt  to  overdo  her  "policy."  She 
gave  her  husband  full  liberty  to  do  as  he 
liked,  was  prudent  and  thrifty, — Thacke- 
ray :  Va?tity  Fair  (1848). 

Cray'on  [Le  Sieur  de),  one  of  the 
officers  of  Charles  "the  Bold,"  duke  of 
Burgundy. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  Anne  of  Geier- 
stein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Cray'on  {Geoffrey),  Esq.,  a  pseudonym 
of  Washington  Irving,  author  of  2'he 
Sketch-Book  (1820). 


243  CRESSIDA. 

Crea'kle,  a  hard,  vulgar  school- 
master, to  whose  charge  David  Copper- 
field  was  entrusted,  and  where  he  first 
made  the  acquaintance  of  Steerforth. 

The  circumstance  about  him  which  impressed  me 
most  was  that  he  had  no  voice,  but  spolcc  in  a  whisper. 
—Dickens:  David  Cofperfield,  vi.  (1849). 

Creation,  a  poem  by  Richard  Black- 
more,  M.D.  (1711).  Dr.  Johnson  thought 
well  of  it.  An  oratorio  by  Haydn  (1798) ; 
LaPremiireSemaine,  by  Du  Bartas  (about 
1570) ;  a  French  epic,  translated  into 
English  verse  by  Joshua  Sylvester,  in  1605. 
Milton,  in  his  Paradise  Lost,  was  under 
obligation  to  Du  Bartas. 

Credat  Judseus  Apella,  non  ego 
(Horace,  i  Satires,  v.  100).  Of  "Apella" 
nothing  whatever  is  known.  In  general 
the  name  is  omitted,  and  the  word 
"  Judaeus  "  stands  for  any  Jew.  "  A  dis- 
believing Jew  would  give  credit  to  the 
statement  sooner  than  I  should." 

Creed  [An  Exposition  of  the)  by 
Pearson  (1659).  When  I  was  at  College, 
"Pearson  on  the  Creed"  and  Paley's 
"  Evidences  "  were  standard  books. 

Cre'kenpit,  a  fictitious  river  near 
Husterloe,  according  to  the  hypothetical 
geography  of  Master  Reynard,  who  calls 
on  the  hare  to  attest  the  {act— Reynard 
the  Pox  (1498). 

Crescent  City,  New  Orleans 
[Or-leem],  in  Louisiana,  U.S. 

Cres'sida,  in  Chaucer  Cresseide 
(2  syl.),  a  beautiful,  sparkling,  and 
accomplished  woman,  who  has  become 
a  by-word  for  infidelity.  She  was  the 
daughter  of  Calchas,  a  Trojan  priest,  who 
took  part  with  the  Greeks.  Cressida  is  not 
a  character  of  classic  story,  but  a  mediaeval 
creation.  Pope  says  her  story  was  the 
invention  of  LoUius  the  Lombard,  his- 
toriographer of  Urbino,  in  Italy.  Cressida 
betroths  herself  to  Troilus,  a  son  of 
Priam,  and  vows  eternal  fidelity.  Troilus 
gives  the  maiden  a  sleeve,  and  she  gives 
her  Adonis  a  glove,  as  love-knots.  Soon 
after  this  betrothal  an  exchange  of 
prisoners  is  made,  when  Cressida  falls  to 
the  lot  of  Diomed,  to  whom  she  very 
soon  yields  her  love,  and  even  gives  him 
the  very  sleeve  which  Troilus  had  given 
her  as  a  love-token. 

•.'In  Shakespeare's  Troilus  and 
Cressida,  she  is  a  mere  giddy  jilt,  who 
might  be  wooed  and  won  by  any  one. 

As  false 
As  air,  as  water,  wind,  or  sandy  earth  ,  .  . 
Vea,  let  \nicn\  say  to  stick  the  heart  of  falsehooil, 
"  As  false  as  Cressid." 
Shakespeare :  Troilus  and  Cressida,  act  iii,  sc  a  (ifioa). 


CRESSWELL. 

Cresswell  (Madame),  a  woman  of 
infamous  character,  who  bequeathed  £io 
for  a  funeral  sermon,  in  which  nothing 
ill  should  be  said  of  her.  The  duke  of 
Buckingham  wrote  the  sermon,  which 
was  as  follows  : — ' '  All  I  shall  say  of  her 
is  this :  she  was  born  we/l,  she  married 
well,  lived  well,  and  died  well ;  for  she 
was  born  at  Shad-well,  married  Cress- 
well,  lived  at  Clerken-well,  and  died  in 
Bride-well."— ^iV  W.  Scott:  Peveril  of 
the  Peak,  chap.  xliv. 

Crete  (Hound  of),  a  blood-hound. — 
See  Midsummer  Night's  Dream,  act  iii. 
sc.  2. 
Coupe  le  gor^e,  that's  the  word ;  I  thee  defy  again, 
O  hound  of  Crete: 

Shakespeare  :  Henry  V.  act  ii.  sc.  i  (1599). 

The  Infamy  of  Crete,  the  Minotaur. 

[  There\  lay  stretched 
The  infamy  of  Crete,  detested  brood 
Of  the  feigned  heifer. 
Dante  :  Hell,  xii.  (1300,  Gary's  translation). 

Crevecour  [isyl.).  The  count  Philip 
de  Crevecour  is  the  envoy  sent  by  Charles 
"the  Bold,"  duke  of  Burgundy,  with  a 
defiance  to  Louis  XI.  king  of  France. 

The  countess  of  Crtvecour,  wife  of  the 
count. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Quentin  Durward 
(time,  Edward  IV.). 

Crib  (Tom),  Thomas  Moore,  author 
of  Tom  Crib's  Memorial  to  Congress, 
in  verse  (1819). 

Crichton  (The  Admirable),  James 
Crichton,  a  Scotchman  (1560-1583).  He 
was  killed  at  Mantua  in  a  duel  with  his 
pupil,  Vincenzo  di  Gonzao,  at  the  age  of 
twenty-three. 

The  Irish  Crichton,  John  Henderson 
(1757-1788). 

Cricket  on  the  Hearth  (The),  a 
Christmas  fairy  tale,  by  Dickens  (1845). 
(See  Peerybingle.) 

Crillon.  The  following  story  is  told 
of  this  brave  but  simple-minded  officer. 
Henri  IV.,  after  the  battle  of  Arques, 
wrote  to  him  thus — 

Prends-toi,  brave  Crillon,  nous  avons  vaincu  it  Arques, 
et  tu  n'y  6tais  pas. 

The  first  and  last  part  of  this  letter  have 
become  proverbial  in  France. 

When  Crillon  heard  the  story  of  the 
Crucifixion  read  at  church,  he  grew  so 
excited  that  he  cried  out  in  an  audible 
voice,  Ok  itais  tu,  Crillon  f  ("  What 
were  you  about,  Crillon,  to  permit  of 
such  atrocity?") 

^  When  Clovis  was  told  of  the  Cruci- 
fixion, he  exclaimed,   "  Had  I  and  my 


244  CRITIC 

Franks  been  by,  we  would  have  avenged 
the  wrong,  I  warrant." 

Crime— Blunder.  Talleyrand  said 
of  the  execution  of  the  due  d'Enghien  by 
Napoleon  I.,  that  it  was  "not  merely 
a  crime,  it  was  a  blunder."  The  words 
have  been  attributed  to  Fouch6  also. 

Crimo'ra  and  Connal.  Crimora, 
daughter  of  Rinval,  was  in  love  with 
Connal  of  the  race  of  Fingal,  who  was 
defied  by  Dargo.  He  begs  his  "  sweet- 
ing "  to  lend  him  her  father's  shield  ;  but 
she  says  it  is  ill-fated,  for  her  father  fell 
by  the  spear  of  Gormar.  Connal  went 
against  his  foe,  and  Crimora,  disguised  in 
armour,  went  also,  but  unknown  to  him. 
She  saw  her  lover  in  fight  with  Dargo, 
and  discharged  an  arrow  at  the  foe,  but  it 
missed  its  aim  and  shot  Connal.  She  ran 
in  agony  to  his  succour.  It  was  too  late. 
He  died,  Crimora  died  also,  and  both 
were  buried  in  one  grave.  —  Ossian : 
Carrie- Thura. 

Crim-Tartary,  now  called  the 
Crime'a. 

Cringle's  Log  (Tom),  a  sea  story 
by  Michael  Scott  (1789-1835). 

Crispin  (St.).  Crispinos  and  Cris- 
pianus  were  two  brotliers,  born  at  Rome, 
from  which  place  they  travelled  to 
Soissons,  in  France  (about  a.d.  303),  to 
propagate  the  gospel.  They  worked  as 
shoemakers,  that  they  might  not  be 
chargeable  to  any  one.  The  governor  oi 
the  town  ordered  them  to  be  beheaded 
the  very  year  of  their  arrival ;  and  the\' 
were  made  the  tutelary  saints  of  the 
"  gentle  craft."  St.  Crispin's  Day  is 
October  25. 

This  day  is  called  the  feast  of  Crispian  .  .  , 
And  Crispin  Crispian  shall  ne'er  go  by, 
From  this  day  to  the  ending  of  the  world. 
But  we  in  it  shall  be  rememoered. 

Shakespeare:  Henry  K  act  iv.  sc.  3  (1399). 

Crispi'nus,  in  Ben  Jonson's  play  of 
The  Poetaster,  is  meant  for  Maston,  the 
dramatist  (1661). 

Critic  (A  Bossu),  one  who  criticizes 
the  "getting  up  "  of  a  book  more  than  its 
literary  worth  ;  a  captious,  carping  critic. 
Rdne  le  Bossu  was  a  French  critic  (1631- 
1680).  ^     "^ 

The  epic  poem  your  lordship  bade  me  look  at,  upon 
taking  the  length,  breadth,  height,  and  depth  of  it,  and 
trying  them  at  home  upon  an  exact  scale  of  Bossu's,  'tis 
out,  my  lord,  in  every  one  of  its  dimensions.  Admirable 
connoisseur  1 — Sterne. 

(The  scale  referred  to  was  that  of  Bossut 
the  mathematician.)  [v.  CHRysos.p.  208.) 


CRITIC. 


245 


CROKER'S  MARE. 


Critic  (r/^tf),  by  R.  B.  Sheridan,  sug- 
i;i  sted  by  The  Rehearsal  {1779). 

( The  Rehearsal  is  by  the  duke  of 
I'uckingham,  1671.) 

Criticism  [An  Essay  on),  by  Pope 
(1709).  It  contains  724  lines  in  heroic 
couplets.  It  is  full  of  household  lines 
and  phrases. 

.■  I-ord  Kames  published,  fa  1762,  a  book  called  The 
rtntnts  0/ Criticism. 

Critics  [The  Prince  of),  Aristarchos 
cA  Byzantium,  who  compiled,  in  the  second 
century  B.C.,  the  rhapsodies  of  Homer. 

N.B. — Ritson  was  both  an  insolent  and 
a  raalignant  critic.     (See  RlTSON'iSM.) 

Croaker,  guardian  to  Miss  Richland. 
Never  so  happy  as  when  he  imagines 
himself  a  martyr.  He  loves  a  funeral 
better  than  a  festival,  and  delights  to 
think  that  the  world  is  going  to  rack  and 
ruin.  His  favourite  phrase  is  "May  be 
not." 

A  poor,  fretful  soul,  that  has  a  new  distress  for  every 
lioiir  of  the  four  and  twenty.— Act  L  i. 

Mrs.  Croaker,  the  very  reverse  of  her 
j^rumbling,  atrabilious  husband.  She  is 
mirthful,  light-hearted,  and  cheerful  as  a 
lark. 

The  very  reverse  of  each  other.  She  all  laugh  and  nc 
joke,  he  always  complaining  and  never  sorrowful. — 
Act  i.  I. 

Leontine  Croaker,  son  of  Mr.  Croaker. 
Being  sent  to  Paris  to  fetch  his  sister,  he 
falls  in  love  with  Olivia  Woodville,  whom 
he  brings  home  instead,  introduces  her  to 
Croaker  as  his  daughter,  and  ultimately 
marries  her.  —  Goldsmith :  The  Good- 
natured  Man  (1768). 

Crocodile  [King).  The  people  of 
Isna,  in  Upper  Egypt,  affirm  that  there  is 
a  king  crocodile  as  there  is  a  queen  bee. 
The  king  crocodile  has  ears  but  no  tail, 
and  has  no  power  of  doing  harm.  Southey 
says  that  though  the  king  crocodile  has 
no  tail,  he  has  teeth  to  devour  his  people 
wi  th.  — Browne  :  Travels. 

Crocodile  [Lady  Kitty),  meant  for 
the  duchess  of  Kingston. — Foote:  A  Trip 
to  Calais [i-jj-j). 

Crocodile's  Tears,  deceitful  show 
of  grief ;  hypocritical  sorrow. 

It  is  written  that  the  crocodile  will  weep  over  a  man's 
head  when  he  hath  devoured  the  body,  and  then  he 
will  eat  up  the  head  too.  Wherefore  in  Latin  there  is 
a  proverb :  Crocodili  lachryma  ("  crocodile's  tears  "), 
to  signify  such  tears  as  are  fained  and  spent  only  with 
intent  to  deceive  or  doe  \iXixn\.—BuUokar :  English 
Expositor  (1616). 

Caesar  will  weep,  the  crocodile  will  weep. 

Dry  den:  All  for  Love  {i&i^). 

Cro'cus,  a  young  man  enamoured  of 
the  nymph  Smilax,  who  did  not  return 
his  love.     The  gods  changed   him  into 


the  crocus  flower,  to  signify  unrequited 
love. 

Croesus,  king  of  Lydia,  deceived  by 
an  oracle,  was  conquered  by  Cyrus  king 
of  Persia.  Cyrus  commanded  a  huge 
funeral  pile  to  be  erected,  upon  which 
Croesus  and  fourteen  Lydian  youths  were 
to  be  chained  and  burnt  alive.  When 
on  the  pyre,  the  discrowned  king  called 
on  the  name  of  Solon,  and  Cyrus  asked 
why  he  did  so.  "  Because  he  told  me  to 
call  no  one  happy  till  death."  Cyrus, 
struck  with  the  remark,  ordered  the  fire  of 
the  pile  to  be  put  out,  but  this  could  not 
be  done.  Croesus  then  called  on  Apollo, 
who  sent  a  shower  which  extinguished 
the  flames,  and  he  and  his  Lydians  caroe 
from  the  pile  unharmed. 

IT  The  resemblance  of  this  legend  to 
the  Bible  account  of  the  Jewish  youths 
condemned  by  Nebuchadnezzar  to  be  cast 
into  the  fiery  furnace,  from  which  they 
came  forth  uninjured,  will  recur  to  the 
reader. — Daniel  iii. 

Croesus's  Dream.  Croesus  dreamt  that 
his  son  Atys  would  be  slain  by  an  iron 
instrument,  and  used  every  precaution  to 
prevent  it,  but  to  no  purpose ;  for  one 
day  Atys  went  to  chase  the  wild  boar,  and 
Adrastus,  his  friend,  threw  a  dart  at  the 
boar  to  rescue  Atys  from  danger ;  the 
dart,  however,  struck  the  prince  and 
killed  him.  The  tale  is  told  by  William 
Morris,  in  his  Earthly  Paradise {"  July    ). 

Croftangry  (J/r.  Chrystat),  a  gentle- 
man fallen  to  decay,  cousin  of  Mrs. 
Martha  Bethune  Baliol,  to  whom,  at 
death,  he  left  the  MS.  of  two  novels, 
one  The  Highland  Widow,  and  the  other 
The  Fair  Maid  of  Perth,  called  the  First 
and  Second  Series  of  the  ' '  Chronicles  of 
Canongate"  [q.v.).  The  history  of  Mr. 
Chrystal  Croftangry  is  given  in  the 
introductory  chapters  of  The  Highland 
Widow,  and  continued  in  the  introduction 
oil  he  Fair  Maid  of  Perth. 

(Lockhart  tells  us  that  Mr.  Croftangry 
is  meant  for  sir  Walter  Scott's  father, 
and  that  "the  fretful  patient  at  the 
death-bed"  is  a  living  picture.) 

Crofts  (Master),  the  person  killed  in 
a  duel  by  sir  Geoffrey  Hudson,  the  famous 
dwarf. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Peveril  of  the 
Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Croker's  Mare.  In  the  proverb  As 
coy  as  Croker's  mare.  This  means  "  as 
chary  as  a  mare  that  carries  crockery." 

She  was  to  them  as  koy  as  a  croker's  mare. 

Heyw9«d :  Dialogue,  ii.  i  (15661 


CROKERS. 


246 


CROPLAND. 


Crokers.  Potatoes  are  so  called, 
because  they  were  first  planted  in  C  'oker's 
field,  at  Youghal,  in  Ireland. — Plcnchi: 
Recollections,  etc.,  ii.  119. 

Croma,  Ulster,  in  Ireland. — Ossian. 

Cromla,  a  hill  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  the  castle  Tura,  in  Ulster. — Ossian: 
Fingal, 

Croxuxnal,  a  mountain  in  Ulster  ;  the 
Lubar  flows  between  Crommal  and  Crom- 
ieach. — Ossian. 

Crom'well  [Oliver),  introduced  by 
sir  W.  Scott  in  Woodstock. 

Cromwelts  daughter  Elizabeth,  who 
married  John  Claypole.  Seeing  her  father 
greatly  agitated  by  a  portrait  of  Charles 
L,  she  gently  and  lovingly  led  him  away 
out  of  the  room. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  Wood- 
stock (time,  Commonwealth). 

Cromwell  is  called  by  the  preacher 
Burroughs  "  the  archangel  who  did  battle 
with  the  devil." 

Cromwell's  Likeness.  That  by  Lely  is 
the  most  celebrated. 

Cromwelfs  Lucky  Day.  The  3rd  Sep- 
tember was  considered  by  Oliver  Crom- 
well to  be  his  red-letter  day.  On  3rd 
September,  1650,  he  won  the  battle  of 
Dunbar;  on  3rd  September,  i65i,hewon 
the  battle  of  Worcester ;  and  on  3rd 
September,  1658,  he  died.  It  was  not, 
however,  true  that  he  was  born  on  3rd 
September,  as  many  affirm,  for  his  birth- 
day was  25th  April,  1599. 

Cromwell 's  Dead  Body  Insulted.  Crom- 
well's dead  body  was,  by  the  sanction  if 
not  by  the  express  order  of  Charles  II., 
taken  from  its  grave,  exposed  on  a  gibbet, 
and  finally  buried  under  the  gallows. 

IT  Similarly,  the  tomb  of  Am'asis  king 
of  Egypt  was  broken  open  by  Camby'ses  ; 
the  body  was  then  scourged  and  insulted 
in  various  ways,  and  finally  burnt,  which 
was  abhorrent  to  the  Egyptians,  who 
used  every  possible  method  to  preserve 
dead  bodies  in  their  integrity. 

IT  The  dead  body  of  admiral  Coligny 
\Co.leen.ye'\  was  similarly  insulted  by 
Charles  IX.,  Catherine  de  Medicis,  and 
all  the  court  of  France,  who  spattered 
blood  and  dirt  on  the  half-burnt  blackened 
mass.  The  king  had  the  bad  taste  to  say 
over  it — 

Fragrance  sweeter  than  a  rose 
Rises  from  our  slaughtered  foes. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  Coligny  was 
the  guest  of  Charles,  his  only  crime  being 
that  he  was  a  huguenot. 


Crona  ["  »««r/«wn«^"],  a  small  stream 
running  into  the  Carron. — Ossian. 

Cro'nian  Sea  {The),  the  Arctic 
Ocean.  Pliny  (in  his  Nat.  Hist.  iv.  16) 
says,  "A  ThulS  unius  diei  navigatione 
mare  concretum  a  nonnullis  cronium 
appellatur." 

As  when  two  polar  winds  blowing  adverse 
Upon  the  Cronian  sea. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  x.  290  (1665). 

Crook-fingered  Jack,  one  of  Mac- 
heath's  gang  of  thieves.  In  eighteen 
months'  service  he  brought  to  the  genera! 
stock  four  fine  gold  watches  and  seven 
silver  ones,  sixteen  snuff-boxes  (five  of 
which  were  gold),  six  dozen  handkerchief 
four  silver-hilted  swords,  six  shirts,  thrc 
periwigs,  and  a  "  piece  "  of  broadclotli. 
Pea 'chum  calls  him  "a  mighty  clean- 
handed fellow,"  and  adds — 

"  Considering  these  are  only  the  fruits  of  his  leisure 
hours,  I  don't  know  a  prettier  fellow,  for  no  man  alive 
hath  a  more  engaging  presence  of  mind  upon  the  road. " 
—Gay:  The  Beggars  Opera,  i.  1  (1727). 

Crop  [George),  an  honest,  hearty 
farmer,  who  has  married  a  second  wife, 
named  Dorothy,  between  whom  there  are 
endless  quarrels.  Two  especially  are 
noteworthy.  Crop  tells  his  wife  he  hopes 
that  better  times  are  coming,  and  when 
the  law-suit  is  over  "we  will  have  roast 
pork  for  dinner  every  Sunday."  The 
wife  replies,  "It  shall  be  lamb."  "But 
I  say  it  shall  be  pork."  "  I  hate  pork,  I'll 
have  lamb."  "  Pork,  I  tell  you,"  ."  I  say 
lamb."  "  It  shan't  be  lamb,  I  will  have 
pork."  The  other  quarrel  arises  from 
Crop's  having  left  the  door  open,  which 
he  civilly  asks  his  wife  to  shut.  She 
refuses,  he  commands ;  she  turns  ob- 
stinate, he  turns  angry;  at  length  they 
agree  that  the  person  who  first  speaks 
shall  shut  the  door.  Dorothy  speaks 
first,  and  Crop  gains  the  victory. — P. 
Hoare:  No  Song  no  Supper  (1790). 

Cropland  [Sir  Charles),  an  ex- 
travagant, heartless  libertine  and  man  of 
fashion,  who  hates  the  country  except 
for  hunting,  and  looks  on  his  estates  and 
tenants  only  as  the  means  of  supplying 
money  for  his  personal  indulgence. 
Knowing  that  Emily  Worthington  was 
the  daughter  of  a  "  poor  gentleman,"  he 
offers  her  "  a  house  in  town,  the  run 
of  his  estate  in  the  country,  a  chariot, 
two  footmen,  and  ;,^6oo  a  year ;  "  but  the 
lieutenant's  daughter  rejects  with  scorn 
such  "  splendid  infamy."  At  the  end  sir 
Charles  is  made  to  see  his  own  baseness, 
and  offers  the  most  ample  apologies  to 
all  whom  he  has  offended. — G.  Colman : 
The  Poor  Gentleman  (1802). 


CROQUEMITAINE. 


247 


CROSS  QUESTIONS. 


Croquemitaine[Cr<7d!;&.  mit.  ta  In],  the 
hogie  raised  by  fear.  Somewhere  near 
Saragossa  was  a  terrible  castle  called  Fear 
Fortress,  which  appeared  quite  impreg- 
nable ;  but  as  the  bold  approached  it,  the 
difficulties  of  access  gradually  gave  way, 
and  even  the  fortress  itself  vanished  into 
thin  air.  ' 

Croquemitaine  is  a  romance  in  three 
parts :  the  first  part  is  a  tournament 
between  the  knights  of  Marsillus,  a 
Moorish  king,  and  the  paladins  of  Char- 
limiagne  ;  the  second  part  is  the  siege 
of  Saragossa  by  Charlemagne  ;  and  the 
third  part  is  the  allegory  of  Fear  Fortress. 
Mitaine  is  the  godchild  of  Charlemagne, 
who  goes  in  search  of  Fear  Fortress. 

Croquis  [Alfred),  Daniel  Maclise, 
R.A.  This  pseudonym  was  attached  to 
a  scries  of  character-portraits  in  Frazers 
.\[  igazine  between  the  years  1830  and 
1838.  Maclise  was  born  18 11,  and  died 
1870. 

Crosljie  (  William) ,  provost  of  Dum- 
fries, a  friend  of  Mr.  Fairford  the  lawyer. 

Mrs.  Crosbie,  wife  of  the  provost,  and 
a  cousin  of  Redgauntlet, — Sir  W.  Scott : 
Kedgauntlet  (time,  George  III,). 

Cros'bite  (2  syl. ),  a  barrister. — Sir  W. 
S:oft :  Redgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Cross,  (i)  A  favourite  legend  used 
to  be  that  the  Cross  was  made  of  three 
different  trees,  and  that  these  trees  sprang 
from  three  seeds  taken  from  the  ' '  Tree 
of  Life  "  and  planted  in  Adam's  mouth  at 
death.  They  were  given  to  Adam's  son 
Seth  by  the  angel  who  guarded  paradise, 
and  the  angel  told  Seth  that  when  these 
seeds  became  trees,  Adam  would  be  free 
from  the  power  of  death. 

(This  is  rather  an  allegory  than  a 
legend.  For  other  Christian  traditions, 
see  Dictionary  of  Phrase  and  Fable,  p. 
-SO-) 

(2)  Another  tradition  is  that  the  Cross 
was  made  of  four  different  woods,  because 
Jesus  was  crucified  for  all  the  four  quarters 
of  the  world. 

Ligna  cnicis  palma,  cedrus,  cupressus,  oliva. 

(This  also  is  more  allegorical  than  his- 
toric.) 

(3)  It  is  said  by  some  that  it  was  made 
of  aspen  wood,  which  has  never  since 
r  ased  trembling. 

Ah  I  tremble,  tremble,  aspen  tree, 
We  need  not  ask  thee  why  thou  shakest. 

For  if,  as  holy  lejgend  saith. 

On  thee  the  Saviour  bled  to  death. 
No  wonder,  aspen,  that  thou  quakest  I 
And,  till  in  judgment  all  assemble. 
Thy  leaves  accursed  shall  shake  and  tremble 

E.  C.  A 


(4)  Another  tradition  is  that  the  Cross 
was  made  of  mistletoe  wood,  which  before 
then  grew  an  independent  tree,  and  was 
then  accursed  into  a  parasite.  On  the 
top  of  its  berry  are  five  specks  to  per- 
petuate the  memorial  of  the  five  wounds 
of  Jesus. 

(See  Elder  Tree  for  other  legends.) 

Cross-legrgfed  Host  [Dining  with 
our),  going  without  dinner.  Lawyers  at 
one  time  gave  interviews  to  their  clients 
in  the  Round  Church,  famous  for  its 
effigies  of  knights  lying  cross-legged. 

Or  walk  the  Round  [Church'\  with  knights  o"  the  posts, 
About  the  cross-legged  knights,  their  hosts, 

S.  Butler:  Hudibras,  iii.  3  (1678). 

Cross  Purposes,  a  farce  by  O'Brien. 
(See  Bevil,  p.  n8.) 

Cross  Questions  and  Crooked 
Answers.  An  Irish  recruit  about  to 
be  inspected  by  Frederick  the  Great,  was 
told  he  would  be  asked  these  questions  : 
(i)  How  old  are  you  ?  (2)  How  long  have 
you  been  in  the  service?  (3)  Are  you 
content  with  your  pay  and  rations  ?  So 
he  prepared  his  answers  accordingly.  But 
it  so  happened  that  the  king  began  with 
the  second  question  :  "  How  long  have 
you  been  in  the  service?"  Paddy  glibly 
replied,  "  Twenty  years."  "  Why,"  said 
the  king,  "how  old  are  you?"  "Six 
months."  "Six  months!"  rejoined  the 
king;  "surely  either  you  or  I  must  be 
mad  1 "     "  Yes,  both,  your  majesty." 

IF  Some  Highlanders,  coming  to  Eng- 
land for  employ,  conceived  they  would 
be  asked  (i)  Who  are  you  ?  (2)  Why  do 
you  come  here  ?  and  that  the  questioner 
might  then  say,  "  No,  I  don't  want  your 
service."  Scarcely  had  they  crossed  the 
border  than  they  came  to  the  body  of  a 
man  who  had  been  murdered.  They 
stopped  to  look  at  it,  when  a  constable 
came  up  and  said,  "Who  did  this?" 
"  We  three  Highlanders,"  was  the  pre- 
pared answer.  ' '  Why  did  you  do  it  ?  " 
said  the  constable.  ' '  For  the  money  and 
the  silver,"  was  the  answer  they  had  pre- 
pared. "  You  scoundrels  ! "  said  the  con- 
stable, "  I  shall  hang  you  for  this."  "  If 
you  don't,  another  will,"  said  the  men, 
and  were  preparing  to  go  away,  when 
they  were  marched  off  to  jail. 

%  Another  story  of  the  same  kind  is 
told  of  three  Sclavonians  who  went  to 
Hungary,  and  "were  taught  the  language 
in  three  days. "  Their  repertoire  was,  how- 
ever, limited  to  "We  three,"  "Cheese," 
and  "That's  the  truth."  Coming  to  a 
dead  body  lying  on  tht  road,  the  forest- 


CROSSMYLOOF. 


243 


CROWN  OF. THE  E^VST. 


keeper  asked  them,  "Who  has  murdered 
the  man?"  "  We  three,"  was  the  ready 
answer.  "What  for?"  was  the  next 
question,  and  "Cheese"  was  the  reply. 
"Then,"  said  the  keeper,  "you  will  all  be 
hanged  ;  "  "  That's  the  truth,"  responded 
the  strangers,  and  were  about  to  be  hand- 
cuffed when  the  supposed  dead  man 
jumped  up  with  a  "  Ho,  ho,  ho  1 "  over- 
joyed at  his  practical  joke. 

Cross'xuyloof,  a  lawyer. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Heart  of  Midlothian  (time,  George 

n.). 

Crothar,  "lord  of  Atha,"  in  Con- 
naught  (then  called  Alnec'ma).  He  was 
the  first  and  most  powerful  chief  of  the 
Fir-bolg  ("bowmen")  or  Belgoe  from 
Britain  who  colonized  the  southern  parts 
of  Ireland.  Crothar  carried  off  Conla'ma, 
daughter  of  Cathmin  a  chief  of  the  Cael 
or  Caledonians  who  had  colonized  the 
northern  parts  of  Ireland  and  held  their 
court  in  Ulster.  As  Conlama  was  be- 
trothed to  Turloch  a  Cael,  he  made  an 
irruption  into  Connaught,  slew  Cormul, 
but  was  himself  slain  by  Crothar,  Cormul's 
brother.  The  feud  now  became  general, 
"  Blood  poured  on  blood,  and  Erin's 
clouds  were  hung  with  ghosts."  The 
Cael  being  reduced  to  the  last  extremity, 
Trathel  (the  grandfather  of  Fingal)  sent 
Conar  (son  of  Trenmor)  to  their  relief. 
Conar,  on  his  arrival  in  Ulster,  was 
chosen  king,  and  the  Fir-bolg  being 
subdued,  he  called  himself  "  the  king  of 
Ireland." — Ossian:  Temora,  ii. 

Crothar,  vassal  king  of  Croma  (in 
Ireland),  held  under  Artho  over-lord  of 
all  Ireland.  Crothar,  being  blind  with 
age,  was  attacked  by  Rothmar  chief  of 
Tromlo,  who  resolved  to  annex  Croma 
to  his  own  dominion.  Crothar  sent  to 
Fingal  for  aid,  and  Fingal  sent  his  son 
Ossian  with  an  army  ;  but  before  he  could 
arrive  Fovar-Gormo,  a  son  of  Crothar, 
attacked  the  invader,  but  was  defeated 
and  slain.  When  Ossian  reached  Ulster, 
he  attacked  the  victorious  Rothmar,  and 
both  routed  the  army  and  slew  the  chief. 
— Ossian:  Croma. 

Croto'na's  Sagfe,  Pythagoras,  so 
called  because  his  first  and  chief  school 
of  philosophy  was  established  at  Cro- 
tona  (fl.  B.C.  540). 

Croucli'iuas,  from  the  invention  <rf 
the  Cross  to  St.  Helen's  Day,  i.e.  from 
May  3  to  August  18.  Halliwell,  in  his 
Archaic    Dictionary,     says     it     means 


"Christmas,"  but  this  is  wholly  impos* 
sible,  as  Tusser,  in  his  "  May  Remem- 
brances," says,  "From  bull  cow  fast, 
till  Crouchminas  be  past,  i.e.  St.  Helen's 
Day."     The  word  means  "  Cross-mas." 

Crow.  As  the  crow  flies,  that  is, 
straight  from  the  point  of  starting  to  th 
point  to  be  reached,  without  being  turnc; 
from  the  path  by  houses,  rivers,  .hills,  01 
other  obstacles,  which  do  not  divert  the 
crow  from  its  flight.  The  Americans  call 
it  "The  Bee-line." 

Crowde'i^o,  one  of  the  rabble  leader 
encountered  by  Hudibras  at  a  bear- 
baiting.  The  academy  figure  of  this 
character  was  Jackson  or  Jephson,  a 
milliner  in  the  New  Exchange,  Strand, 
London.  He  lost  a  leg  in  the  service  o 
the  roundheads,  and  was  reduced  to  thi^ 
necessity  of  earning  a  living  by  playing 
on  the  crowd  or  crouth  from  ale-house 
to  ale-house. — S.  Butler:  Hudibras,  i.  2 
(1664). 

(The  crouth  was  a  long  box-shaped 
instrument,  with  six  or  more  strings,  sup- 
ported by  a  bridge.  It  was  played  with 
a  bow.  The  last  noted  performer  on  this 
instrument  was  John  Morgan,  a  Welsh- 
man, who  died  1720.) 

Crowe  {Captain),  the  attendant  of  sir 
Launcelot  Greaves  (i  syl.),  in  his  peregri- 
nations to  reform  society.  Sir  Launcelot 
is  a  modern  don  Quixote,  and  captain 
Crowe  is  his  Sancho  Panza. 

Captain  Crowe  had  commanded  a  merchant-ship  in 
the  Mediterranean  trade  for  many  years,  and  saved 
some  money  by  dint  of  frugality  and  traffic.  He  was 
an  excellent  seaman,  brave,  active,  friendly  in  his  way, 
and  scrupulously  honest,  but  as  little  acquainted  with 
the  world  as  a  sucking  child  ;  whimsical,  impatient,  and 
so  impetuous  that  he  could  not  help  breakmg  in  upon 
the  conversation,  whatever  it  might  be,  with  repeated 
interruptions.  ,  .  .  When  he  himself  attempted  to 
speak,  he  never  finished  his  penod.—SmoUc(t:  Tht 
Adventures  of  Sir  Launcelot  Greaves  lijeo). 

Crowfield  {Christopher),  a  pseu- 
donym of  Mrs.  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe 
(1814-1896). 

Crown.  Godfrey,  when  made  the 
over-lord  of  Jerusalem,  or  ' '  Baron  of  the 
Holy  Sepulchre,"  refused  to  wear  a  crown 
of  gold  where  his  Saviour  had  only  worn 
a  crown  of  thorns. 

_  II  Canute,  after  the  rebuke  he  gave  to 
his  flatterers,  refused  to  wear  thenceforth 
any  symbol  of  royalty  at  all. 

Canute  (truth  worthy  to  be  known) 

From  that  time  forth  did  for  his  brows  disown 

The  ostentatious  symbol  of  a  crown. 

Esteeming  earthly  royalty 

Presumptuous  and  vam. 

Crown  of  tlie  East,  Antioch,  also 
called  "  Antioch  the  Beautiful." 


CROWN  OF  IONIA. 


249 


CRUSOE. 


Crown  of  Ionia,  Smyrna,  the 
largest  city  of  Asia  Minor. 

Crowns.  Byron,  in  Don  Juan,  says 
the  sultan  is  "master  of  thirty  king- 
doms "  (canto  vi.  90).  The  czar  of 
Russia  is  proclaimed  as  sovereign  of 
seventeen  crowns. 

(Of  course  the  sultan  is  no  longer 
master  of  thirty  kingdoms,  1897. j 

Crowned  after  Death.     Inez  de 

Castro  was  exhumed  six  years  after  her 
assassination,  and  crowned  queen  of 
Tortugal  by  her  husband,  don  Pedro. 
(See  Inez  de  Castro.) 

Crowquill  {Alfred),  Alfred  Henry 
l-orrester,  author  of  Leaves  front  my 
Memorandum-Book  (1859),  one  of  the 
artists  oi  Punch  (1805-1872.) 

Croye  [habelle  countess  of),  a  ward 
of  Charles  "  the  Bold,"  duke  of  Burgundy. 
She  first  appears  at  the  turret  window  in 
Plessis  16s  Tours,  disguised  as  Jacquehne  ; 
and  her  marriage  with  Quenlin  Durward 
concludes  the  novel. 

The  countess  Hameline  of  Croye,  aunt 
to  countess  Isabelle.  First  disguised  as 
Dame  Perotte  (2  syl.)  at  Plessis  16s 
Tours  :  afterwards  married  to  William  de 
la  Maxck.— Sir  W.  Scott :  Quentin  Dur- 
ward (time,  Edward  IV.), 

Croye  [Monseigneur  de  la),  an  officer  of 
Charles  "the  Bold,"  duke  of  Burgundy. 
—Sir  W.  Scott  ^  Anne  of  Geierstein  (time, 
Edward  IV.). 

Croysa'do  {The  Great),  general  lord 
Fairfax  (1611-1671). — S.    Butler:  Hudi- 

bras. 

Crucifixion  {The).  When  Clovis 
was  told  the  story  of  the  Crucifixion,  he 
exclaimed,  "  Had  I  and  my  Franks  been 
there,  we  would  soon  have  avenged  the 
wrong." 

%  When  Crillon  "the  Brave"  heard 
the  tale,  he  grew  so  excited  that  he  could 
not  contain  himself,  and  starting  up  in 
the  church,  he  cried  aloud,  OU  itais  tu, 
Crillon  f  ("What  were  you  about, 
Crillon,  to  allow  of  such  deeds  as  these  ?  ") 

Cruder  (5j>).    (See  Brian  a,  p.  147.) 
Cruel  {The),   Pedro  king  of  Castile 
(iJ34.  1350-1369). 

Cruik'shanks  {Ebenezer),  landlord 
of  the  Golden  Candlestick  inn. — Sir  W» 
Scott:   Waverley  {time,  George  II.). 

Cruise  of  the  Mid^e  {The),  a 
r.aval  story  by  Michael  Scott. 


Cruux'mles  (Mr.  Vincent),  the 
eccentric  but  kind-hearted  manager  ol 
the  Portsmouth  Theatre. 

It  was  necessarjr  that  the  writer  should,  like  Mr, 
Crumniles,  dramatist,  construct  his  piece  in  the  i». 
terest  of  "  the  pump  and  washing-tubs."—^,  FUm- 
gerald. 

Mrs.  Crummies,  wife  of  Mr.  Vincent 
Crummies,  a  stout,  ponderous,  tragedy- 
queen  sort  of  a  lady.  She  walks  or 
rather  stalks  like  lady  Macbeth,  and 
always  speaks  theatrically.  Like  her 
husband,  she  is  full  of  kindness,  and 
always  willing  to  help  the  needy. 

Miss  Ninetta  Crummies,  daughter  of 
the  manager,  and  called  in  the  play-bills 
"the  infant  phenomenon." — Dickens: 
Nicholas  Nickleby  (1838). 

Crumthormo,  one  of  the  Orkney  or 

Shetland  Islands. — Ossian  :  Cath-Loda. 

Cruncher  {Jerry),  an  odd-job  man 
in  Tellson's  bank.  His  wife  was  con- 
tinually saying  her  prayers,  which  Jerry 
termed  "flopping."  He  was  a  "resur- 
rection man." — Dickens  :  A  Tale  of  Two 
Cities  (1859). 

Crupp  {Mrs.),  a  typical  humbug,  who 
let  chambers  in  Buckingham  Street  for 
young  gentlemen,  David  Copperfield 
lodged  with  her, — Dickens:  David 
Copperfield  (1849). 

Crushed  by  Ornaments.  Tar- 
peia,  daughter  of  the  governor  of  the 
Roman  citadel  on  the  Saturnian  Hill,  was 
tempted  by  the  gold  on  the  Sabine 
bracelets  and  collars  to  open  a  gate  of 
the  fortress  to  the  besiegers,  on  condition 
that  they  would  give  her  the  ornaments 
which  they  wore  on  their  arms.  Tarpeia 
opened  the  gate,  and  the  Sabines  as  they 
passed  threw  on  her  their  shields,  saying, 
' '  These  are  the  ornaments  worn  by  the 
Sabines  on  their  arms,"  and  the  maid  was 
crushed  to  death.  G.  Gilfillan,  alluding 
to  Longfellow,  has  this  erroneous  allu- 
sion— 

His  ornaments,  unlike  those  of  the  Sabine  [j£c]maid, 
have  not  crushed  him. — Introductory  Bssay  to  Long- 
fellow. 

Crusoe  {Robinson),  the  hero  and  title 
of  a  novel  by  Daniel  Defoe,  Robinson 
Crusoe  is  a  shipwrecked  sailor,  who  leads 
a  solitary  life  for  many  years  on  a  desert 
island,  and  reheves  the  tedium  of  Ufe  by 
ingenious  contrivances  (1719). 

(The  story  is  based  on  the  adventures 
of  Alexander  Selkirk,  a  Scotch  sailor, 
who  in  1704  was  left  by  captain  Stradding 
on  the  uninhabited  island  of  Juan  Fer- 
nandez.   Here  he  remained  for  four  years 


CRUUH-LODA, 


ajo 


CUMBERLAND. 


and  four  months,  when  he  was  rescued 
by  captain  Woods  Rogers  and  brought  to 

England.) 

Was  there  ever  anything  written  by  mere  man  that 
the  reader  wished  longer  except  Robinson  Crusoe,  Don 
Quixote,  and  The  Pilgrim's  Ft  ogress  I— Dr.  Johnson. 

Cruth-Loda,  the  war-god  of  the 
ancient  Gaels. 

On  thy  top,  U-thormo,  dwells  the  misty  Loda :  the 
house  of  the  spirits  of  men.  In  the  end  of  his  cloudy 
hall  bends  forward  Cruth-Loda  of  swords.  His  form  is 
dimly  seen  amid  the  wavy  mists,  his  right  hand  is  on 
his  shield.— Oj^fj'aM  ;  Calh-Loda. 

Crystalline  ( 7^-4^).  According  to  the 
theory  of  Ptolemy,  the  crystalline  sphere 
comes  after  and  beyond  the  firmament  or 
sphere  of  the  fixed  stars.  It  has  a  shim- 
mering motion,  which  somewhat  inter- 
feres with  that  of  the  stars. 

They  pass  the  planets  seven,  and  pass  the  "  fixed," 
And  that  crystalline  sphere  whose  balance  weighs 
The  trepidation  talked  \pf\ 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  iii.  (1665). 

Cuckold  King  [The],  sir  Mark  of 
Cornwall,  whose  wife  Ysolde  \_E.sOld'\ 
intrigued  with  sir  Tristram  (his  nephew), 
one  of  the  knights  of  the  Round  Table. 

Cuckoo.  Pliny  {Nat.  Hist.  x.  9)  says, 
"Cuckoos  lay  always  in  other  birds' 
nests." 

But,  since  the  cuckoo  builds  not  for  himself^ 
Remain  in't  as  thou  uiayst. 
Shakespeare  :  Antony  and  Cleopatra,  act  ii.  sc  6  (1608). 

N.B. — The  Bohemians  say  the  festivals 
of  the  Virgin  used  to  be  held  sacred  even 
by  dumb  animals ;  and  that  on  these  sacred 
days  all  the  birds  of  the  air  ceased  build- 
ing their  nests  except  the  cuckoo,  which 
was  therefore  doomed  to  wander  without 
having  a  nest  of  its  own. 

Cud'die  or  Cuyhbert  Headrigg. 
a  ploughman,  in  the  service  of  lady 
Bellenden  of  the  Tower  of  Tillietudlem. 
Sir  VV.  Scott:  Old  Mortality  (time, 
Charles  II.). 

Cuddy,  a  herdsman,  in  Spenser's 
Shepheardes  Calendar,  in  three  eclogues 
of  which  Cuddy  is  introduced — 

Eel.  ii.  is  a  dialogue  between  Thenot 
and  Cuddy,  in  which  Cuddy  is  a  lad 
who  complains  of  the  cold,  and  Thenot 
laments  the  degeneracy  of  pastoral  life. 
At  one  time  shepherds  and  herdsmen 
were  hardy,  frugal,  and  contented  ;  but 
nowadays,  he  says,  "  they  are  effeminate, 
luxurious,  and  ambitious."  He  then  tells 
Cuddy  the  fable  of  "The  Oak  and  the 
Bramble."    (See  Thenot.) 

Eel.  viii.  Cuddy  is  a  full-grown  man, 
appointed  umpire  to  decide  a  contention 
in  song  between  the  two  shepherds,  Willy 


and  Perigot.  He  pronounced  each  to  be 
worthy  of  the  prize,  and  then  sings  to 
them  the  ' '  Lament  of  Colin  for  Rosi- 
Und." 

Eel.  X.  is  between  Piers  and  Cuddy 
the  subject  being  ' '  divine  poetry' ' 
Cuddy  declares  no  poet  would  be  equ.L 
to  Colin  if  his  mind  were  not  unhappi!) 
unhinged  by  disappointed  love. — Spenser: 
The  Shepheardes  Calendar {i^jg). 

Cuddy,  a  shepherd,  who  boasts  that 
the  charms  of  his  Buxo'ma  far  exceed 
those  of   Blouzelinda.      Lobbin,   who  ; 
Blouzehnda's  swain,  repels  the  boast,  an 
the    two    shepherds    agree   to   sing    th 
praises  of  their  respective  shepherdesses, 
and  to  make  Clod'dipole  arbiter  of  their 
contention.     Cloddipole  hstens   to    their 
alternate  verses,  pronounces  that  "  both 
merit  an  oaken  staff; "  but,  says  he,  "  the 
herds  are  weary  of  the  songs,  and  so  am 
I." — Gay:  Pastoral,  i.  (1714). 

(These  eclogues  are  in  imitation  ol 
Virgil's  Bucolic  iii.) 

Cui  Bono ?  "Of  what  practical  use 
is  it  ?  "    (See  Cicero  :  Pro  Milone,  xii.  32. ) 

Cato,  that  great  and  grave  philosopher,  did  commonly 
demand,  when  any  new  project  was  propounded  unto 
him,  "Cui  bono?  '    What  good   would  ensue  in  ca  •■ 
the  same    were   effected?— i-"«//«r/-;   Worthies  ("'1; 
Design,  etc.,"  L).  _, 

Culdees  \i.e.  sequestered  persons  , 
the  primitive  clergy  of  presbyteriau 
character,  established  in  lo'na  or  Icolni- 
kill  \_I-colum.b-kill\  by  St.  Columb  and 
twelve  of  his  followers  in  563.  Thiy 
also  founded  similar  church  establisli- 
ments  at  Abernethy,  Dunkeld,  Kirk- 
caldy {Kirk-Culdee\,  etc.,  and  at  Lindes- 
farne,  in  England.  Some  say  as  many  as 
300  churches  were  founded  by  them, 
Augustine,  a  bishop  of  Waterford,  began 
against  them,  in  1176,  a  war  of  exter- 
mination ;  when  those  who  could  escape 
sought  refuge  in  lona,  the  original  cradle 
of  the  sect,  and  were  not  driven  thence 
till  1203. 

Peace  to  their  shades  1  the  pure  Culdees 
Were  Albyn's  [ScotlantC s'\  earliest  priests  of  God, 
Ere  yet  an  island  of  her  seas 
By  foot  of  Saxou  mouk  was  trod. 

Campbell:  Reullura. 

CuUocll  [Sawney),  a  pedlar,  — ,S/r  W. 
Scott:  Guy Mannering [iiiaQ,  George II.). 

Cumberland  ( John  o/).  "  The  devil 
and  John  of  Cumberland  "  is  a  blunder 
for  "The  devil  and  John-a-Cuniber." 
John-a-Cumber  was  a  famous  Scotch 
magician. 

He  poste  to  Scotland  for  brave  John-a-Cumbeii 
The  only  man  renownde  for  magick  skill. 
Oft  have  I  heard  he  once  beguylde  the  devill. 
Munday  :  jfoh}t-<t-Kent  and  yohn-a-Cutnber  159^ 


CUMBERLAND. 


CUPTDON. 


Ciimberland  {William  Augustus 
duke  of),  commander-in-chief  of  the  army 
of  George  II.,  whose  son  he  was.  The 
duke  was  especially  celebrated  for  his 
g  victory  of  CuUod'en  (1746);  but  he  was 
called  "The  Butcher"  from  the  great 
severity  with  which  he  stamped  out  the 
clan  system  of  the  Scottish  Highlanders. 
He  was  wounded  in  the  leg  at  the  battle 
of  Dettingen  (1743).  Sir  W.  Scott  has 
introduced  him  in  Waverley  (time, 
George  II.). 

Proud  Cumberland  prances,  InsiiWng'  the  slain. 
And  their  hoof-beaten  bosoms  are  trod  to  the  plain. 
Campbell :  LocheiCs  Warning. 

Cumberland  Poet  [The),  William 
Wordsworth,  born  at  Cockermouth  (1770- 

1850). 

Cniu'bria.  It  included  Cumberland, 
Dumbarton,  Renfrew,  Ayr,  Lanark, 
Peebles,  Selkirk,  Roxburgh,  and  Dum- 
fries. 

Ctuunor  Hall,  a  ballad  by  Mickle, 
the  lament  of  Amy  Robsart,  who  had 
been  won  and  thrown  away  by  the  earl 
of  Leicester.  She  says  if  roses  and  lilies 
grow  in  courts,  why  did  he  pluck  the 
primrose  of  the  field,  which  some  country 
swain  might  have  won  and  valued  ? 
Thus  sore  and  sad  the  lady  grieved 
in  Cumnor  Hall,  and  ere  dawn  the  death- 
bell  rang,  and  never  more  was  that 
countess  seen. 

(Sir  W.  Scott  took  this  for  the  ground- 
work of  his  Kenilworth,  which  he  called 
Cumnor  Hall,  but  Constable,  his  pub- 
lisher, requested  him  to  change  the 
name. ) 

Ctiueg'onde  {Ku\na.gonc[\,  the  mis- 
tress of  Candide  (2  syl.),  in  Voltaire's  novel 
called  Candide.  Sterne  spells  it  "  Cune- 
gund." 

Cun'ningfliam  {Archie),  one  of  the 
archers  of  the  Scotch  Guards  at  Plessis 
16s  Tours,  in  the  pay  of  Louis  XI. — Sir 
W.  Scott :  Quentin  Durward  (time,  Ed- 
ward IV.). 

Cn'no,  the  ranger,  father  of  Agatha. 
—  Weber:  Der  Freischiitz  (1822). 

Cunob'eline,  a  king  of  the  Sirur^s, 

rl  son  of  Tasciov'anus  and  father  of  Carac- 

j  tftcus.     Coins     still     exist     bearing    the 

I  name  of  "  Cunobeline,"   and   the  word 

"  Camalodunum  "  \Colchester\  the  capital 

of    his  kingdom.     The   Roman    general 

between    a.d.    43    and    47    was    Aulus 

Plautius,  but  in  47  Ostorius  Scaptila  took 

Caractacus  prisoner. 


Some  think  Cunobeline  is  Sliake«- 
speare's  "  Cymbeline,"  who  reigned  from 
B.C.  8  to  A.D.  27;  but  Cymbeline's  father 
was  Tenantius  or  Tenuantius,  his  sons 
Guide'rius  and  Arvir'agus,  and  the  Roman 
general  was  Caius  Lucius. 


Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  vlii.  (1612). 

Cunstance    or   Constance.     (See 

CUSTANCE,  p.  252.) 

Cupar  Justice,  hang  first,  and  try 
afterwards.  (Same  as  "  Jedbury  Jus- 
tice.") 

Cupid  and  Campaspe  (3  syl).  A 
song  of  Lyly  in  his  play  of  Alexanitr 
and  Campaspe  (1586), 

When  Cupid  and  Campaspe  played 
At  cards  for  kisses.  Cupid  paid. 

Lily. 

Cupid    and    Psyche    \Si'ky\    an 

episode  in  The  Golden  Ass  of  Apuleius 
(books  iv.,  v.,  vi,).  The  allegory  repre- 
sents Cupid  in  love  with  Psychfi.  He 
visited  her  every  evening,  and  left  at 
sunrise,  but  strictly  enjoined  her  not  to 
attempt  to  discover  who  he  was.  One 
night  curiosity  overcame  her  prudence, 
and  going  to  look  upon  her  lover  a  drop 
of  hot  oil  fell  on  his  shoulder,  awoke  him, 
and  he  fled.  Psych$  now  wandered  in 
search  of  the  lost  one,  but  was  jjersecuted 
by  Venus  with  relentless  cruelty.  Having 
suffered  almost  to  the  death,  Cupid  at 
length  married  her,  and  she  became  im- 
mortal. 

•.•  Woman's  ideal  of  love  must  not 
be  subjected  to  too  strong  a  light,  or  it 
will  flee  away,  and  the  woman  will  suffer 
long  years  of  torment.  At  length  truth 
will  correct  her  exaggerated  notions,  and 
love  will  reside  with  her  for  the  rest  of 
her  life. 

(This  exquisite  allegory  has  been  trans- 
lated into  English  verse  by  Lockman,  in 
1744  ;  by  Taylor,  in  1795  ;  by  H.  Gurney, 
in  1799.  Mrs.  Tighe  has  a  poem  on  the 
subject ;  Wm.  Morris  has  poetized  the 
same  in  his  Earthly  Paradise  ("  May")  ; 
Lafontaine  has  a  poem  called  Psychi,  in 
imitation  of  the  episode  of  Apuleius; 
and  Moliere  has  dramatized  the  subject.) 

Cupid's    Jack  -  o'  -  Lantern,    the 

object  of  an  affair  of  gallantry.  Bob 
Acres  says — 

"  Sir,   I  have  followed  Cupid's  Jack-o'-lantem,  and 
id  myself  in  a  q  '  ..-----  - 

Rivals,  iii.  4  (1775), 


find  myself  in  a  quagmire  at  \asx." —Sheridan  :'  Tin 


Cu'pidon    {Jeune).     Count    d'Orsay 
was  so  called  by  lord  Byron  (1798-1852). 


CURAN. 

The  count's  father  was  styled  Le  Btau 
d' Or  say. 

Cur'an,  a  courtier  in  Shakespeare's 
tragedy  of  King  Lear  (1605). 

Cure  de  Meudon,  Rabelais,  who 
was  first  a  monk,  then  a  leech,  then 
prebendary  of  St.  Maur,  and  last  cur^ 
of  Meudon  {1483-1553). 

Cure    for    the    Heart-ache,     a 

comedy  by  Thomas  Morton  (1811). 
Noted  for  the  line,  "Approbation  from 
sir  Hubert  Stanley  is  praise  indeed." — 
Act  V.  2. 

Cu'rio,  a  gentleman  attending  on  the 
duke  of  Illyria. — Shakespeare:  Twelfth 
Night  {xSxA,). 

Curio.  So  Akenside  calls  Mr.  Pul- 
teney,  and  styles  him  "the  betrayer  of 
his  country,"  alluding  to  the  great  states- 
man's change  of  politics.  Curio  was  a 
young  Roman  senator,  at  one  time  the 
avowed  enemy  of  Caesar ;  but  subsequently 
of  Caesar's  party,  and  one  of  the  victims 
of  the  civil  war. 

Is  this  the  man  In  freedom's  cause  approved, 
The  man  so  great,  so  honoured,  so  beloved  .  ,  . 
This  Curio,  hated  now  and  scorned  by  all. 
Who  fell  himself  to  work  his  country's  fall  ! 

Akenside:  Epistle  to  Curio. 

Curious  Impertinent  {The),  a 
tale  introduced  by  Cervantes  in  his  Don 
Quixote.  The  "  impertinent "  is  an 
Italian  gentleman  who  is  silly  enough 
to  make  trial  of  his  wife's  fidelity  by 
persuading  a  friend  to  storm  it  if  he 
could.  Of  course  his  friend  "takes  the 
fort,"  and  the  fool  is  left  to  bewail  his 
own  folly. — Pt.  I.  iv.  5  {i5o5). 

Currer  Bell,  the  pen-name  of 
Charlotte  Bronte,  author  of  Jane  Eyre 
[Air]  (1816-1855). 

Curtain  Lectures.  (See  Caudle, 
p.  189.) 

Curtain  Painted.  Parrhasius 
painted  a  curtain  so  wonderfully  well 
that  even  Zeuxis,  the  rival  artist,  thought 
it  was  real,  and  bade  him  draw  his 
drapery  aside  and  show  his  picture. 
The  painting  of  Zeuxis  was  a  bunch  of 
grapes  so  true  to  nature  that  the  birds 
came  to  peck  at  the  fruit.  The  "cur- 
tain," however,  gained  the  prize;  for 
though  the  grapes  deceived  the  birds, 
the  curtain  deceived  Zeuxis. 

A  curious  mistake  occurred  in  my  own  house.  I  had 
»ew  scarlet  curtains  hung  in  the  drawing-room,  and  a 
lady  calling  said  to  me,  "Why,  doctor,  do  you  have 
painted  curtains,  and  not  real  ones?  " 

Cuxta'na,  the  sword  of  Edward  the 


•53 


CUSTANCE. 


Confessor,  which  had  no  point,  and  was 
therefore  the  emblem  of  mercy.  Till  the 
reign  of  Henry  III.  the  royal  sword  of 
England  was  so  called. 

But  when  Curtana  will  not  do  the  deed. 
You  lay  the  pointless  clergy-weapon  by. 
And  to  the  laws,  your  sword  of  justice,  fly, 
Dryden  :  The  Hind  and  the  Panther,  ii.  (1687). 

Curta'na  or  Courtain,  the  sword 
of  Ogier  the  Dane. 

He  iO^ierl  drew  Courtain  his  sword  out  of  its  sheath. 
IV.  Morris  :  Earthly  Paradise,  634. 

Curt-Hose  (2  syl.),  Robert  II.  due 
de  Normandie  (1087-1134). 

Cujrt-Mantle,  Henry  II.  of  Eng- 
land (1133,  1 1 54-1189).  So  called  be- 
cause he  wore  the  Anjou  mantle,  which 
was  shorter  than  the  robe  worn  by  his 
predecessors. 

Curtis,  one  of  Petruchio's  servants. 
— Shakespeare:  Taming  of  the  Shrew 
(1594)- 

Curtise,  the  hound  in  the  beast-epic 
of  Reynard  the  Fox,  by  Heinrich  von 
Alkmaar  (1498). 

Cur'zon  Street  (London).  So  named 
after  the  ground-landlord,  George  Au- 
gustus Curzon,  third  viscount  Howe. 

Cushla  Machree  (Irish),  "  My 
heart's  delight." 

Custance,  daughter  of  the  emperor 
of  Rome,  affianced  to  the  sultan  of  Syria, 
who  abjured  his  faith  and  consented  to 
be  baptized  in  order  to  marry  her.  His 
mother  hated  this  apostasy,  and  at  the 
wedding  breakfast  slew  all  the  apostates 
except  the  bride.  Her  she  embarked  in  a 
ship,  which  was  set  adrift,  and  in  due 
time  reached  the  British  shores.  Here 
Custance  was  rescued  by  the  lord-con- 
stable of  Northumberland,  who  took  her 
home,  and  placed  her  under  the  care  of 
his  wife  Hermegild.  Custance  converted 
both  the  constable  and  his  wife.  A 
young  knight  wished  to  marry  her,  but 
she  declined  his  suit ;  whereupon  he 
murdered  Hermegild,  and  then  laid  the 
bloody  knife  beside  Custance,  to  make  her 
suspected  of  the  crime.  King  Alia  ex- 
amined the  case,  and  soon  discovered  the 
real  facts ;  whereupon  the  knight  was  exe- 
cuted, and  the  king  married  Custance. 
The  queen-mother  highly  disapproved  of 
the  match  ;  and,  during  the  absence  of  her 
son  in  Scotland,  embarked  Custance  and 
her  infant  boy  in  a  ship,  which  was 
turned  adrift.  After  floating  about  for 
five  years,  it  was  taken  in  tow  by  a 
Roman  fleet  on  its  return  from  Syria,  and 
Custance  with  her  son  Maurice  became 


CUSTANCE. 

Che  giiests  of  a  Roman  senator.  It  so 
happeued  that  Alia  at  this  same  time  was 
at  Rome  on  a  pilgrimage,  and  encountered 
.is  wife,  who  returned  with  him  to 
Xorthumberland,  and  lived  in  peace  and 
!\ppiness  the  rest  of  her  \\^&.  — Chaucer : 
anterbury  Tales  ("The  Man  of  Law's 
lale,"  1388). 

distance,  a  gay  rich  widow,  whom 
Ralph  Roister  Doister  wishes  to  marry 
but  he  is  wholly  baffled  in  his  scheme. — 
.V.  Udall:  Ralph  Roister  Doister  (first 
English  comedy,  1534). 

Cute  (^Alderman),  a  "practical  philo- 
sopher," resolved  to  put  down  everything. 
In  his  opinion  "everything  must  be  put 
down."  Starvation  must  be  put  down, 
and  so  must  suicide,  sick  mothers,  babies, 
and  poverty.  —  Dickens  :  The  Chimes 
(1844). 

• .  •  Said  to  be  meant  for  sir  Peter 
Laurie. 

Cuthal,  same  as  Uthal,  one  of  the 
Orkneys. 

Cntlibert  {St\  a  Scotch  monk  of  the 
sixth  century. 

St.  Cuthbert's  Beads,  joints  of  the 
articulated  stems  of  encrinites,  used  for 
rosaries.  So  called  from  the  legend  that 
St.  Cuthbert  sits  at  night  on  the  rock  in 
Holy  Island,  forging  these  "beads." 
The  opposite  rock  serves  him  for  anvil. 

On  a  rock  of  Lindisfam 
St.  Cuthbert  sits,  and  toils  to  frame 


aS3 


CUTTLE. 


The  sea-1 


.  beads  that  bear  his  name. 
Sir  W.  Scott :  Martnion  \ 


St.  Cuthbert's  Stane,  a  granite  rock  in 
Cumberland. 

St.  Cuthbert s  Well,  a  spring  of  water 
close  by  St.  Cuthbert's  Stane. 

CutHbert  Bede,  the  Rev.  Edw. 
Bradley,  author  of  Verdant  Green  {1857). 
(Bom  1827,  died  1889.) 

Cutho'zia,  daughter  of  Rumar,  was 
betrothed  to  Conlath,  youngest  son  of 
Morni,  of  Mora.  Not  long  before  the 
espousals  were  to  be  celebrated,  Toscar 
came  from  Ireland,  and  was  hospitably 
entertained  by  Morni.  On  the  fourth  day, 
he  saw  Cuthona  out  hunting,  and  carried 
her  off  by  force.  Being  pursued  by 
Conlath,  a  fight  ensued,  in  which  both 
the  young  men  fell ;  and  Cuthona,  after 
languishing  for  three  days,  died  aJso. — 
Ossian  :  Conlath  and  Cuthona. 

CtitliTillin,  son  of  Semo,  commander 
of  the  Irish  army,  and  regent  during  the 
minority    of    Cormac       His    wife    was 


Brag'ela,  daughter  of  Sorglan.  Tn  the 
poem  called  Fingal,  Cuthullin  was  de- 
feated by  Swaran  king  of  Lochlin 
\Scandinavia\  and  being  ashamed  to 
meet  Fingal,  retired  from  the  field  gloomy 
and  sad.  Fingal,  having  utterly  defeated 
Swaran,  invited  Cuthullin  to  the  ban- 
quet, and  partially  restored  his  depressed 
spirits.  In  the  third  year  of  Cormac's 
reign,  Torlath,  son  of  Can'tela,  rebelled. 
Cuthullin  gained  a  complete  victory  over 
him  at  the  lake  Lego,  but  was  mortally 
wounded  in  the  pursuit  by  a  random 
arrow.  Cuthullin  was  succeeded  by 
Nathos;  but  the  young  king  was  soon 
dethroned  by  the  rebel  Cairbar,  and 
murdered. — Ossian :  Fingal  and  The 
Death  of  Cuthullin. 

Cutler  {Sir  John),  a  royalist,  who 
died  1699,  reduced  to  the  utmost  poverty. 

Cutler  saw  tenants  break,  and  houses  fall. 

For  very  want  he  could  not  build  a  walL 

His  only  daughter  in  a  stranger's  power. 

For  very  want  he  could  not  pay  a  dower. 

A  few  grey  hairs  his  reverend  temples  crowned, 

'Twas  very  waiit  that  sold  them  for  two  pound.  .  ,  . 

Cutler  and  Brutus,  dying,  both  exclaim, 

"Virtue  and  Wealth,  what  are  ye  but  a  name!" 

Pope  :  Moral  Essays,  iii.  (1709). 

C-atpnrse  (Moll),  Mary  Frith,  the 
heroine  of  Middleton's  comedy  called  The 
Roaring  Girl  (1611),  She  was  a  woman 
of  masculine  vigour,  who  not  unfre- 
quently  assumed  man's  attire.  This 
notorious  cut-purse  once  attacked  general 
Fairfax  on  Hounslow  Heath,  but  was 
arrested  and  sent  to  Newgate.  She  es- 
caped, however,  by  bribing  the  turnkey, 
and  died  of  dropsy  at  the  age  of  75. 
Nathaniel  Field  introduces  her  in  his 
drama  called  Amends  for  Ladies  (i6i8). 

Cuttle  {Captain  Edward),  a  great 
friend  of  Solomon  Gills,  ship's  instru- 
ment maker.  Captain  Cuttle  had  been  a 
skipper,  had  a  hook  instead  of  a  right 
hand,  and  always  wore  a  very  hard 
glazed  hat.  He  was  in  the  habit  of 
quoting,  and  desiring  those  to  whom  he 
spoke  "  to  overhaul  the  catechism  till 
they  found  it;  "  but,  he  added,  "when 
found,  make  a  note  of."  The  kind- 
hearted  seaman  was  very  fond  of 
Florence  Dombey,  and  of  Walter  Gay, 
whom  he  called  "  VVal'r."  When  Flo- 
rence left  her  father's  roof,  captain  Cuttle 
sheltered  her  at  the  Wooden  Midship- 
man. One  of  his  favourite  sentiments 
was  "  May  we  never  want  a  friend,  or  a 
bottle  to  give  him  1 " — Dickens:  Dombey 
and  Son  (1846). 

("  When  found,  make  a  note  of"  is  the 
motto  of  Notes  and  Queries.^ 


CYANEAN  ROCKS. 

Cyan'ean  Rocks,  the  Symple'gadSs 
(which  see),  so  called  from  their  deep 
greenish-blue  colour. 

Here  are  those  hard  rocks  of  trap  of  a  greenlsh-bluo 
coloured  with  copper,  and  hence  called  the  Cyaaean. 
—Olivier. 

Cyc'lades  (3  jy/.),some  twenty  islands, 
so  called  from  the  classic  legend  that  they 
circled  round  Delos  when  that  island  was 
rendered  stationary  by  the  birth  of  Diana 
and  Apollo. 

Cyclic  Poets,  a  series  of  epic  poets, 
who  wrote  continuations  or  additions  to 
Homer's  Iliad  and  Odyssey ;  they  were 
called  "Cylic"  because  they  confined 
themselves  to  the  cycle  of  the  Trojan  war. 

Ag'ias  wrote  an  epic  on  "  the  return  of 
the  Greeks  from  Troy"  (B.C.  740). 

Arcti'nos  wrote  a  continuation  of  the 
Iliad,  describing  the  taking  of  Troy  by 
the  ".Wooden  Horse,"  and  its  conflagra- 
tion. Virgil  has  copied  from  this  poet 
(B.C.  776). 

Eu  GAMON  wrote  a  continuation  of  the 
Odyssey.  It  contains  the  adventures  of 
Teleg'onos  in  search  of  his  father  Ulysses. 
When  he  reached  Ith'aca,  Ulysses  and 
Telemachos  went  against  him,  and  Tele- 
gonos  killed  Ulysses  with  a  spear  which 
his  mother  Circ^  had  given  him  (b.c.  568), 

Les'ches,  author  of  Little  Iliad,  in 
four  books,  containing  the  fate  of  Ajax, 
the  exploits  of  Philoctetes,  Neoptol'emos, 
and  Ulysses,  and  the  final  capture  of  Troy 
(B.C.  708). 

Stasi'nos,  "son-in-law"  of  Homer. 
He  wrote  an  introduction  to  the  Iliad. 

Cyclops.  Their  names  are  Brontes, 
Sterdp^s,  and  ArgSs.  (See  Sinbad, 
voy.  3.) 

Cyclops  {The  Holy).  So  Dryden,  in 
the  Masque  of  Albion  and  Albanius,  calls 
Richard  Rumbold,  an  Englishman,  the 
chief  conspirator  in  the  "  Ryehouse  Plot." 
He  had  lost  one  eye,  and  was  executed. 

Cydip'po  (3  syl. ),  a  lady  courted  by 
Acontius  of  Cea.  Being  unable  to  obtain 
her,  Acontius  wrote  on  an  apple,  "I 
swear  by  Diana  that  Acontius  shall  be 
my  husband."  This  apple  was  presented 
to  the  maiden,  and  being  persuaded  that 
she  had  written  the  words,  though  inad- 
vertently, she  consented  to  marry  Acon- 
tius for  "the  oath's  sake." 

Cydippe  by  a  letter  was  betrayed. 
Writ  on  an  apple  to  th'  unwary  maid. 

Ovid :  Art  0/ Love,  L 

Cyllaros,  the  horse  of  Pollux  ac- 
cording to  Virgil  ((7<r<7r^?Viii.  90);  but  of 
Castor  according  to  Ovid  (Metamorphoses 


254 


CYN.EGIROS. 


xii.  4o3).     It  was  coal-black,  with  white 
legs  and  tail 

Cylle'nius,  Mercury ;  so  called  from 
mount  CyllenS,  in  Arcadia,  where  he  was 
born. 

CymTieline  (3  syl),  mythical  king 
of  Britain  for  thirty-five  years.  He 
began  to  reign  in  the  nineteenth  year  of 
Augustus  Caesar.  His  father  was  Tenan- 
tius,  who  refused  to  pay  the  tribute  to 
the  Romans  exacted  of  Cassibelan  after 
his  defeat  by  Julius  Cassar.  Cymbeline 
married  twice.  By  his  first  wife  he  had  a 
daughter  named  Imogen,  who  married 
Poslhumus  Leonatus.  His  second  wife 
had  a  son  named  Cloten  by  a  former 
husband.  —Shakespeare:  Cymbeline  (1609). 

Cymochles  [Si-mSk'-leeg],  brother 
of  Pyroch'l^s,  son  of  Acratgs.  and  hus- 
band of  Acras'ia  the  enchantress.  He 
sets  out  against  sir  Guyon,  but  being 
ferried  over  Idle  Lake,  abandons  himself 
to  self-indulgence,  and  is  slain  by  king 
Arthur  (canto  Z).— Spenser  :  Faerie 
Queene,  ii.  5,  etc.  (1590). 

Cymod'oce  (4  syl).  The  mother  of 
Mar'inel  is  so  called  in  bk.  iv.  12  of  the 
Faerie  Queene,  but  in  bk.  iii.  4  she  is 
spoken  of  as  Cymo'ent  "daughter  of 
Nereus  "  (2  syl. )  by  an  earth-born  father, 
"  the  famous  Dumarin." 

The  Garden  of  Cymodoce,  Sark.  Swin- 
burne, in  1881,  published  a  poem  bearing 
this  title. 

Cymoent.    (See  Cymodoce.) 
Cym'ry,  the  Welsh. 

The  Welsh  always  called  themselves  "Cymry,"th« 
literal  meaning-  of  wiiich  is  "aborigines."  ...  It  is  the 
same  word  as  "  Cimbri."  .  .  .  They  call  their  language 
'■  Cymraeg,"  i.t. "  the  primitive  tongue. "—E.  H-'illiams. 

Cynsegfi'ros,  brother  of  the  poet 
yEschylos.  When  the  Persians,  after  the 
battle  of  Marathon,  were  pushing  oflf 
from  shore,  Cynasgiros  seized  one  of 
their  ships  with  his  right  hand;  which 
being  lopped  off,  he  grasped  it  with  his 
left  hand;  this  being  cut  off,  he  seized  it 
with  his  teeth,  and  lost  his  life. 

T  Admiral  Benbow,  in  an  engage- 
ment with  the  French,  near  St.  Martha, 
in  1701.  had  his  legs  and  thighs  shivered 
into  splinters  by  chain-shot ;  but  (sup- 
ported on  a  wooden  frame)  he  remained 
on  deck  till  Du  Casse  sheered  off. 

IT  Almeyda,  the  Portuguese  governor 
of  India,  had  his  legs  and  thighs  shattered 
in  a  similar  way,  and  caused  himself  to  be 
bound  to  the  ship's  mast,  that  he  o'igbt 


CYNETH.\. 

wave  his  sword  to  cheer  on  the  com- 
batants. 

IT  JAAFER,  at  the  battle  of  Muta,  car- 
ried the  sacred  banner  of  the  prophet. 
One  hand  being  lopped  off,  he  held  it 
with  the  other  ;  this  also  being  cut  off,  he 
held  it  with  his  two  stumps,  and  when  at 
last  his  head  was  cut  off,  he  contrived  to 
fall  dead  on  the  banner,  wliich  was  thus 
detained  till  Abdallah  had  time  to  rescue 
it  and  hand  it  to  K  haled. 

Cyne'tha  (3  sy/.),  eldest  son  of  Cad- 
wallon  (king  of  North  Wales).  He  was 
an  orphan,  brought  up  by  his  uncle  Owen. 
During  his  minority,  Owen  and  Cyngiha 
loved  each  other  dearly;  but  when  the 
orphan  came  of  age  and  claimed  his  in- 
heritance, his  uncle  burnt  his  eyes  out  by 
exposing  them  to  plates  of  hot  brass. 
Cynetha  and  his  son  Cadwallon  accom- 
panied Madoc  to  North  America,  where 
the  blind  old  man  died,  while  Madoc  was 
in  Wales  preparing  for  his  second  voyage. 
— Southey  :  Madoc,  i.  3  (1805). 

Cadwallonis  erat  primaevus  jure  Cynetha : 
Proh  pudor  t  hunc  oculis  patruus  privavit  Oenus. 
The  Pcntarckia. 

Cynic  Tub  {The),  Diog'enSs,  who 
lived  in  a  tub,  and  was  a  cynic  philo- 
sopher. 

\They\  fetch  their  doctrines  from  the  Cynic  tub. 
MiUon  :  Cotnits,  70S  (1634). 

Cynisca,  wife  of  Pygmalion,  very 
beautiful,  and  his  model  in  statuary,— 
Gilbert :  Pygmalion  and  Galatea  (1871), 

Cy'nosure  (3  syl.),  the  pole-star. 
The  word  means  "  the  dog's  tail,"  and  is 
used  to  signify  a  guiding  genius,  or  the 
observed  of  all  observers.  Cynosu'ra  was 
an  Idaean  nymph,  one  of  the  nuises  of 
Zeus  (i  syl. ). 

Some  gentle  taper, 
Th«'  a  rush  candle,  from  the  wicker  hole 
Of  some  clay  habitation,  visit  us 
With  thy  long  levelled  rule  of  streaming  light. 
And  thou  shalt  be  our  star  of  Arcady, 
Or  Tyrian  cynosure. 

Milton  :  Cotnus  (1634). 
Where  perhaps  some  beauty  lies. 
The  cynosure  of  neighbouring  eyes. 

AJUlon  :  L'Alleero. 

Cyn'tliia,  the  moon  or  Diana,  who 
was  born  on  mount  Cynthus,  in  Delos. 
Apollo  is  called  "  Cynthius." 

.  .  .  watching,  in  the  night. 
Beneath  pale  Cynthia's  melancholy  li§:ht. 

Falconet  :  The  Shipwreck,  iiu  3  (1756). 

C3m'thia.  So  Spenser,  in  Colin 
Clout's  Come  Home  Again,  calls  queen 
Elizabeth,  "whose  angel's  eye"  was  his 
hfe's  sole  bhss,  his  heart's  eternal  treasure. 
Ph.  Fletcher,  in  The  Purple  Island,  iii., 
also  calls  queen  Elizabeth  "  Cynthia." 


as5  CYTHNA. 

Her  words  were  like  a  stream  of  honey  fleeting  .  .  . 
Her  deeds  were  like  great  clusters  of  ripe  grap««  .  .  , 
Her  looks  were  like  beams  of  the  morning  sun 
Forth  looking  thro'  the  windows  of  the  cist  .  .  . 
Her  thoughts  were  like  the  fumes  of  frankincense 
Which  from  a  golden  censer  forth  doth  rise. 
Spenser:  Colin  Clouts  Come  Home  A^ain  (1591). 

Cynthia,  daughter  of  sir  Paul  Pliant, 
the  daughter-in-law  of  lady  Phant.  She 
is  in  love  with  Melle'font  (2  syl.).  Sir 
Paul  calls  her  "Thy." — Congreve:  Thd 
Double  Dealer  (1694), 

Cyp'rian    {A),    a    woman   of  loose 

morals  ;  so  called  from  the  island  Cyprus, 
a  chief  seat  of  the  worship  of  Venus  or 
Cyp'ria. 

Cyp'rian  [Brother),  a  Dominican 
monk  at  the  monastery  of  Holyrood. — 
Sir  VV.  Scott:  Fair  Maid  of  Perth  iiimQ, 
Henry  IV.). 

Cyrena'ic  Shell  (The),  the  lyre  or 
strain  of  CaUim'achos,  a  Greek  poet  of 
Alexandria,  in  Egypt.  Six  of  his  hymns 
in  hexameter  verse  are  still  extant. 

For  you  the  Cyrenaic  shell 
Behold  I  touch  revering. 

Akenside  :  Hymn  to  the  Naiads. 

Cyr'ic  (St.),  the  saint  to  whom  sailors 
address  themselves.  The  St.  Elmo  of  the 
Welsh. 

The  weary  mariners 
Called  on  St.  Cyric's  aid. 

Southey  ;  Madoc,  L  4  (1805). 

Cyrus  and  Tom'yris.  Cyrus, 
after  subduing  the  eastern  parts  of  Asia, 
was  defeated  by  Tomyris  queen  of  the 
Massage'tas,  in  Scythia.  Tomyris  cut  off 
his  head,  and  threw  it  into  a  vessel  filled 
with  human  blood,  saying,  as  she  did  so, 
"There,  drink  thy  fill."  Dante  refers  to 
this  incident  in  his  Purgatory,  xii. 

Consyder  Cyrus  .  .  . 

He  whose  huge  power  no  man  might  overthrows. 

Toniy'ris  queen  with  great  despite  hath  slowe. 

His  head  dismembered  from  his  mangled  corps, 

Herself  she  cast  into  a  vessel  fraught 

With  clotted  blood  of  them  that  felt  her  force. 

And  with  these  words  a  just  reward  she  taught— 

"  Dryuke  now  thy  fyll  of  thy  desired  draught." 

SacAville  :  A  Mirrour/or  Magistraytes 
("  The  Complaynt,"  1587). 

Cjrthere'a,  Venus ;  so  called  i^rom 
Cythe'ra  (now  Cerigo),  a  mountainous 
island  of  Laco'nia,  noted  for  the  worship 
of  Aphrodite  (or  Venus).  The  tale  is 
that  Venus  and  Mars,  having  formed  an 
illicit  affection  for  each  other,  were 
caught  in  a  delicate  net  made  by  Vulcan, 
and  exposed  to  the  ridicule  of  the  court 
of  Olympus. 

He  the  fate  {may  sin^] 
Of  naked  Mars  with  Cytherea  chained. 

Akenside  :  Hymn  to  the  Naiads. 

Cytiina.     (See  Revolt  of  Islam.) 


CYZENIS. 


2:;6 


DALGARNO. 


Cyze'nis,  the  infamous  daughter  of 
Dionied,  who  killed  every  one  that  fell 
into  her  clutches  ;  and  compelled  fathers 
to  eat  their  own  children. 

Czar  (Cassar),  a  title  first  assumed  in 
Russia  by  Ivan  III.,  who,  in  1472,  mar- 
ried a  princess  of  the  imperial  Byzantine 
line.  He  also  introduced  the  double- 
headed  black  eagle  of  Byzantium  as  the 
national  symbol.  The  official  style  of 
the  Russian  autocrat  is  Samoderjetz. 


Dactyle  {Will).  "That  smallest  of 
pedants." — Steele:  The  Taller. 

D'Acunha  {Teresa),  waiting- woman 
to  the  countess  of  Glenallan. — Sir  IV. 
Scott:  Antiquary  {iirae,  George  III.). 

Daffodil.  When  Perseph'on^,  the 
daughter  of  Deme'ter  (3  syl.),  was  a  little 
maiden,  she  wandered  about  the  meadows 
of  Enna,  in  Sicily,  to  gather  white  daffo- 
dils to  wreathe  into  her  hair ;  and  being 
tired,  she  fell  asleep.  Pluto,  the  god  of 
the  infernal  regions,  carried  her  off  to  be- 
come his  wife,  and  his  touch  turned  the 
white  flowers  to  a  golden  yellow.  Some 
remained  in  her  tresses  till  she  reached 
the  meadows  of  Achgron  ;  and  falling  off 
there  grew  into  the  asphodel,  with  which 
the  meadows  thenceforth  abounded. 

She  stepped  upon  Sicilian  grass, 
Demeter's  daughter,  fresh  and  fair, 

A  child  of  light,  a  radiant  lass. 
And  gamesome  as  the  morning  air. 

The  daffodils  were  fair  to  see, 

They  nodded  lightly  on  the  lea; 
PersephonS  1  PersephonS  I 

yean  Ingelow  :  Persephone. 

Dagfon,  sixth  in  order  of  the  hierarchy 
of  hell:  (i)  Satan,  (2)  Beelzebub,  (3' 
Moloch,  (4)  Chemos,  (5)  Thammuz,  (6 
Dagon.  Dagon  was  half  man  and  hal 
fish.  He  was  worshipped  in  Ashdod 
Gath,  Ascalon,  Ekron,  and  Gaza  (the  five 
chief  cities  of  the  Philistines).  When 
the  "  ark "  was  placed  in  his  temple, 
Dagon  fell,  and  the  palms  of  his  hands 
were  broken  off.     (See  Derceto.) 

Next  came  .  .  . 
Dagon  .  .  .  sea-monster,  upward  man 
And  downward  fish. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  L  457,  etc  (1665). 

Dagf'onet  {Sir),  king  Arthur's  fool. 
One  day  sir  Dagonet,  with  two  squires, 
came  to  Cornwall,  and  as  they  drew  near 


a  well  sir  Tristram  soused  them  all  three 
in  ;  and  dripping  wet  made  them  mount 
their  horses  and  ride  off,  amid  the  jeers 
of  the  spectators  (pt.  ii.  60).  Introduced 
by  Tennyson  in  his  Idylls  ("The  Last 
Tournament "). 

King  Arthur  loved  sir  Dagonet  passing  well,  and 
made  him  knight  with  his  own  hands ;  and  at  every 
tournament  he  made  king  Arthur  laugh.— 5i>  T. 
Malory  :  History  o/ Prince  Arthur,  U.  97  (1470). 

(Justice  Shallow  brags  that  he  once 
personated  sir  Dagonet,  while  he  was  a 
student  at  Clement's  Inn.— Shakespeare : 
2  Henry  IV.  act  ii.  sc.  2,  1598.) 

'.•Tennyson  deviates  in  this,  as  he 
does  in  so  many  other  instances,  from  the 
old  romance.  The  History  says  that 
king  Arthur  made  Dagonet  knight  "with 
his  own  hands,"  because  he  "loved  him 
passing  well ; "  but  Tennyson  says  that 
sir  Gawain  made  him  "a  mock-knight  of 
the  Round  Table."— Z^  Last  Tourna- 
ment, I. 

Dagfonet  is  also  a  pen-name  of  Mr. 
G.  R.  Sims. 

Daily  News  ( The),  a  London  news- 
paper ;  first  appeared  on  lanuary  21. 
1846. 

Daily  Telegrraph  ( The),  a  London 
newspaper ;  first  appeared  on  June  29, 
1855.  ^ 

Daisy  (Solomon),  one  of  the  "  quad- 
rilateral" in  Dickens's  novel  of  Barnaby 
Rudge.  The  other  three  are  Tom  Cobb, 
Phil  Parkes,  and  Matt,  senior. 

Dal'dah,  Mahomet's  favourite  white 
mule. 

Dale  {Parson),  a  clergyman  in  My 
Novel,  by  Lord  Lytton.  Not  unlike  Gold- 
smith's parson  in  the  Deserted  Village,  or 
George  Herbert. 

Dalga,  a  Lombard  harlot,  who  tries  to 
seduce  young  Goltho,  but  Goltho  is  saved 
by  his  friend  Ulfinore. — Davenant:  Gon- 
dibert  (died  1668). 

Dalgfarno  {Lord  Malcolm  of),  a  pro- 
fligate young  nobleman,  son  of  the  earl 
of  Huntinglen  (an  old  Scotch  noble 
family).  Nigel  strikes  Dalgarno  with 
his  sword,  and  is  obliged  to  seek  refuge 
in"Alsatia."  Lord  Dalgarno's  villainy 
to  the  lady  Hermionfi  excites  the  displea- 
sure of  king  James,  and  he  would  have 
been  banished  if  he  had  not  married  her. 
After  this,  lord  Dalgarno  carries  off  the 
wife  of  John  Christie,  the  ship-owner, 
and  is  shot  by  captain  Colepepper,  the 
Alsatian  bully.— .S?>  W.  Scott :  Fortunes 
0/ Nigel  {time,  James  L). 


DALGETTY. 


257 


DAMOCLES. 


Dalg'etty  (Dugald),  of  Dium- 
thwacket,  the  union  of  the  soldado  with 
the  pedantic  student  of  Mareschal  College. 
As  a  soldier  of  fortune,  he  is  retained  in 
the  service  of  the  earl  of  Monteith.  The 
marquis  of  Argyll  (leader  of  the  parlia- 
mentary army)  tried  to  tamper  with  him 
In  prison,  but  Dugald  seized  him,  threw 
him  down,  and  then  made  his  escape; 
locking  the  marquis  in  the  dungeon. 
After  the  battle,  captain  Dalgetty  was 
knighted.  This  "  Rittmaster  "  is  a  pe- 
dant, very  conceited,  full  of  vulgar 
assurance,  with  a  good  stock  of  worldly 
knowledge,  a  student  of  divinity,  and  a 
soldier  who  lets  his  sword  out  to  the 
highest  bidder.  The  character  is  original 
and  well  drawn. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Legend 
0/ Montrose  (time,  Charles  I.). 

It  was  an  old  fortalice,  but  is  now  reduced  to  the 
dimensions  of  a  "  sconce  "  that  would  have  delighted 
the  strategic  soul  of  Dugald  Dalgetty,  of  Drum- 
thwacket.— Kb<^*;  Celebrities,  etc.,  45. 

*.'  The  original  of  this  character  was 
Munro,  who  wrote  an  account  of  the 
campaigns  of  that  band  of  Scotch  and 
English  auxiliaries  in  the  island  of 
Swinemiinde,  in  1630.  Munro  was  him- 
self one  of  the  band.  Dugald  Dalgetty  is 
one  of  the  best  of  Scott's  characters. 

Dalton  {Mrs.),  housekeeper  to  the 
Rev.  Mr.  Staunton,  of  Willingham  Rec- 
tory.—-5/r  W.  Scott:  Heart  of  Midlothian 
(time,  George  II.). 

Dalton  (Reginald),  the  hero  of  a 
novel  so  called,  by  J.  G.  Lockhart  (1832). 
The  heroine  is  Helen  Hesketh. 

Dalzell  [General  Thomas),  in  the 
royal  army  of  Charles  II. — Sir  W. 
Scott :  Old  Mortality  (i8i6). 

Damascus  of  the  North.  Bosna- 
Serai,  capital  of  Bosnia,  is  so  called  from 
its  garden-like  aspect,  trees  being  every- 
where mingled  with  the  houses. 

Dame  du  Lac,  Vivienne  le  Fay. 
The  lake  was  "en  la  marche  de  la  petite 
Bretaigne;"  "en  ce  lieu  .  .  .  avoit  la 
dame  moult  de  belles  maisons  et  moult 
riches." 

Dame  dn  Lac,  Sebille  (2  syl. ).  Her 
castle  was  surrounded  by  a  river  on  which 
rested  so  thick  a  fog  that  no  eye  could 
see  across  it.  Alexander  the  Great 
abode  a  fortnight  with  this  fay,  to  be 
cured  of  his  wounds,  and  king  Arthur  was 
the  result  of  their  amour.  (This  is  not  in 
accordance  with  the  general  legends  of 
this  noted  hero.  See  Arthl'R,  p.  64.)— 
Perce/orest,  i.  42. 


Dam.'iau,  a  squire  attending  on  the 
Grand -Master  of  the  Knights  Templars. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Damiens  (Robert  Franfois)  in  1757 
attempted  to  assassinate  Louis  XV.,  and 
was  torn  to  pieces  by  wild  horses.  He 
was  first  fastened  to  a  scaffold  with  iron 
gyves,  while  his  flesh  was  torn  oflf  by 
pincers  (for  one  hour  and  a  half).  He 
was  also  tortured  by  molten  lead.  Two 
of  the  closing  lines  of  Goldsmith's 
Traveller  are — 

The  uplifted  axe,  the  agonizing  wheel, 
Luke's  iron  crown,  and  Damiens'  bed  of  steel. 

(1765-) 

(Damiens  was  born  in  1715,  in  a  village 
in  Artois.  His  sobriquet  was  Robert  le 
Diable.    See  Iron  Crown.) 


Being  conducted  to  the  concierecrie,  an  iron  bed 
(which  likewise  served  for  a  chair)  was  prepared  for 
him,  and  to  this  he  was  fastened  with  chains.  The 
torture  was  again  applied,  and  a  physician  was  ordered 
to  attend  to  see  what  degree  of  pain  he  could  support. 
SmclUtt:  History  of  England,  voL  v.  chap,  ziu  p.  39 
(181 1). 

Damiot'ti  (Dr.  Baptisti),  a  Paduan 
quack,  who  exhibits  "  the  enchanted 
mirror"  to  lady  Forester  and  lady  Both- 
well.  They  see  therein  the  clandestine 
marriage  and  infidelity  of  sir  Philip 
Forester. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Aunt  Mar- 
garet's Mirror  (time,  William  III.). 

Damis  [^Ddh-me\  son  of  Orgon  and 

Elmire    (2    syl.),    impetuous    and    self- 
willed.— M?/?<*r/r.'  Tartuffe  (1664). 

Damuo'nii,  the  people  of  Damno'- 
nium,  that  is,  Cornwall,  Devon,  Dorset- 
shire, and  part  of  Somersetshire.  This 
region,  says  Richard  of  Cirencester  (Hist. 
v\.  18),  was  much  frequented  by  the 
Phoenician,  Greek,  and  Gallic  merchants, 
for  the  metals  with  which  it  abounded, 
and  particularly  for  its  tin. 

Wherein  our  Devonshire  now  and  farthest  Comwal  are. 
The  old  Danmonii  \sic\  dwelt. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xiL  (16x3). 

Dam'ocles  (3  syl.),  a  sycophant,  in 
the  court  of  Dionys'ius  the  Elder,  of 
Syracuse.  After  extolling  the  felicity  of 
princes,  Dionysius  told  him  he  would 
give  him  experimental  proof  thereof. 
Accordingly  he  had  the  courtier  arrayed 
in  royal  robes  and  seated  at  a  sumptuous 
banquet ;  but  overhead  was  a  sword  sus- 
pended by  a  single  horsehair,  and 
Damocles  was  afraid  to  stir,  lest  the  hair 
should  break  and  the  sword  fall  on  him. 
Dionysius  thus  intimated  that  the  lives  of 
kings  are  threatened  every  hour  of  the 
day. — Cicero. 

Let  us  who  have  not  our  names  in  the  Red  Book 
console  ourselves  by  thinking  comfortably  how  miser- 
able our  betters  may  be ;  and  that  Damocles,  who  sits 


DAMCETAS.  258 

on  satin  cushions,  and  is  served  on  gold  plate,  has  an 
awful  sword  hanging  over  his  head,  in  the  shape  oi  a 
bailiff,  or  hereditary  disease,  or  famUy  secret.  — 
Thackeray:  Vanity  Fait,  xlviL  (1848). 

Damoe'tas,  a  herdsman.  Theocritos 
and  Virgil  use  the  name  in  their  pastorals. 

And  old  Damoetas  loved  to  hear  our  song. 

Milton  :  Lycidas  (1638). 

Da'mon,  a  goat-herd  in  Virgil's  third 
Bucohc.  Walsh  introduces  the  same 
name  in  his  Eclogues  also.  Any  rustic, 
swain,  or  herdsman. 

Damon,  and  De'lia.  Damon  asks 
Delia  why  she  looks  so  coldly  on  him. 
She  replies  because  of  his  attentions  to 
Belvidera.  He  says  he  paid  these  atten- 
tions at  her  own  request,  "to  hide  the 
secret  of  their  mutual  love."  Delia  con- 
fesses that  his  prudence  is  commendable, 
but  his  acting  is  too  earnest.  To  this  he 
rejoins  that  she  alone  holds  his  heart ;  and 
Delia  replies — 

Tho  well  I  might  your  truth  mistrust, 
My  foolish  heart  believes  you  just ; 
Reason  this  faith  may  disapprove, 
But  I  believe,  because  I  love. 

Lora  Lyttltton. 

Damon  and  Musido'ra,  two  lovers 
who  misunderstood  each  other.  Musi- 
dora  was  coy,  and  Damon  thought  her 
shyness  indicated  indifference  ;  but  one 
day  he  saw  her  bathing,  and  his  delicacy 
on  the  occasion  so  charmed  the  maiden 
that  she  at  once  accepted  his  proffered 
love. — Thomson:  The  Seasons  ("Sum- 
mer," 1727). 

Da'mon  and  Pythias.  Damon,  a 
senator  of  Syracuse,  was  by  nature  hot- 
mettled,  but  was  schooled  by  Pytha- 
gore'an  philosophy  into  a  Stoic  coldness 
and  slowness  of  speech.  He  was  a  fast 
friend  of  the  repubUc  ;  and  when  Dio- 
nysius  was  made  "king"  by  a  vote  of 
the  senate,  Damon  upbraided  the  be- 
trayers of  his  country,  and  pronounced 
Dionysius  a  "tyrant."  For  this  he  was 
seized,  and  as  he  tried  to  stab  Dionysius, 
he  was  condemned  to  instant  death. 
Damon  now  craved  respite  for  four  hours 
to  bid  farewell  to  his  wife  and  child,  but 
the  request  was  denied  him.  On  his  way 
to  execution,  his  friend  Pythias  en- 
countered him,  and  obtained  permission 
of  Dionysius  to  become  his  surety,  and 
to  die  in  his  stead,  if  within  four  hours 
Damon  did  not  return.  Dionysius  not 
only  accepted  the  bail,  but  extended  the 
leave  to  six  hours.  When  Damon  reached 
his  country  villa,  LucuUus  killed  his  horse 
to  prevent  his  return ;  but  Damon,  seiz- 
ing   the   horse   of   a   chance   traveller, 


DANAID.  I 

reached  Syracuse  just  as  the  executioner     i 
was  preparing  to  put  Pythias  to  death.      J 
Dionysius  so  admired  this  proof  of  fidehty     [ 
that   he  forgave  Damon,   and  requested 
to  be  taken  into  his  friendship. 

(This  subject  was  dramatized  (in  rhyme)  .  j 
in  1 57 1  by  Richard  Edwards,  and  again  1  i 
in  1825  by  John  Banim.) 

The  clas^c  name  of  Pythias  is  "Phiiitias."  (Seo  !  i 
Gesta  Romanorum,  Tale  cviii.) 

Damsel  or  Damoiseau  (in  Italian, 
donzel :  in  Latin,  domisellus),  one  of  the 
gallant  youths  domiciled  in  the  maison  du 
roi.  These  youths  were  always  sons  oS 
the  greater  vassals.  Louis  VU.  (/t 
Jeune)  was  called  ' '  The  Royal  Damsel ; ' 
and  at  one  time  the  royal  body-guard 
was  called  "The  King's  Damsels." 

Damsel  of  Brittany,  Eleanor, 
daughter  of  Geoffrey  (second  son  of 
Henry  H.  of  England).  After  the  death 
of  Arthur,  his  sister  Eleanor  was  next  in 
succession  to  the  crown,  but  John,  who 
had  caused  Arthur's  death,  confined 
Eleanor  in  Bristol  Castle,  where  she  re- 
mained till  her  death,  in  1241. 

D'Amville  (2  syl.),  "the  atheist," 
with  the  assistance  of  Borachio,  murdered 
Montferrers,  his  brother,  for  his  estates. 
— C.  Tourneut  :  The  Atheist's  Tragedy 
(seventeenth  century). 

Dam'yan  (3  syl.),  the  lover  of  May 
(the  youthful  bride  of  January  a  Lombard 
knight,  60  years  of  age). — Chaucer  :  Can- 
terbury Tales  ("  The  Merchant's  Tale," 
1388). 

Dan  of  tlie   Kowlet   Hirst,  the 

dragon  of  the  revels  at  Kennaquhair 
Abbey.— 5i>  W.  Scott:  The  Abbot  and 
The  Monastery  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Dan'ae  (3  syl.),  an  Argive  princess, 
visited  by  Zeus  [Jupiter]  in  the  form  of  a 
shower  of  gold,  while  she  was  confined  in 
an  inaccessible  tower. 

Danaid  {syl.).  Dan'aus  had  fifty 
daughters,  called  the  Danaids  or  Da- 
na'ides.  These  fifty  women  married  the 
fifty  sons  of  .^gyptus,  and  (with  one 
exception)  murdered  their  husbands  on 
the  night  of  their  espousals.  For  this 
crime  they  were  doomed  in  hades  to  pour 
water  everlastingly  into  sieves. 

Let  not  your  prudence,  dearest,  drowse,  or  prov« 
The  Oanaid  of  a  leaky  vase. 

Tennyson  :  Tht  Prinuss,  \L 

•.'  The  one  who  spared  her  husband 
was  Hyperranestra,  whose  husband's 
name  was  Lynceus[Z?/z'.j»j^]. 


DANAW.  859 

Dan'aw,  the  German  word  for  the 
Dan'ube,  used  by  Milton  in  his  Paradise 
'j)st,  i.  353  (1665). 

Dancing  Chancellor  [The),  sir 
Christopher  Hatton,  who  attracted  the 
attention  of  queen  Elizabeth  by  his  grace- 
ful dancing  at  a  masque.  She  took  him 
■nto  favour,  and  made  him  both  chan- 
:ellor   and  knight  of   the   Garter   (died 

1591)- 

\  Mons.  de  Lauzun,  the  favourite  of 
Louis  XIV„  owed  his  fortune  to  his  grace 
In  dancing  in  the  king's  quadrille.  ^ 

Many  more  than  one  nobleman  owed  the  favour  he 
enjoyed  at  court  to  the  way  he  pointed  his  toe  or  moved 
his  \c%.—Duinas  :  Taking  the  Bastille. 

Dancing  Water  {The),  from  the 
Burning  Forest.  This  water  had  the 
power  of  imparting  youthful  beauty  to 
those  who  used  it.  Prince  Chery,  aided 
by  a  dove,  obtained  it  for  Fairstar. 

The  dancing  water  is  the  eighth  wonder  of  the  world. 
It  beautifies  ladies,  makes  them  young  again,  and  even 
enriches  ^.t^e.m.—ComUsse  D'Aulrwy;  Fairy  Tales 
{"  Princess  Fairstar,"  1682). 

Dandle  Dinmont.    (See  Dinmont.) 

Dandies  { The  Prince  of),  Beau  Brum- 
mel  (1778-1840). 

TiZinAxxi{George),  a  rich  French  trades- 
man, who  marries  Ang'elique,  the  daughter 
of  Mons.  le  baron  de  Sotenville  ;  and  has 
the  *'  privilege"  of  paying  off  the  family 
debts,  maintaining  his  wife's  noble  parents, 
and  being  snubbed  on  all  occasions  to  his 
heart's  content.  He  constantly  said  to 
himself,  in  self-rebuke,  Vous  tavez  voulu, 
vous  tavez  voulu,  George  Dan  din  /  ("  You 
have  no  one  to  blame  but  yourself !  you 
brought  it  on  yourself,  George  Dandin  !  ") 

Vous  I'avez  voulu,  tous  I'avez  voulu,  George  Dandin  1 
vous  I'avez  voulu  1  .  .  .  vous  avez  justemeiit  ce  que  vous 
tatT)X&z.~MolUre  :  George  Dandin,  i.  9  (1668). 

"  Well,  tu  Fas  voulu,  George  Dandin,"  she  said,  with 
a  smile,  "  you  were  determined  on  it,  and  must  bear 
the  consequences."—^.  Fitxgerald :  Tlie  Parvenu 
Family,  iL  262. 

N.B. — There  is  no  such  phrase  in  the 
comedy  as  Tu  I'as  voulu,  it  is  always  Vous 
tavez  voulu. 

Dan'dolo  {Signor),  a  friend  to  Fazio 
in  prosperity,  but  who  turns  from  him 
when  in  disgrace.     He  says — 

Signor,  I  am  paramount 
In  all  affairs  of  boot  and  spur  and  hose ; 
In  matters  of  the  robe  and  cap  supreme ; 
In  ruff  disputes,  my  lord,  there's  no  appeal 
From  my  irrefragibility. 

Dean  Alilman:  Fazio,  ii,  i  (1815), 

Dane'lagh  {2  syl.),  the  fifteen  counties 
in  which  the  Danes  settled  in  England, 
viz.  Essex,  Middlesex,  Suffolk,  Norfolk, 
Herts,  Cambs.,  Hants,  Lincoln,  Notts., 


DANTE  AND  BEATRICE. 

Derbys,  Northampton,  Leicestershire 
Bucks.,  Beds.,  and  the  vast  territory 
called  Northumbria. — Dromton  Chronicle 
(printed  1652). 

Dangeau  {Jouer  d  la),  to  play  as 
good  a  hand  at  cards  as  Philippe  de 
Courcillon,  marquis  de  Dangeau  (1638- 
1720). 

Dan'gerfield  {Captain),  a  hired 
witness  in  the  "  Popish  Plot." — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles 

n.). 

Dangle,  a  gentleman  bitten  with  the 
theatrical  mania,  who  annoys  a  manager 
with  impertinent  flattery  and  advice.  It 
is  said  that  Thomas  Vaughan,  a  play- 
wright of  small  reputation,  was  the 
original  of  this  character. — Sheridan  : 
The  Critic  (see  act  i.  i),  (1779). 

The  latter  portion  of  the  sentence  is  intelligible  .  .  . 
but  the  rest  reminds  us  of  Mr.  Dangle's  remark,  tliat 
the  interpreter  appears  the  harder  to  be  understood 
of  the  Xy/o.—EncycloJxzdia  BHtannica  (article  "  Ro- 
mance "). 

Dan'hascli,  one  of  the  genii  who  did 
not  "acknowledge  the  great  Solomon." 
When  the  princess  Badoura  in  her  sleep 
was  carried  to  the  bed  of  prince  Cainaral'- 
zaman  that  she  might  see  him,  Danhasch 
changed  himself  into  a  flea,  and  bit  her 
hp,  at  which  Badoura  awoke,  saw  the 
prince  sleeping  by  her  side,  and  after- 
wards became  his  wife. — Arabian  Nights 
("  Camaralzaman  and  Badoura"). 

"DzLUiol  {The  Book  of),  in  the  Old  Tes- 
tament, may  be  divided  into  two  parts,  the 
first  of  which  (ch.  i.-iv.)  is  historical,  and 
the  rest  a  series  of  visions. 

Daniel,  son  of  Widow  Lackitt ;  a 
wealthy  Indian  planter.  A  noodle,  whom 
Lucy  Weldon  marries  for  his  money. — 
Sout/iem  :  Oroonoko  (1696). 

Dan'nischemend,  the  Persian  sor- 
cerer, mentioned  in  Donnerhugel's  narra- 
tive.— Sir  IV.  Scott;  Anne  of  Geierstein 
(time,  Edward  IV.). 

Dante.    (See  Divina  Commhdia.) 

Dante  {The  Prophecy  of),  a  poem 
by  lord  Byron,  in  the  Italian  measure. 
Written  in  1821. 

Dante  and  Beatrice.  Some  say 
that  Beatrice,  in  Dant6's  Divina  Corn- 
media,  merely  personifies  faith ;  others 
think  it  a  real  character,  and  say  she  was 
the  daughter  of  an  illustrious  family  of 
Portinari,  for  whom  tlie  poet  entertained 
a  purely  platonic  affection.     She  meets 


DANTON  OF  THE  CEVENNES.     260 


DARBY  AND  JOAN. 


the  poet  after  he  has  been  dragged 
through  the  river  LethS  {^Purgatory, 
xxxi.),  and  conducts  him  through  para- 
dise. Beatrice  Portina'ri  married  Simon 
de  Bardi,  and  died  at  the  age  of  24; 
DantS  was  a  few  months  older. 

Some  persons  say  that  Dante  meant  Theology 
By  Beatrice,  and  not  a  mistress ;  I  .  .  . 
Deem  this  a  commentator's  phantasy. 

Byron  :  Von  yuan,  iiL  ii  (1820). 

N.  B.  — The  poet  married  Gemma,  of  the 
powerful  house  of  Donati.     (See  Loves.  ) 

Dance's  Beard.  All  the  pictures  of 
Dantfi  which  I  have  seen  represent  him 
without  any  beard  or  hair  on  his  face  at 
all ;  but  in  Purgatory ,  xxxi. ,  Beatrice  says 
to  him,  ' '  Raise  thou  thy  beard,  and  lo ! 
what  sight  shall  do  ?"  i.e.  lift  up  your  face 
and  look  about  you;  and  he  adds,  "  No 
sooner  Ufted  I  mine  aspect  up  .  .  .  than 
mine  eyes  [eticotcniered]  Beatrice." 

Danton  of  tlie  Cevenues,  Pierre 
Seguier,  prophet  and  preacher  of  Magis- 
tavols,  in  France.  He  was  a  leader 
amongst  the  Camisards. 

Dauvers  {Charles),  an  embryo  bar- 
rister of  the  MidBle  Temple. — C.  Selby  : 
The  Unfinished  Gentleman  (1841). 

Daplinaida,  an  elegy  by  Spenser,  on 
the  daughter  of  lord  Howard,  an  heiress 
(1591)- 

Daph'ne  (2  syl.),  daughter  of  Sileno 
and  Mysis,  and  sister  of  Nysa.  The 
favourite  of  Apollo  while  sojourning  on 
earth  in  the  character  of  a  shepherd-lad 
named  "  Pol." — Kane  O'Hara:  Midas 
(a  burletta,  1764). 

(In  classic  mythology  Daphne  fled  from 
the  amorous  god,  and  escaped  by  being 
changed  into  a  laurel. ) 

Daphne,  the  vulgar  proud  wife  of 
Chrysos  the  art  patron. — Gilbert:  Pyg- 
malion and  Galatea  (1871). 

Dapli'xxis,  a  beautiful  Sicilian  shep- 
herd, the  inventor  of  bucolic  poetry.  He 
was  a  son  of  Mercury,  and  friend  both  of 
Pan  and  of  Apollo. 

Dapli'uis,  the  modest  shepherd. 

This  is  that  modest  shepherd,  he 
That  only  dare  sJilute,  but  ne'er  could  be 
Brought  to  kiss  any,  hold  discourse  or  sing, 
Whisper,  or  boldly  ask. 
y.  FUtciur :  The  Faithful  Shepherdess,  u  3  (1610). 

Dapli'uis    and    Chlo'e,    a    prose- 

rtoral  love  story  in  Greek,  by  Longos 
Byzantine),  not  unlike  the  tale  of 
The  Gentle  Sheplierd,  by  Allan  Ramsay. 
Gessner  has  also  imitated  the  Greek 
romance    in   his    idyll    called    Daphnis. 


In  this  love  story  Longos  says  he  was 
hunting  in  Lesbos,  and  saw  in  a  grove 
consecrated  to  the  nymphs  a  beautiful 
picture  of  children  exposed,  lovers 
plighting  their  faith,  and  the  incursions 
of  pirates,  which  he  now  expresses  and 
dedicates  to  Pan,  Cupid,  and  the  nymphs. 
Daphnis,  of  course,  is  the  lover  of  Chlog. 
(Probably  this  Greek  pastoral  story 
suggested  to  St.  Pierre  his  story  of  Paul 
and  Virginia.  Gay  has  a  poem  entitled 
Daphnis  and  Chloe.) 

Daphnis  and  Lycidas,  a  pastoral, 
by  W.  Browne  (1727). 

Daphnis  and  Lityerses.  Daphnis 
was  a  Sicilian  shepherd,  who  went  in 
search  of  his  lady-love,  Piplea,  who  had 
been  carried  off  by  Lityerses  king  of 
Phrygia.  When  he  reached  the  place, 
Lityerses  made  him  contend  with  him  in 
a  corn-reaping  match.  Hercules  came  to 
the  shepherd's  aid  and  slew  the  king. 

Thou  [his  deceased  friend]  hear'st  the  immortal  song 

of  old ! 
Putting  his  sickle  to  the  perilous  grain 

In  the  hot  corn-field  of  the  Phrygian  king. 
For  thee  the  Lityerses-song  again 
Young  Daphnis  with  his  silver  voice  doth  sing  I 

Matthew  Arnold :  Thyrsis. 

Dapper,  a  lawyer's  clerk,  who  went  to 
Subtle  "the  alchemist,"  to  be  supplied 
with  "  a  famihar  "  to  make  him  win  in 
horse-racing,  cards,  and  all  games  of 
chance.  Dapper  is  told  to  prepare  him- 
self for  an  interview  with  the  fairy  queen 
by  taking  "  three  drops  of  vinegar  in 
at  the  nose,  two  at  the  mouth,  and 
one  at  either  ear,"  "to  cry  hutn  thrice 
and  buzz  as  often." — Ben  y onsen  :  The 
Alchemist  (1610). 

Dapple,  the  donkey  ridden  by  Sancho 
Panza,  in  Cervantes'  romance  of  Don 
Quixote  (1605-1615). 

Darby  and  Joan.  This  ballad, 
called  The  Happy  Old  Couple,  is  printed 
in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  v.  153 
(March,  1735).  It  is  also  in  Plumptre's 
Collection  of  Songs,  152  (Camb.  1805), 
with  the  music. 

Darby  and  Joan  are  an  old-fashioned, 
loving  couple,  wholly  averse  to  change 
of  any  sort.  It  is  generally  said  that 
Henry  Woodfall  was  the  author  of  the 
ballad,  and  that  the  originals  were  John 
Darby  (printer,  of  Bartholomew  Close, 
who  died  1730)  and  his  wife  Joan. 
Woodfall  served  his  apprenticeship  with 
John  Darby. 

"You  may  be  a  XiarhylMr.  Hardcastle\,  but  I'll  be 
no  Joan.  I  promise  yo\x.'  —Goldsmith  :  She  Stoops  to 
Conquer,  u  x  (1773). 


DARDU-LENA. 


261 


DARWIN'S  MISSING  LINK. 


Dardu-Le'na,  the  daughter  of  Fol- 
dath  general  of  the  Fir-bolg  or  Belgae 
settled  in  the  south  of  Ireland.  When 
Foldath  fell  in  battle— 

His  soul  rushed  to  the  vale  of  Mona,  to  Dardu-Lena's 
dream,  by  Dalrutho's  stream,  where  she  slept,  returninc; 
from  the  chase  of  hinds.  Her  bow  is  near  the  maid, 
unstrung.  .  .  .  Clothed  in  the  beauty  of  youth,  the  love 
of  heroes  lay.  Dark-bending  from  .  .  .  the  wood  her 
wounded  father  seemed  to  come.  He  appeared  at 
times,  then  hid  himself  in  mist.  Bursting  mto  tears, 
she  arose.  She  l<new  that  the  chief  was  low.  .  .  .  Thou 
wert  the  last  of  his  race,  O  blue-eyed  Dardu-Lena  1— 
Ossian  :  Temora,  v. 

Dare.  Humani  nihil  a  me  alienum 
esse  puto. — Terence. 

I  dare  do  all  that  may  become  a  man, 
Who  dares  do  more  is  none. 

Shakesfeart:  Macbeth,  act  L  sc.  7  (1606). 

Dargo,  the  spear  of  Ossian  son  of 
Fingal. — Ossian:  Calthon  and  Colmal. 

Dar'g'ouet  "the  Tall,"  son  of  As- 
tolpho,  and  brother  of  Paradine.  In  the 
fight  provoked  by  Oswald  against  duke 
Gondibert,  which  was  decided  by  four 
combatants  against  four,  Dargonet  was 
slain  by  Hugo  the  Little.  Dargonet  and 
his  brother  were  rivals  for  the  love  of 
Laura. — Davenant:  Gondibert ^  i.  (died 
1668). 

Dari'us  and  his  Horse.  The  seven 
candidates  for  the  throne  of  Persia  agreed 
that  he  should  be  king  whose  horse  neighed 
first.  As  the  horse  of  Darius  was  the  first 
to  neigh,  Darius  was  proclaimed  king. 

That  brave  Scythian, 
Who  found  more  sweetness  m  his  horse's  neighing 
Than  all  the  Phrygian,  Dorian,  Lydian  playing. 

Lord  Brooke. 

(All  the  south  of  Russia  and  west  of 
Asia  was  called  Scythia.) 

Darkness  [Prince  of).  Satan  is  so 
called  by  Shakespeare,  Milton,  and  Scott ; 
but  Spenser  applies  the  name  to  Gorgon. 

Great  Gorgon,  prince  of  darkness  and  dead  night. 
Faerie  Queene,  bk.  i. 

Darlemont,  guardian  and  maternal 
uncle  of  Julio  of  Harancour  ;  formerly  a 
merchant.  He  took  possession  of  the 
inheritance  of  his  ward  by  foul  means ; 
but  was  proud  as  Lucifer,  suspicious,  ex- 
acting, and  tyrannical.  Every  one  feared 
him  ;  no  one  loved  him. — Holcroft :  Deaf 
and  Dumb  (1785). 

Darlingf  [Grace),  daughter  of  William 
Darling,  lighthouse-keeper  on  Longstone, 
one  of  the  Fame  Islands.  On  the  morn- 
ing of  September  7,  1838,  Grace  and  her 
father  saved  nine  of  the  crew  of  the 
Forfarshire  steamer,  wrecked  among  the 
Fame  Islands  opposite  Bam  borough 
Castle  (18x5-1842). 


Darling  of  Mankind  [The],  an 
English  translation  of  delicice  generis 
humani,  applied  to  Titus  by  Suetonius 
(tit.  i.).  Both  Vespasian  and  Titus  are 
called  orbis  delicice  in  one  of  the  Monu- 
menta  Romana. 

Damay  [Charles),  the  lover  and  after- 
wards the  husband  of  Lucie  Manette. 
He  bore  a  strong  likeness  to  Sydney 
Carton,  and  was  a  noble  character  worthy 
of  Lucie.  His  real  name  was  Evre'monde, 
—Dickens  :  A  Tale  of  Two  Cities  (1859). 

Darnel  [Aurelia),  a  character  iri 
Smollett's  novel :  The  Adventures  of  Sir 
Launcelot  Greaves  (1760). 

Damley,  the  amant  of  Charlotte 
[Lambert],  in  The  Hypocrite,  by  Isaac 
Bickerstaff.  In  Molifere's  comedy  o£ 
Tartuffe,  Charlotte  is  called  ' '  Mariane," 
and  Darnley  is  "Val^re." 

Dar'-Thula,  daughter  of  Colla,  and 
"  fairest  of  Erin's  maidens."  She  fell  in 
love  with  Nathos,  one  of  the  three  sons 
of  Usnoth  lord  of  Etha  (in  Argyllshire). 
Cairbar,  the  rebel,  was  also  in  love  with 
her,  but  his  suit  was  rejected.  Nathos 
was  made  commander  of  king  Cormac's 
army  at  the  death  of  CuthuUin,  and  for 
a  time  upheld  the  tottering  throne.  But 
the  rebel  grew  stronger  and  stronger, 
and  at  length  found  means  to  murder 
the  young  king ;  whereupon,  the  army 
under  Nathos  deserted.  Nathos  was  now 
obliged  to  quit  Ireland,  and  Dar-Thula 
fled  with  him.  A  storm  drove  the  vessel 
back  to  Ulster,  where  Cairbar  was  en- 
camped, and  Nathos,  with  his  two 
brothers,  being  overpowered  by  numbers, 
fell.  Dar-Thula  was  arrayed  as  a  young 
warrior;  but  when  her  lover  was  slain 
"her  shield  fell  from  her  arm;  her 
breast  of  snow  appeared,  but  it  was 
stained  with  blood.  An  arrow  was  fixed 
in  her  side,"  and  her  dying  blood  was 
mingled  with  that  of  the  three  brothers. 
— Ossian  :  Dar-Thula  (founded  on  the 
story  of  "  Deirdi,"  i.  Trans,  of  the  Gaelic 
Society). 

Dar'tle  [Rosa),  companion  of  Mrs. 
Steerforth.  She  loved  Mrs.  Steerforth's 
son,  but  her  love  was  not  reciprocated. 
Miss  Dartle  is  a  vindictive  woman,  noted 
for  a  scar  on  her  lip,  which  told  tales^ 
when  her  temper  was  aroused.  This  scar 
was  from  a  wound  given  by  young  Steer- 
forth,  who  struck  her  on  the  lip  when  a 
boy.  — Dickens :  David  Copperfield  [  1849), 

Darwin's  Missing  Link,  the  link 


DASHALL. 


262 


DAVENANT. 


between  the  monkey  and  man.  Accord- 
ing to  Darwin,  the  present  host  of  animal 
life  began  from  a  few  elemental  forms, 
which  developed,  and  by  natural  selec- 
tion propagated  certain  types  of  animals  ; 
while  others  less  suited  to  the  battle  of 
life  died  out.  Thus,  beginning  with  the 
larvas  of  ascidians  (a  marine  mollusc), 
we  get  by  development  to  fish  lowly 
organized  (as  the  lancelet),  then  to 
ganoids  and  other  fish,  then  to  amphi- 
bians ;  from  amphibians  we  get  to  birds 
and  reptiles,  and  thence  to  mammals, 
among  which  comes  the  monkey,  between 
which  and  man  is  a  Missing  Link. 

Dasliall  {The  Hon.  Tom),  cousin  of 
Tally-ho.  The  rambles  and  adventures 
of  these  two  blades  are  related  by  Pierce 
Egan,  in  his  Life  in  London  (1822). 

Dashwood,  a  sneerwell  in  Murphy's 
comedy  oi  Know  your  own  Mind  {ijjj). 

D'Astunar  {Count),  an  old  Nestor, 
who  fancied  nothing  was  so  good  as  when 
he  was  a  young  man. 

"Alas!  I  see  no  men  nowadays  comparable  to 
those  I  knew  heretofore  ;  and  the  tournaments  are  not 
performed  with  half  the  magnificence  as  when  I  was  a 
young  man.  .  .  ."  Seeing  some  fine  peaches  served 
up,  he  observed,  "  In  my  time,  the  peaches  were  much 
larger  than  they  are  at  present;  nature  degenerates 
every  day."  "At  that  rate,"  said  his  companion, 
smiling,  "  the  peaches  of  Adam's  time  must  have  been 
wonderfully  large."— £«a^«  ;  Gil  Bias,  iv.  7  (1724). 

Daugliter  {The),  a  drama  by  S. 
Knowles  (1836).  Marian,  "daughter" 
of  Robert,  once  a  wrecker,  was  betrothed 
to  Edward,  a  sailor,  who  went  on  his  last 
voyage,  and  intended  then  to  many  her. 
During  his  absence  a  storm  at  sea  arose, 
a  body  was  washed  ashore,  and  Robert 
went  down  to  plunder  it.  Marian  went 
to  look  for  her  father  and  prevent  his 
robbing  those  washed  ashore  by  the 
waves,  when  she  saw  in  the  dusk  some 
one  stab  a  wrecked  body.  It  was  Black 
Norris,  but  she  thought  it  was  her  father. 
Robert  being  taken  up,  Marian  gave 
witness  against  him,  and  he  was  con- 
demned to  death.  Norris  said  he  would 
save  her  father  if  she  would  marry  him, 
and  to  this  she  consented  ;  but  on  the 
wedding  day  Edward  returned.  Norris 
was  taken  up  for  murder,  and  Marian 
was  saved. 

Daughter  with  her  Murdered 
Father's  Head.  Margaret  Roper, 
daughter  of  sir  Thomas  More,  obtained 
privately  the  head  of  her  father,  which 
had  been  exposed  on  London  Bridge, 
enclosed  it  in  a  casket,  and  at  death  was 
buried  with  the  casket  in  her  arms. 
Tennyson  says- 


Morn  broadened  on  the  borders  of  the  dark 
Ere  I  saw  her  who  clasped  in  her  last  trance 
Her  murdered  father's  head. 

IT  The  head  of  the  young  earl  of  Der- 
wentwater  was  exposed  on  Temple  Bar  in 
1716.  His  wife  drove  in  a  cart  under 
the  arch,  and  a  man,  hired  for  the  pur- 
pose, threw  the  young  earl's  head  into 
the  cart,  that  it  might  be  decently  buried. 
— Sir  Bernard  Burke. 

II  Mdlle.  de  Sombreuil,  daughter  of  the 
comte  de  Sombreuil,  insisted  on  sharing 
her  father's  prison  during  the  '•  Reign  of 
Terror,"  and  in  accompanying  him  to  the 
guillotine. 

Dauphin  {Le  Grand),  Louis  due  de 
Bourgogne,  eldest  son  of  Louis  XIV,, 
for  whom  was  pubUshed  the  Delphin 
Classics  (1661-1711). 

Dauphin  {Le  Petit),  son  of  the 
"  Grand  Dauphin  "  (1682-1712). 

Daura,  daughter  of  Armin.  She  was 
betrothed  to  Armar,  son  of  Armart, 
Erath  a  rival  lover  having  been  rejected 
by  her.  One  day,  disguised  as  an  old 
grey-beard,  Erath  told  Daura  that  he 
was  sent  to  conduct  her  to  Armar,  who 
was  waiting  for  her.  Without  the 
slightest  suspicion,  she  followed  her 
guide,  who  took  her  to  a  rock  in  the 
midst  of  the  sea,  and  there  left  her. 
Her  brother  Arindal,  returning  from  the 
chase,  saw  Erath  on  the  shore,  and 
bound  him  to  an  oak ;  then  pushing  off 
the  boat,  went  to  fetch  back  his  sister. 
At  this  crisis  Armar  came  up,  and  dis- 
charged his  arrow  at  Erath  ;  but  the 
arrow  struck  Arindal,  and  killed  him. 
"The  boat  broke  in  twain,"  and  when 
Armar  pltmged  into  the  sea  to  rescue  his 
betrothed,  a  ' '  sudden  blast  from  the  hills 
struck  him,  and  he  sank  to  rise  no  more." 
Daura  was  rescued  by  her  father,  but  she 
haunted  the  shore  all  night  in  a  drenching 
rain.  Next  day  "her  voice  grew  very 
feeble ;  it  died  away  ;  and,  spent  with 
grief,  she  expired." — Ossian  :  Songs  of 
Selma, 

Davenant  {Lord),  a  bigamist.  One 
wife  was  Marianne  Dormer,  whom  he 
forsook  in  three  months.  It  was  given 
out  that  he  was  dead,  and  Marianne 
in  time  married  lord  Davenant's  son. 
His  other  wife  was  Louisa  Travers,  who 
was  engaged  to  captain  Dormer,  but 
was  told  that  the  captain  was  faithless 
and  had  married  another.  When  the 
villainy  of  his  lordship  could  be  no  longer 
concealed,  he  destroyed  himself. 

Lady  Davenant,  one  of  the  two  wives 


DAVENANT. 

of  lord  Davenant.  She  was  x  "  faultless 
wife,"  with  beauty  to  attract  affection, 
and  every  womanly  grace. 

Charles  Davenant,  a  son  of  lord  Dave- 
nant, who  married  Marianne  Dormer,  his 
father's  wife. — Cumberland:  The  Mys- 
ttrious  Husdand  (1783). 

Davenant  (  PF»V/),  a  supposed  descend- 
ant from  Shakespeare,  and  Wildrake's 
{ritnd.— Sir  W.  Scoit :  Woodstock  {\\me, 
the  Commonwealth). 

DAVID,  in  Dryden's  satire  oi Absalom 
and  Achitophel,  is  meant  for  Charles  II. 
As  David's  beloved  son  Absalom  rebelled 
against  him,  so  the  duke  of  Monmouth 
rebelled  against  his  father  Charles  II. 
As  Achitophel  was  a  traitorous  counsellor 
to  David,  so  was  the  earl  of  Shaftesbury 
to  Charles  II.  As  Hushai  outwitted 
Achitophel,  so  Hyde  (duke  of  Rochester) 
outwitted  the  earl  of  Shaftesbury,  etc. 

Auspicious  prince, 
^L     .  Thy  longing  country's  darling  and  desire, 
^B>       Their  cloudy  pillar,  and  their  guardian  fire  .  .  . 


The  young  men's  vision,  and  the  old  men's  dream. 
Dryditi :  Absalom  and  Achitophel,  1.  231-240  (1681). 


David,  king  of  North  Wales,  eldest 
son  of  Owen,  by  his  second  wife.  Owen 
died  in  1169.  David  married  Emma 
Plantagenet,  a  Saxon  princess.  He  slew 
his  brother  Hoel  end  his  half-brother 
Yorwerth  (son  of  Owen  by  his  first  wife), 
who  had  been  set  aside  from  the  succes- 
sion in  consequence  of  a  blemish  in  the 
face.  He  also  imprisoned  his  brother 
Rodri,  and  drove  others  into  exile. 
Madoc,  one  of  his  brothers,  went  to 
America,  and  established  there  a  Welsh 
colony. — S  out  hey  :  Madoc  (1805). 

David  {St.),  son  of  Xantus  prince  of 
CGtQi\c\i.(Cardiganshire)  and  the  nun  Ma- 
learia.  He  was  the  uncle  of  king  Arthur. 
St.  David  first  embraced  the  ascetic  hfe 
in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  but  subsequently 
removed  to  Menevia,  in  Pembrokeshire, 
where  he  founded  twelve  convents.  In 
577  the  archbishop  of  Caerleon  resigned 
his  see  to  him,  and  St.  David  removed 
the  seat  of  it  to  Menevia,  which  was  sub- 
sequently called  St.  David's,  and  became 
the  metropolis  of  Wales.  He  died  at  the 
age  of  146,  in  the  year  642.  The  waters 
of  Bath  ' '  owe  their  warmth  and  salutary 
qualities  to  the  benediction  of  this  saint." 
Drayton  says  he  lived  in  the  valley  of 
Ewias  (2  syl.),  between  the  hills  of 
Hatterill,  in  Monmouthshire. 

Here,  in  an  aged  cell  with  moss  and  ivy  grown, 
In  which  not  to  this  day  the  sun  hath  ever  shone. 
That  reverend  British  saint  in  zealous  ages  past, 
To  contemplation  lived. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  Iv.  (xfiia). 


263  DAVID  AND  GOLIATH. 

St.  David's  Day,  March  i.  The  leek 
worn  by  Welshmen  on  this  day  is  in 
memory  of  a  complete  victory  obtained 
by  them  over  the  Saxons  (March  i,  640). 
This  victory  is  ascribed  ' '  to  the  prayers 
of  St.  David,"  and  his  judicious  adoption 
of  a  leek  in  the  cap,  that  the  Britons 
might  readily  recognize  each  other.  The 
Saxons,  having  no  badge,  not  unfre- 
quently  turned  their  swords  against  their 
own  supporters. 

David  and  Goliath  (i  Sam.  xvii.). 
Goliath,  who  defied  the  Hebrews  and  was 
slain  by  the  stripling  David,  was  descended 
from  Arapha.  Drayton  published,  in 
1630,  a  poem  so  called. 

\  A  parallel  tale  is  told  in   Russian 
history.     In   the  reign  of  Vladimir   the 
Great,  during  one  of  his  wars  with  the 
Petcheneguans,   was  a  man  of  colossal 
stature,  athletic  and  muscular.     Proud  of 
his  great  height  and  strength,  he  paced 
along  the  bank   of  the   river  Troubeje 
(which    separated  the   opposing  forces), 
loading  the   Russians  with  insult,    pro- 
voking them  with  threats,  and  ridicuUng 
their  timidity.     This  imposing  air  was 
successful.     The    soldiers    of    Vladimir, 
awed  by  the  gigantic  figure  of  their  ad- 
versary, submitted  to  his  bravados ;  and, 
when  the  day  of  combat  arrived,  they 
were  constrained  to  supplicate  for  a  post- 
ponement.      At    length    an     old    man 
approached  Vladimir,    and    said,    "  My 
prince,  I  have  five  sons,  four  of  whom  are 
in  the  array.    Valiant  as  they  are,  none 
of  them  is  equal  to  the  youngest,   who 
possesses     prodigious    strength."      The 
young  man  was  sent  for,  and  being  set 
before  the  grand-duke,  asked  permission 
to  make  trial  of  his  strength.     A  vigorous 
bull  was  irritated  with  red-hot  irons,  but 
the  young  man   stopped  it    in  its   full 
career,  threw  it  on  the  ground,  and  tore 
off   its    skin.      This    proof   of   strength 
inspired  the  greatest  confidence.      The 
hour     of     battle      arrived.      The    two 
champions  advanced  between  the  camps, 
and  the  Petcheneguan  could  not  restrain 
a  contemptuous  smile  when  he  observed 
the  diminutive  stature  of  his  adversary, 
who  indeed  was  yet  without  a  beard. 
Being,  however,  attacked  with  great  im- 
petuosity,  the  giant  gave  ground,   was 
seized  by  the  young  Russian,  and  crushed 
to   death.     The   Petcheneguans  took  to 
flight,  were  pursued,  and  utterly  routed. 
The  conqueror,  who  was  only  a  carrier, 
was  laden  with  honours,  raised  with  his 
father  to  the  rank  of  the  high  nobl.Uty, 


DAVID  AND  JONATHAN.  264 


DAWSON. 


and  the  place  of  combat  was  made  the 
site  of  the  city  Pereislave,  which  soon 
rose  to  eminence  in  the  government  of 
Vladimir.  N.  B. — The  young  conqueror's 
name  was  Ivan  Usmovitched,  but  was 
changed  by  Vladimir  into  Pereislave. — 
Duncan  :  Russia,  vol.  ii.  pp.  201,  202 
(Pereislave  means  "  one  who  wins  the 
victory").     (See  Fierabras.) 

David  and  Jonathan,  inseparable 
friends.  The  allusion  is  to  David  the 
psalmist  and  Jonathan  the  son  of  Saul. 
David's  lamentation  at  the  death  of 
Jonathan  was  never  surpassed  in  pathos 
and  beauty. — 2  Sam.  i.  19-27. 

David  Copperfield.  (See  Copper- 
field,  p.  233.) 

Davideis,  the  chief  poem  of  Cowley 
(1635).  It  is  in  four  books.  The  quotation 
following  is  well  known ,  and  the  last  line 
is  very  felicitous  : — 

Begin,  be  bold,  and  venture  to  be  wise ; 

He  who  defies  this  work  from  day  to  day 

Does  on  a  river's  bank  expectant  stay. 

Till  the  old  stream  that  stopped  him  shall  be  gone, 

Which  runs,  and  as  it  runs,  for  ever  shall  run  on. 

Davie  Debet,  debt. 

So  ofte  thy  neighbours  banquet  in  thy  hall. 
Till  Davie  Debet  in  thy  parfer  stand, 
And  bids  the[e]  welcome  to  thine  own  decay. 
Gascot£ne:  Magnum  Vectigal,  etc.  (died  1775). 

Davie  of  Stenhonse,  a  friend  of 
HobbieEUiott.— 5i>  W.Scott:  The  Black 
Dwarf  {time,  Anne). 

Davies  {John),  an  old  fisherman 
employed  by  Joshua  Geddes  the  quaker. 
—  Sir  W.  Scott:  Redgauntltt  (time, 
George  III.). 

Da'vus,  a  plain,  uncouth  servitor. 
A  common  name  for  a  slave  in  Greek  and 
Roman  plays,  as  in  the  Andrta  of  Terence. 

His  face  made  of  brass,  like  a  vice  in  a  game. 
His  gesture  like  Davus,  whom  Terence  doth  name. 
Tiisser  :  Five  Hundred  Points  of  Good 
Husbandry,  liv.  (1557). 

Davus  sum,  non  (E'dipus.  I  am  a 
homely  man,  and  do  not  understand 
hints,  innuendoes,  and  riddles,  like  CEdi- 
pus.  CEdipus  was  the  Theban  who 
expounded  the  riddle  of  the  Sphinx,  that 
puzzled  all  his  countrymen.  Davus  was 
the  stock  name  of  a  servant  or  slave  in 
Latin  comedies.  The  proverb  is  used  by 
Terence,  Andrla,  i,  2,  23. 

Davy,  the  varlet  of  justice  Shallow, 
who  so  identifies  himself  with  his  master 
that  he  considers  himself  half  host,  half 
varlet.  Thus  when  he  seats  Bardolph 
and  Page  at  table,  he  tells  them  they 
must  t^e  "his"    good    will    for    their 


assurance  of -welcome. — Shakespeare:   a 
Henry  IV.  (1598). 

Daw  {Sir  David),  a  rich,  dunder- 
headed  baronet  of  Monmouthshire,  with- 
out wit,  words,  or  worth  ;  but  believing 
himself  somebody,  and  fancying  himself 
a  sharp  fellow,  because  his  servants  laugh 
at  his  good  sayings,  and  his  mother  calls 
him  a  wag.  Sir  David  pays  his  suit  to 
Miss  [Emily]  Tempest ;  but  as  the  affec- 
tions of  the  young  lady  are  fixed  on 
Henry  Woodville,  the  baron  goes  to  the 
wall. — Cumberland:  The  Wheel  of  For- 
tune (1779). 

Dawfyd,  "the  one-eyed"  freebooter 
chief. —i^zV  W.  Scott:  The  Betrothed 
(time,  Henry  II.). 

Dawkins  {Jack),  known  by  the 
sobriquet  of  the  "Artful  Dodger."  He 
is  one  of  Fagin's  tools.  Jack  Dawkins  is 
a  young  scamp  of  unmitigated  villainy, 
and  full  of  artifices ;  but  of  a  cheery, 
buoyant  temper. — C.  Dickens:  Olivet 
Twi^t,  viii.  (1837). 

Dawson  {Bully),  a  London  sharper, 
bully,  and  debauchee  of  the  seventeenth 
century.     (See  Spectator,  No.  2. ) 

Bully  Dawson  kicked  by  half  the  town,  and  half  the 
town  kicked  by  Bully  Dawson.— C.  Lamb. 

Dawson  {Jemmy).  Captain  James 
Dawson  was  one  of  the  eight  officers 
belonging  to  the  Manchester  volunteers 
in  the  service  of  Charles  Edward,  the 
young  pretender.  He  was  a  very  amiable 
young  man,  engaged  to  a  young  lady  of 
family  and  fortune,  who  went  in  her 
carriage  to  witness  his  execution  for 
treason.  When  the  body  was  drawn,  i.e. 
embowelled,  and  the  heart  thrown  into  the 
fire,  she  exclaimed,  "James  Dawson!" 
and  expired.  Shenstone  has  made  this 
the  subject  of  a  tragic  ballad. 

Young  Dawson  was  a  gallant  youth, 
A  brighter  never  trod  the  plain  ; 

And  well  he  loved  one  charming  maid, 
And  dearly  was  he  loved  again. 

Shenstone  :  yemmy  Dawson  (1745). 

Dawson  {Phoebe),  "  the  pride  of  Lam- 
mas Fair,"  courted  by  all  the  smartest 
young  men  of  the  village,  but  caught 
"  by  the  sparkling  eyes "  and  ardent 
words  of  a  tailor.  Phoebe  had  by  him  a 
child  before  marriage,  and  after  marriage 
he  turned  a  "captious  tyrant  and  a  noisy 
sot."  Poor  Phoebe  drooped,  "pinched 
were  her  looks,  as  one  who  pined  for 
bread,"  and  in  want  and  sickness  she  sank 
into  an  early  tomb. 

(This  sketch  is  one  of  the  best  in 
Crabbe's  Parish  Register,  1807.) 


DAY. 


265 


Day  {yusfice),  a  pitiable  hen-pecked 
husband,  who  always  addresses  his  wife 
as  "  duck  "  or  "  duckie," 

Mrs.  Day,  wife  of  the  "justice,"  full 
of  vulgar  dignity,  overbearing,  and  loud. 
She  was  formerly  the  kitchen-maid  of  her 
husband's  father;  but  being  raised  from 
the  kitchen  to  the  parlour,  became  my 
lady  paramount. 

(In  the  comedy  from  which  this  farce  is 
taken,  "  Mrs.  Day"  was  the  kitchen-maid 
in  the  family  of  colonel  Careless,  and 
went  by  the  name  of  Gillian.  In  her 
exalted  state  she  insisted  on  being  ad- 
dressed as  "Your  honour"  or  "Your 
ladyship.") 

Margaret  Woffington  [i7t8-t76o],  In  "Mrs.  Day," 
made  no  scruple  to  disguise  her  beautiful  face  by 
drawing  on  it  the  lines  of  deformity,  and  to  put  on  the 
tawdry  habiliments  and  vulgar  manners  of  an  old 
hypocritical  city  \ixea.— Thomas  Dawes, 

Day  {AM),  a  puritanical  prig,  who 
can  do  nothing  without  Obadiah.  This 
"  downright  ass  "  (act  i.  i)  aspires  to  the 
hand  of  the  heiress  Arabella..— /Cnigki : 
The  Honest  Thieves. 

(This  farce  is  a  mere  richauffi  of  The 
Committee,  a  comedy  by  the  Hon.  sir 
R.  Howard  (1670).  The  names  of  "  Day," 
"Obadiah,"  and  "Arabella"  are  the 
same.) 

Day  (Ferquhard),  the  absentee  from 
the  clan  Chattan  ranks  at  the  conflict. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time, 
Henry  IV.). 

Day  of  tlie  Barricades,  May  12, 

1588,  when  Henri  de  Guise  returned  to 
Paris  in  defiance  of  the  king's  order. 
The  king  sent  for  his  Swiss  guards  ;  but 
the  Parisians  tore  up  the  pavements, 
threw  chains  across  the  streets,  and  piled 
up  barrels  filled  with  earth  and  stones, 
behind  which  they  shot  down  the  Swiss 
as  they  paraded  the  streets.  The  king 
begged  the  duke  to  put  an  end  to  the 
conflict,  and  fled. 

Another  Journie  des  Barricades  was 
August  27,  1688,  the  commencement  of 
the  Fronde  war. 

Another  was  June  27,  1830,  the  first 
day  of  the  grand  semain  which  drove 
Charles  X.  from  the  throne. 

Another  was  February  24,  1848,  when 
Affre,  archbishop  of  Paris,  was  shot  in 
his  attempt  to  quell  the  insurrection. 

Another  was  December  2,  1851,  the 
day  of  the  coup  ditat,  when  Louis 
Napoleon  made  his  appeal  to  the  people 
for  re-election  to  the  presidency  for  ten 
years. 


DAYS  RECURRENT. 

Day  of  the  Cornsacks  [Journee 
des  Farines'j,  January  3,  1591,  when  some 
of  the  partisans  of  Henri  IV.,  disguised 
as  millers,  attempted  to  get  possession  of 
the  barrier  de  St.  Honors  (Paris),  with 
the  view  of  making  themselves  masters 
of  the  city.     In  this  they  failed. 

Day  of  the  Dupes,  November  ir, 
1630.  The  dupes  were  Marie  de  Medicis, 
Anne  of  Austria,  and  Gaston  due  d'Or- 
16ans,  who  were  outwitted  by  cardinal 
Richelieu.  The  plotters  had  induced 
Louis  XIII.  to  dismiss  his  obnoxious 
minister,  whereupon  the  cardinal  went  at 
once  to  resign  the  seals  of  office  ;  the  king 
repented,  re-established  the  cardinal,  and 
he  became  more  powerful  than  ever. 

Days  Recurrent  in  the  Lives  of 
Great  Men. 

Becket.  Tuesday  was  Becket's  day. 
He  was  born  on  a  Tuesday,  and  on  a 
Tuesday  was  assassinated.  He  was  bap- 
tized on  a  Tuesday,  took  his  flight  from 
Northampton  on  a  Tuesday,  withdrew 
to  France  on  a  Tuesday,  had  his  vision 
of  martyrdom  on  a  Tuesday,  returned 
to  England  on  a  Tuesday,  his  body  was 
removed  from  the  crypt  to  the  shrine  on 
a  Tuesday,  and  on  Tuesday  (April  13, 
1875)  cardinal  Manning  consecrated  the 
new  church  dedicated  to  St.  Thomas  k 
Becket. 

Cromwell's  day  was  September  3. 
On  September  3,  1650,  he  won  the  battle 
of  Dunbar ;  on  September  3,  1651,  he 
won  the  battle  of  Worcester ;  on  Sep- 
tember 3,  1658,  he  died. 

Dickens.  His  fatal  day  was  June  9. 
He  was  in  the  terrible  railway  accident  of 
June  9,  1 861  (at  Staplehurst),  from  which 
he  never  recovered  ;  and  he  died  June  9, 
1870. 

Harold's  day  was  October  14.  It 
was  his  birthday,  and  also  the  day  of  his 
death.  William  the  Conqueror  was  born 
on  the  same  day,  and,  on  October  14, 
1066,  won  England  by  conquest. 

Henry  VII.  always  regarded  Saturday 
as  his  lucky  day. 

Napoleon's  day  was  August  15,  his 
birthday  ;  but  his  ' '  lucky  "  day,  like  that 
of  his  nephew.  Napoleon  III.,  was  the 
2nd  of  the  month.  He  was  made  consul 
for  life  on  August  2,  1802 ;  was  crowned 
December  2,  1804;  won  his  greatest 
battle,  that  of  Austerlitz,  for  which  he 
obtained  the  title  of  "Great,"  December 
2,  1805 ;  married  the  archduchess  of 
Austria  April  2,  1810  ;  etc. 

Napoleoj^  in.    The  cou^  ditat  was 


DAZZLE. 


266 


DEANS. 


December  2,  1851.  Louis  Napoleon  was 
made  emperor  December  2,  1852 ;  he 
opened,  at  Saarbriick,  the  Franco-German 
war  August  2,  1870 ;  and  surrendered  his 
sword  to  William  of  Prussia,  September  2, 
1870. 

Dazzle,  in  London  Assurance,  by  D. 
Boucicault  (1841). 

"Dazzle"  and  "lady  Gay  Spanker"  "act  them- 
selves," and  will  never  be  dropped  out  of  the  list  of 
acting  plays. — Percy  Fiizg-erald. 

De  BourgfO  { William),  brother  of 
the  earl  of  Ulster  and  commander  of  the 
English  forces  that  defeated  Felim 
O'Connor  {1315)  at  Athunree,  in  Con- 
naught. 

Why  tho'  fallen  her  brothers  kerne  [Irish  infantry\ 
Beneath  De  Bourgo's  battle  stem. 

Campbell:  O'Connor's  Child. 

De  Conrcy,  in  a  romance  called 
Women,  by  the  Rev.  C.  R.  Maturin.  An 
Irishman,  made  up  of  contradictions  and 
improbabilities.  He  is  in  love  with  Zaira, 
a  brilliant  Italian,  and  also  with  her  un- 
known daughter,  called  Eva  Went  worth, 
a  model  of  purity.  Both  women  are 
blighted  by  his  inconstancy.  Eva  dies, 
but  Zaira  lives  to  see  De  Courcy  perish  of 
remorse  {1822). 

De  Gard,  a  noble,  staid  gentleman, 
newly  lighted  from  his  travels ;  brother 
of  Oria'na,  who  "chases"  Mi'rabel  "the 
wild  goose,"  and  catches  him. — Fletcher: 
The  Wild-Goose  Chase  (1619). 

De  I'Ep^e  [Abbi).  Seeing  a  deaf-and- 
dumb  lad  abandoned  in  the  streets  of 
Paris,  he  rescued  him,  and  brought  him 
up  under  the  name  of  Theodore.  The 
foundling  turned  out  to  be  Julio  count  of 
Harancour. 

"  In  your  opinion  who  is  the  greatest  genius  that 
France  has  ever  produced  1 "  "  Science  would  decide 
for  D'Alembert,  and  Nature  [7voul<f]  say  Buffon ;  Wit 
and  Taste  [would]  present  Voltaire;  and  Sentiment 
plead  for  Rousseau  ;  but  Genius  and  Humanity  cry 
out  for  De  I'Epde,  and  him  I  call  the  best  and  greatest 
of  human  creatures." — Holcroft:  Tht  Deaf  and  Dumb, 
iu.  2  (178s). 

De     Frofandis      ['*  out     of    the 

depths  .  .  ."),  the  first  two  words  of 
Psalm  cxxx.  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
Liturgy ;  sung  when  the  dead  are  com- 
mitted to  the  grave. 

At  eve,  instead  of  bridal  verse, 
The  De  Profundis  filled  the  air. 

Longfellow  :  The  Blind  Girl. 

De  Valmont  {Cotmt),  father  of 
Florian  and  uncle  of  Geraldine.  During 
his  absence  in  the  wars,  he  left  his  kins- 
man, the  baron  Longueville,  guardian  of 
his  castle  ;  but  under  the  hope  of  coming 
into  the  property,  the  baron  set  fire  to  the 


castle,  intending  thereby  to  kill  the  wife 
and  her  infant  boy.  When  De  Valmont 
returned  and  knew  his  losses,  he  became 
a  wayward  recluse,  querulous,  despon- 
dent, frantic  at  times,  and  at  times  most 
melancholy.  He  adopted  an  infant 
"found  in  a  forest,"  who  turned  out  to 
be  his  son.  His  wife  was  ultimately  found , 
and  the  villainy  of  Longueville  was 
brought  to  light.— ^F.  Dimond:  The 
Foundling  of  the  Forest. 

Many  "  De  Valmonts  "  I  have  witnessed  in  fifty-four 
years,  but  have  never  seen  the  equal  of  Joseph  George 
Holman  [1764-1817].— Donaldson. 

Dead  Fan,  a  poem  by  Mrs.  Brown- 
ing (1844),  founded  on  the  tradition  that 
at  the  Crucifixion,  when  Jesus  cried,  '*  It 
is  finished  ! "  the  oracles  ceased,  and  a 
murmur  was  heard  by  mariners,  "  Great 
Pan  is  dead  !  " 

Deaf  and  Dumb  {The),  a  comedy 
by  Thomas  Holcroft.  ' '  The  deaf  and 
dumb  "  boy  is  Julio  count  of  Harancour, 
a  ward  of  M.  Darlemont,  who,  in  order 
to  get  possession  of  his  ward's  property, 
abandoned  him  when  very  young  in  the 
streets  of  Paris.  Here  he  was  rescued  by 
the  abb^  De  I'Ep^e,  who  brought  him  up 
under  the  name  of  Theodore.  The  boy 
being  recognized  by  his  old  nurse  and 
others,  Darlemont  confessed  his  crime, 
and  Julio  was  restored  to  his  rank  and 
inheritance. — Holcroft  :  The  Deaf  and 
Dumb  (1785). 

Dean  of  St.  Fatrick  [The),  Jona- 
than Swift,  who  was  appointed  to  the 
deanery  in  1713,  and  retained  it  till  his 
death  (1667-1745). 

Deans  [Douce  Davie),  the  cowherd 
at  Edinburgh,  noted  for  his  religious 
peculiarities,  his  magnanimity  in  affec- 
tion, and  his  eccentricities. 

Mistress  Rebecca  Deans,  Douce  Davie's 
second  wife. 

Jeanie  Deans,  daughter  of  Douce  Davie 
Deans,  by  his  first  wife.  She  marries 
Reuben  Butler,  the  presbyterian  minister 
Jeanie  Deans  is  a  model  of  good  sense, 
strong  affection,  resolution,  disinterested- 
ness. Her  journey  from  Edinburgh  to 
London  is  as  interesting  as  that  of 
Elizabeth  from  Siberia  to  Moscow. 

Effie  \_Euphemia']  Deans,  daughtei  of 
Douce  Davie  Deans,  by  his  second  wife. 
She  is  betrayed  by  George  [afterwards 
sir  George]  Staunton  (called  Geordie 
Robertsoir^,  and  imprisoned  for  child- 
murder.  Jeanie  goes  to  the  queen  and 
sues  for  pardon,  which  is  vouchsafed  to 
her,  and  Staunton  does  what  he  can  to 


r 


DEATH. 

repair  the  mischief  he  had  done  by  marry- 
ing Effie,  who  thus  becomes  lady  Staun- 
ton. Soon  after  this  sir  George  is  shot 
by  a  gipsy-boy,  who  proves  to  be  his  own 
son,  and  Effie  retires  to  a  convent  on  the 
Continent.  —  5/r  W.  Scott:  Heart  of 
Midhthian  (time,  George  II.). 

(J.  E.  Millais  has  a  picture  of  EfTie 
Deans  keeping  tryst  with  George  Staun- 
ton.) 

• .  •  The  prototype  of  Jeanie  Deans  was 
Helen  Walker,  to  whose  memory  sir  W. 
Scott  erected  a  tombstone  in  Irongray 
Churchyard  (Kirkcudbright), 

DEATH  or  Mors.  So  Tennyson 
calls  sir  Ironside  the  Red  Knight  of  the 
Red  Lands,  who  kept  Lyonors  (or  Liones) 
captive  in  Castle  Perilous.  The  name 
"  Mors,"  which  is  Latin,  is  very  incon- 
sistent with  a  purely  British  tale,  and  of 
course  does  not  appear  in  the  original 
story.  —  Tennyson:  Idylls  ("Gareth  and 
Lynette  ") ;  Sir  T.  Malory  :  History  of 
Prince  Arthur ,  i.  134-137  (1470). 

Death  ( The  Ferry  of).  The  ferry  of 
the  Irtish,  leading  to  Siberia,  is  so  called 
because  it  leads  the_  Russian  exile  to 
political  and  almost"  certain  physical 
death.  To  be  "laid  on  the  shelf"  is  to 
cross  the  ferry  of  the  Irtish. 

Death   and   Dr.    Hornbook.    A 

satirical  poem  by  Burns.  Death  tells 
Burns  that  Dr.  Hornbook,  the  apothe- 
cary, kills  so  many  with  his  physic,  that 
he  has  quite  ruined  his  trade.  He  recites 
several  instances,  and  then  says — 

That's  just  a  swatch  o'  Hornbook's  way ; 
Thus  goes  he  on  from  day  to  day ; 
Thus  does  he  poison,  kill,  an'  slay, 
An's  weel  paid  for  't. 

*.•  Hornbook  was  John  Wilson,  who 
was  obliged  to  leave  the  county,  migrated 
to  Glasgow,  and  died  in  1839.' 

Death  and  Music.  Leopold  I.  of 
Germany  (1650-1705),  on  his  death-bed 
requested  that  the  court  musicians  might 
be  sent  for,  that  he  might  die  to  the 
sounds  of  sweet  music. 

1[  Mirabeau's  last  words  were,  "  Let 
me  fall  asleep  to  the  sounds  of  delicious 
music." 

N.B. — Sometimes  the  dying  seem  to 
hear  sweet  music.  This,  of  course,  is 
simply  physical. 

Hark  !  they  whisper,  angels  say, 
"  Sister  spirit,  come  away." 

Death  from  Strange  Causes. 

.(EsCHYLUS  was  killed  by  the  fall  of  a 
tortoise  on  his  head  from  the  claws  of  an 
eagle  io  the  aAr.— Pliny:  Hist.  vii.  7. 


267 


DEBATABLE  LAND. 


Agath'ocles  (4  syl. ),  tyrant  of  Sicily, 
was  killed  by  a  tooth-pick,  at  the  age  of 
95- 

Anacreon  was  choked  by  a  grape- 
stone. — Pliny:  Hist.  vii.  7. 

Bassus  {Q.  Lecanius)  died  from  the 
prick  of  a  fine  needle  in  his  left  thumb. 

Chalchas,  the  soothsayer,  died  of 
laughter  at  the  thought  of  his  having  out- 
hved  the  time  predicted  for  his  death. 

Charles  VIII.,  conducting  his  queen 
into  a  tennis-court,  struck  his  head  against 
the  lintel,  and  it  caused  his  death. 

Fabius,  the  Roman  praetor,  was  choked 
by  a  single  goat-hair  in  the  milk  which 
he  was  drinking. — Pliny:  Hist.  vii.  7. 

Frederick  Lewis,  prince  of  Wales, 
died  from  the  blow  of  a  cricket-ball. 

Itadach  died  of  thirst  in  the  harvest- 
field,  because  (in  observance  of  the  rule 
of  St.  Patrick)  he  refused  to  drink  a  drop 
of  anything. 

Louis  VI.  met  with  his  death  from  a 
pig  running  under  his  horse,  and  causing 
it  to  stumble. 

Margutte  died  of  laughter  on  seeing 
a  monkey  trying  to  pull  on  a  pair  of  his 
boots. 

Otway,  the  poet,  in  a  starving  con- 
dition had  a  guinea  given  him  ;  bought  a 
loaf  of  bread,  and  died  swallowing  the 
first  mouthful. 

Philom'enes  (4  syl.)  died  of  laughter 
at  seeing  an  ass  eating  the  figs  provided 
for  his  own  dessert. — Valerius  Maximus. 

Placut  {Phillipot)  dropped  dovni  dead 
while  in  the  act  of  paying  a  bill. — Baca- 
berry  the  Elder. 

Quenelault,  a  Norman  physician  of 
Montpellier,  died  from  a  slight  wound 
made  in  his  hand  in  the  extraction  of  a 
splinter. 

Saufeius  {Spurius)  was  choked  sup- 
ping up  the  albumen  of  a  soft-boiled  &gg. 

Zeuxis,  the  painter,  died  of  laughter 
at  sight  of  a  hag  which  he  had  just 
depicted. 

Death  Proof    of  Guilt.     When 

combats  and  ordeals  were  appealed  to, 
in  the  belief  that  "  God  would  defend  the 
right,"  the  death  of  either  party  was  con- 
sidered a  sure  proof  of  guilt. 

Take  hence  that  traitor  from  our  sight. 
For,  by  his  death,  we  do  perceive  his  gfuilt. 
Shakespeare:  2  Henry  VI.  act  ii.  sc.  3  (1591). 

Death  Ride  ( The),  the  charge  of  the 
Light  Brigade  at  Balaclava.  (See  under 
Charge,  p.  195.) 

Debatable  Land  [The),  a  tract  of 
land  between  the  Esk  and  the  Sark.     It 


DEBON. 


s68 


DEE'S  SPECULUM. 


«eems  properly  to  belong  to  Scotland,  but 
•having  been  claimed  by  both  crowns,  was 
styled  The  Debatable  Land.  Sir  Richard 
Graham  bought  of  James  I.  of  England 
a  lease^of  this  tract,  and  got  it  united  to 
the  county  of  Cumberland.  As  James 
ruled  over  both  kingdoms,  he  was 
supremely  indifferent  to  which  the  plot 
was  annexed. 

Deb'on,  one  of  the  companions  of 
Brute.  According  to  British  fable,  Devon- 
shire is  a  corruption  of  "  Debon's-share," 
or  the  share  of  country  assigned  to  Debon. 

Deborah  Debbitch,  governante  at 
lady  Peveril's. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Peveril  of 
the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Dec'adi,  plu.  dec'adis,  the  holiday 
every  tenth  day,  in  substitution  of  the 
Sunday  or  sabbath,  in  the  first  French 
Revolution. 

All  d^cadi  he  labours  in  the  comer  of  the  Augustin 
cloister,  and  he  calls  that  his  holiday. — The  Atelier  du 
Lys,  ii. 

Dec'adists.  Those  who  conformed 
to  the  dec'ade  system  of  time  introduced 
by  tabre  d'Eglantine  in  1793.  So  called 
because  the  year  was  divided  into  ten 
months,  the  week  into  ten  days,  and  the 
month  into  thrice-ten  days.  Dec'ade  is 
from  the  Greek  word  deka,  ten. 

There  were  360  days  in  Mons.  D'Eglantine's  year, 
but  there  are  365  days  in  a  solar  year;  so  Mons. 
D'Eglantine  called  the  five  odd  days  sans-culottides, 
or  holidays — a  most  clumsy  contrivance.  In  fact,  the 
decimal  system  may  be  useful  perhaps  in  many 
calculations,  but  will  not  work  in  the  laws  of  Nature. 

Decameron  {The),  by  Boccaccio 
{i35o|,  a  collection  of  tales  (in  Italian 
prose)  supposed  to  be  told  by  ten  persons, 
seven  gentlemen  and  three  ladies  who 
had  retired  to  a  pleasant  retreat  during 
a  plague.  Several  of  these  tales  have 
been  a  hunting-ground  of  poets  and 
novelists;  Chaucer,  Shakespeare,  Keats, 
Tennyson,  and  many  others  are  indebted 
to  them.  G.  Standfast  and  many  others 
have  published  English  versions,  and  one 
forms  a  volume  of  Bohn's  Library. 

Decern  Scriptores,  a  collection  of 
ten  ancient  chronicles  on  English  history, 
edited  by  Twysden  and  John  Selden. 
The  names  of  the  chroniclers  are  Simeon 
of  Durham,  John  of  Hexham,  Richard 
of  Hexham,  Ailred  of  Rieval,  Ralph  de 
Diceto.  John  Brompton  of  Jorval,  Gervase 
of  Canterbury,  Thomas  Stubbs,  William 
Thorn  of  Canterbury  and  Henry  Knighton 
of  Leicester. 

Nearly  300  columns  are  occupied  by  the  Abbrevia- 
Hones  Chronicorum  of  Ralph  de  Diceto,  whose 
chronicles  extend  from  389  to  1148;  and  another 
chronicle  brings  the  narrative  down  to  1199. 


De'cins,  friend  of  Antin'ous  (4  syl), 
— Beaumont  and  Fletcher  :  Laws  of  Candy 
(printed  1647). 

Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman 
Empire  {The),  by  Gibbon  (1776). 

Decree    of     Fontaineblean,   an 

edict  of  Napoleon  I. ,  ordering  the  destruc- 
tion by  fire  of  all  English  goods  (dated 
October  18,  1810,  from  Fontainebleau). 

Dec'nman  Gate,  one  of  the  four 
gates  in  a  Roman  camp.  It  was  the  gate 
opposite  the  praetorian,  and  furthest  from 
the  enemy.  Called  decuman  because  the 
tenth  legion  was  always  posted  near  it. 
The  other  two  gates  (the  forta  princi- 
palis dextra  and  the  porta  principalis 
sinistra)  were  on  the  other  sides  of  the 
square.  If  the  preetorian  gate  was  at  the 
top  of  this  page,  the  decuman  gate  would 
be  at  the  bottom,  the  porta  dextra  on  the 
right  hand,  and  the  porta  sinistra  on  the 
left. 

Dedlock  (^^V  Leicester),  bart.,  who 
has  a  general  opinion  that  the  world 
might  get  on  without  hills,  but  would 
be  "  totally  done  up  "  without  Dedlocks. 
He  loves  lady  Dedlock,  and  believes  in 
her  implicitly.  Sir  Leicester  is  honour- 
able and  truthful,  but  intensely  preju- 
diced, immovably  obstinate,  and  proud 
as  "county"  can  make  a  man  ;  but  his 
pride  has  a  most  dreadful  fall  when  the 
guilt  of  lady  Dedlock  becomes  known. 

Lady  Dedlock,  wife  of  sir  Leicester, 
beautiful,  cold,  and  apparently  heartless  ; 
but  she  is  weighed  down  with  this  terrible 
secret,  that  before  marriage  she  had  had 
a  daughter  by  captain  Hawdon.  This 
daughter's  name  is  Esther  [Summerson], 
the  heroine  of  the  novel. 

Volumnia  Dedlock,  cousin  of  sir 
Leicester.  A  "young"  lady  of  60, 
given  to  rouge,  pearl-powder,  and  cos- 
metics. She  has  a  habit  of  prying  into 
the  concerns  of  others. — C.  Dickens: 
Bleak  House  (1853). 

Dee's  Spec'ulum,  a  mirror,  which 
Dr.  John  Dee  asserted  was  brought 
to  him  by  the  angels  Raphael  and 
Gabriel.^  At  the  death  of  the  doctor  it 
passed  into  the  possession  of  the  earl  of 
Peterborough,  at  Drayton ;  then  to  lady 
Betty  Germaine,  by  whom  it  was  given 
to  John  last  duke  of  Argyll.  The  duke's 
grandson  (lord  Frederick  Campbell)  gave 
it  to  Horace  Walpole ;  and  in  1842  it  was 
sold,  at  the  dispersion  of  the  curiosities 
of  Strawberry  Hill,  and  bought  by  Mr. 
Smythe    Pigott.      At    the    sale    of   Mr, 


I 


DEERSLAYER.  269 

Pigotfs  library,  in  1853,  it  passeJ  into 
the  possession  of  the  late  lord  Londes- 
borough.  A  writer  in  Notes  and  Queries 
(p.  376,  November  7,  1874)  says,  it  "has 
now  been  for  many  years  in  the  British 
Museum,"  where  he  saw  it  "some 
eighteen  years  ago." 

(This  magic  speculum  is  a  flat  polished 
mineral,  like  cannel  coal,  of  a  circular 
form,  fitted  with  a  handle. ) 

Deerslayer  {The),  the  title  of  a 
novel  by  J.  F.  Cooper,  and  the  nickname 
of  its  hero  (Natty  Bumppo),  a  model 
uncivilized  man,  honourable,  truthful, 
and  brave,  pure  of  heart  and  without 
reproach.  He  is  introduced  in  fi\'e  of 
Cooper's  novels :  The  Deerslayer,  The 
Pathfinder,  The  Last  of  the  Mohicans, 
The  Pioneers,  and  Thi  Prairie.  He  is 
called  ' '  Hawk-eye  "  in  The  Last  of  the 
Mohicans;  "Leather-stocking"  in  The 
Pioneers  ;  and  ' '  The  Trapper  "  in  Tlu 
Prairie,  in  which  he  dies. 

The  Dclawares  call  me  *'  Deerslayer ; "  but  It  Is  not 
so  much  because  I  am  pretty  fatal  with  the  venison, 
as  because  that,  while  I  kill  so  many  bucks  and  does, 
I  have  never  yet  Uken  the  life  of^  a  fellow-creature 
(chap.  ii.). 

N.B.— Deerslayer  was  first  called  "Straight-tongue," 
for  his  truthfulness  ;  then  "  Pigeon,"  for  his  kindness 
of  heart ;  then  "  Lap-ear,"  for  his  hound-like  sagacity  ; 
then  "  Deerslayer,"  for  his  skill  in  tracking  and  slaying 
deer  (chap.  iv.).  "  Hawk-eye,"  so  called  by  a  dying 
fed  man  or  Mingo  (chap.  vii.). 

Defarge  {Mons.),  keeper  of  a  wine- 
shop in  the  Faubourge  St.  Antoine,  in 
Paris.  He  is  a  bull-necked,  good- 
humoured,  but  implacable-looking  man. 

Mde.  Defarge,  his  wife.  A  dangerous 
woman,  with  great  force  of  character; 
everlastingly  knitting. 

Mde.  Defarge  had  a  watchful  eye,  that  seldom 
seemed  to  look  at  anything.— C.  Dickens:  A  Tale  0/ 
Two  Cilies,  i.  5  (1859). 

Defender  of  the  Paith,  the  title 
first  given  to  Henry  VHI.  by  pope  Leo 
X.,  for  a  volume  against  Luther,  in 
defence  of  pardons,  the  papacy,  and  the 
seven  sacraments.  The  original  volume 
is  in  the  Vatican,  and  contains  this 
inscription  in  the  king's  handwriting : 
Anglorum  rex  Henricus,  Leoni  X.  mitiit 
hoc  opus  etfidei  testem  et  amicitiae;  where- 
upon the  pope  (in  the  twelfth  year  of  his 
reign)  conferred  upon  Henry,  by  bull,  the 
title  "Fidei  Defensor,"  and  commanded 
all  Christians  so  to  address  him.  The 
original  bull  was  preserved  by  sir  Robert 
Cotton,  and  is  signed  by  the  pope,  four 
bishop-cardinals,  fifteen  priest-cardinals, 
and  eight  deacon-cardinals.  A  complete 
copy  of  the  bull,  with  its  seals  and  sig- 
natures, may  be  seen  in  Selden's  Titles  of 
Honour,  v.  53-57  {1672) 


DELADA. 

DefeU8»tas,  Devonshire. 

Defoe  writes  The  History  of  the 
Plague  of  London  as  if  he  had  been  a 
personal  spectator,  but  he  was  only  three 
years  old  at  the  time  (1663-1731). 

Deformed  Transformed  {The), 
a  drama  in  two  parts  by  lord  Byron 
(1824). 

Degfg^ial,  antichrist.  The  Moham- 
medan writers  say  he  has  but  one  eye  and 
one  eyebrow,  and  on  his  forehead  is 
written  cafer  ("  infidel"). 

Chilled  with  terror,  we  concluded  that  the  Deggial, 
with  his  exterminating  angels,  had  sent  forth  their 
plagues  on  the  earth. — Beck/ord:  Vathek  (1784). 

Dehenbarth,  South  Wales.— 5/«t- 
ser  :  Faerie  Queeru,  iii.  2  (1590). 

Dei  Franclii,  the  brothers  in  Bouci" 
cault's  drama,  The  Corsican  Brothers 
(1848).  One  brother  is  a  peaceful,  amorous 
resident  in  a  city  ;  and  the  other  is  a  stern, 
warlike  huntsman  of  the  mountains. 

Deird'ri,  an  ancient  Irish  story 
similar  to  the  Dar-Thula  of  Ossian. 
Conor  king  of  Ulster  puts  to  death  by 
treachery  the  three  sons  of  Usnach. 
This  leads  to  a  desolating  war  against 
Ulster,  which  terminates  in  the  total 
destruction  of  Eman.  This  is  one  of  the 
three  tragic  stories  of  the  Irish,  which 
are :  (i)  The  death  of  the  children  of 
Touran  (regarding  Tuatha  de  Danans)  ; 
(2)  the  death  of  the  children  of  Lear  or 
Lir,  turned  into  swans  by  Aoife  ;  (3) 
the  death  of  the  children  of  Usnach  (a 
"  Milesian"  story). 

Dei'ri  (3  syl.),  separated  from  Ber- 
nicia  by  Soemil,  the  sixth  in  descent  from 
Woden.  Deiri  and  Bernicia  together 
constituted  Northumbria. 

Diera  [sic]  beareth  thro'  the  spacious  Yorkish  hounds, 
From  Durham  down  along  to  the  Lancastrian  sounds . . . 
And  did  the  greater  part  of  Cumberland  contain. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xvi.  (1613). 

Dek'abrist,  a  Decembrist,  from 
Dekaber,  the  Russian  for  December.  It 
denotes  those  persons  who  suffered  death 
or  captivity  for  the  part  they  took  in  the 
military  conspiracy  which  broke  out  in 
St.  Petersburg  in  December,  1825,  on  the 
accession  of  czar  Nicholas  to  the  throne. 

Dela'da,  the  tooth  of  Buddha,  pre- 
served in  the  Malegawa  temple  at  Kandy. 
The  natives  guard  it  with  the  greatest 
jealousy,  from  a  belief  that  whoever 
possesses  it  acquires  the  right  to  govern 
Ceylon.  When  the  English  (in  1815)  ob- 
tained possession  of  this  palladium,  the 
natives  submitted  without  resistance. 


DELASERRE. 


270 


DEMETRIUS. 


Selaserre  [Captain  Philip),  a  friend 
of  Harry  Bertram.— 5?>  W.  Scott:  Guy 
Mannering  {time,  George  II.). 

Delec'table  Mountains.  A  range 
of  hills  from  the  summits  of  which  the 
Celestial  City  could  be  seen.  These 
mountains  v.ere  beautiful  with  woods, 
vineyards,  fruits  of  all  sorts,  flowers, 
springs  and  fountains,  etc. 

Now  there  were  on  the  tops  of  these  mountains  shep- 
herds feeding  their  flocks.  The  pilgrims,  therefore, 
went  to  them,  and  leaning  on  their  staffs  .  .  .  they 
asked,  "  Whose  delectable  mountains  are  these,  and 
whose  be  the  sheep  that  feed  upon  them?"  The 
shepherds  answered,  "  These  mountains  are  Em- 
manuel's land  ,  .  .  and  the  sheep  are  His,  and  He 
laid  down  His  life  for  them."— Sunyan :  Pilsrim'i 
Progress,  i.  {1678). 

DE'LIA,  Diana;  so  called  from  the 
island  Deles,  where  she  was  born. 
Similarly,  Apollo  was  called  Delius. 
Milton  says  that  Eve  e'en 

Delia's  self 
In  gait  surpassed  and  goddess-like  deport, 
Though  not  as  she  with  bow  and  quiver  armed. 
Paradise  Lost,  ix.  338,  etc.  (1665). 

Delia,  any  female  sweetheart.  One  of 
Virgil's  shepherdesses.  The  lady-love  of 
Tibullus.  The  Delia  of  Pope's  Satires 
(i.  81)  is  the  second  lady  Doloraine  of 
Ledwell  Park. 

Slander  or  poison  dread  from  Delia's  rage ; 
Hard  words  or  hanging,  if  j'our  judge  be  Page. 

•.'  That  is,  judge  Page  of  Middle 
Ashton. 

Delia,  the  lady-love  of  James  Ham- 
mond's elegies,  was  Miss  Dashwood,  who 
died  in  1779.  She  rejected  his  suit,  and 
died  unmarried.  In  one  of  the  elegies 
the  poet  imagines  himself  married  to  her, 
and  that  they  were  living  happily  to- 
gether till  death,  when  pitying  maids 
would  tell  of  their  wondrous  loves. 

Delia  is  the  unknown  somebody  to 
whom  Shenstone  addressed  his  love-odes 
and  Pastoral  Ballad. 

Delian  King  ( The).  Apollo  or  the 
sun  is  so  called  in  the  Orphic  hymn. 

Oft  as  the  Delian  king  with  Sirius  holds 
The  central  heavens. 

Akenside  :  Hyynn  to  the  Naiads  (1767). 

Deliglit  of  Mankind  [Tlie),  Titus 
the  Roman  emperor  (a.d.  40,  79-81}. 

Titus  indeed  gave  one  short  evening  gleam, 
More  cordial  felt,  as  in  the  midst  it  spread 
Of  storm  and  horror :  "  The  Delight  of  Men." 
Thomson  :  Liberty,  iii.  (1735). 

Delia  Cmsca  School,  originally  ap- 
plied in  1582  to  a  society  in  Florence,  estab- 
lished to  purify  the  national  language  and 
rift  from  it  all  its  impurities  ;  but  applied 
in  England  to  a  brotherhood  of  poets  (in 
the  last  quarter  of  the  eighteenth  century) 


under  the  leadership  of  Mrs.  Piozzi 
This  school  was  conspicuous  for  affec- 
tation and  high-flown  panegyrics  on  each 
other.  It  was  stamped  out  by  Giffard,  in 
The  Baviad,  in  1794,  and  The  Mceviad,  in 
170,6.  Robert  Merry,  who  signed  himself 
Delia  Crusca,  James  Cobb  a  farce-writer, 
James  Boswell  (biographer  of  Dr.  John- 
son), O'Keefe,  Morton,  Reynolds,  Hol- 
croft,  Sheridan,  Colman  the  younger, 
Mrs.  H.  Cowley,  and  Mrs.  Robinson  were 
its  best  exponents. 

Delphin  Classics  [The),  a  set  of 
Latin  classics  edited  in  France  for  the  use 
of  the  grand  dauphin  (son  of  Louis  XIV. ). 
Huet  was  chief  editor,  assisted  by  Mon- 
tausier  and  Bossuet,  They  had  thirty- 
nine  scholars  working  under  them.  The 
indexes  of  these  classics  are  very  valuable. 

Del'phine  (2  syl.),  the  heroine  and 
title  of  a  novel  by  Mde.  de  Stael.  Del- 
phine  is  a  charming  character,  who  has  a 
faithless  lover,  and  dies  of  a  broken  heart. 
This  novel,  like  Corinne,  was  written 
during  her  banishment  from  France  by 
Napoleon  I.,  when  she  travelled  in 
Switzerland  and  Italy.  It  is  generally 
thought  that  "  Delphine"  was  meant  for 
the  authoress  herself  ( 1 802). 

Delta  [a]  of  Blackwood  is  D.  M. 
Moir  (1798-1815).  B.  Disraeli  (lord 
Beaconsfield)  also  assumed  this  signa- 
ture in  1837  and  1839. 

Del'-ville  ['2  syl.),  one  of  the  guardians 
of  Cecilia.  He  is  a  man  of  wealth  and 
great  ostentation,  with  a  haughty  hu- 
mility and  condescending  pride,  especially 
in  his  intercourse  with  his  social  inferiors. 
■ — Miss  Burney  :  Cecilia  [ij^^). 

Demands.  In  full  of  all  demands, 
as  his  lordship  says.  His  "lordship"  is 
the  marquis  of  Blandford  ;  and  the 
allusion  is  to  Mr.  Benson,  the  jeweller, 
who  sent  in  a  claim  to  the  marquis  for 
interest  to  a  bill  which  had  run  more  than 
twelve  months.  His  lordship  sent  a 
cheqxte  for  the  bill  itself,  and  wrote  on  it, 
"In  full  of  all  demands."  Mr.  Benson 
accepted  the  bill,  and  sued  for  the 
interest,  but  was  non-suited  (1871). 

Deme'tia,  South  Wales;  the  inha- 
bitants are  ca  led  Demetians. 

Denevoir,  the  seat  of  the  Demetian  king. 

Drayton:  Polyolbion,  v.  (1612}. 

DEME'TRIUS,  a  young  Athenian, 
to  whom  Egeus  (3  syl.)  promised  his 
daughter  Hermia  in  marriage.  As 
Hermia  loved  Lysander,  she  refused  to 
marry  Demetrius,  and  fled  from  Athens 


DEMETRIUS. 


271 


I 


\\  ith  Lysander,  Demetrius  went  in  quest 
>f  her,  and  was  followed  by  Hel'ena,  who 
doted  on  him.  All  four  fell  asleep,  and 
"dreamed  a  dream"  about  the  fairies. 
On  waking,  Demetrius  became  more 
reasonable.  When  Egeus  found  out  how 
the  case  stood,  he  consented  to  the  union 
of  his  daughter  with  Lysander. — Shake- 
':/rare  :  Midsummer  Nigki' s  Dream  (1592). 

Deme'trins,  in  The  Poetaster,  by  Ben 
Jonson,  is  meant  for  John  Marston,  who 
died  1633. 

Deme'trius  (4  syL),  son  of  king 
Antig'onus,  in  love  with  Celia,  alias 
Enan'thfi. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher:  The 
Humorous  Lieutenant  (printed  1647). 

Deme'trius,  a  citizen  of  Greece 
during  the  reign  of  Alexius  Comnenus. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Count  Robert  of  Paris 
(time,  Rufus). 

Demiurgus,  that  mysterious  agent 
which,  according  to  Plato,  made  the 
world  and  all  that  it  contains.  The 
Logos  of  St.  John's  Gospel  (ch.  i.  i). 

Democ'ritos  (in  Latin  Democritus), 
the  laughing  or  scoffing  philosopher  ;  the 
friar  Bacon  of  his  age.  To  ' '  dine  with 
Democrltos  "  is  to  go  without  dinner. 

People  think  that  we  {authors}  often  dine  with 
Deniocritos,  but  there  they  are  mistaken.  There  is 
not  one  of  the  fraternity  who  is  not  welcome  to  some 
good  \.ab\e.—Lesa^e  :  Gil  Bias,  xii.  7  (1735). 

Democinttis  Jvmior,  Robert  Bur- 
ton, author  of  The  Anatomy  of  Melancholy 
(162 1 ). 

Demod'ocos  (in  Latin  Demodocus), 
bard  of  Alcin'ous  (4  syl.)  king  of  the 
Phaea'cians. 

Such  as  the  wise  Demodicos  once  told 
In  solemn  songs  at  king  Alcinous'  feast, 
While  sad  Ulysses'  soul  and  all  the  rest 
Are  held,  with  his  melodious  harmony, 
In  willing  chains  and  sweet  captivity. 

Milton  :  Vacation  Exercise  (1627). 

Dem'ogor'gon,  tyrant  of  the  elves 
and  fays,  whose  very  name  inspired 
terror;  hence  Milton  speaks  of  "the 
dreaded  name  of  Demogorgon"  {Paradise 
Lost,  ii.  565).  Spenser  says  he  "dwells 
in  the  deep  abyss  where  the  three  fatal 
si.sters  dwell"  (Faerie  Queene,  iv.  2) ;  but 
Ariosto  says  ne  inhabited  a  splendid 
palace  on '  the  Himalaya  Mountains. 
Mentioned  by  Statius  in  the  Thebaid, 
iv.  516.  Shelley  so  calls  eternity  in 
Prometheus  Unbound. 

:  He's  the  first-begotten  of  Beelzebub,  with  a  face  as 
terrible  as  Demogorgon. — Dryden  :  The  Spanish 
Fryar,v.  s  (t68o). 

Semonoloify    and    Witchcraft 

\JUtters  on),  by  sir  Walter  Scott  (1830). 


DENNIS. 

Demoph'oon  (4  syl.)  was  brought 
up  by  Dem6ter,  who  anointed  him  with 
ambrosia  and  plunged  him  every  night 
into  the  fire.  One  day,  his  mother,  out 
of  curiosity,  watched  the  proceeding,  and 
was  horror-struck ;  whereupon  Dem6ter 
told  her  that  her  foolish  curiosity  had 
robbed  her  son  of  immortal  youth. 

H  This  story  is  also  told  of  Isi's. — 
Plutarch  :  De  hid.  et  Osirid. ,  xvi.  357. 

IF  A  similar  story  is  told  of  Achillas. 
His  mother  Thet'is  was  taking  similar 
precautions  to  render  him  immortal,  when 
his  father  Pe'leus  (2  syl.)  interfered. — 
Apollonius  Rhodius :  Argonautic  Exp., 
iv.  866. 

DemostHenes  {Son  of).  (See  Rulers 
OF  THE  World.) 

The  High-born  Demosthenes,  William 
the  Silent,  prince  of  Orange  (born  1533, 
assassinated  1584). 

The  high-bom  Demosthenes  electrified  large  as- 
semblies by  his  indignant  invectives  against  the 
Spanish  Philip  {i$to).—MotUy  :  The  DuUh  Republic, 
part  iii.  s. 

Demosthenes  of  the  Pulpit.  Dr.  T. 
Rennell,  dean  of  Westminster,  was  so 
called  by  William  Pitt  (1753-1840),  . 

Dendin  {Peter),  an  old  man,  who 
had  settled  more  disputes  than  all  the 
magistrates  of  Poitiers,  though  he  was  no 
judge.  His  plan  was  to  wait  till  the 
litigants  were  thoroughly  sick  of  their 
contention,  and  longed  to  end  their  dis- 
putes ;  then  would  he  interpose,  and  his 
judgment  could  not  fail  to  be  acceptable, 

Tenot  Dendin,  son  of  the  above,  but, 
unlike  his  father,  he  always  tried  to 
crush  quarrels  in  the  bud  ;  consequently, 
he  never  succeeded  in  settling  a  single 
dispute  submitted  to  his  judgment. — 
Rabelais:  Pantagruel,  iii.  41  (1545). 

(Racine  has  introduced  the  same  name 
in  his  comedy  called  Les  Plaideurs  (1669)^ 
and  Lafontaine  in  his  Fables,  1668,) 

Dennet  {Father),  an  old  peasant  at 
the  Lists  of  St.  George.— 5?>  W.  Scott : 
Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.), 

Dennis  the  hangman,  one  of  the 
ringleaders  of  the  "  No  Popery  riots;" 
the  other  two  were  Hugh  servant  of  the 
Maypole  inn,  and  the  half-witted  Barnaby 
Rudge,  Dennis  was  cheerful  enough 
when  he  "  turned  oflf "  others  ;  but  when 
he  himself  ascended  the  gibbet  he  showed 
a  most  grovelling  and  craven  spirit, — 
Dickens  :  Barnaby  Rudge  (1841). 

Dennis  {John),  "  the  best  abused  man 
in  English  literature."    Swift  lampooned 


DENNISON. 


27a         DERRY-DOWN  TRIANGLE. 


him  ;  Pope  assailed  him  in  the  Essay  on 
Criticism;  and  finally,  he  was  "  damned 
to  everlasting  fame  "  in  the  Dunciad.  He 
is  called  "  Zo'ilus  "  (1657-1735). 

Dennison  [Jenny),  attendant  on 
Miss  Edith  Bellenden.  She  marries 
Cuddie  Headrigg.— 5?>  W.  Scott:  Old 
Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Dent  de  Lait  {Une),  a  prejudice. 
After  M.  Beralde  has  been  running  down 
Dr.  Purgon  as  a  humbug,  Argan  replies, 
"  C'est  que  vous  avez,  mon  frfere,  une 
dent  de  lait  contre  lui." — Moliire :  Le 
Malade  Imaginaire,  iii.  3  (1673), 

D'Eon  de  Beaumont  {Le  cheva- 
lier), a  person  notorious  for  the  ambiguity 
of  his  sex  ;  said  to  be  the  son  of  an 
advocate.  His  face  was  pretty,  without 
beard,  moustache,  or  whiskers.  Louis 
XV.  sent  him  as  a  woman  to  Russia  on  a 
secret  mission,  and  he  presented  himself 
to  the  czarina  as  a  woman  (1756).  In 
the  Seven  Years'  War  he  was  appointed 
captain  of  dragoons.  In  1777  he  assumed 
the  dress  of  a  woman  again,  which  he 
maintained  till  death  (1728-1810). 

Derbend  {The  Iron  Gates  of),  called 
the  "  Albanicae  Portas,"  or  the  "  Caspian's 
Gate. "  Iron  gates,  which  closed  the  defile 
of  Derbend.  There  is  still  debris  of  a 
great  v/all,  which  once  ran  from  the 
Black  Sea  to  the  Caspian.  It  is  said  that 
Alexander  founded  Derbend  on  the  west 
coast  of  the  Caspian,  and  that  Khosru 
the  Great  fortified  it.  Haroun-al-Ras- 
chid  often  resided  there.  Its  ancient 
name  was  Albana,  and  hence  the  pro- 
vince Schirvan  was  called  Albania. 

N.B. — The  gates  called  Albanice  Pylce 
were  not  the  "Caspian's  Gate,"  but 
"  Trajan's  Gate  "  or  "  Kopula  Derbend." 

Derby  {Earl  of),  third  son  of  the  earl 
of  Lancaster,  and  near  kinsman  of 
Edward  III.  His  name  was  Henry 
Plantagenet,  and  he  died  1362.  Henry 
Plantagenet,  earl  of  Derby,  was  sent  to 
protect  Guienne,  and  was  noted  for  his 
humanity  no  less  than  for  his  bravery. 
He  defeated  the  comte  de  I'lsle  at 
Bergerac,  reduced  Perigord,  took  the 
castle  of  Auberoche,  in  Gascony,  over- 
threw 10,000  French  with  only  1000, 
taking  prisoners  nine  earls  and  nearly  all 
the  barons,  knights,  and  squires  (1345). 
Next  year  he  took  the  fortresses  of 
Monsegur,  Monsepat,  Villefranche,  Mire- 
mont,  Tennins,  Damassen,  Aiguilon,  and 
Reole. 


That  most  deserving  earl  of  Derby,  we  prefer 
Henry's  third  valiant  son,  the  earl  of  Lancaster, 
That  only  Mars  of  men. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xviii.  (1613). 

Derby  {Countess  of),  Charlotte  de  la 
Tremouille,  countess  of  Derby  and  queen 
of  Man. 

Philip  earl  of  Derby,  king  of  Man,  son 
of  the  countess. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  Peveril 
of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Derce'to,    Derce'tis,    or     Derce 

(2  syl.),  a  deity  adored  at  Ascalon.  She 
was  a  beautiful  woman,  who  had  a 
natural  daughter,  and  was  so  ashamed 
that  she  threw  herself  into  a  lake  and 
was  metamorphosed  in  the  lower  parts 
into  a  fish  ;  hence  the  Syrians  of  Ascalon 
abstained  from  fish  as  a  food.  Her  in- 
fant became  the  famous  SemirSmis,  who 
registered  her  mother  among  the  deities. 
She  is  sometimes  confounded  with  the 
god  Dagon. — Diodorus  Siculus:  Biblio- 
theki ;  Lucian:  Dialogues,  etc.,  2;  Pliny, 
ix.  13. 

Dermat  O'Dyna  [of  the  Bright 
Face],  one  of  the  bravest  of  Fingal's 
heroes.  He  figures  in  most  of  the  chief 
events  of  that  mythical  period.  The  prin- 
cess Grania,  daughter  of  king  Cormac 
Mac  Art,  to  whom  Fingal  was  to  be 
betrothed,  fell  in  love  with  him  and  per- 
suaded him  to  elope  with  her.  Fingal's 
"pursuit"  of  the  runaways,  and  the 
series  of  adventures  which  befell  the 
parties,  form  one  of  the  best  and  weirdest 
of  old  Celtic  romances.  Numerous  dol- 
mens and  other  remains  still  exist  in 
Ireland  bearing  the  names  of  these  two 
lovers.  (See  Diarmid.) — Old  Celtic 
Romances,  translated  by  P.  W.  Joyce 
(1879). 

Deronda  {Daniel),  a  novel  by 
"George  Eliot  "  (Mrs.  J.  W.  Cross,  nie 
Marian  Evans),  (1876), 

Der'rick,  hangman  in  the  first  half  of 
the  seventeenth  century.  The  crane  for 
.hoisting  goods  is  called  a  derrick,  from 
this  hangman. 

Derrick  ( Tom),  quarter-master  of  the 
pirate's  vessel. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  The 
Pirate  (time,  William  III.). 

Derry-Down  Triangle  ( The),  lord 
Castlereagh  ;  afterwards  marquis  of 
Londonderry  ;  so  called  by  William 
Hone.  The  first  word  is  a  pun  on  the 
title,  the  second  refers  to  his  lordship's 
oratory,  a  triangle  being  the  most  feeble, 
monotonous,  and  unmusical  of  all  musical 
instruments.     Tom  Moore  compares  the 


DERVISE. 


«73    DESMONDS  OF  KILMALLOCK. 


'Oratory  of  lord   Castlereagh   to  "  water 
outing  from  a  pump." 

,).  Why  is  a  pump  like  viscount  Castlereaj^h  T 
A.  Because  it  is  a  slender  thing  of  wood, 

Tliat  up  and  down  its  awkward  arm  doth  sway, 
And  coolly  »pout.  and  spout,  and  spout  away, 
In  one  weak,  washy,  everlastinp  flood. 

Thomas  Mo  are. 

Dervise  [^* a  poor  man"],  a  sort  of 
religious  friar  or  mendicant  among  the 
Mohammedans. 

Desborongfh  {Colonel),  one  of  the 
parliamentary  commissioners. — Sir  W. 
Scott:   Woodstock  (time,  Commonwealth). 

Desdemo'na,  daughter  of  Brabantio 
a  Venetian  senator,  in  love  with  Othello 
the  Moor  (general  of  the  Venetian  army). 
The  Moor  loves  her  intensely,  and  marries 
her  ;  but  lago,  by  artful  villainy,  induces 
him  to  believe  that  she  k /es  Cassio  too 
well  After  a  violent  conflict  between 
love  and  jealousy,  Othello  smothers  her 
with  a  bolster,  and  then  stabs  himself, — 
Shakespeare  :  Othello  ( i6i  i ). 

The  soft  simplicity  of  Desdemona,  confident  of  merit 
and  conscious  of  innocence,  her  artless  perseverance  in 
her  suit,  and  her  slowness  to  suspect  that  she  can  be 
suspected,  areproofs  of  Shakespeare's  skill  in  human 
nature.— Z)/-.  Johnson. 

Desert  Pairy  ( The).  This  fairy  was 
gruarded  by  two  lions,  which  could  be 
pacified  only  by  a  cake  made  of  millet, 
sugar-candy,  and  crocodiles'  eggs.  The 
Desert  Fairy  said  to  AUfair,  "  1  swear  by 
my  coif  you  shall  marry  the  Yellow 
Dwarf,  or  I  will  bum  my  crutch." — 
Comtesse  D'Aulnoy:  Fairy  Tales  ("The 
Yellow  Dwarf,"  1682). 

Deserted  Daugliter  [The),  a 
comedy  by  Holcroft.  Joanna  was  the 
daughter  of  Mordent ;  but  her  mother 
died,  and  Mordent  married  lady  Anne. 
In  order  to  do  so  he  ignored  his  daughter 
and  had  her  brought  up  by  strangers, 
intending  to  apprentice  her  to  some  trade. 
Item,  a  money-lender,  acting  on  the 
advice  of  Mordent,  lodges  the  girl  with 
Mrs.  Enfield,  a  crimp,  where  Lennox  is 
introduced  to  her,  and  obtains  Mordent's 
consent  to  run  away  with  her.  In  the 
interim  Cheveril  sees  her,  falls  in  love 
with  her,  and  determines  to  marry  her. 
Mordent  repents,  takes  the  girl  home, 
acknowledges  her  to  be  his  daughter,  and 
she  becomes  the  wife  of  the  gallant  young 
Cheveril  (1784). 

(This  comedy  has  been  recast,  and 
called  The  Steward.) 

Deserted  Village  {The),  a  de- 
scriptive poem  in  heroic  verse,  with 
rhymes,  by  Goldsmith  (1770).     The  f  oet 


has  his  eye  chiefly  on  Lissoy,  in  Kil- 
kenny West  (Ireland),  its  landscapes  and 
characters.  Here  his  father  was  pastor. 
He  calls  the  village  Auburn,  but  tells  us 
it  was  the  seat  of  his  youth,  every  spot  of 
which  was  dear  and  familiar  to  him.  He 
describes  the  pastor,  the  schoolmaster, 
the  ale-house ;  then  tells  us  that  luxury 
has  killed  all  the  simple  pleasures  of 
village  life,  but  asks  the  friends  of  truth 
to  judge  how  wide  the  limits  "  between  a 
splendid  and  a  happy  land,"  Now  the 
man  of  wealth  and  pride 

Takes  up  a  space  that  many  poor  supplied  : 
Space  for  his  lake,  his  parks'  extended  bounds. 
Space  for  his  horses,  equipage,  and  hounds. 

Goldsmith  (1770). 

Some  think  Springfield,  in  Essex,  is 
the  place  referred  to. 

A  traveller,  whom  Washingfton  Irving  accepts  as  an 
authority,  identified  Lissoy's  ale-house,  with  the  sign 
of  the  Three  Pigeons  swinging  over  the  door-way,  as 
"  that  house  wliere  nutbrown  draughts  inspired,'  and 

where  once  the  signpost  caught  the  passing  eye."— 
Kid-way,  in  Notts  and  Queries,  October  la,  1878. 

Dr.  Goldsmith  composed  his  Deserted  ViUafrt 
whilst  residing  at  a  farm-house  nearly  opposite  the 
church  here  [i.e.  Sprinsfield\    Joseph  Strutt,  the  (^ 


graver  and  antiquary,  wns  bom  here  in  1749,  and  died 
1802. — Lewis:  Topopraphicc  '  '^-    ■  '  t^-     ...j 

(article  "  Springfield,"  1831). 


1802. — Lewis:  Topographical  Dictionary  0/  England 


Deserter  ( The),  a  musical  drama  by 
Dibdin  (1770).  Henry,  a  soldier,  is  en- 
gaged to  Louisa,  but  during  his  absence 
some  rumours  of  gallantry  to  his  disad- 
vantage reach  the  village  ;  and,  to  test  his 
love,  Louisa  in  pretence  goes  with  Sim- 
kin  as  if  to  be  married,  Henry  sees  the 
procession,  is  told  it  is  Louisa's  wedding- 
day,  and  in  a  fit  of  desperation  g^ves 
himself  up  as  a  deserter,  and  is  con- 
demned to  death.  Louisa  goes  to  tba 
king,  explains  the  whole  affair,  and  re- 
turns with  his  pardon  as  the  muffled 
drums  begin  to  beat. 

Desmas  or  Dismas.  The  repentant 
thief  is  called  Desmas  in  The  Story  of 
Joseph  of  Arimathea  :  but  Dismas  in  the 
apocryphal  Gospel  of  Nicodemus.  Long- 
fellow, in  The  Golden  Legend,  calls  him 
Dumachus.  The  impenitent  thief  is  called 
Gesmas,  but  Longfellow  calls  him  Titus. 

Imparibus  meritis  pendent  tria  corpora  ramis : 
Distnas  et  Gesmas.  media  est  Divma  Potestas  ; 
Alta  petit  Dismas,  infelix  infima  Gesmas ; 
Nos  et  res  nostras  conservet  Summa  Potestas. 
Of  differing  merits  from  three  trees  Incline 
Dismas  and  Gesmas  and  the  Power  Divine ; 
Dismas  repents,  Gesmas  no  pardon  craves. 
The  Power  Divine  by  death  the  sinner  saves. 

Desmonds        of        Kilmallock 

(Limerick).  The  legend  is  that  the  last 
powerful  head  of  this  family,  who 
perished  in  the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth, 
still  keeps  his  state  under  the  waters  of 


DESPAIR.  374 

lough  Gur;  that  every  seventh  year  he 
reappears  fully  armed,  rides  round  the 
lake  early  in  the  morning,  and  will 
ultimately  return  in  the  flesh  to  claim  his 
own  again.  (See  Barbarossa,  p.  88.)— 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Fortunes  of  Nigel. 

Despair  [Giant)  lived  in  Doubting 
Castle.  He  took  Christian  and  Hopeful 
captives  for  sleeping  on  his  grounds,  and 
locked  them  in  a  dark  dungeon  from 
Wednesday  to  Saturday,  without  "one 
bit  of  bread,  or  drop  of  drink,  or  ray  of 
hght."  By  the  advice  of  his  wife,  Diffi- 
dence, the  giant  beat  them  soundly 
"with  a  crab-tree  cudgel."  On  Saturday 
night  Christian  remembered  he  had  a  key 
in  his  bosom,  called  "  Promise,"  which 
would  open  any  lock  in  Doubting  Castle. 
So  he  opened  the  dungeon  door,  and  they 
both  made  their  escape  with  speed. — 
Bunyan  :  Pilgrims  Progress,  i.  (1678). 

Despairing'  Shepherd  [The),  a 
ballad  by  Rowe,  in  ridicule  of  the  court- 
ship of  Addison  with  the  countess 
dowager  of  Warwick.  Addison  married 
the  lady,  but  it  was  a  grand  mistake. 

Dencal'idon,  the  sea  which  washes 
the  north  coast  of  Scotland, 

Till  thro'  the  sleepy  main  to  Thuly  I  have  gfone, 
And  seen  the  frozen  isles,  the  cold  Deucalidon. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  L  (1612). 

Deucalidon 'ian    Ocean,   the    sea 

which  washes  the  northern  side  of  Ireland. 
— Richard  of  Cirencester:  Hist.,  i.  8 
(1762). 

Deuce  is  in  Him  ( The),  a  farce  by 
George  Colman,  senior.  The  person  re- 
ferred to  is  colonel  Tamper,  under  which 
name  the  plot  of  the  farce  is  given  (1762). 

Dengala,  says  Ossian,  "was  covered 
with  the  light  of  beauty,  but  her  heart 
was  the  house  of  pride." 

Deuteronomy,  the  Greek  name  of 
the  fifth  book  of  the  Old  Testament.  The 
word  means,  "  the  Law  repeated. "  And 
the  book  is  so  called  because  "Moses" 
therein  summarizes  the  principal  laws 
which  he  had  already  given. 

The  Jews  call  it  The  Book  of  the  Words,  or  These  he 
the  Words  (see  ch,  i.  i). 

Deverenx,  a  novel  by  lord  Lytton 
(1820). 

DEVIL  [The),  Olivier  Ledain,  the 
tool  of  Louis  XL,  and  once  the  king's 
barber.  He  was  called  Le  Diable 
because  he  was  as  much  feared  as  the 
prince  of  evil,  was  as  fond  of  making 


DEVIL. 

mischief,  and  was  far  more  disliked. 
Olivier  was  executed  in  1484. 

Devil  ( The).  The  noted  public-house 
so  called  was  No.  2,  Fleet  Street.  In 
1788  it  was  purchased  by  the  bank  firm 
and  formed  part  of  "Child's  Place." 
The  original  ' '  Apollo  "  (of  the  Apollo 
Club,  held  here  under  the  presidency  of 
Ben  Jonson)  is  still  preserved  in  Child's 
bank. 

N.B. — When  the  lawyers  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood went  to  dinner,  they  hung  a 
notice  on  their  doors,  "Gone  to  the 
Devil,"  that  those  who  wanted  them 
might  know  where  to  find  them. 

Dined  to-day  with  Dr.  Garth  and  Mr.  Addison  at  the 
Devil  tavern,  near  Temple  Bar,  and  Garth  treated.— 
S-wift:  Letter  to  Stella. 

The  Chief  of  the  Devils  in  Dr.  Faust, 
part  i. ,  are  these  nine :  Lucifer,  Beelze- 
bub, Astaroth,  Zathanas,  Anubis,  Dith- 
gjranus,  Drachus,  Belial,  and  Ketele. 

According  to  Dantg,  they  are  Scarmig- 
lione  (or  hair-tugger),  Alichino  [the 
deceiver),  Calcobrina  [grace-scoffer),  Cay- 
nazzo  [the  evil  one),  Barbarccia  [choleric), 
Libicocco  [unbridled  desire),  Dragnig- 
nazzo  [dragon's  venom),  Ciriato  Sannuto 
[boar-armed),  Grafficane  [scratch-dog), 
Farfarello  [prater),  and  Rubicante 
[furious). 

Milton  calls  them  Satan,  Moloch, 
Belial,  Mammon,  Peor  or  Chemos, 
Baalim,  Astoreth  or  Astarte  (3  syl.), 
Thammuz,  Dagon,  Rimmon,  Osiris,  Iris, 
and  Orus. — Paradise  Lost,  bk.  i.  376-490. 

The  French  Devil,  Jean  Bart,  an  in- 
trepid French  sailor,  born  at  Dunkirk 
(1650-1702). 

The  White  Devil.  George  Castriot, 
sumamed  "  Scanderbeg,"  was  called  by 
the  Turks  "The  White  Devil  of  Wal- 
lachia"  (1404-1467), 

Devil  ( The  Printer's).  Aldus  Manu- 
tius,  a  printer  in  Venice  to  the  holy 
Church  and  the  doge,  employed  a  negro 
boy  to  help  him  in  his  oflice.  This  little 
black  boy  was  believed  to  be  an  imp  of 
Satan,  and  went  by  the  name  of  the 
"printer's  devil."  In  order  to  protect 
him  from  persecution,  and  confute  a 
foolish  superstition,  Manutius  made  a 
public  exhibition  of  the  boy ;  and  an- 
nounced that ' '  any  one  who  doubted  him 
to  be  fiesh  and  blood  might  come  forward 
and  pinch  him." 

Devil  [Robert  the),  of  Normandy  ;  so 
called  because  his  father  was  said  to  have 
been  an  incubus  or  fiend  in  the  disguise 
of  a  knight  (1028-1035). 


DEVIL. 

1[  Robert  Francois  Damiens  is  also 
called  Robert  le  Diable,  for  his  attempt  to 
assassinate  Louis  XV.  (1714-1757). 

Bevil  [Son  of  the),  Ezzeli'no,  chief  of 
the  Gibelins,  governor  of  Vicenza.  He 
was  so  called  for  his  infamous  cruelties 
(1215-12-9). 

Devil  Dick,  Richard  Porson,  the 
critic  {17J9-1808). 

Devil  Outwitted  {The).  (See 
Patrick  and  the  Serpent.) 

Devil  upon  Two  Sticks  {The),  by 
W.  Coombe  (1790).  An  English  version 
of  Z.C  Diable  Boiteux,  by  Lesage  (1707). 
The  plot  of  this  humorous  satirical  tale 
is  borrowed  from  the  Spanish  El  Diabolo 
Cojuelo  by  Gueva'ra  (1635),  Asmode'us 
[le  diable  boiteux)  perches  don  Cle'ofas 
on  the  steeple  of  St.  Salvador',  and, 
stretching  out  his  hand,  the  roofs  of  all 
the  houses  open,  and  expose  to  him  what 
is  being  done  privately  in  every  dwelling. 

Devil  on  Two  Sticks  ( The),  a  farce 
by  S.  Foote  ;  a  satire  on  the  medical 
profession. 

Devil  to  Pay  {The),  a  farce  by  C. 
Coffey.  Sir  John  Loverule  has  a  terma- 
gant wife— and  Zackel  Jobson  a  patient 
Grissel.  Two  spirits  named  Nadir  and 
Ab'ishog  transform  these  two  wives  for  a 
time,  so  that  the  termagant  is  given  to 
Jobson,  and  the  patient  wife  to  sir  John. 
When  my  lady  tries  her  tricks  on  Jobson, 
he  takes  his  strap  to  her  and  soon  reduces 
her  to  obedience.  After  she  is  well  re- 
formed, the  two  are  restored  to  their 
original  husbands,  and  the  shrew  becomes 
an  obedient,  modest  wife  (died  1745). 

The  Devil  to  Pay  was  long  a  favourite,  chiefly  for  the 
character  of  "Nell"  \tht  cobbler's  -wife],  which  made 
the  fortunes  of  several  actresses.— C/ki»i*<rrj  .•  Eng^Hsh 
Literature,  ii.  151. 


Devil's  Age  ( The).  A  wealthy  man 
once  promised  to  give  a  poor  gentleman 
and  his  wife  a  large  sum  of  money  if  at 
a  given  time  they  could  tell  him  the  devil's 
age.  When  the  time  came,  the  gentleman, 
at  his  wife's  suggestion,  plunged  first 
into  a  barrel  of  honey  and  then  into  a 
barrel  of  feathers,  and  walked  on  all- 
fours.  Presently,  up  came  his  Satanic 
majesty,  and  said, ''  X  and  x  y^ars  have  I 
lived,"  naming  the  exact  number,  "yet 
never  saw  I  an  animal  like  this."  The 
gentleman  had  heard  enough,  and  was 
able  to  answer  the  question  without  diffi- 
culty. —  Rev.  W.  Webster  :  Basque 
Legends,  58  (1877). 


27s      DEVIL'S  DYKE,  BRIGHTON. 

Devil's  Arrows,  three  remarkable 
"  druidical  "  stones,  near  Boroughbridge, 
in  Yorkshire.  Probably  these  stones 
simply  mark  the  boundary  of  some  pro- 
f>erty  or  jurisdiction. 

Devil's  Bridgfe  ( The:),  mentioned  by 
Longfellow,  in  the  Golden  Legend,  is  the 
bridge  over  the  falls  of  the  Reuss,  in  the 
canton  of  the  Uri,  in  Switzerland. 

Devil's  Chalice  {The).  A  wealthy 
man  gave  a  poor  farmer  a  large  sum  of 
money  on  this  condition  :  at  the  end  of  a 
twelvemonth  he  was  either  to  say  "of 
what  the  devil  made  his  chalice,"  or  else 
give  his  head  to  the  devil.  The  poor 
farmer,  as  the  time  came  round,  hid 
himself  in  the  cross-roads,  and  presently 
the  witches  assembled  from  all  sides. 
Said  one  witch  to  another,  "You  know 
that  Farmer  So-and-so  has  sold  his  head 
to  the  devil,  for  he  will  never  know  of 
what  the  devil  makes  his  chalice.  In 
fact,  I  don't  know  myself."  "Don't 
you?"  said  the  other;  "why,  of  the 
parings  of  finger-nails  trimmed  on  Sun- 
days." The  farmer  was  overjoyed,  and 
when  the  time  came  round  was  quite 
ready  with  his  answer. — Rev.  W.  Webster.' 
Basque  Legends,  71  (1877). 

Devil's  Current  ( The).  Part  of  the 
current  of  the  Bosph6rus  is  so  called  from 
its  great  rapidity. 

Devil's  Den,  a  cromlech  in  Preschute, 
near  Marlborough. 

Devil's  Dyke  {The).  The  most  cele- 
brated is  the  enormous  rampart  thrown 
up  by  Probus  on  the  bank  of  the  Rhine, 
with  a  vain  hope  of  warding  off  the  Ala- 
manni.  The  dyke  a  little  later  was  utilized 
by  the  Alamanni  as  a  wall  of  defence. 

Dyke  is  used  to  signify  a  rampart  and  also  an  exca- 
vation.    (See  DEVIL'S  DYKE,  BRIGHTON.) 

Devil's  Dyke  {The),  otherwise  called 
Grim's  Dyke.  This  Dyke  ran  from  New- 
market into  Lincolnshire,  and  was  de- 
signed to  separate  Mercia  from  the  East 
Angles.  Part  of  the  southern  boundary 
of  Mercia  (from  Hampshire  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Severn)  was  called  ' '  Woden's 
Dyke,"  the  present  Wan's  Dyke. 

Because  my  depth   and  breadth  so  strangely  dotb 

exceed 
Men's  low  and  wretched  thoughts,  they  constantly 

decreed 
That  by  the  devil's  help  I  needs  must  raisid  be. 
Wherefore  the  "Devil's  Ditch  "  they  basely  namid  me. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xxii.  (1622). 

Devil's  Dyke,  Brighton  {The), 
One  day,  as  St.  Cuthman  was  walking  over 
the  South  Downs,  and  thinking  to  him- 
self how  completely  he  had  rescived  the 


DEVIL'S  FRYING-PAN. 


276 


DHU'L  KARNEIN. 


whole  country  from  paganism,  he  was 
accosted  by  his  sable  majesty  in  person. 
*'  Ha,  ha  I  "  said  the  prince  of  darkness ; 
"so  you  think  by  these  churches  and 
convents  to  put  me  and  mine  to  your 
ban ;  do  you  ?  Poor  fool  1  why,  this  very 
night  will  I  swamp  the  whole  land  with 
the  sea."  "  Forewarned  is  forearmed," 
thought  St.  Cuthman,  and  hied  him  to 
sister  Cecilia,  superior  of  a  convent  which 
then  stood  on  the  spot  of  the  present 
Dyke  House.  "Sister,"  said  the  saint, 
■"I  love  you  welL  This  night,  for  the 
grace  of  God,  keep  lights  burning  at  the 
convent  windows  from  midnight  to  day- 
break, and  let  masses  be  said  by  the  holy 
sisterhood."  At  sundown  came  the  devil 
with  pickaxe  and  spade,  mattock  and 
shovel,  and  set  to  work  in  right  good  ear- 
nest to  dig  a  dyke  which  should  let  the 
waters  of  the  sea  into  the  downs.  "  Fire 
and  brimstone ! "  he  exclaimed,  as  a 
sound  of  voices  rose  and  fell  in  sacred 
song — "Fire  and  brimstone!  What's 
the  matter  with  me?"  Shoulders,  feet, 
wrists,  loins,  all  seemed  paralyzed.  Down 
went  mattock  and  spade,  pickaxe  and 
shovel,  and  just  at  that  moment  the 
lights  at  the  convent  windows  burst  forth, 
and  the  cock,  mistaking  the  blaze  for 
daybreak,  began  to  crow  most  lustily. 
Off  flew  the  devil,  and  never  again  re- 
turned to  complete  his  work.  The  small 
digging  he  effected  still  remains  in  wit- 
ness of  the  truth  of  this  legend  of  the 
"  Devil's  Dyke." 

Devil's  Prying-Pan  ( The),  a  Cor- 
nish mine  worked  by  the  ancient  Romans. 
According  to  a  very  primitive  notion, 
precious  stones  are  produced  from  con- 
densed dew  hardened  by  the  sun.  This 
mine  was  the  frying-pan  where  the  dew 
was  thus  converted  and  hardened. 

Devil's  Kettle  {The\  one  of  the 
Icelandic  geysers,  about  fifty  paces  from 
tiie  great  geyser.  It  is  provoked  by 
throwing  into  the  opening  clods  of  grass, 
when  it  belches  forth  a  magnificent 
column  of  boiling  water,  very  dangerous 
to  bystanders. 

Devil's  Parliament  {The),  the  par- 
liament assembled  by  Henry  VI.  at  Co- 
ventry, in  1459.  So  called  because  it 
passed  attainders  on  the  duke  of  York 
and  his  chief  supporters. 

Devil's  Throat  {The).  Cromer  Bay 
is  so  called,  because  it  is  so  dangerous  to 
navigation. 

Devil's  Wall  {The),  the  wall  sepa- 


rating England  from  Scotland.     So  called  j ; 
from  its  great  durability. 

Devon. 

On  Granby's  Cheek  might  bid  new  glories  rise. 
And  point  a  purer  beam  from  Devon's  eyes. 
Sheridan's  "  Portrait " — addressed  to  Mrs.  Crewe.        j 

Mary  Isabella  marchioness  of  Granby,    j 
and  Georgina  duchess  of  Devonshire,  two   j 
reigning  beauties  of  their  time.     Of  the   ! 
latter  the  anecdote  is  told  of  a  dustman, 
who  cried  out,  ' '  Lord  love  you,  my  lady  ! 
let  me  light  my  pipe  at  your  eyes. "    Sheri- 
dan refers  to  the  brilliancy  of  her  eyes. 

Devonshire,  according  to  historic 
fable,  is  a  corruption  of  "  Debon's-share. " 
This  Debon  was  one  of  the  companions 
of  Bute,  a  descendant  of  ^ne'as.  He 
chased  the  giant  Coulin  till  he  came  to  a 
pit  eight  leagues  across.  Trying  to  leap 
this  chasm,  the  giant  fell  backwards  and 
lost  his  life. 

.  .  .  that  ample  pit,  yet  far  renowned 
For  the  great  leap  which  Debon  did  compel 
Coulin  to  malce,  being  eight  lugs  of  ground, 


Spenser  :  Falrie  Qutene,  ii.  10  (1S90). 

De'vorgfoil  {Lady  Jane),  a  friend  of 
the  Hazel  wood  family. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Dewlap  {Dick),  an  anecdote-teller, 
whose  success  depended  more  upon  his 
physiognomy  than  his  wit.  His  chin  and 
his  paunch  were  his  most  telling  points. 

I  found  that  the  merit  of  his  wit  was  founded  upon 
the  shaking  of  a  fat  paunch,  and  the  tossing  up  of  a 
pair  of  rosy  jowls.— ^.  Stetlt. 

Dhn  {Evan),  of  Lochiel,  a  Highland 
chief,  in  the  army  of  Montrose. 

Mhich-Connel  Dhu,  or  M'llduy,  a 
Highland  chief,  in  the  army  of  Montrose. 
— Sir  W.  Scott:  Legend  of  Montrose 
(time,  Charles  I.). 

Dhnldnl,  the  famous  horse  of  All, 
son-in-law  of  Mahomet. 

Dhu'l  Karnein  [the  knotty  point], 
the  forty-seventh  proposition  of  the  first 
book  of  Euclid,  ascribed  by  some  to 
Pythagoras. 

•.•We  are  also  told  that  Dhu'l  Kar- 
nein was  a  mysterious  some-one  of  whom 
the  Jews  required  information  respecting 
Mahomet.  (See  "Cow,"  Sale's  Kordn, 
note.) 

Dhu'l  Karnein  {"  tJu  two-homed"), 
a  true  believer  according  to  the  Moham- 
medan legend ,  who  built  the  wall  to  pre- 
vent the  incursions  of  Gog  and  Magog. — 
Al  Kordn,  xviii. 

Commentators  say  the  wall  was  built  In  this  manner; 
The  w  Irkmen  dug  till  they  found  water ;  and  having 


DHU'LNUN. 


Wd  the  (Soimdation  of  stone  and  melted  brass,  they 
built  the  suiierstructure  of  large  pieces  of  iron,  between 
which  they  packed  wood  and  coal,  till  the  whole 
equalled  the  height  of  the  mountains  [o/  Armenia}. 
liien,  setting  fire  to  the  combustibles,  and  by  the  use 
of  bellows,  they  made  the  iron  red  hot,  and  poured 
molten  brass  over  to  fill  up  the  interstices. — Sale  :  Al 
KordH. 

Dhu'lnnn,  the  surname  of  Jonah ;  so 
called  because  he  was  swallowed  by  a 
fish. 

Remember  Dhulnun,  when  he  departed  in  wrath, 
and  thought  that  we  could  not  exercise  our  power 
•ver  him.— W/  Kordn,  xxU 

Diable  Boiteuz  {Le),  by  Lesage,  a 
tale  in  French  prose  (1707).  W.  Coombe 
published,  in  1790,  an  English  version 
called  The  Devil  upon  Two  Sticks  [q.v.). 

Diafoims  {Thomas),  son  of  Dr.  Dia- 
foinis.  He  is  a  young  medical  milksop, 
to  whom  Argan  has  promised  his  daughter 
Angelique  in  marriage.  Diafoirus  pays  his 
compliments  in  cut-and-dried  speeches, 
and  on  one  occasion,  being  interrupted 
in  his  remarks,  says,  "  Madame,  vous 
m'avez  inlerrompu  dans  le  milieu  de  ma 
p^riode,  et  cela  m'a  trouble  la  m^moire." 
His  father  says,  "Thomas,  r^servez  cela 
pour  une  autre  fois."  Angelique  loves 
Cl&mte  (2  syl.),  and  Thomas  Diafoirus 
goes  to  the  wall 

II  n'a  jamais  eu  I'imagination  bien  vive,  ni  ce  feu 
d'esprit  qu'on  remarque  dans  quelques  uns,  .  .  . 
Lorsqu'il  etait  petit,  il  n'a  jamais  it6  ce  qu'on  appelle 
mifevre  et  iveille  ;  on  le  vo3;ait  toujours  doux,  paisible, 
et  tacitume,  ne  disant  jamais  mot,  et  ne  jouant  jamais 
k  tous  ces  petits  jeux  que  Ton  nomme  enfantins. — 
Molihre  :  Malade  Imasinaire,  il  6  (1673). 

Dialo^es  of  tlie  Dead,  by  George 
lord  Lyttelton  (1760-1765). 

Diamond,  one  of  tl  ree  brothers,  sons 
of  the  fairy  Agap6.  Though  very  strong, 
he  was  slain  in  single  fight  by  Cam'balo. 
His  brothers  were  Pri'amond  and  Tri'- 
amond. — Spenser  :  Faerie  Queene,  iv. 
(1596). 

Diamond  and  Newton.  (See 
Newton  and  his  Dog.) 

Diamond  Jousts,  nine  jousts  insti- 
tuted by  Arthur,  and  so  called  because 
a  diamond  was  the  prize.  These  nine 
diamonds  were  all  won  by  sir  Launcelot, 
who  presented  them  to  the  queen;  but 
Guinevere,  in  a  tiff,  flung  them  into  the 
river  which  ran  by  the  palace. — Tenny- 
son :  Idylls  of  the  King  ("Elaine  "). 

Diamond  S'word,  a  magic  sword 
given  by  the  god  Syren  to  the  king  of 
the  Gold  Mines. 

She  gave  him  a  sword  made  of  one  entire  diamond, 
that  gave  as  great  lustre  as  the  sun.  —  Cotnteise 
VAutnoy:  Fairy  Tales  ("The  Yellow  Dwarf,"  1682). 


277  DIANA  OF  THE  STAGE. 

Diamonds.  The  largest  in  the  world- 


Carati 
(uncut).  {cut\. 


367 

aS4 

194 

139* 

138* 

136* 


Braganza 


Star  of  the  South 

Orloff 

Florentine 

Pitt 


793I  106^  Koh-i-noor 

—  86      Shah 

—  82i    Pigott 


Potsusor. 
King  of  Portagal 
Rajah  of  Mattan 
( Borneo) 

Czar  of  Russia 
Emp.  of  Austria 
King  of  Portugal 
King  of  Prussia 
Queen  of  England 
Czar  of  Russia 
Messrs.     Rundell 

and  Bridge 
Lord  Westminster 


—  78      Nassac 
113      67^     Blue  

—  53      Sancy  Czar  of  Russia 
88i    44*    Dudley  Earl  of  Dudley 

—  40      Pacha  of  Egypt    Khedive  of  Egypt 
*.•  For  particulars,  see  each  under  its 

name.    (See  also  Stewart  Diamond.) 

DIANA,  heroine  and  title  of  a  pastoral 
by  Montemayor,  imitated  from  the  Daph- 
nis  and  Chloe  of  Longos  (fourth  century). 

Dian'a,  daughter  of  the  widow  of  Flo- 
rence with  whom  Hel'ena  lodged  on  her 
way  to  the  shrine  of  St.  Jacques  le  Grand. 
Count  Bertram  wantonly  loved  her  ;  but 
the  modest  girl  made  this  attachment 
the  means  of  bringing  about  a  reconcilia- 
tion between  Bertram  and  his  wife  Helena. 
—Shakespeare :  All's  Well  that  Ends 
I^^//(i598). 

Diana  Vernon,  beloved  by  Francis 
Osbaldistone.— ^?>  W.  Scott:  Rob  Roy 
(1818). 

Dian'a  de  Lascours,  daughter  of 
Ralph  and  Louise  de  Lascours,  and  sister 
of  Martha,  alias  Ogaril'a.  Diana  was 
betrothed  to  Horace  de  Brienne,  whom 
she  resigns  to  Martha. — Stirling:  The 
Orphan  of  the  Frozen  Sea  (1856). 

Dian'a  the  Inexorable,  (i)  She 
slew  Ori'on  with  one  of  her  arrows,  for 
daring  to  make  love  to  her.  (2)  She 
changed  Actaeon  into  a  stag  and  set  her 
own  dogs  on  him  to  worry  him  to-death  ; 
because  he  chanced  to  look  upon  her 
while  bathing.  (3)  She  shot  with  her 
arrows  the  six  sons  and  six  daughters  of 
Niobd ;  because  the  fond  mother  said  she 
was  happier  than  Latona,  who  had  only 
two  children. 

Dianae  non  movenda  numina. 

Horace:  Epode,  xviL 

Diana  the  Second  of  Salman- 
tin,  a  pastoral  romance  by  Gil  Polo. 

"  We  will  preserve  that  book,"  said  the  cur^,  "  as 
carefully  as  if  Apollo  himself  had  been  its  author.  *— 
Cervantes :  Don  Quixote,  I.  i.  6  (1605). 

Diana  of  the  Stage,  Mrs.  Anne 
Bracegirdle  (1663-1748). 


DIANA'S  FORESTERS. 


278 


DICK  AMLET. 


Dian'a's  Foresters,  "minions  of 
the  moon,"  "  Diana's  knights,"  etc.,  high- 
waymen. 

Marry,  then,  sweet  wag,  when  thou  art  king,  let  not 
us  that  are  "  squires  of  the  night's  body,"  be  called 
thieves  .  .  .  let  us  be  "  Diana's  foresters,  "  Gentlemen 
of  the  shade,"  "  minions  of  the  moon."— ShakesJ>eare  : 
I  Henry  IV,  act  L  sc.  3  (1597). 

Diana's  Livery  { To  wear),  to  be  a 
virgin. 

One  twelve-moons  more  she'll  wear  Diana's  livery; 
This  .  .  .  hath  she  vowed, 
Shakesfeare  :  Pericles  Prince  of  Tyre,  act  ii.  sc.  s  (1608). 

Diana's  Power  and  Functions. 

Terrat,  lustrat,  agit,  Proserpina,  Luna,  Diana, 
Ima,  Suprema,  feras,  sceptro,  fulgore,  sagitta. 

Diano'ra,  wife  of  Gilberto  of  Friuli, 
but  amorously  loved  by  Ansaldo.  In 
order  to  rid  herself  of  his  importunities, 
she  vowed  never  to  yield  to  his  suit  till 
he  could  "make  her  garden  at  midwinter 
as  gay  with  flowers  as  it  was  in  summer  " 
(meaning  never).  Ansaldo,  by  the  aid  of 
a  magician,  accomplished  the  appointed 
task  ;  but  when  the  lady  told  him  her 
husband  insisted  on  her  keeping  her 
promise,  Ansaldo,  not  to  be  outdone  in 
generosity,  declined  to  take  advantage 
of  his  claim,  and  from  that  day  forth 
was  the  firm  and  honourable  friend  of 
Gilberto. — Boccaccio:  Decameron,  x.  5. 

IT  The  Franklins  Tale  of  Chaucer  is 
substaTitially  the  same  story.  (See  DoRi- 
GEN,  p.  294.) 

Diarmaid,  noted   for   his    "beauty 

spot,"  which  he  covered  up  with  his  cap  ; 
for  if  any  woman  chanced  to  see  it,  she 
would  instantly  fall  in  love  with  him. — 
Campbell:  Tales  of  the  West  Highlands 
("  Diarmaid  and  Grainne  "). 

Diaries.  A  diary  is  a  register  of  daily 
occurrences.  Of  printed  diaries  the  follow- 
ing are  celebrated  :  The  Diary  and 
Letters  of  Mde.  D'Arblay,  which  contains 
some  good  sketches  of  the  manners  and 
customs  of  her  own  time,  with  notices 
of  George  III.,  Dr.  Johnson,  Burke, 
Reynolds,  and  others,  published  post- 
humously. 

The  Diary  and  Correspondence  of  John 
Evelyn,  published  posthumously  in  18 18. 
It  contains  an  excellent  account  of  the 
Great  Fire  of  London,  in  i665,  and  much 
most  interesting  gossip  about  the  manners, 
customs,  dress,  and  court  of  Charles  II. 

Sam.  Pepys's  Diary,  written  in  short- 
hand, and  being  deciphered  by  the  Rev. 
John  Smith,  was  published  in  1825. 
Pepys  lived  1632-1703 ,  nnd  his  diary  is 
quaint,  domestic,  and  most  interesting. 

The  Diary  and  Correspondence  of  Henry 


Crabb   Robinson,  who  lived  1775-1867. 
Published  posthumously  1869. 

Diav'olo  {Fra),  Michele  Pozza,  in- 
surgent of  Calabria  (1760-1806). — Auber: 
Fra  Diavolo  (libretto  by  Scribe,  1836). 

Dibble  {Davie),  gardener  at  Monk- 
bams. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  The  Antiquary 
(time,  George  III.). 

Dibu'tades  (4  syl.),  a  potter  of 
Sicyon,  whose  daughter  traced  on  the 
wall  her  lover's  shadow,  cast  there  by 
the  light  of  a  lamp.  This,  it  is  said,  is 
the  origin  of  portrait-painting.  The 
father  applied  the  same  process  to  his 
pottery,  and  this,  it  is  said,  is  the  origin 
of  sculpture  in  relief. 

Will  the  arts  ever  have  a  lovelier  origin  than  that  fair 
daughter  of  Dibutades  tracing  the  beloved  shadow  on 
the  waUT— Owttfa  /  Ariadni,  i.  6. 

Dicas'a,  daughter  of  Jove,  the  "ac- 
cusing angel"  of  classic  mythology. 

Forth  stepped  t!;e  just  Dicnea,  full  of  rage. 
Phineas  Fletcher:  The  Purple  Island,  vi.  (1633). 

Diccon  tbe  Bedlamite,  a  half- 
mad  mendicant,  both  knave  and  thief. 
A  specimen  of  the  metre  and  spelling  will 
be  seen  by  part  of  Diccon's  speech — 

Many  a  myle  have  I  walked,  divers  and  sundry  waies, 
And  many  a  good  man's  house  have  1  bin  at  in  ray  dais : 
Many  a  gossip's  cup  in  my  tyme  have  I  tasted. 
And  many  a  broche  and  spjrt  have  I  both  turned  an^ 

basted  .  .  . 
When  I  saw  it  booted  nit,  out  at  doores  I  hyed  mee, 
And  caught  a  slyp  of  bacon  when  I  saw  none  spyed  mee, 
Which  I  intend  not  far  hence,  unless  my  purpose  fayle, 
Shall  serve  for  a  shoing  home  to  draw  on  two  pots  of  ale. 
Diccon  ike  Bedlamite  (1552). 

Dicilla,  one  of  Logistilla's  hand- 
maids, noted  for  her  chastity. — Ariosto: 
Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Dick,  ostler  at  the  Seven  Stars  inn, 
York.— 5»V  W.  Scott :  Heart  of  Midlothian 
(time,  George  II.). 

Dick,  called  "The  Devil's  Dick  of 
Hellgarth ; "  a  falconer  and  follower  of 
the  earl  of  Douglas. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Fair 
Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Dick  [Mr.),  an  amiable,  half-witted 
man,  devoted  to  David's  "aunt,"  Miss 
Betsey  Trotwood,  who  thinks  him  a  pro- 
digious genius.  Mr.  Dick  is  especially 
mad  on  the  subject  of  Charles  I. — Dickens: 
David  Copperfield  (1849). 

Dick  Amlet,  the  son  of  Mrs.  Amiet, 
a  rich,  vulgar  tradeswoman.  Dick  as- 
sumes the  airs  of  a  fine  gentleman,  and 
calls  himself  colonel  Shapely,  in  which 
character  he  gets  introduced  to  Corinna, 
the  daughter  of  Gripe,  a  rich  scrivener. 
Just  as  he  is  about  to  elope,  his  mother 
makes  her  appearance,  and  the  deceit  is 


DICK  SHAKEBAG. 


279 


laid  bare;  but  Mrs.  Amlet  promises  to 
give  her  son  ^^lo.ooo,  and  so  the  wedding 
is  adjusted.  Dick  is  a  regular  scamp, 
and  wholly  without  principle  ;  but  being 
a  dashing  young  blade,  with  a  handsome 
person,  he  is  admired  by  the  ladies. — 
Vanbmgh:  The  Confederacy  (\6g^). 

John  Palmer  was  the  "  Dick  Amlet,"  and  John  Ban- 
nister the  roguish  servant,  "  Brass."— ya»«<f  Smith 
(1790). 

Dick  Shakebagf,  a  highwayman  in 
the  gang  of  captain  Colepepper  (the 
Alsatian  bully). — Sir  W.  Scott:  Fortunes 
of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Dickens.  Shakespeare,  in  The  Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor,  says,  "I  cannot  tell 
what  the  dickens  his  name  is  "  (act  iii.  sc.  2). 

A  man  accidentally  caught  hold  of  a  hot  horse-shoe, 
ind  in  exclamation  named  three  celebrated  British 
authors :  "  Dickens,  Howit[t]  Bums  I " 

Dickson  [Thomas),  farmer  at  Doug- 

lasdale. 

Charles  Dickson,  son  of  the  above, 
killed  in  the  church. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Castle  Dangerous  (time,  Henry  I.). 

Dictator  of  Letters,  Francois 
Marie  Arouet  de  Voltaire,  called  the 
"Great  Pan"  (1694-1778). 

Dictionary  [A  Living).  Wilhelm 
Leibnitz  (1646-1716)  was  so  called  by 
George  I. 

•f  LongTnus  was  called  "The  Living 
Cyclopaedia  "  (213-273). 

^  Daniel  Huet,  chief  editor  of  the 
Delphine  Classics,  was  called  a  Porcus 
Literarum  for  his  unlimited  knowledge 
(1630-172 1 ). 

Diddler  (Jeremy),  an  artful  swindler ; 
a  clever,  seedy  vagabond,  who  borrows 
money  or  obtains  credit  by  his  songs, 
witticisms,  or  other  expedients. — Kenney: 
Raising  the  Wind. 

Diderick,  the  German  form  of  Theo- 
doriclc,  king  of  the  Goths.  As  Arthur 
is  the  centre  of  British  romance  and 
Charlemagne  of  French  romance,  so 
Diderick  is  the  central  figure  of  the 
German  minnesingers. 

Didier  {Henri),  the  lover  of  Julie 
Lesurques  (2  syl.)\  a  gentleman  in  feel- 
ing and  conduct,  who  remains  loyal  to 
his  fiancie  through  all  her  troubles. — 
Stirling:  The  Courier  of  Lyons  (1852). 

Dido,  queen  of  Carthage,  fell  in  love 
with  ^ne'as,  who  (fleeing  from  Troy)  was 
stranded  on  the  Carthaginian  coast.  After 
a  time  Minerva  insisted  that  the  fugitive 
thould  leave  Carthage,  and  found  a  city 


DIET  OF  PERFORMERS. 

in  Lat/um.  Dido,  vexed  and  slighted, 
kills  herself  with  a  sword  given  her  by 
iEneas.  According  to  Virgil,  she  destroyed 
herself  on  a  funeral  pile.     (See  ^NEAS.) 

'.•  Ovid,  in  his  Herotdes  (4  syl.),  has  a 
letter  supposed  to  be  written  by  Dido  to 
yEneas,  reminding  him  of  all  she  had 
done  for  him,  and  imploring  him  to  re- 
main. As  this  is  in  Latin  verse,  of  course 
it  was  not  the  composition  of  Dido. 

(There  are  English  tragedies  on  queen 
Dido,  as  Dido  Queen  of  Carthage,  by 
Nash  and  Marlowe  (1594);  Dido  and 
^neas,  by  D'Urfey  (1721);  the  opera  of 
Dido  and  ^neas,  by  Purcell  ( 1657).  There 
are  also  Dido,  an  opera,  by  Marmontel 
(1703);  Didon  Abbandonata,  by  Metas- 
tasio  (1724).) 

• .  *  For  Porson's  pun  on  Dido,  see 
Dictionary  of  Phrase  and  Fable,  p.  392. 

Die  Tounff  (  Whom  the  Gods  love).— 
Byron  :  Don  Juan,  iv.  12  (1824). 

hv  01  Oeoi  (piXovffiv  anoOvriffKei  veof. 

Afenander :  Fragments,  48  ("Meineka"). 
And  what  excelleth  but  what  dieth  young? 

Drummond  (1585-1649). 
The  ripest  fruit  first  faUs. 
Shakespeare  :  Richard  II.  act  ii.  sc  i. 

Die'go,  the  sexton  to  Lopez  the 
"Spanish  curate." — Fletcher:  The  Spanish 
Curate  (1622). 

Die'ifo  [Don),  a  man  of  60,  who  saw  a 
country  maiden  named  Leonora,  whom 
he  liked,  and  intended  to  marry  if  her 
temper  was  as  amiable  as  her  face  was 
pretty.  He  obtained  leave  of  her  parents 
to  bring  her  home  and  place  her  under  a 
duenna  for  three  months,  and  then  either 
return  her  to  them  spotless,  or  to  make 
her  his  wife.  At  the  expiration  of  the 
time,  he  went  to  settle  the  marriage 
contract;  and,  to  make  all  things  sure, 
locked  up  the  house,  giving  the  keys  to 
Ursula ;  but  to  the  outer  door  he  attached 
a  huge  padlock,  and  put  the  key  in  his 
pocket.  Leander,  being  in  love  with 
Leonora,  laughed  at  locksmiths  and 
duennas,  and  Diego  (2  syl.)  found  them 
about  to  elope.  Being  a  wise  man,  he 
not  only  consented  to  their  union,  but 
gave  Leonora  a  handsome  marriage  ^aox- 
lion.—Bickerstqf:  The  Padlock  (1768). 

Diet  of  Performers. 

Br  AH  AM  sang  on  bottled  porter 
Catley  (Miss)  took  linseed  tea  and 
madeira. 
Cooke  (G.  F^  drank  everything. 
Henderson,  gum  arabic  and  sherry, 
Incledon  sang  on  madeira. 


DIETRICH. 

Jordan  (Mrs.)  drank  calves' -foot  jelly 
and  sherry. 

Kean  (C)  took  beef-tea  for  breakfast, 
»nd  preferred  a  rump-steak  for  dinner. 

Kean  (Edm.),  Emery,  and  Reeve 
drank  cold  brandy-and-water. 

Kemble  {John)  took  opium. 

Lewis,  mulled  wine  and  oysters. 

Macready  used  to  eat  the  lean  of 
mutton-chops  when  he  acted,  and  subse- 
quently lived  almost  wholly  on  a  vegetable 
diet. 

OXBERRY  drank  tea. 

Russell  (Henry)  took  a  boiled  egg. 

Smith  (  W. )  drank  coffee. 

Wood  [Mrs. )  sang  on  draught  porter. 

Wrench  and  Harley  took  «o  refresh- 
ment during  a  performance. —  W.  C. 
Russell:  Representative  Actors,  272. 

Gladstone,  an  egg  beaten  up  in  sherry. 

Die'trich  (2  syl.).  So  Theod'oric  the 
Great  is  called  by  the  German  minne- 
singers. In  the  terrible  broil  stirred  up 
by  queen  Kriemhild  in  the  banquet-hall 
of  Etzel,  Dietrich  interfered,  and  suc- 
ceeded in  capturing  Hagan  and  the 
Burgundian  king  Gunther.  These  he 
banded  over  to  the  queen,  who  cut  off  both 
their  heads  with  her  own  hands. — The 
Nibelungen  Lied  (thirteenth  century). 

Dietrich  {John),  a  labourer's  son  of 
Pomerania.  He  spent  twelve  years  under 
ground,  where  he  met  Elizabeth  Krabbin, 
daughter  of  the  minister  of  his  own 
village,  Rambin.  One  day,  walking  to- 
gether, they  heard  a  cock  crow,  and  an 
irresistible  desire  came  over  both  of  them 
to  visit  the  upper  earth.  John  so  fright- 
ened the  elves  by  a  toad,  that  they  yielded 
to  his  wish,  and  gave  him  hoards  of 
wealth,  with  part  of  which  he  bought 
half  the  island  of  Riigen.  He  married 
Elizabeth,  and  became  the  founder  of  a 
very  powerful  family. — Keightley  :  Fairy 
Mythology.     (See  Tannh auser.  ) 

Dieu  et  Mon  Droit,  the  parole 
of  Richard  I.  at  the  battle  of  Gisors 
<ii98). 

Digfgfery,  one  of  the  house-servants 
at  Strawberry  Hall.  Being  stage-struck, 
he  inoculates  his  fellow-servants  (Cymon 
and  Wat)  with  the  same  taste.  In  the 
same  house  is  an  heiress  named  Kitty 
Sprightly  (a  ward  of  sir  Gilbert  Pumpkin), 
also  stage-struck.  Diggery's  favourite 
character  was  "Alexander  the  Great," 
the  son  of  "  Almon."  One  day,  playing 
Romeo  and  Juliet,  he  turned  the  oven 
into  the  balcony,  but,  being  rung  for,  the 


280  DINAH. 

girl  acting  'Vjuliet "  was  nearly  roasted 
alive,  (See  Diggory. )— 7af/6/«a«  .-  All 
the  Worlds  a  Stage  (1777). 

Digges  {Miss  Maria),  a  friend  of 
lady  Penfeather ;  a  visitor  at  the  Spa. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  St.  Ronan's  Well  (time, 
George  III.).     "  Digges"  (i  syl.). 

Dig'gon  [Davie],  a  shepherd  in  the 
Shephearde's  Calendar,  by  Spenser.  He 
tells  Hobbinol  that  he  drove  his  sheep 
into  foreign  lands,  hoping  to  find  better 
pasture;  but  he  was  amazed  at  the 
luxury  and  profligacy  of  the  shepherds 
whom  he  saw  there,  and  the  wretched 
condition  of  the  flocks.  He  refers  to 
the  Roman  Catholic  clergy,  and  their 
abandoned  mode  of  life.  Diggon  also 
tells  Hobbinol  a  long  story  about  Roffin 
{the  bishop  of  Rochester)  and  his  watch- 
ful dog  Lauder  catching  a  wolf  in  sheep's 
clothing  in  the  fold. — Eel.  ix.  (Septem- 
ber, 1572  or  1578). 

Digfg-ory,  a  barn  labourer,  employed 
on  state  occasions  for  butler  and  footman 
by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hardcastle.  He  is 
both  awkward  and  familiar,  laughs  at 
his  master's  jokes  and  talks  to  his 
master's  guests  while  serving.  (See 
DlOGKRY.)— Goldsmith:  She  Stoops  to 
Conquer  (1773). 

Digf^ory  {Father),  one  of  the  monks 
of  St.  Botolph's  Priory.— 5?>  W.  Scott: 
Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I. ). 

Dimanclie  {Mons.),  a  dun.  Mons. 
Dimanche  (2  syl. ),  a  tradesman,  applies  to 
don  Juan  for  money.  Don  Juan  treats  him 
with  all  imaginable  courtesy;  but  every 
time  he  attempts  to  revert  to  business 
interrupts  him  with  some  such  question 
as,  Comment  se  porte  madame  Dimanche  f 
or  Et  votre  petite  file  Claudine,  comment 
se  porte-t-elle  ?  or  Le  petit  Colin,  fait-il 
toujours  bien  du  bruit  avec  son  tambour  f 
or  Et  votre  petit  chien  Brusquet,  gronde- 
t-il  toujours  aussifort  .  .  .  ?  and,  after  a 
time,  he  says  he  is  very  sorry,  but  he 
must  say  good-bye  for  the  present ;  and 
he  leaves  Mons.  without  his  once  stating 
the  object  of  his  call.  (See  Shuffle- 
ton.) — Molikre:  Don  Juan,  etc.  (1665). 

Din  {The),  the  practical  part  of  Islam, 
containing  the  ritual  and  moral  laws. 

DINAH  [Friendly],  daughter  of  sir 
Thomas  Friendly.  She  loves  Edward 
Blushington,  "  the  bashful  man,"  and 
becomes  engaged  to  him. — Moncrieff: 
The  Bashful  Man. 


DINAH. 


98  < 


DINGLEY  DELL. 


Dinah,  daughter  of  Sandie  Lawson, 
landlord  of  the  Spa  hotel.— -S»>  IV. 
Scofi :  St.  Ronan's  Well  (time,  George 
III.). 

Dinah  {Aunt)  leaves  her  nephew, 
Walter  Shandy,   £,xooo.      This  sum   of 

.oney,  in   Walter's  eye,  will  suffice  to 

rry  out  all  the  wild  schemes  and  ex- 

avagant  fancies  that  enter  into  his  head. 
—Sterne:  Tristram  Shandy  (1759). 

Dinah,  in  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,  by 
Mrs.  Beecher  Stowe  (1850).  She  is  the 
cook  in  St.  Clair's  household. 

Dinant',  a  gentleman  who  once  loved 
and  still  pretends  to  love  Lamira,  the 
wife  of  Champernel. — Beaumont  and 
Fletcher:  The  Little  French  Lawyer 
(printed  1647). 

Dinarza'de  (4  syl.),  sister  of  Sche- 
herazade sultana  of  Persia.  Dinarzadfi 
was  instructed  by  her  sister  to  wake  her 
every  morning  an  hour  before  daybreak, 
and  say,  "Sister,  relate  to  me  one  of 
those  delightful  stories  you  know,"  or 
"Finish  before  daybreak  the  story  you 
began  yesterday."  The  sultan  got  in- 
terested in  these  tales,  and  revoked  the 
cruel  determination  he  had  made  of 
strangling  at  daybreak  the  wife  he  had 
married  the  preceding  night. 

Dinas  Emrys  or  "Fort  of  Am- 
brose" (i.e.  Merlin),  on  the  Brith,  a 
part  of  Snowdon.  When  Vortigern  built 
this  fort,  whatever  was  constructed 
during  the  day  was  swallowed  up  in  the 
earth  during  the  night.  Merhn  (then 
called  Ambrose  or  Enibres-Guletic)  dis- 
covered the  cause  to  be  "two  serpents 
at  the  bottom  of  a  pool  below  the  foun- 
dation of  the  works."  These  serpents 
were  incessantly  struggling  with  each 
other  ;  one  was  white,  and  the  other  red. 
The  white  serpent  at  first  prevailed,  but 
ultimately  the  red  one  chased  the  other 
out  of  the  pool.  The  red  serpent,  he 
said,  meant  the  Britons,  and  the  white 
one  the  Saxons.  At  first  the  Saxons 
(or  white  serpent)  prevailed,  but  in  the 
end  "  our  people  "  (the  red  serpent) ' '  shall 
chase  the  Saxon  race  beyond  the  sea." — 
Nennius:  History  of  the  Britons  (842). 

And  from  the  top  of  Brith,  so  high  and  wondrous  steep, 
Where  Dinas  Emris  stood,  showed  where  the  serpents 

fought 
The  white  that  tore  the  red,  for  whence  the  prophet 

taught 
The  Britons'  sad  decay. 

Drayton  :  Pclyolbion,  x.  (x6i3). 

Dine  with  Democritos  (To),  to 
be  choused  out  of  your  dinner. 


•HA"  Barmecide  feast  "is  no  feast  at 
all.  The  allusion  is  to  Barmecide,  who 
invited  Schacibac  to  dine  with  him,  and 
set  before  him  only  empty  plates  and 
dishes,  pretending  that  the  "viands" 
were  most  excellent.     (See  p.  90.) 

Dine     with     duke     Humphrey 

(To),  to  have  no  dinner  to  go  to.  The 
duke  referred  to  was  the  son  of  Henry 
IV.,  murdered  at  St.  Edmundsbury,  and 
buried  at  St.  Alban's.  It  was  generally 
thought  that  he  was  buried  in  the  nave 
of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral ;  but  the  monu- 
ment supposed  to  be  erected  to  the  duke 
was  in  reality  that  of  John  Beauchamp. 
Loungers,  who  were  asked  if  they  were 
not  going  home  to  dinner,  and  those  who 
tarried  in  St.  Paul's  after  the  general 
crowd  had  left,  were  supposed  to  be  so 
busy  looking  for  the  duke's  monument 
that  they  disregarded  the  dinner  hour. 

Dine  with  Mahomet  [To),  to  die. 
Similar  to  the  classic  phrase,  "To  sup 
with  Pluto." 

Dine  (or  Sup)  with  sir  Thomas 
Gresham,  to  have  no  dinner  or  supper 
to  go  to.  At  one  time  the  Royal  Exchange 
was  the  common  lounging-place  of  idlers 
and  vagabonds. 

Tho'  little  coin  thy  purseless  pockets  line, 
Yet  with  great  company  thou'rt  taken  up  ; 

For  often  with  duke  Humphrey  thou  dost  dine, 
And  often  with  sir  Thomas  Gresham  sup. 

Hayman  :  Epigram  on  a  Loafer  (1638). 

Dine  with  the  Cross-Legfged 
Knigfhts  (To),  to  have  no  dinner  to  go 
to.  Lawyers  at  one  time  made  appoint- 
ments with  their  clients  at  the  Round 
Church,  and  here  a  host  of  dinnerless 
vagabonds  loitered  about  all  day,  in  the 
hope  of  picking  up  a  few  pence  for  little 
services. 

Diner-Out  of  the  Pirst  Water, 

the  Rev.  Sidney  Smith  ;  so  called  by  the 
Quarterly  Review  (1769-1845). 

Din'evawr  (3  syl.)  or  Dinas  Vawr 
\^' great  palace" \,  the  residence  of  the 
king  of  South  Wales,  built  by  Rhodri 
Mawr. 

I  was  the  guest  of  Rhy's  at  Dinevawr, 

And  there  the  tidings  found  me,  that  our  sire 

Was  gathered  to  his  fathers. 

Southey  :  Madoc,  i.  3  (1805). 

Dingle  (Old  Dick  of  the),  friend  of 
Hobbie  Elliott  of  the  Heugh-footFarni.— 
Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Black  Dwarf  (time, 
Anne). 

Dingley  Dell,  the  home  of  old 
Wardle,  etc.,  and  the  scene  of  Tup- 
man's  love-advances  with  the  ' '  fair  Miss 


DIxNGWALL.  283 

Rachel."— Diciens:  The  Pickwick  Papers* 
(1836). 

Dingwall  i^Davie),  the  attorney  at 
Wolfs  Hope  village.— S/r  W.  Scott: 
Bride  of  Lammermoor  (time,  William 
IIL). 

Dinias  and  Dercyllis  {The  Wan- 
derings, Adventures,  and  Loves  of),  aa 
old  Greek  novel,  the  basis  of  the  romance 
of  Antonius  Diog'enfis,  in  twenty-four 
books  and  entitled  Incredible  Things 
beyond  Thule  [  Ta  Huper  Thoulen  Apista], 
a  store-house  from  which  subsequent 
writers  have  borrowed  largely.  The 
work  is  not  extant,  but  Photius  gives  an 
outUne  of  its  contents. 

Dinmont  [Dandie,  i.e.  Andrew),  an 
eccentric  and  humorous  store  farmer  at 
CharUe's  Hope.  He  is  called  "The 
Fighting  Dinmont  of  Liddesdale. " 

Ailie  Dinmont,  wife  of  Dandie  Din- 
mont.— Sir  W.  Scott:  Guy  Mannering 
(time,  George  H.). 

(This  novel  has  been  dramatized  by 
Daniel  Terry.) 

Dinner  Bell  (The).  Burke  was  so 
called  from  his  custom  of  speaking  so 
long  as  to  interfere  with  the  dinner  of  the 
members  (1729-1797). 

Dinnerless  (The)  are  said  to  sit  at 
a  "Barmecide  feast;"  to  "dine  with 
duke  Humphrey;"  "to  dine  with  sir 
Thomas  Gresham  ;  "  to  "  dine  with  De- 
mocritos."  Their  hosts  are  said  to  be 
cross-legged  knights.     (See  each  article. ) 

Diocle'tian,  the  king  and  father  of 
Erastus,  who  was  placed  under  the  charge 
of  the  "  seven  wise  masters "  (Italian 
version). 

In  the  French  version,  the  father  is 
called  "  Dolop'athos." 

Diog'enes  (4  syl-),  the  negro  slave 
of  the  cynic  philosopher  Michael  Age- 
last^  (4  syl.).—Sir  W.  Scott:  Count 
Robert  0/ Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Diogenes'  Lantliome,  a  satire  in 
verse  on  London  Ufe  by  S.  Rowlands, 
in  1607. 

Ill  search  the  city,  where,  if  I  can  see 
An  honest  man,  he  shall  gae  with  me. 

Di'oxnede  (3  syl.)  fed  his  horses  on 
human  flesh,  and  he  was  himself  eaten  by 
his  horse,  being  thrown  to  it  by  Her- 
cul^. 

Dion  (Lord),  father  of  Euphra'sia. 
Euphrasia  is  in  love  with  Philaster,  heir 
to  the  crown  of  Messi'na.     Disguised  as 


DIONYSIUS. 

a  page,  Euphrasia  assumes  the  name  of 
Bellario  and  enters  the  service  of  Philaster. 
— Fletcher:  Philaster,  or  Love  Lies  a- 
bleeding  (1620). 

IT  There  is  considerable  resemblance 
between  "Euphrasia"  and  "Viola,"  in 
Shakespeare's  Twelfth  Night  (1614). 

Dionsa'an  Ceesar,  Juhus  Csesar,  who 
claimed  descent  from  Venus,  called  Dione 
from  her  mother.  ^Ene'as  was  son  of 
Venus  and  Anchisfis. 

Ecce,  Dionxi  processit  Csesaris  astrum. 

Virgil:  Eclogues,  ix.  47. 

Dio'ne  (3  syl.),  mother  of  Aphrodite 
( Venus),  Zeus  or  Jove  being  the  father. 
Venus  herself  is  sometimes  called  Dione. 

Oh  bear  .  .  .  thy  treasures  to  the  g^reen  recess, 

Where  young  DionS  strays ;  with  sweetest  airs 

Entice  her  forth  to  lend  her  angel  form 

For  Beauty's  honoured  unage. 

Akenside  :  Pleasures  0/ Imagination,  L  (1744). 

Dionys'ia,  wife  of  Qeon  governor  of 
Tarsus.  Periclfis  prince  of  Tyre  commits 
to  her  charge  his  infant  daughter  Mari'na, 
supposed  to  be  motherless.  When  14 
years  old,  Dionysia,  out  of  jealousy, 
employs  a  man  to  murder  her  foster-child, 
and  the  people  of  Tarsus,  hearing  thereof, 
set  fire  to  her  house,  and  both  Dionysia 
and  Cleon  are  burnt  to  death  in  the 
flames, — Shakespeare  :  Pericles  Prince  of 
Tyre  (1608). 

Dionys'ins,  tyrant  of  Syracuse,  de- 
throned Evander,  and  imprisoned  him  in 
a  dungeon  deep  in  a  huge  rock,  intending 
to  starve  him  to  death.  But  Euphrasia, 
having  gained  access  to  him,  fed  him 
from  her  own  breast.  Timoleon  invaded 
Syracuse,  and  Dionysius,  seeking  safety 
in  a  tomb,  saw  there  Evander  the  deposed 
king,  and  was  about  to  kill  him,  when 
Euphrasia  rushed  forward,  struck  the 
tyrant  to  the  heart,  and  he  fell  dead  at  her 
feet. — Murphy:  The  Grecian  Daughter 
(1772). 

N,B. — In  this  tragedy  there  are  several 
gross  historical  errors.  In  act  i.  the 
author  tells  us  it  was  Dionysius  the 
Elder  who  was  dethroned,  and  went  in 
exile  to  Corinth  ;  but  the  elder  Dionysius 
died  in  Syracuse,  at  the  age  if  63,  and 
it  was  the  younger  Dionysius  who  was 
dethroned  by  Timoleon,  and  went  to 
Corinth.  In  act  v.  he  makes  Euphrasia 
kill  the  tyrant  in  Syracuse,  whereas  he 
was  allowed  to  leave  Sicily,  and  retired 
to  Corinth,  where  he  spent  his  time  in 
riotous  living,  etc, 

Dionys'ius  [the  Elder]  was  ap- 
pointed sole  general  of  the  Syracusian 


DIONYSIUS. 


283 


DISMAS. 


army,  and  then  king  by  the  voice  of  the 
senate.  Damon  "the  Pythagore'an " 
opposed  the  appointment,  and  even  tried 
to  stab  "  the  tyrant,"  but  was  arrested 
and  condemned  to  death.  The  incidents 
whereby  he  was  saved  are  to  be  found 
under  the  article  Da'mon,  p.  258. 

{Damon  and  Pythias,  a  drama  by  R. 
Edwards  (1571),  and  another  by  John 
Banim,  in  1825.) 

Diouys'ius  [the  Younger],  being 
banished  from  Syracuse,  went  to  Corinth 
and  turned  schoolmaster. 

Corinth's  pedagogue  hath  now 

Xraasferred  his  byword  [tyrant]  to  thy  brow. 

Byron:  Odtt  NaJ>oUoH, 

Dionysius  the  Areop'agite  (s  syl.) 
was  one  of  the  judges  of  the  Areopagite 
when  St.  Paul  appeared  before  this 
tribunal.  Certain  writmgs,  fabricated  by 
the  neo-platonicians  in  the  fifth  century, 
were  falsely  ascribed  to  him.  The  Iso- 
dorian  Decretals  is  a  somewhat  similar 
forgery  by  Mentz,  who  Uved  in  the  ninth 
century,  or  three  hundred  years  after 
Isidore. 

The  error  of  those  doctrines  so  vicious 
Of  the  old  Areopagite  Dionysius. 

Longfellow  :  The  Golden  Legend, 

Dionysius's  Ear,  a  cave  in  a  rock, 
72  feet  high,  27  feet  broad,  and  219  feet 
deep,  the  entrance  of  which  "  resembled 
the  shape  of  an  ear."  It  was  used  as  a 
gtiard-room  or  prison ;  and  the  sentinel 
could  hear  the  slightest  whisper  of  the 
jMrisoners  within. 

Dioscn'ri  {sons  of  Zeus],  Castor  and 
Pollux.  Generally,  but  incorrectly,  ac- 
cented on  the  second  syllable. 

Dioti'ma,  the  priestess  of  Mantineia 
in  Plato's  Symposium,  the  teacher  of 
Soc'rat6s.  Her  opinions  on  Ufe,  its 
nature,  origin,  end,  and  aim,  form  the 
nucleus  of  the  dialogue.  Socratds  died 
of  hemlock. 

Beneath  an  emerald  plane 
Sits  Diotima,  teaching  him  that  died 
Of  hemlock. 

Tennyson  :  The  Princess,  lil. 

Diplomatists  (Prince  of),  Charles 
Maurice  Talleyrand  de  P^rigord  (1754- 
1838). 

Dipsas,  a  serpent,  so  called  because 
those  bitten  by  it  suffered  from  intoler- 
able thirst.  (Greek,  dipsa,  "thirst") 
Milton  refers  to  it  in  Paradise  Lost,  x. 
526  (1665). 

Dipsodes  (2  syl.\  the  people  of 
Dipsody,  ruled  over  by  king  Anarchus, 
and  subjugated  by  prince  Pantag'ruel  {bk. 


ii.  28).  Pantagruel  afterwards  colonized 
their  cc  .mtry  with  nine  thousand  million 
men  from  Utopia  (or  to  speak  more 
exactly,  9,876,543,210  men),  besides 
women,  children,  workmen,  professors, 
and  peasant  labourers  (bk.  iii.  i). — Rabe- 
lais :  Pantagruel  (1545). 

Dip'sody,  the  country  of  the  Dip- 
sodes (2  syl.),  q.v. 

Dircse'an  Swan,  Pindar;  so  called 
from  Dirc6,  a  fountain  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Thebes,  the  poet's  birthplace 
(B.C.  518-442). 

Dirge  in  Cymbeline,  a  beautiful 
ode  by  Collins.     It  begins  thus — 

To  fair  Fidele's  grassy  tombs. 

Dirk  Hatteraick.     (See  Hatte- 

RAICK.) 

Dirlos  or  D'Yrlos  [Count),  a 
paladin,  the  embodiment  of  valour,  gene- 
rosity, and  truth.  He  was  sent  by 
Charlemagne  to  the  East,  where  he  con- 
quered Aliar'dg,  a  Moorish  prince.  On 
his  return,  he  found  his  young  wife 
betrothed  to  Celi'nos  (another  of  Charle- 
magne's peers).  The  matter  was  put 
right  by  the  king,  who  gave  a  grand 
feast  on  the  occasion. 

Dirt.  "  If  dirt  were  trumps,  what  a 
capital  hand  you  would  hold  1 "  said  by 
Sydney  Smith  to  an  untidy  card-player. 
Sometimes,  but  erroneously,  ascribed  to 
C.  Lamb. 

H  We  are  told  that  it  was  said  to  J. 
Wolff,  the  missionary,  and  that  he  made 
answer,  "Dirt,  dirt!  call  you  this  dirt? 
What  would  you  say  if  you  saw  my  feet  ?  " 

Dirt  is  sometimes  defined  as  "  matter 
in  the  wrong  place  ;  "  but  this  is  absurd. 
A  jewel  may  be  dropped  in  a  field  or 
street,  and  is  "matter  in  the  wrong  place," 
but  certainly  not  dirt. 

Dirty  Lane,  now  called  Abingdon 
Street,  Westminster. 

Dirty  Linen.  Napoleon  I.  said, 
"  II  faut  laver  sa  hnge  en  famille." 

Disastrous  Peace  (T'/^),  the  peace 
signed  at  Cateau-Cambr&is,  by  which 
Henri  II.  renounced  all  claim  to  Gen'oa, 
Naples,  Mil'an,  and  Corsica  (1559). 

Dis'mas,  the  penitent  thief;  Gesmas, 
the  impenitent  one.  (See  Desmas,  p.  273. ) 

Imparibus  mentis  pendent  tria  corpora  ramis : 
Dismas  et  Gesmas,  media  est  Divina  Potestas; 
Alta  petit  Dismas,  infelix  infima  Gesmas ; 
Nos  et  res  nostras  conservet  Summa  Potestas, 
Hos  versus  dicas,  ne  tu  furto  tua  perdas. 

A  Latin  Charm 


DISNEY  PROFESSOR.  284 

Disney  Professor,  a  chair  in  the 
University  of  Cambridge,  founded  by 
John  Disney,  Esq. ,  of  The  Hyde,  Ingate- 
stone,  for  Archaeology  {1851). 

Disowned  {TAe),  a  novel  by  lord 
Lytton  (1828). 

Dispensary  {The),  a  poem  in  six 
cantos  by  sir  S.  Garth  (1690).  In  defence 
of  an  edict  passed  by  the  College  of 
Physicians  in  1687,  requiring  medical 
men  to  give  their  services  gratuitously  to 
the  poor. 

Distaffi'na,  the  troth-plight  wife  of 
general  Bombastes  ;  but  Artaxaminous, 
king  of  Utopia,  promised  her  "  half  a 
crown "  if  she  would  forsake  the  general 
for  himself — a  temptation  too  great  to  be 
resisted.  When  the  general  found  him- 
self jilted,  he  retired  from  the  world,  hung 
up  his  boots  on  the  branch  of  a  tree,  and 
dared  any  one  to  remove  them.  The  king 
cut  the  boots  down,  and  the  general 
cut  the  king  down.  Fusbos,  coming  up 
at  this  crisis,  laid  the  general  prostrate. 
At  the  close  of  the  burlesque  all  the 
dead  men  jump  up  and  join  the  dance, 
promising  "to  die  again  to-morrow,"  if 
the  audience  desires  it. — Rhodes:  Bom- 
hastes  Furioso  (1790). 

Falling  on  one  knee,  he  put  both  hands  on  his  heart 
and  rolled  up  his  eyes,  much  after  the  manner  of  Bom- 
bastes Furioso  making  love  to  DistaiSna. — Sargent. 

Distaff's  Day  [St. ),  January  7 ;  so 
called  because  the  Christmas  festivities 
terminate  on  "Twelfth  Day,"  and  on  the 
day  following  the  women  used  to  return 
to  their  distalfs  or  daily  occupations. 

*.•  Also  called  Rock  Day,  "rock" 
being  another  name  for  a  distaff. 

Distressed  Mother  (7%^),  a  tragedy 
by  Ambrose  Philips  (1712).  The  "dis- 
tressed mother"  is  Androm'ach6,  Hector's 
wife.     (See  Andromache,  p.  43.) 

Ditchley  {Gaffer),  one  of  the  miners 
employed  by  sir  Geoffrey  Peveril. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time, 
Charles  II.). 

Dithyxambic  Poetry  {Father  of), 
Arlon  of  Lesbos  (fl.  B.C.  625). 

Ditton  ( Thomas),  footman  of  the  Rev. 
Mr.  Staunton,  of  Willingham  Rectory. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Heart  of  Midlothian  {iimQ, 
George  IL). 

Divan  ( The),  the  supreme  council  and 
court  of  justice  of  the  caliphs.  The 
abbassides  (3  syl. )  always  sat  in  person  in 
this  court  to  aid  in  the  redress  of  wrongs. 


DIVINA  COMMEDIA. 

It  was  called  a  "  divan  "  from  the  benches  | 

covered    with    cushions    on    which    the  j 

members  sa.i.-~D' Herbelot :  Bibliothique  I 
Orientale,  298. 

Dive  [deev],  a  demon  in  Persian 
mythology.  In  the  mogul's  palace  at 
Lahore,  there  used  to  be  several  pictures 
of  these  dives  (i  syl.),  with  long  horns, 
staring  eyes,  shaggy  hair,  great  fangs, 
ugly  paws,  long  tails,  and  other  horrible 
deformities.  I  remember  seeing  them 
exhibited  at  King's  College  in  one  of  the 
soirees  given  there  after  the  Indian 
Mutiny. 

Diver  {Colonel),  editor  of  the  New 
York  Rowdy  Journal,  in  America.  His 
air  was  that  of  a  man  oppressed  by  a 
sense  of  his  own  greatness,  and  his 
physiognomy  was  a  map  of  cimning  and 
concQii.— Dickens :  Martin  Chuzzlewit 
(1844). 

Diversions  of  Purley  {The),  hire- 
airTepo€vra  (pronounced  epe-ap tero-enHa) 
by  J.  Home  Tooke  (1786,  1805).  Called 
Purley  from  William  Tooke,  who  lived  at 
Purley  (Reading),  a  great  benefactor  of 
the  author.  The  idea  developed  in  this 
tr^tise  is  that  all  words  were  originally 
objective.  Thus  to  harrow  (to  torment) 
is  from  the  farmer's  harrow,  which  is  the 
Greek  word  apo<a  and  Latin  aro.  Many 
are  on'omat'o-poet'ic,  i.e.  words  expres- 
sive of  natural  sounds,  as  roar,  hiss,  etc. 

Di'ves  (2  syl.),  the  name  popularly 
given  to  the  "rich  man"  in  oiu-  Lord's 
parable  of  the  rich  man  and  I^zarus  ;  in 
Latin,  Divh  et  Lazarus.— Luke  xvi. 

Divide  and  Govern,  a  maxim  of 
Machiavelli  of  Florence  (1469-1527). 

Divi'na  Comme'dia,  the  first  poem 
of  note  ever  written  in  the  Italian  lan- 
guage. It  is  an  epic  by  Dant6  Alighie'ri. 
and  is  divided  into  three  parts :  Inferno 
ji30o|.  Purgatory  (1308),  and  Paradise 
(1311).  Dant6  called  it  ^comedy,  because 
the  ending  is  happy  ;  and  his  countrymen 
added  the  word  divine  from  admiration 
of  the  poem.  The  poet  depicts  a  vision, 
in  which  he  is  conducted,  first  by  Virgil 
{human  reason)  through  hell  and  purga- 
tory ;  and  then  by  Beatrice  {revelation) 
and  finally  by  St.  Bernard  through  the 
several  heavens,  where  he  beholds  the 
Triune  God. 

"  Hell "  is  represented  as  a  funnel- 
shaped  hollow,  formed  of  gradually  con- 
tracting circles,  the  lowest  and  smallest 


DIVINE. 


285 


DOBBIN. 


of  which  is  the  earth's  centre.  (See  In- 
ferno.) 

' '  Purgatory "  is  a  mountain  rising 
solitarily  from  the  ocean  on  that  side  of 
the  earth  which  is  opposite  to  us.  It  is 
divided  into  terraces,  and  its  top  is  the 
terrestrial  paradise.     (See  Purgatory.) 

From  this  "top"  the  poet  ascends 
through  the  seven  planetary  heavens,  the 
fixed  stars,  and  the  "  primum  mobile," 
to  the  empyre'an  or  seat  of  God.  (See 
Paradise.  ) 

English  translations,  In  verse,  of  Dante's  famous 
epics  :  Boyd,  1785 ;  Caley  (in  tertiary  rhymes,  like  the 


original),  1851-53;  Carey  (blank  verse,  g^ood),  1814 1 
Dayman,  1865;  herd,  1871;  Longfellow,  1870;  George 
Musgrave,  TAf  Inferno  (in  Spenserian  verse,  good). 


1893 ;  Mrs.  Oliphant,  1877 ;  Pollock  (blank  verse).  1854  ; 
Kossetti  (The  Inferno),  1865;  Wright  (triple  rhyme, 
sood),  1853,  etc  Dr.  yokn  Carlyle  translaUd  into 
prose  the  "  It^femo,"  -with  excellent  notes. 

Divine.  Raphael,  the  painter,  was 
called  //  Divino  (1483-1520). 

Luis  Morales,  a  Spanish  painter,  was 
called  El  Divino  (1509-1586). 

Ferdinand  de  Herre'ra,  a  Spanish  poet 
(1516-1595). 

Divine  [John  the),  supposed  to  be 
John  the  evangelist. 

One  great  objection  is  this :  In  the  Fourth  Gospel 
the  author  does  not  name  himself;  in  the  Revelation 
he  does  so  several  times. 

Another  objection  is  that  the  vocabulary  and  swing 
of  sentences  in  the  Greek  of  the  two  books  are  very 
different.  This  would  be  felt  especially  if  a  person 
were  to  read  them  both  in  one  and  the  same  day. 

Divine  Doctor  [The),  Jean  de 
Ruysbroek,  the  mystic  (1294-1381). 

Divine  Emblems,  the  chief  work 
of  Francis  Quarles,  once  immensely 
popular.    He  wrote  several  sacred  poems. 

Divine  Legation-  ( The),  by  bishop 
Warburton  (1738).  To  prove  that  the 
Pentateuch  must  have  been  inspired  and 
revealed,  "because  (unlike  other  religious 
systems)  it  is  silent  on  the  subject  of  a 
future  state." 

Divine   Bight  of  Kings.     The 

dogma  that  Kings  can  do  no  wrong  is 
based  on  a  dictim  of  Hincmar  archbishop 
of  Rheims,  viz.  that  "kings are  subject  to 
no  man  so  long  as  they  rule  by  God's 
law." — Hincmar's  Works,  i.  693. 

Divine  Speaker  ( The).  Tyr'tamos, 
usually  known  as  Theophrastos  ("divine 
speaker"),  was  so  called  by  Aristotle 
(B.C.  370-287). 

Divining  Rod,  a  forked  branch  of 
hazel,  suspended  between  the  balls  of  the 
thumbs.     The   inclination    of   this    rod 


indicates   the   presence  of  water-sprii^s 
and  precious  metals. 

Now  to  rivulets  from  the  mountains 
Point  the  rods  of  fortune-tellers. 

Longfellow  :  Drinking  Song, 

'.'  Jacques  Aymar  of  Cr61e  was  the 
most  famous  of  all  diviners.  He  lived  in 
the  latter  half  of  the  seventeenth  century 
and  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth.  His 
marvellous  faculty  attracted  the  attention 
of  Europe.  M.  Chauvin,  M.D.,  and 
M.  Carnier,  M.D.,  published  carefully 
written  accounts  of  his  wonderful  powers, 
and  both  were  eye-witnesses  thereof.  (See 
S.  Baring-Gould's  Myths  of  the  Middle 
Ages.)  ^ 

Divinity.  There  are  four  professors 
of  divinity  at  Cambridge,  and  three  at 
Oxford.  Those  at  Cambridge  are  the 
Hul'sean,  tie  Margaret,  the  Norrisian, 
and  the  Re^-ius.  Those  at  Oxford  are 
the  Margaret,  the  Regius,  and  one  for 
Ecclesiastical  History. 

Divi'no  Lodov'ico,  Ariosto,  author 
of  Orlando  Furioso  (1474-1533). 

Dixie's  Land,  the  land  of  milk  and 
honey  to  American  niggers.  Dixie  was 
a  slave-holder  of  Manhattan  Island,  who 
removed  his  slaves  to  the  Southern 
States,  where  they  had  to  work  harder 
and  fare  worse  ;  so  that  they  were  always 
sighing  for  their  old  home,  which  they 
called  "  Dixie's  Land."  Imagination  and 
distance  soon  advanced  this  island  into  a 
sort  of  Delectable  Country  or  Land  of 
Beulah. 

Dizon,  servant  to  Mr.  Richard  Vere 
(i  syl.).—Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Black  Dwarf 
(time,  Anne). 

Dizzy,  a  nickname  of  Benjamin  Dis- 
raeli, earl  of  Beaconsfield  (1805-1881). 

Dja'bal,  son  of  Youssof,  a  sheikh, 
saved  by  Maa'ni  in  the  g^eat  massacre 
of  the  sheikhs  by  the  Knights  Hospitallers 
in  the  Spo'rad^s.     (See  Druses,  p.  302.) 

Djin'nestan',  the  realm  of  the  djinn 
or  genii  of  Oriental  mythology. 

Dobbin  [Captain  afterxvards  Colonel), 
son  of  sir  William  Dobbin,  a  Londori 
tradesman.  Uncouth,  awkward,  and  tall, 
with  huge  feet ;  but  faithful  and  loving, 
with  a  large  heart  and  most  delicate  ap- 
preciation. He  is  a  prince  of  a  fellow, 
is  proud,  fond  of  captain  George  Osborne 
from  boyhood  to  death,  and  adores  Amelia, 
George's  wife.  When  she  has  been  a 
widow  for  some  ten  years,  he  marriea 
her.  —  Thackeray:  Vanity  Fair  (1848). 


DOBBINS. 

Dobbins  {Humphrey),  the  confi- 
dential servant  of  sir  Robert  Bramble  of 
Blackberry  Hall,  in  the  county  of  Kent. 
A  blunt  old  retainer,  most  devoted  to  his 
master.  Under  a  rough  exterior  he  con- 
cealed a  heart  brimful  of  kindness,  and 
so  tender  that  a  word  would  melt  it.— 
Colman,  Jun.  :  The  Poor  Gentleman 
(1802). 

Dobn'ni,  called  Bodu'ni  by  Dio  ;  the 
people  of  Gloucestershire  and  Oxford- 
shire. Drayton  refers  to  them  in  his 
Polyolbion,  xvi.  (1613). 

Doctor  ( The),  a.  romance  by  Southey. 
The  doctor's  name  is  Dove,  and  his  horse 
*'  Nobbs." 

"Dootov {The Admirable),  Roger  Bacon 

<I2I4-I292). 

The  Angelic  Doctor,  Thomas  Aqui'nas 
{1224-1274),  "fifth  doctor  of  the  Church." 

The  Authentic  Doctor,  Gregory  of 
Rimini  (*-i3S7). 

The  Divine  Doctor,  Jean  Ruysbroek 
<i294-i38i). 

The  Dulcifluous  Doctor,  Antonio  An- 
dreas {*-i32o). 

The  Ecstatic  Doctor,  Jean  Ruysbroek 
(i  294-1381). 

The  Eloquent  Doctor,  Peter  Aureolus, 
archbishop  of  Aix  (fourteenth  century). 

The  Evangelical  Doctor,  J.  WyclifFe 
(1324-1384)- 

The  Illuminated  Doctor,  Raymond 
Lully  (1235-1315),  or  Most  Enlightened 
Doctor. 

The  Invincible  Doctor,  William  Occam 
{1276-1347)- 

The  Irrefragable  Doctor,  Alexander 
Hales  (♦-1245). 

The  Mellifluous  Doctor,  St.  Bernard 
{1091-1153). 

The  Most  Christian  Doctor,  Jean  de 
Gerson  (1363-1429). 

The  Most  Methodical  Doctor,  John 
Bassol  (*-i347)- 

The  Most  Profound  Doctor,  ^gidius 
de  Colonna(i247-i3i6). 

The  Most  Resolute  Doctor,  Durand  de 
St.  Pour9ain  (1267-1332). 

The  Perspicuous  Doctor,  Walter  Bur- 
ley  (fourteenth  century). 

The  Profound  Doctor,  Thomas  Brad- 
wardine  (*-i349). 

The  Scholastic  Doctor,  Anselm  of  Laon 
{1050-1117). 

The  Seraphic  Doctor,  St  Bonaventura 
(1221-1274). 

The  Singular  Doctor,  William  Occam 
{1276-1347). 


a86  DODGSON. 

The  Solemn  Doctor,  Henry  Goethals 
(1227-1293). 

The  Solid  Doctor,  Richard  Middleton 
(*-i304). 

The  Subtle  Doctor,  Duns  Scotus  (1265- 
1308),  or  Most  Subtle  Doctor. 

The  Thorough  Doctor,  William  Varro 
(thirteenth  century). 

The  Universal  Doctor,  Alain  de  Lille 
(1114-1203)  ;  and  Thomas  Aquinas  (1224- 
1274). 

The  Venerable  Doctor,  William  de 
Champeaux  (*-ii25). 

The  Wellfounded  Doctor,  .^gidius 
Romanus  (1247-1316). 

The  Wise  Doctor,  John  Herman  Wessel 
(1409-1489). 

The  Wonderful  Doctor,  Roger  Bacon 
(1214-1292). 

Dr.  Slop.    (See  Slop.) 

Dr.  SqTiintiim.    (See  Squintum.) 

Doctor's  Tale  {The),  in  Chaucer's 
Canterbury  Tales,  is  the  Roman  story  ol 
Virginius  given  by  Livy.  This  story  is 
told  in  French  in  the  Roman  de  la  Rose, 
ii.  74,  and  by  Gower  in  his  Confessio 
Amantis,  vii.  It  has  furnished  the  subject 
of  a  host  of  tragedies :  for  example,  in 
French,  Mairdt  (1628);  Leclerc  (1645); 
Campestron  (1683);  Chabanon  (1769)  ; 
Laharpe  (r786| ;  Leblanc  de  Guillet(i786); 
Guiraud  (1827) ;  Latour  St.  Ybars  (1845). 
In  Italian,  Alfieri  (1784) ;  in  German, 
Lessing  (1775) ;  and  in  English,  Knowles 
(1829). 

Doctor's  Wife  {The),  a  novel  by 
Miss  Braddon,  adapted  from  Madame 
Bovary,  a  French  novel. 

Doctors    of    the    Church.     The 

Greek  Church  recognizes  four  doctors, 
viz.  St.  Athanasius,  St.  Basil,  St.  Gregory 
of  Nyssa,  and  St.  John  Chrysostom.  The 
Latin  Church  recognizes  St.  Augustin,  St. 
Jerome,  St.  Ambrose,  and  St.  Gregory 
the  Great. 

(For  all  other  doctors,  see  under  the 
proper  name  or  nickname.) 

Dodgfer  {The  Artful),  the  sobriquet 
of  Jack  Dawkins,  an  artful,  thievish 
young  scamp,  in  the  boy  crew  of  Fagin 
the  Jew  villain. — Dickens:  Oliver  Twist, 
viii.  (1837). 

Dodgfson,  a  voluble  and  crafty  lawyer, 
who  tries  to  bring  up  a  second  candidate 
in  the  interest  of  the  "  Blue  Lambs,"  the 
rival  faction  of  the  "  Green  Lions. " — Ti/m 
Taylor:  The  Contested  Election  (i860). 


DODINGTON. 


287 


Dodington,  whom  Thomson  invokes 
in  his  Summer,  is  George  Bubb  Doding- 
lon,  lord  Melcomb-Regis,  a  British  states- 
man. Churchill  and  Pope  ridiculed  him, 
while  Hogarth  introduced  him  in  his 
picture  called  the  "Orders  of  Periwigs." 

Dod'ipoll  {Dr.),  any  man  of  weak 
intellect,  a  dotard.  Hence  the  proverb. 
Wise  as  Dr.  Dodipoll,  meaning  *'  not  wise 
atalL" 

Dodmau  or  Doddiman.  A  snail  is 
so  called  in  Norfolk  and  Suffolk. 

'  I'm  a  regular  dodman,  I  am,"  said  Mr.  Peggotty — 
by  which  he  meaut  "  saa}L" —Dicluns :  David  CoJ>ptr- 
field,  vii.  (1849). 

Doddiman,  doddiman,  put  out  your  horns. 
For  here  comes  a  thief  to  steal  your  corns. 

Common  Popular  Rhyme  in  Norfolk. 

Dodou  or  rather  Dodoens  [JRembert), 
a  Dutch  botanist  (1517-1585).  physician 
to  the  emperors  Maximilian  11.  and 
Randolph  II.  His  works  are  Frumen- 
torum  et  Leguminum  Historia ;  Florum 
Historia  ;  Purgantium  Radicum  et  Her- 
barum  Historia;  Stirpium  Historia:  all 
included  under  the  general  title  of  "The 
History  of  Plants." 

Of  these  most  helpful  herbs  yet  tell  we  but  a  few, 
To  those  unnumbered  sorts,  of  simples  here  that  grew. 
Which  Justly  to  set  down  e'en  Dodon  short  doth  fall. 
Drayton:  Polyolbion,  xiiL  (1613). 

Dodo'na  (in  Epiros),  famous  for  the 
most  ancient  oracle  in  Greece.  The 
responses  were  made  by  an  old  woman 
called  a  pigeon,  because  the  Greek  word 
feliCB  means  either  "old  women"  or 
"pigeons."  According  to  fable,  Zeus 
gave  his  daughter  ThebS  two  black 
pigeons  endowed  with  the  gift  of  human 
speech  :  one  flew  into  Libya,  and  gave  the 
responses  in  the  temple  of  Ammon ;  the 
other  into  Epiros,  where  it  gave  the  re- 
sponses in  Dodo'na. 

N.B.— We  are  told  that  the  priestess  of 
Dodona  derived  her  answers  from  the 
cooing  of  the  sacred  doves,  the  rustling  of 
the  sacred  trees,  the  bubbling  of  the  sacred 
fountain,  and  the  tinkling  of  bells  or  pieces 
of  metal  suspended  among  the  branches 
of  the  trees. 

And  Dodona's  oak  swang  lonely 
Henceforth  to  the  tempest  only. 

Mrs.  Browning  :  Dead  Pan,  ij. 

Dods  (Meg),  landlady  of  the  Clachan, 
or  Mowbery  Arms  inn  at  St.  Ronan's  Old 
Town.  The  inn  was  once  the  manse, 
and  Meg  Dods  reigned  there  despotically, 
but  her  wines  were  good  and  her  cuisine 
excellent  This  i>  one  of  the  best  low 
comic  characters  'n  the  whole  range  of 
fiction. 


DOG. 

She  bad  hair  of  a  brindled  colour,  betwixt  black  and 
grey,  which  was  apt  to  escape  in  elf-locks  from  under 
Her  mutch  when  she  was  thrown  into  violent  agitation ; 
long  skinny  hands  terminated  by  stout  talons,  grey  eyes, 
thin  lius,  a  robust  person,  a  broad  though  fat  chest, 
capital  wind,  and  a  voice  that  could  match  a  choir  of 
fishwomen.— 5»r  ^.  Scoli  :  St.  Ronan's  H^ell,  \.  (time, 
George  III.). 

N.B. — So  good  a  housewife  was  this 
eccentric  landlady,  that  a  cookery-book 
has  been  published  bearing  her  name ; 
the  authoress  is  Mrs.  Johnstone,  a  Scotch- 
woman. 

Dodson,  a  young  farmer,  called  upon 
by  Death  on  his  wedding-day.  Death 
told  him  he  must  quit  his  Susan,  and  go 
with  him.  "With  you!"  the  hapless 
husband  cried;  "young  as  I  am,  and 
unprepared  ?  "  Death  then  told  him  he 
would  not  disturb  him  yet,  but  would  call 
again  after  giving  him  three  warnings. 
V/hen  he  was  80  years  of  age,  Death 
called  again.  "  So  soon  returned?"  old 
Dodson  cried.  ' '  You  know  you  promised 
me  three  warnings. "  Death  then  told  him 
that  as  he  was  "  lame  and  deaf  and  blind," 
he  had  received  his  three  warnings. — Mrs. 
Thrale  [Piozzi]  :  The  Three  Warnings. 

Dodson  and  Foggf  (Messrs.),  two 
unprincipled  lawyers,  who  undertake  on 
speculation  to  bring  an  action  against  Mr. 
Pickwick  for  "  breach  of  promise,"  and  file 
accordingly  the  famous  suit  of  ' '  Bardell 
V.  PickwicL" — Dickens:  The  Pickwick 
Papers  (1836). 

Doe  (John)  and  Richard  Roe,  sub- 
stitutional names  for  plaintiff  and 
defendant  in  an  action  of  ejectment. 
Abolished  in  1852. 

Doeg,  Saul's  herdsman,  who  told  him 
that  the  priest  Abim'elech  had  supplied 
David  with  food  ;  whereupon  the  king 
sent  him  to  kill  Abimelech,  and  Doeg 
slew  priests  to  the  number  of  four  score 
and  five  (i  Samuel  xxii,  18).  In  pt.  ii. 
of  the  satire  called  Absalom  and  Achito- 
phel (1682),  Elkaneh  Settle  is  called  Doeg, 
because  he  "fell  upon"  Dryden  with  his 
pen,  but  was  only  a  "  herdsman  or  driver 
of  asses." 

Doeg,  tho'  without  knowing  how  or  why. 
Made  still  a  blundering  kind  of  melody  .  .  , 
I.et  him  rail  on  .  .  . 
[But]  if  he  Jumbles  to  one  line  of  sense. 
Indict  him  of  a  capital  offence. 

Tate:  Absalom  and  Achitojihel,  ii.  411-^9. 

Dog  (Agrippa's).  Cornehus  Agrippa 
had  a  dog  which  was  generally  suspected 
of  being  a  spirit  incarnate. 

Arthur's  Dog,  "  CavalL" 

Dog  of  Belgrade,  the  camp-suttler,  was 
named  "  Clumsey." 


DOG. 


DOG  AT  KEW. 


Of  Bloomfield's  Farmer's  Boy,  "Trow- 
neer." 

Lord  Byron's  Dog,  "Boatswain."  It 
was  buried  in  the  garden  of  Newstead 
Abbey. 

Dog  of  Catherine  de  Medicis,  ' '  Phoebg," 
a  lap-dog. 

Of  Chaucer's  Nun's  Priest's  Tale, 
"  CoUe,"  "  Gerland,"  and  "Talbot." 

Cuthullin's  Dog  was  named  "  Luath," 
a  swift-footed  hound. 

In  Don  Quixote,  "  Barcino,"  "  Buton," 
and  "Towzer." 

Dora's  Dog,  "} [p. "—Dickens:  David 
Copperfield. 

Douglas's  Dog,  "  Luffra." — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Lady  of  the  Lake. 

Of  Elizabeth  queen  of  Bohemia,  "Apol- 
lon." 

Erigonts  Dogvfas  "McRT^.."  ErigonS 
is  the  constellation  Virgo,  and  Moera  the 
star  called  Canis. 

Eurytions  Dog  (herdsman  of  Geryon), 
"  Orthros."     It  had  two  heads. 

Fingal's  Dog  was  named  "  Bran." 

Geryon  s  Dogs.  One  was  "  Gargittos  " 
and  the  other  ' '  Orthros. "  The  latter  was 
brother  of  CerbSros,  but  it  had  only  two 
heads.     Hercul6s  killed  both  of  them. 

Hogarth! s  Pug,  "Trump." 

LandseersDog,  "Brutus."  Introduced 
by  the  great  animal-painter  in  his  picture 
called  "  The  Invader  of  the  Larder." 

Llewellyn's  Dog  was  named  ' '  Gelert ;  " 
it  was  a  greyhound.     (See  Gelert.) 

Lord  Lurgan  s  Dogy/as  named  "  Master 
M'Grath,"  from  an  orphan  boy  who 
reared  it.  This  dog  won  three  Waterloo 
cups,  and  \yas  presented  at  court  by  the 
express  desire  of  queen  Victoria,  the  very 
year  it  died.  It  was  a  sporting  grey- 
hound (1866-1871,  died  Christmas  Day). 

Maria's  Dog,  "  Silvio." — Sterne:  Senti- 
mental Journey. 

Mar  low's,  "  Bungey." 

Newton's  {Sir  Isaac),  "Diamond."  (See 
Newton  and  his  Dog.) 

Dog  of  Montargis.  This  was  a  dog 
named  "  Dragon,"  belonging  to  Aubri  de 
Montdidier,  a  captain  in  the  French  army. 
Aubri  was  murdered  in  the  forest  of 
Bondy  by  his  friend,  lieutenant  Macaire,  ' 
in  the  same  regiment.  After  its  master's 
death,  the  dog  showed  such  a  strange 
aversion  to  Macaire,  that  suspicion  was 
aroused  against  him.  Some  say  he  was 
pitted  against  the  dog,  and  confessed 
the  crime.  Others  say  a  sash  was  found 
on  him,  and  the  sword-knot  was  recog- 
nized by  Ursula  as  her  own  work  and  gift 
to  Aubri.     This  Macaire  then  confessed 


the  crime,  and  his  accomplice,  lieutenant 
Landry,  trying  to  escape,  was  seized  by 
the  dog  and  bitten  to  death.  This  story 
was  dramatized  in  French  by  Pix^r^court 
(1814),  and  rendered  into  English. 

IT  Hesiod,  the  Greek  poet,  was  mur- 
dered by  the  sons  of  Ganictor,  and  the 
body  thrown  into  the  sea.  When  washed 
ashore,  the  poet's  dog  discovered  the 
murderers,  and  they  were  put  to  death. 

Orion's  Dogs;  one  was  named  "Arc- 
toph'onos"  and  the  other  "  Pto-ophagos." 

Pope's  Dog  was  called  "  Bounce." 

Punch's  Dog,  "Toby." 

Richard  II.'s  greyhound,  "Mathe, " 
forsook  Richard,  and  attached  itself  to 
Bohngbroke. — Shakespeare:  Henry  IV. 

Roderick  the  Goths  Dog  was  called 
"Theron." 

Prince  Rupert's  Dog  was  called  "  Boy. " 
He  was  killed  lin  the  battle  of  Marston 
Moor. 

Sir  W.  Scott's  Dogs.  His  deer-hound 
was  "  Maida."  His  jet-black  greyhound 
was  "  Hamlet."  He  had  also  two  Dandy 
Dinmont  terriers. 

Dog  of  the  Seven  Sleepers,  "  Katmlr." 
It  spoke  with  a  human  voice. 

In  Sleary's  circus,  the  performing  dog 
is  called  "  Merryleys." — Dickens:  Hard 
Times. 

Tristan's  Dog  was  called  "  Leon." 

(For  Actaeon's  fifty  dogs,  see  Dictionary 
of  Phrase  and  Fable,  p.  364.) 

Dog.  The  famous  mount  St.  Bernard 
dog  which  saved  forty  human  beings,  was 
named  "  Barry."  The  stuffed  skin  of 
this  noble  creature  is  preserved  in  the 
museum  at  Berne. 

Dog  {The),  Diog5n6s  the  cynic  (b.c. 

412-323).  When  Alexander  encountered 
him,  the  young  Macedonian  king  intro- 
duced himself  with  the  words,  "  I  am 
Alexander,  surnamed  'the  Great.'"  To 
which  the  philosopher  replied,  "And  I 
am  DiogSngs,  surnamed  '  the  Dog.'  "  The 
Athenians  raised  to  his  memory  a  pillar 
of  Parian  marble,  surmounted  with  a  dog, 
and  bearing  the  following  inscription  : — 

"  Say,  do§r,  what  guard  you  in  that  tomb  T  " 
A  dog.     "His  name?"    Diogends.    "From  far  J" 

"  SinSpfi.     "  He  who  made  a  tub  his  home  ?  " 
The  same;  now  dead,  among  the  stars  a  star.    E.C.B. 

The  Thracian  Dog,  Zo'ilus  the  gram- 
marian ;  so  called  for  his  snarling,  captious 
criticisms  on  Homer,  Plato,  and  Iso'crat^s. 
Contemporary  with  Philip  of  Macedon. 

Dog  at  Eew.  Pope  gave  a  dog  to 
Frederick  prince  of  Wales,  and  had  two 
lines  engraved  on  the  collar — 


DOG  IN  A  NUTSHELL. 


289 


DOILEY. 


I  am  his  Highness'  dog  at  Kew  ; 
Pray  tell  me,  sir,  whose  dog  are  yout 

Dog  enclosed  in  a  Nutshell  ( The) 
was  named  "Tonton." 
Dog's  Nose,  gin  and  beer. 

"  He  is  not  certain  whether  he  did  not  twice  a  week, 
for  20  years,  taste  dog's  nose,  which  your  committee 
find,  upon  inquiry,  to  be  compounded  of  warm  porter, 


Cold  as  a  dog's  Jiose. 

There  sprung-  a  leak  in  Noah's  ark, 
Which  made  the  dog  begin  to  bark  ; 
Noah  took  his  nose  to  stop  the  hole, 
And  hence  his  nose  is  always  cold. 

Notes  and  Queries,  l-ebruary  ^,  1871. 

Dogs  were  supposed  by  the  ancient 
Gaels  to  be  sensible  of  their  masters' 
death,  however  far  they  might  be  sepa- 
rated. 

The  mother  of  Culmin  remains  in  the  hall  ...  his 
dogs  are  howling  in  their  place.  ..."  Art  thou  fallen, 
my  fair-headed  son,  in  Erin's  dismal  war  ?  "—Owia«  .• 
Temota,  v. 

Dogs.  The  two  sisters  of  Zobei'dS  (3 
syl.)  were  turned  into  little  black  dogs 
for  casting  Zobeidfi  and  "the  prince" 
into  the  sea.     (See  Zobeide.) 

Dogs  mentioned  by  Authors. 

In  Anton's  Ballads,  "  Hector"  (young 
Bekie). 

In  the  Odyssey  of  Homer  mention  is 
made  of  the  dog  "Argus." 

Shakespeare  names  several  dogs  :  Thus 
we  have,  in  the  Induction  of  Taming  of 
the  Shrew,  mention  made  of  "  Belman," 
"  Clowder,"  "  Echo,"  and  "  Merryman." 
In  The  Te?npest,oi"  Fury,"  "  Mountain," 
"Silver,"  and  "Tyrant."  In  the  7\vo 
Gentlemen  of  Verona,  of  the  dog  "  Crab." 

The  dog  Tray,  i.e.  Trag  =  runner 
{British). 

Non  sibi,  sed  domino  veniitur  ver-tragus  acer 
lUassum  leporem  qui  tibi  dente  feret. 

A/a  rtial. 

("Ver-tragus,"  i.e.  ver-tray,  "very 
swift."    And  many  others. ) 

Dogs  of  War,  Famine,  Sword,  and 
Fire. 

Then  should  the  warlike  Harry,  like  himself. 

Assume  the  por 

Leashed  in  like  hounds,  should  Famine,  Sword,  and  Fire 


Assume  the  port  of  Mars;  and  at  his  heels, 
Leashed  in  like  hounds,  sh 
Crouch  for  employment. 

Shakespeare  :  King  Henry  V.  t  chorus  (1599). 

Dog-headed  Tribes  (of  India), 
mentioned  in  the  Itahan  romance  of 
Gueri'no  Meschi'no. 

Dog-rose  (Greek,  kuno-rodon).  So 
called  because  it  was  supposed  to  cure 
the  bite  of  mad  dogs. 

A  morsu  vero  [i.e.  of  a  mad  dog]  unicum  remedium 
oraculo  quodam  nuper  repertum,  radix  sylvestris  rosae 
qup-  [>n{nc]  cynorr/todossLppellditnr.—PHny:  Hist.  Nat., 
vii;.  63  ;  see  also  xxv.  6. 

Dogberry  and  Verges,  two  igno- 


rant conceited  constables,  who  greatly 
confound  their  words.  Dogberry  calls 
"assembly"  dissembly  ;  "treason"  he 
calls  perjury;  "calumny"  he  calls  bur- 
glary ;  "  condemnation,"  redemption ; 
"  respect,"  suspect.  When  Conrade  says, 
"  Away  !  you  are  an  ass  ;  "  Dogberry  tells 
the  town  clerk  to  write  iiim  down  "an 
ass."  "  Masters,"  he  says  to  the  officials, 
"  remember  I  am  an  ass."  "Oh  that  I 
had  been  writ  down  an  ass  1 "  (act  iv.  sc. 
2). — Shakespeare:  Much  Ado  about 
Nothing  {1600). 

Dogget,  wardour  at  the  castle  of 
Garde  Dolourcuse.— 5?>  W.  Scott:  The 
Betrothed  {\\mQ,  Henry  II.). 

Dogget's  Coat  and  Badge,    the 

great  prize  in  the  Thames  rowing-match, 
given  on  the  ist  of  August  every  year.  So 
called  from  Thomas  Dogget,  an  actor  of 
Drury  Lane,  who  signalized  the  accession 
of  George  I.  to  the  throne  by  giving 
annually  a  waterman's  coat  and  badge 
to  the  winner  of  the  race.  The  Fish- 
mongers' Company  add  a  guinea  to  the 
prize. 

Doiley  {Abraham),  a  citizen  and  re- 
tired slop-seller.  He  was  a  charity  boy, 
wholly  without  education,  but  made 
_^8o,ooo  in  trade,  and  was  determined  to 
have  "a  larned  skollard  for  his  son-in- 
law."  He  speaks  oi  joint ry  [geometry], 
joklate,  jogAfy,  Al  Mater,  pi?iny -forty , 
and  antikary  doctors  ;  talks  of  Scratchi 
[Gracchi],  Horsi  [Horatii],  a  study  of 
horses,  and  so  on.  Being  resolved  to 
judge  between  the  rival  scholarship  of  an 
Oxford  pedant  and  a  captain  in  the  army, 
he  gets  both  to  speak  Greek  before  him. 
Gradus,  the  scholar,  quotes  two  lines  of 
Greek,  in  which  the  word  panta  occurs 
four  times.  "  Pantry  !  "  cries  the  old 
slop-seller  ;  "you can't  impose  upon  me. 
I  \iaoyf  pantty  is  not  Greek."  The  cap- 
tain tries  English  fustian,  and  when 
Gradus  maintains  that  the  words  are 
English,  "Out  upon  you  for  a  jacka- 
napes!" cries  the  old  man;  "as  if  I 
di'n't  know  my  own  mother-tongue  i  "  and 
gives  his  verdict  in  favour  of  the  captain. 

Elizabeth  Doiley,  daughter  of  the  old 
slop-seller,  in  love  with  captain  Granger. 
She  and  her  cousin  Charlotte  induce  the 
Oxford  scholar  to  dress  like  a  beau  to 
please  the  ladies.  By  so  doing  he  dis- 
gusts the  old  man,  who  exclaims,  "  Oh 
that  I  should  ever  have  been  such  a  dolt 
as  to  take  thee  for  a  man  of  larnen'  1 "  So 
the  captain  wins  the  race  at  a  canter.—* 
Mrs.  Cowley:   Who's  the  Dupe  f 

L 


DOLABELLA. 


290 


DOLOPATOS. 


Dolabella,  a  friend  of  Mark  Antony, 
in  love  with  Cleopatra.  Handsome, 
valiant,  young,  and  "looked  as  he  were 
laid  for  nature's  bait  to  catch  weak 
woman's  eyes." — Dry  den:  All  for  Love, 
iv.  I  (1670). 

Doll  Common,  a  young  woman  in 
league  with  Subtle  the  alchemist,  and 
with  Face  his  ally. — Ben  Jonson  :  The 
Alchemist  (1610). 

Mrs.  Pritchard  [1711-1768]  could  pass  from  "lady 
Macbeth  "  to  "  Doll  Common."— Auti^A  Hunt. 

Doll  Tearsheet,  a  "bona-roba." 
This  virago  is  cast  into  prison  with  Dame 
Quickly  (hostess  of  a  tavern  in  East- 
cheap),  for  the  death  of  a  man  that  they 
and  Pistol  had  hoaXtXi.— Shakespeare : 
2  Henry  IV.  (1598). 

DoUalloUa  {Queen),  wife  of  king 
Arthur,  very  fond  of  stiff  punch,  but 
scorning  "vulgar  sips  of  brandy,  gin, 
and  rum."  She  is  the  enemy  of  Tom 
Thumb,  and  opposes  his  marriage  with 
her  daughter  Huncamunca;  but  when 
Noodle  announces  that  the  red  cow  has 
devoured  the  pigmy  giant-queller,  she 
kills  the  messenger  for  his  ill  tidings,  and 
is  herself  killed  by  Frizaletta.  Queen 
DoUallolla  is  jealous  of  the  giantess  Glun- 
dalca,  at  whom  his  majesty  casts  "sheep's 
eyes." — Tom  Thumb,  by  Fielding  the 
novelist  (1730),  altered  by  O'Hara,  author 
of  Midas  (1778). 

DoUa  Murrey,  a  character  in 
Crabbe's  Borough.  She  died  playing 
cards. 

"  A  vole  1  a  vole  1 "  she  cried ;  "  'tis  fairly  won." 
This  said,  she  gently  with  a  single  sigh 
Died. 

Crabbe  :  Borough  (i8i<^. 

Dolly  of  tlie  Chop-house  (Queen's 
Head  Passage,  Paternoster  Row  and 
Newgate  Street,  London).  Her  celebrity 
arose  from  the  excellency  of  her  provisions, 
attendance,  accommodation,  and  service. 
The  name  is  that  of  the  old  cook  of  the 
establishment. 

The  broth  reviving,  and  the  bread  was  fair, 
The  small  beer  grateful  and  as  pepper  strong, 
The  beef-steaks  tender,  and  the  pot-herbs  young. 

Dolly  Trull.  Captain  Macheath 
says  she  was  ' '  so  taken  up  with  stealing 
hearts,  she  left  herself  no  time  to  steal 
anything  else." — Gay:  The  Beggar's 
Opera,  ii.  i  (1727). 

Dolly  Varden,  daughter  of  Gabriel 
Varden,  locksmith.  She  was  loved  to 
distraction  by  Joe  Willet,  Hugh  of  the 
Maypole  inn,  and  Simon  Tappertit. 
Dolly  dressed  in  the  Watteau  style,  and 


was  lively,  pretty,  and  bewitching. — 
Dickens:  Barnaby  Rudge  (i^^i.). 

Dolm.an,  a  light -blue  loose-fitting 
jacket,  braided  across  the  front  with 
black  silk  frogs,  and  embroidered  from 
the  cuffs  almost  to  the  shoulders  with 
gold  lace  of  three  rows  interwoven.  It  is 
used  as  the  summer  jacket  of  the  Algerian 
native  troops.  The  winter  jacket  is  called 
a  "  pelisse." 

Do! on,  "a  man  of  subtle  wit  and 
wicked  mind,"  father  of  Guizor  (groom 
of  Pollen tg  the  Saracen,  lord  of  "  Parlous 
Bridge").  Sir  Ar'tegal,  with  scant  cere- 
mony, knocks  the  life  out  of  Guizor,  for 
demanding  of  him  "  passage-penny"  for 
crossing  the  bridge.  Soon  afterwards, 
Brit'omart  and  Talus  rest  in  Dolon's 
castle  for  the  night,  and  Dolon,  mistaking 
Britomart  for  sir  Artegal,  sets  upon  her 
in  the  middle  of  the  night,  but  is  over- 
mastered. He  now  runs  with  his  two 
surviving  sons  to  the  bridge,  to  prevent 
the  passage  of  Britomart  and  Talus  ;  but 
Britomart  runs  one  of  them  through  with 
her  spear,  and  knocks  the  other  into  the 
rlwev.— Spenser :  Faerie  Queene,  v.  6 
(1596). 

Dol'on  and  Ulysses.  Dolon  under- 
took to  enter  the  Greek  camp  and  bring 
back  to  Hector  an  exact  account  of 
everything.  Accordingly  he  put  on  a 
wolf's  skin  and  prowled  about  the  camp 
on  all-fours.  Ulysses  saw  through  the 
disguise,  and  said  to  Diomed,  "Yonder 
man  is  from  the  host  .  .  .  we'll  let  him 
pass  a  few  paces,  and  then  pounce  on  him 
unexpectedly."  They  soon  caught  the 
fellow,  and  having  "pumped"  out  of 
him  all  about  the  Trojan  plans,  and  the 
arrival  of  Rhesus,  Diomed  smote  him 
with  his  falchion  on  the  mid-neck  and 
slew  him.  This  is  the  subject  of  bk.  x. 
of  the  Iliad,  and  therefore  this  book  is 
called  "  Dolonia  "  ("the  deeds  of 
Dolon")  or  "  DSlophon'ia  "  ("  Dolon's 
murder  "). 

Full  of  cunning,  like  Ulysses'  whifUe 
When  he  allured  poor  Dolon. 

Eyron :  Don  Juan,  xik.  loj  (1824). 

Dolopa'tos,  the  Sicilian  king,  who 
placed  his  son  Lucien  under  the  charge 
of  "  seven  wise  masters."  When  grown 
to  man's  estate,  Lucien's  stepmother 
made  improper  advances  to  him.  which 
he  repulsed  ;  and  she  accused  him  to  the 
king  of  insulting  her.  By  astrology  the 
prince  discovered  that  if  he  could  tide  over 
seven  days  his  life  would  be  saved ;  so 
the  wise  masters  amused  the  king  with 


DOMBEY. 


291        DOMITIAN  A  MARKSMAN. 


seven  tales,  and  the  king  relented.  The 
prince  himself  then  told  a  tale  which 
embodied  his  own  history ;  the  eyes  of 
the  king  were  opened,  and  the  queen 
was  condemned  to  death. — Sandabar's 
Parables  (French  version). 

Dombey  (A/r.),  a  purse-proud,  self- 
contained  London  merchant,  living  in 
Portland  Place,  Bryanstone  Square,  with 
offices  in  the  City.  His  god  was  wealth  ; 
and  his  one  ambition  was  to  have  a  son, 
that  the  firm  might  be  known  as  "  Dom- 
bey and  Son."  When  Paul  was  born,  his 
ambition  was  attained,  his  whole  heart 
was  in  the  boy,  and  the  loss  of  the  mother 
was  but  a  small  matter.  The  boy's  death 
turned  his  heart  to  stone,  and  he  treated 
his  daughter  Florence  not  only  with  utter 
indifference,  but  as  an  actual  interloper. 
Mr.  Dombey  married  a  second  time  ;  but 
his  wife  eloped  with  his  manager,  James 
Carker,  and  the  proud  spirit  of  the  mer- 
chant was  brought  low. 

Paul  Dombey,  son  of  Mr.  Dombey ;  a 
delicate,  sensitive  little  boy,  quite  un- 
equal to  the  great  things  expected  of  him. 
He  was  sent  to  Dr.  Blimber's  school,  but 
soon  gave  way  under  the  strain  of  school 
discipline.  In  his  short  life  he  won  the 
love  of  all  who  knew  him,  and  his  sister 
Florence  was  especially  attached  to  him. 
His  death  is  beautifully  told.  During  his 
last  days  he  was  haunted  by  the  sea,  and 
was  always  wondering  what  the  wild 
waves  were  saying. 

Florence  Dombey,  Mr.  Dombey's 
daughter  ;  a  pretty,  amiable,  motherless 
child,  who  incurred  her  father's  hatred 
because  she  lived  and  thrived  while  her 
younger  brother,  Paul,  dwindled  and 
died.  Florence  hungered  to  be  loved, 
but  her  father  had  no  love  to  bestow 
on  her.  She  married  Walter  Gay,  and 
when  Mr.  Dombey  was  broken  in  spirit 
by  the  elopement  of  his  second  wife, 
his  grandchildren  were  the  solace  of  his 
old  age. — Dickens:  Dombey  and  Son 
(1846). 

Dom  -  Daniel  originally  meant  a 
public  school  for  magic,  established  at 
Tunis  ;  but  what  is  generally  understood 
by  the  word  is  that  immense  establish- 
ment, near  Tunis,  under  the  "  roots  of 
the  ocean,"  established  by  Hal-il-Mau'- 
graby,  and  completed  by  his  son.  There 
were  four  entrances  to  it,  each  of  which 
had  a  staircase  of  4000  steps ;  and  magi- 
cians, gnomes,  and  sorcerers  of  every  sort 
were  expected  to  do  homage  there  at  least 
once  a  year  to  Zatanai  [Satan].    Dom- 


Daniel  was  utterly  destroyed  by  prince 
Habed-il-Rouman,  son  of  the  caliph  of 
Syria.  —  Continuation  of  the  Arabian 
Nights  ("  History  of  Maugraby  "). 

Southey  has  made  the  destruction  of 
Dom-Daniel  the  subject  of  his  Thalaba 
— in  fact,  Thalaba  takes  the  office  of 
Habed-il-Rouman  ;  but  the  general  inci- 
dents of  the  two  tales  have  no  other  re- 
semblance to  each  other. 

Domestic  Poet  (The),  William 
Cowper  {1731-1800). 

Domestic  Poultry,  in  Dryden's 
Hind  and  Panther,  mean  the  Roman 
Catholic  clergy  ;  so  called  from  an  estab- 
lishment of  priests  in  the  private  chapel 
of  Whitehall.  The  nuns  are  termed 
"sister  partlet  with  the  hooded  head" 
(1687). 

Dom'ine  Stekan  (corruption  of 
Doininus  tecum,  "  the  Lord  be  with 
thee").  A  witch,  being  asked  how  she 
contrived  to  kill  all  the  children  of  a  certain 
family  in  infancy,  replied,  ' '  Easily  enough. 
When  the  infant  sneezes,  nobody  says, 
'  Domine  stekan,'  and  then  I  become  mis- 
tress of  the  child." — Pev.  W.  Webster: 
Basque  Legends,  73  (1877). 

Dominick,  the  "Spanish  fryar,"  a 
kind  of  ecclesiastical  Falstaff.  A  most 
immoral,  licentious  Dominican,  who  for 
money  would  prostitute  even  the  Church 
and  Holy  Scriptures.  Dominick  helped 
Lorenzo  in  his  amour  with  Elvi'ra  the 
wife  of  Gomez. 

He  is  a  huge,  fat,  religions  gentleman  .  .  .  big  enough 
to  be  a  pope.  His  gills  are  as  rosy  as  a  turkey-cock's. 
His  big  belly  walks  in  state  before  him,  like  a  harbinger ; 


and  his  gouty  legs  come  limping  after  it.  Never  Weis 
such  a  tun  of  devotion  seen.— ^iVyrfew;  The  Spanish 
Fryar,  ii.  3  (1680). 

Dom.inie  Sampson  ;  his  Christian 
name  is  Abel.  He  is  the  tutor  at  Ellan- 
gowan  House,  very  poor,  very  modest, 
and  crammed  with  Latin  quotations.  His 
constant  exclamation  is  "  Prodigious  !  " 

Dominie  Sampson  is  a  poor,  modest,  humble  scholar, 
who  had  won  his  way  through  the  classics,  but  fallen  to 
the  leeward  in  the  voyage  of  life. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Guy 
Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Dominique  (3  syl),  the  gossiping 
old  footman  of  the  Franvals,  who  fancies 
himself  quite  fit  to  keep  a  secret.  He  is, 
however,  a  really  faithful  retainer  of  the 
family. — Holcroft:  The  Deaf  and  Dumb 
{1785). 

Domitian  a  Marksman.  The 
emperor  Domitian  was  so  cunning  a 
marksman,  that  if  a  boy  at  a  good 
distance    off    held    up    his    hand    and 


DOMIZIA. 


29a 


DONICA. 


spread  out  his  fingers,  he  could  shoot 
through  the  spaces  without  touching  the 
boy's  hand  or  any  one  of  his  fingers. 
(See  Tell,  for  many  similar  marksmen.) 
— Peacham:  Complete  Gentleman  {xtzj). 

Domizia,  a  noble  lady  of  Florence, 
greatly  embittered  against  the  republic 
for  its  base  ingratitude  to  her  two  brothers, 
Porzio  and  Berto,  whose  death  she  hoped 
to  revenge. 

I  am  a  daugrhter  of  the  Traversari, 
Sister  of  Porzio  and  Berto  both  ... 
I  knew  that  Florence,  that  could  doubt  their  faith. 
Must  needs  mistrust  a  stranger's ;  holding  back 
Reward  from  them,  must  hold  back  his  reward.  _ 
R.  Brorw7ting  :  Luria,  lil. 

Don  AlpHonso,  son  of  a  rich  banker. 
In  love  with  Victoria,  the  daughter  of  don 
Scipio;  but  Victoria  marries  don  Fer- 
nando. Lorenzo,  who  v/ent  by  the  name 
of  Victoria  for  a  time,  and  is  the  person 
don  Alphonso  meant  to  marry,  espouses 
don  Q^%^x.—0'Keefe:  Castle  of  Anda- 
lusia (1798). 

Don  Juan.    (See  Juan.) 

Don  Quixote,  a  satirical  romance,  in 
ridicule  of  the  tales  of  chivalry,  by  Cer- 
vantes (3  syl.),  a  Spaniard.  Part  i.  in 
1605  ;  part  ii.  in  1615. 

English  translations :  Duffield,  1881 ;  Jarvis  (soect), 
1742 :  Motteux,  1719 ;  Skelton  (the  first,  good),  1612- 
1620 ;  Smollett,  1755 ;  Wilmot,  1774 ;  etc. 

Draviaiized,  in  1696,  by  Durfey,  and  in  1716  ly 
Fielding.  Converted  into  an  opera  by  Mac/arren  in 
1846. 

Don  Selaastian.     (See  Sebastian.) 

For  other  "  dons,"  see  the  proper  name. 

Donaclia  dhu  na  Dunaigli,  the 

Highland  robber  near  Roseneath. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  Heart  of  Midlothian  (time, 
George  II. ). 

Donald,  the  Scotch  steward  of  Mr. 
Mordent.  Honest,  plain-spoken,  faith- 
ful, and  unflinching  in  his  duty. — Hol- 
croft:  The  Deserted  Daughter  (1785,  al- 
tered into  The  Steward). 

Donald,  an  old  domestic  of  MacAulay, 
the  Highland  chief. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Legend  of  Montrose  (time,  Charles  I.). 

Donald  of  the  Hammer,  son  of 

the  laird  of  Invemahyle  of  the  West 
Highlands  of  Scotland.  When  Green 
Colin  assassinated  the  laird  and  his  house- 
hold, the  infant  Donald  was  saved  by  his 
foster-nurse,  and  afterwards  brought  up 
by  her  husband,  a  blacksmith.  He  be- 
came so  strong  that  he  could  work  for 
hours  with  two  fore-hammers,  one  in  each 


hand,  and  was  therefore  called  Donuilnan 
Ord.  When  he  was  21  he  marched  with 
a  few  adherents  against  Green  Cohn,  and 
slew  him  ;  by  which  means  he  recovered 
his  paternal  inheritance. 

Donald  of  the  smithy,  the  "  son  of  the  hammer," 
Filled   the    banks  of   Lochawe  with   mourning  and 
clamour. 
Quoted  by  sir  Walter  Scott,  in  Tales  of  a  Grande 
father,  1.  39. 

Donar,  same  as  Tlior  {q.v.),  the  god 
of  thunder  among  the  ancient  Teutons. 

Donation  of  Pepin.  When  Pepin 
conquered  Ataulf  (Adolphus),  the  ex- 
archate of  Ravenna  fell  into  his  hands. 
Pepin  gave  the  pope  both  the  ex-archate 
and  the  republic  of  Rome  ;  and  this 
munificent  gift  is  the  world-famous 
"Donation  of  Pepin,"  on  which  rested 
the  whole  fabric  of  the  temporal  power  of 
the  popes  (a.d.  755).  Victor  Emmanuel, 
king  of  Italy,  dispossessed  the  pope  of 
his  temporal  sovereignty,  and  added  the 
papal  states  to  the  united  kingdom  of 
Italy,  over  which  he  reigned  (1870). 

Dondascli',  an  Oriental  giant,  con- 
temporary with  Seth,  to  whose  service  he 
was  attached.  He  needed  no  weapons, 
because  he  could  destroy  anything  by  his 
muscular  force. 

Don'egfild  (3  syl.),  the  wicked  mother 
of  Alia  king  of  Northumberland.  Hating 
Custance  because  she  was  a  Christian, 
Donegild  set  her  adrift  with  her  infant 
son.  When  Alia  returned  from  Scotland, 
and  discovered  this  act  of  cruelty,  he  put 
his  mother  to  death  ;  then  going  to  Rome 
on  a  pilgrimage,  met  his  wife  and  child, 
who  had  been  brought  there  a  little  time 
previously. — Chaucer:  Canterbury  Tales 
("The  Man  of  Law's  Tale,"  1388). 

Don'et,  the  first  gp-ammar  put  into 
the  hands  of  scholars.  It  was  that  of 
Dona'tus  the  grammarian,  who  taught 
in  Rome  in  the  fourth  century,  and  was 
the  preceptor  of  St.  Jerome.  When 
"  Graunde  Amour "  was  sent  to  study 
under  lady  Gramer,  she  taught  him,  as 
he  says — 

First  my  donet,  and  then  my  accedence. 
Hawes  :  The  Pastime  ofPUsure,  v.  (time,  Henry  VII.). 

Doni'ca,  only  child  of  the  lord  of 
Ar'kinlow  (an  elderly  man).  Young 
Eb'erhard  loved  her,  and  the  Finnish 
maiden  was  betrothed  to  him.  Walking 
one  evening  by  the  lake,  Donica  heard 
the  sound  of  the  death-spectre,  and  feU 
lifeless  in  the  arms  of  her  lover. 
Presently  the  dead  maiden  received  a 
supernatural  vitality,  but  her  cheeks  were 


DONNERHUGEL. 


a93 


DORAX. 


wan,  her  lips  livid,  her  eyes  lustreless, 
and  her  lap-dog  howled  when  it  saw  her. 
Eberhard  still  resolved  to  marry  her,  and 
to  church  they  went.  But  when  he  took 
Donica's  hand  into  his  own  it  was  cold 
and  clammy ;  the  demon  fled  from  her, 
and  the  body  dropped  a  corpse  at  the  feet 
of  the  bridegroom. — Southey  :  Donica  (a 
Finnish  ballad). 

Dounerhii'gfel  {Rudolph),  one  of  the 
Swiss  deputies  to  Charles  "  the  Bold," 
duke  of  Burgundy.  He  was  cousin  of  the 
sons  of  Arnold  Biederman  the  landam- 
man  of  Unterwalden  [alias  count  Arnold 
of  Geierstein). 

Theodore  Donnerhugel,  uncle  of  Ru- 
dolph. He  was  page  to  the  former  baron 
of  Arnheim  [^Arn  hitnel. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Anne  of  Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Donnitliome  {Arthur),  in  love  with 
Hetty  Sorrel.  In  George  Eliot's  novel  of 
Adam  Bede  (1859). 

Donovan,  lord  Rosebery's  celebrated 
horse,  was  named  from  "  Donovan,"  the 
hero  of  Edna  Lyall's  novel  so  called. 

Do'ny,  Florimel's  dwarf. — Spenser: 
Faerie  Queene,  iii.  5  and  iv.  2(1590, 1596). 

Donzel  del  PeTjo  (£/),  the  Knight 
of  the  Sun,  a  Spanish  romance  in  The 
Mirror  of  Knighthood,  He  was  ' '  most 
excellently  fair,"  and  a  "great  wanderer;" 
hence  he  is  alluded  to  as  "  that  wander- 
ing knight  so  fair." 

Doo'lin  of  Mayenco  (2  syl),  the 
hero  and  title  of  an  old  French  romance 
of  chivalry.  He  was  ancestor  of  Ogier 
the  Dane.  His  sword  was  called  Mir- 
veilleuse  ("wonderful "). 

Doomsday  Sedgwick,  William 
Sedgwick,  a  fanatical  "prophet"  during 
the  Commonwealth.  He  pretended  that 
the  time  of  doomsday  had  been  revealed 
to  him  in  a  vision.  And,  going  into  the 
garden  of  sir  Francis  Russell,  he  denounced 
a  party  of  gentlemen  playing  at  bowls  ; 
and  bade  them  prepare  for  the  day  of 
doom,  which  was  at  hand. 

Doorm,  an  earl  who  tried  to  make 
Enid  his  handmaid  ;  and  "smote  her  on 
the  cheek "  because  she  would  not  wel- 
come him.  Whereupon  her  husband, 
count  Geraint,  started  up  and  slew 
the  "russet-bearded  earl." — Tennyson: 
Idylls  of  the  King{'*  Enid  "). 

Door-Opener  {The),  Crates,  the 
Theban ;  so  called  because  he  used  to  go 


round  Athens  early  of  a  morning,  and 
rebuke  the  people  for  their  late  rising. 

Dora  [Spenlow],  a  pretty,  warm- 
hearted httle  doll  of  a  woman,  with  no 
practical  views  of  the  duties  of  life  or  the 
value  of  money.  She  was  the  "  child- 
wife  "  of  David  Copperfield  ;  and  loved  to 
sit  by  him  and  hold  his  pens  while  he 
wrote.  She  died,  and  David  then  mar- 
ried Agnes  Wickfield.  Dora's  great  pet 
was  a  dog  called  "  Jip,"  which  died  at  the 
same  time  as  its  mistress. — Dickens: 
David  Copperfield  (1849). 

(One  of  the  Idylls  of  lord  Tennyson, 
published  in  1842,  is  called  "  Dora.") 

Dora'do  {Et),  a  land  of  exhaustless 
wealth  ;  a  golden  illusion.  Orella'na, 
lieutenant  of  Pizarro,  asserted  that  he  had 
discovered  a  "  gold  coimtry  "  betvi^een  the 
Orino'co  and  the  Am'azon,  in  South 
America.  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  twice  visited 
Guia'na  as  the  spot  indicated,  and  pub- 
lished highly  coloured  accounts  of  its 
enormous  wealth.  (See  El  Dorado, 
p.  318.) 

Dorali'ce  (4  syl.),  a  lady  beloved  by 
Rodomont,  but  who  married  Mandri- 
cardo  — Ariosto :  Orlando  Furioso  ( 1516). 

Dor'alis,  the  lady-love  of  Rodomont 
king  of  Sarza  and  Algiers.  She  eloped 
with  Mandricardo  king  of  Tartary.— 
Bojardo :  Orlando  Innamorato  (1495); 
and  Ariosto :  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Dorante  (2  syl.),  a  name  introduced 
into  three  of  Moliere's  comedies.  In  Les 
Facheux  he  is  a  courtier  devoted  to  the 
chase  (1661).  In  La  Critique  Ticole  des 
Femmeshe  is  a  chevalier  (1662).  In  Le 
Bourgeois  Gentilhomme  he  is  a  count  in 
love  with  the  marchioness  Dorimene 
(3Jj//.)(i67o). 

Doras'tus  and  Paunia,  the  hero 
and  heroine  of  a  popular  romance  by 
Robert  Greene,  published  in  1588,  under 
the  title  of  Pandosto  and  the  Triumph  of 
Time.  On  this  ' '  history  "  Shakespeare 
founded  his  Winter's  Tale. 

Why,  sir  William,  it  is  a  romance,  a  novel,  a  pleasanter 
history  by  half  than  the  loves  of  Dorastus  and  Faunia. 
—Bickerstaff:  Love  in  a  Village,  lii.  i. 

Dorax,  the  assumed  name  of  don 
Alonzo  of  Alcazar,  when  he  deserted 
Sebastian  king  of  Portugal,  turned  rene- 
gade, and  joined  the  emperor  of  Barbary. 
The  cause  of  his  desertion  was  because 
Sebastian  gave  to  Henri 'quez  the  lady 
Violante  (4  syl),  betrothed  to  himself. 
The  quarrel  between  Sebastian  and  Dorax 
is  a  masterly  imitation  of  the  quarrel  and 


DORCAS. 


294 


DORMER; 


reconciliation  of  Brutus  and  Cassius  in 
Shakespeare's  Julius  Ccesar. — Dryden: 
Don  Sebastian  (1690). 

Like  "  Dorax  "  in  the  play,  I  submitted,  "tho'  with 
swelling  heart."— SiV  W.  Scott. 

N.B. — This  quotation  is  not  exact.  It 
occurs  in  the  "  quarrel."  Sebastian  says 
to  Dorax,  "Confess,  proud  spirit,  that 
better  he  {he?iriguez]  deserved  my  love 
than  thou."    To  this  Dorax  replies — 

I  must  grant. 
Yes,  I  must  grant,  but  with  a  swelling  soul, 
Henriquez  had  your  love  with  more  desert ; 
For  you  he  lought  and  died ;  I  fought  against  yoi 
Dyayton  :  Don  Sebastian  (1690). 

Dorcas,  servant  to  squire  Ingoldsby. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Redgaufitlet  (time,  George 
III.). 

Dorcas,  an  old  domestic  at  Cumnore 
Place. — Sir  W,  Scott:  Kenilworth  (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Dorcas  Society,  a  society  for  sup- 
plying the  poor  with  clothing ;  so  called 
from  Dorcas,  who  "  made  clothes  for  the 
poor,"  mentioned  in  Acts  ix.  39. 

Doric  Ziand,  Greece,  of  which  Doris 
was  a  part. 

Thro'  all  the  bounds 
Of  Doric  land. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  i.  519  {1665). 

Doric  Reed.,  pastoral  poetry,  simple 
and  unornamented  poetry  ;  so  called  be- 
cause everything  Doric  was  remarkable 
for  its  chaste  simplicity. 

Doricourt,  the  fianci  of  Letitia 
Hardy.  A  man  of  the  world  and  the 
rage  of  the  London  season ;  he  is,  how- 
ever, both  a  gentleman  and  a  man  of 
honour.  He  had  made  the  "  grand  tour," 
and  considered  English  beauties  insipid. 
— Mrs.  Cowley:  The  Belles  Stratagem 
(1780). 

Montague  Talbot  [1778-1831]. 
He  reigns  o'er  comedy  supreme  .  .  . 
None  show  for  liglit  and  airy  sport. 
So  exquisite  as  Doricourt. 

CroJUon  Croktr. 

'.'  Doricourt  is  one  of  the  dramatis 
fersoncB  of  The  Way  of  the  World,  by 
Congreve  (1700). 

Do'ridon,  a  lovely  swain,  nature's 
"  chiefest  work,"  more  beautiful  than 
Narcissus,  Ganimede,  or  Adonis. — 
Browne  :  Britannia' s  Pastorals  (1613). 

Do'rig'en,  a  lady  of  high  family,  who 
married  Arvir'agus  out  of  pity.  (See 
Arviragus,  p.  66.) 

Dor'imant,  a  genteel,  witty  libertine. 
The  original  of  this  character  was  the  earl 
of  Rochester. — Etherege  :  The  Man  of 
Mode  or  Sir  Fopling  Flutter  (1676). 


The  Dorimants  and  the  lady  Touchwoods,  in  their 
own  sphere,  do  not  offend  my  moral  sense ,  in  fact,  they 
do  not  appeal  to  it  at  all.— C.  Lamb. 

(The  "  lady  Touchwood  "  in  Congreve's 
Double  Dealer,  not  the  "lady  Frances 
Touchwood"  in  Mrs.  Cowley's  Belle's 
Stratagem,  which  is  quite  another  cha- 
racter. ) 

Dor'imene  (3  syl),  daughter  of  Al- 
cantor,  beloved  by  Sganarelle  (3  syl.)  and 
Lycaste  [2  syl.).  She  loved  "  le  jeu,  les 
visites,  les  assembles,  les  cadeaux,  et  les 
promenades,  en  un  mot  toutes  le  choses 
de  plaisir,"  and  wished  to  marry  to  get 
free  from  the  trammels  of  her  home.  She 
says  to  Sganarelle  (a  man  of  63),  whom 
she  promises  to  marry,  ' '  Nous  n'aurons 
jamais  aucun  dem^le  ensemble  ;  et  je  ne 
vous  contraindrai  point  dans  vos  actions, 
comme  j'espere  que  vous  ne  me  contrain- 
drez  point  dans  les  mienne." — Moliire  : 
Le  Mariage  Forc^  {1664). 

(She  had  been  introduced  previously  as 
the  wife  of  Sganarelle,  in  the  comedy  of 
Le  Cocu  Imaginaire,  1660.) 

Doi'imene,  the  marchioness,  in  the 
Bourgeois  Gentilhomme,  by  Moli6re(i67o). 

Dorin'da,  the  charming  daughter  of 
lady  Bountiful  ;  in  love  with  Aimwell. 
She  is  sprightly  and  light-hearted,  but 
good  and  virtuous  also. — Farquhar : 
The  Beaux'  Stratagem  (1707). 

Dorine'(2  syl.),  attendant  of  Mariane 
(daughter  of  Orgon).  She  ridicules  the 
folly  of  the  family,  but  serves  it  iokih- 
i\x\\y.—Moliire:  Le  Tartu fe  {1664). 

D'Orme'o,  prime  minister  of  Victor 
Amade'us  (4  syl. ),  and  also  of  his  son  and 
successor  Charles  Emmanuel  king  of  Sar- 
dinia. He  took  his  colour  from  the  king 
he  served  ;  hence  under  the  tortuous, 
deceitful  Victor,  his  policy  was  marked 
with  crude  rascality  and  duplicity ;  but 
under  the  truthful,  single-minded  Cliarles 
Emmanuel,  he  became  straightforward 
and  honest. — R.  Browning  :  King  Victor 
and  King  Charles,  etc. 

Dormer  (Ca/i'am),  benevolent,  truth- 
ful, and  courageous,  candid  and  warm- 
hearted. He  was  engaged  to  Louisa 
Travers  ;  but  the  lady  was  told  that  he 
was  false  and  had  married  another,  so 
she  gave  her  hand  to  lord  Davenant. 

Marianne  Dormer,  sister  of  the  cap- 
tain. She  married  lord  Davenant,  who 
called  himself  Mr.  Brooke  ;  but  he  for- 
sook her  in  three  months,  giving  out  that 
he  was  dead.  Marianne,  supposing  her- 
self to  be  a  widow,  married  his  lordship's 


DORMER. 


295 


DORRILLON. 


son. — Cumberland  :  The  Mysterious  Hus- 
band (1783). 

Dormer  {Caroline),  the  orphan 
(laughter  of  a  London  merchant,  who 
was  once  very  wealthy ;  but  he  became 
tjankrupt  and  died,  leaving  his  daughter 
,/'20o  a  year.  This  annuity,  however, 
she  loses  through  the  knavery  of  her  man 
of  business.  When  reduced  to  penury, 
her  old  lover,  Henry  Morland  (supposed 
to  have  perished  at  sea),  makes  his  ap- 
[learance  and  marries  her,  by  which  she 
becomes  the  lady  Duberly. — Colnian  : 
The  Heir-at-Law  {1797). 

Domton  (Mr.),  a  great  banker,  who 
adores  his  son  Harry.  He  tries  to  be 
stern  with  him  when  he  sees  him  going 
the  road  to  ruin,  but  is  melted  by  a  kind 
word. 

Joseph  Munden  [1758-1832]  was  the  original  repre- 
sentative of  "Old  Domton*'  and  a  host  of  other 
characters.— A/«»wtV  (1832). 

Harry  Domton,  son  of  the  above.  A 
noble-hearted  fellow,  spoilt  by  over- 
indulgence. He  becomes  a  regular  rake, 
loses  money  at  Newmarket,  and  goes 
post-speed  on  the  road  to  ruin,  led  astray 
by  Jack  Milford.  So  great  is  his  extrava- 
gance, that  his  father  becomes  a  bankrupt ; 
but  Sulky  (his  partner  in  the  bank)  comes 
to  the  rescue.  Harry  marries  Sophia 
Freelove,  and  both  father  and  son  are 
saved  from  ruin, — Holcroft :  The  Road  to 
Ruin  (1792). 

Dorober'nia,  Canterbury. 

DOIlOTHE'A,of  Andalusi'a,  daugh- 
ter of  Cleonardo  (an  opulent  vassal  of  the 
duke  Ricardo).  She  was  married  to  don 
Fernando,  the  duke's  younger  son,  who 
deserted  her  for  Lucinda  (the  daughter  of 
an  opulent  gentleman),  engaged  to  Car- 
denio,  her  equal  in  rank  and  fortune. 
When  the  wedding  day  arrived,  Lucinda 
fell  into  a  swoon,  a  letter  informed  the 
bridegroom  that  she  was  already  married 
to  Cardenio,  and  next  day  she  took 
refuge  in  a  convent.  Dorothea  also  left 
her  home,  dressed  in  boy's  clothes,  and 
concealed  herself  in  the  Sierra  Morena  or 
Brown  Mountain.  Now,  it  so  happened 
that  Dorothea,  Cardenio,  and  don 
Quixote's  party  happened  to  be  staying 
at  the  Crescent  inn,  and  don  Fernando, 
who  had  abducted  Lucinda  from  the 
convent,  halted  at  the  same  place.  Here 
he  found  his  wife  Dorothea,  and  Lucinda 
her  husband  Cardenio.  All  these  mis- 
fortunes thus  came  to  an  end,  and  the 
parties     mated     with     their    respective 


spouses. — Cervantes:  Don  Quixote,  \.  iv. 

(160s). 

Dorotlie'a,  sister  of  Mons.  Thomas, 
— I'letcher:  Mons.  Thomas  (i6ig). 

Dorothe'a,  the  "virgin  martyr,"  at- 
tended by  Angelo,  an  angel  in  the 
semblance  of  a  page,  first  presented  to 
Dorothea  as  a  beggar-boy,  to  whom  she 
gave  alms. — M as  singer  :  The  Virgin 
Martyr  (1622). 

Dorothe'a,  the  heroine  of  Goethe's 
poem  entitled  Hermann  and  Dorothea 
(1797)- 

Dorothea  Brooke,  the  heroine  of 
Middlemarch,  a  novel  by  "George 
Eliot"  (Mrs.  J.  W.  Cross,  1872). 

Dor'otheus  (3  syl.),  the  man  who 
spent  all  his  life  in  endeavouring  to 
elucidate  the  meaning  of  one  single  word 
in  Homer. 

Dor'othy  [Old),  the  housekeeper  of 
Simon  Glover  and  his  daughter  "  the 
fair  maid  of  Perth." — Sir  W.  Scott :  Fair 
Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Dor'othy,  charwoman  of  Old  Trap- 
bois  the  miser  and  his  daughter  Martha. 
— Sir  W.  Scott:  Fortunes  0/ Nigel [ixmQ, 
James  L ). 

Dorriforth,  a  young  handsome 
catholic  priest  (afterwards  lord  Elm- 
wood).  He  was  the  gardener  of  Miss 
Milner,  the  heroine  of  the  novel,  who 
falls  in  love  with  Dorriforth.  Miss 
Milner  has  a  quick  tongue  and  warm 
heart,  but  is  for  ever  on  the  verge  of 
wrong-doing  ;  Dorriforth  is  grave  and 
inexorable. — Mrs.  Inchbald  :  A  Simple 
Story  (1791). 

Dorrillon  {Sir  William),  a  rich 
Indian  merchant  and  a  widower.  He  had 
one  daughter,  placed  under  the  care  of 
Mr.  and  Miss  Norberry.  When  this 
daughter  (Maria)  was  grown  to  woman- 
hood, sir  WiUiam  returned  to  England, 
and,  wishing  to  learn  the  character  of 
Maria,  presented  himself  under  the  as- 
sumed name  of  Mr.  Mandred.  He  found 
his  daughter  a  fashionable  young  lady, 
found  of  pleasure,  dress,  and  play,  but 
affectionate  and  good-hearted.  He  was 
enabled  to  extricate  her  from  some  money 
difficulties,  won  her  heart,  revealed  him- 
self as  her  father,  and  reclaimed  her. 

Miss  [Maria]  Dorrillon,  daughter  of 
sir  William ;  gay,  fashionable,  light- 
hearted,  highly  accomplished,  and  very 
beautiful.      "Brought     up     without     a 


D'OSBORN. 


296 


DOUGLAS. 


mother's  care  or  father's  caution,"  she 
had  some  excuse  for  her  waywardness 
and  frivolity.  Sir  George  Evelyn  was 
her  admirer,  whom  for  a  time  she  teased 
to  the  very  top  of  her  bent  ;  then  she 
married,  loved,  and  reformed. — Mrs. 
Inchbald:  Wives  as  they  Were  and 
Maids  as  they  Are  {1797). 

D'Osbom  {Count),  governor  of  the 
Giant's  Mount  Fortress.  The  countess 
Marie  consented  to  marry  him,  because  he 
promised  to  obtain  the  acquittal  of  Ernest 
de  Fridberg  ("the  State  prisoner") ;  but 
he  never  kept  his  promise.  It  was  by 
this  man's  treachery  that  Ernest  was  a 
prisoner,  for  he  kept  back  the  evidence  of 
general  Bavois,  declaring  him  innocent. 
He  next  employed  persons  to  strangle 
him,  but  this  attempt  was  thwarted.  His 
villainy  being  brought  to  light,  he  was 
ordered  by  the  king  to  execution. — Stir- 
ling: The  State  Prisoner  {1^4,7)- 

Do'son,  a  promise-maker  and  pro- 
mise-breaker. Antig'onos  (grandson  of 
Demetrios  the  besieger)  was  so  called. 

Dot.    (See  Peerybingle.) 

Do-tlie-boys  Hall,  a  Yorkshire 
school,  where  boys  were  taken-in  and 
done-for  by  Mr.  Squeers,  an  arrogant, 
conceited,  puffing,  overbearing,  and 
ignorant  schoolmaster,  who  fleeced,  beat, 
and  starved  the  boys,  but  taught  them 
noih\r\z-— Dickens :  Nicholas  Nickleby 
(1838). 

The  original  of  Dotlieboys  Hall  is  still  in  existence 
at  Bowes,  some  five  miles  from  Barnard  Castle.  The 
King's  Head  inn  at  Barnard  Castle  is  spoken  of  in 
Nicholas  Nickleby  by  Newman  Noggs.— 7V<?/«  and 
Queries,  April  z,  1875. 

Doto,   Nyse,    and    Neri'ne,   the 

three  nereids  who  guarded  the  fleet  of 
Vasco  da  Gama.  When  the  treacherous 
pilot  had  run  the  ship  in  which  Vasco 
was  sailing  on  a  sunken  rock,  these  sea- 
nymphs  lifted  up  the  prow  and  turned  it 
round. — Camoens  :  Lusiad,  ii.  (1569). 

DouTsan,  the  physician,  cured  a 
Greek  king  of  leprosy  by  some  drug  con- 
cealed in  a  racket-handle.  The  king  gave 
Douban  such  great  rewards  that  the  envy 
of  his  nobles  was  excited,  and  his  vizier 
suggested  that  a  man  like  Douban  was 
very  dangerous  to  be  near  the  throne. 
The  fears  of  the  weak  king  being  aroused, 
he  ordered  Douban  to  be  put  to  death. 
When  the  physician  saw  there  was  no 
remedy,  he  gave  the  king  a  book,  saying, 
"On  the  sixth  leaf  the  king  will  find 
something  affecting  his  life."  The  king, 
raiding  the  leaves  stick,  moistened  his 


finger  with  his  mouth,  and  by  so  doing 
poisoned  himself.  ' '  Tyrant  1 "  exclaimed 
Douban,  "  those  who  abuse  their  power 
merit  death." — Arabian  Nights  ("The 
Greek  King  and  the  Physician"). 

Douban,  physician  of  the  emperor 
Alexius.— -^/r  W.  Scott:  Count  Robert  of 
Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Double  Dealer  ( The).  ' '  The  double 
dealer"  is  Maskwell,  who  pretends  love 
to  lady  Touchwood  and  professes  friend- 
ship to  Mellefont  (2  syl.),  in  order  to 
betray  them  both.  The  other  characters 
of  the  comedy  also  deal  doubly :  Thus 
lady  Froth  pretends  to  love  her  husband, 
but  coquets  with  Mr.  Brisk ;  and  lady 
Pliant  pretends  to  be  chaste  as  Diana, 
but  has  a  liaison  with  Careless.  On  the 
other  hand,  Brisk  pretends  to  entertain 
friendship  for  lord  Froth,  but  makes  love 
to  his  wife ;  and  Ned  Careless  pretends  to 
respect  and  honour  lord  Pliant,  but  bam- 
boozles him  in  a  similar  way. — Congreve 
(1700). 

Double-lieaded  Mount  ( The), 
Parnassus,  in  Greece ;  so  called  from  its 
two  chief  summits,  Tith6reo  and  Lycorea. 

Double  Lines  (in  Lloyd's  books),  a 
technical  word  for  losses  and  accidents. 

One  morning  the  subscribers  were  reading  the 
"double  lines,"  and  among  the  losses  was  the  total 
wreck  of  this  identical  ship.— O/oJawuf  New  London,  i. 
513- 

Doublefee  [Old  Jacob),  a  money- 
lender, who  accommodates  the  duke  of 
Buckingham  with  loans. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  H.). 

Doubtingf  Castle,  the  castle  of 
giant  Despair,  into  which  Christian  and 
Hopeful  were  thrust;  but  from  which 
they  escaped  by  means  of  the  key  called 
"Promise." — Bunyan  :  Pilgrim's  Pro- 
gress, i.  (1678). 

Doug'al,  turn-key  at  Glasgow  Tol- 
booth.  He  is  an  adherent  of  Rob  Roy.— 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Rob  Roy  (time,  George  L). 

DOTJCrLAS,  divided  into  The  Black 
Douglases  and  The  Red  Douglases. 

L  The  Black  Douglases  (or  senior 
branch).  Each  of  these  is  called  "The 
Black  Douglas." 

The  Hardy,  William  de  Douglas,  de- 
fender of  Berwick  (died  1302). 

The  Good  sir  James,  eldest  son  of  "The 
Hardy."  Friend  of  Bruce.  Killed  by  the 
Moors  in  Spain,  1330. 

England's  Scourge  and  Scotland s  Bul- 
wark, William  Douglas,  knight  of  Liddes- 
ilale.      Taken  at    Neville's    Cross,   and 


DOUGLAS. 

killed  by  William  first  earl  of  Douglas, 
in  1353. 

The  Flower  of  Chivalry,  William  de 
Douglas,  natural  son  of  "  The  Good  sir 
James"  (died  1384). 

James  second  earl  of  Douglas  over- 
threw l^otspur.  Died  at  Otterburn, 
1388.  This  is  the  Douglas  of  the  old 
ballad  of  Chevy  Chase. 

Archibald  the  Grifn,  Archibald  Douglas, 
natural  son  of  "  The  Good  sir  James  " 
(died  ♦). 

The  Black  Douglas,  William  lord  of 
Nithsdale  (murdered  by  the  earl  of  Clif- 
ford, 1390). 

Tineman  (the  loser),  Archibald  fourth 
earl,  who  lost  the  battles  of  Homildon, 
Shrewsbury,  and  Verneuil,  in  the  last  of 
which  he  was  killed  (1424). 

William  Douglas,  eighth  earl,  stabbed 
by  James  II.,  and  then  despatched  with  a 
battle-axe  by  sir  Patrick  Gray,  at  Stirling, 
February  13,  1452.  Sir  Walter  Scott 
alludes  to  this  in  The  Lady  of  the  Lake. 

James  Douglas,  ninth  and  last  earl 
(died  1488).  With  him  the  senior  branch 
closes. 

II.  The  Red  Douglases,  a  collateral 
branch. 

Bell-the-Cat,  the  great  earl  of  Angus. 
He  is  introduced  by  Scott  in  Marmion. 
His  two  sons  fell  in  the  battle  of  Flodden 
Field.     He  died  in  a  monastery,  1514. 

Archibald  Douglas,  sixth  earl  of  Angus, 
and  grandson  of  "Bell-the-Cat."  James 
Bothwell,  one  of  the  family,  forms  the 
most  interesting  part  of  Scott's  Lady  of 
the  Lake.  He  was  the  grandfather  of 
Darnley,  husband  of  Mary  queen  of 
Scots.     He  died  1560. 

James  Douglas,  earl  of  Morton,  younger 
brother  of  the  seventh  earl  of  Angus.  He 
took  part  in  the  murder  of  Rizzio,  and  Was 
executed  by  the  instrument  called  ' '  the 
maiden"  (1530-1581). 

The  "Black  Douglas,"  introduced  by 
sir  W.  Scott  in  Castle  Dangerous,  is  ' '  The 
Gud  schyr  James."  This  was  also  the 
Douglas  which  was  such  a  terror  to  the 
English  that  the  women  used  to  frighten 
their  unruly  children  by  saying  they 
would  "make  the  Black  Douglas  take 
them."  He  first  appears  in  Castle  Dan- 
gerous as  "  Knight  of  the  Tomb."  The 
following  nursery  rhyme  refers  to  him  : — 

Hush  ye,  hush  ye,  little  pet  ye ; 
Hush  ye,  hush  ye,  do  not  fret  ye : 
The  Black  Douglas  shall  not  get  thee. 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Tales  of  a  Grandfather,  \.  6. 

Doug'las,  a  tragedy  by  J.  Home  (1757). 
Young  Norval,  having  saved  the  life  of 


297 


DOUGLAS  LARDER. 


lord  Randolph,  is  given  a  commission 
in  the  army.  Lady  Randolph  hears  of 
the  exploit,  and  discovers  that  the  youth 
is  her  own  son  by  her  first  husband,  lord 
Douglas.  Glenalvon,  who  hates  the  new 
favourite,  persuades  lord  Randolph  that 
his  wife  is  too  intimate  with  the  young 
upstart,  and  the  two  surprise  them  in 
familiar  intercourse  in  a  wood.  The 
youth,  being  attacked,  slays  Glenalvon  ; 
but  is  in  turn  slain  by  lord  Randolph, 
who  then  learns  that  the  young  man  was 
lady  Randolph's  son.  Lady  Randolph, 
in  distraction,  rushes  up  a  precipice  and 
throws  herself  down  headlong,  and  lord 
Randolph  goes  to  the  war  then  raging 
between  Scotland  and  Denmark. 

Home  was  a  Scotch  minister,  but  the  publication  of 
a  drama  so  offended  the  Presbytery,  that  he  found  it 
expedient  to  leave  the  ministry. 

Doug'las  [Archibald  earl  of),  father- 
in-law  of  prince  Robert,  eldest  son  of 
Robert  III.  of  Scotland. 

Margery  of  Douglas,  the  earl's  daughter, 
and  wife  of  prince  Robert  duke  of  Roth- 
say.  The  duke  was  betrothed  to  Eliza- 
beth daughter  of  the  earl  of  March,  but 
the  engagement  was  broken  off  by  in- 
trigue.— Sir  W.  Scott:  Fair  Maid  of 
Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Douglas  [Clara),  the  heroine  of  lord 
Lytton's  comedy  called  Money  (1840). 

Douglas  [George),  nephew  of  the  re- 
gent Murray  of  Scotland,  and  grandson 
of  the  lady  of  Lochleven.  George  Doug- 
las was  devoted  to  Mary  queen  of  Scots. 
—Sir  W.Scott:  The  Abbot  (time,  Eliza- 
beth). 

Douglas  and  tlie  Bloody  Heart. 

The  heart  of  Bruce  was  entrusted  to 
Douglas  to  carry  to  Jerusalem.  Landing 
in  Spain,  he  stopped  to  aid  the  Cas- 
tilians  against  the  Moors,  and  in  the  heat 
of  battle  cast  the  "  heart,"  enshrined  in  a 
golden  coffer,  into  the  very  thickest  of 
the  foe,  saying,  "The  heart  or  death  !" 
On  he  dashed,  fearless  of  danger,  to 
regain  the  coffer,  but  perished  in  the 
attempt.  The  family  thenceforth  adopted 
the  "bloody  heart"  as  their  armorial 
device. 

Douglas  Larder  ( The).  When  the 
"Good  sir  James"  Douglas,  in  1306,  took 
his  castle  by  a  coup  de  main  from  the 
English,  he  caused  all  the  barrels  con- 
taining flour,  meal,  wheat,  and  malt,  to 
be  knocked  in  pieces  and  their  contents 
to  be  thrown  on  the  floor ;  he  then  staved 
in  all  the  hogsheads  of  wine  and  ale  upon 


DOUGLAS  TRAGEDY. 


298 


DOWSABEL. 


this  mass.  To  this  he  flung  the  dead 
bodies  slain  and  some  dead  horses.  The 
English  called  this  disgusting  mess  "The 
Douglas  Larder."  He  then  set  fire  to  the 
castle  and  took  refuge  in  the  hills,  for  he 
said  "  he  loved  far  better  to  hear  the  lark 
sing  than  the  mouse  cheep." 

IT  Wallaces  Larder  is  a  similar  phrase. 
In  the  dungeon  of  Ardrossan,  Ayrshire 
(surprised  by  him  in  the  reign  of  Edward 
L ),  he  had  the  dead  bodies  of  the  garrison 
thrown  together  in  a  heap. 

Douglas  Tragredy  {The),  a  ballad 
printed  in  Scott's  Border  Minstrelsy. 
Lord  William  elopes  with  Margaret 
Douglas ;  but  being  pursued  by  her 
father  and  brothers,  they  fight,  and  the 
two  are  left  dead  on  the  road.  William, 
wounded,  just  reaches  home  to  die,  and 
during  the  night  Margaret  does  also. 

Douloureuse  Garde  [La),  a  castle 
in  Berwick-upon-Tweed,  won  by  sir 
Launcelot  du  Lac,  in  one  of  the  most 
terrific  adventures  related  in  romance. 
In  memory  of  this  event,  the  name  of  the 
castle  was  changed  into  La  Joyeuse  Garde 
or  La  Garde  Joyeuse. 

Douster swivel  [Herman),  a  German 
schemer,  who  obtains  money  under  the 
promise  of  finding  hidden  wealth  by  a 
divining-rod. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  The  Anti- 
quary (time,  George  III.). 

The  incident  of  looking  for  treasure  in  the  churcli  is 
copied  from  one  which  Lilly  mentions,  who  went  with 
David  Ramsay  to  search  for  hid  treasure  in  West- 
minster Abbey. — See  Old  and  New  London,  i.  129. 

Dove  [Dr.),  the  hero  of  Southey's 
novel  called  The  Doctor  (1834). 

Dove  [Sir  Benjamin),  of  Cropley 
Castle,  Cornwall.  A  little,  peaking,  pul- 
ing creature,  desperately  hen-pecked  by 
a  second  wife  ;  but  madam  overshot  the 
mark,  and  the  knight  was  roused  to  assert 
and  maintain  the  mastery. 

That  very  clever  actor  Cherry  [1769-1812]  appeared 
in  "  sir  Benjamin  Dove,"  and  showed  himself  a  master 
of  his  profession. — Boaden. 

Lady  Dove,  twice  married,  first  to  Mr. 
Searcher,  king's  messenger,  and  next  to 
sir  Benjamin  Dove.  She  had  a  tendresse 
for  Mr.  Paterson.  Lady  Dove  was  a 
terrible  termagant,  and,  when  scolding 
failed,   used   to  lament  for   "poor  dear 

dead  Searcher,  who ,"  etc.,  etc.     She 

pulled  her  bow  somewhat  too  tight,  and 
sir  Benjamin  asserted  his  independence. 

Sophia  Dove,  daughter  of  sir  Benjamin. 
She  loved  Robert  Belfield,  but  was 
engaged    to    marry    the    elder    brother 


Andrew.  When,  however,  the  wedding 
day  arrived,  Andrew  was  found  to  be  a 
married  man,  and  the  younger  brother 
became  the  bridegroom. — Cumberland: 
Tks  Brothers  (1769). 

Dowlas  [Daniel),  a  chandler.of  Gros- 
port,  who  trades  in  "coals,  cloth,  herrings, 
linen,  candles,  eggs,  sugar,  treacle,  tea, 
and  brickdust. "  This  vulgar  and  iUiterate 
petty  shopkeeper  is  raised  to  the  peerage 
under  the  title  of  "The  right  hon. 
Daniel  Dowlas,  baron  Duberly."  But 
scarcely  has  he  entered  on  his  honours, 
when  the  "heir-at-law,"  supposed  to  have 
been  lost  at  sea,  makes  his  appearance  in 
the  person  of  Henry  Morland.  The 
"heir"  settles  on  Daniel  Dowlas  an 
annuity.  ■ 

Deborah  Dowlas,  wife  of  Daniel,  and 
for  a  short  time  lady  Duberly.  She 
assumes  quite  the  airs  and  ton  of  gen- 
tility, and  tells  her  husband  "as  he  is  a 
pear,  he  ought  to  behave  as  sich." 

Dick  Dowlas,  the  son,  apprenticed  to 
an  attorney  at  Castleton.  A  wild  young 
scamp,  who  can  "  shoot  wild  ducks,  fling 
a  bar,  play  at  cricket,  make  punch,  catch 
gudgeons,  and  dance."  His  mother  says, 
"  he  is  the  sweetest-tempered  youth  when 
he  has  everything  his  own  way."  He 
comes  into  a  fortune  of  ;^i5,ooo  a  year, 
and  gives  Dr.  Pangloss  ^300  a  year  to 
tutOKize  him.  Dick  Dowlas  falls  in  love 
with  Cicely  Homespun,  and  marries  her. 
— Colman:  Heir-at-Law  [ijgj). 

Miss  Pope  asked  me  about  the  dress.  I  answered, 
"  It  should  be  black  bombazeen  ..."  I  proved  to 
her  that  not  only  "  Deborah  Dowlas,"  but  all  the  rest 
of  the  dramatis  persona  ought  to  be  in  mourning.  .  ,  . 
Thethree  "Dowlases"  as  relatives  of  the  deceased  lord 
Duberly;  "  Henry  Morland  "  as  the  heir-at-law;  "  Dr. 
Pangloss  "  as  a  clergyman ;  "  Caroline  Dormer  "  for  the 
loss  of  her  father ;  and  "  Kenrick  "  as  a  servant  of  the 
Dormer  family. — James  Smith. 

Dowlas  [Old  Dame),  housekeeper  to 
the  duke  of  Buckingham. — Sir  W.  Scott : 
Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Dowling'  [Captain),  a  great  drunkard, 
who  dies  in  his  cups. — Crabbe  :  Borough, 
xvi.  (1810). 

Downer  [Billy),  an  occasional  porter 
and  shoeblack,  a  diffuser  of  knowledge, 
a  philosopher,  a  citizen  of  the  world,  and 
an  "unfinished  gentleman." — Selby :  The 
Unfinished  Gentleman  (1841), 

Downing  Professor,  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge.  So  called  from 
sir  Gteorge  Downing,  bart.,  who  founded 
the  law  professorship  in  1800. 

Dowsabel,    daughter    of    Cassemen 


I 


DRAG. 

(3  syl.),  a  knight  of  Arden;  a  ballad  by 
M.  Drayton  (1^03). 

Old  Chaicer  doth  of  Topaz  tell, 
Mad  Ral'-lais  of  Pantagruel, 
A  later  third  of  Dowsabel. 

Drayton:  Nymfhidia. 

Drac,  a  sort  of  fairy  in  human  form, 
whose  abode  is  the  caverns  of  rivers. 
Sometimes  these  dracs  will  float  like 
golden  cups  along  a  stream  to  entice 
bathers  ;  but  when  the  bather  attempts  to 
catch  at  them,  the  drac  draws  him  under 
water, — South  of  France  Mythology. 

Dra'chenfels  {"dragon  rocks"),  so 
called  from  the  dragon  killed  there  by 
Siegfried,  the  hero  of  the  Nibelungen  Lied. 

Dragon  {A),  the  device  on  the  royal 
banner  of  the  old  British  kings.  The 
leader  was  called  the  pendragon.  Geoffrey 
of  Monmouth  says,  "When  Aure'Uus 
was  king,  there  appeared  a  star  at 
Winchester  of  wonderful  magnitude  and 
brightness,  darting  forth  a  ray,  at  the 
end  of  which  was  a  flame  in  form  of  a 
dragon."  Uther  ordered  two  golden 
dragons  to  be  made,  one  of  which  he 
presented  to  Winchester,  and  the  other  he 
carried  with  him  as  a  royal  standard. 
Tennyson  says  that  Arthur's  helmet  had 
for  crest  a  golden  dragon, 

.  .  .  they  saw 
The  dragon  of  the  great  pendragonship, 
That  crowned  the  state  pavihon  of  the  king. 

Tennyson:  Guiiievere. 

Dragon  {The),  one  of  the  masques 
at  Kennaquhair  Abbey. — Sir  W.  Scott : 
The  Abbot  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Dragon  {The  Red),  the  personification 
of  "the  devil,"  as  the  enemy  of  man. — 
P.  Fletcher  :  The  Purple  Island,  ix.  (1633). 

Dragon  of  Wantley  {i.e.  Wam- 
cliff,  in  Yorkshire),  a  skit  on  the  old 
metrical  romances,  especially  on  the  old 
rhyming  legend  of  sir  Bevis,  The  ballad 
describes  the  dragon,  its  outrages,  the 
flight  of  the  inhabitants,  the  knight 
choosing  his  armour,  the  damsel,  the 
fight,  and  the  victoiy.  The  hero  is  called 
"More,  of  More  Hall"  {q.v.). — Percy: 
Reliques,  III,  iii,  13. 

(H.  Carey  has  a  burlesque  called  The 
Dragon  of  Wantley.  and  calls  the  hero 
"  Moore,  of  Moore  Hall,"  1697-1743,) 

Dragon's  Hill  (Berkshire).  Tlie 
legend  says  it  is  here  that  St.  George 
killed  the  dragon ;  but  the  place  as- 
signed for  this  achievement  in  the  ballad 
given  in  Percy's  Reliques  is  "  SylenS,  in 
Libya."  Another  legend  gives  Berytus 
{Bey rut)  as  the  place  of  this  encounter. 


299  DRAMA. 

(In  regard  to  Dragon  Hifl,  according 
to  Saxon  annals,  it  was  here  that  Cedric 
(founder  of  the  West  Saxons)  slew 
Naud  the  pendragon,  with  5000  men.) 

Dragon's  Teeth.  The  tale  of  Jason 
and  A",6t6s  is  a  repetition  of  that  of 
Cadmus. 

In  the  tale  of  Cadmus,  we  are  told 
the  fountain  of  Arei'a  (3  syl.)  was 
guarded  by  a  fierce  dragon,  Cadmus 
killed  the  dragon,  and  sowed  its  teeth  in 
the  earth.  From  these  teeth  sprang  up 
armed  men  called  ' '  Sparti,"  among  whom 
he  flung  stones ;  and  the  armed  men  fell 
foul  of  each  other,  till  all  were  slain 
excepting  five, 

•.•In  the  tale  of  Jason,  we  are  told 
that,  having  slain  the  dragon  which  kept 
watch  over  the  golden  fleece,  he  sowed  its 
teeth  in  the  ground,  and  armed  men 
sprang  up.  Jason  cast  a  stone  into  the 
midst  of  them  ;  whereupon,  the  men  at- 
tacked each  other,  and  were  all  slain. 

Dragons. 

Ahriman,  the  dragon  slain  by  Mithra. 
— Persiati  Mythology. 

COLEIN.     (See  p,  225.) 

Dahak,  the  three-headed  dragon  slain 
by  Thraetana-Yafna. — Persia?!. 

Fafnis,  the  dragon  slain  by  Sigurd. 

Grendel,  the  dragon  slain  by  Beo- 
wulf, the  Anglo-Saxon  hero. 

La  Gargouille,  the  dragon  which 
ravaged  the  Seine,  slain  by  St.  Romain 
of  Rouen, 

Python,  the  dragon  slain  by  Apollo, 
— Greek  Mythology. 

Tarasque  {2  syl.),  the  dragon  slain  at 
Aix-la-Chapelle  by  St.  Martha, 

ZOHAK,  the  dragon  slain  by  Feridun. 

N,B. — Numerous  dragons  have  no 
special  name.  Many  are  denoted  Red, 
White,  Black,  Great,  etc. 

Drama.  The  earliest  European 
drama  since  the  fall  of  the  Western 
empire  appeared  in  the  middle  of  the 
fifteenth  century.  It  is  called  La  Celes- 
tina,  and  is  divided  into  twenty-one  acts. 
The  first  act,  which  runs  through  fifty 
pages,  was  composed  by  Rodrigo  Cota ; 
the  other  twenty  are  ascribed  to  Fernando 
de  Rojas.  The  whole  was  published  in 
1510. 

The  earliest  English  drama  is  entitled 
Ralph  Roister  Doister,  a  comedy  by 
Nicholas  Udal  (before  1551,  because  men- 
tioned by  T.  Wilson,  in  his  Rule  of  Reason, 
which  appeared  in  1551). 

The  second  English  drama  was  Gammer 


DRAMA  OF  EXILES. 


300 


DRIVER. 


Gurtons  Needle,  by  Mr.  S.,  Master  of 
Arts.  Warton,  in  his  History  of  English 
Poetry  (iv.  32),  gives  1551  as  the  date  of 
this  comedy  ;  and  Wright,  in  his  Historia 
Histrionica,  says  it  appeared  in  the  reign 
of  Edward  VI.,  who  died  1553.  It  is 
generally  ascribed  to  bishop  Still,  but  he 
was  only  eight  years  old  in  155 1. 

Father  of  the  French  Drama,  Etienne 
Jodelle  (1532-1573). 

Father  of  the  Modern  German  Drama, 
Andreos  Greif  (1616-1664). 

Father  of  the  Greek  Drama,  Thespis 
(sixth  century  B.  c. ). 

Father  of  the  Spanish  Drama,  Lop6  de 
Vega  (1562-1635). 

Di'anxa  of  Exiles  {The),  a  poem  by 
Mrs.  Browning  (1844).  The  "  exiles  "  are 
Adam  and  Eve  from  Paradise,  and  the 
poem  depicts  the  anguish  of  Eve  when 
driven  into  the  wilderness,  "  And  must  I 
leave  thee,  Paradise?" 

Drap,  one  of  queen  Mab's  maids  of 
honour. — Drayton:  Nymphidia. 

Dra'pier's  Letters,  a  series  of 
letters  written  by  dean  Swift,  and  signed 
"  M.  D.  Drapier,"  advising  the  Irish  not  to 
take  the  copper  money  coined  by  William 
Wood,  to  whom  George  I.  had  given  a 
patent.  These  letters  (1724)  stamped  out 
this  infamous  job,  and  caused  the  patent 
to  be  cancelled.  The  patent  was  obtained 
by  the  duchess  of  Kendal  (mistress  of  the 
king), who  was  to  share  the  profits. 

Can  we  the  Drapier  then  forget  t 

Is  not  our  nation  in  his  debt? 

'Twas  he  that  writ  the  "  Drapier's  Letters." 

Dean  Swift:  Verses  on  his  own  death. 

Drawcau'sir,  a  bragging,  blustering 
bully,  who  took  part  in  a  battle,  and 
killed  every  one  on  both  sides,  "sparing 
neither  friend  nor  foe." — Villiers  duke  of 
Buckingham:  The  Rehearsal  {jb-ji). 

Juan,  who  was  a  little  superficial, 

And  not  in  literature  a  great  Drawcansir. 

Byron:  Don  Juan,  xi.  51  (1824). 

At  length  my  enemy  appeared,  and  I  went  forward 

some  yards  like  a  Drawcansir,  but  found  myself  seized 

with  a  panic  as  Paris  was  when  he  presented  himself 

to  fight  with  Menelaus.— /.ija^i  ;  Gil  Bias,  vii.  i  (1733). 

Sream  Authorship.  It  is  said 
that  Coleridge  wrote  his  Kubla  Khan 
from  his  recollection  of  a  dream. 

IF  Condillac  (says  Cabanis)  concluded 
in  his  dreams  the  reasonings  left  incom- 
plete at  bed-time, 

Dreams.  Amongst  the  ancient  Gaels 
the  leader  of  the  army  was  often  deter- 
mined by  dreams  or  visions  in  the  night. 
The  different  candidates  retired  "each  to 
his  hill  of  ghosts,"  to  pass  the  night,  and 


he  to  whom  a  vision  appeared  was  ap- 
pointed the  leader. 

Selma's  king  \^Fingar\  looked  around.  In  his  pre- 
sence we  rose  in  arms.  But  who  should  lift  the  shield 
— for  all  had  claimed  the  war?  The  night  came  down. 
We  strode  in  silence,  each  to  his  hill  of  ghosts,  that 
spirits  might  descend  in  our  dreams  to  mark  us  for  the 
field.  We  struck  the  shield  of  the  dead.  We  raised 
the  hum  of  songs.  We  called  thrice  the  ghosts  of  our 
fathers.  We  laid  us  down  for  dxe.zxa.'i.—Ossian : 
Cathlin  ofCliUha. 

Dreams.  The  Indians  believe  all 
dreams  to  be  revelations,  sometimes  made 
by  the  familiar  genius,  and  sometimes  by 
the  "inner  or  divine  soul."  An  Indian, 
having  dreamt  that  his  finger  was  cut  off, 
had  it  really  cut  off  the  next  day  — 
Charlevoix :  Journal  of  a  Voyage  to 
North  America. 

Dreaiu'er  {The  Immortal),  John 
Bunyan,  whose  Pilgritn^s  Progress  is  said 
by  him  to  be  a  dream  (1628-1688). 

IT  The  pretence  of  a  dream  was  one 
of  the  most  common  devices  of  mediaeval 
romance,  as,  for  example,  the  Romance  of 
the  Rose  and  Piers  Plowman,  both  in  the 
fourteenth  century. 

Dreary  ( Wat),  alias  Brown  Will, 
one  of  Macheath's  gang  of  thieves.  He 
is  described  by  Peachum  as  "an  irregular 
dog,  with  an  underhand  way  of  disposing 
of  his  goods"  (act  i.  sc.  i). — Gay:  The 
Beggar's  Opera  (1727). 

Drink  used  by  actors,  orators,  etc. — 

Braham,  bottled  porter. 

Catley  (Miss),  linseed  tea  and  madeira. 

Cooke  {G.  F.),  everything  drinkable. 

Emery,  brandy-and-water  (cold). 

Gladstone  {lV.E.),a.n  egg  beaten  up 
in  sherry. 

Henderson,  gum  arable  and  sherry. 

Incledon,  madeira. 

Jordan  (Mrs.),  calves'-foot  jelly  dis- 
solved in  warm  sherry. 

Kean  {Edmund),  beef-tea  for  break- 
fast, cold  brandy. 

Lewis,  mulled  wine  (with  oysters). 

Oxberry,  tea. 

Smith  ( William),  coffee. 

Wood  {Mrs.),  draught  porter. 

• .  •  J.  Kemble  took  opium. 

Drink.  "/  drink  the  air,"  says 
Ariel,  meaning  ' '  I  will  fly  with  great 
speed." 

In  Henry  IV.  we  have  "devour  the 
way,"  meaning  the  same  thing. 

''Drink  to  me  only  with  thine  eyes," 
one  of  Ben  1oT\?,ons  fifteen  lyrics  (1616). 
(See  Forest,  The.) 

Dri'ver,  clerk  to  Mr,  Pleydell,  advo- 
cate. Edinburgh. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Guy 
Mannering  {time,  George  II.). 


DRIVER  OF  EUROPE. 


301 


DRUID. 


Driver  of  Europe.  Tlie  due  de 
Choiseul,  minister  of  Louis  XV.,  was  so 
called  by  the  empress  of  Russia,  because 
he  had  spies  all  over  Europe,  and  ruled 
by  them  all  the  political  cabals. 

Dro'gio,  probably  Nova  Scotia  and 
Newfoundland.  A  Venetian  voyager 
named  Antonio  Zeno  (fourteenth  century) 
so  called  a  country  which  he  discovered. 
It  was  said  to  lie  south-west  of  Estotiland 
{Labrador),  but  neither  Estotiland  nor 
Drogio  are  recognized  by  modern  geo- 
graphers, and  both  are  supposed  to  be 
wholly,  or  in  a  great  measure,  hypo- 
thetical. 

Dvo'viio  (The  Brothers),  two  brothers, 
twins,  so  much  alike  that  even  their 
nearest  friends  and  masters  knew  not  one 
from  the  other.  They  were  the  servants 
of  two  masters,  also  twins  and  the  exact 
facsimiles  of  each  other.  The  masters 
were  Antiph'olus  of  Ephesus  and 
Antipholus  of  Syracuse, — Shakespeare: 
Comedy  of  Errors  (1593). 

(The  Comedy  of  Errors  is  borrowed 
from  the  Mencechmi  of  Plautus. ) 

Dronsdaxi^liter  {Tronda),  the  old 
serving- woman  of  the  Yellowleys. — Sir 
W.  Scoii:  The  Pirate  (time,  William 
III.). 

Drood  [Edwin),  the  hero  of  a  novel 
called  The  Mystery  of  Edwin  Drood,  by 
Dickens.  Only  eight  numbers  appeared, 
which  were  published  in  1870,  the  year  of 
the  author's  death. 

Drop  Serene  {Gutta  Serena).  It 
was  once  thought  that  this  sort  of  blind- 
ness was  an  incurable  extinction  of  vision 
by  a  transparent  watery  humour  distilling 
on  the  optic  nerve.  It  caused  total  blind- 
ness, but  made  no  visible  change  in  the 
eye.  It  is  now  known  that  this  sort  of 
blindness  arises  from  obstruction  in  the 
capillar)'  nerve- vessels,  and  in  some  cases 
at  least  is  curable.  Milton,  speaking  of 
his  own  blindness,  expresses  a  doubt 
whether  it  arose  from  the  Gutta  Serena  or 
the  suffusion  of  a  cataract. 

So  thick  a  "  drop  serene  "  hath  quenched  their  orbs. 
Or  dim  "  suffusion  "  veiled. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  iil.  25  (1665). 

Dropping  Well,  near  the  Nyde, 
Yorkshire. 

.  .  .  men  "  Dropping  Well "  it  call, 
Because  out  of  a  rock  it  still  in  drops  doth  fall : 
Near  to  the  foot  whereof  it  makes  a  little  pon  \deposi- 

tory\ 
^\■hich  in  as  little  space  converteth  wood  to  stone. 

Drayton:  Polyolbion,  xxviii.  (1622). 

Drudgeit     {Peter),    clerk    to    lord 


Bladderskate.  —  5»>     W.     Scott:    Red- 
gauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Drugger  {Abel),  a  seller  of  tobacco  ; 
artless  and  gullible  in  the  extreme.  He 
was  building  a  new  house,  and  came  to 
Subtle  "the  alchemist,"  to  know  on  which 
side  to  set  the  shop-door,  how  to  dispose 
the  shelves  so  as  to  ensure  most  luck,  on 
what  days  he  might  trust  his  customers, 
and  when  it  would  be  unlucky  for  him  so 
to  do.  —  Ben  Jonson:  The  Alchemist 
(1610). 

Thomas  Weston  was  "  Abel  Drugger"  himself  [1727- 
1776],  but  David  Garrick  was  fond  of  the  part  also 
[1716-1779]. — Dibdin  :  History  o/the  Sta^e. 

{The  Alchemist  was  cut  down  into  a 
two-act  farce,  called  The  Tobacconist,  by 
Francis  Gentleman,  in  1780.) 

Drugget,  a  rich  London  haberdasher, 
who  has  married  one  of  his  daughters  to 
sir  Charles  Racket.  Drugget  is  ' '  very 
fond  of  his  garden,"  but  his  taste  goes  no 
further  than  a  suburban  tea-garden,  with 
leaden  images,  cockney  fountains,  trees 
cut  into  the  shapes  of  animals,  and  other 
similar  abominations.  He  is  very  head- 
strong, very  passionate,  and  very  fond  of 
flattery. 

Mrs.  Drugget,  wife  of  the  above,  She 
knows  her  husband's  foibles,  and,  like  a 
wise  woman,  never  rubs  the  hair  the 
wrong  way.  —  Murphy  :  Three  Weeks 
after  Marriage  (1776). 

Druid  ( The),  the  pseudon>'m  of  Henry 
Dixon,  sportsman  and  sporting  writer. 
One  of  his  books,  called  Steeplechasing, 
appeared  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazim. 
His  last  work  was  called  The  Saddle  and 
Surloin. 

' .  •  Collins  calls  James  Thomson  (author 
of  The  Seasons)  a  druid,  meaning  a  pas- 
toral British  poet  or  "  Nature's  High 
Priest." 

In  yonder  g^ve  a  Druid  lies. 

Collins  (1746). 

Druid  {Dr.),  a  man  of  North  Wales, 
65  years  of  age,  the  travelling  tutor  of 
lord  Abberville,  who  was  only  23.  The 
octor  is  a  pedant  and  antiquary,  choleric 
in  temper,  and  immensely  bigoted,  wholly 
without  any  knowledge  of  the  human 
heart,  or  indeed  any  practical  knowledge 
at  all. 

"  Money  and  trade,  I  scorn  'em  both ;  .  .  .  I  have 
traced  the  Oxus  and  the  Po,  traversed  the  Riphaean 
Mountains,  and  pierced  into  the  inmost  tesarts  of  Kilmuc 
Tartary.  ...  I  have  followed  the  ravages  of  Kouli 
Chan  with  rapturous  delight.  There  is  a  land  of 
wonders  ;  finely  depopulated ;  gloriously  laid  waste ; 
fields  without  a  hoof  to  tread  em  ;  fruits  without  a 
hand  to  gother  'em;  with  surU  a  catalo^rue  of  pats, 


DRJID  MONEY. 


302 


DRY-AS-DUST. 


peetles,  serpents,  scorpions,  caterpillars,  toads,  and 
putterflies  1  Oh,  'tis  a  recreating  contremplation  in- 
deed to  a  philosophic  mind  I " — Cumierland  :  The 
Fashionablt  Lover  (1780). 

Druid  Money,  a  promise  to  pay  on 
the  Greek  Kalends.  Patricius  says, 
"  Druidae  pecuniam  mutuo  accipiebant  in 
posteriors  vita  reddituri." 

Like  money  by  the  Druids  borrowed, 
In  th'  other  world  to  be  restored. 

i^.  Butler  :  Hudibras,  iii.  i  {1678). 

IF  Purchas  tells  us  of  certain  priests  of 
Pekin,  "  who  barter  with  the  people  upon 
bills  of  exchange,  to  be  paid  in  heaven  a 
hundredfold." — Pilgrims,  iii.  2, 

DnuiL  (Jack).  Jack  Drum's  enter- 
tainment is  giving  a  guest  the  cold 
shoulder.  Shakespeare  calls  it  "John 
Drum's  entertainment"  (All's  Well,  etc., 
act  iii.  sc.  6) ;  and  Holinshed  speaks  of 
"Tom  Drum  his  entertaynement,  which 
is  to  hale  a  man  in  by  the  heade,  and 
thrust  him  out  by  both  the  shoulders." 

In  faith,  good  gentlemen,  I  think  we  shall  be  forced 
to  give  you  right  John  Drum's  entertainment. — Intro- 
duction to  yack  Drum's  Enter tainmetit  (1601). 

Drummle  (Bentley)  and  Startop, 

two  young  men  who  read  with  Mr. 
Pocket.  Drummle  was  a  surly,  ill- 
conditioned  fellow,  who  married  Estella, 
Miss  Havisham's  adopted  daughter, 
wasted  all  her  money,  and  left  her  a 
penniless  widow. — Dickens:  Great  Ex- 
pectations (i86o). 

Drtink.  The  seven  phases  of  drunken- 
ness are  :  (i)  Ape-drunk,  when  men  make 
fools  of  themselves  in  their  cups ;  (2) 
Lion-drunk,  when  men  want  to  fight  witli 
every  one  ;  ^3)  Swine-drunk,  when  men 
puke,  etc.  ;  {4)  Sleep-drunk,  when  men 
get  heavy  and  sleepy  in  their  cups ;  (5) 
Martin-drunk,  when  men  become  boast- 
ful in  their  cups ;  (6)  Goat-drunk,  when 
men  become  amorous ;  (7)  Fox-drunk, 
when  men  become  crafty  in  their  cups. 

Drunken  Parliament,  a  Scotch 
parhament  assembled  at  Edinburgh, 
January  i,  1661. 

It  was  a  mad,  warring  time,  full  of  extravagance ; 
and  no  wonder  it  was  so,  wlien  the  men  of  affairs  were 
almost  perpetually  drunk. — Burnet  :  His  Own  Tinu 
(1723-34)- 

Druon  "  the  Stern,"  one  of  the  four 
knights  who  attacked  Britomart  and  sir 
Scudamore  (3  syl. ). 

The  warlike  dame  [Britof?tart^  was  on  her  part  assaid 

By  Claribel  and  Blandamour  at  one  ; 

While  Paridel  and  Druon  fiercely  laid 

On  Scudamore,  both  his  professed  fone  [/Bies\ 

Spenser:  Faetie  Quene,  iv.  9  (1396). 

Dru'ry  Lane  (London),  takes  its 
name  from   the    Drury    family.      Drury 


House  stood  on  the  site  of  the  present 
Olympic  Theatre. 

Druses  (Return  of  the).  The  Druses, 
a  semi-Mohammedan  sect  of  Syria,  being 
attacked  by  Osman,  take  refuge  in  one 
of  the  Spor'adSs,  and  place  themselves 
under  the  protection  of  the  knights  of 
Rhodes.  These  knights  slay  their  sheiks 
and  oppress  the  fugitives.  In  the  sheik 
massacre,  Dja'bal  is  saved  by  Maa'ni, 
and  entertains  the  idea  of  revenging  his 
people  and  leading  them  back  to  Syria. 
To  this  end  he  gives  out  that  he  is  Hakeem, 
the  incarnate  god,  returned  to  earth,  and 
soon  becomes  the  leader  of  the  exiled 
Druses.  A  plot  is  formed  to  murder  the 
prefect  of  the  isle,  and  to  betray  the 
island  to  Venice,  if  Venice  will  supply 
a  convoy  for  their  return.  An'eal  (2  syl. ), 
a  young  woman,  stabs  the  prefect,  and 
dies  of  bitter  disappointment  when  she 
discovers  that  Djabal  is  a  mere  impostor. 
Djabal  stabs  himself  when  his  imposition 
is  made  public,  but  Loys  (a  syl.),  a 
Breton  count,  leads  the  exiles  back  to 
Lebanon. — R.  Browning:  The  Return 
of  the  Druses. 

N.B. — Historically,  the  Druses,  to  the 
number  of  160,000  or  200,000,  settled  in 
Syria,  between  Djebail  and  Saide,  but 
their  original  seat  was  Egypt.  They 
quitted  Egypt  from  persecution,  led  by 
Dira'zi  or  Durzi,  from  whom  the  name 
Druse  (i  syl.)  is  derived,  The  founder 
of  the  sect  was  the  hakgm  B'amr-ellah 
(eleventh  century),  believed  to  be  incar- 
nate deity,  and  the  last  prophet  who  com- 
municated between  God  and  man.  From 
this  founder  the  head  of  the  sect  was 
called  the  hakem,  his  residence  being 
Deir-el-Kamar.  During  the  thirteenth 
or  fourteenth  century  the  Druses  were 
banished  from  Syria,  and  lived  in  exile 
in  some  of  the  Sporid6s,  but  were  led 
back  to  Syria  early  in  the  fifteenth  century 
by  count  Loys  de  Deux,  a  new  convert. 
Since  1588  they  have  been  tributaries  of 
the  sultan. 

What  say  you  does  this  wizard  style  himself— 
Hakeem  Biamrallah,  the  Third  Fatimitet 
What  is  this  jargon  t    He  the  insane  prophet. 
Dead  near  three  hundred  years? 

R.  Browjiinz  :  The  Return  of  the  Druses, 

Dryas  or  Dryad,  a  wood-nymph, 
whose  life  was  bound  up  with  that  of 
her  tree.     (Greek,  3^i/or,  dpuaaor.) 

"  The  quickening  power  of  the  soul,  like  Martha, 
"  is  busy  about  many  thipgs,"  or  like  "a  Dryas  living 
In  a  tree."— 5»>  J.  Davies:  Ivtmortality  of  the 
Soul,  xii. 

Dry-as-Dust  (The  Rev.  Doctor),  an 


DRYDEN  OF  GERMANY. 


303 


hypothetical  person  whom  sir  W.  Scott 
makes  use  of  to  introduce  some  of  his 
novels  by  means  of  prefatory  letters. 
The  word  is  a  synonym  for  a  dull,  prosy, 
plodding  historian,  with  great  show  of 
learning,  but  very  little  attractive  grace. 

Dryden  of  (Jermany  {The), 
Martin  Opitz,  sometimes  called  "The 
Father  of  German  Poetry"  {1597-1639)- 

Dryeesdale  {Jasper),  the  old  steward 
at  Lochleven  Casile.— 5?>  W.  Scott: 
The  Abbot  {\.\mt,  Elizabeth). 

Dry'ope  (3  syl.),  daughter  of  king 
Dryops,  beloved  by  Apollo.  Apollo, 
having  changed  himself  into  a  tortoise, 
was  taken  by  DryopS  into  her  lap,  and 
became  the  father  of  Amphis'sos.  Ovid 
says  that  Dryopfi  was  changed  into  a 
lotus  {Met.,  X.  331). 

Duar'te  (3  syl.),  the  vainglorious 
son  of  Guiomar.  — Beaumont  and  Fletcher: 
The  Custom  oj  the  Country  (printed  1647). 

Dubosc,  the  great  thief,  who  robs 
the  night-mail  from  Lyons,  and  murders 
the  courier.  He  bears  such  a  strong 
likeness  to  Joseph  Lesurques  (act  i.  sc.  i) 
that  their  identity  is  mistaken. — Stirling: 
The  Courier  of  Lyons  (1852). 

Dubourgf  {Mons.),  a  merchant  at 
Bordeaux,  and  agent  there  of  Osbaldis- 
tone  of  London. 

Clement  Dubourg,  son  of  the  Bordeaux 
merchant,  one  of  the  clerks  of  Osbaldis- 
tone,  merchant. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Rob  Roy 
(time,  George  L). 

Dubric  {St.)  or  St..Dubricius,  arch- 
bishop of  the  City  of  Legions  {Caerleon- 
upon-  Usk  ;  Newport  is  the  only  part  left). 
He  set  the  crown  on  the  head  of  Arthur, 
when  only  15  years  of  age.  Geoffrey 
says  {British  History,  ix.  12),  "  This  pre- 
late, who  was  primate  of  Britain,  was  so 
eminent  for  his  piety,  that  he  could  cure 
any  sick  person  by  his  prayers."  St. 
Dubric  abdicated  and  lived  a  hermit, 
leaving  David  his  successor.  Tennyson 
introduces  him  in  his  Coming  of  Arthur, 
Enid,  etc. 

St.  Dubric,  whose  report  old  Carleon  yet  doth  carry. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xxiv.  (1622). 

To  whom  arrived,  by  Dubric  the  high  saint, 
Chief  of  the  Church  in  Britain,  and  before 
The  stateliest  of  her  altar-shrines,  the  king 
That  morn  was  married. 

Tennyson:  The  Coming 0/ Arthur. 

Duchess  May  ( The  Rhyme  of  the), 
a  poem  by  Mrs.  Browning  {1841).  "Full 
of  passion  and  incident." 


DUDLEY. 

Ducbess  Street  (Portman  Square). 
So  called  from  Margaret  duchess  of 
Portland.     (See  Duke  Strket.) 

Ducbesse     de     la     Valiere,    a 

tragedy  by  lord  Lyton  (1830). 

Ducbo'mar  was  in  love  with  Morna, 
daughter  of  Cormac  king  of  Ireland. 
Out  of  jealousy,  he  slew  Ca,thba,  his  more 
successful  rival,  went  to  announce  his 
death  to  Morna,  and  then  asked  her  to 
marry  him.  She  replied  she  had  no  love 
for  him,  and  asked  him  for  his  sword. 
"  He  gave  the  sword  to  her  tears,"  and 
she  stabbed  him  to  the  heart.  Duchomar 
begged  the  maiden  to  pluck  the  sword 
from  his  breast  that  he  might  die ;  and 
when  she  approached  him  for  the  pur- 
pose, ' '  he  seized  the  sword  from  her,  and 
slew  her." 

"Duch&mar,  most  gloomy  of  men;  dark  are  thy 
brows  and  terrible  ;  red  are  thy  rolling  eyes  ...  I  love 
thee  not,"  said  Morna ;  "  hard  is  thy  heart  of  rock,  and 
dark  is  thy  terrible  brow." — Osstan:  Fin^^al,  L 

Ducbran  ( The  laird  of),  a  friend  of 
baron  Braciwardine. — Sir  W.  Scott  : 
Waverley  (lime,  George  IL). 

Ducking-Fond     Row     (London), 

now  called  "  Grafton  Street." 

Duck  Lane  (London),  a  row  near 
Smithfield,  once  famous  for  second-hand 
books.  It  has  given  way  to  city  improve- 
ments. 

Scotists  and  Thomists  now  in  peace  remain, 
Amidst  their  kindred  cobwebs  in  Duck  Lane. 

Pope :  Essay  on  Criticism  (1711). 

Du  Croisy  and  his  friend  La  Grange 
are  desirous  to  marry  two  young  ladies 
whose  heads  are  turned  by  novels.  The 
silly  girls  fancy  the  manners  of  these 
gentlemen  too  unaffected  and  easy  to  be 
aristocratic  ;  so  the  gentlemen  send  to 
them  their  valets,  as  "  the  viscount  de  Jo- 
delet,"  and  "  the  marquis  of  Mascarille." 
The  girls  are  delighted  with  their  titled 
visitors  ;  but  when  the  game  has  gone 
far  enough,  the  masters  enter  and  unmask 
the  trick.  By  this  means  the  g^rls  are 
taught  a  useful  lesson,  without  being 
subjected  to  any  fatal  consequences. — • 
Molidre:  Les  Prdcieuses  Ridicules  (1659). 

Dudley,  a  young  artist ;  a  disguise 
assumed  by  Harry  Bertram. — Sir  W, 
Scott :  Guy  Afannering {time,  George  IL). 

Dudley  {Captain),  a  poor  English 
officer,  of  strict  honour,  good  family, 
and  many  accomplishments.  He  has 
served  his  country  for  thirty  years,  but 
can  scarcely  provide  bread  for  his  family. 

Charles  Dudley,  son  of  captain  Dudley. 


DUDLEY  DIAMOND. 

High-minded,  virtuous,  generous,  p<.or, 
and  proud.  He  falls  in  love  with  his 
cousin  Charlotte  Rusport,  but  forbears 
proposing  to  her,  because  he  is  poor  and 
she  is  rich.  His  grandfather's  will  is  in 
time  brought  to  light,  by  which  he  be- 
comes the  heir  of  a  noble  fortune,  and  he 
then  marries  his  cousin. 

Louisa  Dudley,  daughter  of  captain 
Dudley.  Young,  fair,  tall,  fresh,  and 
lovely.  She  is  courted  by  Belcour  the 
rich  West  Indian,  to  whom  ultimately 
she  is  married. — Cumberland:  The  West 
Indian  (1771). 

Dudley  Diamond  [The).  In  1868 
a  black  shepherd  named  Swartzboy 
brought  to  his  master,  Nie  Kirk,  this 
diamond,  and  received  for  it  ^^400,  with 
which  he  drank  himself  to  death.  Nie 
Kirk  sold  it  for  £\'2,ooo;  and  the  earl 
of  Dudley  gave  Messrs.  Hunt  and  Ros- 
kell  _^3G,ooo  for  it.  It  weighed  in  the 
rough  88^  carats,  but  cut  into  a  heart 
shape  it  weighs  44^  carats.  It  is  tri- 
angular in  shape,  and  of  great  brilliancy. 

•.'  This  magnificent  diamond,  that 
called  the  "Stewart"  {q.v.),  and  the 
"Twin,"  have  all  been  discovered  in 
Africa  since  1868. 

Dudu,  one  of  the  three  beauties  of 
the  harem,  into  which  Juan,  by  the 
sultana's  order,  had  been  admitted  in 
female  attire.  Next  day,  the  sultana,  out 
of  jealousy,  ordered  that  both  Dudu  and 
Juan  should  be  stitched  in  a  sack  and 
cast  into  the  sea  ;  but,  by  the  connivance 
of  Baba,  the  chief  eunuch,  they  effected 
their  escape. — Byron  :  Don  Juan. 

A  kind  of  sleeping  Venus  seemed  Dudi  .  .  . 
But  she  was  pensive  more  than  melancholy  .  .  . 
The  strangest  thing-  was,  beauteous,  she  was  holy, 
Unconscious,  albeit  turned  of  quick  seventeen. 

Don  Juan:  canto  vi.  42-44  (1824). 

Duenna  [Tlie),  a  comic  optira  by 
Sheridan  (1773).  Margaret,  the  duenna, 
is  placed  in  charge  of  Louisa,  the 
daughter  of  don  Jerome.  Louisa  is  in 
love  with  don  Antonio,  a  poor  noble- 
man of  Seville  ;  but  her  father  resolves 
to  give  her  in  marriage  to  Isaac  Men- 
doza,  a  rich  Portuguese  Jew.  As  Louisa 
will  not  consent  to  her  father's  arrange- 
ment, he  locks  her  up  in  her  chamber 
and  turns  the  duenna  out  of  doors ;  but 
in  his  impetuous  rage  he  in  reality  turns 
his  daughter  out,  and  locks  up  the 
duenna.  Isaac  anives,  is  introduced  to 
the  lady,  elopes  with  her,  and  is  duly 
married.  Louisa  flees  to  the  convent  of 
St.  Catharine,  and  writes  to  her  father 
for  his  consent  to  her  marriage  to  the 


304 


DUESSA- 


raan  of  her  choice ;  and  don  Jerome, 
supposing  she  means  the  Jew,  gives  it 
freely,  and  she  marries  Antonio.  When 
they  meet  at  breakfast  at  the  old  man's 
house,  he  finds  that  Isaac  has  married 
the  duenna,  Louisa  has  married  Antonio, 
and  his  son  has  married  Clara ;  but  the 
old  man  is  reconciled,  and  says,  "  I  am 
an  obstinate  old  fellow,  when  I'm  in  the 
wrong,  but  you  shall  all  find  me  steady 
in  the  right." 

Duessa  {^false  faitK\  is  the  personi- 
fication of  the  papacy.  She  meets  the 
Red  Cross  Knight  in  the  society  of 
Sansfoy  \injidelity\  and  when  the  knight 
slays  Sansfoy,  she  turns  to  flight.  Being 
overtaken,  she  says  her  name  is  Fidessa 
[true  faith),  deceives  the  knight,  and 
conducts  him  to  the  palace  of  Lucifera, 
where  he  encounters  Sansjoy  (canto  2). 
Duessa  dresses  the  wounds  of  the  Red 
Cross  Knight,  but  places  Sansjoy  under 
the  care  of  Escula'pius  in  the  infernal 
regions  (canto  4).  The  Red  Cross  Knight 
leaves  the  palace  of  Lucifera,  and  Duessa 
induces  him  to  drink  of  the  "  Enervating 
Fountain  ;  "  Orgoglio  then  attacks  him, 
and  would  have  slain  him  if  Duessa  had 
not  promised  to  be  his  bride.  Having 
cast  the  Red  Cross  Knight  into  a  dun- 
geon, Orgoglio  dresses  his  bride  in  most 
gorgeous  array,  puts  on  her  head  ' '  a 
triple  crown"  {the  tiara  of  the  pope), 
and  sets  her  on  a  monster  beast  with 
"  seven  heads  "  {the  seven  hills  of  Rome). 
Una  {truth)  sends  Arthur  {England)  to 
rescue  the  captive  knight,  and  Arthur 
slays  Orgoglio,  wounds  the  beast,  re- 
leases the  knight,  and  strips  Duessa  of 
her  finery  {the  Reformation) ;  whereupon 
she  flies  into  the  wilderness  to  conceal 
her  shame  (canto  7). — Spenser:  Faerie 
Queene,  i.  (1590). 

Duessa,  in  bk.  v.,  allegorizes  Mary 
queen  of  Scots.  She  is  arraigned  by 
Zeal  before  queen  Mercilla  {Elizabeth), 
and  charged  with  high  treason.  Zeal 
says  he  shall  pass  by  for  the  present 
"her  counsels  false  conspired"  with 
Blandamour  {earl  of  Northumberland), 
and  Paridel  {earl  of  Westmoreland,  leaders 
of  the  insiu-rection  of  1569),  as  that  wicked 
plot  came  to  naught,  and  the  false  Duessa 
was  now  "an  untitled  que.en."  When 
Zeal  had  finished,  an  old  sage  named  the 
Kingdom's  Care  {lord  Burghley)  spoke, 
and  opinions  were  divided.  Authority, 
Law  of  Nations,  and  Religion  thought 
Duessa  guilty ;  but  Pity,  Danger,  Nobility 
of  Birth,  and  Grief  pleaded  in  her  behalf. 


DUFARGE. 

Z.-al    then    charges    the    prisoner    with 

under,  sedition,  adultery,  and  lewd  im- 

•ty;    whereupon   the  sentence  of   the 

art    was    given    against  her.      Queen 

1   rcilla.  being  called  onto  pass  sentence, 

iS  so  ovenvhelmed  with  grief  that  she 

,    se  and  left  the  court. — Spenser:  Faerie 

Queene,  v.  9  (1596). 

Dufargfe  {Jacques)  and  Madame 
Dufarge  (2  syl. ),  in  A  Tale  of  Two  Cities, 
by  Dickens  (1859).  They  are  the  pre- 
siding spirits  of  the  Faubourg  St.  Antoine, 
and  instigators  of  many  of  the  crimes  of 
the  Red  Republicans. 

Duff  {Jamie),  the  idiot  boy  attending 
Mrs.  Bertram's  funerax. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Duglas,  the  scene  of  four  Arthurian 
battles.  The  Duglas  is  said  to  fall  into 
the  estuary  of  the  Ribble.  The  Paris 
MS.  and  Henry  of  Huntingdon  says, 
"  Duglas  qui  est  in  regione  Inniis."  But 
where  is  "  Inniis"  f  There  is  a  township 
called  "Ince,"  a  mile  south-west  of 
Wigan,  and  Mr.  Whitaker  says,  "six 
cwt.  of  horse-shoes  were  taken  up  from 
a  space  of  ground  near  that  spot  during 
the  formation  of  a  canal ; "  so  that  this 
"Ince"  is  supposed  to  be  the  place  re- 
ferred to. 

Duke  {My  lord),  a  duke's  servant, 
who  assumes  the  airs  and  title  of  his 
master,  and  is  addressed  as  "Your 
grace,"  or  "  My  lord  duke."  He  was 
first  a  country  cowboy,  then  a  wig- 
maker's  apprentice,  and  then  a  duke's 
servant.  He  could  neither  write  nor  read, 
but  was  a  great  coxcomb,  and  set  up  for 
a  tip-top  fine  gentleman. — Rev.  J.  Town- 
ley  :  High  Life  Below  Staijs  (1763}, 

Duke  ( The  Iron),  the  duke  of  Welling- 
ton, also  called  "The  Great  Duke" 
{1769-1852). 

Duke  and  Ducliess,  in  pt.  II.  of 

Don  Quixote,  who  play  so  many  sportive 
tricks  on  "  the  Knight  of  the  Woeful 
Countenance,"  were  don  Carlos  de  Borja 
count  of  Ficallo  and  donna  Maria  of 
Aragon  duchess  of  Villaher'mora  his 
wife,  in  whose  right  the  count  held  ex- 
tensive estates  on  the  banks  of  the  Ebro, 
among  others  a  country  seat  called 
Buena'via,  the  place  referred  to  by  Cer- 
vantes (1615). 

Duke  of  Mil'an,  a  tragedy  by 
Massinger  (1622).  A  play  evidently  in 
imitation  of  Shakespeare's  Othello. 
"Sforza"    is     Othello;      "Francesco," 


30s 


DULCINEA  DEL  TOBOSO. 


lago ;  "Marcelia,"  Desdemona ;  and 
"  Eugenia,"  Emilia.  Sforza  "  the  More  " 
\sic'\  doted  on  Marcelia  his  young  bride, 
who  amply  returned  his  love.  Francesco, 
Sforza's  favourite,  being  left  lord  protector 
of  Milan  during  a  temporary  absence  of 
the  duke,  tried  to  corrupt  Marcelia ;  btit 
foiling  in  this,  accused  her  of  wanton- 
ness. The  duke,  believing  his  favourite, 
slew  his  beautiful  young  bride.  The 
cause  of  Francesco's  villainy  was  that  the 
duke  had  seduced  his  sister  Eugenia. 

'.'  Shakespeare's  play  was  produced 
in  161 1,  about  eleven  years  before  Mas- 
singer's  tragedy.  In  act  v.  i  we  have, 
"  Men's  injuries  we  write  in  brass," 
which  brings  to  mind  Shakespeare's  line, 
"Men's  evil  manners  live  in  brass,  their 
virtues  we  write  in  water." 

(Cumberland  reproduced  this  drama, 
with  some  alterations,  in  1780. ) 

Duke  Coombe,  William  Coombe, 
author  of  Dr.  Syntax,  and  translator  of 
The  Devil  on  Two  Sticks,  from  Le  Diable 
Boiteux  of  Lesage.  He  was  called  duke 
from  the  splendour  of  his  dress,  the  pro- 
fusion of  his  table,  and  the  magnificence 
of  his  deportment.  The  last  fifteen  years 
of  his  life  were  spent  in  the  King's  Bench 
(1741-1823). 

Duke  Street  (Portman  Square,  Lon- 
don). So  called  from  William  Bentinck, 
second  duke  of  Portland.  (See  Duchess 
Street,  p.  303.) 

Duke  Street  (Strand,  London).  So 
named  from  George  Vilhers,  duke  of 
Buckingham. 

(For  other  dukes,  see  the  surname  or 
titular  name. ) 

Duke's,  a  fashionable  theatre  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  II.  It  was  in  Portugal 
Street,  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields.  So  named 
in  compliment  to  James  duke  of  York 
(James  II.),  its  great  patron. 

Dulcama'ra  {Dr.),  an  itinerant 
physician,  noted  for  his  pomposity  ;  very 
boastful,  and  a  thorough  charlatan. — 
Donizetti:  L'Elisire  d'Amore  (1832). 

Dulcamou,  at  my  wit's  end,  com- 
pletely puzzled.  The  word  is  used  by 
Chaucer  in  his  Troylus  and  Cryseyde,  bk. 
iii.  126, 127.  (SeeDHu'LKARNEiN.p.  276.) 

Dulcifluous  Doctor,  Anthony  An- 
dreas, a  Spanish  minorite  of  the  Duns 
Scotus  school  (*-i32o). 

Dulcin'ea  del  Tobo'so,  the  lady 
of  don  Quixote's  devotion.  She  was 
a  fresh-coloured  country  wench,   of  an 


DULU  306 

adjacent  village,  with  whom  the  don  was 
once  in  love.  Her  real  name  was  Al- 
donza  Lorenzo.  Her  father  was  Lorenzo 
Corchuelo,  and  her  mother  Aldonza 
Nogalfis.  Sancho  Panza  describes  her  in 
pt.  L  iii.  II. — Cervantes:  Don  Quixote, 
I.  i.  I  (1605). 

"  Her  flowing-  hair,"  says  the  knight,  "is  of  gold,  her 
forehead  the  Elysian  fields,  her  eyebrows  two  celestial 
arches,  her  eyes  a  pair  of  glorious  suns,  her  cheeks  two 
beds  of  roses,  her  lips  two  coral  portals  that  guard  her 
teeth  of  Oriental  pearl,  her  neck  is  alabaster,  her 
hands  are  polished  ivory,  and  her  bosom  whiter  than 
the  new-fallen  snow. 

"  She  is  not  a  descendant  of  the  ancient  Caii,  Curtii, 
and  Scipios  of  Rome  ;  nor  of  the  modern  Colonas  and 
Orsini ;  nor  of  the  Moncadas  and  Requesenes  of 
Catalonia ;  nor  of  the  Rebillas  and  Villanovas  of  Va- 
lencia ;  neither  is  she  a  descendant  of  the  Palafoxes, 
Newcas,  Rocabertis,  Corellas,  Lunas,  Alagones,  Ureas, 
Foyes,  and  Gurreas  of  Aragon  ;  neither  does  the  lady 
Dulcinea  descend  from  the  Cerdas,  Manriquez, 
Mendozas,  and  Guzmans  of  Castille ;  nor  from  the 
Alencastros,  Pallas,  and  Menezes  of  Portugal ;  but  she 
derives  her  origin  from  the  family  of  Toboso  de  la 
Mancha,  most  illustrious  of  all." — Cervantes:  Don 
Quixote,  I.  ii.  5  (1605). 

Ask  you  for  whom  my  tears  do  flow  so  T 
'Tis  for  Dulcinea  del  Toboso. 

Don  Quixote,  I.  iii.  11  (1605). 

Dull,  a  constable.  —  Shakespeare: 
Love's  Labour's  Lost  (1594). 

Du'maclius.  The  impenitent  thief  is 
so  called  in  Longfellow's  Golden  Legend, 
and  the  penitent  thief  is  called  Titus. 

In  the  apocryphal  Gospel  of  Nicode- 
mus,  the  impenitent  thief  is  called  Gestas, 
and  the  penitent  one  Dysmas. 

In  the  story  of  Joseph  of  Arimathea,  the 
impenitent  thief  is  called  Gesmas,  and  the 
penitent  one  Dismas. 

Alta  petit  Dismas,  infelix  infima  Gesmas. 
A  Monkish  Charm  to  Scare  axvay  Thieves. 


Dniuain,  a  French  lord  in  attendance 
on  Ferdinand  king  of  Navarre.  He 
agreed  to  spend  three  years  with  the  king 
in  study,  during  which  time  no  woman 
was  to  approach  the  court.  Of  course,  the 
compact  was  broken  as  soon  as  made,  and 
Dumain  fell  in  love  with  Katharine. 
When,  however,  he  proposed  marriage, 
Katharine  deferred  her  answer  for  twelve 
months  and  a  day,  hoping  by  that  time 
"his  face  would  be  more  bearded,"  for 
she  said,  "I'll  mark  no  words  that 
smooth-faced  wooers  say." 

The  young  Dumain,  a  well-accomplished  youth. 
Of  all  that  virtue  love  for  virtue  loved  ; 
Most  power  to  do  most  harm,  least  knowing  ill; 
For  he  hath  wit  to  make  an  ill  shape  good. 
And  shape  to  win  grace,  tho'  he  had  no  wit. 
Shaktspeare  :  Love's  Labour's  Lost,  act  ii.  sc.  i  (1594), 

Dn'marin,  the  husband  of  Cym'oent, 
and  father  of  Marlnel. — Spenser:  Faerie 
Queene,  iii,  4  (1590). 


DUN  COW. 

Dnmas  (Alexandre  D.),  in  1845,  pub- 
lished sixty  volumes. 

The  most  skilful  copyist,  writing  la  hours  a  day,  can 
with  difficulty  do  3900  letters  in  an  hour,  which  gives 
him  46,800  per  diem,  or  60  pages  of  a  romance.  Thus 
he  could  copy  5  volumes  octavo  per  month  and  60  in 
a  year,  supposing  that  he  did  not  lose  one  second  of 
time,  but  worked  without  ceasing  12  hours  every  day 
throughout  the  entire  year. — De  Mirecourt :  Dumas 
Pire  (1867). 

Dumb  Ox  [The).  St.  Thomas 
Aqui'nas  was  so  called  by  his  fellow- 
students  at  Cologne,  from  his  taciturnity 
and  dreaminess.  Sometimes  called  "The 
Great  Dumb  Ox  of  Sicily. "  He  was  large- 
bodied,  fat,  with  a  brown  complexion, 
and  a  large  head  partly  bald. 

Of  a  truth,  it  almost  makes  me  laugh 

To  see  men  leaving  f  he  golden  grain. 

To  gather  in  piles  the  pitiful  chatf 

That  old  Peter  Lombard  thrashed  with  his  brain. 

To  have  it  caught  up  and  tossed  again 

On  the  horns  of  the  Dumb  Ox  of  Cologne. 

Longfellow  :  The  Golden  Leztnd. 

(Thomas  Aquinas  was  subsequently 
called  "The  Angelic  Doctor,"  and  the 
"Angel  of  the  Schools,"  1224-1274.) 

Duinbiedikes  {The  old  laird  of),  an 
exacting  landlord,  taciturn  and  obstinate. 

The  laird  of  Dumbiedikes  had  hitherto  been  mode- 
rate in  his  exactions  .  .  .  but  when  a  stout,  active 
young  fellow  appeared  ...  he  began  to  think  so 
broad  a  pair  of  shoulders  might  bear  an  additional 
burden.  He  regulated,  indeed,  his  management  of  his 
dependents  as  carters  do  their  horses,  never  failing  to 
clap  an  additonai  brace  of  hundred-weights  on  a  new 
and  willing  hoxse.— Heart  0/  Midlothian,  chap.  S 
(1818). 

The  young  laird  of  Dumbiedikes  {3  syl. ), 
a  bashful  young  laird,  in  love  with  Jeanie 
Deans,  but  Jeanie  marries  the  presby- 
terian  minister,  Reuben  Butler. — Sir  W, 
Scott :  Heart  of  Midlothian  {time,  George 

Dnm'merar  {The  Rev.  Dr.),  a  friend 
of  sir  Geoffrey  Peveril. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

DumMiy  or  Supernumerary.  "Ce- 
limene,"  in  the  Pr^cieuses  Ridicules,  does 
not  utter  a  single  word,  although  she 
enters  with  other  characters  on  the  stage. 

Dtuntons'tie  {Mr.  Daniel),  a  young 
barrister,  and  nephew  of  lord  Bladder- 
skate. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Redgauntlet  (time, 
George  III.). 

Dun  {Squire),  the  hangman  who 
came  between  Richard  Brandon  and  Jack 
Ketch. 


And  presently  a  halter  got, 
"  ■  '  '  best  strong  he 
And  ere  a  cat  could  lick  his  ear. 


Made  of  the  best  strong  hempen  teer. 


Had  tied  him  up  with  as  much  art 
As  Dun  himself  could  do  for's  heart. 

Cotton  :  Virgil  Travestied,  iv.  (1677). 

Dun   Cow   {The),   slain   by  sir  Guy 
of  Warwick  on  Dunsmore  Heath,  was  the 


DUNBAU  AND  MARCH. 


307 


cow  kept  by  a  giant  in  Mitchel  Fold 
[middle-fold],  Shropshire.  Its  milk  was 
inexhaustible.  One  day  an  old  woman, 
w  ho  had  filled  her  pail,  wanted  to  fill  her 
fj  sieve  also  with  its  milk ;  but  this  so  en- 
raged the  cow  that  it  broke  away,  and 
wandered  to  Dunsmore,  where  it  was 
killed. 

N.B. — A  huge  tusk,  probably  an  ele- 
phant's, is  still  shown  at  Warwick  Castle 
as  one  of  the  horns  of  this  wonderful 
cow. 

Dunbar  and  March  {George  earl 
of),  who  deserted  to  Henry  IV.  of  Eng- 
land, because  the  betrothal  of  his  daughter 
Elizabeth  to  the  king's  eldest  son  was 
broken  off  by  court  intrigue. 

Elizabeth  Dunbar,  daughter  of  the  earl 
of  Dunbar  and  March,  betrothed  to  prince 
Robert  duke  of  Rothsay,  eldest  son  of 
Robert  III.  of  Scotland.  The  earl  of 
Douglas  contrived  to  set  aside  this  be- 
trothal in  favour  of  his  own  daughter 
Elizabeth,  who  married  the  prince,  and 
became  duchess  of  Rothsay. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry 
IV.). 

Duncan  "the  Meek,"  king  of  Scot- 
land, was  son  of  Crynin,  and  grandson  of 
Malcolm  II.,  whom  he  succeeded  on  the 
throne.  Macbeth  was  the  son  of  the 
younger  sister  of  Duncan's  mother,  and 
hence  Macbeth  and  Duncan  were  first 
cousins.  Sueno  king  of  Norway  having 
invaded  Scotland,  the  command  of  the 
army  was  entrusted  to  Macbeth  and  Ban- 
quo,  and  so  great  was  their  success  that 
only  ten  men  of  the  invading  army  were 
left  alive.  After  the  battle,  king  Duncan 
paid  a  visit  to  Macbeth  in  his  castle  of 
Inverness,  and  was  there  murdered  by 
his  host.  The  successor  to  the  throne  was 
Duncan's  son  Malcolm,  but  Macbeth 
usurped  the  crown. — Shakespeare:  Mac- 
beth {1606). 

Duncan  {Captain),  of  Knockdunder, 
agent  at  Roseneath  to  the  duke  of  Buck- 
ingham.—5t>  W.  Scott:  Heart  of  Mid- 
lothian (time,  George  II.). 

Duncan  {Duroch),  a  follower  of 
Donald  Bean  Lean. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 

Dunce,  wittily  or  wilfully  derived 
from  Duns,  surnamed  "Scotus." 

In  the  Gaelic,  donas  [means]  "bad  luck,"  or  in  con- 
tempt, "a  poor  iterant  creature."  _  The  Lowland 
Scotch  has  aonsie,  "  unfortunate,  stupid." — A'otes  and 
iJuenes,  225,  September  ai,  1878. 

Dun'ciad  ["the  dunce-epic "],  a  satire 
in  heroic  verse,  by  Alexander  Pope,  in 


DUNDREARY. 

which  he  gibbets  his  critics  and  foes. 
The  plot  is  this  :  Eusden  the  poet-laureate 
being  dead,  the  goddess  of  Dulness  elects 
CoUey  Cibber  as  his  successor.  The 
installation  is  celebrated  by  games,  the 
most  important  being  the  "reading  of 
two  voluminous  works,  one  in  verse  and 
the  other  in  prose,  without  nodding." 
King  Cibber  is  then  taken  to  the  temple 
of  Dulness,  and  lulled  to  sleep  on  the  lap 
of  the  goddess.  In  his  dream  he  sees  the 
triumphs  of  the  empire.  Finally,  the 
goddess  having  established  the  kingdom 
on  a  firm  basis.  Night  and  Chaos  are 
restored,  and  the  poem  ends  (1728-42). 

Dundas  {Starvation),  Henry  Dundas, 
first  lord  Melville.  So  called  because  he 
introduced  into  the  language  the  word 
starvation,  in  a  speech  on  American 
affairs  (1775). 

Dunder  {Sir  David),  of  Dunder  Hall, 
near  Dover.  A  hospitable,  conceited, 
whimsical  old  gentleman,  who  for  ever 
interrupts  a  speaker  with  ' '  Yes,  yes,  I 
know  it,"  or  "Be  quiet,  I  know  it."  He 
rarely  finishes  a  sentence,  but  runs  on  in 
this  style  :  ' '  Dover  is  an  odd  sort  of  a — 
eh?"  "  It  is  a  dingy  kind  of  a — humph!" 
' '  The  ladies  will  be  happy  to — eh  ?  "  He 
is  the  father  of  two  daughters,  Harriet 
and  Kitty,  whom  he  accidentally  detects 
in  the  act  of  eloping  with  two  guests. 
To  prevent  a  scandal,  he  sanctions  the 
marriages,  and  discovers  that  the  two 
lovers,  both  in  family  and  fortune,  are 
suitable  sons-in-law. 

Lady  Dunder,  fat,  fair,  and  forty  if 
not  more.  A  country  lady,  more  fond  of 
making  jams  and  pastry  than  doing  the 
fine  lady.  She  prefers  cooking  to  cro- 
quet, and  making  the  kettle  sing  to  sing- 
ing herself.  (See  Harriet  and  Kitty.) 
— Colman  :   Ways  and  Means  (1788). 

William  Dowton  [1764-1851]  played   "sir  Anthony 
Absolute,"  "sir  Peter  Teazle,"  "sir  David  Dunder, 
and  "sir  John  FalstafF,"  and  looked  the  very  characters 
he  represented. — Donaldson  :  liicolUctions, 

("Sir  Anthony  Absolute,"  in  The 
Rivals  (Sheridan);  "sir  Peter  Teazle," 
in  The  School  for  Scandal  by  Sheridan.) 

Dundrear'y  {Lord),  a  good-natured, 
indolent,  blundering,  empty-headed 
swell ;  the  chief  character  in  Tom  Tay- 
lor's dramatic  piece  entitled  Our  Ameri- 
can Cousin.  He  is  greatly  characterized 
by  his  admiration  of  "  Brother  Sam,"  for 
his  incapacity  to  follow  out  the  sequence 
of  any  train  of  thought,  and  for  supposing 
all  are  insane  who  differ  from  him. 

(Mr.  Sothern  of  the  Haymarket  created 


DUNEDIN. 

this  character  by  his  power  of  conception 
and  the  genius  of  his  acting.     1858.) 

Duned'in  (3  syl.),  Edinburgh. 

On  her  firm-set  rock 

Dunedin's  castle  felt  a  secret  shock. 

Syon  :  English  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers  (1809). 

Dunlathmon,  the  family  seat  of 
Nuath,  father  of  Oith'ona  [q.v.]. — Ossian: 
Oithona. 

Dunmow  riitcli  {The\  given  to 
any  married  couple  who,  at  the  close  of 
the  first  year  of  their  marriage,  can  take 
their  oath  they  have  never  once  wished 
themselves  unmarried  again.  Dr.  Short 
sent  a  gammon  to  the  princess  Charlotte 
and  her  consort,  prince  Leopold,  while 
they  were  at  Claremont  House. 

•[[  A  similar  custom  is  observed  at  the 
manor  of  Wichenor,  in  Staffordshire, 
where  corn  as  well  as  bacon  is  given  to 
the  "happy  pair." 

(For  a  hst  of  those  who  have  received 
the  flitch  from  its  establishment,  see 
Dictionary  of  Phrase  and  Fable,  p.  391.) 

Dunois  {The  count  de),  in  sir  W. 
Scott's  novel  of  Quentin  Durward  (time, 
Edward  IV.). 

Dubois  tlie  Brave,  hero  of  the 
famous  French  song,  set  to  music  by 
queen  Hortense,  mother  of  Napoleon  III., 
and  called  Partant  pour  la  Syrie.  His 
prayer  to  the  Virgin,  when  he  left  for 
Syria,  was — 

Que  j'aime  la  plus  belle, 
Et  sois  le  plus  vaillant. 

He  behaved  with  great  valour,  and  the 

count  whom  he  followed  gave  him  his 

daughter  to  wife.      The  guests,  on  the 
bridal  day,  all  cried  aloud — 

Amour  k  la  plus  belle ! 
Hoiuieurau  plus  vaillant  I 

Words  by  M,  de  L-xborde  (1809). 

Dun'over,  a  poor  gentleman  intro- 
duced by  sir  W.  Scott  in  the  introduction 
of  The  Heart  of  Midlothian  (time,  George 

n.). 

Dimrommatli,  lord  of  Uthal,  one 
of  the  Orkneys.  He  carried  off  Oith'ona, 
daughter  of  Nuath  (who  was  engaged  to 
be  married  to  Gaul,  son  of  Morni),  and 
was  slain  by  Gaul  in  fight. 

Gaul  advanced  in  his  arms ;  Dunrommath  shrunk 
behind  his  people.  But  the  spear  of  Gaul  pierced  the 
gloomy  chief:  his  sword  lopped  off  his  head,  as  it 
bended  in  death. — Ossian  :  Oiihona. 

Duns  Scotus,  called  "  The  Subtle 
Doctor,"  said  to  have  been  born  at  Dunse, 
in  Berwickshire,  or  Dunstance,  in  North- 
umberland (1265-1308). 

N.B.— John    Scotus,    called    Erigina 


308  DUPRE. 

("Erin-born"),  is  quite  another  per- 
son (*-886).  Erigena  is  sometimes  called 
"  Scotus  the  Wise,"  and  lived  four  cen- 
turies before  "  The  Subtle  Doctor." 

Dun-Shnnzier  [Augustus),  a  pen- 
name  of  professor  William  Edmonstoune 
Aytoun,  in  Blackwoods  Magazine  (1813- 
1865). 

Dunsmore  Cross  or  High  Cross,  the 

centre  of  England. 

Hence,  Muse,  divert  thy  course  to  Dunsmore,  by  that 

cross 
Where  those  two  mighty  ways,  the  Watling  and  the 

Foss, 
Our  centre  seem  to  cut. 

Drayten  :  Polyolbion,  xiii.  (1613). 

Dunstable  [Downright),  plain  speak- 
ing ;  blunt  honesty  of  speech  ;  calling  a 
spade  a  spade,  without  euphemism. 
Other  similar  phrases  2XQ  Plain  Dunstable; 
Dunstable  way,  etc.,  in  allusion  to  the 
proverb,  "As  plain  as  Dunstable  high- 
way."— Howell:  Epist.  Howel.,  2  ;  Florio, 
Diet.,  17,  85. 

That's  fiat,  sir,  as  you  may  say,  "downright  Dun- 
stable."—i/rj.  Oliphant:  Phoebe,  Jun.,  ii.  3. 

Duns'tan  [St.),  patron  saint  of  gold- 
smiths and  jewellers.  He  was  a  smith, 
and  worked  up  all  sorts  of  metals  in  his 
cell  near  Glastonbury  Church.  It  was  in 
this  cell  that,  according  to  legend,  Satan 
had  a  gossip  with  the  saint,  and  Dunstan 
caught  his  sable  majesty  by  the  nose  with 
a  pair  of  red-hot  forceps. 

Dunthal'mo,  lord  of  Teutha  [the 
Tweed).  He  went  "  in  his  pride  against 
Rathmor"  chief  of  Clutha  [the  Clyde), 
but  being  overcome,  "his  rage  arose,"  and 
he  went  "by  night  with  his  warriors" 
and  slew  Rathmor  in  his  banquet-hall.— 
Ossian  :  Calthon  and  Colmal. 

•.'  For  the  rest  of  the  tale,  see 
Calthon,  p.  170. 

Dupely  [Sir  Charles),  a  man  who 
prided  himself  on  his  discernment  of 
character,  and  defied  any  woman  to  en- 
tangle him  in  matrimony  ;  but  he  mistook 
lady  Bab  Lardoon,  a  votary  of  fashion, 
for  an  unsophisticated  country  maiden, 
and  proposed  marriage  to  her. 

"I  should  like  to  see  the  viroman,"  he  says,  "that 
could  entangle  me.  .  .  .  Show  me  a  woman  .  .  .  and 
at  the  first  glance  I  will  discover  the  whole  extent  of 
her  artifice." — Burgoy7ie:  ihe  Maid  of  the  Oaks,  i.  x. 

Dupre  \pu-pray\  a  servant  of  M. 
Darlemont,  who  assists  his  master  in 
abandoning  Julio  count  of  Harancour 
(liis  ward)  in  the  streets  of  Paris,  for  the 
sake  of  becoming  possessor  of  his  ward's 
property.  Dupr6  repents  and  confesses 
the  crime. — Holcroft  *  The  Deaf  and 
Dumb  (1785). 


DURANDAU  3^9 

Dxiran'dal,  the  sword   of  Orlando, 

v\  orkmansliip  of  fairies.  So  admirable 
its  temper  that  it  would  "cleave  the 
cnees  at  a  blow.  ' — Ariosto:  Orlando 
L  urioso  (1516). 

Duraiidar'te  {4  syl.),  a  knight  who 
It  Roncesvalles  (4  syl.).  Durandart6 
cl  Belerma,  whom  he  served  for  seven 
:  s,  and  was  then  slain  ;  but  in  dying 
requested  his  cousin  Montesi'nos  to 
:.  his  heart  to  Belerma. 

Sweet  in  manners,  fair  in  favour, 
Mild  in  temper,  fierce  in  fight. 

Lewis. 

lur'den  [Dame),  a  notable  country 

lewoman,  who  kept  five  men-servants 

use  the  spade  and  flail,"  and  five 

len-servants    "to    carry   the   milken- 

11."     The  five  men  loved  the  five  maids. 

leir  names  were — 

Moll  and  Bet,  and  Doll  and  Kate,  and  Dorothy  Draggle- 
tail  ; 

John  and  Dick,  and  Joe  and  Jack,  and  Humphrey  with 
his  flaiL 

A  Well-known  GUe. 

(In  Bleak  House,  by  C.  Dickens,  Esther 
Summerson  is  playfully  called  "Dame 
Durden.  ') 

Doretete  {Captain),  a  rather  heavy 
gentleman,  who  takes  lessons  of  gallantry 
from  his  friend,  young  Mirabel.  Very 
bashful  with  ladies,  and  for  ever  sparring 
with  Bisarre,  who  teases  him  unmerci- 
fully {Dure-tait,  Be-zar'\ — Farquhar  : 
The  Inconstant  (1702). 

Durinda'na,  Orlando's  sword,  given 
him  by  his  cousin  Malagi'gi.  This 
sword  and  the  horn  Ohfant  were  buried 
at  the  feet  of  the  hero. 

^  Charlemagne's  sword  "joyeuse" 
was  also  buried  with  him,  and  "  Tiz'ona  " 
was  buried  with  the  Cid. 

Duroti'gfes.  Below  the  Hedui  (those 
of  Somersetshire)  came  the  Durotiges, 
sometimes  called  Mbrtni.  Their  capital 
was  Du'rinum  [Dorchester),  and  their 
territory  extended  to  VindSl'ia  [Portland 
Isle). — Richard  of  Cirencester  :  Ancient 
State  of  Britain,  vi.  15. 

The  Durotiges  on  the  Dorsetian  sand. 

Drayton  :  PolyolbioH,  xvi.  (16x3). 

Durward  [Quentin),  hero  and  title 
of  a  novel  by  sir  W.  Scott.  Quentin 
Durward  is  a  nephew  of  Ludovic  Lesly 
(surnamed  Le  Balafre).  He  enrolls  him- 
self in  the  Scottish  guard,  a  company 
of  archers  in  the  pay  of  Louis  XI.  at 
Plessis  l^s  Tours,  and  saves  the  king  in 
a  boar-hunt.  When  Lifege  is  assaulted 
by  insurgents,  Quentin  Durward  and  the 


DWARF. 

countess  Isabelle  de  Croye  escape  on 
horseback.  The  countess  publicly  refuses 
to  marry  the  due  d'Orleans,  and  ultimately 
marries  the  young  Scotchman. 

Dusronnal,  one  of  the  two  steeds 
of  CulhuUin  general  of  the  Irish  tribes. 
The  other  was  "  Sulin-Sifadda  "  [q.v.). 

Before  the  left  side  of  the  car  is  seen  the  snorting 
horse  1  The  thin-maned,  high-headed,  stronghoofed. 
fleet-bounding  son  of  the  hill :  His  name  is  Dustinmal, 
among  the  stormy  sons  of  the  sword  1  .  .  .  the  {tu/o] 
steeds  like  wreatlis  of  mist  fly  over  the  streamy  vales ! 
The  wildness  of  deer  is  in  their  course,  the  strength  of 
eagles  descending  on  the  prey. — Ossian  :  Finical.  I. 

Dutch  School  of  painting,  noted  for 
its  exactness  of  detail  and  truthfulness. 

For  portraits  :  Rembrandt,  Bol,  Flinsk, 
Hals,  and  Vanderhelst. 

V or  conversation  pieces  :  Gerhard  Douw, 
Terburg,  Metzu,  Mieris,  and  Netscher. 

For  low  life:  Ostade,  Brouwer  or 
Brauwer,  and  Jan  Steen. 

For  landscapes:  Ruysdael,  Hobbtmer, 
Cuyp,  Vandermeer  [moonlight  scenes), 
Berghem,  and  Both  (brothers). 

For  battle  scenes:  Wouvermans  and 
Huchtenburg. 

For  marine  pieces  :  Vandervelde  (father 
and  son)  and  Bakhuysen. 

For  still  life  and  flowers  :  Kale,  A.  van 
Utrecht,  Van  Huysum,  and  Van  Heem. 

Duttou  [Mrs.  Dolly),  dairy-maid  to 
the  duke  of  Argyll.— ^?>  W.  Scott: 
Heart  of  Midlothian  (time,  George  II.). 

Duty  of  Man  ( The  Complete),  by  H. 
Venn(i764).— 7">^<i;  Whole  Duty  of  Man, 
author  unknown  (1659). 

'.•  Venn's  book  is  a  supplement  to 
The  Whole  Duty  of  Man. 

Vr^hlSi'S.  The  following  are  cek 
brated  dwarfs  of  real  life  : — 

ALLEN  ( Thomas).  Height  39  inches  at  the  age  of 
35.    Exhibited  with  "  lady  Morgan  "  in  1781. 

ANDROMEDA,  3  feet  4  inches.  One  of  Julia's  free 
maids. 

ARIS'TRATOS,  the  poet.  "So  small," says  Athenaeos. 
"  that  no  one  couM  see  him." 

Bebe  (2  syl.),  2  feet  ginches.  The  dwarf  of  Stanislas 
king  of  Poland  (died  1764,  aged  23).  Real  name  Nicho- 
las Ferry. 

BORUWLASKI  (Co7int  Joseph),  2  feet  4  inches. 
Died  aged  98  (1739-1837).  He  had  a  brother  and 
a  sister  both  dwarfs. 

BUCKINGER  (Afaftheiv),  who  had  no  arms  or  legs, 
but  _^ns  from  the  shoulders.  He  could  draw,  write, 
thread  needles,  and  play  the  hautboy.  Facsimiles  of 
his  writing  are  preserved  among  the  Harleian  MSS. 
(bom  1674-*). 

CHE-MAH,  the  Chinese,  25  inches,  weight  5a  lbs. 
Exhibited  in  London,  1880,  at  the  age  of  40. 

COLO'BRI  {Prince),  of  Sleswig,  25  inches,  weight 
25  lbs.  (1851). 

CONOPAS,  2  feet  4  inches.  One  of  the  dwarfe  of 
Julia,  niece  of  Augustus. 

COPPERNIN,  the  dwarf  of  the  princess  of  Wales, 
mother  of  George  HI.  The  lait  court-dwarf  in  Eng- 
land. 

CRACHAMI  {CaroliHe),  a  Siciliia,  bcm  at  Palermo. 


DWARF. 

BO  Inches.     Her    skeleton   is  preserved  in  Hunter's 
Museum  (1814-1824). 

Davit.    (See  below,  Strasse.) 

Decker  or  DUCKER  {yohn),  2  feet  6  inches.  An 
Englishman  (1610). 

Desseasau  (Chevalier),  noted  for  his  inordinate 
vanity.     He  died  in  1775,  at  the  age  of  70. 

Fairy  Queen  (The).  Exhibited  at  the  Cosmorama 
Rooms,  Regent  Street,  in  1850.  Height  16  inches, 
length  of  loot  2  inches,  -weight  4  lbs.,  at  the  age  of  16 
months.  Seated  beside  a  man's  hat,  she  did  not  reach 
to  the  brim. 

Farrel  (Chven),  3  feet  9  inches.  Bom  at  Cavan. 
He  was  of  enormous  strength  (died  1742). 

Ferry  (Atcho/as).     (See  above,  Ul'^i.E.) 

Gibson  (Richard)  and  his  wife  Anne  Shepherd. 
Neither  of  them  4  feet.  Gibson  was  a  noted  portrait- 
painter,  and  a  page  of  the  back-stairs  in  the  court  of 
Charles  I.  The  king  honoured  the  wedding  with  his 
presence ;  and  they  had  nine  children  (1615-1690). 
Design  or  chance  makes  others  wive, 
But  Nature  did  tliis  match  contrive. 

Waiier  (1642). 

Haupman  (yohn).  Height  36  inches.  Exhibited 
with  Nannette  Stocke-r,  in  1813. 

HUDSON  (Sir  Geoff-rey),  18  niches.  He  was  born  at 
Oakham,  in  Rutlandshire  (1619-1678).  Dwarf  of  queen 
Henrietta  Maria. 

Jarvis  (yoA«).  Height  24  inches.  Page  of  honour 
to  Queen  Mary.     Died  1560,  at  the  age  of  57. 

LOLKES  \Wybraiut).  Height  27  inches,  weight 
56  lbs.     Exhibited  at  Astley's  in  1790. 

LUCIUS,  2  feet,  weight  17  lbs.  The  dwarf  of  the 
emperor  Augustus. 

Midgets  (77(«').  Exhibited  in  London,  1881.  Lucia 
Zarate,  height  20  inches,  weight  i\  lbs,  age  18;  general 
Mite,  height  21  inches,  weiglit  9  lljs,  age  17. 

Morgan  (Lady),  the  celebrated  Windsor  fairy. 
Height  36  inches  at  the  age  of  40.  Introduced  to 
George  HI.  in  1781. 

Paap  (Si7non),  the  Dutch  dwarf.  Height  28  inches, 
weight  27  lbs.    Exhibited  in  England  in  1815. 

Phile'TAS,  a  poet  so  thin  that  "  he  wore  leaden 
shoes  to  prevent  being  blown  away  by  the  wind  " 
(died  B.C.  280). 

PHILIPS  (Calvin)  weighed  less  than  2  lbs.  His 
thighs  were  not  thicker  than  a  man's  thumb.  He  was 
born  at  Bridgewater,  Massachusetts,  in  1791. 

Ritchie  (David),  3  feet  6  inches.  Native  of  Tweed- 
dale. 

STOCK.-B.-R(Nannette).  Height  33  inches.  Exhibited 
in  London  in  1815. 

SOVV-RXY  (Therese),  described  by  Virey. 

StObhrin  (C.  H.)  of  Nuremberg  was  less  than 
3  feet  at  the  age  of  20.  His  father,  mother,  brothers, 
and  sisters  were  all  under  the  medium  height. 

STRASSE  Davit  Family  (The).  Man  29  inches 
high,  woman  18  inches,  child  (at  17  years  of  age)  only 
6  inches.   Embalmed  in  the  chemical  library  of  Rastadt. 

Teresia  (Mde.),  a  Corsican.  Height  34  inches, 
weight  27  lbs.     Exhibited  in  London  in  1773. 

Thumb  (General  Tom).  His  real  name  was  Charles 
S.  Stratton ;  25  inches,  weight  25  lbs.  at  the  age  of 
2>;.  Bom  at  Bridgeport,  Connecticut,  United  States, 
in  1838.  Exhibited  in  London  in  1844.  He  died  in 
Massachusetts  in  1883,  aged  45.  He  married  little 
Bettj  Bump,  who  was  exhibited  under  the  name  of 
Lavinia  Warren.  She  was  left  a  widow  in  1883,  and 
in  1885  married  count  Primo  Magri,  who  was  32  inches 
In  height. 

Thumb  (Tom),  2  feet  4  inches.  A  Dutch  dwarf, 
master  of  four  languages. 

Wanmer  (Lucy).  Height  30  inches,  weight  45  Ib-s. 
at  the  age  of  53.    Exhibited  in  i8oi. 

Wormberg  (jfohn).  Height  31  inches  at  the  age 
of  38.     In  the  Hanoverian  period. 

XlT,  the  royal  dwarf  of  Edward  VI. 

N.B. — Nicephorus  Callistus  tells  us  of  an  EgyptiEin 
dwarf  "  not  bigger  than  a  partridge." 

Dwarf  { The)  of  lady  Clerimond  was 
named  Pac'olet.  He  had  a  winged  horse, 
which  carried  off  Valentine,  Orson,  and 
Clerimond  from  the  dungeon  of  Ferr^gus 
to  the  palace  of  king  Pepin  ;  and  subse- 
quently carried  Valentine  to  the  palace 


310  DYSMAS, 

of  Alexander,  his  father,  emperor  of 
Constantinople.  —  Valentine  and  Orson 
(fifteenth  century). 

Dwarf  { The  Black),  a  fairy  of  malig- 
nant propensities,  and  considered  the 
author  of  all  the  mischief  of  the  neigh- 
bourhood. In  sir  Walter  Scott's  novel 
so  called,  this  imp  is  introduced  under 
various  aliases,  as  sir  Edward  ManJey, 
Elshander  the  Recluse,  Cannie  Elshie,  and 
the  Wise  Wight  of  Micklestane  Moor. 

Dwarf  AlbericlL,  the  guardian  of 
the  Nibelungen  hoard.  He  is  twice  van- 
quished by  Siegfried,  who  gets  possession 
of  his  cloak  of  invisibility,  and  makes 
himself  master  of  the  hoard. — The  Nibe- 
lungen Lied  (twelfth  century). 

Dwarf  Peter,  an  allegorical  ro- 
mance by  Ludwig  Tieck.  The  dwarf  is 
a  castle  spectre,  who  advises  and  aids  the 
family ;  but  all  his  advice  turns  out  evil, 
and  all  his  aid  is  productive  of  trouble. 
The  dwarf  is  meant  for  "  the  law  in  our 
members,  which  wars  against  the  law  of 
our  minds,  and  brings  us  into  captivity  to 
the  law  of  sin." 

Dwiningf  {Henbane),  a  pottingar  or 
apothecary.— iS'/r  W.  Scott:  Fair  Maid 
of  Perth  {\.\m&,  Henry  VJ.). 

"Dying  Christian  to  Ms  Soul 

{The),"  an  ode  by  Pope  (1712).  In 
some  measure  suggested  by  Hadrian's 
famous  Latin  verses — 

Animula,  vagula,  blandula, 
Hospes  comesque  corpSris, 
Quae  nunc  abibis  in  loca, 
Pallida,  rigida,  nudula. 
Brief-living,  blithe-little,  fluttering  spright, 
Comrade  and  guest  in  this  body  of  clay, 
Whither,  ah  I  whither  departing  in  flight. 
Rigid,  half-naked,  pale  minion  away  ? 

E.C.B. 

Dying"  Sayings  (real  or  tradi- 
tional). (See  Dictionary  of  Phrase  and 
Fable,  pp.  395-398.) 

Dyot  Street  (Bloomsbury  Square, 
London),  now  called  George  Street,  St. 
Giles.  The  famous  song,  "  My  Lodging 
is  in  Heather  Lane,"  is  in  Bombasiei 
Furioso,  by  T.  B.  Rhodes  (1790). 

My  lodging  is  in  Heather  Lane, 

In  a  parlour  that's  next  to  the  sky,  etc 

Dys'coltlS,  Moroseness  personified  in 
The  Purple  Island,  by  Phineas  Fletcher 
(1633).  "  He  nothing  liked  or  praised." 
Fully  described  in  canto  viii.  (Greek, 
duskolox,   "  fretful.") 

Dysmas,  Dismas,  or  Demas,  the 

penitent  thief  crucified  with  our  Lord. 


EADBURGH 

The  impenitent  thief  is  called  Gesmas  or 

(  ,e3ta3. 

Alta  petit  Dismas,  infelix  Infima  Gesmas. 

Part  of  a  Charm, 
To  paradise  thief  Dismas  went, 
But  Gesmas  died  impenitent. 

E.C.B. 


Eadburgh,  daughter  of  Edward  the 
ler,  king  of  England,  and  Eadgifu  his 
te.  When  three  years  old,  her  father 
iced  on  the  child  some  rings  and  brace- 
;  s,  and  showed  her  a  chalice  and  a  be  jk 
the  Gospels,  asking  which  she  would 
ve.  The  child  chose  the  chalice  and 
)ok,  and  Edward  was  pleased  that  "the 
ild  would  be  a  daughter  of  God."  She 
jame  a  nun,  and  lived  and  died  in 
inchester. 

Sagfle  {The),  ensign  of  the  Roman 
ion.  Before  the  Cimbrian  war,  the 
If,  the  horse,  and  the  boar  were  also 

:  ne  as  ensigns ;  but  Marlus  abolished 

se,  and  retained  the  eagle  only,  hence 

mailed  emphatically  "The  Roman  Bird." 

liable  [The  Theban),  Pindar,  a  native 
of  Thebes  (B.C.  518-442). 

Eagfle  of  Brittany,  Bertrand  Du- 
guesclin,  constable  of  France  (1320-1380). 

Eagle  of  Divines,  Thomas  Aqui'- 
nas  (1224-1274). 

Eagfle  of  Meanx  \IiIo\  Jacques 
B^nigne  Bossuet,  bishop  of  Meaux  (1627- 
1704). 

Eag'le  of  tlie  Doctors  of  France, 

Pierre  d'Ailly,  a  great  astrologer,  who 
maintained  that  the  stars  foretold  the 
great  flood  (1350-1425). 

Earnscli£f  (Pfli^nVy^),  the  young  laird 
of  Earnscliff.— 5?V  W.  Scott  The  Black 
Dwarf  [\.\mQ,  Anne). 

Earthly  Paradise  ( The),  a  poem  by 
William  Morris  (1868).  In  imitation  of 
Chaucer's  Canterbury  Tales.  Certain 
Norwegians,  having  heard  of  the  earthly 
paradise,  set  sail  to  discover  it,  and 
beguile  the  time  by  telling  mythological 
tales.  The  tales  are  in  various  metres. 
There  are  also  short  odes  on  the  months. 

East  Lynne,  a  novel  by  Mrs.  Henry 
Wood  (1861). 


311  EBLIS. 

East    Saxons   or    Essex,   capital 

Colchester,  founded  by  Erchinwin. 
Sebert  began  to  reign  in  Essex  in  604. 
According  to  tradition,  where  West- 
minster Abbey  now  stands  was  a  heathen 
temple  to  Apollo,  which  Sebert  either 
converted  into  a  church  called  St.  Peter's, 
or  pulled  down  and  erected  a  church  so 
called  on  the  same  site. 

.  .  .  from  the  loins  of  Erchinwin  (who  raised 
Th'  East  Saxons'  kingdom  first)  brave  Sebert  may  be 

praiseci, 
[JVho\  began  the  goodly  church  of  Westminster  to  rear. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xi.  (1613). 

Eastbury  House  (Barking),  said  to 
be  the  place  where  the  conspirators  con- 
cerned in  the  Gunpowder  Plot  held  their 
meetings  ;  and  where  they  hoped,  from  a 
high  tower,  to  see  the  result  of  their  plot. 
It  is  also  said  that  lord  Monteagle  re- 
sided there  when  he  received  the  letter 
advising  him  not  to  attend  the  parliament 
which  God  and  man  would  hold  accursed. 

Eastward  Hoe,  a  comedy  by  Chap- 
man, Marston,  and  Ben  Jonson.  For 
this  drama  the  three  authors  were  im- 
prisoned "for  disrespect  to  their  sovereign 
lord  king  James  I."  (1605).  (See  West- 
ward Hoe.) 

Easy  {Sir  Charles),  a  man  who  hated 
trouble  ;  "so  lazy,  even  in  his  pleasures, 
that  he  would  rather  lose  the  woman  of 
his  pursuit,  than  go  through  any  trouble 
in  securing  or  keeping  her."  He  says 
he  is  resolved  in  future  to  "follow  no 
pleasure  that  rises  above  the  degree  of 
amusement."  "  When  once  a  woman 
comes  to  reproach  me  with  vows,  and 
usage,  and  such  stuff,  I  would  as  soon 
hear  her  talk  of  bills,  bonds,  and  eject- 
ments ;  her  passion  becomes  as  trouble- 
some as  a  law-suit,  and  I  would  as  soon 
converse  with  my  solicitor  "  (act  iii.). 

Lady  Easy,  wife  of  sir  Charles,  who 
dearly  loves  him,  and  knows  all  his 
"naughty  ways,"  but  never  shows  the 
slightest  indication  of  ill  temper  or 
jealousy.  At  last  she  wholly  reclaims 
him. — Cibber  :  The  Careless  Husband 
(1704). 

Eatanswill  Gazette,  the  persistent 
opponent  of  the  Eatanswill  Independent. 
_ — Dickens  :  Pickwick  Papers  (1836). 

Eberson  {Earl),  the  young  son  of 
William  de  la  Marck  ' '  The  Wild  Boar  of 
Ardennes." — Sir  W.  Scott:  QuentinDur- 
ward  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Eblis,  monarch  of  the  spirits  of  evil. 
Once  an  angel  of  light,  but,  refusing  to 
worship  Adam,  he  lout  his  high  estate. 


EBON  SPEAR. 


312 


ECKHART. 


Before  his  fall  he  was  called  Aza'zel. 
lihe  Koran  sa.ys,  "When  We  [Go^ J  said 
unto  the  angels,  'Worship  Adam,'  they 
all  worshipped  except  Eblis,  who  refused 
.  .  .  and  became  of  the  number  of  un- 
believers" (ch.  ii.). 

His  person  was  that  of  a  young:  man,  whose  noble  and 
regular  features  seemed  to  have  been  tarnished  by 
malignant  vapours.  In  his  large  eyes  a>ppeared  both 
pride  and  despair.  His  flowing  hair  retained  some 
resemblance  to  that  of  an  angel  of  light.  In  his  hand 
(which  thunder  had  blasted)  he  swayed  the  iron  sceptre 
that  causes  the  afrits  and  all  the  powers  of  the  abyss  to 
UemhXs.—Beckford :  Vathek  (1784). 

EboD  Spear  [Knight  of  the),  Brito- 
mart,  daughter  of  king  Ryence  of  Wales. 
— Spenser  :  Faerie  Queene,  iii.  (1590). 

Ebony,  a  punning  appellation  given 
by  James  Hogg  to  William  Blackwood, 
publisher  of  Blackwood s  Magazine. 

And  I  looked,  and  behold  a  man  clothed  in  plain 
apparel  stood  in  the  door  of  his  house  ;  and  I  saw  his 
name  .  .  .  and  his  name  as  it  had  been  the  colour  of 
ebony.— y.  Hogs :  The  Chaldee  MS.  (1817). 

Hbrauc,  son  of  Mempric  (son  of 
GuendSlen  and  Madden)  mythical  king 
of  England.  He  built  Kaer-brauc  [  York\ 
about  the  time  that  David  reigned  in 
Judaea. — Geoffrey  :  British  History,  ii.  7 
(1142). 


Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  vill.  (1612). 

Ebu'dse,  the  Hebrides, 

Ecce  Homo,  a  theological  work 
attributed  to  professor  Seeley,  the  object 
being  to  show  the  humanity  of  Jesus 
(1865). 

Ecclesiastes  [The  Book  of),  one  of 
the  poetical  books  of  the  Old  Testament, 
the  object  of  which  is  to  show  that  only 
holiness  and  submission  to  the  will  of 
God  will  secure  happiness. 

Wisdom  and  pleasure  will  not  ensure  happiness  (chs. 
!.,  ii.) ;  nor  will  industry  and  the  performance  of  one's 
duties  (chs.  iii.,  iv.) ;  nor  yet  riches  and  prosperity 
(chs.  v.,  vi.). 

Ecclesiastical  History  [The 
Father  of),  Eusebius  of  Csesarea  (264- 
340). 

•.•  His  Historia  Ecclesiastica,  in  ten 
books,  begins  with  the  birth  of  Christ  and 
concludes  with  the  defeat  of  Licinius  by 
Constantine,  a.d.  324. 

Ecclesiastical  Politic  [The  Laws 
of),  by  Richard  Hooper,  in  four  books 
{1594).  Four  other  books  were  subse- 
quently added. 

Ecclesiasticus,  one  of  the  books  of 
the  "Apocrypha." 

Echeph'ron,  an  old  soldier,  who 
rebuked  the  advisers  of  king  Picrochole 
(3  ^y^-)>  by  relating  to  them  the  fable  of 


The  Man   and  his  Ha'p'orth  of   Milk. 
The  fable  is  as  follows  : — 

A  shoemaker  bought  a  ha'p'orth  of  milk  ;  with  this  h- 
was  going  to  make  butter ;  the  butter  was  to  buy  a 
cow;  the  cow  was  to  have  a  calf;  the  calf  was  to  be 
clianged  for  a  colt;  and  the  man  was  to  become  a 
nabob ;  only  he  cracked  his  jug,  spilt  his  milk,  and  went 
supperless  to  h&d.— Rabelais :  Paniagmel,  i.  33  (IS33^ 

IT  This  fable  is  told  in  the  Arabian 
Nights  ("The  Barber's  Fifth  Brother, 
Alnaschar  ").  Lafontaine  has  put  it  into 
verse,  Perrette  et  le  Pot  au  Lait.  Dodsle\- 
has  the  same,  The  Milk-maid  and  her 
Pail  of  Milk. 

Ecbo,  in  classic  poetry,  is  a  female, 
and  in  English  also ;  but  in  Ossian  echo 
is  called  "the  son  of  the  rock.' — Songs 
of  Selma. 

Echo  Verses  on  Juan  of  Austria. 
Juan  was  brought  up  by  Louis  Quixada 
of  the  imperial  household,  and  till  the 
age  of  14  was  supposed  to  be  his  son; 
but  Phihp  n.  said  to  the  lad,  "You 
have  the  same  father  that  I  have,  the 
emperor  Charles  (V.)."  Barbara  Blom- 
berg,  a  washer-woman  of  Ratisbon,  was 
said  to  have  been  his  mother ;  but  Barbara 
told  him  it  was  a  great  mistake  to  suppose 
that  Charles  (V.)  was  his  father. 

Sed  ad  Austriacura  nostrum  redeamus ; 

F.cho  ednnis : 

Hunc  Csesaris  filium  esse  satis  est  notum  ; 

Echo  Nothum;* 

Multi  tamen  de  ejus  patref  dubitavere, 
Echo  vere, 

Cujus  ergo  filium  eum  dicunt  Itali. 

Echo  Itali.  X 

Verum  mater  satis  est  nota  in  nostra  republica  ; 
Echo  publica  ; 

Imo  hactenus  egit  in  Brabantia  ter  vovere. 
Echo  hoere. 

Crimen  est  ni  frui  amplexu  Csesaris  tam  generosi, 
Echo  osi, 

Pluribus  ergo  usa  in  vita  est ; 
Echo     ita  est; 
Sed  post  Caesaris  congressum  nos  vere  ante, 
Echo  ante, 

Tace  garrula,  ne  late  quippiam  loquare. 

Echo  qiiare  ? 

Nescis  qua  poena  afficiendum  dixerit  Belgium  insigne  f 
Echo  ig^ne? 

Vers  Satiriqttes  contra  Don  Jean  SAutriche 

(MS.  Bibl.  de  Bourg.,  17,  524). 
•  "  Nothum  "  of  Barbara  Blomberg. 
t  "Patre,"  Charles  V. 
%  "  Itali  "  [and]  a  mechanic  of  Ratisbon. 

To  the  mere  English  reader  the  follow- 
ing will  give  an  idea  of  what  Echo  said : — 

But  let  us  to  our  hero  now  return : 

Echo  return : 

Some  have  maintained  he  was  of  Caesar's  race  bom. 

Echo  base  born. 

And  if  not  Caesar's  self,  yet  of  his  family. 

Echo  a  lie. 

Etc.  etc.  etc. 

Eckliart  [The  Faithful),  a  good 
servant,  who  perishes  to  save  his  master's 
children  from  the  mountain  fiends. — Loiai 
Tieck. 

(Carlyle  has  translated  this  tale  into 
English.) 


ECLECTA.  313 

Eclecta,  the  "Elect"  personified  in 
■,e  Purple  Island,  by  Phineas  Flet- 
r.  She  is  the  daughter  of  Intellect 
i  Violctta  {free-will);  and  ultinuitcly 
omes  the  bride  of  Jesus  Christ,  "the 
degroom"  (canto  xii.,  1633). 

Hut  let  the  Kentish  lad  [Phineas  FUUher\ 
.  .  ,  that  sung  and  crowned 
l-clecta's  hymen  with  ten  thousand  flowers 
Of  choicest  praise  ...  be  the  sweet  pipe. 

G.  l-'Uuher:  ChrisCs  Triutnph,  etc.  (i6io). 

Eclipses  Utilized.  Thales  {2  jry/.) 
brought  about  peace  between  the  Medes 
and  Lydians  by  his  knowledge  of  eclipses. 

^  Columbus  procured  provisions  from 
the  people  of  Jamaica  by  his  foreknow- 
ledge of  an  eclipse. 

Ecne'pliia,  a  hurricane,  similar  to  the 
typhoon. 

The  circling-  Typhon,  whirled  from  point  to  point  •  .  . 
And  dire  Ecnephia  reign. 

Thomson:  The  Seasons  ("  Summer,"  1727). 

Ecole  des  Femmes,  a  comedy  of 
Moliere,  the  plot  of  which  is  borrowed 
from  the  novelletti  of  Ser  Giovanni  (1378). 

Ector  {Sir),  "lord  of  many  parts  of 
England  and  Wales,  and  foster-father  of 
prince  Arthur."  His  son,  sir  Key  or  Kay, 
was  seneschal  or  steward  of  Arthur  when 
he  became  king. — Sir  T.  Malory:  History 
of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  3  (1470). 

N.B. — Sir  Ector  and  sir  Ector  de  Maris 
are  two  distinct  persons. 

Ector  de  Maris  {Sir),  brother  "of 
sir  Launcelot"  of  Benwick,  i.e.  Brittany. 

Then  sir  Ector  threw  his  shield,  his  sword,  and  his 
helm  from  him,  and  ...  he  fell  down  in  a  swoon  ;  and 
wlien  he  awaked,  it  were  hard  for  any  tongue  to  tell 
the  doleful  complaints  [lanientaticns'\  that  he  made  for 
his  brother.  "  Ah,  sir  Launcelot,"  said  he,  "  head  of 
all  Christian  knights!"  .  .  .  etc.— i'tV  T.  Malory: 
History  0/ Prince  Arthur,  ilL  176  (1470)' 

Eden  {The  Garden  of).  There  is  a 
region  of  Bavaria  so  called,  because,  like 
Eden,  it-is  watered  by  four  streams,  viz. 
the  White  Maine,  the  Eger,  the  Saale, 
and  the  Naab. 

• .  •  In  the  Kortn  the  word  Eden  means 
"everlasting  abode."  Thus  in  ch.  ix.  we 
read,  "God  promiseth  to  true  believers 
gardens  of  perpetual  abode,"  hterally, 
' '  gardens  of  Eden. " 

Eden,  in  America.  A  dismal  swamp, 
the  cUmate  of  which  generally  proved 
fatal  to  the  poor  dupes  who  were  induced 
to  settle  there  through  the  swindling 
transactions  of  general  Scadder  and 
general  Choke.  So  dismal  and  dan- 
gerous was  the  place,  that  even  Mark 
Tapley  was  satisfied  to  have  found  at  last 
a  place  where  he  could  "come  out  jolly 


EDGAR. 

A'ith  credit." — Dickens:  Martin  ChutzU' 

wit  (1844). 

E  den  of  Germany  ( Z^aj  Eden  Deutsch- 
lauds).  Baden  is  so  called  on  account  of 
its  mountain  scenery,  its  extensive  woods, 
its  numerous  streams,  its  mild  climate, 
and  its  fertile  soil.  The  valley  of  Treisam, 
in  the  grandduchy,  is  locally  called  ''  Hell 
Valley"  {Hollenthall).  Between  this  and 
the  lake  Constance  lies  what  is  called 
"  The  Kingdom  of  Heaven." 

Edenhall  {The  Luck  of),  an  old 
painted  goblet,  left  by  the  fairies  on  St. 
Cuthbert's  Well  in  the  garden  of  Eden- 
hall. The  superstition  is  that  if  ever  this 
goblet  is  lost  or  broken,  there  will  be  no 
more  luck  in  the  family.  The  goblet 
came  into  the  possession  of  sir  Christopher 
Musgrave,  bart,,  Edenhall,  Cumberland. 

(Longfellow  has  a  poem  on  The  Luck 
of  Edenhall,  translated  from  Uhland.) 

EDCrAR  (959-975),  "  king  of  all  the 
English,"  was  not  crowned  till  he  had 
reigned  thirteen  years  (a.d.  973).  Then 
the  ceremony  was  performed  at  Bath. 
After  this  he  sailed  to  Chester,  and  eight 
of  his  vassal  kings  came  with  their  fleets 
to  pay  him  homage,  and  swear  fealty  to 
him  by  land  and  sea.  The  eight  are 
Kenneth  {king  of  Scots),  Malcolm  {of 
Cumberland),  Maccus  {of  the  Isles),  and 
five  Welsh  princes,  whose  names  were 
Dufnal,  Siferth,  Huwal,  Jacob,  and 
Juchil.  The  eight  kings  rowed  Edgar 
in  a  boat  (while  he  acted  as  steersman) 
from  Chester  to  St.  John's,  where  they 
offered  prayer,  and  then  returned. 

At  Chester,  while  he  [Edgar^  lived,  at  more  than  kingly 

charge. 
Eight  tributary  kings  there  rowed  him  in  his  barge. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xii.  (1613). 

Edg'ar,  son  of  Gloucester,  and  his 
lawful  heir.  He  was  disinherited  by 
Edmund,  natural  son  of  the  earl. — Shake- 
speare: King  Lear  {x6o^. 

'.'  This  was  one  of  the  characters  of 
Robert  Wilks  (1670-1732),  and  also  of 
Charles  Kemble  (1774-1854). 

Ed^ar,  master  of  Ravenswood,  son  of 
Allan  of  Ravenswood  (a  decayed  Scotch 
nobleman).  Lucy  Ashton,  being  attacked 
by  a  wild  bull,  was  saved  by  Edgar,  who 
shot  it ;  and  the  two,  falling  in  love  with 
each  other,  plighted  their  mutual  troth,  and 
exchanged  love-tokens  at  the  "Mermaid's 
Fountain."  While  Edgar  was  absent  in 
France  on  State  affairs,  sir  WiUiam  Ash- 
ton, being  deprived  of  his  office  as  lord 
keeper,  was  induced  to  promise  his  daugh- 
ter Lucy  in  marriage  to  Frank  Hayston, 


EDGAR. 


314 


EDWARD. 


laird  of  Bucklaw,  and  they  were  married; 
but  next  morning,  Bucklaw  was  found 
wounded,  and  the  bride  hidden  in  the 
chimney-corner,  insane.  Lucy  died  in 
convulsions,  but  Bucklaw  recovered  and 
went  abroad.  Edgar  was  lost  in  the  quick- 
sands at  Kelpies  Flow,  in  accordance  with 
an  ancient  prophecy. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Bride  of  Lammermoor  {\.ime,  William  III.). 
• .  ■  In  the  opera,  Edgar  ig  made  to  stab 
himself. 

Edgfar,  an  attendant  on  prince  Robert 
of  Scotland. — Sir  W.  Scott;  Fair  Maid 
of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Edgfardo,  master  of  Ravenswood,  in 
love  with  Lucia  di  Lammermoor  [Lucy 
Ashton].  While  absent  in  France  on 
State  affairs,  the  lady  is  led  to  believe 
him  faithless,  and  consents  to  marry  the 
laird  of  Bucklaw ;  but  she  stabs  him  on 
the  bridal  night,  goes  mad,  and  dies. 
Edgardo  also  stabs  himself. — Donizetti: 
Lucia  di  Lammermoor  (1835). 

N.B. — In  the  novel  called  The  Bride  of 
Lammervtoor,  by  sir  W.  Scott,  Edgar  is 
lost  in  the  quicksands  at  Kelpies  Flow,  in 
accordance  with  an  ancient  prophecy. 

Edgreworth  [LAbbi),  who  attended 
Louis  XVI.  to  the  scaffold,  was  called 
"  Mons.  de  Firmount,"  a  corruption  of 
Fairymount,  in  Longford  (Ireland),  where 
the  Edgeworths  had  extensive  domains. 

Edg'ing  [Mistress),  a  prying,  mischief- 
making  waiting-woman,  in  The  Careless 
Husband,  by  Colley  Gibber  (1704). 

Edi'na,  a  poetical  form  of  the  word 
Edinburgh.  It  was  first  employed  by 
Buchanan  (1506-1582). 

And  pale  Edina  shuddered  at  the  sound. 
Byron  :  h'n^Hsh  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers  (1809). 

Edinburgh,  a  corruption  of  Edwins- 
burg,  the  fort  built  by  Edwin  king  of 
Northumbria  (616-633). 

'.'  Dun-Edin  or  Dunedin  is  a  mere 
translation  of  Edinburgh.  Dun  =  berg 
=  hill.     Edwinstowe,  or  Edwin's  seat. 

Edinburg^h  Review  {The),  started 
in  1802  by  Francis  Jeffrey  (afterwards 
lord  Jeffrey)  and  others. 

EDITH,  daughter  of  Baldwin  the 
tutor  of  Rollo  and  Otto  dukes  of  Nor- 
mandy.— Beaumont:  The  Bloody  Brother 
(published  1639). 

E'dith.,  the  "maid  of  Lorn "  [Argyll- 
shire), was  on  the  point  of  being  married 
to  lord  Ronald,  when  Robert,  Edward, 
and  Isabel  Bruce  sought  shelter  at  the 


castle.  Edith's  brother  recognized  Robert 
Bruce,  and,  being  in  the  English  interest, 
a  quarrel  ensued.  The  abbot  refused  to 
marry  the  bridal  pair  amidst  such  discord. 
Edith  fled,  and  in  the  character  of  a  page 
had  many  adventures  ;  but  at  the  restora- 
tion of  peace  after  the  battle  of  Bannock- 
burn,  she  was  duly  married  to  lord  Ronald. 
—Sir  W.  Scott:  Lord  of  the  Isles  (1815). 

Edith  [The  lady),  mother  of  Athel- 
stane  "the  Unready"  (thane  of  Con- 
ingsburgh). — Sir  W.  Scott :  Ivanhoe  [ixtat, 
Richard  I. ). 

Edith  Granger,  daughter  of  the 
hon.  Mrs.  Skevvton,  married  at  the  age 
of  18  to  colonel  Granger  of  "Ours,"  who 
died  within  two  years,  when  Edith  and 
her  mother  lived  as  adventuresses.  Edith 
became  Mr.  Dombey's  second  wife ;  but 
the  marriage  was  altogether  an  unhappy 
one,  and  she  eloped  with  Mr.  Carker  to 
Dijon,  where  she  left  him,  having  taken 
this  foolish  step  merely  to  annoy  her 
husband  for  the  slights  to  which  he  had 
subjected  her.  On  leaving  Carker,  Edith 
went  to  live  with  her  cousin  Feenix,  in  the 
s»uth  of  England. — Dickens:  Dombey  and 
Son  (1846). 

Edith  Plantagenet  [The  lady), 
called  "The  Fair  Maid  of  Anjou,"  a 
kinswoman  of  Richard  I. ,  and  attendant 
on  queen  Berenga'ria.  She  married 
David  earl  of  Huntingdon  (prince  royal 
of  Scotland),  and  is  introduced  by  sir  W. 
Scott  in  The  Talisman  (1825). 

Edmund,  natural  son  of  the  earl 
of  Gloucester.  Both  Goneril  and  Regan 
(daughters  of  king  Lear)  were  in  love 
with  him.  Regan,  on  the  death  of  her 
husband,  designed  to  marry  Edmund, 
but  Goneril,  out  of  jealousy,  poisoned  her 
sister  Regan. — Shakespeare:  King  Lear 
(1605). 

Edo'nian  Band  [The),  the  priest- 
esses and  other  ministers  of  Bacchus  ;  so 
called  from  Edo'nus,  a  mountain  of 
Thrace,  where  the  rites  of  the  wine-god 
were  celebrated. 

Accept  the  rites  your  bounty  well  may  claim, 
Nor  heed  the  scoffings  of  th  Edonian  band. 

Akenside ;  I/ymn  to  the  Naiads  (1767). 

Edric,  a  domestic  at  Hereward's 
barracks. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Count  Robert  of 
Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

EDWARD,  brother  of  Hereward  (3 
syl. )  the  Varangian  guard.  He  was  slain 
in  battle.— 5zV  W.  Scott:  Count  Robert  of 
Paris  (time,  Rufus). 


EDWARD.  3x5 

Edward  (5tV).   He  commits  a  murder, 

antl  keeps  a  narrative  of  the  transaction 

in  an  iron  chest.     Wilford,  a  young  man 

\'  lio  acts  as  his  secretary,  was  one  day 

ight   prying  into   this  chest,    and   sir 

i  ward's  first  impulse  was  to  kill  him  ; 

t   on   second   thoughts  he   swore  the 

ing  man  to  secrecy,  and  told  him  the 

ny  of  the  murder.     Wilford,  unable  to 

live    under    the    suspicious    eye    of   his 

master,  ran  away  ;  but  was  hunted  down 

by  sir  Edward,  and  accused  of  robbery. 

The  whole  transaction  now  became  pubhc, 

and   Wilford  was    acquitted. — Colman  : 

The  Iron  Chest  (1796). 

(This  drama  is  based  on  Goodwin's 
novel  of  Caleb  Williams.  "Williams" 
is  called  Wilford  in  the  drama,  and 
"  Falkland  "  sir  Edward  Mortimer.) 

Sowerby,  whose  mind  was  always  in  a  ferment,  was 
wont  to  commit  the  most  ridiculous  mistakes.  Thus 
when  "sir  Edward"  says  to  "Wilford,"  "You  may 
have  noticed  in  my  library  a  chest,"  he  transposed  the 
words  thus :  "  You  may  have  noticed  in  my  chest  a 
library,"  and  the  house  was  convulsed  with  laughter. — 
Russell  :  Representative  Actors  (appendix). 

Edward  II.,  a  tragedy  by  C.  Mar- 
lowe (1592),  imitated  by  Shakespeare  in 
his  Richard  II.  (1597).  Probably  most 
readers  would  prefer  Marlowe's  noble 
tragedy  to  Shakespeare's. 

Edward  IV.  of  England,  introduced 
by  sir  W.  Scott  in  his  novel  entitled  Anne 
of  Geier stein  (1829). 

Edward   tlie    Black    Prince,    a 

tragedy  by  W,  Shirley  (1640).  The  sub- 
ject of  this  drama  is  the  victory  of 
Poitiers. 

Yes,  Philip  lost  the  battle  \Cressy\  with  the  odds 
Of  three  to  one.    In  this  \_Poitiers\  .  .  , 
They  have  our  numbers  more  than  twelve  times  told, 
If  we  can  trust  report. 

Act  ill.  sc.  X 

Edward  Street  (Cavendish  Square, 
London)  is  so  called  from  Edward 
second  earl  of  Oxford  and  Mortimer. 
(See  Henrietta  Street.) 

Ed'widge,  wife  of  William  Tell.— 
Rossini:  Gugliehno  Tell  {iS2g). 

Edwin  "  the  minstrel,"  a  youth  living 
in  romantic  seclusion,  with  a  great  thirst 
for  knowledge.  He  lived  in  Gothic  days 
in  the  north  countrie,  and  fed  his  flocks 
on  Scotia's  mountains. 

And  yet  poor  Edwin  was  no  vulgar  boy. 
Deep  thought  oft  seemed  to  fix  his  infant  eye. 

Dainties  he  heeded  not,  nor  gaude,  nor  toy. 
Save  one  short  pipe  of  rudest  minstrelsy  ; 

Silent  when  glad,  affectionate,  yet  shy  ;  .  .  . 

And  now  he  laughed  aloud,  yet  none  know  why. 

The  neighbours  stared  and  sighed,  yet  blessed  the  lad ; 

Some  deemed  him  wondrous  wise,  and  some  believed 
him  mad. 

Beaitie  :  Tht  Minstrel,  \.  (1737). 


EFESO. 

Edwin  and  Angreli'na.  Angelina 
was  the  daughter  of  a  wealthy  lord 
"  beside  the  Tyne."  Her  hand  was 
sought  in  marriage  by  many  suitors, 
amongst  whom  was  Edwin,  "who  had 
neither  wealth  nor  power,  but  he  had 
both  wisdom  and  worth."  Angelina 
loved  him,  but  "  trified  with  him,"  and 
Edwin,  in  despair,  left  her,  and  retired 
from  the  world.  One  day,  Angelina,  in 
boy's  clothes,  asked  hospitality  at  a 
hermit's  cell ;  she  was  kindly  entertained, 
told  her  tale,  and  the  hermit  proved  to 
be  Edwin.  From  that  hour  they  never 
parted  more. — Goldsmith  :  The  Hermit. 

A  correspondent  accuses  me  of  having  taken  this 
ballad  from  The  Friar  of  Orders  Gray  ...  but  if 
there  is  any  resemblance  between  the  two,  Mr.  Percy's 
ballad  is  taken  from  mine.  I  read  my  ballad  to  Mr. 
Percy,  and  he  told  me  afterwards  that  he  had  taken  my 
plan  to  form  the  fragments  of  Shakespeare  into  a  ballad 
of  his  own. — Signed,  O.  Goldsmith  (1767). 

Two  familiar  lines  are  from  this  ballad — 

Man  wants  but  little  here  below, 
Nor  wants  that  little  long. 

Edwin  and  Emma.  Emma  was  a 
rustic  beauty  of  Stanemore,  who  loved 
Edwin  "the  pride  of  swains;"  but 
Edwin's  sister,  out  of  envy,  induced  his 
father,  "a.  sordid  man,"  to  forbid  any 
intercourse  between  Edwin  and  the 
cottage.  Edwin  pined  away,  and  being 
on  the  point  of  death,  requested  he  might 
be  allowed  to  see  Emma.  She  came  and 
said  to  him,  "My  Edwin,  live  for  me  ; " 
but  on  her  way  home  she  heard  the  death- 
bell  toll.  She  just  contrived  to  reach  her 
cottage  door,  cried  to  her  mother,  "  He's 
gone  !  "  and  fell  down  dead  at  her  feet. — 
Mallet  :  Edwin  and  Emma  (a  ballad). 

Ed'yrn,  son  of  Nudd,  He  ousted  the 
earl  of  Yn'iorfrom  his  earldom,  and  tried 
to  win  E'nid  the  earl's  daughter ;  but 
failing  in  this,  he  became  the  evil  genius 
of  the  gentle  earl.  Ultimately,  being  sent 
to  the  court  of  king  Arthur,  he  became 
quite  a  changed  man — from  a  malicious 
"sparrow-hawk"  he  was  converted  into 
a  courteous  gentleman.  —  Tennyson  : 
Idylls  of  the  King  ( ' '  Enid  "). 

Eel.  The  best  in  the  world  are  those 
of  Ancum,  a  river  in  that  division  of 
Lincolnshire  called  Lindsey  (the  highest 
part).  The  best  pike  are  from  the 
Witham,  in  the  division  of  Lincolnshire 
called  Kesteven  (in  the  west). 

As  Kesteven  doth  boast  her  Wytham,  so  have  I 
My  Ancum  .  .  .  whose  fame  as  far  doth  fly 
For  fat  and  dainty  eels,  as  her's  doth  for  her  pike. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xxv.  (1622). 


[St. ),  a  saint  honoured  in  Pisa. 
He  was  a  Roman  officer  \Ephesus\  in  the 


EGALITE. 

sen'ice  of  Diocletian,  whose  reign  was 
marked  by  a  great  persecution  of  the 
Christians.  This  Efeso  or  Ephesus  was 
appointed  to  see  the  decree  of  the  emperor 
against  the  obnoxious  sect  carried  out  in 
the  island  of  Sardinia  ;  but  being  warned 
in  a  dream  not  to  persecute  the  servants 
of  the  Lord,  both  he  and  his  friend  Potito 
embraced  Christianity,  and  received  a 
standard  from  Michael  the  archangel 
himself.  On  one  occasion,  being  taken 
captive,  St.  Efeso  was  cast  into  a  furnace 
of  fire,  but  received  no  injury  ;  whereas 
those  who  cast  him  in  were  consumed  by 
the  flames.  Ultimately,  both  Efeso  and 
Potito  suffered  martyrdom^  and  were 
buried  in  the  island  of  Sardinia.  When, 
however,  that  island  was  conquered  by 
Pisa  in  the  eleventh  century,  the  relics  of 
the  two  martyrs  were  carried  off  and 
interred  in  the  duomo  of  Pisa,  and  the 
banner  of  St.  Efeso  was  thenceforth 
adopted  as  the  national  ensign  of  Pisa. 

Egalite  {Philippe),  the  due  d'Orl^ans, 
father  of  Louis  Philippe  king  of  the 
French.  He  himself  assumed  this  ' '  title  " 
when  he  joined  the  revolutionary  party, ' 
whose  motto  was  "Liberty,  Fraternity, 
and  Egalit6 "  (born  1747,  guillotined 
1793)- 

E^erton  [Audley],  a  statesman,  the 
rival  of  Henry  1' Estrange  for  the  love  of 
Nora  AveneL — Lord  Lytton:  My  Novel 
(1853). 

Egfe'tlS  (3  syl.),  father  of  Her'mia. 
He  summoned  her  before  The'seus  (2  syl.) 
duke  of  Athens,  because  she  refused  to 
marry  Demetrius,  to  whom  he  had  pro- 
mised her  in  marriage  ;  and  he  requested 
that  she  might  either  be  compelled  to 
marry  him  or  else  be  dealt  with  "accord- 
ing to  the  law,"  i.e.  "either  to  die  the 
death,"  or  else  to  "endure  the  liver)'-  of  a 
nun,  and  live  a  barren  sister  all  her  life." 
Hermia  refused  to  submit  to  an  "  un- 
wished yoke,"  and  fled  from  Athens  with 
Lysander.  Demetrius,  seeing  that  Hermia 
disliked  him  but  that  Hel'ena  doted  on 
him,  consented  to  abandon  the  one  and 
wed  the  other.  When  Egeus  was  in- 
formed thereof,  he  withdrew  his  summons, 
and  gave  his  consent  to  the  union  of  his 
daughter  with  Lysander. — Shakespeare: 
Midsummer  Night's  Dream,  (1592). 

•."  S.  Knowles,  in  The  Wife,  makes 
the  plot  turn  on  a  similar  "law  of 
mairiage"  (1833). 

£'^1,  brother  of  Weland  ;  a  great 
archer.      One  ^ay,  king    Nidung    com- 


316 


EGYPT. 


manded  him  to  shoot  at  an  apple  placed 
on  the  head  of  his  own  son.  Egil  selected 
two  arrows,  and  being  asked  why  he 
wanted  two,  replied,  ' '  One  to  shoot  thee 
with,  O  tyrant,  if  I  fail." 

(This  is  one  of  the  many  stories  similar 
to  that  of  William  Tell,  q.v.) 

Egilo'na,  the  wife  of  Roderick  last  of 
the  Gothic  kings  of  Spain,  She  was  very 
beautiful,  but  cold-hearted,  vain,  and 
fond  of  pomp.  After  the  fall  of  Roderick 
Egilona  married  Abdal-Aziz,  the  Moorish 
governor  of  Spain ;  and  when  Abdal- 
Aziz  was  killed  by  the  Moorish  rebels, 
Egilona  fell  also. 

The  popular  rags 
Feil  on  them  both  ;  and  they  to  whom  her  name 
Had  been  a  mark  for  mockery  and  re|)roach, 
Shuddered  with  human  horror  at  her  fate. 

Southey:  Roderick,  etc.,  xxii.  (1814). 

Egf'la,  a  female  Moor,  servant  to 
Amaranta  (wife  of  Bar'tolus,  the  covetous 
lawyer). — Fletcher:  The  Spanish  Curate 
(1622).     Beaumont  died  1616. 

Eglamour  [Sir)  or  sir  Eglamore 
of  Artoys,  a  knight  of  Arthurian  romance. 
Sir  Eglamour  and  sir  Pleindamour  have 
no  French  original,  although  the  names 
themselves  are  French. 

Egf'lamonr,    the    person  who    aids 

Silvia,   daughter  of  the  duke  of  Milan, 

in  her  escape. — Shakespeare :  Tlie  Two 
Gentlemen  of  Verona  (1594). 

Eg'lantine  (3  syl.),  daughter  of  king 
Pepin,  and  bride  of  her  cousin  Valentine 
(brother  of  Orson).  She  soon  died. — 
Valentine  and  Orson  (fifteenth  century). 

Eglantine  [Madame),  the  prioress  ; 
good-natured,  wholly  ignorant  of  the 
world,  vain  of  her  delicacy  of  manner  at 
table,  and  fond  of  lap-dogs.  Her  dainty 
oath  was  "By  Seint  Eloy !  "  She  "en- 
tuned  the  service  swetely  in  her  nose," 
and  spoke  French  "after  the  scole  of 
Stratford-atte-Bowe. "  —  Chaucer  :  Caji- 
terbury  Tales  (1388). 

Egfypt.  The  head-gear  of  the  king 
of  Upper  Egypt  was  a  high  conical  white 
cap,  terminating  in  a  knob  at  the  top. 
That  of  the  king  of  Lower  Egypt  was 
red.  If  a  king  ruled  over  both  countries, 
he  wore  both  caps,  but  that  of  Lower 
Egypt  was  placed  outside.  This  com- 
posite head-dress  was  called  the  pschent. 

Egypt,  in  Dryden's  satire  of  Absalom 
and  Achitophel,  means  France. 

Proud  Egypt  would  dissembling  friendship  bring, 
Foment  the  war,  but  not  support  the  king. 

Part  i.  lines  285,  286  (16S1). 


EGYPTIAN  DISPOSITION.         317 


ELAINE. 


^Bgryptian  Disposition  {An),  a 
thievish  propensity,  "gipsy"  being  a 
contracted  form  of  Egyptian. 

I  no  sooner  saw  it  was  money  .  .  .  than  my  Eeyptian 
disposition  prevailed,  and  I  was  seized  with  a  desire  of 
stealing  \t.—Lesaee  :  Gil  Bias,  x.  lo  (1735). 

Egyptian  Thief  [The),  Thyamis,  a 
native  of  Memphis.  Knowing  he  must 
die,  he  slew  Chariclea,  the  woman  he 
loved. 

Why  should  I  not,  had  I  the  heart  to  do  it, 
Like  to  th'  Egyptian  thief  at  point  of  death. 
Kill  what  Hove? 
Shakespeare  :  Tweiyth  Night,  act  t.  sc.  i  (i6m). 

Eighth  Wonder  [The).  When  Gil 
Bias  reached  Pennaflor,  a  parasite  entered 
his  room  in  the  inn,  hugged  him  with 
great  energy,  and  called  him  "  the  eighth 
wonder."  When  Gil  Bias  replied  that  he 
did  not  know  his  name  had  spread  so  far, 
the  parasite  exclaimed,  "  How  1  we  keep 
a  register  of  all  the  celebrated  names 
within  twenty  leagues,  and  have  no  doubt 
Spain  will  one  day  be  as  proud  of  you  as 
Greece  was  of  the  seven  sages."  After 
this,  Gil  Bias  could  do  no  less  than  ask 
the  man  to  sup  with  him.  Omelet  after 
omelet  was  despatched,  trout  was  called 
for,  bottle  followed  bottle,  and  when  the 
parasite  was  gorged  to  satiety,  he  rose 
and  said,  "  Signor  Gil  Bias,  don't  believe 
yourself  to  be  the  eighth  wonder  of  the 
world  because  a  hungry  man  would  feast 
by  flattering  your  vanity."  So  saying, 
he  stalked  away  with  a  laugh. — Lesage: 
Gil  Bias,  i.  2(1715). 

(This  incident  is  copied  from  Aleman's 
romance  of  Guzman  d Alfarache,  q.v.) 

Eikon  Basil'ike  (4  syl),  the  por- 
traiture of  a  king  {i.e.  Charles  I.),  once 
attributed  to  king  Charles  himself;  but 
now  admitted  to  be  the  production  of  Dr. 
John  Gauden,  who  (aficr  the  restoration) 
was  first  created  bishop  of  Exeter,  and 
then  of  Worcester  (1605-1662). 

In  the  Eikon  Basilik^a.  strain  of  majestic  melancholy 
Is  kept  up,  but  the  personated  sovereign  is  rather  too 
theatrical  for  real  nature,  the  language  is  too  rhetorical 
and  amplified,  the  periods  too  artificially  elaborated.— 
Hallam :  Literature  of  Europe,  iii.  662. 

(Milton  wrote  his  Eikonoclastis  in 
answer  to  Dr.  Gauden's  Eikon  BasilikS. ) 

Einer'iar,  the  hall  of  Odin,  and 
asylum  of  warriors  slain  in  battle.  It 
had  540  gates,  each  sufficiently  wide  to 
admit  eight  men  abreast  to  pass  through. 
— Scandinavian  Mythology. 

Einion  {Father),  chaplain  to  Gwen- 
wyn  prince  of  Powys-land. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  The  Betrothed  (time,  Henry  II.). 

EiviTj  a  Danish  maid,  who  assumes 


boy's  clothing,  and  waits  on  Harold  "tho 
Dauntless,"  as  his  page.  Subsequently, 
her  sex  is  discovered,  and  Harold  marries 
her.— 5?>  W.  Scott:  Harold  tlu  Daunt- 
less (1817). 

Elain,  sister  of  king  Arthur  by  the 
same  mother.  She  married  sir  Nentres 
of  Carlot,  and  was  by  king  Arthur  the 
mother  of  Mordred.  (See  Elein,  p.  318. ) 
— Sir  T.  Malory:  Histoty  of  Prince 
Arthur,  i.  (1470). 

N.  B. — In  some  of  the  romances  there  is 
great  confusion  between  Elain  (the  sister) 
and  Morgause  (the  half-sister)  of  Arthur. 
Both  are  called  the  mother  of  Mordred, 
and  both  are  also  called  the  wife  of  Lot. 
This,  however,  is  a  mistake.  Elain  was 
the  wife  of  sir  Nentres,  and  Morgause  of 
Lot  ;  and  if  Gawain,  Agrawain,  Gareth, 
and  Gaheris  were  [half-]brothers  of  Mor- 
dred, as  we  are  told  over  and  over  again, 
then  Morgause  and  not  Elain  was  his 
mother.  Tennyson  makes  Bellicent  the 
wife  of  Lot,  but  this  is  not  in  accordance 
with  any  of  the  legends  collected  by  sir 
T.  Malory. 

Elaine  {Dame),  daughter  of  king 
Pelles  (2  syl.)  "of  the  foragn  country," 
and  the  unwedded  mother  of  sir  Galahad 
by  sir  Launcelot  du  Lac— -Sir  T.  Malory  : 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,  iii.  2  (1470). 

Elaine,  daughter  of  king  Brandeg'oris, 
by  whom  sir  Bors  de  Ganis  had  a  child. 

For  all  women  was  sir  Bors  a  virgin,  save  for  one,  tha 
daughter  of  king  Brandegoris,  on  whom  he  had  a  child, 
hight  Elaine  ;  save  for  her,  sir  Bors  was  a  clean  maid. 
—Sir  T.  Malory:  History  of  Prince  A  rthur,  iii.  4  (1470). 

*.•  It  is  by  no  means  clear  from  the 
history  whether  Elaine  was  the  daughter 
of  king  Brandegoris,  or  the  daughter  of 
sir  Bors  and  granddaughter  of  king 
Brandegoris. 

Elaine'  (2  syl.),  the  strong  contrast  of 
Guinevere.  Guinevere's  love  for  Launce- 
lot was  gross  and  sensual,  Elaine's  was 
platonic  and  pure  as  that  of  a  child  ;  but 
both  were  masterful  in  their  strength. 
Elaine  is  called  "the  lily  maid  of  As'- 
tolat"  {Guildford),  and  knowing  that 
Launcelot  was  pledged  to  celibacy,  she 
pined  and  died.  According  to  her  dying 
request,  her  dead  body  was  placed  on  a 
bed  in  a  barge,  and  was  thus  conveyed 
by  a  dumb  servitor  to  the  palace  of  king 
Arthur.  A  letter  was  handed  to  the  king, 
telling  the  tale  of  Elaine's  love,  and  he 
ordered  her  story  to  be  blazoned  on  her 
tomb. — Sir  T.  Malory  :  Histoty  of  Prince 
Arthur,  iii.  123  (1470). 

(Oneof  Tennysoa'*/<(y//jis  "  Elaine.") 


ELAMITES. 


318    ELEVEN  THOUSAND  VIRGINS. 


Eramites  {3  syl.),  Persians.  So 
called  from  Elam,  son  of  Shem. — Ads 
ii.  9. 

Elljerich,  the  most  famous  dwarf  of 
German  romance, — Tke  Heldenbuch. 

Elliow,  a  well-meaning  but  loutish 
constable. — Shakespeare:  Measure  for 
Measure  (1603). 

Elden  Hole,  in  Derbyshire  Peak,  said 
to  be  fathomless. 

Elder  Brother  [The),  a  comedy  by 
John  Fletcher  ( 1637).  Charles  is  supposed 
to  be  wholly  absorbed  in  books,  but,  at 
the  first  sight  of  Angelina,  falls  over  head 
and  ears  in  love. 

Elder  Tree  ( The).  There  are  several 
legends  connected  with  this  tree  :  (i)  It  is 
said  that  the  cross  was  made  of  elder 
wood ;  (2)  it  is  also  said  that  Judas 
hanged  himself  on  this  tree.  The  two 
legends  are  closely  linked  together.  If 
Judas  hanged  himself  on  an  elder  tree,  no 
doubt  the  cross  was  the  remote  cause  of 
his  death.  So,  again,  if  the  cross  was  of 
elder  wood,  it  certainly  brought  about  the 
death  of  Judas.  Thus  the  accursed  tree 
of  Jesus  was  in  reality  the  accursed  tree 
of  the  traitor  also. 

•.•  Shakespeare,  in  Love's  Labour's 
Lost,  says,  "Judas  was  hanged  on  an 
elder." 

Probably  both  are  poetic  symbols.  Elder  may  be 
called  the  heartless  wood.  It  was  a  heartless  deed  to 
crucify  Jesus.  And  Judas  was  a  heartless  man  to  betray 
so  good  a  Master. 

El  Dora' do,  the  "golden  city."  So 
the  Spaniards  called  Man'hoa  of  Guia'na. 
(See  Dorado,  El,  p.  293. ) 

Guiana,  whose  great  city  Geryon's  sons 
Call  "El  Dorado." 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  xi.  411  (1665). 

Ereanor,  queen-consort  of  Henry  II., 
alluded  to  by  the  presbyterian  minister  in 
Woodstock,  X.  (1826). 

"  Believe  me,  young  man,  thy  servant  was  more  likely 
to  see  visions  than  to  dream  idle  dreams  in  that  apart- 
ment ;  for  I  have  always  heard  that  next  to  Rosamond's 
Bower,  in  which  .  .  .  she  played  the  wanton,  and  was 
afterwards  poisoned  by  queen  Eleanor,  Victor  Lee's 
chamber  was  the  place  .  .  .  peculiarly  the  haunt  of  evil 
spirits." — Sir  IV.  Scott:  Woodstock  (time,  Common- 
wealth). 

Eleanor  Crosses,  twelve  or  four- 
teen crosses  erected  by  Edward  I.  in  the 
various  towns  where  the  body  of  his  queen 
rested,  when  it  was  conveyed  from  Her- 
delie,  near  Lincoln,  to  Westminster.  The 
three  that  still  remain  are  Geddlngton, 
Northampton,  and  Waltham. 

(In  front  of  the  South- Eastern  Railway 
station,  Strand,  London,  is  a  model  of 
the  Charing  Cross,  of  the  original  dimen- 
sions. ) 


•.•  There  is  a  tradition  that  Eleanor 
sucked  the  poison  of  a  poisoned  arrow 
from  a  wound  of  Edward  I. 

Eleazar  the  Moor,  insolent,  blood- 
thirsty, lustful,  and  vindictive. — Marloioe: 
Lust's  Do?ninion,  or  The  Lascivious  Queen 
(1588). 

Eleazar,  a  famous  mathematician, 
who  cast  out  devils  by  tying  to  the  nose  of 
the  possessed  a  mystical  ring,  which  the 
demon  no  sooner  smelled  than  he  aban- 
doned the  victim.  He  performed  before 
the  emperor  Vespasian  ;  and  to  prove  that 
something  came  out  of  the  possessed,  he 
commanded  the  demon  in  making  off  to 
upset  a  pitcher  of  water,  which  it  did. 

I  imagine  if  Eleazar's  ring  had  been  put  under  their 
noses,  we  should  have  seen  devils  issue  with  their 
breath,  so  loud  were  these  disputants. — Lesag-e:  Gil 
Bias,  V.  12  (1724). 

Elector  (The  Great).  Frederick  Wil- 
liam of  Brandenburg  (1620-1688). 

Elegfy  to  an  Unfortunate  Lady, 

by  Pope.  The  lady  was  Elizabeth,  eldest 
daughter  of  Joseph  Gage,  and  wife  of  John 
Weston  of  Sutton.  They  were  separated ; 
and  Pope's  interest  in  the  lady  gave  birth 
to  considerable  scandal. 

Ele^  written  in  a  Country 
Church  Yard,  by  Gray  (1750).  The 
"  Church  yard  "  was  that  of  Stoke  Pogis, 
near  Eton. 

(Many  English  poets  have  written 
elegies  :  as  Michael  Bruce  (1770) ;  Dray- 
ton (1593) ;  John  Scot  (1782) ;  Shenstone 
(1743-1746);  and  others.) 

Eleiu,  wife  of  king  Ban  of  Benwick 
[Brittany)^  and  mother  of  sir  Launcelot 
and  sir  Lionell.  (See  Elain,  p.  317.)— 
Sir  T.  Malory:  History  of  Prince 
Arthur,  i.  60  (1470). 

Elephant  in  the  Moon  (The),  by 
S.  Butler  (1654),  a  satire  in  verse  on  the 
Royal  Society.  It  supposes  that  an  insect 
crawling  over  the  object-glass  of  a  tele- 
scope was  mistaken  by  the  telescopist  for 
an  elephant  in  the  moon. 

Eleven  Thousand  Virgfins  [The), 
the  virgins  who  followed  St.  Ur'sula  in 
her  flight  towards  Rome.  They  were  all 
massacred  at  Cologne  by  a  party  of  Huns, 
and  even  to  the  present  hour  ' '  their 
bones  "  are  exhibited  to  visitors  through 
windows  in  the  wall. 

A  calendar  in  the  Freisingen  codex 
notices  them  as  "SS.  M.  XI.  VIR- 
GINUM,"  that  is,  eleven  virgin  mar- 
tyrs ;  but  "M"  (martyrs)  being  taken 
for  1000,  we  get  11,000.    It  is  furthermore 


ELFENREIGEN. 


319  ELIJAH  FED  BY  RAVENS. 


remarkable  that  the  number  of  names 
known  of  these  virgins  is  eleven  :  (i) 
Ursula,  (2)  Sencia,  (3)  Gregoria,  (4)  Pin- 
Mosa,  (s)  Martha.  (6)  Saula,  (7)  Brittola, 
)  Saturnina,  (9)  Rabacia  or  Sabatia,  (10) 
.  iiuria  or  Satmnia.  and  (11)  Palladia. 

Elfenreigren  \el.f'n-ri'gn\  (4  syl. )  or 
Alplcich,  that  weird  music  with  which  Bun- 
•  ig,  the  pied  piper  of  Hamelin,  led  forth 
l;  rats  into  the  river  Weser,  and  the  chil- 
:  en  into  a  cave  in  the  mountain  Koppen- 
berg.  The  song  of  the  sirens  is  so  called. 
(Reigen,  a  dance  and  the  music  thereof.) 

Ifl'feta,  wife  of  Cambuscan'  king  of 
Tartary. 

El'flida  or  iETHELFLiEDA,  daughter 
of  king  Alfred,  and  wife  of  i9£thelred 
chief  of  that  part  of  Mercia  not  claimed 
by  the  Danes.  She  was  a  woman  of 
enormous  energy  and  masculine  mind. 
At  the  death  of  her  husband.  Elflida 
ruled  over  Mercia,  and  proceeded  to 
fortify  Bridgenortli,  Tamworth,  War- 
wick, Hertford,  Witham,  and  other  cities. 
Then,  attacking  the  Danes,  she  drove 
them  from  place  to  place,  and  kept  them 
from  molesting  her. 

When  Elflida  up-f  rew  .  .  . 
The  puissant  Danish  powers  victoriously  pursued, 
And  resolutely  here  thro'  their  thick  squadrons  hewed 
Her  way  into  the  north. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xii.  (1613). 

Elf  thrjrtlx  or  .Hllf 'thryth,  daugh- 
ter of  Ordgar,  noted  for  her  great  beauty. 
King  Edgar  sent  ^thelwald,  his  friend, 
to  ascertain  if  she  were  really  as  beautiful 
as  report  made  her  out  to  be.  When 
.^thelwald  saw  her  he  fell  in  love  with 
her,  and  then,  returning  to  the  king,  said 
she  was  not  handsome  enough  for  the 
king,  but  was  rich  enough  to  make  a 
very  eligible  wife  for  himself.  The  king 
assented  to  the  match,  and  became  god- 
father to  the  first  child,  who  was  called 
Edgar.  One  day  the  king  told  his  friend 
he  intended  to  pay  him  a  visit,  and.^thel- 
wald  revealed  to  his  wife  the  story  of  his 
deceit,  imploring  her  at  the  same  time  to 
conceal  her  beauty.  But  Elfthryth,  ex- 
tremely indignant,  did  all  she  could  to 
set  forth  her  charms.  The  king  fell  in 
love  with  her,  slew  iEthelwald,  and  mar- 
ried the  widow. 

IT  A  shnilar  story  is  told  by  Herodotus 
— Prexaspes  being  the  lady's  name,  and 
Kambysfis  the  king's. 

Elgin  Marbles,  certain  statues  and 
bas-reliefs  collected  by  lord  Elgin,  and 
purchased  of  him  by  the  British  Govern- 


ment for  ;£"35,ooo,  to  be  placed  in  the 
British  Museum.  Chiefly  fragments  of 
the  Parthenon  of  Athens. 

El'gitlia,  a  female  attendant  at 
Roiherwood  on  the  lady  Rowe'na. — Sir 
IV.  Scott:  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

E'lia,  the  assumed  name  of  Charles 
Lamb,  author  of  the  Essays  of  Elia, 
contributed  to  the  London  Magazine 
between  1820  and  1825. 

Eli'ab,  in  the  satire  of  Absalom  and 
Achitophel,  by  Dryden  and  Tate,  is  Henry 
Bennet,  earl  of  Arlington.  As  Eliab  be- 
friended David  (i  Chron.  xii.  9),  so  the 
earl  befriended  Charles  H. 

Hard  the  task  to  do  Eliab  ri^ht : 
Long  with  the  royal  wanderer  he  roved. 
And  firm  in  all  the  turns  of  fortune  proved. 
Absalovi  and  Achitophel,  ii.  986-988  (1682). 

Eliakim,  in  Pordage's  satire  of 
Azaj'iah  and  Hushai,  was  intended  for 
James  duke  of  York  (James  II.). 

Elian  God  [The],  Bacchus.  An 
error  for  'Eleuan,  i.e.  "the  god  Elgleus" 
(3  syL).  Bacchus  was  called  El'eleus 
from  the  Bacchic  cry,  tleleu  I 

As  when  with  crowned  cups  unto  the  Elian  god 
Those  priests  high  orgies  held. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  vi.  (1612). 

El'idure  (3  syl.),  surnamed  "the 
Pious,"  brother  of  Gorbonian,  and  one  of 
the  five  sons  of  Morvi'dus  [q.v.).  He 
resigned  the  crown  to  his  brother  Arth- 
gallo,  who  had  been  deposed.  Ten  years 
afterwards,  Arthgallo  died,  and  Elidure 
was  again  advanced  to  the  throne,  but 
was  deposed  and  imprisoned  by  his  two 
younger  brothers.  At  the  death  of  these 
two  brothers,  Elidure  was  taken  from 
prison,  and  mounted  the  British  throne 
for  the  third  time. — Geoffrey:  British 
History,  iii.  17,  18  (1470). 

Then  Elidure  again,  crowned  with  applausive  praise, 
As  he  a  brother  raised,  by  brothers  was  deposed 
And  put  into  the  Tower  .  .  .  but,  the  usurpers  dead. 
Thrice  was  the  British  crown  set  on  liis  reverend  head. 
Drayton:  Polyolbion,  viii.  (1612). 

(Wordsworth  has  a  poem  on  thii 
subject.)  * 

Elijah  fed  by  Ravens.     While 

Elijah  was  at  the  brook  Cherith,  in  con- 
cealment, ravens  brought  him  food  every 
morning  and  evening. — i  Kings  xvii.  6. 

1"  A  strange  parallel  is  recorded  of 
Wyatt,  in  the  reign  of  queen  Mary.  The 
queen  cast  him  into  prison,  and  when  he 
was  nearly  starved  to  death,  a  cat  ap- 
peared at  the  window-grating,  and  dropped 
into  his  hand  a  pigeon,  which  the  warder 
cooked  for  him.    This  was  repeated  daily. 

In  the  Dictionary  of  Miraclti  are  numerous 
parallels. 


ELIM. 

E'lim,  the  guardian  angel  of  Lebbgus 
(3  syl. )  the  apostle.  Lebbeus,  the  softest 
and  most  tender  of  the  twelve,  at  the 
death  of  Jesus  ' '  sank  under  the  burden 
of  his  ^\Q.i:'~Klopstock:  The  Messiah, 
iii.  (i74»). 

El'lon,  consort  of  Beruth,  and  father 
of  Ghe. — SanchOniathon. 

Ziliot  ( George) ,  a  name  assumed  by  Ma- 
rian Evans,  afterwards  Mrs.  J.  W.  Cross, 
author  of  Adam  Bede  {1858),  The  Mill  on 
the  Floss  (i860),  Silas  Marner  (1861), 
Romola  (1863),  Middleniarch  (1872),  etc.. 

Elisa,  often  written  Eliza  in  English, 
Dido  queen  of  Carthage. 

•  .  .  nee  me  meminisse  pigebit  Elisae, 
Dura  memoir  ipse  mei,  duiii  spiritus  hos  reget  artus. 
Virgil :  j^neid,  iv.  335,  336. 
So  to  Eliza  dawned  that  cruel  day 
Which  tore  ^neas  from  her  sight  away, 
That  saw  him  parting,  never  to  return. 
Herself  in  funeral  flames  decreed  to  burn. 

Falconer:  The  Shipwreck,  iii.  4  (1756). 

Elis'abat,  a  famous  surgeon,  who 
attended  queen  Madasi'ma  in  all  her 
solitary  wanderings,  and  was  her  sole 
companion.— ^warfw  of  Gaul  (fifteenth 
century), 

Elisabeth    on    Les    Exiles    de 

Siberie,  a  tale  by  S.  R.  dame  Cottin 
(1773-1807).  The  family  being  exiled 
for  some  political  offence,  Elizabeth 
walked  all  the  way  from  Siberia  to 
Russia,  to  crave  pardon  of  the  czar.  She 
obtained  her  prayer  and  the  family 
returned.     (See  Deans,  Effie,  p.  266.) 

Elise  {2  syl.),  the  motherless  child  of 
Harpagon  the  miser.  She  was  affianced 
to  Valere,  by  whom  she  had  been 
"rescued  from  the  waves."  Valere  turns 
out  to  be  the  son  of  don  Thomas  d'Alburci, 
a  wealthy  nobleman  of  Naples. — Moliire: 
L'Avare  (1667). 

Elis'sa,  step-sister  of  Medi'na  and 
Perissa.  They  could  never  agree  upon 
any  subject. — Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  ii. 
2  (1590)- 

"  Medina  "  [the golden  mean),  "  Elissa  " 
and  "  Perissa  "  {lite  two  extremes). 

Elixir  Vitae,  a  drug  which  it  was 
once  thought  would  ensure  perpetual  life 
and  health. 

He  that  has  once  the  "  Flower  of  the  Sun. " 

The  perfect  Ruby  which  we  call  elixir, 

...  by  its  virtue 

Can  confer  honour,  love,  respect,  long  life, 

Give  safety,  valour,  yea  and  victorj'. 

To  whom  he  will.     In  eight  and  twenty  days 

He'll  make  an  old  man  of  fourscore  a  child.' 

Ben  Jonson  :  The  Alchemist,  ii.  (1610J. 

Eliza  {Letters  to),  ten  letters  addressed 


320  ELMO. 

to  Mrs.   Draper,  wife  of  a  counsellor  of 
Bombay,  and  pubhshed  1775. 

Elizabeth  {The  queen),  haughty,  im- 
perious, but  devoted  to  her  people.  She 
loved  the  earl  of  Essex,  and,  when  she 
heard  that  he  was  married  to  the  countess 
of  Rutland,  exclaimed  that  she  never 
"  knew  sorrow  before."  The  queen  gave 
Essex  a  ring  after  his  rebellion,  saying, 
"Here,  from  my  finger  take  this  ring,  a 
pledge  of  mercy ;  and  whensoever  you 
send  it  back,  I  swear  that  I  will  grant 
whatever  boon  you  ask."  After  his  con- 
demnation, Essex  sent  the  ring  to  the 
queen  by  the  countess  of  Nottingham, 
craving  that  her  most  gracious  majesty 
would  spare  the  life  of  lord  Southampton  ; 
but  the  countess,  from  jealousy,  did  not 
give  it  to  the  queen.  However,  the  queen 
sent  a  reprieve  for  Essex,  but  Burleigh 
took  care  that  it  came  too  late,  and  the 
earl  Ivas  beheaded  as  a  traitor. — H.  Jones  : 
The  Earl  of  Essex  (1745). 

Elizabeth  {Queen),  introduced  by  sir 
W.  Scott  in  his  novel  called  Kenilworth. 

Elizabeth  of  Hungary  {St.), 
patron  saint  of  queens,  being  herself  a 
queen.     Her  day  is  July  9  (1207-1231). 

(C.  Kingsley  wrote  a  dramatic  poem 
on  Elizabeth  of  Hungary,  called  The 
Saint's  Tragedy  (1846).) 

Ella,  in  Cliaucer's  Man  of  Law's  Tale, 
was  a  king  of  Northumberland,  who 
married  Cunstance  or  Custance  {q.v.,  p, 
252). — Canterbury  Tales  (1383). 

Ellen  {Burd),  a  ballad  which  tells  bow 
Burd  Ellen  followed  her  lord  as  his  page, 
and  gave  birth  to  a  son  in  a  stable. — 
Percy  :  Reliques  ('*  Childe  Waters,"  series 
iii.). 

(The  ballad  is  called  Lady  Margaret 
by  Kinloch,  and  Burd  Ellen  by  Jamieson. ) 

EUesmere  {Mistress),  the  head 
domestic  of  lady  Peveril. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  H.). 

Elliot  {Hobbie,  i.e.  Halbert),  fanner  at 
the  Heugh-foot.  His  bride-elect  is  Grace 
Armstrong. 

Mrs.  Elliot,  Hobbie's  grandmother. 

John  and  Harry,  Hobbie's  brothers. 

Lilias,  Jean,  and  Arnot,  Hobbie's 
sisters.— 5?>  W.Scott:  The  Black  Dwarf 
(time,  Anne). 

Elmo  {St.).  The  fire  of  St.  Elmo 
{Feu  de  Saint  Ebne),  a  corposant.  If 
only  one  appears  on  a  ship-mast,  foul 
weather  is  at  hand  ;  but  if  two  or  more, 


ELOA. 


k 

^■hey  indicate  that  stormy  weather  is  about 

^B  cease.     By  the  Itahans  those  corpo- 

^||bits  are  called  the  "fires  of  St.   Peter 

WidSt.  Nicholas."  In  Latin  the  single  fire 

is  called  "Helen,"  but  the  two  "Castor 

and  Pollux"     Horace  says  (i  Odss,  xii. 

Quorum  slmul  alba  nautis  Stella  refuWt, 
Defluit  saxis  agitatus  liumor, 
Concidunt  Ycnti,  fugiuntque  nubes,  rtc. 

But   Longfellow  makes  the   sfella  indi- 
cative of  foul  weather — 

Last  night  I  saw  St.  Elmo's  stars. 
With  their  glimmering  lanterns  all  at  play  .  .  . 
And  1  knew  we  should  haye  foul  weather  to-day. 
L»n£/eUaw:  The  Goiden  Legend. 

N.B.— St.  Adelelm,  also  called  St. 
Elesmo^r  Elmo,  bishop  of  Burgos  (iioo, 
etcv),  started  one  dark  and  stormy  night 
on  a  visit  to  Ranes  bishop  of  Auvergne. 
In  order  to  see  his  way,  he  lighted  a 
candle,  which  he  gave  to  a  companion  to 
carry,  and  bade  him  go  first.  The  candle 
was  not  enclosed  in  a  lantern,  nor  was 
it  in  any  wise  protected  from  the  storm, 
but  it  burnt  brightly  and  steadily.  From 
this  "miracle"  corposants  were  called 
"St.  Elmo  lights."— Bollandisies :  Vita 
Sanctorum  (January  30). 

Elo'a,  the  first  of  seraphs.  His  name 
with  God  is  "The  Chosen  One,"  but  the 
angels  call  him  Eloa.  Eloa  and  Gabriel 
were  angel-friends. 

Eloa,  fairest  spirit  of  heaven.  His  thoughts  are  past 
understanding  to  the  mind  of  man.  His  loolcs  more 
lovely  than  the  day-spring,  more  beaming  than  the  stars 
of  heaven  when  they  first  flew  into  being  at  the  voice 
of  the  CrcaXoT. — Klojittock  :  The  Messiah,  i.  (1748). 

Eloi  [St.),  that  is,  St.  Louis.  The 
kings  of  France  were  called  Loys  up  to 
the  time  of  IvOuis  XIII.  Probably  the 
"dehcate  oath"  of  Chaucer's  prioress, 
who  was  a  French  scholar  "after  the 
scole  of  Stratford-atte-Bowe,"  was  St. 
Loy,  i.e.  St.  Louis,  and  not  St  Eloi  the 
patron  saint  of  smiths  and  artists.  St. 
Eloi  was  bishop  of  Noyon  in  the  reign  of 
Dagobert,  and  a  noted  craftsman  in  gold 
and  silver. 

Ther  was  also  a  nonne,  a  prioresse, 

That  of  hire  smiling  was  full  simp'  and  coy, 

Hire  greatest  othe  n'as  but  by  Seint  Eloy  I 

Chaucer  :  Canterbury  Tales  (1388). 

*.•  "Seint  Eloy,"  query  "Seinte  Loy"? 

Eloi'sa  (4^^)  to  Abelard  {Epistle 
from),  by  Pope  (1717).  Eloisa  was  a  pupil 
of  Abelard,  and  bore  him  a  child ;  but 
she  refused  to  marry  him,  lest  it  should 
injure  his  prospects  in  the  Church. 

El'ops.  There  was  a  fish  so  called,  but 
Milton  uses  the  word  {Paradise  Lost,  x. 
525)   for    the  dumb  serpent  or  serpent 


321  ELSIE. 

which  gives  no  warning  of  its  approach 
by  hissing  or  otherwise.  (Greek,  ellops, 
"  mute  or  dumb.") 

Eloquence  ( The  Four  Monarchs  of) ' 
(i)  Demosthenes,  the  Greek  orator  (B.C. 
85-322) ;  (2)  Cicero,  the  Roman  orator 
B.C.  106-43)  I  {3)  Sadi,  the  Persian 
1 184-1263);  (4)  Zoroaster  (b.c.  589- 
5^3)- 

Eloquent  ( That  Old  Man),  Isoc'ratfes, 
the  Greek  orator.  When  he  heard  that 
the  battle  of  Chaerone'a  was  lost,  and  that 
Greece  was  no  longer  free,  he  died  of 
grief. 

That  dishonest  victory 
At  Chseronea,  fatal  to  liberty. 
Killed  with  report  that  Old  Man  Eloquent. 

Miiion  :  Sonnet,  ix. 

(This  victory  was  gained  by  Philip  of 
MacSdon.  Called  "  dishonest "  because 
bribery  and  corruption  were  employed.) 

Eloquent  Doctor  {The),  Peter 
AureSlus,  archbishop  of  Aix  (fourteenth 
century). 

Elpi'nus,  Hope  personified.  He  was 
"clad  in  sky-like  blue,"  and  the  motto 
of  his  shield  was  "  I  hold  by  being  held." 
He  went  attended  by  PoUic'ita  {promise). 
Fully  described  in  canto  ix.  (Greek,  elpis, 
"  hoY)&.")—Phineas  Fletcher  :  The  Purple 
Island  (1633). 

Elsliender  tlie  Recluse,  called 
"The  Canny  Elshie "  or  "The  Wise 
Wight  of  Mucklestane  Moor."  This  is 
"  the  black  dwarf,"  or  sir  Edward 
Mauley,  the  hero  of  the  novel. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  The  Black  Dwarf  (1816;  time, 
Anne). 

Elsie,  the  daughter  of  Gottlieb,  a 
cottage  farmer  of  Bavaria.  Prince  Henry 
of  Hoheneck,  being  struck  with  leprosy, 
was  told  he  would  never  be  cured  till  a 
maiden  chaste  and  spotless  offered  to 
give  her  life  in  sacrifice  for  him.  Elsie 
volunteered  to  die  for  the  prince,  and  he 
accompanied  her  to  Salerno;  but  either 
the  exercise,  the  excitement,  or  some 
charm,  no  matter  what,  had  quite  cured 
the  prince,  and  when  he  entered  the 
cathedral  with  Elsie,  it  was  to  make  her 
lady  Alicia,  his  bride. — Hartmann  von 
der  Aue:  Poor  Henry  (twelfth  century); 
Longfellow  :  Golden  Legend. 

IT  Alcestis,  daughter  of  Pelias  and 
wife  of  Admetos,  died  instead  of  her 
husband,  but  was  brought  back  by  Her- 
cules from  the  shades  below,  and  restored 
to  Admetos. 

M 


ELSPETH. 


322 


EMERALD  ISLE. 


EUspeth  [Auld),  the  old  servant  of 
Dandie  Dinniont  the  store-farmer  at 
Charlie's  Hope. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  Guy 
Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Elspetli  {01^  of  the  Craigburnfoot, 
the  mother  of  Saunders  Mucklebacket 
(the  old  fisherman  at  Musselcrag),  and 
formerly  servant  to  the  countess  of 
Glenallan. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  The  Antiquary 
(time,  George  III.). 

Elvi'no,  a  w^ealtliy  farmer,  in  love 
with  Ami'na  the  somnambulist.  (For  the 
tale,  see  Sonnambula.) — Bellini:  La 
Sonnambula  (an  opera,  1831). 

ELVI'RA,  sister  of  don  Duart,  and 
niece  of  the  governor  of  Lisbon.  She 
marries  Clodio,  the  coxcomb  son  of  don 
Antonio. — Cibber  :  Love  Makes  a  Man. 

Elvi'ra,  the  young  wife  of  Gomez,  a 
rich  old  banker.  She  carries  on  a  liaison 
with  colonel  Lorenzo,  by  the  aid  of  her 
father-confessor  Dominick,  but  is  always 
checkmated  ;  and  it  turns  out  that  Lo- 
renzo is  her  brother.  —  Dryden  :  The 
Spanish  Fryar  (1680). 

£lvi'ra,  a  noble  lady,  who  gives  up 
everything  to  become  the  mistress  of 
Pizarro.  She  tries  to  soften  his  rude  and 
cruel  nature,  and  to  lead  him  into  more 
generous  ways.  Her  love  being  changed 
to  hate,  she  engages  Rolla  to  slay  Pizarro 
in  his  tent ;  but  the  noble  Peruvian  spares 
his  enemy,  and  makes  him  a  friend. 
Ultimately,  Pizarro  is  slain  in  a  fight  with 
Alonzo,  and  Elvira  retires  to  a  convent. — 
Sheridan:  Pizarro  (altered  from  Kotze- 
bue,  1799). 

Elvi'ra  {Donna),  a  lady  deceived  by 
don  Giovanni,  who  basely  deluded  her 
into  an  amour  with  his  valet  Leporello. — 
Mozart's  opera,  Don  Giovanni  (1787). 

Elvi'ra  "  the  puritan,"  daughter  of 
lord  Walton,  betrothed  to  Arturo  [lord 
Arthur  Talbot),  a  cavalier.  On  the  day  of 
espousals  the  young  man  aids  Enrichetta 
{Henrietta,  widow  of  Charles  /. )  to  escape, 
and  Elvira,  thinking  he  has  eloped  with 
•a  rival,  temporarily  loses  her  reason. 
Cromwell's  soldiers  arrest  Arturo  for 
treason,  but  he  is  subsequently  pardoned, 
and  marries  Elvira. — Bellini:  I Puritani 
(an  opera,  1834). 

ETvi'ra,  a  lady  in  love  with  Erna'ni 
the  robber-captain  and  head  of  a  league 
against  don  Carlos  (afterwards  Charles  V. 
of  Spain).  Ernani  was  just  on  the  point  of 
marrying  Elvira,  when  he  was  summoned 


to  death  by  Gomez  de  Silva,  and  stabbed 
himself. —  Verdi:  Ernani  (an  opera,»  184 1 ). 

Elvi'ra,  betrothed  to  Alfonso  (son  ol 
the  duke  d'Arcos).  No  sooner  is  the 
marriage  completed  than  she  learns  that 
Alfonso  has  seduced  Fenella,  a  dumb 
girl,  sister  of  Masaniello  the  fisherman. 
Masaniello,  to  revenge  his  wrongs,  heads 
an  insurrection,  and  Alfonso  with  Elvira 
run  for  safety  to  the  fisherman's  hut, 
where  they  find  Fenella,  who  promises 
to  protect  them.  Masaniello,  being  made 
chief  magistrate  of  Por'tico,  is  killed  by 
the  mob  ;  Fenella  throws  herself  into  the 
crater  of  Vesuvius  ;  and  Alfonso  is  left 
to  live  in  peace  with  Elvira. — Auber : 
Masaniello  (an  opera,  1831). 

Elvire  (2  syl.),  the  wife  of  don  Juan, 
whom  he  abandons.  She  enters  a 
convent,  and  tries  to  reclaim  her  pro- 
fligate husband,  but  without  success, — 
A'loliere:  Don  Juan  (1665). 

Ely  {Bishop  of),  introduced  by  sir  W. 
Scott  in  the  Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Elysium  \the  Elysian  fields'],  the 
land  of  the  blest,  to  which  the  favoured 
of  the  gods  passed  without  dying.  The 
Elysian  Fields  lie  in  one  of  the  "For- 
tunate Islands"  {Canaries). 

Fancy  dreams 
Of  sacred  fountains,  and  Elysian  groves, 
And  vales  of  bliss. 
Akctiside:  Pleastires  of  Imagination,  \.  (1744). 

Emath'ian  Conqueror  ( The  Great), 
Alexander  the  Great.  Emathia  is  Mace- 
donia and  Thessaly.  Emathion,  a  son  of 
Titan  and  Aurora,  reigned  in  Macedonia. 
Pliny  tells  us  that  Alexander,  when  he 
besieged  Thebes,  spared  the  house  in 
which  Pindar  the  poet  was  born,  out  ol 
reverence  to  his  great  abilities. 

Lift  not  thy  spear  against  the  Muses'  bower. 

The  great  liniathian  conqueror  bid  spare 
The  house  of  Pindarus,  when  temple  and  tower 

Went  to  the  ground. 

Milton  :  Sonnet,  viii. 

Embla,  the  woman  Eve  of  Scandi- 
navian mythology.  Eve  or  Embla  was 
made  of  elm  ;  but  Ask  or  Adam  was 
made  of  ash. 

Em'elie  or  Emelye,  sister-in-law  of 
duke  Theseus  (2  syl.),  beloved  by  both 
Pal'amon  and  Ar'cyte  (2  syl.) ;  but  the 
former  had  her  to  wife. 

Emelie  that  fairer  was  to  scene 
Than  is  the  lilie  on  hire  stalkes  grene, 
And  fresscher  than  the  May  witli  tlourSs  newe. 
Chaucer:   Canterbury  Tales  ("  X'he  Knight's  Tale," 
1388). 

Em'erald  Isle  ( The),  Ireland ;  so 
called  first  by  Dr.  W.  Drennan,  in  his 
poem  entitled  Erin  (1754-1820). 


EMERALDER. 


3*3 


EMPEDOCLES. 


Emerarder,  an  Irishman,  a  native 
of  the  Emerald  Isle. 

Emer'ita  (St.),  sister  of  king  Lucius. 
When  her  brother  abdicated  the  British 
crown,  she  accompanied  him  to  Swit- 
zerland, and  shared  with  him  there  a 
martyr's  death. 

Emerita  the  next,  king  Lucius'  sister  dear, 
Who  in  Helvetia  with  her  martyr  brother  died. 
Drayten  :  Ptlyolbion,  xxiv.  (1622). 

Emile  (2  syl.),  the  chief  character  of 
a  philosophical  romance  on  education  by 
Jean  Jacques  Rousseau  (1762).  Emile  is 
the  author's  ideal  of  a  young  man  perfectly 
educated,  every  bias  but  that  of  nature 
having  been  carefully  withheld. 

N.B.— Emile  is  the  French  form  of 
EmiUus. 

His  body  Is  inured  to  fatigue,  as  Rousseau  advises  in 
\i&  Bmilius.— Continuation  of  the  Arabian  Niehts, 
iv.  69. 

Emil'ia,  beloved  by  both  PalSmon 
and  Arcite.  (For  the  tale,  see  Palamon, 
^\.c.)— Chaucer :  Canterbury  Tales("'Y\iQ 
Knight's  Tale."  1383). 

Enxiria,  wife  of  lago,  the  ancient  of 
Othello  in  the  Venetian  army.  She  is 
induced  by  lago  to  purloin  a  certain 
handkerchief  given  by  Othello  to  Des- 
demona.  lago  then  prevails  on  Othello 
to  ask  his  wife  to  show  him  the  handker- 
chief; but  she  cannot  find  it,  and  lago 
tells  the  Moor  she  has  given  it  to  Cassio 
as  a  love-token.  At  the  death  of  Des- 
demona,  Emilia  (who  till  then  never 
suspected  the  real  state  of  the  case) 
reveals  the  truth  of  the  matter,  and  lago 
rushes  on  her  and  kills  her. — Shakespeare  : 
Othello  (1611). 

The  virtue  of  Emilia  is  such  as  we  often  find,  worn 
loosely,  but  not  cast  off;  easy  to  commit  small  crimes, 
but  quickened  and  alarmed  at  atrocious  villainies.— 
Dr.  yoknson. 

Emil'ia.  Shakespeare,  The  Winter's 
.  Tale.  Also  the  lady-love  of  Peregrine 
Pickle,  in  The  Adventures  of  Peregrine 
Pickle,  by  Smollett  (1751). 

Emilie  (The  Divine),  to  whom  Vol- 
taire wrote  verses,  was  Mde.  Cha.telet, 
with  whom  he  lived  at  Cirey  for  ten  years. 
Her  palfrey  was  called  "  Rossignol." 

Emily,  Xh.Q  fiancee  of  colonel  Tamper. 
Duty  called  away  the  colonel  to  Havan- 
nah.  On  his  return  he  pretended  to  have 
lost  one  eye  and  one  leg  in  the  war,  in 
order  to  see  if  Emily  would  love  him 
still.  Emily  was  greatly  shocked,  and 
Mr.  Prattle  the  medical  practitioner  was 
sent  for.      Amongst  other    gossip,   Mr, 


Prattle  told  his  patient  he  had  seen  the 
colonel,  who  looked  remarkably  well, 
and  most  certainly  was  maimed  neither 
in  his  legs  nor  in  his  eyes.  Emily  now 
saw  through  the  trick,  and  resolved  to 
turn  the  tables  on  the  colonel.  To  this 
end  she  induced  Mdlle.  Florival  to  appear 
en  militaire,  under  the  assumed  name  of 
captain  Johnson,  and  to  make  desperate 
love  to  her.  When  the  colonel  had  been 
thoroughly  roasted,  and  was  about  to 
quit  the  house  for  ever,  his  friend  major 
Belford  entered  and  recognized  Mdlle.  as 
h\sf  anc^e  ;  the  trick  was  discovered,  and 
all  ended  happily. — Colman,  sen.  :  The 
Deuce  is  in  Him  (1762). 

Emir  or  Am.eer,  a  title  given  to 
lieutenants  of  provinces  and  other  officers 
of  the  sultan  ;  and  occasionally  assumed 
by  the  sultan  himself.  The  sultan  is  not 
unfrequently  called  "  The  Great  Ameer," 
and  the  Ottoman  empire  is  sometimes 
spoken  of  as  "the  country  of  the  Great 
Ameer."  What  Matthew  Paris  and  other 
monks  call  "  ammirals  "  is  the  same  word. 
Milton  speaks  of  the  ' '  mast  of  some  tall 
ammiral  "  (Paradise  Lost,  i.  294). 

N.  B. — The  difference  between  ;trar?jf  or 
sariff  and  atnir  is  this  :  the  former  is 
given  to  the  blood  successors  of  Mahomet, 
and  the  latter  to  those  who  maintain  his 
religious  faith. — Selden:  Titles  of  Honour, 
vi.  73-4  (1672). 

Em'ly  (Little),  daughter  of  Tom, 
the  brother-in-law  of  Dan'el  Peggotty,  a 
Yarmouth  fisherman,  by  whom  the  orphan 
child  was  brought  up.  While  engaged 
to  Ham  Peggotty  (Dan'el's  nephew), 
Little  Em'ly  runs  away  with  Steerforth, 
a  handsome  but  unprincipled  gentleman. 
Being  subsequently  reclaimed,  she  emi- 
grates to  Australia  with  Dan'el  Peggotty 
and  old  Mrs.  Gummidge. — Dickens: 
David  Copperfield  (1849). 

Em.m.a  ' '  the  Saxon "  or  Emma 
Plantagenet,  the  beautiful,  gentle,  and 
loving  wife  of  David  king  of  North 
Wales  (twelfth  century). — Southey :  Ma- 
doc  (1805). 

Em.ped'ocles,  one  of  Pythagoras's 
scholars,  who  threw  himself  secretly  into 
the  crater  of  Etna,  that  people  might 
suppose  the  gods  had  carried  him  to 
heaven  ;  but  alas  !  one  of  his  iron  pattens 
was  cast  out  with  the  larva,  and  recog- 
nized. 

He  who  to  be  deemed 
A  god,  leaped  fondly  into  Etna  flames, 
Empedocles, 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  111.  469,  etc.  (1665). 


EMPEROR  FOR  MY  PEOPLE.       334 


ENFANTS  DE  DIEU. 


•.*  Matthew  Arnold  published  a  dra- 
matic poem  called  Empedocles  on  Etna 
(1853). 

Emperor  for  my  People.  Ha- 
drian used  to  say,  "  I  am  emperor  not 
for  myself  but  for  my  people  "  (76,  117- 
138). 

Emperor  of  Believers  {The), 
Omar  I.,  father-in-law  of  Mahomet 
(581-644). 

Emperor    of    the     Mountaina 

[The),    Peter  the    Calabrian,   a    famous 
robber-chief  (1812). 

Empsou  {Master),  fiageolet-player  to 
Charles  W.—Sir  W.  Scott:  Peveril  of  tht 
Peak  (1823). 

Enan'tlie  (3  syl.),  daughter  of  Seleu- 
cus,  and  mistress  of  prince  Deme'trius 
(son  of  king  Antig'onus).  She  appears 
under  the  name  of  Celia. — Beaumont  and 
Fletcher:  The  Humorous  Lieutenant 
(published  1647). 

Encel'ados  (Longfellow,  Enceladus), 
the  most  powerful  of  all  the  giants  who 
conspired  against  Jupiter.  He  was  struck 
with  a  thunderbolt,  and  covered  with 
the  heap  of  earth  now  called  mount  Etna. 
The  smoke  of  the  volcano  is  the  breath  of 
the  buried  giant ;  and  when  he  shifts  his 
side  it  is  an  earthquake. 

Fama  est,  Enceladi  semiustum  fulmlne  corpus 
Urgueri  mole  hac,  ingentemque  insuper  yEtnam 
Inpositam,  ruptis  flanimara  exspirare  camiais ; 
Et,  fessum  quotiens  mutet  latus,  intreinere  omnem 
Murmure  Trinacriam,  et  coelum  subtexere  fumo. 
Visil:  j^neid,  iii.  578-582. 
Where  the  burning  cinders,  blown 
From  the  lips  of  the  o'erthrowo 
Enceladus,  fill  the  air. 

Longfellow  :  Enceladus, 

Enchiridion,  a  collection  of  maxims, 
by  Francis  Quarles  (author  of  Emblems) 
(1652). 

En'crates  (3  syl.).  Temperance  per- 
sonified, the  husband  of  Agnei'a  {wifely 
chastity).  When  his  wife's  sister  Par- 
then'ia  {maidenly  chastity)  was  wounded 
in  the  battle  of  Mansoul,  by  False  Delight, 
he  and  his  wife  ran  to  her  assistance,  and 
soon  routed  the  foes  who  were  hounding 
her.  Continence  (her  lover)  went  also, 
and  poured  a  balm  into  her  wounds,  which 
healed  them.  (Greek,  egkrdtes, "  continent, 
temperate.") 

So  have  I  often  seen  a  purple  flower, 

Fainting  thro'  heat,  hang  down  her  droopinjf  head ; 
But,  soon  refreshed  with  a  welcome  shower. 

Begins  again  her  lively  beauties  spread, 
And  with  new  pride  her  silken  leaves  display. 

P.  Fletcher:  The  PurpU  Island,  xi.  (1633). 

Endell  {Martha),  a  poor  fallen  girl, 


to  whom  Em'ly  goes  when  Steerforth 
deserts  her.  She  emigrates  with  Dan'el 
Peggot'ty,  and  marries  a  young  farmer 
in  Australia. — Dickens:  David  Copper- 
afield  {iZ^g). 

Endermay,  i.e.  Andermatt  or  Ur- 
seren,  a  town  and  valley  in  the  Uri  of 
Switzerland. 

Soft  as  the  happy  swain's  enchanting  lay, 
That  pipes  among  the  shades  of  Endermay. 

Falconer  :  The  Shifwreck,  iii.  3  (1756). 

Endiga,  in  Charles  XII.,  by  J.  R. 

Planch^  (1826). 

Endless,  the  rascally  lawyer  in  No 
Song  No  Supper,  by  P.  Hoare  (1790). 

Endjrm'ion,  a  noted  astronomer  who, 
from  mount  Latmus,  in  Caria,  discovered 
the  course  of  the  moon.  Hence  it  is 
fabled  that  the  moon  sleeps  with  Endy- 
mion.  Strictly  speaking,  Endymion  is 
the  setting  sun. 

So  Latmus  by  the  wise  Endymion  is  renowned ; 
That  hill  on  whose  high  top  he  was  the  first  that  found 
Pale  Phoebe's  wanderingcourse;  so  skilful  in  hersphere. 
As  some  stick  not  to  say  that  he  enjoyed  tier  there. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  vi  (1612). 
On  such  a  tranquil  night  as  this, 
She  woke  Endymion  with  a  kiss. 

Lons/ellow  :  Endymion. 

To  sleep  like  Endymion,  to  sleep  long 
and  soundly.  Endymion  requested  of 
Jove  permission  to  sleep  as  long  as  he 
felt  inclined.  Hence  the  proverb,  Endy- 
mionis  somnum  dormtre.  Jean  Ogier  de 
Gombaud  wrote  in  French  a  romance  or 
prose  poem  called  Endymion  (1624),  and 
one  of  the  best  paintings  of  A.  L.  Girodet 
is  "  Endymion."  Cowley,  referring  to 
Gombaud's  romance,  says — 

While  there  is  a  people  or  a  sun, 
Endymion 's  story  with  the  moon  shall  run. 

(John  Keats,  in  1818,  published  his 
Endymion  (a  poetic  romance),  and  the 
criticism  of  the  Quarterly  Review  is  said 
to  have  caused  his  death.  Lord  Beacons- 
field  pubhshed  a  novel  called  Endymion 
(1880) ;  and  Longfellow  has  a  poem  so 
called. ) 

Endymion.  So  Wm.  Browne  calls  sir 
Walter  Raleigh,  who  was  for  a  time  in 
disgrace  with  queen  Elizabeth,  whom  he 
calls  "  Cyn'thia." 

The  first  note  that  I  heard  I  soon  was  wonno 
To  think  the  sighes  of  faire  Endymion, 
The  subject  of  whose  moumfull  heavy  lay. 
Was  his  declining  with  faire  Cynthia. 

Browne  :  Britannia's  Pastorals,  iv.  (1613). 

Endymion;    or,    The  Man   in   the 
Moon,  a  drama  by  J.  Lyly  (1592). 
Enfants  de  Dien,  the  Camisards. 

The  royal  troops  outnumbered  the  En/ants  de  Diett, 
and  a  not  inglorious  flight  took  plice.— iff.  Gilliat; 
Asylum  Chris ti,  iii. 


ENFIELD. 


32s 


EPHESIAN. 


Unfield  {Mrs. ),  the  keeper  of  a  house 
of  intrigue,  or  "gentlemen's  magazine" 
of  frail  beauties. — Holcroft :  The  Deserted 
Daughter  (1784). 

Eng'ad.di  ( Theodorick,  hermit  of),  an 
enthusiast.  He  was  Aberick  of  Mortemar, 
an  exiled  noblt.— Sir  IV.  Scott:  The 
Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Engaddi,  one  of  the  towns  of  Judah, 
forty  miles  from  Jerusalem,  famous  for 
its  palm  trees. 

Anchorites  beneath  Engaddi's  palms, 
Pacing  the  Dead  Sea  beach. 

Lonsftilow  :  Sand  of  the  Desert, 

En^ellireclit,  one  of  the  Varangian 
guards.— 5z>  IV.  Scott:  Count  Robert  of 
Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Eu'grelred,  squire  of  sir  Reginald 
Front  de  Boeuf  (follower  of  prince  John 
of  Anjou,  the  brother  of  Richard  I.). — 
Sir  IV.  Scott :  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Engfland      and     the     English 

.{Sketches  of),  by  lord  Lytton  (1833). 

Eng'lish  Bards  and  Scotch 
Reviewers,  a  satire  by  lord  Byron 
(1809),  occasioned  by  an  attack  in  the 
Edinburgh  Review  on  a  volume  of  poetry 
called  Hours  of  Idleness.  The  English 
bards  referred  to  are  Amos  Cottle,  Fitz- 
gerald, Gifford,  Jeffrey,  Moore,  Scott, 
Southey,  Henry  K.  White,  Wordsworth, 
and  some  others  less  known.     He  says — 

Fools  are  my  theme,  let  satire  be  my  song. 

En '^errand,  brother  of  the  mar- 
quis of  Montserrat,  a  crusader. — Sir  W, 
Scott:  The  Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

E'nid,  the  personification  of  spotless 
purity.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Yn'iol, 
and  wife  of  Geraint.  The  tale  of  Geraint 
and  Enid  allegorizes  the  contagion  of 
distrust  and  jealousy,  commencing  with 
Guinever's  infidelity,  and  spreading  down- 
wards among  the  Arthurian  knights.  In 
order  to  save  Enid  from  this  taint,  sir 
Geraint  removed  from  the  court  to  Devon; 
but  overhearing  part  of  a  sentence  uttered 
by  Enid,  he  fancied  that  she  was  unfaith- 
ful, and  treated  her  for  a  time  with  great 
harshness.  In  an  illness,  Enid  nursed 
him  with  such  wifely  devotion  that  he  felt 
convinced  of  his  error.  A  perfect  recon- 
ciliation took  place,  and  they  "crowned 
a  happy  life  with  a  fair  death." — Tenny- 
son: Idylls  of  the  King  ("  Geraint  and 
Enid"). 

Enna,  a  city  of  Sicily,  remarkable  for 
its  beautiful  plains,  fruitful  soil,  and 
numerous  springs.     Proserpine  was  car- 


ried off  by  Pluto  while  gathering  flowers 
in  the  adjacent  meadow. 

She  moved 
Like  Proserpine  in  Enna,  gathering-  flowers. 

Tennyson:  Ed-win  Morris. 

Ennins  {Tlie  English),  Lay'amon, 
who  wrote  a  translation  in  Saxon  of  The 
Brut  of  Wace  (thirteenth  century). 

The  French  Ennius,  Jehan  de  Meung, 
who  wrote  a  continuation  of  the  Roman 
de  la  Rose  {1260-1^20). 

• .  •  Guillaume  di  Lorris,  author  of  the 
Romance  of  the  Rose,  is  more  justly  so 
called  (1235-1265). 

The  Spanish  Enniu*,  Juan  de  Mena 
of  CordSva  (1412-1456}. 

Enrique'  (2  syl.),  brother-in-law  of 
Chrysalde  (2  syl.).  He  married  secretly 
Chrysalde's  sister,  Angelique,  by  whom  he 
bad  a  daughter,  Agnes,  who  was  left  in 
charge  of  a  peasant  while  Enrique  was 
absent  in  America.  Having  made  his 
fortune  in  the  New  World,  Enrique  re- 
turned and  found  Agnes  in  love  with 
Horace,  the  son  of  his  friend  Oronte 
(2  syl.).  Their  union,  after  the  usual 
quota  of  misunderstanding  and  cross 
purposes,  was  consummated  to  the  delight 
of  all  parties.  —  Molihre :  L'Ecole  des 
Femmes  (1662). 

Entel'echy,  the  kingdom  of  queen 
Quintessence.  Pantag'ruel'  and  his  com- 
panions went  to  this  kingdom  in  search 
of  the  "  holy  bottle," — Rabelais  :  Pantag- 
ruel,  v.  19  (1545). 

(This  kingdom  of  "  speculative  science  " 
gave  the  hint  to  Swift  for  his  island  of 
Lapu'ta. ) 

Envelope  {The  Mulready  Envelope, 
1840)  was  designed  for  the  Penny  Enve- 
lopes. It  was  an  allegorical  picture  of  the 
British  Empire  and  its  colonies,  wholly 
imsuitable  for  the  purpose  intended,  and 
very  soon  withdrawn  from  circulation.  I 
well  remember  using  and  "abusing" 
them. 

IT  The  design  of  the  lord  mayor  of 
London's  card  of  invitation  to  his  dinner 
on  November  9,  1896,  was  a  somewhat 
similar  allegorical  picture.  Both  these 
were  in  bad  taste. 

Eothen,  by  A.  W.  Kinglake  (1844). 
Sketches,  etc. ,  of  the  East,  through  which- 
the  author  travelled. 

Ephe'sian,  a  toper,  a  dissolute  sot, 
a  jovial  companion.  When  Page  (2 
Henry  II.  act  ii.  sc.  2)  tells  prince  Henry 
that  a  company  of  men  were  about  to 
sup  with  Falstaff,  in  Eastcheap,  and  calls 


EPHESIAN  POET. 

them  "Ephesians,"  he  probably  meant 
soldiers  called //Maj  ("foot-soldiers"), 
and  hence  topers.  Malone  suggests  that 
the  word  is  a  pun  onpheese  ("to  chastise 
or  pay  one  tit  for  tat "),  and  means 
'•  quarrelsome  fellows." 

Uphe'sian  Poet  [The),  Hippo'nax, 
born  at  Ephesus  (sixth  century  B.C.). 

ZSphesus  [Letters  of) ,  bribes.  ' '  Ephe- 
siae  literae"  were  mag'cal  notes  or  writ- 
ings, which  ensured  th^oe  who  employed 
them  success  in  any  undertaking  they 
chose  to  adventure  on. 

Silver  keys  were  used  in  old  Rome,  where  every 
petty  officer  who  knew  no  other  spelling- could  decipher 
a  "letter  of  Ephesus."  Oh  for  the  purity  of  honest 
John  Bull !  No  "letters  of  Ephesus"  will  tempt  the 
integrity  of  our  British  bumbledom. — CasseWs  Ma^a- 
zitte,  February,  1877. 

Epic  [The  Great  Puritan),  Paradise 
Lost,  by  Milton  (1665). 

Epic  of  Hades  (2  syl.),  by  sir  Lewis 
Morris  (1876,  1877). 

Epic  Poetry  {The Father  of ),  Homer 
(about  950  B.C.). 

Epic  Poets.  The  most  famous  are — 

Greece:  Homer,  who  wrote  the  Iliad 
and  Odyssey. 

Latin  :  Virgil,  who  wrote  the  ^neid. 

Portuguese :  Camoens,  who  wrote  The 
Lusiad. 

English:  Milton,  who  wrote  Paradise 
Lost. 

There  are  a  host  of  Historical  Poems  of  an  epic 
character,  like  the  Henriade  of  Voltaire,  the  Pharsalia 
of  Lucan,  etc.,  and  a  number  of  poetic  romances  like 
Orlando  Furioso,  Southey's  Thalaba,  and  so  on  ;  but 
these  are  not  epic  poems.  Tasso's  JerusaUtn  De- 
livered stands  well. 

Ep'icene  (3  syl.)  or  The  Silent 
Woman,  one  of  the  three  great  comedies 
of  Ben  Jonson  (1609). 

The  other  two  are  Volpone  (2  lyl.) 
(1605),  and  The  Alchemist  (1610). 

Epicure'an  [The),  a  prose  romance 
by  Thomas  Moore.  The  hero  is  Alci- 
phron  (1827). 

Epicurus.  The  aimie  de  coeur  of 
this  philosopher  was  Leontium.  (See 
Lovers.  ) 

Epicurus  of  Chijia,  Tao-tse,  who  com- 
menced the  search  for  "  the  elixir  of 
perpetual  youth  and  health  "  (B.C.  540). 

(Lucretius  the  Roman  poet,  in  his  De 
Rerufft  Natura,  is  an  exponent  of  the 
Epicurean  doctrines. ) 

Epidaurus  ( That  God  in),  ^Escula'- 
pius,  son  of  Apollo,  who  was  worshipped 
m    Epidaurus,  a  city  of  Peloponne'sus. 


336  EPIGONIAD. 

Being  sent  for  to  Rome  during  a  plngtie, 
he  assumed  the  form  of  a  serpent. — Livy  : 
Nat.  Hist.,  xi.  ;  Ovid :  Metaph.,  xv. 

Never  since  of  serpent  kind 
I^ovelier,  not  those  that  in  lUyria  changed 
Hermioni  and  Cadmus,  or  the  god 
In  Epidaurus. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  Ix.  507  (1665). 

(Cadmus  and  his  wife  Harmonia  [I/er- 
mione\  left  Thebes  and  migrated  into 
Illyria,  where  they  were  changed  into 
serpents  because  they  happened  to  kill 
a  serpent  belonging  to  Mars.) 

EpMal'tes  (4  jy/.),  one  of  the  giants 
who  made  war  upon  the  gods.  He  was 
deprived  of  his  left  eye  by  Apollo,  and  of 
his  right  eye  by  Hercules. 

Epigf'oni,  .seven  youthful  warriors, 
sons  of  the  seven  chiefs  who  laid  siege 
to  Thebes.  All  the  seven  chiefs  (except 
Adrastos)  perished  in  the  siege  ;  but  the 
seven  sons,  ten  years  later,  took  the  city 
and  razed  it  to  the  ground.  The  chiefs 
and  sons  were :  (i)  Adrastos,  whose  son 
was  ^gi'aleus  (4  syl.)',  (2)  Polynlkfis, 
whose  son  was  Thersan'der;  (3)  Am- 
phiar'aos  (5  syl.),  whose  son  was  Alk- 
niagon  [the  chief) ;  (4)  Ty'deus  (2  syl.V 
whose  son  was  Diom6'd6s ;  (5)  Kap  - 
aneus  (3  Jj/. ),  whose  son  was  Sthen'glos  ; 
(6)  Parthenopae'os,  whose  son  was  Pro- 
machos;  (7)  Mekis'theus  (3  syl.),  whose 
son  was  Eury'alos. 

(iEschylos  has  a  tragedy  on  The  Seven 
Chiefs  against  Thebes.  There  are  also 
two  epics,  one  The  Thebaid  of  Statins, 
and  The  Epigoni,  probably  by  one  of  the 
Cyclic  poets  of  Greece. ) 

Epigfon'iad  (  The),  called  "the Scotch 
Iliad,"  by  William  Wilkie  (1757).  This 
is  the  tale  of  the  Epig'oni  or  seven  sons 
of  the  seven  chieftains  who  laid  siege  to 
Thebes.  The  tale  is  this  :  When  ffi'dipus 
abdicated,  his  two  sons  agreed  to  reign 
alternate  years  ;  but  at  the  expiration  of 
the  first  year,  the  elder  son  (Ete'oclfis) 
refused  to  give  up  the  throne.  Where- 
upon the  younger  brother  (PolynikSs) 
interested  six  Grecian  chiefs  to  espouse 
his  cause,  and  the  allied  armies  laid  siege 
to  Thebes,  without  success.  Subsequently, 
the  seven  sons  of  the  old  chiefs  went 
against  the  city  to  avenge  the  deaths  of 
their  fathers,  who  had  fallen  in  the  former 
siege.  They  succeeded  in  taking  the  city, 
and  in  placing  Thersander  on  the  throne, 
(For  the  names  of  the  sons,  see  above, 
Epigoni.)  The  hero  of  the  Epigoniad  is 
Diomed,  the  herione  Cassandra,  and  the 
tale  runs  through  nine  books. 


EPIMENIDES. 

Epixnen'ides  issyl.)  of  Crete,  some- 
times reckoned  one  of  the  "seven  wise 
men  of  Greece  "  in  the  place  of  Periander. 
He  slept  for  fifty-seven  years  in  a  cave, 
and,  on  waking,  found  everything  so 
changed  that  he  could  recognize  nothing. 
Epimenidfis  lived  289  years,  and  was 
adored  by  the  Cretans  as  one  of  their 
"  Curetes  "  or  priests  of  Jove.  He  was 
contemporary  with  Solon. 

(Goethe  has  a  poem  called  Des  Epime- 
nides  Erwachen.  See  Heinrich's  Epitne- 
nides. ) 

Epimenides' s  Drug.  A  nymph  who  loved 
Epimenides  gave  him  a  draught  in  a  bull's 
horn,  one  single  drop  of  which  would  not 
only  cure  any  ailment,  but  would  also 
serve  for  a  hearty  meal. 

Le  Nouveau  Epimentde  is  a  man  who 
lives  in  a  dream  in  a  kind  of  "Castle  of 
Spain,"  where  he  deems  himself  a  king, 
and  does  not  wish  to  be  disillusioned. 
The  song  is  by  Jacinthe  Leclfere,  one  of 
the  members  of  the  ' '  Society  de  Momus  " 
of  Paris. 

Epinog^is  [Sir),  son  of  the  king  of 
Northumberland.  He  loved  an  earl's 
daughter,  but  slew  the  earl  in  a  knightly 
combat.  Next  day,  a  knight  challenged 
him  to  fight,  and  the  lady  was  to  be  the 
prize  of  the  victor.  Sir  Epinogris,  being 
overthrown,  lost  the  lady ;  but  when  sir 
PalomidSs  heard  the  tale,  he  promised  to 
recover  her.  Accordingly,  he  challenged 
the  victorious  knight,  who  turned  out  to 
be  his  brother.  The  point  of  dispute  was 
then  amicably  arranged  by  giving  up  the 
lady  to  sir  Epinogris. — Sir  T.  Malory : 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,  ii.  169  (1470). 

Eppie,  one  of  the  servants  of  the  Rev. 
Josiah  Cargill,  In  the  same  novel  is 
Eppie  Anderson,  one  of  the  servants  at 
the  Mowbray  Arms,  Old  St.  Ronan's, 
held  by  Meg  Dods.— 5?>  W.  Scott:  St. 
Ronan's  Well  [ixrciQ,  George  HI.). 

Eppie,  the  adopted  child  of  Silas 
Marner.  She  is  the  daughter  of  Godfrey 
Cass  and  Molly.  Eppie  ultimately  mar- 
ries Aaron. — George  Eliot  (Mrs.  J.  W. 
Cross) :  Silas  Marner  (1861). 

Epps,  cook  of  Saunders  Fairford  a 
lawyer. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Redgauntletixxvat, 
George  IH.). 

Equity  [Father  of),  Heneage  Finch, 
earl  of  Nottingnam  (1621-1682).  In 
Absalom  and  Achitophel  (by  Dryden  and 
Tate)  he  is  called  "  Amri." 

Sincere  was  Amri,  and  not  only  knew. 
But  Israel's  sanctions  into  practice  drew  : 


327  EQUIVOKES. 

Our  laws,  that  did  a  boundless  ocean  seem. 
Were  coasted  all,  and  fathomed  all  tiy  him  .  .  , 
To  him  the  double  blessing  doth  belong, 
With  Moses' inspiration,  Aaron's  tonfjue. 
Absalom  and  Achitophel,  ii.  1017-1025  (1682). 

Equivokes,  from  ambiguous  words, 
puns,  and  stops. 

I.  From  ambiguous  words — 

(i)  Ah  AB,  king  of  Israel,  asked  Micaiah  If  he  went  to 
battle  with  the  kmg  of  Syria,  whether  lie  would  become 
master  of  Ramoth-Gilead  or  not  ?  The  prophet  made 
answer,  "  Go,  for  the  Lord  will  deliver  the  city  into  the 
hands  of  the  king  ;  "  but  to  which  king  he  did  not  say  ; 
and  the  result  was,  Ahab  was  slain,  and  Ramoth-Gilead 
was  delivered  into  the  hands  of  the  king  of  Syria. 
—I  Kiyizs  xxii.  15,  35. 

(2)  CrceSUS:  When  Croesus  demanded  what  would 
be  the  issue  of  the  battle  against  the  Persians,  headed 
by  Cyrus,  the  answer  was,  he  "  should  behold  a  mighty 
empire  overthrown  ;  "  but  whether  that  empire  was  his 
own  or  that  of  Cyrus,  only  the  issue  of  the  fight  could 
determine. 

(3)  Maxentius  and  the  Sibylline  Books  : 
When  Maxentius  was  about  to  encounter  Constantino, 
he  consulted  the  guardians  of  the  Sibylline  Books  re- 
specting the  fate  of  the  battle,  and  they  told  him,  "  lUo 
die  hostem  Romanorum  esse  periturum  "  ("  On  that  day 
the  enemy  of  the  Romans  will  perish");  but  whether 
Maxentius  or  Constantine  was  "  the  enemy  "  was  left 
undetermined. 

(4)  Philip  of  Macedon:  Similarly,  when  Philip, 
of  Macedon  sent  to  Delphi  to  inquire  if  his  Persian 
expedition  would  prove  successful,  he  received  for 
reply,  "  The  ready  victim  crowned  for  sacrifice  stands 
before  the  altar.  *  PhiUp  took  it  for  granted  that  the 
"  ready  victim  "  was  the  king  of  Persia,  but  it  was  he 
himself. 

(5)  PYRRHUS  AND  THE  ROMANS  :  When  Pyrrhus 
consulted  the  Delphic  oracle  respecting  his  war  with 
the  Romans,  he  received  for  answer :  "  Credo  te, 
./Eacide,  Romanes  vincgre  posse  "  (i.e.  "  The  Rornans, 
I  believe,  you  will  conquer  ") ;  which  may  mean  either 
"  you  will  conquer  them  "  or  "  they  will  conquer  you." 

(6)  Salamis  (The  battle  of):  When  the  aUied 
Greeks  demanded  of  the  Delphic  oracle  what  would 
be  the  issue  of  the  battle  of  Salamis,  they  received  foc 
answer — 

Seed-time  and  harvest,  weeping  sires  shall  tell 
How  thousands  fought  at  Salamis  and  fell  ; 
but  whether    the   oracle    referred  to  the  Greeks  or 
Persians  who  were  to  fall  by  "  thousands,"  was  not 
stated. 

a.  From  puns  on  propernames — 

(1)  Camby'SES  and  ECBAT'ANA  :  Cambyses,  son  of 
Cyrus,  was  told  that  he  should  die  in  Ecbatana,  which 
he  supposed  meant  the  capital  of  Media.  Being 
wouncled  accidentally  in  Syria,  he  asked  the  name  of 
the  place  ;  and  being  told  it  was  Ecbatana,  he  replied, 
"  Here,  then,  I  am  destined  to  end  my  life." 

(2)  Edward  IV.  and  the  Letter  G.  :  A  wizard 
told  Edward  IV.  that  "after  him  G.  would  reign." 
The  king  thought  the  person  meant  was  his  brother 
George,  but  the  duke  of  Gloucester  was  the  person 
pointed  sX.—Holinshed :  Chronicles;  Shakespeare; 
Richard  III.  act  i.  sc.  i. 

(a)  Henry  IV.  and  Jerusalem  :  Henry  IV.  was 
told  that  *'  he  should  die  in  Jerusalem,"  which  he 
supposed  meant  the  Holy  Land ;  but  he  died  in  the 
Jerusalem  Chamber,  London,  which  is  the  chapter- 
house of  Westminster  Abbey. 

Pope  Sylvester  and  Jerusalem. :  Similarly,  Pope 
Sylvester  was  told  that  he  should  die  at  Jerusalem,  aiid 
he  died  while  saying  mass  in  a  church  so  called  at 
Rome. 

(4)  somerset  and  the  Castle  :  Jourdain,  the 
wizard,  told  .the  duke  of  Somerset,  if  he  wished  to  live, 
to  "  avoid  where  castles  mounted  stand."  The  duke 
died  in  an  ale-house  called  the  Castle,  in  St.  Albans. — 
Shakespeare  :  2  Henry  VI.  act  v.  sc.  2. 

(5)  Wolsey  AND  KINGSTON:  In  early  life,  Wolsey 
was  cautioned  to  "Beware  o"  Kingston."  In  conse- 
quence of  this  warning  he  would  never  enter  the  town 
of  Kingston  on-Thanies,  When,  in  old  age,  he  was 
Incarcerated  by  Henry  VIII..  a  blare  of  trumpeta 


ERACLIUS. 


EREENIA. 


announced  the  approach  of  armed  officials,  and  sir 
Edward  Kingston  entered.  The  warning  of  his  youth 
flashed  across  his  mind  ;  he  knew  his  hour  was  come, 
and  he  uttered  those  memorable  words  •  "  If  I  had 
served  my  God  as  faithfully  as  I  have  served  my  king, 
He  would  not  have  forsaken  me  in  my  grey  hairs." 

3.  From  puns  on  words — 

(i)  APHR  and  a  Boar:  Diocletian  was  told  he 
T'auld  become  emperor  if  he  slew  a  boar.  On  the 
death  of  Carinus  by  his  brother  Numerian,  Arrius  Aper 
(praefect  of  the  praetorian  guard)  slew  Numerian,  but 
Diocletian  slew  Aper  [Latin  for  a  boar\  and  was 
elected  emperor  by  the  legions. 

(2)  CONSTANTINE  AND  CYGNO,  OR  SiGNO  :  It  is 
said  that  Constantine,  marching  against  Maxentius, 
saw  in  the  skies  a  cross,  and  the  Christians  in  his  army 
cried  aloud,  "  In  hoc  sisrn*  vinces."  But  the  constella- 
tion Cyznus  was  visible  at  the  time,  the  upper  star 
being  in  the  zenith,  and  the  lower  one  towards  the 
horizon.  To  the  ear  the  words  would  be  "  In  hoc 
signo  '  or  "  In  hoc  cygno,"  and  the  priests  would  make 
capital  of  the  pun—"  There  is  the  Cross,  in  Cygnus," 
an  omen  of  victory. 

(3)  DOG  AND  THE  Dog  Brutus  ;  Tarquin  sent  to 
Delphi  to  learn  the  fate  of  his  struggle  with  the 
Romans  for  the  recovery  of  his  throne,  and  was  told ; 
•'  Tarquin  will  never  fall  till  a  dog  speaks  with  the 
voice  of  a  man."  The  "  dog  "  was  Junius  Brutus,  who 
was  called  a  dog  by  way  of  contempt. 

(4)  GOAT    AND    Fig  TREE:    A   Messenian   seer, 
beinf  sent  to  consult  the  Delphic  oracle  respecting  the 
issue  of  the  Messenian  war,  then  raging,  received  for 
reply- 
When  a  goat  stoops  to  drink  of  the  Neda,  O  seer, 
From  Messenia  flee,  for  its  ruin  is  near. 

In  order  to  avert  this  calamity,  all  goats  were  diligently 
chased  from  the  banksof the  Neda.  One dajr,  Theoclos 
observed  a  Jiz  tree  growing  on  the  river-side,  and  its 
branches  dipped  into  the  stream.  The  interpretation 
of  the  oracle  flashed  across  his  mind,  for  he  remem- 
bered that  ^-i^^/  and /ig- tree,  in  the  Messenian  dialect, 
were  the  same  word. 

•.•  The  pun  would  be  clearer  to  an  English  reader 
if  "  a  stork  "  were  substituted  for  the  £-oat :  "  When  a 
stork  stoops  to  drink  of  the  Neda  ; "  and  the  "stalk  " 
of  the  fig  tree  dipping  into  the  stream. 

(5)  MOTHER  AND  MOTHER  EARTH:  When  the 
oracle  was  asked  by  a  deputation  of  Romans  who  would 
succeed  Tarquin,  it  replied,  "  He  who  shall  first  kiss  his 
mother."  Whereupon  Junius  Brutus  fell  to  the  earth, 
and  exclaimed,  "  Thus,  then,  1  kiss  thee,  O  mother 
earth  I " 

(6)  RELEASED:  When,  in  1560,  the  countess 
Egmont  presented  herself  to  the  duke  of  Alva,  and 
implored  him  to  release  her  husband,  the  duke  calmly 
assured  her  "  that  her  husband  would  be  released  on 
the  morrow."  The  countess  retired  with  delight,  but 
on  the  morrow  her  husband  was  "  released  "  by  death. 
—Motley  :  The  Dutch  Republic,  pt.  iii.  2  (1856). 

4.  From  puns  on  stops — 

(i)  Ibis  RedibiS:  An  excellent  equivoke  from  the 
want  of  a  stop  is  the  following ;  "  Ibis  redibis  nunquam 
per  bella  peribis  "  ("  You  will  go  you  will  return  never 
by  war  wiU  you  perish  ").  If  the  stop  is  after  redibis,  the 
reading  would  be,  "  You  will  go  and  return,  never  in 
war  will  you  perish ;  "  but  if  the  stop  is  after  nunquam, 
the  reading  would  be,  "  You  will  go  and  return  never, 
in  the  war  you  will  perish."  Which  may  be  rendered 
into  English  thus— 

Go  I    You  will  return  again 
Never  by  the  foeman  slain. 

If  the  step  is  after  "  again,"  he  ■anil  survive.  If  it  is 
after  "  never,"  he  will  be  slain. 

(2)  ORLETON  and  THE  DEATH  OF  EDWARD  II. : 
Adam  Orleton,  bishop  of  Hereford,  sent  to  the  keeper  of 
Berkeley  Castle  this  ambiguous  message:  "  Edwardum 
occidSre  nolite  timere  bonum  est"  (that  is,  "To  kill 
Edward  fear  not  a  good  deed  it  would  be"^  ;  which,  by 
shifting  the  point,  may  be,  "  To  kill  Edward  fear,— a 
good  diee  J  it  would  not  be,"  or  "  To  kill  Edward  fear 
not. — a  good  deed  it  would  be." 

Sraclins  ( The  emperor)  condemned 
a  knight  to  death  on  the  supposition  of 
murder  ;  but,  the  man  supposed   to  be 


niTirdered  making  his  appearance,  the 
condemned  man  was  taken  back,  under 
the  expectation  that  he  would  be  instantly 
acquitted.  But  no,  Eraclius  ordered  all 
three  to  be  put  to  death :  the  knight, 
because  the  emperor  had  ordered  it ;  the 
man  who  brought  him  back,  because  he 
had  not  obeyed  the  emperor's  command  ; 
and  the  man  supposed  to  be  murdered, 
because  he  was  virtually  the  cause  of 
death  to  the  other  two. 

(This  tale  is  told  in  the  Gesta  Roman- 
orum,  and  Chaucer  has  put  it  into  the 
mouth  of  his  sumpnor.  It  is  also  told 
by  Seneca,  in  his  De  Ira  ;  but  he  ascribes 
it  to  Cornelius  Piso,  and  not  to  Eraclius.) 

£raste  (2  syl. ),  hero  of  Les  Facheux, 
by  Moli6re.  He  is  in  love  with  Orphise 
(2  syl.),  whose  tutor  is  Damis  (1661). 

Er'celdotlll.  [Thomas  of),  also  called 
"Thomas  the  Rhymer,"  introduced  by 
sir  W.  Scott  in  his  novel  called  Castle 
Dangerous  (time,  Henry  I.). 

It  is  said  that  Thomas  of  Erceldoun  Is  not  dead,  but 
that  he  is  sleeping  beneath  the  Eildon  Hills,  in  Scotland. 
One  day,  he  met  with  a  lady  of  elfin  race  beneath  the 
Eildon  tree,  and  she  led  him  to  an  under-ground  region, 
where  ho  remained  for  seven  years.  He  then  revisited 
the  earth,  but  bound  himself  to  return  when  summoned. 
One  day,  when  he  was  making  merry  with  his  friends, 
he  was  told  that  a  hart  and  hind  were  parading  the 
street ;  and  he  knew  it  was  his  summons,  so  he  im- 
mediately went  to  the  Eildon  tree,  and  has  never  since 
been  heard  ot—Sir  W.  Scott  :  MinstrtUy  of  the  Scottish 
Border. 

(This  tale  is  substantially  the  same  as 
the  German  one  of  Tanhduser,  q.v.) 

Erco'co  or  Erquico,  on  the  Red  Sea, 
marks  the  north-east  boundary  of  the 
negus  of  Abyssinia. 

The  empire  of  Negus  to  his  utmost  port, 
Ercoco. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  xl.  397  (1665). 

Ereck,  a  knight  of  the  Round  Table. 
He  marries  the  beautiful  Enite  (2  syl.), 
daughter  of  a  poor  knight,  and  falls  into 
a  state  of  idleness  and  effeminacy,  till 
Enite  rouses  him  to  action.  He  then 
goes  forth  on  an  expedition  of  adven- 
tures ;  and  after  combating  with  brigands, 
giants,  and  dwarfs,  retvirns  to  the  court 
of  king  Arthur,  where  he  remains  till 
the  death  of  his  father.  He  then  enters 
on  his  inheritance,  and  lives  peaceably 
the  rest  of  his  life. — Hartmann  von  der 
Aue:  Ereck  (thirteenth  century). 

Ereen'ia  (3  syl.),  a  glendovepr'  or 
good  spirit,  the  beloved  son  of  Cas'yapa 
(3jry/.)  father  of  the  immortals.  Ereenia 
took  pity  on  Kail'yal  (2  jr^/.),  daughter 
of  Ladur'lad,  and  carried  her  to  his 
Bower  of  Bliss  in  paradise  (canto  vii.). 
Here  Kailyal  could  not  stay,  because  she 
was  still  a  living  daughter  of  earth.    On 


ERETRIAN  BULU 


sag 


ERLAND. 


her  return  to  earth,  she  was  chosen  for 
the  bride  of  Jagan-naut,  and  Ar'valan 
came  to  dishonour  her ;  but  she  set  fire 
to  the  pagoda,  and  Ereenia  came  to  her 
rescue.  Ereenia  was  set  upon  by  the 
witch  Lor'rimite  (3  syl.),  and  carried  to 
the  submerged  city  of  Baly,  whence  he 
was  delivered  by  Ladurlad.  The  glen- 
doveer  now  craved  Seeva  for  vengeance, 
but  the  god  sent  him  to  Yamen  {i.e. 
Pluto),  and  Yamen  said  the  measure  of 
iniquity  was  now  full.  So  Arvalan  and 
his  father  Kehama  were  both  made  in- 
;  mates  of  the  city  of  everlasting  woe ; 
while  Ereenia  carried  Kailyal,  who  had 
quaffed  the  waters  of  immortality,  to  his 
Bower  of  Bliss,  to  dwell  with  him  in 
everlasting  joy. — Southey  :  Curse  of  Ke- 
hama (1809). 

Eret'rian  Bull  [The).  Menede'mos 
of  Eretria,  in  Euboe'a,  was  called  "  Bull  " 
from  the  bull-like  breadth  and  gravity 
of  his  face.  He  founded  the  Eretrian 
school  (fourth  century  B.C.).  (See  Dumb 
,     Ox,  p.  306.) 

Uric,  "  Windy-cap,"  king  of  Sweden. 
He  could  make  the  wind  blow  from  any 
quarter  merely  by  turning  his  cap. 
Hence  the  phrase,  "a  capful  of  wind." 

ZSric.  Amongst  the  ancient  inhabit- 
ants of  Erin  the  eric  was  a  fine  which 
might  be  accepted  as  compensation  for 
murder  or  homicide. 

ErichtllO  \_E.rik\th6\,  the  famous 
Thessalian  consulted  by  Pompey.  — 
Lucan  :  Pharsalia,  vi. 

Eirickson  [Sweyn),  a  fisherman  at 
Jarlshof.— 5i>  W.  Scott:  The  Pirate 
(time,  William  III.). 

Eric'tho,  the  witch  in  John  Marston's 
tragedy  called  The  Wonder  of  Women,  or 
Sophonisba  (1605). 

Er'idan,  the  river  Po,  in  Italy ;  so 
called  from  Eridan  or  (Phaeton),  who 
fell  into  the  stream  when  he  overthrew 
the  sun-car. 

So  do-wn  the  silver  streams  of  Eridan, 
On  either  side  bankt  with  a  lily  wall 
Whiter  than  both,  rides  the  triumpliant  swan, 
And  sings  his  dirge,  and  prophesies  his  fall. 
G.  Fletcher:  Christ s  Triumph  [over  Death]  (1610). 

ISrigf'ena  {John  Scotus),  called  "  Sco- 
tus  the  Wise."  He  must  not  be  con- 
founded with  Duns  Scotus,  "the  Subtle 
Doctor,"  who  lived  some  four  centuries 
later.  Eriggna  died  in  875,  and  Duns 
Scotus  in  1308. 

ISrig'one  (4  syl.),  the  constellation 
Virgo.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Icarios, 
an  Athenian,  who  was  murdered  by  some 


drunken  peasants.  Erigond  discovered 
the  dead  body  by  the  aid  of  her  father's 
dog  Mcera,  who  became  the  star  called 
Canis. 

.  .  .  that  virgin,  frail  Erigoni, 

Who  by  compassion  got  preheminence  {sic]. 

Lord  Brooke  :  Of  Nobility. 

Erill'yab  (3  syl.),  the  widowed  and 
deposed  queen  of  the  Hoamen  (2  syl.), 
an  Indian  tribe  settled  on  a  south  branch 
of  the  Missouri.  Her  husband  was  king 
Tepol'loni,  and  her  son  Amal'ahta.  Ma- 
doc,  when  he  reached  America,  espoused 
her  cause,  and  succeeded  in  restoring  her 
to  her  throne. — Southey  :  Madoc  (1805). 

Erin,  from  ear  or  tar  ("  west ")  and  in 
("island  "),  the  Western  Island,  Ireland. 

Eriphy'le  (4  syl.),  the  wife  of  Am- 
phiara'os.  Being  bribed  by  a  golden 
necklace,  she  betrayed  to  Polyni'cfis  where 
her  husband  had  concealed  himself  that 
he  might  not  go  to  the  siege  of  Thebes, 
where  he  knew  that  he  should  be  killed. 
Congreve  calls  the  word  Eriph'yle. 

When  EriphylS  broke  her  plighted  faith. 
And  for  a  tribe  procured  her  husband's  death. 
Ovid:  Art  of  Love,  iii. 

Er'iri  or  Er'eri,  Snowdon,  in  Caer- 
aarvonshire.  The  word  means  "  Eagle 
rocks." 

In  this  region  \Ordoviciei\  is  the  stupendous  mountain 
"Erin.— Richard  of  Cirencester  :  On  the  Ancient  Slate 
0/ Britain,  i.  6,  25  (fourteenth  century). 

Erisich'thon  (should  be  Erysich- 
thon),  a  Thessalian,  whose  appetite  was 
insatiable.  Having  spent  all  his  estate 
in  the  purchase  of  food,  nothing  was  left 
but  his  daughter  Metra,  and  her  he  sold 
to  buy  food  for  his  voracious  appetite  ; 
but  Metra  had  the  pow^r  of  transforming 
herself  into  any  shape  she  chose  ;  so  as 
often  as  her  father  sold  her,  she  changed 
her  form  and  returned  to  him.  After  a 
time,  Erisichthon  was  reduced  to  feed 
upon  himself. — Ovid:  Metaph.,  viii.  2 
(740  to  end).     An  allegory  of  Death. 

N.B. — Drayton  says  when  the  Wyre 
saw  her  goodly  oak  trees  sold  for  fire- 
wood, she  bethought  her  of  Erisichthon's 
end,  who,  "  when  nor  sea,  nor  land, 
sufficient  were,"  ate  his  own  flesh. — 
Polyolbion,  vii. 

So  Erisicthon,  once  fired  (as  men  say) 

With  hungry  rage,  fed  never,  ever  feeding ; 
Ten  thousand  dishes  served  every  day. 

Yet  in  ten  thousand  thousand  dishes  needing. 

In  vain  his  daughter  hundred  shapes  assumed  ; 

A  whole  camp's  meat  he  in  his  gorge  inhumed  ; 

And  all  consumed,  his  hunger  yet  was  unconsumed. 

Phineas  FleUfier:  The  Purple  Island  (1633), 

Erland,  father  of  Noma  "  of  the 
Fitful  Head."— 5?>  W.  Scott:  The Piratt 
(time,  William  III.). 


ERL-KING. 

Erl-Kin^,  a  spirit  of  mischief,  which 
haunts  the  Black  Forest  ot  Thuringia. 

Goethe  has  a  b.illad  called  the  Erl- 
konig,  and  Herder  has  translated  the 
Danish  ballad  of  Sir  Olaf  and  the  Erl- 
king's  Daughter. 

Ermangrarde   of  Baldrin^ham 

(The  Lady),  aunt  of  the  Lady  Eveline 
Berenger  '"  the  betrothed." — Sir  [V.Scott: 
The  Betrothed  (time,  Henry  11.). 

Er'meline  [Dame),  the  wife  of  Rey- 
nard, in  the  beast-epic  called  i?<?y;mr^  ^A^ 
Fox  (1498). 

Ermetick's  Treasure  [King),  an 
incalculable  mass  of  wealth,  purely 
imaginative. — Reynard  the  Fox,  chap.  xi. 

^1498). 

Ermin'ia,  the  heroine  of  Jerusalem 
Delivered.  She  fell  in  love  with  Tancred, 
and  when  the  Christian  army  besieged 
Jerusalem,  arrayed  herself  in  Clorinda's 
armour  to  go  to  him.  After  certain  ad- 
ventures, she  found  him  wounded,  and 
nursed  him  tenderly  ;  but  the  poet  has 
not  told  us  what  was  the  ultimate  lot  of 
this  fair  Syrian. — Tasso  :  Jerusalem  De- 
livered (157s). 

Erna'ni,  the  robber-captain,  duke  of 
Segor'bia  and  Cardo'na,  lord  of  Aragon, 
and  count  of  Ernani.  He  is  in  love  with 
Elvi'ra,  the  betrothed  of  don  Ruy  Gomez 
de  Silva,  an  old  Spanish  grandee,  whom 
she  detests.  Charles  V.  falls  in  love 
with  her,  and  Ruy  Gomez  joins  Ernani 
in  a  league  against  their  common  rival. 
During  this  league  Ernani  gives  Ruy 
Gomez  a  horn,  saying,  ' '  Sound  but  this 
horn,  and  at  that  moment  Ernani  will 
cease  to  live."  Just  as  he  is  about  to 
espouse  Elvira,  the  horn  is  sounded,  and 
Ernani  stabs  himself. — Verdi  :  Ernani 
(an  opera,  1841). 

Ernest  {Duke),  son-in-law  of  kaiser 
Konrad  II.  He  murders  his  feudal  lord, 
and  goes  on  a  pilgrimage  to  the  Holy 
Land,  to  expiate  his  crime.  The  poem 
so  called  is  a  mixture  of  Homeric 
legends.  Oriental  myths,  and  pilgrims' 
tales.  We  have  pygmies  and  cyclopses, 
genii  and  enchanters,  fairies  and  dwarfs, 
monks  and  devotees.  After  a  world  of 
hair-breadth  escapes,  the  duke  reaches 
the  Holy  Sepulchre,  pays  his  vows,  re- 
turns to  Germany,  and  is  pardoned. — 
Heinrich  von  Fig/ofz^^' (minnesinger) :  Duke 
Ernest  (twelfth  century). 

Ernest  de  Pridberg',  "  the  pri- 
soner of  State,"     He  was  imprisoned  in 


330 


ERRA-PATER. 


the  dungeon  of  the  Giant's  Mount  fortress 
for  fifteen  years  on  a  false  charge  of 
treason,  Ulrica  (his  natural  daughter 
by  the  countess  Marie),  dressed  m  the 
clothes  of  Herman,  the  deaf  and  dumb 
jailer-boy,  gets  access  to  the  dungeon 
and  contrives  his  escape  ;  but  he  is  re- 
taken, and  led  back  to  the  dungeon. 
Being  subsequently  set  at  liberty,  he 
marries  the  countess  Marie  (the  mother 
of  Ulrica). — Stirling:  The  Prisoner  of 
State  (1847). 

Eros,  the  manumitted  slave  of  Antony 
the  triumvir.  Antony  made  Eros  swear 
that  he  would  kill  him  if  commanded  by 
him  so  to  do.  When  in  Egypt,  Antony 
(after  the  battle  of  Actium),  fearing  lest 
he  should  fall  into  the  hands  of  Octavius 
Caesar,  ordered  Eros  to  keep  his  promise, 
Eros  drew  his  sword,  but  thrust  it  into  his 
own  side,  and  fell  dead  at  the  feet  of  An- 
tony. "  O  noble  Eros,"  cried  Antony,  "  I 
thank  thee  for  teaching  me  how  to  die  !  " 
—Plutarch. 

• .  •  Eros  is  introduced  in  Shakespeare's 
Antony  and  Cleopatra,  and  in  Drydens 
All  for  Love,  or  the  World  Well  Lost. 

(Eros  is  the  Greek  name  of  Cupid,  and 
hence  amorous  poetry  is  called  Erotic. ) 

Eros'tratos  (in  Latin  Erostratus), 
the  incendiary  who  set  fire  to  the  temple 
of  Diana  of  Ephesus,  that  his  name 
might  be  perpetuated.  An  edict  was 
published,  prohibiting  any  mention  of 
the  name,  but  the  edict  was  wholly 
ineffective. 

IT  Charles  V.,  wishing  to  be  shown 
over  the  Pantheon  \/iU  Saints]  of  Rome, 
was  taken  to  the  top  by  a  Roman  knight. 
At  parting,  the  knight  told  the  emperor 
that  he  felt  an  almost  irresistible  desire  to 
push  his  majesty  down  from  the  top  of 
the  building,  ' '  in  oraer  to  immortalize  his 
name."  Unlike  Erostratos,  the  name  of 
this  knight  has  not  transpired. 

Ero'ta,  a  very  beautiful  but  most 
imperious  princess,  passionately  beloved 
by  Philander  prince  of  Cyprus.  — 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher:  The  Laws  of 
Candy  (published  1647). 

Erra-Fater,  an  almanac,  an  alma- 
nac-maker, an  astrologer.  Samuel  Butler 
calls  Lilly,  the  almanac-maker,  an  Erra- 
Pater,  which  we  are  told  was  the  name  of 
a  famous  Jewish  astrologer. 

His  only  Bible  was  an  Erra-Pater. 
P.  Fletcher:  The  Purple  Island,  vii.  (1633). 

What's   here?     Erra-Pater    or  a  bearded  sibyl   \t/u 
person  was  Foresigkt\. 

CoH£reve  :  Love /or  Lffve,  is.  169s). 


i 


ERRAGON. 


331 


Erragron,  king  of  Lora  (in  Scandi- 
navia). Aldo,  a  Caledonian  chief,  offered 
him  his  services,  and  obtained  several 
important  victories ;  but  Lornia,  the 
king's  wife,  falling  in  love  with  him,  the 
guilty  pair  escaped  to  Morven.  Erragon 
invaded  the  country,  and  slew  Aldo  in 
single  combat,  but  was  himself  slain  in 
battle  by  Gaul,  son  of  Morni.  As  for 
Lorma,  she  died  of  grief. — Ossian :  The 
Battle  of  Lora. 

Errant  Damsel  { The),  \5nz..— Spen- 
ser:  Faerie  Queene,  iii.  i  (1590). 

Errol  {Gilbert  earl  of),  lord  high 
constable  of  Scotland.— 5i>  W.  Scott  : 
Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV,). 

Error,  a  monster  who  lived  in  a  den 
in  "  Wandering  Wood,"  and  with  whom 
the  Red  Cross  Knight  had  his  first  ad- 
venture. She  had  a  brood  of  1000  young 
ones  of  sundry  shapes,  and  these  cubs 
crept  into  their  mother's  mouth  when 
alarmed,  as  young  kangaroos  creep  into 
their  mother's  pouch.  The  knight  was 
nearly  killed  by  the  stench  which  issued 
from  the  foul  fiend,  but  he  succeeded  in 
"  rafting"  her  head  off.  Whereupon  the 
brood  lapped  up  the  blood,  and  burst 
with  satiety. 

Half  like  a  serpent  horribly  displayed, 

But  th'  other  half  did  woman*  shape  retain  ,  .  . 

And  as  she  lay  upon  the  dirty  ground, 

Her  huge  long  tail  her  den  all  overspread, 

Yet  was  in  knots  and  many  boughts[y*/rfj]upwound, 

Pointed  with  mortal  sting. 

Spenser :  Fairie  Queene,  i.  i  (1590), 

Errors  of  Artists.  (See  Ana- 
chronisms, p,  40.) 

(i)  Angelo  {Michel),  in  his  great 
picture  of  the  "  Last  Judgment,"  has 
introduced  Charon's  bark. 

(2)  Brengheli,  the  Dutch  painter,  in 
a  picture  of  the  "  Wise  Men  of  the  East  " 
making  their  offerings  to  the  infant  Jesus, 
has  represented  one  of  them  dressed  in  a 
large  white  surplice,  booted  and  spurred, 
offering  th6  model  of  a  Dutch  seventy-four 
to  the  infant. 

(3)  Etty  has  placed  by  the  bedside  of 
Holofernes  a  helmet  of  the  period  of  the 
seventeenth  century. 

(4)  Mazzochi  {Paulo),  in  his  "  Sym- 
bolical Painting  of  the  Four  Elements," 
represents  the  sea  by  fishes,  the  earth  by 
violes,  fire  by  a  salatnander,  and  air  by 
a  carnel  /  Evidently  he  mistook  the 
cameleon  (which  traditionally  lives  on  air) 
for  a  camel. 

(5)  Reynolds  {Sir  Joshua)  has  given 
one  of  his  men  two  hats.  In  the  early 
hfe  of  this  great  artist  it  was  customary 
to  paint  the  man  with  one  hand  in  the 


ERRORS  OF  AUTHORS. 

waistcoat  and  a  chapeau  bras  under  one 
of  the  arms.  A  gentleman  requested 
that  Reynolds  would  paint  him  with  his 
hat  on  his  head.  When  the  picture  was 
sent  home,  lo  !  there  were  two  hats  ;  one 
sure  enough  was  on  the  head,  according 
to  request,  but  there  was  another  under 
the  man's  arm, 

(6)  Tintoret,  in  a  picture  which  repre- 
sents the  "  Israelites  Gathering  Manna  in 
the  Wilderness,"  has  armed  the  men  with 
guns. 

(7)  Vandyke,  In  Vandyke's  cele- 
brated picture  of  Charles  I,  in  armour, 
both  the  gauntlets  are  for  the  right  hand. 

(8)  Veronese  (Paw/), in  his  "  Marriage 
Feast  of  Cana  of  Galilee,"  has  introduced 
among  the  guests  several  Benedictines. 

(9)  West,  president  of  the  Royal 
Academy,  has  represented  Paris  the 
Phrygian  in  Roman  costume. 

(10)  Westminster  Hall  is  full  of 
absurdities.  Witness  the  following  as 
specimens  : — 

Sir  Cloudesley  Shovel  is  dressed  in  a 
Roman  cuirass  and  sandals,  but  on  his 
head  is  a  full-bottomed  wig  of  the 
eighteenth  century. 

The  duke  of  Buckingham  is  arrayed  in 
the  costume  of  a  Roman  emperor,  and  his 
duchess  in  the  court  dress  of  George  I. 
period. 

(11)  WiLKiE  has  painted  a  horse, 
without  a  bit,  foaming  at  the  mouth. 

Errors  of  Antliors.  (See  Ana- 
chronisms, p,  39.> 

(i)  Ash,  "Esoteric,  an  incorrect 
spelling  for  exoteric."  "  Gawain,  sister 
of  Arthur." — Dictionary. 

(2)  Allison  {Sir'  Archibald)  says> 
''Sir  Peregrine  Pickle  was  one  of  the 
pall-bearers  of  the  duke  of  Wellington," 
— Life  of  Lord  Castlereagh. 

(He  meant  Sir  Peregrine  Maitland.) 
%  In  his  History  of  Europe,  the  phrase 
droit  de  timbre  {"  stamp  duty  ")  he  trans- 
lates "  timber  duties." 

IT  Of  a  piece  with  this  translation  is 
Archdall's  rendering  of ' '  cloche,"  Among 
the  relics  destroyed  by  the  Danes  in 
Ireland  in  the  tenth  century  was  a  pas- 
toral staff  of  the  patron  saint  of  Slane, 
and  (Says  Archdall)  "the  best  clock 
[cloche']  in  Ireland,"  Of  course  cloche 
means  a  bell. — Monasticon  Hibemicon. 

(3)  Arnold  {Matthew),  in  his  Philo- 
mela, makes  Procng  the  "  dumb  sister  ;  " 
but  it  was  the  tongue  of  Philomela  that 
Tereus  (2  syl. )  cut  out,  to  prevent  her  tell- 
ing hiswife  Procne  of  hislicentiousviolence. 


ERRORS  OF  AUTHORS. 


332 


ERRORS  OF  AUTHORS. 


Dost  thou  again  pfcruse 

With  hot  cheeks  and  scared  eyes 

The  too  clear  web  and  thy  dear  sister's  shame  t 

These  words  might  be  addressed  to  his 
wife  Procnfi,  but  could  not  possibly  be 
addressed  to  Philomel, 

(4)  Articles  of  War  for  the  Army. 
It  is  ordered  "that  every  recruit  shall 
have  the  40th  and  46th  of  the  articles 
read  to  him  "  (art.  iii.).  The  46th  relates 
to  chaplains ;  the  41st  is  meant,  which  is 
about  mutiny, 

51  Edward  HI,  assumes  there  are 
40,000  parishes  in  England,  instead  of 
8600. 

(5)  Barnes,  in  his  History  of  Edward 
III.,  tells  us  that  the  earl  of  Leicester, 
"  who  was  almost  blind  with  age,"  flung 
up  his  cap  for  joy  when  he  heard  of  the 
arrest  of  Mortimer,  in  1330,  "  Old 
Leicester,"  however,  was  only  43  at  the 
time. 

(6)  Browne  ( William).  ApelUs  Cur- 
tain.    W.  Browne  says — 

If  ,  .  ,  I  set  my  pencil  to  Apellfe  tabl   ljiainting\ 
Or  dare  to  draw  his  curtain. 

Britannia's  Pastorals,  ii.  a. 

This  curtain  was  not  drawn  by  Apelles, 
but  by  Parrhasios,  who  lived  a  full  cen- 
tury before  Apelles.  The  contest  was 
between  Zeuxis  and  Parrhasios.  The 
former  exhibited  a  bunch  of  grapes  which 
deceived  the  birds,  and  the  latter  a  cur- 
tain which  deceived  Zeuxis. 

(7)  Bruyssel  (^,  vow)  says,  "Accord- 
ing to  Homer,  Achillas  had  a  vulnerable 
heel."  It  is  a  vulgar  error  to  attribute 
this  myth  to  Homer.  The  blind  old  bard 
nowhere  says  a  word  about  it.  The  story 
of  dipping  Achillas  in  the  river  Styx  is 
altogether  post-Homeric, 

(8)  BUFFON  says  the  flowers  of  America 
are  beautiful,  but  without  perfume  ;  and 
the  birds  gay  in  plumage,  but  without 
song.  Captain  Mayne  Reid,  in  his  War- 
trail,  xlv.,  says  of  Buffon,  "You  could 
never  have  approached  within  200  yards 
of  a  Sianhopia,  of  the  Epidendrum 
odordtum,  of  the  Dictura  grandifiora, 
with  its  mantle  of  snow-white  blossoms. 
You  could  never  have  passed  near  the 
fothos  plant,  the  serberece  and  tabemamon- 
tanece,  the  cullas,  eugenias,  ocotas,  and 
nitiginas.  You  could  never  have  ridden 
through  a  chapparal  of  acacias  and 
mimosas,  or  among  orchids,  whose  pre- 
sence filbi  whole  forests  with  fragrance." 

IT  Then,  in  regard  to  singing  birds. 
Captain  Mayne  Reid  speaks  of  "the  in- 
comparable melody  of  the  mock-bird,  the 
full,   charming  notes  of  the  blue  song- 


thrush,  the  sweet  warbling  voice  of  the 
Silvias,  finches,  tanagas,  which  not  only 
adorn  the  American  woods  with  their 
gorgeous  colours,  but  make  them  vocal 
with  never-ending  song." 

(9)  Byron.  Xerxes'  Ships.  Bjn-onsays 
that  Xerxes  looked  on  his  "ships  by 
thousands"  off  the  coast  of  Sal'amis. 
The  entire  number  of  sails  was  1200 ;  of 
these  400  were  wrecked  before  the  battle 
off  the  coast  of  S6pias,  so  that  even 
supposing  the  whole  of  the  rest  were  en- 
gaged, the  number  could  not  exceed  800. 
— Isles  of  Greece. 

IT  The  Isle  Teos.  In  the  same  poem  he 
refers  to  "Teos"  as  one  of  the  isles  of 
Greece,  but  Teos  is  a  maritime  town  on 
the  coast  of  Ionia,  in  Asia  Minor, 

(10)  Campbell  speaks  of  the  aloes  and 
palm  trees  of  Wyoming,  neither  of  which 
trees  grows  there. 

He  also  calls  the  people  a  ' '  gentle 
people,"  but  the  mutual  hatred  between 
the  farmers  rendered  the  place  a  hell 
rather  than  a  paradise.  Families  were 
so  divided  that  the  fire  of  contention 
burnt  ragingly;  but  Campbell  speaks  of 
it  as  a  "seat  of  social  happiness." — 
Howitt :  History  of  England  (George  III, , 
p.  218), 

(11)  Cervantes.  Dorothea's  Father. 
Dorothea  represents  herself  as  queen  of 
Micomicon,  because  both  her  father  and 
mother  were  dead,  but  don  Quixote  speaks 
of  her  father  to  her  as  alive. — Pt.  I.  iv.  8. 

H  Mambrino's  Helmet.  In  pt.  I.  iii.  8 
we  are  told  that  the  galley-slaves  set  free 
by  don  Quixote  assaulted  him  with  stones, 
and  "snatching  the  basin  from  his  head, 
broke  it  to  pieces."  In  bk.  iv.  15  we  find 
this  basin  quite  whole  and  sound,  the 
subject  of  a  judicial  inquiry,  the  question 
being  whether  it  was  a  helmet  or  a 
barber's  basin.  Sancho  (ch.  11)  says  he 
"picked  it  up,  bruised  and  battered,  in- 
tending to  get  it  mended  ; "  but  he  says, 
"I  broke  it  to  pieces,"  or,  according  to 
one  translator,  "  broke  it  into  a  thousand 
pieces."  In  bk.  iv.  8  we  are  told  that 
don  Quixote  "came  from  his  chamber 
armed  cap-d-pie,  with  the  barber's  basin 
on  his  head," 

^  IT  Sancho's  Ass.  We  are  told  (pt.  I. 
iii,  9)  that  Gines  de  Passamonte  "stole 
Sancho's  ass."  Sancho  laments  the  loss 
with  true  pathos,  and  the  knight  condoles 
with  him.  But  soon  afterwards  Cervantes 
says,  "  He  \Sancho'\  jogged  on  leisurely 
upon  his  ass  after  his  master." 

IT  Sancho's  Great-coat.  Sancho  Panza, 
we  are  told,  left  his  wallet  behind  in  the 


ERRORS  OF  AUTHORS. 


333 


ERRORS  OF  AUTHORS. 


Crescent  Moon  tavern,  where  he  was 
tossed  in  a  blanket,  and  put  the  provisions 
left  by  the  priests  in  his  great-coat  (ch.  5). 
The  galley-slaves  robbed  him  of  "his 
great-coat,  leaving  only  his  doublet "  (ch. 
8),  but  in  the  next  chapter  (9)  we  find  "  the 
victuals  had  not  been  touched,"  though  the 
rascals  "searched  diligently  for  booty." 
Now,  if  the  food  was  in  the  great-coat, 
and  the  great-coat  was  stolen,  how  is  it 
that  the  victuals  remained  in  Sancho's 
possession  untouched  ? 

IT  Sancho's  Wallet.  We  are  told  that 
Sancho  left  his  wallet  by  mistake  at  the 
tavern  where  he  was  blanket-tossed  (ch.  5), 
but  in  ch.  9,  when  he  found  the  port- 
manteau, ' '  he  crammed  the  gold  and 
linen  into  his  wallet." — Pt.  I.  iii. 

To  make  these  oversights  more  striking, 
the  author  says,  when  Sancho  found  the 
portmanteau,  "he  entirely  forgot  the  loss 
of  his  wallet,  his  great-coat,  and  of  his 
faithful  companion  and  servant  Dapple  " 
\ihe  ass). 

^  Supper.  Cervantes  makes  the  party 
at  the  Crescent  tavern  eat  two  suppers  in 
one  evening.  In  ch.  5  the  curate  orders 
in  supper,  and  "after  supper"  they  read 
the  story  of  "  Fatal  Curiosity."  In  ch.  12 
we  are  told  "  the  cloth  was  laid  [again] 
for  supper,"  and  the  company  sat  down 
to  it,  quite  forgetting  that  they  had  already 
supped.— Pt.  I.  iv. 

(12)  Chambers's  Encyclopedia 
states  that  "the  fame  of  Beaumarchais 
rests  on  his  two  operas,  Le  Barbier  de 
Seville  (1755)  and  Le  Mariage  de  Figaro. " 
Every  one  knows  that  Mozart  composed 
the  opera  of  Figaro  (1786),  and  that  Casti 
wrote  the  libretto.  The  opera  of  Le 
Barbier  de  Seville,  or  rather  //  Barbiere 
di  Siviglia,  was  composed  by  Rossini,  in 
1816.  What  Beaumarchais  wrote  was  two 
comedies,  one  in  four  acts  and  the  other 
in  five. — Art.  "  Beaumarchais." 

(13)  Chambers's  Journal.  We  are 
told,  in  a  paper  entitled  "  Coincidences," 
that  "  Thursday  has  proved  a  fatal  day 
with  the  Tudors,  for  on  that  day  died 
Henry  VIII.,  Edward  VI.,  queen  Mary, 
and  queen  Elizabeth."  This  is  not 
correct  in  regard  to  Henry  VIII.,  who 
died  January  28,  1546-7,  according  to 
the  best  authority,  Rymer's  Feeder  a,  vol. 
XV.,  and  that  day  was  a  Friday  (Old 
Style) ,  and  not  a  Thursday. 

IT  Ifl  the  same  paper  we  are  told  that 
Saturday  has  been  fatal  to  the  present 
dynasty,  "  for  William  IV.  and  every  one 
of  the  Georges  died  on  a  Saturday." 
This  is  not  correct  in  regard  to  George  I., 


who  died  Sunday,  June  11,  1727,  and 
William  IV.,  who  died  Tuesday,  June  20, 
1837.  The  other  three  Georges  died  on 
a  Saturday,  viz.  George  II. ,  October  25, 
1760;  George  III.,  January  29,  1820; 
and  George  IV.,  Jvme  26,  1830. 

(14)  Chaucer  says,  "The  throstle- 
cock  sings  so  sweet  a  tune  that  Tubal 
himself,  the  first  musician,  could  not 
equal  it. " —  The  Court  of  Love,  Of  course 
he  means  Jubal. 

IT  In  his  House  of  Fame,  he  mistakes 
the  giant  Orion  for  Arion  the  musician. 

(15)  CiBBER  {Colley),  in  his  Love  Makes 
a  Man,  i.,  makes  Carlos  the  student  say, 
"For  the  cure  of  herds  [  Virgifs]  bucolicks 
are  a  master-piece ;  but  when  his  art 
describes  the  commonwealth  of  bees  .  .  . 
I'm  ravished."  He  means  the  Georgics, 
the  Bucolics  are  eclogues,  and  never  touch 
upon  either  of  these  subjects.  The 
diseases  and  cures  of  cattle  are  in  Georgic 
iii.,  and  the  habits,  etc.,  of  bees,  Georgic  iv. 

(16)  CiD  {The).  When  Alfonso  suc- 
ceeded his  brother  Sancho  and  banished 
the  Cid,  Rodrigo  is  made  to  say — 

Prithee  say  where  were  these  gallants 
(Bold  enough  when  far  from  blows)  1 

Where  were  they  when  I,  unaided. 
Rescued  thee  from  thirteen  foes? 

The  historic  fact  is,  not  that  Rodrigo 
rescued  Alfonso  from  thirteen  foes,  but 
that  the  Cid  rescued  Sancho  from  thirteen 
of  Alfonso's  foes.  Eleven  he  slew,  and 
two  he  put  to  flight.— Z4<?  Cid,  xvi.  78. 

(17)  COLMAN.  Job  Thornberry  says  to 
Peregrine,  who  offers  to  assist  him  in  his 
difficulties,  "  Desist,  young  man,  in  time." 
But  Peregrine  was  at  least  45  years  old 
when  so  addressed.  He  was  15  when 
Job  first  knew  him,  and  had  been  absent 
thirty  years  in  Calcutta.  Job  Thornberry 
himself  was  not  above  five  or  six  years 
older. 

(18)  CowPER  calls  the  rose  "the  glory 
of  April  and  May,"  but  June  is  the  great 
rose  month.  In  the  south  of  England 
they  begin  to  bloom  in  the  latter  half  of 
May,  and  go  on  to  the  middle  of  July. 
April  roses  would  be  horticultural  cu- 
riosities. 

IT  In  his  Invitation  to  Newton  he  speaks 
of  the  hibernation  of  swallows — 

The  swallows,  in  their  torpid  state. 

Compose  their  useless  win^  ; 
And  bees  in  hives  as  idly  wait 

The  call  of  early  spring. 

(N.B. — Swallows  do  not  hibernate  ;  and 
bees  in  a  hive  are  not  idle  in  winter-time.) 

IF  In  his  Yearly  Distress  he  mistakes 
hoggets  (young  sheep)  for  pigs  or  hogs. 

The  pigs  [kozz<ts'\  that  he  had  lost 
By  maggots  m  their  taU. 


ERRORS  OF  AUTHORS. 


334 


ERRORS  OF  AUTHORS. 


Young  lambs  are  very  subject  to  these 
parasites,  but  "  pigs"  are  not.  Strange 
that  a  man  hving  in  the  country,  and  not 
without  observation,  should  blunder  so 
often  on  natural  history. 

(19)  Critics  at  fault.  The  licentiate 
tells  don  Quixote  that  some  critics  found 
fault  with  him  for  defective  memory,  and 
instanced  it  in  this:  "  We  are  told  that 
Sancho's  ass  is  stolen,  but  the  author  has 
forgotten  to  mention  who  the  thief  was." 
This  is  not  ^e  case,  as  we  are  distinctly 
informed  that  it  was  stolen  by  Gines  de 
Passamonte,  one  of  the  galley-slaves. — 
Don  Quixote,  H.  i.  3, 

(20)  Cunningham  {Allan)  wrote  the 
well-known  line,  "  a  wet  sheet  and  a  flow- 
ing sail."  Now,  sheet  in  nautical  language 
means  a  rope,  and  a  "wet  rope"  cannot 
have  been  his  meaning.  In  a  sailing-boat 
there  are  four  ropes,  called  the  painter,  the 
halyard,  the  sheet,  and  the  tack.  The 
painter  is  to  tie  the  boat  to  the  moorings  ; 
the  halyard  is  to  haul  up  the  sail ;  the 
sheet  is  put  near  the  end  of  the  boom  ; 
and  the  tack  is  to  fasten  the  sail  to  the 
bottom  of  the  mast. 

Nuttall,  in  his  dictionary,  erroneously  gives  "  sheet," 
a  iail,  which  it  never  means. 

(21)  Dickens,  in  Edwin  Drood,  puts 
"rooks  and  rooks'  nests"  (instead  of 
daws)  "in  the  towers  of  Cloisterham." 

IF  In  his'  Child's  History  of  England 
Dickens  refers  to  Edmund  earl  of  Kent 
as  "the  poor  old  lord,"  but  he  was  only 
28  years  of  age  at  the  time  referred  to. 

It  In  Little  Dorrit  (ch.  xxxiii.)  Tatty- 
coram  is  supposed  to  enter  "  with  an  iron 
box  two  feet  square  under  her  arm. "  She 
must  have  been  a  pretty  strong  girl,  with 
very  long  arms. 

IT  In  Nicholas  Nicklehy  he  represents 
Mr.  Squeers  as  setting  his  boys  "to  hoe 
turnips  "  in  midwinter. 

%  In  The  Tale  of  Two  Cities  (iii.  4)  he 
says,  "The  name  of  the  strong  man  of 
Old  Scripture  descended  to  the  chief 
functionary  who  worked  the  guillotine." 
But  the  name  of  this  functionary  was 
Sanson,  not  Samson. 

(22)  Froissart  tells  us  that  the  elder 
Despenser  was  90  years  old  at  death.  As 
he  was  born  in  March,  1261,  and  died  in 
October,  1326,  he  was  65,  not  90. 

{23)  Galen  says  that  man  has  seven 
bones  in  the  sternum  (instead  of  three) ; 
and  Sylvius,  in  reply  to  Vesalius,  contends 
that  "in  days  of  yore  the  robust  chests 
of  heroes  had  more  bones  than  men  now 
have." 

(24)  Goldsmith,  in  The  Traveller  (last 


line  but  two),  speaks  of  "Luke's  iron 
crown,  and  Damien's  bed  of  steel."  This 
line  contains  three  blunders :  (i)  It  was  not 
Luke  but  George  Dosa,  the  Hungarian, 
who,  in  1514,  was  put  to  death  by  a  red- 
hot  crown  on  his  head.  (2)  The  name 
of  the  regicide  who  attempted  the  life  of 
Louis  XV.  was  not  Damien  but  Damiens, 
although  it  is  true  he  is  called  '  Damien  ' 
in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  1757  (vol. 
xxvii.  pp.  87,  157).  (3)  Damiens  was  not 
tortured  to  death  on  a  "  bed  of  steel,"  but 
was  first  flayed  alive  by  pincers,  and  huge 
morsels  of  flesh  were  plucked  from  his 
bones,  after  which  he  was  torn  limb  from 
limb  by  six  wild  horses.  (See  Foster's  Life, 
bk.  iii.  10.) 

(25)  Greene  [Robert)  speaks  of  Del pho3 
as  an  island;  but  Delphos,  or  rather 
Delphi,  was  a  city  of  Phocis,  and  no  island. 
"Six  noblemen  were  sent  to  the  isle  of 
Delphos." — Donastus  and  Faunia.  Pro- 
bably he  confounded  the  city  of  Delphi 
with  the  isle  of  Delos. 

(26)  Halliwell,  in  his  Archaic  Dic- 
tionary, says,  "  Crouchmas  means 
Christmas,"  and  adds  that  Tusser  is  his 
authority.  But  this  is  altogether  a  mistake. 
Tusser,  in  his  ''May  Remembrances," 
says  :  ' '  From  bull  cow  fast,  till  Crouchmas 
be  past,"  i.e.  St.  Helen's  Day.  Tusser 
evidently  means  from  May  3  (the  invention 
of  the  Cross)  to  August  18  (St.  Helen's 
Day  or  the  Cross-mas),  not  Christmas. 

(27)  Hatton  [Joseph),  in  his  Three 
Recruits,  etc.  (1880),  speaks  of  Jacob  as 
the  patriarch  who  offered  up  his  son  in 
sacrifice  to  God.  Of  course  he  meant 
Abraham. 

(28)  HiGGONS  [Bevil)  says— 

The  Cyprian  queen,  drawn  by  Apell^s'  hand, 
Of  perfect  beauty  did  the  pattern  stand  I 
But  then  bright  nymphs  from  every  part  of  Greece 
Did  all  contribute  to  adorn  the  piece. 

To  Sir  Godfrey  JCnelley  (1780). 

Tradition  says  that  Apelles'  model  was 
either  Phryng,  or  CampaspS  afterwards  his 
wife.  Campbell  has  borrowed  these  lines, 
but  ascribes  the  painting  to  Protog'engs 
the  Rhodian — 

When  first  the  Rhodian's  mimic  art  arrayed 
The  Queen  of  Beauty  in  her  Cyprian  shade. 
The  happy  master  mingled  in  the  piece 
Each  look  that  charmed  him  in  the  fair  of  Greece. 
Pleasures  of  Hope,  ii. 

(29)  Hogg  the  Ettrick  shepherd,  speaks 
of  "  Evening  Mass,"  and  sir  Walter  Scott 
says,  "On  Christmas  Eve  the  Mass  was 
sung." 

The  supper-bell  at  court. had  rung. 
The  Mass  was  said,  the  Vespers  sung. 

The  Queen's  IVake. 

(30)  Howitt,  in  his  History  of  England 


ERRORS  OF  AUTHORS. 


335 


ERRORS  OF  AUTHORS. 


(George  HI.,  p.  241),  describing  the  attack 
of  the  Gordon  rioters  on  the  Bank  of 
England,  says,  "  They  [the  rioters] 
found  a  mine  of  wealth  guarded  by 
'  Arimaspians  '  in  the  shape  of  infantry, 
who  had  orders  to  fire,  and  did  it  without 
scruple."  Now,  the  Arimaspians  were 
the  rioters,  and  the  infantry  were  the 
"  Griffins"  who  guarded  the  gold. 

The  tale  is  this :  The  Griffins  guarded  the  gold  of 
tlie  north,  but  the  Arimaspians,  a  one-eyed  race, 
mounted  on  horseback,  attempted  to  steal  the  gold, 
and  hence  arose  the  hostility  between  the  griffin  and 
the  horse. 

(31)  Hume  (Fergus).  In  The  Mystery 
of  a  Hansom  Cab  (ch.  ix.  p.  56)  we  are 
told  that  the  clock  was  too  slow.  At  p. 
131  (ch.  xix.)  Albert  Pendy,  the  clock-  and 
watchmaker,  on  being  sworn,  deposed  that 
"it  was  ten  minutes  loo  fast,"  and  he 
adds,  "  I putitright "  Careton,  addressing 
the  jury  (p.  135),  says  it  was  too  slow. 

(32)  Johnson  [Dr.]  makes  Addison 
speak  of  Steele  as  "  Little  Dicky,"  whSreas 
the  person  so  called  by  Addison  was  a 
dwarfish  actor  who  played  "Gomez"  in 
Dryden's  Sfa?iish  Fryar.  He  defines 
' '  Pastern,  the  knee  of  a  horse  "  in  his 
Dictionary. 

(33)  KiNGSLEY  (Charles).  In  West- 
ward Ho/  (ch.  XX.)  John  Brimablecombe 
reads  before  the  sea-fight  the  prayer  for 
"all  conditions  of  men ;  "  but  in  the  time 
of  queen  Elizabeth  there  was  no  such 
prayer  in  the  Prayer-book. 

(34)  Lamb  (Charles)  speaks  of  phea- 
sants being  served  up  at  table  on  the 
second  of  September.  Partridges  might, 
but  pheasants  are  not  eaten  before 
October.  He  says,  in  his  Essays  of  Elia, 
' '  Shrove  Tuesday  was  helping  the  second 
of  September  to  .  .  .  the  delicate  thigh  of 
a  hen  pheasant." — Rejoicings  upon  the 
New  tear' s  Coming  of  Age. 

{35)  London  Newspaper  (A),  one  of 
the  leading  journals  of  the  day,  has  spoken 
three  times  within  two  years  of  "passing 
under  the  Caudine  Forks,"  evidently 
supposing  them  to  be  a  "  yoke,"  instead 
of  a  valley  or  mountain  pass. 

{36)  Longfellow  calls  Erig'ena  a 
Scotchman,  whereas  the  very  word  means 
an  Irishman. 

Done  into  Latin  by  that  Scottish  beast, 
Erigena  Johannes. 

Golden  Lesend. 

Without  doubt,  the  poet  mistook  John 
Duns  \Scottus\  who  died  in  1308,  for 
John  Scottus  {Erigena\  who  died  in  875. 
Erigena  translated  into  Latin  St.  Diony- 
sius.  He  was  latitudinarian  in  his  views, 
and  anything  but  "a  Scottish  beast"  or 
CalvinisU 


IT  The  Two  Angels.  Longfellow 
crowns  the  death-angel  with  amaranth, 
with  which  Milton  says,  "  the  spirits  elect 
bind  their  resplendent  locks  ; "  and  his 
angel  of  life  he  crowns  with  asphodels, 
the  flowers  of  Pluto  or  the  grave. 

(37)  Milton.  Colkitto  and  Macdonnel. 
In  Sonnet  X.  Milton  speaks  of  Colkitto  and 
M'Donnel  as  two  distinct  families,  but 
they  are  really  one  and  the  same.  The 
M'Donnels  of  Antrim  were  called  Col- 
kittok  because  they  were  descended  from 
the  lame  Colin. 

IT  In  Comus  (ver.  880)  he  makes  the 
siren  Ligea  ' '  sleek  her  hair  with  a  golden 
comb,"  as  if  she  were  a  Scandinavian 
mermaid. 

(38)  Moore  (Thorn.)  says — 

The  sunflower  turns  on  her  god,  when  he  sets. 
The  same  look  which  she  turned  when  he  rose. 

Irish  Melodies,  ii.  ("  Helieve  Me  if  all  those 
Endearing  Young  Charms  "). 

The  sunflower  does  not  turn  to  either 
the  rising  or  setting  stm.  It  receives  its 
name  solely  because  it  resembles  a  pic- 
ture sun.  It  is  not  a  turn-sun  or  helio- 
trope at  all. 

(39)  Morris  says — 


i.e. 'She  will  never  be  a  bride.  Milton 
also,  in  L Allegro,  says — 

There  let  Hymen  oft  appear 
In  saffron  robe. 

Brides  wore  a  white  robe,  but  were 
wholly  enveloped  in  crocus-coloured  veils 
or  fllammeum.  "  Lutea  demiosos  vela- 
runt  fiammea  vultus." — Lucan,  ii.  361. 
(See  also  Pliny,  Natural  History,  xxi.  22. ) 

(40)  Murphy,  in  the  Grecian  Daughter, 
says  (act  i.  i) — 

Have  you  forgot  the  elder  Dionysius, 

Surnained  the  Tyrant  ?  .  .  .  Evander  came  from  Greece, 

And  sent  the  tyrant  to  his  humble  rank. 

Once  more  reduced  to  roam  for  vile  subsistence, 

A  wandering  sophist  thro'  the  realms  of  Greece. 

It  was  not  Dionysius  the  Elder,  but 
Dionysius  the  Younger,  who  was  the 
"wandering  sophist;"  and  it  was  not 
Evander,  but  Timoleon,  who  dethroned 
him.  The  elder  Dionysius  was  not  de- 
throned at  all,  nor  ever  reduced  "to 
humble  rank."  He  reigned  thirty-eight 
years  without  interruption,  and  died  a 
king,  in  the  plenitude  of  his  glory,  at  the 
age  of  63. 

IF  In  the  same  play  (act  iv.  i)  Euphrasia 
says  to  Dionysius  the  Younger — 

Think  of  thy  father's  fate  at  Corinth,  Dionysius. 

It    was    not    the    father,    but    the    son 
(Dionysius  the  Younger),   who  lived  in 
exile  at  Corinth. 
IT  In  the  same  play  he  makes  Ti'moleon 


ERRORS  OF  AUTHORS.  336 

victorious  over  the  Syracusians  (that  is 
historically  correct)  ;  and  he  makes  Eu- 
phrasia stab  Dionysius  the  Younger, 
whereas  he  retreated  to  Corinth,  and 
spent  his  time  in  debauchery,  but  sup- 
ported himself  by  keeping  a  school.  Of 
his  death  nothing  is  known,  but  certainly 
he  was  not  stabbed  to  death  by  Euphrasia. 
(See  Plutarch.) 

(41)  Phillips  informs  us  that  "a 
quaver  is  a  measure  of  time  in  music, 
being  the  half  of  a  crotchet,  as  a  crotchet 
is  half  a  quaver."  (He  means  half  a 
minim.) 

(42)  Pope,  in  his  fable  The  Mouse  and 
the  Weasel,  makes  the  weasel  eat  corn. 

(43)  Richardson's  DicTiONARY.under 
the  word  "taper,"  a  wax  candle,  gives 
as  an  illustration  of  the  meaning — 

And  in  the  night  she  listeth  best  tapere  (<*.«.  to 
appear). 

(44)  Printer's  Error  {A  curious). 
The  Annual  Register,  1879,  p.  373, 
speaks  of  the  monument  of  Byron,  and  a 
statue  done  by  Thomas  Walden,  meaning 
Thorwaldsen. 

(45)  Rymer,  in  his  Fcsdera,  ascribes  to 
Henry  I.  (who  died  in  1135)  a  preaching 
expedition  for  the  restoration  of  Roches- 
ter Church,  injured  by  fire  in  1177  (vol.  I. 

i.9). 

If  In  the  previous  page  Rymer  ascribes 
to  Henry  I.  a  deed  of  gift  from  "  Henry 
king  of  England  and  lord  of  Ireland;" 
but  every  one  knows  that  Ireland  was 
conquered  by  Henry  II.,  and  the  deed 
referred  to  was  the  act  of  Henry  III. 

IF  On  p.  71  of  the  same  vol.  Odo  is 
made,  in  1298,  to  swear  "in  no  wise  to 
confederate  with  Richard  I.  ; "  whereas 
Richard  I.  died  in  1199. 

(46)  Sabine  Maid  (^^4  G.  Gilfillan, 
in  his  introductory  essay  to  Longfellow, 
says,  *'  His  ornaments,  unlike  those  of 
the  Sabine  maid,  have  not  crushed  him. " 
Tarpeia,  who  opened  the  gates  of  Rome 
to  the  Sabines,  and  was  crushed  to  death 
by  their  shields,  was  not  a  Sabine  maid 
but  a  Roman. 

(47)  Scott  {Sir  Walter).  In  the  Heart 
of  Midlothian  we  read — 

She  [Effit  Deans]  amused  herself  with  visitingr  the 
dairy  .  .  .  and  was  near  discovering  herself  to  Mary 
Hetley  by  betraying  her  acquaintance  with  the  cele- 
brated receipt  for  Dunlop  cheese,  that  she  compared 
herself  to  Bedreddin  Hassan,  whom  the  vizier  his 
fatlier-in-law  discovered  by  his  superlative  skill  in  com- 
posing cream-tarts  with  pepper  in  them. 

In  these  few  lines  are  several  gross  errors  : 

ii)  "  cream-tarts  "  should  be  cheese-cakes  ; 
2)  the  charge  was  "that  he  made  cheese- 
cakes without  putting  pepper  in  them," 
and  not  that  he  made  ' '  cream-tarts  with 


ERRORS  OF  AUTHORS. 


pepper ;  "  (3)  it  was  not  the  vizier  his 
father-in-law  and  uncle,  but  his  mother, 
the  widow  of  Noureddin,  who  made  the 
discovery,  and  why?  for  the  best  of  all 
reasons— because  she  herself  had  taught 
her  son  the  receipt.  The  party  were  at 
Damascus  at  the  time. — Arabian  Nights 
("Noureddin  Ali,"  etc.).  (See  p.  338, 
"Thackeray.") 

"Whatt"  said  Bedreddin,  "was  ever>'thing  in  my 
house  to  be  broken  and  destroyed  .  .  .  only  because  I 
did  not  put  pepper  in  a  cheese-cake?" — Arabian 
Nights  ("Noureddin  Ali,"  etc.). 

IT  In  The  Fortunes  of  Nigel  (chap, 
xxxii.)  lord  Dalgarno  speaks  of  that 
happy  period  "which  begins  with  '  Dearly 
beloved,'  and  ends  with  '  amazement ;  '  " 
but  in  the  timcof  James  I.  the  Marriage 
Service  did  not  end  with  the  word 
"amazement." 

^  In  his  Antiquary  (chap,  x.)  he 
speaks  of  ' '  the  philosopher  who  appealed 
fronv  Philip  inflamed  with  wine  to  Philip 
in  his  hours  of  sobriety."  This  "philo- 
sopher "  was  a  poor  old  woman. 

IT  In  The  Betrothed  {iimQ,  Henry  II.)  he 
speaks  of  the  "bishop  of  Gloucester;" 
but  there  was  no  such  bishop  till  1541, 
which  was  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII. 

^  In  Ivanhoe  (chap,  xxvii.)  he  makes 
Wamber  the  jester  say,  "  I  am  a  poor 
brother  of  St.  Francis  ; "  but  that  Order 
was  founded  in  1206,  and  Wamber  lived 
in  the  reign  of  Richard  I.  (1189-1199). 

§  Again,  in  Ivanhoe,  the  "monk  5f 
Croydon"  should  be  the  "monk  of 
Croyland." 

§  In  chap.  vii.  the  Christian  name  of 
Malvoisin  is  Richard,  elsewhere  it  is 
Philip. 

(48)  Shakespeare.  Althcea  and  the 
Fire-brand.  Shakespeare  says  (2  Henry 
IV.  act  ii.  sc.  2)  that  Althaea  dreamt  she 
was  delivered  of  a  fire-brand."  It  was 
not  Althaea  but  HecQba  who  dreamed, 
a  little  before  Paris  was  born,  that  her 
offspring  was  a  brand  that  consumed  the 
kingdom.  The  tale  of  Althaea  is  that 
the  Fates  laid  a  log  of  wood  on  a  fire, 
and  told  her  that  her  son  would  live  till 
that  log  was  consumed ;  whereupon  she 
snatched  up  the  log  and  kept  it  irom  the 
fire,  till  one  day  her  son  Melea'ger 
offended  her,  when  she  flung  the  log  on 
the  fire,  and  her  son  died,  as  the  Fates 
predicted. 

IT  Bohemia's  Coast.  In  the  Winter's 
Tale  the  vessel  bearing  the  infant  Perdlta 
is  "driven  by  storm  on  the  coast  of 
Bohemia ; "  but  Bohemia  has  no  sea- 
board at  all. 
TT  In  Coriolanus   Shakespeare   makes 


ERRORS  OF  AUTHORS. 


337 


ERRORS  OF  AUTHORS. 


Volumnia  the  mother,  and  Virgih'a  the 
wife,  of  Coriolanus  ;  but  his  wife  was 
Volumnia,  and  his  mother  Veturia. 

§  Delphi  an  Island.  In  the  same 
drama  (act  iii.  sc.  i)  Delphi  is  spoken  of 
as  an  island ;  but  Delphi  is  a  city  of 
Phocis,  containing  a  temple  to  Apollo. 
It  is  no  island  at  all. 

TT  Ehinore.  Shakespeare  speaks  of 
the  *'  beethng  cliff  of  Elsinore,"  whereas 
Elsinore  has  no  cliffs  at  all. 

What  if  it  Uhtshosl]  tempts  you  to  the  flood  .  .  . 
Or  to  the  dreadful  summit  of  the  cliff 
That  beetles  o'er  its  base  into  the  seaT 

Hamlet,  act  I.  sc  4. 

§  The  Ghost,  in  Hamlet,  is  evidently 
a  Roman  Catholic  :  he  talks  of  purga- 
tory, absolution,  and  other  catholic 
dogmas  ;  but  the  Danes  at  the  time  were 
pagans. 

IT  St.  Louis.  Shakespeare,  in  Henry  V, 
act  i.  sc,  2,  calls  Louis  X,  "St.  Louis,"  but 
"  St.  Louis"  was  Louis  IX.  It  was  Louis 
IX.  whose  "grandmother  was  Isabel," 
issue  of  Charles  de  Lorraine,  the  last  of 
the  Carlovingians.  Louis  X.  was  the  son 
of  Philippe  IV.  {le  Bel),  and  grandson  of 
Philippe  III.  and  "Isabel  of  Aragon/' 
not  Isabel  "  heir  of  Capet,  of  the  line  of 
Charles  the  duke  of  Lorain." 

IT  Macbeth  was  no  tyrant,  as  Shake- 
speare makes  him  out  to  be,  but  a  firm  and 
equitable  prince,  whose  title  to  the  throne 
was  better  than  that  of  Duncan. 

§  Duncan's  Murder.  Macbeth  did  not 
murder  Duncan  in  the  castle  of  Inverness, 
as  stated  in  the  play,  but  at  "  the  smith's 
house,"  near  Elgin  (1039). 

§  Again,  Macbeth  was  not  slain  by  Mac- 
duff at  Dunsin'ane,  but  made  his  escape 
from  the  battle,  and  was  slain,  in  1056, 
at  Lumphanan. — Lardner:  Cabinet  Cyc, 
17-19. 

1[  In  The  Winters  Tale,  act  v.  sc.  2, 
one  of  the  gentlemen  refers  to  Julio 
Romano,  the  Italian  artist  and  architect 
(1492-1546),  certainly  some  800  years 
or  more  before  Romano  was  born. 

IT  In  Twelfth  Night,  the  Illyrian  clown 
speaks  of  St.  Rennet's  Church,  London. 
"The  triplex,  sir,  is  a  good  tripping 
measure,  or  the  bells  of  St.  Bennet's 
sure  may  put  you  in  mind  :  one,  two, 
three "  (act  v.  sc.  i) ;  as  if  the  duke  was 
a  Londoner ! 

(49)  Spenser.  Bacchus  or  Saturn  f 
In  the  Faerie  Queene,  iii.  11,  Britomart 
saw  in  the  castle  of  Bu'sirane  (3  syl.)  a 
picture  descriptive  of  the  love  of  Saturn, 
who  had  changed  himself  into  a  centaur 
out  of  love  for  Erig'ond.  It  was  not 
Satura  but  Bacchus  who  loved  Erigond, 


and  he  was  not  transformed  to  a  centaur, 
but  to  a  horse. 

IT  Benoni  or  CEnontf  In  bk.  vi.  9 
{Faerie  Queene)  the  lady-love  of  Paris  is 
called  Benonfi,  which  ought  to  be  CEnonfi. 
The  poet  says  that  Paris  was  ' '  by  Plexip- 
pus'  brook  "  when  the  golden  apple  was 
brought  to  him ;  but  no  such  brook  is 
mentioned  by  any  classic  author. 

IF  Critias  and  Socrates.  In  bk.  ii.  7 
{Faerie  Queene)  Spenser  says,  "  The  wise 
Socratgs  .  .  .  poured  out  his  life  ...  to 
the  dear  Critias;  his  dearest  bel-amie." 
It  was  not  Socrates  but  Theram'enfis,  one 
of  the  thirty  tyrants,  who,  in  quaffing  the 
poison-cup,  said  smiling,  "This  I  drink 
to  the  health  of  fair  Critias." — Cicero: 
Tusculan  Questions. 

IT  Critias  or  Critof  In  the  Faerie 
Queene,  iv.  (introduction)  Spenser  says 
that  Socrates  often  discoursed  of  love  to 
his  friend  Critias ;  but  it  was  Crito,  or 
rather  Criton,  that  the  poet  means. 

IT  Cyprus  and  Paphos.  Spenser  makes 
sir  Scudamore  speak  of  a  temple  of 
Venus,  far  more  beautiful  than  "  that  in 
Paphos  or  that  in  Cyprus  ;  "  but  Paphos 
was  merely  a  town  in  the  island  of 
Cyprus,  and  the  "two"  are  but  one 
and  the  same  \.Qxa^\t.— Faerie  Queene, 
iv.  10. 

^  Hippomanis.  Spenser  calls  him  "  the 
Eubaean  young  man  "  (ii.  7),  but  he  was 
a  Boeotian.  In  cant.  II.  ix.  29,  he  says, 
"  More  whott  [hot]  than  .^tn'  or  flaming 
Mongiball,"  but  the  latter  is  the  Arabic 
name  of  ^tna ;  thus  making  Etna  and 
Mongibello  two  distinct  mountains  ; 
whereas  the  former  is  called  by  the  Arabs 
yab'el  or  Aj-jabal,  that  is,  ' '  Mount 
Jabal,"  or  Mon-giball. 

(50)  Tennyson,  in  the  Last  Tourna- 
ment, says  (ver.  i),  Dagonet  was  knighted 
in  mockery  by  sir  Gaw'ain ;  but  in  the 
History  of  Prince  Arthur  we  are  dis- 
tinctly told  that  king  Arthur  knighted 
him  "with  his  own  hands"  (pt.  ii.  91). 

IT  In  Gareth  and  Lynette  the  same  poet 
says  that  Gareth  was  the  son  of  Lot  and 
Bellicent ;  but  we  are  told  a  score  times 
and  more  in  the  History  of  Prince 
Arthur  that  he  was  the  son  of  Margawse 
(Arthur's  sister  and  Lot's  wife,  pt.  i.  36). 

King  Lot  .  .  .  wedded  Margawse ;  Nentres  .  .  . 
wedded  Elain.— 5»y  T.  Malory :  History  «/"  Prince 
Arthur,  L  2,  35,  36. 

§  In  the  same  Idyll  Tennyson  has 
changed  Lion6s  to  Lyonors  ;  but,  accord- 
ing to  the  collection  of  romances  edited 
by  sir  T.  Malory,  these  were  quite  different 
persons.  Lionfis,  daughter  of  sir  Persaunt, 


ERRORS  OF  AUTHORS. 


338 


ERRORS  OF  AUTHORS. 


and  sister  of  Linet  of  Castle  Perilous, 
married  sir  Gareth  (pt.  i.  153) ;  but 
Lyonors  was  the  daughter  of  earl  Sanara, 
and  was  the  unwed  mother  of  sir  Borre 
by  king  Arthvu-  (pt.  i.  15). 

§  Again,  Tennyson  makes  Gareth  marry 
Lynette,  and  leaves  the  true  heroine, 
Lyonors,  in  the  cold  ;  but  the  History 
makes  Gareth  marry  Liones  {Lyonors), 
and  Gaheris  his  brother  marries  Linet. 

Thus  ended  the  history  of  sir  Gareth.  that  wedded 
Dame  LionSs  of  the  Castle  Perilous ;  and  also  of  sir 
GahSris,  who  wedded  her  sister  Dame  Linet. — Sir  T, 
Malory  :  History  of  Prifue  Arthur  (end  of  pt.  i.). 

§  Again,  in  Gaj-eth  and  Lynette,  by 
erroneously  beginning  day  with  sunrise 
instead  of  the  previous  eve,  Tennyson 
reverses  the  order  of  the  knights,  and 
makes  ^h.^  fresh  green  morn  represent  the 
decline  of  day,  or,  as  he  calls  it,  "Hes- 
perus" the  "Evening  Star;"  and  the 
blue  star  of  evening  he  makes  "  Phos- 
phorus" the  "  Morning  Star." 

§  Once  more,  in  Gareth  and  Lynette 
the  late  poet-laureate  makes  the  combat 
between  Gareth  and  Death  finished  at  a 
single  blow,  but  in  the  History  Gareth 
fights  from  dawn  to  dewy  eve.  In  fact, 
the  allegory  is  ruined,  unless  man's  battle 
of  life  is  made  to  last  till  he  dies. 

Thus  they  fought  \Jrom  smirise\  till  it  was  paS 
noon,  and  would  not  stint,  till  at  last  both  lacked  wind, 
and  then  stood  they  wagfging,  stagg-eringf,  panting, 
blowing,  and  bleeding  .  .  .  and  when  they  had  rested 
them  awhile,  they  went  to  battle  again,  trasing,  rasing, 
and  foyning,  as  two  boars.  Thus  they  endured  till 
evening-song  time. — Sir  T.  Malory  :  History  ^ 
Prinu  Arthur,  i.  136. 

IF  In  the  Last  Tournament  Tennyson 
makes  sir  Tristram  stabbed  to  death  by 
sir  Mark  in  Tintag'il  Castle,  Cornwall, 
while  toying  with  his  aunt,  Isolt  the  Fair ; 
but  in  the  History  he  is  in  bed  in  Brittany, 
severely  wounded,  and  dies  of  a  shock, 
because  his  wife  tells  him  the  ship  in 
which  he  expected  his  aunt  to  come  was 
sailing  into  port  with  a  black  sail  instead 
of  a  white  one. 

The  poet-laureate  has  deviated  so  often 
from  the  collection  of  tales  edited  by  sir 
Thomas  Malory,  that  it  would  occupy  too 
much  space  to  point  out  his  deviations 
even  in  the  briefest  manner. 

(51)  Thackeray,  in  Vanity  Fair,  has 
taken  from  sir  Walter  Scott  his  allusion 
to  Bedreddin,  and  not  from  the  Arabian 
Nights.  He  has,  therefore,  fallen  into  the 
same  error,  and  added  three  more.  He 
says,  "  I  ought  to  have  remembered  the 
pepper  which  the  princess  of  Persia  puts 
into  the  cream-tarts  in  India,  sir"  (ch. 
iii,).  The  charge  was  that  Bedreddin 
made    his  dieesecz^^^^  without    putting 


pepper  into  them.  But  Thackeray  has 
committed  in  this  allusion  other  blunders. 
It  was  not  a  "  princess"  at  all,  but  Bed- 
reddin Hassan,  who  for  the  nonce  had 
become  a  confectioner.  He  learned  the  art 
of  making  cheese-cakes  from  his  mother 
(a  widow).  Again,  it  was  not  a  ' '  princess 
of  Persia,"  for  Bedreddin's  mother  was  the 
widow  of  the  vizier  of  Balsora,  at  that 
time  quite  independent  of  Persia.  Nor 
did  it  happen  in  India. 

IT  In  The  Newcomes  (ch.  xlix.)  he 
speaks  of  "pea-green  Payne."  It  was 
Hayne  (who  sued  Miss  Foote,  in  1824, 
for  breach  of  promise),  nol  Payne,  who 
was  nicknamed  "  pea-green." 

He  was  dressed  in  pea-green,  with  a  pin  and  a  chain. 
And  I  think  I  heard  somebody  call  him  Squire  Hayne. 
Ingoldsby  Legends  ("  The  Black  Mousquetaire ''). 

IF  In  Esmond  he  calls  a  bar  sinister 
"  the  mark  of  bastardy."  He  meant  a 
bend  sinister. 

(52)  Turner  {Sharon),  in  his  History 
of  England  (p.  63)  says  that  William  the 
Conqueror,  after  the  battle  of  Hastings, 
"When  he  encamped  the  following  day 
his  health  became  affected,  and  his  friends 
were  alarmed ;  "  and  on  p.  91  he  says, 
"When  a  dangerous  illness  attacked  him, 
he  solemnly  appointed  his  son  Robert  his 
heir  ;  "  but  on  p.  99  he  says,  "  Such  was 
his  health,  that  he  had  experienced  no 
illness  to  the  last." 

(53)  Victor  Hugo,  in  Les  Travailleurs 
de  la  Mer,  renders  "  the  frith  of  Forth  " 
by  the  phrase  Premier  des  guartre,  mis- 
taking "frith"  iox  first,  and  "Forth" 
fox  fourth  or  four.  In  his  Marie  Tudor 
he  refers  to  the  "  History  and  Annals  oj 
Henry  VIL,  par  Franc  Baronum,"  mean- 
ing "  Historia,  etc.,  Henrici  Septimi,  per 
Franciscum  Baconum."  He  calls  Barkyll 
Fedro  a  common  British  patronymic. 

(54)  Virgil  has  placed  .^neas  in  a 
harbour  which  did  not  exist  at  the  time, 
"  Portusque  require  Velinos  "  (^neid,  vi. 
366).  It  was  Curius  Dentatus  who  cut  a 
gorge  through  the  rocks  to  let  the  waters 
of  the  Vellnus  into  the  Nar.  Before  this 
was  done,  the  Velinus  was  merely  a 
number  of  stagnant  lakes,  and  the 
blunder  is  about  the  same  as  if  a  modern 
poet  were  to  make  Columbus  pass  through 
the  Suez  Canal. 

§  In  Ain'eid,  iii.  171,  Virgil  makes 
iEneas  speak  of  "Ausonia;"  but  as 
Italy  was  so  called  from  Auson,  son  of 
Ulysses  and  Calypso,  of  course  .^neas 
could  not  have  known  his  name. 

§  Again,  in  ^n'eid,  ix.  571,  he  repre- 
sents  Chorinaeus  as    slain   by    Asy'las : 


ERRUA. 


339 


ESCALUS. 


bui  in  bk.    xii.    298  he  is  aliva  again. 
Thus— 

Chorinasum  stcmlt  AsyUs. 

Bk.  Ix.  571. 

Than— 

Obvius  ambustum  torrem  Chorinaeus  ab  ara 
Corripit,  et  venienti  Ebuso  plagamque  fereiitl 
Occupat  OS  flaminis,  etc. 

Bk,  xiL  298.  etc. 

§  Again,  in  bk.  ix,  Numa  is  slain  by 
Nisus  (ver.  554)  ;  but  in  bk.  x.  562  Numa 
is  alive,  and  iEneas  kills  him. 

(55)  Webster,  Dictionary  (an  early 
edition). 

Wicket-keeper,  the  player  In  cricket  who  stands 
with  a  bat  to  protect  the  wicket  from  the  ball. 

Long-stop.  (Cricket.)  One  who  is  set  to  stop  balls 
sent  a  long  distance. 

LEG.    (Cricket.)    To  strike  in  the  leg. 

BOWLER.    One  who  plays  bowls,  or  rolls  in  cricket. 

*.'  Of  course,  every  intelligent  reader 
will  be  able  to  add  to  this  long  list ;  but 
no  more  space  can  be  allowed  for  the 
subject  in  this  dictionary. 

Er'rtia  {"the  mad-cap"),  a  young 
man  whose  wit  defeated  the  strength  of 
the  giant  Tartaro  (a  sort  of  one-eyed 
Polypheme).  Thus  the  first  competition 
was'  in  throwing  a  stone.  The  giant 
threw  his  stone,  but  Errua  threw  a  bird, 
which  the  giant  supposed  to  be  a  stone, 
and  as  it  flew  out  of  sight,  Errua  won  the 
wager.  The  next  wager  was  to  throw  a 
bar  of  iron.  After  the  giant  had  thrown, 
Errua  said, ' '  From  here  to  Salamanca  ;  " 
whereupon  the  giant  bade  him  not  to 
throw,  lest  the  bar  of  iron  should  kill  his 
father  and  mother,  who  lived  there  ;  so 
the  giant  lost  the  second  wager.  The 
third  was  to  pull  a  tree  up  by  the  roots  ; 
and  the  giant  gave  in  because  Errua  had 
run  a  cord  round  a  host  of  trees,  and 
said,  "You  pull  up  one,  but  I  pull  up 
all  these. "  The  next  exploit  was  at  bed- 
time :  Errua  was  to  sleep  in  a  certain 
bed ;  but  he  placed  a  dead  man  in  the 
bed,  while  he  himself  got  under  it.  At 
midnight  Tartaro  took  his  club  and  be- 
laboured the  dead  body  most  unmerci- 
fully. When  Errua  stood  before  Tartaro 
next  morning,  the  giant  was  dum- 
founded.  He  asked  Errua  how  he  had 
slept.  "Excellently  well,"  said  Errua, 
"  but  somewhat  troubled  by  fleas," 
Other  trials  were  made,  but  always  in 
favour  of  Errua.  At  length  a  race  was 
proposed,  and  Errua  sewed  into  a  bag 
the  bowels  of  a  pig.  When  he  started, 
he  cut  the  bag,  strewing  the  bowels  on 
the  road.  When  Tartaro  was  told  that 
his  rival  had  done  this  to  make  himself 
more  fleet,  Yz  cut  his  belly,  and  of  cotirse 


killed  himself. —J?«/.  W.  Webster:  Basque 
Legends  (1877). 

(The  reader  will  readily  trace  the  re- 
semblance between  this  legend  and  the 
exploits  of  Jack  the  Giant-killer.  See 
also    Campbell's  Popular   Tales  of  the 

West  Highlands,  ii.   327,  and  Grimm's 

Valiant  Little   Tailor. ) 

ZIrse  (i  syl.),  the  native  language  of 
the  West  Highlanders  of  Scotland. 
Gaelic  is  a  better  word. 

•.•  Erse  is  a  corruption  of  Irish,  from 
the  supposition  that  these  Highlanders 
were  a  colony  from  Ireland  ;  but  whether 
the  Irish  came  from  Scotland  or  the 
Scotch  from  Ireland,  is  one  of  those 
knotty  points  on  which  the  two  nations 
will  never  agree.     (See  Fir-bolg.) 

Ers'kine  [The  Rev.  Dr.),  minister  of 
Greyfriar's  Church,  Edinburgh. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Guy Mannering (iime,  George II.). 

Er'tanax,  a  fish  common  in  the 
Euphratfis,  the  bones  of  which  were  be- 
lieved to  impart  courage  and  strength. 

A  fish  .  .  .  haunteth  the  flood  of  Eufratds  ...  it  is 
called  an  ertanax,  and  his  bones  be  of  such  a  manner  ol 
kind  that  whoso  handleth  them  he  shall  have  so  much 
courage  that  he  shall  never  be  weary,  and  he  shall  not 
think  on  joy  nor  sorrow  that  he  hath  had,  but  only  on 
the  thing  he  beholdeth  before  him.— SiV  T.  Malory  : 
History  of  Prince  Arthur, :\\\.  84  (1470). 

Erudite  [Most).  Marcus  Terentius 
Varro  is  called  ' '  the  most  erudite  of  the 
Romans"  (B.C.  116-27). 

Erysichthon  [Erri-sik'-thon],  a 
grandson  of  Neptune,  who  was  pun- 
ished by  Cergs  with  insatiable  hunger, 
for  cutting  down  some  trees  in  a  grove 
sacred   to  that  goddess.     (See  Erisich- 

THON.) 

ErsrfclirsB'an  Main  ( The),  the  Red 
Sea.  The  ' '  Ery thraeum  Mart  "  included 
the  whole  expanse  of  sea  between  Arabia 
and  Africa,  including  the  Red  Sea  and 
the  Persian  Gulf. 

The  ruddy  waves  he  cUjft  in  twain 

Of  the  Erythraean  main. 

Miltojt :  Psalm  cxxxvi.  (1623). 

Er'jrtlire,  Modesty  personified,  the 
virgin  page  of  Farthen'ia  or  maiden 
chastity,  in  The  Purple  Island,  by 
Phineas  Fletcher  (1633).  Fully  described 
in  canto  x,  (Greek,  eruthros,  "red," 
from  eruthriao,  "to  blush.") 

Es'calus,  an  ancient,  kind-hearted 
lord  in  the  deputation  of  the  duke  of 
Vienna. — Shakespeare:  Measure  for  Mea- 
sure (1603). 

Es'calus,  prince  of  Vero'na.— 5-^fl-^- 
speare :  Rotneo  and  Juliet  (1598). 


ESCANES. 

Es'canes  (3  syl.),  one  of  the  lords  of 
Tyre. — Shakespeare  :  Pericles  Prince  of 
Tyre  (1608). 

Escoljar  y  Mendoza,  a  Spanish 
casuist,  who  said,  "  Good  intentions 
justify  crime,"  whence  the  verb  esco- 
barder,  "  to  play  the  fox,"  "  to  play  fast 
and  loose." 

The  French  have  a  capital  name  for  the  fox,  namely, 
M.  L'Escobar,  which  may  be  translated  the  "shuffler," 
or  more  freely  "sly  boots."— Z»aiVy  JVews,  March  25, 
1878. 

Escotillo  [i.e.  Little  Michael  Scott'], 
considered  by  the  common  people  as  a 
magician,  because  he  possessed  more 
knowledge  of  natural  and  experimental 
philosophy  than  his  contemporaries. 

Es'dale  (Mr.),  a  surgeon  at  Madras. 
—Sir  W.Scott:  The  Surgeon's  Daughter 
(time,  George  II.). 

Esil  or  Hisel,  vinegar.  John  Skel- 
ton,  referring  to  the  Crucifixion,  when  the 
soldiers  gave  Christ  "vinegar  mingled 
with  gall,"  says — 

Christ  by  crueltie  Was  nayled  to  a  tree  .  .  . 
He  dranke  eisel  and  gall,  To  redeme  vs  withaL 
Skelton:  Colyn  Clout  {lima,  Henry  VIII.). 

ZSs'ingfS,  the  kings  of  Kent.  So  called 
from  Eisc,  the  father  of  Hengist,  as  the 
Tuscans  receive  their  name  from  Tus- 
cus,  the  Romans  from  Romulus,  the  Ce- 
crop'idas  from  Cecrops,  the  Britons  from 
Brutus,  and  so  on, — Ethelwerd:  Chron.,  ii. 

Eskdale  [lord),  in  Disraeli's  novel  of 
Coningsby  {1844),  is  said  to  be  designed 
for  lord  Lonsdale. 

Esmeralda,  a  beautiful  gipsy-girl, 
who,  with  tambourine  and  goat,  dances 
in  the  place  before  Notre  Dame  de  Paris, 
and  is  looked  on  as  a  witch.  Qassimodo 
conceals  her  for  a  time  in  the  church,  but 
after  various  adventiu-es  she  is  gibbeted. — 
Victor  Hugo  :  Notre  Dame  de  Paris. 

Esmond  (Henry),  a  chivalrous  cava- 
lier in  the  reign  of  queen  Anne  ;  the 
hero  of  Thackeray's  novel  called  Esmond 
(1852  ;  time,  queen  Anne). 

Esplan'dian,  son  of  Am'adis  and 
Oria'na.  Montalvo  has  made  him  the 
subject  of  a  fifth  book  to  the  four  original 
books  of  Amadis  of  Gaul  (1460). 

The  description  of  the  most  furious  battles,  carried 
on  with  all  the  bloody-mindedness  of  an  Esplandian  or 
a  Bobadil  Uien  Jonson  :  Every  Man  in  His  Humour], 
—Encyt.  Brit.,  art.  "  Romance." 

Espriella  (Manuel  Alvarez),  the 
apocryphal  name  of  Robert  Southey. 
The  poet-laureate  pretends  that  certain 
"letters  from  England,"  written  by  this 


340  ESSEX. 

Spaniard,  were  translated  by  him  from 
the  origfinai  Spanish  (three  vols. ,  1807). 

Essay  on  Criticism,  by  Pope.  A 
poem  running  to  724  lines  in  heroic  coup- 
lets. It  abounds  with  well-known  lines 
and  happy  expressions. 

Essay  on  Man,  a  poem  by  Pope,  in 
heroic  couplets,  and  divided  into  four 
books  or  epistles.  Like  the  Essay  on 
Criticism,  it  is  full  of  lines  familiar  to 
every  educated  Englishman  (1732-1734). 

Essays  and  Reviews,  by  six  clergy, 
men  and  one  layman  of  the  Church  of 
England,  published  in  i860.  The  writers 
were  Dr.  Temple,  Dr.  Rowland  Williams, 
professor  Baden  Powell,  professor  Jowett, 
Wilson,  Patteson,  and  Goodwin.  The 
book  was  condemned  by  the  bishops  in 
Convocation,  1864. 

•.•  The  Oxford  Tract  Movement  began 
in  1833. 

Essex  (The  earl  of),  a  tragedy  by 
Henry  Jones  (1745).  Lord  Burleigh  and 
sir  Walter  Raleigh  entertained  a  mortal 
hatred  to  the  earl  of  Essex,  and  accused 
him  to  the  queen  of  treason.  Elizabeth 
disbelieved  the  charge ;  but  at  this  junc- 
ture the  earl  left  Ireland,  whither  the 
queen  had  sent  him,  and  presented  him- 
self before  her.  Being  very  angry,  she 
struck  him,  and  Essex  rushed  into  open 
rebellion,  was  taken,  and  condemned  to 
death.  The  q\teen  had  given  him  a  ring 
before  the  trial,  telling  him  whatever  peti- 
tion he  asked  should  be  granted,  if  he 
sent  to  her  this  ring.  When  the  time  of 
execution  drew  nigh,  the  queen  sent  the 
countess  of  Nottingham  to  the  Tower,  to 
ask  Essex  if  he  liad  any  plea  to  make,  and 
the  earl  entreated  her  to  present  the  ring 
to  her  majesty,  and  petition  her  to  spare 
the  life  of  his  friend  Southampton.  The 
countess  purposely  neglected  this  charge, 
and  Essex  was  executed.  The  queen,  it 
is  true,  sent  a  reprieve,  but  lord  Burleigh 
took  care  it  should  arrive  too  late.  The 
poet  says  that  Essex  had  recently  married 
the  countess  of  Rutland,  that  both  the 
queen  and  the  countess  of  Nottingham 
were  jealous,  and  that  this  jealousy  was 
the  chief  cause  of  the  earl's  death. 

The  abb6  Boyer,  La  Calprenfede,  and 
Corneille  have  tragedies  on  the  same 
subject. 

11  The  general  history  and  character  of 
Essex  was  marvellously  reproduced  ia 
Biron,  the  French  conspirator  in  the 
reign  of  Henri  IV. 

Earl  of  Essex  (1569-1601) ;  due  de 
Biron  (1562-1602). 


ESSEX. 


341 


ETEOCLES  AND  POLYNICES. 


Essex  {The  earl  of),  lord  high  con- 
stable of  England,  introduced  by  sir  W. 
Scott  in  his  novel  called  Ivanhoe  (time, 
Richard  I.). 

Estel'la,  a  haughty  beauty,  adopted 
by  Miss  Havisham.  She  was  affianced 
by  her  wish  to  Pip,  but  married  Bentley 
Drummle.  She  was  the  natural  child  of 
Magwitch  the  convict  and  Molly  the 
housekeeper  of  Jaggers,  Miss  Havi- 
sham's  lawyer,  who  introduced  the  child 
at  three  years  old  to  Miss  Havisham. 
— Dickens  :  Great  Expectations  {i860). 

Esther,  housekeeper  to  Muhldenau, 
minister  of  Mariendorpt.  She  loves 
Hans,  a  servant  to  the  minister,  but 
Hans  is  shy,  and  Esther  has  to  teach  him 
how  to  woo  and  win  her.  Esther  and 
Hans  are  similar  to  Helen  and  Modus, 
only  in  a  lower  social  grade. — Knoiules  : 
The  Maid  of  Mariendorpt  (1838). 

Esther  {The  book  of),  one  of  the  his- 
torical books  of  the  Old  Testament,  con- 
taining an  account  of  queen  Esther,  who 
broke  up  a  plot  of  Haman  for  the  ex- 
tirpation of  the  Jews  in  Persia. 

The  feast  of  Purim  {i.e.  lots)  was  established  to 
commemorate  this  deliverance ;  and  it  was  so  called 
because  the  day  of  slaughter  was  filed  by  "lots" 
(Ezra  ix.  14). 

Esther  Hawdon,  better  known 
through  the  tale  as  Esther  Summerson, 
natural  daughter  of  captain  Hawdon  and 
lady  Dedlock  (before  her  marriage  with 
sir  Leicester  Dedlock).  Esther  is  a  most 
lovable,  gentle  creature,  called  by  those 
.  who  know  her  and  love  her,  ' '  Dame 
Durden"  or  "Dame  Trot."  She  is  the 
heroine  of  the  tale,  and  a  ward  in 
Chancery.  Eventually  she  marries  Allan 
Woodcourt,  a  surgeon. — Dickens:  Bleak 
House  (1852). 

Esther  Iiyon,  daughter  of  Rufus 
Lyon,  in  George  Eliot's  novel  of  Felix 
Holt.   She  eventually  marries  Felix  (1866). 

Estifa'nia,  an  intriguing  woman, 
servant  of  donna  Margaritta  the  Spanish 
heiress.  She  palms  herself  off  on  don 
Michael  Perez  (the  copper  captain)  as  an 
heiress,  and  the  mistress  of  Margaritta's 
mansion.  The  captain  marries  her,  and 
finds  out  that  all  her  swans  are  only 
geese; — Fletcher  :  Rule  a  Wife  and  Have 
a  Wife  (1640). 

Mrs.  Pritchard  was  excellent  In  "  The  Queen  "  In 
^aw/^^  [Shakespeare],  "  Clarinda"  [TA^  Beau's  Duel, 
Centlivrel  "Estifania,"  "  DoU  Common  "[T"/**  Alc?u- 
mist,  B.  Jonson]. — Dibdin. 

Est-il-Fossible  ?  a  nickname  given 
to  George  of   Denmark  (queen  Anne's 


husband),  because  his  general  remark  to 
the  most  startling  announcement  was, 
Est-il  possible  f  With  this  exclamation  he 
exhausted  the  vials  of  his  wrath.  It  was 
James  IL  who  gave  him  the  sobriquet. 

Est'mere  (2  syl),  king  of  England. 
He  went  with  his  younger  brother  Adler 
to  the  court  of  king  Adlands,  to  crave  his 
daughter  in  marriage  ;  but  king  Adlands 
replied  that  Bremor,  the  sowdan  or  sultan 
of  Spain,  had  forestalled  him.  However, 
the  lady,  being  consulted,  gave  her  voice 
in  favour  of  the  king  of  England.  While 
Estmere  and  his  brother  went  to  make 
preparations  for  the  wedding,  the  "sow- 
dan  "  arrived,  and  demanded  the  lady  for 
his  wife.  A  messenger  was  immediately 
despatched  to  inform  Estmere,  and  the  two 
brothers  returned,  disguised  as  a  harper 
and  his  boy.  They  gained  entrance  into 
the  palace,  and  Adler  sang,  saying,  "O 
ladye,  this  is  thy  owne  true  love ;  no 
harper,  but  a  king ; "  and  then  drawing 
his  sword,  he  slew  the  "sowdan,"  Est- 
mere at  the  same  time  chasing  from  the 
hall  the  "kempery  men."  Being  now" 
master  of  the  position,  Estmere  took 
"  the  ladye  faire,"  made  her  his  wife,  and 
brought  her  home  to  England. — Percy: 
Reliques,  I.  i.  5. 

Estot'iland,  a  vast  tract  of  land  in 
the  north  of  America.  Said  to  have  been 
discovered  by  John  Scalv6,  a  Pole,  in 
1477- 

The  snow 
From  cold  Estotiland. 
Milton:  Paradise  Lost,  x.  685  (1665). 

Estrildis  or  Elstred,  daughter  of 
the  emperor  of  Germany.  She  was  taken 
captive  in  war  by  Locrin  (king  of  Britain), 
by  whom  she  became  the  mother  of 
Sabrin  or  Sabre.  Gwendolen,  the  wife 
of  Locrin,  feehng  insulted  by  this  liaison, 
slew  her  husband,  and  had  Estrildis  and 
her  daughter  thrown  into  a  river,  since 
called  the  Sabri'na  or  Severn. — Geoffrey: 
British  History,  ii.  2,  etc. 

Their  corses  were  dissolved  into  that  crystal  stream, 
Their  curls  to  curled  waves. 

Drayton:  Polyolbion,  vi.  (1612). 

Etarre,  a  female  character  in  the 
Idylls  of  the  King,  by  Tennyson. 

Ete'ocles  and  Folyni'ces,  the  two 

sons  of  OE'dipos.  After  the  expulsion  of 
their  fether,  these  two  young  princes 
agreed  to  reign  alternate  years  in  Thebes. 
Eteoclfis,  being  the  elder,  took  the  first 
turn,  but  at  the  close  of  the  year  refused 
to  resign  the  sceptre  to  his  brother ; 
whereupon  Polymers,  aided  by  six  other 
chiefs,  laid  siege  to  the  city.     The  two 


ETHELBERT. 

brothers  met  in  combat,  and  each  was 
slain  by  the  other's  hand. 

^  A  similar  fratricidal  struggle  is  told 
of  don  Pedro  of  Castile  and  his  half- 
brother  don  Henry.  When  don  Pedro 
had  estranged  the  Castilians  by  his 
cruelty,  don  Henry  invaded  Castile  with 
a  body  of  French  auxiliaries,  and  took 
his  brother  prisoner.  Don  Henry  visited 
him  in  prison,  and  the  two  brothers  fell 
on  each  other  like  lions.  Henry  wounded 
Pedro  in  the  face,  but  fell  over  a  bench, 
when  Pedro  seized  him.  At  that  moment 
a  Frenchman  seized  Pedro  by  the  leg, 
tossed  him  over,  and  Henry  slew  him. — 
Menard:  History  of  Du  Guesclin. 

(This  is  the  subject  of  one  of  Lock- 
hart's  Spanish  ballads.) 

Eth'elbert,  king  of  Kent,  and  the 
first  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  kings  who  was 
a  Christian.  He  persuaded  Gregory  to 
send  over  Augustine  to  convert  the  Eng- 
lish to  "the  true  faith"  (596),  and  built 
St.  Paul's,  London. — Ethelwerd :  Chro- 
nicle, ii. 

Good  Ethelbert  of  Kent,  first  christened  English  kingr, 
To  preach  the  faith  of  Christ  was  first  did  hither  bring 
Wise  Au'gustine  the  monk,  from  lioly  Gregory  sent .  .  . 
Tliat  mighty  fane  to  Paul  in  London  did  erect. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xi.  (1613). 

Eth'erington  {The  late  earl  of), 
father  of  Tyrrel  and  Bulmer. 

The  titular  earl  of  Etherington,  his 
successor  to  the  title  and  estates. 

Marie  de  Martigny  [La  comtesse),  wife 
of  the  titular  earl  of  Etherington. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  St.  Ronan's  VI ell  (time, 
George  HI.). 

£th.io'piaii  Wood,  ebony. 

The  seats  were  made  of  Ethiopian  wood, 
The  polished  ebony. 

Daucnaitt:  Gondibert,  ii.  6  (died  1668). 

Iithiopians,  the  same  as  Abas- 
sinians.  Ihe  Arabians  call  these  people 
El-habasen  or  Al-habasen,  whence  our 
Abassins  ;  but  they  call  themselves  Ithio- 
pians  or  Ethiopians. — Selden  :  Titles  of 
Hojiour,  vi.  64. 

Where  the  Abassin  kings  their  issue  guard, 
Mount  Amara. 

MiUon:  Paradise  Lost,  iv.  280(1663). 

Ethlop's  Queen,  referred  to  by 
Milton  in  his  //  Fenseroso,  was  Cassiope'a, 
wife  of  Ce'pheus  (2  syl.)  king  of  Ethiopia. 
She  had  a  daughter  named  Androm'eda, 
whose  beauty  she  aflfirmed  exceeded  that 
of  the  sea-nymphs.  Nereus  (2  syl.)  com- 
plained of  this  insult  to  Neptune,  and 
old  father  Earth-Shaker  sent  a  huge  sea- 
monster  to  ravage  the  kingdom  of  Ethio- 
pia. At  death  Cassiopea  was  made  a 
constellation  of  thirteen  stars. 


342         ETTY'S  NINE  PICTURES. 

.  .  .  that  starred  Ethiop  queen  that  strove 
To  set  her  beauty's  praise  above 
The  sea-nymphs,  and  their  powers  offended. 

Milton  :  U  Penseroso,  19  (1638). 

Ethnick  Plot.  The  "  Popish  Plot " 
is  so  called  in  Dryden's  satire  of  Absalom 
and  Achitophel.  As  Dryden  calls  the 
royalists  "Jews,"  and  calls  Charles  II. 
"David  king  of  the  Jews,"  the  papists 
were  "  Gentiles  "  (or  Ethnoi),  whence  the 
"Ethnic  Plot"  means  the  plot  of  the 
Ethnoi  against  the  people  of  God. 

.  .  .  well  versed  of  old 
In  godly  faction,  and  in  treason  bold  .  .  . 
Saw  with  disdain  an  Ethnick  plot  begun, 
And  scorned  by  Jebusites  \Cathaiics\  to  be  outdone. 
Part  i.,  hnes  513-518  (1681). 

Etiquette  {Madame),  the  duchesse 
de  Noailles,  grand-mistress  of  the  cere- 
monies in  the  court  of  Marie  Antoinette. 
So  called  from  her  rigid  enforcement  of 
all  the  formalities  and  ceremonies  of  the 
ancien  regime. 

Et'na.  Zeus  buried  under  this  moun- 
tain Enkel'ados,  one  of  the  hundred- 
handed  giants. 

The  whole  land  weighed  him  down,  as  Etna  does 
The  giant  of  mythology. 

Tennyson  :  The  Golden  Sufper. 

Etteilla,  the  pseudonym  of  AUiette 
(spelt  backwards),  a  perruquier  and 
diviner  of  the  eighteenth  century.  He 
became  a  professed  cabalist,  and  was 
visited  in  his  studio  in  the  Hotel  de 
Crillon  (Rue  de  la  Verrerie)  by  all  those 
who  desired  to  unroll  the  Book  of  Fate. 
In  1783  he  published  Manitre  de  se 
Rdcrier  avec  le  feu  de  Cartes,  nommies 
Tarots.  In  the  British  Museum  are  some 
divination  cards  published  in  Paris  in  the 
first  half  of  the  nineteenth  century,  called 
Grand  Etteilla  and  Petit  Etteilla,  each 
pack  being  accompanied  with  a  book  of 
explication  and  instruction. 

Ettercap,  an  ill-tempered  person,  who 
mars  sociability.  The  ettercap  is  the 
poison-spider,  and  should  be  spelt 
"  attercop."  (Anglo-Saxon,  atter-cop, 
"poison-spider.") 

O  sirs,  was  sic  difference  seen 
As  'twixt  wee  Will  and  Tam! 

The  ane's  a  perfect  ettercap. 
The  ither's  just  a  lamb. 

W.  Miller:  Nursery  Stmgv, 

Ettrick  Shepherd  (The),  James 
Hogg,  the  poet,  who  was  born  in  the 
forest  of  Ettrick,  in  Selkirkshire,  and  in 
early  life  was  a  shepherd  (1772-1835). 

Etty's  Nine  Pictures,  "the 
Combat,"  the  three  "Judith"  pictures, 
"Benaiah,"  "Ulysses  and  the  Syrens," 
and  the  three  pictures  of  "Joan  of  Arc." 

"  My  aim,"  says  Etty,  "  in  all  my  great  pictures  has 
been  to  paint  some  great  moral  on  the  heart,    'Tii<» 


ETZEU 

Combat '  represents  the  beauty  ^  mtrcy  ;  the  thtt« 

'  Juditu'  pictures,  fiatriotism\i,  self-devotion  to  God ; 
'  self-devotion  to  man  ;  3,  self-devotion  to  country] ; 
'.i-iiaiah,  David's  chief  captain,'  represents  valour; 
'  lysses  and  the  Syrens,'  sensual  deli/chts  or  the  -wages 
■;in  is  death  ;  and  the  three  pictures  of  '  Jo.in  of  Arc ' 
;)ict  religion,  loyalty,  and  patriotism.  In  all,  nine 
number,  as  it  was  my  desire  to  paint  three  times 
,    ■ot."—lV.  Etty,  of  York  (1787-1849). 

Et'zel  or  Ez'zel  [i.e.  AtHla],  king  of 
tlie  Huns,  in  the  songs  of  the  German 
minnesingers.  A  ruler  over  three  king- 
doms and  thirty  principaHties.  His  second 
wife  was  Kriemhild,  the  widow  of  Sieg- 
fried. In  pt.  ii.  of  the  Nibelungen  Lied 
he  sees  his  sons  and  liegemen  struck  down 
without  making;  the  least  effort  to  save 
ihem  ;  and  is  as  unlike  the  Attila  of  history 
as  a  "hector"  is  to  the  noble  Trojan  "the 
protector  of  mankind." 

Eubo'nia,  Isle  of  Man. 

He  reigned  over  Britain  and  its  three  islands. — 
Nennius  :  History  oftlie  Britotts. 

(The  three  islands  are  Isle  of  Wight, 
Eubonia,  and  Orkney.) 

Eu'charis,  one  of  the  nymphs  of 
Calypso,  with  whom  Telemachos  was 
deeply  smitten.  Mentor,  knowing  his 
love  was  sensual  love,  hurried  him  away 
from  the  island.  He  afterwards  fell 
in  love  with  Anti'opS,  and  Mentor  ap- 
proved his  choice. — Finelon  :  TiUmaque, 
vii.  (1700). 

He  IPaul]  fancied  he  had  found  in  Virginia  the  wis- 
dom of  Antiop^,  with  tlie  misfortunes  and  the  tender- 
ness of  Euch.uis. — Bemardiii  di  St.  Pierre  :  Paul  and 
Virginia  (1788). 

(Eucharis  is  meant  for  Mdlle.  de  Fon- 
tange,  maid  of  honour  to  Mde.  de 
Montespan.  For  a  few  months  she  was 
a  favourite  with  Louis  XIV. ,  but  losing 
her  good  looks  she  was  discarded,  and 
died  at  the  age  of  20.  She  used  to  dress 
her  hair  with  streaming  ribbons,  and 
hence  this  style  of  head-gear  was  called 
a  la  Fontange. ) 

Eu'ciio,  a  penurious  old  hunks. — 
Plautus :  Aulularia. 

Now  you  must  explain  all  this  to  me,  unless  you 
would  have  me  use  you  as  ill  as  Euclio  does  Staphy'la. 
—Sir  IV.  Scott. 

£u' crates  (3  syl.),  the  miller,  and 
one  of  the  archons  of  Athens.  A 
shuffling  fellow,  always  evading  his  duty 
and  breaking  his  promise  ;  hence  the 
Latin  proverb — 

Vias  novit,  quibus  eflug^at  Eucrates  ("  He  has  more 
shifts  than  Eucrates  "). 

Eudo'cia  {4  syl.),  daughter  of 
Eu'mengs  governor  of  Damascus.  Pho'- 
cyas,  general  of  the  Syrian  forces,  being 
in  love  with  her,  asks  the  consent  of 
Eumen6s,  and  is  refused.      In  revenge, 


S43 


EULENSPIEGEL. 


he  goes  over  to  the  Arabs,  who  are  be- 
sieging Damascus.  Eudocia  is  taken 
captive,  but  refuses  to  wed  a  traitor.  At 
the  end,  Pho'cyas  dies,  and  Eudocia 
retires  into  a  n\mn&cy.— Hughes  :  The 
Siege  of  Damascus  (1720). 

Eudon  [Count)  of  Cantabria.  A 
baron  favourable  to  the  Moor,  "  too 
weak-minded  to  be  independent."  When 
the  Spaniards  rose  up  against  the  Moors, 
the  first  order  of  the  Moorish  chief  was 
this  :  ' '  Strike  off  count  Eudon's  head  ; 
the  fear  which  brought  him  to  our  camp 
will  bring  him  else  in  arms  against  us 
now"  (ch.  XXV.). — Southey :  Roderick, 
etc.,  xiii.  (1814). 

Eudoz'ia,  wife  of  the  emperor 
Valentin'ian.  Petro'nius       Max'iraus 

"poisoned"  the  emperor,  and  the 
empress  killed  Maximus. — Beaumont  and 
Fletcher:   Valentinian  (1617). 

Eugene  Aram.    (See  Aram,  p.  54. ) 

Eug'e'nia,  called  "  Silence  "  and  the 
"  Unknown."  She  was  wife  of  count  de 
Valmont,  and  mother  of  Florian,  "the 
foundling  of  the  forest."  In  order  to 
come  into  the  property,  baron  Longue- 
ville  used  every  endeavour  to  kill  Eugenia 
and  Florian,  but  all  his  attempts  were 
abortive,  and  his  villainy  at  length  was 
brought  to  light.— Ditnond:  The  Found- 
ling of  the  Forest. 

Eug'enio,  a  young  gentleman  who 
turned  goat-herd,  because  Leandra  jilted 
him  and  eloped  with  a  heartless  adven- 
turer, named  Vincent  de  la  Rosa. — 
Cervantes  :  Don  Quixote,  I.  iv.  20  ( "  The 
Goat-herd's  Story,"  1605). 

Eug'e'nius,  the  friend  and  wise  coun- 
sellor of  Yorick.  John  Hall  Stevenson 
was  the  original  of  this  character. — 
Sterne:   Tristram  Shandy  (1759). 

Enhe'iueros,  a  Sicilian  Greek,  who 
wrote  a  Sacred  History  to  explain  the 
historical  or  allegorical  character  of  the 
Greek  and  Latin  mythologies. 

One  could  wish  Euhemgrus  had  never  been  bom.  It 
was  he  who  spoilt  \the  old  myths'\  &cst,—Ouida: 
Ariadne,  i.  i. 

Eulenspiegel  [Thyl),  i.e.  "Thy 
Owlglass,"  of  Brunswick.  A  man  who 
runs  through  the  world  as  charlatan,  fool, 
lansquenet,  domestic  servant,  artist,  and 
Jack-of-all-trades.  He  undertakes  any- 
thing, but  rejoices  in  cheating  those  who 
employ  him ;  he  parodies  proverbs,  re- 
joices in  mischief,  and  is  brimful  of 
pranks  and  drolleries. — Dr.  Mumer: 
Thyl  Eulenspiegel  (1543). 


EUMiEOS. 


344 


EUPHUES. 


An  English  version,  entitled  The 
Merrye  Jeste  of  a  Man  called  Howie- 
glass,  and  of  the  many  Marvellous 
Thinges  and  Jestes  that  he  did  in  his 
Lyfe  in  Eastland,  was  printed  by  William 
Copland.  Another  by  K.  R.  H.  Mac- 
kenzie, in  i860. 

To  few  mortals  has  it  been  granted  to  earn  such  a 
place  in  universal  history  as  TyU  Eulenspiegel.  Now, 
after  five  centuries,  his  native  village  is  pointed  out 
with  pride  to  the  traveller. — Carlylt. 

EtUUSBOS  (in  Latin,  Eumceus),  the 
slave  and  swine-herd  of  Ulysses,  hence 
any  swine-herd. 

Eu'menes  (3  syL),  governor  of 
Damascus,  and  father  of  Eudo'cia. — 
Hughes:  Siege  of  Damascus  {1720). 

ZSumnes'tes,  Memory  personified. 
Spenser  says  he  is  an  old  man,  decrepit 
and  half  blind.  He  was  waited  on  by 
a  boy  named  Anamnest6s.  (Greek, 
eumnistis,  "good  memory  ; "  anamnestis, 
"research.") — Faerie  Queene,  ii.  9  (1590). 

He  [Fancy]  straight  commits  them  to  his  treasury 
Which  old  Eumnestes  keeps,  father  of  memory— 


Eumnestes  old,  who  in  his  living  screen 
(His  living  breast)  the  rolls  and  records  bears 
Of  all  the  deeds  and  men  which  he  hath  seen, 
A.nd  keeps  locked  up  in  faithful  registers. 

P.  FUictur:  ThcPurpU  Island,  vi  (1633). 

En'noe  (3  syL ),  a  river  of  purgatory, 
a  draught  of  which  makes  the  mind  recall 
all  the  good  deeds  and  good  offices  of 
Ufe.  It  is  a  little  beyond  LethS  or  the 
river  of  forgetfulness. 

Lo  !  where  Eunoe  flows, 
L^ad  thither ;  and,  as  thou  art  wont,  reviv« 
His  fainting  virtue, 

Dante:  Purgatory,  xxxiiL  (1308). 

Enplira'sia,  daughter  of  lord  Dian, 
a  character  resembling  "Viola"  in 
Shakespeare's  Twelfth  Night.  Being  in 
love  with  prince  Philaster,  she  assumes 
boy's  attire,  calls  herself  "  Bellario,"  and 
enters  the  prince's  service.  Philaster 
transfers  Bellario  to  the  princess  Arethusa, 
and  then  grows  jealous  of  the  lady's  love 
for  her  tender  page.  The  sex  of  Bellario 
being  discovered,  shows  the  groundless- 
ness of  this  jealousy. — Beaumont  and 
Fletcher:  Philaster  ox  Love  Lies  a-bleed- 
ing  (1608). 

Eiiplira'sia,  "  the  Grecian  daughter," 
was  daughter  of  Evander,  the  old  king  of 
Syracuse  (dethroned  by  Dionysius,  and 
kept  prisoner  in  a  dungeon  on  the  summit 
of  a  rock).  She  was  the  wife  of  Phocion, 
who  had  fled  from  Syracuse  to  save  their 
infant  son.  Euphrasia,  having  gained 
admission  to  the  dungeon  where  her 
aged  father  was  dying  from  starvation. 


"  fostered  him  at  her  breast  by  the  milk 
designed  for  her  own  babe,  and  thus  the 
father  found  a  parent  in  the  child." 
When  Timoleon  took  Syracuse,  Diony- 
sius was  about  to  stab  Evander,  but 
Euphrasia,  rushing  forward,  struck  the 
tyrant  dead  upon  the  spot. — Murphy: 
The  Grecian  Daughter  (1772). 

IT  The  same  tale  is  told  of  Xantippg 
(not  the  wife  of  SocratSs),  who  preserved 
the  life  of  her  father  Cimo'nos  in  prison. 
The  guard,  astonished  that  the  old  man 
held  out  so  long,  set  a  watch  and  dis- 
covered the  secret. 

There  is  a  dungeon,  ta  whose  dim  drear  light 

What  do  I  gaze  on?  .  .  . 

An  old  man,  and  a  female  young  and  fair, 

Fresh  as  a  nursing  mother,  in  whose  vein^ 

The  blood  is  nectar  .  .  . 

Here  youth  offers  to  old  age  the  food. 

The  milk  of  his  own  gift  ...  It  is  her  sire, 

To  whom  she  renders  back  the  debt  of  blood. 

Byron  :  Childe  Harold,  iv.  148  (1817). 

Eu'plirasy,  the  herb  eye-bright;  so 
called  because  it  was  once  supposed  to  be 
efficacious  in  clearing  the  organs  of  sight. 
Hence  the  archangel  Michael  purged  the 
eyes  of  Adam  with  it,  to  enable  him  to 
see  into  the  distant  future.  See  Milton  : 
Paradise  Lost,  xi.  414-421  (1665). 

Eu'plxTies  (3  syl. ),  the  chief  character 
in  John  Lilly's  Euphues  or  The  Anatomy 
of  Wit  (1581),  and  Euphuis  and  his 
England  (1582).  He  is  an  Athenian 
gentleman,  distinguished  for  his  elegance, 
wit,  love-making,  and  roving  habits. 
Shakespeare  borrowed  his  "government 
of  the  bees  "  {Henry  V.  act  i.  sc.  2)  from 
Lilly.  EuphuSs  was  designed  to  exhibit 
the  style  affected  by  the  gallants  of 
England  in  the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth. 
Thomas  Lodge  wrote  a  novel  in  a  similar 
style,  called  Euphues'  Golden  Legacy 
(1590). 

{Euphues  and  Lucilla,  published  in 
1716,  is  by  some  supposed  to  be  a  posthu- 
mous work  of  John  Lilly.) 

N.  B. — Lilly's  Euphues  have  given  to  the 
language  the  words  euphuism  (stilted  fine 
writing)  and  euphuist  (one  who  imitates 
the  style  of  Euphues).  This  sort  of  affec- 
tation in  writing  pervaded  many  of  our 
novels  more  or  less  even  to  the  early  part 
of  the  nineteenth  century. 

(Foster's  Essays,  1805,  1819,  were  every 
bit  as  bad  for  their  bad  taste  and  gran- 
diloquence, and  elaborate  fustian. ) 

"  The  commonwealth  of  your  bees,"  replied  Euphues, 
"did  so  delight  me  that  I  was  not  a  little  sorry  that 
either  their  estates  have  not  been  longer,  or  your 
leisure  more ;  for,  in  my  simple  judgment,  there  was 
such  an  orderly  government  that  men  may  not  bo 
1  to  imitate  it."— Lilly  :  Bufhues  (1581). 


EUREKA  I 

(The  romances  of  CalprenMe  and 
Scud^ri  bear  the  same  relation  to  the 
jargon  of  Louis  XIV,  as  the  Euphius  of 
Lilly  to  that  of  queen  Elizabeth. ) 

IStire'ka  1  or  rather  Heure'ka  1  ["  I 
have  discovered  it !  "].  The  exclamation 
of  Archime'd6s,  the  Syracusian  philo- 
sopher, when  he  found  out  how  to  test 
the  purity  of  Hi'ero's  crown. 

The  tale  is,  that  Hiero  suspected  that 
a  craftsman  to  whom  he  had  given  a 
certain  weight  of  gold  to  make  into  a 
crown  had  alloyed  the  metal,  and  he 
asked  Archimedes  to  ascertain  if  his 
suspicion  was  well  founded.  The  philo- 
sopher, getting  into  his  bath,  observed 
that  the  water  ran  over,  and  it  flashed 
into  his  mind  that  his  body  displaced  its 
own  bulk  of  water.  Now,  suppose  Hiero 
gave  the  goldsmith  i  lb.  of  gold,  and  the 
crown  weighed  i  lb. ,  it  is  manifest  that  if 
the  crown  was  pure  gold,  both  ought  to 
displace  the  same  quantity  of  water ; 
but  they  did  not  do  so,  and  therefore  the 
gold  had  been  tampered  with.  Archi- 
medes next  immersed  in  water  i  lb.  of 
silver,  and  the  difierence  of  water  dis- 
placed soon  gave  the  clue  to  the  amount 
of  alloy  introduced  by  the  artificer. 

Vitrurius  says,  "When  the  idea  occurred  to  the 
philosopher,  he  jumped  out  of  his  bath,  and  without 
waiting  to  put  on  his  clothes,  he  ran  home,  exclaiminjf, 
•  Heurika  I  heureka  I ' ' 

Euripides  (4  syl.).  When  Alces- 
tid6s  (4  syl. )  chaffed  EuripidSs  for  having 
composed  only  three  verses  in  three  days, 
whereas  he  (AlcestidSs)  had  composed 
300,  Euripides  made  answer,  "  But  my 
three  will  outlast  300  years,  while  your 
300  will  not  outlive  three  days." 

^  Haydn  made  a  similar  remark  when 
urged  to  hasten  his  composition  of  The 
Creation,  on  which  he  had  been  working 
nearly  two  years;  he  replied,  "No!  I 
intend  it  to  last  a  long  time." 

Enro'pa.  The  Fight  at  Dame 
Europa's  School,  written  by  the  Rev. 
H.  W.  PuUen,  minor  canon  of  Salisbury 
Cathedral.  A  skit  on  the  Franco- Prussian 
War  (1870-1871). 

Europe's  Liberator.  So  Welling- 
ton was  called  after  the  overthrow  of 
Bonaparte  {1769-1852). 

Oh  Wellington  .  . .  called  "Saviour  of  the  Nations". . . 
And  "  Europe's  Liberator." 

Byron  :  Don  yuan,  \x.  j  (1834). 

En'ms,  the  east  wind  ;  Zephyr,  the 
west  wind ;  No'tus,  the  south  wind  ; 
Bo'reas,  the  north  wind.  Eurus,  in  Ita- 
lian, is  called  the  Levant  ("  rising  of  the 


345 


EUSTACE. 


sun"),    and    Zeph)rr    is    called    Fo'nent 
("  setting  of  the  sun  "). 

Forth  rush  the  Levant  and  the  Ponent  winds — 
Eurus  and  Zephyr. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  x.  705  (1665). 

Etiryd'ice  (4  syl.),  the  wife  of 
Orpheus  (2  syl.),  killed  by  a  serpent  on 
her  wedding  night.  Orpheus  went  down 
to  hadfis  to  crave  for  her  restoration  to 
life,  and  Pluto  said  she  should  follow  him 
to  earth  provided  he  did  not  look  back. 
When  the  poet  was  stepping  on  the  con- 
fines of  our  earth,  he  turned  to  see  if 
Eurydic6  was  following,  and  just  caught 
a  glance  of  her  as  she  was  snatched  back 
into  the  shades  below. 

(Pope  tells  the  tale  in  his  Pindaric 
poem  called  Ode  on  St.  Cecilia's  Day, 
1709,) 

Ear3rt'ion,  the  herdsman  of  Ger'yon. 
He  never  slept  day  nor  night,  but  walked 
unceasingly  among  his  herds  with  his 
two-headed  dog  Orthros.  "  HerculSs 
them  all  did  overcome." — Spenser  :  Faerie 
Queene,  v.  10  (1596). 

EUSTACE,  one  of  the  attendants  of 
sir  Reginald  Front  de  Bceuf  (a  follower  of 
prince  John). — Sir  IV.  Scott:  Ivanhoe 
(time,  Richard  I. ). 

Eustace  [Father),  or  "father  Eusta- 
tius,"  the  superior  and  afterwards  abbot 
of  St.  Mary's.  He  was  formerly  William 
Allan,  and  the  friend  of  Henry  Warden 
(afterwards  the  protestant  preacher). — 
Sir  W.  Scott :  The  Monastery  (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Eustace  [Charles),  a  pupil  of  Ignatius 
Polyglot.  He  had  been  clandestinely 
married  for  four  years,  and  had  a  little 
son  named  Frederick.  Charles  Eustace 
confided  his  scrape  to  Polyglot,  and 
concealed  his  young  wife  in  the  tutor's 
private  room.  Polyglot  was  thought  to  be 
a  libertine,  but  the  truth  came  out,  and 
all  parties  were  reconciled. — Poole:  The 
Scapegoat. 

Eustace  [Jack),  the  lover  of  Lucinda, 
and  "a  very  worthy  young  fellow,"  of 
good  character  and  family.  As  justice 
Woodcock  was  averse  to  the  marriage. 
Jack  introduced  himself  as  a  music- 
master,  and  sir  William  Meadows,  who 
recognized  him,  persuaded  the  justice  to 
consent  to  the  marriage  of  the  young 
couple.  This  he  was  the  more  ready  to 
do  as  his  sister  Deborah  said  positively 
he  "  should  not  do  it." — Bickerstaff:  Love 
in  a  Village  (1762). 


EUTHANASIA. 

Euthana'sia,  an  easy,  happy  death. 
The  word  occurs  in  the  Dunciad,  and 
Byron  has  a  poem  so  called.  Eutha- 
nasia generally  means  a  harbour  of  rest 
and  peace  after  the  storms  of  life  :  "  In- 
veni  portum  ;  spes  at  fortuna  valete,"  i.e. 
' '  I  have  found  my  Euthanasia,  farewell 
to  the  battle  of  life."  (Greek,  eu  thana- 
tos,  "a  happy  death.") 

"  I  think  there  is  a  great  deal  to  be  said  in  favour  of 
euthanasia,"  said  Phoebe,  "but  then  it  ought  to  be 
with  the  consent  of  the  victims."— Afrj.  OUphant : 
Phoebe,  Jun.,  iii.  6. 

A  happy  rural  retreat  ...  the  Euthanasia  of  a  life 
of  carefulness  and  \o\\\—Encydopcedia  Britannica. 
article,  "  Romance."    The  reference  is  to  Gil  Bias. 

Eva,  daughter  of  Torquil  of  the  Oak. 
She  is  betrothed  to  Ferquhard  Day. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time, 
Henry  IV.). 

•.'  There  is  an  Eva  in  Uncle  Tom's 
Cabin,  by  Mrs.  Beecher  Stowe  (1850). 

Evad'ne  (3  syl.),  wife  of  Kap'aneus 
(3  -y^. ).  She  threw  herself  on  the  funeral 
pile  of  her  husband,  and  was  consumed 
with  him. 

Evad'lie  (3  syl.),  sister  of  Melantius. 
Amintor  was  compelled  by  the  king  to 
marry  her,  although  he  was  betrothed  to 
Aspasia  (the  "maid  "  whose  death  forms 
the  tragical  event  of  the  drama). — Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher  :  The  Maid's  Tragedy 
(i6io). 

The  purity  of  female  virtue  in  Aspasia  is  well  con- 
trasted with  the  guilty  boldness  of  EvadnS,  and  the 
rough  soldierlike  bearing  and  manly  feeling;  of  Me- 
lantius render  the  selfish  sensuality  of  the  king  more 
hateful  and  disgusting. — R.  Chambers  :'  English 
Literature,  i.  204. 

Evad'ne  or  the  Statue,  a  drama  by 
Shell  (1820).  Ludov'ico,  the  chief  minister 
of  Naples,  heads  a  conspiracy  to  murder 
the  king  and  seize  the  crown ;  his  great 
stumbhng-block  is  the  marquis  of  Co- 
lonna,  a  high-minded  nobleman,  who 
cannot  be  corrupted.  The  sister  of 
the  marquis  is  EvadnS  (3  syl.),  plighted 
to  Vicentio.  Ludovlco's  scheme  is  to 
get  Colonna  to  murder  Vicentio  and  the 
king,  and  then  to  debauch  EvadnS. 
With  this  in  view,  he  persuades  Vicentio 
that  Evadng  is  the  king's  yf//^  d" amour, 
and  that  she  marries  him  merely  as  a 
flimsy  cloak,  but  he  adds,  ' '  Never  mind, 
it  will  make  your  fortune."  The  proud 
Neapolitan  is  disgusted,  and  flings  off 
EvaJng  as  a  viper.  Her  brother  is 
fndignant,  challenges  the  troth-plight 
lover  to  a  duel,  and  Vicentio  falls. 
Ludovico  now  irritates  Colonna  by  talk- 
ing   of  the  king's  amour,  and   Induces 


346 


EVANGELINE. 


him  to  invite  the  king  to  a  banquet  and 
then  murder  him.  The  king  goes  to 
the  banquet,  and  Evadng  shows  him  the 
statues  of  the  Colonna  family,  and 
amongst  them  one  of  her  own  father, 
who  at  the  battle  of  Milan  had  saved 
the  king's  life  by  his  own.  The  king  is 
struck  with  remorse,  but  at  this  moment 
Ludovico  enters,  and  the  king  conceals 
himself  behind  the  statue.  Colonna  tells 
the  traitor  minister  the  deed  is  done,  and 
Ludovico  orders  his  instant  arrest,  gibes 
him  as  his  dupe,  and  exclaims,  "  Now  I 
am  king  indeed  I  "  At  this  moment  the 
king  comes  forward,  releases  Colonna, 
and  orders  Ludovico  to  be  arrested.  The 
traitor  draws  his  sword,  and  Colonna 
kills  him.  Vicentio  now  enters,  tells  how 
his  ear  has  been  abused,  and  marries 
EvadnS. 

Evan  Dhu  of  Lochiel,  a  Highland 
chief  in  the  army  of  Montrose. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Legend  of  Montrose  (time,  Charles 

Evan  Dhn  M'Combicli,  the  foster- 
brother  of  M'Jvor.— 5?>  VV.  Scott:  Wa- 
verley  (time,  George  II.). 

Evandale  ( The  Right  Hon,  W.  Max- 
well, lord),  in  the  royal  army  under  the 
duke  of  Monmouth.  He  is  a  suitor  of 
Edith  Bellenden,  the  granddaughter  of 
lady  Margaret  Bellenden,  of  the  Tower 
of  Tillietudlem.— .SzV  W.  Scott:  Old 
Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Evan'der,  the  "good  old  king  of 
Syracuse,"  dethroned  by  Dionysius  the 
Younger.  Evander  had  dethroned  the 
elder  Dionysius  "and  sent  him  for  vile 
subsistence,  a  wandering  sophist  through 
the  realms  of  Greece."  He  was  the 
father  of  Euphrasia,  and  was  kept  in  a 
dungeon  on  the  top  of  a  rock,  where  he 
would  have  been  starved  to  death,  if 
Euphrasia  had  not  nourished  him  with 
"the  milk  designed  for  her  own  babe." 
When  Syracuse  was  taken  by  Timoleon, 
Dionysius  by  accident  came  upon  Evan- 
der, and  would  have  killed  him,  but 
Euphrasia  rushed  forward  and  stabbed 
the  tyrant  to  the  heart. — Murphy:  The 
Grecian  Daughter  (1772).  (See  Errors 
OF  Authors  (40),  "  Dionysius,"  p.  335.) 

Mr.  Bentley,  May  6,  1796,  took  leave  ot  the  stage  in 
the  character  of  "  Evander."— ;f.  C.  Russell:  Repre- 
sentative Actors,  426. 

Evangelic  Doctor  {The),  John 
Wyclitfe,  "the  Morning  Star  of  the  Re- 
formation    (1324-1384). 

Evangeline,  the   heroine  and   titi» 


EVANGELIST. 


347 


EVEN  NUMBERS. 


of  a  tale  in  hexameter  verse  by  Long- 
fellow, in  two  parts.  Evangeline  was  the 
daughter  of  Benedict  Bellefontaine,  the 
richest  farmer  of  Acadia  {no\f  Nova  Scolia). 
At  the  age  of  17  she  was  legally  betrothed 
by  the  notary-public  to  Gabriel  son  of 
Basil  the  blacksmith,  but  next  day  all 
the  colony  was  exiled  by  the  order  of 
George  IL,  and  their  houses,  cattle,  and 
lands  were  confiscated.  Gabriel  and 
Evangeline  were  parted,  and  now  began 
the  troubles  of  her  life.  She  wandered 
from  place  to  place  to  find  her  betrothed. 
Basil  had  settled  at  Louisiana,  but  when 
Evangeline  reached  the  place  Gabriel  had 
just  left ;  she  then  went  to  the  prairies,  to 
Michigan,  and  so  on,  but  at  every  place 
she  was  just  too  late  to  catch  him.  At 
length,  grown  old  in  this  hopeless  search, 
she  went  to  Pennsylvania  and  became  a 
sister  of  mercy.  The  plague  broke  out 
in  the  city,  and  as  she  visited  the  alms- 
house she  saw  an  old  man  smitten  down 
with  the  pestilence.  It  was  Gabriel. 
He  tried  to  whisper  her  name,  but  death 
closed  his  lips.  He  was  buried,  and 
Evangeline  lies  beside  him  in  the  g^ave. 

(Longfellow's  Evangeline  (1849)  has 
many  points  of  close  similitude  with 
Campbell's  tale  of  Gertrude  of  Wyoming, 
1809. ) 

Evangelist,  the  personification  of 
an  effectual  preacher  in  Bunyan's  Pil- 
grim's Progress  (1678). 

Evans  {Sir  Hugh),  a  pedantic  Welsh 
parson  and  schoolmaster  of  extraordinary 
simplicity  and  native  shrewdness.  — 
Shakespeare  :  The  Merry  Wives  of  Wind- 
sor (1601). 

The  reader  may  cry  out  with  honest  sir  Hugh  Evans, 
"  I  like  not  when  a  'ooman  has  a  great  peard." — 
Macaulay. 

Henderson  says,  "  I  have  seen  John  Edwin,  in  'sir 
Hugh  Evans,"  when  preparing  tor  the  duel,  keep  the 
house  in  an  ecstasy  of  merrunent  for  many  mmutes 
together  without  speaking  a  word  "  (i  750-1790). 

Evans  (  William),  the  giant  porter  of 
Charles  I.  He  carried  sir  Geoffrey  Hud- 
son about  in  his  pocket.  Evans  was 
eight  feet  in  height,  and  Hudson  only 
eighteen  inches.  Fuller  mentions  this 
giant  amongst  his  Worthies. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles 
XL). 

Evans  {Marian),  the  maiden  name  o' 
Mrs.  J.  W.  Cross,  who  assumed  the  name 
of  George  Eliot,  and  was  the  writer  of 
numerous  novels  (1820-1880). 

Evan'the  (3  syl-),  sister  of  Sora'no, 
the  wicked  instrument  of  Frederick  duke 


of  Naples,  and  the  chaste  wife  of  Valerio. 
The  duke  tried  to  seduce  her,  but  failing 
in  this  scandalous  attempt,  he  offered  to 
give  her  to  any  one  "for  a  month,"  at 
the  end  of  which  time  the  hbertine  was 
to  suffer  death.  No  one  would  accept 
the  offer,  and  ultimately  Evanth^  was 
restored  to  her  husband. — Fletcher  :  A 
Wife  for  a  Month  (1624). 

E.V.B.,  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Boyle,  an 
amateur  artist  of  the  nineteenth  century. 

Eve  (i  syl.)  or  Havah,  the  "mother 
of  all  living"  {Gen.  iii.  20).  Before  the 
expulsion  from  paradise  her  name  was 
Ishah,  because  she  was  taken  out  of  ish, 
i.e.  "man"  {Gen.  ii.  23). 

Eve  was  of  such  gigantic  stature  that  when  she  laid 
her  head  on  one  hUl  near  Mecca,  her  knees  rested  on 
two  other  hills  in  the  plain,  about  two  gun-shots 
asunder.  Adam  was  as  tail  as  a  palm  tree. — Moncony  : 
Voyag^e,  i.  372.  etc. 

Ev'eli'na  (4  syl.),  the  heroine  of  a 
novel  so  called  by  Miss  Burney  (after- 
wards Mde.  D'Arblay).  Evehna  marries 
lord  Orville  (1778).  It  gives  a  picture  of 
the  manners  of  the  time. 

Evelyn  {Alfred),  the  secretary  and 
relative  of  sir  John  Vesey.  He  made 
sir  John's  speeches,  wrote  his  pamphlets, 
got  together  his  facts,  mended  his  pens, 
and  received  no  salary.  Evelyn  loved 
Clara  Douglas,  a  dependent  of  lady  Frank- 
hn's,  but  she  was  poor  also,  and  declined 
to  marry  him.  Scarcely  had  she  refused 
him,  when  he  was  left  an  immense  fortune 
and  proposed  to  Georgina  Vesey.  What 
little  heart  Georgina  had  was  given  to 
sir  Frederick  Blount,  but  the  great  for- 
tune of  Evelyn  made  her  waver  ;  however, 
being  told  that  Evelyn's  property  was  in- 
secure, she  married  Frederick,  and  left 
Evelyn  free  to  marry  Clara. — Lord  Lytton  : 
Money  (1840). 

Evelyn  {Sir  George),  a  man  of  for- 
tune, family,  and  character,  in  love  tvith 
Dorrillon,  whom  he  marries. — Mrs.  Inch- 
bald  :  Wives  as  they  Were  and  Maids  as 
they  Are  (1795). 

Even  Numbers  are  reckoned  un- 
lucky; but  "there's  luck  in  odd  num- 
bers." 

The  .  .  .  crow  .  .  .  cried  twice;  this  even,  sir,  is  no 
good  number.— 5.5. ;  The  Honest  Lawyer  (1616). 

Among  the  Chinese,  heaven  is  odd,  and  earth  even. 
The  numbers  1,  3,  S.  7.  9.  belong  to  yang  or  heaven; 
but  2,  4,  6,  8,  10,  belong  to.yj>«  or  earth. — EdMins. 

*.•  Shakespeare  says  "there  is  divinity 
in  odd  numbers  "  {Merry  Wives  of  Wind- 


EVENING  HYMN. 

sor,  act  V.  sc.  i,  1596).  "  There's  luck  in 
odd  numbers  "  is  a  common  proverb. 

See  Dictionary  0/  Phr*S€  •nd  Fable,  ODD 
NUMBERS,  pp.  907,  908. 

Eveningf  K3rmn  {7%«?)  by  Ken, 
bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells  ("  AH  praise  to 
Thee,  my  God,  this  night,"  etc. ).  He  also 
wrote  The  Morning  Hymn  ("Awake,  my 
soul,  and  with  the  sun,"  etc.)  {1721). 

Evening's  at  Home  by  John  Aikin 
and  his  sister  Mrs.  Barbauld,  published 
between  1792  and  1795. 

Ever  Loyal  City  {The).  Oxford 
was  so  called  for  its  unflinching  loyalty  to 
Charles  1.  during  the  parhamentary  wars. 

Everard  [Colonel  Markham),  of  the 
Commonwealth  party. 

Master  Everard,  the  colonel's  father. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Woodstock  (time,  Com- 
monwealth). 

EVerett  {Master),  a  hired  witness  of 
the  "Popish  Plot."  — 5?>  W.  Scott: 
Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Every  Man  in  His  Humour,  a 

comedy  by  Ben  Jonson  (1598).  The 
original  play  was  altered  by  David 
Garrick.  The  persons  to  whom  the  title 
of  the  drama  apply  are :  ' '  captain 
Bobadil,"  whose  humour  is  bragging  of 
his  brave  deeds  and  military  courage — 
he  is  thrashed  as  a  coward  by  Downright ; 
"  Kitely,"  whose  humour  is  jealousy  of 
his  wife — he  is  befooled  and  cured  by 
a  trick  played  on  him  by  Brainwonn; 
"Stephen,"  whose  humour  is  verdant 
stupidity — he  is  played  on  by  every  one  ; 
"  Kno'well,"  whose  humour  is  suspicion 
of  his  son  Edward,  which  turns  out  to  be 
all  moonshine;  "Dame  Kitely,"  whose 
humour  is  jealousy  of  her  husband,  but 
she  (like  her  husband)  is  cured  by  a  trick 
devised  by  Brainworm.  Every  man  in 
his  humour  is  liable  to  be  duped  thereby, 
for  Jiis  humour  is  the  "  Achilles'  heel "  of 
his  character. 

Every  Man  out  of  His  Humour, 

a  comedy  by  Ben  Jonson  (1599). 

Every   One  lias   His   Fault,   a 

comedy  by  Mrs.  Inchbald  (1794).  By 
the  fault  of  rigid  pride,  lord  Norland 
discarded  his  daughter,  lady  Eleanor, 
because  she  married  against  his  consent. 
By  the  fault  of  gallantry  and  defect  of  due 
courtesy  to  his  wife,  sir  Robert  Ramble 
drove  lady  Ramble  into  a  divorce.  By 
the  fault  of  irresolution,  "  Shall  I  marry  or 
shall  I  not  ?  "  Solus  remained  a  miserable 


34? 


EW-BUGHTS. 


bachelor,  pining  for  a  wife  and  domestic 
joys.  By  the  fault  of  deficient  spirit  and 
manliness,  Mr.  Placid  was  a  hen-peckeu 
husband.  By  the  fault  of  marrying  with- 
out the  consent  of  his  wife's  friends,  Mr. 
Irwin  was  reduced  to  poverty  and  even 
crime.  Harmony  healed  these  faults  : 
lord  Norland  received  his  daughter  into 
favour  ;  sir  Robert  Ramble  took  back  his 
wife ;  Solus  married  Miss  Spinster ;  Mr. 
Placid  assumed  the  rights  of  the  head 
of  the  family ;  and  Mr.  Irwin,  being 
accepted  as  the  son-in-law  of  lord  Norland, 
was  raised  from  indigence  to  domestic 
comfort. 

Evidences   of  Christianity,   by 

Dr.  Paley  (1794),  once  a  standard  book 
in  the  University  of  Cambridge,  and  in- 
dispensable for  the  junior  students. 

Evil  May-Day,  May  i,  1517,  when 
the  apprentices  committed  great  excesses, 
especially  against  foreigners ;  and  the 
constable  of  the  Tower  discharged  his 
cannons  on  the  populace.  The  tumult 
began  in  Cheapside  (time,  Henry  VIII.). 

Eviot,  page  to  sir  John  Ramorny 
(master  of  the  horse  to  prince  Robert  of 
Scotland).— .SzV  W.  Scott:  Fair  Maid  of 
Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Evir-AUen,  the  white-armed  daugh- 
ter of  Branno  an  Irishman.  "A  thousand 
heroes  sought  the  maid  ;  she  refused  her 
love  to  a  thousand.  The  sons  of  the 
sword  were  despised,  for  graceful  in  her 
eyes  was  Ossian."  This  Evir- Allen  was 
the  mother  of  Oscar,  Fingal's  grandson  ; 
but  she  was  not  alive  when  Fingal  went 
to  Ireland  to  assist  Cormac  against  the 
invading  Norsemen,  which  forms  the 
subject  of  the  poem  called  Fingal,  in  six 
books. — Ossian:  Fingal,  iv. 

Ew'ain  [Sir),  son  of  king  Vrience  and 
Morgan  le  Fay  (Arthur's  half-sister). — 
Sir  T.  Malory:  History  of  Prince  Arthur, 
i.  72  (1470). 

Ewan  of  Brigglands,  a  horse- 
soldier  in  the  army  of  Montrose. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Rob  Roy  (time,  George  I.). 

Ewart  {Nanty,  i.e.  Anthony),  captain 
of  the  smuggler's  brig. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Redgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Ew-bugfllts,  pens  into  which  cows 
were  driven  to  be  milked.  In  Percy's 
Reliques  (series  iii.  book  i.  12)  is  a  very 
pretty  Scotch  sonnet  which  begins — 

Will  re  gae  to  the  ew-bught,  Marion  .  .  . 
I  fain  wad  wiarrie  Marion, 
Gin  Marion  wad  n:arrie  me. 

(Date  unknown.) 


EXCALIBUR.  349 

Ezcal'ibur,  king  Arthur's  famous 
swords.  There  seems  to  have  been  two 
of  his  swords  so  called.  One  was  the 
sword  sheathed  in  stone,  which  no  one 
could  draw  thence,  save  he  who  was  to 
be  king  of  the  land.  Above  200  knights 
tried  to  release  it,  but  failed  ;  Arthur 
alone  could  draw  it,  and  this  he  did  with 
ease,  provmg  thereby  his  right  of  succes- 
sion ^t.  i.  3).  In  ch.  7  this  sword  is 
called  Excalibur,  and  is  said  to  have  been 
so  bright  "that  it  gave  light  like  thirty 
torches."  After  his  fight  with  Pellinore, 
the  king  said  to  Merlin  he  had  no  sword, 
and  Merlin  took  him  to  a  lake,  and 
Arthur  saw  an  arm  "clothed  in  white 
samite,  that  held  a  fair  sword  in  the 
hand."  Presently  the  Lady  of  the  Lake 
appeared,  and  Arthur  begged  that  he 
might  have  the  sword,  and  the  lady  told 
him  to  go  and  fetch  it.  When  he  came 
to  it  he  took  it,  "  and  the  arm  and  hand 
went  under  the  water  again."  This  is 
the  sword  generally  called  Excalibvu-. 
When  about  to  die,  king  Arthur  sent  an 
attendant  to  cast  the  sword  back  again 
into  the  lake,  and  again  the  hand 
"clothed  in  white  samite"  appeared, 
caught  it,  and  disappeared  (ch,  23), — Sir 
T.  Malory:  History  of  Prince  Arthur, 
«.  3.  23  {1470)- 

King  Arthur's  sword,  Excalibur, 
Wrought  by  the  lonely  maiden  of  the  lake ; 
Nme  years  she  wrought  it,  sitting  in  the  deeps, 
Upon  the  hidden  bases  of  the  hills. 

Tennyson:  Mart i Arthur. 

Excalibur' s  Sheath.  "  Sir,"  said  Mer- 
lin, "  look  that  ye  keep  well  the  scabbafd 
of  Excalibur,  for  ye  shall  lose  no  blood 
as  long  as  ye  have  the  scabbard  upon 
you,  though  ye  have  never  so  many 
wounds," — Sir  T.  Malory:  History  of 
Prince  Arthur,  i.  36  (1470). 

Excelsior,  a  poem  by  Longfellow 
{1842). 

Ezctirsion  [The),  a  poem  in  blank 
verse,  divided  into  nine  books,  by  Words- 
worth (1814).  Wordsworth  is  sometimes 
called  "  the  poet  (or  bard)  of  The  Excur- 
sion,"    Byron  calls  it — 

A  drowsy  frowsy  poem,  my  aversion. 

Don  yuan. 

Ezecntioner  {No).  When  Francis 
viscount  d'Aspremont,  governor  of  Ba- 
yonne,  was  commanded  by  Charles  IX. 
of  France  to  massacre  the  huguenots,  he 
replied,  ' '  Sire,  there  are  many  under  my 
government  devoted  to  your  majesty,  but 
not  a  single  executioner." 

Exeter  Book  {The),  a  collection  of 


EXTERMINATOR. 

very  early  poems  presented  by  the  bishop 
of  Exeter  to  the  library  of  the  cathedral, 

Exeter  Domesday  ( The),  a  supple- 
ment to  the  famous  Domesday  Book 
compiled  in  the  reign  of  William  the 
Conqueror,  It  extends  the  Domesday 
Book  to  Cornwall,  Devonshire,  Dorset- 
shire, Somersetshire,  and  Wiltshire, 

Exhausted  Worlds  ...  Dr.  John- 
son, in  the  prologue  spoken  by  Garrick 
at  the  opening  of  Drury  Lane,  in  1747, 
says  of  Shakespeare — 

Each  change  of  many-coloured  life  he  drew, 
Exhausted  worlds,  and  then  imagiued  new. 

Exile  of  Erin  {The),  a  poem  by 
Campbell  (1801).  Better  known  perhaps 
by  its  refrain  of  "  Erin  go  bragh  ! "  or 
"  Erin,  mavoumin  ;  Erin  go  bragh  !  "  (Ire- 
land, my  darling ;  Ireland  for  ever  I). 

Exodus,  the  Greek  title  of  the  second 
book  of  the  Old  Testament,  meaning 
"departure;"  being  so  called  because 
it  tells  us  about  the  "  departure  "  of  the 
Israelites  from  the  land  of  Egypt.  In 
the  original  the  book  is  a  continuation  of 
the  book  of  Genesis,  and  has  no  name, 
but  is  referred  to  by  the  first  words  Now 
these  are  the  names,  as  we  refer  to  the 
canticles  Te  Deum  and  Nunc  dimittis. 
The  book  may  be  divided  into  five 
parts — 

1.  The  great  Increase  of  the  Israelites  In  Egypt 
(ch.  i.). 

2.  The  birth  of  Moses  (chs.  ii.). 

3.  The  "  call  of  Moses  to  lead  the  people  out  of  the 
land  of  bondage  (chs.  iii.-xiv.). 

4.  The  march  of  people  till  they  came  to  Sinai  in  the 
wUdemess  (chs.  xv.-xix.). 

5.  The  laws  and  ordinances  to  be  observed  for  the 
future  (ch.  xx.-xl ). 

Exta  {That's).  Thats  Exta,  as  the 
woman  said  when  she  saw  Kerton  {a 
Devonshire  saying),  that  is,  "I  thought 
my  work  was  done,  but  there  are  more 
last  words."  "  Exta"  is  a  popular  pro- 
nunciation oi  Exeter,  and  "Kerton"  is 
Crediton.  The  woman  was  walking  to 
Exeter  for  the  first  time,  and  when  she 
reached  the  grand  old  church  of  Kerton 
or  Crediton,  supposed  it  to  be  Exeter 
Cathedral,  "That's  Exeter  Cathedral," 
she  said,  "and  the  end  of  my  journey," 
But  it  was  only  Kerton  Church,  and  she 
had  still  eight  more  miles  to  walk  before 
she  got  to  Exeter. 

Exterminator  ( The),  Montbars, 
chief  of  a  set  of  filibusters  in  the  seven- 
teenth century.  He  was  a  native  of  Lan- 
guedoc,  and  conceived  an  intense  hatred 
against  the  Spaniards  on  reading  of  their 
cruelties  in  the  New  World.     Embarking 


EYK 

at  Havre,  in  1667,  Montbars  attacked 
the  Spaniards  in  the  Antilles  and  in  Hon- 
duras, taking  Vera  Cruz  and  Carthagena, 
and  slew  them  most  mercilessly  wherever 
he  encountered  them  {1645-1707). 

Eye.  Terrible  as  the  eye  of  Vathek. 
One  of  the  eyes  of  this  caliph  was  so 
terrible  in  anger  thn.t  those  died  who 
ventured  to  look  thereon,  and,  had  he 
given  way  to  his  wrath,  he  would  have 
depopulated  his  whole  dominion. — Beck- 
ford:   Vathek  (1784), 

Eye-bright  or  Euphra'sia  ["  Joy- 
giving"\  So  called  from  its  reputed 
power  in  restoring  impaired  vision, 

iThe  hermi(]  fumitory  gets  and  eye-bright  for  the  eye. 
Drayton:  Polyolbion,  xiii.  (1613). 

Eye  of  the  Baltic  ( The),  Gottland 
or  Gothland,  an  island  in  the  Baltic. 
Eye  of  Greece  [The),  Athens. 

Athens,  the  eye  of  Greece,  mother  of  arts 
And  eloquence,  native  to  famous  wits. 

Milton. 

*.•  Sometimes  Sparta  is  called  "The 
Eye  of  Greece  "  also. 

Eyes  [Grey).  With  the  Arabs,  grey 
eyes  are  synonymous  with  sin  and  enmity. 
Hence  in  the  Koran,  xx. ,  we  read,  "  On 
that  day  the  trumpet  shall  be  sounded, 
and  we  will  gather  the  wicked  together, 
even  those  having  grey  eyes."  Al  Beidawi 
explains  this  as  referring  to  the  Greeks, 
whom  the  Arabs  detest,  and  he  calls  "  red 
whiskers  and  grey  eyes"  an  idiomatic 
phrase  for  "a  foe." 

Eyed  {One-)  people.  The  Arimaspians 
of  Scythia  were  a  one-eyed  people. 

N.B. — The  Cyclops  were  giants  with 
only  one  eye,  and  that  in  the  middle  of 
the  forehead. 

Tartaro,  in  Basque  legends,  was  a  one- 
eyed  giant.  Sinbad  the  sailor,  in  his  third 
voyage,  was  cast  on  an  island  inhabited 
by  one-eyed  giants. 

Eyre  [Jane),  a  governess,  who  stoutly 
copes  with  adverse  circumstances,  and 
ultimately  marries  a  used-up  man  of  for- 
tune, in  whom  the  germs  of  good  feeling 
and  sound  sense  were  only  exhausted,  not 
destroyed. — C.  Bronti:  Jane  Eyre  (1847). 

Ezra  ( The  book  of),  one  of  the  historic 
books  of  the  Old  Testament,  which  con- 
tains Ezra's  account  of  the  return  of  the 
Jews  from  the  Babylonish  captivity. 

Ez'zelin  [Sir),  the  gentleman  who 
recognizes  Lara  at  the  table  of  lord  Otho, 
and  charges  him  with  being  Conrad  the 
corsair.  A  duel  ensues,  and  Ezzelin  is 
never  heard  of  more.    A  serf  used  to  say 


3S0 


FABLES. 


that  he  saw  a  huntsman  one  evening 
cast  a  dead  body  into  the  river  which 
divides  the  lands  of  Otho  and  Lara,  and 
that  there  was  a  star  of  knighthood  on  the 
breast  of  the  corpse. — Byron:  Lara  (1814). 


P'g(7%^  Three):  Fixed tenure,'Fairrent, 
Free  sale.— Irish  Land  League  (1880-81). 

Paa  [Gabriel),  nephew  of  Meg 
Merrilies.  One  of  the  huntsmen  at 
Liddesdale.— 5/r  W.  Scott:  Guy  Man- 
nering  [time,  George  IL). 

Fabian,  servant  to  Olivias—Shake- 
speare: Twelfth  Night  (1602). 

Pabii  of  Rome  [The),  and  the  Jus- 
tini'ani  of  Venice  had  many  points  of  re- 
semblance :  both  gave  all  to  their  country ; 
in  both  cases  all  perished  for  their  country 
except  one  survivor ;  the  surviving  Roman 
was  a  boy  too  young  to  carry  arms, — the 
surviving  Venetian  was  a  monk,  who, 
early  in  the  twelfth  century,  was  absolved 
from  his  vows  for  a  time  by  the  pope,  and 
from  him  the  phoenix  name  revived  again 
to  great  lustre,  the  elder  branch  only  be- 
coming extinct  in  1889,  in  the  person  of 
the  contessa  Michiel-Giustinian,  who  died 
at  Venice  in  that  year. 

Fab'ila,  a  king  devoted  to  the  chase. 
One  day  he  encountered  a  wild  boar,  and 
commanded  those  who  rode  with  him  not 
to  interfere,  but  the  boar  overthrew  him 
and  gored  him  to  death. — Chronica  An- 
tiqua  de  EspaHa,  121. 

PaT)ius  [The  American),  George 
Washington  (1732-1799). 

Pa 'bins  [The  French),  Anne  due  de 
Montmorency,  grand  -  constable  of 
France  (1493-1567). 

Pables  by  ^sop,  in  Greek  (about 
B.C.  570) ;  in  French  verse  by  Lafontaine 
(1668) ;  in  English  verse  by  Gay  (fifty  in 
pt.  i.,  1727  ;  sixteen  in  pt.  ii.,  1738). 

Pables  for  the  Holy  Alliance, 

six  metrical  and  political  satires,  (i)  Tlie 
Dissolution  of  the  Holy  Alliance,  at  no 
time  more  to  be  depended  on  than  queen 
Anne's  palace  of  ice.  (2)  The  Lookijig- 
glasses,  in  which  kings  and  princes  saw 
they  were  just  like  other  men.  (3)  The 
Fly  and  the  Bullock;  the  Fly  is  royalty 
and  the    Bullock    sacrificed    to   it,   the 


FABRICIUS. 


35» 


FAFNIS. 


aeople.  (4)  The  Church  and  State,  The 
'able  is  that  Royalty  and  Divinity  changed 
doaks,  whereby  the  former  mounted 
"divine  rights  "  and  the  latter  was  secu- 
larized. (5)  The  Little  Cama,  who  when 
three  years  old  became  so  naughty  that 
he  was  whipped,  and  ever  since  then  the 
Camas  have  been  better  behaved.  (6)  The 
Extingtdskers,  that  is,  journals  which 
were  expurgated  to  keep  out  the  light,  but 
caught  fire  and  thus  greatly  increased  it. 

Fabricius  \Fa-brisK •e-us\  an  old 
Roman,  like  Cincinnatus  and  Curius 
Dentatus,  a  type  of  the  rigid  purity, 
frugality,  and  honesty  of  the  "  good  old 
times."  Pyrrhos  used  every  effort  to 
corrupt  him  by  bribes,  or  to  terrify  him, 
but  in  vain.  "Excellent  Fabricius," 
cried  the  Greek,  "one  might  hope  to 
turn  the  sun  from  its  course  as  soon  as 
fjrn  Fabricius  from  the  path  of  duty," 

Fabricius,  an  author,  whose  com- 
position was  so  obscure  that  Gil  Bias 
could  not  comprehend  the  meaning  of  a 
single  line  of  his  writings.  His  poetry 
was  verbose  fusiian,  and  his  prose  a 
maze  of  far-fetched  expressions  and  per- 
plexed phrases. 

"  If  not  intelligible,"  said  Fabricius,  "  so  much  the 
better.  Tlie  natural  and  simple  won't  do  for  sonnets, 
odes,  and  the  sublime.  The  merit  of  these  is  their 
obscurity,  and  it  is  quite  sufficient  if  the  author  himself 
thinks  he  understands  them.  .  .  .  There  are  five  or  six 
of  us  who  have  undertaken  to  introduce  a  thorough 
change,  and  we  will  do  so,  in  spite  of  Lop6  de  Vega, 
Cervantes,  and  all  the  fine  geniuses  who  cavil  at  us."— 
I^sage  i  Gil  Bias,  v.  12  (1724J. 

Fabrit'io,  a  merry  soldier,  the  friend 
of  captain  Jac'omo  the  woman-hater. — 
Beau7nont  and  Fletcher :  The  Captain 
(1613). 

Face  (i  syl.),  alias  "Jeremy,"  house- 
servant  of  Lovewit.  During  the  absence 
of  his  master.  Face  leagues  with  Subtle 
(the  alchemist)  and  Del  Common  to  turn 
a  penny  by  alchemy,  fortune-telling,  and 
magic.  Subtle  (a  beggar  who  knew 
something  about  alchemy)  was  discovered 
by  Face  near  Pye  Corner.  Assuming  the 
philosopher's  garb  and  wand,  he  called 
himself  "doctor;"  P'ace,  arrogating  the 
title  of  " captain,"*  touted  for  dupes; 
while  Dol  Common  kept  the  house,  and 
aided  the  other  two  in  their  general 
scheme  of  deception.  On  the  unexpected 
return  of  Lovewit,  the  whole  thing  blew 
up  ;  but  Face  was  forgiven  and  continued 
in  his  place  as  house-servant.  —  Ben 
Jonson  :  The  Alcliemist  (1610). 

Facto'tum  [Johannes),  one  employed 
to  do  all  sorts  of  work  for  another  j  one 


in  whom  another  confides  :br  all  the  odds 
and  ends  of  his  household  management 
or  business. 

He  is  an  absolute  Johannes  Factotum,  at  least  In  his 
own  concftKt.— Greene :  Groafs-iuorth  of  Wit  (1592). 

Faddle  ( William),  a  "  fellow  made 
up  of  knavery  and  noise,  with  scandal  for 
wit  and  impudence  for  raillery.  He  was 
so. needy  that  the  very  devil  might  have 
bought  him  for  a  guinea."  Sir  Charles 
Raymond  says  to  him — 

"Thy  life  is  a  disgrace  to  humanity.  A  foolish 
prodigality  makes  thee  needy ;  need  makes  thee 
vicious ;  and  both  make  thee  contemptible.  Thy 
wit  is  prostituted  to  slander  and  bufl^oonery  ;  and  thy 
judgment,  if  thou  hast  any,  to  meanness  and  villainy. 
Thy  betters,  that  laugh  with  thee,  laugh  at  thee ;  and 
an  the  varieties  of  thy  life  are  but  pitiful  rewards  and 
painful  abuses." — E,  Moort  :    The  FoundHnir,  iv.   a 

Fa'db.a  (-^^,  Mahomet's  silver 
ctiirass. 

Fad'ladeen,  the  great  nazir'  or 
chamberlain  of  Aurungze'bg's  harem. 
He  criticizes  the  tales  told  by  a  young  poet 
to  Lalla  Rookh  on  her  way  to  Delhi,  and 
great  was  his  mortification  to  find  that  the 
poet  was  the  young  king  his  master. 

Fadladeen  was  a  judge  of  everything,  from  the  pen- 
cilling of  a  Circassian's  eyelids  to  the  deepest  questions 
of  science  and  literature ;  from  the  mixture  of  a  con- 
serve of  rose  leaves  to  the  composition  of  an  epic 
poem.— 7".  Moore  :  Lalla  Rookh  (1817). 

Fadladin'ida,  wife  of  king  Chronon- 
hotonthologos.  While  the  king  is  aUve 
she  falls  in  love  with  the  captive  king  of 
the  Antip'odfis,  and  at  the  death  of  the 
king,  when  two  suitors  arise,  she  says, 
"  Well,  gentlemen,  to  make  matters  easy, 
I'll  take  you  both." — Carey:  Chronon- 
hotonthologos  (a  burlesque). 

Faerio  Queene,  a  metrical  romance, 
in  six  books,  of  twelve  cantos  each,  by 
Edmund  Spenser  [incomplete). 

Book  I.  The  Red  Cross  Knight, 
tlie  spirit  of  Christianity,  or  the  victoiy  of 
holiness  over  sin  (1590). 

n.  The  Legend  of  Sir  Guyon,  the 
golden  mean  {1590). 

III.  The  Legend  of  BRfTOMARxis, 
chaste  love.  Britomartis  is  Diana  or 
queen  Elizabeth  (1590). 

IV.  Cambel  and  Tsakvlq^m,  fidelity 
(1596). 

V.  The  Legend  of  Sir  Ar'tegal, 
justice  (1596). 

VI.  The  Legend  op  Sir  Caliuore, 
courtesy  {1596). 

•,•  Sometimes  bk.  vii.,  called  Muta- 
bility, is  added  ;  but  only  fragments  of 
this  book  exist. 

Fafnis,  the  dragon  with  which  Sigurd 


FAG. 

fights.  —  Sigurd  the  Homy  (a  German 
romance  based  on  a  Norse  legend). 

Fag",  the  lying  servant  of  captain 
Absolute.  He  "  wears  his  master's  wit, 
as  he  does  his  lace,  at  second  hand." 
He  "scruples  not  to  tell  a  lie  at  his 
master's  command,  but  it  pains  his  con- 
science to  be  found  out."  —  Sheridan: 
The  Rivals  (1775). 

Fagg'ot  {Nicholas),  clerk  to  Matthew 
Foxley,  the  magistrate  who  examined 
Darsie  Latimer  {i.e.  sir  Arthur  Darsie 
Redgauntlet)  after  he  had  been  attacked 
by  rioters. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Redgauntlet 
(time,  George  III.). 

Pag-gfots  and  Fag'gots  {Ily  a  fagots 

et fagots),  all  things  of  the  same  sort  are 
not  equal  in  quality.  In  Moliire's  Le 
Midecin  Malgri  Lui,  Sganarelle  wants  to 
show  that  his  faggots  are  better  than 
those  of  other  persons,  and  cries  out 
"  Ay  !  but  these  faggots  are  not  equal  to 
mine." 

II  est  vra!,  messieurs,  que  je  suls  le  premier  homme 
du  monde  pour  faire  des  fagots  .  .  .  Je  n'y  ^pargne 
aucune  ciiose,  et  les  fais  d'uiie  faQon  qu'll  n'y  a  rien  i, 
dire.  ...  II  y  a  fagoU  et  fagots.— Act  i.  sc.  6  (r666) 

Fagin,  an  old  Jew,  who  employs  a 
gang  of  thieves,  chiefly  boys.  These  boys 
he  teaches  to  pick  pockets  and  pilfer 
adroitly.  Fagin  assumes  a  most  suave 
and  fawning  manner,  but  is  malicious, 
grasping,  and  full  of  cruelty.  He  is 
ultimately  arrested,  tried,  and  condemned 
to  death. — Dickens  :  Oliver  Twist  {1837). 

Fainall,  cousin  by  marriage  to  sir 
Wilfrid  Witwould.  He  married  a  yomig, 
wealthy,  and  handsome  widow,  but  the 
two  were  cat  and  dog  to  each  other.  The 
great  aim  of  Fainall  was  to  get  into  his 
possession  the  estates  of  his  wife  (settled 
on  herself ' '  in  trust  to  Edward  Mirabell "), 
but  in  this  he  failed.  In  outward  sem- 
blance, Fainall  was  plausible  enough, 
but  he  was  a  goodly  apple  rotten  at  the 
core,  false  to  his  friends,  faithless  to  his 
wife,  overreaching,  and  deceitful. 

Mrs.  Fainall.  Her  first  husband  was 
Languish,  son  of  lady  Wishfort.  Her 
second  husband  she  both  despised  and 
detested. — Congreve  :  The  Way  of  the 
World  (1700). 

Thomas  Davies  [1710-1785],  after  m  silence  of  fifteen 
years,  performed  the  part  of  "Fainall."  His  ex- 
pression was  Garriclc's,  with  all  its  fire  quenched.— 
BoacUn. 

Fainaso'lis,  daughter  of  Craca's 
king  {the  Shetland  Isles).  When  Fingal 
♦vas  quite  a  young  man,  she  fled  to  him 
(or  protection  against  Sora,  but  scarcely 


352 


FAIR  MAID  OF  PERTH. 


had  he  promised  to  take  up  her  cause, 
when  Sora  landed,  drew  the  bow,  and  she 
fell.  Fingal  said  to  Sora,  ' '  Unerring  is 
thy  hand,  O  Sora,  but  feeble  was  the 
foe."  He  then  attacked  the  invader,  and 
Sora  fell. — Ossian  :  Fingal,  iii. 

Faint  Heart  never  Won  Fair 
Lady,  a  hne  in  a  ballad  written  to  the 
"  Berkshire  Lady,"  a  Miss  Frances  Ken- 
drick,  daughter  of  sir  Wilham  Kendrick, 
second  baronet.  Sir  WiUiam's  father  was 
created  baronet  by  Charles  II.  The  wooer 
was  a  Mr.  Child,  son  of  a  brewer  at 
Abingdon,  to  whom  the  lady  sent  a  chal- 
lenge. 

Having  read  this  strange  relation. 
He  was  in  a  consternation  ; 
But,  advising  with  a  friend, 
He  persuades  him  to  attend: 
"  Be  of  courage  and  make  ready, 
Faint  heart  never  won  fair  lady. 

Quarterly  Review,  cvL  205-345. 

Faint  Heart  never  Won  Fair  Lady, 
name  of  a  petit  comidie  brought  out  by 
Mde.  Vestris  at  the  Olympic.  Mde. 
Vestris  herself  performed  the  part  of  the 
"fair  lady," 

Fair     Maid    of    Anjon,     Edith 

Plantagenet  (see  p.  314). 

Fair   Maid   of  Perth    {The),    a 
novel  by  sir  W.  Scott  (1828).     The  "fair 
maid"  is  Catharine  Glover  (daughter  of 
a  glover  of   Perth),  who  kisses   Henry 
Smith  (the  armourer)  in  his  sleep  on  St. 
Valentine's  Day.     Smith  proposes  mar- 
riage, but  Catharine  refuses  ;  however,  at 
the  close  of  the  novel  she  becomes  his  wife. 
The  concurrent   plot  is   the    amour    of 
prince  James  (son  of  Robert   III.)  and 
Louise  the    Glee-maiden.      The    prince 
quarrels  with  his  father,  and  puts  the  Glee- 
maiden  under  the  charge  of  Smith,  whom 
Bonthron  is  employed  to  murder.     By 
mistake  he  kills  Ohver  the  bonnet-maker 
instead.       Certain  persons  suspected  of 
the  murder  are  appointed  to  touch  the 
bier  of  the  dead-body  as  a  test  of  guilt, 
but    the    ceremony  is  changed  for  the 
Ordeal  of  Battle.     Smith,  in  the  combat, 
defeats  the  murderer,  who  confesses  his 
guilt,  but  declares  that  he  was  instigated 
by  the  prince.   The  prince,  being  arrested, 
is  put  under  the  charge  of  Bonthron,  and 
is  secretly  murdered.    This  leads  to  the 
execution  of  several  persons,  and  then  to 
a  battle  in  which  Smith  is  the  victorious 
hero.      He    is  offered  knighthood,   but 
refuses.     The  Glee-maiden  casts  herself 
down  from  a  high  precipice,  and  Smith 
marries  Catharine,  the  glover's  daughter 
(time,  Henry  IV.  of  England,  and  Robert 
III.  of  Scotland), 


FAIR  PENITENT. 


353       FAITHFUL  SHEPHERDESS. 


Pair  Penitent  (TA*),  a  tragedy  by 
Rowe  (1703).  Calista  was  daughter  of 
lord  Sciol'to  {3  syl.),  and  bride  of  lord 
Al'tamont.  It  was  discovered  on  the 
wedding  day  that  she  had  been  seduced 
by  Lotha'rio.  This  led  to  a  duel  between 
the  bridegroom  and  the  libertine,  in  which 
Lothario  was  killed  ;  a  street  riot  ensued, 
in  which  Sciolto  received  his  death- 
wound  ;  and  Calista,  "  the  fair  penitent," 
stabbed  herself.  This  drama  is  a  mere 
richauffi  of  Massinger's  Fatal  Dowry. 

• .  •  For  Fair  Maids  and  Fair ,  see 

the  proper  name  or  titular  name. 

Pairbrotlier  (Mr.),  counsel  of  Effie 
Deans  at  the  thsH—Sir  W.  Scott :  Heart 
»f  Midlothian  (time,  George  II.). 

Pairfaz  [Thomas  lord),  father  of  the 
duchess  of  Buckingham, — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Feveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Pairfield,  the  miUer,  and  father  of 
Patty  "  the  maid  of  the  mill."  An 
honest,  straightforward  man,  grateful 
and  modest. — Bickerstaff:  The  Maid  of 
the  Mill  (1765). 

Pairfield  (Leonard),  in  My  Novel,  by 
lord  Lytton  (1853) ;  a  bookseller's  hack 
who  becomes  an  eminent  author. 

Pairford  (Mr.  Alexander  or  Saun- 
ders), a.  lawyer. 

Allan  Fairford,  a.  young  barrister,  son 
of  Saimders,  and  a  friend  of  Darsie 
Latimer.  He  marries  Lilias  Redgauntlet, 
sister  of  sir  Arthur  Darsie  Redgauntlet, 
called  "Darsie  Latimer." 

Peter  Fairford,  Allan's  cousin. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Redgauntlet  {time,  George  III.). 

Pairleigrb,  (Frank),  the  pseudonym 
of  F.  E.  Smedley,  editor  of  Sharpe's 
London  Magazine  (1848,  1849).  It  was 
in  this  magazine  that  Smedley's  two 
novels,  Frank  Fairleigh  and  Lewis  Arun- 
del, were  first  published. 

Pairlimb,  sister  of  Bitelas,  and 
daughter  of  Rukenaw  the  ape,  in  the 
beast-epic  called  Reynard  the  Fox  (1498). 

Pair'scrieve  (2  syl.),  clerk  of  Mr. 
James  Middleburgh,  a  magistrate  of 
Edinburgh.— 5?>  W.  Scott :  Heart  of  Mid- 
lothian (time,  George  II.). 

Pairservice  (Mr.),  a  magistrate's 
clerk.— 5j>  W.  Scott:  Heart  of  Mid- 
lothian (time,  George  II.). 

Pairservice  (Andrew),  the  humorous 
Scotch  gardener  of  sir  Hildebrand  Os- 
baldistone,  of  Osbaldistone  Hall. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  Rob  Roy  (time,  George  I.). 


Overflowing^  with  a  humour  as  peculiar  in  its  wjij 
as  the  humours  of  Andrew  Pairservice. — L»nd»n 
Athetueutn. 

Pair  star  (Princess),  daughter  of 
queen  Blon'dina  (who  had  at  one  birth 
two  boys  and  a  girl,  all  "  with  stars  on 
their  foreheads,  and  a  chain  of  gold  about 
their  necks  ").  On  the  same  day,  Blon- 
dina's  sister  Brunetta  (wife  of  the  king's 
brother)  had  a  son,  afterwards  called 
Chery.  The  queen-mother,  wishing  to 
destroy  these  four  children,  ordered 
Fein'tisa  to  strangle  them,  but  Feintisa 
sent  them  adrift  in  a  boat,  and  told  the 
queen-mother  they  were  gone.  It  so 
happened  that  the  boat  was  seen  by  a 
corsair,  who  brought  the  children  to  his 
wife  Cor'sina  to  bring  up.  The  corsair 
soon  grew  immensely  rich,  because  every 
time  the  hair  of  these  children  was 
combed,  jewels  fell  from  their  heads. 
When  grown  up,  these  castaways  went 
to  the  land  of  their  royal  father  and  his 
brother,  but  Chery  was  for  a  while  em- 
ployed in  getting  for  Fairstar  (i)  The 
dancing  water,  which  had  the  gift  of 
imparting  beauty  ;  (2)  The  singing  apple, 
which  had  the  gift  of  imparting  wit  ; 
and  (3)  The  green  bird,  which  could 
reveal  all  secrets.  By  this  bird  the  story 
of  their  birth  was  made  known,  and 
Fairstar  married  her  cousin  Chery. — Com- 
tesse  D' Aulnoy  :  Fairy  Tales  ("  Princess 
Fairstar,"  1682). 

'.•  This  tale  is  borrowed  from  the 
fairy  tales  of  Straparola,  the  Milanese 
(1550). 

Pairy  Qneeu  (The).    (See  Faerie 

QUEENE,  p.  351.) 

Paixry  Tales,  in  French  :  Contes  de 
Fies,  by  Perrault  (1697)';  by  la  comtesse 
D' Aulnoy  (1682). 

(Keightley,  in  1850,  published  an  en- 
larged edition  of  his  Fairy  Mythology.) 

Paithful,  a  companion  of  Christian 
in  his  walk  to  the  Celestial  City.  Both 
were  seized  at  Vanity  Fair,  and  Faithful, 
being  burnt  to  death,  was  taken  to  heaven 
in  a  chariot  of  fire. — Bunyan:  Pilgrim's 
Progress,  i.  (1678). 

Paitliful  (Jacob),  the  title  and  hero  of 
a  sea  tale,  by  captain  Marryat  {1835). 

Paithfal  (Father  of  the),  Abraham.— 
Rom.  iv.  ;  Gal.  iii.  6-9. 

Paitlifxa   Shepherdess   (The),   a 

pastoral  drama  by  John  Fletcher  (1610). 
The  "faithful  shepherdess"  is  Cor'in, 
whose  lover  was  dead.  Faithful  to  his 
memory,    Corin  retired  from  the    busy 

N 


FAKAR. 

world,  employing  her  time  in  works  of 
humanity,  such  as  healing  the  sick,  exor- 
cizing the  bewitched,  and  comforting  the 
afiflicted. 

{A  part  of  Milton's  Comus  is  almost  a 
verbal  transcript  of  this  pastoral.) 

Fakar  [Dhu'l),  Mahomet's  scimitar. 

Pakenham  Ghost  (T/ie).  An  old 
woman,  walking  to  Fakenham,  had  to 
cross  the  churchyard  after  night-fall. 
She  heard  a  short,  quick  step  behind,  and 
looking  round  saw  what  she  fancied  to 
be  a  four-footed  monster.  On  she  ran, 
faster  and  faster,  and  on  came  the  patter- 
ing footfalls  behind.  She  gained  the 
churchyard  gate  and  pushed  it  open,  but, 
ah  !  "the  monster  "  also  passed  through. 
Every  moment  she  expected  it  would 
leap  upon  her  back.  She  reached  her 
cottage  door  and  fainted.  Out  came  her 
husband  with  a  lantern,  saw  the  "  sprite," 
which  was  no  other  than  the  foal  of  a 
donkey  that  had  strayed  into  the  park 
and  followed  the  ancient  dame  to  her 
cottage  door. 

And  many  a  laugh  went  through  the  vale^ 

And  some  conviction,  too  ; 
Each  thought  some  other  goblin  tale 

Perhaps  was  just  as  true. 

Bloontfield  :  The  Fakenham  Ghost  (a  fact). 

Fakreddin's  Valley.  Over  the 
several  portals  of  bronze  were  these  in- 
scriptions :  (i)  The  Asylum  of  Pil- 
grims ;  (2)  The  Traveller's  Refuge  ; 
(3)  The  Depository  of  the  Secrets 
OF  ALL  the  World. 

Falcon.  Wm.  Morris  tells  lis  that 
whoso  watched  a  certain  falcon  for  seven 
days  and  seven  nights  without  sleeping, 
should  have  his  first  wish  granted  by  a 
fay.  A  certain  king  accomplished  the 
watching,  and  wished  to  have  the  fay's 
love.  His  wish  was  granted,  but  it 
proved  his  ruin.  —  The  Earthly  Paradise 
["July"). 

Falconer  {Mr.),  laird  of  Balma- 
whapple,  a  friend  of  the  old  baron  of 
Bradwardine. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Waver  ley 
{time,  George  II.). 

Falconer  {Major),  brother  of  lady 
Both  well.  —Sir  W.  Scott:  A  unt  Margaret's 
Mirror  (time,  William  III.). 

Falconer  [Edmund),  the  assumed 
name  of  Edmund  O'Rourke,  author  of 
Extremes,  or  Men  of  the  Day  (a  comedy, 
1859). 

Faler'niun  or  Falergus  Acer,  a 
district  in  the  north  of  Campania,  extend- 
ing from   the  Massic  liills   to  the  river 


354 


FALSETTO. 


Vultur'nus_(in  Italy).  This  district  was 
noted  for  its  wines,  called  "Massic  "  or 
"  Falernian,"  the  best  of  which  was 
"Faustianum." 

Then  with  water  fill  the  pitcher 
Wreathed  about  with  classic  fables ; 

Ne'er  Falernian  threw  a  richer 
Light  upon  Lucullus'  tables. 

LongftUmo:  DrinJting  Sonz. 

Falie'ro  {Marino),  the  doge  of 
Venice.  (See  yiK-Rmo.)— Byron  :  Marino 
Faliero. 

Falkland,  an  aristocratic  gentleman, 
of  a  noble,  loving  nature,  but  the  victim 
of  false  honour  and  morbid  refinement  of 
feeling.  Under  great  provocation,  he 
was  goaded  on  to  commit  murder,  but 
being  tried  was  honourably  acquitted,  and 
another  person  was  executed  for  the 
crime.  Caleb  Williams,  a  lad  in  Falk- 
land's service,  accidentally  became  ac- 
quainted with  these  secret  facts,  but, 
unable  to  live  in  the  house  under  the 
suspicious  eyes  of  Falkland,  he  ran  away. 
Falkland  tracked  him  from  place  to  place, 
like  a  blood-hound,  and  at  length  arrested 
him  for  robbery.  The  true  statement 
now  came  out,  and  Falkland  died  of 
shame  and  a  broken  spirit. — Godwin  : 
Caleb  Williams  (1794).  (See  Faulk- 
LAND,  p.  359.) 

(This  tale  has  been  dramatized  by  G. 
Colman,  under  the  title  of  The  Iron  Chest, 
in  which  Falkland  is  called  ' '  sir  Edward 
Mortimer,"  and  Caleb  Williams  is  called 
"  Wilford.") 

Falkland,  a  model  stage  lover ; 
jealous,  generous,  and  gentlemanly.  The 
lover  of  ]\s!a^.— Sheridan :  The  Rivals 
(1775)- 

Falkland,  the  hero  and  title  of  lord 
Lytton's  first  novel  (1827), 

Fall  of  Jerusalem  {The),  a 
dramatic  poem  by  dean  Milman  (1820). 

Fallacies  {Popular),  Charles  Lamb, 
in  his  Essays  oj  Elia  (last  series,  1833). 
He  controverts  sixteen,  the  first  of  which  is 
that  "  a  bully  is  always  a  coward,"  and 
the  last  is  that  "a  sulky  temper  ij,  a 
misfortune." 

False  One  {The),  a  tragedy  by 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher  (1619).  The 
subject  is  the  amours  of  Julius  Caesar  and 
Cleopat'ra. 

Falsetto  {Signor),  a  man  who  fawns 
on  Fazio  in  prosperity,  and  turns  his  back 
on  him  when  fallen  into  disgrace. — Dean 
Milman  :  Fazio  (1815). 


FALSTAFF. 

Falstaff  [Sir  John),  in  The  Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor,  and  in  the  two  parts 
of  Henry  IV.,  by  Shakespeare.  In 
Henry  V.  his  death  is  described  by  Mrs. 
Quickly,  hostess  of  an  inn  in  Eastcheap. 
In  the  comedy,  sir  John  is  represented  as 
making  love  to  Mrs.  Page,  who  "  fools 
him  to  the  top  of  her  bent."  In  the 
historic  plays,  he  is  represented  as  a 
soldier  and  a  wit,  the  boon  companion  of 
"  Mad -cap  Hal  "  (the  prince  of  Wales). 
In  both  cases,  he  is  a  mountain  of  fat, 
sensual,  mendacious,  boastful,  and  fond 
of  practical  jokes. 

In  the  king's  army,  "sir  John"  was 
captain,  "Peto"  lieutenant,  "Pistol" 
ancient  [ensign],  and  "Bardolph"  cor- 
poral. 

C.  R.  Leslie  says,  "Qiiln  s  '  Falstaff'  must  have  been 
gflorious.  Since  Garrick's  time  there  have  been  more 
than  one  'Richard,'  'Hamlet,  'Romeo,'  'Macbeth,' 
and  '  Lear ; '  but  since  Quin  [1693-1766]  only  one  '  Fal- 
staff,' John  Henderson  [1747-1786]." 

(Robert  William  Elliston  (1774-1831) 
was  the  best  of  all  "  Falstaffs."  His  was 
a  wonderful  combination  of  wit,  humour, 
sensuality,  and  philosophy,  but  he  was 
always  the  gentleman.) 

Falstaff,  unimitated,  inimitable  Falstaff,  how  shall 
I  describe  theet  Thou  compound  of  sense  and  vice  : 
of  sense  which  may  be  admired,  but  not  esteemed  ;  of 
vice  which  may  be  despised,  but  hardly  detested. 
"  Falstaff "  is  a  character  loaded  with  faults,  and  with 
those  faults  which  naturally  produce  contempt.  He  is 
a  thief  and  a  glutton,  a  coward  and  a  boaster,  always 
ready  to  cheat  the  weak  and  prey  upon  the  poor,  to 
terrify  the  timorous  and  insult  the  defenceless.  At 
once  obsequious  and  maligrnant,  yet  the  man  thus 
corrupt,  thus  despicable,  makes  himself  necessary  to 
the  prince  by  perpetual  gaiety,  and  by  unfailing  power 
of  exciting  laughter.— £)r.  yohnson. 

Famous.  ' '  I  woke  one  morning  and 
found  myself  farnous."  So  said  Byron, 
after  the  publication  of  cantos  i.  and  ii. 
of  his  Childe  Harold  (1812). 

Fan  ( The),  a  semi-mythological  poem 
in  three  books,  by  John  Gay  (1713). 

Fanciful  {Lady),  a  vain,  conceited 
beauty,  who  calls  herself  "  nice,  strangely 
nice,"  and  says  she  was  formed  "  to  make 
the  whole  creation  uneasy."  She  loves 
Heartfree,  a  railer  against  woman,  and 
when  he  proposes  marriage  to  Belinda,  a 
rival  beauty,  spreads  a  most  impudent 
scandal,  which,  however,  reflects  only  on 
herself.  Heartfree,  who  at  one  time  was 
partly  in  love  with  her,  says  to  her — 

"  Nature  made  you  handsome,  gave  you  beauty  to  a 
miracle,  a  shape  without  a  fault,  wit  enough  to  make 
them  reUsh  .  .  .  but  art  has  made  you  become  the  pity 
of  our  sex,  and  the  jest  of  your  own.  There's  not  a 
feature  in  your  face  but  you  have  found  the  way  to 
teach  it  some  affected  convulsion.  Your  feet,  your 
hands,  your  very  finger-ends,  are  directed  never  to 
move  without  some  ridiculous  air,  and  your  language 
Is  a  suitable  trumpet  to  draw  people's  eyes  upon  the 
raree-show  "  (act  ii.  sc.  i).—yanbru£h  :  The  Preveked 
iVi/c  (1697). 


3SS 


FAQUIR. 


Fan-Fan,  alias  Fbelin  O'Tug",  "a 

lolly-pop  maker,  and  manufacturer  of 
maids  of  honour  to  the  court."  This 
merry,  shy,  and  blundering  elf,  concealed 
in  a  bear-skin,  makes  love  to  Christine, 
the  faithful  attendant  on  the  countess 
Marie.  Phelin  O'Tug  says  his  mother 
was  too  bashful  ever  to  let  him  know  her, 
and  his  father  always  kept  in  the  back- 
ground. — Stirling  :  The  Prisoner  of  State 
(1847). 

Fangf,  a  sheriff  s  officer  in  2  Henry  IV.,- 

Shakespeare  (1598). 

Fan^,  a  bullying,  insolent  magfistrate, 
who  would  have  sent  Oliver  Twist  to 
prison,  on  suspicion  of  theft,  if  Mr. 
Brownlow  had  not  interposed  on  the 
boy's  behalf. — Dickens:  Oliver  Twist 
(1837). 

The  origfinal  of  this  ill-tempered,  bullying  magistrate 
was  Mr.  Laing,  of  Hatton  Garden,  removed  from  the 
bench  by  the  home  secretary.— Fcij/er  .-  Lift  of 
Dickens,  tii.  4. 

Fangf  and  Snare,  two  sheriffs 
officers. — Shakespeare :  2  Henry  IV. 
(1598). 

Fanny  [Lord).  So  John  lord  Hervey 
was  usually  called  by  the  wits  of  the  time, 
in  consequence  of  his  effeminate  habits. 
His  appearance  was  that  of  a  "  half  wit, 
half  fool,  half  man,  half  beau."  He  used 
rouge,  drank  ass's  milk,  and  took  Scotch 
pills  (1694-1743). 

Consult  lord  Fanny,  and  confide  in  CurU  [publisher]. 
Byron  :  English  Sards  and  Scotch  Reviewers  (1809). 

Fanny  (Miss),  younger  daughter  of 
Mr.  Sterling,  a  rich  City  merchant.  She 
was  clandestinely  married  to  Lovewell. 
' '  Gentle-looking,  soft-speaking,  sweet- 
smiling,  and  affable,"  Wanting  "nothing 
but  a  crook  in  her  hand  and  a  lamb  under 
her  arm  to  be  a  perfect  picture  of  inno- 
cence and  simplicity."  Every  one  loved 
her,  and  as  her  marriage  was  a  secret,  sir 
John  Melvil  and  lord  Ogleby  both  pro- 
posed to  her.  Her  marriage  with  Love- 
well  being  ultimately  made  known,  her 
dilemma  was  removed. — Colman  and 
Garrick :  The  Clandestine  Marriage 
(1766). 

Fan'teries  (3  ^yl-),  foot-soldiers,  in- 
fantry. 

Five  other  bandes  of  English  fanteries. 
Gascoigne:  The  Fruites  of  JVarre,i$i  (died  1557). 

Fac[uir',  a  religious  anchorite,  whose 
life  is  spent  in  the  severest  austerities  and 
mortification. 

He  diverted  himself,  however  .  .  .  especially  with 
the  Brahmins,  faquirs,  and  other  enthusiasts  who  had 
travelled  from  the  heart  of  India,  and  halted  on  thci* 
way  with  the  tia\i,—Beck/ord  :  Vatfuk  (1786). 


FARINATA.  356 

Parina'ta  [Degli  Uberti],  a  noble 
Florentine,  leader  of  the  Ghibelline  fac- 
tion, and  driven  from  his  country  in  1250 
by  the  Guelfes  (i  syl.).  Some  ten  years 
later,  by  the  aid  of  Mainfroi  of  Naples, 
he  defeated  the  Guelfes,  and  took  all  the 
towns  of  Tuscany  and  Florence.  DantS 
conversed  with  him  in  the  city  of  Dis, 
and  represents  him  as  lying  m  a  fiery 
tomb  yet  open,  and  not  to  be  closed  till 
the  last  judgment  day.  When  the  council 
agreed  to  raze  Florence  to  the  ground, 
Farinata  opposed  the  measure,  and  saved 
the  city.     Dantfi  refers  to  this — 

Lo  1  Farinata  ...  his  brow 
Somewhat  upUfted,  cried  .  .  . 
"  In  that  affray  [i.e.  at  MontaftrU,  near  (Ju  river 

Arkia\ 
I  stood  not  singly  .  .  . 
But  singly  there  I  stood,  when  by  consent 
Of  all,  Florence  had  to  the  ground  been  razed,— 
The  one  who  openly  forbade  the  deed." 

Dante  :  Injemo,  x.  (1300). 
Uke  Farinata  from  his  fiery  tomb. 

Longfellow  :  Dante. 

X'arintosli  {Beau),  in  Robertson's 
comedy  of  School  (1869). 

Farm  -  house  {The).  Modely  and 
Heartwell,  two  gentlemen  of  fashion, 
come  into  the  country  and  receive  hospi- 
tality from  old  Farmer  Freehold.  Here 
they  make  love  to  his  daughter  Aura  and 
his  niece  Flora.  The  girls,  being  high- 
principled,  convert  the  flirtation  of  the  two 
guests  into  love,  and  Heartwell  marries 
the  niece,  while  Modely  proposes  to  Aura, 
who  accepts  him,  provided  he  will  wait 
two  months  and  remain  constant  to  her. — 
J.  P.  Kemble. 

TBxm.er  George,  George  HI.  ;  so 
called  because  he  was  like  a  farmer  in 
dress,  manners,  and  tastes  (1738-1820). 
Also  called  "  The  Farmer-King." 

Farmer's  Boy  { The),  a  rural  poem 
by  R.  Bloomfield  (1798),  who  was  himself 
a  "farmer's  boy  "  for  eleven  years. 

Farmer's  Wife  {The),  a  musical 
drama  by  C.  Dibdin  (1780).  Cornflower, 
a  benevolent,  high-minded  farmer,  having 
saved  Emma  Belton  from  the  flames  of  a 
house  on  fire,  married  her,  and  they  lived 
together  in  love  and  peace  till  sir  Charles 
Courtly  took  a  fancy  to  Mrs.  Cornflower, 
and  abducted  her.  She  was  soon  tracked, 
and  as  it  was  evident  that  she  was  no 
particeps  criminis,  she  was  restored  to 
her  husband,  and  sir  Charles  gave  his 
sister  to  Mrs.  Cornflower's  brother  in 
marriage  as  a  peace  offering. 

Famese  Bnll  \^Far-nay^-ze\,  a  colos- 
sal   group    of    sculpture,    attributed    to 


FASHIONABLE  LOVER. 

ApoUonius  and  Tauriscus  of  TrallSs,  in 
Asia  Minor.  The  group  represents  Dircd 
bound  by  Zethus  and  Amphi'on  to  the 
horns  of  a  bull,  for  ill-using  her  mother. 
It  was  restored  by  Bianchi,  in  1546,  and 
placed  in  the  Famesft  palace,  in  Italy. 

Famese  Ker'cnles  {^Far-nay^-%e\ 
a  name  given  to  Glykon's  copy  of  the 
famous  statue  by  Lysippos  (a  Greek  sculp- 
tor in  the  time  of  Alexander  ' '  the  Great  "). 
It  represents  Herculgs  leaning  on  his  club, 
with  one  hand  on  his  back.  The  FarnesS 
family  became  extinct  in  1731. 

(A  copy  of  this  statue  is  in  the  Champs 
Elys6es,  Paris.) 

Fashion  {Sir  Brilliant),  a  man  of  the 
world,  who  "dresses  fashionably,  lives 
fashionably,  wins  your  money  fashionably, 
loses  his  own  fashionably,  and  does  every- 
thing fashionably."  His  fashionable  as- 
severations are,  "  Let  me  perish,  if .  .  .  !  " 
"  May  fortune  eternally  frown  on  me, 
if  ...  1"  "  May  I  never  hold  four  by 
honours,  if .  .  .  !  "  "  May  the  first  woman 
I  meet  strike  me  with  a  supercilious  eye- 
brow, if  .  .  .  !"  and  so  on, — Murphy: 
The  Way  to  Keep  Him  {1760). 

Fashion  {Tom) or  "  Young  Fashion," 
younger  brother  of  lord  Foppington.  As 
his  elder  brother  did  not  behave  well  to 
him,  Tom  resolved  to  outwit  him,  and  to 
this  end  introduced  himself  to  sir  Tun- 
belly  Clumsy  and  his  daughter,  Miss 
Hoyden,  as  lord  Foppington,  between 
whom  and  the  knight  a  negotiation  of 
marriage  had  been  carried  on.  Being 
established  in  the  house,  Tom  married 
the  heiress,  and  when  the  veritable  lord 
appeared,  he  was  treated  as  an  impostor. 
Tom,  however,  explained  his  ruse,  and  as 
his  lordship  treated  the  knight  with  great 
contempt  and  quitted  the  house,  a  recon- 
ciliation was  easily  effected. — Sheridan  : 
A  Trip  to  Scarborough  (1777). 

Fashionable  Lover  {The).  Lord 
Abberville,  a  young  man  23  years  of  age, 
promises  marriage  to  Lucinda  Bridge, 
more,  the  vulgar,  spiteful,  purse-proud 
daughter  of  a  London  merchant,  living 
in  Fish  Street  Hill.  At  the  house  of  this 
merchant  lord  Abberville  sees  a  Miss 
Aubrey,  a  handsome,  modest,  lady-like 
girl,  with  whom  he  is  greatly  smitten. 
He  first  tries  to  corrupt  her,  and  then 
promises  marriage ;  but  Miss  Aubrey  is 
already  engaged  to  a  Mr.  TyrreL  The 
vulgarity  and  ill-nature  of  Lucinda  being 
quite  insurmountable,  "the  fashionabla 
lover  "  abandons  her.     The  chief  object 


FASTOLFE. 

of  the  drama  is  to  root  out  the  prejudice 
which  Englishmen  at  one  time  entertained 

gainst  the  Scotch,  and  the  chief  character 
a  in  reality  Colin  or  Cawdie  Macleod,  a 
Scotch  servant  of  lord  Abberville. — 
Cumberland  (1780). 

With  sinular  chivalry  he  wrote  Tht  yew  (179S),  to 
avert  the  prejudice  against  the  Jewish  race, 

Fastolfe  [Sir  John),  in  i  Henry  VI. 
This  is  not  the  "sir  John  Falstaff"  of 
huge  proportions  and  facetious  wit,  but 
the  lieutenant-general  of  the  duke  of 
Bedford,  and  a  knight  of  the  Garter. 

Here  had  the  conquest  fully  been  sealed  up 
If  sir  John  Fastolfe  had  not  played  the  coward ; 
He  being  in  the  vanward 


357 


I  Henry  yj.  act  u  sc.  i  (1589). 
From  this  battell  \pf  Pataie,  in  France]  departed 
without  anie  stroke  stricken,  sir  John  Fastolfe. .  .  .  The 
duke  of  Bedford  tooke  from  him  the  image  of  St. 
George  and  his  garter. — Holinshed,  iL  £01. 

Fastra'da  or  Fastrade,  daughter  of 
count  Rodolph  and  Luitgarde.  She  was 
one  of  the  nine  wives  of  Charlemagne. 

Those  same  soft  bells  at  even-tide 
Rang  in  the  ears  of  Charlemagne, 

As  seated  by  Fastrada's  side, 

At  Ingelheim,  in  all  his  pride, 
He  heard  their  sound  with  secret  pain. 

Lons/ellow:  GoUUn  Legend,  ▼!. 

Pat  [The).  Alfonzo  II.  of  Portugal 
(1185,  1212-1223).  Charles  II.  (le  Gros) 
of  France  ^832-888).  Louis  VI.  [le  Gros) 
of  France  {1078,  1108-1137). 

Edward  Bright  of  Essex  weighed  44 
stone  (616  lbs.)  at  death  (1720-1750). 
David  Lambert  of  Leicester  weighed 
above  52  stone  (739  lbs.)  at  death  (1770- 
1809). 

Pat  Boy  ( The),  Joseph  or  Joe,  a  lad 
of  astounding  obesity,  whose  employment 
consisted  of  alternate  eating  and  sleeping. 
Joe  was  in  the  service  of  Mr.  Wardle. 
He  was  once  known  to  "  burst  into  a 
borse-laugh,"  and  was  once  known  to 
defer  eating  to  say  to  Mary,  '*  How  nice 
you  do  look  I " 

This  was  said  in  an  admiring  manner,  and  was  so  far 
gratifying ;  but  still  there  was  enough  of  the  cannibal 
m  the  young  gentleman's  eyes  to  render  the  compliment 
Aonbti\i\.— Dickens  :  PickruHck  Papers,  Uv.  (1836). 

Pata  Alci'na,  sister  of  Fata  Morga'- 
na.  She  carried  off  Astolfo  on  the  back 
of  a  whale  to  her  isle,  but  tiu^ed  him 
into  a  myrtle  tree  when  she  tired  of  him. 
— Bojardo  :  Orlando  Innamorato  (1495) ; 
Ariosto  :  Orlando  Furioso  (15 16). 

Pata  della  Ponti,  an  enchantress, 
from  whom  Mandricardo  obtained  the 
arms  of  Hector. — Bojardo:  Orlando  In- 
fiamorato  (1495). 

Pata  Morifa'na,  sister   of   Arthur 


FATAL  MARRIAGK 

and  pupil  of  Merlin.  She  lived  at  the 
bottom  of  a  lake,  and  dispensed  her 
treasures  to  whom  she  willed.  This  fairy 
is  introduced  by  Bojardo  in  his  Orlando 
Innamorato,  first  as  "  lady  Fortune,"  and 
afterwards  as  an  enchantress.  In  Tasso 
her  three  daughters  (Morganetta,Nivetta, 
and  Carvilia)  are  introduced. 

•.'"Fata  Morgana"  is  the  name 
given  to  a  sort  of  mirage  occasionally 
seen  in  the  straits  of  Messi'na. 

Pata   Nera  and    Pata   Biauca, 

protectresses  of  Guido'nfi  and  Aquilantfi. 
— Bojardo:  Orlando  Innamorato  {1495). 

Pata  Silvanella,  an  enchantress  in 
Orlando  Innamorato,  by  Bojardo  (1495). 

Patal  Curiosity,  an  epilogue  in 
Don  Quixote  (pt.  I.  iv.  5,  6).  The  sub- 
ject of  this  tale  is  the  trial  of  a  wife's 
fidelity.  Anselrao,  a  Florentine  gentle- 
man, had  married  Camilla,  and,  wishin|[ 
to  rejoice  over  her  incorruptible  fidelity, 
induced  his  friend  Lothario  to  put  it  to 
the  test.  The  lady  was  not  trial-proof, 
but  eloped  with  Lothario.  The  end  wa3 
that  Anselmo  died  of  grief,  Lothario  was 
slain  in  battle,  and  Camilla  died  in  a 
convent  (1605). 

Patal  Curiosity,  by  George  Lilla 
Young  Wilmot,  supposed  to  have  perished 
at  sea,  goes  to  India,  and,  having  made 
his  fortime,  returns  to  England.  He 
instantly  visits  Charlotte,  whom  he  finds 
still  faithful  and  devotedly  attached  to 
him.  He  then  in  disguise  visits  his 
parents,  with  whom  he  deposits  a  casket. 
Agnes  Wilmot,  out  of  curiosity,  opens 
tto  casket,  and  when  she  discovers  that 
it  contains  jewels,  she  and  her  husband 
resolve  to  murder  the  owner,  and  secure 
the  contents  of  the  casket.  Scarcely  have 
they  committed  the  fatal  deed,  when 
Charlotte  enters,  and  tells  them  it  is  their 
own  son  whom  they  have  killed,  where- 
upon old  Wilmot  first  stabs  his  wife  and 
then  himself.  Thus  was  the  "  curiosity  " 
of  Agnes  fatal  to  her  husband,  herself, 
and  her  son  (1736), 

^  For  a  parallel  case,  see  Notes  and 
Queries  (January  14,  1882,  p.  21). 

Patal  i)owry  [The),  a  tragedy  by 
Philip  Massinger  (1632).  Rowe  has  bor- 
rowed much  of  his  Fair  Penitent  from 
this  drama. 

Patal  Marriagre  [The),  a  tragedy 
by  Thomas  Southerne  (1692).  Isabella  a 
nun  marries  Biron  eldest  son  of  count 
Baldwin.     The  coimt  disinherits  his  sen 


FATES. 

for  this  marriage,  and  Biron,  entering  the 
army,  is  sent  to  the  siege  of  Candy,  where 
he  is  seen  to  fall,  and  is  reported  dead. 
Isabella,  reduced  to  the  utmost  poverty, 
after  seven  years  of  "  widowhood,"  prays 
count  Baldwin  to  help  her  and  do  some- 
thing for  her  child,  but  he  turns  her  out 
of  doors.  Villeroy  (2  syL)  proposes 
marriage  to  her,  and  her  acceptance  of 
him  was  "the  ifatal  marriage,"  for  trie 
very  next  day  Biron  returns,  and  is  set 
upon  by  ruffians  in  the  pay  of  his  brother 
Carlos,  who  assassinate  him.  Carlos 
accuses  Villeroy  of  the  murder,  but  one 
of  the  ruffians  impeaches,  and  Carlos  is 
apprehended.  As  for  Isabella,  she  stabs 
herself  and  dies. 

Fates.  TAe  Three  Fatal  Sisters  were 
Clo'tho ,  Lachesis  [Lak'-e-sisi ,  and  At'ropos. 
They  dwelt  in  the  deep  abyss  of  Demo- 
gorgon,  "  with  unwearied  fingers  drawing 
dbt  the  threads  of  life."  Clotho  held  the 
spindle  or  distaff ;  Lachesis  drew  out  the 
thread  ;  and  Atropos  cut  it  off. 

Sad  Clotho  held  the  rock,  the  whiles  the  thread 
By  grisly  Lachesis  was  spun  with  pain. 

That  cruel  Atropos  eftsoon  undid, 
With  cursed  knife  cutting  the  twist  in  twain. 
SJ>enser:  Fairie  Queene,  iv.  2  (1596). 

Father — Son.  It  is  a  common  ob- 
servation that  a  father  above  the  common 
rate  of  men  has  usually  a  son  below  it. 
Witness  king  John  son  of  Henry  II.  ; 
Edward  II.  son  of  Edward  I.;  Richard  II. 
son  of  the  Black  Prince  ;  Henry  VI.  son 
of  Henry  V.  ;  Lord  Chesterfield's  son, 
etc.  So  in  French  history  :  Louis  VIII. 
was  the  son  of  Y'fnli'ppQ  Aiiguste  ;  Charles 
the  Idiot  was  the  son  of  Charles  le  Sage  ; 
Henri  II.  of  Fran9ois  I.  Again,  in  Ger- 
man history  :  Heinrich  VI.  was  the  son 
of  Barbarossa;  Albrecht  I.  of  Rudolf; 
and  so  on,  in  all  directions.  Heroumjilii 
noxcB  is  a  Latin  proverb. 

My  trust, 
Like  a  good  parent,  did  beget  of  him 
A  falsehood,  in  its  contrary  as  great 
As  my  trust  was. 
Shakespean:  The  Temfest,  act  I.  sc.  a  (1609). 

•.'Yet  have  we  the  proverb,  "Like 
father,  like  son,"  which  holds  good  in 
common  life. 

Father  Suckled  by  His  own 
Daughter.  Euphrasia,  called  "  the 
Grecian  Daughter,"  thus  preserved  the 
life  of  her  father  Evander  in  prison. 
(See  Euphrasia,  p.  344.) 

Xantippg  thus  preserved  the  life  of  her 
father  Cimonos  in  prison. 

Father  of  Angling  {The),  Isaac 
Walton,  author  of  The  Compleat  Angler 
{1593-1683). 


358 


FATHERLESS. 


Father  of  English  Prose  [The), 
Roger  Ascham,  instructor  of  queen  Eliza 
beth  (1515-1568). 

Father  of  Jests  [The),  Joe  Miller 
(1684-1738). 

Father  Prout.    (See  Prout.) 

Father  of  His  Country. 

Cicero,  who  broke  up  the  Catiline 
conspiracy  (b.c.  106-43). 

• .  •  The  Romans  offered  the  same  title 
to  Marlus  after  his  annihilation  of  the 
Teut6n6s  and  Cimbri,  but  he  would  not 
accept  it. 

Julius  CiESAR,  after  he  had  quelled 
the  Spanish  insurrection  (b.c.  100-44). 

Augustus,  Pater  atque  Princeps  (B.C. 
63-31  to  A.D.  14). 

Cosmo  de  Medici  (1389-1464). 

Andria  Dorea  ;  called  so  on  his 
statue  at  Genoa  (1468-1560). 

Androni'cus  PALiEOL'OGUS  assumed 
the  title  (1260-1332). 

George  Washington,  "Defenderand 
Paternal  Counseller  of  the  American 
States  "  (1732-1799). 

Father  of  the  People. 

Louis  XII.  of  France  (1462,  1498- 
1515)- 

Henri  IV.  of  France,  "The  Father 
and  Friend  of  the  People  "  (1553,  1589- 
1610). 

Louis  XVIII.  of  France  (1755,  1814- 
1824). 

Gabriel  du  Pineau,  a  French  lawye; 
(1573-1644). 

Christian  III.  of  Denmark  (1502, 
1534-1559)-  ^    ,        . 

• .  •  For  other  "  Fathers,  see  under  the 
specific  name  or  vocation,  as  Botany, 
Literature,  and  so  on. 

Father's  Head  Nursed  by  a 
Daughter  after  Death.  Margaret 
Roper ' '  clasped  in  her  last  trance  her  mur- 
dered father's  head. "    (See  Daughter.) 

Fathers  {Last  of  the),  St.  Bernard 
(1091-1153). 

• .  •  The  ' '  Fathers  of  the  Church  "  were 
followed  by  "the  Schoolmen." 

Fatherless.  Merlin  never  had  a 
father ;  his  mother  was  a  nun,  the 
daughter  of  the  king  of  Dimetia, 

N.B. — Melchisedec,  king  of  Salem,  was 
* '  without  father,  without  mother,  having 
neither  beginning  of  days,  nor  end  of 
years"  {Heb.  vii.  3).  Probably  the 
meaning  is,  the  priests  of  the  Levites  had 
a  regular  genealogy,  both  on  the  lather's 
and  mother's  side,  and  not  only  was  their 


FATHOM. 

birth  kept  on  record,  but  also  the  date  of 
their  consecration,  the  years  they  lived, 
and  the  time  of  their  death  ;  but  in  regard 
to  Melchisedec,  none  of  these  things  were 
known,  because  he  was  not  a  Levite, 
though  he  was  a  priest. 

Fathom  (Ferdinand  count),  a  villain 
who  robs  his  benefactors,  pillages  any 
one,  but  is  finally  forgiven  and  assisted, 
— Smollett :  The  Adventures  of  Ferdinand 
count  Fathom  (1754). 

(The  gang  being  absent,  an  old  bel- 
dame conveys  the  count  to  a  rude  apart- 
ment to  sleep  in.  Here  he  found  the 
dead  body  of  a  man  lately  stabbed  and 
concealed  in  some  straw  ;  and  the  account 
of  his  sensations  during  the  night,  the 
horrid  device  by  which  he  saved  his  life 
(by  hfting  the  corpse  into  his  own  bed), 
and  his  escape  guided  by  the  hag,  is 
terrifically  tragic.) 

The  robber-scene  In  the  old  woman's  hut,  In  Count 
Fathom,  though  often  imitated  since,  still  remains  one 
of  the  most  impressive  and  agitating  nig-ht-pieces  of  its 
kind. — Encyclopadia BHtannica  (article  "  Romance  "). 

'.•There  is  a  "Fathom"  in  The 
Hunchback,  a  play  by  Knowles  (1831). 

FATTMA,  daughter  of  Mahomet, 
and  one  of  the  four  perfect  women.  The 
other  three  are  Khadljah,  the  prophet's 
first  wife ;  Mary,  daughter  of  Imr&n  ; 
and  Asia,  wife  of  that  Pharaoh  who  was 
drowned  in  the  Red  Sea. 

Fat'ima,  a  holy  woman  of  China,  who 
lived  a  hermit's  life.  There  was  "  no  one 
affected  with  headache  whom  she  did  not 
cure  by  simply  laying  her  hands  on  them," 
An  African  magician  induced  this  devotee 
to  lend  him  her  clothes  and  stick,  and  to 
make  him  the  facsimile  of  herself.  He 
then  murdered  her,  and  got  introduced 
into  the  palace  of  Aladdin.  Aladdin, 
being  informed  of  the  trick,  pretended  to 
have  a  bad  headache,  and  when  the  false 
Fatima  approached  under  the  pretence  of 
curing  it,  he  plunged  a  dagger  into  the 
heart  of  the  magician  and  killed  him. — 
Arabian  Nights  ("Aladdin,  or  the  Won- 
derful Lamp  "), 

Fat'ima,  the  mother  of  prince  Cama- 
ral'zaman.  Her  husband  was  Schah'- 
zaman  sultan  of  the  "  Isle  of  the  Children 
of  Khal'edan,  some  twenty  days'  sail  from 
the  coast  of  Persia,  in  the  open  sea." — 
Arabian  Nights  ("  Camaralzaraan  and 
Badoura  "). 

Fat'iiua,  the  last  of  Bluebeard's  wives. 
She  was  saved  from  death  by  the  timely 
arrival  of  her  brothers  with  a  party  of 
{i\<iXi'ds.—rerrauli :  Contes  de Fies  (1697). 


359 


FAUST. 


Fat'imite  (3  syl.).  The  Third  Fati- 

mite,  the  caliph  Hakem  B'amr-ellah,  who 
professed  to  be  incarnate  deity,  and  the 
last  prophet  who  had  communication 
between  God  and  man.  He  was  the 
fo'inder  of  the  Druses  [g^v.). 

What  say  you  does  this  wizard  style  himself— 
Hakeem  Biamrallah,  the  Third  Fatiniite  t 

R.  Browning- :  The  Return  of  tlte  Druses,  y. 

Faulconbridgfe  [Philif),  called  "the 
Bastard,"  natural  son  of  king  Richard  I. 
and  lady  Robert  Faulconbridge.  An 
admirable  admixture  of  greatness  and 
levity,  daring  and  recklessness.  He  was 
generous  and  open-hearted,  but  hated 
foreigners  like  a  true-born  islander. — 
Shakespeare  :  King  John  (1596), 

Faulcourie  ( The  Booke  of),  by  Georga 
Tm-berville  (1575). 

Faulkland,  the  over-anxious  lover 
of  Julia  [Melville\  always  fretting  and 
tormenting  himself  about  her  whims, 
spirit,  health,  hfe.  Every  feature  in  the 
sky,  every  shift  of  the  wind,  was  a  source 
of  anxiety  to  him.  If  she  was  gay,  he 
fretted  that  she  should  care  so  little  for 
his  absence  ;  if  she  was  low-spirited,  he 
feared  she  was  going  to  die ;  if  she 
danced  with  another,  he  was  jealous  ;  \\ 
she  didn't,  she  was  out  of  sorts. — Sheri- 
dan :  The  Rivals  (1775).  (See  FALK- 
LAND, p.  354.) 

Fatilt-ba^.  A  fable  says  that  every 
man  has  a  bag  hanging  before  him  in 
which  he  puts  his  neighbours'  faults,  and 
another  behind  him  in  which  he  stows  his 
own. 

Oh  that  you  could  turn  your  eyes  towards  the  napes 
of  your  necks,  and  make  but  an  mterior  survey  of  your 
good  selves  1 — Shakespeare:  Coriolanus,  act  ii.  sc.  t 

(1609). 

Faultless  Fainter  {The),  Andrea 
del  Sarto  (1488-1530). — R.  Browning: 
Andrea  del  Sarto. 

Fauxi.  Tennyson  uses  this  sylvan 
deity  of  the  classics  as  the  symbol  of  a 
drunkard. 

Arise  and  fly 
Th'e  reeling  Faun,  the  sensual  feast. 

Tennyson  :  In  Memoriam,  cxvlH. 

Faust,  a  famous  magician  of  the  six- 
teenth century,  a  native  of  Suabia.  A 
rich  uncle  having  left  him  a  fortune, 
Faust  ran  to  every  excess  ;  and  when  his 
fortune  was  exhausted,  he  made  a  pact 
with  the  devil  (who  assumed  the  name  of 
Mephistoph'elfis,  and  the  appearance  of  a 
little  grey  monk)  that  if  he  might  indulge 
his  propensities  freely  for  twenty-four 
years,  he  would  at  the  end  of  that  period 
consign  to  the  devil  both  body  and  soui. 


FAUSTUS. 


360 


FEEBLE. 


The  compact  terminated  in  1550,  when 
Faust  disappeared.  His  sweetheart  was 
Margheri'ta  [Margaret],  whom  he  se- 
duced, and  his  faithful  servant  was 
Wagner. 

(Bayle  Bernard  made  an  English  ver- 
sion ;  GoethS  has  a  dramatic  poem 
entitled  Faust  (1798) ;  Gounod  an  opera 
called  Faust  e  Margherita  (1859).  See 
Faustus.) 

Fanstus  [Dr. ),  the  same  as  Faust ; 
but  Marlowe,  in  his  admirable  tragedy, 
makes  the  doctor  sell  himself  to  Lucifer 
and  Mephistophilis. 

When  Faustus  stands  on  the  brink  of  everlasting  niln, 
waiting  for  the  fatal  moment  .  .  .  a  scene  of  enchanting 
interest,  fervid  passion,  and  overwhelming  pathos, 
carries  captive  the  sternest  heart,  and  prodairas  the 
first  triumph  of  the  tragic  poet.— i?.  Chambtrs : 
English  Literature,  i.  171. 

(W.  Bayle  Bernard,  of  Boston,  U.S. 
America,  has  a  tragedy  on  the  same 
subject.) 

Favori'ta  (La),  Leonora  de  Guzman, 
"favourite"  of  Alfonzo  XI.  of  Castile. 
Ferdinando  fell  in  love  with  her  ;  and  the 
king,  to  save  himself  from  excommunica- 
tion, sanctioned  the  marriage.  But  when 
Ferdinando  learned  that  Leonora  was  the 
king's  mistress,  he  rejected  the  alliance 
with  indignation,  and  became  a  monk. 
Leonora  also  became  a  novice  in  the  same 
monastery,  saw  Ferdinando,  obtained  his 
forgiveness,  and  died. — Donizetti  :  La 
Favorita  (an  opera,  1842). 

Faw  {Tibbie),  the  ostler's  wife,  in 
Wandering  Willie's  tale. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Redgauntlet  (time,  George  IIL), 

Faw'ziia,  the  lady  beloved  by  Doras- 
tus. — R.  Greene:  Pandosto,  the  Triumph 
of  Time  (1588). 

*.*  Shakespeare  founded  his  Winter's 
Tale  on  Greene's  romance. 

Fazio,  a  Florentine,  who  first  tried  to 
make  a  fortune  by  alchemy,  but  being 
present  when  Bartoldo  died,  he  buried 
ehe  body  secretly,  and  stole  the  miser's 
money-bags.  Being  now  rich,  he  passed 
his  time  with  the  marchioness  Aldabella 
in  licentious  pleasure,  and  his  wife  Bianca, 
out  of  jealousy,  accused  him  to  the  duke 
of  being  privy  to  Bartoldo's  death.  For 
this  offence  Fazio  was  condemned  to  die  ; 
and  Bianca,  having  tried  in  vain  to  save 
him,  went  mad  with  grief,  and  died  of  a 
broken  heart. — Dean  Milmun:  Fazio 
(1815)- 

Fea  {Rufkam),  tne  old  housekeeper 
of  the  old  udaller  at  Burgh-Westra, — Sir 


W.  Scott:  The  Pirate  (time,  William 
IIL). 

• .  •  A  "  udaller  "  is  one  who  holds  land 
by  allodial  tenure. 

Fear  Fortress,  near  Saragossa.  An 
allegorical  bogie  fort,  conjiured  up  by 
fear,  which  vanishes  as  it  is  courageously 
approached  and  boldly  besieged. 

If  a  child  disappeared,  or  any  cattle  were  carried  off, 
the  frightened  peasants  said,  "  The  lord  of  Fear 
Fortress  has  taken  them. "  If  a  fire  broke  out  anywhere, 
it  was  the  lord  of  Fear  Fortress  who  must  have  lit  it. 
The  origin  of  all  accidents,  mishaps,  and  disasters  was 
traced  to  the  mysterious  owner  of  this  invisible 
castle. — L'Epine:  Crequanitaine,  iiL  i. 

Fearless  [The),  Jean  due  de  Bour- 
goigne,  called  Sans  Peur  (1371-1419). 

Feast— Death.  "  Let  us  eat  and 
drink,  for  to-morrow  we  die"  (i  Cor.  xv. 
32),  in  allusion  to  the  words  spoken  in 
certain  Egyptian  feasts,  when  a  mummy 
or  the  semblance  of  a  dead  body  was 
drawn  in  a  litter  round  the  room  before 
the  assembled  guests,  while  a  herald  cried 
aloud,  "Gaze  here,  and  drink,  and  be 
merry  ;  for  when  you  die,  such  will  you 
be."  (See  Remember  You  ark 
Mortal.  ) 

(E.  Long  (Academician)  exhibited  a 
painting  (12  feet  by  6  feet)  of  this  custom, 
in  the  Royal  Academy  exhibition,  1877.) 

Featherliead  [John),  Esq.,  an  op- 
ponent of  sir  Thomas  Kittlecourt,  M.P. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Guy  Mannering  (time, 
George  II.). 

Featherstonehangh  ( TheDeath  of), 
a  ballad  by  Robert  Surtees,  palmed  off 
by  him  on  sir  W.  Scott  as  mediaevaL 
Sir  Walter  quotes  it  in  his  Marmion.  (See 
Forgers  and  Forgeries.) 

Fedalma,  beloved  by  Don  Silva.  The 
heroine  and  hero  of  The  Spanish  Gypsy,  a 
dramatic  poem  by  George  Eliot  (Mrs. 
J.  W.  Cross)  (1868). 

Fee  and  Fairy.  Fee  is  the  more 
general  term,  including  the  latter.  The 
Arabian  Nights  are  not  all  fairy  tales, 
but  tliey  are  all  fee  tales  or  contes  des  fies. 
So,  again,  the  Ossianic  tales,  Campbell's 
Tales  of  the  West  Highlands,  the  my- 
thological tales  of  the  Basques,  Irish, 
Scandinavians,  Germans,  French,  etc., 
may  all  be  ranged  under  fee  tales. 

Feeble  [Francis),  a  woman's  tailor, 
and  one  of  the  recruits  of  sir  John  Fal- 
staff.  Although  a  thin,  starveling  yard- 
wand  of  a  man,  he  expresses  great 
willingness  to  be  drawn.  Sir  John  cora- 
phments  him  as   "courageous   Feeble," 


FEEDER. 


S6i 


FELU 


and  says  to  him,  "Thou  wilt  be  as 
valiant  as  the  wrathful  dove,  or  most 
magnanimous  mouse  .  .  .  most  forcible 
Feeble," — Shakespeare:  -i  Henry  IV.  act 
fii.  sc  2  (1598). 

Feeder  [Mr.),  B.A.,  usher  in  the 
school  of  Dr.  Blimber  of  Brighton.  He 
was  ' '  a  kind  of  human  barrel-organ,  which 
played  only  one  tune."  Mr.  Feeder  was 
in  the  habit  of  shaving  his  head  to  keep  it 
cool.  He  married  Miss  Blimber,  the 
doctor's  daughter,  and  succeeded  to  the 
school. — Dickens:  Donibey  and  Son  (1846). 

Feenix,  nephew  of  the  Hon.  Mrs. 
Skewton  (mother  of  Edith,  Mr.  Dombey's 
second  wife).  Feenix  was  a  very  old 
gentleman,  patched  up  to  look  as  much 
Bke  a  young  fop  as  possible. 

Cousin  Feenix  was  a  'man  about  town  forty  jroars 

ago  ;  but  he  is  still  so  juvenile  in  figure  and  manner  that 
strangers  are  amazed  when  they  discover  latent  wrinkles 
in  his  lordship's  face,  and  crows'  feet  in  his  eyes.  But 
cousin  Keenix  getting  up  at  half-past  seven,  is  quite 
another  thing  from  cousm  Feenix  got  up. — Dickens  : 
Dombey  and  Son,  xxxi.  (1846). 

FeigfZXWell  {Colonel),  the  suitor  of 
Anne  Lxjvely,  an  heiress.  Anne  Lovely 
had  to  obtain  the  consent  of  her  four 
guardians  before  she  could  marry.  One 
was  an  old  beau,  another  a  virtuoso,  a 
third  a  broker  on  'Change,  and  the  fourth 
a  canting  quaker.  The  colonel  made  him- 
self agreeable  to  all,  and  carried  off  his 
prize. — Mrs.  Centlivre :  A  Bold  Stroke 
for  a  Wife  (1717)- 

Andrew  Cherry  [1769-1813].  His  first  character  was 
"colonel  Feignwell,"  an  arduous  task  for  a  boy  of  17  ; 
but  he  obtained  great  applause,  and  the  manager  of 
the  sharing  company,  after  passing  many  encomiums 
on  his  exertions,  presented  him  with  tenpence  half- 
penny, as  his  dividend  of  the  profits  of  the  night's 
performance.— ^o-o*  .•  Anecdotes. 

Feinai'g'le  {Gregory  de),  a  German 
mnemonist  (1765-1820).  He  obtained 
some  success  by  his  aids  to  memory,  but 
in  Paris  he  was  an  object  of  ridicule. 

Her  memory  was  a  mine  .  .  . 

For  her  Keinaigle's  was  a  useless  art. 

Byron  :  Don  yuan,  i.  11  (1819). 

Felice  or  Fhelis,  wife  of  sir  Guy  earl 
of  Warwick,  said  to  have  "  the  same  high 
forehead  as  Venus." 

Felic'iaxi  {Father),  the  catholic  priest 
and  schoolmaster  of  Grand  Pr6,  in  Acadia 
(now  called  Nova  Scotia).  He  accom- 
panied Evangeline  in  part  of  her  wander- 
ings to  find  Gabriel  her  affianced  husband. 
— Longfellow  :  Evangeline  (1849). 

Felicians  {The),  the  happy  nation. 
The  Felicians  live  under  a  free  sovereignty, 
where  the  laws  are  absolute.  Felicia  is 
the  French  "Utopia." — Mercier  de  la 
Riviire  :  LHeureuse  Nation  (1767). 


Feliciano  de  Sylva,  don  Quixote's 

favourite  author.  The  two  following 
extracts  were  in  his  opinion  unsurpassed 
and  unsurpassable : — 

The  reason,  most  adored  one,  of  your  unreasonable 
unreasonableness  hath  so  unreasonably  unseated  my 
reason,  that  I  have  no  reasonable  reason  for  reasoning 
against  such  unreasonableness. 

The  bright  heaven  of  your  divinity  that  lifts  you  to 
the  stars,  most  celestial  of  women,  renders  you  deserv- 
ing of  every  desert  which  your  charms  so  deservedly 
deserve. — Cervantes  :  Don  Quixote,  I.  L  8  (1605). 

Felix,  a  monk  who  listened  to  the 
singing  of  a  milk-white  bird  for  a  hundred 
years ;  which  length  of  time  seemed  to 
him  "but  a  single  hour,"  so  enchanted 
was  he  with  the  song. — Longfellow  :  The 
Golden  Legend.     (See  HiLDESHEiM.) 

Felix  {Don),  son  of  don  Lopez.  He 
was  a  Portuguese  nobleman,  in  love  with 
Violante  ;  but  Violante's  father,  don  Pedro, 
intended  to  make  her  a  nun.  Donna 
Isabella,  having  fled  from  home  to  avoid 
a  marriage  disagreeable  to  her,  took 
refuge  with  Violante  ;  and  when  colonel 
Briton  called  at  the  house  to  see  Isabella, 
her  brother  don  Felix  was  jealous,  believ- 
ing that  Violante  was  the  object  of  his 
visits.  Violante  kept  "  her  friend's  secret," 
even  at  the  risk  of  losing  her  lover  ;  but 
ultimately  the  mystery  was  cleared  up, 
and  a  double  marriage  took  place. — 
Mrs.  Centlivre:  The  Wonder  {1714). 

Felix  {St.),  of  Burgundy,  who  con- 
verted Sigbert  (Sigebert  or  Sabert)  king 
of  the  East  Saxons  (a.d.  604).— £thel- 
werd:  Chronicles,  v. 

So  Burgundy  to  us  three  men  most  reverend  bare  .  .  . 
Of  which  was  Felix  first,  who  in  th'  East  Saxon  reign 
Converted  to  the  faith  king  Sigbert.     Him  again 
Ensueth  Anselm  .  .  .  and  Hugh  . .  .  [bishop  o/Lincoln\ 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xxtv.  (1633). 

Felix  Holt,  tlie  Radical,  a  novel 
by  George  Eliot  (Mrs.  J.  W.  Cross) 
(1866). 

Felixmar'te  (4  syl.)  of  Hyrcania, 
son  of  Fio'risan  and  Martedi'na,  the  hero 
of  a  Spanish  romance  of  chivalry.  The 
curate  in  Don  Quixote  condemned  this 
work  to  the  flames. — Melchior  de  Orteza  : 
Caballero  de  Ubida  (1566). 

Fell  {Dr.).  Tom  Brown,  being  in  dis- 
grace, was  set  by  Dr.  Fell,  dean  of  Christ 
Church  (1625-1686),  to  translate  the 
thirty-third  epigram  of  Martial — 

Non  amo  te,  Zabidi.  nee  possum  dicere  quare. 
Hoc  tantum  possum  dicere,  non  amo  te. 

Which  he  rendered  thus — 

I  do  not  like  thee.  Dr.  Fell— 
The  reason  why  I  cannot  tell ; 
But  this  I  know,  and  know  full  well 
I  do  not  like  thee,  Dr.  Fell, 


FELTHAM. 


362 


FERDA. 


In  French — 


Te  ne  vous  aline  pas,  Hylas, 
Je  n'en  saurois  dire  la  cause ; 
Je  sais  seuleinent  une  chose— 
C'est  que  Je  ne  tous  aime  pas. 

Roger  Bussy  (1693). 

Feltham  (Black),  a  his^hwayman  with 
captain  Colepepper  or  PeppercuU  (the 
Alsatian  hnlly).— Sir  W.  Scott :  Fortunes 
of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Female  Quixote  [The),  a  novel  by 
Charlotte  Lennox  (1752).  She  has  her 
head  turned  by  romances,  but  is  at  last 
converted  to  common  sense. 

Pemale  Soldier  M.).  Mrs.  Christian 
Davies,  commonly  called  Mother  Ross, 
served  as  a  foot-soldier  and  dragoon  under 
William  111.  and  Marlborough. 

Hannah  JSnell  of  Worcester,  who  went 
by  the  name  of  James  Grey. 

Gildippe,  wife  of.  Edward,  the  English 
baron,  fought  side  by  side  with  her 
husband,  and  they  were  both  slain  by 
Soliman. — Tasso:  Jerusalem  Delivered 
{»575). 

Clorinda  plays  the  part  of  a  pagan 
Amazon  in  the  same  poem. 

'.  •  A  much  longer  list  will  be  found  in 
Notes  and  Queries  {Feb.  19,  1881,  p.  144). 

Femmes  Savantes  (Les),  women 
who  go  in  for  women's  rights,  science, 
and  philosophy,  to  the  neglect  of  do- 
mestic duties  and  wifely  amenities.  The 
"blue-stockings"  are  (i)  Philaminte 
(3  syl.)  the  mother  of  Henriette,  who 
discharges  one  of  her  servants  because 
she  speaks  bad  grammar  ;  (2)  Armande 
(2  syl. )  sister  of  Henriette,  who  advocates 
platonic  love  and  science  ;  and  (3)  B^lise 
sister  of  Philaminte,  who  sides  with  her  in 
all  things,  but  imagines  that  every  one  is 
in  love  with  her.  Henriette,  who  has  no 
sympathy  with  these  "  lofty  flights,"  is  in 
love  with  Clitandre,  but  Philaminte  wants 
her  to  marry  Trissotin,  a  iel  esprit.  How- 
ever, the  father  loses  his  property  through 
the  "savant"  proclivities  of  his  wife, 
Trissotin  retires,  and  Clitandre  marries 
Henriette  the  "perfect"  or  thorough 
woman. — Moliire  :  Les  Femmes  Savantes 
(1672). 

Fenella,  alias  Zarah  (daughter  of 
Edward  Christian),  a  pretended  deaf-and- 
dumb  fairy-like  attendant  on  the  countess 
of  Derby.  The  character  seems  to  have 
been  suggested  by  that  of  Mignon,  the 
Italian  girl  in  Goethe's  Wilkelm  Meister's 
Apprenticeship.— Sir  W.  Scott:  Peveril 
of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Let  it  be  tableaux  vi-vants,  and  I  will  appear  as 
"  Kenella."— >».  Fitzgerald:  Parvemi  Family,  iii.  224. 


Fenella,  a  deaf-and-dumb  girl,  sister 
of  Masaniello  the  fisherman.  She  was 
seduced  by  Alfonso,  son  of  the  duke  of 
Arcos ;  and  Masaniello  resolved  to  kill 
him.  He  accordingly  headed  an  insur- 
rection, and  met  with  such  great  success 
that  the  mob  made  him  chief  magistrate 
of  Portici,  but  afterwards  shot  him. 
Fenella,  on  hearing  of  her  brother's  death, 
threw  herself  into  the  crater  of  Vesuvius. 
— Auber  :  Masaniello  (an  opera,  183 1). 

Fenelou    of    Germany,    Lavater 

(1741-1801). 

Fenelon  of  the  Reformation,  J. 

Arnd  of  Germany  (1555-1621). 

Fenris,  the  demon  wolf  of  Niflheim. 
When  he  gapes  one  jaw  touches  the  earth 
and  the  other  heaven.  This  monster  will 
swallow  up  Odin  at  the  day  of  doom. 
(Often  but  incorrectly  written  Fenrir.)— 
Scandinavian  Mythology. 

Penton,  the  lover  of  Anne  Page, 
daughter  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Page,  gentle- 
folks living  at  Windsor.  Fenton  is  of 
good  birth,  and  seeks  to  marry  a  fortune 
to  "heal  his  poverty."  In  "sweet  Anne 
Page "  he  soon  discovers  that  which 
makes  him  love  her  for  herself  more  than 
for  her  money.  —  Shakespeare :  Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor,  act  iii.  sc.  4  (1601). 

Ferad-Artho,  son  of  Cairbre,  and 
only  surviving  descendant  of  the  Une  of 
Conar  (the  first  king  of  Ireland).  On 
the  death  of  Cathmor  (brotlier  of  the 
rebel  Cairbar)  in  battle,  Ferad-Artho 
became  "king  of  Ireland." — Ossian : 
Temora,  vii.     (See  CoNAR,  p.  229.) 

Fer'amorz,  the  young  Cashmerian 
poet  who  relates  poetical  tales  to  Lalla 
Rookh  on  her  journey  from  Delhi  to 
Lesser  Bucharla.  Lalla  is  going  to  be 
married  to  the  young  sultan,  but  falls  in 
love  with  the  poet.  On  the  wedding  mom 
she  is  led  to  her  bridegroom,  and  finds 
with  unspeakable  joy  that  the  poet  is  the 
sultan  himself.— 7".  Moore:  Lalla  Rookh 
(1817). 

Ferda,  son  of  Damman,  chief  of  a 
hundred  hills  in  Albion.  Ferda  was  the 
friend  of  Cuthullin  general  of  the  Irish 
forces  in  the  time  of  king  Cormac  I. 
Deuga'la  (spouse  of  Cairbar)  loved  the 
youth,  and  told  her  husband  if  he  would 
not  divide  the  herd  she  would  no  longer 
live  with  him.  Cuthullin,  being  appointed 
to  make  the  division,  enraged  the  lady 
by  assigning  a  snow-white  bull  to  the 
husband,  whereupon  Deugala  induced  her 


I 


FERDINAND. 

lover  to  challenge  Cuthullin  to  mortal 
ombat.  Most  unwillingly  the  two  friends 
fought,  and  Ferda  fell.  "  The  sunbeam 
of  battle  fell— the  first  of  CuthuUin's 
•riends.  Unhappy  [unlucky]  is  the  hand 
of  Cuthullin  since  the  hero  iell"—Ossian  : 
Fingal,  ii. 

FEBDINAIfD,  king  of  Navarre. 
He  agreed  with  three  young  lords  to 
spend  three  years  in  severe  study,  during 
which  time  no  woman  was  to  approach 
lis  court;  but  no  sooner  was  the  agree- 
ment made  than  he  fell  in  love  with  the 
)rincess  of  France.  In  consequence  of 
he  death  of  her  father,  the  lady  deferred 
the  marriage  for  twelve  months  and  a 
day. 

.  .  .  the  sole  inheritor 
Of  an  perfections  that  a  man  may  owe  \ovm\ 
Matchless  Navarre. 

Shakespeare  :  Love's  Labour's  Lost  (iS9*)- 

Ferdinand,  son  of  Alonso  king  of 
Naples.  He  falls  in  love  with  Miranda, 
daughter  of  Prospero  the  exiled  duke  of 
yii\Q.n.—Skakespeare:  The  Tempest  [i6og). 

Haply  so 
Miranda's  hope  had  pictured  Ferdinand 
Long  ere  the  gaunt  wave  tossed  him  on  the  shore. 
Lowell. 

Ferdinand,  a  fiery  young  Spaniard, 
in  love  with  Leonora. — Jephson:  Two 
Strings  to  your  Boiv  (1792). 

Ferdinand  {Don),  the  son  of  don 
Jerome  of  Seville,  in  love  with  Clara 
d'Almanza,  daughter  of  don  Guzman. — 
.  Sheridan  :  The  Duenna  (1773). 

Fei'dinan'do,  a  brave  soldier,  who, 
having  won  the  battle  of  Tari'fa,  in  1340, 
was  created  count  of  Zamo'ra  and  marquis 
of  Montreal.  (See  P'avorita  for  the 
sequel.) — Donizetti  :  La  Favori'ta  (1842). 

Fergfus,  fourth  son  of  Fingal,  and  the 
only  one  that  had  issue  at  the  death  of 
his  father.  Ossian,  the  eldest  brother, 
had  a  son  named  Oscar,  but  Oscar  was 
slain  at  a  feast  by  Cairbar  "  lord  of 
Atha ;  "  and  of  the  other  two  brothers, 
Fillan  was  slain  before  he  had  married, 
and  Ryno,  though  married,  died  without 
issue. 

According  to  tradition,  Fergus  (son  of 
Fingal)  was  the  father  of  Congal ;  Congal 
of  Arcath  ;  and  Arcath  of  Fergus  II., 
with  whom  begins  the  real  history  of  the 
Scots. — Ossian. 

Fergus,  son  of  Rossa,  a  brave  hero  in 
the  army  of  Cuthullin  general  of  the  Irish 
tribes. 

Fergus,  first  in  our  Joy  at  the  feast ;  son  of  Rossa ; 
arm  of  death. — Ossian:  Fingal,  i. 


363  FERQUHARD  DAY. 

N.B. — Fer'gus  is  another  form  of 
Ferrigus  or  Ferracuie  {q.v.). 

T&m{Fanny),  the  pseudonym  of  Sarah 
Payson  Willis,  afterwards  Eldredge, 
afterwards  Farmington,  afterwards  Par- 
ton,  sister  of  N.  P.  Willis,  an  American 
(1811-1872). 

Fern  ( Wilt),  a  poor  fellow,  who  takes 
charge  of  his  brother's  child,  and  is  both 
honest  and  kind ;  but,  alas !  he  dared  to 
fall  asleep  in  a  shed,  an  offence  which, 
alderman  Cute  maintained,  must  be  ' '  put 
down." — Dickens:  The  Chimes,  third 
quarter  (1844). 

FERNANDO,  son  of  John  of  Pro- 
clda,  and  husband  of  Isoline  (3  syl. )  daugh- 
ter of  the  French  governor  of  Messi'na.  The 
butchery  of  the  Sicilian  Vespers  occurred 
the  night  after  their  espousals.  Fernando 
was  among  the  slain,  and  Isoline  died 
of  a  broken  \is:ax\..—Knowles :  John  of 
Procida  {1840). 

Fernando  {Don),  youngest  son  of  the 
duke  Ricardo.  Gay,  handsome,  generous, 
and  polite  ;  but  faithless  to  his  friend  Car- 
denio,  for,  contrary  to  the  lady's  inclina- 
tion, and  in  violation  of  every  principle 
of  honour,  he  prevailed  on  Lucinda's 
father  to  break  off  the  betrothal  between 
his  daughter  and  Cardenio,  and  to  bestow 
the  lady  on  himself.  (For  the  rest,  see 
Cardenio.) — Cervantes:  Don  Quixote, 
I.  iv.  (1605). 

Fernando,  a  Venetian  captain,  ser- 
vant to  Annophel  (daughter  of  the 
governor  of  Candy). — Beaumont  and 
Fletcher:  The  Laws  of  Candy  {iS^j). 

Fernando  [Florestan],  a  State 
prisoner  of  Seville,  married  to  Leonora, 
who  (in  boy's  attire  and  under  the  name 
of  Fidelio)  became  the  servant  of  Rocco 
the  jailer.  Pizarro,  governor  of  the  jail, 
conceived  a  hatred  to  the  State  prisoner, 
and  resolved  to  murder  him,  so  Rocco 
and  Leonora  were  sent  to  dig  his  grave. 
The  arrival  of  the  minister  of  state  put  an 
end  to  the  infamous  design,  and  Fernando 
was  set  at  liberty. — Beethoven:  Fidelio 
(1791)- 

Fernando,  to  whom  Alfonzo  XI. 
promised  Leonora  in  marriage.  (See 
Leonora.)  —  Donizetti:  La  Favorita 
(1842). 

Ferney  ( The  Patriarch  of),  Voltaire ; 
so  called  because  he  lived  in  retirement  at 
Ferney,  near  Geneva  (1694-1778). 

Ferquhard  Day,  the  absentee  from 


FERRACUTE. 


364 


FICTION. 


the  clan  Chat  tan  at  the  combat. — Sir  W. 
Scott :  Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry 
IV.). 

Per'racute,  a  giant  who  had  the 
strength  of  forty  men,  and  was  thirty-six 
feet  high.  He  was  slain  by  Orlando, 
who  wounded  him  in  the  navel,  his  only 
vulnerable  part. — Turpin  :  Chronicle  of 
Charlemagne.     (See  Ferrau.) 

• .  •  Ferracute  is  the  prototype  of  Pulci's 
"  Morgan te,"  in  his  heroi-comic  poem 
entitled  Morgante  Maggiore  (1494). 

Per'ragTis,  the  Portugirese  giant,  who 
took  Bellisant  under  his  care  after  her 
divorce  from  Alexander  emperor  of  Con- 
stantinople.—  Valentine  and  Orson  (fif- 
teenth century). 

My  sire's  tall  form  migftit  grace  the  part 
Of  Ferragus  or  Ascapart. 

Sir  W.  Scott, 

Ferrand  de  Vaudemont  {Count), 
due  de  Lorraine,  son  of  Ren4  king  of 
Provence.  He  first  appears  disguised  as 
Laurence  Neipperg. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Anne  of  Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Ferrardo  [Gonzaga],  reigning  duke 
of  Mantua  in  the  absence  of  his  cousin 
Leonardo.  He  was  a  villain,  and  tried  to 
prove  Mariana  (the  bride  of  Leonardo) 
guilty  of  adultery.  His  scheme  was  this  : 
He  made  Julian  St.  Pierre  drunk  with 
drugged  wme,  and  in  his  sleep  conveyed 
him  to  the  duke's  bed,  throwing  his  scarf 
under  the  bed  of  the  duchess,  which  was 
in  an  adjoining  chamber.  He  then  re- 
vealed these  proofs  of  guilt  to  his  cousin 
Leonardo,  but  Leonardo  refused  to  believe 
in  his  wife's  guilt,  and  Julian  St.  Pierre 
exposed  the  whole  scheme  of  villainy, 
amply  vindicating  the  innocence  of 
Mariana,  who  turned  out  to  be  Julian's 
sister. — Knowles  :  The  Wife  (1833). 

Perrau,  a  Saracen,  son  of  Landfu'sa. 
Having  dropped  his  helmet  in  a  river,  he 
vowed  never  to  wear  another  till  he  won 
that  worn  by  Orlando.  Orlando  slew  him 
by  a  wound  in  the  navel,  his  only  vul- 
nerable part. — Ariosto:  Orlando  Furioso 
(1516),    (See  Ferracute.) 

Ferraug"!!  [Sir),  introduced  in  bk.  iii, 
8,  but  without  a  name,  as  carrying  off 
the  false  Florimel  from  Braggadoccio. 
In  bk.  iv.  2  the  name  is  given.  He 
is  thf-re  overthrown  by  sir  Blanda- 
mour,  who  takes  away  with  him  the  false 
Florimel,  the  lady  of  snow  and  wax. — 
Spenser:  Faerie  Queene  (1590,  1596), 

Ferret,  an  avaricious,  mean-spirited 


slanderer,  who  blasts  by  innuendoes,  and 
blights  by  hints  and  cautions.  He  hates 
young  Heartall,  and  misinterprets  all  his 
generous  acts,  attributing  his  benevolence 
to  hush-money.  The  rascal  is  at  last 
found  out  and  foiled. — Cherry :  The 
Soldier's  Daughter  (1804). 

Ferrex,  eldest  son  of  Gorboduc  a 
legendary  king  of  Britain.  Being  driven 
by  his  brother  Porrex  from  the  kingdom, 
he  returned  with  a  large  army,  but  was 
defeated  and  slain  by  Porrex, — Gorboduc, 
a  tragedy  by  Thom.  Norton  and  Thorn. 
Sackville  (1561). 

Femmbras  (iS?V).  (See  Fierabras.) 

Festus,  a  long  dramatic  poem,  by 
Philip  J.  Bailey  (1839).  In  the  Times 
the  scope  of  the  poem  was  given  as 
"The  exhibition  of  a  soul  gifted,  tried, 
buffeted,  beguiled  ;  stricken,  purified, 
redeemed,  pardoned,  and  triumphant." 

Fetnab  [' '  tormentor  of  hearts "],  a 
female  favourite  of  the  caliph  Haroun-al- 
Raschid.  While  the  caliph  was  absent  in 
his  wars,  ZobeidS  (3  syl. ),  his  wife,  out  of 
jealousy,  ordered  Fetnab  to  be  buried  alive. 
Ganem  happened  accidentally  to  see  the 
interment,  rescued  her,  and  took  her 
home  to  his  own  private  lodgings  in 
Bagdad.  The  caliph,  on  his  return, 
mourned  for  Fetnab  as  dead ;  but  receiving 
from  her  a  letter  of  explanation,  he  became 
jealous  of  Ganem,  and  ordered  him  to  be 
put  to  death.  Ganem,  however,  contrived 
to  escape.  When  the  fit  of  jealousy  was 
over,  the  caliph  heard  the  facts  plainly 
stated,  whereupon  he  released  Fetnab, 
gave  her  in  marriage  to  Ganem,  and 
appointed  the  young  man  to  a  very  lucra- 
tive post  about  the  court. — Arabian 
Nights  ("Ganem,  the  Slave  of  Love "). 

Fe'zon,  daughter  of  Savary  duke  of 
Aquitaine,  The  Green  Knight,  who  was 
a  pagan,  demanded  her  in  marriage,  but 
Orson  (brother  of  Valentine),  called  "  The 
Wild  Man  of  the  Forest,"  overthrew  the 
pagan  and  married  Fezon.  —  Valentine 
and  Orson  (fifteenth  century). 

Fiammetta,  a  lady  beloved  by  Boc- 
caccio, supposed  to  be  Maria,  daughter 
of  Robert  king  of  Naples.  (See  Lovers.  ) 
{lidliaxi.,  Jiatnma,  "  a  little  flame.") 

Fib,  an  attendant  on  queen  Mab. — 
Drayton  :  Nymphidia. 

Fiction.  Father  of  Modem  Prose 
Fiction,  Daniel  Defoe  (1663-1731). 


FIDDl  £R. 

Fiddler  (Oliver's).  Sir  Roger  l' Es- 
trange was  so  called,  because  at  one  time 
he  was  playing  a  fiddle  or  viole  in  the 
house  of  John  Hingston,  where  Cromwell 
was  one  of  the  guests  (1616-1704). 

Fiddler  Joss,  Mr.  Joseph  Poole,  a 
reformed  drunkard,  who  subsequently 
turned  preacher  in  London,  but  retained 
his  former  sobriquet. 

Fiddler's  Green,  the  Elysium  of 
sailors  ;  a  land  flowing  with  rum  and 
limejuice  ;  a  land  of  perpetual  music, 
mirth,  dancing,  drinking,  and  tobacco;  a 
sort  of  Dixie's  Land  or  land  of  the  leal. 


Fide'le  (3  syl.),  the  name  assumed  by 
Imogen,  when,  attired  in  boy's  clothes,  she 
started  for  Milford  Haven  to  meet  her 
husband  Posthtlmus. — Shakespeare:  Cym- 
ieline  (1605). 

(Colins  has  a  beautiful  elegy  on 
"  Fidele.") 

Fidelia,  "  the  foundling."  She  is 
in  reality  Harriet,  the  daughter  of  sir 
Charles  Raymond,  but  her  mother  dying 
in  child-birth,  she  was  committed  to  the 
charge  of  a  governante.  The  governante 
sold  the  child,  at  the  age  of  12,  to  one 
Villiard,  and  then  wrote  to  sir  Charles 
to  say  that  she  was  dead.  One  night, 
Charles  Belmont,  passing  by,  heard  cries 
of  distress,  and  going  to  the  rescue  took 
the  girl  home  as  a  companion  to  his 
sister.  He  fell  in  love  with  her;  the 
governante,  on  her  death-bed,  told  the 
story  of  her  infamy  ;  and  Charles  married 
the  foundling. — E.  Moore:  The  Foundling 
(1748). 

Fide lio.  Leono'ra,  wife  of  Fernando 
Florestan,  assumed  this  name,  and  dressed 
in  male  attire  (when  her  husband  was  a 
State  prisoner)  that  she  might  enter  the 
service  of  Rocco  the  jailer,  and  hold  inter- 
course with  her  husband. — Beethoven  : 
Fidelia  (1791). 

Fides  (2  5yl'\,  mother  of  John  of 
Leyden.  Believing  that  the  prophet- 
ruler  of  Westphalia  had  caused  her  son's 
death,  she  went  to  Munster  to  curse  him. 
Seeing  the  ruler  pass,  she  recognized  in 
him  her  own  son  ;  but  the  son  pretended 
not  to  know  his  mother,  and  Fid6s,  to 
save  him  annoyance,  professed  to  have 
made  a  mistake.  She  was  put  into  a 
dungeon,  where  John  visited  her ;  and 
when  he  set  fire  to  his  palace,  Fidgs 
rushed  into  the  flames,  and  both  perished 
together. — Meyerbeer :  Le  Prophite  (1849). 

Fidesaa*  the  companion  nf  Sansfov  : 


36s    FIELD  OF  FORTY  FOOTSTEPS. 

but  when  the  Red  Cross  Knight  slew  that 
"  faithless  Saracen,"  Fidessa  told  him  she 
was  the  only  daughter  of  an  emperor  of 
Italy ;  that  she  was  betrothed  to  a  rich 
and  wise  king  ;  and  that  her  betrothed 
being  slain,  she  had  set  forth  to  find  the 
body,  in  order  that  she  might  decently 
inter  it.  She  said  that  in  her  wander- 
ings Sansfoy  had  met  her  and  compelled 
her  to  be  his  companion  ;  but  she  thanked 
the  knight  for  having  come  to  her  rescue. 
The  Red  Cross  Knight,  wholly  deluded 
by  this  plausible  tale,  assvued  Fidessa  of 
his  sympathy  and  protection  ;  but  she 
turned  out  to  be  Duessa,  the  daughter  of 
Falsehood  and  Shame.  The  sequel  must 
be  sought  under  the  word  DuESSA. — 
Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  i.  2  (1590). 

Fi'do,  Faith  personified,  the  foster-son 
of  Ac6e  ("hearing,"  Rom.  x.  17);  his 
foster-sister  is  Meditation.  Fully  de- 
scribed in  canto  ix.  of  The  Purple  Island 
(1633),  by  Phineas  Fletcher.  (Latin, 
fidis,  "faith.") 

Field  of  Blood,  Aceldama,  the  plot 
of  land  purchased  with  the  thirty  pieces  of 
silver  which  Judas  had  received  of  the 
high  priest,  and  which  he  threw  down 
in  the  temple  when  he  saw  that  Jesus 
was  condemned  to  death. — Matt,  xxvii.  5. 

Field  of  Blood,  the  battle-field  of 
Cannae,  where  Hannibal,  B.C.  216,  de- 
feated the  Romans  with  very  great 
slaughter. 

Field  of  Mourning,  a  battle-field 
near  the  city  of  Aragon.  The  battle  was 
fought  July  17,  1 134,  between  the 
Christians  and  the  Moors, 

Field  of  Feterloo,  the  site  of  an 
attack  made  by  the  military  upon  a  reform 
meeting  held  in  Sl  Peter's  Field,  Man- 
chester, August  16,  1819.  As  many  as 
60,000  persons  were  woimded  in  this 
absurd  attack.  The  word  is  a  burlesque 
on  Waterloo. 

Battles  and  bloodshed,  September  massacres,  bridges 
of  Lodi,  retreats  of  Moscow,  Waterloos,  Peterloos, 
ten-pound  franchises,  tar-barrels,  and  guillotines.— 
Carlyte. 


Field  of  the    Cloth  of  G-old,   a 

large  plain  between  Ardres  and  Guisnes 
\Gheen\  where  Fran9ois  I.  interviewed 
Henry  VHI.  in  1520. 

They  differ,  as  a  May-day  procession  of  chimney- 
sweepers differs  from  The  Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold.— 
Macaiday. 

Field  of  the  Forty  Footsteps, 

at  the  back  of  the  British  Museum,  once 
called  Southampton  Fields.  The  tra- 
dition is  that  two  brothers,  in  the  Mon- 
mouth rebellion,  took  different  sides,  and 


FIELD  SPORTS. 

engaged  each  other  in  fight.  Both  were 
killed,  and  forty  impressions  of  their  feet 
were  traceable  in  the  field  for  years  after- 
wards. 

(Jane  and  Anna  Maria  Porter  wrote  a 
novel  called  The  Field  of  the  Forty  Foot- 
steps, and  the  Messrs,  May  hew  took  the 
same  subject  for  a  melodrama.) 

Field  Sports,  a  poem  in  blank  verse 
by  Somerville  (1742). 

Fielding"  {Mrs.),  a  Mttle  querulous 
old  lady  with  a  peevish  face,  who,  in  con- 
sequence of  once  having  been  better  off, 
or  of  labouring  under  the  impression  that 
she  might  have  been  if  something  in  the 
indigo  trade  had  happened  differently, 
was  very  genteel  and  patronizing  indeed. 
When  she  dressed  for  a  party,  she  wore 
gloves,  and  a  cap  of  state  ' '  almost  as  tall 
and  quite  as  stiff  as  a  mitre." 

May  Fielding,  her  daughter,  very  pretty 
and  innocent.  She  was  engaged  to 
Edward  Plummer,  but  heard  that  he  had 
died  in  South  America,  and  consented 
to  marry  Tackleton  the  toy  merchant.  A 
few  days  before  the  day  fixed  for  the 
wedding,  Edward  Plummer  returned,  and 
May  Fielding  married  him.  Tackleton 
gave  them  as  a  present  the  cake  he  had 
ordered  for  his  own  wedding  feast. — 
Dickens:  The  Cricket  on  the  Hearth  {1845). 

Fielding*  of  the  Drama,  George 
Farquhar,  author  of  The  Beaux'  Strata- 
gem, etc.  (1678-1707). 

Fielding's  Proverbs.  These  were 
in  reality  compiled  by  W.  Henry  Ireland, 
the  Shakespeare  impostor,  who  published 
Miscellaneous  Papers  and  Instruments, 
under  the  hand  and  seal  of  William 
Shakespeare,  iruludingthe  tragedy  of  King 
Lear  and  a  small  fragment  of  Hamlet, 
from  the  original,  1796,  folio,  ^4  45.  The 
whole  a  barefaced  forgery. 

Fierabras  {Sir)  [Fe-a'-ra-drah],  a. 
Saracen  of  Spain,  who  made  himself 
master  of  Rome,  and  carried  away  the 
crown  of  thorns  and  the  balsam  with 
which  the  Lord  had  been  embalmed.  His 
chief  exploit  was  to  slay  the  giant  who 
guarded  the  bridge  of  Mantible,  which 
had  thirty  arches,  all  of  black  marble. 
Ba'land  of  Spain  assumed  the  name  of  sir 
Fierabras. 

Balsam  of  Fierabras,  the  balsam  tised 
in  embalming  the  body  of  Christ,  stolen 
by  sir  Fierabras.  It  possessed  such 
virtues  that  one  single  drop,  taken  in- 
ternally, sufficed  to  heal  the  most  malig- 
nant wound.     (See  Balsam,  p.  85.) 


366       FIGHTS  AND  RUNS  AWAY. 

Fierabras    of   Alexandria,    the 

giant  son  of  admiral  Baland  of  Spain. 
He  possessed  all  Babylon,  even  to  the 
Red  Sea,  was  seigneur  of  Russia,  lord  of 
Cologne,  master  of  Jerusalem,  and  of  the 
Holy  Sepulchre.  This  huge  giant  ended 
his  days  in  the  odour  of  sanctity,  "  meek 
as  a  lamb,  and  humble  as  he  was  meek." 

Fierce  [TJie),  Alexander  I.  of  Scot- 
land. So  called  from  the  impetuosity  of 
his  temper  (*,  1107-1124). 

Fiesco,  the  chief  character  of  Schiller's 
tragedy  so  called.  The  poet  makes  Fiesco 
killed  by  the  hand  of  Verri'na  the  repub- 
lican ;  but  history  says  his  death  was  the 
result  of  a  stumble  from  a  plank  (1783). 

Fig"  Sunday,  Palm  Sunday.  So 
called  from  the  custom  of  eating  figs  on 
this  day,  as  snapdragons  on  Christmas 
Eve,  plum-pudding  on  Christmas  Day, 
oranges  and  barley  sugar  on  St.  Valen- 
tine's Eve,  pancakes  on  Shrove  Tuesday, 
salt  cod-fish  on  Ash  Wednesday,  frumenty 
on  Mothering  Sunday  (Mid-lent),  cross- 
buns  on  Good  Friday,  gooseberry-tart 
on  Whit  Sunday,  goose  on  Michaelmas 
Day,  nuts  on  All-Hallows,  and  so  on. 

Fi^s  of  Kolvan.  Holvan  is  a 
stream  of  Persia,  and  the  Persians  say 
its  figs  are  not  to  be  equalled  in  the  whole 
world. 

Luscious  as  the  figrs  of  Holvan. 

Saadi:  Gulisian  (thirteenth  century). 

Pig'aro,  a  barber  of  extraordinary 
cunning,  dexterity,  and  intrigue. — Beau- 
marchais  :  Barbier  de  Seville  (1775). 

Fig'aro,  a  valet,  who  outwits  every 
one  by  his  dexterity  and  cunning. — Beau- 
marchais:  Mariage  de  Figaro  (1784). 

' .  ■  Several  operas  have  been  founded 
on  these  two  comedies :  e.g.  Mozart's 
Nozze  di  Figaro  {1786)  ;  Paisiello's  // 
Barbiere  di  Siviglia  (i8io) ;  Rossini's  // 
Barbiere  di  Siviglia  (1816). 

Fig'aro,  the  sweetheart  of  Susan 
(favourite  waiting-woman  of  the  countess 
Almaviva).  Figaro  is  never  so  happy  as 
when  he  has  two  or  three  plots  in  hand. 
—Holcroft:  The  Follies  of  a  Day  (174S- 
1809). 

Fights  and  Runs  Away  {He 
that). 

He  that  fights  and  runs  away 
May  live  to  fight  another  day 
But  he  that  is  in  battle  slain 
Can  never  rise  to  fight  again. 
Sir  John  Mcnnis  :  Musarum  Delicia  (1656). 

IF  DemosthenSs,  being  reproached  for 
running  away  from  the  battle  of  Chas- 

lonea,    replied,    iv>;p  o  <pev^aiv  xai  na\t¥  fjM- 


FIGHTING  PRELATE. 


367 


FINE-EAR. 


xv«'fr<u  ("A  man  who  runs  away  may  fight 
again"). 

Those  that  fly  may  fight  again, 
Which  he  can  never  do  that's  slain. 

5.  Butler:  Hudibras,  ill.  3  (1678). 

righting  Prelate  {The),  Henry 
Spencer,  bishop  of  Norwich.  He  opposed 
the  rebels  under  Wat  Tyler  with  the 
temporal  sword,  absolved  them,  and  then 
sent  them  to  the  gibbet.  In  1383  he  went 
to  assist  the  burghers  of  Ghent  in  their 
contest  with  the  count  of  Flanders, 

The  bishop  of  Norwich,  the  famous  "  Fighting  Pre- 
late," had  led  an  army  into  Flanders.— iori^  Catnpiell. 

Filch,  a  lad  brought  up  as  a  pick- 
pocket. Mrs.  Peachum  says,  "  He  hath 
9A  fine  a  hand  at  picking  a  pocket  as  a 
woman,  and  is  as  nimble-fingered  as  a 
juggler.  If  an  unlucky  session  does  not 
cut  the  rope  of  thy  life,  I  pronounce,  boy, 
thou  wilt  be  a  great  man  in  history  "  (act 
i,  \).—Gay:  The  Beggar's  Opera  (1727). 

Piler,  a  lean,  churlish  man,  who 
takes  poor  Toby  Veck's  tripe,  and  delivers 
him  a  homily  on  the  sinfulness  of  luxury 
and  self-indulgence. — Dickens:  The 
Chimes  (1844). 

Filia  Doloro'sa,  the  duchesse 
d'Angoul^me,  daughter  of  Louis  XVI. 
Also  called  "The  Modem  Antig'onS" 
<i778-i8si). 

Filio-CLue.  The  following  is  the  knotty 
point  of  theological  controversy  between 
the  Eastern  and  Western  Churches  :  Does 
the  Holy  Ghost  proceed  from  the  Father 
and  tlie  Son  (filio-que),  or  from  the  Father 
only  ?  Of  course,  in  the  Nicene  Creed  in 
the  Book  of  Comfnon  Prayer,  the  question 
is  settled  so  far  as  the  Church  of  England 
is  concerned. 

Fillan,  son  of  Fingal  and  Clatho,  the 
most  highly  finished  character  in  the 
poem  of  Tem'ora.  Fillan  was  younger 
than  his  nephew  Oscar,  and  does  not  ap- 
pear on  the  scene  till  after  Oscar's  death. 
He  is  rash  and  fiery,  eager  for  military 
glory,  and  brave  as  a  lion.  When  Fingal 
appointed  Gaul  to  command  for  the  day, 
Fillan  had  hoped  his  father's  choice  might 
have  fallen  to  his  own  lot.  "On  his 
spear  stood  the  son  of  Clatho  .  .  .  thrice 
he  raised  his  eyes  to  Fingal ;  his  voice 
thrice  failed  him  as  he  spoke.  .  .  .  He 
strode  away ;  bent  over  a  distant  stream 
...  the  tear  hung  in  his  eye.  He  struck 
at  times  the  thistle's  head  with  his  in- 
verted spear. "  Yet  showed  he  no  jealousy, 
for  when  Gaul  was  in  danger,  he  risked 
his  own  life  to  save  him.  Next  day  was 
Fillan's  turn  to  lead,  and  his  deeds  were 


unrivalled  in  dash  and  brilliancy.  He 
slew  Foldath,  the  general  of  the  opposing 
army,  but  when  Cathmor  ' '  lord  of 
Atha,"  the  commander-in-chief,  came 
against  him,  Fillan  fell.  His  modesty 
was  then  as  prominent  as  his  bravery. 
"  Lay  me,"  he  said  to  Ossian,  "in  that 
hollow  rock.  Raise  no  stone  above  me. 
...  I  am  fallen  in  the  first  of  my  fields, 
fallen  without  renown."  Every  incident 
of  Fillan's  life  is  beautiful  in  the  extreme. 
— Ossian :  Temora,  v. 

Fillpot  {Toby),  a  thirsty  old  soul, 
who  ' '  among  jolly  topers  bore  off  the 
bell."  It  chanced  as  in  dog  days  he  sat 
boosing  in  his  arbour,  that  he  died  "  full 
as  big  as  a  Dorchester  butt."  His  body 
turned  to  clay,  and  out  of  the  clay  a 
brown  jug  was  made,  sacred  to  friend- 
ship, mirth,  and  mild  ale. 

His  body,  when  long  in  the  ground  it  had  lain, 

And  time  into  clay  had  resolved  it  again, 

A  potter  found  out  in  its  covert  so  snug, 

And  with  part  of  fat  Toby  he  formed  this  brown  Jug, 

Now  sacred  to  friendship,  to  mirth,  and  mild  ale. 

So  here's  to  my  lovely  sweet  Nan  of  the  vale. 

Rev.  F.  Fa-wkes  (1721-1777). 

N.B. — The  two  best  drinking-songs  in 
the  language  were  both  by  clergymen. 
The  other  is,  /  Cannot  Eat  but  Little 
Meat,  by  John  Still,  bishop  of  Bath  and 
Wells  (1543-1607). 

Filome'ua  {Santa).  At  Pisa  the 
church  of  San  Francisco  contains  a  chapel 
lately  dedicated  to  Santa  Filomena.  Over 
the  altar  is  a  picture  by  Sabatelli,  which 
represents  Filomena  as  a  nymph-like 
figure  floating  down  from  heaven,  at- 
tended by  two  angels  bearing  the  lily, 
the  palm,  and  a  javelin.  In  the  fore- 
ground are  the  sick  and  maimed,  healed 
by  her  intercession. 

Nor  ever  shall  be  wanting  here 
The  palm,  the  lily,  and  the  spear : 

The  symbols  that  of  yore 

St.  Filomena  bore. 

Ltntfellow  :  Sta.  Filcmena. 

'.'  Longfellow  calls  Florence  Nightin- 
gale • '  St.  Filomena  "  (born  at  Florence, 
1820). 

Finality  John,  lord  Tohn  Russell 
(afterwards  "  earl  Russell  "),  who  main- 
tained that  the  Reform  Bill  of  1832  was  a 
finality  (1792-1878). 

Finch  {Margaret),  queen  of  the 
gipsies,  who  died  aged  109,  A.D.  1740. 
She  was  born  at  Sutton,  in  Kent,  and  was 
buried  at  Beckenham,  in  the  same  county. 

Fine-ear,  one  of  the  seven  attend- 
ants of  Fortunio.  He  could  hear  the 
grass  grow,  and  even  the  wool  on  a 
sheep's  back. — Comtesse  D'Aulnoy:  Fairy 
Tales  ("  Fortunio,"  1682). 


FINETOR-  j68 

••*  In  Grimm's  Goblins  is  the  same 
fairy  tale  ("  Fortunio  "). 

Pin'etor,  a  necromancer,  father  of  the 
Enchantress  Damsel. — Vasco  de  Lobeira: 
Amadis  de  Gaul  (thirteenth  century), 

Finetta,  "the  cinder  girl,"  a  fairy 
tale  by  the  comtesse  D'Aulnoy  (1682). 
This  is  merely  the  old  tale  of  Cinderella 
slightly  altered.  Finetta  was  the  youngest 
of  three  princesses,  despised  by  them,  and 
put  to  all  sorts  of  menial  work.  The  two 
sisters  went  to  balls,  and  left  Finetta  at 
home  in  charge  of  the  house.  One  day 
she  found  a  gold  key,  which  opened  a 
wardrobe  full  of  most  excellent  dresses ; 
so,  arraying  herself  in  one,  she  followed 
her  sisters  to  the  ball,  but  she  was  so  fine 
that  they  knew  her  not,  and  she  ran 
home  before  them.  This  occurred  two 
or  three  times,  but  at  last,  in  running 
home,  she  lost  one  of  her  slippers.  The 
young  prince  resolved  to  marry  her  alone 
whose  foot  fitted  the  slipper,  and  Finetta 
became  his  wife.  Finetta  was  also  called 
Auricula  or  "  Fine-ear." 

Fing'al  (or  Fion  na  Gael). 

tixs  father  was  Comhal  or  Combal,  and 
his  mother  Morna. 

(Comhal  was  the  son  of  Trathal  king 
of  Morven,  and  Morna  was  the  daughter 
of  Thaddu. ) 

His  first  wife  was  Roscrana,  mother  of 
Ossian.  His  second  was  Clatho,  mother 
of  Fillan,  etc. 

(Roscrana  was  the  daughter  of  Cormac 
I.  third  kin»  of  Ireland. ) 

His  daughter  was  Bosmi'na,  and  his 
sons  Ossian,  Fillan,  Ryno,  and  Fergus. 
(The  son  of  Ossian  was  Oscar.) 

(Fillan  was  younger  than  his  nephew 
Oscar,  and  both,  together  with  Ryno, 
were  slain  in  battle  before  Fingal  died. ) 

His  bard  and  herald  was  Ullin.  His 
sword  Luno,  so  called  from  its  maker, 
Luno  of  Lochlin  {Denmark).  His  dog 
was  named  "  Bran." 

His  kingdom  was  Morven  {the  north- 
west ceast  of  Scotland) ;  his  capital  S&mo  ; 
his  subjects  were  Caledonians  or  Gaels. 

The  old  Celtic  romances  picture  him 
not  so  much  a  king  as  the  warrior  to 
whom  and  his  heroes  all  Erin  looked  for 
deliverance  from  their  foreign  foes.  His 
standing  array  were  a  kind  of  militia 
called  Feni,  and  it  is  from  them  the 
Fenians  derive  their  name. 

After  the  restoration  of  Ferad-Artho  to 
the  throne  of  Ireland,  Fingal  "resigned  his 
spear  to  Ossian,"  and  he  died  A.D.  283, 


FION. 


Fingfal,  an  epic  in  six  books,  by 
Ossian.  The  subject  is  the  invasion  of 
Ireland  by  Swaran  king  of  Lochlin  {Den- 
mark) during  the  reign  of  Cormac  II. 
(a  minor),  and  its  deliverance  by  the  aid 
of  Fingal  king  of  Morven  {north-west 
coast  of  Scotland).  The  poem  opens  with 
the  overthrow  of  CuthuUin  general  of  the 
Irish  forces,  and  concludes  with  the 
return  of  Swaran  to  his  own  land. 

Pinger.  "Little  finger,  tell  me 
true."  When  M.  Argan  wishes  to  pump 
his  little  daughter  Louison,  respecting  a 
young  gentleman  who  pays  attentions  to 
her  elder  sister,  he  says  to  the  child, 
"  Prenez-y  bien  garde  au  moins ;  car 
voili  un  petit  doigt,  qui  sait  tout,  qui  me 
dira  si  vous  mentez."  When  the  child 
has  told  him  all  she  knows,  he  puts  his 
little  finger  to  his  ear  and  says,  "  Voili 
mon  petit  doigt  pourtant  qui  gronde 
quelque  chose.  Attendez.  H6  !  Ah,  ah  ! 
Oui  ?  Oh,  oh  1  voil^  mon  petit  doigt,  qui 
nieldit  quelque  chose  que  vous  avez  vu 
et  que  vous  ne  m'avez  pas  dit."  To  which 
the  child  replies,  "Ah  !  mon  papa,  votre 
petit  doigt  est  un  menteur." — Moliire . 
Le  Malade  Imaginaire,  ii.  11  (1673). 

Fingfers.  In  chiromancy  we  give  the 
thumb  to  Venus,  ih^  fore-finger  to  Jove, 
the  middle  finger  to  Saturn,  the  ring 
finger  to  Sol,  and  the  little  finger  to  Mer- 
cury.— Ben  Jonson  :  The  Alchemist,  i.  2 
(1610). 

Finis  Polonise.  These  words  are  at- 
tributed (but  without  sufficient  authority) 
to  Koscziusko  the  Pole,  when  he  lay 
wounded  by  the  balls  of  SuwaroflTs 
troops  on  the  field  of  Maciejowieze 
(October  10,  1794). 

Perc<  de  coups,  Koscziusko  s'rfcria  en  tombant 
"  Finis  Poloniae."—y»/icAaKrf.-  Biagrafhie  UviverseUe. 

Pinlayson  {Luckie),  landlady  of  the 
lodgings  in  the  Canongate  of  Edin- 
burgh.— Sir  W.  Scott:  Guy  Mannering 
(time,  George  II.). 

Fin'niston  {Duncan),  a  tenant  of  the 
laird  of  Gudgeonford. 

Luckie  Finniston,  wife  of  Duncan. — Sir 
W.  Scott :  Guy  Mannering  (time,  George 

Fion  (son  of  Comnal),  an  enormous 
giant,  who  could  place  one  foot  on  mount 
Cromleach,  in  Ulster,  and  the  other  on 
mount  Crommal  close  by,  and  then  dip 
his  hand  in  the  river  Lubar,  which  ran 
between. 

With  one  foot  on  the  Crommal  set  and  one  on  mount 

Cromleacli, 
The  waters  of  the  Lubar  stream  his  giant  Iiand  couW 

reach. 

Translation  of  the  Ga-eiic, 


FIONA. 


369 


FIROUZ  SCHAH. 


Fiona,  a  series  of  traditionary  old  Irish 
poems  on  the  subject  of  Fion  (Finn  or 
Fingal)  M'Comnal  and  the  heroes  con- 
aected  with  him. 

Fionnnala,  daughter  of  Lir.  Being 
transformed  into  a  swan,  she  was  doomed 
to  wander  over  certain  lakes  and  rivers  of 
Ireland  till  the  Irish  became  Christians, 
but  the  sound  of  the  first  mass-bell  in 
the  island  was  to  be  the  signal  of  her 
release.     (See  LiR.) 

Silent.  O  Moyle,  be  the  roar  of  thy  water  [County 

Tyrone]  .  .  . 
While  murtnuringf  mournfully  Lir's  lonely  daughter 

Tells  to  the  nig-ht-star  her  tale  of  woes. 
When  shall  the  "swan,"  her  death-note  singing, 

Sleep,  with  wing^s  in  darkness  furl'd? 
When  will  heaven,  its  sweet  "  bell  "  ringflngf, 

Call  my  spirit  from  this  stormy  world  J 
Moort:  Irish  Melodies,  «▼.  ("The  Songof  Fionnuala"). 

Fips,  a  mysterious  person  living  at 
Austin  Friars  (London).  He  is  employed 
by  old  Martin  Chuzzlewit  to  engage  Tom 
Pinch  at  a  weekly  salary  as  librarian  to 
the  Temple  Library. — Dickens:  Martin 
Chuzzlewit  (1844). 

Fir-bolgf  [«.<f.  bowmen,  from  bolg,  "  a 
quiver'"],  a  colony  of  Belgas  from  Britain, 
led  by  Larthon  to  Ireland  and  settled  in 
the  southern  parts  of  the  island.  Their 
chief  was  called  "lord  of  Atha"  (a 
country  of  Connaught),  and  thence  Ire- 
land was  called  Bolga.  Somewhat  later 
a  colony  of  Caledonians  from  the  western 
coast  of  Scotland  settled  in  the  northern 
parts  of  Ireland,  and  made  Ulster  their 
head-quarters.  When  Crotha  was  ' '  lord 
of  Atha,"  he  carried  off  Conlama 
(daughter  of  the  Cael  chief)  by  force, 
and  a  general  war  between  the  two  races 
ensued.  The  Cael  was  reduced  to  the  last 
extremity,  and  sent  to  Trathal  (grand- 
father of  Fingal)  for  aid.  Trathal  ac- 
cordingly sent  over  Conar  with  an  army, 
and  on  his  reaching  Ulster  he  was  made 
"  king  of  the  Cael "  by  acclamation.  He 
utterly  subdued  the  Fir-bolg,  and  became 
"  king  of  Ireland  ;  "  but  the  Fir-bolg  often 
rose  in  insiu-rection,  and  made  many  at- 
tempts to  expel  the  race  of  Conar. — 
Ossian. 

Fire  a  Good  Servant,  but  Bad 
Master. 

For  fire  and  people  doe  in  this  ag^ree. 
They  both  good  servants,  both  ill  masters  be. 
Brooke  :  Inquisition  upon  Fame,  etc.  (1354-1628). 

Fire-Brand  of  France  {The), 
John  Duke  of  Bedford,  regent  of  France 

(1389-1435). 


Drmyttn  :  Ptlyolbion,  x>iii,  (\tv^ 


Fire-drake,  a  fire  which  flies  in  the 
night,  like  a  dragon.  Metaphorically,  it 
means  a  spitfire,  an  irritable,  passionate 
person. 

Common  people  think  the  fire-drake  to  be  a  spirit 
th;it  keepeth  some  hid  treasure,  but  philosophers  alnrni 
it  to  be  a  great  unequal  exhalation  inflamed  betweca 
two  clouds,  the  one  hot  and  the  other  cold,  which  is 
the  reason  that  it  sraoketh.  The  middle  part  .  .  . 
bein<j  greater  than  the  rest,  maketh  it  seeme  like  a 
bellie,  and  the  two  ends  are  like  unto  a  bead  and  taile. 
—BuUokar:  Ex;positor  (1616). 

Fire-new,  i.e.  bran-new  [brennan, 
" io  hwcn,'    brefie,   "shining"). 

Your  fire-new  stamp  of  honour  is  scarce  current. 
Shakespeare  :  Richard  III.  act  1.  sc  3  (iS97). 

Fire-WorsMppers  (The),  the  third 
tale  told  by  Feramorz  to  Lalla  Rookh. 
It  is  in  eight-syllable  rhymes  ;  and 
divided  into  four  parts,  each  of  which  is 
about  500  lines.  The  tale  (a  very  sad  one) 
is  as  follows  :  Hafed  (a  fire-worshipper|, 
seeking  to  kill  Al  Hassan  (emir  of  Arabia), 
who  had  come  to  Persia  to  extirpate  the 
Ghebers,  accidentally  meets  Hinda  the 
emir's  daughter,  and  they  mutually  fall  in 
love  with  each  other.  Hafed  visits  Hinda 
for  several  evenings  in  her  bower,  and 
then  tells  her  they  must  part,  for  her  father 
would  never  consent  to  their  marriage. 
He  then  drops  quietly  from  her  bower, 
and  joins  his  companions  in  the  Ghebers' 
glen.  Hinda,  hearing  that  her  father 
is  preparing  an  expedition  against  the 
Ghebers,  falls  in  a  swoon,  and  her  father, 
ignorant  of  the  cause,  sends  her  to  her 
Arabian  home ;  but  the  vessel  in  which 
she  sails  is  attacked  by  strangers,  and 
Hinda,  blindfolded,  is  taken  to  the 
Ghebers'  glen.  Here  she  discovers  that 
her  lover  is  Hafed,  and  she  tells  him  that 
Al  Hassan  is  about  ta  enter  the  glen 
with  a  large  army,  utterly  to  extirpate  the 
whole  race  of  fire-worshippers.  Hafed 
sends  Hinda  away,  intending  that  she 
should  be  restored  to  her  father,  and  then 
prepares  for  the  attack.  Thousands  of 
the  Moslems  fall,  all  the  Ghebers  are 
slain,  and  Hafed,  mounting  the  fire-pile, 
dies.  Hinda  (by  a  kind  of  presentiment) 
feels  assured  of  his  death,  and,  falling  in  a 
swoon  into  the  water,  is  drowned. — T. 
Moore:  Lalla  Rookh  (1817). 

Fironz  Schah,  son  and  heir  of  the 
king  of  Persia.  One  New  Year's  Day  an 
Indian  brought  to  the  king  an  enchanted 
horse,  which  would  convey  the  rider 
almost  instantaneously  anywhere  he 
might  wish  to  go  to ;  and  asked,  as  the 
price  thereof,  the  king's  daughter  for  his 
wife.  Prince  Firouz,  mounting  the  horse 
to  try  it,  was  carried  to  Bengal,  and  there 


FIRSTGENTLEMAN  OF  EUROPE.    370 


FITZ-BOODLE. 


fell  in  love  with  the  princess,  who  accom- 
panied him  back  to  Persia  on  the  horse. 
When  the  king  saw  his  son  arrive  safe 
and  sound,  he  dismissed  the  Indian  dis- 
courteously ;  but  the  Indian  caught  up 
the  princess,  and,  mounting  the  horse, 
conveyed  her  to  Cashmere.  She  was 
rescued  by  the  sultan  of  Cashmere,  who 
cut  off  the  Indian's  head,  and  proposed 
marriage  himself  to  the  princess.  To 
avoid  this  alliance,  the  princess  pretended 
to  be  mad.  The  sultan  sent  for  his  physi- 
cians, but  they  could  suggest  no  cure. 
At  length  came  one  who  promised  to  cure 
the  lady ;  it  was  prince  Firouz  in  disguise. 
He  told  the  sultan  that  the  princess  had 
contracted  enchantment  from  the  horse, 
and  must  be  set  on  it  to  disenchant  her. 
Accordingly,  she  was  set  on  the  horse, 
and  while  Firouz  caused  a  thick  cloud  of 
smoke  to  arise,  he  mounted  with  the  lady 
through  the  air,  saying  as  he  did  so, 
"Sultan  of  Cashmere,  when  you  would 
espouse  a  princess  who  craves  your  pro- 
tection, first  learn  to  obtain  her  consent," 
— Arabian  Nights  ("The  Enchanted 
Horse  "). 

First    Gentleman    of    Europe, 

George  IV.  (1762,  1820-1830),   (See  FuM,) 
Louis  d'Artois  of  France  was  so  called 
also. 

The  "  First  Gentleman  of  Europe  "  had  not  yet  quite 
lost  his  once  eleg-ant  figure, — B.  Yates  :  Celebrities, 
xvii, 

rirst     Grenadier     of    France. 

Latour  d'Auverge  was  so  called  by  Na- 
poleon (1743-1800). 

First  Love,  a  comedy  by  Richard 
Cumberland  (1796).  Frederick  Mowbray's 
first  love,  being  dowerless,  marries  the 
wealthy  lord  Ruby,  who  soon  dies,  leaving 
all  his  fortune  to  his  widow.  In  the  mean 
time,  Frederick  goes  abroad,  and  at  Padua 
falls  in  vrith  Sabina  Rosny,  who  nurses 
him  through  a  severe  sickness,  for  which 
he  thinks  he  is  bound  in  honour  to  marry 
her.  She  comes  with  him  to  England, 
and  is  placed  under  the  charge  of  lady 
Ruby.  Sabina  tells  lady  Ruby  she  can- 
not marry  Frederick,  because  she  is  mar- 
ried already  to  lord  Sensitive,  and  even 
if  it  were  not  so,  she  could  not  marry 
him,  for  all  his  affections  are  witli  lady 
Ruby  ;  this  she  discovered  in  the  delirium 
of  the  young  man,  when  his  whole  talk 
was  about  her  ladyship.  In  the  end,  lord 
Sensitive  avows  himself  the  husband  of 
Sabina,  and  Frederick  marries  his  first 
love. 


Fislx  {One-eyed),  in  the  mere  of  Snow- 
donia  or  the  Snowdon  group, 

Snowdon  ,  .  .  his  proper  mere  did  note  .  ,  , 
That  pool  in  which  .  ,  ,  the  one-eyed  fish  are  found. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbicn,  ix.  (1612). 

He  eats  no  fish,  that  is,  "he  is  no 
papist,"  "he  is  an  honest  man,  or  one  to 
be  trusted."  In  the  reign  of  queen  Eliza- 
beth papists  were,  generally  speaking,  the 
enemies  of  the  Government,  and  hence 
one  who  did  not  eat  fish,  like  a  papist  on 
fast  days,  was  considered  a  protestant, 
and  friend  to  the  Government, 

I  do  profess  ...  to  serve  him  truly  that  will  put  me 
In  trust  .  ,  .  and  to  eat  no  iiS>Su—^hakesiiear* :  King 
Lear,  act  i.  sc  4  (1605). 

Fish  and  the  Ring. 

(i)  Polycrat6s,  being  too  fortunate,  was 
advised  to  cast  away  something  he  most 
highly  prized,  and  threw  into  the  sea  an 
engraved  gem  of  great  value,  A  few  days 
afterwards  a  fish  came  to  his  table,  and  in 
it  was  this  very  gem. — Herodotus,  iii.  40. 

(2)  A  certain  queen,  having  formed  an 
illicit  attachment  to  a  soldier,  gave  him  a 
ring  which  had  been  the  present  of  her 
husband.  The  king,  being  apprized  there- 
of, got  possession  of  the  ring  while  the 
soldier  was  asleep,  threw  it  into  the  sea, 
and  then  asked  his  queen  to  bring  it  him. 
In  great  alarm,  she  went  to  St.  Kentigern 
and  told  him  everything.  The  saint  went 
to  the  Clyde,  caught  a  salmon  with  the 
ring  in  its  mouth,  and  gave  it  to  the 
queen,  who  thus  saved  her  character  and 
her  husband.  This  legend  is  told  about 
the  Glasgow  arms. 

(3)  The  arms  of  dame  Rebecca  Berry, 
wife  of  sir  Thomas  Elton,  Stratford-le- 
Bow,  to  be  seen  at  St,  Dunstan's  Church, 
Stepney.  The  tale  is  that  a  knight,  hear- 
ing the  cries  of  a  woman  in  labour,  knew 
that  the  infant  was  destined  to  become 
his  wife.  He  tried  to  elude  his  destiny, 
and,  when  the  infant  had  grown  to  woman- 
hood, threw  a  ring  into  the  sea,  command- 
ing the  damsel  never  to  see  his  face  again 
till  she  could  produce  the  ring  which  he 
had  cast  away.  In  a  few  days  a  cod-fish 
was  caught,  and  the  ring  was  found  in  its 
mouth.  The  young  woman  producing  the 
ring,  the  marriage  was  duly  consummated. 
— Romance  of  London. 

(4)  Solomon's  signet-ring.     (See  Sak- 

HAR.) 

Fisher  {Ralph),  assistant  of  Roland 
Graeme,  at  Avenel  Castle. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
The  Abbot  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Fitz-Boo'dle  {George),  a  name  as- 
sumed by  Thackeray  in  a  series  of  articles 


I 


FITZBORN. 


371 


FLAGS. 


called  " Fitz- Boodle  Papers,"  contributed 
to  Fraset's  Magazine  {1842). 

Fitzbom,  in  Vivian  Grey,  by  Disraeli 
(lord  Beaconsfield),  is  said  to  be  meant 
for  sir  Robert  Peel  (1826-27). 

Pitz-Pulke  [Hebe  duchess  of),  a 
"gracious,  graceful,  graceless  grace" 
(canto  xvi.  49),  staying  with  lord  and 
lady  Amundeville  (4  syl.),  while  don 
Juan  "  the  Russian  envoy "  was  their 
g^est.  Don  Juan  fancied  he  saw  in  the 
night  the  apparition  of  a  monk,  which 
produced  such  an  effect  on  bis  looks  and 
behaviour  as  to  excite  attention.  When 
the  cause  of  his  perturbation  was  known, 
lady  Adeline  sang  to  him  a  tale  purport- 
ing to  explain  the  apparition;  but  "her 
frolic  grace "  at  night  personated  the 
ghost  to  carry  on  the  joke.  She  was, 
however,  discovered  by  don  Juan,  who 
was  resolved  to  penetrate  the  mystery, 
but  what  followed  his  discovery  is  not 
recorded  ;  and  thus  the  sixteenth  and  last 
book  of  Don  Juan  ends. — Byron:  Don 
Juan  (1824). 

Fitzurse  {Lord  Waldemar)  a  baron 
in  the  suite  of  prince  John  of  Anjou 
(brother  of  Richard  Coeur  de  lAon).— Sir 
W.  Scott:  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Pive,  says  Pythagoras,  "  has  peculiar 
force  in  expiations.  It  is  everything.  It 
stops  the  power  of  poisons,  and  is  re- 
doubted by  evil  spirits.  TJnity  or  the 
monad  is  deity,  or  the  first  cause  of  all 
things— the  good  principle.  Two  or  the 
dyad  is  the  symbol  of  diversity — the  evil 
principle.  Three  or  the  triad  contains 
the  mystery  of  mysteries,  for  everything 
is  composed  of  three  substances.  It  re- 
presents God,  the  soul  of  the  world,  and 
the  spirit  of  man.  Five  is  2  +  3»  or  *^c 
combination  of  the  first  of  the  equals 
and  the  first  of  the  unequals,  hence  also 
the  combination  of  the  good  and  evil 
powers  of  nature." — Pythagoras:  On  the 
Pentad. 

Pive  Kin^s  of  Prance,  the  five 
directors  (i795)- 

The  fire  kings  of  France  sit  In  their  curule  chairs 
with  their  flesh-coloured  breeches  and  regal  mantles.— 
Atelier  du  Lys,  iu 

Pive  Points  of  Doctrine  ( The) : 
(i)  Predestination  or  particular  election ; 
(2)  Irresistible  grace ;  (3)  Original  sin  or 
the  total  depravity  of  the  natural  man  ; 
(4)  Particular  redemption  ;  and  (5)  The 
final  perseverance  of  the  saints.  The  Cal- 
vinists  believe  the  aQirmative  of  all  these 
five  points. 


Pive-ponnd  Note.  De  Quincy  tried 
in  vain  to  raise  the  loan  of  half  a  crown  on 
the  security  of  a  five-pound  note.  I  my- 
self had  a  similar  difficulty  in  a  restaurant 
in  London. 

Pive  Wits  ( The)  :  common  wit, 
imagination,  fantasy,  estimation,  and 
memory. 

1.  Common  wit  is  that  inward  sense 
which  judges  what  the  five  senses  simply 
discern :  thus  the  eye  sees,  the  nose 
smells,  the  ear  hears,  and  so  on,  but  it 
is  "common  wit  "  that  informs  the  brain 
and  passes  judgment  on  the  goodness  or 
badness  of  these  external  matters. 

2.  Imagination  works  on  the  mind, 
causing  it  to  realize  what  has  been  pre- 
sented to  it. 

3.  'Fantasy  energizes  the  mind  to  act  in 
accordance  with  the  judgment  thus  pro- 
nounced. 

4.  Estimation  decides  on  all  matters 
pertaining  to  time,  space,  locality,  re- 
lation, and  so  on. 

5.  Memory  enables  the  mind  to  retain 
the  recollection  of  what  has  been  imparted. 

These  are  the  five  witts  removying  inwardly- 
First  "  Common  Witte,"  and  then  "  Ymagination," 
"  Fantasy  "  and  "  Estimatioa  "  truely, 
And  "  Memory." 
Halves  :  The  Passe-tynu  o/Plesure,  xxiv.  (1515). 

Placcns.  Horace  the  Roman  poet, 
whose  full  name  was  Quintus  Horatius 
Flaccus  (B.C.  65-8). 

Pladdock  [General),  a  friend  of  the 
Norris  family  in  America,  and,  like  them, 
devoted  to  titles  and  aristocracy.  — 
Dickens:  Martin  Chuzzlewit  (1844). 

Plags. 

Banners  of  saints  and  images  are 
smaller  than  standards,  and  not  slit  at  the 
extremity. 

Royal  Banners  contain  the  royal  coat 
of  arms. 

Bannerols,  banners  of  great  width ; 
they  represent  alliances  and  descent. 

Pennons,  smaller  than  standards. 
They  are  rounded  at  the  extremity  and 
charged  with  arms, 

Pensils,  small  flags  shaped  like  the 
vanes  which  surmount  pinnacles. 

Standards,  much  larger  and  longer 
than  banners. 

•.•  The  Royal  British  Standard  has 
two  quarters  of  red  with  the  leopards  of 
England,  a  quarter  of  yellow  on  which  is 
the  red  lion  of  Scotland,  and  the  fourth 
quarter  a  blue  field  on  which  is  the  harp 
of  Ireland. 

The  Union  Jack  is  a  blue  flag  with 


FLAMBERGE. 

three  united  crosses  extending  to  the  ex- 
treme edges :  (i)  St.  George's  cross  {red 
on  white)  for  England ;  (2)  St.  Andrew's 
cross  {white  on  blue)  for  Scotland  ;  (3)  St. 
Patrick's  cross  {red  on  white)  for  Ireland. 
In  all  other  flags  containing  the  "  Union 
Jack,"  the  Jack  is  confined  to  the  first 
quarter  or  a  part  thereof. 

Flam'bergre  (2  syl. ),  the  sword  which 
Maugis  took  from  Anthe'nor  the  Saracen 
admiral,  when  he  attacked  the  castle  of 
Oriande  la  F6e.  The  sword  was  made 
by  Weylahd,  the  Scandinavian  Vulcan. — 
Romance  of  Maugis  dAygremont  et  de 
Vivian  son  Frire. 

Flamboroug'li  {Solomon),  farmer. 
A  talkative  neighbour  of  Dr.  Primrose, 
vicar  of  Wakefield.  Moses  Primrose 
marries  one  of  his  daughters. 

The  Misses  Flamborough,  daughters  of 
the  farmer.  Their  homeliness  contrasts 
well  with  the  flashy  pretenders  to  fashion 
introduced  by  squire  Thornhill. — Gold- 
smith :   Vicar  of  Wakefield  (1766). 

Flame  {Lord),  Samuel  Johnson  the 
jester,  author  of  Hurlo-Thrumbo,  an  ex- 
travaganza {1729).  He  dressed  "  in  black 
velvet,  with  a  white  flowing  periwig,  and 
spoke  sometimes  in  one  key,  and  some- 
times in  another ;  danced  sometimes, 
sometimes  fiddled,  and  sometimes  walked 
on  stilts." 

This  is  not  Dr.  Johnson,  though  his  contemporary. 
The  dramatist  lived  1703-1773 ;  the  leiicogrrapher  lived 
X709-1784. 

Flammer  {The  Hon.  Mr.  Frisk),  a 
Cantab,  nephew  to  lord  Totterly.  He  is 
a  young  gentleman  with  a  vivid  imagina- 
tion, small  income,  and  large  debts. — 
Selby  :  The  Unfinished  Gentleman. 

Flammock  ( Wilkin),  a  Flemish 
soldier  and  burgess  at  the  castle  of  Garde 
Doloureuse. 

Rose  or  Roschen  Flammock,  daughter  of 
Wilkin  Flammock,  and  attendant  on  lady 
Eveline.— 5?>  W.  Scott:  The  Betrothed 
(time,  Plenry  II.). 

Flanders  {Moll),  a  woman  of  extra- 
ordinary beauty,  born  in  Old  Bailey. 
She  was  twelve  years  a  harlot,  five  years 
a  wife,  twelve  years  a  thief,  and  eight 
years  a  convict  in  Virginia ;  but  ulti- 
mately she  became  rich,  lived  honestly, 
and  died  a  penitent  in  the  reign  of  Charles 
II.  —  Defoe:  The  Fortunes  of  Moll 
Flanders  (1721). 

Flanders  llare(^),  Anne  of  Cleves, 
one  of  the  wives  of  Henry  VIII.  She 
died  at  Chelsea  in  1557.  . 


372 


FLECKNOE. 


Fla,s'h.{Captain),  a  blustering,  cowardly 
braggart,  "always  talking  of  fighting 
and  wars."  In  the  Flanders  war  he  pre- 
tended to  be  shot,  sneaked  off  into  a 
ditch,  and  thence  to  England.  When 
captain  Loveit  met  him  paying  court  to 
Miss  Biddy  Bellaw,  he  commanded  the 
blustering  coward  to  "deliver  up  his 
sword,"  and  added — 

"  Leave  this  house,  change  the  colour  of  your  clothe*     j  i 
and  fierceness  of  your  looks ;  appear  from  top  to  toe 
the  wretch,  the  very  wretch  thou  art  1 " — Garrick  : 
Miss  in  Her  Teens  (1753). 

Henry  Woodward  [1717-1777]  was  the  best  "  Copper 
Captain,"  "  captain  Flash,"  and  "  Bobadil "  of  his  day. 
—Leslie:  Life  0/ Reynolds. 

("  Copper  Captain/'  in  Rule  a  Wife 
and  Have  a  Wife,  by  Fletcher;  "  Boba- 
dil," in  Every  Man  in  His  Humour,  by 
Ben  Jonson.) 

Flatterer.  The  Romans  called  a 
flatterer  "a  Vitellius,"  from  Vitellius 
president  of  Syria,  who  worshipped 
Jehovah  in  Jerusalem,  and  Calig'ula  in 
Rome.  Tacitus  says  of  him,  "  Exemplar 
apud  posteros  adulatorii  habetur"  {An- 
nals, vi.  32). 

Idem  \yiUllius'\  miri  in  adulando  ingenii ;  primus  C- 
Caesarem  adbrari  ut  deum  vas^\\.\i\t.—Suetonius  (s  syl.\ : 
ViUl.,  iL 

Fla'viTis,  the  faithful,  honest  steward 
of  Timon  the  man-hater. — Shakespeare: 
Ti?non  of  Athens  {z6oo). 

Fle'ance  (2  syl.),  son  of  Banquo. 
After  the  assassination  of  his  father,  he 
escaped  to  Wales,  where  lie  married  the 
daughter  of  the  reigning  prince,  and  had 
a  son  named  Walter.  This  Walter  after- 
wards became  lord  high  steward  of  Scot- 
land, and  called  himself  Walter  the 
Steward.  From  him  proceeded  in  a  direct 
Hne  the  Stuarts  of  Scotland,  a  royal  line 
which  gave  James  VI.  of  Scotland  and 
I.  of  England.  —  Shakespeare  :  Macbeth 
(1606). 

(Of  course,  this  must  not  be  looked  on 
as  history.  Historically,  there  was  no 
such  person  as  Banquo,  and  therefore  this 
descent  from  Fleance  is  mere  fable.) 

Flecknoe  {Richard),  poet-laureate  to 
Charles  II.,  author  of  dramas,  poems,  and 
other  works.  As  a  poet,  his  name  stands 
on  a  level  with  Bavius  and  Maevius. 
Dryden  says  of  him — 

...  he  reigned  without  dispute 
Thro'  all  the  reahus  of  nonsense  absolute. 

Dryden  :  APFlecnoe  (1682). 

(It  was  not  Flecknoe  but  Shadwell  that 
Dryden  wished  to  castigate  in  this  satire. 
The  ofifence  was  that  Dryden  was  re- 
moved from  the  post  of  laureate,  and 


FLEDGEBY. 


373 


Shadwell  appointed  in  his  place.  The 
angry  ex-laureate  says,  with  more  point 
than  truth,  that  "  Shadwell  never  deviates 
into  sense.") 

PledgfeTiy  (2  syl.),  an  over-reaching, 
cowardly  sneak,  who  conceals  his  dirty 
bill-broking  under  the  trade-name  of 
Pubsey  and  Co.  He  is  soundly  thrashed 
by  Alfred  Lammle,  and  quietly  pockets 
the  affront.  —  Dickens :  Our  Mutual 
Friend  {186^). 

Fleece  {The),  a  poem  in  blank  verse, 
divided  into  three  books,  on  the  subject  of 
wool,  by  John  Dyer  (1757). 

Fleece  :of  Gold  (Order  of  the),  in- 
stituted, in  1430,  by  Philippe  de  Bour- 
gogne,  surnamed  Le  Bon. 

Stately  dames,  like  queens  attended,  knights  who  bo» 
the  Fleece  of  Gold. 

Lonz/illovi:  Belfry  of  Brusti. 

FleeceTjum'pkin  (3  syl),  bailiff  of 
Mr.  Ireby,  the  country  squire. — Sir  VV. 
Scott:  The  Two  Drovers  (time,  George 
III.). 

Fleece'em  {Mrs.),  meant  for  Mrs. 
Rudd,  a  smuggler,  thief,  milliner,  match- 
maker, and  procuress.  —  Foote :  The 
Cozeners. 

Fleetwood,  or  The  New  Man  of 
Feeling,  the  hero  of  a  novel  so  named  by 
W.  Godwin  (1805). 

FLEM'ING  [Archdeacon),  the  clergy- 
man to  whom  old  MegMurdochson  made 
her  confession. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Heart  of 
Midlothian  (time,  George  II.). 

Flem'in^  (Sir  Malcolm),  a  former 
suitor  of  lady  Margaret  de  Hautlieu. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Castle  Dangerous  (time, 
Henry  I.). 

Fleming  (Lady  Mary),  one  of  the 
maids  of  honour  to  Mary  queen  of  Scots. 
—Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Abbot  (time,  Eliza- 
beth). 

Fleming  (Rosi) ,  niece  of  Mrs.  Maylie. 
Rose  marries  her  cousin  Harry  Maylie. 

She  was  past  17.  Cast  in  so  slight  and  exquisite  a 
mould,  so  mild  and  gentle,  90  pure  and  beautiful,  that 
earth  seemed  not  her  element,  nor  its  rough  creatures 
her  fit  companions.  The  very  intelligence  that  shone 
in  her  deep  blue  eye  .  .  .  seemed  scarcely  ...  of  the 
world,  and  yet  the  changing  expression  of  sweetness 
and  good-humour,  the  thousand  lights  that  played 
about  the  face  .  .  .  above  all  the  smile,  the  cheerful, 
happy  smile,  were  made  for  home  and  fireside  peaces 
and  happiness.— Z)»<;-fe<rMJ/  Oliver  Tvnst,  xxix,  (1837). 

Flemish,  School  (The),  a  school 
of  painting  commencing  in  the  fifteenth 
century,  with  the  brothers  Van  Eyck. 
The  chief  early  masters  were  Memling, 


FLINT. 

Weyden,  Matsys,  Mabuse,  and  More. 
The  chief  of  the  second  period  were 
Rubens,  Rembrandt,  Paul  Potter,  Cuyp, 
Vandyck,  Snyders,  Jordaens,  Kaspar  de 
Grayer,  and  the  younger  Teniers. 

Fleshly  School  (The),  a  class  of 
British  poets  of  which  Swinburne, 
Rossetti,  Morris,  etc.,  are  exponents. 
So  called  from  the  sensuous  character  of 
their  poetry. 

(It  was  Thomas  Maitland  [i.e.  R.  W. 
Buchanan]  who  first  gave  them  this  appel- 
lation in  tne  Contemporary  Review. ) 

Fleta,  a  Latin  treatise  on  English  law. 
Author  uncertain. 

Fletcher  (Dick),  one  of  the  crew  of 
the  pirate  vessel.  —  Sir  W.  Scott :  The 
Pirate  (time,  William  III.). 

Flenr  de  Marie,  the  betrothed  of 
captain  Phoebus. — Victor  Hugo:  Notre 
Dame  de  Paris  (1831). 

Fleurant,  an  apothecary.  He  flies 
into  a  rage  because  B6ralde  (2  syl.)  says 
to  his  brother,  "  Remettezcela  k  unefois, 
et  demeurez  un  peu  en  repos."  The 
apothecary  flares  out,  "  De  quoi  vous 
mfilez  vous  de  vous  opposer  aux  ordon- 
nances  de  la  m^decine  .  .  .  je  vais  dire  k 
Monsieur  Purgon  corame  on  m'a  em- 
pgche  d'executer  ses  ordres  .  .  .  Vous 
verrez,  vous  verrez." — Moliire :  Le Malade 
Imaginaire  (1673). 

FlibTjertigibTiet,  the  fiend  that 
gives  man  the  squint  eye  and  hare-Up, 
sends  mildews  and  blight,  etc. 

This  is  the  foul  fiend  Flibbertigibbet  ...  he  gives 
the  web  and  the  pin  idiseases  of  the  eye\  squints  [cy] 
the  eye,  and  makes  the  hare-lip  ;  [Air]  mildews  the  white 
v/hcat,  and  hurts  the  poor  creature  of  earth. — King 
Lear,  act  iii.  sc  4  (1605). 

•.•  Shakespeare  got  this  name  from 
bishop  Harsnett's  Declaration  of  Popish 
Impostures,  where  Flibberdigibet  is  one  of 
the  fiends  which  the  Jesuits  cast  out  of 
Edmund  Peckham. 

Flibbertigihhet  or  "  Dickie  Sludge," 
the  dwarf  grandson  of  Gammer  Sludge 
(landlady  of  Erasmus  Holiday,  the  school- 
master in  the  vale  of  Whitehorse).  In 
the  entertainment  given  by  the  earl  of 
Leicester  to  queen  Elizabeth,  Dickon 
Sludge  acts  the  part  of  an  imp. — Sir  W, 
Scott:  Kenilworth  (X-imQ,  Elizabeth). 

Flim.-Flam,S,  or  The  Life  and  Errors 
of  7ny  Uncle,  and  the  Amours  of  my  Aunt, 
by  Isaac  Disraeli  (1805). 

Flint  (Lord),  chief  minister  of  state  to 
oue  of  the  sultans  of  India.     lie  had  the 


FLINT, 


374 


FLORA. 


enviable  faculty  of  a  very  short  memory 
when  he  did  not  choose  to  recollect. 
"  My  people  know,  no  doubt,  but  I  can- 
not recollect,"  was  his  stock  phrase. — 
Mrs,  Inchbald:  Such  Things  Are  {17^6), 

Plint,  jailer  in  The  Deserter,  a  musical 
drama  by  Dibdin  (1770). 

Plint  [Sir  Clement),  a  very  kind- 
hearted,  generous  old  bachelor,  who 
"  trusts  no  one,"  and  though  he  professes 
his  undoubted  belief  to  be  "that  self  is 
the  predominant  principle  of  the  human 
mind,"  is  never  so  happy  as  when  doing 
an  unselfish  and  generous  act.  He  settles 
;^20oo  a  year  on  the  young  lord  Gayville, 
his  nephew,  that  he  may  marry  Miss 
Alton,  the  lady  of  his  choice ;  and  says, 
' '  To  reward  the  deserving,  and  make 
those  we  love  happy,  is  self-interest  in  the 
extreme." — Burgoyne:  The  Heiress  (1781). 

Flint  Jack,  Edward  Simpson,  who 
used  to  tramp  the  kingdom,  vending 
spurious  flint  arrow-heads,  celts,  and 
other  imitation  antiquities.  In  1867  he 
was  imprisoned  for  theft. 

Plippan'ta,  an  intriguing  lady  s-maid, 
daughter  of  Mrs.  Cloggit.  She  is  in  the 
service  of  Clarissa,  and  aids  her  in  all  her 
follies.  —  Vanbrugh  :  The  Confederacy 
(1695).     (See  LissARDO.) 

\  saw  Miss  Pope  for  the  second  time  in  the  year  1790, 
In  the  character  of  "  Flippanta."— yaw«  Smith. 

Flite  {Miss),  a  poor  crazed,  good- 
hearted  woman,  who  has  lost  her  wits 
through  the  "law's  delay."  She  is 
always  haunting  the  Courts  of  Chancery 
with  "  her  documents,"  hoping  against 
hope  that  she  will  receive  a  judgment. 
—Dickens:  Bleak  House,  iv.  {1852). 

Flockliairt  (  Widow),  landlady  of  the 
lodgings  in  the  Canongate  where  Waver- 
ley  and  M'lvor  dine  with  the  baron  of 
Bradwardine  (3  syl.). — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Waverley  (time,  George  IL). 

Flodden  Field.  This  battle  was 
fought  September  9,  1513,  and  it  was 
there  that  the  earl  of  Surrey  defeated  the 
Scots.  The  ballad  so  called  was  written 
in  1664,  author  unknown. 

Flog'g'ed  by  Deputy.  The  marquis 
de  Leganez  forbade  the  tutor  of  his  son  to 
use  rigour  or  corporal  punishment  of  any 
kind,  so  the  tutor  hit  upon  this  device 
to  intimidate  the  boy :  he  flogged  a  lad 
named  Raphael,  brought  up  with  young 
Leganez  as  a  playmate,  whenever  that 
young  nobleman    deserved  punishment. 


This  produced  an  excellent  effect ;  but 
Raphael  did  not  see  its  justice,  and  ran 
away. — Lesage:  Gil  Bias,  v.  i.  (1724). 

%  When  Henri  IV.  abjured  the  protes- 
tant  faith,  and  was  received  into  the 
Catliolic  Chiu-ch,  two  ambassadors  were 
sent  to  Rome  as  his  representatives.  They 
knelt  in  the  portico  of  St.  Peter's,  sang 
the  Miserere  (4  syl.),  and  at  each 
verse  were  struck  with  a  switch  on  the 
naked  shoulders.  This  was,  by  a  fiction, 
supposed  to  be  the  penance  suffered  by 
the  king  for  having  been  a  protestant. 

FloUo  or  FloUio,  a  Roman  tribune, 
who  held  the  province  of  Gaul  under  the 
emperor  Leo.  When  king  Arthur  invaded 
Gaul,  the  tribune  fled  to  Paris,  which 
Arthur  besieged,  and  Flollo  proposed  to 
decide  the  quarrel  by  single  combat.  To 
this  Arthur  agreed,  and  cleft  with  his 
sword  Caliburn  both  the  helmet  and  head 
of  his  adversary.  Having  made  himself 
master  of  all  Gaul,  king  Arthur  held  his 
court  at  Paris. — Geoffrey:  British  His- 
tory, ix.  II  (1142). 

And  after  these  .  .  . 

At  Paris  in  the  lists  {Arthur]  with  FloIHo  foaght  J 
The  emperor  Leon's  power  to  raise  his  stege  that 
brought. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  ir.  (1613). 

Flood  [Noafis).    (See  Raven.) 

Flopson,  Mrs.  Matthew  Pocket's 
principal  nurse. — Dickens:  Great  Expec- 
tations (1858). 

Flor  and  Blancheflor,  the  title  of 
a  minnesong  by  Conrad  Fleck,  at  one 
time  immensely  popular.  It  is  the  story 
of  two  children  who  fall  in  love  with  each 
other.  There  is  a  good  deal  of  grace  and 
tenderness  in  the  tale,  with  an  abundance 
of  trash.  Flor,  the  son  of  Feinix,  a  pagan 
king,  is  brought  up  with  Blancheflor  (an 
enfant  void).  The  two  children  love  each 
other,  but  Feinix  sells  Blancheflor  to  some 
Eastern  merchants.  Flor  goes  in  quest 
of  Blancheflor,  whom  he  finds  in  Baby- 
Ion,  in  the  palace  of  the  sultan,  who  is  a 
sorcerer.  He  gains  access  to  the  palace, 
hidden  in  a  basket  of  roses ;  but  the 
sultan  discovers  him,  and  is  about  to  cast 
both  into  the  flames,  when,  touched  with 
human  gentleness  and  love,  he  sets  them 
free,  lliey  then  return  to  Spain,  find 
Feinix  dead,  and  marry  (fourteenth  cen- 
tury). 

Flo'ra,  goddess  of  flowers.  In  natural 
history  all  the  flowers  and  vegetable  pro- 
ductions of  a  country  or  locahty  are  called 
lis, flora;  and  all  its  animal  productions  its 
fauna. 


FLORA.  375 

Flora,  the  waiting- worn  an  of  donna 
Violante.  In  love  with  Lissado,  the  valet 
of  don  Felix. — Mrs.  Ctntlivre:  Tlu  Won- 
der (1714). 

Mrs.  Mattocks's  was  the  most  affecting  theatrical 
leave-taking  we  erer  witnessed.  The  part  she  chose 
was  "  Flora,"  to  Cook's  "  don  Felix,"  which  she  played 
with  ali  the  treshness  and  spirit  of  a  woman  in  her 
prime.— TAf  New  Monthly  (1826). 

Flora,  the  niece  of  old  Farmer  Free- 
hold. She  is  a  great  beauty,  and  capti- 
vates Heartwell,  who  marries  her.  The 
two  are  so  well  assorted  that  their  ' '  best 
love  is  after  their  espousals." — y.  P. 
Kemile  :  The  Farm-house. 

Florae  (Comtede),  a  French  emigrant, 
courteous,  extravagant,  light-hearted,  and 
vain. — Thackeray  ;   The  Newcomes  ( 1855). 

Floranthe  [Donna),  a  lady  beloved 
by  Octavian.  Octavian  goes  mad  because 
he  fancies  Floranthe  (3  syl.\  is  untrue  to 
him,  but  Roque,  a  blunt,  kind-hearted 
servitor,  assures  him  he  is  mistaken,  and 
persuades  him  to  return  home. — G.  Col- 
man  :  Octavian  (1824). 

Flor'delice  (3  syl),  the  mistress  of 
Bran'diinart  (king  of  the  Distant  Islands). 
— Ariosto  :  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Flordespi'na,  daughter  of  Marsiglio. 
— Ariosto:  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Florence.  Mrs.  Spencer  Smith, 
daughter  ot  baron  Herbert  the  Austrian 
ambassador  in  England.  She  was  born 
at  Constantinople,  during  her  father's 
residence  in  that  city.  Byron  made  her 
acquaintance  in  Malta,  but  Thomas  Moore 
thinks  his  devotion  was  more  imaginary 
than  real.  In  a  letter  to  his  mother,  his 
lordship  says  he  "finds  her  [Florence] 
very  pretty,  very  accomplished,  and  ex- 
tremely eccentric." 

Thou  tnayst  find  a  new  Calypso  there. 
Sweet  Florence,  could  another  ever  share 
This  wayward,  loveless  heart,  it  would  be  thine. 
Byron  :  Child*  Harold,  ii,  30  (i8io). 

Florence  {The  German),  Dresden, 
also  called  "  The  Florence  of  the  North." 

Florence  Dombey.    (See  Dombey.) 

Florent  or  Florentius,  a  knight  who 
promises  to  wed  a  hag  if  she  will  teach 
him  to  expound  a  riddle,  and  thus  save 
his  life. — Cower:  Confessio  Amantis, 
bk.  i.  (1393)- 

Be  she  foul  as  was  Florentius'  lover. 
Shakespeare:   Tatning  o/the  Shrew,  act  i.  sc.  a  (1594). 

II  "The  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,"  in 
Chaucer's  Canterbury  Tales,  is  the  same 
story.  The  ugly  old  hag  becomes  con- 
verted  into  a  beautiful  young  princess, 


FLORESKL 

and  "  Florent "  is  called  "  one  of  Arthur's 
knights"  (1388). 

•.•  Ix>ve  beautifies  the  plainest  face. 

Florentine  Diamond  [The),  the 
fourth  largest  cut  diamond  in  the  world. 
It  weighs  139^  carats,  and  was  the  largest 
diamond  belonging  to  "  Charles  the 
Bold,"  duke  of  Burgundy.  It  was  picked 
up  by  a  Swiss  peasant,  who  sold  it  to  a 
priest  for  half  a  crown.  The  priest  sold 
it  for  ;^200,  to  Bartholomew  May  of 
Berne.  It  subsequently  came  into  the 
hands  of  pope  JuUus  II.,  and  the  pope 
gave  it  to  the  emperor  of  Austria.  (See 
Diamonds.) 

Florentius.    (See  Florent.) 

Flores  or  Isle  of  Flowers,  one  of 
the  Azores  (2  syl.).  It  was  discovered  in 
1439  by  Vanderberg,  and  is  especially 
celebrated  because  it  was  near  this  isle 
that  sir  Richard  Grenville,  in  the  reiga  of 
queen  Elizabeth,  fought  his  famous  sea- 
fight.  He  had  only  one  ship  with  a 
hundred  men,  and  was  opposed  by  the 
Spanish  fleet  of  fifty-three  men-of-war. 
For  some  hours  victory  was  doubtful,  and 
when  sir  Richard  was  severely  wounded, 
he  wanted  to  sink  the  ship  ;  but  the 
Spaniards  boarded  it,  complimented  hira 
on  his  heroic  conduct,  and  he  died.  As 
the  ship  (the  Revenge)  was  on  its  way  to 
Spain,  it  was  wrecked,  and  went  to  the 
bottom,  so  it  never  reached  Spain  after 
all.  Tennyson  has  a  poem  on  the  subject 
(1878). 

Flores  (2  syl.),  the  lover  of  Blanche- 
fleur. — Boccaccio  :  II  Filocopo  (1340). 

• .  •  Boccaccio  has  repeated  the  tale  in 
his  Decameron,  x.  5  t'SS^).  in  which 
Flores  is  called  "  Ansaldo,"  and  Blandhe- 
fleur  "Diano'ra."  Flores  and  Blanche- 
fleur,  before  Boccaccio's  time,  were  noted 
lovers,  and  are  mentioned  as  early  as 
1288  by  Matfres  Eymengau  de  Bezers,  in 
his  Breviari  d'Amor. 

Chaucer  has  taken  the  same  story  as 
the  basis  of  the  Frankelein's  Tale,  and 
Bojardo  has  introduced  it  as  an  episode  in 
his  Orlando  Innamorato,  where  the  lover 
is  "Prasildo"  and  the  lady  "Tisbina." 
(See  Prasildo.) 

The  chroniclers  of  Charlemagne, 
Of  Merlin,  and  the  Mort  d'Arthure, 
Mingled  together  in  his  brain, 
With  tales  of  Flores  and  Blancheflsur 

Longjellow, 

FloresTci  (Count),  a  Pole,  in  love 
with  princess  Lodois'ka  (4  jy/.).  At  the 
opening  of  the  play  he  is  travelling  with 
his  servant  Varbel  to  discover  where  the 


FLOREZ. 

princess  has  been  placed  by  her  father 
during  the  war.  He  falls  in  with  the 
Tartar  chief  Kera  Khan,  whom  he  over- 
powers in  fight,  but  spares  his  life,  and 
thus  makes  him  his  friend.  Floreski 
finds  the  princess  in  the  castle  of  baron 
Lovinski,  who  keeps  her  a  virtual  prisoner  ; 
but  the  castle  being  stormed  by  the  Tar- 
tars, the  baron  is  slain,  and  the  princess 
marries  the  count. — J.  P.  Kemble :  Lo- 
doiska. 

Plo'rez,  son  of  Gerrard  king  of  the 
beggars.  He  assumes  the  name  of  Gos- 
win,  and  becomes,  in  Bruges,  a  wealthy 
merchant.  His  mistress  is  Bertha,  the 
supposed  daughter  of  Vandunke  the 
burgomaster, — Fletcher  :  The  Beggars' 
Bush  (1622). 

Flor'ian,  "the  foundling  of  the 
forest,"  discovered  in  infancy  by  the 
count  De  Valraont,  and  adopted  as  his 
own  son.  Florian  is  light-hearted  and 
volatile,  but  writh  deep  affection,  very 
brave,  and  the  delight  of  all  who  know 
him.  He  is  betrothed  to  his  cousin,  lady 
Geraldine,  a  ward  of  count  De  Val- 
mont. — Dimond:  The  Foundling  of  the 
Forest. 

Plor'imel  "the  Fair,"  courted  by 
sir  Sat'yrane,  sir  Per'idure,  and  sir  Cal'i- 
dore  (each  3  syl.),  but  she  herself  "loved 
none  but  Mar'inel,"  who  cared  not  for  her. 
When  Marinel  was  overthrown  by  Brito- 
mart,  and  was  reported  to  be  dead,  Flori- 
mel  resolved  to  search  into  the  truth  of 
this  rumour.  In  her  wanderings,  she 
came  weary  to  the  hut  of  a  hag,  but  when 
she  left  the  hut  the  hag  sent  a  savage 
monster  to  bring  her  back.  Florimel, 
h(Avever,  jumped  into  a  boat  and  escaped ; 
but  she  fell  into  the  hands  of  Proteus 
{•zsyL),  who  kept  her  in  a  dungeon  "deep 
in  the  bottom  of  a  huge  great  rock."  One 
day,  Marinel  and  his  mother  went  to  a 
banquet  given  by  Proteus  to  the  sea-gods  ; 
and  as  Marinel  was  loitering  about,  he 
heard  the  captive  bemoaning  her  hard 
fate,  and  all  "for  love  of  Marinel."  His 
heart  was  touched  ;  he  resolved  to  release 
the  prisoner,  and  obtained  from  his 
mother  a  warrant  of  release,  signed  by 
Neptune  himself.  Proteus  did  not  dare 
to  disobey  ;  so  the  lady  was  released,  and 
became  the  happy  bride  of  her  liberator, 
— Spenser  :  Faerie  Queene,  iii.  4,  8,  and 
!v.  II,  12(1590,  1596). 

(The  name  Florimel  means  "honey- 
flower.") 

Florimel  ( The  i^a/j<r),  made  by  a  witch 


376  FLORIMEL. 

of  Riphse'an  snow  and  virgin  wax,  with  ^ 
an  infusion  of  vermilion.  Two  burning 
lamps  in  silver  sockets  served  for  eyes, 
fine  gold  wire  for  locks,  and  for  soui  ' '  a 
sprite  that  had  fallen  from  heaven," 
Braggadoccio,  seeing  this  false  Florimel, 
carried  "  her  "  off  as  the  veritable  Flori- 
mel ;  but  when  she  was  stripped  of  her 
borrowed  plumes,  this  waxen  Florimel 
vanished  into  thin  air,  leaving  nothing 
behind  except  the  "golden  girdle  that 
was  about  her  waist." — Spenser:  Faerie 
Queene,  iii.  8  and  v.  3  (1590,  1596). 

Florimets  Girdle,  a  girdle  which  gave 
to  those  who  wore  it  "  the  virtue  of 
chaste  love  and  wifehood  true ; "  if  any 
woman  not  chaste  or  faithful  put  it  on,  it 
immediately  "loosed  or  tore  asunder." 
It  was  once  the  cestus  of  Venus ;  but 
when  that  queen  of  beauty  wantoned  with 
Mars,  it  fell  off  and  was  left  on  the  "  Aci- 
dalian  mount." — Spenser:  Faerie  Queene, 
iv.  2  (1596). 

TT  One  day,  sir  Cambel,  sir  Triamond, 
sir  Paridel,  sir  Blandamour,  and  sir  Ferra- 
mont  agreed  to  give  Florimel's  girdle  to 
the  most  beautiful  lady ;  when  the  pre- 
vious question  was  moved,  "Who  was  the 
most  beautiful  ?  "  Of  course,  each  knight, 
as  in  duty  bound,  adjudged  his  own  lady 
to  be  the  paragon  of  women,  till  the 
witch's  image  of  snow  and  wax,  made  to 
represent  Florimel,  was  produced,  when 
all  agreed  that  it  was  without  peer,  and 
so  the  girdle  was  handed  to  "the  false 
Florimel."  On  trying  it  on,  however,  it 
would  in  no  wise  fit  her ;  and  when  by 
dint  of  pains  it  was  at  length  fastened,  it 
instantly  loosened  and  fell  to  the  ground. 
It  would  fit  Amoret  exactly,  and  of  course 
Florimel,  but  not  the  witch's  thing  of 
snow  and  wax. — Spenser:  Faerie  Queene, 
Iv.  5  (1596). 

1  Morgan  la  F^e  sent  king  Arthur  a 
horn,  out  of  which  no  lady  could  drink 
"  who  was  not  to  herself  or  to  her  husband 
true."  Ariosto's  enchanted  cup  possessed 
a  similar  spell. 

^  A  boy  showed  king  Arthur  a  mantle 
which  no  wife  not  leal  could  wear.  If 
any  unchaste  wife  or  maiden  put  it  on, 
it  would  either  go  to  shreds  or  refuse  to 
drape  her  decorously. 

IF  At  Ephesus  was  a  grotto  containing 
a  statue  of  Diana.  If  a  chaste  wife  or 
maiden  entered,  a  reed  there  (presented  by 
Pan)  gave  forth  most  melodious  sounds  ; 
but  if  the  unfaithful  or  unchaste  entered, 
its  sounds  were  harsh  and  discordant. 

H  Alasnam'sOT^rror  remained  unsullied 
when  it  reflected  the  unsullied:  but  tie- 


FLORINDA. 

eame  dull  when  the  unchaste  stood  before 
it.     (See  Caradoc,  p.  177.) 

Florin'da,  daughter  of  count  Julian 
one  of  the  high  lords  in  the  Gothic  court 
of  Spain.  She  was  violated  by  king 
Roderick  ;  and  the  count,  in  his  indigna- 
tion, renounced  the  Christian  religion  and 
called  over  the  Moors,  who  came  to  Spain 
in  large  numbers  and  drove  Roderick 
from  the  throne.  Oipas,  the  renegade 
archbishop  of  Sev'ille,  asked  Florinda  to 
become  his  bride,  but  she  shuddered  at 
the  thought.  Roderick,  in  the  guise  of  a 
priest,  reclaimed  count  Julian  as  he  was 
dying,  and  as  Florinda  rose  from  the 
dead  body — 

Her  cheek  was  flushed,  and  In  her  eyes  there  beamed 
A  wilder  brightness.  On  the  GotMRodericji]she  gazed. 
While  underneath  the  emotions  of  that  hour 
Exhausted  life  gave  way.  .  . .  Round  his  neck  she  threw 
Her  amis,  and  cried,"  My  Roderick;  mine  in  heaven  1 " 
Groaning,  he  claspt  her  close,  and  in  tliat  act 
And  agony  her  happy  spirit  fled. 

Southty  :  Roderick,  eU.,  xxiv.  (iSm)- 

Flo'ripes  (3  syl-),  sister  of  sir  Fiera- 
bras  [Fe-a'-ra-brah],  daughter  of  Laban, 
and  wife  of  Guy  the  nephew  of  Charle- 
magne. 

Florisan'do  [The  Exploits  and  Ad- 
ventures of),  part  of  the  series  of  Le 
Roman  des  RoTnans,  or  those  pertaining 
to  Am'adis  of  Gaul.  This  part  (from  bk. 
vi.  to  xiv. )  was  added  by  Paez  de  Ribera. 

Florise  {The  lady),  attendant  on 
queen  Berengaria. — Sir  W.  Scott:  The 
Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Plor'isel  of  Nice'a  {The  Exploits 
and  Adventures  of),  part  of  the  series  of 
Le  Roman  des  Romans,  pertaining  to 
Am'adis  of  Gaul.  This  part  was  added 
by  Felicino  de  Silva. 

Florlsmart,  one  of  Charlemagne's 
paladins,  and  the  bosom  friend  of  Roland. 

Florival  (Mdlle.),  daughter  of  a 
French  physician  in  Belleisle.  She  fell 
in  love  with  major  Belford,  while  nursing 
him  in  her  father's  house  during  a  period 
of  sickness.  (The  tale  is  given  under 
Emily,  p.  32^. ) — Colman  :  The  Deuce  is 
in  Him  (1762). 

Flor'izel,  son  of  Polixenfis  king  of 
Bohemia.  In  a  hunting  expedition,  he 
saw  Perdlta  (the  supposed  daughter  of  a 
shephed),  fell  in  love  with  her,  and 
courted  her  under  the  assumed  name  of 
Dor'icl&s.  The  king  tracked  his  son  to 
the  shepherd's  house,  and  told  Perdita  that 
if  she  gave  countenance  to  this  foolery 
he  would  order  her  and  the  shepherd  to 


377  FLOWER  SERMON. 

be  put  to  death.  Florizel  and  Perdita  ther. 
fled  from  Bohemia,  and  took  refuge  in 
Sicily.  Being  brought  to  the  court  of 
king  Leontes,  it  soon  became  manifest 
that  Perdita  was  the  king's  daughter. 
Polixenes,  in  the  mean  time,  had  tracked 
his  son  to  Sicily,  but  when  he  was  in- 
formed that  Perdita  was  the  king's  daugh- 
ter, his  objection  to  the  marriage  ceased, 
and  Perdita  became  the  happy  bride 
of  prince  Florizel. — Shakespeare  :  The 
Winter  s  Tale  (1604). 

Florizel,  the  name  assumed  by  George 
IV.  in  his  correspondence  with  Mrs. 
Robinson  (actress  and  poetess),  generally 
known  as  Per'dita,  that  being  the  cha- 
racter in  which  she  first  attracted  his 
attention  when  prince  of  Wales. 

•.•  George  IV.  was  nicknamed  "prince 
Florizel."  "  Prince  Florizel "  in  lord  Bea- 
consfield's  Endymion  (1880)  is  meant  for 
Napoleon  III. 

Flower  of  Chivalry,  sir  William 
Douglas,  knight;  of  Liddesdale  (*-i353). 
Sir  Philip  Sidney,  statesman,  poet,  and 
soldier,  was  also  called  "The  Flower  of 
Chivalry "  (1554-1586).  So  was  the 
Chevalier  de  Bayard,  le  Chevalier  sans 
Peur  et  sans  Reproche  (1476-1524). 

Flower  of  Kings.  Arthur  is  so 
called  by  John  of  Exeter  (sixth  century). 

Flower  of  Poets,  Geoffrey  Chaucer 
( 1 328-1400). 

Flower  of  the  Lev'ant.  ZantS  is 
so  called  from  its  great  beauty  and  fer- 
tility. 

Zantel  Zantel  flor  dl  Levant! 

Flower  of  Yarrow  [The),  Mary 
Scott,  daughter  of  sir  William  Scott  of 
Harden. 

Flowers  {Lovers')  are  stated  by  Spen- 
ser, in  his  Shephearde  s  Calendar,  to  be 
"the  purple  columbine,  giUifiowers,  car- 
nations, and  sops  in  wine"  ("  April"). 

In  the  "language  of  flowers,"  colum- 
bine signifies  "folly,"  giUifiowers  "bonds 
of  love,"  carnations  "pure  love,"  and 
sops  of  wine  (one  of  the  carnation  family) 
"woman's  love." 

Bring  hither  the  pinke,  and  purple  coUumbine, 

With  giUifiowers ; 
Bring  coronations,  and  sops  in  wine, 

Worp.e  of  paramours. 
Spenser:  The  Shepnearde's  Ca/««/^ar("  April,"  1579). 

Flower  Sermon,  a  sermon  preached 
every  Whit  Monday  in  St.  Catherine 
Cree.  On  this  occasion  each  of  the  con- 
gregation carries  a  bunch  of  flowers,  and 


FLOWERDALE. 

a  bunch  of  flowers  is  also  laid  on  the 
pulpit  cushion.  The  Flower  Sermon  is 
not  now  limited  to  St.  Catherine  Cree, 
other  churches  have  adopted  the  custom. 

Flowerdale  {Sir  John),  father  of 
Clarissa,  and  the  neighbour  of  colonel 
Oldboy. — Bickerstaff:  Lionel  and  Cla- 
rissa. 

Plowered  Roljes.  In  ancient  Greece 
to  say  "  a  woman  wore  flowered  robes  " 
was  the  same  as  to  say  she  was  2l  fille 
publique.  Solon  made  t  a  law  that 
virtuous  women  should  appear  in  simple 
and  modest  apparel,  but  that  harlots 
should  always  dress  in  gay  and  flowered 
robes. 

As  fugitive  slaves  are  known  by  their  stig:niata,  so 
flowered  garments  indicate  one  of  the  demi-monde 
[^loiXa\i6ai], — CUnuns  of  AUxandria. 

Plowery  Kingdom  [The),  China, 
The  Chinese  call  their  kingdom  Hwa 
Kwoh,  which  means  ' '  The  Flowery  King- 
dom," i.e.  the  flower  of  kingdoms. 

I^nerien,  a  Welsh  captain  and  great 
pedant,  who,  amongst  other  learned  quid- 
dities, drew  this  parallel  between  Henry  V. 
and  Alexander  the  Great : ' '  One  was  born 
in  Monmouth  and  the  other  in  Macedon, 
both  which  places  begin  with  M,  and  in 
both  a  river  flowed." — Shakespeare: Henry 
V.  act  iv.  sc.  7  (1599). 

Flur,  the  bride  of  Cassivelaun,  "  for 
whose  love  the  Roman  Caesar  first  invaded 
Britain." — Tennyson:  Idylls  of  the  King 
("Enid"). 

Flute,  the  bellows-mender,  who  in  the 
travestie  of  Piramus  and  Thisby  had  to 
take  the  part  of  Thisbe. 

Flute  :    What  Is  Thisbe  ?  a  wandering  kn  ight  ? 

Quince:  It  is  the  lady  Pyramus  must  love. 

Flute  :  Nay,  faith,  let  not  me  play  a  woman  :  I  hare 
a  beard  coming. — Shakespeare:  Midsuntiner  Nishtt 
Dream,  act  L  sc.  i  (1592). 

Flute  ( The  Magic),  a  flute  which  has 
the  power  of  inspiring  love.  When  given 
by  the  powers  of  darkness,  the  love  it  in- 
spires is  sensual  love  ;  but  when  bestowed 
by  the  powers  of  light,  it  becomes  sub- 
servient to  the  very  holiest  ends.  In  the 
opera  called  Die  Zauberflote,  Tami'no 
and  Pami'na  are  guided  by  it  through  all 
worldly  dangers  to  the  knowledge  of 
divine  truth  (or  the  mysteries  of  Isis). — 
Mozart :  Die  Zauberflote  ( 1791). 

Flutter,  a  gossip,  fond  of  telling  a 
good  story,  but,  unhappily,  unable  to  do 
so  without  a  blunder.  ' '  A  good-natured, 
insignificant    creature,    admitted    every- 


378 


FCEDERA. 


where,  but  cared  for  nowhere  "  (act  i.  so. 
3), — Mrs.  Cowley  :  The  Belle's  Stratagem 
(1780). 

Flutter  [Sir  Fopling),  the  hero  in 
Etheridge's  comedy  of  The  Man  of  Mode 
(1676). 

Fly  Painted  [A).  The  quondam 
shepherd  lad  Giotto  had  not  been  long 
under  his  master  Cimabue,  when  he 
painted  a  fly  on  the  nose  of  a  head  so  true 
to  nature  that  Cimabue  tried  to  brush  it 
off.  (See  Bee  Painted.   See  also  Zeuxis 

AND  PARRHASIOS.) 

Ply-gods,  Beelzebub,  a  god  of  the 
Philistines,  supposed  to  ward  off  flies. 
Achor  was  worshipped  by  the  Cyreneans 
for  a  similar  object.  2^us  Apomy'ios  was 
the  fly-god  of  the  Greeks. 

On  the  east  side  of  your  shop,  aloft, 
Write  Mathlai,  Tannael,  and  Barab'orat ; 
Upon  the  north  part,  Rael,  Velel,  Thiel. 
They  are  the  names  of  those  mercurial  sprites 
That  do  fright  flies  from  boxes. 

Ben  Jonson  :  The  Alchemist,  \.  (1610). 

Plying  Dutchman  ( The),  a  phan- 
tom ship,  seen  in  stormy  weather  off  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  thought  to  fore- 
bode ill  luck.  The  legend  is  that  it  was 
a  vessel  laden  with  precious  metal,  but  a 
horrible  murder  having  been  committed 
on  board,  the  plague  broke  out  among 
the  crew,  and  no  port  would  allow  the 
ship  to  enter,  so  it  was  doomed  to  float 
about  like  a  ghost,  and  never  to  enjoy 
rest.— 5?>  W.  Scott. 

• .'  Another  legend  is  that  a  Dutch 
captain,  homeward  bound,  met  with  long- 
continued  head  winds  off  the  Cape  ;  but 
swore  he  woiild  double  the  Cape  and  not 
put  back,  if  he  strove  till  the  day  of  doom. 
He  was  taken  at  his  word,  and  there  he 
still  beats,  but  never  succeeds  in  roimding 
the  point. 

(Captain  Marryat  has  a  novel  founded 
on  this  legend,  called  The  Phantom  Ship, 
1836.) 

Flying  Higliwajrman,  William 
Harrow,  who  leaped  his  horse  over  turn- 
pike gates  as  if  it  had  been  furnished 
with  wings.     He  was  executed  in  1763. 

Flyter  {Mrs.),  landlady  of  the  lodg- 
ings occupied  by  Frank  Osbaldistone  in 
Glasgow.— -S?>  W.  Scott  :  Rob  Roy  (time, 
George  I.). 

Poedera  [The),  the  public  acts 
between  the  kings  of  England  and  other 
royal  personages.  It  also  contains  the 
Magna  Charta,  numerous  benefactions, 
and  other  documents.     Dr.  Adam  Clarke 


FOIBLE. 

s\  as  employed  to  carry  the  original  work 
!)ack  to  the  Conquest.  Rymer  was  the 
compiler  of  fifteen  folio  volumes  (1638- 
1714).  Robert  Sanderson  added  five 
more.  The  Hague  edition  was  published 
in  ten  volumes  folio,  and  Stephen  What- 
ley  translated  it  into  English  in  1731. 

Foible,  the  intriguing  lady's-maid  of 
lady  Wishfort,  and  married  to  Waitwell 
(lackey  of  Edward  Mirabell).  She  inter- 
lards her  remarks  with  "  says  he,"  "  he 
says  says  he,"  "  she  says  says  she," 
tic—Congreve:  The  Way  of  the  World 
(1700). 

Foi'gfard  [Father),  one  of  a  gang  of 
thieves.  He  pretends  to  be  a  French 
priest,  but  ' '  his  French  shows  him  to  be 
English,  and  his  English  shows  him  to 
be  Irish." — Farquhar :  The  Beaux 
Stratagem  (1705). 

Foker  [Henry),  son  of  lady  Foker. 
He  marries  Blanche  Amory. — Thackeray: 
Pendennis  {1850). 

Folair'  (2  syl.),  a  pantomimist  at  the 
Portsmouth  Theatre,  under  the  manage- 
ment of  Mr.  Vincent  Crummies. — 
Dickens:  Nicholas  Nickleby  {1838). 

Foldath.,  general  of  the  Fir-bolg  or 
Belgae  in  the  south  of  Ireland.  In  the 
epic  called  Tern' era,  Cathmor  is  the  "lord 
of  Atha,"  and  Foldath  is  his  generaL 
He  is  a  good  specimen  of  the  savage 
chieftain :  bold  and  daring,  but  pre- 
sumptuous, overbearing,  and  cruel  "  His 
stride  is  haughty,  and  his  red  eye  rolls  in 
wrath."  Foldath  looks  with  scorn  on 
Hidalla,  a  humane  and  gentle  officer  in 
the  same  army,  for  his  delight  is  strife, 
and  he  exults  over  the  fallen.  In  counsel 
Foldath  is  imperious,  and  contemptuous 
to  those  who  differ  from  him.  Unrelent- 
ing in  revenge ;  and  even  when  he  falls 
with  his  death-wound,  dealt  by  Fillan  the 
son  of  Fingal,  he  feels  a  sort  of  pleasure 
that  his  ghost  would  hover  in  the  blast, 
and  exult  over  the  graves  of  his  enemies. 
Foldath  had  one  child,  a  daughter,  the 
blue-eyed  Dardu-Le'na,  the  last  of  the 
race. — Ossian:  Temora. 

Folio  [Tom),  Thomas  Rawlinson,  a 
bibhopolist,  who  flourished  about  1681- 
ijzs.—The  Tatler. 

Fon'dlewife,  an  uxorious  banker. — 
Congrcve  :  The  Old  Bachelor  {1693). 

When  Mrs.  Jefferson  [1733-1776]  was  asked  In  what 
characters  she  excelled  the  most,  she  innocently  re- 
oUed,  "  In  old  men,  like  *  Fondlewife '  and  '  six  Jealous 
Traffic.' "^r.iJat'tM. 


879 


FOOLS. 


("Sir  Jealous  Traffic "  is  in  The  Busy 
Body,  by  Mrs.  Centhvre.) 

Fondlove  [Sir  William),  a  vain  old 
baronet  of  60,  who  fancies  himself  a 
schoolboy,  capable  of  playing  boyish 
games,  dancing,  or  doing  anything  that 
young  men  do.  "  How  marvellously  I 
wear  !  What  signs  of  age  have  I  ?  I'm 
certainly  a  wonder  for  my  age.  I  walk 
as  well  as  ever.  Do  I  stoop  ?  Observe 
the  hollow  of  my  back.  As  now  I  stand, 
so  stood  I  when  a  child,  a  rosy,  chubby 
boy.  My  arm  is  firm  as  'twas  at  20. 
Oak,  oak,  isn't  it?  Think  you  my  leg 
is  shrunk  ? — not  in  the  calf  a  little  ? 
When  others  waste,  'tis  growing-time 
with  me.  Vigour,  sir,  vigour,  in  every 
joint.  Could  run,  could  leap.  Why 
shouldn't  I  marry  ? "  So  thought  sir 
William  of  sir  William,  and  he  married 
the  Widow  Green,  a  buxom  dame  of  40 
summers. — Knowles  :  The  Love-Chase 
(1837). 

Fontaineblean  [Decree  of),  an  edict 
passed  by  Napoleon  I.,  ordering  all 
English  goods  wherever  found  to  be 
ruthlessly  burnt  (October  18,  i8io). 

Fontara'bia,  now  called  Fuenterabia 
(in  Latin  Fans  rapidvs),  near  the  gulf  of 
Gascony.  Here  Charlemagne  and  all  his 
chivalry  fell  by  the  sword  of  the  "  Span- 
ish Saracens," — Mariana. 

' .  •  Mezeray  says  that  the  rear  of  the 
king's  army  being  cut  off,  Charlemagne 
returned  and  obtained  a  briUiant  revenge. 

Fool  [A  Royal).  James  I.  of  Great 
Britain  was  called  by  Sully  of  France 
•'  The  Most  Learned  Fool  in  Christen- 
dom "  (1566-1625). 

Fool  [The),  in  Shakespeare's  King 
Lear,  a  wise  counsellor  in  disguised 
idiotcy. 

Fool  [The),  in  the  ancient  morris- 
dance,  represented  the  court  jester.  He 
carried  in  his  hand  a  yellow  bauble,  and 
wore  on  his  head  a  hood  with  ass's  ears, 
the  top  of  the  hood  nsing  into  the  form 
of  a  cock's  neck  and  head,  with  a  belt  at 
the  extreme  end.  The  hood  was  blue 
edged  with  yellow  and  scalloped,  the 
doublet  red  edged  with  yellow,  the  girdle 
yellow,  the  hose  of  one  leg  yellow  and  of 
the  other  blue,  shoes  red.  (See  MORRis- 
Dance.) 

Pool  of  Quality  [The),  a  novel  by 
Henry  Brooke  (1766). 

Fools.      Pays  de  Fous.      Ghecl,    in 


FOOLS,  JESTERS. 

Belglv'im,  is  so  called,  because  it  has  been 
for  many  years  the  Bedlam  of  Belgium. 

Battersea  is  also  a  pays  de  fous,  from 
a  pun.  Simples  tised  to  be  grown  there 
largely  for  the  London  apothecaries,  and 
hence  the  expression.  You  must  go  to 
Battersea  to  get  your  simples  cut. 

'.•  Boeotia  was  considered  by  the 
Athenians  the  pays  de  fous  of  Greece. 
Arcadia  was  also  a  folly-land ;  hence 
Arcades  amho  ("  both  noodles  alike  "). 

Fools,  Jesters,  and  Mirtlunen. 

In  the  follozving  list,  those  in  italics  were 
mirthmen,  but  not  licensed  fools  or 
jesters. 

ADHLSBURN  (Burkard  Kasfar),  Jester  to  Ceoree 
I.  He  was  not  only  a  fun-maker,  but  also  a  fhostly 
adviser  of  the  Hanoverian. 

Aksakoff,  the  fool  of  crarina  Elizabeth  of  Russia 
(mother  of  Peter  II.).  He  was  a  stolid  brute,  fond 
of  practical  jolces. 

Angely  (L.),  jester  to  Louis  XIV.,  and  last  of  the 
Bcensed  fools  of  France.  He  is  mentioned  by  BoUeau 
ia  Satires  L  and  viii. 

Aopi  (Monsignore),  who  succeeded  Soglia  as  the 
merryman  of  Pope  Gregory  XVI. 

Armstrong  (Archie),  jester  in  the  courts  of  Tames 
I.  and  Charles  I.  One  of  the  characters  in  Scott's 
novel  27k  Fortunes  of  Nigel.  Beingf  condemned  to 
death  by  king  James  for  sheep-stealmg,  Archie  im- 
plored that  he  might  live  till  he  had  read  his  Bible 
through  for  his  soul's  weaL  This  was  granted,  and 
Archie  rejoined,  with  a  sly  look,  •*  Then  de'il  tak'  me 
'gin  I  ever  read  a  word  on't  I " 

Berdic,  " joculator "  to  William  the  Conqueror. 
Three  towns  and  five  caracutes  in  Gloucestershire  were 
given  him  by  the  king. 

Bluet  D'ARBERES  (seventeenth  century),  fool  to 
the  duke  of  Mantua.  During  a  pestilence,  he  con- 
ceived the  idea  of  offering  his  life  as  a  ransom  for  his 
countrymen,  and  artually  starved  himself  to  death  to 
stay  the  plague. 

BONNV  (Patrick),  Jester  to  the  regent  Morton. 

Borde  (Andrew),  usually  calied  "  Merry  Andrew," 
physician  to  Henry  VIII.  (1300-1549). 

BRUSQUET.  Of  this  court  foot  Brantflme  says, 
"  He  never  had  his  equal  in  repartee  "  (1512-1563). 

Caillet  (Guillaunte),  who  flourished  about  1490.  His 
likeness  is  given  in  the  frontispiece  of  the  Shif  »/ 
Fools  (1497). 

CHICOT,  jester  of  Henri  III.  and  Henri  IV.  Alex- 
andre  Dumas  has  a  novel  caUed  Chictt  tfu  JesUr 
(1553-1591)- 

COLQUHOUN  (yemmy),  predecessor  of  James 
Geddes,  jester  in  the  court  of  Mary  queen  of  Scots. 

Coryat,  "  prince  of  non-official  jesters  and  coxcombs." 
Kept  by  prince  Henry,  brother  of  Charles  I. 

COULON.  doctor  and  jester  to  Louis  XVIII.  He 
was  the  very  prince  of  mimics.  He  sat  for  the  portraits 
of  Thiers,  MoW,  and  comte  Joseph  de  ViUtle  (died 
1858). 

Da'GONET  (Sir),  jester  to  king  Arthur.  He  waa 
knighted  by  the  king  himself. 

Derrie,  a  court  jester  to  James  I.  Contemporary 
withThom. 

DUFRESNOY,  poet,  plajrwright,  actor,  gardener, 
glass-manufacusrer,  spendthrift,  wit,  and  honorary  fool 
to  Louis  XIV.  His  jests  are  the  "  Joe  MiUers  "  of 
France. 

Geddes  (yames),  jester  in  the  court  of  Mary  queen 
of  Scots.  He  was  daft,  and  followed  Jemmy  Col- 
quhoun  in  the  motley. 

Glorieux  (U).  jester  of  Charles  U  Hardi,  of 
Burgundy. 

Gonella,  domestic  Jester  of  the  duke  of  Ferrara. 
His  jescs  are  in  print.  Gonella  used  to  ride  a  horse  aU 
skin  and  bone,  which  is  spoken  of  in  Don  Quixote. 

Hafod  (^ack),  a  retainer  in  the  house  of  Mr. 
Bartlett,  of  Castlemorton,  Worcestershire.  He  died  at 
tb*  close  of  the  eighteenth  century,  and  has  siven  birtk 


380 


FOOT-BREADTH. 


to  the  expression,  "  As  big  a  fool  as  Jack  Hafod."    He 
was  the  ultimus  scurrarum  in  Great  Britain. 

Heywood  (John),  author  of  numerous  dramatic 
works  (1492-1565). 

Jean  (Seiz'ni),  or  "Old  John; "so  called  to  distin- 
guuh  him  from  Jean  or  Johan,  called  Le  Fol  de 
Madame  (fl.  1380). 

JOHAN,  Le  Fol  d€  Madame,  mentioned  by  Marot  in 
his  epitaphs. 

Johnson  (S.),  familiarly  known  as  "lord  Flame," 
the    character  he    played  In    his    own   extravaganza 
HurU-Thrumbo  (1729). 
.      Kya-w  (General),  a  Saxon  general,  famous  for  his 
broad  jests. 

KILLIGREW  (Thomas),  called  "king  Charles's 
jester  "  (1611-1682). 

LONGELY.  jester  to  Louis  XIII. 

Narr  (Klaus),  jester  to  Frederick  "the  Wise," 
elector  of  Prussia. 

Pace. 

PATCH,  court  fool  of  Elizabeth  wife  of  Henry  VII. 

Patche,  cardinal  Wolsey's  jester.  The  cardinal 
made  Henry  VIII.  a  present  of  this  "wise  fool,"  and 
the  king  returned  word  that  "  the  gift  was  a  most  ac- 
ceptable one." 

Patison,  licensed  Jester  to  sir  Thomas  More.  He 
Is  mtroduced  by  Hans  Holbein  in  his  famous  picture  of 
the  lord  chancellor. 

Paul  [Jacob),  baron  Gundling.  This  merryman  was 
laden  with  titles  in  ridicule  by  Frederick  WiUiam  I.  of 
Prussia. 

Pearce  (Dickie),  fool  of  the  eari  of  Suffolk.  Dean 
Swift  wrote  an  epitaph  on  him. 

Rayere,  court  jester  to  Henry  I.  of  England. 

Rosen  (Kunx  von  der),  a  private  jester  to  the  em- 
peror Maximilian  I. 

SCOGAN,  court  jester  to  Edward  IV. 

SOGLIA  (Cardinal),  the  fun-maker  of  pope  Gregory 
XVI.     He  was  succeeded  by  Aopi. 

SOMERS  (PVill),  court  jester  to  Henry  VIII.  The 
effigy  of  this  jester  is  at  Hampton  Court.  And  in  Old 
Fish  Street  was  once  a  public-house  called  Will 
Somers's  tavern  (1490-1560). 

STEHLIN  (Professor),  in  the  household  of  czarina 
Elizabeth  of  Russia.  He  was  teacher  of  mathematics 
and  history  to  the  grand-duke  (Peter  II.),  and  was  also 
his  licensed  buffoon. 

Tarleton  (Richard),  the  famous  clown  and  jester  in 
the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth,  but  not  attached  either  to 
the  court  or  to  any  nobleman  (1530-1588). 

Thom,  one  of  the  court  jesters  of  James  1.  Con- 
temporary with  Derrie. 

Triboulht,  court  jester  to  Louis  XII.  and  Fran. 
?ois  I.  (1487-1536).  Licinio  the  rival  of  Titian,  took  his 
likeness,  which  is  still  extant. 

Wallett  (JV.  F.),  court  jester  to  queen  Victoria. 
He  styles  himself  "the  queen's  jester."  but  doubtlessly 
has  no  warrant  for  the  title  from  the  lord  chamberlain. 

Walter,  jester  to  queen  Elizabeth. 

Will,  "  my  lord  of  Leicester's  jesting  player ;  "  but 
who  this  "  Will "  was  is  not  known.  It  might  be  Will 
Johnson,  Will  Sly,  Will  Kimp,  or  even  Will  Shake- 
speare. 

YORICK,  Jester  in  the  court  of  Denmark.  Referred 
to  by  Shakespeare  in  Us  Hamlet,  act  v.  sc  1. 

(Dr.  Doran  published  The  History  of 
Court  Fools,  ia  i8sS.) 

Pools'  Paradise,  unlawful  pleasure ; 
illicit  love ;  vain  hopes ;  the  limbus 
fatuorum  or  paradise  of  idiots  and  fools. 

If  ye  should  lead  her  Into  a  fools'  paradise,  It  were  a 
gross  .  .  .  hcha.y\o\ir.— Shakespeare :  Romeo  and 
Juliet,  act  II.  sc.  4  (1597). 

Poot.  The  foot  of  an  Arab  is  noted 
for  its  arch,  and  hence  Tennyson  speaks 
of  the  "  delicate  Arab  arch  of  [Afauds] 
feet." — Maud,  xvi.  i. 

Foot-breadth.,  the  sword  of  Thoralf 
Skolinson  ' '  the  Strong  "  of  Norway, 


FOPLING  FLUTTER. 


381 


FORESIGHT. 


Vvherewith  at  a  stroke  he  ! 

The  millstone  thro'  and  thro" ; 
And  Foot -breadth  of  Thoralf  "  the  Strong  I  "-- 
Were  not  so  broad,  nor  yet  so  long. 

Nor  was  their  edge  so  true. 

LonzfelUrw. 

Popling"  Flutter  [Sir),  "  the  man 
of  mode,"  the  chief  character  of  a 
comedy  by  sir  George  Etherege,  entitled 
The  Man  of  Mode,  or  Sir  Fopling  Flutter 
(1676). 

Foppery.  Vespasian  the  Roman 
emperor  had  a  contempt  for  foppery. 
When  certain  young  noblemen  came  to 
him  smelling  of  perfumes,  he  said  to 
them,  ' '  You  would  have  pleased  me 
more  if  you  had  smelt  of  garlic." 

IT  Charlemagne  had  a  similar  contempt 
of  foppery.  One  day,  when  he  was  hunt- 
ing, the  rain  poured  down  in  torrents, 
and  the  fine  furs  and  silks  of  his  suite 
were  utterly  spoilt.  The  king  took  this 
occasion  to  rebuke  the  court  beaux  for 
their  vanity  in  dress,  and  advised  them  in 
future  to  adopt  garments  more  simple 
and  more  serviceable. 

FoppingtoXL  [Lord),  an  empty- 
headed  coxcomb,  intent  only  on  dress 
and  fashion.  His  favourite  oaths,  which 
he  brings  out  with  a  drawl,  are  :  "  Strike 
me  dumb !  "  "  Split  my  windpipe  !  "  and 
so  on.  When  he  loses  his  mistress,  he 
consoles  himself  with  this  reflection : 
"  Now,  for  my  part,  I  think  the  wisest 
thing  a  man  can  do  with  an  aching  heart 
is  to  put  on  a  serene  countenance  ;  for  a 
philosophical  air  is  the  most  becoming 
thing  in  the  world  to  the  face  of  a  person 
of  quality." — Vanbrugh  :  The  Relapse 
(1697). 

The  shoemaker  in  The  Relapse  tells  lord  Foppin^- 
ton  that  his  lordship  is  mistaken  iu  supposing  that  his 
slice  pinches. — Macaulay. 

Foppington  [Lord),  elder  brother  of 
Tom  Fashion.  A  selfish  coxcomb,  en- 
gaged to  be  married  to  Miss  Hoyden, 
daughter  of  sir  Tunbelly  Clumsy,  to 
whom  he  is  personally  unknown.  His 
favourite  oaths  are  :  "  Strike  me  dumb !  " 
"Strike  me  ugly!"  "  Stap  my  vitals  I" 
"  Split  my  windpipe  I  "  "  Rat  me  1  "  etc  ; 
and,  in  speaking,  his  affectation  is  to 
change  the  vowel  o  into  a,  as  rat,  naw, 
resalve,  waurld,  ardered,  mauth,  paund, 
maunth,  lang,  philasapher,  tarture,  and 
so  on-  (See  Clumsy,  p.  221.) — Sheri- 
dan :  A  Trip  to  Scarborough  (1777). 

(This  comedy  is  The  Relapse,  slightly 
altered  and  curtailed. ) 

Foppington  {Lord),  a  young  married 
man  about  town,  most  intent  upon  dress 


and  fashion,  whose  whole  life  is  con- 
sumed in  the  follies  of  play  and  seduc- 
tion. His  favourite  oaths  are :  "  Sun, 
burn  me  !  "  "  Curse,  catch  me  !  "  "Stap 
my  breath!"  "Let  me  blood  I"  "Run 
me  through!"  "Strike  me  stupid!" 
"  Knock  me  down  !  "  He  is  reckoned 
the  king  of  all  court  fops. — Colley  Gibber  : 
The  Careless  Husband  (ijo^). 

Macklin  says,  "  Nature  formed  Colley  Gibber  for  a 
coxcomb  .  .  .  and  his  predominant  tendency  was  to  be 
considered  among  men  as  a  leader  of  fashion,  and 
among  women  as  a  AiaM^airfow.  Hence  .  .  .  his 'lord 
Foppington '  was  a  model  for  dress,  and  that  hauteur 
and  nonchalance  which  distinguished  the  superior  cox- 
combs of  that  &iLy."— Percy  :  Anecdotes. 

Fops'  Alley.  The  passage  between 
the  benches  right  and  left  of  the  old 
opera-house. 

Ford,  a  gentleman  of  fortune  living 
at  Windsor.  He  assumes  the  name  of 
Brook,  and  being  introduced  to  sir  John 
Falstaff,  the  knight  informs  him  "  of  his 
whole  course  of  wooing,"  and  how  at  one 
time  he  eluded  Mrs.  Ford's  jealous 
husband  by  being  carried  out  before  his 
eyes  in  a  buck-basket  of  dirty  linen. — 
Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,  act  iii.  sc.  5. 

Mrs.  Ford,  wife  of  Mr.  Ford.  Sir 
John  Falstaflf  pays  court  to  her,  and  she 
pretends  to  accept  his  protestations  of 
love,  in  order  to  expose  and  punish  him. 
Her  husband  assumes  for  the  nonce  the 
name  of  Brook,  and  sir  John  tells  him 
from  time  to  time  the  progress  of  his 
suit,  and  how  he  succeeds  in  duping  her 
fool  of  a  husband. — Shakespeare  :  Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor  (1596). 

For'delis  (3  syL),  wife  of  Bran'di- 
mart  (Orlando's  intimate  friend).  When 
Brandimart  was  slain,  Fordelis  dwelt  for 
a  time  in  his  sepulchre  in  Sicily,  and  died 
broken-hearted.  (See  Foukdelis.) — 
Ariosto:  Orlando  Furioso,h\i.  xii.  (1516). 

Forehead.  A  high  forehead  was  at 
one  time  deemed  a  mark  of  beauty  in 
women  ;  hence  Felice,  the  wife  of  Guy  of 
Warwick,  is  described  as  having  "the 
same  high  forehead  as  Venus." — History 
of  Guy  of  Warwick. 

Fore'sight  (2  syl.),  a  mad,  super- 
stitious old  man,  who  "consulted  the 
stars,  and  believed  in  omens,  portents, 
and  predictions."  He  referred  "  man's 
goatish  dispbsition  to  the  charge  of  a 
star,"  and  says  he  himself  was  "born 
when  the  Crab  was  ascending,  so  that  all 
his  affairs  in  life  have  gone  backwards." 

I  know  the  signs,  and  the  planets,  and  their  houses: 
can  judge  of  motions,  direct  and  retrograde,  of  sextiles. 
quadrates,  trines,  and  oppositions,  fiery  trigons  anJ 


FOREST. 


382      FORGERS  AND  FORGERIES. 


aquatic  tri^ons.  Knov  whether  life  shall  be  loag  or 
short,  happy  or  unhappy  ;  whether  diseases  are  curable 
or  incurable;  if  journeys  shall  be  prosperous,  under- 
takings successful,  or  stolen  goods  recovered.— 
Cotigreve  :  Ltve/or  Love,  ii.  (1695). 

Forest  {The),  fifteen  lyrics  by  Ben 
Jonson  (i6i6).  It  contains  the  celebrated 
one — 

Drink  to  rae  only  with  thine  eyes. 

Forester  {Sir  Philip),  a  libertine 
knight.  He  goes  in  disguise  to  lady 
Bothwell's  ball  on  his  return  from  the 
Continent,  but,  being  recognized,  de- 
camps. 

Lady  Jemima  Forester,  wife  of  sir 
Philip,  who  goes  with  her  sister  lady 
Bothwell  to  consult  "the  enchanted 
mirror,"  in  which  they  discover  the  clan- 
destine marriage  and  infidelity  of  sir 
Philip.— ^?>  W.  Scott:  Aunt  Margaret s 
Mirror  (time,  William  III.). 

Forgers  and  Forgferies  {Literary). 

(i)  Acta  Pildta.  An  apocryphal  report 
of  the  Crucifixion,  said  to  have  been  sent 
by  Pontius  Pilate  to  Tiberius  the  Roman 
emperor. 

Amber  Witch  {The).  (See  under 
Reinhold.) 

(2)  Annals  of  Tacitus  {The).  Said  to 
be  a  forgery  of  Poggio  Bracciolini, 
apostolic  to  eight  popes  (1381-1459).  It 
is  said  that  Cosmo  de  Medici  agreed  to 
pay  him  500  gold  sequins  (about  ;,^i6o) 
for  his  trouble.  We  are  further  told  that 
Poggio's  MS.  is  still  in  the  library  of 
Florence,  and  that  it  was  published,  in 
1460.  Johannes  de  Spire  produced  the 
last  six  books,  but  the  work  is  still  incom- 
plete. In  confirmation  of  this  tale  it  is 
added  "that  no  writer  has  quoted  from 
the  Annals  before  the  close  of  the  six- 
teenth century."  The  title  "Annals  of 
Tacitus  "  was  given  to  Poggio's  book  by 
Beatus  Rhenanus  in  1553. 

Whether  these  assertions  are  true  or 
not,  it  is  very  generally  admitted  that  the 
famous  quotation  paraded  by  Paley  in 
his  Evidences  (chap,  ii.)  is  not  genuine. 
It  speaks  of  Christ  being  crucified  by 
Pilate,  and  the  persecutions  of  the  early 
Christians  {Annals,  xv.  44). 

(3)  Annius  of  Viterbo  (or  Giovanni 
Nanni)  (1432-1502).  His  Antiquitdtum 
Variorum  Volutnina,  xvii.  (1498)  pro- 
fesses to  be  selections  from  Berosius, 
Mangtho,  Megasthenes  (4  syl.),  Archilo- 
cus,  Myrsiles  (3  syl.),  Fabius  Pictor, 
Sempronius,  Cato,  etc. ;  but  the  pre- 
tended selections  are  fabrications. 

(4)  Apocryphal  Scriptures.  These  are 
very  numerous,  but  the  best  known  are 


"The  Revelation  of  Peter,"  the  "  Epistle 
of  Barnabas,"  the  "Institutions  of  the 
Apostles,"  the  "  Gospel  according  to  the 
Hebrews,"  the  "Gospel  of  Peter  "  (said  to 
be  of  the  second  century),  the  "  Gospel " 
and  the  "  Acts  of  Thomas,"  the  "Acts  of 
the  Apostles  by  Andrew,"  the  "Acts  of 
the  Apostles  by  John,"  the  "  Gnostic 
Scriptures,"  etc. 

Irenaeus  (bk.  L  17)  tells  us  that  the  Gnostics  the 
second  century,  had  an  innumerable  number  of  spurious 
books;  and  that  in  the  following  age  the  number 
greatly  increased.  In  the  fourth  century  there  were  at 
least  eighty  Gospels. 

(5)  Apostolic  Constitutions  {The).  A 
collection  of  ecclesiastical  laws  attributed 
to  St.  Clemens,  a  disciple  of  St.  Peter, 
but  pronounced  to  be  forgeries  by  the 
Council  of  Constantinople  in  690. 

(6)  Bertram  {Dr.  Charles  Julius), 
professor  of  English  at  Copenhagen.  He 
gave  out  that  he  had  discovered,  in  1747, 
in  the  library  of  that  city,  a  book  entitled 
De  Situ  Britannice,  with  the  "  Dia- 
phragmata"  (or  Itinerary),  by  Richardus 
Corinensis.  He  published  this  with  two 
other  treatises  (one  by  Gildas  Badon'icus, 
and  the  other  by  Nennius  Banchorensis) 
in  1757.  The  forgery  was  exposed  by 
the  Rev.  J.  E.  Mayor,  in  his  preface  to 
Ricardi  de  Cirencestria  Speculum 
Historiale. 

It  is  said  that  the  style  and  Latinity  of 
Bertram's  book  are  inconsistent  with  the 
time  of  Richard  of  Cirencester.  He  may 
possibly  have  based  his  forgeries  on  some 
chronicles  and  itineraries ;  but  he  has 
mutilated  them,  and  falsified  them  by 
variations  and  additions  of  his  own. 

(7)  BoECE  (Hector),  in  his  Scotorum 
Historia  (1520),  has  forged  the  names  of 
forty-five  Scottish  kings,  with  which  he 
interpolated  the  Irish  list  of  the  Dal- 
riadic  rulers  (that  is,  the  kings  of 
Argyllshire). 

(8)  ChGiAO^T^o  {Count  of).  Alexandre 
de  Cagliostro  was  certainly  the  most  un- 
blushing literary  impostor  that  ever  lived 
(1745-1795).  He  stole  the  novels  of  John 
Potocki,  a  Polish  count,  and  pubhshed 
them  as  his  own.  The  National  ferreted 
out  this  and  all  his  other  impositions. 
His  name  has  become  a  by- word  of 
literary  quacks. 

(9)  Chasles  Forgeries  {The).  M. 
Chasles,  a  member  of  the  French 
Academy  of  Sciences,  gave  out  that  he 
had  purchased  27,000  MSS.  for  £$000 ; 
but  he  refused  to  tell  where  he  bought 
them,  lest  (as  he  said)  "  others  might  go 
and  spoil  the  market."  Amongst  these 
MSS.  were :  "  A  correspondence  between 


FORGERS  AND  FORGERIES.        383      FORGERS  AND  FORGERIEa 


Alexander  the  Great  and  Aristldes" 
(4  syL)',  several  "letters  of  Attila"  (king 
of  the  Huns);  a  letter  from  the  "widow 
of  Martin  Luther ;  "  several  letters  from 
"Judas  Iscariot  to  Mary  Magdalene;" 
others  from  "  Lazarus  to  St  Peter."  In 
regard  to  England,  he  produced  a  faded 
yellow  MS.  which  purported  to  be  letters 
from  Pascal  to  sir  Isaac  Newton,  to 
prove  that  Newton  had  pilfered  his  system 
of  gravitation.  This  MS.  he  asserted 
belonged  to  the  abbey  of  Tours,  came 
into  the  possession  of  corate  de  Boisjour- 
dain,  who  in  1791  was  wrecked  on  his 
passage  to  America.  The  MS.  was  sold, 
and  the  buyer  gave  it  to  M.  Chasles. 
Another  letter  was  from  Galileo,  and  stated 
that  the  law  of  gravitation  was  known 
and  taught  by  him.  A  committee  ex- 
amined into  these  matters,  when  it  was 
discovered  that  the  whole  was  the  forgery 
of  a  poor  tool  named  Vrain  Lucas. 

(10)  Christian  Forgeries  {The)  of 
Brahmanic  writings,  printed  in  French  at 
Yoerdun,  in  1778,  imposed  even  on 
Voltaire.  A  Carmelite  missionary  justifies 
the  forgery,  as  the  object  is  laudable. 

•.'  Similarly,  the  manifest  forgeries  in 
the  Acta  Sanctorum  of  the  Bollandistes  are 
justified.  Probably  many  of  these  were 
invented  by  the  "readers"  appointed  to 
distract  the  attention  of  their  fraternity  at 
meal-times. 

(11)  Church  Forgeries.  Moshelm 
says,  "  Acts  of  councils,  records,  epistles, 
and  whole  books  were  forged  by  zealous 
monks,  in  order  the  more  easily  to  rob 
and  plunder  the  credulous  on  whom  they 
imposed  their  glaring  absurdities."  Cer- 
tainly some  of  the  things  told  by  the 
Bollandistes  amply  justify  this  startling 
indictment.  Witness  that  of  the  "pil- 
gims  of  Compostella,"  told  in  the  Acta 
Sanctorum,  repeated  lay  Mgr.  Guerin,  the 
pope's  chaplain,  in  1880,  by  Udal,  in  his 
Tour  through  Spain  and  Portugal,  by 
Patrick,  in  his  Parables  of  the  Pilgrims 
(vol.  xxxvii.  430,  431),  and  by  many 
others.  The  short  and  long  of  the  tale 
is  that  two  roast  chickens,  a  cock  and  a 
hen,  were  served  at  an  alcaid's  table,  and, 
in  order  to  testify  to  the  truth  of  a  state- 
ment told  to  hira,  jumped  up  alive,  and 
all  their  feathers  flew  into  the  room  and 
covered  them  with  plumage.  The  two 
fowls  were  sent  to  Compostella,  where 
every  year  they  generated  exactly  two 
fowls,  a  cock  and  a  hen,  and  then  died. 
Pilgrims  still  go  to  Compostella  to  see 
these  wonderful  fowls,  and,  no  matter  how 
many  pilgrims,  each  receives  a  feather. 


but  the  tale  of  feathers  is  not  diminished. 
Marineus  Siculus  says,  ' '  Haec  Ego 
testor,  propterea  vide  et  interfui  "  (Scrip- 
tores,  vol.  ii.  p.  805) ;  and  in  allusion  to 
this  extravaganza  St.  Dominic  of  Calzada, 
in  1 169,  was  represented  with  a  cock  and 
hen  in  his  right  hand.  The  axiom  was, 
the  more  improbable  the  tale,  the  greater 
the  miracle. 

(12)  Chatterton  [Thomas],  in  1777, 
published  certain  poems,  which  he 
affirmed  were  written  in  the  fifteenth 
century  by  Thomas  Rowley,  a  monk. 
The  poets  Gray  and  Mason  exposed  the 
forgery. 

His  other  literary  forgeries  were  !  (i)  The  Pedigrte 
of  Burgum  (a  Bristol  pewterer),  professed  to  have 
been  discovered  in  the  muniment-room  of  St.  Mary's 
Church,  RedclifTe.  He  accordingly  printed  a  history 
of  the  "  De  Berghain  "  family,  with  a  poem  called  Tht 
Rotnaunt  of  the  Cny^hte,  by  John  do  Berg-ham  (four- 
teenth century).  (2)  A  forgecf  account  of  the  opening 
of  the  old  bridge,  sig^ned  "  Dunhelmus  Bristohensis, 
and  professing  to  have  been  copied  from  an  old  MS. 
(3)  An  Account  of  Bristol,  by  Turgotus,  "translated 
out  of  Saxon  into  English,  by  T.  Rowley."  This 
forgery  was  made  for  tlie  use  01  Mr.  Catcott,  who  was 
writing  a  history  of  Bristol. 

(13)  dementi! na.  A  spurious  account 
of  the  journeys  of  Clemens  Romanus  with 
the  apostle  Peter.  The  Apostolic  Canons 
and  Constitutions  attributed  to  him  are 
also  spurious.  Clemens  is  said  to  have 
died  in  102. 

(14)  Clementines  {The).  Nineteen  dis- 
courses preceded  by  two  letters.  One  of 
the  letters  is  from  St.  Peter  to  St.  James 
(bishop  of  Jerusalem),  the  other  is  from 
Clemens  to  the  same.  The  ' '  discourses  " 
are  spurious  Christian  stories.  On  these 
forgeries  rest  the  main  evidence  that  the 
apostle  Peter  was  bishop  of  Rome. 

What  is  generally  understood  by  Clementines  (3  syl.), 
is  the  third  part  of  the  Decretals  of  Rainiond  de 
Pennafort,  with  the  rescript  of  Boniface  VIII.,  under- 
taken by  order  of  pope  Clement  V.  The  Clenttntines 
of  Cletnenti  are  apocryphal  homilies. 

(15)  Codex  Diplomaticus.  (See  under 
Vella.) 

(16)  Croyland  Abbey.  The  Historia 
Monasterii  Croylandensis  was  at  one 
time  supposed  to  be  written  by  Ingulph 
abbot  of  Croyland,  in  Lincolnshire  (bom 
1030-1109) ;  but  sir  Francis  Palgrave,  in 
the  Quarterly  Review  of  1826,  proved 
that  the  said  history  was  a  pure  romance, 
composed  by  some  monk  in  the  thirteenth 
or  fourteenth  century. 

(17)  Decretals  {False)  (A.D.  835-845). 
A  shameless  forgery,  purporting  to  be 
fifty-niue  rescripts  of  bishops  in  the  first 
four  centuries,  signed  by  such  names  as 
St.  Anacletus  (who  died  78),  St.  Alexander 
(who  died  109),  St.  Fabian  (who  died 
236),  Julius  (who   died    837),    and   SL 


FORGERS  AND  FORGERIES.       384      FORGERS  AND  FORGERIES. 


Athanasius  (who  died  373).  The  object 
of  these  false  Decretals  is  to  diminish  the 
authority  of  metropolitans  over  their 
suffragans,  by  establishing  an  appellant 
jurisdiction  of  the  Roman  see  in  all 
causes ;  and  by  forbidding  national 
councils  to  be  held  without  its  consent. 
Every  bishop  is  made  amenable  only  to 
the  tribunal  of  the  pope.  Every  accused 
person  might  appeal  to  the  pope  from 
any  civil  sentence ;  the  pope  only  could 
make  new  sees,  or  translate  from  one  to 
another.  Upon  these  spurious  Decretals 
has  been  built  up  the  great  fabric  of 
papal  supremacy.  Knoch  says  that  these 
false  Decretals  "  produced  enormous 
changes  in  the  Roman  hierarchy,  doctrine, 
and  discipline ;  and  that  they  have  raised 
the  authority  of  the  pope  to  an  incalcidable 
extent," 

They  were  proved  to  be  for^ries  by  Nicolas  Cusanus, 
in  1452 ;  by  Laurentius  Valla  in  1457  >  by  Cusanus  in 
1586 ;  and  by  Blondel  in  1628.  At  length  pope  Pius.  VI., 


in  1789,  had  the  honesty  and  courage  to  pronounce  the 
author  Impostor  nequissimus,  and  the  Decretals  in- 
famous forgeries.  But  they  had  served  their  purpose. 
The  autiior  was  either  Isidore  Mercator  or  Precator 
fa  Cenobite),  Benedict  Levita  of  Mentr,  or  Riculfe 
(archbishop  of  Ivlentz).  As  they  were  called  "  Isidorian 
Decretals,"  probably  Isidore  Mercator  was  the  author, 
and  he  wished  his  name  "  Isidore  "  to  ba  mistaken  for 
St.  Isidore  of  Seville,  who  lived  570-636,  i.e.  about  aoo 
years  previously. 

(18)  Eikon  Basilike  [I-kon  BS.-zil-t-ke], 
published  1649.  At  one  time  attributed 
to  Charles  I.  But  John  Gauden,  writing 
to  the  bishop  of  Exeter,  says  the  "  book 
is  wholly  and  solely  my  own  invention." 
It  contains  a  minute  account  of  the  king's 
trial.  (See  an  article  on  the  subject  in 
the  Nineteenth  Century,  February,  1891, 
P-  327.) 

(19)  English  Mercurie  {The),  (1588). 
Once  considered  to  be  the  oldest  English 
newspaper  ;  but  in  1839  Thomas  Watts, 
of  the  British  Museum,  published  a 
pamphlet  demonstrating  it  to  be  an  im- 
pudent forgery,  as  the  paper  on  which  it 
is  printed  bears  the  Hanoverian  arms 
with  the  initials  G.  R.  {George  Eex). 

See  an  article  on  the  subject  in  the  Nineteenth 
Century,  February,  1891,  p.  334. 

(20)  Ignatian  Controversy  {The).  The 
question  is  whether  the  works  attributed 
to  Ignatius,  bishop  of  Antioch  and 
martyr  (115),  are  genuine  and  authentic 
or  not.  Daille,  Semler,  Hermann, 
Ernesti,  Neander,  and  several  other  great 
scholars  tell  us  "  that  much  is  spurious, 
and  the  rest  has  been  greatly  tampered 
-with." 

It  is  a  very  sad  thiof .  biit  Bitdoubtedly  true,  th«t  no 
history  or  church  literature  which  pa&^d  throu£b  the 
.hands  of  the  monk,  can  be  relied  on. 


(21)  ILIVE  (7aco3),  in  1751,  published 
the  BooA  of  fasher,  which  the  Monthly 
Review,  in  December  the  same  year, 
proved  to  be  a  forgery. 

The  Book  0/  yasherisiv/\ce  referred  to  in  the  Old 
TesUment :  in  yosh.  x,  13  and  in  2  Satn.  i.  18. 

(22)  Ireland  [S.  W.  H.)  published, 
in  folio,  1796,  Miscellaneous  Papers  and 
Instruments,  under  the  hand  and  seal  of 

William  Shakespeare,  including  the 
tragedy  of  King  Lear  and  a  small  frag- 
ment of  Hamlet,  from  the  original,  £4.  4s. 
He  actually  produced  MSS.  which  he 
had  forged,  and  which  he  pretended  were 
originals.  (Strange  as  it  may  seem.  Dr. 
Parr,  Dr.  Valpy,  James  Boswell,  Herbert 
Croft,  and  the  poet-laureate  Pye  Smith, 
signed  a  document,  certifying  their  opinion 
that  these  forgeries  were  genuine.  Where 
their  ears  could  have  been  is  a  mystery, 
as  Mrs.  Siddons  detected  the  forgery 
immediately, ) 

On  April  2, 1796,  the  play  of  Vortigern  andRowena, 
"from  the  pen  of  Shakespeare,"  was  announced  for 
representation.  It  drew  a  most  crowded  house ;  but 
the  fraud  was  detected  by  Malone,  and  Ireland  made  a 
public  declaration  of  his  impositions,  from  beginning  to 
end. 

(23)  Isiac  Table  (The).  A  flat  rectangu- 
lar bronze  plate,  about  four  feet  eight 
inches  long,  containing  three  rows  of 
figures  of  Egyptian  emblems  and  deities. 
It  was  sold  by  a  soldier  to  a  locksmith, 
who  sold  it  to  cardinal  Bembo  in  1527. 
It  is  now  at  Turin  ;  but  it  is  a  general 
opinion  that  the  table  is  spurious. 

(24)  Jasher  {Book  of).  (See  under 
Ilive.) 

(25)  Lauder  ( William)  published,  in 
1751,  false  quotations  from  Masenius  a 
Jesuit  of  Cologne,  Taubmann  a  German, 
Staphorstius  a  learned  Dutchman,  and 
others,  to  ' '  prove  Milton  a  gross  plagi- 
arist," Dr.  Douglas  demonstrated  that 
the  citations  were  incorrect,  and  that 
often  several  lines  had  been  foisted  in  to 
make  the  parallels,  Lauder  confessed 
the  fact  afterwards  (1754). 

The  title  of  his  book  is  an  Essay  on  Milton's  Use  and 
Imitation  of  the  Modems. 

(26)  Letter  of  St.  Peter  to  Pepin,  forged 
by  pope  Stephen  III,  rendered  desperate 
by  the  siege  of  Rome  by  Astolph  the 
Lombard  king.  (See  Milman,  Latin 
Christianity,  voL  iii.  book  iv.  chap.  xi. 
pp.  21-23.) 

(27)  Letters  of  GanganelH  (pope  Cle- 
ment XIV.),  though  spurious,  are  very 
interesting.  They  are  generally  attributed 
to  Caraccioli,  but  CaraccioU  died  protest- 
ing that  he  was  only  the  translator  of 
thenu 


FORGERS  AND  FORGERIES.        385      FORGERS  AND  F0RGER1E& 


GanjjaneUi  was  bom  1705,  became  pope  In  1769,  and 
died  1774. 

(28)  Letters  of  Phal'aris  (TAe). 
Phalaris  was  t>Tant  of  Agregentum,  in 
Sicily,  especially  noted  for  his  judgment 
on  Perillos,  inventor  of  the  "  brazen  bull." 
Certain  letters  ascribed  to  him  were  pub- 
lished at  Oxford  in  1695,  by  Charles  Boyle 
(earl  of  Orrery),  who  maintained  their 
authenticity  ;  but  Richard  Bentley,  in  the 
same  year,  published  his  Dissertation  to 
prove  that  they  are  apocryphal,  and  no 
doubt  Bentley  was  right.  These  letters, 
on  philosophical  subjects,  profess  to  have 
been  written  six  centuries  before  the 
Christian  era,  but  Bentley  has  proved,  by 
internal  historical  evidence,  that  they  could 
not  have  been  written  for  at  least  eight 
centuries  later. 

Bentley'*  Dissertation  Introduced  a  new  era  of 
criticism,  and  probably  suggested  to  Dr.  Murray  the 
Idea  of  an  English  Dictionary  on  the  same  lines. 

(29)  Letters  of  Shelley  [Percy  Bysshe), 
published  in  1852,  proved  to  be  forgeries 
by  the  AthencBum  in  the  same  year.  The 
letters  profess  to  have  been  a  correspon- 
dence with  his  friends  Byron  and  Keats. 

Percy  Bysshe  Shelley  lived  1792-1822. 

(30)  Moabite  Stone  { The),  said  to  have 
been  discovered  near  the  Dead  Sea  by 
Klein,  in  1868,  and  broken  up  by  Bedouins 
in  1869.  Mr.  Lowy,  in  1887,  pronounced 
it  to  be  a  forgery,  one  of  his  arguments 
being  that  the  stone  was  more  worn  than 
the  letters,  in  other  words,  that  the  stone 
was  old,  but  the  inscription  modern. 

(31)  Mormon  {Book  of).  The  Golden 
Bible,  the  pretended  work  of  Mormon, 
"  the  last  of  the  Hebrew  prophets."  It 
was  said  to  be  written  on  golden  plates 
about  the  thickness  of  tin.  In  reality  it 
was  a  fiction  wTitten  by  the  Rev.  Solomon 
Spalding,  who  died  in  i8i6.  Joseph 
Smith  gave  out  that  the  book  was  revealed 
to  him  by  the  angel  Mormon,  who  also 
supplied  a  Urini  and  Thummim  which 
would  enable  him  to  decipher  the  book. 
(Sec  Koran.) 

(32)  Orph'ica.  An  immense  mass  of 
literature  which,  in  the  third  and  fourth 
centuries,  grew  out  of  the  old  Orphic 
myths  and  songs ;  somewhat  like  the 
Ossian  of  Macpherson,  based,  it  may  be, 
on  older  literature.  Not  only  the  Hel- 
lenists, but  also  the  Church  Fathers 
appealed  to  these  forgeries  as  primitive 
sources  of  the  religion  of  ancient  Greece, 
from  which  they  took  it  for  granted  that 
Pylhag'oras,  Heraclitus,  and  Plato  had 
drawn  their  theological  philosophy. 
We&seling    and    Lobeck    demonstrated 


that  these  Orphica  were  forgeries  of  the 
third  and  fourth  centuries  ;  and  that,  so 
far  from  being  the  source  of  Greek 
mythology,  the  truth  lies  in  the  contrary 
direction,  and  the  Orphica  were  deduced 
from  Hesiod  and  Homer. 

(33)  Pereira  [Colonel).  (See  under 
Sanchoni'athon.) 

(34)  Phalaris.  (See  under  Letters 
OF  Phal'aris.) 

(35)  Phcenician  Stone  [The).  In  1824 
the  learned  Raoul  Rochette,  professor  of 
archaeology,  and  keeper  of  the  cabinet  of 
antiquities,  Paris,  received  from  Malta 
(for  the  French  Academy)  a  stone  with  a 
bilingual  inscription  in  Greek  and  what 
professed  to  be  Phoenician.  The  stone 
was  dated  the  85th  Olympiad  (b.c.  436). 
Rochette  gave  the  inscription  credit  for 
the  antiquity  it  laid  claim  to,  and  sent 
a  copy  of  the  inscription  to  every  noted 
savant  in  Europe  for  decipherment  and 
translation.  The  great  scholar  Gesenius 
of  Halle  and  the  hardly  less  learned 
Hamaker  of  Leyden  agreed  with  Ro- 
chette, and  published  comments  on  the 
stone.  Yet  after  all  it  turned  out  to  be  an 
impudent  hoax  and  modern  forgery. 

(36)  Pilate's  despatch  to  the  emperor 
Tiberius.     (See  Acta  Pilati. ) 

(37)  Porphyry's  Oracles  of  Phylosophy 
were  proved  by  Dr.  Lardner  to  be  a 
forgery. 

(38)  Protevangelium  [The).  A  gospel 
falsely  ascribed  to  James  the  Less,  first 
bishop  of  Jerusalem.  It  is  noted  for  its 
minute  details  of  the  Virgin  and  of  Jesus. 
Some  ascribe  it  to  Carlnus,  who  died  36a. 

First  of  all  we  shall  rehearse  .  .  . 
The  nativity  of  our  L6rd 
As  written  m  the  old  record 
Of  the  protevangelium. 

Lonsfcllcw. 

(39)  PsaLMANAZAR  [George),  who  pre- 
tended to  be  a  Japanese,  published,  in 
1704,  an  Historical  and  Geographical  De- 
scription of  Formosa,  an  Island  belonging 
to  the  Empire  of  Japan.  He  was  an 
Englishman,  born  in  London,  name  un- 
known (died  1763). 

(40)  MeinholiS  [Dr.).  The  Amber 
Witch,  a  "story  of  the  olden  times." 
When  this  story  first  appeared,  the 
scholars  of  Germany  applied  to  it  severe 
tests  of  historical  and  philological  criti- 
cism, to  ascertain  whether  or  not  it  was 
a  relic  of  antiquity.  Even  those  acute 
neologists,  the  Tiibingen  Reviewers, 
declared  it  to  be  "  hoary  with  the  lapse 
of  centuries."  When  the  wise  ones  had 
fully  committed  themselves,  Dr.  Meinhold 

o 


FORGERS  AND  FORGERIES.       386      FORGERS  AND  FORGERIES. 


came  forward,  and  proved  beyond  a  doubt 
thai  he  was  himself  the  author, 

(41)  Richard  OF  Cirencester's  Z>za- 
phragmata,  introduced  by  Dr.  Stukeley 
as  a  genuine  work,  has  been  demonstrated 
by  professor  Mayor  to  be  a  forgery  by 
Bertram. 

(42)  RicuLFE,  archbishop  of  Mentz  or 
Mayence,  who  Uved  in  the  ninth  century, 
published  fifty-nine  decretals,  which  he 
ascribed  to  Isidore  of  Seville,  who  died 
in  the  sixth  century.  The  object  of  these 
letters  was  either  to  exalt  the  papacy,  or 
to  enforce  some  law  assuming  such  exal- 
tation. Among  them  is  the  decretal  of 
St.  Fabian,  instituting  the  rite  of  the 
chrism,  with  the  decretals  of  St.  Ana- 
cletus,  St.  Alexander,  St.  Athanasius,  and 
so  on.  They  have  all  been  proved  to  be 
barefaced  forgeries.      (See  Decretals,  p. 

383-) 

(43)  Sanchoni'athon.  At  Bremen, 
in  1837,  were  printed  nine  books  of  San- 
choni'athon, and  it  was  said  that  the 
MSS.  had  been  discovered  in  the  convent 
of  St.  Maria  de  Merinh9.o,  by  a  colonel 
Pereira  in  the  Portuguese  army  ;  but  it 
was  ascertained  that  there  was  no  such 
convent,  nor  any  such  colonel,  and  that 
the  paper  of  this  "ancient  "  MS.  bore  the 
water-mark  of  Osnabriick  paper-mills. 

(44)  Scriptures.  (See  under  Apo- 
cryphal. ) 

(45)  Sibylline  Prophecies,  twelve  in 
number,  manifestly  a  clumsy  forgery  of 
the  sixteenth  century.  There  are  twelve 
prophecies  as  there  were  twelve  apostles, 
and  twelve  sybils  are  conjured  up,  and 
twelve  emblems. 

It  would  be  too  long  to  give  all  the  details ;  but  those 
curious  on  such  a  matter  may  see  them  in  The  Historic 
Note-Book,  p.  823,  and  on  p.  824  will  be  seen  "Sibylline 
Verses," 

(46)  SiMONIDES  [Constantine  L.  P.) 
(1824-1863).  He  palmed  ofT  numerous 
forgeries  :  one  was  a  MS.  of  Homer  on 
serpent's  skin  ;  another  was  a  palimpsest 
MS.  of  the  kings  of  Egypt  in  Greek, 
professed  to  be  by  Uranius  of  Alexandria. 
The  Academy  pronounced  it  to  be 
genuine,  and  the  Minister  of  Public 
Instruction  was  deputed  to  buy  it  for 
5060  thalers  (about  £7S°)-  Professor 
Dindorf  gave  this  MS.  to  the  University 
of  Oxford  ;  but  it  was  soon  discovered  that 
it  was  a  forgery,  in  fact,  a  translation  in 
bad  Greek  of  extracts  from  Bunsen  and 
Lepsius,  and  Tischendorf  pronounced  the 
palimpsest  of  Uranius  to  be  a  gross 
forgery.  Simoaides  was  imprisoned  at 
Berlin,  but  was  acquitted  on  a  point  of  law. 


(47)  Smith  [Joseph).  (See  under 
Mormon.)  Smith  was  murdered  in 
Carthage  Gaol,  in  1844. 

(48)  Surtees  [Forgeries  of).  Robert 
Surtees,  in  1806,  palmed  off  on  sir  Walter 
Scott  certain  ballads  of  his  own  composi- 
tion as  ancient  ballads  discovered  by  him, 
and  sir  W.  Scott  inserted  them  as  genuine 
in  his  Border  Minstrelsy.  One  was  The 
Raid  of  Featherstonehaugh,  arising  out  of 
a  feud  between  the  Ridleys  and  the 
Featherstones,  said  to  be  taken  down 
from  the  mouth  of  an  old  woman  on 
Alston  Moor.  Another  was  a  ballad 
called  Lord  Eusrie,  which  he  asserted 
he  took  down  from  an  old  woman  named 
Rose  Smith  of  Bishop  Middleham  (aged 
91).  A  third  was  Barthram's  Dirge, 
obtained  (as  he  said)  from  Ann  Douglas, 
"a  withered  old  crone  who  weeded  in 
his  garden. "  A  whole  series  of  legends 
were  professedly  obtained  from  Mrs. 
Brown  of  Falkland  ;  and  another  series 
from  Mrs.  Arnut  of  Arbroath.  (See 
Chatterton.) 

It  is  a  very  common  device  for  poets  and  romancers 
to  pretend  that  they  are  recounting  somebody  else's 
words.  Sir  W.  Scott  himself  has  indulged  freely  in  this 
device,  and  the  line  of  demarcation  between  sir  Walter's 
inventions  and  those  of  Robert  Surtees  is  very  fine 
indeed ;  but  no  one  is  deceived,  and  no  mischief  done 
to  literature  and  history  by  a  Mr.  Dryasdust,  but  great 
mischief  to  both  is  done  by  the  fabrications  of  Robert 
Surtees,  unless  the  forgeries  are  exposed. 

(49)  Theouosian  Code  [The),  said  to 
have  been  compiled  by  command  of 
Theodosius  the  Younger,  emperor  of  the 
East  (401,  402-450).  The  reputed  date 
of  the  code  is  438.     Hallam  says — 

Another  edict  .  .  .  annexed  to  the  Theodosian  Code 
extended  the  jurisdiction  of  bishops  to  all  causes  which 
either  party  chose  to  refer  to  it,  even  where  they  had 
already  couunenced  in  a  secular  court  ;  and  (the  edict) 
declared  the  bishop's  sentence  not  subject  to  appeal. 
This  edict  has  already  been  proved  to  be  a  forgery. 
— Middle  Ages,  voL  ii.  p.  2ti. 

(50)  Turpin's  Chronicle  or  Chronique 
de  rarchevique  Turpin.  Turpin  was 
archbishop  of  Reims,  contemporary  with 
Charlemagne.  The  ' '  Chronicle  "  referred 
to  is,  in  fact,  an  historic  romance,  having 
Charlemagne  for  its  hero,  and  is  full  of 
marvels,  such  as  enchanted  castles,  winged 
horses,  magic  horns,  incantations,  and  so 
on.  As  a  history  it  is  worthless,  but  has 
been  misleading.  It  is  probably  two  or 
three  centuries  later  than  the  era  of 
Charlemagne,  and,  of  course,  the  arch- 
bishop had  no  hand  in  it.  Woodhead, 
the  queen's  librarian,  tells  us  that  pope 
Callixtus  II.  declared  it  to  be  authentic, 
but  no  scholar  now  believes  it  to  be  so. 

(31)  Vella  [Giuseppe),  a  literary  im- 
postor, who  confessed  his  frauds  and  was 
sentenced  to  fifteen  years'  imprisonmen| 


FORGET-ME-NOTS.  387 

fn  1796.  His  forgery  was  the  Codex 
DJHomalicus  Sicilies  (J79^)'  ^^  died 
1814. 

This  list,  though  long.  Is  by  no  means  exhaustive, 
and  takes  no  notice  of  travellers'  tales,  Ulce  those  of  sir 
John  Mandeville. 

Forget-me-nots  of  the  Angels. 

So  Longfellow  calls  the  stars  ;  but  "  for- 
get -m6-n6ts  "  won't  scan. 

Silently,  one  by  one,  in  the  infinite  meadows  of  heaven. 
Blossomed  the  lovely  stars,  the  "foreet-me-nots     of 
the  angels.  ..      ,  „    , 

Longfellow :  Evan^ehne  (i849)- 

Forgive,  Blest  Shade  .  .  .  This 
celebrated  epitayA  in  Brading  Church- 
yard, Isle  of  Wight,  is  an  altered  version, 
by  the  Rev.  John  Gill  (curate  of  New- 
church),  of  one  originally  composed  by 
Mrs.  Anne  Steele,  daughter  of  a  Baptist 
minister  at  Bristol,  on  the  death  of  Mr. 
Hervey. 

Forks,  the  gallows.  (Latin,  furca.) 
Cicero  [De  Div.,  i.  26)  says,  "Ferens 
furcam  ductus  est"  ("he  was  led  forth, 
bearing  his  gallows  ").  "  Furcifer  "  was  a 
slave  made  to  carry  a  furca  for  punish- 
ment. 

Forked  Cap,  a  bishop's  mitre. 
John  Skelton,  speaking  of  the  clergy, 
says — 

They  graspe  and  they  gapa, 

AI  to  haue  promocion  ;  There's  their  whole  deuoclon. 
With  money,  if  it  will  hap,  To  catch  the  forked  cap. 
Colyn  Clout  {time,  Henry  VIII.). 

Formosa.  The  island  said  by  Psalm- 
anazar  to  be  subject  to  the  emperor  of 
Japan.     (Sep  F^rofrs  anh  FORGERIES.) 

Fomari'na  (La),  the  baker's  daugh- 
ter, of  whom  Raphael  was  devotedly  fond, 
and  whose  likeness  appears  in  several  of 
his  pictures     Her  name  was  Margherita. 

Forrest  {George),  Esq.,  M.A.,  the 
assumed  name  of  the  Rev.  J.  G.  Wood, 
author  of  Every  Boy's  Book  (1855),  etc. 

For'tinbras,  prince  of  Norway. — 
Shakespeare:  Hamlet  {i$<j6). 

Fortuna'tns,  a  man  on  the  brink  of 
starvation,  on  whom  Fortune  offers  to 
bestow  either  wisdom,  strength,  riches, 
health,  beauty,  or  long  hfe.  He  chooses 
riches,  and  she  gives  him  an  inexhaustible 
purse.  (Seethe  next  two  articles.)  His 
gifts  prove  the  niin  of  himself  and  his 
sons. 

•.  •  This  is  one  of  the  Italian  tales  called 
Nights,  by  Straparola.  There  is  a  German 
version,  and  a  French  one,  as  far  back  as 
1555.  The  story  was  dramatized  in  1553 
by  Hans  Sachs  {Sax)  ;  and  in  1600  by 
Thomas  Dekker,  under  the  title  of  The 
Pleasant    Comedie   «f  Old   Fortunaius, 


FORTUNES  OF  NIGEU 

Ludwig  Tieck,  in  1816,  poetized  the  tale 
under  the  title  of  Phantasus. 

The  purse  of  Fortiinatus  could  not  supply  you.— 
HoUro/t :  The  Road  to  Ruin,  \.  3  (i792>. 

Fortunatus's  Purse,  a  purse  which  was 
inexhaustible.  It  wa-;  given  to  Fortu- 
natus  by  Fortune  herself.  (See  Serpent 
Stone.) 

Fortunatus's  Wishing-cap,  a  cap  given 
by  the  sultan  to  Fortunatus.  He  had 
only  to  put  it  on  his  head  and  wish,  when 
he  would  find  himself  transported  to  any 
spot  he  liked. 

• .  •  Dekker  'wrote  a  comedy  so  called, 
based  on  the  old  romance  (i6  o). 

Fortune  of  Love,  in  ten  books,  by 
Antonio  Lofrasco,  a  Sardinian  poet. 

"By  my  holy  office,"  cried  the  cur5.  "since  Apollo 


was  Apollo,  and  the  Muses  were  the  offspnnsf  of  love, 
there  never  was  a  better  or  more  delightful  volume. 
He  who  has  never  read  it  has  missed  a  fund  of  enter- 
tainment. Give  it  me,  Mr.  Nicholas;  I  would  rather 
have  thnt  book  than  a  cassock  of  the  very  best  Florence 
%i\k."— Cervantes :  Dox  Quixote,  I.  i.  6  (1605), 

Fortune's  Frolic,  a  farce  by  Ailing- 
ham  (1800).  Lord  Lackwit  died  suddenly, 
and  the  heir  of  his  title  and  estates  was 
Robin  Roughhead,  a  poor  labourer,  en- 
gaged to  Dolly,  a  cottager's  daughter. 
The  object  of  the  farce  is  to  show  the 
pleasure  of  doing  good,  and  the  blessings 
which  a  little  liberahty  can  dispense. 
Robin  was  not  spoilt  by  his  good  fortune, 
but  married  Dolly,  and  became  the  good 
genius  of  the  cottage  tenantry. 

Fortunes  of  Nigel,  a  novel  by  sir 
W.  Scott  (1822).  This  story  gives  an 
excellent  picture  of  the  times  of  James  I., 
and  the  account  of  Alsatia  is  wholly 
unrivalled.  The  character  of  king  James, 
poor,  proud,  and  pedantic,  is  a  masterly 
historic  sketch. 

The  tale  is  as  follows  : — 

The  estates  of  lord  Nigel  are  v6ry 
heavily  mortgaged,  and  James  I.  gives  his 
sign-manual  for  their  release.  This  being 
promised,  the  tale  runs  thus :  Lord  Dal- 
garno,  a  profligate  young  nobleman, 
takes  Nigel  to  a  gambling-house,  but 
soon  afterwards,  being  in  the  company 
of  prince  Charles,  he  pretends  not  to 
know  him.  Nigel,  indignant  at  this 
insult,  strikes  him  with  his  sword,  and 
flees  to  Alsatia  for  refuge.  Here  he  is 
lodged  in  the  room  of  an  old  miser,  who 
steals  from  Nigel's  trunk  the  king's  sign- 
manual.  The  old  miser  is  murdered,  and 
his  treasures  pass  into  the  hands  of 
Moniplies,  a  quondam  serving-man  of 
lord  Nigel.  Margaret  Ramsay,  the 
watchmaker's  daughter,  who  is  in  love 
with  Nigel,  induces  lady  Hermione  {^syl.). 


FORTUNIO. 


388 


FOSCARI. 


the  unhappy  wife  of  lord  Dalgarno,  to 
interfere  on  Nigel's  behalf,  and  she  gives 
him  money  to  aid  his  escape.  He  flees  to 
Greenwich,  where  he  meets  the  king,  who 
sends  him  to  the  Tower  for  treason. 
Moniplies  pays  off  the  "  mortgage  "  with 
the  miser's  money;  Nigel,  being  set  at 
liberty,  marries  Alargaret,  and  Moniplies 
marries  Martha,  the  miser's  daughter. 
(Time,  James  I.) 

Portunio,  one  of  the  three  daughters 
of  an  old  lord,  who  at  the  age  of  four 
score  was  called  out  to  join  the  army 
levied  against  the  emperor  of  Matapa'. 
Fortunio  put  on  military  costume,  and 
went  in  place  of  her  father.  On  her  way, 
a  fairy  gave  her  a  horse  named  Com- 
rade, not  only  of  incredible  swiftness, 
but  all-knowing,  and  endowed  with 
human  speech  ;  she  also  gave  her  an  in- 
exhaustible Tuikey-leather  trunk,  full  of 
money,  jewels,  and  fine  clothes.  By  the 
advice  of  Comrade,  she  hired  seven  gifted 
servants,  named  Strongback,  Lightfoot, 
Marksman,  Fine-ear,  Boisterer,  Trinquet, 
and  Grugeon.  After  performing  several 
marvellous  feats  by  the  aid  of  her  horse 
and  servants,  Fortunio  married  Alfurite 
(3  syl.)  the  king  of  her  country. — Comtesse 
lyAulnoy:  Fairy  Tales  {i632). 

Fortunio' s  Horse,  Comrade,  which  not 
only  possessed  incredible  speed,  but  knew 
all  things,  and  was  gifted  with  human 
speech. 

Fortunids  Attendants. 

Trinquet  drank  up  the  lakes  and  ponds,  and  thus 
taught  for  his  master  the  most  delicate  fish.  Light- 
foot  hunted  down  venison,  and  caught  hares  by  the 
ears.  As  for  Marksman,  he  gave  neither  partridge  nor 
pheasant  any  quarter ;  and  whatever  game  Marksman 
shot,  Strongoack  would  carry  without  inconvenience.— 
Comtesse  HAulnoy  :  Fairy  Tales  ("  Fortunio,"  1682). 

Fortunio' s  Sisters.  Whatever  gifts 
Fortunio  sent  her  sisters,  their  touch 
rendered  them  immediately  worthless. 
Thus  the  couers  of  jewels  and  gold,  ' '  be- 
came only  cut  glass  and  false  pistoles" 
the  momen  the  jealous  sisters  touched 
them. 

Fortunio's  7 urkey-leather  Trunk,  full 
of  suits  of  all  sorts  swords,  jewels,  and 
gold.  The  fairy  told  Fortunio  "  she 
needed  but  to  stamp  with  her  foot,  and 
call  for  the  Turkey-leather  trunk,  and  it 
would  always  come  to  her,  full  of  money 
and  jewels,  fine  hnen  and  laces,"— Cw«- 
tesse  D'Aiihioy :  Fairy  Tales  {1682). 

Porty  Thieves,  also  called  the  tale 
of  "  Ali  Baba."  These  thieves  lived  in  a 
vast  cave,  the  door  of  which  opened  and 
shut  at   the  words,   "Open,   Sesam^l" 


"  Shut,  Sesam^  !  "  One  day,  Ali  Babi^ 
a  wood-monger,  accidentally  discovered 
the  secret,  and  made  himself  rich  by 
carrying  off  gold  from  the  stolen  hoards 
The  captain  tried  several  schemes  to  dis- 
cover the  thief,  but  was  always  outwitted 
by  Morgia'na,  the  wood-cutter's  female 
slave,  who,  with  boiling  oil,  killed  the 
whole  band,  and  at  length  stabbed  the 
captain  himself  with  his  own  dagger, — 
Arabian  Nights  {"  AW  Baba,  or  the  Forty 
Thieves"). 

1  A  marvellous  parallel  is  the  following 
story :  In  the  reign  of  Heinrich  IV,  of 
Germany,  count  Adalbert  plundered  the 
bishop  of  Treves  and  carried  off  the  spoil 
to  his  stronghold,  Tycho,  one  of  the 
bishop's  vassals,  promised  to  avenge  the 
affront ;  and,  knocking  at  the  chieftain's 
door,  craved  a  draught  of  water.  The 
porter  brought  him  a  cup  of  wine,  and 
Tycho  said  to  the  man,  "Thank  thy 
lord  for  his  charity,  and  tell  him  he  shall 
meet  with  his  reward."  Returning  home, 
he  provided  thirty  large  wine-butts,  into 
each  of  which  he  stowed  a  retainer,  and 
weapons  for  two  others.  Each  cask  was 
carried  by  two  men  to  the  count's  strong- 
hold, and  when  the  door  was  opened, 
Tycho  said  to  the  porter,  "See,  I  am 
come  to  redeem  my  promise,"  So 
saying,  the  sixty  bearers  carried  in  the 
thirty  casks.  When  count  Adalbert  went 
to  look  at  the  "  magnificent  present,"  at 
a  signal  given  by  Tycho,  the  tops  of  the 
casks  flew  off,  and  the  ninety  armed  men 
set  on  the  count  and  slew  him  with  his 
whole  band  of  brigands.  After  which, 
they  burnt  the  castle  to  the  ground. 

Porty-five  {A^o.  45),  the  celebrated 
number  of  Wilkes's  North  Britain,  in 
which  the  ministers  were  accused  of 
"  putting  a  lie  into  the  king's  mouth," 

Porwards  [Marshal).  Blucher  is  so 
called  for  his  dash  and  readiness  to  attack 
in  the  campaign  of  1813  {1742-1819). 

Pos'cari  [Francis),  doge  of  Venice 
for  thirty-five  years.  He  saw  three  of  his 
sons  die,  and  the  fourth,  named  Jac'opo, 
was  banished  by  the  Council  of  Ten  for 
taking  bribes  from  his  country's  enemies. 
The  old  doge  also  was  deposed  at  the  age 
of  84.  As  he  was  descending  the  "  Giant 
Staircase"  to  take  leave  of  his  son,  he 
heard  the  bell  announce  the  election  of 
his  successor,  and  he  dropped  down  dead. 

yac'opo  Fos'cari,  the  fourth  and  only 
surviving  son  of  Francis  Foscari  the  doge 
of  Venice.     He  was  banished  for  taking 


FOSS.  389 

bribes  of  foreign  princes.  Jacopo  had 
been  several  times  tortured,  and  died  soon 
after  his  banishment  to  Candia. — Byron  : 
The  Two  Foscari  (1820). 

(Verdi  has  taken  this  subject  for  an 
opera. ) 

Foss  {Cofporal),  a  disabled  soldier, 
who  served  many  years  under  lieutenant 
Worthington,  and  remained  his  ordinary 
when  the  lieutenant  retired  from  the  ser- 
vice. Corporal  Foss  loved  his  master  and 
Miss  Emily  the  lieutenant's  daughter, 
and  he  gloried  in  his  profession.  Though 
brusque  in  manner,  he  was  tender-hearted 
as  a  child. — Colman  :  The  Poor  Gentle- 
man (1802). 

(Corporal  Foss  is  modelled  from  "  cor- 
poral Trim,"  in  Sterne's  Tristram  Shandy, 
1759- ) 

Poss-way,  the  longest  of  the  Roman 
roads,  from  Mount  Michael,  in  Cornwall, 
to  Caithness  (the  furthest  north  of  Scot- 
land). Drayton  says  the  Foss-way,  Wat- 
ling  Street,  and  Icknield  Street  were 
constructed  by  Mulmutius,  son  of  Cloten 
king  of  Cornwall,  who  gained  the  sceptre 
of  Britain  after  the  period  of  anarchy 
which  followed  the  murder  of  Porrex  by 
his  mother  (about  B.C.  700). 

The  Foss  exceeds  me  {IVatling  Stree{\  many  a  mile. 
That  holds  from  shore  to  shore  thel  ength  of  all  the  isle, 
From  where  rich  Cornwall  points  to  the  Iberian  seas. 
Till  colder  Caithness  tells  the  scattered  Orcades. 
*  Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xvi.  (1613). 

FOSTER  {Captain),  on  guard  at 
TuUy  Veolan  xmn.  —  Sir  W,  Scott: 
Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 

Foster,  the  English  champion. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Lairds  Jock  (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Foster  [Anthony),  or  "  Tony-fire-the- 
Faggot,"  agent  of  the  earl  of  Leicester  at 
Cumnor  Place. — Sir  IV.  Scott  :  Kenil- 
worth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Foster  [Sir  John),  the  English  war- 
den.— Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Monastery 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Foster  {Dr.  James),  a  dissenting 
minister,  who  preached  on  Sunday  even- 
ings for  above  twenty  years  (from  1728- 
1749),  in  Old  Jewry  (died  1753). 

Let  modest  Foster,  If  he  will,  excel 
Ten  metropolitans  in  preaching;  wclL 

Po^t, 

Fotlxeringfay  {Miss),  an  actress 
whose  real  name  is  Costigan.  — 
Thackeray  :  Pendennis  (1850). 

Foul-weather  Jack,  commodore 
Byron  (1723- 1786), 


FOUNTAIN  OF  YOUTH. 

Foundling'  {The).  Harriet  Ray. 
mond,  whose  mother  died  in  child-birth, 
was  committed  to  the  charge  of  a 
gouvemante,  who  announced  to  her  fathec 
(sir  Charles  Raymond)  that  the  child  was 
dead.  This,  however,  was  not  true,  for 
the  gouvernante  changed  the  child's 
name  to  Fidelia,  and  sold  her  at  the  age 
of  12  to  one  Villiard,  One  night,  Charles 
Belmont,  passing  Villiard's  house,  heard 
the  cries  of  a  girl  for  help  ;  he  rescued  her 
and  took  her  to  his  own  home,  where  he 
gave  her  in  charge  to  his  sister  Rosetta, 
The  two  girls  became  companions  and 
friends,  and  Charles  fell  in  love  with  the 
"  foundling."  The  gouvernante,  on  her 
death-bed,  revealed  the  secret  to  sir 
Charles  Raymond,  the  mystery  was 
cleared  up,  and  Fidelia  became  the  wife  of 
Charles  Belmont.  Rosetta  gave  her  hand 
to  Fidelia's  brother,  colonel  Raymond. — 
Edward  Moore  :  The  Foundling  (1748). 

Foundling  of  the  Forest  {The). 
(See  Florian,  p.  376.) 

Fountain,  Bellamore,  and 
Hare'brain,  suitors  to  lady  Hartwell, 
a  widow.  They  are  the  chums  of  Valen- 
tine the  gallant,  who  would  not  be  per- 
suaded to  keep  his  estate. — Fletcher: 
Wit  without  Money  (1639). 

Fountain  of  Life,  Alexander  Hales, 
"  the  Irrefragible  Doctor"  (*-i245). 

Fountain  of  Touth.,  a  marvellous 
fountain  in  the  island  of  Bim'ini  (one  of 
the  Baha'ma  group).  It  had  the  virtue  of 
restoring  the  aged  to  youth  again.  In  the 
Middle  Ages  it  was  really  believed  to 
exist,  and  Juan  Ponce  de  Leon,  among 
other  Spanish  navigators,  sailed  to  Florida 
in  search  of  it. 

•.•The  German  writers  tell  us,  "the 
water  was  to  be  drawn  before  sunrise- 
down  stream,  silently,  and  usually  on 
Easter  Sunday."  —  Grimm:  Teutonic 
Mythology,  p.  586. 

Referunt  in  Borucca  insula,  quae  ab  Hlspanlola  orb's 
novi  MCC.  passuum  millibus  distat,  fontem  in  vertice 
montis  esse  qui  senes  restituat,  non  tamen  canos  mutet, 
nee  tollat  jam  contractas  rugas.  Cujus  rei  prajter 
perseverantum  famam  locuples  testis  Petrus  Martyr 
Angerius  Mediolanensis,  a  secretis  Regis  dim  His- 
paniarum,  in  suis  decadibus  orbis  nuper  inventi. 
Cardanus,  De  SubtililaU,  lib.  De  Elemenlis.— Beyer, 
liack.  Lit.  F.,  658  B. 

•  .•  Sir  John  Mandeville  asserted  that 
he  had  himself  drunk  of  the  fountain; 
but,  if  so,  it  certainly  did  not  confer  on 
him  "  perpetual  youth." 

^  Virgil  says  that  Venus  "breathed" 
on  .(Eneas  the  rosy  blush  of  youth. 

.  .  .  lumenque  Juventae 
PuTpureuiD  et  Ixtos  oculis  adflarat  honores. 

^neid,  bk.  i. 


FOUR  KINGS. 


390 


FOURTEEN. 


Pour  Zing's  (The)  of  a  pack  of 
cards  are  Charlemagne  (M<r  Franco- 
German  king),  David  [the  Jewish  king), 
Alexander  [the  Macedonian  king),  and 
Cassar  [the  Roman  king).  These  four 
kings  are  representatives  of  the  four  great 
monarchies. 

Pour  Masters  [The),  (i)  Michael 
O'Clerighe;  (2)  Cucoirighe  O'Clerighe ; 
(3)  Maurice  Conry  ;  (4)  Fearfeafa  Conry. 
These  four  masters  were  the  authors  of 
the  Annals  of  Donegal. 

(O'Clerighe  is  sometimes  Anglicized 
into  Clerkson,  and  Cucoirighe  into  Pere- 
grine. ) 

Pour  Stones  marked  the  extent  of 
a  tumulus.  With  the  body  of  a  hero  was 
buried  his  sword  and  the  heads  of  twelve 
arrows  ;  while  on  the  surface  of  the 
tumulus  was  placed  the  horn  of  a  deer. 

Four  stones  rise  on  the  grave  of  Cathba,  .  .  .  CAthba, 
son  of  Torman,  thou  wert  a  sunbeam  in  'E.iXn.—Ossian  : 
Fingal,  u 

Pourberies  de  Scapin  {Les),  by 
Molifere  (1671).  Scapin  is  the  valet  of 
L^andre,  son  of  seignior  G^ronte  {2  syl.), 
who  falls  in  love  with  Zerbinette,  sup- 
posed to  be  a  gipsy,  but  in  reality  the 
daughter  of  seignior  Argante  (2  syl.), 
stolen  by  the  gipsies  in  early  childhood. 
Her  brother  Octave  {2  syl. )  falls  in  love 
with  Hyacinthe,  whom  he  supposes  to  be 
Hyacinthe  Pandolphe  of  Tarentum,  but 
turns  out  to  be  Hyacinthe  G^ronte,  the 
sister  of  L6andre.  Now,  the  gipsies  de- 
mand £,T.S'^  as  the  ransom  of  Zerbinette, 
and  Octave  requires  ;^8o  for  his  marriage 
with  Hyacinthe.  Scapin  obtains  both 
these  sums  from  the  fathers  under  false 
pretences,  and  at  the  end  of  the  comedy 
is  brought  in  on  a  litter,  with  his  head 
bound  as  if  on  the  point  of  death.  He 
begs  forgiveness,  which  he  readily  obtains ; 
whereupon  the  "sick  man"  jumps  from 
the  litter  to  join  the  banqueters.  (See 
Scapin.) 

Pourde'lis,  personification  of  France, 
called  the  true  love  of  Burbon  [Henri  IV.), 
but  enticed  away  from  him  by  Grantorto 
[rebellion).  Talus  [power  or  might)  rescues 
her,  but  when  Burbon  catches  her  by  her 
"  ragged  weeds,"  she  starts  back  in  dis- 
dain. However,  the  knight  lifts  her  on  his 
steed,  and  rides  off  with  her.— Spenser : 
Faerie  Queene,  v.  2  (1596). 

Pou'rierism,  a  communistic  system  ; 
so  called  from  Charles  Fourier  of  Besanfon 
(1772-1837). 

Pourolle  (2  syl.),  a  Will-o'-the-wisp, 


supposed  to  have  the  power  of  charming 
sinful  human  beings  into  the  same  form. 
The  charm  lasted  for  a  term  of  years 
only,  unless  it  chanced  that  some  good 
catholic,  wishing  to  extinguish  the 
wandering  flame,  made  to  it  the  sign  of 
the  cross,  in  which  case  the  sinful  creature 
became  a  fourolle  every  night,  by  way  of 
penance. 

She  does  not  know  the  way ;  she  Is  not  honest,  Mons. 
Do  you  not  know— I  am  afraid  to  say  it  aloud.  .  .  .  she 
is— a  fouroUe  ^—TempU  Bar  ("  Beside  the  RiUe."  i,). 

Pourteen,  the  name  of  a  young 
man  who  could  do  the  work  of  fourteen 
men,  but  had  also  the  appetite  of  four- 
teen men.  Like  Christoph'erus,  he  carried 
our  Lord  across  a  stream,  for  which  ser- 
vice the  Saviour  gave  him  a  sack,  saying, 
"Whatever  you  wish  for  will  come  into 
this  sack,  if  you  only  say,  '  Artchila  murt- 
chila  !  '  "  [i.e.  "come  [or  go)  into  my 
sack  ").  Fourteen's  last  achievement  was 
this  :  He  went  to  paradise,  and  being  re- 
fused admission,  poked  his  sack  through 
the  keyhole  of  the  door  ;  then  crying  out, 
"Artchila  murtchila  !  "  ("Get  into  the 
sack "),  he  found  himself  on  the  other 
side  of  the  door,  and,  of  course,  in  para- 
dise.—  Webster:  Basque  Legends,  195 
(1877)- 

Poui'teen.  This  number  plays  a  very 
conspicuous  part  in  French  history, 
especially  in  the  reigns  of  Henri  IV.  and 
Louis  XIV.     For  example — 

14th  May,  1029,  the^rj-^  Henri  was  consecrated,  and 
14th  May,  1610,  the  last  Henri  was  assassinated. 

14  letters  compose  the  name  of  Henri  de  Bourbon, 
the  14th  king  of  France  and  Navarre. 

i4tii  December,  1533  fi4  centuries,  14  decades,  and  14 
years  from  the  birth  oj  Christ),  Henri  IV.  was  born, 
and  1553  added  together  =  14. 

14th  May,  1554,  Henri  II.  ordered  the  enlargement  of 
the  Rue  de  la  Ferronnerie.  This  order  was  carried  out, 
and  4  times  14  years  later  Henri  IV.  was  assassinated 
there. 

14th  May,  Kga,  was  the  birth  of  Margfaret  de  Valois, 
first  wife  of  Henri  IV. 

14th  May,  1588,  the  Parisians  revolted  against  Henri 
III.,  under  the  leadership  of  Henri  de  Guise. 

14th  March,  1590,  Henri  IV.  grained  the  battle  of 
Ivry. 

14th  May,  1590,  Henri  IV.  was  repulsed  fixm  the 
faubourgs  of  Paris. 

14th  November,  1590,  "  The  Sixteen  "  took  oath  to 
die  rather  than  serve  the  huguenot  king  Henri  IV. 

14th  November,  1592,  the  Vans  farlement  registered 
the  papal  bull  which  excluded  Henri  IV.  from  reigning. 

14th  December,  1599,  the  duke  of  Savoy  was  recon- 
ciled to  Henri  IV. 

14th  September,  t6o6,  the  dauphin  (Louis  III.),  son 
of  Henri  fv.,  was  baptized. 

14th  May,  1610,  Ravaillac  murdered  Henri  IV.  in  the 
Rue  de  la  Ferronnerie.  Henri  IV.  lived  4  times  14 
years  14  weeks,  and  4  times  14  days,  i.e.  56  years  and  5 

14th  May,  1643,  died  Louis  XIII.,  son  of  Henri  IV. 
(the  same  day  and  month  as  his  father).  And  1643 
added  together  =  14 ;  just  as  1553  (the  birth  0/  Henri 

Louis  XIV.  mounted  the  throne  1643,  which  added 
together  =14.  .         , ,    . 

Louis  XIV.  died  1715.  which  added  together  — 14. 


FOURTEEN  HUNDRED. 


391 


FRANCESCA. 


I.ouis  XIV.  Ured  77  years,  which  added  tocether 
""  ^4- 

Louis  XV.  mounted  the  throne  1715.  which  added 
together  -- 14. 

Louis  XV,  died  1774  (the  two  extremes  are  14,  and 
the  two  means  77  =  14. 

Louis  X\'l.  publibhed  the  edict  for  the  convocation 
of  the  states-general  iu  the  x4tU  year  of  his  reijjn  (Sep- 
tember 17,  1788). 

Louis  XVllI.  was  restored  to  the  throne,  Napoleon 
abdicated,  the  "Peace  of  Paris"  was  siened,  and  the 
•*  Congress  of  Vienna  "  met  in  1814 ;  and  these  figures 
added  together  »  14. 

In  1832  =  14  was  the  death  of  the  due  de  Reichstadt 
(only  son  of  Napoleon  I  ). 

1814=14.  Louis  XVIII.  was  restored  to  the  throne 
of  France. 

In  1841 »  14  the  law  was  passed  for  the  fortification 
of  Paris. 

1805=  14,  Napoleon  I.  made  king  of  Italy. 

1850  =  14,  Louis  Philippe  died. 

ll  may  be  noted  in  our  own  Royal 
Family,  that  on  14th  December,  1861,  the 
prince  consort  died  ;  14th  December,  1878, 
princess  Alice  died ;  14th  January,  1892, 
the  dulce  of  Clarence  died. 

Pourteen  Hundred!  the  cry  on 
'Change  when  a  stranger  enters  the  sacred 
precincts.  The  question  is  then  asked, 
"  Will  you  purchase  my  new  navy  five 
per  cents, ,  sir  ?  "  after  which  the  stranger 
is  hustled  out  without  mercy. 

Pox  {That),  Herod  Antipas  (B.C.  4  to 
A.D.  39). 

Go  ye,  and  tell  that  fox.  Behold,  I  cast  out  devils.— 
LuH*  xiii.  33. 

Pox  {The  Old),  marshal  Souk  {1769- 
1851). 

Poxclxase  (Sir  Harjj),  candidate 
with  squire  Tankard,  opposed  by  lord 
Place  and  colonel  ^xQVA\%t.— Fielding : 
Pasquin  (1736). 

Poxley  {Squirt  Matthew),  a  magis- 
trate who  examined  Darsie  Latimer  \i.e. 
sir  Arthur  Darsie  Redgauntlet],  after  he 
had  been  attacked  by  the  rioters. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Redgauntlet  (time,  George  HI.). 

Pracassd  (Capitaine),  the  French 
Bombastes  ¥\xr'ioso,—T heophile  Gautier. 

Pra  Diavolo,  the  sobriquet  of 
Michel  Pozza,  a  Calabrian  insurgent  and 
brigand  chief.  In  1799  cardinal  Ruffo 
made  him  a  colonel  in  the  Neapolitan 
army  ;  but  in  1806  he  was  captured  by  the 
French,  and  hanged  at  Naples.  Aubcr 
has  a  comic  opera  so  entitled,  the  libretto 
of  which  was  written  by  Scribe,  but 
nothing  of  the  true  character  of  the 
brigand  chief  appears  in  the  opera. 

Pradu'bio  [i.e.  brother  Doubt\  In 
his  youth  he  loved  Frselissa,  but  riding 
with  her  one  day  they  encountered  a 
knight,  accompanied  by  Duessa  {false 
faith),  and  fought  to  decide  which  lady 
was  the  fairer.    The  stranger  knight  fell, 


and  both  ladies  being  saddled  on  the 
victor,  Duessa  changed  her  rival  into  a 
tree.  One  day  Fradubio  saw  Duessa 
bathing,  and  was  so  shocked  at  her  de- 
formity that  he  determined  to  abandon 
her,  but  the  witch  anointed  him  during 
sleep  with  herbs  to  produce  insensibility, 
and  then  planted  him  as  a  tree  beside 
Fraslissa.  The  Red  Cross  Knight  plucked 
a  bough  from  this  tree,  and  seeing  with 
horror  that  blood  dripped  from  the  rift, 
was  told  this  tale  of  the  metamorphosis. 
— Spenser:  Faerie Queene,  i.  2  (1590). 

Prail  {Lady),  whose  real  name  was 
lady  Vane.  Her  adventures  are  related  by 
Smollett,  in  his  Peregrine  Pickle  (1751). 

Prail  {Mrs. ),  a  demirep.  Scandal  said 
that  she  is  a  mixture  of  "  pride,  folly, 
affectation,  wantonness,  inconstancy, 
covetousness,  dissimulation,  malice,  and 
ignorance,  but  a  celebrated  beauty  "  (act 
i. ).  She  was  entrapped  into  marriage  with 
Tattle. — Congreve  :  Love  for  La/vc  (1695), 

Prancatelli,  a  chef  de  cuisine  at 
Windsor  Castle,  Crockford's,  and  at  the 
Freemasons'  Tavern.  He  succeeded  Ude 
at  Crockford's.    (See  Cooks,  p.  232.) 

Prances,  daughter  of  V^andunke 
(2  syl.)  burgomaster  of  Btaiges. — 
Fletcher:  The  Beggars'  Bush  {1022). 

Prancesca,  daughter  of  Guido  da 
Polenta  (lord  of  Ravenna).  She  was  given 
by  her  father  in  marriage  to  Lanciotto, 
son  of  Malatesta  lord  of  Rimini,  who  was 
deformed.  His  brother  Paolo,  who  was 
a  handsome  man,  won  the  affections  of 
Francesca  ;  but  being  caught  in  adultery, 
both  of  them  were  put  to  death  by  Lan- 
ciotto. Francesca  told  Dantfi  that  the 
tale  of  Lancelot  and  Guinever  caused  her 
fall.  The  tale  forms  the  close  of  Dantg's 
Hell,  v. ,  and  is  alluded  to  by  Petrarch  in 
his  Triumph  of  Love,  iii. 

(Leigh  Hunt  has  a  poem  on  the  sub- 
ject, and  Silvio  Pellico  has  made  it  the 
subject  of  a  tragedy. ) 

Prancesca,  a  Venetian  maiden, 
daughter  of  old  Minotti  governor  of 
Corinth.  Alp,  the  Venetian  commander 
of  the  Turkish  army  in  the  siege  of 
Corinth,  loved  her ;  but  she  refused  to 
marry  a  renegade.  Alp  was  shot  in  the 
siege,  and  Francesca  died  of  a  broken 
heart. — Byron  :  Siege  of  Corinth  (1816). 

Medora,  Neuha,  Leila,  Francesca,  and  Theresa,  it 
has  been  alleged,  are  but  children  of  one  family,  with 
differences  resulting  from  cliiuate  cind  circumstances.— 
finden  :  Byron  Beauties. 

("Medora,"  in  The  Corsair i  **Neu- 


FRANCESCHINI  CASE. 


392 


FRANKENSTEIN. 


ha,"  in    The  Island :    "  Leila,**  in  The 
Giaour;  and  "  Theresa,"  in  Mateppa.) 

Francescliini  Case,  a  celebrated 
cause  cilhbre  of  Italian  history  (1698). 
(See  Ring  and  the  Book.) 

f  rancesco,  the  "  lago "  of  Mas- 
singer's  Duke  of  Milan  ;  the  aoke  Sforza 
"  the  More  "  being  "  Othello  ;  "  and  the 
cause  of  hatred  being  that  Sforza  had  se- 
duced "Eugenia,"  Francesco's  sister.  As 
lago  was  Othello's  favourite  and  ancient, 
so  Francesco  was  Sforza's  favourite  and 
chief  minister.  During  Sforza's  absence 
with  the  camp,  Franceso  tried  to  corrupt 
the  duke's  beautiful  young  bride  Marcelia, 
and,  being  repulsed,  accused  her  to  the 
duke  of  wishing  to  play  the  wanton  with 
him.  The  duke  believed  his  favourite 
minister,  and  in  his  mad  jealousy  ran 
upon  Marcelia  and  slew  her.  He  was 
then  poisoned  by  Eugenia,  whom  he  had 
seduced. — Massinger:  The  Duke  of  Milan 
(1622).    (See  Francisco.) 

Fraxiclii  {Antonio),  the  pseudonym 
of  Francesco  Bonavino,  the  Italian 
philosopher  (1634-1709).  In  biographi- 
cal dictionaries  he  is  best  known .  as 
Antony  Franchi. 

Francis,  the  faithful,  devoted  servant 
of  "the  stranger."  Quite  impenetrable 
to  all  idle  curiosity. — B.  Thompson : 
The  Stranger  (1797). 

Francis  [Father),  a  Dominican  monk, 
confessor  of  Simon  Glover. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Francis  [Father),  a  monk  of  the  con- 
vent at  Namiu-. — Sir  W.  Scott :  Quentin 
Durward  [time,  Edward  IV.). 

Franciscans,  a  religious  order ;  so 
called  from  St.  Francis  of  Assisi,  the 
founder,  in  1208.  The  Franciscans  were 
called  "Min'orites"  (or  Inferiors),  from 
their  professed  humility  ;  "  Gray  Friars," 
from  the  colour  of  their  coarse  clothing  ; 
"Mendicants,"  because  they  obtained 
their  daily  food  by  begging ;  "  Obser- 
vants," because  they  observed  the  rule 
of  poverty.  Those  who  lived  in  convents 
were  called  "  Conventual  Friars." 

Franciscan  Sisters  were  called 
"  Clares,"  "  Poor  Clares,"  "  Minoresses," 
"  Mendicants,"  and  "  Urbanites  "  [3sjyl.). 

Francis'co,  the  son  of  Valentine. 
Both  father  and  son  were  in  love  with 
Cellide  (2  syl. )  ;  but  the  lady  naturally 
prefers  the  son. — Fletcher:  Mons.  Thomas 
(1619). 


Francisco,  a  musician,  Antonio's  boy 
In  The  Chances^  a  comedy  by  Fletcher 
(1620). 

Francisco,  younger  brother  of  Valen- 
tine (the  gentleman  who  will  not  be 
persuaded  to  keep  his  estate).  (See 
Francesco.  ) — Fletcher  :  Wit  without 
Money  (1639). 

Franco'ni  [King),  Joachim  Mura ; 
so  called  because  his  dress  was  so  ex- 
ceedingly showy  that  he  reminded  one  of 
the  fine  dresses  of  Franconi  the  mounte- 
bank (1757-1815). 

Frangniestan,  famous  for  enamel. 

Of  complexion  more  fair  than  the  enamel  of  Fran- 
S^cstan.—BecU/brd:  Ka/A^,4  (1784). 

Frank,  sister  to  Frederick ;  passion- 
ately in  love  with  captain  Jac'omo  the 
woman-hater. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher: 
The  Captain  (1613). 

Beaumont  died  1616. 

Frank  Mildmay,  or  The  Naval 
Officer,  a  novel  by  captain  Marryat  (1829). 

•.•  It  is  said  that  Frank  Mildmay  is 
the  author  himself. 

Frankenstein  (3  syl.),  a  student, 
who  constructed,  out  of  the  fragments  of 
bodies  picked  from  churchyards  and 
dissecting-rooms,  a  human  form  without 
a  soul.  The  monster  had  muscular 
strength,  animal  passions,  and  active  hfe, 
but  ' '  no  breath  of  divinity. "  It  longed 
for  animal  love  and  animal  sympathy,  but 
was  shunned  by  all.  It  was  most  power- 
ful for  evil,  and,  being  fully  conscious  of 
its  own  defects  and  deformities,  sought 
with  presistency  to  inflict  retribution  on 
the  young  student  who  had  called  it  into 
being.  The  monster  feels  that  he  is  un- 
like other  human  beings,  and  in  revenge 
murders  the  friend,  the  brother,  and  the 
bride  of  his  creator.  He  tries  to  murder 
Frankenstein,  but  he  escapes.  The 
monster  hides  himself  from  the  eye  of 
man,  in  the  Ultima  Thule  of  the  habit- 
able globe,  and  slays  Frankenstein  on  his 
way  home. — Mrs.  Shelley :  Frankenstein 
(1817). 

'.'  It  is  a  great  pity  that  Mrs.  Shelley 
has  not  given  the  monster  a  name.  This 
anonimity  has  caused  it  to  be  called 
"Frankenstein,"  which,  of  course,  is 
quite  wrong. 

In  the  summer  of  1816,  lord  Byron  and  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Shelley  resided  on  the  banks  of  the  lake  of  Geneva  .  .  . 
and  the  Shelleys  often  passed  their  evening?  with 
Evron,  at  his  house  at  Diodati.  During  a  week  of  rain, 
having  amused  themselves  with  reading  German  ghost 
stories,  they  agreed  to  write  something  in  imitation  of 


them.  "  You  and  I,"  said  lord  Byron  to  Mrs.  Shelley, 
••  will  publish  ours  together."  He  then  began  his  taJe 
of  the  Vampirt ...  but  the  most  memorable  part  of 


FRANK  FORD. 

this  story-teUing  compact  w»i  Mri.  Shelley's  wUd  and 
powerful  roniiuit*  of  Frank4nstein.  —  T.  Moort:  Li/t 
*/  ByriH. 

Frankford  {Mr.  and  Mrs.).  Mrs. 
Frankford  proved  unfaithful  to  her  mar- 
riage vow,  and  Mr.  Frankford  sent  her 
to  reside  on  one  of  his  estates.  She  died 
of  grief;  but  on  her  death-bed  her  hus- 
band went  to  see  her,  and  forgave  her. — 
Heywood :  A  Woman  Killed  by  Kindness 
(1576-1645). 

Franklin  [Lady),  the  half-sister  of 
sir  John  Vesey,  and  a  young  widow. 
Lady  Franklin  had  an  angelic  temper, 
which  nothing  disturbed,  and  she  really 
believed  that  "whatever  is,  is  right."  She 
could  bear  with  unruffled  feathers  even 
the  failure  of  a  new  cap  or  the  disappoint- 
ment of  a  new  gown.  This  paragon  of 
women  loved  and  married  Mr,  Graves,  a 
dolorous  widower,  for  ever  sighing  over 
the  superlative  excellences  of  his  "  sainted 
Maria,"  his  first  wife. — Lord  Lyiton : 
Money  (1840). 

The  Polish  Frank' lin,  Thaddeus  Czacki 
(1765-1813). 

Franklin  of  Theology  {The),  Andrew 
Fuller  (1754-1815). 

Franklin's  Tale  { The),  in  Chaucer's 
Canterbury  Tales,  is  that  of  "  Dorigen 
and  ArvLr'agus."  (For  the  tale,  see 
ARVIRAGUS,  p.  66.) 

Frankly  {Charles),  a  light-hearted, 
joyous,  enthusiastic  young  man,  in  love 
with  Clarinda,  whom  he  marries. — Dr. 
Hoadly  :  Tlie  Suspicious  Husband  (1747). 

Franval  {Madame),  born  of  a  noble 
family,  is  proud  as  the  proudest  of  the 
old  French  noblesse.  Captain  St.  Alme, 
the  son  of  a  merchant,  loves  her  daughter ; 
but  the  haughty  aristocrat  looks  with 
disdain  on  such  an  alliance.  However, 
ber  daughter  Marianne  is  of  another  way 
of  thinking,  and  loves  the  merchant's 
son.  Her  brother  intercedes  in  her 
behalf,  and  madame  makes  a  virtue  of 
necessity,  with  as  much  grace  as  possible. 
^Holcroft:  The  Deaf  and  Dumb  (1785), 

Fraser's  Magazine  started  in 
1830. 

Fra'teret'to,  a  fiend,  who  told  Edgar 
that  Nero  was  an  angler  in  the  Lake  of 
Darkness. — Shakespeare  :  King  Lear 
(1605). 

Fraud,  seen  by  DantS  between  the 
sixth  and  seventh  circles  of  the  Inferno. 

His  head  and  upper  part  exposed  on  land, 
But  laid  not  on  the  shore  his  bestial  train. 
His  face  the  semblance  of  a  jusr  man's  wora 
^0  kind  and  gracious  was  i^»  *utward  cheer). 


393  FREEHOLU 

The  rest  was  serpent  all.    Two  shagrey  claws 
Reached  to  the  armpits,  and  the  back  anii  breait 
And  either  side  wer«  painted  o'er  with  nudes 
Aad  orbits. 

DanU  :  Hell,  xvii.  (130^ 

Freckles  Cured.  "The  entrails  ol 
crocodiles,"  says  Ovid,  "are  excellent  to 
take  freckles  or  spots  from  the  face  and 
to  whiten  the  skin."  As  Pharos,  an 
island  in  the  mouth  of  the  Nile,  abounded 
in  crocodiles,  the  poet  advises  those  who 
are  swarthy  and  freckled  to  use  the 
Pharian  wash. 

If  swarthy,  to  the  Pharian  varnish  fly. 

Ovid:  Arto/Lcue,  iii.  (B.C.  2). 

Fred  or  Frederick  Lewis  prince  of 
Wales,  father  of  George  IIL,  was  struck 
by  a  cricket-ball  in  front  of  Cliefden 
House,  in  the  autumn  of  1750,  and  died 
the  following  spring.  It  was  of  this 
prince  that  it  was  written,  by  way  of 
epitaph — 

.  .  .  And  as  it  is  only  Fred, 

Who  was  alive,  and  is  dead. 

Why,  there's  no  more  to  be  said. 

Frederick,  the  usurping  duke,  father 
of  Celia  and  uncle  of  Rosalind.  He  was 
about  to  make  war  upon  his  banished 
brother,  when  a  hermit  encountered  him, 
and  so  completely  changed  him  that  he 
not  only  restored  his  brother  to  his  duke- 
dom, but  he  retired  to  a  religious  house, 
and  passed  the  rest  of  his  life  in  penitence 
and  acts  of  devotion. — Shakespeare :  As 
You  Like  It  (1598). 

Frederick,  the  unnatural  and  licen- 
tious brother  of  Alphonso  king  of  Naples, 
whose  kingdom  he  usurped.  He  tried  in 
vain  to  seduce  Evanthfi  (3  jy/.),  the  wife 
of  Valerio.  (For  the  sequel,  see 
EvANTHE,  p.  -^^7.)— Fletcher:  A  Wife 
for  a  Month  (1624). 

Frederick  {Don),  a  Portuguese  mer- 
chant, the  friend  of  don  Felix. — Mrs. 
Centlivre:  The  Wonder  {171^). 

Frederick  the  G-reat  in  Flight. 

In  1741  was  the  battle  of  Molwitz,  in 
which  the  Prussians  carried  the  day,  and 
the  Austrians  fled ;  but  Frederick,  who 
commanded  the  cavalry,  was  put  to  flight 
early  in  the  action,  and  thinking  that  all 
was  lost,  fled  with  his  staff  many  miles 
from  the  scene  of  action. 

Frederick  the  Great  from  Molwitz  deigiied  to  run. 
Byron  :  Don  jfuan,  nii.  aa  (1834). 

Freeborn  Jolin,  John  Lilbume,  tha 
republican  (1613-1657). 

Freehold,  a  grumpy,  rusty,  but  soft- 
hearted old  gentleman  farmer,  who  hates 
all    new-fangled    notions,    and    detests 


FREELOVE. 


394 


FRIARS. 


"  men  of  fashion."  He  lives  in  his  farm- 
house with  his  niece  and  daughter. 

Aura  Freehold,  daughter  of  Freehold. 
A  pretty,  courageous,  high-spirited  lass, 
who  wins  the  heart  of  Modely,  a  man  of 
the  world  and  a  libertine. — J.  P.  Kemble  : 
The  Farm-house. 

Preelove  {Lady),  aunt  to  Harriot 
[Russet].  A  woman  of  the  world,  "as 
mischievous  as  a  monkey,  and  as  cunning 
too  "  (act  i.  so.  i). — Colman  :  The  Jealous 
Wife  (1761). 

Free 'man  {Charles),  the  friend  of 
Lovel,  whom  he  assists  in  exposing  the 
extravagance  of  his  servants. — Townley  ; 
High  Life  Below  Stairs  (1759). 

Free'xnan  {Sir  Charles),  brother  of 
Mrs.  Sullen  and  friend  of  Ainiwell. — 
Farquhar  :  The  Beaux'  Stratagem  (1705). 

Free 'man  {Mrs.),  a  name  assumed 
by  the  duchess  of  Marlborough  in  her 
correspondence  with  queen  Anne,  who 
called  herself  "  Mrs.  Morley." 

Freemason  (The  lady),  the  Hon. 
Miss  Elizabeth  St.  Leger  (afterwards 
Mrs.  Aldworth),  daughter  of  Arthur  lord 
Doneraile.  In  order  to  witness  the  pro- 
ceedings of  a  lodge  held  in  her  father's 
house,  she  hid  herself  in  an  empty  clock- 
case  ;  but,  being  discovered,  she  was 
compelled  to  become  a  member  of  the 
craft. 

Freemasons'      Buildingfs.       St. 

Paul's  Cathedral,  London,  in  604,  and 
St.  Peter's,  Westminster,  in  605,  were 
both  built  by  freemasons.  Gundulph 
bishop  of  Rochester,  who  built  White 
Tower,  was  a  grand-master  ;  so  was 
Peter  of  Colechurch,  architect  of  Old 
London  Bridge.  Henry  VII. 's  Chapel, 
Westminster,  is  the  work  of  a  master 
mason.  Sir  Thomas  Gresham,  who 
planned  the  Royal  Exchange,  was  also 
a  master  mason  ;  so  were  Inigo  Jones  and 
sir  Christopher  Wren.  Covent  Garden 
Theatre  was  founded,  in  1808,  by  the 
prince  of  Wales,  in  his  capacity  of  grand- 
master. 

Free 'port  {Sir  Andrew),  a  London 
merchant,  industrious,  generous,  and  of 
sound  good  sense.  He  was  one  of  the 
members  of  the  hypothetical  club  under 
whose  auspices  the  Spectator  was  enter- 
prised. 

Freiherr  von  Giitting-en,  having 
collected  the  poor  of  his  neighbourhood 
in  a  great  barn,  burnt  them  to  death,  and 


mocked  their  cries  of  agony.  Being 
invaded  by  a  swarm  of  mice,  he  shut 
himself  up  in  his  castle  of  Guttingen,  in 
the  lake  of  Constance  ;  but  the  vermin 
pursued  him,  and  devoured  him  alive. 
The  castle  then  sank  in  the  lake,  and  "  if 
not  gone,  may  still  be  seen  there."  (See 
H  ATTO. ) 

Freischiitz  {Der),  a  legendary 
German  archer,  in  league  with  the  devil. 
The  devil  gave  him  seven  balls,  six  of 
which  were  to  hit  with  a  certainty  any 
mark  he  aimed  at ;  but  the  seventh  was 
to  be  directed  according  to  the  will  of  the 
giver. —  Weber  :  Der  Freischiitz  (1822). 

(The  libretto  is  by  F.  Kind,  taken  from 
Apel's  Gespensterbuch  (or  ghost-book), 
where  the  legend  appeared  in  a  poetia 
form  in  1810. ) 

French  Revolution  ( The),  a  history 
in  three  parts,  by  Carlyle  (1837). 

Frere.    (See  Friars.) 

Freron  {Jean),  the  person  bitten  by 
a  mad  dog,  referred  to  by  Goldsmith  ia 
the  lines — 

The  man  recovered  of  the  bite  ; 
The  dog  it  was  that  died. 

Elegy  on  a  Mad  Do^, 
Un  serpent  mordit  Jean  Freron,  eh  bien  J 
Le  serpent  en  mourut. 
Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall,  etc.,  vii.  ^  (Milman's  notes). 

Freston,  the  enchanter  who  bore  don 
Quixote  especial  ill-will.  When  the 
knight's  library  was  destroyed,  he  was 
told  that  some  enchanter  had  carried  off 
the  books  and  the  cupboard  which  con- 
tained them.  The  niece  thought  the 
enchanter's  name  was  Munaton  ;  but  the 
don  corrected  her,  and  said,  "  You  mean 
Freston."  "Yes,  yes,"  said  the  niece, 
"  I  know  the  name  ended  in  ton." 

"That  Freston,"  said  the  knight,  "is  doingf  me  all 
the  mischief  his  malevolence  can  invent ;  but  I  regard 
him  not. " — Ch.  7. 

"  That  cursed  Freston,"  said  the  knight,  "  who  stole 
my  closet  and  books,  has  transformed  the  giants  into 
windmills"  {ch.Z).— Cervantes :  Don  Quixote,  L  i. 
(160s). 

Friar  of  Orders  Gray  {The),  a 

ballad. 

Percy,  In  his  Reliqiies  (bk.  fl.  18),  says,  "  Dispersed 
through  Shakespeare's  plays  are  innumerable  little 
fragments  of  ancient  ballacis  ...  The  editor  (of  the 
Reliques)  was  tempted  to  select  some  of  them,  and 
with  a  few  supplementary  stanzas  to  connect  them  to- 
gether. .  .  .  One  small  fragment  was  taken  from  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher. 

N.B.— The  Hermit,  by  Goldsmith  (i7«s),  was  pub- 
lished before  Percy's  Friar  o/Orders  Gray.  The  two 
are  very  much  alike.  (See  EDWIN  AND  ANGELINA, 
P-  31S) 

Friars.  The  four  great  religious 
orders  were  Dominicans,  Franciscans, 
Augustines,    and    Car'melites    (3   iyl.\. 


FRIAR'S  TALE. 

Dominicans  are  called  Mack  friars,  Fran- 
ciscans gray  friars,  and  the  other  two 
white  friars.  A  fifth  order  was  the 
Trinitarians  or  Crutched  friars,  a  later 
foundation.  The  Dominicans  were  fur- 
thermore called  Fratres  Majores,  and  the 
Franciscans  Fratres  Minores. 

(For  friars  famed  in  fable  and  story, 
see  under  each  respective  name  or  pseu- 
donym.) 

Priar's  Tale  {The),  by  Chaucer,  in 
The  Canterbury  Tales  (1388).  An  arch- 
deacon employed  a  sumpnour  as  his 
secret  spy  to  find  out  offenders,  with  the 
view  of  exacting  fines  from  them.  In 
order  to  accomplish  this  more  effectually, 
the  sumpnour  entered  into  a  compact 
with  the  devil  disguised  as  a  yeoman. 
Those  who  imprecated  the  devil  were  to 
be  dealt  with  by  the  yeoman-devil,  and 
those  who  imprecated  God  were  to  be 
the  sumpnour's  share.  They  came  in 
time  to  an  old  woman  "  of  whom  they 
knew  no  wrong,"  and  demanded  twelve 
pence  "for  cursing."  She  pleaded 
poverty,  when  the  sumpnour  exclaimed, 
"The  foul  fiend  fetch  me  if  I  excuse 
thee  ! "  and  immediately  the  foul  fiend 
at  his  side  did  seize  him,  and  made  off 
with  him. 

Fribble,  a  contemptible  molly- 
coddle, troubled  with  weak  nerves.  He 
"speaks  like  a  lady  for  all  the  world,  and 
never  swears.  ...  He  wears  nice  white 
gloves,  and  tells  his  lady-love  what 
ribbons  become  her  complexion,  where 
to  stick  her  patches,  who  is  the  best 
milliner,  where  they  sell  the  best  tea, 
what  is  the  best  wash  for  the  face,  and 
the  best  paste  for  the  hands.  He  is 
always  playing  with  his  lady's  fan,  and 
showing  his  teeth."  He  says  when  he  is 
married — 

All  the  domestic  business  will  be  taken  from  my 
wife's  hands.  I  shall  make  the  tea,  comb  the  dogs,  and 
dress  the  children  myself."— CarnV*  .•  Miss  in  Her 
Teens,  ii.  (1733)- 

Priday  [My  Man),  a  young  Indian, 
whom  Robinson  Crusoe  saved  from  death 
on  a  Friday,  and  kept  as  his  servant  and 
companion  on  the  desert  island. — Defoe: 
Robinson  Crusoe  (1709). 

Priday  Street  (London).  So  called 
because  it  was  the  street  of  fishmongers, 
who  served  the  Friday  markets.— ^/cw. 

Priday  Tree  {A),  atrial,  misfortune, 
or  cross  ;  so  called  from  the  "  accursed 
tree  "  on  which  the  Saviour  was  crucified 
on  a  Friday. 


39S 


FRITHIOF. 


Priend  [The  Poor  Man's),  Nell 
Gwynne  (1642-1691). 

Priend  of  Man  ( The),  the  marquis 
de  Mirabeau  ;  so  called  from  one  of  his 
books,  entitled  L'Ami  des  Homtnes  (1715- 
1789). 

Priends. 

Frenchmen  :  Montaigne  and  Etienne  de 
la  Boetie. 

Germans:  Goethe  and  Schiller.  (See 
Carlyles  Schiller,  p.  io8.) 

Greeks  :  Achillas  and  Patroclos ; 
Diomed^s  and  Sthen'alos  ;  Epaminondas 
and  Pelop'idas ;  Harmo'dios  and  Aristo- 
gi'ton  ;  Hercules  and  lola'os  ;  Idomeneus 
(4  syl.)  and  Merlon  ;  Pyl'ades  and  Ores'- 
tSs  ;  Septim'ios  and  Alcander  ;  Theseus 
(2  syl.)  and  Pirith'oos. 

Jews:  David  and  Jonathan  ;  Christ 
and  the  beloved  disciple. 

Syracusians  :  Damon  and  Pythias  ; 
Sacharissa  and  AmSret. 

Trojans  :  Nisus  and  Eury'alus. 

Of  Feudal  History:  Amys  and  Amy- 
lion. 

Miscellaneous :  Braccio  (sometimes 
called  Fra  Bartolomeo)  and  Mariotto, 
artists  ;  Basil  and  Gregory  ;  Burke  and 
Dr.  Johnson  ;  Hadrian  and  Antinous 
(4  syl. ) ;  F.  D.  Maurice  and  C.  Kingsley  ; 
William  of  Orange  and  Bentinck.  (See 
Macaulay's  History,  vol.  i.  411,  two-vol. 
edit.) 

Friendly  [Sir  Thomas),  a  gouty 
baronet  living  at  Friendly  Hall. 

Lady  Friendly,  wife  of  sir  Thomas. 

Frank  Friendly,  son  of  sir  Thomas  and 
fellow-collegian  with  Ned  Blushingt^n. 

Dinah  Friendly,  daughter  of  sir 
Thomas.  She  marries  Edward  Blushing- 
ton  "  the  bashful  man." — Moncrieff:  The 
Bashful  Man. 

Friendships  Broken. 

Queen  Elizabeth  and  the  earl  of  Essex, 
Henrj'  II.  and  Thomas  Becket. 
Henry  VIII.  and  Wolsey. 
J.  H.  Newman  and  Whately. 
Pope    Innocent    III.    and    Otho    IV. 
[ScQ  Milman' s  Latin  Christianity,  v.  234.) 

Friendships  [Romantic).  The  most 
striking  are  those  of  Pyiad^s  and  Orestes, 
and  of  Damon  and  Pythias. 

Prithiof  [Frit-yof],  a  hero  of  Ice- 
landic story.  He  married  Ingeborg 
[In-ge-boy'e],  daughter  of  a  petty  Norwe- 
gian king,  and  the  widow  of  Hring,  His 
adventures  are  recorded  in  an  ancient 
Icelandic  saga  of  the  thirteenth  century. 


FRITZ, 

•.•  Bishop  Tegner  has  made  this  story 
the  groundwork  of  his  poem  entitled  The 
Frithiofs  Saga. 

Frithiofs  Sword,  Angurva'del. 

•.*  Frithiof  means  "  peacemaker,"  and 
Angurvadel  means  "  stream  of  anguish." 

Pritz {Old),  Frederick  II.  "the  Great," 
king  of  Prussia  (1712,  1740-1786). 

Fritz,  a  gardener,  passionately  fond  of 
flowers,  the  only  subject  he  can  talk 
about. — Stirling:  The  Prisoner  of  State 
(1847). 

Prog  {Nic),  the  linen-draper.  The 
Dutch  are  so  called  in  Arbuthnot's  History 
of  John  Bull  (1712). 

Nic.  Frog  was  a  cunning',  sly  rogue,  quite  the  reverse 
of  John  [Bit//]  in  many  particulars ;  covetous,  frugal ; 
minded  domestic  affairs ;  would  pinch  his  belly  to  save 
his  pocket ;  never  lost  a  farthing  by  careless  servants  or 
bad  debts.  He  did  not  care  much  for  any  sort  of 
diversions,  except  tricks  of  high  German  artists  and 
legerdemain ;  no  man  exceeded  Nic.  in  these.  Yet  it 
must  be  owned  that  Nic.  was  a  fair  dealer,  and  in  that 
way  acquired  immense  riches. — Dr.  Arbuthnoi  :  His- 
tory 0/  yohn  Bull,  V.  (1712). 

'.•  "Frogs"  are  called  Dutch  night- 
ingales. 

It  is  a  mistake  to  suppose  the  French 
are  intended  by  this  sobriquet. 

Prolicsome  Duke  [The),  a  ballad 
In  Percy's  Reliques  (bk.  ii.  17).  A  duke, 
wanting  diversion,  went  out  one  night  and 
saw  a  tinker,  dead  drunk,  fast  asleep  on 
a  bench.  He  told  his  servants  to  take 
him  to  the  mansion,  put  him  to  bed,  and 
next  morning  to  treat  him  as  a  duke. 
The  tinker  was  amazed  ;  but  at  night,  after 
being  well  swilled  with  potent  liquor,  he 
fell  asleep,  and  being  clad  in  his  own 
clothes,  was  carried  to  the  bench  again. 
He  thought  the  whole  had  been  a  dream  ; 
and  the  kst  delusion  was  as  diverting  as 
the  first. 

IF  This  trick  is  an  incident  in  the  "  In- 
duction" of  Shakespeare's  Taming  of  the 
Shrew:  is  told  in  Burton's  Anatomy  of 
Melancholy  (pt.  ii.  2) ;  and  was  played  by 
Philip  the  Good,  duke  of  Burgundy. 

Prollo  [Claude),  an  archdeacon,  ab- 
sorbed by  a  search  after  the  philosopher's 
stone.  He  has  a  great  reputation  for 
sanctity,  but  entertains  a  base  passion 
for  Esmeralda,  the  beautiful  gipsy  girl. 
Quasimodo  flings  him  into  the  air  from 
the  top  of  Notre  Dame,  and  dashes  him  to 
death. —  Victor  Hugo:  Notre  Dame  de 
Paris  (1831). 

Fronde  War  [The),  a  political 
squabble  during  the  ministry  of  Maz'- 
arin  in  the  minority  of  Louis  XIV.  {1648- 
1653). 


396 


FROTH. 


Prondenr,  a  "Mrs.  Candour,"  a 
backbiter,  a  railer,  a  scandal-monger ;  any 
one  who  flings  stones  at  another.  (French, 
frondeur,  " a. slinger,"  fronde,  "ashng.") 


Frondeurs,  the  malcontents  in  the 
Fronde  war. 

They  were  like  schoolboys  who  sling  stones  about  the 
streets.  When  no  eye  is  upon  them  they  are  bold  as 
bullies ;  but  the  moment  a  "policeman "  approaches,  off 
they  scamper  to  any  ditch  for  concealment.— jt/o«/f /a/. 

Front  de  Boeuf  {Sir  Reginald),  a 
follower  of  prince  John  of  Anjou,  and 
one  of  the  knight's  challengers.  He  tries 
to  extort  money  from  Isaac  the  Jew,  and 
bids  two  slaves  to  chain  him  to  the  bars 
of  a  slow  fire,  but  they  are  disturbed  in  this 
diabolical  plot  by  the  bugle's  sound. — 
Sir  W.  Scott :  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Prontaletto,  the  name  of  Sa'cri- 
pant's  horse.  The  word  means  "  Little 
head. " — Ariosto  :  Orlando Furioso  (1516). 

Fronti'no,  the  horse  of  Brada- 
man'te  (4  syl.).  Roge'ro's  horse  bore  the 
same  name.  The  word  means  "Little 
head." — Ariosto  :  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

The  renowned  Frontino,  which  Bradamant^  pur- 
chased at  so  high  a  price,  could  never  be  thought  thy 
equal  [Le.  Rosinantts  tqnal\ — Cervantes :  Don 
QulxoU  (160s). 

Frost  {Jack),  Frost  personified. 

Jack  Frost  looked  forth  one  still,  clear  night. 
And  he  said,  "  Now  I  shall  be  out  of  sight. 
So  over  the  valley  and  over  the  height 
In  silence  I'll  take  my  way." 

Miss  Gould. 

Froth  {Master),  a  foolish  gentleman. 
Too  shallow  for  a  great  crime  and  too  light 
for  virtue. — Shakespeare  :  Measure  for 
Measure  (1603). 

Froth  {Lord),  a  good  boon  com- 
panion ;  but  he  vows  that  "  he  laughs  at 
nobody's  jests  but  his  own  or  a  lady's." 
He  says,  "  Nothing  is  more  unbecoming 
a  man  of  quality  than  a  laugh  ;  'tis  such 
a  vulgar  expression  of  the  passion  ;  every 
one  can  laugh."  To  lady  Froth  he  is 
most  gallant  and  obsequious,  though  her 
fidelity  to  her  liege  lord  is  by  no  means 
immaculate. 

Lady  Froth,  a  lady  of  letters,  who  writes 
songs,  elegies,  satires,  lampoons,  plays, 
and  so  on.  She  thinks  her  lord  the  most 
polished  of  all  men,  and  his  bow  the 
pattern  of  grace  and  elegance.  Lady 
Froth  writes  an  heroic  poem  called  The 
Syllabub,  the  subject  of  which  is  lord 
Froth's  love  to  herself.  In  this  poem  she 
calls  her  lord  "  Spumoso  "  {Froth),  and 
herself  "Biddy"  (her  o^vn  name).  Her 
.conduct  with  Mr.  Brisk  is  most  blamable. 
—Congreve:  The  Double  Dealer  [lyoo). 


FROTHAL. 

Frothal,  king  of  Sora,  and  son  of 
Annir.  Being  driven  by  tempest  to 
Sarno,  one  of  the  Orkney  Islands,  he  is 
hospitably  entertained  by  the  king,  and 
falls  in  love  with  Coma'la,  daughter  of 
Starno  king  of  Inistore  or  the  Orkneys. 
He  would  have  carried  Comala  off  by 
violence,  but  her  brother  Cathulla  inter- 
fered, bound  him,  and,  after  keeping  him 
in  bonds  for  three  days,  sent  him  out  of 
the  island.  When  Starno  was  gathered 
to  his  fathers,  Frothal  returned  and  laid 
siege  to  the  palace  of  Cathulla  ;  but  Fin- 
gal,  happening  to  arrive  at  the  island,  met 
Frothal  in  single  combat,  overthrew  him, 
and  would  have  slain  him,  if  Utha  his 
betrothed  (disguised  in  armour)  had  not 
interposed.  When  Fingal  knew  that 
Utha  was  Frothal's  sweetheart,  he  not 
only  spared  the  foe,  but  invited  both 
Frothal  and  Utha  to  his  palace,  where 
they  passed  the  night  in  banquet  and 
song. — Ossian:  Carric-Thura. 

Pruit  at  a  Call.  In  the  tale  of 
"The  White  Cat,"  one  of  the  fairies,  in 
order  to  supply  a  certain  queen  with  ripe 
fruit,  put  her  fingers  in  her  mouth,  blew 
three  times,  and  then  cried — 

"Apricots,  peaches,  nectarines,  plums,  cherries, 
pears,  melons,  grapes,  apples,  oranges,  citrons,  goose- 
berries, currants,  strawberries,  raspberries,  and  all  sorts 
of  fruit;  come  at  my  calll "  .  .  .  Andthey  came  rolling 
in  without  \T\]wry. —Cotntesst  D'Aulnoy,  Fairy  Tales 
("  The  White  Cat,"  1682); 

Fuar'fed  (3  syl. ),  an  island  of  Scan- 
dinavia. 

Pudge  Pamily  [The),  a  family  sup- 
posed by  T.  Moore  to  be  visiting  Paris 
after  the  peace.  It  consists  of  Phil  Fudge, 
Esq.,  his  son  Robert,  his  daughter  Biddy, 
and  a  poor  relation  named  Phelim  Con- 
nor (an  ardent  Bonapartist  and  Irish 
patriot)  acting^as  bear-leader  to  Bob. 
These  four  write  letters  to  their  friends 
in  England.  The  skit  is  meant  to  sa- 
tirize the/tfry^«w  English  abroad. 

Phil  Fudge,  Esq.,  father  of  Bob  and 
Biddy  Fudge ;  a  hack  vnriter  devoted 
to  legitimacy  and  the  Bourbons.  He 
is  a  secret  agent  of  lord  Castlereagh 
\Kai^sl-ray\,  to  whom  he  addresses  letters 
li.  and  ix.  He  points  out  to  his  lordship 
that  Robert  Fudge  will  be  very  glad  to 
receive  a  snug  Government  appointment, 
and  hopes  that  his  lordship  will  not  fail  to 
bear  him  in  mind.  Letter  vi.  he  addresses 
to  his  brother,  showing  how  the  Fudge 
family  is  prospering,  and  ending  thus — 

Should  we  but  still  enjoy  the  sway 

Of  Sidmouth  and  of  Castlereagh, 

I  hope  ere  long  to  see  the  day 

When  England's  wisest  statesmen,  Judge*. 

L.aw>-ers,  peers,  will  aU  be— Fudges. 


397 


FUM. 


Miss  Biddy  Fudge,  a  sentimental  gifrl 
of  18,  in  love  with  "romances,  high  bon- 
nets, and  Mde  le  Roy."  She  writes 
letters  i.,  v.,  x.,  and  xii.,  describing  to 
her  friend  Dolly  or  Dorothy  the  sights 
of  Paris,  and  especially  how  she  be- 
comes acquainted  with  a  gentleman 
whom  she  believes  to  be  the  king  of 
Prussia  in  disguise ;  but  afterwards  she 
discovers  that  her  disguised  king  calls 
himself  "  colonel  Calicot."  Going  with 
her  brother  to  buy  some  handkerchiefs, 
her  visions  of  glory  are  sadly  dashed 
when  ' '  the  hero  she  fondly  had  fancied 
a  king"  turns  out  to  be  a  common  linen- 
draper.  "  There  stood  the  vile  trea- 
cherous thing,  with  the  yard-measure  in 
his  hand."  "  One  tear  of  compassion  for 
your  poor  heart-broken  friend.  P.S. — 
You  will  be  delighted  to  know  we  are 
going  to  hear  Brunei  to-night,  and  have 
obtained  the  governor's  box  ;  we  shall  all 
enjoy  a  hearty  good  laugh,  I  am  sure." 

Bob  or  Robert  Fudge,  son  of  Phil  Fudge, 
Esq. ,  a  young  exquisite  of  the  first  water, 
writes  letters  iii.  and  viii.  to  his  friend 
Richard.  These  letters  describe  how 
French  dandies  dress,  eat,  and  kill  time. 
—T.  Moore  (i8i8). 

(A  sequel,  called  The  Fudge  Family  in 
England,  was  published.) 

Ptilgentio,  a  kinsman  of  Roberto 
(king  of  the  Two  Sicilies).  He  was  the 
most  rising  and  most  insolent  man  in  the 
court,  Cami'ola  calls  him  "a  suit- 
broker,"  and  says  he  had  the  worst  report 
among  all  good  men  for  bribery  and  ex- 
tortion. This  canker  obtained  the  king  s 
leave  for  his  marriage  with  CamiCla,  and 
he  pleaded  his  suit  as  a  right,  not  a  favour ; 
but  the  lady  rejected  him  with  scorn,  and 
Adoni  killed  the  arrogant  ' '  sprig  of  no- 
bihty  "  in  a  duel— Massinger:  The  Maid 
of  Honour  (1637). 

Pulmer,  a  man  with  many  shifts, 
none  of  which  succeeded.     He  says— 

"I  have  beat  through  every  quarter  of  the  compass 
...  1  have  blustered  forprerogative  ;  I  have  bellowed 
for  freedom ;  I  have  offered  to  serve  my  country ;  I 
have  engaged  to  betray  it  ...  I  have  talked  treason, 
writ  treason  .  .  .  And  here  I  set  up  as  a  bookseller,  but 
men  leave  off  reading ;  and  if  I  were  to  turn  butcher,  I 
believe  .  .  .  they'd  leave  off  o;it'mg."—Cumifriafii  ; 
The  IVest  Indian,  act  ii.  sc.  i  (1771). 

Patiy  Fultner,  an  unprincipled,  flashy 
woman,  living  with  Fulmer,  with  the 
brevet  rank  of  wife.  She  is  a  swindler, 
a  scandal-monger,  anything,  in  short,  to 
turn  a  penny  by  ;  but'  her  villainy  brings 
her  to  grief. — Cumberland  :  ditto. 

Fum,  George  IV.  The  Chinese  fum 
is  a  mixture  of  goose,  stag,  and  snake, 


FUM-HOAM. 


398 


GABRIEL. 


with  the  beak  of  a  cock ;  a  combination 
of  folly,  cowardice,  malice,  and  conceit, 

Aud  where  is  Fum  the  Fourth,  our  roj;al  bird  J 

Byron :  Don  Juan,  xi.  78  (1824). 

Fum-Hoam,  the  mandarin  who  re- 
stored Malek-al-Salem  king  of  Georgia 
to  his  throne,  and  related  to  the  king's 
daughter  Gulchenraz  [Gundogdi]  his 
numerous  metamorphoses :  He  was  first 
Piurash,  who  murdered  Siamek  the 
usurper  ;  then  a  flea ;  then  a  little  dog ; 
then  an  Indian  maiden  named  Massouma  ; 
then  a  bee  ;  then  a  cricket ;  then  a  mouse  ; 
then  Abzenderoud  the  imaum' ;  then  the 
daugliter  of  a  rich  Indian  merchant,  the 
jezdad  of  lolcos,  the  greatest  beauty  of 
Greece  ;  then  a  foundling  found  by  a 
dyer  in  a  box ;  then  Dugmd  queen  of 
Persia ;  then  a  young  woman  named 
Ht-ngu ;  then  an  ape ;  then  a  midwife's 
daughter  of  Tartary ;  then  the  only  son 
of  the  sultan  of  Agra  ;  then  an  Arabian 
physician  ;  then  a  wild  man  named  Kolao  ; 
then  a  slave  ;  then  the  son  of  a  cadi  of 
Erzer(im  ;  then  a  dervise  ;  then  an  Indian 
prince  ;  and  lastly  Fum-Hoam, — T.  S. 
Gueulette:  Chinese  Tales  [ly 2^). 

Fum-Houm,  first  president  of  the 
ceremonial  academy  of  Pekin. — Gold- 
smith: Citizen  of  the  IVorld  {1764) 

Fumitory  ( ' '  earth-smoke  " ) ,  once 
thought  to  be  beneficial  for  dimness  of 

sight. 

\Tht  htrmit]  fumitory  gets  and  eye-bright  for  the  eye 
Draylon  :  Polyolbion,  xiii.  {1613). 

-Fungo'so,  a  character  in  Ben  Jon- 
son's  drama,  Every  Man  in  His  Humour 
(^598). 

Unlucky  as  Fungoso  in  the  play, 

Popt:  Essay  on  Criticism,  328  (171 1). 

Furini  [Francis),  a  Florentine  painter 
(1600),  who  at  the  age  of  40  became  a 
priest. — Browning:  Parleyings  with  Cer- 
tain People. 

Furor  [intemperate  anger],  a  mad  man 
of  great  strength,  the  son  of  Occasion. 
Sir  Guyon,  the  "  Knight  of  Temperance," 
overcomes  both  Furor  and  his  mother, 
and  rescues  Phaon  from  their  clutches. — 
Spenser;  Faerie  Queene,  ii.  4  {1590). 

FusTjer'ta,  the  sword  of  Rinaldo.— 
Ariosto:  Orlando  Furiso  (1516). 

Fus'bos,  minister  of  state  to  Artax- 
Rm'inous  king  of  Uto'pia.  When  the 
king  cuts  down  the  boots  which  BombastSs 
has  hung  defiantly  on  a  tree,  the  general 
engages  the  king  in  single  combat,  and 
slays  him.      Fu§|>0Sj  then   coming   up, 


kills  Bombastfis,  "who  conquered  all  but 
Fusbos,  Fusbos  him."  At  the  close  of 
the  farce,  the  slain  ones  rise  one  after 
the  other  and  join  the  dance,  promising 
"to  die  again  to-morrow,"  if  the  audience' 
desires  it. — Rhodes  :  Bombastes  Furioso. 

Fus'bos,  a  name  assumed  by  Henry 
Plunkett,  an  early  contributor  to  Punch. 

Fy'rapel  {Sir),  the  leopard,  the 
nearest  kinsman  of  king  Lion,  in  the 
beast-epic  of  Reynard  the  Fox,  by  Hein- 
rich  von  Alkmann  (1498). 


o. 

Gabble  Retchet,  a  cry  like  that  of 
hounds, heard  at  night,  foreboding  trouble. 
Said  to  be  the  souls  of  unbaptized  chil- 
dren wandering  through  the  air  till  the 
day  of  judgment. 

Gabor,  an  Hungarian  who  aided 
Uhric  in  saving  count  Stral'enheim  from 
the  Oder,  and  was  unjustly  suspected  of 
being  his  murderer. — Byron:  Werner 
(1822). 

Ga'briel  (2  or  3  syl.),  according  to 
Milton,  is  called  "chief  of  the  angehc 
guards  "  {Paradise  Lost,  iv.  549)  ;  but  in 
bk.  vi.  44,  etc.,  Michael  is  said  to  be  "  of 
celestial  armies  prince,"  and  Gabriel  "in 
miUtary  prow^ess  next." 

Go,  Michael,  of  celestial  armies  prince  : 
And  thou  in  military  prowess  next, 
Gabriel ;  lead  forth  to  battle  these  my  sons 
Invincible. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  vi.  44,  etc.  (1665). 

•.*  Gabriel  is  also  called  "The  Mes 
senger  of  the  Messiah,"  because  he  was 
sent  by  the  Messiah  to  execute  His  orders 
on  the  earth.  He  is  referred  to  in  Dan. 
viii.  16  ;  IX-  21 ;  and  in  Luke  i.  19,  26. 

Gabriel  (according  to  the  Koran  and 
Sale's  notes) — 

1.  It  is  from  this  angel  that  Ma- 
homet professes  to  have  received  the 
Koran  ;  and  he  acts  the  part  of  the  Holy 
Ghost  in  causing  believers  to  receive  the 
divine  revelation. — Ch.  ii. 

2.  It  was  the  angel  Gabriel  that  won 
the  battle  of  Bedr.  Mahomet's  forces 
were  319,  and  the  enemy's  a  thousand; 
but  Gabriel  (i)  told  Mahomet  to  throw 
a  handful  of  dust  in  the  air,  and  on  so 
doing  the  eyes  of  the  enemy  were  "con- 
founded ; "  (2)  he  caused  the  army  of 
Mahomet  to  appear  twice  as  many  as 


GABRIEL  LAJEUNNESSE.  399 

the  arrtiy  opposed  to  it  ;  (3)  he  brought 
from  heaven  3000  angels,  and,  moun'ed 
on  his  horse  HaizGm,  led  them  against 
the  foe. — Ch.  iii. 

3.  Gabriel  appeared  twice  to  Mahomet 
-in  his  angehc  form  :  first  "  in  the  highest 

part  of  the  horizon,"  and  next  "by  the 
lote  tree  "  on  the  right  hand  of  the  throne 
of  God.— Ch,  liv. 

4,  Gabriel's  horse  is  called  Hziztm, 
and,  when  the  golden  calf  was  made,  a 
little  of  the  dust  from  under  this  horse's 
feet  being  thrown  into  its  mouth,  the  calf 
began  to  low,  and  received  life. — Ch.  ii. 

Gabriel  (according  to  other  legends) — 

The  Persians  call  Gabriel  "  the  angel 
of  revelations,"  because  he  is  so  fre- 
quently employed  by  God  to  carry  His 
messages  to  man. 

The  Jews  call  Gabriel  their  enemy, 
and  the  messenger  of  wrath  ;  but  Michael 
they  call  their  friend,  and  the  messenger 
of  all  good  tidings. 

In  mediaeval  romance,  Gabriel  is  the 
second  of  the  seven  spirits  which  stand 
before  the  throne  of  God,  and  he  is 
frequently  employed  to  carry  the  prayers 
of  man  to  heaven,  or  bring  the  messages 
of  God  to  man. 

Longfellow,  in  the  Golden  Legend, 
makes  Gabriel  "  the  angel  of  the  moon," 
and  says  that  he  "  brings  to  man  the  gift 
of  hope." 

G-abriel  Lajeunuesse,  son  of  Basil 
the  blacksmith  of  Grand  Pr6,  in  Acadia 
(now  Nova  Scotia).  He  was  legally 
plighted  to  Evangeline,  daughter  of  Bene- 
dict Bellefontaine  (the  richest  farmer  of 
the  village) ;  but  next  day  all  the  in- 
habitants were  exiled  by  order  of  George 
II.,  and  their  property  confiscated, 
Gabriel  was  parted  from  his  troth-plight 
wife,  and  Evangeline  spent  her  whole 
life  in  trying  to  find  him.  After  many 
wanderings,  she  went  to  Pennsylvania, 
and  became  a  sister  of  mercy.  The  plague 
visited  this  city,  and  in  the  almshouse  the 
sister  saw  an  old  man  stricken  down  by 
the  pestilence.  It  was  Gabriel.  He  tried 
to  whisper  her  name,  but  died  in  the 
attempt.  He  was  buried,  and  Evangeline 
lies  beside  him  in  the  grave, — Longfellow  : 
Evangeline  (1849), 

Gabrielle  {Charmante),  or  La  Belle 
Gabrielle,  daughter  of  Antoine  d'Estr^es 
; (grand-master  of  artillery  and  governor 
of  the  He  de  France),  Henri  IV.  (1590) 
happened  to  stay  for  the  night  at  the 
chateau  de  Coeuvres,  and  fell  in  love  with 
Gabrielle,  then  19  years  old.    Xo  throw 


GAIOUR. 

a  veil  over  his  intrigue,  he  ^ave'ber  In 
marriage  to  Damerval  de  Liancourt, 
created  her  duchess  of  Beaufort,  and 
took  her  to  live  with  him  at  court 

(The  song  beginning  "  Charmante 
Gabrielle  .  .  ."is  ascribed  to  Henri  IV.) 

Gabri'iia,  wife  of  Arge'o  baron  of 
Servia,  tried  to  seduce  Philander,  a  Dutch 
knight ;  but  Philander  fled  from  the 
house,  where  he  was  a  guest.  She  then 
accused  him  to  her  husband  of  a  wanton 
insult ;  and  Argeo,  having  apprehended 
him,  confined  him  in  a  dungeon.  One 
day,  Gabrina  visited  him  there,  and  im- 
plored him  to  save  her  from  a  knight  who 
sought  to  dishonour  her.  Philander 
willingly  espoused  her  cause,  and  slew 
the  knight,  who  proved  to  be  her  hus- 
band. Gabrina  then  told  her  champion 
that  if  he  refused  to  marry  her,  she  would 
accuse  him  of  murder  to  the  magistrates. 
On  this  threat  he  married  her,  but  ere 
long  was  killed  by  poison.  Gabrina  now 
wandered  about  the  country  as  an  old 
hag,  and  being  fastened  on  Odori'co,  was 
hung  by  him  to  the  branch  of  an  elm. — 
Ariosto  :  Orlando  Furioso  {i$i6). 

G-abriolet'ta,  governess  of  Brittany, 
rescued  by  Am'adis  de  Gaul  from  the 
hands  of  Balan  ("  the  bravest  and 
strongest  of  all  giants").— Fcjro  de 
Lobeira  ;  Amadis  de  Gaul,  iv.  129  (four- 
teenth century). 

Gadshill,  a  companion  of  sir  John 
Falstaff.  This  thief  receives  his  name 
from  a  place  called  Gadshill,  on  the 
Kentish  road,  notorious  for  the  many 
robberies  committed  there. — Shakespeare : 
I  Henry  IV,  act  ii.  so.  4  (1597). 

(Charles  Dickens  resided  at  Gadshill 
for  several  years. ) 

Gateris  {Sir),  son  of  Lot  (king  ol 
Orkney)  and  Morgause  (king  Arthur's 
sister).  Being  taken  captive  by  sir 
Turquine,  he  was  liberated  by  sir 
Launcelot  du  Lac.  One  night,  sir  Gaheris 
caught  his  mother  in  adultery  with  sir 
Lamorake,  and,  holding  her  by  the  hair, 
struck  off  her  head. 

"  Alas  I  said  sir  Lamorake,  "why  have  yon  slain  your 
own'.mother!  With  more  right  should  ye  have  slaiii 
me.""  .  .  .  And  when  it  was  known  that  sir  Gaheris  had 
slain  his  mother,  king  Arthur  was  passing  wroth,  and 
commanded  him  to  leave  his  court,— 5i>  T.  Malory : 
History  o/ Prince  Arthur,  ii.  109  (1470), 

Gaiour  [Djow.'r\  emperor  of  China, 
and  father  of  Badour'a  (the  "most  beau- 
tiful woman  ever  seen  upon  earth"), 
Badoura  married  Camaral'zaman,  the 
most  beautiful  of  men. — Arabian  Ni^hU 


GALAHAD. 


4CS 


GALATEA. 


{"  Camaralzaman  and  Badoura").  (See 
Gjaour,) 

Garahad  (Sir),  the  chaste  son  of  sir 
Launcelot  and  the  fair  Elaine  (king 
Pelles's  daughter,  pt.  iii.  2),  and  thus  was 
fulfilled  a  prophecy  that  she  should  be- 
come the  mother  of  the  noblest  knight 
that  was  ever  born.  Queen  Guenever 
says  that  sir  Launcelot  "came  of  the 
eighth  degree  from  our  Saviour,  and  sir 
Galahad  is  of  the  ninth  .  .  .  and,  there- 
fore, be  they  the  greatest  gentlemen  of  all 
the  world"  (pt.  iii.  35).  His  sword  was 
that  which  sir  Balin  released  from  the 
maiden's  scabbard  (see  Balin),  and  his 
shield  belonged  to  king  Euelake  [Evelake), 
who  received  it  from  Joseph  of  Arimathy. 
It  was  a  snow-white  shield,  on  which 
Joseph  had  made  a  cross  with  his  blood 
(pt.  iii.  39).  After  divers  adventures,  sir 
Galahad  came  to  Sarras,  where  he  was 
made  king,  was  shown  the  sangraal  by 
J  oseph  of  Arimathy,  and  even  ' '  took  the 
Lord's  body  between  his  hands,"  and 
died.  Then  suddenly  "  a  great  multitude 
of  angels  did  bear  his  soul  up  to  heaven," 
and  "sithence  was  never  no  man  that 
could  say  he  had  seen  the  sangreal" 
^pt.  iii.  103). 

•.•  Sir  Galahad  was  the  only  knight 
who  could  sit  in  the  "  Siege  Perilous,"  a 
seat  in  the  Round  Table  reserved  for  the 
knight  destined  to  achieve  the  quest  of 
the  holy  graal,  and  no  other  person  could 
sit  in  it  without  peril  of  his  Ufe  (pt.  iii.  32). 
He  also  drew  from  the  iron  and  marble 
rock  the  sword  which  no  other  knight 
could  release  (pt.  iii.  33).  His  great 
achievement  was  that  of  the  holy  graal. 
Whatever  other  persons  may  say  of  this 
mysterious  subject,  it  is  quite  certain  that 
the  Arthurian  legends  mean  that  sir 
Galahad  saw  with  his  bodily  eyes  and 
touched  with  his  hands  "  the  incarnate 
Saviour,"  reproduced  by  the  consecration 
of  the  elements  of  bread  and  wine.  Other 
persons  see  the  transformation  by  the  eye 
of  faith  only,  but  sir  Galahad  saw  it 
bodily  with  his  eyes. 

Then  the  bbhop  took  a  wafer,  which  was  made  in  the 
likeness  of  bread,  and  at  the  lifting  u  p  itht  elevation  of 
the  Aoi/]  there  came  a  figure  in  the  likeness  of  a  child, 
and  the  visiige  was  as  red  and  as  bright  as  fire  ;  and  he 
smote  himsdf  into  that  bread ;  so  they  saw  that  the 
bread  was  formed  of  a  fleshly  man,  and  then  he  put  it 
into  the  holy  vessel  again  .  .  .  then  [pit  bishop]  took 
the  holy  vessel  and  came  to  sir  Galahad  as  he  kneeled 
down,  and  there  he  received  his  Saviour  .  .  .  then 
went  he  and  kissed  sir  Bors  .  .  .  and  kneeled  at  the 
table  and  made  his  prayers  ;  and  suddenly  his  soul 
departed  .  .  .  and  a  great  multitude  of  angels  bear  his 
soul  to  heaven. — Sir  T.  Malory:  History  q/ Prince 
Arthur,  iii.  101-103  (1470). 

N.B.— Sir    Galahalt    the    son    of    sir 


Brewnor,  must  not  be  confounded  with 
sir  Galahad  the  son  of  sir  Launcelot. 

Galahalt  {Sir),  called  "The  Haut 
Prince,"  son  of  sir  Brewnor.  He  was  one 
of  the  knights  of  the  Round  Table. 

N.B. — This  knight  must  not  be  con- 
founded with  sir  Galahad  the  son  of  six 
Launcelot  and  Elaine  (daughter  of  king 
Pelles). 

Gal'antyse  (3  syl.),  the  steed  given 
to  Graunde  Amoure  bv  king  Melyzyus. 

And  I  myselte  shall  give  you  a  worthy  stede. 
Called  Galantyse,  to  help  you  in  your  nede. 
Hawcs:  The  Passe-tyfne  of  PUsure,  xxviii.  (iSrsJ. 

Galaor  {Don),  brother  of  Am'adis  of 
Gaul.  A  desultor  amoris,  who,  as  don 
Quixote  says,  "  made  love  to  every  pretty 
girl  he  met."  His  adventures  form  a 
strong  contrast  to  those  of  his  more 
serious  brother. — Amadis  of  Gaul  (four- 
teenth century). 

A  barber  in  the  village  insisted  that  none  equalled 
"The  Knight  of  the  Sun"  [i.e.  Atnadis\  except  don 
Galaor  his  brother. — Cervantes:  Don  Quixote,  I.  L  t 
(160S). 

Gal'apas,  a  giant  of  "marvellous 
height"  in  the  army  of  Lucius  king  of 
Rome.     He  was  slain  by  king  Arthur. 

[A'i>«^.rfn*«r]  slew  a  great  giant  named  Galapas.  .  . 
He  shortened  him  by  smiting  oflf  both  his  legs  at  the 
knees,  saying,  "  Now  art  thou  better  of  a  size  to  deal 
with  than  thou  wert"  And  after,  he  smote  off  his 
head.— 5i>  T.  Malory:  History  of  Prince  Arthur, 
L  IIS  (1470). 

Galaph'ron  or  Gallaphrone  (3 
syl.),  a  king  of  Cathay,  father  of  An- 
gelica.— Bojardo :  Orlando  Innamorato 
(1495);  Ariosto:  Orlando  Furioso  [i^i6). 

When  Agrican  .  .  .  besieged  Albracca  .  .  . 
The  city  of  Gallaphrone,  whence  to  win 
The  fairest  of  her  sex,  AngeUca. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Regained,  iiL  11671). 

Galasp,  or  rather  George  Gillespie, 
mentioned  by  Milton  in  Sonnet,  x,,  was 
a  Scottish  writer  against  the  indepen- 
dents, and  one  of  the  "Assembly  of 
Divines  "  (1583-1648). 

Galate'a,  a  sea-nymph,  beloved  by 
Polypheme  (3  syl.).  She  herself  had  a 
heartache  for  Acis.  The  jealous  giant 
crushed  his  rival  under  a  huge  rock,  and 
Galatea,  inconsolable  at  the  loss  of  her 
lover,  was  changed  into  a  fountain.  The 
word  Galatea  is  used  poetically  for  any 
rustic  maiden. 

(Handel  has  an  opera  caW^d  Acis  and 
Galatea,  17 10.) 

Galatea.  A  statue  made  by  Pyg- 
malion, which  became  animated,  caused 
much  mischief  by  her  want  of  worldly 
knowledge,  and  returned  to  her  original 
state.  (See  Frankenstein,  p.  392.)— 
Gilbert  i  Pygmalion  and  Galatea  (1871). 


GALATEA. 


401 


Galate'a,  a  wise  and  modest  lady  at- 
tending on  the  princess  in  the  drama  of 
Philaster,  or  Love  Lies  a-bUeding,  by 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher  {1608). 

Oalathe'a  and  Fhillida,  two  girls 
who  meet  in  fancy  costume,  and  fall  in  love 
with  each  other. — Lily:  Galathea  (1592). 

Gal'atine  {3  syl.),  the  sword  of  sir 
Gaw'ain,  king  Arthur's  nephew. — Sir  T. 
Malory  :  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  93 
(1470). 

Oalbraitll  {Major  Duncan),  of  Gars- 
chattachin,  a  militia  officer. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Rob  Roy  (time,  George  I.). 

Galen,  an  apothecary,  a  medical  man 
(in  disparagement).  Galen  was  the  most 
celebrated  physician  of  ancient  Greece, 
and  had  a  greater  influence  on  medical 
science  than  any  other  man  before  or 
since  {a.d.  130-200). 

Unawed,  young  Galen  bears  the  hostile  brunt. 
Pills  in  his  rear,  and  CuUen  in  his  front. 

IV.  Falconer  :  The  Midshipman. 

(Dr.  William  CuUen,  of  Hamilton, 
Lanarkshire,  author  of  Nosology,  1712- 
1790.) 

Galenical  Medicines,  herbs  and 
dmgs  in  general,  in  contradistinction  to 
minerals  recommended  by  Paracel'sus. 

Gal'enist,  a  herb  doctor. 

Th«  GaWnist  and  Paracelsian. 

S.  Butler  :  Hudibras,  iiL  3  (1678). 

Galeopsis,  from  two  Greek  words, 
gali  opsis,  "a  cat's  face;"  so  called 
because  the  flowers  resemble  the  picture 
of  a  cat's  face. 

Galeotti  Marti valle  {Martius), 
astrologer  of  Louis  XI.  Being  asked  by 
the  superstitious  king  if  he  knew  the  day 
of  his  own  death,  the  crafty  astrologer 
replied  that  he  could  not  name  the  exact 
day,  but  he  had  learnt  thus  much  by  his 
art— that  it  would  occur  just  twenty-four 
hours  before  the  decease  of  his  majesty 
(ch.  x\\x.).—Sir  W.  Scott:  Quentin  Dur- 
ward  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

^  ThrasuUus  the  soothsayer  made 
precisely  the  same  answer  to  Tibe'rius 
emperor  of  Rome. 

Galera'na  is  called  by  Ariosto  the 
wife  of  Charlemagne ;  but  the  nine  wives 
of  that  emperor    are    usually  given    as 


Hamiltrude  (3  syl.),  Desidera'ta,  Hil'de- 

ry/.). 
garde,  Maltegarde,  Gersuinde,   Regi'na, 


garde 


truae  (3 
(3  ^iX 


Fastrade  (2  syl.\    Luit- 


and  Adalin'da. — Ariosto:   Orlando  Fu- 
rioso,  xxi.  (1516). 

Galere  (2  syl.).     Que  diable  allait-il 
faire  dans  cette  galire  f    Scapin  wants  to 


GALIEN  RESTORED. 

get  from  G^ronte  (a  miserly  old  hunks) 
^30,  to  help  Leandre,  the  old  man's  son, 
out  of  a  money  difficulty.  So  Scapin 
vamps  up  a  cock-and-bull  story  about 
Leandre  being  invited  by  a  Turk  on  board 
his  galley,  where  he  was  treated  to  a  most 
sumptuous  repast ;  but  when  the  young 
man  was  about  to  quit  the  galley,  the 
Turk  told  him  he  was  a  prisoner,  and 
demanded  ;i^30  for  his  ransom  within 
two  hours'  time.  When  G^ronte  hears 
this,  he  exclaims,  "  Que  diable  allait-il 
faire  dans  cette  galore?"  and  he  swears 
he  will  arrest  the  Turk  for  extortion. 
Being  shown  the  impossibility  of  so  doing, 
he  again  exclaims,  '*  Que  diable  allait-il 
faire  dans  cette  galfere?"  and  it  flashes 
into  his  mind  that  Scapin  should  give  him- 
self up  as  surety  for  the  payment  of  the 
ransom.  This,  of  course,  Scapin  objects 
to.  The  old  man  again  exclaims,  "  Que 
diable  allait-il  faire  dans  cette  galore  ?  " 
and  commands  Scapin  to  go  and  tell 
the  Turk  that  ^^30  is  not  to  be  picked 
off  a  hedge.  Scapin  says  the  Turk  does 
not  care  a  straw  about  that,  and  insists 
on  the  ransom.  "  Mais,  que  diable  allait- 
il  faire  dans  cette  galore  ?  "  cries  the  old 
hunks  ;  and  tells  Scapin  to  go  and  pawn 
certain  goods.  Scapin  replies  there  is  no 
time,  the  two  hours  are  nearly  exhausted. 
"Que  diable,"  cries  the  old  man  again, 
"allait-il  faire  dans  cette  galore?"  and 
when  at  last  he  gives  the  money,  he 
repeats  the  same  words,  "  Mais,  que 
diable  allait-il  faire  dans  cette  galore?" 
— Molilre:  Les  Fourberies  de  Scapin^ 
ii.  II  (1671). 

( Vogue  la  galire  means  "  come  what 
may,"  "  let  what  will  happen.") 

Gale'sian  Wool,  the  best  and  finest 
wool,  taken  from  sheep  pastured  on  the 
meadows  of  Galesus. 

Dulce  pellitis  ovibus  Galaesi  flumen. 

Horace  :  Carm,  ii.  6.  10. 

Gargacns,  chief  of  the  Caledonians, 
who  resisted  AgricSla  with  great  valour. 
In  A.  D.  84  he  was  defeated,  and  died  on 
the  field.  Tacitus  puts  into  his  mouth  a 
noble  speech,  made  to  his  army  before 
the  battle. 

Galgacus,  their  guide, 
Amongst  his  murthered  troops  there  resolutely  died. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  viit.  (1612). 

Galia'na,  a  Moorish  princess,  daugh- 
ter of  Gadalfe  king  of  Toledo.  Her  father 
built  for  her  a  palace  on  the  Tagus,  so 
splendid  that  "a  palace  of  Galiana"  has 
become  a  proverb  in  Spain. 

Galien  Restored,  a  mediaeval 
romance  of   chivalry.     Galien  was    the 


GALILEAN. 


40a 


GAMELYN. 


son  of  Jaqneline  (daughter  of  Hugh  king 
of  Constantinople).  His  father  was  count 
Oliver  of  Vienna,  Two  fairies  interested 
themselves  in  Jaqueline's  infant  son  :  one, 
named  Galienne,  had  the  child  named 
Galien,  after  her  own  name ;  but  the 
other  insisted  that  he  should  be  called 
"  Restored,"  for  that  the  boy  would 
restore  the  chivalry  of  Charlemagne. — 
Author  unknown. 

G-alil89an.  Jesus  was  called  a  Gali- 
Isean,  probably  meaning  that  he  was  a 
native  of  that  province.  Julian  said  when 
dying,  "Thou  hast  conquered,  O  Gali- 
laean  I " 

Thou  hast  conquered,  O  pale  Galilsean  I 
Sivinburne :  Hymn  to  Proserpine.    (Poems  and 
Ballads,  tst  series,  1868.) 

Galile'o  [Galilei],  born  at  Pisa, 
but  lived  chiefly  in  Florence.  In  1633  he 
published  his  work  on  the  Copernican 
system,  showing  that  ' '  the  earth  moved 
and  the  sun  stood  slill. "  For  this  he  was 
denounced  by  the  Inquisition  of  Rome, 
and  accused  of  contradicting  the  Bible. 
At  the  age  of  70  he  was  obliged  to  abjure 
his  system,  in  order  to  gain  his  liberty. 
After  pronouncing  his  abjuration,  he  said, 
in  a  stage  whisper,  E  pur  si  muove  ("It 
does  move,  though  ").  This  is  said  to  be 
a  romance  (1564-1642). 

Galinthia,  daughter  of  Proetus  king 
of  Argos.  She  was  changed  by  the  Fates 
into  a  cat,  and  in  that  shape  was  made  by 
Hecate  her  high  priestess. —  Antonius 
Liberalis:  Metam.,  xxix. 

Galis,  in  Arthurian  romance,  means 
"Wales,"  as  sir  Lamorake  de  Galis,  i.e. 
sir  Lamorake  the  Welshman. 

Galleg-OS  [Gal'-le-goze\  the  people  of 
Galicia  (once  a  province  of  Spain). 

Gallia,  France.  "Gauls,"  the  in- 
habitants of  Gallia. 

G-allice'use,  priestesses  of  Gallic  my- 
thology, who  had  power  over  the  winds 
and  waves.  There  were  nine  of  them,  all 
virgins. 

Gallig'an'tus,  the  giant  who  lived 
with  Hocus- Pocus  the  conjurer.  When 
Jack  the  Giant-killer  blew  the  magic 
horn,  both  the  giant  and  conjurer  were 
overthrown. — Jack  the  Giant-killer. 

Gallo-Bergicus,  an  annual  register 
in  Latin,  first  published  in  1598. 

It  is  believed  .  .  . 
As  if' twere  writ  in  Gallo-Belgicus. 

T.  May :  The  Heir  (1615). 

Gallo-xna'uia,  a  furor  for  every- 
thing French.  Generally  apphed  to  that 
vile  imitation  of   French  literature  and 


customs  which  prevailed  in  Germany  in  j 
the  time  of  Frederick  II.  of  Prussia.  It  j 
is  very  conspicuous  in  the  writings  of  I 
Wieland  (1733-1813). 

Galloping  Dick,  Richard  Ferguson 
the  highwayman,  executed  in  1800. 

Galloway  [A),  a  small  nag  of  the 
breed  which  originally  came  from  Gal- 
loway, in  Scotland. 

Galloway  {The  Fair  Maid  of), 
Margaret,  only  daughter  of  Archibald 
fifth  earl  of  Douglas.  She  married  her 
cousin  William,  to  whom  the  earldorn 
passed  in  1443.  After  the  death  of  her 
first  husband,  she  married  his  brother 
James  (the  last  earl  of  Douglas). 

Gallowglasses,  heavy-armed  Irish 
foot-soldiers  ;  their  chief  weapon  was  the 
pole-axe.  They  were  "grim  of  counten- 
ance, tall  of  stature,  big  of  limb,  lusty 
of  body,  and  strongly  built."  The  light- 
armed  foot-soldiers  were  called  "  Kerns  " 
or  "  Kernes"  (i  syl.\ 

The  multiplying  villainies  of  nature 
Do  swarm  upon  him ;  from  the  western  isles 
Of  Kernes  and  Gallowglasses  [At'.r]  supplied. 
Shakespeare  :  Macbeth,  act  L  sc  •  (i6o6). 

Gallu'ra's  Bird,  the  cock,  which  was 
the  cognizance  of  Gallura. 

For  her  so  fair  a  burial  will  not  make 

The  viper  [the  Milanese,  -whose  ensign  was  ainper] 

As  hacl  been  made  by  shrill  Gallura's  bird. 

Dante:  Purgatory,  viii.  (1308). 

Gal  way  Jury,  an  independent  jury, 
neither  to  be  brow-beaten  nor  led  by  the 
nose.  In  1635,  certain  trials  were  held  in 
Ireland,  respecting  the  right  of  the  Crown 
to  the  counties  of  Ireland.  Leitrim,  Ros- 
common, Sligo,  and  Mayo  gave  judgment 
in  favour  of  the  Crown,  but  Galway  stood 
out,  whereupon  each  of  the  jury  was  fined 

;^4000. 

Ga'ma  ( Vasco  da),  the  hero  of  Ca- 
moens's  Lusiad.  Sagacious,  intrepid, 
tender-hearted,  pious,  and  patriotic.  He 
was  the  first  European  navigator  who 
doubled  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  (1497). 

Gama,  captain  of  the  venturous  band, 
Of  bold  emprise,  and  born  for  high  command. 
Whose  martial  fires,  with  prudence  close  allied. 
Ensured  the  smiles  of  fortune  on  his  side. 

Catnolns  :  Lusiad,  i.  (1569). 

•.*  Gama  is  also  the  hero  of  Meyer- 
beer's posthumous  opera  called  L'Afri- 
cane  (1865). 

Game  and  Playe  of  Chesse  [The], 
by  Caxton.  The  first  book  printed  in 
England  (1471). 

Gam'eljm  (3  syl.),  youngest  of  the 
three  sons  of  sir  Johan  di  Boundys,  who, 
on  his  death-bed,  left  "five  plowes  of 
land"   to  each  of   his  two  elder  sons, 


I 


GAMELYN  DE  GUARDOVER.       403 

and  the  residue  of  his  property  to  the 
youngest.  The  eldest  son  took  charge 
of  Gamelyn,  but  entreated  him  shame- 
fully. On  one  occasion  he  said  to  him, 
"  Stand  still,  gadelyng,  and  hold  thy 
peace."  To  which  the  proud  boy  retorted, 
"I  am  no  gadelyng,  but  the  lawful  son 
of  a  lady  and  true  knight."  On  this,  the 
elder  brother  sent  his  servants  to  chastise 
him,  but  he  drove  them  off  "with  a 
pestel."  Not  long  after,  Gamelyn  asked 
his  brother  to  lend  him  a  horse  that  he 
might  attend  a  wrestling-match.  This 
he  did,  and  "bysought  Jhesu  Crist  that 
Gamelyn  might  breke  his  nekke."  At 
the  wrestling-match  young  Gamelyn  threw 
the  champion,  and  carried  off  the  prize 
ram  ;  and  on  his  return  home  in  triumph, 
he  invited  his  followers  to  a  banquet,  which 
lasted  seven  days.  When  the  guests 
were  gone,  Johan,  by  treachery,  had 
Gamelyn  bound  to  a  tree,  and  kept  him 
without  food  for  two  days,  when  Adam 
the  spenser  {i.e.  the  man  who  had  charge 
of  the  buttery)  secretly  unbound  him  and 
gave  him  food  ;  and  Gamelyn  fell  upon 
a  party  of  ecclesiastics,  who  had  come  to 
dine  with  his  brother,  and  "sprinkled 
lioly  water  on  them  with  a  stout  oaken 
cudgel."  The  sheriff  sent  to  apprehend 
the  young  spitfire,  but  he  fled  with  Adam 
into  the  woods,  and  came  upon  a  party 
of  foresters  sitting  at  meat.  The  captain 
gave  him  welcome,  and  Gamelyn  in  time 
became  "king  of  the  outlaws."  Johan, 
being  sheriff,  had  him  arrested  and  sent 
to  prison,  but  Ote,  the  other  brother, 
bailed  him  out,  and  at  the  assize,  Johan 
was  executed,  Ote  was  made  sheriff  in  his 
bt  other's  place,  and  Gamelyn  became  the 
king's  chief  ranger,  and  married  "  a  wif 
l.o'.h  good  and  feyr." — Chaucer:  Coke's 
Tale  of  Gamelyn. 

• .  •  Lodge  has  made  this  tale  the  basis 
of  his  romance  entitled  Rosalynd  or 
Euphues  Golden  Legacie  (1590)  ;  and 
from  Lodge's  novel  Shakespeare  has  bor- 
rowed the  plot,  with  some  of  the  charac- 
ters and  dialogue,  of  As  You  Like  It. 

Gamelyn  de  Guar'dover  {Sir), 
an  ancestor  of  sir  Arthur  Wardour. — Sir 
IV.  Scoit:  Antiquary  {\\m&,  George  III.). 

Gamester  {The),  a  tragedy  by  Ed. 
Moore  {1753).  The  name  of  the  gamester 
is  Beverley,  and  the  object  of  the  play  is 
to  show  the  great  evils  of  gambling,  end- 
ng  in  despair  and  suicide. 

Gamester  {The),  by  Mrs.  Centlivre 
(1705).  Tiie  hero  is  Valere,  to  whom 
Angelica  gives  a  picture,  which  she  en- 


GANDALIN. 

joins  him  not  to  los3  on  pain  of  forfeiting 
her  hand.  Valere  loses  it  in  play,  and 
Angelica,  in  disguise,  is  the  winner.  After 
much  tribulation,  Valere  is  cured  of  his 
vice,  the  picture  is  restored,  and  the  two 
are  happily  united  in  marriage. 

Gammer  Gurton's  Needle,  by 
Mr.  S.  Master  of  Arts.  It  was  in 
existence,  says  Warton,  in  1551  {English 
Poetry,  iv.  32).  Sir  Walter  Scott  says, 
"It  was  the  supposed  composition  of 
John  Still,  M.A.,  afterwards  bishop  of 
Bath  and  Wells ;  "  but  in  1551  John  Still 
was  a  boy  not  nine  years  old.  The  fun 
of  this  comedy  turns  on  the  loss  and 
recovery  of  a  needle,  with  which  Gammer 
Gurton  was  repairing  the  breeches  of  her 
man  Hodge.  The  comedy  contains  the 
famous  drinking-song,  /  Cannot  Eat  but 
Little  Meat. 

Gammer  Gurton's  Needle  is  a  gfreat  curiosity.  The 
popular  characters,  such  as  "  The  Sturdy  Begjjnr," 
"The  Clown,"  "The  Country  Vicar,"  and  "The 
Shrew,"  of  the  sixteenth  century,  are  drawn  in  colours 
taken  from  the  life  .  .  .  The  place  is  the  open  square 
of  the  village  before  Gammer  Gurton's  door ;  the 
action,  the  loss  of  the  needle ;  and  this,  followed  by  the 
search  for  it,  and  its  final  recovery,  is  intermixed  with 
no  other  thwarting  or  subordinate  interest. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  The  Drama. 

Gam,p  {Sarah),  a  monthly  nurse, 
residing  in  Kingsgate  Street,  High 
Holborn.  Sarah  was  noted  for  her  gouty 
umbrella,  and  for  her  perpetual  reference 
to  an  hypothetical  Mrs.  Harris,  whose 
opinions  were  a  confirmation  of  her  own. 
She  was  fond  of  strong  tea  and  strong 
stimulants.  "Don't  ask  me,"  she  said, 
"whether  I  won't  take  none,  or  whether 
I  will,  but  leave  the  bottle  on  the  ehimley- 
piece,  and  let  me  put  my  lips  to  it  when 
I  am  so  dispoged."  When  Mrs.  Prig, 
"her  pardner,"  stretched  out  her  hand 
to  the  teapot  {filled with gin\  Mrs.  Gamp 
stopped  the  hand  and  said  with  great 
feeling,  "  No,  Betsey  !  drink  fair,  wotever 
you  do."  (See  Harris.)  —  Dickens: 
Martin  Chuzzlervit,  xlix.  (1843). 

• ,  •  A  big,  pawky  umbrella  is  called  a 
Mrs.  Gamp,  and  in  France  un  Robinson, 
from  Robinson  Crusoe's  umbrella. 

•.•  Mrs.  Gamp  and  Mrs.  Harris  have 
Parisian  sisters  in  Mde.  Pochet  and  Mde. 
Gibou,  creations  of  Henri  Monnier. 

Gan.    (See  Ganelon.) 

Gan'abixa,  the  island  of  thieves. 
(Hebrew,  j^a««ai5,  "a  thief.") — Rabelais: 
Pantag'ruel,  iv.  66  (1545). 

Gan'dalin,  earl  of  the  Firm  Island, 
and  'squire  of  Am'adis  de  Gaul. 


Gandalin,  though  an  earl,  never  spoke  to  his  master 
but  cap  in  hand,  his  head  bowing  all  the  time,  and  Ws 
body   Dent  after  the    Turkish    manner.— C<rwi«/I«; 


GANDEN. 


404 


GARAGANTUA, 


G-anden,  a  dandy.  So  ca]]ed  from 
the  Boulevard  de  Gand,  now  called  the 
Boulevard  des  Italiens  (Paris),  the  walk 
where  the  dandies  disported  themselves. 

CkLnder-Clengfli  ["folly-diff"],  that 
mysterious  place  w^here  a  person  makes 
a  goose  of  himself.  Jededi'ah  Cleish- 
botham,  the  hypothetical  editor  of  The 
Tales  of  My  Landlord,  lived  at  Gander- 
cleugh.— 5/r  W.  Scott. 

Gau'elon  (2  syl.),  count  of  Mayence, 
the  "Judas  "  of  Charlemagne's  paladins. 
His  castle  was  built  on  the  Blocksberg, 
the  loftiest  peak  of  the  Hartz  Mountains. 
Charlemagne  was  always  trusting  this 
base  knight,  and  was  as  often  betrayed  by 
him.  Although  the  very  business  of  the 
paladins  was  the  upholding  of  Chris- 
tianity, sir  Ganelon  was  constantly  in- 
triguing for  its  overthrow.  No  doubt, 
jealousy  of  sir  Roland  made  him  a  traitor, 
and  he  basely  planned  with  Marsillus 
(the  Moorish  king)  the  attack  of  Ron- 
cesvalles.  The  character  of  sir  Ganelon 
was  marked  with  spite,  dissimulation, 
and  intrigue,  but  he  was  patient,  ob- 
stinate, and  enduring.  He  was  six  feet 
and  a  half  in  height,  had  large  glaring 
eyes,  and  fiery  red  hair.  He  loved  soli- 
tude, was  very  taciturn,  disbelieved  in 
the  existence  of  moral  good,  and  has 
become  a  by -word  for  a  false  and  faith- 
less friend.  Dant^  has  placed  him  in  his 
"  Inferno."     (Sometimes  called  Gan.) 

The  most  faithless  spy  since  the  days  of  Ganelon.— 
Sir  IV.  Scoit:  The  Abbot,  xxiv.  (1820). 

Ganem,  "the  Slave  of  Love."  The 
hero  and  title  of  one  of  the  Arabian 
Nights  tales.  Ganem  was  the  son  of  a 
rich  merchant  of  Damascus,  named  Abou 
Aibou.  On  the  death  of  his  father  he 
went  to  Bagdad,  to  dispose  of  the  mer- 
chandize left,  and  accidentally  saw  three 
slaves  secretly  burying  a  chesi  in  the 
earth.  Curiosity  induced  him  to  dis- 
inter the  chest,  when,  lo  !  it  contained  a 
beautiful  woman,  sleeping  from  the  effects 
of  a  narcotic  drug.  He  took  her  to  his 
lodgings,  and  discovered  that  the  victim 
was  Fetnab,  the  caliph's  favourite,  who 
had  been  biu-ied  alive  by  order  of  the 
sultana,  out  of  jealousy.  When  the  caliph 
heard  thereof,  he  was  extremely  jealous 
of  the  young  merchant,  and  ordered  him 
to  be  put  to  death  ;  but  he  made  good  his 
escape  in  the  guise  of  a  waiter,  and  lay 
concealed  till  the  angry  fit  of  the  caliph 
had  subsided.  When  Haroun-al-Raschid 
(the  caliph)  came  to  himself,  and  heard 
the  unvarnished  facts  of  the  case,  he 
pardoned  Ganem,  gave  to  him  Fetnab  for 


a  wife,  and  appointed  him  to  a  lucrative 
post  about  the  court. 

Gan'esa,  goddess  of  wisdom,  in  HindC 
mythology. 

Then  Camdeo  [Love]  bright  and  Ganesa  sublime 
Shall  bless  with  joy  their  own  propitious  clirae. 

Campbell :  Pleasures  0/ Hope,  i.  (1799). 

Gan'gfes.  Pliny  tells  us  of  men  living 
on  the  odour  emitted  by  the  water  of  this 
river. — Nat.  Hist.,  xii. 

By  Ganges'  bank,  as  wild  traditions  tell, 
Of  old  the  tribes  lived  healthful  by  the  smell ; 
No  food  they  knew,  such  fragrant  vapours  rose 
Rich  from  the  flowery  lawn  where  Ganges  flows. 
CantoSns  :  Lusiad,  vii.  {1569). 

Ganlesse  {Richard),  alias  Simon 
Canter,  alias  Edward  Christian,  one 
of  the  conspirators. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Pe- 
veril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  H.). 

Gauna,  the  Celtic  prophetess,  who 
succeeded  Velle'da.  She  went  to  Rome, 
and  was  received  by  Domitian  with  great 
honour. — Tacitus:  Annals,  55. 

Gauor,  Gano'ra,  Geneura,  Ginevra, 
Genievre,  Guinevere,  Guenever,  are  dif- 
ferent ways  of  spelling  the  name  of 
Arthur's  wife  ;  calUed  by  Geoffrey  of  Mon-  ' 
mouth,  Guanhuma'ra  or  Guan'humar; 
but  Tennyson  has  made  Guenevere  the 
popular  English  form. 

Gan'yznede  (3  syl.),  a  beautiful 
Phrygean  boy,  who  was  carried  up  to 
Olympos  on  the  back  of  an  eagle,  to  be- 
come cup-bearer  to  the  gods  instead  of 
Hebg.  At  the  time  of  his  capture  he  was 
playing  a  flute  while  tending  his  father's , 
sheep. 

There  fell  a  flute  when  Ganymede  went  up— 
The  flute  that  he  was  wont  to  play  upon. 

yean  Ingelo~di :  Honours,  \\. 

(Jupiter  compensated  the  boy's  father  for 
the  loss  of  his  son,  by  a  pair  of  horses.) 

•.•  Tennyson,  speaking  of  a  great  re- 
verse of  fortune  from  the  highest  glory  to 
the  lowest  shame,  says — 

They  mounted  Ganymede 
To  tumble  Vulcans  on  the  second  mom. 

The  Princess,  ilL 

The  Birds  of  Ganymede,  eagles.  Gany- 
mede is  represented  as  sitting  on  an  eagle, 
or  attended  by  that  bird. 

To  see  upon  her  shores  her  fowl  and  conies  feed. 
And  wantonly  to  hatch  the  birds  of  Ganymede. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  iv.  (xdvt), 

• .  •  G anymede  is  the  constellation  Aqua- 
rius. 

Garagfau'tna,  a  giant,  who  swal- 
lowed five  pilgrims  with  their  staves  in 
a  salad.  —  The  History  of  Garagantua 
(1594).    (See  Garoantua.) 

Vou  must  borrow  me  Garagantua's  mouth  before  I 
can  utter  so  long  a  -koxA.— Shakespeare :  As  Yeu  Like 
It,  act  iii.  sc.  3  (1600). 


GARCIAS.  405 

Gar'cias.     The  soul  of  Peter  Garcias, 

I     money.      Two    scholars,    journeying    to 

i     Salamanca,    came  to  a  fountain,  which 

j     bore  this  inscription :    "  Here  is  buried 

I     the  soul  of  the  hcentiate  Peter  Garcias." 

!    One  scholar  went  away  laughing  at  the 

notion  of  a  buried  soul,  but  the  other, 

cutting  with  his  knife,  loosened  a  stone, 

and  found  a  purse  containing  100  ducats, 

— Lesage:  Gil  Bias  (to  the  reader,  1715). 

Garcilas'o,   sumamed  "  the  Inca," 

descended  on  the  mother's  side  from  the 

royal  family  of   Peru  (1530-1568).      He 

was   the  son   of  Sebastian   Garcilaso,   a 

lieutenant    of    Alvarado    and    Pizarro. 

Author  of  Commentaries  on  the  Origifi  of 

the  Incas,  their  Laws  and  Government. 

It  was  from  poetical  traditions  that  Garcilasso  [sic\ 
composed  his  account  of  the  Yncas  of  Peru  .  .  it  was 
from  ancient  poems  wliich  his  mother  (a  princess  of  the 


GARETH. 


b'l  od  of  the  Yncas)  taught  him  in  his  youth,  that  he 
collected  the  materials  of  his  history. — Diss 
t/ie  Era  o/Ossian. 


ssertation  oh 


Garcilaso  [de  la  Vega],  called 
"  The  Petrarch  of  Spain,"  born  at  Toledo 
( 1 530-1568).  His  poems  are  eclogues, 
odes,  and  elegies  of  great  naiveti,  grace, 
a:id  harmony. 

Sometimes  he  turned  to  gaze  upon  Us  book. 
Boscan  or  Garcilasso  \sic\. 

Byron:  Don  yuan,  I.  95  (1819). 

Gar'darite  (4  syl.).    So  Russia  is 

c  illed  in  the  Eddas. 

Garden  of  the  Argentine,  Turcuman, 
a  province  of  Buenos  Ayres. 

Garden  of  England.  Worcestershire 
and  Kent  are  both  so  called. 

Garden  of  Erin,  Carlow,  in  Leinster, 

Garden  of  Europe.  Italy  and  Belgium 
are  both  so  called. 

Garden  of  France,  Amboise,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Indre-et- Loire. 

Garden  of  India,  Oude. 

Garden^  of  Italy,  Sicily, 

Garden  of  South  Wales,  southern  divi- 
sion of  Glamorganshire. 

Garden  of  Spain,  Andaluci'a. 

Garden  of  the  West.  Illinois  and 
Kansas  are  both  so  called. 

Garden  of  the  World,  the  region  of  the 
Mississippi, 

Garden  [The),  Covent  Garden 
Theatre.  The  "  Lane,"  that  is,  Drury 
Lane. 

He  managed  the  Garden,  and  afterwards  the  L.ane.— 
W.  C.  Macready :  Tem/>U  Bar,  76,  1875. 

Gardens    of  the    Sun,    the   East 

Indian  or  Malayan  Archipelago. 

Gardeningf  [Father  of  Landscape), 
Lenotrc  (1613-1700). 

Gar'diner  [Richard),  porter  to  Miss 
Seraphine  Arthuret  and  her  sister  Ange- 


lica.—^/r  W,  Scott:  Redgauntlet  (tim^ 
George  I IL). 

Gardiner  {Ci7^«*/),  colonel  of  Waver- 
ley's  regiment— 5»>  W.  Scott:  Waverley 
(time,  George  II.). 

Gareth  [Sir)  according  to  ancietlt 
romance,  was  the  youngest  son  of  Lof 
king  of  Orkney  and  Morgawse  Arthur's 
[half]-sister.  His  mother,  to  deter  him 
from  entering  Arthur's  court,  said,  jest- 
ingly, she  would  consent  to  his  so  doing 
if  he  concealed  his  name  and  went  as  a 
scullion  for  twelve  months.  To  this  he 
agreed,  and  sir  Kay,  the  king's  steward, 
nicknamed  him  "  Beaumains,"  because 
his  hands  were  unusually  large.  At  the 
end  of  the  year  he  was  knighted,  and 
obtained  the  quest  of  Linet',  who  craved 
the  aid  of  some  knight  to  liberate  her 
sister  Lion6s,  who  was  held  prisoner  by 
sir  Ironside  in  Castle  Perilous.  Linet 
treated  sir  Gareth  with  great  contumely, 
calling  him  a  washer  of  dishes  and  a 
kitchen  knave ;  but  he  overthrew  the 
five  knights  and  liberated  the  lady,  whom 
he  married.  The  knights  were — first,  the 
Black  Knight  of  the  Black  Lands  or  sir 
Pere'ad  (2  syl.),  the  Green  Knight  or  sir 
Pertolope,  the  Red  Knight  or  sir  Peri- 
mo'ngs,  the  Blue  Knight  or  sir  Persaunt 
of  India  (four  brothers),  and  lastly  the 
Red  Knight  of  the  Red  Lands  or  sir  Iron- 
side.—iS^r  T.  Malory:  History  of  Prince 
Arthur,  i.  120-123  (i47o)- 

*.*  According  to  Tennyson,  sir  Gareth 
was  "  the  last  and  tallest  son  of  Lot  king 
of  Orkney  and  of  Bellicent  his  wife." 
He  served  as  a  kitchen  knave  in  king 
Arthur's  hall  a  twelvemonth  and  a  day, 
and  was  nicknamed  "Beaumains,"  At  the 
end  of  twelve  months  he  was  knighted, 
and  obtained  leave  to  accompany  Ly- 
nette  to  the  hberation  of  her  sister 
Lyonors,  who  was  held  captive  in  Castle 
Perilous  by  a  knight  called  Death  or 
Mors.  The  passages  to  the  castle  were 
kept  by  four  brothers,  called  by  Tenny- 
son Morning  Star  or  Phos'phorus,  Noon- 
day Sun  or  Meridies,  Evening  Star  or 
•Hespfirus,  and  Night  or  Nox,  all  of  whom 
he  overthrew.  At  length  Death  leapt 
from  the  cleft  skull  of  Night,  and  prayed 
the  knight  not  to  kill  him,  seeing  that 
what  he  did  his  brothers  had  made  him 
do.  At  starting,  Lynette  treated  Gareth 
with  great  contumely,  but  softened  to 
him  more  and  more  after  each  victory, 
and  at  last  married  him. 

He  that  told  the  tale  in  olden  times 
Says  that  sir  Gareth  wedded  Lyonors ; 
But  he  that  told  it  later  says  Lynette. 
Ttttnyson  :  IdylUo/thi  A'»«^("G»reUj aacl  Lynett**) 


GARGAMELLE. 

Gareth  and  Linef  is  in  reality  an  alle- 
gory, a  sort  of  Bunyan's  Pilgrim's  Pro- 
gress, describing  the  warfare  of  a  Christian 
from  birth  to  his  entrance  into  glory. 
The  ' '  Bride  "  lived  in  Castle  Perilous, 
and  was  named  Lionfis  ;  Linet'  represents 
the  "carnal  world,"  which,  like  the  in- 
habitants of  the  City  of  Destruction,  jest 
and  jeer  at  everything  the  Christian  does. 
Sir  Gareth  fought  with  four  knights, 
keepers  of  the  roads  to  ' '  Zion  "  or  Castle 
Perilous,  viz.  Night,  Dawn,  Midday, 
and  Evening,  meaning  the  temptations  of 
the  four  ages  of  man.  Having  conquered 
in  all  these,  he  had  to  encounter  the  last 
enemy,  which  is  Death,  and  then  the  bride 
was  won — the  bride  who  lived  in  Castle 
Perilous  or  Mount  Zion. 

•.*  Tennyson,  in  his  version  of  this 
beautiful  allegory,  has  fallen  into  several 
grave  errors,  the  worst  of  which  is  his 
making  Gareth  marry  Lynette  (as  he 
spells  the  name),  instead  of  the  true  bride. 
This  is  like  landing  his  Pilgrim  in  the 
City  of  Destruction,  after  having  finished 
his  journey  and  passed  the  flood.  Gareth's 
brother  was  wedded  to  the  world  {i.e. 
Linet),  but  Gareth  himself  was  married 
to  the  "true  Bride,"  who  dwelt  in  Castle 
Perilous.  Another  grave  error  is  making 
Death  crave  of  Gareth  not  to  kill  him,  as 
what  he  did  he  was  compelled  to  do  by 
his  elder  brothers,  I  must  confess  that 
this  to  me  is  quite  past  understanding. 
(See  Notes  and  Queries,  January  19,  Feb- 
ruary 16,  March  16,  1878.) 

Gar'gamelle  (3  syl),  wife  of  Gran- 
gousier  and  daughter  of  the  king  of  the 
Parpaillons.  On  the  day  that  she  gave 
birth  to  Gargantua  she  ate  16  qrs.  2  bush. 
3  pecks  and  a  pipkin  of  dirt,  the  mere 
remains  left  in  the  tripe  which  she  had 
for  supper,  although  the  tripe  had  been 
cleaned  with  the  utmost  care. — Rabelais  : 
Gargantua,  i.  4  (1533). 

(Gargamelle  is  an  allegorical  skit  on 
the  extravagance  of  queens,  and  the 
dirt  is  their  pin-money.) 

Gargan'tna,  son  of  Grangousier  and 
Gargamelle.  It  needed  17,913  cows  to 
supply  the  babe  with  milk.  Like  Gara- 
gantua  (q.v.),  he  ate  in  his  salad  lettuces 
as  big  as  walnut  trees,  in  which  were 
lurking  six  pilgrims  from  Sebastian. 
He  founded  and  endowed  the  abbey  of 
Theleme  (2  syl.),  in  remembrance  of  his 
victory  over  Picrochole  (3  jyA). — Rabe- 
lais :  Gargantua,  i.  7  (1533). 

(Of  course,  Gargantua  is  an  allegorical 
skit  on  the  allowance  accorded  to  princes 


406  GARLIC. 

for  their  maintenance.  The  name  was 
familiar  in  fable  before  Rabelais  appro- 
priated it.  When  Shakespeare  refers  to 
it  in  As  You  Like  It,  he  probably  refers 
to  one  of  the  older  stories,  and  not  to 
Rabelais. ) 

Garganta,  by  Rabelais,  !n  French  {1S33).  The 
English  version  by  Urquhart  and  Motteux  (1653). 

Gargantua's  Mare,  This  mare  was 
as  big  as  six  elephants,  and  had  feet 
with  fingers.  On  one  occasion,  going  to 
school,  the  "  boy  "  hung  the  bells  of  Notre 
Dame  de  Paris  on  his  mare's  neck,  as 
jingles  ;  but  when  the  Parisians  promised 
to  feed  his  beast  for  nothing,  he  restored 
the  peal.  This  mare  had  a  terrible  tail, 
"every  whit  as  big  as  the  steeple  of  St. 
Mark's,"  and  on  one  occasion,  being 
annoyed  by  wasps,  she  switched  it  about 
so  vigorously  that  she  knocked  down  all 
the  trees  in  the  vicinity.  Gargantua 
roared  with  laughter,  and  cried,  "Je 
trouve  beau  ce  !  "  whereupon  the  locality 
was  called  "  '2>&?iMC&.'" —Rabelais :  Gar- 
gantua, i.  16  (1533). 

(Of  course,  this  "  mare"  is  an  allegori- 
cal skit  on  the  extravagance  of  court  mis- 
tresses, and  the  "tail"  is  the  suite  in 
attendance  on  them. ) 

Garg>an'tuan  Curriculum,  a 
course  of  studies  including  all  languages, 
all  sciences,  all  the  fine  arts,  with  all 
athletic  sports  and  calisthenic  exercises. 
Grangousier  wrote  to  his  son,  saying — 

"  There  should  not  be  a  river  in  the  world,  no  matter 
how  small,  thou  dost  not  know  the  name  of,  with  the 
nature  and  habits  of  all  fishes,  all  fowls  of  the  air,  all 
shrubs  and  trees,  all  metals,  minerals,  gems,  and  precious 
stones.  I  would,  furthermore,  have  thee  study  the  Tal- 
mudists  and  Cabalists,  and  get  a  perfect  knowledge  of 
man,  together  with  every  language,  ancient  and  modem 
living  or  deAd."— Rabelais  :  Pantag'rueP,  ii.  8  (1533). ' 

Gargfery.  (See  Joe  Gargery.)— 
Dickens  :  Great  Expectations  (i860). 

Gargouille  (2  syl),  the  grea£  dragon 
that  lived  in  the  Seine,  ravaged  Rouen, 
and  was  slain  by  Sl  Roma'nus  in  the 
seventh  century. 

Garland  of  Howtli  (Ireland),  the 
book  of  the  four  Gospels  preserved  in 
the  abbey  of  Howth,  remains  of  which 
still  exist. 

Garlic,  the  old  English  gar-leac  (the 
spear-[shaped]  leek) ;  the  leaves  are  spear- 
shaped. 

Garlic.  The  purveyor  of  the  sultan 
of  Casgar  says  he  knew  a  man  who  lost  his 
thumbs  and  great  toes  from  eating  garlic. 
The  facts  were  these  :  A  young  man  was 
married  to  the  favourite  of  Zobeid6,  and 
part  jok  of  a  dish  containing  garlic ;  when 
he  went  to  his  bride,  she  ordered  him  to 


GARR.\TT.  407 

be  bound,  and  cut  off  his  two  thumbs  and 
two  great  toes,  for  presuming  to  appear 
before  her  without  having  purified  his 
fingers.  Ever  after  this  he  washed  his 
hands  120  times  with  alkali  and  soap  after 
partaking  of  garlic  in  a  ragout. — Arabian 
Nights  ("  The  Purveyor's  Story  "). 

G-ar'ratt  ( The  mayor  of).  Garratt  is 
a  village  between  Wandsworth  and  Toot- 
ing. In  1780  the  inhabitants  associated 
themselves  together  to  resist  any  further 
encroachments  on  their  common,  and  the 
chairman  was  called  the  Mayor.  The  first 
"mayor"  happened  to  be  chosen  on  a 
general  election,  and  so  it  was  decreed 
that  a  new  mayor  should  be  appointed  at 
each  general  election.  This  made  excel- 
lent capital  for  electioneering  squibs,  and 
some  of  the  greatest  wits  of  the  day  have 
ventilated  political  grievances,  gibbeted 
political  characters,  and  sprinkled  holy 
water  with  good  stout  oaken  cudgels 
under  the  mask  of  "addresses  by  the 
mayors  of  Garratt." 

(S.  Foote  has  a  farce  entitled  Tht 
Mayor  of  Garratt,  1763.) 

Gharraway's,  a  coffee-house  in  Ex- 
change Alley,  which  existed  for  216  years, 
but  is  now  pulled  down.  Here  tea  was 
$old  in  1657  for  sums  varying  from  i6s. 
.  to  SOJ.  per  lb. 

i'--  G-arter.  According  to  legend,  Joan 
countess  of  Salisbury  accidentally  slipped 
her  garter  at  a  court  ball.  It  was  picked 
up  by  her  royal  partner,  Edward  III., 
who  gallantly  diverted  the  attention  of 
the  guests  from  the  lady  by  binding  the 
blue  band  round  his  own  knee,  saying,  as 
he  did  so,  "  Honi  soit  qui  mal  y  pense." 

The  earl's  greatest  of  all  grandmothers 
i .        Was  grander  daughter  still  to  that  fair  dame 
, ,       Whose  garter  slipped  down  at  the  famous  ball. 
''  R.  Browning- :  A  Blot  on  the  'Scutcheon,  i.  j. 

'"  •.  •  John  Anstis,  Garter  King-at-Arms, 
pnblislied,  in  1724,  the  Register  of  the 
Most  Noble  Order  of  the  Garter,  called 
"The  Black  Book." 

Garth  {Mary),  in  Middlemarch,  ulti- 
mately marries  Fred  Vincy.  The  heroine 
is  Dorothea,  who  marries  Cassaubon. — 
George  Eliot  (Mrs.  J.  W.  Cross)  (1872). 

Gartlia,  sister  of  prince  Oswald  of 
Vero'na.  When  Oswald  was  slain  in 
single  combat  by  Gondibert  (a  combat 
provoked  by  his  own  treachery),  Gariha 
used  all  her  efforts  to  stir  up  civil  war ; 
but  Hermegild,  a  man  of  g^eat  prudence, 
who  loved  her,  was  the  author  of  wiser 
counsel,  and  diverted  the  anger  of  the 
camp  by  a  funeral  pageant  of  unusual 


GASPERO. 

splendour.  As  the  tale  is  not  finished, 
the  ultimate  lot  of  Gartha  is  unknown,— 
Davenant :  Gondibert  (died  1668). 

Gas  [Charlatan),  in  Vivian  Grey,  anovel 
by  Disraeli  (lord  Beaconsfield)  (1827). 

Gas'abal,  the  'squire  of  don  Galaor. 

Gasabal  was  a  man  of  such  silence  that  the  authof 
n?.mes  him  only  once  in  the  course  of  his  roluminouj 
history. — Cervantes :  Don  Quixote,  I.  Hi  6  (i£o5). 

GilSCoigne  [Sir  William).  Shake- 
speare says  that  prince  Henry  "  struck 
the  chief  justice  in  the  open  court ;  "  but 
it  does  not  appear  from  history  that  any 
blow  was  given.     The  fact  is  this — 

One  of  the  gay  companions  of  the  prince  being  com- 
mitted for  felony,  the  prince  demanded  his  release  ;  but 
sir  William  told  him  the  only  way  of  obtaining  a  release 
would  be  to  get  from  the  king  a  free  pardon,  prince 
Henry  now  tried  to  rescue  the  prisoner  by  force,  when 
the  judge  ordered  him  out  of  court.  In  a  towering  fury, 


the  prince  flew  to  the  judgment-seat,  and  all  thought  he 
judge; 

TH 

father,  to' whom  you  owe  double  obedience ;  wherefore 


was  about  to  slay  the  judge  ;  but  sir  William  said  very 
firmly  and  quietly,  "  Syr,  remember  yourselfe.  I  kepe 
here  the  place  of  the  kynge,  your  sovereigne  lorde  and 


I  charge  you  in  his  name  to  desyste  of  your  wylfulnes. 
.  .  .  And  nowe  for  your  contempte  goo  you  to  the 
prysona  of  the  Kynges  Benche,  whereunto  I  commytte 
you,  and  remayne  ye  there  prisoner  untyll  the  pleasure 
of  tlie  kynge  be  further  known."  With  which  words, 
the  prince  being  abashed,  the  noble  prisoner  departed 
and  went  to  the  King's  Bench.— 5»>  T.  Elyot:  The 
Governour  (1531). 

Gashford,  secretary  to  lord  George 
Gordon.  A  detestable,  cruel  sneak,  who 
dupes  his  half-mad  master,  and  leads 
him  to  imagine  he  is  upholding  a  noble 
cause  in  plotting  against  the  English 
catholics.  To  wreak  vengeance  on  Geof- 
frey Haredale,  he  incites  the  rioters  to 
burn  "The  Warren,"  where  Haredale 
resided.  Gashford  commits  suicide. — 
Dickens :  Bamaby  Rudge  (1841). 

Gaspar  or  Caspar  \_"  the  white  one"], 
one  of  the  three  Magi  or  icings  of  Cologne. 
His  offering  to  the  infant  Jesus  was 
frankincense,  in  token  of  divinity. 

(The  other  two  were  Melchior  ("  king 
of  light "),  who  offered  gold,  symbolical 
of  royalty;  and  Balthazar  ("lord  of 
treasures  "),  who  offered  myrrh,  to  denote 
that  Christ  would  die.  Klopstock,  in  his 
Messiah,  makes  the  number  of  the  Magi 
six,  not  one  of  which  names  agrees  with 
those  of  Cologne  Cathedral.  See  Co- 
logne, p.  226.) 

Gaspard,  the  steward  of  count  De 
Valmont,  in  whose  service  he  had  been 
for  twenty  years,  and  to  whom  he  was 
most  devotedly  attached. — Dimond  :  The 
Foundling  of  the  Forest. 

Gas'pero,  secretary  of  state,  in  the 
drama  called  The  Laws  of  Candy,  by 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher  (1647).  (Beau 
mont  died  1616.) 


GASTER. 

Gaster  {Master).,  the  ruler  of  an  island 
which  appears  rugged  and  barren,  but  is 
really  fertile  and  pleasant.  He  is  the  first 
master  of  arts  in  the  world. — Rabelais: 
Panta^ruel,  bk.  iv.  (1545). 

Gastrolaters,  inhabitants  of  the 
island  Gaster.  Probably  the  monks. — 
Rabelais:  Panlag'ruel,  bk.  iv.  (1545). 

Gate  of  France  {Iron),  Longwy,  a 
strong  military  position. 

Gate  of  Italy,  that  part  of  the  valley 
of  the  Adigd  which  is  in  the  vicinity  of 
Trent  and  Roveredo.  It  is  a  narrow 
gorge  between  two  mountain  ridges. 

Gate  of  Tears  [Badelmanded],  the 
passage  into  the  Red  Sea. 

Like  some  iU-destined  baric  that  steers 

In  silence  through  the  Gate  of  Tears. 

JHoore  :  Lalla  Rookh  ("  The  Fire- Worshippers,"  1817). 

Gates  {Iron)  or  Demir  Kara,  a  cele- 
brated pass  of  the  Teuthras,  through 
which  all  caravans  between  Smyrna  and 
Brasa  must  needs  pass. 

Gates  of  Cilicia  \_Pylet  Cilicice],  a 
defile  connecting  Cappadocia  and  Cilicia. 
Now  called  the  Pass  of  Golek  B6ghdz. 

Gates  of  Syria  \j)yl<B  Syrice],  a 
Beilan  pass.  Near  this  pass  was  the 
battle-field  of  Issus  {b.c.  November,  333). 

Gates  of  tlie  Caspian  \J>ylce  Cas- 
fia),  a  rent  in  the  high  mountain-wall 
south  of  the  Caspian,  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  the  modern  Persian  capital. 

Gates  of  the  Occult   Sciences 

{The),  forty,  or  as  some  say  forty-eight, 
books  on  magic,  in  Arabic.  The  first 
twelve  teach  the  art  of  sorcery  and 
enchantment,  the  thirteenth  teaches  how 
to  disenchant  and  restore  bodies  to  their 
native  shapes  again.  A  complete  set 
was  always  kept  in  the  Dom-Daniel  or 
school  for  magic  in  Tunis. — Continuation 
of  the  Arabian  Nights  ("  History  of  Mau'- 
jrraby"). 

Gatb.,  Brussels,  where  Charles  II.  re- 
sided in  his  exile. — Absalom  and  Achito- 
phel,  by  Dryden  and  Tate. 

Give  not  insulting  Askalon  to  know, 

Nor  let  Gath's  daug^hter  triumph  in  our  woe. 

Pt.  ii.,  66  lines  from  the  end. 

Gath'eral  {Ol(£),  steward  to  the  duke 
of  Buckingham. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Peveril 
of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Gath'erill  {Old),  bailiff  to  sir  Geof- 
frey "everil  of  the  Peak.— 5?>  W.  Scott: 
Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II. ). 

Gauden'tio  di  Lucca,  the  hero 
and  title  of  a  romance  by  Simon  Bering- 
ton.    He  makes  a  journey  to  Mezzoramia, 


408  GAVROCHE. 

an  imaginary  country  in  the  interior  of 
Africa. 

Gaudi'osa  {Lady),  wife  of  Pelayo ;  a 
wise  and  faithful  counsellor,  high-minded, 
brave  in  danger,  and  a  real  help-mate.— 
Southey:  Roderick,Lastofthe Goths{\Z\i^). 

Gaul,  son  of  Morni  of  Strumon.  He 
was  betrothed  to  Oith'ona  daughter  of 
Nuath,  but  before  the  day  of  marriage  he 
was  called  away  by  Fingal  to  attend  him 
on  an  expedition  against  the  Britons. 
At  the  same  time  Nuath  was  at  war,  and 
sent  for  his  son  Lathmon ;  so  Oithona 
was  left  unprotected  in  her  home.  Dun- 
rommath  lord  of  Uthal  (or  Cuthal) 
seized  this  opportunity  to  carry  her  off, 
and  concealed  her  in  a  cave  in  the  desert 
island  of  Trom'athon.  When  Gaul  re- 
turned to  claim  his  betrothed,  he  found 
she  was  gone,  and  was  told  by  a  vision 
in  tie  night  where  she  was  hidden.  Next 
day,  with  three  followers,  Gaul  went  to 
Tromathon,  and  the  ravisher  coming 
up,  he  slew  him  and  cut  off  his  head. 
Oithona,  armed  as  a  combatant,  mingled 
with  the  fighters  and  was  wounded. 
Gaul  saw  what  he  thought  a  youth  dying, 
and  went  to  offer  assistance,  but  found 
it  was  Oithona,  who  forthwith  expired. 
Disconsolate,  he  returned  to  Dunlathmon, 
and  thence  to  Morven. — Ossian  :  Oithona. 

His  voice  was  like  many  streams.— Oj«a» .-  FingaU 

(Homer  makes  a  loud  voice  a  thing  to 
be  much  commended  in  a  warrior. ) 

Gaul  {A)  generally  means  a  French- 
man; and  Gallia  means  France,  the 
country  of  the  Celtae  or  Keltai,  called  by 
the  Greeks  "  Gallitai,"  and  shortened 
into  "  Galli."  Wales  is  also  called  Gallia, 
Galis,  and  Gaul,  especially  in  mediaeval 
romance :  hence,  Amidis  of  Gaul  is  not 
Amadis  of  France,  but  Amadis  of  Wales ; 
sir  Lamorake  de  Galis  is  sir  Lamorake  of 
Wales.  Gaul  in  France  is  Armorica  or 
Little  Britain  {Brittany). 

Gaunt'grrim,  the  wolf,  in  lord 
Lytton's  Pilgrims  of  the  Rhine  (1834). 

Bruin  is  always  in  the  sulks,  and  Gauntgrim  always  in 
a  passion.— Ch.  xii. 

Gautier   et    Gargfuille,   "all  the 

world  and  his  wife." 

Se  moquer  de  Gautier  et  Gargnille  ("  To  make  game 
of  every  one  "). — A  French  Proverb. 

Gava'ni,  the  pseudonym  of  Sulpice 
Paul  Chevalier,  the  great  caricaturist  of 
the  French  Charivari  (1803-1866). 

Gavroche  {2  syl.),  type  of  the 
Parisian  street  arab, — Victor  Hugo:  Let 
Misirabks  (i86a). 


GAWAIN. 


409      GEESE  SAVE  THE  CAPITOL, 


Gawain  [Gau/'n],  son  of  king  Lot 
and  Morgause  (Arthur's  sister).  His 
brothers  were  Agra  vain,  Ga'heris,  and 
Ga'reth.  The  traitor  Mordred  was  his 
half-brother,  being  the  adulterous  off- 
spring of  Morgause  and  prince  Arthur. 
Lot  was  king  of  Orkney.  Gawain  was 
the  second  of  the  fifty  knights  created  by 
king  Arthur ;  Tor  was  the  first,  and  was 
dubbed  the  same  day  (pt.  i.  48).  When 
the  adulterous  passion  of  sir  Launcelot 
for  queen  Guenever  came  to  the  know- 
ledge of  the  king,  sir  Gawain  insisted 
that  the  king's  honour  should  be  upheld. 
Accordingly,  king  Arthur  went  in  battle 
array  to  Benwicke  {Driitany),  the  "realm 
of  sir  Launcelot,"  and  proclaimed  war. 
Here  sir  Gawain  fell,  according  to  the 
prophecy  of  Merlin,  "  With  this  sword 
shall  Launcelot  slay  the  man  that  in 
this  world  he  loved  best "  (pt.  i.  44).  In 
this  same  battle  the  king  was  told  that 
his  bastard  son  Mordred  had  usurped  his 
throne,  so  he  hastened  back  with  all 
speed,  and  in  the  great  battle  of  the 
West  received  his  mortal  wound  (pt.  iii. 
160-167). — Sir  T.  Malory:  History  of 
Prince  Arthur  {1470). 

(Of  Arthurian  knights,  Gawain  is  called 
the  "  Courteous,"  sir  Kay  the  "  Rude  and 
Boastful,"  Mordred  the  "Treacherous," 
Launcelot  the  "  Chivalrous,"  Galahad 
the  "Chaste,"  Mark  the  "Dastard,"  sir 
Palomides  (3  syl.)  the  "Saracen"  i.e. 
unbaptized,  etc.) 

Gawky  {Lord),  Richard  Grenville 
(1711-1770). 

Gaw'rey,  a  flying  woman,  whose 
wings  served  the  double  purpose  of  flying 
and  dress. — Pultock :  Peter  Wilkins 
(1750)- 

Gay  {Lucien),  in  lord  Beaconsfield's 
Coningsby,  said  to  be  meant  for  Theodore 
Hook  (1844). 

Gay  {Walter),  in  the  firm  of  Dom- 
bey  and  Son.  An  honest,  frank,  in- 
genuous youth,  who  loved  Florence 
bombey,  and  comforted  her  in  her  early 
troubles.  Walter  Gay  was  sent  in  tlie 
merchantman  called  The  Son  and  Heir, 
as  junior  partner,  to  Barbadoes,  and  sur- 
vived a  shipwreck.  After  his  return 
from  Barbadoes,  he  married  Florence. — 
Dickens  :  Domhey  and  Son  (1846). 

Gayless  {Charles),  the  pennyless 
suitor  of  Melissa.  His  valet  is  Sharp.-— 
Garrick:  Tht  Lying  Valet  (1741). 

Gay'ville  {Lord),  the  affianced 
husband  of  Miss  Alscrip  "  the  heiress," 


whom  he  detests ;  but  he  ardently  loves 
Miss  Alton,  her  companion.  The  former 
is  conceited,  overbearing,  and  vulgar,  but 
very  rich  ;  the  latter  is  modest,  retiring, 
and  lady-like,  but  very  poor.  It  turns 
out  that  ;^20oo  a  year  of  ' '  the  heiress's  " 
property  was  entailed  on  sir  William 
Charlton's  heirs,  and  therefore  descended 
to  Mr.  Clifford  in  right  of  his  mother. 
This  money  Mr.  Clifford  settles  on  his 
sister,  Miss  Alton  (whose  real  name  is 
Clifford).  Sir  Clement  Flint  tears  the 
conveyance,  whereby  Clifford  retains  the 
£aooo  a  year,  and  sir  Clement  settles 
the  same  amount  on  lord  Grayville,  who 
marries  Miss  Alton  alias  Miss  Clifford. 

Lady  Emily  Gayville,  sister  of  lord 
Gayville.  A  bright,  vivacious,  and  witty 
lady,  who  loves  Mr.  Clifford.  Clifford 
also  greatly  loves  lady  Emily,  but  is 
deterred  from  proposing  to  her,  because 
he  is  poor  and  unequal  to  her  in  a  social 
position.  It  turns  out  that  he  comes  into 
j(f  2000  a  year  in  right  of  his  mother,  lady 
Charlton ;  and  is  thus  enabled  to  offer 
himself  to  the  lady,  by  whom  he  is 
accepted. — Burgoyne:  The  Heiress  {1781), 

Gaz''ban,  the  black  slave  of  the  old 
fire-worshipper,  employed  to  sacrifice  the 
Mussulmans  to  be  offered  on  the  "  moun- 
tain of  fire." — Arabian  Nights  ("  Amgiad 
and  Assad  "). 

Gazette  {Sir  Gregory),  a  man  who 
delights  in  news,  without  having  the 
slightest  comprehension  of  politics. — 
Foote:  The  Knights  (1754). 

Gazing!  {Miss),  of  the  Portsmouth 
Theatre. — Dickens  :  Nicholas  Nickleby 
(1838). 

Gaz'nivides  (3  syl),  a  Persian 
dynasty,  which  gave  four  kings  and 
lasted  fifty  years.  It  was  founded  by 
Mahmoud  Gazni  (999-1049). 

Gel)er,  an  Arabian  alchemist,  bom 
at  Thous,  in  Persia  (eighth  century).  He 
wrote  several  treatises  on  the  "  art  of 
making  gold,"  in  the  usual  mystical 
jargon  of  the  period  ;  and  hence  our 
\iOxd  gibberish  ("  senseless  jargon  "). 

This  art  the  Arabian  Geber  taught  . 
The  Elixir  of  Perpetual  Youth. 

Lcng/ellaw :  The  Ccldcn  Legend, 

Geddes  {Joshua),  the  quaker. 

Rachel  Geddes  (i  syl,),  sister  of  Joshua. 

Philip  Geddes,  grandfather  of  Joshua 
and  Rachel  Geddes.— .SzV  W.  Scott: 
Redgauntlet  {\\Ti\Q,  George  III.). 

Geese    save    the   Capitol.     The 

following  are  fair  parallel  cases  : — 


GEHENNA. 


4x0 


GELOIOS. 


^When  the  French  forces  under  Coligny 
(Jan.  6,  1557)  had  arranged  a  night  attack 
on  the  city  of  Douay,  while  all  men  slept, 
an  old  woman  accidentally  observed  the 
movement  of  the  French  forces,  and 
ran  shrieking  through  the  streets.  Her 
clamour  roused  the  guards,  and  the  city 
was  saved. — Motley  :  The  Dutch  Re- 
public, pt.  i.  2. 

H  The  protestants  besieged  in  Beziers 
(France)  owed  their  safety  to  a  drunken 
drummer,  who,  in  reeling  to  his  quarters 
at  midnight,  rang  the  alarm-bell  of  the 
town,  not  knowing  what  he  did.  And 
just  at  that  moment  the  enemy,  about  to 
make  an  assault,  alarmed  by  the  bell, 
precipitately  retreated,  and  the  town  was 
saved. — Flavel. 

%  I  remember  reading  of  a  mouse 
scampering  over  a  drum -head,  and  rous- 
ing the  guard. 

Gehen'na,  the  place  of  everlasting 
torment.  Strictly  speaking,  it  means  the 
Valley  of  Hinnom  {Ge  Hinnom),  where 
sacrifices  to  Moloch  were  offered,  and 
where  refuse  of  all  sorts  was  subsequently 
cast,  for  the  consumption  of  which  fires 
were  kept  constantly  burning.  There 
was  also  a  sort  of  aq^ua  to/ana,  called 
liqtior  Gehennce. 

Holy  water  it  may  be  to  many, 

But  to  me  the  veriest  liquor  Gehennae. 

Lons/ellow  :  Tht  Golden  Legend. 
And  black  Gehenna  called,  the  type  of  hell. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  i.  405  (1663). 

G-eierstein  \Gi' -er-stine\,  Arnold 
count  of. 

Count  Albert  of  Geierstein,  brother  of 
Arnold  Biederman,  disguised  (i)  as  the 
black  priest  of  St.  Paul's  ;  (2)  as  pre- 
sident of  the  secret  tribunal ;  (3)  as  monk 
at  Mont  St.  Victoire. 

Anne  of  Geierstein,  called  "The 
Maiden  of  the  Mist,"  daugliter  of  count 
Albert,  and  baroness  of  Arnheim. 

Count  Heinrich  of  Geierstein,  grand- 
father of  count  Arnold. 

Count  Williewald  of  Geierstein,  father 
of  count  Arnold. — Sir  W.  Sc^ft:  Anne 
of  Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

N.B.— For  sketch  of  the  tale,  see  Anne 
OF  Geierstein,  p.  46. 

Geislaer  (Peterkin),  one  of  the  in- 
surgents at  'Likge[Le-aje'\. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Quentin  Durward  (time,  Edward  IV. ). 

Geitli  [peorge),  a  model  of  tintiring 
Industry,  perseverance,  and  moral 
courage.  Undaunted  by  difficulties,  he 
pursued  his  onward  way,  and  worked  as 


long  as  breath  was  left  him.— A/rj.  Traf 
ford  [Riddelt]  :  George  Geith. 

Gelert,  Llewellyn's  favourite  hound. 
One  day,  Llewellyn  returned  from  hunt- 
ing, when  G61ert  met  him  smeared  with 
gore.  The  chieftain  felt  alarmed,  and 
instantly  went  to  look  for  his  baby  son. 
He  found  the  cradle  overturned,  and  all 
around  was  sprinkled  with  gore  and  blood. 
He  called  his  child,  but  no  voice  replied, 
and,  thinking  the  hound  had  eaten  it,  he 
stabbed  the  animal  to  the  heart.  The 
tumult  awoke  the  baby  boy,  and  on 
searching  more  carefully,  a  huge  wolf 
was  found  under  the  bed,  quite  dead. 
GClert  had  slain  the  wolf  and  saved  the 
child. 

And  now  a  gallant  tomb  they  raise, 
With  costly  sculpture  decked ; 

And  marbles,  stoned  with  his  prais«. 
Poor  Gfilert's  bones  protect. 
Hon,  fV.  R.  Spcnur:  Bcth-GeUrt  ("GSlerfs  Grave"). 

\  This  tale,  with  a  slight  difference,  is 
common  to  all  parts  of  the  world.  It  is 
told  in  the  Gesta  Romanorum  of  Fol- 
liciilus,  a  knight ;  but  the  wolf  is  a 
"  serpent,"  and  FoUiculus,  in  repentance, 
makes  a  pilgrimage  to  the  Holy  Land. 
In  the  Sanskrit  version,  given  in  the 
Pantschatantra  (a.d.  540),  the  tale  is 
told  of  the  brahmin  Devasaman,  an 
"  ichneumon  "  and  "  black  snake  "  taking 
the  places  of  the  dog  and  the  wolf.  In 
the  Arabic  version  by  Nasr- Allah  (twelfth 
century),  a  "weasel"  is  substituted  for 
the  dog ;  in  the  Mongolian  Uligerun  a 
' '  polecat  ; "  in  the  Persion  Sindibad- 
namch,  a  "  cat ;  "  and  in  the  Hitopadesa 
(iv.  3).  an  "  otter."  In  the  Chinese  Forest 
of  Pearls  from  the  Garden  of  the  Law, 
the  dog  is  an  "ichneumon,"  as  in  the 
Indian  version  (a.d.  668).  In  Sandabar, 
and  also  in  the  Hebrew  version,  the  tale 
is  told  of  a  dog.  A  similar  tale  is  told  of 
czar  Piras  of  Russia  ;  and  another  occurs 
in  the  Seven  Wise  Masters. 

Gel'latly  {Davie),  idiot  servant  of  the 
baron  of  Bradwardine  (3  syl.). 

Old  Janet  Gellatly,  the  idiot's  mother. 
— Sir  W.  Scott:  IVaverley  {time,  George 

(In  some  editions  the  word  is  spelt 
"  Gellatley.") 

Geloi'os,  Silly  Laughter  personified. 
Geloios  is  slain  by  Encra'tSs  {temper- 
ance) in  the  battle  of  MansouL  (Greek, 
geloios,  "facetious.") 

Geloios  next  ensued,  a  merry  Greek, 

Whose  life  was  laughter  vain,  and  mirth  misplaced  { 
His  speeches  broad,  to  shame  the  modest  cheek  ; 

Nor  cared  he  whom,  or  when,  or  how  disgraced. 
F.  Fietifur  :  The  Fur/U  Island,  riii..  si.  (1633^ 


GEM  ALIMIABET. 


GENESIS. 


Gem  Alphabet. 


Trnnsfiarent, 
A  mcthyst 
Beryl 

Chrysoberyl 

Diamond 

Emer.ild 

Felsp.ir 

Q-arnet 

Hyacinth 

Idocrase 

Kyanite 

L)'nx-sapphli« 

Milk  opal 

Natrolito 

Opal 

Pyrope 

Quartz 

Ruby 

Fapphif 

Topaz 

Unanite 

Vesuvianite 


Opcqitt. 
Alfate 
Basalt 
Cacholong 
Diaspore 
Egyptian  pebWo 
Firp-stone 
Granite 
Heliotrope 
Jasper 
Krokidolite 
Lapis-lazuli 
W  alachite 
Nephrite 
Onyx 
p.  rphyrv 
Quartz-agate 
Rose-o,iiartz 
Sardonyx 
Turquoise 
Ultramarine 
Verd-antiqiie 


Water-sapphtre  Wood-ojjal 

Xantliite  Xylotile 

Zirco  Zurlite 

Gem  of  K"ormandy,  Emma, 
daiigliter  of  Richard  "  the  Fearless," 
duke  of  Normandy.  She  first  married 
Elhelred  II.  of  England,  and  then 
Canute,  but  survived  both,  and  died  in 
1052. 

There  is  a  story  told  that  Emma  was«once  brotight 
to  trial  on  various  charges  of  public  and  private  mis- 
conduct, but  that  she  cleared  herself  by  the  ordeal  of 
walking  blindfold  over  red-hot  ploug-hshares  without 
being  hurt. — E.A.  Frteman  :  Old  English  History, ■it,',- 

Gem  of  tlie  Ocean.  Ireland  is 
called  by  T.  Moore  "first  gem  of  the 
ocean,  first  pearl  of  the  sea." 

Gems  Emblems  of  the  Twelve 
Apostles. 

Andrew,  the  bright  blue  sapphire, 
emblematic  of  his  heavenly  faith. 

Bartholomew,  the  red  camelian, 
emblematic  of  his  martyrdom. 

James,  the  white  chalcedony,  em- 
blematic of  his  purity, 

James  the  Less,  the  topaz,  em- 
blematic of  delicacy. 

John,  the  emerald,  emblematic  of  his 
youth  and  gentleness. 

Matthew,  the  amethyst,  emblematic 
of  sobriety.  Matthews  was  once  a  "  pub- 
lican," but  was  "  sobered"  by  the  leaven 
of  Christianity. 

Matthias,  the  chrysolite,  pure  as  sun- 
shine. 

Peter,  the  jasper,  hard  and  solid  as 
'  the  rock  of  the  Church. 

Phh-IP,  the  friendly  sardonyx. 

Simeon  of  Cana,  the  pink  hyacinth, 
emblematic  of  sweet  temper. 
■      Thaddeus,      the      chrysoprase,      em- 
blematic of  serenity  and  trustfulness. 
~     Thomas,  the  beryl,  indefinite  in  lustre, 
emblematic  of  his  doubting  faith. 

0ems  symbolic  of  the  Months. 


January,  the  jacinth  or  hyacinth, 
symbolizing  constancy  and  fidelity. 

February,  the  amethyst,  symbolizing 
peace  of  mind  and  sobriety. 

March,  tl-.e  blood-stone  or  jasper,  synv 
bolizing  courage  and  success  in  dangerous 
enterprise. 

April,  the  sapphire  and  diamond, 
symbolizing  repentance  and  innocence. 

May,  the  emerald,  symbolizing  success 
in  love. 

June,  the  agate,  symbolizing  long  life 
and  health. 

July,  the  camelian,  s^^mboHzing  cure 
of  evils  resulting  from  forget  fulness. 

August,  the  sardonyx  or  onyx,  sym- 
bolizing conjugal  felicity. 

September,  the  chrysolite,  symbolizing 
preservation  from  folly,  or  its  cure. 

October,  the  aqua-marine,  opal,  or 
beryl,  symbolizing  hope. 

November,  the  topaz,  symbolizing 
fidelity  and  friendship. 

December,  the  turquoise  or  ruby,  sym- 
bolizing brilliant  success. 

*.•  Some  doubt  exists  between  May 
and  June,  July  and  August.  Thus  some 
give  the  agate  to  May,  and  the  emerald  to 
June ;  the  camelian  to  August,  and  the 
onyx  to  July. 

Gembok  or  Gemsboc,  a  sort  of 
stag,  a  native  of  South  Africa.  It  is  a 
heavy,  stout  animal,  which  makes  such 
use  of  its  horns  as  even  to  beat  off  the 
lion. 

Far  into  the  heat  among'  the  siinds. 

The  gembok  nations,  snuffing  up  the  wind 

Drawn  by  the  scent  of  water  ;  and  the  bands 
Of  tawny-bearded  lions  pacing,  blind 

With  the  sun-dazzle  .  .  .  and  spiritless  for  laclc  of  rest 
yean  IngcltTu  r  The  Four  Bridges. 

GeTia.*ixi.i\"  the  twins  "\  Castor  and 
Pollux  are  the  two  principal  stars  of  this 
constellation  ;  the  former  has  a  bluish 
tinge,  and  the  latter  a  damask  red. 

As  heaven's  high  twins,  whereof  in  Tyrian  blue 
The  one  revolveth  ;  through  his  course  immense 
Might  love  bis  fellow  of  the  damask  hue. 

yean  Ingelow :  Honours,  t 

Gemini.  Mrs.  Browning  makes  Eve 
view  in  the  constellation  Gemini  a 
symbol  of  the  increase  of  the  human 
race,  and  she  loved  to  gaze  on  it. — A 
Drama  of  Exile  (1850). 

Genesis.  The  Greek  name  for  the 
first  book  of  the  Old  Testament.  The 
Jews  call  it  "In  the  beginning,"  from 
the  first  words  (chap.  i.  i).  The  Greek 
word  means  "Origin,"  and  the  book  is 
so  called  because  it  tells  us  the  "  origin  " 
of  all  created  things.  It  carries  down 
the  history  of  the  world  for  2369  years* 


GENEURA. 

Its  main  subjects  are  the  history  of  Adam 
and  Eve  till  their  expulsion  from  para- 
dise ;  the  Flood ;  and  the  dispersion  of  the 
human  race. 

It  contains  also  a  brief  account  of  Cain  and  Abel,  two 
sons  of  Adam  ;  of  Noah  and  his  tliree  sons ;  of  the 
patriarchs  Abraham,  Isaac,  and  Jacob ;  and  a  pretty 
full  account  of  Joseph,  a  romance  of  life  more  romantic 
than  any  fiction  ever  written. 

Geneu'ra.    {See  Gineura,  p.  424.) 
(Queen  Guinever  or  Guenever  is  some- 
times called  "  Geneura  "  or  "  Genevra.' ) 

Gene'va  Bull_  {The),  Stephen 
Marshall,  a  Calvinistic  preacher. 

Genevieve  {St.),  the  patron  saint  of 
Paris,  born  at  Nanterre.  She  was  a 
shepherdess,  but  went  to  Paris  when  her 
parents  died,  and  was  there  during 
Attila's  invasion  (a.d.  451).  She  told 
the  citizens  that  God  would  spare  the 
city,  and  "  her  prediction  came  true." 
At  another  time  she  procured  food  for 
the  Parisians  suffering  from  famine.  At 
her  request,  Clovis  built  the  church  of 
St.  Pierre  et  St.  Paul,  afterwards  called 
Ste.  Genevieve  (3  syl.).  Her  day  is 
January  3.  Her  relics  are  deposited  in 
the  Pantheon  now  called  by  her  name 
(419-512). 

Genii  or  Ginn,  an  intermediate  race 
between  angels  and  men.  They  ruled  on 
earth  before  the  creation  of  Adam, — 
D'Herbelot:  BibliotMque  Orientale,  357 
(1697). 

'.•  Solomon  is  supposed  to  preside 
over  the  whole  race  of  genii.  This  seems 
to  have  arisen  from  a  mere  confusion  of 
words  of  somewhat  similar  sound.  The 
chief  of  the  genii  was  called  a  suley- 
man,  which  got  corrupted  into  a  proper 
name. 

Genii  { Tales  of  the),  translated  from 
the  Persian  by  sir  Charles  Morell  (1765). 

Charles  Morell  is  the  pseudonym  of  the  Rev.  James 
Ridley.  ■' 

Genius    and    Common    Sense. 

T.  Moore  says  that  Common  Sense  and 
Genius  once  went  out  together  on  a 
ramble  by  moonlight.  Common  Sense 
went  prosing  on  his  way,  arrived  home 
in  good  time,  and  went  to  bed  ;  but 
Genius,  while  gazing  at  the  stars,  stum- 
bled into  a  river  and  was  drowned. 

IT  This  story  is  told  of  ThalSs  the 
philosopher  by  Plato.  Chaucer  has  also 
an  allusion  thereto  in  his  Miller's  Tale. 

So  ferde  another  clerk  with  "stronomyo : 
He  walked  in  the  feeld^s  for  to  prye 
Upon  the  sterrSs,  what  ther  shuld  befall. 
Til  he  was  in  a  marie  pit  i-fall. 
Chauctr  :  Canterbury  Tales,  3457,  etc.  (1388). 


41a 


GEOFFREY, 


Geuna'ro,  the  natural  son  of  Lucrezia 
di  Borgia  (daughter  of  pope  Alexander 
VI.)  before  her  marriage  with  Alfonso 
duke  of  Ferra'ra.  He  was  brought  up 
by  a  Neapolitan  fisherman.  In  early 
manhood  he  went  to  Venice,  heard  of 
the  scandalous  cruelty  of  Lucrezia,  and, 
with  the  heedless  petulance  of  youth, 
mutilated  the  duke's  escutcheon  by  strik- 
ing out  the  B,  thus  converting  Borgia 
into  Orgia  {orgies).  (For  the  rest  of  the 
tale,  see  BoRGiA,  p.  lo^Z.)  —  Donizetti .- 
Lucrezia  di  Borgia  (1834). 

Gennil  {Ralph),  a  veteran  in  the 
troop  of  sir  Hugo  de  Lacy. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  The  Betrothed  (time,  Henry  II.). 

Genove'fa,  wife  of  Siegfried  count 
palatine  of  Brabant.  Being  suspected 
of  infidelity,  she  was  driven  into  the 
forest  of  Ardennes,  where  she  gave 
birth  to  a  son,  who  was  suckled  by  a 
white  doe.  After  a  time,  Siegfried  dis- 
covered his  error,  and  both  mother  and 
child  were  restored  to  their  proper  home. 
— German  Popular  Stories. 

Tieck  and  Miiller  have  popularized  the 
tradition,  and  Raupach  has  made  it  the 
subject  of  a  drama. 

Gentle  Shepherd  {The),  George 
Grenville.  In  one  of  his  speeches,  he 
exclaimed  in  the  House,  "Tell  me 
where !  "  when  Pitt  hummed  the  line  of 
a  popular  song,  "  Gentle  Shepherd,  tell 
me  where !  "  and  the  House  was  con- 
vulsed with  laughter  (1712-1770). 

Gentle  Shepherd  {The),  the  title 
and  chief  character  of  Allan  Ramsay's 
pastoral  drama  (1725). 

Gentleman  of  Europe  ( The  First), 
George  IV.  (1762,  1820-1830). 

It  was  the  "  first  gentleman  in  Europe  "  in  whose  high 
presence  Mrs.  Rawdon  passed  her  examination,  and 
took  her  degree  in  reputation ;  so  it  must  be  flat  dis- 
loyalty to  doubt  her  virtue.  What  a  noble  appreciation 
of  character  must  there  not  have  been  in  Vanity  Fait 
when  that  august  sovereig^n  was  invested  with  the  title 

oi  Premier  Gcntilhomtne  of  all  Europe  I Thackerav  • 

Inanity  Fair  {iBiS).  ■'' 

The  First  Gentleman  of  Europe,  Louis 
d'Artois. 

Gentleman  Fainter  {The).  Ru- 
bens is  spoken  of  by  Charles  Beane  as 
le  gentilhomme  de  la  peinture  (1577- 
1640). 

Gentleman  Smith,  William  Smith, 
actor,  noted  for  his  gentlemanly  deport- 
ment on  the  stage  (1730-1790). 

Geoffrey,  archbishop  of  York.— i'?> 
W.  Scott ;  The  Talisman  (time,  Richard 
I.). 


GEOFFREY. 


413 


Geoffrey,  the  old  ostler  of  John 
Mcngs  (innkeeper  at  Kirchhoff).— 5^> 
ir.  Scott:  Anne  of  Geier stein  (time, 
Klvvard  IV.). 

Creoffrey  Crayon,  the  hypothecal 
name  of  the  author  of  the  Sketch-Book, 
by  Washington  Irving  of  New  York 
(i3i3-i82o). 

GEORGE  [Honest).  General  Monk, 
George  duke  of  Albemarle,  was  so 
called  by  the  votaries  of  Cromwell 
(1608-1670). 

George  (J/r.),  a  stalwart,  handsome, 
simple-hearted  fellow,  son  of  Mrs. 
Rouncewell  the  housekeeper  at  Chesney 
Wold.  He  was  very  wild  as  a  lad,  and 
ran  away  from  his  mother  to  enlist  as  a 
soldier;  but  on  his  return  to  England 
he  opened  a  shooting-gallery  in  Leicester 
Square,  London.  When  sir  Leicester 
Dedlock,  in  his  old  age,  fell  into  trouble, 
George  became  his  faithful  attendant. — 
Dickens:  Bleak  House  (1852). 

George  [St.],  the  patron  saint  of  Eng- 
land. He  was  born  at  Lydda,  but  brought 
up  in  Cappadocia,  and  suffered  martyr- 
dom in  the  reign  of  Diocletian,  April  23, 
A.D.  303.  Mr.  Hogg  tells  us  of  a  Greek 
inscription  at  Ezra,  in  Syria,  dated  346,  in 
which  the  martyrdom  of  St.  George  is 
referred  to.  At  this  date  was  living 
George  bishop  of  Alexandria,  with  whom 
Gibbon,  in  his  Decline  and  Fall,  has  con- 
founded the  patron  saint  of  England  ;  but 
the  bishop  died  in  362,  or  fifty-nine  years 
after  the  prince  of  Cappadocia.  (See 
Red  Cross  Knight.) 

(Mussulmans  revere  St.  George  under 
the  name  of  "  Gherghis.") 

St.  George's  Bones  were  taken  to  the 
church  in  the  city  of  Constantine. 

St.  George's  Head.  One  of  his  heads 
was  preserved  at  Rome.  Long  forgotten, 
it  was  rediscovered  in  751 ,  and  was  given 
in  1600  to  the  church  of  Ferrara.  Another 
of  his  heads  was  preserved  in  the  church 
of  Mares-Moutier,  in  Picardy. 

St.  George's  Limbs.  One  of  his  arms 
fell  from  heaven  upon  the  altar  of  Pan- 
taleon,  at  Cologne.  Another  was  pre- 
served in  a  religious  house  'of  Barala, 
and  was  transferred  thence  in  the  ninth 
century  to  Cambray.  Part  of  an  arm 
was  presented  by  Robert  Flanders  to 
the  city  of  Toulouse ;  another  part  was 
given  to  the  abbey  of  Auchin,  and 
another  to  the  countess  Matilda. 

George   and   the  Dragon   [St.). 


GEORGE  III. 

St.  George,  son  of  lord  Albert  of 
Coventry,  was  stolen  in  infancy  by  "  the 
weird  lady  of  the  woods,"  who  brought 
the  lad  up  to  deeds  of  arms.  His  body 
had  three  marks  :  a  dragon  on  the  breast, 
a  garter  round  one  of  the  legs,  and  a 
blood-red  cross  on  the  right  arm.  When 
he  grew  to  manhood,  he  fought  against 
the  Saracens.  In  Libya  he  heard  of  a 
huge  dragon,  to  which  a  damsel  was 
daily  given  for  food,  and  it  so  happened 
that  when  he  arrived  the  victim  was 
Sabia,  the  king's  daughter.  She  was 
already  tied  to  the  stake  when  St.  George 
came  up.  On  came  the  dragon  ;  but  the 
knight,  thrusting  his  lance  into  the 
monster's  mouth,  killed  it  on  the  spot. 
Sabra,  being  brought  to  England,  be- 
came the  wife  of  her  deliverer,  and  they 
lived  happily  in  Coventry  till  death.— 
Percy:  Reliques,  III.  iii.  2. 

This  is  a  mere  skit  by  John  Grubb,  and  has  no 
pretension  to  an  historical  fact. 

St.  George  and  the  Dragon,  on  old 
guinea-pieces,  was  the  design  of  Pis- 
trucci.  It  was  an  adaptation  of  a  di- 
drachm  of  Tarentum,  B.C.  250. 

• .  •  The  encounter  between  George  and 
the  dragon  took  place  at  Berytus  {Bey- 
rut). 

(The  tale  of  St.  George  and  the  dragon 
is  told  in  the  Golden  Legends  of  Jacques 
de  Voragine.  See  S.  Baring-Gould's 
Curious  Myths  of  the  Middle  Ages.) 

George  I.  and  tlie  duchess  of 
Kendal  (1719).  The  duchess  was  a 
German,  whose  name  was  Erangard 
Melrose  de  Schulemberg.  She  was 
created  duchess  of  Munster,  in  Ireland, 
baroness  Glastonbury,  countess  of  Fever- 
sham,  and  duchess  of  Kendal  (died 
1743)- 

George  II.  His  favourite  was  Mary 
Howard,  duchess  of  Suffolk. 

•.•  George  II.,  when  angry,  vented  his 
displeasure  by  kicking  his  hat  about  the 
room.  We  are  told  that  Xer.xes  vented 
his  displeasure  at  the  loss  of  his  bridges 
by  ordering  the  Hellespont  to  be  fet- 
tered, lashed  with  300  stripes,  and  in- 
sulted. 

•.•  The  nickname  of  the  prince  of 
Wales,  eldest  son  of  George  II.,  was 
"prince  Titi,"  from  a  pseudonym  which 
he  adopted  in  the  memoirs  which  he 
wrote.  The  name  was  suggested  by  a 
fairy  tale  by  St.  Hyacinthe,  called  The 
History  of  Prince  Titi. 

George  III.  and  the  Fair 
Quakeress.    When   George   III.    was 


GEORGE  IV.  AND  MRS.  ROBINSON.  414 


GERAINT. 


about  20  years  of  age,  he  fell  in  love  with 
Hannah  Lightfoot,  daughter  of  a  h"nen- 
draper  in  Market  Street,  St.  James's.  He 
married  her  in  Kew  Church,  1759,  but 
of  course  the  marriage  was  not  recog- 
nized.    (See  Lovers.) 

N.B. — The  following  year  (September, 
T760)  he  married  the  princess  Charlotte 
of  Mecklenburg-Strelitz.  Hannah  Ligb.t- 
foot  married  a  Mr.  Axford,  and  passed 
out  of  public  notice. 

(The  nickname  of  George  III.  was 
"Farmer  George,"  or  "The  Farmer 
King.") 

Qeovge  IV.  and  Mi's.  Mary 
B>obinson,  generally  called  Perdita. 
Mary  Darby,  at  the  age  of  15,  married 
Mr.  Robinson,  who  lived  a  few  months 
on  credit,  and  was  then  imprisoned  for 
debt.  Mrs.  Robinson  sought  a  livelihood 
on  the  stage,  and  George  IV.,  then  prince 
of  Wales  and  a  mere  lad,  saw  her  as 
"Perdita,"  fell  in  love  with  her,  cor- 
responded with  her  under  the  assumed 
name  of  "  Florizel,"  and  gave  her  a  bond 
for  _;^20,ooo,  subsequently  cancelled  for 
an  annuity  of  ^^500  (1758-1800). 

*.*  George  IV.  was  born  in  1762,  and 
was  only  16  in  1778,  when  he  fell  in  love 
with  Mrs.  Robinson.  The  young  prince 
suddenly  abandoned  her,  and  after  two 
other  love  affairs,  privately  married,  at 
Carlton  House  (in  1785),  Mrs.  Fitzherbert, 
a  lady  of  good  family,  and  a  widow, 
seven  years  his  senior.  The  marriage 
being  contrary  to  the  law,  he  married  the 
princess  Caroline  of  Brunswick,  in  1795  ; 
but  still  retained  his  connection  with 
Mrs.  Fitzherbert,  and  added  a  new  fa- 
vourite, the  countess  of  Jersey. 

(The  nicknames  of  George  IV.  were 
"  The  First  Gentleman  of  Europe,"  "  Fum 
the  Fourth,"  "Prince  Florizel,"  "The 
Adonis  of  50,"  or  "  The  Fat  Adonis  of  50.") 

George  [de  Laval],  a  friend  of 
Horace  de  Brienne  (2  syl.).  Having 
committed  forgery,  Carlos  (aiias  marquis 
d'Antas),  being  cognizant  of  it,  had  liim 
in  his  power  ;  but  Ogarita  (alias  Martha) 
obtained  the  document,  and  returned  it  to 
George. — Stirling:  Orphan  0/  the  Frozen 
Sea  (1856). 

Georgfe-a-Greene,  the  pinner  or 
pound-keeper  of  Wakefield,  one  of  the 
chosen  favourites  of  Robin  Hood. 

Veni  Wakefield  peramaenum, 
Ubi  (juaerens  Georsiuni  Greemim, 
Non  inveni,  sed  in  lignum, 
•     ■,  Fixum  reperi  Georgii  sigfnum, 

Ubi  allam  bibi  feram. 
Donee  Geor^io  fortior  cram. 

Drunken  Bamaby  (1640). 


Once  In  Wakefield  town,  so  pleasant. 

Sought  I  George-a-Green,  the  peasant ; 

Found  him  not,  but  spied  instead,  sir, 

On  a  sign,  "  The  George's  Head,"  sir  ; 

Valiant  grown  with  ale  like  nectar. 

What  cared  I  for  George  or  Hector  1—B.  C.  B. 

(Robert  Greene  has  a  comedy  entitled 
George-a-Greene,  the  Pinner  of  Wakefield 
(1589).  There  is  also  an  old  prose 
romance  recounting  his  contests  with 
Robin  Hood  and  Little  John. ) 

Georgfe  Barnwell.  (See  Barn- 
well, p.  91.) 

Georgfe  Street  (Strand,  London), 
one  of  a  series  of  streets  named  after  the 
second  duke  of  Buckingham.  The  series 
consists  of  George  Street,  Villiers  Street, 
Duke  Street,  and  Buckingham  Street. 

Georgfes  [The  Four),  lectures  by 
Thackeray  on  the  kings  and  customs  of 
the  times  referred  to,  with  satire,  epigram, 
and  humour  (1856-7), 

Georgian  Women  [The).  Allah, 
wishing  to  stock  his  celestial  harem,  com- 
missioned an  imaum  to  select  for  him 
forty  of  the  loveliest  women  he  could 
find.  The  imaum  journeyed  into  Frankis- 
tan,  and  from  the  country  of  the  Ingliz 
carried  off  the.  king's  daughter.  From 
Germany  he  selected  other  maidens  ;  but 
when  he  arrived  at  Gori  (north-west  of 
Tiflis)  he  fell  in  love  with  one  of  the  bean- 
ties,  and  tarried  there.  Allah  punished 
him  by  death,  but  the  maidens  remained 
in  Gori,  and  became  the  mothers  of  the 
most  beautiful  race  of  mortals  in  the 
whole  earth. — A  Legend. 

Georgfina  [Vesey],  daughter  of  sir 
John  Vesey.  Pretty,  but  vain  and  frivo- 
lous. She  loved,  as  much  as  her  heart 
was  susceptible  of  such  a  passion,  sir 
Frederick  Blount ;  but  wavered  between 
her  liking  and  the  policy  of  marr3'ing 
Alfred  Evelyn,  a  man  of  great  wealth. 
When  she  thought  the  property  of  Evelyn 
was  insecure,  she  at  once  gave  her  hand 
to  sir  Frederick. — Lord  Lytton:  Money 
(1840). 

Geraint'  [Sir),  of  Devon,  one  of  the 
knights  of  the  Round  Table.  He  was 
married  to  E'nid,  only  child  of  Yn'iol. 
Fearing  lest  Enid  should  be  tainted  by 
the  queen,  sir  Geraint  left  the  court,  and 
retired  to  Devon.  Half  sleeping  and 
half  waking,  he  overheard  part  of  Enid's 
words,  and  fancying  her  to  be  unfaithful 
to  him,  treated  her  for  a  time  with  great 
harshness;  but  when  he  was  wounded  Enid 
nursed  him  with  such  wifely  tenderness 
that  he  could  no  longer  doubt  her  fealty, 


GERALDIN. 


-MS 


and  a  complete  understanding  being  estab- 
lished, "  they  crowned  a  happy  Ufe  with 
a  fair  death." — Tennyson:  Idylls  of  the 
King  ("  Geraint  and  Enid  "). 

Ger'aldin  {Lord),  son  of  the  earl  of 
Glenallan.  He  appears  first  as  William 
Lovell,  and  afterwards  as  major  Neville. 
He  marries  Isabella  Wardour  (aaughter 
of  sir  Arthur  Wardour). 

Sir  Aymer  de  Geraldin,  an  ancestor  of 
lord  Geraldin.— 5?>  W.  Scoii  :  The  Anti- 
quary (time,  George  HI.). 

Ger'aldine  (3  syl),  a  young  man, 
who  comes  home  from  his  travels  to  find 
his  playfellow  (that  should  have  been  his 
wife)  married  to  old  Wincott,  who  receives 
him  hospitably  as  a  friend  of  his  father's, 
takes  delight  in  hearing  tales  of  bis 
travels,  and  treats  him  most  kindly. 
Geraldine  and  the  wife  mutually  agree 
not  in  any  wise  to  wrong  so  noble  and 
confiding  an  old  gentleman. — Heywood : 
The  English  Traveller  {1576-1645). 

Geraldine  [Lady),  an  orphan,  the 
ward  of  her  uncle  count  de  Valraont.  She 
is  betrothed  to  Florian  ' '  the  foundling  of 
the  forest,"  and  the  adopted  son  of  the 
count.  This  foundling  turns  out  to  be 
his  real  son,  who  had  been  rescued  by  his 
mother  and  carried  into  the  forest  to  save 
him  from  the  hands  of  Longueville,  a 
desperate  villain. — Dimond:  The  Found- 
ling of  the  Forest. 

Geraldine  ( The  Fair),  the  lady  whose 
praises  are  sung  by  Henry  Howard  earl 
of  Surrey.  Supposed  to  be  lady  Elizabeth 
Fitzgerald,  daughter  of  Gerald  Fitzgerald 
ninth  earl  of  Kildare.  She  married  the 
earl  of  Lincoln. 

That  favoured  strain  was  Surrey's  raptured  line ; 
The  fair  and  lovely  form,  the  lady  Geraldine. 

Sir  W.  Scott:  Lay  o/ the  Last  Minstrel  (1803). 

Geraldine's  Courtsliip  [Lady),  a 
poem  by  Mrs.  Browning  (1844).  The 
lady  falls  in  love  with  a  peasant  poet, 
whom  she  marries. 

Gerard  [John),  an  English  botanist 
(1545-1607),  who  compiled  the  Catalogue 
Arborum,  Fruticum,  el  Plantorum,  tarn 
Indigenarum  quam  Exoticarutn,  in  Ilorto 
Johanis  Gerardi.  Also  author  of  the 
Herbal  or  General  History  of  Plants 
(1597)- 

Of  these  most  helpful  herbs  yet  tell  we  but  a  few, 

To  those  unnumbered  sorts  of  simples  here  that  grew. . . 

Not  skilful  Gerard  yet  shall  ever  find  them  all. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xiii.  (1613). 

Gerard,  attendant  of  sir  Patrick  Char- 
teris  (provost  of  Perth).— iS/r  W.  Scott: 
Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 


GERONIMO, 

Gerhard  the  Good,  a  merchant  ol 
Cologne,  wlio  exchanges  his  rich  frieght 
for  a  cargo  of  Christian  slaves,  that  he 
might  give  them  their  liberty.  He  retains 
only  one,  who  is  the  wife  of  William 
king  of  England.  She  is  about  to  marry 
the  merchant's  son,  when  the  king  sud- 
denly appears,  disguised  as  a  pilgrim. 
Gerhard  restores  the  wife,  ships  both  off 
to  England,  refuses  all  recompense,  and 
remains  a  merchant  as  before. — Rudolf 
of  Ems  (a  minnesinger) :  Gerhard  the  Good 
(thirteenth  century). 

Ger'ion.  So  William  Browne,  in  his 
Britannia's  Pastorals  (fifth  song),  calls 
Philip  of  Spain.  The  allusion  is  to 
Geryon  of  Gad^s  [Cadiz),  a  monster  with 
three  bodies  (or,  in  other  words,  a  king 
over  three  kingdoms)  slain  by  Hercules. 

•.•  The  three  kingdoms  over  which 
Philip  reigned  were  Spain,  Germany,  and 
the  Netherlands. 

Gerlinda  or  Girlint,  the  mother 
of  Hartmuth  king  of  Norway.  When 
Hartmuth  carried  off  Gudrun  the  daugh- 
ter of  Hettel  [Attila),  and  she  refused  to 
marry  him,  Gerlinda  put  her  to  the  most 
menial  work,  such  as  washing  the  dirty 
linen.  But  her  lover,  Herwig  king  of 
Heligoland,  invaded  Norway,  and  having 
gained  a  complete  victory,  put  Gerlinda 
to  death. — An  Anglo-Saxon  Poem  (thir- 
teenth century). 

German  Literature  [Father  of), 
Gotthold  Ephraim  Lessing  (1729- 178 1). 

Germany,  formerly  called  Tongres. 
The  name  was  changed  according  to 
fable)  in  compliment  to  Ger'mana,  sister 
of  Julius  Caesar,  and  wife  of  Salvius 
Brabon  duke  of  Brabant. — Jehan  de 
Maire :  Illustrations  de  Gaule,  iii.  20-23. 

•.•  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth  says  that 
Ebraucus,  one  of  the  descendants  of  Brute 
king  of  Britain,  had  twenty  sons,  all  of 
whom,  except  the  eldest,  settled  in 
Tongres,  which  was  then  called  Germany, 
because  it  was  the  land  of  the  germans  or 
brothers, 

Thise  germans  did  subdue  all  Germany, 
Of  whom  it  hight. 

Spenser  :  Fairie  Queene,  li.  lo  (1590). 

Geron'imo,  the  friend  of  Sganarelle 
(3  -y^-)-  Sganarelle  asks  him  if  he  would 
advise  his  marrying.  "How  old  aie 
you?"  asks  Geronimo ;  and  being  told 
that  he  is  63,  and  the  girl  under  20,  says, 
"  No."  Sganarelle,  greatly  displeased  at 
his  advice,  declares  he  is  hale  and  strong, 
that  he  loves  the  girl,  and  has  promised 


GERONTE. 

to  marry  her.  ' '  Then  do  as  you  like, "  says 
Geronimo. — Moliire  :  Le  Mariage  Ford 
(1664). 

^  This  joke  is  borrowed  from  Rabe- 
lais. Panurge  asks  Pantagfruel  whether 
he  advises  him  to  marry.  "Yes,"  says 
the  prince ;  whereupon  Panurge  states 
several  objections.  "  Then  don't,"  says 
the  prince.  "But  I  wish  to  marry," 
says  Panurge.  ' '  Then  do  it  by  all 
means,"  says  the  prince.  Every  time  the 
prince  advises  him  to  marry,  Panurge 
objects ;  and  every  time  the  prince 
advises  the  contrary,  the  advice  is 
equally  unacceptable.  The  oracle  of  the 
Holy  Bottle,  being  consulted,  made  answer, 
''Do  as  you  Uke." — PantagVuel^  iii.  9 
(154s) 

G-eronte'  (2  syl.),  father  of  L^andre 
and  Hyacinthe ;  a  miserly  old  hunks. 
He  has  to  pay  Scapin  ^30  for  the 
"  ransom  "  of  Li^andre,  and  after  having 
exhausted  every  evasion,  draws  out  his 
purse  to  pay  the  money,  saying,  "The 
Turk  is  a  villain  ! "  "  Yes,"  says  Scapin. 
"  A  rascal !  "  "  Yes,"  says  Scapin.  "  A 
thief!"  "Yes,"  says  Scapin.  "He 
would  wring  from  me  ;^30  !  would  he  ?  " 
"Yes,"  says  Scapin.  "Oh,  if  I  catch 
him,  won't  I  pay  him  out?"  "Yes," 
.  says  Scapin.  Then,  putting  his  purse 
back  into  his  pocket,  he  walks  off,  saying, 
"  Pay  the  ransom,  and  bring  back  the 
boy."  "But  the  money;  where's  the 
money?  "  says  Scapin.  "  Oh,  didn't  I  give 
it  you?"  "No,"  says  Scapin.  "I 
forgot,"  says  G^ronte,  and  he  pays  the 
money  (act  ii.  sc.  11). — Molitre  :  Les  Four- 
ier ies  de  Scapin  (1671). 

(In  the  English  version,  called  The 
Cheats  of  Scapin,  by  Otway,  Gf^ronte 
is  called  "Gripe,"  Hyacinthe  is  called 
"  Clara,"  L^andre  is  Angelicized  into 
"  Leander,"  and  the  sum  of  money  bor- 
rowed is  jC^oo,  instead  of  500  ^cus. ) 

Geroute  (2  sj/.),  the  father  of  Lucinde 
(2  syl.).  He  wanted  his  daughter  to 
marry  Horace,  but  as  she  loved  L^andre, 
in  order  to  avoid  a  marriage  she  detested, 
she  pretended  to  have  lost  the  power  of 
articulate  speech,  and  only  answered, 
"  Han,  hi,  hon  !  "  "  Han,  hi,  hon,  han  !  " 
Sganarelle,  "  le  mddecin  ma\gr6  lui," 
seeing  that  this  jargon  was  put  on,  and 
ascertaining  that  L^andre  was  her  lover, 
Jntroduced  him  as  an  apothecary,  and  the 
young  man  soon  effected  a  perfect  cure 
with  "pills  matrimoniac." — Molidre:  Le 
Midecin  Malgri  Lui  (1666). 

Oer'rard,    king  of  the  beggars,  dis- 


416  GERYONEO. 

guised  under  the  name  of  Clause.  He  is 
the  father  of  Florez  the  rich  merchant  of 
Bruges.— .^/^/<:A^r.-  The  Beggars'  Bush 
(1622). 

Gertrude  (2  syl.'),  Hamlet's  mother. 
On  the  death  of  her  husband,  who  was 
king  of  Denmark,  she  married  Claudius, 
the  late  king's  brother.  Gertrude  was 
accessory  to  the  murder  of  her  first 
husband,  and  Claudius  was  principal. 
Claudius  prepared  poisoned  wine,  which 
he  intended  for  Hamlet ;  but  the  queen, 
not  knowing  it  was  poisoned,  drank  it 
and  died.  Hamlet,  seeing  his  mother 
fall  dead,  rushed  on  the  king  and  killed 
him. — Shakespeare:  Hamlet  {xi,g6). 

(In  the  Historie  of  Hamblett,  Gertrude 
is  called  "Geruth.") 

Gertrude  of  Wy'oming',  daughter 
of  the  patriarch  Albert.  One  day,  an 
Indian  brought  to  Albert  a  lad  (nine 
years  old)  named  Henry  Waldegrave 
(2  syl.),  and  told  the  patriarch  he  had 
promised  the  boy's  mother,  at  her  death, 
to  place  her  son  under  his' care.  The  lad 
remained  at  Wyoming  for  three  years, 
and  was  then  sent  to  his  friends.  When 
grown  to  manhood,  Henry  Waldegrave 
returned  to  Wyoming,  and  married  Ger- 
trude ;  but  three  months  afterwards, 
Brandt,  at  the  head  of  a  mixed  army  of 
British  and  Indians,  attacked  the  settle- 
ment, and  both  Albert  and  Gertrude  were 
shot.  Henry  Waldegrave  then  joined  the 
army  of  Washington,  which  was  fighting 
for  American  independence. — Campbell: 
Gertrude  of  Wyoming  (1809). 

N.B. — Campbell  accents  Wyoming  on 
the  first  syllable,  but  it  is  more  usual  to 
throw  the  accent  on  the  second. 

Gertmdio  [Fray),  i.e.  Friar  Gerund, 
the  hero  and  title  of  a  Spanish  romance, 
by  the  Jesuit  De  I'lsla.  It  is  a  satire  on 
the  absurdities  and  bad  taste  of  the 
popular  preachers  of  the  time.  It  is  full 
of  quips  and  cranks,  tricks  of  acting,  and 
startling  sentimentality. — Joseph  Isla: 
Life  of  Friar  Gerund  (1758). 

Ge'ryon's  Sons,  the  Spaniards  ;  so 
called  from  Geryon,  an  ancient  king  of 
Spain,  whose  oxen  were  driven  off  by 
Her'cul^s,  This  task  was  one  of  the 
hero's  "twelve  labours."  Milton  uses 
the  expression  in  Paradise  Lost,  xi.  410 
(i565). 

Geryoii'eo,  a  human  monster  with 
three  bodies.  He  was  of  the  race  of 
giants,  being  the  son  of  Geryon,  the 
tyrant  who  gave  all  strangers  ' '  as  food  to 


GESA. 


4x7 


bis  kine,  the  fairest  and  the  fiercest  kine 
alive."  Geryoneo  promised  to  take  the 
young  widow  BelgS  (2  syl.)  under  his 
protection ;  but  it  was  Uke  the  wolf  pro- 
tecting the  lamb,  for  "he  gave  her 
children  to  a  dreadful  monster  to  devour." 
In  her  despair,  she  applied  to  king  Arthur 
for  help,  and  the  British  king,  espousing 
her  cause,  soon  sent  Geiyoneo  "  down  to 
the  house  of  dole." — Spenser  :  Faerie 
Queene,  v.  10,  11  (1596). 

*.•  "Geryoneo  '  is  the  house  of  Aus- 
tria, and  Philip  of  Spain  in  particular. 
"  King  Arthur"  is  England,  and  the  earl 
of  Leicester  in  particular.  The  "Widow 
Belgd  "  is  the  Netherlands  ;  and  the  mon- 
ster that  devoured  her  children  the  in- 
quisition, introduced  by  the  duke  of  Alva. 
"  Geiyoneo"  had  three  bodies,  for  Philip 
ruled  over  three  kingdoms — Spain,  Ger- 
many, and  the  Netherlands,  The  earl 
of  Leicester,  sent  in  1585  to  the  aid  of 
the  Netherlands,  broke  off  the  yoke  of 
Philip. 

Gesa,  solemn  vows,  injunctions,  and 
prohibitions.  In  old  Celtic  romances,  to 
place  a  person  under  gesa  bonds  was  to 
adjure  him  so  solemnly  that  he  dare  not 
disobey  without  loss  of  honour  and  reputa- 
tion. Sometimes  the  gesa  were  imposed 
with  spells,  so  as  to  draw  down  ill  luck  as 
well  as  loss  of  honour  on  the  persons  who 
disregarded  the  injunction. 

G-esmas,  the  impenitent  thief  cruci- 
fied with  our  Lord.  In  the  apocryphal 
Gospel  of  Nicodemus,  he  is  called  Gestas. 
The  penitent  thief  was  Dismas,  Dysmas, 
Demas,  or  Dumacus. 

Three  bodies  on  three  crosses  hang  supine: 
Dismas  and  Gesmas  and  the  Power  Divine. 
Dismas  seeks  heaven,  Gesmas  his  own  daranation. 
The  Mid  one  seeks  our  ransom  and  salvation. 

E.  C.  B. :  Trmnslation  o/m.  Latin  Charm. 

Gessler  {Albrecht),  the  brutal  and 
tyrannical  governor  of  Switzerland  ap- 
pointed by  Austria  over  the  three  forest 
cantons.  When  the  people  rose  in  re- 
bellion, Gessler  insulted  them  by  hoisting 
his  cap  on  a  pole,  and  threatening  death 
to  any  one  who  refused  to  bow  down  to  it 
in  reverence.  William  Tell  refused  to  do 
so,  and  was  compelled  to  shoot  at  an 
apple  placed  on  the  head  of  his  own  son. 
Having  dropped  an  arrow  by  accident, 
Gessler  demanded  why  he  had  brought  a 
second.  "To  shoot  you,"  said  the  in- 
trepid mountaineer,  "if  I  fail  in  my 
task."  Gessler  then  ordered  him  to  be 
cast  into  Kusnacht  Castle,  "  a  prey  to  the 
reptiles  that  lodged  there."  Gessler  went 
ia  the  boat  to  see  the  order  executed,  jmd 


GIAMSCHID. 

as  the  boat  neared  land,  Tell  leapt  on 
shore,  pushed  back  the  boat,  shot  Gessler, 
and  freed  his  country  from  Austrian 
domination. — Rossini  :  Guglielmo  Tell 
(1829).     (See  Egil,  p.  316.) 

Gesta  Romauc'ruxu,  first  published 
in  1473.  The  book  is  divided  into  152 
chapters,  and  is  made  up  of  old  chronicles, 
lives  of  saints.  Oriental  apologies,  and 
romantic  inventions.  The  author  is  said 
to  have  been  Helinandus.  (See  Hazlitt's 
English  Poetry,  vol.  i.) 

Geta,  according  to  sir  Walter  Scott, 
the  representative  of  a  stock  slave  and 
rogue  in  the  new  comedy  of  Greece  and 
Rome  (?  GeUs). 

The  principal  character,  upon  whose  devices  and 
Ingenuity  the  whole  plot  usually  turns,  is  the  Geta  of 
the  piece — a  witty,  roguish,  insinuating,  and  malignant 
slave,  the  confidant  of  a  wild  and  extravagant  son, 
whom  he  aids  in  his  pious  endeavours  to  cheat  a  sus- 
picious, severe,  and  griping  father. — Sir  IV.  Scott: 
The  Drama. 

Gliengis  Ehan,  a  title  assumed  by 
Tamerlane  or  Tiraour  the  Tartar  (1336- 
1405). 

Ghilan,  a  district  of  Persia,  notoriously 
unhealthy,  and  rife  with  fever,  ague, 
cholera,  and  plague.  Hence  the  Persian 
proverb — 

"  Let  him  who  is  tired  of  life  retire  to  Ghilan." 

Gliost  ( The),  so  graphically  described 
by  Defoe,  was  the  apparition  of  Mrs.  Veal, 
and  the  place  referred  to  is  Botathen, 
in  Little  Petherick,  Cornwall. 
•  H  The  ghost  of  Mr.  Dingley  of  Laun- 
ceston,  Cornwall,  was  described  by  [Dr.] 
John  Ruddle  or  Ruddell  (seventeenth 
century). 

Giafifir  \pjaf-Jir\,  pacha  of  Aby'dos, 
and  father  of  Zuleika  [Zu-lee-kafi\.  He 
tells  his  daughter  he  intends  her  to  marry 
the  governor  of  Magne'sia,  but  Zuleika 
has  given  her  plight  to  her  cousin  Selim. 
The  lovers  take  to  flight ;  Giaffir  pursues 
and  shoots  Selim  ;  Zuleika  dies  of  grief 
and  the  father  Uves  on,  a  broken-hearted 
old  man,  caUing  to  the  winds,  "  Where 
is  my  daughter?"  and  echo  answers, 
"Where?" — Byron:  Bride  of  Abydos 
(1813). 

Giam'scliid  IJam-shid],  a  suleyman 
of  the  Peris.  Having  reigned  seven  hun- 
dred years,  he  thought  himself  immortal  ; 
but  God,  in  punishment,  gave  him  a 
human  form,  and  sent  him  to  live  on 
earth,  where  he  became  a  great  conqueror, 
and  ruled  over  both  the  East  and  West. 
The  bulwark  of  the  Peris'  abode  was  com- 
posed of  green  chrysolite,  the  reflection 


GIANTS  OF  MYTHOLOGY.         418         GIANTS  OF  MYTHOLOGY. 


of  which  gives  to  the  sky  its  deep  blue- 
green  hue. 

Soul  beamed  forth  fa  every  spark 
That  darted  from  beneath  the  lid, 
Bright  as  the  jewel  of  Gianischid. 

Byron  :  The  Giaour  (1813). 
She  only  wished  the  amorous  monarch  had  shown 
more  ardour  for  the  carbuacle  of  Giaiuschid.— ^^c*- 
ford:  yalJtei  {1786). 

Giants  of  Mythology  and  Fable. 

Strabo  makes  mention  of  the  skeleton  of 
a  giant  60  cubits  in  height,  Pliny  tells  us 
of  another  46  cubits.  Boccaccio  describes 
the  body  of  a  giant  from  bones  discovered 
in  a  cave  near  Trapani,  in  Sicily,  200 
cubits  in  length.  One  tooth  of  this 
"  giant"  weighed  200  ounces;  but  Kir- 
cher  says  the  tooth  and  bones^  were  those 
of  a  mastodon. 

(i)  AC'AMAS,  one  of  the  Cyclops. —Greek  Fabtt. 

(2)  AdaMASTOR,  the  giant  Spirit  of  the  Cape.  His 
lips  were  black,  teeth  blue,  eyes  shot  with  livid  fire, 
and  voice  louder  than  thunder. — Camofns  :  Liisiad,  v. 

(3)  /EG/EON,  the  hundred-handed  giant.  One  of  the 
Titans.— Gr«/t  Fad/e. 

(4)  AG'RIOS,  one  of  the  giants  called  Titans.  He 
was  killed  by  the  Parcae. — Greet  Fable. 

(5)  ALCYONEUS[^/'-rf-<Jf-«««]or  A  L'CI ON,  brother 
of  Porphyrion.  He  stole  some  of  the  Sun's  oxen,  and 
Jupiter  sent  Hercules  against  him,  but  he  was  unable 
to  prevail,  for  inunediately  the  giant  touched  the  earth 
he  received  fresh  vigour.  Pallas,  seizing  him,  carried 
him  beyond  the  moon,  and  he  died.  His  seven 
daughters  were  turned  into  halcyons  or  kingfishers. — 
ApoUoniiis  Rhodius  :  A  rgonautic  Expedition,  i.  6. 

(6)  Al'GEBAR'.  The  giant  Orion  is  so  called  by  the 
Arabs. 

(7)  ALIFANFARON  or  ALIPHARNON,  emperor  of 
Trapoban. — Don  Quixote. 

(8)  ALOE'OS  (4  syl.),  son  of  Titan  and  Terra.— Gr^«* 
Fable. 

(9)  ALOI'DES  (4  syl.),  sons  of  Alefius  (4  syl.),  named 
Otos  and  Ephiall^s  (q.v.). 

(10)  Am'ERANT,  a  cruel  giant,  slain  by  Guy  of 
Warwick. — Percy:  Rtliques. 

(11)  ANGOULAFFRE,  the  Saracen  giant.  He  was 
t2  cubits  high,  his  face  measured  3  feet  in  breadth,  his 
nose  was  9  inches  long,  his  arms  and  legs  6  feet.  He 
had  the  strength  of  thirty  men,  and  his  mace  was  the 
solid  trunk  of  an  oak  tree,  300  years  old.  The  tower  of 
Pisa  lost  its  perpendicularity  by  the  weight  of  this  gi.mt 
leaning  against  it  to  rest  himself.  He  was  slain  in 
single  combat  by  Roland,  at  Fronsac.  —  L Epint  : 
Croquemitaine 

{12)  ANT.*iOS,  60  cubits  (85  feet)  in  height.— /•/?«• 
tarch. 

(13)  ArGHS  (a  syl.),  one  of  the  Cyclops.  —  Gr«-t 
Fable. 

(14)  ASCAPART,  a  giant  30  feet  high,  and  with  la 
inches  between  his  eyes.  Slain  by  sir  Bevis  of  South- 
ampton.—^rsftj/i  Fable. 

(15)  ATLAS,  the  giant  of  the  Atlas  Mountains,  who 
carries  the  world  on  his  back.  A  book  of  maps  is  called 
an  "  atlas  "  from  this  giant.— Gr«A  Fable. 

(16)  Balan,  "bravest  and  strongest  of  the  giant 
race." — Amildis  o/Gaul. 

(17)  BELLE,  famous  for  his  three  leaps,  which  gave 
names  to  the  places  called  Wanlip,  Burstall,  and  Belle- 
grave. — British  Fable. 

(18)  BELLE'RUS,  the  g^iant  from  whom  Cornwall 
derived  its  name  "  Belleriuin." — British  Fable. 

(19)  BLUNDERBORE  (3  syl.),  the  giant  who  was 
drowned  because  Jack  scuttled  his  boat.— ya<:^  the 
Giant-killer. 

(20)  BRIARE'OS  (4  syl.),  a  giant  with  a  hundred 
hands.     One  of  the  T'iX.m\s.— Greek  Fable. 

(21)  BROBUINGNAG,  a  country  of  giants,  to  whom 
an  ordinary-sized  man  was  "  not  half  so  big  as  the 
round  little  worm  pricked  from  the  lazy  fingers  of  a 
moiil.''— nSw^;  Gitllivtt't  Ttavels, 


(22)  Brontes  (a  syl.).  one  of  the  Cyclops.— Cr«A 

Fable. 

(23)  BURLONG,  a  giant  mentioned  in  the  romance  ot 
Sir  Tryamour. 

(24)  CACUS,  of  mount  Aventine,  who  dragged  the 
oxen  of  Hercul^  into  his  cave  tail  foremost.— C;-««* 
Fable. 

(25)  CaLIG'ORANT,  the  Egyptian  giant,  who  en- 
trapped travellers  witli  an  invisible  net.— A riosto. 

(26)  Caraculiambo,  the  giant  that  don  Quixote 
intended  should  kneel  at  the  foot  of  Dulcin'ea. — Cer- 
vantes  :  Don  Quixote. 

(27)  Ceus  or  Cceus,  son  of  Heaven  and  Earth.  He 
married  Phoeb^,  and  was  the  father  of  Latoaa.  — Gr«/t 
Fable. 

(28)  Chalbroth,  the  stein  ot  all  the  giant  race.— 
Rabelais  :  Pantag^ruel. 

(29)  Christopherus  or  St.  Christopher,  the 
giant  who  carried  Christ  across  a  ford,  and  was  well- 
nig-h  borne  down  with  the  "child's"  ever-increasing 
weight.— CA/-j.5-;za«  Legend. 

(30)  Clv TIGS,  one  of  the  giants  who  made  war  upon 
the  gods.  Vulcan  killed  him  with  a  red-hut  iron  mace. 
— Greek  Fable. 

(31J  COLBRAND,  the  Danish  giant  slain  by  Guy  of 
Warwick.— ^nVjj-A  Fable. 

(32)  CORFLAMBO,  a  giant  who  was  always  attended 
by  a  Avi3xi.—Spenser  :  Fareie  Queene,  iv.  8. 

(33)  CORI'NEUS  (3  syl.).     (See  GOGMAGOG.) 

(34)  CORMORAN',  the  Cornish  giant  who.  fell  into  a 
pit  20  feet  deep,  dug  by  Jack  and  fihned  over  with 
a  thin  layer  of  grass  and  gravel,— yoc^  the  Giant- 
killer. 

(35)  Cormorant,  a  giant  discomfited  by  sir  Brian. 
—Spenser :  Faerie  Qiieene,  vi.  4.' 

(36)  COTTOS,  one  of  the  three-hundred-headed 
giants,  son  of  Heaven  and  Earth.  His  two  brothers 
were  Briareus  (3  syl.)  and  Gyges. 

(37)  COULIN,  the  British  giant  pursued  by  Debon, 
and  Icilled  byfallin^  into  a  deep  chasm.— British  Fable. 

(38)  Cyclops,  giants  with  only  one  eye,  and  that  in 
the  middle  of  the  forehead.  They  lived  in  Sicily,  and 
were  blacksmiths.— Gr^t*  Fable. 

(39)  DESPAIR,  of  Doubting  Castle,  who  found  Chris- 
tian and  Hopeful  asleep  on  his  grounds,  and  thrust 
them  into  a  dungeon.  He  evilly  entreated  them,  but 
they  made  their  escape  by  the  key  "Promise." — 
Bunyan  :  Pilgrim's  Progress,  i, 

(40)  DONDASCH,  a  giant  contemporary  with  Seth. 
"  'I'here  were  giants  in  the  earth  in  those  days." — 
Oriental  Fable. 

(41)  ENCEL'ADOS,  "  most  powerful  of  the  giant 
race."  Overwhelmed  under  mount  Etna. — Greek  Fable. 

(42)  Ephialtes  (4  syl.),  a  giant  who  grew  9 
inches  every  month. — Greek  Fable. 

(43)  Erix,  sou  of  Goliath  [jjf]and  grandson  of  Atlas. 
He  invented  legerdemain.— Z>i«.Aa; ;  CEuvres  de  Ra- 
belais (1711). 

(44)  Eu'RVTOS,  one  of  the  giants  who  made  war 
with  the  gods.  Bacchus  killed  him  with  his  thyrsus. — 
Greek  Fable. 

(45)  Ferracute,  a  giant  36  feet  in  height,  with  the 
strength  of  forty  men.  — Turpin's  Chronicle. 

(46)  FerraGUS,  a  Portuguese  sinat.  —  Valentine 
and  Orson. 

(47)  FierabraS,  ot  Alexandria,  "  the  greatest  giant 
that  ever  walked  the  earth." — Mediaval  Romance. 

(48)  FlON,  son  of  Coninal,  an  enormous  giant,  who 
could  place  his  feet  on  two  mountains,  and  then  stoop 
and  drink  from  a  stream  in  the  valley  between. — Gaelic 
Legend. 

(49)  FiorGW^'N,  the  gigantic  father  01  Frigga.— 
Scandinavian  Alytftology. 

(50)  Fracassus,  father  of  FerrSgus,  and  son  of 
Morgant^. 

Primus  erat  quidam  Fracassus  prole  gigantis, 
Cujus  stirps  olim  Morganto  venit  ab  illo, 

8ui  baccliioconem  canipanae  ferre  solebat, 
um  quo  miUe  hominum  colpos  fracasset  in  uno. 
Merlin  Cocaius  [i.e.  Theophile  Folcnf;6\ 
Histoirt  Macaronique  (1606). 

(51)  Gabbara,  father  of  Goliah  [jtf]  of  Secondille, 
and  inventor  of  the  custom  of  drinking  healths.— 
Diichat:  CEuvres  de  Rabelais  (1711). 

(52)  Galapas,  the  giant  slain  by  king  Arthur.— 5tr 
T.  Malory:  History  0/  Prince  Arthur. 

(53)  GaLLIGANTUS,  the  giant  who  lived  witft  Hocu*- 
Pocui  the  coiguter.— yai.>  tkt  GiantkiUtr, 


GIANTS  OF  MYTHOLOGY. 


419 


GIANTS  IN  REAL  LIFE. 


(54   Garagantua,  same  as  Gar^ntua  (o.v.). 

(5S)  Gargantua,  a  giant  so  larije  that  it  required 
900  ells  of  linen  for  the  iody  of  his  shirt,  and  zoo  more 
for  the  gussets ;  406  ells  of  velvet  for  his  shoes,  and 
iioo  cow-hides  for  their  soles.  His  toothpick  was  an 
elephant's  tusk,  and  17,913  cows  were  required  to  give 
him  milk.  This  was  the  giant  who  swallowed  five 
pillfrims,  with  their  staves,   in  a  salad. — Rabelais: 

(5<)  GEMMAGOG,  Son  of  the  giant  Oromgdon,  and 
Inventor  of  Poulan  shues,  i.e.  shoes  with  a  spur  behind, 
and  tumed-up  toes  fastened  to  the  knees.  These 
shoes  were  forbidden  by  Charles  V.  of  France,  in  1365, 
but  the  fashion  revirea  again. — Duchat :  CEuvres  de 
Rabelais  (1711). 

(57)  Gbryon'EO,  a  giant  with  three  bodies  \_PhiliJ> 
II.  of  Spain\— Spenser  :  Fafrie  Queene,  v.  11. 

(58)  GIRALDA,  the  giantess.  A  statue  of  victory  on 
the  top  of  an  old  Moorish  tower  in  Seville. 

(59)  GODMER,  son  of  Albion,  a  British  giant  slain  by 
Canu'tus,  one  of  the  companions  of  Brute. — Spenser  : 
Fafrie  Queene,  ii.  10. 

(60)  GOEM'AGO T,  the  Cornish  giant  who  wrestled 
with  Cori'neus  (3  sy/.),  and  was  hurled  over  a  rock  into 
the  sea.  The  place  where  he  fell  was  called  "Lam 
Goemagot." — Geoffrey  :  British  History. 

(61)  GOGMAGOG,  king  of  the  giant  race  of  Albion 
when  Brute  colonized  the  island.  He  was  slain  by 
Cori'neus  {3  syl.).  The  two  statues  of  Guildhall  repre- 
sent Gogmagog  and  Corineus.  The  giant  carries  a 
pole-axe  and  spiked  balls.  This  is  the  same  as  Goe- 
magot. 

(62)  GRANGOUSIA,  the  giant  king  of  Utopia.— 
Rabelais:  Pantagruel. 

(63)  GRANTORTO,  the  giant  who  withheld  the  in- 
heritance of  Ire'na.— 5/><r«j<rr  ;  Faerie  Queene,  v. 

(64)  GRIM,  the  giant  slain  by  Greatheart,  because  he 
tried  to  stop  pilgrims  on  their  way  to  the  Celestial  City. 
—Bzinyan  :  Pilgrim's  Progress,  ii. 

(65)  GRUM'BO,  the  giant  up  whose  sleeve  Tom 
Thumb  crept.  The  giant,  thinkinsj  some  insect  had 
crawled  up  his  sleeve,  gave  it  a  shake,  and  Tom  fell 
Into  the  sea,  when  a  fish  swallowed  him. — Tom  Thumb. 

(66)  Gyges,  who  had  fifty  heads  and  a  hundred 
hands.     He  was  one  of  the  Titans.— Gr«^  Fable. 

(67)  HAPMOUCHR.  the  giant  "fly-catcher."  He 
Invented  the  drying  and  smoking  of  neats'  tongues.— 
Duchat :  CEuvres  de  Rabelais  (1711). 

(68)  HIPPOL'YTOS,  one  of  the  giants  who  made  war 
with  the  gods.  He  was  killed  by  Hermes.— Creek 
Fable. 

(69)  HRASVELG,  the  giant  who  keeps  watch  over 
the  Treeof  Life,  and  devoursthe  dead. — Scandinavian 
Mythology. 

(70)  HURTAI-I,  a  giant  in  the  time  of  the  Flood. 
He  was  too  large  of  stature  to  get  into  the  ark,  and 
therefore  rode  stradiUe-le^'s  on  the  roof.  He  perpetu- 
ated the  giant  race.     Atlas  was  his  grandson. 

(71)  iNDRACITTRAiN,  a  famous  giant  of  Indian  my- 
thology. 

(72)  JOTUN,  the  giant  of  JOtunhcim  or  Giant -land.  In 
Sciindmavian  story. 

(73)  JULIANCE,  a  giant  of  Arthurian  romance. 

(74)  KlFRI,  the  giant  of  atheism  and  infideUty. 

(75)  K  OTTOS,  a  giant  with  a  hundred  hands.  One 
of  the  Titans.— <7rir(«*  Fable. 

(76)  Malambru'NO,  the  giant  who  shut  up  Anto- 
itoma'sia  and  her  husband  in  the  tomb  of  the  deceased 
(]ueen  of  Candaya.— C<»T/a«/iJ ;  Don  Quixote,  II. 
>>>•  45- 

(77)  MarGUTTE  (3  syl.),  a  giant  to  feet  high,  who 
died  of  laughter  when  he  saw  a  monkey  pulling  on  his 
boots.— /"«/<:«  .•  Afor^anie  Maggiore. 

(78)  MaUGYS,  the  giant  warder  with  whom  sir 
Lybius  did  battle.— /.jT-caMJC 

(79)  Maul,  the  giant  of  sophistry,  killed  by  Great- 
heart,  who  pierced  him  under  the  fifth  r'xh.—Bunyan  : 
Pilgrim's  Progress,  ii. 

(80)  MONT-KOGNON,  one  of  CharlemagTie's  paladins. 

(81)  MORGANTE  (3  syl.),  a  ferocious  giant,  who  died 
by  the  bite  of  a  crab.— /"»</<:».■  Morgante  Maggiore. 

(82)  MUGILLO,  a  giant  famous  for  his  mace  with  six 
balls. 

(83)  OfferUS,  the  pagan  name  of  St.  Christopher, 
whose  body  was  12  ells  in  height.— CAnVfAan  Legend. 

(84)  OGIAS,  an  antediluvian  giant,  mentioned  in  the 
ai>ocrypha  condemned  by  pope  Gelasius  I.  (492-496). 

(»S)  ORGOGLIO,  a  giant  thrice  the  height  of  an 
wr^nary  man.  He  took  captive  the  Red  Cross  Knight. 


but    was    slain  by   king  KrXtiWT.—Spenstr :    Fa  frit 
Queene,  i. 

(86)  ORI'ON.  ■  giant  hunter,  noted  for  his  beauty. 
He  was  slain  by  Uiana,  and  made  a  constellation. — 
Greek  Fable. 

(87)  Otos,  a  giant,  brother  of  EphialtSs.  They  both 
grew  9  inches  every  month.  According  to  Pliny,  he 
was  46  cubits  (66  feet)  in  height.— C>-«-t  Fable. 

(88)  Pallas,  one  ofthe  giants  called  Titans.  Minerva 
flayed  him,  and  used  his  skin  for  armour  ;  hence  she 
was  called  Pallas  Minerva.— (Jr^A  Fable. 

(89)  Pantag'RUEL,  son  of  Gargantua,  and  last  of 
the  race  of  giants.— /?a*«/ajj. 

(90)  POLYBO'TES  (4  syl.),  one  of  the  giants  who 
fought  against  the  gods.  The  sea-god  pursued  him 
to  the  island  of  Cos,  and,  tearing  away  a  part  of  the 
island,  threw  it  on  him  and  buried  him  beneath  the 
mnss.~Greek  Fable. 

(91)  POLYPHE'MOS,  king  of  the  Cyclops.  His 
skeleton  was  found  at  Trapa'ni,  in  Sicily,  in  the  four- 
teenth century,  by  which  it  is  calculated  that  his  height 
was  300  feet.— (^>-<;«r>t  Fable. 

(92)  PORPIIYR'ION,  one  ofthe  giants  who  made  wat 
with  the  gods.  He  hurled  the  island  of  Delos  against 
Zeus  ;  but  Zeus,  with  the  aid  of  Hercules,  overcame 
ham.— Greek  Fable. 

(93)  Pyrac'mon,  oneof  the  Cyclops.— G«f^  Fable. 

(94)  RiTHO,  the  giant  who  commanded  king  Arthur 
to  send  his  beard  to  complete  the  lining  of  a  robe.— 
Arthurian  Romance, 

(95)  SLAY-GOOn,  a  giant  slain  by  Great-heart.— 
Banyan  :  PilgriTn's  Progress,  ii. 

(96)  Ster'opes  (3  syl.),  one  ofthe  Cyclops.— Cr«* 
Fable. 

(97)  Tartaro,  the  Cyclops  of  Basque  legendary  lore. 

(98)  TEUTOBOCH'US,  a  king,  whose  remains  were 
discovered  in  1613,  near  the  river  Rhone.  His  tomb 
was  30  feet  long.— ji/a^7(>t£r."  Histoire  Veritable  du 
Gc'ant  Teutobochus  (1618). 

(99)  THAON,  one  of  the  giants  who  made  war  with 
the  gods.  He  was  killed  by  the  Parcae. — Hesiod : 
Theogony. 

(100)  Titans,  a  race  of  ^ants.— Greek  Fable. 

(loi)  TiT'YOS,  a  giant  whose  body  covered  nine 
acres  of  land.  He  tried  to  defile  Latona  ;  but  Apollo 
cast  him  into  Tartarus,  where  a  vulture  fed  on  his- 
liver,  which  grew  again  as  fast  as  it  was  devoured.— 
Greek  Fable. 

(102)  Typhojus,  a  giant  with  a  hundred  heads, 
fearful  eyes,  and  most  terriljle  voice.  He  was  the 
father  of  the  Harpies.  Zeus  [Jupiter]  killed  him  with 
a  thunderbolt,  and  he  lies  buried  under  mount  Etna.— 
Hesiod:  Theogony. 

(103)  TYPHO^ 
hundred  heads.  He  was  so  tall  that  his  heads  touched 
heaven.  His  oflTspring  were  Gorgon,  Geryon,  Cerberos, 
and  the  hydra  of  Lern^.  Typhon  lies  buried  under 
mount  Etna. — Homer:  Hymns. 

(104)  Wl DE-NOSTRILS,  a  huge  giant,  who  lived  on 
windmills,  and  died  from  eating  a  lump  of  fresh  butter. 
—Rabelais  :  Pantagruel,  iv.  17. 

(105)  YOHAK,  the  giant  guardian  of  the  caves  of 
Babylon. — Southey  :  Thalaba,  v. 

1[  The  tallest  giant  was  in  the  army  of 
Dandolo,  the  doge  of  Venice,  said  to 
have  been  18  yards  (54  feet)  high.  He 
wore  a  casque  on  his  head  as  high  as  a 
turreted  city. — History  of  Venice  (pub- 
lished by  Murray,  1831),  vol.  i.  p.  152. 

'.•  Those  who  wish  to  pursue  this 
subject  further  should  consult  the  notes 
of  Duchat,  bk.  ii.  i  of  his  CEuvres  de 
Rabelais  (1650-1735). 

Giants  in  Real  Life. 

{a)  AMANAT,  7  feet  9  inches.     A  Greek 
{aa)  ANAK,  father  of  the   AnaUim.      The  Hebrew 
spies  said  they  themselves  were  mere  grasslioppers  in 
comparison  to  these  giants — jfosh.  iv.  14  ;  yudg.  i. 
ao;  Numb.  xiii.  33. 

(*)  AnaK,  7  feet  8  inches  at  the  age  of  26.  Exhibited 
In  London,  1862-5.  Bom  at  Ramonchamp,  in  th* 
Vosges  (i  jy/.),  1840.     His  real  name  was  Joseph  Brice. 


GIANTS  IN  REAL  LIFE. 


420 


GIANT'S  DANCE. 


(c)  Andron'ICUS  TT.,  10  feet.  Grandson  of  Alexius 
Comneiius.     Nicetas  asserts  that  he  had  seen  him. 

(<rc)  BAMFIELD,  7  feet  i  inch.  The  Staffordshire 
g^iant  ;  last  centurj', 

(rf)  BamfoRD  {Ediv/zrd),  7  feet  4  inches.  Died  in 
1768,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Dunstan's  Churchyard. 

<<r)  Bates  .  (Ca/Zain),  and  his  wife,  of  Kentucky. 
Exhibited  in  London,  1869  and  1871.  Captain  Bates 
was  8  feet,  and  weighed  478  lbs.  (nearly  30  stone).  M  rs. 
Bates  was  7  feet  11  inches,  and  weighed  413  lbs.  ;  and 
her  stillborn  child  weighed  15  lbs.  (1872). 

(/)  BITHIN,  the  Belgian  giant,  died  July  30, 1843.  He 
played  at  one  of  the  minor  London  theatres,  as  "  The 
Giant  of  Palestine." 

(^■)  Blacker  (Henry),  7  feet  4  inches,  and  most 
symmetrical.  Born  at  Cuclcfield,  Sussex,  in  1724.  Gene- 
rally called  "  The  British  Giant."  Exhibited  in  Lon- 
don, 1751. 

(h)  Bradley,  7  feet  9  inches  at  death,  and  weighed 
27  stone.  Born  at  Market  VVheaton,  in  Yorkshire. 
Length  of  his  foot  was  isi  inches,  and  the  girt  of  his 
wrist  II  inches.  His  right  hand  is  preserved  in  the 
museum  of  the  College  of  Surgeons  (1797-1820).  His 
baptism  is  duly  registered  in  Market  Weighton  Church. 

<i)  Brice  (yose*h),  7  feet  8  inches.  His  hand  could 
span  isi  inches.    (See  Anak.) 

^y)  BUSBY  (John),  7  feet  9  inches;  of  Darfield. 
His  brother  was  about  the  same  height. 

(k)  BYRNE  (Charles),  7  feet  7  inches.  He  died  at 
Cockspur  Street,  aged  22. 

(I)  CHANG- WOO-GOO,  8  feet  6  inches;  of  Fychou. 
The  Chinese  giant.  Exhibited  in  London,  1865-6,  and 
iii  i88o  ;  died  1893. 

(m)  Charlemagne,  8  feet  nearly.  He  could  squeeze 
together  three  horse-shoes  at  once  with  his  hands. 

(n)  Cotter  (Patrick),  8  feet  ^\  inches.  The  Irish 
ifiant.  A  cast  of  his  hand  is  preserved  in  the  museum 
ot  the  College  of  Surgeons  (died  1802). 

(o)  Daniel,  Oliver  Cromwell's  porter,  was  a  giant. 


(2*)  M.VRtAN,  8  feet  2  inches.     Played  in  Bahil  ani 
Bijou  about  14  years  ago ;  died  in  Gennany  at  the  age 


'iijon 
)f  17. 


(f)  Elea'ZER,  7  cubits  (?  10  feet  6  inches).     The 

Jewish  giant  men .,     ,•     j  =- ...- 

reign  of  Vitellius. 


itioned  by  Josephus.     He  lived  in  tlie 


(q)  Eleicegui  (Joachim),  7  feet  10  Inches.  The 
Spanish  giant.     Exhibited  in  London. 

(r)  EVANS  (IViUiam),  8  feet  at  death.  Porter  of 
Charles  \.  (died  1632). 

(s)  Frank  (Big),  7  feet  8  Inches ;  weight,  22  stone  ; 
girth  round  the  chest,  58  inches.  He  v.-as  an  Irish- 
loan,  whose  name  was  Francis  Sheridan  (died  1870). 

U)  Franz  (Louis),  7  feet  6  inches.  The  Frencli  giant. 

\u)  Gabara,  9  feet  9  inches.  An  Arabian  giant. 
Phny  says  he  was  the  tafiest  man  seen  in  the  days  of 
Claudius. 

(v)  GiLLY,  8  feet.  A  Swede  ;  exhibited  in  the  early 
part  ot  the  nineteenth  century. 

(w)  GOLI'ATH,  6  cubits  and  a  span  (?9  feet  4  inches). 
—I  Sam.  xvii.  4,  etc.  His  "  brother  "  was  also  a  giant. 
—a  Sam.  xxi.  19  ;  i  Chron.  xx.  5.  But  if  the  cubit  was 
31  inches,  and  a  span  9  inches,  then  6  cubits  and  a  span 
would  amount  to  iii  feet, 

(*■)  Gordon  (Alice),  7  feet.  An  Essex  giantess 
(died  1737). 

(v)  Hales  (Robert),  7  feet  6  inches  ;  bom  at  Somer- 
ton.  Generally  called  "  The  Norfolk  Giant "  (1820-1862). 

(*)  HAR'DRADA  (Harold),  "5  ells  of  Norway  in 
height "  (nearly  8  feet).     The  Norway  giant. 

(■2a)  Holmes  (Benjamin),  of  Northumberland,  7  feet 
6  inches,  died  1892,  aged  60.  He  was  sword-bearer  of 
the  Corporation  of  Worcester. 

(3a)  Jenkins,  7  feet  6  inches.  Clerk  in  the  Bank 
of  England.  Buried  in  the  garden,  to  save  the  corpse 
from  resurrectionists.  The  Bank  garden  was  the 
original  churchyard  of  St.  Christopher. 

(4a)  LA  Pierre,  7  feet  i  inch ;  of  Stratgard,  in 
Denmark.  _ 

(Sa)  LOUIS,  7  feet  6  inches.  The  French  giant. 
The  same  as  Louis  Franz  (t),  who  was  also  called 
"Mens.  Louis."  His  left  hand  is  preserved  in  the 
museum  of  the  College  of  Surgeons. 

(ba)  Loushkin,  8  feet  5  inches.  The  Russian 
giant,  rnd  drum-major  of  the  Imperial  Guards. 

(^a)  M'DONALD  {Jamis),  7  feet  6  inches;  of  Cork 
(died  1760). 

(8a)  M'DONALD  (Samuel),  6  feet  10  Inches.  A 
Scotchman  ;  usually  caUed  "  Big  Sam  "  (died  1802). 
Prince  of  Wales's  footman. 

(9a)  MAGRATH  (Cornelius).  7  feet  8  inches.  He 
was  an  orphan,  reared  by  bishop  Berkley,  and  died  at 
the  age  of  20  (1737-1760). 


(3*)  MAXIMI'NUS,  8  feet  6  inches.  The  Roman 
emperor  (235-238). 

(4i)  MELLON  yEdmnnd),  7  feet  6  inches  Bom  at 
Port  Leicester,  Ireland  (1665-1684). 

(5*)  MIDDLETON  (yohn),  9  feet  3  inches.  "His 
hand  was  17  inches  long,  and  8}  inches  broad."  He 
was  bom  at  Hale,  in  Lancashire,  in  the  reig^  of 
James  l.—Dr.  Plott:  History  of  Staffordshire. 

(db)  MULLER  (Maximilian  Christopher),  8  feet. 
His  hand  measured  12  inches,  and  his  fore-finger  was 
9  inches  long.  The  Saxon  giant.  Died  in  London 
(1674-1734). 

(■jb)  Murphy,  8  feet  lo  inches.  An  Irish  giant,  con- 
temporary with  O'Brien.     Died  at  Marseilles. 

(8*)  O'BRIEN  (Charles),  8  feet  a  inches.  An  Irish 
giant ;  no  relation  of  Patrick.     Bom  1761 ;  died  1783. 

(9*)  O'Brien  (Patrick),  the  Irish  giant,  was  8  feet 
7  inches  in  height.  His  skeleton  is  preserved  in  the 
museum  of  the  College  of  Surgeons.  Bom  1760;  died 
Aug^ist  3,  1807,  aged  47. 

(2C)  Og,  king  of  Bashan.  "  His  bed  was  9  cubits  by 
4  cubits  "  (t  X3i  feet  by  6  i^ci).—Dcut.  iii.  11. 

N.B.— The  Great  Bed  of  Ware  was  12  feet  by  la 
teet ;  but  in  1895  it  was  shortened  by  3  feet.  It  is  now 
(1897)  at  Rye  House. 

(■y)  OSEN  (HeinricH),  7  feet  6  inches;  weight, 
300  lbs.  or  37^  stone.     Born  in  Norway. 

(^c)  Parsons  (JValter),  9  feet  6  inches.  Gate 
porter  to  James  I.  and  Charles  11. 

(5<r)  PORUS,  an  Indian  king  who  fought  against 
Alexander  near  the  river  Hydaspes  (B.C.  327).  He  was 
a  giant  "  5  cubits  in  height  "  [7^  feet],  with  strength  in 
proportion. — Quintus  Curtius:  De  Rebus gestis  Alex- 
andri  Magni, 

(dc)  RIECHART  (y.  H.),  8  feet  3  inches,  of Friedberg. 
His  father  and  mother  were  both  giants. 

(^c)  Salmeron  (Martin),  7  feet  4  inches.  A  Mexi- 
can. 

(8c)  Sam  (Big),  6  feet  10  inches.    (See  M'DONALD.) 

(gc)  SHERIDAN  (Francis),  7  feet  8  inches.  (See 
Frank.) 

(id)  SWAN  (Miss  Anne  Hanen),  7  feet;  of  Nova 
Scotia. 

(■id)  TOLLER  iy.),  8  feet.  Bom  1795 ;  died  1819, 
aged  24. 

(4(f)  VON  BRUSTED,  of  Norway,  8  feet.  E.xhibited 
In  London,  i88r. 

•  .•  In  1682,  a  giant  7  feet  7  inches  was 
exhibited  in  Dublin.  A  Swede  8  feet 
6  inches  was  in  the  body-guard  of  a  king 
of  Prussia.  A  human  skeleton  8  feet 
6  inches  is  preserved  in  the  museum  of 
Trinity  College,  Dublin. 

Becanus  says  he  had  seen  a  man  nearly 
10  feet  high,  and  a  woman  fully  10  feet. 
Gasper  Bauhin  speaks  of  a  Swiss  8  feet 
in  height.  Del  Rio  says  he  saw  a  Pied- 
montese  in  1572  more  than  9  feet  in 
stature.  C.  S.  F.  Warren,  M.A.,  says 
(in  Notes  and  Queries,  August  14,  1875) 
that  his  father  knew  a  lady  9  feet  high  ; 
"  her  head  touched  the  ceiling  of  a  good- 
sized  room."  Vanderbrook  says  he  saw 
a  black  man,  at  Congo,  9  feet  high. 

•.•  It  will  be  seen  that  the  tallest  man  was  Eleazer 
who  was  loi  feet.     Andronicus  was  lo  feet. 

Giant  of  Literature,  Dr.  Samuel 
Johnson  (1709-1783). 

Giant's  Causeway,  a  basaltic  mole 
in  Ireland,  said  to  be  the  commencement 
of  a  causeway  from  Ireland  to  Scotland. 

Giant's  Dance  [The),  Stonehenge, 


GIANT'S  GRAVE. 


421       GIBRALTAR  OF  NEW  WORLD. 


(See  Geoftrey's  British  History,  viii.  to- 
12.) 

(xiant's  Grave  [The],  a  height  on 
the  Adriatic  shore  of  the  Bosphorus,  much 
frequented  by  holiday  parties. 

'Tis  a  grand  sight  from  off  "  The  Giant's  Grave  " 
To  watch  the  progress  of  those  rolling  seas 
Between  the  Bosphorus,  as  they  lash  and  lave 
Europe  and  Asia. 

Byron:  Don  yuan,  v.  J  (1820. 

Giant's  Leap  [Lam  Goemagot)  or 
"  Goemagot's  Leap."  Now  called  Haw, 
near  Plymouth.  The  legend  is  that  Cori'- 
neus  {3  jy/. )  wrestled  with  Goemagot  king 
of  the  Albion  giants,  raised  the  monster 
on  his  shoulder,  and,  carrying  him  to  the 
top  of  a  high  rock,  heaved  him  into  the  sea. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  encounter,  Corineus  and  the 
giant  standing  front  to  front  held  each  other  strongly 
in  their  arms,  and  panted  aloud  for  breath ;  but  Goeni.i- 

got  presently  grasping  Corineus  with  all  his  might, 
roke  three  of^his  ribs,  two  on  his  right  side  and  one 
on  his  left.  At  which  Corineus,  highly  enraged,  roused 
up  his  whole  strength,  and  snatching  up  the  giant,  ran 
with  him  on  his  shoulders  to  the  neighbouring  cliff,  and 
heaved  him  into  the  sea.  .  .  .  The  place  where  he  fell 
is  called  Lam  Goemagot  or  Goemagot's  Leap  to  this 
^y.— Geoffrey  :  British  History,  1.  16  (1142). 

Giants'  War  { The).  There  are  two 
wars  with  the  celestials  in  Greek  mytho- 
logy, viz.  that  waged  by  the  Titans,  and 
that  waged  by  the  giants.  The  former 
lasted  ten  years,  and  was  a  war  between 
Kronos  (a  Titan)  and  Zeus  (i  syl.)  for 
"  universal  empire,"  In  this  war  Zeus 
was  victorious,  and  he  hurled  the  fol- 
lowers of  Kronos  into  Tart2.ros. 

The  latter  war  was  from  a  revolt  of  the 
twenty-four  giants  against  Zeus.  The 
revolters  were  overcome  by  the  aid  of  the 
other  gods  and  the  assistance  of  Hercules. 

Giaour  \djow'-er\  Byron's  tale  called 
The  Giaour  is  supposed  to  be  told  by  a 
Turkish  fisherman  who  had  been  em- 
ployed all  the  day  in  the  gulf  of  ^gi'na, 
and  landed  his  boat  at  nightfall  on  the 
Pirae'us,  now  called  the  harbour  of  Port 
Leong.  He  was  eye-witness  of  all  the 
incidents,  and  in  one  of  them  a  principal 
agent  (see  line  352,  "  I  hear  the  sound 
of  coming  feet  .  .  .  "). 

•.•  The  tale  is  this  ;  Leilah,  the  beauti- 
ful concubine  of  the  caliph  Hassan,  falls 
in  love  with  a  giaour,  flees  from  the 
seraglio,  is  overtaken,  put  to  death,  and 
cast  into  the  sea.  The  Giaour  cleaves 
Hassan's  skull,  flees  for  his  life,  and 
becomes  a  monk.  Six  years  afterwards 
he  tells  his  history  to  his  father  confessor 
on  his  death-bed,  and  prays  him  to  "  lay 
his  body  with  the  humblest  dead,  and  not 
even  to  inscribe  his  name  on  his  tomb." 
Accordingly,  he  is  called  "the  Giaour," 
and  is  known  by  no  other  name  (1813). 


"  He  who  hath  bent  him  o'er  the  dead,"  etc.  Is  in 
this  poem. 

A  giaour  is  an  unbeliever,  one  who 
disbelieves  the  Mohammedan  faith. 

Gianha're  (4  syl.),  daughter  of  the 
king  of  Saman'dal,  the  mightiest  of  the 
under-sea  empires.  When  her  father  was 
made  captive  by  king  Saleh,  she  emerged 
for  safety  to  a  desert  island,  where  she 
met  Bed'er  the  young  king  of  Persia, 
who  proposed  to  make  her  his  wife  ;  but 
Giauharg  "  spat  on  him,"  and  changed 
him  "into  a  white  bird  with  red  beak 
and  red  legs."  The  bird  was  sold  to  a 
certain  king,  and,  being  disenchanted, 
resumed  the  human  form.  After  several 
marvellous  adventures,  Beder  again  met 
the  under-sea  princess,  proposed  to  her 
again,  and  she  became  his  wife  and  queen 
of  Persia. — Arabian  Nights  {"  Beder  and 
GiauharS").     (See  Beder,  p.  loi.) 

Gibbet,  a  foot-pad  and  a  convict,  who 
"  left  his  country  for  his  country's  good." 
He  piqued  himself  on  being  "the  best- 
behaved  man  on  the  road." 

'Twas  for  the  good  of  my  country  I  should  be  abroad. 
—Farquhar :  The  Beaux'  Stratagem,  iiu  3  (1707). 

I  thought  it  rather  odd  .  .  .  and  said  to  myself,  as 
Gibbet  said  when  he  heard  that  Aimwell  had  gone  to 
church,  "  That  looks  suspicious." — Janus  Smith, 

Gibbet  {Master),  secretary  to  Martin 
Joshua  Bletson  (parliamentary  commis- 
sioner).— Sir  W.  Scott:  Woodstock  {\\mG., 
Commonwealth). 

GiVbie  {Guse),  a  half-witted  lad  in 
the  service  of  lady  Bellenden. — Sir  IV. 
Scott:  Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Like  Goose  Gibbie  of  famous  memory,  he  first  kept 
the  turlceys,  and  then,  as  his  years  advanced,  was 
promoted  to  the  more  important  office  of  minding  the 
cows.  —KingsUy. 

Gibby,  a  Scotch  Highlander  in  at- 
tendance on  colonel  Briton.  He  marries 
Inis,  the  waiting-woman  of  Isabella. — 
Mrs.  Centlivre:  The  Wonder  (lyjt^). 

Gibca  (Madame),  a  type  of  feminine 
vulgarity.  A  hard-headed,  keen-witted, 
coarsely  clever,  and  pragmatical  mattress 
femme,  who  believes  in  nothing  but  a 
good  digestion  and  money  in  the  Funds. — • 
Henri Monnier:  Scenes PopuIai7-es  [i^e^i). 

Mde.  Pochet  and  Mde.  Gibou  are  the 
French  "  Mrs.  Gamp  and  Mrs.  Harris." 

Gibraltar  of  America,  Quebec. 

Gibraltar  of  Greece,  a  precipitous 
rock  700  feet  above  the  sea. 

Gibraltar  of  the  New  World, 

Cape     Diamond,    in    the    province    of 
Quebec 


GIBSON. 


AM 


GTLDAa 


Gilsson  [yanet],  a  young  dependent 
on  Mrs.  Margaret  Bertram  of  Singleside.' 
— Sir  W.  Scott :  G2iy  Mannering  (time, 
George  II.). 

Gideon's  Stratagem  [Judg.  vlL 
16-20). 

*[[  .A  parallel  case  is  recorded  in  Vene- 
tian history.  When  Anco'na  was  besieged 
by  the  Venetians,  in  1174,  Aldruda  count 
of  Bertinoro  sent  a  small  army  to  their 
aid.  When  it  reached  the  summit  of 
Falcognesa,  in  sight  of  Ancona,  Marche- 
selli  ordered  every  man  to  bind  to  the 
head  of  his  lance  several  lighted  torches, 
and  to  spread  themselves  out  as  wide  as 
possible.  It  was  night-time,  and  the  men 
marched  slowly  down  the  mountain .  Chris- 
tian was  dismayed,  thought  the  relief  party 
ten  times  more  numerous  than  it  really 
was,  decamped,  and  the  siege  was  raised. 

Gifford  [John).  This  pseudonym  has 
been  adopted  by  three  authors  :  (i)  John 
Richards  Green,  Blackstone's  Commen- 
taries Abridged  (1823) ;  (2)  Edward  Foss, 
An  Abridgment  of  Blackstone's  Commen- 
taries (1821)  ;  (3)  Alexander  Whellier, 
The  English  Lawyer. 

Gifibrd  {William),  author  of  The 
Baviad,  a  poetical  satire,  which  annihi- 
lated the  Delia  Crusea  school  of  poets 
(1794).  In  1796  Gifford  published  The 
McBviad,  to  expose  the  low  state  of  dra- 
matic authorship. 


z 


He  was  a  man  with  whom  T  had  no  literary  sym- 
thies    .  .  .  He  had,  however,  a  heart  full  of  kindness 
r  all  living:  creatures  except  authors ;  them  he  re- 
garded   as  a   fishmonger   regards  eels,   or   as  Izaak 
Walton  did  yiot\a%.—Southey . 

Gigfffleswick  Fountain  ebbs  and 
flows  eight  times  a  day.  The  tale  is  that 
Giggleswick  was  once  a  nymph  living 
with  the  Oreads  on  mount  Craven.  A 
satyr  chanced  to  see  her,  and  resolved  to 
win  her ;  but  Giggleswick  fled  to  escape 
her  pursuer,  and  praying  to  the  "  topic 
gods "  (the  local  genii),  was  converted 
into  a  fountain,  which  still  pants  with 
fear.  The  tale  is  told  by  Drayton,  in  his 
Polyolbion,  xxviii.  (1622). 

Gil  Bias,  son  of  Bias  of  Santilla'ng 
'squire  or  "  escudero "  to  a  lady,  and 
brought  up  by  his  uncle,  canon  Gil  Per^s. 
Gil  Bias  went  to  Dr.  Godinez's  school,  of 
Oviedo  \Ov-e-a'-do\,  and  obtained  the  re- 
putation of  being  a  great  scholar.  He 
had  fair  abilities,  a  kind  heart,  and  good 
inclinations,  but  was  easily  led  astray  by 
his  vanity.  Full  of  wit  and  humour,  but 
lax  in  his  morals.  Duped  by  others  at 
first,    he   afterwards    placed    the    same 


devices  on  those  less  experienced.  As  he 
grew  in  years,  however,  his  conduct  im- 
proved, and  when  his  fortune  was  made 
he  became  an  honest,  steady  man. — 
Lesage  :  Gil  Bias  (1715). 

Gil  Bias,  by  Lesage,  bks.  l.-iii.,  published  In  French 
in  1715 ;  bks.  iv.-vi.,  in  172^ ;  bks.  vii.-xii.  in  1735. 
English  versions :  by  Smollett  (1761) ;  by  Procter 
(i~ni,) ;  by  Smart  (1861) ;  etc. 

'.•  Lesage  borrowed  largely  from  the 
romance  o/  F:spinel,  called  Vida  del 
Escudero  Marcos  de  Obregon  (16 18),  from 
which  he  has  taken  his  prologue,  the 
adventure  of  the  parasite  (bk.  i.  2),  the 
dispersion  of  the  company  of  Cacabelos 
by  the  muleteer  (bk.  i.  3),  the  incident  of 
the  robber's  cave  (bk.  i.  4,  5),  the  surprise 
by  the  corsairs,  the  contributions  levied 
by  don  Raphael  and  Ambrose  (bk.  i.  15, 
16),  the  service  with  the  duke  of  Lerma, 
the  character  of  Sangrado  (called  by 
Espinel  Sagredo),  and  even  the  reply  ol 
don  Matthias  de  Silva  when  asked  to 
fight  a  duel  early  in  the  morning,  "  As  I 
never  rise  before  one,  even  for  a  party  of 
pleasure,  it  is  unreasonable  to  expect  that 
I  should  rise  at  six  to  have  my  throat 
cut  "  (bk.  iii.  8). 

Gil  Morrice.    "  Gil "  is  a  variant  of 

childe  =  don.     (See  MoRRlCE. ) 

Gilbert,  butler  to  sir  Patrick  Charteris, 
provost  of  Penh.— Sir  IV.  Scott:  Eai? 
Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henrj'  IV.). 

Gilbert  [Sir),  noted  for  the  sanative 
virtue  of  his  sword  and  cere-cloth.  Sir 
Launcelot  touched  the  wounds  of  sir 
Meliot  with  sir  Gilbert's  sword  and  wiped 
them  with  the  cere-cloth,  and  "anon  a 
wholer  man  was  he  never  in  all  his  life." 
— Sir  T.  Malory:  History  of  Prince 
Arthur,  i.  iib  (1470). 

Gilbert  with  the  White  Hand, 

one  of  the  companions  of  Robin  Hood, 
mentioned  often  in  The  Lyttell  Geste  of 
Robyn  Hode  (fytte  v.  and  vii.). 

Thair  saw  I  Maitlaind  upon  auld  Beird  Gray, 
Robene  Hude,  and  Gilbert  "with  the  quhitehand," 
^uhora  Hay  of  Nauchton  slew  in  Madin-land. 

SccttiKh  Pcems,  i.  laa. 

Gil'bertscleng'h,  cousin  to  lady 
Margaret  Bellenden.— ^iV  W.  Scott: 
Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Gildas  [The  Wise),  author  of  the 
chronicle  De  Excidio  Britannics,  first 
printed  in  1525,  utterly  worthless  as  a 
history,  extremely  dull,  meagre,  and 
obscure.  His  book  may  be  divided  into 
two  periods  :  (i)  from  the  invasion  of 
Britain  by  the  Romans  ;  and  (2)  from  the 
revolt  of  Maximus  to  his  own  time.  (He 
lived  493-570.) 


GILDAS  DE  RUYS. 


423  GILLA  BACKER  AND  HIS  HORSE. 


Gildas  de  Ruys  (5/.),  near  Vannes, 
'.n  France.  This  monastery  was  founded 
:n  the  sixth  century  by  St.  Gildas  "  the 
Wise."    Birth  and  death  dates  uncertain. 

For  some  of  us  knew  a  thine;  or  two 
In  Ue  abbey  of  St.  Gildas  de  Ruys. 

Long/elUivi :  The  Goldtn  Le^^end. 

r  Qil'deroy,  a  famous  robber.  There 
were  two  of  the  name,  both  handsome 
Scotchmen,  both  robbers,  and  both  were 
banged.  One  lived  in  the  seventeenth 
century,  and  "had  the  honour"  of 
robbing  cardinal  Richelieu  and  Oliver 
CromwelL  The  other  was  born  in 
Roslin,  in  the  eighteenth  century,  and 
was  executed  in  Edinburgh  for  "  stealing 
sheep,  horses,  and  oxen.  In  the  Percy 
Reliques,  I.  iii.  12  is  the  lament  of 
Gilderoy's  widow  at  the  execution  of  her 
■**  handsome"  and  "  winsome"  Gilderoy  ; 
and  Campbell  has  a  ballad  on  the  same 
subject.  Both  are  entitled  Gilderoy, 
and  refer  to  the  latter  robber;  but  in 
Thomson's  Orpheus  Caledonius,  ii.  is  a 
dopy  of  the  older  ballad. 

'.'  Thomson's  ballad  places  Gilderoy 
in  the  reign  of  Mary  "queen  of  Scots," 
but  this  is  not  consistent  with  the 
tradition  of  his  robbing  Richelieu  and 
CromwelL  We  want  a  third  Gilderoy 
for  the  reign  of  queen  Mary — one  Uving 
in  the  sixteenth  century. 
'  Higher  than  Gilderoy's  Kite.  Accord- 
ing to  ancient  custom,  the  greater  the 
crime,  the  higher  the  gallows.  Hence 
Haman  was.hanged  on  a  very  high  gibbet. 
The  gallows  of  Montrose  was  30  feet 
high  ;  and  the  ballad  says  of  Gilderoy — 

Of  Gilderoy  sae  fraid  they  were, 
They  bound  him  mickle  stronij, 

TuU  Edenburrow  they  led  him  thair. 
And  on  a  gallows  hung  ; 

They  hung  hirn  high  above  the  rest 
He  was  so  trim  a  boy.  .  .  . 

•*  Higher  than  Gilderoy's  kite."  Gil- 
deroy was  raised  so  high  that  he  was 
like  a  kite  in  the  air. 

Gilding  a  Boy.  Leo  XII,  killed  the 
boy  Mortara  by  gilding  him  all  over  to 
adorn  a  pageant. 

Gildip'pe  (3  syl.),  wife  of  EMward  an 
English  baron,  who  accompanied  her 
husband  to  Jerusalem,  and  performed 
prodigies  of  valour  in  the  war  (bk.  ix.). 
Both  she  and  her  husband  were  slain  by 
Solyman  (bk.  xx.).—Tasso :  Jerusalem 
Delivered  [i^jc^). 

GILES,  a  farmer  in  love  with  Patty, 
"the  maid  of  the  mill,"  who  was  promised 
to  him  by  her  father ;  but  Patty  refuses  to 
marry  him.  Ultimately,  the  "maid  of 
.the  mill "  marries  lord  Aimworth.    Giles 


is  a  blunt,  well-meaning,  working  farmer, 
of  no  education,  no  refinement,  no  notion 
of  the  amenities  of  social  life. — Dicker- 
staff:  The  Maid  of  the  Mill  (1765). 

Giles  (i  syl.),  serving-boy  to  Claud 
HsXcvo.— Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Pirate 
(time,  William  III,), 

Giles  (i  syl.),  warder  of  the  Tower. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time, 
James  I.). 

Giles  (2  syl.),  jailer  of  sir  Reginald 
Front  de  Boeuf.— 5^>  W.  Scott:  Ivanhoc 
(time,  Richard  I,). 

Giles  ( Will),  apprentice  of  Gibbie 
Girder  the  cooper  at  Wolfs  Hope  village. 
— Sir  IV.  Scott :  Brid^  of  Lammermoof 
(time,  William  III.), 

Giles,  the  "  farmer's  boy,"  "  meek, 
fatherless,  and  poor, "  the  hero  of  Robert 
Bloomfield's  principal  poem,  which  is 
divided  into  "Spring,"  "Summer,' 
"  Autumn,"  and  "  Winter"  (1798). 

Giles  of  Antwerp,  Giles  Coignet, 
the  painter  (1530- 1600), 

GilfiUan  [Habakkuk),  called  "  Gifted 
GilfiUan,"  a  Camero'nian  officer  and  en- 
thusiast,— Sir  W.  Scott:  IVaverley  {time, 
George  II.), 

Gill  (Harry),  a  farmer,  who  forbade 
old  Goody  Blake  to  carry  home  a  few 
sticks,  which  she  had  picked  up  from  his 
land,  to  light  a  wee-bit  fire  to  warm  her- 
self by.  Old  Goody  Blake  cursed  him 
for  his  meanness,  saying  he  should  never 
from  that  moment  cease  from  shivering 
with  cold  ;  and  sure  enough,  from  that 
hour,  a-bed  or  up,  summer  or  winter,  at 
home  or  abroad,  his  teeth  went  "chatter, 
chatter,  chatter  still,"  Clothing  was  of 
no  use,  fires  of  no  avail,  for,  spite  of  all, 
he  muttered,  "  Poor  Harry  Gill  is  very 
cold," — Wordsworth:  Goody  Blake  an  J 
Harry  Gill  (1798). 

No  word  to  any  man  he  utters, 

A-bed  or  u[5,  to  young  or  old  { 
But  ever  to  himself  he  mutters, 
"  Poor  Harry  Gill  is  very  cold." 

Gilla   Dacker    and   his    Horse 

( The  Pursuit  of  the).  This  is  one  of  the 
old  Celtic  romances,  and  has  been  de- 
scribed as  "  a  marvellous  and  very  beauti- 
ful creation."  It  is  a  humorous  story  of 
a  trick,  and  a  very  serious  practical  joke, 
which  was  played  by  Avarta,  a  Dedannan 
enchanter,  on  sixteen  of  the  Feni(Fingars 
heroes),  whom  he  carried  off  on  his  horse 
from  Erin  to  "The  Land  of  Promise;  " 
and  of  the  adventures  of  Finn  (Fingal), 
Dcrmat  O'Dyna  [q.v.),  and  the  others  in 
their  pursuit  of  Avana,  who  had  takea 


GILLAMORE. 

the   shape  of   the  Gilla    Dacker   (Lazy 
Fellow),  to  recover  their  companions. 

Gil'lamore  {3  syl.)  or  Guillamtir, 
king  of  Ireland,  being  slain  in  battle  by 
Arthur,  Ireland  was  added  by  the  con- 
queror to  his  own  dominions. 

How  Gillamore  ag'ain  to  Ireland  he  pursued  .  ,  , 
And  having  slain  the  king,  the  country  waste  he  laid. 
Drayton  ;  Polyolbion,  iv.  (1612). 

Gillian,  landlady  of  don  John  and  don 
Frederic.  — Fletcher  :  The  Chances  ( 1620). 

Gil'lian  {Dame),  tirewoman  to  lady 
Eveline,  and  wife  of  Raoul  the  huntsman. 
—Sir  W.  Scott:  TJu  Betrothed  (time, 
Henry  II.). 

Gills  {Solomon),  ship's  instrument 
maker.  A  slow,  thoughtful  old  man, 
uncle  of  Walter  Gay,  who  was  in  the 
house  of  Mr.  Dombey,  merchant.  Gills 
was  very  proud  of  his  stock-in-trade,  but 
never  seemed  to  sell  anything. — Dickens: 
Dombey  and  Son  (1846). 

Gillyflower,  from  the  French  ^><7/f/<», 
from  girojle  ("a  clove,"  called  by  Chaucer 
"  gilofre  ").  The  common  stock,  the  wall- 
flower, rocket,  clove  pink,  are  so  called. 
(See  Dictionary  of  Phrase  and  Fable, 
p.  519-) 

Gillyflowers.  A  nosegay  of  these 
flowers  was  given  by  the  fairy  Amazo'na 
to  Carpil'lona  in  her  flight.  The  virtue 
of  this  nosegay  was,  that  so  long  as  the 
princess  had  it  about  her  person,  those 
who  knew  her  before  would  not  recognize 
her. — Comtesse  D'Aulnoy:  Fairy  Tales 
("  Princess  Carpillona,"  1682). 

Gilpin  {John),  a  linen-draper  and 
train-band  captain,  living  in  London. 
His  wife  said  to  him,  ' '  Though  we  have 
been  married  twenty  years,  we  have  taken 
no  holiday ;  "  and  at  her  advice  the  well- 
to-do  linen-draper  agreed  to  make  a 
family  party,  and  dine  at  the  Bell,  at 
Edmonton.  Mrs.  Gilpin,  her  sister,  and 
four  children  went  in  the  chaise,  and 
Gilpin  promised  to  follow  on  horseback. 
As  madam  had  left  the  wine  behind, 
Gilpin  girded  it  in  two  stone  bottles  to 
his  belt,  and  started  on  his  way.  The 
horse,  being  fresh,  began  to  trot,  and  then 
to  gallop ;  and  John,  being  a  bad  rider, 
grasped  the  mane  with  both  his  hands. 
On  went  the  horse,  off  flew  John  Gilpin's 
cloak,  together  with  his  hat  and  wig. 
The  dogs  barked,  the  children  screamed, 
the  turnpike-men  (thinking  he  was  riding 
for  a  wager)  flung  open  their  gates.  He 
flew  through  Edmonton,  and  never  stopped 
till  he  reached  Ware,  when  his  friend  the 


424  GINEURA. 

calender  gave  him  welcome,  and  asked 
him  to  dismount  Gilpin,  however,  de- 
clined, saying  his  wife  would  be  expecting 
him.  So  the  calender  furnished  him  with 
another  hat  and  wig,  and  Gilpin  harked 
back  again,  when  similar  disasters  oc- 
curred, till  the  horse  stopped  at  his 
house  in  London. — Cowper  :  John  Gilpin 
(1782). 

(John  Gilpin  was  a  Mr.  Beyer,  of  Pater- 
noster Row,  who  died  in  1791,  and  it  was 
lady  Austin  who  told  the  anecdote  to  the 
poet.  The  marriage  adventure  of  commo- 
dore Trunnion,  in  Peregrine  Pickle,  is  a 
similar  adventure. ) 

Giltspur  Street,  a  street  in  West 
Smithfield,  built  on  the  route  taken  by 
the  knights  (who  wore  gilt  spurs)  on  their 
way  to  Smithfield,  where  the  tournaments 
were  held. 

Gines  de  Passamonte,  one  of  the 
galley-slaves  set  free  by  don  Quixote. 
Gines  had  written  a  history  of  his  hfe  and 
adventures.  After  being  liberated,  the 
slaves  set  upon  the  knight ;  they  assulted 
him  with  stones,  robbed  him  and  Sancho 
of  everything  they  valued,  broke  to  pieces 
"  Mambrino's  helmet,"  and  then  made  off" 
with  all  possible  speed,  taking  Sancho's 
ass  with  them.  After  a  time  the  ass  was 
recovered  (pt.  I.  iv.  3). 

"Hark  ye,  friend." said  the  grnliey-slave,  "Gines  is 
my  name,  and  Passannonte  tlie  tuie  of  my  family." — 
Cervantes  :  Don  Quixote,  I.  iii.  8  (1605). 

• .  •  This  Gines  reappears  in  pt.  II.  ii.  7 
as  "  Peter  the  showman,"  who  exhibits 
the  story  of  "  Melisendra  and  don  Gay- 
feros."  The  helmet  also  is  presented 
whole  and  sound  at  the  inn,  where  it  be- 
comes a  matter  of  dispute  whether  it  is  a 
basin  or  a  helmet. 

Gineura,  the  troth-plight  bride  of 
Ariodantgs,  falsely  accused  of  infidelity, 
and  doomed  to  die  unless  she  found  within 
a  month  a  champion  to  do  battle  for  her 
honour.  The  duke  who  accused  her  felt 
confident  that  no  champion  would  appear, 
but  on  the  day  appointed  Ariodantfis  him- 
self entered  the  fists.  The  duke  was  slain, 
the  lady  vindicated,  and  the  champion 
became  Gineura's  husband. — Ariosto: 
Orlando  Furioso  ( 1516).    Also  Geneur A. 

IF  Shakespeare,  in  Much  Ado  about 
Nothing,  makes  Hero  falsely  accused  of 
infidelity,  through  the  malice  of  don 
John,  who  induces  Margaret  (the  lady's 
attendant)  to  give  Borachio  a  rendezvous 
at  the  lady's  chamber  window.  While 
this  was  going  on,  Claudio,  the  betrothed 
lover  of  Hero,  was  brought  to  a  spot 


GINEVRA. 


42s        GIPSIES'  HEAD-QUARTERS. 


where  he  might  witness  the  scene,  and, 
believing  Margaret  to  be  Hero,  was  so 
indignant,  that  next  day  at  the  altar  he 
denounced  Hero  as  unworthy  of  his  love. 
Benedict  challenged  Claudio  for  slander, 
but  the  combat  was  prevented  by  the 
arrest  and  confession  of  Borachio.  Don 
John,  finding  his  villainy  exposed,  fled  to 
Messina. 

IT  Spenser  has  introduced  a  similar 
story  in  his  Faerie  Queefie,  v.  11  (the  tale 
of  "Irena,"  q.v.).- 

Giu'evra,  the  young  Italian  bride 
who,  playing  hide-and-seek,  hid  herself 
in  a  large  trunk.  The'lid  accidentally  fell 
down,  and  was  held  fast  by  a  spring-lock. 
Many  years  afterwards  the  trunk  was  sold 
and  the  skeleton  discovered. — Rogers: 
Italy  {1822). 

1  T.  Haynes  Bayley  wrote  a  ballad 
called  The  Mistletoe  Bough,  on  the  same 
tradition.  He  calls  the  bridegroom 
"young  Lovel." 

IT  A  similar  narrative  is  given  by  Collet, 
in  his  Causes  CdUbres. 

IF  Marwell  Old  Hall,  once  the  residence 
of  the  Seymours,  and  subsequently  of  the 
Dacre  family,  has  a  similar  tradition 
attached  to  it,  and  "  the  very  chest  is 
now  the  property  of  the  Rev.  J.  Haygarth, 
rector  of  Upham." — Post-Office  Directory. 

If  Bramshall,  Hampshire,  has  a  similar 
tale  and  chest. 

%  The  same  tale  is  also  told  of  the 
great  house  at  Malsanger,  near  Basing- 
stoke. 

Ging'er'bread  (Giles),  the  hero  of  an 
EngUsh  nursery  tale. 

yacJt  the  Giant-killer,  Giles  Ging^erbread,  and  TTtn 
Thumb  will  flourish  in  wide-spreading  and  never- 
ceasing  popularity. — IVashin^ton  Irvinfr, 

Ginn  or  Jan  (singular  masculine 
Jinnee,  feminine  Jinniyeh),  a  species  of 
beings  created  long  before  Adam.  They 
were  formed  of  "smokeless  fire"  or  fire 
of  the  simoom,  and  were  governed  by 
monarchs  named  suleyman,  the  last  of 
whom  was  JSji-ibn-Jin  or  Gian-ben-Gian, 
who  "built  the  pyramids  of  Egypt." 
Prophets  were  sont  to  convert  them, 
but  on  their  persistent  disobedience  an 
army  of  angels  drove  them  from  the  earth. 
Among  the  ginn  was  one  named  Aza'zeL 
When  Adam  was  created,  and  God  com- 
manded the  angels  to  worship  him,  Azazel 
refused,  saying,  "  Why  should  the  spirits 
of  fire  worship  a  creature  made  of  earth  ?" 
Whereupon  God  changed  him  into  a 
devil,  and  called  him  Iblis  or  Eblis 
("despair"). 


Ginnistau,  the  country  of  the  Ginn.— 
Persian  Mythology. 

Gi'ona,  a  leader  of  the  anabaptists, 
once  a  servant  of  comte  d'Oberthal,  but 
discharged  from  his  service  for  theft.  He 
joined  the  rebellion  of  the  anabaptists, 
but,  with  the  rest  of  the  conspirators, 
betrayed  the  "  prophet-king,"  John  of 
Leyden,  when  the  emperor  arrived  with 
his  army.  —  Meyerbeer :  Le  Prophite 
(1849). 

Giovan'ni  [Don),  a  Spanish  libertine 
of  the  aristocratic  class.  His  valet, 
Leporello,  says,  "  He  had  700  mistresses 
in  Italy,  800  in  Germany,  91  in  France 
and  Turkey,  and  1003  in  Spain."  When 
the  measure  of  his  iniquity  was  full,  a 
legion  of  foul  fiends  carried  him  off  to  the 
devouring  guli.— Mozart :  Don  Giovanni 
(1787). 

(The  libretto  of  this  opera  is  by  Lorenzo 
da  Ponte.) 

• .  •  The  original  of  this  character  was 
don  Juan  Teno'rio,  of  Seville,  who  lived 
in  the  fourteenth  century.  The  traditions 
concerning  him  were  dramatized  by  Tirso 
de  Mo'lina  ;  thence  passed  into  Italy  and 
France.  Gliick  has  a  musical  ballet  called 
Don  Juan  (1765)  ;  Moh^re,  a  comedy  on 
the  same  subject  (1665) ;  and  Thomas 
Corneille  (brother  of  the  Grand  Corneille) 
brought  out,  in  1673,  ^  comedy  on  the 
same  subject,  called  Le  Feston  de  Pierre, 
which  is  the  second  title  of  Molifere's  Don 
Juan.  Goldoni,  called  "The  Italian 
Moli^re,"  has  also  a  comedy  on  the  same 
favourite  hero. 

Gipsey,  the  favourite  greyhound  of 
Charles  I. 

One  evening,  his  [Charles  /.]  dog  scraping  at  the 
door,  he  commanded  me  {sir  Philip  H^arwick}  to  let 
In  Gipsey. — Memoirs,  329. 

Gipsey  Ringf,  a  flat  gold  ring,  with 
stones  let  into  it,  at  given  distances.  So 
called  because  the  stones  were  originally 
Egyptian  pebbles — i.e.  agate  and  jasper. 

Gipsey-wort,  botanical  name  Lyc6- 
pus,  from  two  Greek  words  luk{ou)  pons 
{ ' '  wolfs  foot ' ' ).  Threlkeld  says, ' '  Gypsies 
do  die  themselves  of  a  blackish  hue  with 
the  juice  of  this  plant." 

Gipsies'  Head-quarters,  Yetholm, 
Roxburgh. 

Head-quarters  of  the  gipsies  here. 

Dotible  Acrostic  ("  Queen"). 

•.•  The  tale  is  that  the  gipsies  are 
wanderers  because  they  refused  to  shelter 
the  Virgin  and  Child  in  their  flight  into 
Egypt. — Aventinus :  Annales  Boiorum, 
viii. 


GIRALDA.  4?6 

Giralda  of  Seville,  called  by  the 
Knight  of  the  Mirrors  a  giantess,  whose 
body  was  of  brass,  and  who,  without 
ever  shifting  her  place,  was  the  most 
unsteady  and  changeable  female  in  the 
world.  In  fact,  this  Giralda  was  no 
other  than  the  brazen  statue  on  a  steeple 
in  Seville,  serving  for  a  weathercock. 


GLAMORGAN. 


"  I  fixed  the  changeable  Giralda 


I  obliged  her 


to  stand  still ;  for  during  the  space  of  a  whole  week  no 
wind  blew  but  from  the  aortb."—Cervanits :  Don 
Quixote,  II.  i.  14  (161S). 

Giraldns  Cambrensis,  the  literary 
name  of  Girald  de  Barri.  He  was 
author  of  the  Itinerarium  CamiricB,  the 
Descriptio  Cambrics;  and  his  work  on 
Ireland  was  criticized  by  John  Lynch, 
who  called  his  book  Cambrensis  Eversus. 
Giraldus  was  born  in  Pembroke,  and 
lived  1 146-1222  (that  is,  about  the  time  of 
Henry  II.). 

Girder  [Gibbie,  i.e.  Gilbert),  the 
cooper  at  Wolfs  Hope  village. 

jean  Girder,  wife  of  the  cooper. — Sir 
IV.  Scoii :  Bride  of  Lammermoor  (time, 
William  III.). 

Girdle  {Armi'da's),  a  cestus  worn  by 
Armi'da,  which,  like  that  of  Venus,  pos- 
sessed the  magical  charm  of  provoking 
irresis  t  ible  love.  —  TaJso  :  Jerusa  km  De- 
livered [isJS)- 

Flor'imel's  Girdle,  the  prize  of  a  grand 
tournament,  in  which  sir  Sat'yrane  (3  syl. ), 
sir  Brianor,  sir  Sanglier,  sir  Artggal, 
sir  Carabel,  sir  Tri'amond,  Brit'omart, 
and  others  took  part.  It  was  accidentally 
dropped  by  Florimel  in  her  flight  (bk. 
iii.  7,  31),  picked  up  by  sir  Satyrane, 
and  employed  by  him  for  binding  the 
monster  which  frightened  Florimel  to 
flight ;  afterwards  it  came  again  into  sir 
Satyrane's  possession,  when  he  placed  it 
for  safety  in  a  golden  coffer.  It  was  a 
gorgeous  girdle,  made  by  Vulcan  for 
Venus,  and  embossed  with  pearls  and 
precious  stones  ;  but  its  chief  merit  was 

It  gave  the  virtue  of  chaste  love 
And  wifehood  true  to  all  that  it  did  bear ; 
But  whosoever  contrary  doth  prove. 
Might  not  the  same  about  her  middle  wear, 
But  it  would  loose,  or  else  asunder  tear. 

Sjienser :  Fairit  Quune,  iii.  7  (1590). 

%  Other  tests  of  chastity  were : '  'Arthur's 
drinking-horn,"  mentioned  in  the  Morte 
d Arthur.  The  "court  mantel,"  men- 
tioned in  the  ballad  called  "  The  Boy  and 
the  Mantel,"  in  Percy's  Reliques.  The 
"enchanted  cup,"  mentioned  in  Orlando 
FuriosOy  ii.,  etc    (See  Chastity,  p.  198.) 

Venus's  Girdle,  a  girdle  on  which  was 
embroidered  the  passions,  desires,  joys, 


and  pains  of  love.  It  was  usually  called 
a  cestus,  which  means  "embroidered," 
and  was  worn  lower  down  than  the 
cin'gulum  or  matron's  girdle,  but  higher 
up  than  the  zone  or  maiden's  girdle.  It 
was  said  to  possess  the  magical  power  oi 
exciting  love.     Homer  describes  it  thus — 

In  this  was  every  art,  and  every  charm, 
To  win  the  wisest,  and  the  coolest  warm  ; 
Fond  love,  the  gentle  vow,  the  gay  desire. 
The  kind  deceit,  the  still  reviving  fire, 
Persuasive  speech,  and  more  persuasive  sighs, 
Silence  that  spoke,  and  eloquence  of  eyes. 

Po/t :  Iliad,  xiv. 

Girdle  of  Opakka,  foresight  and 
prudence. 

"  The  girdle  of  Opakka,  with  which  Kifri  the  en- 
chanter is  endued,  what  is  it,"  said  Shemshelnar,  "but 
foresight  and  prudence— the  best  '  girdle '  for  the 
sultans  of  the  earth  t "—5»>  G.  MoreU\i,e.  J.  RidUy\ 
Tales  0/  the  Genii  ("  History  of  Mahoud,"  tale  vii., 
1751). 

Girdles,  impressed  with  mystica; 
characters,  were  bound  with  certain  cere- 
monies round  women  in  gestation,  to 
accelerate  the  birth  and  alleviate  the 
pains  of  labour.  It  was  a  Druid  custom, 
observed  by  the  Gaels,  and  continued  in 
practice  till  quite  modern  times. 

Aldo  offered  to  give  Erragon,  "  a  hundred  steeds, 
children  of  the  rein  ;  a  hundred  hawks  with  fluttering 
wing,  .  .  .  and  a  hundred  girdles  to  bind  high-bosomeil 
maids,  friends  of  the  births  of  heroes."— OjJ»a«.'  Tht 
Battle  o/Lora. 

Gimington  ( The  laird  of),  previously 
Frank  Hayston,  laird  of  Bucklaw,  the 
bridegroom  of  Lucy  Ashton.  He  is  found 
wounded  by  his  bride  on  the  wedding 
night,  recovers,  and  leaves  the  country  ; 
but  the  bride  goes  mad  and  dies. — Sir 
VV.  Scott :  Bride  of  Lammermoor  (time, 
William  III.). 

Gjallar,  Heimdall's  horn,  which  he 
blows  to  give  the  gods  notice  when  any 
one  approaches  the  bridge  Bifrost.— 
Scandinavian  Mythology. 

Gladiator  {The  dying),  more  correct, 
as  some  think,  Galatian.  This  famous 
statue,  found  at  Nettuno  (the  ancient 
Antium),  was  the  work  of  Agaslas,  a 
sculptor  of  Ephesus. 

Glads'moor  [Mr.),  almoner  of  the 
earl  of  Glenallan,  at  Glenallan  House. — 
Sir  W.  Scott :  The  Antiquary  (time, 
George  III.). 

Glamorgfan,  according  to  British 
fable,  is  gla  or  glyn  Morgan  (valley  or 
glen  of  Morgan).  Cundah'  and  Morgan 
(says  Spenser)  were  sons  of  Gonorill  and 
Regan,  the  two  elder  daughters  of  king 
Leyr.  Cundah  chased  Morgan  into  Wales, 
and  slew  him  in  the  glen  which  per- 
petuates his  name. 


GLASGOW. 


427 


GLASS  SLIPPER. 


Tlwm  gran  the  bloody  brethren  both  to  ralne  I 
But  fierce  Cundah  gan  shortly  to  envy 
His  brother  Morgan  .  .  . 
Raisd  warre.  and  him  in  batteill  overthrew; 
Whence  as  he  to  those  woody  hilles  did  fly, 
Which  hi},'ht  of  him  Gla -morgan,  there  hnn  slew. 
S/enser:  Fairie  Queene,  u.  10,  33  (1590)- 

This  is  not  quite  in  accordance  with 
Geoffrey's  account — 

Some  restless  spirits  .  .  .  Inspired  Margan  with  vain 
conceits,  .  .  .  who  marched  with  an  army  through  Cune- 
dagnus's  country,  and  began  to  bum  all  before  him  ; 
but  he  was  met  by  Cunedagius,  with  all  his  forces,  who 
attacked  Margan.  .  .  .  and.  nutting  him  to  rti^ht,  .  .  , 
killeti  him  in  a  town  of  Kanibria,  which  since  his  death 
has  been  called  Margan  to  this  day.— British  History, 
ii.  IS  (1142). 

Glasgow  [The  bishop  of).— Sir  W. 
Scott:  Castle  Dangerous,  xix.  (time, 
Henry  L). 

Glasgfow  Arms,  an  oak  tree  with 
a  bird  above  it,  and  a  bell  hanging  from 
one  of  the  branches ;  at  the  foot  of  the 
tree  a  salmon  with  a  ring  in  its  mouth. 
The  legend  is  that  St,  Kentigern  built 
the  city  and  hung  a  bell  in  an  oak  tree  to 
summon  the  men  to  work.  This  accounts 
for  the  "oak  and  bell."  Now  for  the 
rest :  A  Scottish  queen  having  formed  an 
illicit  attachment  to  a  soldier,  presented 
her  paramour  with  a  ring,  the  gift  of  her 
royal  husband.  This  coming  to  the  know- 
ledge of  the  king,  he  contrived  to  abstract 
it  from  the  soldier  while  he  was  asleep, 
threw  it  into  the  Clyde,  and  then  asked 
his  queen  to  show  it  him.  The  queen,  in 
great  alarm,  ran  to  St.  Kentigern,  and 
confessed  her  crime.  The  father  con- 
fessor went  to  the  Clyde,  drew  out  a 
salmon  with  the  ring  in  its  mouth,  handed 
it  to  the  queen,  and  by  this  means  both 
prevented  a  scandal  and  reformed  tlie 
repentant  lady. 

H  In  1688  James  IT.,  in  his  escape, 
threw  the  Great  S?al  {Clavis  regni)  into 
the  Thames,  as  he  was  on  his  way  to 
Sheerness  to  meet  the  vessel  which  was 
to  take  him  to  the  continent.  But  the 
Seal  was  found  by  a  fisherman  in  his  net, 
and  delivered  to  the  prince  of  Orange. 

H  There  are  several  stories  somewhat 
similar.  One  is  told  of  Dame  Rebecca 
Berry,  wife  of  Thomas  Elton  of  Stratford 
Bow,  and  relict  of  sir  John  Berry  (1696), 
the  heroine  of  the  ballad  called  The  Cruel 
Knight.  The  story  runs  thus  :  A  knight, 
passing  by  a  cottage,  heard  the  cries  of  a 
woman  in  labour.  By  his  knowledge  of 
the  occult  sciences,  he  knew  that  the 
infant  was  doomed  to  be  his  future  wife  ; 
but  he  determined  to  elude  his  destiny. 
When  the  child  was  of  a  marriageable 
age,  he  took  her  to  the  seaside,  intending 
to  drown  her,  but  relented,  and,  throwing 


a  ring  into  the  sea,  commanded  her  never 
to  see  his  face  again,  upon  pain  of  death, 
till  she  brought  back  that  ring  with  her. 
The  damsel  now  went  as  cook  to  a  noble 
family,  and  one  day,  as  she  was  preparing 
a  cod-fish  for  dinner,  she  found  the  ring 
in  the  fish,  took  it  to  the  knight,  and  thus 
became  the  bride  of  sir  John  Berry.  The 
Berry  arms  show  a  fish,  and  in  the  dexter 
chief  a  ring. 

IF  In  Bewdley  church,  near  Ribbesford 
manor,  on  the  door  north  of  the  aisle,  is 
the  effigy  of  a  young  huntsman  shooting 
a  buck,  and  a  salmon.  The  legend  is  as 
follows  :  The  daughter  of  lord  Ribbesford 
was  in  love  with  a  young  huntsman 
named  John  de  Horsell,  to  whom  she 
gave  a  valuable  ring.  When  her  father 
asked  her  what  had  become  of  her  ring, 
she  told  him  she  had  lost  it  while  bathing. 
Lord  Ribbesford  promised,  if  any  one 
found  it  and  brought  it  to  the  manor,  he 
might  claim  in  reward  his  daughter  in 
marriage.  While  John  de  Horsell  was 
hunting,  a  salmon  leaped  out  of  a  stream 
and  was  accidentally  shot  by  an  arrow 
aimed  at  a  buck.  The  young  lover  inserted 
the  ring  in  the  salmon's  mouth,  and  sent 
the  fish  as  a  present  to  his  lordship,  who, 
in  comphance  with  his  word,  gave  him  his 
daughter  for  his  bride. 

Glass  {Mrs.),7i  tobacconist, in  London, 
who  befriended  Jeanie  Deans  while  she 
sojourned  in  town,  whither  she  had  come 
to  crave  pardon  from  the  queen  for  Eflfie 
Deans,  her  half-sister,  lying  under  sen- 
tence of  death  for  the  murder  of  her  in- 
fant born  before  wedlock. — Sir  IV.  Scott: 
Heart  of  Midlothian  (time,  George  II.). 

Glass  Armour.  WTien  Chery  went 
to  encounter  the  dragon  that  guarded  the 
singing  apple,  he  arrayed  himself  in  glass 
armour,  which  reflected  objects  like  a 
mirror.  Consequently,  when  the  monster 
came  against  him,  seeing  its  reflection 
in  every  part  of  the  armour,  it  fancied 
hundreds  of  dragons  were  coming  against 
it,  and  ran  away  in  alarm  into  a  cave, 
which  Chery  instantly  closed  up,  and  thus 
became  master  of  the  situation. — Com- 
tesse  D'Aulnoy:  Fairy  Tales  ("Princess 
Fairstar,"  1682). 

Glass  Slipper.  Cinderella's  "glass'* 
slipper  {souliers  de  verre)  is  probably  a 
blunder  for  "fur"  slippers  {souliers  de 
voir).     At  least  so  Littr^  thinks — 

C'est  parcequ'  on  n'a  pas  compris  cemot,  malntenant 
pur  usit^.  qu'on  a  imprim^  dans  plasieurs  editions  du 
conte  de  Cendrillon  souliers  de  verre  (ce  qui  est 
absurde)  au  lieu  de  souliers  dt  vair,  c.  i  d.  souUeia 
fgurr6s  dc  \iix.—LiUt4, 


GLASSE. 


428 


GLEE-MAIDEN. 


'.•  All  the  earliest  editions,  however, 
have  fantotifles  en  verre,  not  vair.  (See 
Notes  ajid  Queries,  October  24,  1896, 
p.  331- ) 

Glasse  {Mrs.\  author  of  a  cookery- 
book,  immortalized  by  the  saying,  "  First 
catch  [skin'\  your  hare,  then  cook  it." 
Mrs.  Glasse  is  the  assumed  name  of  Dr. 
John  Hill  (1716-1775). 

A  great  variety  of  learned  dainties  which  Mrs.  Glasse 
herself  would  not  disdain  to  add  to  her  high-flavoured 
catalogue. — Edinburgh  Review. 

I  know  it  all,  from  a  lark  to  a  loin  of  beef ;  and  in  the 
economy  of  the  table,  wouldn't  hold  a  candle  to  Hannah 
Glasse  hcrselL—Cumder^and:  First  Love,  ii.  i  (1796). 

Glas'tonbury,  in  Arthurian  ro- 
mance, was  the  burial-place  of  king 
Arthur.  Selden,  in  his  Illustrations  of 
Drayton,  gives  an  account  of  Arthur's 
tomb  "betwixt  two  pillars,"  and  says 
that  "  Henry  II,  gave  command  to  Henry 
de  Bois  (then  abbot  of  Glastonbury)  to 
make  great  search  for  the  body  of  the 
British  king,  which  was  found  in  a 
wooden  coffin  some  i6  foote  deepe,  and 
afterwards  they  found  a  stone  on  whose 
lower  side  was  fixed  a  leaden  cross  with 
the  name  inscribed." 

Glastonbury  Thorn.  The  legend  is  that 
]oseph  of  Arimathea  stuck  his  staff  into 
the  ground  in  "  the  sacred  isle  of  Glas- 
tonbury," and  that  this  thorn  blossoms 
"on  Christmas  Day"  every  year.  St. 
Joseph  was  buried  at  Glastonbury, 

Not  great  Arthur's  tomb,  nor  holy  Joseph's  grave, 
From  sacrilege  had  power  their  sacred  bones  to  save  . . . 
lUere]  trees  in  winter  bloom  and  bear  their  summer's 
green. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  iii.  (1612). 

Glatisant,  the  questing  beast.  It 
had  the  head  of  a  serpent,  the  body  of  a 
libbard,  buttocks  of  a  lion,  foot  of  a  hart, 
and  in  its  body  "  there  was  a  noise  like 
that  of  thirty  couple  of  hounds  questing  " 
[i.e.  in  full  cry).  Sir  Palomi'dgs  the 
Saracen  was  for  ever  following  this  beast. 
— Sir  T.  Malory :  History  of  Prince 
Arthur,  ii.  52,  53.  149  (1470). 

Glati'ce  (2  syl.),  nurse  of  the  princess 
Brit'omart.  She  tried  by  charms  to 
"undo"  her  lady's  love  for  sir  Artegal, 
"  but  love  that  is  in  gentle  heart  begun, 
no  idle  charm  can  remove."  Finding  her 
sorcery  useless,  she  took  the  princess  to 
consult  Merlin,  and  Merlin  told  her  that 
by  marrying  Artegal  she  would  found  a 
race  of  kings  from  which  would  arise  "a 
royal  virgin  that  shall  shake  the  power  of 
Spain."  The  two  now  started  in  quest  of 
the  knight,  but  in  time  got  separated. 
Glaucd  became    •'  the    'squire  "    cf  sir 


Scu'damore,  but  reappears"  (bk.  ifi.  12) 
after  the  combat  between  Britomart  and 
Artegal,  reconciles  the  combatants,  and 
the  princess  consents  "to  be  the  love  of 
Artegal,  and  to  take  him  for  her  lord" 
(bk.  iv.  5,  6).— Spenser:  Faerie  Qucene 
(1590,  1596). 

6LAUCUS,  a  fisherman  of  Boeo'tia 
He  observed  that  all  the  fish  which  he 
laid  on  the  grass  received  fresh  vigour, 
and  immediately  leaped  into  the  sea. 
This  grass  had  been  planted  by  Kronos, 
and  when  Glaucus  tasted  it,  he  also 
leaped  into  the  sea,  and  became  a  pro- 
phetic marine  deity.  Once  a  year  he 
visited  all  the  coasts  of  Greece,  to  utter 
his  predictions.  Glaucus  is  the  sailors' 
patron  deity. 

[,By]  old  soothsaying  Glaucus'  spell. 

Milton  :  Comus,  874  (i634>. 
As  Glaucus,  when  he  tasted  of  the  herb 
That  made  him  peer  among  the  ocean  gods. 

Dante  :  Paradise,  i.  (1311). 

Glaucus,  son  of  Hippolytus.  Being 
smothered  in  a  tub  of  honey,  he  was 
restored  to  life  by  [al  dragon  given  him 
by  Escula'pios  (probably  a  medicine  so 
called). — Apollodorus:  Bibliotheca,  23. 

Glaucns,  in  lord  Lytton's  Last  Days 
of  Pompeii  (1834). 

Glaucus,  of  Chios,  inventor  of  the  art 
of  soldering  metal. — Pausanias  :  Itiner- 
ary of  Greece. 

Glaucus  {A  Second),  one  who  ruins 
himself  by  horses.  This  refers  to  Glaucus, 
son  of  Sis'yphos,  who  was  killed  by  his 
horses.  Some  say  he  was  trampled  to 
death  by  them,  and  some  that  he  was 
eaten  by  them. 

Glaucus,  or  The  Wonders  of  the 
Shore.  The  natural  history  of  the  beach, 
by  C.  Kingsley.(i855). 

Glaucus's  Swop,  Glauci  et Diomedis 
permutatio,  a  very  foolish  exchange. 
Homer  {Iliad,  vi.)  tells  us  that  Glaucus 
changed  his  golden  armour  for  the  iron 
one  of  Diomedfis.  The  French  say,  Cest 
le  troc  de  Glaucus  et  de  Diomede.  This 
Glaucus  was  the  grandson  of  Bellerophon. 
(In  Greek,  "Glaukos.") 

Glee-maiden  {The),  Louise,  who  has 
a  love-passage  with  the  son  of  Robert  III. 
of  Scotland.  After  the  death  of  the 
prince,  she  casts  herself  down  a  steep 
precipice,  and  is  never  heard  of  more. — 
Sit  W.  Scott :  The  Fair  Maid  of  Perth 
(1828}  (time,  Henry  IV.). 


GLEM. 

Glem,  the  scene  of  Arthur's  battle,  is 
in  Northumberland. 

The  fight  that  all  day  long 
Rang  by  the  white  mouth  of  the  violent  Glem. 
Tennyson. 

G-lenallan  [Joscelind  dowaf^er  count- 
ess of),  whose  funeral  takes  place  by 
torchlight  in  the  Catholic  chapel. 

The  earl  of  Glenallan,  son  of  the  dow- 
ager countess. — Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Anti- 
quary (time,  George  III.). 

Glenalvon,  heir  of  lord  Randolph. 
When  young  Norval,  the  son  of  lady 
Randolph,  makes  his  unexpected  appear- 
ance, Glenalvon  sees  in  him  a  rival,  whom 
he  hates.  He  insinuates  to  lord  Randolph 
that  the  young  man  is  a  suitor  of  lady 
Randolph's,  and,  having  excited  the  pas- 
sion of  jealousy,  contrives  to  bring  his 
lordship  to  a  place  where  he  witnesses 
their  endearments.  A  fight  ensues,  in 
which  Norval  slays  Glenalvon,  but  is  him- 
self slain  by  lord  Randolph,  who  then  dis- 
covers too  late  that  the  supposed  suitor  was 
his  wife's  son. — Hotne  :  Douglas  (1757). 

Glenarvon,  a  novel  by  lady  Caroline 
Lamb  (1816).  Its  object  is  to  represent 
the  dangers  arising  from  a  devotion  to 
fashion.  The  hero  is  said  to  be  meant 
for  lord  Byron. 

G-leucoe  (2  syl.),  the  scene  of  the 
massacre  of  M'lan  and  thirty-eight  of  his 
glenmen,  in  1692.  All  Jacobites  were 
commanded  to  submit  to  William  III.  by 
the  end  of  December,  1691.  M'lan  was 
detained  by  a  heavy  fall  of  snow,  and  sir 
John  Dalryraple,  the  master  of  Stair,  sent 
captain  Campbell  to  make  an  example  of 
"the  rebel" 

(Talfourd  has  a  drama  entitled  Glencoe, 
or  the  Fall  of  the  M' Donalds.) 

Glendale  {Sir  Richard),  a  papist 
conspirator  with  Redgauntlet. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Redgauntlet  (fimt,  George  III.), 

G-lendin'ning  [Ehpeth)  or  Ei.speth 
Brydone  (2  syl. ),  widow  of  Simon  Glen- 
dinning  of  the  Tower  of  Glendearg. 

Halbertz.T\d  Edward  Glendinni?ig,  sons 
of  Elspeth  Glendinning. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
The  Monastery  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Glendinning  [Sir  Halbert),  the 
knight  of  Avenel,  husband  of  lady  Mary 
of  Avenel  (2  syl.).— Sir  W.  Scott:  The 
Abbot  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Glendoveor',  plu.  Glendoveers,  the 
most  beautiful  of  the  good  spirits  of 
Hind^  mythology. 

.  .  .  the  glendoveers, 
The  loveliest  of  all  of  heavenly  birth. 
S*Mt*iy:  Curse  a/ Kekama,  tL  a  (1809). 


429 


GLORY. 


Glendow'er  (Owen),  a  Welsh  noble- 
man,  descended  from  Llewellyn  (last  of 
the  Welsh  kings).  Sir  Edmund  Mor- 
timer married  one  of  his  daughters. 
Shakespeare  makes  him  a  wizard,  but 
very  highly  accomplished.— Shakespeare : 
I  Henry  IV.  (1597). 

Glengarry.  So  M 'Donald  of  Glen- 
garry (who  gave  in  his  adhesion  to 
William  III.)  is  generally  called.  (See 
Glencoe.) 

Glenpro'sing-  {The  old  lady),  a 
neighbour  of  old  Jasper  Yellowley. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  The  Pirate  (time,  William 
III.). 

Glenthorn  {Lord),  the  hero  of  Miss 
Edgeworth's  novel  called  Enmd.  Spoiled 
by  indolence  and  bad  education,  he 
succeeds,  by  a  course  of  self-discipline,  in 
curing  his  mental  and  moral  faults,  and 
in  becoming  a  useful  member  of  society 
(1809). 

The  history  of  lord  Glenthom  affords  a  striking 
picture  oi ennui,  and  contains  some  excellent  delinea- 
tions of  character. — Chambers  :  English  LiteraCttrt, 
ii.  569. 

Glen var loch  {Lord),  or  Nigel  Oli- 
faunt,  the  hero  of  Scott's  novel  called 
The  Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Glinter,  the  palace  of  Foresti  "  the 
peace-maker,"  son  of  Balder.  It  stood 
on  pillars  of  gold,  and  had  a  silver  roof. 

Globe  of  Glass  [Reynards).  Rey- 
nard declared  it  would  reveal  what  was 
being  done,  no  matter  how  far  off;  and 
that  it  would  give  information  about  any- 
thing it  was  consulted  on.  This  famous 
globe,  according  to  Reynard,  was  set  in  a 
wooden  frame  which  no  one  could  injure. 
Reynard  asserted  that  he  had  sent  this 
valuable  treasure  to  the  queen  as  a  pre- 
sent ;  but  it  never  reached  her  majesty,  as 
it  had  no  existence  but  in  the  cunning 
brain  of  Master  Fox. — Heinrich  von  Alk- 
mann:  Reynard  the  Fox  (1498). 

Gloria'na,  ' '  the  greatest  glorious 
queen  of  Faery-land.  "* 

By  Gloriana  I  mean  [/?i^f1  Glory  in  my  general  in- 
tention, but  in  my  particular  I  conceive  the  most 
excellent  and  glorious  person  of  our  sovereign  the 
queen  [Elizabeth],  and  her  kingdom  is  Faerye-land.— 
Spenser  :  Introduction  to  the  Fafrie  Queene  (1590). 

Glorious  John,  John  Dryden 
(1631-1701). 

Glorious  Preacher  {T/te),  St.  John 
Chrysostom  (i.e.  fohn  Goldenmouth, 
354-407). 

Glory  {Old),  sir  Francis  Burden 
(1770-1844). 


GLORY  HOLE. 


430 


GLUTTON. 


Glory  Hole,  a  cupboard,  ottoman, 
box,  or  other  receptacle,  where  anything 
may  be  thrown  for  the  nonce  to  get  it  out 
of  sight  rapidly.  A  cupboard  at  the  head 
of  a  staircase  for  brooms,  etc.,  is  so 
called. 

Glosiovellir,  the  Scandinavian 
paradise. 

Glossin  [Gilbert),  a  knavish  lawyer, 
who  purchases  the  EUangowan  estate, 
and  is  convicted  by  counsellor  Pleydell 
of  kidnapping  Henry  Bertrand  the  heir. 
Both  Glossin  and  Dirk  Hatteraick,  his 
accomplice,  are  sent  to  prison  ;  and  in 
the  night  Hatteraick  first  strangles  the 
lawyer  and  then  hangs  himself. — Sir  W. 
Scott :  Guy  Mannering  (time,  George 
IL). 

GLOUCESTER  [The  duke  of), 
brother  of  Charles  II.— Sir  W.  Scott: 
Woodstock  (time,  Commonwealth). 

Gloucester  [Richard  duke  of),  in  the 
court  of  king  Edward  IV. — Sir  IV. 
Scott:  Anne  of  Geierstein  (time,  Edward 
IV.). 

Gloucester  {Robert  of)  wrote  a 
History  of  England  in  rhyme,  from  the 
age  of  Brute  or  Brutus  to  about  1300.  It 
is  Geoffrey's  Chronicle  in  bad  verse.  He 
iived  in  the  reign  of  Henry  III. 

Gloucester  [The  earl  of),  in  the 
court  of  king  Henry  II. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
The  Betrothed  (time,  Henry  II.). 

Glover  [Simon),  the  old  glover  of 
Perth,  and  father  of  the  "  fair  maid." 

Catherine  Glover,  "  the  fair  maid  of 
Perth,"  daughter  of  Simon  the  glover, 
and  subsequently  bride  of  Henry  Smith 
the  armourer. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  Fair 
Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Glover  [Heins),  the  betrothed  of  Trud- 
chen  [\.e..Gertrude'\  Pavilion,  daughter  of 
the  syndic's  wife. — Sir  W.  Scott  :  Quen- 
tin  Durward  (time,  Edward  IV. ). 

Glowrowrum  [The  old  lady),  a 
friend  of  Magnus  Troil. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
The  Pirate  (time,  William  III.), 

Glubduls'drib,  the  land  of  sorcerers 
and  magicians,  where  Gulliver  was 
shown  many  of  the  great  men  of  anti- 
quity.— Swift:  Gulliver's  Travels  [1726). 

Gliick,  a  German  musical  composer, 
greatly  patronized  by  Mary  Antoinette. 
Young  France  set  up  against  him  the 
Italian  Piccini.  Between  1774  and  1780 
every  street,  coffee-house,  school,  and 
drawing-room    of    Paris    canvassed  the 


merits  of  these  two  composers,  not  on 
the  score  of  their  respective  talents,  but 
as  the  representatives  of  the  German  and 
Italian  schools  of  music.  The  partisans 
of  the  German  school  were  called  Gliick- 
ists,  and  those  of  the  Italian  school 
Piccinists. 

Est-ce  Gluck,  est-ce  Puccini, 

8ue  doit  couronner  Pclymnie! 
one  entre  Gliick  et  I'ucciai 
Tout  le  Parnasse  est  d^suni. 
L'un  soutient  ce  que  I'autre  iiie, 
Et  Clio  veut  battre  Uranie. 
Pour  moi,  qui  crains  tout  manie, 
Plus  irrrfsolu  que  Babouc 
N'6pousant  liccini  ni  Gliick, 
Je  n'y  connais  rien :  ergo  Gliick. 

^  A  similar  contest  raged  in  Eng- 
land between  the  Bononcinists  and 
Handelists.  The  prince  of  Wales  was 
the  leader  of  the  Handel  or  German 
party,  and  the  duke  of  Marlborough  of 
the  Bononcini  or  Italian  school.  (See 
Tweedledum.) 

Glumdalca,  queen  of  the  giants, 
captive  in  the  court  of  king  Arthur. 
The  king  cast  love-glances  at  her,  and 
made  queen  DoUallolla  jealous  ;  but  the 
giantess  loved  lord  Grizzle,  and  lord 
Grizzle  loved  the  princess  Huncamunca, 
and  Huncamunca  loved  the  valiant  Tom 
Thumb. — Tom  Thumb,  by  Fielding  the 
novelist  (1730),  altered  by  O'Hara,  author 
of  Midas  (1778). 

Glum-darditcli,  a  girl  nine  years 
old  "and  only  forty  feet  high."  Being 
such  a  "little  thing,"  the  charge  of 
Gulliver  was  committed  to  her  during 
his  sojourn  in  Brobdingnag. — Swift : 
Gulliver's  Travels, 

Soon  as  Glumdalclitch  missed  her  pleasing  care, 
She  wept,  she  blubbered,  and  she  tore  her  hair. 
Pope. 

Glumms,  the  male  population  of 
the  imaginary  country  Nosmnbdsgrsutt, 
visited  by  Peter  Wilkins.  The  glumms, 
like  the  females,  called  gawreys  [q.v. ),  had 
wings,  which  served  both  for  flying  and 
dress.— Pultock  :  Peter  Wilkins  (1750). 

Glutton  [The),  Vitellius  the  Roman 
emperor  (born  A.D.  15,  began  to  reign 
A.D.  69,  and  died  the  same  year). 
Visiting  the  field  after  the  battle  of 
Bedriac,  in  Gaul,  he  exclaimed,  "The 
body  of  a  dead  enemy  is  a  delightful 
perfume." 

H  Charles  IX.  of  France,  when  he 
went  in  grand  procession  to  visit  the 
gibbet  on  which  admiral  Coligny  was 
hanging,  had  the  wretched  heartlessness 
to  exclaim,  in  doggerel  verse — 

Fragrance  sweeter  than  the  roM 
Rises  from  our  slaughtered  foes. 


GLUTTON.  43» 

Glutton  {The),  Gabius  Apicius,  who 
lived  during  the  reign  of  Tiberius.  He 
spent  _;^8oo,ooo  on  the  luxuries  of  the 
table,  and  when  only  ^^80,000  of  his  large 
fortune  remained,  he  hanged  himself, 
thinking  death  preferable  to  "starvation 
on  such  a  miserable  pittance."  (See 
LUCULLUS.) 

Gna,  the  messenger  of  Frigga.— 
Scandinavian  Mythology. 

Goats.  The  Pleiades  are  called  in 
Spain  Tht  Seven  Little  Goats. 

'   So  It  happened  that  we  passed  close  to  the  Seven 
Little  Goats.— Cervantes :  Don  Quixote,  II.  iii.  5  <i6i5). 

•,*  Sancho  Panza  affirmed  that  two 
of  the  goats  were  of  a  green  colour,  two 
carnation,  two  blue,  and  one  motley ; 
"  but,"  he  adds,  "  no  he-goat  or  cuckold 
ever  passes  beyond  the  horns  of  the 
moon. 

Goatsnose,  a  prophet,  bom  deaf  and 
dumb,  who  uttered  his  predictions  by 
signs. — Rabelais :  Pantag'ruel,  iii,  20 
(1545)- 

Gobbo  {Old),  the  father  of  Launcelot. 
He  was  stone  blind. 

Launcelot  Gobbo,  son  of  Old  Gobbo. 
He  left  the  service  of  Shylock  the  Jew 
for  that  of  Biissa'nio  a  Christian.  Launce- 
lot Gobbo  is  one  of  the  famous  clowns  of 
Shakespeare. — Shakespeare  :  Merchant  of 
Venice  (1698). 

Gob'ilyve  [Godfrey),  the  assumed 
name  of  False  Report.  He  is  described 
as  a  dwarf,  with  great  head,  large  brows, 
hollow  eyes,  crooked  nose,  hairy  cheeks, 
a  pied  beard,  hanging  lips,  and  black 
teeth.  His  neck  was  short,  his  shoulders 
awry,  his  breast  fat,  his  arms  long,  his 
legs  "  kewed,"  and  he  rode  "  brigge-a- 
bragge  on  a  little  nag."  He  told  sir 
Graunde  Amoure  he  was  wandering  over 
the  world  to  find  a  virtuous  wife,  but 
hitherto  without  success.  Lady  Correc- 
tion met  the  party,  and  commanded 
Gobilyve  {3  syl.)  to  be  severely  beaten 
for  a  lying  varlet. — Hawes :  The  Passe- 
ty  me  of  Pie  sure,  xxix.,  xxxi.,  xxxii.  (1515). 

Goblin  Stories,  by  the  brothers 
Grimm,  in  German  prose  {1812).  They 
have  been  translated  into  English. 

God.  Full  of  the  god,  full  of  wine, 
partly  intoxicated. 

God  made  the  countty,  and  man  made 
the  town. — Cowper's  Task  ("  The  Sofa  "). 
Varro,  in  his  De  Re  Rustica,  has,  "Divina 


GODFREY  CASE. 


Natura  agros  dedit,  ars  humana  aedificavit 
urbes." 

God  sides  with  the  strongest.  Napoleon 
L  said,  "  Le  bon  Dieu  est  toujours  du 
cot6  des  gros  bataillons."  Julius  Caesar 
made  the  same  remark. 

God  Save  the  King.  (See  2  fCings 
xi,  12;  I  Sam.  x.  24.)  To  avoid  the 
wretched  rhyme  of  "  laws  "  and  "  voice  " 
in  our  National  Anthem,  I  would  suggest 
the  following  triplet : — 

May  she  our  laws  defend. 
Long  live  the  nation's  friend. 
And  make  all  discord  end : 
God  save  the  Queen. 

God's  Acre,  a  churchyard  or  cemfr 
tery. 

I  like  that  ancient  Saxon  phrase  which  calls 
The  burial-ground  God's  Acre  I 

Long/ellow :  God's  Acre. 

God's  Table.  The  Korhn  informs 
us  that  God  has  written  down,  in  what 
is  called  "The  Preserved  Table,"  every 
event,  past,  present,  and  to  come,  from 
the  beginning  to  the  end  of  time.  The 
most  minute  are  not  omitted  (ch.  vi.). 

God's  Token,  a  peculiar  eruption  on 
the  skin  ;  a  certain  indication  of  death 
in  those  afflicted  with  the  plague. 

A  Will  and  a  Tolling  bell  are  as  present  death  as 
Gods  token.— ric/»  H'ise  Men  and  all  the  rest  Fools 
(1619). 

Godam,  a  nickname  applied  by  the 
French  to  the  English,  in  allusion  to  a 
once  popular  oath. 

Godfrey  [de  Bouillon],  the  chosen 
chief  of  the  allied  crusaders,  who  went  to 
wrest  Jerusalem  from  the  hands  of  the 
Saracens.  Calm,  circumspect,  prudent, 
and  brave,  he  despised  "worldly  empire, 
wealth,  and  fame." — Tasso  :  Jerusalem 
Delivered  (1575). 

Godfrey  [Sir  Edmondbury),  a  magis- 
trate killed  by  the  papists.  He  was  very 
active  in  laying  bare  their  nefarious 
schemes,  and  his  body  was  found  pierced 
with. his  own  sword,  in  1678. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles 

n.). 

•.•  Dryden  calls  sir  Edmondbury 
"Agag,"  and  Dr.  Titus  Oates  he  calls 
"Corah." 

Corah  might  for  Agagf's  murder  call. 
In  terms  as  coarse  as  Samuel  used  to  Saul. 
Absalom  and  Achitophel,  i.  677,  678  (1681). 

Godfrey  [Miss),  an  heiress,  daughter 
of  an  Indian  governor. — Foote  :  The 
Liar{i76x). 

Godfrey  Case,  in  George  Eliot's 
(Mrs.  J.  VV.  Cross)  novel  oi  Silas  Mamer, 
marries  Nancy  Lammeter  {1861). 


GODINEZ. 


432    GOETZ  VON  BERLICHINGEN. 


God'inez  [Doctor),  a  schoolmaster, 
•'  the  most  expert  flogger  in  Oviedo " 
\Ov-e-a'-do'\.  He  taught  Gil  Bias,  and 
"in  six  years  his  worthy  pupil  under- 
stood a  little  Greek,  and  was  a  tolerable 
Latin  scholar." — Lesage :  Gil  Bias,  i. 
(1715)- 

Godi'va  or  Godgfifu,  wife  of  earl 
Leofric  earl  of  Mercia.  The  tale  is  that 
she  persistently  begged  her  husband  to 
remit  a  certain  tax  which  oppressed  the 
people  of  Coventry.  Leofric,  annoyed 
at  her  importunity,  told  her  he  would  do 
so  when  she  had  ridden  on  horseback 
naked  through  the  city  at  midday  (mean- 
ing never) ;  but  the  countess  took  him  at 
his  word,  gave  orders  that  all  people 
should  shut  up  their  windows  and  doors, 
and  she  actually  rode  naked  through  the 
town,  and  delivered  the  people  from  the 
tax.  The  tale  further  says  that  all  the 
people  did  as  the  lady  bade  them  except 
Peeping  Tom,  who  looked  out,  and  was 
struck  blind. 

The  tale  is  told  by  Dugdale,  and  Is 
supposed  to  have  occurred  somewhere 
about  1057. 

•.•  Rapin  says  that  the  countess  com- 
manded all  persons  to  keep  within  doors, 
and  away  from  windows  during  her  ride. 
One  man,  named  Tom  of  Coventry,  took 
a  peep  at  the  lady  as  she  passed  by,  but 
it  cost  him  his  life. 

•.•  This  legend  is  told  at  length  by 
Drayton,  in  his  Polyolbion,  xiii.  (1613). 

Tennyson,  in  his  Godiva,  has  reproduced 
this  story  (1842). 

N.B. — Matthew  of  Westminster  (1307) 
is  the  first  to  record  the  story  of  lady 
Godiva,  but  the  addition  of  Peeping  Tom 
dates  from  the  reign  of  Charles  H.  In 
Smithfield  Wall  is  a  grotesque  figfure  of 
the  inquisitive  Tom,  *'  in  flowing  wig  and 
Stuart  cravat." 

S  In  regard  to  the  terms  granted  by 
Leofric  to  lady  Godiva,  it  may  be  men- 
tioned that  Rudder,  in  his  History  of 
Gloucester,  informs  us  that  "the  privilege 
of  cutting  wood  in  the  Herdiioles  was 
granted  to  the  parishioners  of  St. 
Briavel's  Castle,  in  Gloucestershire,  on 
precisely  similar  terms  by  the  earl  of 
Hereford,  who  was,  at  the  time,  lord  ot 
Dean  Forest." 

Godless  Florins,  English  two- 
sliilling  pieces  issued  by  Shiel  when 
master  of  the  mint.  He  was  a  Roman 
Catholic,  and  left  out  F.D.  [defender  of  the 
faith)  from  the  legend.  They  were  issued 
and  called  in  the  same  year  (1849). 


I  have  one  of  these  florins  before  tne.  Both  F.D. 
and  D.G.  are  omitted.  Hence  they  were  both  GadUss 
and  also  Graceless  Florins. 

Godmanchestsr  Hogfs  and 
Huntingdon  Sturg'eon. 

During  a  very  high  flood  in  the  meadows  between 
Huntingdon  and  Godmanchester,  something  was  seen 
floating,  which  the  Godmanchester  people  thought  was 
a  black  hog,  and  the  Huntingdon  folk  declared  was 
a  sturgeon.  When  rescued  from  the  water,  it  proved 
to  be  a  young  donkey. — Lord  Braybrookt  (Pepys, 
Diary,  May  22,  /667). 

Godmer,  a  British  giant,  son  of 
Albion,  slain  by  Canu'tus  one  of  the 
companions  of  Brute. 

Those  three  monstrous  stones  .  .  . 
Which  that  huge  son  of  hideous  Albion, 
Great  Godmer,  threw  in  fierce  contention 
At  bold  Canutus  ;  but  of  him  was  slain. 

Spenser  ;  Fai'rie  Queene,  ii.  10  (1590). 

Godolphin,  a  novel  by  lord  Lytton 
(1833). 

Goemag'ot's  Leap,  or  '*  Lam  Goe- 
magot,"  now  called  Haw,  near  Plymouth  ; 
the  place  where  the  giant  fell  when  Corin'- 
eus  [3  syl.)  tossed  him  down  the  craggy 
rocks,  by  which  he  was  mangled  to 
pieces. — Geoffrey:  British  History,  i,  i6 
(1142). 

•.•  Southey  calls  the  word  Lan-gcB- 
mdgog.     (See  Gogmagog.  ) 

Goemot  or  Goemagfot,  a  British 
giant,  twelve  cubits  high,  and  of  such 
prodigious  strength  that  he  could  pull  up 
a  full-grown  oak  at  one  tug.  Same  as 
Gogmagog  [q.v.). 

On  a  certain  day,  when  Brutus  was  holding  a  solemn 
festival  to  the  gods,  .  .  .  this  giant,  with  twenty  more 
of  his  companions,  came  in  upon  tlie  Britons,  among 
whom  he  made  a  dreadful  slaughter  ;  but  the  Britoas 
at  last  .  .  .  killed  them  every  one  but  Goemagot  .  .  . 
him  Brutus  preserved  alive,  out  of  a  desire  to  see  a 
combat  between  the  giant  and  Corineus,  who  took 
delight  in  such  encounters.  .  .  .  Corineus  carried  liim 
to  the  top  of  a  liigh  rock,  and  tossed  him  into  the  sea. 
—Geeffrey  :  British  History,  L  16  (1142). 

Goer'vyl,  sister  of  prince  Madoc,  and 
daughter  of  Owen  late  king  of  North 
Wales.  She  accompanied  her  brother  to 
America,  and  formed  one  of  the  colony 
of  Caer-madoc,  south  of  the  Missouri 
(twelfth  century).  —  Southey  :  Madoc 
(1805). 

Goethe,  a  German  novelist,  poet,  etc. 
(1749-1832),  published— 

The  AchilHad,  about  1800. 
FarienUhre,  1810. 

Hermann  and  D*r*the»  (a  poem),  1797. 
Metatnirpkosis  af  Plants  (an  essay),  1790 
Werther  (a  romanc<;i,  1774. 

l^'ilhelm  Meister  (a  romance),  pt.  L  In  1794-96; 
pt  ii.,  1821. 

• .  •  For  dramatic  works,  see  Faust,  etc. 
Appendix  II. 

Goetz     Ton     Berlicliingen,    oi 

Gottfried  of  the  Iron  Hand,  a  famous 


GOFFE. 


German  bui-grave,  who  lost  his  right 
hand  at  the  siege  of  Landshut.  The  iron 
hand  which  replaced  the  one  he  had  lost 
is  still  shown  at  Juxthausen,  the  place  of 
his  birth.  Gottfried  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  wars  of  independence  against 
the  electors  of  Brandenberg  and  Bavaria, 
in  the  sixteenth  centviry  (1480-1562).  (See 
Silver  Hand.) 

(Goethe  has  made  this  the  title  and 
subject  of  an  historical  drama. ) 

Goffe  {Captain),  captain  of  the  pirate 
yesseL— i'iV  W.  Scott:  The  Pirate  (time, 
William  III.). 

Gog,  according  to  Ezek.  xxxviii,, 
xxxix,,  was  "prince  of  Magog"  (a 
country  or  people).  Calmet  says  Cam- 
by'sgs  king  of  Persia  is  meant ;  but  others 
think  Antiochus  Epiph'anSs  is  alluded  to. 

Gogf,  in  Rev.  xx.  7-9,  means  Anti- 
christ. Gog  and  Magog,  in  conjunction, 
mean  all  princes  of  the  earth  who  are 
enemies  of  the  Christian  Church. 

(Sale  says  Gog  is  a  Turkish  tribe. — 
A I  Koran,  xviii.  note.) 

Gog  and  Magog.  Prester  John,  in 
his  letter  to  Manuel  Comnenus,  emperor 
of  Constantinople,  speaks  of  Gog  and 
Magog  as  two  separate  nations  tributary 
to  him.  These,  with  thirteen  others,  he 
says,  are  now  shut  up  behind  inaccessible 
mountains,  but  at  the  end  of  the  world 
they  will  be  let  loose,  and  will  overrun  the 
whole  earth.  — A  Ibericus  (Trium  Fontium ) : 
Chronicles  (1242). 

IT  Sale  tells  us  that  Gog  and  Magog 
are  called  by  the  Arabs  "Yajlij"  and 
••  MajClj,"  which  are  two  nations  or  tribes 
descended  from  Japhet,  son  of  Noah. 
Gog,  according  to  some  authorities,  is  a 
Turkish  tribe;  and  Magog  is  the  tribe 
called  ' '  Gildn  "  by  Ptolemy,  and  ' '  Geli " 
or  "  Galse"  by  Strabo. — Al  Kordn,  xviii. 
note. 

IT  Respecting  the  re-appearance  of  Gog 
and  Magog,  the  Kor&n  says,  "  They  [the 
dead]  shall  not  return  .  .  .  till  Gog  and 
Magog  have  a  passage  opened  for  them, 
and  they  [the  dead]  shall  hasten  from 
every  high  nill,"  i.e.  the  resurrection  (ch. 
xxi. ). 

Gog  and  Magog  in  London.   The 

two  statues  of  Guildhall  so  called  are  in 
reality  the  statues  of  Gogmagog  or  Goe- 
magot  and  Corineus  (3  syl.),  referred  to 
in  the  next  article.  (See  also  Corineus.) 
The  Albion  giant  is  known  by  his  pole-axe 
and  spiked  ball.  Two  statues  so  called 
stood  on  the  same  spot  in  the  reign  of 


433  GOLD  HAIR. 

Henry  V. ;  but  those  now  seen  were  made 
by  Richard  Saunders,  in  1708,  and  are 
fourteen  feet  in  height. 

In  Hone's  time,  children  and  country  risitors  were 
told  that  every  day,  when  the  giants  heard  the  clock 
strike  twelve,  they  came  down  to  dinner. — Old  and 
New  London,  i.  387. 

Another  tale  was  that  they  then  fell 
foul  of  each  other  in  angry  combat. 

Gog'magog,  king  of  the  Albion 
giants,  eighteen  feet  in  height,  killed  by 
Corin  in  a  wrestling-match,  and  flung  by 
him  over  the  Hoe  or  Haw  of  Plymouth. 
For  this  achievement,  Brute  gave  his 
follower  ail  that  horn  of  land  now  called 
Cornwall,  Cor'n[w]all,  a  contraction  of 
Corinall.  The  contest  is  described  by 
Drayton  in  his  Polyolbion,  i.  (1612). 

E'en  thus  unmoved 
Stood  Corineus,  the  sire  of  Gueudolen, 
When,  erappling  with  his  monstrous  enemy, 
He  the  brute  vastness  held  aloft,  and  bore, 
And  headlong  hurled,  all  shattered  to  the  sea, 
Down  from  the  rock's  high  summit,  since  that  day 
Called  Lan-'gaema'gog. 

Southey:  yoan  of  Arc,  viii.  395. 

IT  Spenser  throws  the  accent  of  Corineus 
on  the  second  syllable,  Southey  on  the 
first,  while  Drayton  makes  it  a  word  of 
four  syllables,  and  accents  the  third. 

Gog'magog  Hill,  the  higher  of  the 
two  hills  some  three  miles  south-east  of 
Cambridge.  It  once  belonged  to  the 
Balsham  Hills,  but  "being  rude  and 
bearish,  regarding  neither  God  nor  man," 
it  was  named  in  reproach  Gogmagog. 
The  legend  is  that  this  Gogmagog  Hill 
was  once  a  huge  giant,  who  fell  in  love 
with  the  nymph  Granta,  and,  meeting 
her  alone,  told  her  all  his  heart,  saying — 

"  Sweeting  mine,  if  thou  mine  own  wilt  be, 
I've  many  a  pretty  gaud  I  keep  in  store  for  thee : 
A  nest  of  broad-faced  owls,  and  goodly  urchins  too 
(Nay,  nymph,  take  heed  of  mo,  when  I  begin  to  woo> 
And  better  far  than  that,  a  bulchin  two  years  old, 
A  curled-pate  calf  it  is,  and  oft  could  have  been  sold  ; 


And  yet  besides  all  this,  I've  goodly  bear-whelps  tway, 
Full  dainty  for  my  joy  when  she's  disposed  to  play ; 
And  twenty  sows  of  lead  to  make  our  wedding  ring ; " 


but  the  saucy  nymph  only  mocked  the 
giant,  and  told  his  love-story  to  the 
Muses,  and  all  made  him  their  jest  and 
sport  and  laughter.  —  Drayton  :  Poly- 
olbion, xxi.  (1622). 

Goitre. 

When  we  were  boys. 
Who  would  believe  that  there  were  mountaineers 
Dew-lapp'd  like  bulls,  whose  throats  had  hanging  at  'em 
Wallets  of  flesh  t 

Shakespeare:  The  Tetnpest,  act  iii.  sc  3  (1609). 

Gold  Hair,  a  true  story  of  Pornic.  A 
young  girl  died  there  in  the  odour  of 
sanctity,  and  was  buried  near  the  high 
altar  of  the  church  of  St.  Gilles.  Years 
after,  the  pavement  was  taken  up  over  her 
grave^  and  thirty  double  louis  were  found, 


GOLD  OF  NIBELUNGEN.  434 

which  had  been  buried  in  her  gold  hair  at 
her  own  request. — Browning:  Poems 
(1864). 

Gold  of  Nibelnngfen  {The),  un- 
lucky wealth.  ' '  To  have  the  gold  of 
Nibelungen "  is  to  have  a  possession 
which  seems  to  bring  a  curse  with  it. 
The  uncle  who  murdered  ' '  the  babes  in 
the  wood  "  for  their  estates  and  money, 
got  the  "  gold  of  Nibelungen  ;  "  nothing 
from  that  moment  went  well  with  him — 
his  cattle  died,  his  crops  failed,  his  barns 
were  destroyed  by  fire  or  tempest,  and 
he  was  reduced  to  utter  ruin.  (See 
Nibelungen.)— /<r^/a«fl??V  Edda. 

Gold  of  Tolo'sa  {The),  ill  gains, 
which  never  prosper.  The  reference  is 
to  Caepio  the  Roman  consul,  who,  on  his 
march  to  Gallia  Narbonensis,  stole  from 
Tolosa  {Toulouse)  the  gold  and  silver 
consecrated  by  the  Cimbrian  Druids  to 
their  gods.  He  was  utterly  defeated  by 
the  Cimbrians,  and  some  112,000  Romans 
were  left  dead  on  the  field  of  battle  (B.C. 
io6).    (See  Harmonia's  Necklace.) 

Gold  Poured  down  the  Throat. 

Marcus Licin'ius Crassus, sur named  "The 
Rich,"  one  of  the  first  Roman  triumvirate, 
tried  to  make  himself  master  of  Parthia, 
but  being  defeated  and  brought  captive 
to  Oro'dfis  king  of  Parthia,  he  was  put  to 
death  by  having  molten  gold  poured  down 
his  throat.  "Sate  thy  greed  with  this," 
said  Orod^s. 

IT  Manlius  Nepos  Aquilius  tried  to 
restore  the  kings  of  Bithynia  and  Cappa- 
do'cia,  dethroned  by  MithridatSs ;  but 
being  unsuccessful  and  made  prisoner,  he 
was  put  to  death  by  Mithridatis  by  molten 
gold  poured  down  his  throat. 

1[  In  hell,  the  avaricious  are  punished 
in  the  same  way,  according  to  the  Shep- 
hearde's  Calendar. 

And  ladles  full  of  melted  gold 
Were  poured  adown  their  throats. 

Thi  Dead  Man's  Song  (iS79)- 

Gol'demar  {Kin^),  a  house-spirit, 
sometimes  called  king  Vollmar.  He 
lived  three  years  with  Neveling  von 
Hardenberg,  on  the  Hardenstein  at  the 
Ruhr,  and  the  chamber  in  which  he  lived 
is  still  called  VoUmar's  chamber.  This 
house-spirit,  though  sensible  to  the  touch, 
was  invisible.  It  played  beautifully  on 
the  hi.rp,  talked  freely,  revealed  secrets, 
and  played  dice.  One  day,  a  person 
determined  to  discover  its  whereabouts, 
but  Goldemar  cut  him  to  pieces  and 
cooked   the  different  parts.     Never  after 


GOLDEN  GATE. 

this  was  there  any  trace  of  the  spirit. 
The  roasted  fragments  disappeared  in  the 
Lorrain  war  in  1651,  but  the  pot  in  which 
the  man's  head  was  boiled  was  built  into 
the  kitchen  wall  of  Neveling  von  Harden- 
berg, where  it  remains  to  this  day. — 
Steinen  :  German  Mythology,  477. 

Golden  Ass  {The),  a  romance  in 
Latin  by  Apule'ius  (5  syl.),  in  eleven 
books.  It  is  the  adventures  of  Lucian,  a 
young  man  who  had  been  transformed 
into  an  ass  but  still  retained  his  human 
consciousness.  It  tells  us  the  miseries 
which  he  suffered  at  the  hands  of  robbers, 
eunuchs,  magistrates,  and  so  on,  till  the 
time  came  for  him  to  resume  his  proper 
form.  It  is  full  of  wit,  racy  humour,  and 
rich  fancy ;  and  contains  the  exquisite 
episode  of  Cupid  and  Psy'che  (bks.  iv., 
v.,  vi.). 

(This  very  famous  satire,  together  with 
the  Asinus  of  Lucian,  was  founded  on  a 
satire  of  the  same  name  by  Lucius  of 
Patrae,  and  has  been  imitated  in  modern 
times  by  Niccolo  Machiavelli,  T,  Taylor, 
in  1822,  published  a  translation  of  the 
Aureus  Asinus  ;  and  sir  G.  Head,  in  1851. 
Lafontaine  has  an  imitation  of  the  episode ; 
and  Mrs.  Tighe  turned  it  into  Spenserian 
verse  in  1805. ) 

(Boccaccio  has  borrowed  largely  from 
The  Golden  Ass,  and  the  incidents  of  the 
robbers  in  Gil  Bias  are  taken  from  it. ) 

Golden  Drag-on  of  Bmgfes  ( The). 
The  golden  dragon  was  taken  in  one  of 
the  crusades  from  the  church  of  St.  Sophia 
at  Constantinople,  and  placed  on  the  belfry 
of  Bruges ;  but  Philip  van  Artevelde  (2 
syl.)  transported  it  to  Ghent,  where  it 
still  adorns  the  belfry. 

Savr   great    Artevelde    victorious   scale    the    Golden 
Dragon's  nesf. 

Longfellow  :  The  Belfry  of  Bruges. 

Golden  Fleece  {The),  the  fleece  of 
the  ram  which  transported  Phryxos  to 
Colchis.  When  Phryxos  arrived  there, 
he  sacrificed  the  ram  and  gave  the  fleece 
to  king  MJixt's,,  who  hung  it  on  a  sacred 
oak.  It  was  stolen  by  Jason,  in  his 
"Argonautic  expedition." 

The  Golden  Fleece  of  the  North.  Fur 
and  peltry  of  Siberia  are  so  called. 

Golden  Fountain  ( The),  a  fountain 
which  in  twenty-four  hours  would  convert 
any  metal  or  mineral  into  gold. — R. 
Johnson  :  The  Seven  Champions  oj 
Christendom,  ii.  4  (1617). 

Golden  Gate  of  Constantinople, 
added  by  Theodosius  to  Constantine's 
wall     It  consists  of  a  triumphal  arch, 


GOLDEN  HORN. 


435 


GOLIARDS. 


sttrmonr.ted  with  a  bronze  statue  of 
Victory.  The  gnte  is  amply  decorated 
with  gilt  ornaments  and  inscriptions. 
(See  Count  Robert  of  Paris,  ii.,  by  sir  W. 
Scott.) 

Golden  Horn  [The),  the  inlet  cf 
the  BosphSrus  on  which  Constantinople 
stands ;  so  called  from  its  shape  and 
beauty. 

Golden  Leg'ends  ( The ),  a  collection 
of  hagiology,  made  in  the  tbirteenih 
century  by  James  de  Voragine,  a  Domini- 
can. The  legends  consist  of  177  sections, 
each  of  which  is  devoted  to  a  particular 
saint  or  festival,  arranged  in  the  order  of 
the  calendar.  Lx)ngfellow  wrote  a  drama- 
tic poem  so  called  (1851). 

Golden  Blouth,  St.  Chrysostom 
(347-407).  The  name  is  the  Greek 
chrusos  stoma,  "  gold  mouth." 

Golden  State  {The},  California,  in 
North  America. 

Golden  Stream  { The),  Joannes  Da- 
tnascenus  (died  756), 

Golden-tongnied  {The).  St.  Peter  of 
Ravenna  (433-450).  Our  equivalent  is  a 
free  translation  of  the  Greek  chrysoFcgos 
(chrusos  logos,  "  gold  discourse  "). 

Golden  Valley  {The),  the  eastern 
portion  of  Limerick ;  so  called  from  its 
great  fertility. 

Golden  Water  ( The).  One  drop  of 
this  water  in  the  basin  of  a  fountain  would 
fill  it,  and  then  throw  up  a  Jet  deau  of 
exquisite  device.  It  was  called  "golden  " 
because  the  water  looked  like  liquid  gold. 
— Arabian  Nights  ("The  Two  Sisters," 
the  last  tale). 

(In  Chery  and  Fairstar,  by  the  com- 
tesse  D'Aulnoy,  the  "golden  water"  is 
called  the  "  dancing  water.") 

Goldfinch.  [Charles),  a  vulgar,  horsy 
fellow,  impudent  and  insolent  in  manner, 
who  flirts  with  Widow  Warren,  and  con- 
spires with  her  and  the  Jew  Silky  to 
destroy  Mr.  Warren's  will.  By  this  will 
the  widow  was  left  ;^6oo  a  year,  but  the 
bulk  of  the  property  went  to  Jack  Milford 
his  natural  son,  and  Sophia  Freelove  the 
daughter  of  Widow  Warren  by  a  former 
marriage.    (See  Beagle,  p.  98.) 

Father  wis  a  sugar-baker,  grandfather  i  slop-seller, 
I'm  a  gentleman.— /^oA:r^;  The  Road  to  Ruin,  ii.  i 
(X792). 

Goldiebirds  [Messrs.),  creditors  of 
sir  Arthur  Wardour.—5tr  W.  Scott:  The 
Antiquary  (time,  George  III.). 

Gold-mine    [The)  or    Miller   of 


Grenoble,    a    drama    by    E,    Stirling 
(1854),    (For  the  plot,  see  Simon.) 

Gold-mine  of  Europe  {The). 
Transylvania  was  once  so  called  ;  but 
the  supply  of  gold  obtained  therefrono 
has  now  very  greatly  diminished. 

Gold-mines  {King  0/ the),  a  powerful, 
handsome  prince,  who  was  just  about  to 
marry  the  princess  All- Fair,  when  Yellow 
Dwarf  claimed  her  as  his  betrothed,  and 
carried  her  to  Steel  Castle  on  a  Spanish 
cat.  (For  the  rest  of  the  tale,  see  All- 
Fair,  p.  ■zS.)—Comtesse  d' Aulnoy :  The 
Yellow  Dwarf  {i6B-2). 

Gold-purse  of  Spain,  Andalu'cia, 
from  which  city  Spain  derives  its  chief 
wealth. 

Goldsmith  {Oliver). 

Here  lies  Nolly  Goldsmith,  for  shortness  called  NoH, 
Who  wrote  like  an  angel,  and  talked  like  poor  poll. 
Da-vid  Garrick. 

Goldsmith  {Rev.  J.),  one  of  the  many 
pseudonyms  adopted  by  sir  Richard 
Phillips,  in  a  series  of  school  books. 
Some  other  of  his  false  names  were  the 
Rev.  David  Blair,  James  Adair,  Rev.  C. 
Clarke,  etc.,  with  noted  French  names 
for  educational  French  books. 

Goldsmith's  Monument,  in  West- 
minster Abbey,  is  by  NoUekens. 

Gold'thred  {Lawrence),  mercer,  near 
Cumnor  Place.— .SiV  W.  Scott:  Kenil- 
worth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Gold'y.  Oliver  Goldsmith  was  so 
called  by  Dr.  Johnson  (1728-1774). 

Gol'gfotha  \"  the  place  of  a  skull"],  a 
small  elevated  spot  north-west  of  Jeru- 
salem, where  criminals  used  to  be  exe- 
cuted. In  modern  poetry  it  stands  for  a 
battle-field  or  place  of  great  slaughter. 

Except  they  meant  to  bathe  in  reeking  wounds. 
Or  memorize  another  Golgotha. 

Shakespeare  :  Macbeth,  act  1.  sc.  3  (1606). 

•.'In  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
the  dons'  gallery  in  Great  St.  Mary's  is 
called  "  Golgotha,"  because  the  heads  of 
the  colleges  sit  there. 

Gol'gotha  ( The  City).  Temple  Bar, 
London,  used  to  be  so  called  because  the 
heads  of  traitors,  etc.,  were  at  one  time 
exposed  there  after  decapitation.  This 
was  not  done  from  any  notion  of  punish- 
ment, but  simply  to  advertise  the  fact  as 
a  warning  to  evil-doers.  Temple  Bar 
was  removed  from  the  Strand  in  1878. 

Goliards  {The),  clerical  buffoons, 
jongleurs,  and  minstrels.  The  Confessio 
Golias,  attributed  to  Walter  Mapes,  is  the 


GOLIGHTLY. 


436 


GOOD  HOPE. 


supposed  confession  of  a  Goliard.  His 
three  sins  were  a  love  of  dice,  wine,  and 
women. 

Goligflitly  {Mr.),  the  fellow  who 
wants  to  borrow  $s.  in  Lend  Me  Five  Shil- 
lings, a  farce  by  J.  M.  Morton. 

Goltho,  the  friend  of  Ul'finore  {3 
syl.).  He  was  in  love  with  Birtha, 
daughter  of  lord  As'tragon  the  sage  ;  but 
Birtha  loved  the  duke  Gondibert.  The 
tale  being  unfinished,  the  sequel  is  not 
known. — Davenant:  Gondibert  (died  1668). 

Gomer  or  Godmer,  a  British  giant, 
glain  by  Canu'tus  one  of  the  companions 
of  Brute.     (See  Goemot,  p.  432.) 

Since  Comer's  ffiant  brood  inhabited  this  isle. 

Drayton:  Polyolbion,  xiv.  (1613). 

Gomoz,  a  rich  banker,  60  years  of 
age,  married  to  Elvi'ra,  a  young  wife. 
He  is  mean,  covetous,  and  jealous. 
Elvi'ra  has  a  liaison  with  colonel  Lo- 
renzo, which  Dominick,  her  father-con- 
fessor, aids  and  abets  ;  but  the  amour  is 
constantly  thwarted,  and  it  turns  out  that 
Lorenzo  and  Elvira  are  brother  and  sister. 
•—Dryden  :  The  Spanish  Fryar  {1680). 

Gon'dibert  {Duke),  of  the  royal  line 
of  Lombardy.  Prince  Oswald  of  Verona, 
out  of  jealousy,  stirs  up  a  faction  fight 
against  him,  which  is  limited  by  agree- 
ment to  four  combatants  on  each  side. 
Oswald  is  slain  by  Gondibert,  and  Gon- 
dibert is  cured  of  his  wounds  by  lord 
As'tragon,  a  philosopher  and  sage. 
Rhodalind,  the  only  child  of  Aribcrt 
king  of  Lombardy,  is  in  love  with  the 
duke,  but  the  duke  is  betrothed  to  Birtha. 
One  day,  while  Gondibert  was  walking 
with  his  affianced  Birtha,  a  messenger 
from  the  king  came  post  haste  to  tell  him 
that  Aribert  had  publicly  proclaimed  him 
his  heir,  and  that  RhodaUnd  was  to  be 
his  bride.  Gondibert  still  told  Birtha  he 
would  remain  true  to  her,  and  gave  her 
an  emerald  ring,  which  would  turn  pale  if 
his  love  declined.  As  the  tale  was  never 
finished,  the  sequel  cannot  be  given. — 
Davenant :  Gondibert  (died  1668). 

Gon'eril,  eldest  daughter  of  king 
Lear,  and  wife  of  the  duke  of  Albany. 
She  treated  her  aged  father  with  such 
scant  courtesy,  that  he  could  not  live 
under  her  roof;  and  she  induced  her 
sister  Regan  to  follow  her  example. 
Subsequently,  both  the  sisters  fell  in  love 
with  Edmund,  natural  son  of  the  earl  of 
Gloucester,  whom  Regan  designed  to 
marry  when  she  became  a  widow. 
Goneril,  out  of  jealousy,  now  poisoned  her 


sister,  and  "after  slew  herself."  Her 
name  is  proverbial  for  "filial  ingrati- 
tude."— Shakespeare:  King  Lear  (1605). 

Gonin,  a  buflfoon  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  who  acquired  great  renown  for 
his  clever  tricks,  and  gave  rise  to  the 
French  phrase,  Un  tour  de  maitre  Gonin 
("a  trick  of  Master  Gonin's  "). 

Gonnella,  domestic  jester  to  the 
margrave  Nicolo  d'Este,  and  to  his  son 
Borso  duke  of  Ferrara.  The  horse  he 
rode  on  was  ossa  atque  pellis  totus,  and, 
like  Rosinant^,  has  become  proverbial. 
Gonnella's  jests  were  printed  in  1506. 

Gonsalez  [Gon-zalley],  Fernan  Gon- 
salez  or  Gonsalvo,  a  Spanish  hero  of  the 
tenth  century,  whose  life  was  twice  saved 
by  his  wife  Sancha.  His  adventures  have 
given  birth  to  a  host  of  ballads. 

(There  was  a  Hernandez  Gonsalvo  of 
Cord6va,  called  "The  Great  Captain" 
(1443-1515),  to  whom  some  of  the  ballads 
refer,  and  this  is  the  hero  of  Florian's 
historical  novel  entitled  Gonzalve  di  Cor- 
doue  (1791).  borrowed  from  the  Spanish 
romance  called  The  Civil  Wars  of  Gra- 
nada, by  Gines  Perez  de  la  Hita.) 

Gonza'lo,  an  honest  old  counselloi 
of  Alonso  king  of  Naples. — Shakespeare. 
The  Tempest  (1609). 

Gonza'lo,  an  ambitious  but  politic 
lord  of  Venice. — Fletcher:  The  Laws  oj 
Candy  {1647). 

Good  Earl  {The),  Archibald  eighth 
earl  of  Angus,  who  died  in  1588. 

Good  Even,  Good  Kobin  Rood ! 

civility  extorted  by  fear,  as  ' '  Good  Mr. 
Highwayman,  good  gentlemen  I"  of  Mrs. 
Hardcastle  in  her  terror. 

Clapping-  his  rod  on  the  borde. 
No  man  dare  utter  a  word  .  .  . 
He  [IFolsey]  said,  "  How  say  ye,  my  lordesT"  ,  ,  . 
Good  even,  good  Robin  Hood. 
Skelton :  Why  Came  ye  not  to  Court  ?  (died  1529). 

Good  Hope  {Cape  of).  When  Bar- 
tholomew Diaz  first  discovered  this  cape, 
in  1497,  he  called  it  "The  Cape  of 
Storms "  {Cabo  Tormentoso) ;  but  John 
n.  king  of  Portugal  changed  the  name 
to  that  of  "  Good  Hope." 

H  The  Euxine  Sea  {i.e.  "  the  hos- 
pitable sea") was  first  called  "The  Axine 
Sea"  ("the  inhospitable"),  from  the 
terror  with  which  it  was  viewed  by  the 
early  Greeks ;  but  it  was  subsequently 
called  by  the  more  courteous  name. 
However,  the  older  name  is  the  one 
which  now  generally  prevails ;  thus  we 
call  it  in  English  "  The  Black  Sea,"  and 


GOOD  MAN.  437 

the  Turks,  Greeks,  and  Russians  call  it 
inhospitable,  and  not  hospitable. 

Good  Man  {^).  Count  Cassel  says. 
*'  In  Italy  a  good  man  means  a  religious 
one,  in  France  a  cheerful  one,  in  Spain  a 
wise  one,  and  in  England  a  rich  one." — 
Inchbald:  Lovers   Vows,  ii.  a  (iSoo). 

Good  Begfent  [The],  James  Stuart, 
earl  of  Murray,  regent  of  Scotland  after 
the  imprisonment  of  queen  Mary.  (Born 
1533,  regent  1567,  assassinated  1570.) 

Goodenougll  {Dr.),  a  physician  in 
Thackeray's  novel,  the  Adventures  of 
Philip  (i860). 

Goodfelloxr  (Robin),  son  of  king 
Oberon.  WTien  six  years  old,  he  was  so 
mischievous  that  his  mother  threatened 
to  whip  him,  and  he  ran  away  ;  but  fall- 
ing asleep,  his  father  told  him  he  should 
have  anything  he  wished  for,  with  power 
to  turn  himself  into  any  shape,  so  long 
as  he  did  harm  to  none  but  knaves  and 
queans. 

His  first  exploit  was  to  turn  himself  into  a  horse,  to 
punish  a  churl,  whom  he  conveyed  into  a  great  plash 
of  water  and  left  tliere,  laughing,  as  he  flew  off,  "Ho, 
ho,  ho!"  He  afterwards  goes  to  a  farm-house,  and, 
taking  a  fancy  to  the  maid,  does  her  work  during  the 
night.  The  maid,  watching  him,  and  observing  him 
rather  bare  of  clothes,  provides  him  with  garments, 
which  he  puts  out,  laughmg  "  Ho,  ho,  ho  1 "  He  next 
changes  himself  into  a  Will-o'-the-wisp,  to  mislead  a 
party  of  merry-makers,  and  having  misled  them  all 
night,  he  left  them  at  daybreak,  with  a  "  Ho,  ho,  ho  1 " 
At  another  time,  seeing  a  fellow  ill-using  a  maiden,  he 
changed  himself  into  a  hare,  ran  between  his  legs,  and 
then  growing  into  a  horse,  tossed  him  into  a  hedge, 
laughing"  IIo,  ho,  ho  \"—Thc  Mad  Pranks  and  Merry 
Jtsts  of  Robin  Good/ellow  (1580),  (Percy  Society,  i84i)_ 

Goodfellow  {Robin),  a  general  name 
for  any  domestic  spirit,  as  imp,  urchin, 
elve,  hag,  fay,  Kit-wi'-the-can'stick, 
spoom,  man-i'-the-oak.  Puck,  hobgoblin, 
Tom-tumbler,  bug,  bogie.  Jack-o'-lantern, 
Friar's  lantern.  Will-o'-the-wisp,  Ariel, 
nixie,  kelpie,  etc.,  etc. 

A  bigger  kind  than  these  German  Vobolds  Is  that 
called  with  us  Robin  Good  fellows,  that  would  in  those 
superstitious  times  grind  corn  for  a  mess  of  milk,  cut 
wood,  or  do  any  manner  of  drudgery  work.  .  .  .  These 
have  several  names  .  .  .  but  we  commonly  call  them 
Pucks. — Burton  :  Anatomy  0/ Melancholy,  47  (1621). 

Robin  Goodfellow,  "a  shrewd,  knavish 
spirit "  in  Shakespeare's  Midsummer 
A'ighfs  Dream  (1592). 

N.B. — The  Goodfellows,  being  very 
numerous,  can  hardly  be  the  same  as 
Robin  son  of  Oberon,  but  seem  to  obtain 
the  name  because  their  character  was 
similar,  and,  indeed,  Oberon's  son  must 
be  included  in  the  generic  name. 

Goodman   of    Ballengeich,    the 

assumed  name  of  James  V.  of  Scotland 
when    he    made     his    disguised    visits 


GOOSEBERRY  PIE. 

through   the   districts  round  Edinburgh 
and  Stirling. 

H  Haroun-al-Raschid,  Louis  XI.,  Peter 
"  the  Great,"  etc.,  made  similar  visits  in 
disguise,  for  the  sake  of  obtaining  infor- 
mation by  personal  inspection. 

Good'man  Grist,  the  miller,  a 
friend  of  the  smugglers. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Redgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Goodman's  Fields,  Whitechapel, 
London.  So  called  from  a  large  farmer 
of  the  name  of  Goodman. 

At  this  farm  I  myself  in  my  youth  have  fetched  many 
a  ha'p'orth  of  milk,  and  never  had  less  than  three  ale- 
pints  in  summer  and  one  in  winter,  always  hot  from  the 
Icine,  and  strained.  One  Trolop  and  afterward  Good- 
man was  the  farmer  there,  and  had  thirty  or  forty  kine 
to  the  pail. — Stoiu  :  Survey  0/ London  (1598). 

Goodricke  {Mr.),  a  Catholic  priest 
at  Middlemas.— 5/r  W.  Scott  :  The  Sur- 
geon's Daughter  (time,  George  II. ), 

Goodsire  {Johnnie),  a  weaver,  near 
Charles's  Hope  farm. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Goodwill,  a  man  who  had  acquired 
_^io,ooo  by  trade,  and  wished  to  give  his 
daughter  Lucy  in  marriage  to  one  of  his 
relations,  in  order  to  keep  the  money  in 
the  family ;  but  Lucy  would  not  have  any 
oneof  the  boobies,  and  madechoiceinstead 
of  a  strapping  footman.  Goodwill  had 
the  good  sense  to  approve  of  the  choice. 
— Fielding:  The  Virgin  Unmasked. 

Goody  Blake,  a  poor  old  woman 
detected  by  Harry  Gill  picking  up  sticks 
from  his  farm-land.     (See  Gill,  Harry.) 

Goody  Palsgrave,  a  name  of  con- 
tempt given  to  Frederick  V.  elector  pala- 
tine. He  is  also  called  the  "  Snow  King  " 
and  the  "Winter  King,"  because  the 
protestants  made  him  king  of  Bohemia  in 
the  autumn  of  1619,  and  he  was  set  aside 
in  the  autumn  of  1620. 

Goody  Two-slxoes,  a  ^nursery  tale 
by  Oliver  Goldsmith,  written  in  1765  few 
Newbery,  St.  Paul's  Churchyard.  The 
second  title  is  Mrs.  Margery  Two-shoes. 

Goose  Gibbie,  a  half-witted  lad, 
first  entrusted  to  "keep  the  turkeys," 
but  afterwards  "advanced  to  the  more 
important  office  of  minding  the  cows." — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Old  Mortality  (time, 
Charles  II.). 

Gooseberry  Pie,  a  mock  pindaric 
ode  by  Southey  ( 1799)- 

O  Jane,  with  truth  I  praise  thy  pie. 
And  will  not  you  in  just  reply 
Praise  my  pindaric  odd 


GOOSEY  GODERICH. 


438 


GORLOIS. 


Goosey  Goderich,  Frederick  Robin- 
son, created  viscount  Goderich  in  1827. 
So  called  by  Cobbett,  for  his  incapacity 
as  a  statesman  (premier  1827-1828). 

GorTjodnc,  Gorbodug,  or  Gorbo- 
<;UD,  a  mythical  British  king,  who  had 
two  sons  (Ferrex  and  Porrex).  Ferrex 
was  driven  by  his  brother  out  of  the  king- 
dom, and  on  attempting  to  return  with 
a  large  army,  was  defeated  by  him  and 
slain.  Soon  afterwards,  Porrex  himself 
was  murdered  in  his  bed  by  his  own 
mother,  who  loved  Ferrex  the  better. — 
Geoffrey  :  British  History,  ii.  16  (1142). 

And  Gorbogrud,  till  far  in  years  he  gre^; 
When  his  ambitious  sonnes  unto  them  twayno 
Arraught  the  rule,  and  from  their  father  drew : 

Stout  Ferrex  and  stout  Porrex  him  in  prison  threw. 
But  oh !  the  greedy  thirst  of  royall  crowne  ... 
Stird  Porrex  up  to  put  his  brother  downe ; 
Who  unto  him  assembling  forreigne  might. 
Made  warre  on  him,  and  fell  himself  in  fight ; 
Whose  death  t'  avenge,  his  mother,  merciless* 
(Mostmercilesse  of  women,  Wyden  hight). 
Her  other  sonne  fast  sleeping  did  oppresse. 

And  with  most  cruell  hand  him  murdred  pitilesse. 
Spenser:  Falrie  Queene,  ii.  lo,  34,  35  (i59°)' 

Gorljodxic,  the  first  historical  play  in 
the  language.  The  first  three  acts  by 
Thomas  Norton,  and  the  last  two  by 
Thomas  Sackville  afterwards  lord  Buck- 
hurst  (1562).  It  is  further  remarkable 
as  being  the  father  of  iambic  ten-syllable 
blank  verse. 

Those  who  last  did  tug 
In  woise  than  civil  war,  the  sons  of  Gorbodug. 

Drayton  :  PolyolHon,  viii.  (1612). 

GorlDrias,  lord-protector  of  Ibe'ria, 
and  father  of  king  Arba'ces  (3  syl.). — 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher:  A  King  or  No 
King  (i6ti). 

Gor'dins,  a  Phrygian  peasant,  chosen 
by  the  Phrygians  for  their  king.  He 
consecrated  to  Jupiter  his  wagon,  and 
tied  the  yoke  to  the  draught-tree  so  art- 
fully that  the  ends  of  the  cord  could  not 
be  discovered.  A  rumoij  spread  abroad 
that  he  wlio  untied  this  knot  would  be 
king  of  Asia,  and  when  Alexander  the 
Great  was  shown  it,  he  cut  it  with  his 
sword,  saying,  "  It  is  thus  we  loose  our 
knots." 

Gordon  [The  Rev.  Mr.),  chaplain  in 
Cromwell's  troop. — Sir  IV.  Scott :  Wood- 
stock (time,  Commonwealth). 

Gordon  {Lord  George),  leader  of  the 
"  No  Popery  riots  "  of  1779.  Half  mad, 
but  really  well-intentioned,  he  counte- 
nanced the  most  revolting  deeds,  urged 
on  by  his  secretary  Gashford.  Lord 
George  Gordon  died  in  jail,  1793. — 
Dickens:  Barnaby  Rudge  (1841). 


Gordo 'uius  or  Gordon  {Bernard),  a 
noted  physician  of  the  thirteenth  century 
in  the  Rouergue  (France),  author  of 
Lilium  Medicines,  de  Morborum  prope 
Omnium  Curafione,  septem  Particulis 
Distributum  (Naples,  1480). 

And  has  Gordonius  "  the  divine," 
In  his  famous  Lily  of  Medicine  .  .  . 
No  remedy  potent  enough  to  restore  yout 
Long/ellcrw  :  The  Golden  Legend. 

Gor'gi'bns,  an  honest,  simple-minded 
citizen  of  middle  life,  father  of  Madelon 
and  uncle  of  Cathos.  The  two  girls  have 
had  their  heads  turned  by  novels,  but  are 
taught  by  a  harmless  trick  to  discern 
between  the  easy  manners  of  a  gentleman 
and  the  vulgar  pretensions  of  a  lackey. — 
Moliire  :  Les  Pricieuses  Ridicules  (1659). 

Gor^ibns,  father  of  Cdie.  He  is  a 
headstrong,  unreasonable  old  man,  who 
tells  his  daughter  that  she  is  for  ever 
reading  novels,  and  filling  her  mind  with 
ridiculous  notions  about  love.  "  Vous 
parlez  de  Dieu  bien  moins  que  de  L^lie," 
he  says,  and  insists  on  her  giving  up 
L^lie  for  Val^re,  saying,  "  S'il  ne  Test 
amant,  il  le  sera  mari,"  and  adds, 
"  L'amour  est  souvent  un  fruit  du 
mariage." 

Jetez-moi  dans  le  feu  tous  ces  m^chants  <crlt  [Le. 

romances'^ 
Qui  gatent  tous  les  jours  tant  de  jeunes  esprfts  ; 
Lisez  moi,  comme  il  faut,  au  lieu  de  ces  sornettes, 
Les  Quatrains  de  Pibrac,  et  les  doctes  Tablettes 
Du  conseiller  Matthieu  ;  I'ouvrage  est  de  valeur, 
Et  pein  de  beaux  dictons  A  reciter  par  cceur. 

Moliire:  SganarelU  (x66o). 

GorloiS  (3  syl.),  said  by  some  to  be 
the  father  of  king  Arthur.  He  was  lord 
of  Tintag'el  Castle,  in  Cornwall ;  his  wife 
was  Igrayne  (3  syl.)  or  Igerna,  and  one 
of  his  daughters  (Bellicent)  was,  accord- 
ing to  some  authorities,  the  wife  of  Lot 
king  of  Orkney. 

• .  •  Gorloi's  was  not  the  father  of  Arthur, 
although  his  wife  (Igerna  or  Igrayne)  was 
his  mother. 

Then  all  the  kinsfs  asked  Merlin,  "  For  what  cause 
Is  that  beardless  boy  Arthur  made  king?"  "Sirs, 
said  Merlin,  "because  he  is  king  Uther's  son,  born 
in  wedlock.  .  .  .  More  than  three  hours  after  the  death 
of  Gorlols  did  the  king  wed  the  fair  Igrayne."— 
Malory  :  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  L  a,  6  (1470). 

\Uther'\  was  sorry  for  the  death  of  Gorlols,  but  re- 
joiced that  Igerna  was  now  at  liberty  to  marry  aq-ain  .  .  . 
they  continued  to  live  together  with  much  affection 
and  had  a  son  and  daughter,  whose  names  were  Arthur 
and  K'on^.— Geoffrey  :  British  History,  jii.  20  (1142). 

'.*  It  is  quite  impossible  to  reconcile 
the  contradictory  accounts  of  Arthur's 
sister  and  Lot's  wife.  Tennyson  says 
Bellicent,  but  the  tales  compiled  by  sir 
T.  Malory  all  give  Margause.  Thus  in 
La  Mart  d' Arthur,  i.  2,  we  read,  "  King 
Lot  of  Lothan  and  of  Orkeney  wedded 


GORMAL. 

Margawse  [Arthur's  sister]"  (pt.  1.  36), 
' '  whose  sons  were  Gawaine,  Agravaine, 
Gahgris,  and  Gareth ;  "  but  Tennyson 
says  Gareth  was  ' '  the  last  tall  son  of  Lot 
and  Bellicent." 

Gor'mal,  the  mountain  range  of 
Sevo. 

Her  arm  was  white  like  Gormal's  snow  ;  her  bosom 
whiter  than  the  foam  of  the  main  when  roll  the  waves 
beneath  the  wrath  of  winds.— Fra^'ment  of  a  Norse 
Tale. 

Gosh,  the  Right  Hon.  Charles  Arbuth" 
not,  the  most  confidential  friend  of  the 
duke  of  Wellington,  with  whom  he 
lived. 

QtOsiixL^  [Giles),  landlord  of  the  Black 
Bear  inn,  near  Cumnor  Place. 

Cicely  Gosling,  daughter  of  Giles. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  Kenilworth  {time,  Elizabeth). 

Gospel    Doctor   [The),  John   Wy- 

cliffe(i324-i384). 

Gospel  of  the  Golden  Rule,  "  Do 

as  you  would  be  done  by,"  or  "As  ye 
would  that  men  should  do  to  you,  do  ye 
also  to  them," — Luke  vi.  31. 

He  preached  to  all  men  everywhere 
The  Gospel  of  the  Golden  Rule. 
Longfellow :  The  JVayside  Inn  (prelude). 

Gospeller  [The  Hoi),  Dr.  R.  Barnes, 
burnt  at  Smithfield,  1540. 

Gos'samer  {i.e.  God's  seam  or 
thread).  The  legend  is  that  gossamer  is 
the  ravellings  of  the  Virgin  Mary's 
winding-sheet,  which  fell  away  on  her 
ascension  into  heaven. 

Gossips  [Prince  of),  Samuel  Pepys, 
noted  for  his  gossiping  Diary,  com- 
mencing January  i,  1659,  and  continued 
for  nine  years  (1632-1703). 

Goswiu,  a  rich  merchant  of  Bruges, 
who  is  in  reality  Flurez,  son  of  Gerrard 
king  of  the  beggars.  His  mistress,  Bertha, 
the  supposed  daughter  of  Vandunke  the 
burgomaster  of  Bruges,  is  in  reality  the 
daughter  of  the  duke  of  Brabant. — 
Fletcher:  The  Beggars'  Bush  (1622). 

Gotham  [Merry  Tales  of  the  Men  of), 
supposed  to  have  been  compiled  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  VHI.  by  Andrew  Borde. 
The  legend  is  that  king  John,  on  his  way 
to  Lynn  Regis,  intended  to  pass  through 
Gotham,  in  Nottinghamshire,  with  his 
army,  and  sent  heralds  to  prepare  his 
way.  The  men  of  Gotham  were  resolved, 
if  possible,  to  prevent  this  expense  and 
depredation,  so  they  resolved  to  play  the 
fool.  Some  raked  the  moon  out  of  the 
pond,  some  made  a  ring  to  hedge  in  a  bird, 


439  GOTTLIEB. 

some  did  other  equally  foolish  things,  ^nd 
the  heralds  told  the  king  that  the  Go- 
thamites  were  utter  fools,  and  advised 
the  king  to  go  another  way.  So  the  king 
and  his  heralds  were  befooled,  and  the 
men  of  Gotham  saved  their  bacon.  But 
"wise  as  the  men  of  Gotham"  grew 
into  a  proverb  to  indicate  a  fool. 

IF  The  tale  about  the  Gothamites  trying 
to  hedge  in  a  cuckoo  by  joining  hands  in 
a  circle  is  told  of  several  places.  We.  are 
told  that  the  inhabitants  of  Towednack, 
in  Cornwall,  raised  a  hedge  round  a 
cuckoo,  which  escaped,  just  clearing  the 
top  of  the  enclosure,  when  one  of  the 
labourers  exclaimed,  "  What  a  pity  we  did 
not  raise  it  a  little  higher !  "  Similar 
tales  are  told  of  the  people  of  Coggeshall, 
in  Essex.  In  fact,  nearly  every  county 
has  its  Gotham,  whose  inhabitants  are 
credited  with  actions  equally  wise.  (See 
Dictionary  of  Phrase  and  Fable,  p. 
S4I-) 

Goths  {rA<f  last  of  the),  Roderick,  the 
thirty- fourth  of  the  Visigoth ic  line  o\ 
kings  in  Spain.  He  was  the  son  of 
Cor'dova,  who  had  his  eyes  put  out  by 
Viti'za  the  king  of  the  Visigoths,  where- 
upon Roderick  rose  against  Vitiza  and 
dethroned  him  ;  but  the  sons  and  ad- 
herents of  Vitiza  applied  to  the  Moors, 
who  sent  over  Tarik  with  90,000  men, 
and  Roderick  was  slain  at  the  battle  of 
Xerres,  A.D.  711. 

'.•  Southey  has  an  historic  poem  called 
Roderick,  the  Last  of  the  Goths.  He 
makes  "Rusilla"  to  be  the  mother  of 
Roderick. 

Gothland  or  Gottland,  an  island 
called  ' '  The  eye  of  the  Baltic. "  Geoffrey 
of  Monmouth  says  that  when  king  Arthur 
had  added  Ireland  to  his  dominions,  he 
sailed  to  Iceland,  which  he  subdued,  and 
then  both  "  Doldavius  king  of  Gothland 
and  Gunfasius  king  of  the  Orkneys 
voluntarily  became  his  tributaries." — 
British  History,  ix.  10  (1142). 

To  Gothland  how  again  this  conqueror  maketh  forth . . , 
Where  Iceland  first  he  won,  and  Orkney  after  got, 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  iv.  (1612). 

Gottlieb  [Gof-leeb\  a  cottage  farmer, 
with  whom  prince  Henry  of  Hoheneck  " 
went  to  live  after  he  was  struck  with 
leprosy.  The  cottager's  daughter  Elsie 
volunteered  to  sacrifice  her  life  for  the 
cure  of  the  prince,  and  was  ultimately 
married  to  him. — Hartmann  von  der 
A  ue  :  Poor  Henry  (twelfth  century) .  (See 
'L.oxigif^ora' %  Golden  Legend.') 


GOURLAY. 

Oonrlay  [Ailshie),  a  privileged  fool 
or  jester. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  The  Antiquary 
(time,  George  III.). 

Goxirlay  {Ailsie),  an  old  sibyl  at  the 
death  of  Alice  Gray.-.Sz>  W.  Scott: 
Bride ofLammermoor{\.\n\e, William  III.). 

Gonruiaz  {Don),  a  national  portrait 
of  the  Spanish  nobility. — Corneille:  The 
Cid  (1636). 

The  character  of  don  Gormaz,  for  Its  very  excellence, 
drew  down  the  censure  of  the  French  Academy.— 5»> 
W.  Scott :  The  Drama. 

Gow  [Old  Neill),  the  fiddler. 

Nathaniel  Gow,  son  of  the  fiddler. — 
Sir  W.  Scott :  St.  Ronans  Well  (time, 
George  III.). 

Gow  [Henry)  or  Henry  Smith,  also 
called  "  Gow  Chrom  "  and  "  Hal  of  the 
Wynd,"  the  armourer.  Suitor  of  Ca- 
tharine Glover  "  the  fair  maid  of  Perth," 
whom  he  marries. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Fair 
Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Gower  [The  Moral),  an  epithet  be- 
stowed by  Chaucer  on  John  Gower,  the 
poet  (1320-1402). 

Gowk  Storm,  a  short  storm,  such  as 
occvu-s  in  spring,  when  the  gowk  or 
cuckoo  comes. 

He  trusted  the  present  \(iisturbanct\  would  prove 
but  a  gowk  storm. — Sir  IV,  Scott:  Tales  0/ a  Grand- 
father, i.  49. 

Gowk-thrapple  (Maister),  a  co- 
venanting preacher. — Sir  IV.  Scott: 
Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 

A  man  of  coarse,  mechanical,  perhaps  rather  intrinsi- 
cally feeble  intellect,  with  the  vehemence  of  some 
pulpit-drumming  Gowk-thrapple. — Carlyle. 

Gowry,  the  owner  of  Nightmare 
Abbey,  who  thinks  it  most  comme  il 
faut  to  be  melancholy. 

Scythrop  Gowry,  his  son,  in  love  vdth 
two  young  ladies  at  the  same  time  (Miss 
Marionetta  O'CarroU  and  Miss  Celinda 
Toobad).  This  is  a  skit  on  Percy  Bysshe 
Shelley,  who  courted  at  the  same  time 
Mary  Godwin  and  Harriett  Westbrook, 
and  told  his  father  he  intended  to  commit 
suicide.  Shelley  saw  the  allusion  and  took 
it  in  good  part. — Peacock's  novel  oi  Night- 
mare Abbey  (1818). 

Graaf  [Count),  a  great  speculator  in 
corn.  One  year  a  sad  famine  prevailed, 
and  he  expected,  hke  Pharaoh  king  of 
Egypt,  to  make  an  enormous  fortune  by 
his  speculation,  but  an  army  of  rats, 
pressed  by  hunger,  invaded  his  barns,  and 
then,  swarming  into  the  castle,  fell  on  the 
old  baron,  worried  him  to  death,  and 
devoured  him.     (See  Hatto.) 


440  GRAAL, 

Graal  [Saint)  or  St.  Greal  is  gene- 
rally said  to  be  the  chalice  used  by  Christ 
at  the  last  supper,  in  which  Joseph  of 
Arimathea  caught  the  blood  of  the  cruci- 
fied Christ.  In  all  descriptions  of  the 
graal  in  Arthurian  romances ,  it  is  simply 
the  visible  "  presence  "  of  Christ,  into 
which  the  elements  are  converted  after  con- 
secration. When  sir  Galahad  "achieved 
the  quest  of  the  holy  graal,"  all  that  is 
meant  is  that  he  saw  with  his  bodily  eyes 
the  visible  Saviour  into  which  the  holy 
wafer  had  been  transmuted. 

Then  the  bishop  took  a  wafer,  which  was  made  In  the 
likeness  of  bread,  and  at  the  lifting  up  [the  elevation  of 
the  host]  there  came  a  figure  in  the  likeness  of  a  child, 
and  the  visage  was  as  red  and  as  bright  as  fire,  and  he 
smote  himself  into  that  bread :  so  they  saw  that  the 
bread  was  formed  of  a  fleshly  man,  and  then  he  put  it 
into  the  holy  vessel  again  .  .  .  then  [the  bishop]  took 
the  holy  vessel  and  came  to  sir  Galahad  as  he  kneeled 
down,  and  there  he  received  his  Saviour.— 5z>  T. 
Malory  :  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  pt.  iii.  loi,  102. 

\  King  Pelles  and  sir  Launcelot  caught 
a  sight  of  the  St.  Graal ;  but  did  not 
"achieve  it,"  like  Galahad. 

When  they  went  into  the  castle  to  take  their  repast 
.  .  .  there  came  a  dove  to  the  window,  and  in  its  bill 
was  a  little  censer  of  gold,  and  there  withaU  was  such  a 
savor  as  if  all  the  spicery  of  the  world  had  been  there 
.  .  .  and  a  damsel,  passing  fair,  bare  a  vessel  of  gold 
between  her  hands,  and  thereto  the  king  kneeled 
devoutly  and  said  his  prayers.  ...  "Oh  mercy  1" 
said  sir  Launcelot,  "  what  may  this  mean  t "  .  .  . 
"  This,"  said  the  king,  "is  the  holy  Sancgreall  which  ye 
have  seen. '— Pt.  iii.  2, 

^  When  sir  Bors  de  Ganis  went  to 
Corbin,  and  saw  Galahad  the  son  of  sir 
Launcelot,  he  prayed  that  the  boy  might 
prove  as  good  a  knight  as  his  father,  and 
instantly  the  white  dove  came  with  the 
golden  censer,  and  the  damsel  bearing 
the  sancgraal,  and  told  sir  Bors  that 
Galahad  would  prove  a  better  knight  than 
his  father,  and  would  "  achieve  the  Sanc- 
greall ; "  then  both  dove  and  damsel 
vanished. — Sir  T.  Malory:  History  oj 
Prince  Arthur,  pt.  iii.  4. 

*[[  Sir  Percival,  the  son  of  sir  Pellinore 
king  of  Wales,  after  his  combat  with  sir 
Ector  de  Maris  (brother  of  sir  Launcelot), 
caught  sight  of  the  holy  graal,  and  both 
sir  Percival  and  sir  Ector  were  cured  of 
their  wounds  thereby.  Like  sir  Bors,  he 
(sir  Percival)  was  with  sir  Galahad  when 
the  quest  was  achieved  (pt.  iii.  14).  Sir 
Launcelot  was  also  miraculously  cured  in 
the  same  way.— 5?>  T.  Malory,  pt.  iii.  18. 

^  King  Arthur,  the  queen,  and  all  the 
150  knights  saw  the  holy  graal  as  they 
sat  at  supper  when  Galahad  was  received 
into  the  fellowship  of  the  Round  Table — 

First  they  heard  a  crackling  and  crying  ol  thunder 
and  in  the  midst  of  the  blast  entered  a  sun-beam 


more  clear  by  seven  times  than  ever  they  saw  day,  and 

■    "  he  grace  of  the  Holy  Gl; 
there  entered  the  haul   the   holy   greal  [constcrated 


all  were  lighted  of  the  grace  of  the  Holy  Ghost .  .  .  thea 


GRAAL-BURG. 


441 


GRADGRIND. 


krtad],  covered  with  white  samite  ;  but  rone  might  see 
it,  nor  who  bare  it  .  .  .  and  when  the  holy  gieal  had 
been  borne  thro'  the  hall,  the  vessel  suddenly  departed. 
—Sir  T.  Malory:  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  iii.  35 
(1470). 

(The  chief  romances  of  the  St.  Graal 
are  :  The  Holy  Graal,  in  verse  (iioo),  by 
the  old  German  minnesingers.  Titurel 
or  the  Guardian  of  the  Holy  Graal,  by 
Wolfram  a  minnesinger.  The  Romance 
of  Parzival,  by  Wolfram,  translated  into 
French  by  Chretien  de  Troyes,  in  verse 
(1170);  it  contains  4018  eight-syllable 
lines.  Roman  des  diverses  Quetes  des  St. 
Graal,  by  Walter  Mapes,  in  prose  ;  this 
is  a  continuation  of  the  Roman  de  Tristan. 
The  Life  of  Joseph  ofArimathea,  in  prose, 
by  Robert  de  Borron.  The  Holy  Graal, 
by  Tennyson. ) 

Helinandus  says,  "In  French  they  give  the  name 
gradal  or  graal  to  a  large  deepish  vessel  in  which  rich 
meats  with  their  gravy  are  served  to  the  wealthy." — 
Vicentius  BeUovacensis  :  Speculum  Hist.,  xxiii.  147. 

•.'  We  find,  in  the  churchwardens' 
account  of  Wing  (Bucks.),  1527,  "Three 
Gray  Us,"  i.e.  three  gradales,  called  by 
the  Roman  Catholics  cantatoria.  In  the 
AthencButn  (June  25,  1870)  we  read,  "The 
Saxons  called  a  graal  a  '  graduale  '  ad  te 
levavi,  from  the  first  three  words  of  the 
(introit  First  Sunday  in  Advent),  with 
which  the  codex  begins." 

Graal-bnr^,  a  magnificent  temple, 
surrounded  with  towers  raised  on  brazen 
pillars,  and  containing  the  holy  graal. 
It  was  founded  by  king  Titurel,  on 
mount  Salvage,  in  Spain,  and  was  a 
marvel  of  magnificence,  glittering  with 
gold  and  precious  stones. —  Wolfram  of 
Eschenbach  (minnesinger) :  Parzival  (thir- 
teenth century). 

Grace  {Lady),  sister  of  lady  Townly, 
and  the  engaged  wife  of  Mr.  Manly.  The 
very  opposite  of  a  lady  of  fashion.  She 
says — 

"  In  summer  I  could  pass  ray  leisure  hours  in  reading, 
walking,  ,  .  .  or  sitting  under  a  green  tree;  in  dressing, 
dining,  chatting  with  an  agreeable  friend ;  perhaps 
bearing  a  little  music,  taking  a  dish  of  tea,  or  a  game  at 
cards,  managing  my  family,  looking  into  its  accounts, 
playing  with  my  children  ...  or  in  a  thousand  other 
fmiocent  amusements."— KaM*rM^A  and  Cibbcr  :  The 
Provoked  Husband,  iii.  (1728). 

"No  person,"  says  George  Colman,  "has  ever  more 
successfully  performed  the  elegant  levities  of  'lady 
Townley '  upon  the  stage,  or  more  happily  practised 
the  amiable  virtues  of  'lady  Grace '  in  the  circles  of 
society,  than  Miss  Farren  (the  countess  of  Derby. 
1759-1829)." 

Grace-be-liere   Kiuu^dgeon,  a 

corporal  in  Cromwell's  troop. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Woodstock{\\\s\&,  Commonwealth). 

Grace  de  Dieu.    (See  Harry,  the 
Great.) 
Grace'church,  London,  means  the 


grtss  or  grass  church.      It  was  built  on 
the  site  of  the  old  grass-market. 

Graceless  Florins.  (See  Godless 
Florins,  p.  432.) 

Gracio'sa,  a  lovely  princess,  who  is 
the  object  of  a  step-mother's  most  im- 
placable hatred.  The  step-mother's  name 
is  Grognon,  and  the  tale  shows  how  all 
her  malicious  plots  are  thwarted  by  Per- 
cinet,  a  fairy  prince,  in  love  with 
Graciosa. — Percinei  and  Graciosa  (a 
fairy  tale). 

Gracio'so,  the  licensed  fool  of  Span- 
ish drama.  He  has  his  coxcomb  and 
truncheon,  and  mingles  with  the  actors 
without  aiding  or  abetting  the  plot. 
Sometimes  he  transfers  his  gibes  from  the 
actors  to  the  audience,  like  our  circus 
clowns. 

Gradas'so,  king  of  Serica'na, 
"  bravest  of  the  pagan  knights."  He 
went  against  Charlemagne,  with  100,000 
vassals  in  his  train,  "  all  discrowned 
kings,"  who  never  addressed  him  but  on 
their  knees. — Bojardo:  Orlando  Innamo- 
rato  (1495);  Ariosto :  Orlando  Furioso 
(1S16). 

Grad'^rind  {Thom.as),  a  man  of 
facts  and  realities.  Everything  about 
him  is  square  ;  his  forehead  is  square, 
and  so  is  his  fore-finger,  with  which  he 
emphasizes  all  he  says.  Formerly  he 
was  in  the  wholesale  hardware  line.  In 
his  greatness  he  becomes  M.  P.  for  Coke- 
town,  and  he  lives  at  Stone  Lodge,  a 
mile  or  so  from  town.  He  prides  him- 
self on  being  eminently  practical ;  and, 
though  not  a  bad  man  at  heart,  he  blights 
his  children  by  his  hard,  practical  way  of 
bringing  them  up. 

Mrs.  Gradgrind,  wife  of  Thomas  Grad- 
grind.  A"  little  thin  woman,  always 
taking  physic,  without  receiving  from  it 
any  benefit.  She  looks  like  an  indif- 
ferently executed  transparency  without 
light  enough  behind  the  figure.  She  is 
always  complaining,  always  peevish,  and 
dies  soon  after  the  marriage  of  her 
daughter  Louisa. 

Tom  Gradgrind,  son  of  the  above,  a 
sullen  young  man,  much  loved  by  his 
sister,  and  holding  an  office  in  the  bank 
of  his  brother-in-law,  Josiah  Bounderby. 
Tom  robs  the  bank,  and  throws  suspicion 
on  Stephen  Blackpool,  one  of  the  hands 
in  Bounderby 's  factory.  When  found 
out,  Tom  takes  refuge  in  the  circus  of  the 
town,  disguised  as  a  black  servant,  till 
he  effects  his  escape  f\om  England, 


GRADUS. 

Louisa  Gradgrind,  eldest  daughter  of 
Thomas  Gradgrind,  M.P.  She  marries 
Josiah  Bounderby,  banker  and  mill- 
owner.  Louisa  has  been  so  hardened  by 
her  bringing  up,  that  she  appears  cold 
and  indifferent  to  everything,  but  she 
dearly  loves  her  brother  Tom. — Dickens: 
Hard  Ti7nes  (1854). 

Gradiis,  the  Oxford  pedant,  suitor  for 
the  hand  of  Elizabeth  Doiley,  daughter 
of  a  retired  slop-seller.  His  rival  is 
captain  Granger.  In  a  test  of  the 
scholarship  of  the  aspirants,  his  Greek 
quotation  is  set  aside  for  the  captain's 
English  fustian. — Mrs,  Cowley:  Who's 
the  Dupe  f 

Greeme  (Roland),  heir  of  Avenel 
{2  syL).  He  first  appears  as  page  to  the 
lady  of  Avenel,  then  as  page  to  Mary 
queen  of  Scots. 

Magdalene  GroBme,  dame  of  Heather- 
gill,  grandmother  of  Roland  Graeme. 
She  appears  to  Roland  disguised  as 
Mother  Nicneven,  an  old  witch  at  Kin- 
ross.— Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Abbot  (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Grseme  ( William),  the  red  riever 
^freebooter']  at  Weslburnflat.  — 5/r  W. 
Scott :  The  Black  Dwarf  (time,  Anne). 

Crrsevius  or  J.  G.  GrcBfe  of  Saxony, 
editor  of  several  of  the  Latin  classics 
(1632-1703). 

'Believe  me,  lady,  I  have  more  satisfaction  in  behold- 
«ng  you  than  I  should  have  in  conversing  with  Grcevius 
and  Gronovius — Mrs.  Cowley  :  h^'ho's  the  Dupe  i'uf. 

(Abraham  Gronovius  was  a  famous 
philologist,  1694-1 77  5. ) 

Graliaxu  Hamilton,  a  novel  by 
iady  Caroline  Lamb.  Its  object  is  to 
show  the  infirmities  of  the  most  amiable 
and  best  of  minds  (1822). 

Graliame  [Colonel  John),  o^  Claver- 
bouse,  in  the  royal  army  under  the  duke 
of  Monmouth.  Afterwards  viscount  of 
Dundee. 

Cornet  Richard  Grahame,  the  colonel's 
nephew,  in  the  same  army.— iS^r  VV. 
Scott:  Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Graliaiue's  Dike,  the  Roman  wall 
.between  the  friths  of  the  Clyde  and 
Forth. 

This  wall  defended  the  Britons  for  a  time,  but  the 
Scots  and  Picts  .  . .  climbed  over  it. ...  A  man  named 
Grahauie  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  soldier  who  got 
■over,  and  the  common  people  still  call  the  remains  of 
the  wall  •  Grahaine's  Dyke."— ^ir  IV.  Scoit;  TaUs  of 
a  Grandfather. 

Chrahams,  nicknamed  "Of  the  Hen." 
The  reference  is  this  :  The  Grahams, 
baving  provided    for  a  great  marriage 


443 


GRAND  PENDU. 


feast,  found  that  a  raid  had  been  made 
upon  their  poultry  by  Donald  of  the 
Hammer  {q.v.).  They  went  in  pursuit, 
and  a  combat  took  place;  but  as  the 
fight  was  for  "cocks  and  hens,"  it  ob- 
tained for  the  Grahams  the  nickname  of 
Gramoch  an  Garrigh. 

Grail  {The  Holy),    (See  Graal.) 

Gram,  Siegfried's  sword. 

Gram,m.ar.  Sigismund,  surnamed 
Augustus,  said,  "  Ego  sum  Imperator 
Romanorum,  et  supra  grammaticam " 
(1520,  1548-1572). 

Grammarians  {Prince  of),  Apol- 
lonios  of  Alexandria.  Priscian  called 
him  Grammaticorum  Princeps  (second 
century  B.C.). 

Grammont  {The  count  of).  He 
promised  marriage  to  la  belle  Hamilton, 
but  left  England  without  performing  the 
promise ;  whereupon  the  brothers  fol- 
lowed him,  and  asked  him  if  he  had  not 
forgotten  something.  "  True,  true,"  said 
the  count,  "  excuse  my  short  memory  ;  " 
and,  returning  with  the  brothers,  he 
made  the  young  lady  countess  of  Gram- 
mont. 

Granary  of  Athens,  the  district 
about  Kertch.  The  buck-wheat  of  this 
district  carried  off  the  prize  of  the  Great 
Exhibition  in  1851. 

Granary  of  Europe.  Sicily  was 
so  called  once. 

Granby  and  Devon.    (See  Devon  , ) 

Grand  Jument,  meant  for  Diana 
of  Poitiers. — Rabelais:  Gargantua  and 
Pantag'ruel  (1533). 

Grand  Monarque  [mo-nark'\  Louis 
XIV.  (1638,  1643-1715). 

Grand  Fendn  [Le),  in  cards,  the 
king  of  diamonds.  Whoever  draws  this 
card  in  cartomancy,  is  destined  to  die  by 
the  hands  of  the  executioner.     (See  Le- 

NORMAND.) 

Joachim  Murat,  when  king  of  Naples,  sought  the  aid 
of  Mdlle.  Lenormand,  by  whom  he  was  received  with 
her  customary  haughtiness.  The  cards  being  pro- 
duced, Murat  cut  the  Grand  Pendu,  the  portent  of  ill- 
fortune.  Murat  cut  four  times,  and  in  every  instance  It 
was  the  king  of  diamonds. — See  H^.  H.  Wiltshire  : 
Playing  ana  other  Cards,  162. 

(The  card  called  le  pendu  in  tarot 
cards  is  represented  by  a  man  with  his 
hands  tied  behind  his  back,  and  in  some 
cases  with  two  bags  of  money  attached 
to  his  armpits.  The  man  is  hanging  by 
the  right  leg  to  a  gibbet.  Probably  aa 
emblematic  figture  in  alchemy.) 


GRAND  PR^ 

Grand  Pre,  a  villaffe  of  Acadia  (now 
Noi'a  Scotia),  inhabited  by  a  colony  from 
Normandy,  of  very  primitive  manners, 
preserving  the  very  costume  of  their  old 
Norman  forefathers.  They  had  no  locks 
to  their  doors  nor  bolts  to  their  windows. 
There  "  the  richest  man  was  poor,  and  the 
poorest  lived  in  abundance."  Grand  Pr6 
is  the  scene  of  Longfellow's  Evangeline 
(1849). 

G-randamovr.  (See  Graunde 
Amour  E.) 

Grandison  (Sir  Charles),  the  hero 
of  a  novel  by  S.  Richardson,  entitled 
The  History  of  Sir  Charles  Grandison. 
Sir  Charles  is  the  beau-ideal  of  a  perfect 
hero,  the  union  of  a  good  Christian  and 
perfect  English  gentleman  ;  but  such  a 
"  faultless  monster  the  world  ne'er  saw." 
Richardson's  ideal  of  this  character  was 
Robert  Nelson,  reputed  author  of  the 
Whole  Duty  of  Man  (1753). 

Like  the  old  lady  mentioned  by  sir  Walter  Scott,  who 
chose  Sir  Charles  Grandison  because  she  could  go  to 
sleep  for  half  an  hour  at  any  time  during  its  reading, 
and  still  find  the  personages  just  where  she  left  them, 
conversing  in  the  cedar  parlour. — Encyclopadia  Bri- 
tannica  (article  "  Romance  "). 

Grandison  is  the  English  Emile,  but  an  Emile  com- 
pletely instructed.  His  discourses  are  continual  pre- 
cepts, and  his  actions  are  examples.  Miss  Biron  is  the 
object  of  his  affection.— ^'i^iVor  of  Arabian  Nights 
Continued,  iv.  73. 

Grandmotlier.  Lord  Byron  calls 
the  British  Review  "  My  Grandmother's 
Review,"  and  says  he  purchased  its 
favourable  criticism  of  Don  Juan  with 
a  bribe. 

For  fear  some  prudish  readers  should  grow  skittish, 

I'Tebribed"  My  Grandmother's  Review,"  TheBritUh  ,- 

I  sent  it  in  a  letter  to  the  editor. 

Who  thanked  me  duly  by  return  of  post.  .  .  . 

And  if  my  gentle  Muse  he  please  to  roast  .  .  ; 

All  I  can  say  is— that  he  had  the  money. 

Byron  :  Don  yuan,  i.  209,  210  (iSiqV 

Grane  (2  syl.),  Siegfried's  horse, 
whose  speed  outstripped  the  wind. 

Grana'angowl  {Rev.  Mr. ),  chaplain 
to  sir  Duncan  Campbell,  at  Ardenvohr 
Castle.— ,St>  W.  Scott:  Legend  of  Mont- 
rose (time,  Charles  L). 

Granger  {Captain),  in  love  with 
Elizabeth  Doiley,  daughter  of  a  retired 
slop-seller.  The  old  father  resolves  to 
g^ve  her  to  the  best  scholar,  himself  being 
judge.  Gradus,  an  Oxford  pedant,  quotes 
two  lines  of  Greei  in  which  the  word 
fanta  occurs  four  limes.  "Pantry!" 
cries  old  Doiley  ;  "  r  o,  no  ;  you  can't  per- 
suade me  that's  Greek."  The  captain  talks 
of  "  refulgent  scintillations  in  the  ambient 
void  opake  ;  chrysalic  spheroids  and 
astifarous    constellations ; "    and    when 


443 


GRAPES  PAINTED. 


Gradus  says,  "  It  is  a  rant  in  English,** 
the  old  man  boils  with  indignation. 
'*  Zounds  I  "  says  he ;  "  d'ye  take  me  for 
a  fool  ?  D'ye  think  I  don't  know  my 
own  mother  tongue  ?  'Twas  no  more  like 
English  than  I  am  like  Whittington's 
cat  1  "  and  he  drives  off  Gradus  as  a  vile 
impostor. — Mrs,  Cowley  :  Who's  tht 
Dupe  f 

Grang'er.    (See  Edith,  p.  314.) 

Grangconsier,  father  of  Gargantua» 
"  a  good  sort  of  a  fellow  in  his  younger 
days,  and  a  notable  jester.  He  loved  to 
drink  neat,  and  would  eat  salt  meat " 
(bk.  i.  3).  He  married  Gargamelle 
(3  syl.),  daughter  of  the  king  of  the  Par- 
paillons,  and  had  a  son  named  Gargan- 
tua. — Rabelais  :  Gargantua,  i.  3  (1533). 

•."  "  Grangousier '  is  meant  for  John 
d'Albret,  king  of  Navarre  ;  "  Gargamelle  " 
for  Catherine  de  Foix,  qtieen  of  Navarre  ; 
and  "Gargantua"  for  Henri  d'Albret, 
king  of  Navarre.  Some,  fancy  that 
"  Grangousier  "  is  meant  for  Louis  XII., 
but  this  cannot  be,  inasmuch  as  he  is 
distinctly  called  a  "heretic  for  declaim- 
ing against  the  saints  "  (ch.  xlv.). 

Grania.    (See  Dermat  O'Dyna.) 

Grantam  {Miss),  a  friend  of  Miss 
Godfrey,  engaged  to  sir  James  Elliot. — 
Foote  :  The  Liar  {1761). 

Grant'mesnil  {Sir  Hugh  de),  one  of 
the  knights  challengers  at  the  tourna- 
ment.— Sir  W.  Scott:  Ivanhoe  (time, 
Richard  I.). 

Grantorio,  the  personification  of  re- 
bellion in  general,  and  of  the  evil  genius 
of  the  Irish  rebellion  of  1580  in  particular. 
Grantorto  is  represented  as  a  huge  giant, 
who  withheld  from  Irena  [i.e.  lerne  or 
Ireland^  her  inheritance.  Sir  Artgga) 
[Arthur  lord  Grey  of  Wilton],  being  sent 
to  destroy  him,  challenged  him  to  single 
combat,  and  having  felled  him  to  the 
earth  with  his  sword  Chrysa'or,  "reft  off 
his  head  to  ease  him  of  his  pain." — 
Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  v.  12  (1596). 

Grapes  of  God.  Tennyson  calls  the 
wine-cup  of  the  eucharist  "  the  chalice 
of  the  grapes  of  God,"  alluding,  of  covu-se, 
to  the  symbolical  character  of  the  sacra- 
mental wine,  which  represents  the  death- 
blood  of  Christ,  shed  for  the  remission 
of  sin. 

Where  the  kneeling  hamlet  drains 
The  chalice  of  the  grapes  of  God. 

Tennyson:  In  Metnoriam,  x. 

Grapes  Fainted.    Zeuxis  of  Hera- 


GRASS. 


GRAY. 


clSa  painted  grapes  so  admirably  that 
birds  flew  to  them  and  tried  to  eat  them. 
(See  Horse  Painted.) 

Therefore  the  bee  did  suck  the  painted  flower, 
And  birds  of  grrapesthe  cunning  semblance  pecked. 
Sir  y.  Dairies  :  Immortality  of  the  Soul,  ii.  (1622). 

Grass  [Cronos],  a  grass  which  gives 
those  who  taste  it  an  irresistible  desire 
for  the  sea.     (See  under  Glaucus.  ) 

Grass  [To give),  to  acknowledge  your- 
self vanquished.  A  Latin  phrase,  Her- 
ham  dare  aut  porrigere. — Pliny:  Nat. 
Hist.,  xxii.  4. 

Grasshopper  (yi).  What  animal  is 
that  which  avoids  every  one,  is  a  com- 
pound of  seven  animals,  and  lives  in 
desolate  places  ? 

Damak£  answered,  "  It  is  a  grasshopper,  which  has 
the  head  of  a  horse,  the  neck  of  an  ox,  the  wings  of  a 
dragon,  the  feet  of  a  camel,  the  tail  of  a  serpent,  the 
horns  of  a  stag,  and  the  body  of  a  scorpion."— Cown/ 
Calus :  Oriental  Tales  ("The  Four  Talismans," 
«743)- 

GrassHopper.     {See  Gresham,  p. 

449-) 

Grass-market  (Edinburgh),  at  one 
time  the  place  of  public  executions. 

Mitchel,  being  asked  why  he  had  made  so  wicked 
an  attempt  on  the  person  of  the  archbishop  \_Sharpe\ 
replied  that  he  did  it  "  for  the  glory  of  God."  .  .  .  The 
duke  said  then,  "  Let  Mitchel  glorify  God  in  the 
Grass-market."— /Ttlf^iVfj;  Remarks  on  Burnet,  ii. 
131. 

Gra'tian  [Father),  the  begging  friar 
at  John  Mengs's  inn  at  Kirchhoff. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  Anne  of  Geierstein  (time, 
Edward  IV.). 

Gratia'no,  one  of  Anthonio's  friends. 
He  "  talked  an  infinite  deal  of  nothing, 
more  than  any  man  in  all  Venice." 
Gratiano  married  Nerissa,  the  waiting- 
gentlewoman  of  Portia. — Shakespeare: 
Merchant  of  Venice  (1598). 

Gratia'no,  brother  of  Brabantio,  and 
uncle  of  Desdemona.  —  Shakespeare  : 
Othello  (1611). 

Graunde  Amoure  {Sir),  walking 
in  a  meadow,  was  told  by  Fame  of  a 
beautiful  lady  named  La  belle  Pucell, 
who  resided  in  the  Tower  of  Musyke. 
He  was  then  conducted  by  Gouvernance 
and  Grace  to  the  Tower  of  Doctrine,  where 
he  received  instruction  from  the  seven 
Sciences  : — Gramer,  Logyke,  Rethorike, 
Arismetricke,  Musyke,  Geometry,  and 
Astronomy.  In  the  Tower  of  Musyke 
he  met  La  belle  Pucell,  with  whom  he  fell 
In  love,  but  they  parted  for  a  time. 
Graunde  Amoure  went  to  the  Tower  of 
Chivalry  to  perfect  himself  in  the  arts  of 
knighthood,  and  there  he  received  his 
degree  from  king  Melyz'yus.      He  then 


started  on  his  adventures,  and  soon  en- 
countered False  Report,  who  joined  him 
and  told  him  many  a  lying  tale  ;  but  lady 
Correction,  coming  up,  had  False  Report 
soundly  beaten,  and  the  knight  was 
entertained  at  her  castle.  Next  day  he 
left,  and  came  to  a  wall  where  hung  a 
shield  and  horn.  On  blowing  the  horn, 
a  three-headed  monster  came  forth,  with 
whom  he  fought,  and  cut  off  the  three 
heads,  called  Falsehood,  Imagination, 
and  Perjury.  He  passed  the  night  in  the 
house  of  lady  Comfort,  who  attended  to 
his  wounds  ;  and  next  day  he  slew  a 
giant  fifteen  feet  high  and  with  seven 
heads.  Lastly,  he  slew  the  monster 
Malyce,  made  by  enchantment  of  seven 
metals.  His  achievements  over,  he 
married  La  belle  Pucell,  and  lived  happily 
till  he  was  arrested  by  Age,  having  for 
companions  Policye  and  Avarice.  Death 
came  at  last  to  carry  him  off,  and  Re- 
membrance wrote  his  epitaph.  —  .S. 
Halves  :  The  Passe-tyme of  Plesure  { 1515). 
Graunde  Amoures  Steed,  Galantyse, 
the  gift  of  king  Melyz'yus  when  he  con- 
ferred on  him  the  degree  of  knighthood. 

I  myselfe  shall  give  you  a  worthy  stede. 
Called  Galantyse,  to  helpe  you  in  your  nede. 
Hatues  :  The  Passe-tyme  0/ PUsure,  xxviii.  (1515). 

Graunde  Amoure' s  Sword,  Clare  Pru- 
dence. 

Drawing  nly  swerde,  that  was  both  faire  and  bright, 

I  clipped  Clare  Prudence. 

Hawes  :  The  Passe-tyme  0/ Plesure,  xxxiil.  (1515). 

Grave  [The),  a  poem  in  blank  verse 
by  Blair  (1743).     It  runs  to  767  lines. 

The  grave,  dread  thing, 
Men  shiver  when  thou'rt  named.    Nature,  appalled, 
Shakes  off  her  wonted  firmness. 

•.'  Mrs.  Clive,  in  1872,  published  nine 
poems,  one  of  which  was  entitled  The 
Grave. 

Grave 'airs  [Lady),  a  lady  of  very 
dubious  virtue,  in  The  Careless  Husband, 
by  CoUey  Cibber  {1704). 

Mrs.  Hamilton  [1730-1788],  upon  her  entrance,  was 
saluted  with  a  storm  of  hisses,  and  advancing  to  the 
footlights  said,  '•  Gemmen  and  ladies,  I  s  pose  as  how 
vou  hiss  me  because  I  wouldn't  play  '  lady  Graveairs ' 
last  night  at  Mrs.  Bellamy's  benefit.  I  would  have 
done  so,  but  she  said  as  how  my  audience  stunk,  and 
were  all  tripe  people."  The  pit  roared  with  laughter 
and  the  whole  house  shouted,  "  Well  said,  Mrs. 
Tripe  ! "  a  title  which  the  fair  speechifier  retained  ever 
^X.ftr.— Memoir  of  Mrs.  Hamilton  (1803). 

GBiAT,  the  hero  of  J.  Fenimore 
Cooper's  novel  called  The  Pilot  (1823). 

Gray  [Old  Alice),  a  former  tenant  of 
the  Ravenswood  family. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Bride    of  Lammermoor    (time,    Williani 

Gray  [Dr.  Gideon)^  the  surgeon  at 
Middlemas. 


GRAY. 


445 


GREAT  EXPECTATIONS. 


Mrs.  Gray,  the  surgeon's  wife. 

Menie  Gray,  the  "surgeon's  daughter," 
taken  to  India  and  given  to  Tippoo  Saib 
as  an  addition  to  his  harem  ;  but,  being 
rescued  by  Hyder  Ali,  she  was  restored  to 
Hartley,  and  returned  to  her  country. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Surgeons  Daughter 
(time,  George  II.). 

Gray  [Duncan)  wooed  a  young  lass 
called  Maggie,  but  she  ' '  coost  her  head 
fu'  high,  looked  asklent "  (away),  and 
bade  him  behave  himself.  "  Duncan 
fleeched,  and  Duncan  prayed,"  but  Meg 
was  deaf  to  his  pleadings ;  so  Duncan 
took  himself  off  in  dudgeon.  This  was 
more  than  Maggie  meant,  so  she  fell  sick 
and  like  to  die.  As  Duncan  ' '  could  na 
be  her  death,"  he  came  forward  manfully 
again,  and  then  "  they  were  crouse 
[merry]  and  canty  bath.  Ha,  ha  !  the 
wooing  o't  I  "  —  Burns  :  Duncan  Gray 
{1792). 

Gray  [Mary),  daughter  of  a  country 
gentleman  of  Perth.  When  the  plague 
broke  out  in  1666,  Mary  Gray  and  her 
friend  Bessy  Bell  retired  to  an  un- 
frequented spot  called  Bum  Braes,  where 
they  lived  in  a  secluded  cottage,  and  saw 
no  one.  A  young  gentleman  brought 
them  food,  but  he  caught  the  plague, 
communicated  it  to  the  two  ladies,  and 
all  three  died. — Allan  Ramsay:  Bessy 
Bell  and  Mary  Gray. 

i3rTa,y  {Auld  RoHn).  Jennie,  a  Scotch 
lass,  was  loved  by  young  Jamie;  "but 
saving  a  crown,  he  had  naething  else 
besides."  To  make  that  crown  a  pound, 
young  Jamie  went  to  sea,  and  both  were 
to  be  for  Jennie.  He  had  not  been  gone 
many  days  when  Jennie's  mother  fell 
sick,  her  father  broke  his  arm,  and  their 
cow  was  stolen  ;  then  auld  Robin  came 
forward  and  maintained  them  both.  Auld 
Robin  loved  the  lass,  and  "wi'  tears  in 
his  ee,"  said,  "Jennie,  for  their  sakes,  oh, 
marry  me  !  "  Jennie's  heart  said  "  nay," 
for  she  looked  for  Jamie  back ;  but  her 
father  urged  her,  and  the  mother  pleaded 
with  her  eye,  and  so  she  consented. 
They  had  not  been  married  above  a 
month  when  Jamie  returned.  They  met  ; 
she  gave  him  one  kiss,  and,  though  she 
"gang  like  a  ghaist,"  she  made  up  her 
mind,  like  a  brave,  good  lassie,  to  be  a 
gude  wife,  for  auld  Robin  was  very  kind 
to  her  (1772). 

•.'  This  ballad  was  composed  by  lady 
Anne  Lindsay,  daughter  of  the  earl  of 
Balcarres  (afterwards  lady  Barnard),     It 


was  written  to  an  old  Scotch  tune  called 
The  Brief fo room  Grat  ivhen  the  Sun  wefit 
Down.  Auld  Robin  Gray  was  her  father's 
herdsman.  When  lady  Anne  was  writing 
the  ballad,  and  was  piling  distress  on 
Jennie,  she  told  her  sister  that  she  had 
sent  Jamie  to  sea,  made  the  mother  sick, 
and  broken  the  father's  arm,  but  wanted 
a  fourth  calamity.  "  Steal  the  cow, 
sister  Anne,"  said  the  httle  Elizabeth; 
and  so  "  the  cow  was  stolen  awa' ;  "  and 
the  song  completed. 

Gray's  Moimment,  in  Westminster 
Abbey,  was  by  Bacon, 

Graysteel,  the  sword  of  Kol,  fatal  to 
its  owner.  It  passed  into  several  hands, 
and  always  brought  ill-luck  with  it. — 
Icelandic  Edda, 

Great  Captain  [The),  Gonsalvo  de 
Cor'dova,  el  Gran  Capitan  (1453-1515). 

Manuel  I.  [Coranenus]  emperor  of 
Trebizond,  is  so  called  also  (1120,  1143- 

1180), 

Great  Cliam  of  Literature,  Dr. 

Samuel  Johnson  (1709-1784). 

Great  Commoner  [The),  William 
Pitt  (1759-1806), 

Great  Dauphin  {The),  Louis  the 
son  of  Louis  XIV,  (1661-1711). 

(The  "  Little  Dauphin  "  was  the  duke 
of  Bourgogne,  son  of  the  Great  or  Grand 
Dauphin.     Both  died  before  Louis  X IV, ) 

Great  Duke  [The),  the  duke  of 
Wellington  (1769-1852). 

Burjr  the  Great  Duke 

With  an  empire's  lamentation  ; 
Let  us  bury  the  Great  Duke 
To  the  noise  of  the  mourning  of  a  g^-eat  nation. 
Tennyson. 

Great  Expectations,  the  autobio- 
graphy of  "  Pip,"  a  novel  in  three  series, 
by  Dickens  (i860).  Pip  was  the  nephew 
of  Joe  Gargery,  a  village  blacksmith,  by 
whom  he  was  brought  up.  When  only 
seven  years  old  he  was  encountered  in 
the  village  churchyard  by  Magwitch,  a 
runaway  convict,  who  frightened  the 
child  into  bringing  him  a  file  (to  file  off 
one  of  his  fetters)  and  some  food  to  eat. 
These  Pip  purloined  from  home,  and 
carried  to  the  convict  very  early  next  morn- 
ing. Miss  Havisham,  the  daughter  of  a  very 
rich  brewer,  living  in  Satis  House,  being 
in  want  of  a  little  boy  to  play  with  Estella, 
a  child  she  had  adopted,  was  persuaded 
to  take  Pip  for  the  purpose.  The  boy 
lived  at  home,  but  went  backwards  and 
forwards  to  play  with  Estella.      After  a 


GREAT  HARRY 


446 


GRECIAN  DAUGPITER. 


time,  Miss  Havisham  botind  Pip  appren- 
tice to  his  uncle  Gargery ;  but  when 
aboTit  half  his  time  had  expired,  Mr. 
Jaggers,  an  Old  Bailey  lawyer,  informed 
him  that  a  person  (whose  name  he  was 
forbidden  to  reveal)  had  provided  money 
for  his  education,  and  that  he  was  to  be 
brought  up  as  a  gentleman  of  "great 
expectations."  His  indentures  were 
accordingly  cancelled,  and  he  was  sent  as 
a  private  pupil  to  Mr.  Matthew  Pocket  (of 
Harrow  and  Cambridge).  Pip  supposed 
that  his  "  unknowed  patron"  was  Miss 
Havisham,  but  it  was  Magwitch  the 
convict,  who  had  gone  to  New  South 
Wales,  where  he  had  acquired  great 
wealth  as  a  sheep-farmer.  When  Pip 
was  twenty-three  years  old,  Magwitch 
clandestinely  returned  to  England  to 
see  Pip,  and  give  him  a  large  fortune ; 
but  he  was  arrested  as  a  returned  convict, 
condemned  to  death,  and  all  his  pro- 
perty confiscated.  He  died  at  New- 
gate, and  Pip  was  left  penniless.  He 
now  entered  the  service  of  Cleriker  and 
Co.  as  a  clerk,  and  in  eleven  years  he  was 
taken  into  the  firm  as  a  junior  partner. 
His  love  affair  was  a  similar  "great 
expectation."  He  fell  in  love  with  Estella, 
the  adopted  daughter  of  the  rich  Miss 
Havisham,  but  in  reality  the  child  of 
Magwitch.  But  Estella  married  Bentley 
Drammle,  who  ill-treated  her,  spent  all 
her  money,  and  left  her  a  penniless 
widow.  She  and  Pip  met  again  after 
this,  apparently  on  most  friendly  terms, 
but  the  novel  breaks  off  here,  and  leaves 
the  sequel  to  the  reader's  imagination. 
(See  Joe  Gargery.  ) 

Great  Harry  ( The).    (See  Harry.) 

Great-Head  or  Canmore,  Malcolm 
in.  of  Scotland  {*,  1057-1093). 

Great-heart  [Mr.),  the  guide  of 
Christiana  and  her  family  to  the  Celestial 
City. — Bunyan :  Pilgrim's  Progess,  ii. 
(1684). 

Great  Magician  [The)  or  The 
Great  Magician  of  the  North,  sir  Walter 
Scott.  So  called  first  by  professor  John 
Wilson  (1771-1832). 

Great  Marquis  [The),  James  Gra- 
ham, marquis  of  Montrose  (1612-1650). 

I've  told  thee  how  we  swept  Dundee, 
And  tamed  the  Lindsays'  pride; 

But  never  have  T  told  thee  yet 
How  the  Great  Marquis  died, 

Aytoun. 

The  Great  Marquis,  dom  Sebas- 
tiano  Jose  de  Carvalho,  marquis  de 
Pombal,  greatest  of  all  the  Portuguese 
statesmen  (1699-1782). 


Great  Moralist  {The),  Dr.  SamueS 
Johnson  (1709-1784). 

Great  Sea  [The).  The  Mediterra- 
nean Sea  was  so  called  by  the  ancients. 

Great  TTnlcnown  [The),  sir  Walter 
Scott,  who  published  his  Waverley  Novels 
anonymously  (1771-1832). 

Great  Unwashed  [The).  The 
artisan  class  were  first  so  called  by  Burke, 
but  sir  W.  Scott  popularized  the  phrase. 

Greaves  [Sir  Launcelot),  a  well-bred 
young  English  squire  of  the  George  H. 
period;  handsome,  virtuous,  and  en- 
lightened, but  crack-brained.  He  sets 
out,  attended  by  an  old  sea-captain,  to 
detect  fraud  and  treason,  abase  inso- 
lence, mortify  pride,  discourage  slander, 
disgrace  immodesty,  and  punish  ingrati- 
tude. Sir  Launcelot,  in  fact,  is  a  modern 
don  Quixote,  and  captain  Crow  is  his 
Sancho  Panza. — Srnollett :  The  Adven- 
tures of  Sir  Launcelot  Greaves  (1760). 

Smollett  became  editor  of  the  Critical  Review,  and 
an  attack  in  that  journal  on  admiral  Knowles  led  to  a 
trial  for  libel.  The  author  was  sentenced  to  pay  a  fine 
of  ;£'ioo,  and  suffer  three  months'  imprisonment.  He 
consoled  himself  in  prison  by  writing  his  novel  of 
Launcelot  Greaves. — Chambers  ;  £np-lish  Literature. 
ii.  6s. 

Grecian  Dangfhter  {The),  Eu- 
phrasia, daughter  of  Evander  a  Greek, 
who  dethroned  Dionysius  the  Elder,  and 
became  king  of  Syracuse.  In  his  old  age 
he  was  himself  dethroned  by  Dionysius 
the  Younger,  and  confined  in  a  dungeon 
in  a  rock,  where  he  was  saved  from  star- 
vation by  his  daughter,  who  fed  him  with 
"the  milk  designed  for  her  ow^n  babe." 
Timoleon  having  made  himself  master  of 
Syracuse,  Dionysius  accidentally  en- 
countered Evander  his  prisoner,  and  was 
about  to  kill  him,  when  Euphrasia  rushed 
forwards  and  stabbed  the  tyrant  to  the 
heart. — Murphy:  The  Grecian  Daughter 
(1772). 

N.B. — As  an  historical  drama  this  plot 
is  much  the  same  as  if  the  writer  had  said 
that  James  I.  (of  England)  abdicated  and 
retired  to  St.  Germain,  and  when  his  son 
James  H.  succeeded  to  the  crown,  he  was 
beheaded  at  White  Hall ;  for  Murphy 
makes  Dionysius  the  Elder  to  have  been 
dethroned,  and  going  to  Corinth  to  live 
(act  i.),  and  Dionysius  the  Younger  to 
have  been  slain  by  the  dagger  of  Eu- 
phrasia ;  whereas  Dionysius  the  Elder 
never  was  dethroned,  but  died  in  Syracuse 
at  the  age  of  63 ;  and  Dionysius  the 
Younger  was  not  slain  in  Syracuse,  but, 
being  dethroned,  went  to  Corinth,  where 


GREECE. 


447 


GREEN  HORSE. 


he  lived  and  died  in  exile.     (See  Roman 
Daughter.) 

*.•  The  same  story  Is  told  of  Xantlppd  (3  syl.) 
<laiigrhter  of  Cimonos. 

This,  of  course,  is  not  Xantippe  the  wife  of  Socratis. 
(See  Childe  Harold,   v.  148;  and  LilUc  Dorrit,  xix.) 

Greece  [The  two  eyes  of),  Athens  and 
Sparta. 

Greedy  [Justice),  thin  as  a  thread- 
paper,  always  eating  and  always  hungry. 
He  says  to  sir  Giles  Overreach  (act  iii.  i), 
"  Oh,  I  do  much  honour  a  chine  of  beef! 
Oh,  I  do  reverence  a  loin  of  veal ! "  As  a 
justice,  he  is  most  venial — the  promise  of 
a  turkey  will  buy  him,  but  the  promise 
of  a  haunch  of  venison  will  out-buy  him. 
— Massinger:  A  New  Way  to  Pay  Old 
Debts  (1628). 

Greek  [A),  a  pander ;  a  merry  Greek, 
a  foolish  Greek,  a  CoHnthian,  etc.,  all 
mean  either  pander  or  harlot.  Frequently 
used  by  Shakespeare  in  Timon  of  Athens 
(1678)  and  in  Henry  IV.  (1:97-9). 
^  Greek  Church  [Fathers  of  the)  : 
Eusebius,  Athana'sius,  Basil  "the Great," 
Gregory  Nazianze'nus,  Gregory  of  Nyssa, 
Cyril  of  Jerusalem,  Chrys'ostom,  Epipha'- 
nius,  Cyril  of  Alexandria,  and  Ephraim 
deacon  of  Edessa. 

Greek  Kalends,  never.  There  were 
no  kalends  in  the  Greek  system  of  reckon- 
ing the  months.  Hence  Suetonius  says 
it  shall  be  transferred  ad  Gmcas  calendas, 
or,  in  parliamentary  phrase,  "  to  this  day 
six  months." 

They  and  their  bills  .  .  .  are  l«ft 
To  the  Greelc  Kalends. 
«►  Byron :  Don  yuan,  xiii.  45  (1824). 

Greeks  (Last  of  the),  Philopoe'men  of 
Megalop'olis,  whose  great  object  was  to 
infuse  into  the  Achaeans  a  military  spirit, 
and  establish  their  independence  (b.c. 
252-183). 

When  Greeks  joined  Greeks.  Clytus 
said  to  Alexander  that  Philip  was  the 
greater  warrior — 

I  have  seen  him  march, 
And  fought  beneath  his  dreadful  banner,  where 
The  boldest  at  this  table  would  have  trembled. 
Nay,  frown  not,  sir,  you  cannot  look  me  dead ; 
When  Greeks  Joined  Greeks,  then  was  the  tug  of  war. 
Lee  :  Alexander  the  Great,  iv.  2  (1678). 

(Slightly  altered  into  When  Greek  joins 
Greek,  then  is  the  tug  of  war,  this  line 
has  become  a  household  phrase. ) 

To  play  the  Greek,  to  act  like  a  harlot. 
When  Cressid  says  of  Helen,  "Then 
she's  a  merry  Greek  indeed,"  she  means 
that  Helen  is  no  better  than  a  file 
publique.  Probably  Shakespeare  had  his 
eye  upon  "fair  Hiren,"  in  Peel's  play 
called  The  Turkish  Mahomet  and  Hyren 


the  Fair  Greek.     "  A  fair  Greek  "  was  at 
one  time  a  euphemism  for  a  courtezan. 

Green  [Mr.  Paddington),  a  clerk  at 
Somerset  House. 

Mrs.  Paddington  Green,  his  wife. — 
Morton  :  If  I  had  a  Thousand  a  Year. 

Green  ( Verdant),  a  young  man  of 
infinite  simplicity,  who  goes  to  college, 
and  is  played  upon  by  all  the  practical 
jokers  of  alma  mater.  After  he  has 
bought  his  knowledge  by  experience, 
the  butt  becomes  the  "  butter  "  of  juve- 
niles greener  than  himself.  Verdant 
Green  wore  spectacles,  which  won  for 
him  the  nickname  of  "Gig-lamps." — 
Cuthbert  Bede  [Rev.  Edw,  Bradley] : 
Verdant  Green  (i860). 

Green  (  Widow),  a  rich,  buxom  dame 
of  40,  who  married  first  for  money,  and 
intended  to  clioose  her  second  husband 
"to  please  her  vanity."  She  fancied 
Waller  loved  her,  and  meant  to  make 
her  his  wife,  but  sir  William  Fondlove 
was  her  adorer.  When  the  politic  widow 
discovered  that  Waller  had  fixed  his  love 
on  another,  she  gave  her  hand  to  the  old 
beau,  sir  William  ;  for  if  the  news  got 
wind  of  her  love  for  Waller,  she  would  be- 
come the  laughing-stock  of  all  her  friends. 
— Knowles:   The  Love- Chase  [i^^?)- 

Green-Bag*  Inquiry  [The).  A 
green  bag  full  of  documents,  said  to  be 
seditious,  was  laid  before  parliament  by 
lord  Sidmouth,  in  1817.  An  "  inquiry  " 
was  made  into  these  documents,  and  it 
was  deemed  advisable  to  suspend  the 
Habeas  Corpus  Act,  and  forbid  all  sorts 
of  political  meetings  hkely  to  be  of  a 
seditious  character. 

Green  Bird.  Martyrs,  after  death, 
partake  of  the  delights  of  bliss  in  the 
crops  of  green  birds,  which  feed  on  the 
fruits  of  paradise. — Jalalld ddin. 

Green  Bird  [The),  a  bird  that  told 
one  everything  it  was  asked.  An  oracular 
*bird,  obtained  by  Fairstar  after  the 
failure  of  Chery  and  her  two  brothers. 
It  was  this  bird  who  revealed  to  the  king 
that  Fairstar  was  his  daughter  and  Chery 
his  nephew. — Comtesse  D'Aulnoy  :  Fairy 
Ta/ej  ("  Fairstar  and  Prince  Chery ,"  1682). 

Green  Flag  Army  ( The),  a  Chinese 
militia,  scattered  through  various  pro- 
vinces, and  containing  a  million  men.  (See 
Nineteenth  Century,  March,  1894,  p.  389.) 

Green  Horse  ( The),  the  sth  Dragoon 
Guards  [not  the  5th  Dragoons).  So  called 
from  their  green  velvet  facings. 


GREEN  HOWARDS. 


448 


GRENDEU 


Green  Howards  {The),  the  19th 
Foot.  So  called  from  the  Hon.  Charles 
Howard,  their  colonel  from  1738  to  1748. 

Green  Isle  ( The)  or  The  Emerald 

Isle,  Ireland. 

A  pu^acity  characteristic  of  the  Gr««n  Isle— ^i^ 

W.  Scott. 

Green  Kniiflit  {The),  sir  Pertolope 
(3  -C^')'  called  by  Tennyson  "Evening 
Stsir  "  or  "  Hesperus."  He  was  one  of 
the  four  brothers  who  kept  the  passages 
of  Castle  Perilous,  and  was  overthrown 
by  sir  Gareth.— .SzV  T.  Malory  :  History 
of  Prince  Arthur, '\.  127  (1470);  Tenny- 
son :  Idylls  ("  Gareth  and  Lynette  "). 

N.B. — It  is  evidently  a  blunder  of 
Tennyson  to  call  the  Green  Knight 
"Evening  Star,"  and  the  Blue  Knight 
"  Morning  Star."  In  the  old  romance 
the  combat  with  the  "Green  Knight" 
was  at  dawn,  and  with  the  "Blue 
Knight "  at  sunset.  (See  Notes  and 
Queries,  February  16,  1878.) 

Green  Knight  ( The),  a  pagan 
knight,  who  demanded  Fezon  in  mar- 
riage, but,  being  overcome  by  Orson,  was 
obliged  to  resign  his  claim.  —  Valentine 
and  Orson  {fifteenth  century). 

Green  Lettuce  Lane  [St.  Law- 
rence, Poultney],  a  corruption  of ' '  Green 
Lattice  ;  "  so  called  from  the  green  lattice 
gate  which  used  to  open  into  Cannon 
Street. 

Green  Linnets,  the  39th  Foot,  now 
the  Dorsetshire  Regiment.  In  point  of 
fact,  the  hne  battalions  have  white  facings 
and  scarlet  uniforms  ;  the  volunteer  bat- 
tahon  has  a  green  uniform  with  scarlet 
facings ;  and  the  Cadet  Corps  (Sherborne 
School)  has  the  same  uniform  and  facings 
as  the  line  battalions,  scarlet  and  white. 

Green  Man  {The).  The  man  who 
used  to  let  off  fireworks  was  so  called  in 
the  reigfn  of  James  I. 

Have  you  any  squibs,  any  jjreen  man  in  yoursliowsT 
—John  KirkclR.  JohHson\:  The  Seven  Championi 
0/  Christendom  (1617). 

Green  Man  {The),  a  gentleman's 
gamekeeper,  at  one  time  clad  in  green. 

But  the  ereen  man  shall  I  pass  by  unsiingT  .  .  . 
A  squire  s  attendant  clad,  in  keeper's  green. 

Crabbe  :  Borou£h  (1810). 

Greenhalgh,  messenger  of  the  earl 
of  Derby,— ^i>  W.  Scott :  Peveril  of  the 
Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Greenhorn  {Mr.  Gilberi),  an  attor- 
ney, in  partnership  with  Mr,  Gabriel 
Grinderson. 

Mr.  Gemiffo  Greenhorn,  father  of  Mr. 


Gilbert.— -S/r  W.  Scott:  The  Antiquary 
(time,  George  III.). 

Greenland,  a  poem  in  heroic  verse, 
in  rhymes,  by  James  Montgomery  (1819). 
It  contains  four  cantos. 

Greenleaf  (Gr7^<fr/),  the  old  archer  at 
Douglas  Castle.— 5/r  W.  Scott:  Castle 
Dangerous  (time,  Henry  I.). 

Gregfoiry,  a  faggot-maker  of  good 
education,  first  at  a  charity  school,  then 
as  waiter  on  an  Oxford  student,  and  then 
as  the  fag  of  a  travelling  physician. 
When  compelled  to  act  the  doctor,  he 
says  the  disease  of  his  patient  arises  from 
"  propria  quae  maribus  tribuuntur  mas- 
cula  dicas,  ut  sunt  divorum,  Mars, 
Bacchus,  Apollo,  virorum."  And  when 
sir  Jasper  says,  "  I  always  thought  till 
now  that  the  heart  is  on  the  left  side,  and 
the  liver  on  the  right,"  he  replies,  "Ay, 
sir,  so  they  were  formerly,  but  we  have 
changed  all  that. "  In  Molifere's  comedy, 
Le  Midecin  Malgri  Lui,  Gregory  is 
called  "  Sganarelle,"  and  all  these  jokes 
are  in  act  ii.  sc.  6. — Fielding:  The  Mock 
Doctor. 

Gregory,  father  and  son,  hangmen  in 
the  seventeenth  century.  In  the  time  of 
the  Gregorys,  hangmen  were  termed 
"esquires."  In  France,  executioners 
were  termed  "monsieur,"  even  to  the 
breaking  out  of  the  Revolution, 

Gregory's  Day  {St.),  March  ra. 

Sow  runcivals  timely,  and  all  that  is  gray ; 
But  sow  not  the  white  ifeas,  etc.]  till  St.  Greg-ory's  Day. 
Tusser :  Five  Hundred  Poi7tts  of  Good 
Husbandry,  xxxv.  3  (rssy^ 

Gregson  {Widow),  Darsie  Latimer's 
landlady  at  Shepherd's  Bush. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  kedgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Gregson  {Gilbert),  the  messenger  of 
father  Buenaventura. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Redgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Gre'mio,  an  old  man  who  wishes  to 
marry  Bianca,  but  the  lady  prefers 
Lucentio,  a  young  man. — Shakespeare  : 
Taming  of  the  Shrew  (1594). 

Grendel,  the  monster  from  which 
Beowulf  delivered  Hrothgar  king  of 
Denmark.  It  was  half  monster,  half 
man,  whose  haunt  was  the  marshes 
among  "a  monster  race."  Night  after 
ni.^ht  it  crept  stealthily  into  the  palace 
called  Heorot,  and  slew  sometimes  as 
many  as  thirty  of  the  inmates.  At  length 
Beowulf,  at  the  head  of  a  mixed  band  of 
warriors,  went  against  it  and  slew  it. — 
Beowulf,  an  Anglo-Saxou  epic  (sixth 
centurj'). 


GRENVILLE. 


449    GRETNA  GREEN  MARRIAGES. 


Oreuville  {Sir  Richard),  the  com- 
mander of  the  Revenge,  in  the  reign  of 
queen  Elizabeth.  Out  of  his  crew,  ninety 
were  sick  on  shore,  and  only  a  hundred 
able-bodied  men  remained  on  board. 
The  Revenge  was  one  of  the  six  ships 
under  the  command  of  lord  Thomas 
Howard.  While  cruising  near  the  Azores, 
a  Spanish  fleet  of  fifty-three  ships  made 
towards  the  English,  and  lord  Howard 
sheered  off,  saying,  "  My  ships  are  out 
of  gear,  and  how  can  six  ships-of-the- 
line  fight  with  fifty-three  ? "  Sir  Richard 
Grenville,  however,  resolved  to  stay  and 
encounter  the  foe,  and  "ship  after  ship 
the  whole  night  long  drew  back  with  her 
dead  ;  some  were  sunk,  more  were  shat- 
tered;'* and  the  brave  hundred  still 
fought  on.  Sir  Richard  was  wounded 
and  his  ship  riddled,  but  his  cry  was  still 
"  Fight  on  I "  When  resistance  was  no 
longer  possible,  he  cried,  "  Sink  the  ship, 
master  gunner  I  sink  her  I  Split  her  in 
twain,  nor  let  her  fall  into  the  hands  of 
the  foe  1 "  But  the  Spaniards  boarded 
her,  and  praised  sir  Richard  for  his  heroic 
daring.  "  I  have  done  my  duty  for  my 
queen  and  faith,"  he  said,  and  died.  The 
Spaniards  sent  the  prize  home,  but  a 
tempest  came  on,  and  the  Revenge, 
shot-shattered,  ' '  went  down,  to  be  lost 
evermore  in  the  main." — Tennyson: 
The  Revenge,  a  ballad  of  the  fleet 
{1878). 

(Froude  has  an  essay  on  the  subject. 
Canon  Kingsley.  in  Westward  Hoi  has 
drawn  sir  Richard  Grenville,  and  alludes 
to  the  fight.  Lord  Bacon  says  the  fight 
"  was  memorable  even  beyond  credit 
[credibihty],  and  to  the  height  of  heroic 
fable."  Arber  published  three  small 
volumes  on  sir  Richard's  noble  exploit. 
Gervase  Markham  has  a  long  poem  on 
the  subject.  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  says, 
"  If  lord  Howard  had  stood  to  his  guns, 
the  Spanish  fleet  would  have  been  annihi- 
lated." Browning's  Hervi  Riel  {q.v.) 
forms  a  splendid  contrast  to  Tennyson's 
poem  The  Revenge. ) 

Gresham  and  the  Pearl.    When 

queen  Elizabeth  visited  the  Exchange, 
sir  Thomas  Gresham  pledged  her  health 
in  a  cup  of  wine  containing  a  precious 
stone    cr\ished    to    atoms,    and    worth 

;^I5,000. 

Here  ;£  15.000  at  one  clap  goes 
Instead  of  sugar  ;  Gresham  drinks  the  pearl 
Unto  his  queen  and  mistress.    Pledge  ft,  lordi. 
Heywood  :  1/  You  Know  net  Me,  You  Know  Nobody. 

'.'  It  is  devoutly  to  be  hoped  that  sir 
Thomas  was  above  such  absurd  vanity, 


very  well  for  queen  Cleopatra,  but  more 
than  ridiculous  in  such  an  imitation. 

Gresham  and  the  Grasshopper.  There 
is  a  vulgar  tradition  that  sir  Thomas 
Gresham  was  a  foundling,  and  that  the 
old  beldame  who  brought  him  up  was 
attracted  to  the  spot  where  she  found  him, 
by  the  loud  chirping  of  a  grasshopper. 

(This  tale  arose  from  the  grasshopper, 
which  forms  the  crest  of  sir  Thomas. ) 

To  sup  with  sir  Thotnas  Gresham, 
to  have  no  supper.  Similarly,  "  to  dine 
with  duke  Humphrey"  is  to  have  no- 
where to  dine.  The  Royal  Exchange  was 
at  one  time  a  common  lounging-plaee 
for  idlers.     (See  Dine,  p.  281.) 

The"  little  coin  thy  purseless  pockets  line, 
Yet  with  ^reat  company  thou'rt  taken  up  ; 

For  often  with  duke  Humphrey  thou  dost  dine. 

And  often  with  sir  Thomas  Gresham  sup. 

Hayman  :  Quidlibet  (Epigram  on  a  Loafer,  1628). 

Gretcheu,  a  German  diminutive  ot 
Margaret ;  the  heroine  of  Goethe's  Faust. 
Faust  meets  her  on  her  return  from  church, 
falls  in  love  with  her,  and  at  last  seduces 
her.  Overcome  with  shame,  Gretchen 
destroys  the  infant  to  which  she  gives 
birth,  and  is  condemned  to  death.  Faust 
attempts  to  save  her;  and,  gaining  ad- 
mission to  the  dungeon,  finds  her  huddled 
on  a  bed  of  straw,  singing  wild  snatches 
of  ballads,  quite  insane.  He  tries  to 
induce  her  to  flee  with  him,  but  in  vain. 
At  daybreak  Faust  is  taken  away,  and 
Gretchen,  who  dies,  joins  the  heavenly 
choir  of  penitents. 

•  .•  Gretchen  is  a  perfect  union  of  home- 
liness and  simplicity  ;  though  her  love  is 
strong  as  death,  yet  she  is  a  human 
woman  throughout,  and  never  a  mere  ab- 
straction. No  character  ever  drawn  takes 
so  strong  a  hold  on  the  heart,  and,  with  all 
her  faults,  who  does  not  love  and  pity  her  ? 

Greth'el  [Gammer),  the  hypothetical 
narrator  of  the  tales  edited  by  the  brothers 
Grimm. 

(Said  to  be  Frau  Viehmanin,  wife  of 
a  p^aasant  in  the  suburbs  of  Hessg  Cassel, 
from  whose  mouth  the  brothers  tran- 
scribed the  tales.) 

Gretna  Green  Marriages.  Gretna 
Green  is  in  Dumfriesshire,  on  the  border 
of  England  and  Scotland.  According  to 
Scotch  law,  any  man  and  woman  taking 
each  other  for  husband  and  wife  before 
witnesses  are  legally  married,  and  ordi- 
nation is  not  needful  in  the  celebrant, 
but  as  a  rule  one  individual  assumed  the 
monopoly,  married  the  couples  in  his 
own  house,  using  a  form  of  service, 
and  keeping  a  register  of   the  names 


GREY. 

The  first  known  officiating  person  was 
named  Scott,  in  the  middle  of  the 
eighteenth  century ;  and  Harry  Smith,  a 
Berwick  billiard-maker,  still  officiates, 
succeeding  William  Laing  (1897),  in 
whose  family  the  "priesthood"  had  long 
been.  The  average  number  of  marriages 
used  to  be  above  seven  hundred  a  year,  but 
since  lord  Brougham's  Act  of  1856,  which 
requires  the  residence  of  one  of  the  parties 
for  twenty-one  days,  Gretna  Green  mar- 
riages have  well-nigh  died  out.  Robert 
Elliott  bet\\ ear,  1811  and  1855,  celebrated 
3782  marriages  at  Gretna  Green. 

Grey  {Lady  Jane),  a  tragedy  by  N. 
Rowe  (1715).  Another  by  Ross  Neil ; 
and  one  by  Tennyson  (1876). 

(In  French,  Laplace  (1745),  Mde.  de 
Stael  {1800),  Ch.  Brifaut  {1812),  and 
Alexandre  Soumet  (1844),  produced 
tragedies  on  the  same  subject.  Paul 
Delaroche  has  a  fine  picture  called  "  Le 
Supplice  de  Jane  Grey,"  1835.) 

Grey  {Vivian),  a  novel  by  Disraeli 
(lord  Beaconsfield),  said  to  be  meant  for 
the  author  himself,  and  Mr.  Grey  for  the 
author's  father  (1826-7).  This  was  the 
author's  first  novel. 

Gribouille,  the  wiseacre  who  threw 
himself  into  a  river  that  his  clothes  might 
not  get  wetted  by  the  rain. — A  French 
Proverbial  Saying. 

Gride  [Arthur],  a  mean  old  usurer, 
who  wished  to  marry  Madeline  Bray ; 
but  Madeline  loved  Nicholas  Nickleby, 
and  married  him.  Gride  was  murdered. 
—Dickens:  Nicholas  Nickleby  (1838). 

Grieux  {Le  chevalier  des),  the  hero  of 
a  French  novel  by  the  abb6  Provost,  called 
Manon  Lescaui,  translated  into  English 
by  Charlotte  Smith.  A  discreditable  con- 
nection existed  between  des  Grieux  and 
Manon,  and  they  Uved  together  a  disre- 
putable hfe.  After  many  vicissitudes, 
Manon  was  transported  to  New  Orleans, 
and  des  Grieux  accompanied  her  in  the 
transport.  She  fled  the  colony  to  escape 
the  governor's  son,  who  made  love  to  her, 
and  died  of  privation  in  the  wilderness^ 
The  chevalier  returned  to  France  (1697- 
1763). 

Grieve  {Jockie),  landlord  of  an  ale- 
house near  Charlie's  Hope.— ^?>  VV. 
Scott:  Guy Mannering {iime,  George  H.). 

Qtxim.Xi  {Allan),  landlord  of  the  Griffin 
inn,  at  Perth.— 5»>  W.  Scott:  Fair  Maid 
0/ Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Griffln-feet,  the  mark  by  which  the 


450 


GRIMESBY. 


Desert  Fairy  was  known  in  all  her  meta- 
morphoses.— Comtesse  D'Aulnoy:  Fairy 
Tales  ("  The  Yellow  Dwarf,"  1682). 

Griffiths  {Old),  steward  of  the  earl 
of  Derby.— .S/r  W.  Scott:  Peveril  of  the 
/'^a/S  (time,  Charles  n.). 

Griffiths  {Samuel),  London  agent  of 
sir  Arthur  Darsie  Redgauntlet.— .SiV  W. 
Scott:  Pedgauntlet  {time,  George  IH.). 

Griflet  {Sir),  knighted  by  king  Arthur 
at  the  request  of  Merlin,  who  told  the 
king  that  sir  Griflet  would  prove  "  one  of 
the  best  knights  of  the  world,  and  the 
strongest  man  of  arras."— 5?>  T.  Malory  : 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  20  (1470). 

Grildrig-,  a  mannikin. 

She  gave  me  the  name  "  Grildrigr,"  which  the  family 
took  up,  and  afterwards  the  whole  Icingdom.  The 
word  imports  what  the  Latin  calls  manuticulus,  the 
Italian  komunceletion,  and  the  English  mannikin.— 
Dian  Sivi/t:  Gulliver's  7>aw#&  ("  Voyage  to  Brob- 
dingnag,"  1726). 

Grim.    (See  Havelock.) 

Grim  {Giant),  a  huge  giant,  who  tried 
to  stop  pilgrims  on  their  way  to  the 
Celestial  City.  He  was  slain  by  Mr. 
Greatheart.— i5K«j/a«.-  Pilgrim's  Pro- 
gress, ii.  (1684). 

Grimalkin,  a  cat,  the  spirit  of  a 
witch.  Any  witch  was  permitted  to 
assume  the  body  of  a  cat  nine  times. 
When  the  "first  Witch"  (in  Macbeth) 
hears  a  cat  mew,  she  says,  "  I  come, 
Grimalkin  "  (act  i.  sc.  \). —Shakespeare. 

Grimbard,  the  brock,  in  the  beast- 
epic  of  Reynard  the  Fox,  by  Heinrich  von 
Alkmann  (1498). 

Grime,  the  partner  of  Item  the  usurer. 
It  is  to  Grime  that  Item  appeals  when  he 
wants  to  fudge  his  clients.  The  question, 
"Can  we  do  so,  Mr.  Grime?"  always 
brings  the  stock  answer,  "Quite  impos- 
sible, Mr.  liem."—Holcroft:  The  De- 
serted Daughter  (1784),  altered  into  The 
Steward. 

Grimes  {Peter),  the  drunken,  thievish 
son  of  a  steady  fisherman.  He  had  a 
boy,  whom  he  killed  by  ill  usage,  and 
two  others  he  made  away  with;  but 
escaped  conviction  through  defect  of 
evidence.  As  no  one  would  hve  with 
him,  he  turned  mad,  was  lodged  in  the 
parish  poor-house,  confessed  his  crimes 
in  delirium,  and  dS&^—Crabbe:  Borough 
xxii.  (1810).  * 

Grimes'by  {Gaffer),  an  old  farmer  at 
Marlborough.— 5?>  W.  Scott;  Kenil- 
worth  ftirae  Elizabeth). 


GRIMWIG. 


4SI 


GRISSEL. 


Grimwi^,  an  irascible  old  gentle- 
man, who  hid  a  very  kind  heart  under  a 
rough  exterior.  He  was  Mr.  Brownloyr's 
f^icat  friend,  and  was  always  declaring 
himself  ready  to  "eat  his  head"  if  he 
was  mistaken  on  any  point  on  which  he 
passed  an  opinion.— Dickens :  Oliver 
Twist  {1837). 

Grinderson  {Mr.  Gabriel),  partner 
of  Mr.  Greenhorn.  They  are  the  attor- 
neys who  press  sir  Arthur  Wardour  for 
the  payment  of  debts. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
The  Antiquary  (time,  George  III.). 

G-rip,  the  clever  raven  of  Barnaby 
Rudge.  During  the  Gordon  riots  it 
learnt  the  cry  of  "  No  Popery  1 "  Other 
of  its  phrases  were:  "I'm  a  devil!" 
"Never  say  die!"  "Polly,  put  the 
kettle  on  I  "  eX-C— Dickens  :  Barnaby 
Rudge  {1841). 

Gripe  (i  syl.),  a  scrivener,  husband 
of  Clarissa,  but  with  a  tendre  for  Ara- 
minta  the  wife  of  his  friend  Moneytrap. 
He  is  a  miserly,  money-loving,  pig- 
headed hunks,  but  is  duped  out  of  ^^250 
by  his  foolish  liking  for  his  neighbour's 
wife.  —  Vanbrugh :  The  Confederacy 
(1695)- 

Gripe  (i  syl.),  the  English  name  of 
G^ronte,  in  Otway's  version  of  Moli^re's 
comedy  of  Les  Fourberies  de  Scapin  ( 167 1 ). 
His  daughter,  called  in  French  Hyacinthe, 
is  called  "  Clara,"  and  his  son  Leandre  is 
Anglicized  into  "Leander." — Otway:  The 
Cheats  of  Scapin. 

Gripe  (Sir  Francis),  a  man  of  64, 
guardian  of  Miranda  an  heiress,  and 
fether  of  Charles.  He  wants  to  marry 
his  ward  for  the  sake  of  her  money,  and 
as  she  cannot  obtain  her  property  without 
his  consent  to  her  marriage,  she  pretends 
to  be  in  love  with  him,  and  even  fixes  the 
day  of  espousals.  ' '  Gardy,"  quite  secure 
that  he  is  the  man  of  her  choice,  gives 
his  consent  to  her  marriage,  and  she 
marries  sir  George  Airy,  a  man  of  24. 
The  old  man  laughs  at  sir  George,  whom 
he  fancies  he  is  duping,  but  he  is  himself 
the  dupe  all  through. — Mrs,  Centlivre  : 
The  Busy  Body  (1709). 

December  2,  1790,  Munden  made  his  bow  to  the 
Covent  Garden  audience  as  "  sii  Francis  Gripe."— 
Mtmoirs  o/J.  S.  Munden  (1832). 

Griptis,  a  stupid,  venal  judge,  uncle 
of  Alcmena,  and  the  betrothed  of  Phaedra 
^Alcmena's  waiting-maid),  in  Dryden's 
comedy  of  Amphitryon  (1690).  Neither 
Gripus  nor  Phaedra  is  among  the  dramatis 


personce  of  Molifere's  comedy  of  Amphi- 
tryon (1668). 

Grisilda  or  Griselda,  the  model  of 
patience  and  submission,  meant  to  alle- 
gorize the  submission  of  a  holy  mind  to 
the  will  of  God.  Grisilda  was  the 
daughter  of  a  charcoal-burner,  but  be- 
came the  wife  of  Walter  marquis  of 
Saluzzo.  Her  husband  tried  her,  as  God 
tried  Job,  and  with  the  same  result :  (i) 
He  took  away  her  infant  daughter,  and 
secretly  conveyed  it  to  the  queen  of 
Pa'via  to  be  brought  up,  while  the 
mother  was  made  to  believe  that  it  was 
murdered.  (2)  Four  years  later  she  had 
a  son,  which  was  also  taken  from  her, 
and  was  sent  to  be  brought  up  with  his 
sister.  (3)  Eight  years  later,  Grisilda 
was  divorced,  and  sent  back  to  her  native 
cottage,  because  her  husband,  as  she  was 
told,  intended  to  marry  another.  WTien, 
however,  lord  Walter  saw  no  indication  of 
murmuring  or  jealousy,  he  told  Grisilda 
that  the  supposed  rival  was  her  own 
daughter,  and  her  patience  and  submis- 
sion met  with  their  full  reward. — Chaucer: 
Canterbury  Tales  ("The  Clerk's  Tale," 
1388). 

•.•  The  tale  of  Grisilda  is  the  last  in 
Boccaccio's  Decameron.  Petrarch  ren- 
dered it  into  a  Latin  romance,  entitled 
De  Obedentia  et  Fide  Uxoria  Mythologia. 
In  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century 
appeared  a  ballad  and  also  a  prose  ver- 
sion of  Patient  Grissel.  Miss  Edgeworth 
has  a  domestic  novel  entitled  The  Modern 
Griselda  (1804).  The  tale  of  Grisilda  is  an 
allegory  on  the  text,  "The  Lord  gave, 
and  the  Lord  hath  taken  away  ;  blessed 
be  the  Name  of  the  Lord." 

Dryden  says,  "  The  tale  of  Grizild  was  the  invention 
vX  Petrarch,  and  was  sent  by  him  to  Boccace,  frotn 
whom  it  came  to  Chaucer." — Preface  to  Fables. 

Griskiuis'sa,  wife  of  Artaxaminous 
king  of  Utopia.  The  king  felt  in  doubt, 
and  asked  his  minister  of  state  this 
knotty  question — 

Shall  I  my  Grislcinissa's  charms  forego. 
Compel  her  to  give  up  the  royal  chair, 
And  place  the  rosy  Distailina  there? 

The    minister    reminds    the    king    that 
Distaffina  is  betrothed  to  his  general. 

And  would  a  king  his  general  supplant! 
I  can't  advise,  upon  my  soul  I  can  t. 

Rhodes :  Bornbastes  Furioso  (1790). 

Grissel  or  Grizel.  Octavia,  the 
wife  of  Mark  Antony,  and  sister  of 
Augustus,  is  called  the  "patient  Grizel 
of  Roman  story." 

For  patience  she  will  prove  a  second  Grissel. 

Shakespeare:  Taming  of  tht  Shrew, 
act  ii.  sc.  I  (1394!. 


GRIZEL  DALMAHOY. 

Griz'el  Dal'malioy  {Miss),  the 
seamstress. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Heart  of 
Midlothian  (time,  George  II.). 

Griz'zie,  maidservant  to  Mrs.  Saddle- 
tree.— Sir  W.  Scott:  Heart  of  Midlothian 
(time,  George  II.). 

Griz'zie,  one  of  the  servants  of  the 
Rev.  Josiah  Cargill.— 5f>  W.  Scott:  St. 
Ronan's  Well  (time,  George  III.). 

Griz'zie,  chambermaid  at  the  Golden 
Arms  inn,  at  Kippletringan. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Grizzle  {Lord),  the  first  peer  of  the 
realm  in  the  court  of  king  Arthur.  He 
is  in  love  with  the  princess  Huncamunca, 
and  as  the  lady  is  promised  in  marriage 
to  the  valiant  Tom  Thumb,  he  turns 
traitor,  and  "leads  his  rebel  rout  to  the 
palace  gate."  Here  Tom  Thumb  en- 
counters the  rebels,  and  Glumdalca,  the 
giantess,  thrusts  at  the  traitor,  but  misses 
him.  Then  the  "pigmy  giant-killer" 
runs  him  through  the  body.  The  black 
cart  comes  up  to  drag  him  off,  but  the 
dead  man  tells  the  carter  he  need  not 
trouble  himself,  as  he  intends  "to  bear 
himself  off,"  and  so  he  does. — Tom 
Thumb,  by  Fielding  the  novelist  (1730), 
altered  by  Kane  O'Hara  (1778). 

Groat 'sett  ar  {Miss  Clara),  niece  of 
the  old  lady  Glowrowrum,  and  one  of  the 
guests  at  Burgh  Westra. 

Miss  Maddie  Groatsettar,  also  niece  ol 
the  old  lady  Glowrowrum,  and  one  of  the 
guests  at  Burgh  Westra. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
The  Pirate  (time,  William  III.). 

Groffar'ius,  king  of  Aquitania,  who 
resisted  Brute  the  mythical  great-grand- 
son of  Mnoas,  who  landed  there  on  his 
way  to  Britain. — Drayton:  Polyolbion,  i. 
(1612). 

Grougfar  Hill,  a  descriptive  poem  in 
eight-syllable  verse,  containing  pictures 
of  scenes  on  the  banks  of  the  Wye  (1726). 

Gronovius,  father  and  son,  critics 
and  humanists  (father,  1611-1671 ;  son, 
1645-1716). 

I  have  more  satisfaction  in  beholding^  jrou  than  I 
should  have  in  conversing  with  Graevius  and  Gronovius. 
I  liad  rather  possess  your  approbation  than  that  of  the 
elder  Scaliger.— J/rj.  Cowley  :  HOxo'i  the  Dupe  7  i.  3. 

(Scaliger,  father  (1484-1558),  son 
(1540-1609),  critics  and  humanists.) 

Groom  (Squire),  "a  downright, 
English,  Newmarket,  stable- bred  gen- 
tleman-jockey, who,  having  ruined  his 
finances  by  dogs,   grooms,    cocks,   and 


452 


GRUR 


horses,  .  .  .  thinks  to  retrieve  his  affairs 
by  a  matrimonial  alliance  with  a  City 
fortune"  (canto  i.  i).  He  is  one  of  the 
suitors  of  Charlotte  Goodchild ;  but, 
supposing  the  report  to  be  true  that  she 
has  lost  her  money,  he  says  to  her 
guardian — 

"  Hark  ye  1  sir  Theodore ;  I  always  make  my  match 
according  to  the  weight  my  thing  can  carry.  When  I 
offered  to  talce  her  into  my  stable,  she  was  sound  and 
in  good  case  ;  but  I  hear  her  wind  is  touched.  If  so,  I 
would  not  back  her  for  a  shilling.  Matrimony  is  a  long 
course,  .  .  .  and  it  won't  do."— Macklin  ;  Love  A  lu 
Mode,  ii.  x  (1779). 

This  was  Lee  Lewes's  great  part  [1740-1803].    One 
lething  not  in  th 
n;  "what's  that 
wuai  a  luaii  J          -  wn,    repnea  Lewes,  "  'tis  only  a  b 
of  my  nonsense."    "  But,"  said  Macklin,  gravely,  "  1 


I  his  was  Lee  Lewes  s  great  part  [1740-1803].  One 
morning  at  rehearsal,  Lewes  said  something  not  in  the 
play.  "Hoy,  hoy  1 "  cried  Macklin;  "what's  that? 
what's  that?  "     "  Oh,"  replied  Lewes,  "  'tis  only  a  bit 


like  my 
O'Kee/e. 


Mr.   Lewes,  better  than  yours." 


Grosvenor  [Grove'-nr]  Square, 
London.  So  called  because  it  is  built 
on  the  property  of  sir  Richard  Grosvenor, 
who  died  1732. 

Grotto  of  Eph'esus.  NearEphesus 
was  a  grotto  containing  a  statue  of  Diana 
attached  to  a  reed  presented  by  Pan.  If 
a  young  woman,  charged  with  dishonour, 
entered  this  grotto,  and  the  reed  gave 
forth  musical  sounds,  she  was  declared  to 
be  a  pure  virgin;  but  if  it  gave  forth 
hideous  noises,  she  was  denounced  and 
never  seen  more.  Corinna  put  the  grottc 
to  the  test,  at  the  desire  of  Glaucon  o; 
Lesbos,  and  was  never  seen  again  by  the 
eye  of  man. — Lord  Lytton:  Tales  0/ 
Miletus,  iii.  (See  Chastity,  p.  198,  foi 
other  tests. ) 

Grouse's  Day  (Saint),  the  12th  of 
August. 

They  were  collected  with  guns  and  dogs  to  do 
honour  to  .  .  .  St.  Grouse's  day.— London  Society 
("Patty's  Revenge"). 

Groveljy  (Old),  of  Gloomstock  Hall, 
aged  65.  He  is  the  uncle  of  sir  Harry 
Groveby.  Brusque,  hasty,  self-willed, 
but  kind-hearted. 

Sir  Harry  Groveby,  nephew  of  old 
Groveby,  engaged  to  Maria  "  the  maid 
of  the  Oaks." — Burgoyne  :  The  Maid  01 
the  Oaks. 

Groves  (Jem),  landlord  of  the  Vahant 
Soldier,  to  which  was  attached  "  a  good 
dry  skittle-ground." — Dickens:  The  Old 
Curiosity  Shop,  xxix.  (1840). 

Grub  (Jonathan),  a  stock-broker, 
weighted  with  the  three  plagues  of  life — 
a  wife,  a  handsome  marriageable  daugh- 
ter, and  _;^  100,000  in  the  Funds,  "any 
one  of  which  is  enough  to  drive  a  man 
mad  ;  but  all  three  to  be  attended  to  at 
once  is  too  much. " 


GRUB  STREET. 


453 


GRYLU 


Mrs.  Grub,  a  wealthy  City  woman,  who 
has  moved  from  the  east  to  the  fashion- 
able west  quarter  of  London,  and  has 
abandoned  merchants  and  tradespeople 
for  the  gentry. 

Emily  Grub,  called  Milly,  the  hand- 
some daughter  of  Jonathan.  She  marries 
captain  Bevil  of  the  Guards. — O'Brien  : 
Cross  Purposes  (1842). 

Grub  Street,  near  Moorfields,  Lon- 
don, once  famous  for  literary  hacks  and 
inferior  literary  publications.  It  is  now 
called  Milton  Street — no  compliment  to 
our  great  epic  poet.  (See  Dunciad,  i.  38. ) 

I'd  sooner  ballads  write  and  Grub  Street  lays. 
Gay. 

N.B. — ^The  connection  between  Grub 
Street  literature  and  Milton  is  not  ap- 
parent However,  as  Pindar,  Hesiod, 
Plutarch,  etc.,  were  Boeo'tians,  so  Foxe 
the  martyrologist,  and  Speed  the  his- 
torian, resided  in  Grub  Street. 

GTub1)inol,  a  shepherd  who  sings 
with  Bumkinet  a  dirge  on  the  death  of 
Blouzelinda. 

Thus  wailed  the  louts  in  melancholy  strain, 
Till  bonny  Susan  sped  across  the  plain  ; 
They  seized  the  lass,  in  apron  clean  arrayed. 
And  to  the  ale-house  forced  the  willing  maid  ; 
In  ale  and  kisses  they  tox^oX.  their  cares. 
And  Susan  Blouzelinda's  loss  repairs. 

Gay  :  Pastoral,  v.  (1714). 

(An  imitation  of  Virgil's  Eclogue,  v., 
"Daphnis.") 

Gm'dar  and  Bras'solis.  Cairbar 
and  Grudar  both  strove  for  a  spotted 
bull  "  that  lowed  on  Golbun  Heath,"  in 
Ulster.  Each  claimed  it  as  his  own,  and 
at  length  fought,  when  Grudar  fell. 
Cairbar  took  the  shield  of  Grudar  to 
Brassolis,  and  said  to  her,  "  Fix  it  on 
high  within  my  hall ;  'tis  the  armour  of 
my  foe;"  but  the  maiden,  "distracted, 
flew  to  the  spot,  where  she  found  the 
youth  in  his  blood,"  and  died. 

Fair  was  Brassolis  on  the  plain.  Stately  was  Grudar 
on  the  hilL— Ojfton;  Fingal,  L 

Qrudden  {Mrs.),  of  the  Portsmouth 
Theatre.  She  took  the  money,  dressed 
the  ladies,  acted  any  part  on  an  emergency, 
and  made  herself  generally  useful.— 
Dickens  :  Nicholas  Nickleby  (1838). 

Gmeby  [John),  servant  to  lord 
George  Gordon.  Ati  honest  fellow,  who 
remained  faithful  to  his  master  to  the 
bitter  end.  He  twice  saved  Haredale's 
life  ;  and,  although  living  under  lord 
Gordon  and  loving  him,  detested  the 
crimes  into  which  his  master  was  be- 
trayed by  bad  advice  and  false  zeal.— 
Dickens  :  Barnaby  Rudge  (1841}. 


Oragfeon,  one  of  Fortunio's  seven 
attendants.  His  gift  was  that  he  could 
eat  any  amount  of  food  without  satiety. 
When  Fortunio  first  saw  him,  he  was 
eating  60,000  loaves  for  his  breakfast. — 
Comtesse  D'Aulnoy:  Fairy  Tales  ("  For- 
tunio," 1682). 

Gnun'ball  [The  Rev.  Dr.),  fr'om 
Oxford,  a  papist  conspirator  with  Red- 
gauntlet. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Redgauntlet 
(time,  George  HL). 

Chnuubo,  a  giant  in  the  tale  of  Tom 
Thumb.  A  raven,  having  picked  up  Tom 
Thumb,  dropped  him  on  the  flat  roof  of 
the  giant's  castle.  When  old  Grumbo 
went  there  to  sniff  the  air,  Tom  crept 
up  his  sleeve ;  the  giant,  feeling  tickled, 
shook  his  sleeve,  and  Tom  fell  into  the 
sea  below.  Here  he  was  swallowed  by 
a  fish,  and  the  fish,  being  caught,  was 
sold  for  king  Arthur's  table.  It  was 
thus  that  Tom  got  introduced  to  the 
great  king,  by  whom  he  was  knighted. 

Groinio,  one  of  the  servants  of 
Petruchio. — Shakespeare  :  Taming  0/  the 
Shrew  (1594). 

Grundy  {Mrs.).  Dame  Ashfield,  a 
farmer's  wife,  is  jealous  of  a  neighbouring 
farmer  named  Grundy.  She  tells  her 
husband  that  Farmer  Grundy  got  five 
shillings  a  quarter  more  for  his  wheat 
than  they  did  ;  that  the  sun  seemed  to 
shine  on  purpose  for  Farmer  Grundy ; 
that  Dame  Grundy's  butter  was  the  crack 
butter  of  the  market.  She  then  goes  into 
her  day-dreams,  and  says,  "  If  our  Nelly 
were  to  marry  a  great  baronet,  I  wonder 
what  Mrs.  Grundy  would  say  ? "  Her 
husband  makes  answer — 

"  Why  dan't  thee  letten  Mrs.  Grundy  alone  !  I  do 
verily  think  when  thee  goest  to  t'other  world,  the  vurst 
question  thee'll  ax  'ill  be,  if  Mrs.  Grundy's  there  I  "— 
Morton  :  Speed  the  Plough,  i.  i  (1798). 

N.B. — The  original  Mrs.  Grundy  was 
the  wife  of  the  Hon.  Felix  Grundy,  of 
Tennessee,  who  ruled  aristocratic  society 
in  Washington  with  a  rod  of  iron.  Her 
edicts  were  law,  her  presence  was  essential 
to  the  success  of  a  fashionable  gathering, 
and  such  an  authority  she  became  on 
social  topics  that  the  phrase,  "  Mrs. 
Grandy  says  [or  said]  so-and-so,"  long 
outlived  her. 

Gryll,  one  of  those  changed  by 
Acras'ia  into  a  hog.  He  abused  sir 
Guyon  for  disenchanting  him  ;  where- 
upon the  palmer  said  to  the  knight, 
"  Let    Gryll    be    Gryll,     and    have    his 


GRYPHON. 


454 


GUELPHO. 


hoggish  mind." — Spenser:  Faerie  Queene, 
ii.  12  (1590). 

Only  a  target  light  upon  his  arm 

He  careless  bore,  on  which  old  GryU  was  drawn, 
Transformed  into  a  hog. 

./•.  FUUhcr:  The  Purph  Island,  vii.  (1633). 

G-ryphon,  a  fabulous  monster,  having 
the  upper  part  like  a  vulture  or  eagle, 
and  the  lower  part  like  a  lion.  Gryphons 
were  the  supposed  guardians  of  gold- 
mines, and  were  in  perpetual  strife  with 
the  Arimas'pians,  a  people  of  Scythia, 
who  rifled  the  mines  for  the  adornment 
of  their  hair. 

As  when  a  gryphon  thro'  the  wilderness, 
With  winged  course,  o'er  hill  or  moory  dale, 
Pursues  the  Arimaspian,  who,  by  stealth. 
Had  from  his  wakeful  custody  purloined 
The  guarded  gold. 

Milton:  Paradise  Lost,  iL  943,  etc  (1665). 

The  Gryphon,  symbolic  of  the  divine 
and  human  union  of  Jesus  Christ.  The 
fore  part  of  the  gryphon  is  an  eagle,  and 
the  hinder  part  a  lion.  Thus  DantS  saw 
in  purgatory  the  car  of  the  Church  drawn 
by  a  gryphon.— Z?a«/^  /  Purgatory,  xxix. 
{1308). 

Guadia'na,  the  'squire  of  Duran- 
dart6,  changed  into  a  river  of  the  same 
name.  He  was  so  grieved  at  leaving  his 
master  that  he  plunged  instantaneously 
under  ground,  and  when  obliged  to  ap- 
pear "  where  he  might  be  seen,  he  glided 
in  sullen  state  to  Portugal." — Cervantes  ; 
Don  Quixote,  H.  iL  6  (1615). 

Gualber'to  [St. ),  heir  of  Valdespe'sa, 
and  brought  up  with  the  feudal  notion 
that  he  was  to  be  the  avenger  of  blood. 
Anselmo  was  the  murderer  he  was  to  lie 
in  wait  for,  and  he  was  to  make  it  the 
duty  of  his  Ufe  to  have  blood  for  blood. 
One  day  as  he  was  lying  in  ambush  for 
Anselmo,  the  vesper  bell  rang,  and  Gual- 
berto  (3  syL )  fell  in  prayer,  but  somehow 
could  not  pray.  The  thought  struck  him 
that  if  Christ  died  to  forgive  sin,  it 
could  not  be  right  in  man  to  hold  it  beyond 
forgiveness.  At  this  moment  Anselmo 
came  up,  was  attacked,  and  cried  for 
mercy.  Gualberto  cast  away  his  dagger, 
ran  to  the  neighbouring  convent,  thanked 
God  he  had  been  saved  from  blood- 
guiltiness,  and  became  a  hermit  noted 
for  his  holiness  of  life. — Southey ;  St, 
Gualberto. 

Guards  of  the  Pole,  the  two  stars 
p  and  Y  of  the  Great  Bear,  and  not  the 
star  Arctoph'ylax,  which,  Steevens  says, 
"literally  signifies  the  guard  of  the 
Bear,"  i.e.  Boot&s  (not  the  Polar  Guards). 
Shakespeare  refers  to  these  two  "guards  " 
jin  Othello,  act  ii.  sc.  i,  where  he  says  the 


surge  seems  to  "quench  the  guards  of  the 
ever-fixed  pole."  Hood  says  they  are  so 
called  "  from  the  Spanish  viovd  guardare, 
which  is  'to  behold,'  because  they  are 
diligently  to  be  looked  unto  in  regard  of 
the  singular  use  which  they  have  in 
navigation." — Use  of  the  Celestial  Globe 
(1590)- 

How  to  knowe  the  houre  of  the  night  by  the  \Polar\ 
Cards,  by  knowing  on  what  point  of  the  compass  they 
shall  be  at  midnight  every  fifteenth  day  throughout  the 
whole  y^^.— Norman:  Safe^ard  of  Sailers  (1587). 

Gua'rini  [Philip),  the  'squire  of  sir 
Hugo  de  Lacy. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  The 
Betrothed  {time,  Henry  H,). 

Guari'nos  (Admiral),  one  of  Char- 
lemagne's paladins,  taken  captive  at 
Roncesvallfis.  He  fell  to  the  lot  of 
Marlo'tgs,  a  Moslem,  who  offered  him 
his  daughter  in  marriage  if  he  would 
become  a  disciple  of  the  Arabian  pro- 
phet. Guarinos  refused,  and  was  kept 
in  a  dungeon  for  seven  years,  when  he 
was  liberated,  that  he  might  take  part 
in  a  joust.  The  admiral  then  stabbed 
the  Moor  to  his  heart,  and,  vaulting  on 
his  grey  horse  Treb'ozond,  escaped  to 
France. 

Gu'dmn,  a  lady  married  to  Sigurd 
by  the  magical  arts  of  her  mother ;  and 
on  the  death  of  Sigurd  to  Atli  [Attila), 
whom  she  hated  for  his  fierce  cruelty, 
and  murdered.  She  then  cast  herself 
into  the  sea,  and  the  waves  bore  her  to 
the  castle  of  king  Jonakun,  who  became 
her  third  husband. — Edda  of  Samund 
Sigfusson  {1130). 

Gu'drtin,  a  model  of  heroic  fortitude 
and  pious  resignation.  She  was  the 
daughter  of  king  Hettel  {Attila),  and 
the  betrothed  of  Herwig  king  of  Heligo- 
land, but  was  carried  off  by  Harmuth 
king  of  Norway,  who  killed  Hettel.  As 
she  refused  to  marry  Harmuth,  he  put 
her  to  all  sorts  of  menial  work.  One 
day,  Herwig  appeared  with  an  army,  and 
having  gained  a  decisive  victory,  married 
Gudrun,  and  at  her  intercession  pardoned 
Harmuth  the  cause  of  her  great  misery. — 
A  North-Saxon  Poem  (thirteenth  cen- 
tury). 

Gud'yill  {Old  John),  butler  to  lady 
Bellenden.— 5z>  W.  Scott:  Old  Mortality 
(time,  Charles  H.). 

Gnel'pho  (3  syl.),  son  of  Actius  IV. 
marquis  d'Este  and  of  Cunigunda  (a 
German).  Guelpho  was  the  uncle  ol 
Rinaldo,  and  next  in  command  to  God- 
frey.    He  led  an  army  of  5000  men  from 


GUENDOLEN. 

Carynthia,  in  Germany,  to  the  siege  of 
Jerusalem,  but  most  of  them  were  cut 
off  by  the  Persians.  Guelpho  was  noted 
for  his  broad  shoulders  and  ample  chest. 
—  Tasso  :  Jerusalem  Delivered,  lii.  (1575). 

Gueix'dolen  (3  syl.),  a  fairy  whose 
mother  was  a  human  being.  King  Arthur 
fell  in  love  with  her,  and  she  became  the 
mother  of  Gyneth.  When  Arthiar  de- 
serted the  fraiil  fair  cne,  she  offered  him 
a  parting  cup ;  but  as  he  took  it  in  his 
hand,  a  drop  of  the  liquor  fell  on  his 
horse  and  burnt  it  so  severely  that  it 
"leapt  twenty  feet  high,"  ran  mad,  and 
died.  Arthur  dashed  the  cup  on  the 
ground,  whereupon  it  set  fire  to  the  grass 
and  consumed  the  fairy  palace.  As  for 
Guendolen,  she  was  never  seen  after- 
wards.—.S^r  VV.  Scott:  The  Bridal  of 
Triermain,  i.  2  ("Lyulph's  Tale,"  1813). 

Oneudoloe'ua,  wife  of  Locrin  (eldest 
son  of  Brute,  whom  he  succeeded),  and 
daughter  of  Cori'neus  (3  syl.).  Being 
divorced,  she  retired  to  Cornwall,  and 
collected  an  army,  which  marched  against 
Locrin,  who  "was  killed  by  the  shot  of 
an  arrow."  Guendoloena  now  assumed 
the  reins  of  government,  and  her  first 
act  was  to  throw  E^trildis  (her  rival)  and 
her  daughter  Sabre  into  the  Severn,  which 
was  called  Sabri'na  or  Sabren  from  that 
day, — Geoffrey  :  British  History,  ii.  4,  5 
(1142). 

Ouenever  or  Guiuever,  a  corrupt 
form  of  Guanhuma'ra  (4  syl.),  daughter 
of  king  Leodegrance  of  the  land  of 
Camelyard.  She  was  the  most  beautiful 
of  women,  was  the  wife  of  king  Arthur, 
but  entertained  a  criminal  attachment  to 
sir  Launcelot  du  Lac.  Respecting  the 
latter  part  of  the  queen's  history,  the 
greatest  diversity  occurs.  Thus  Geoffrey 
says — 

King  Arthur  was  on  his  way  to  Rome  .  .  .  when 
news  was  brought  him  that  his  nephew  Modred,  to 
whose  care  he  had  entrusted  Britain,  had  ...  set  the 
crown  upon  his  own  head  ;  and  that  the  queen  Guan- 
humara  .  .  .  had  wickedly  married  him.  .  .  .  When 
Icing  Arthur  returned  and  put  Modred  and  his  army  to 
flight  ...  the  queen  fled  from  York  to  the  City  of 
Legions  INewtort,  in  South  lVaUs\  where  she 
resolved  to  lead  a  chaste  life  among  the  nuns  of  Julius 
the  mixlyi.— British  History,  xi  i  (1142). 

•.*  Another  version  is  that  Arthur, 
being  informed  of  the  adulterous  conduct 
of  Launcelot,  went  with  an  army  to  Ben- 
wick  {Brittany),  to  punish  him.  That 
Mordred  {his  son  by  his  own  sister),  left 
as  regent,  usurped  the  crown,  proclaimed 
that  Arthur  was  dead,  and  tried  to  marry 
Guenever  the  queen  ;  but  she  shut  herself 
up  in  the  Tower  of  London,  resolved  to 


455 


GUIDERIUS. 


die  rather  than  marry  the  usurper. 
When  she  heard  of  the  death  of  Arthur, 
she  "stole  away"  to  Almesbury,  "and 
there  she  let  make  herself  a  nun,  and 
wore  white  cloalhs  and  black. "  And  there 
lived  she  "in  fasting,  prayers,  and  alms- 
deeds,  that  all  marvelled  at  her  virtuous 
life."— Sir  T.  Malory:  History  of  Prince 
Arthur,  iii.  161-170  (1470). 

(For  Tennyson's  account,  see  Gui- 
nevere.) 

Gueue'vra  (3  syl.),  wife  of  Nec- 
taba'nus  the  dwarf,  at  the  cell  of  the 
hermit  of  Engaddi.— .S?>  W.  Scott:  The 
Talisman  (time,  Richard  L). 

Gner'in  or  Gueri'no,  son  of  Millon 
king  of  Aiba'nia.  On  the  day  of  his 
birth  his  father  was  dethroned,  but  the 
child  was  rescued  by  a  Greek  slave,  who 
brought  it  up  and  surnamed  it  Meschi'no, 
or  "The  Wretched."  When  grown  to 
man's  estate,  Guerin  fell  in  love  with 
the  princess  Elizena,  sister  of  the  Greek 
emperor,  who  held  his  court  at  Constan- 
tinople.— An  Italian  Romance. 

Guesclin's    Dust    a   Talisman. 

Guesclin,  or  rather  DuGuesclin,  constable 
of  France,  laid  siege  to  Chateauneuf-de- 
Randan,  in  Auvergne.  After  several 
assaults,  the  town  promised  to  svirrender 
if  not  relieved  within  fifteen  days.  Du 
Guesclin  died  in  this  interval,  but  the 
governor  of  the  town  came  and  laid  the 
keys  of  the  city  on  the  dead  man's  body, 
saying  he  resigned  the  place  to  the  hero's 
ashes  (1380). 

France  .  .  .  demands  his  bones  [Napoleon's], 
To  carry  onward,  in  the  battle's  van, 
To  form,  like  Guesclin's  dust,  her  talisman. 

Byron  :  A^e  of  Bronze,  iv.  (x£2i). 

Gugner,  Odin's  spear,  which  never 
failed  to  hit.  It  was  made  by  the  dwarf 
Wi\.n.  —  The  Eddas. 

CKiide'ritis,  elder  son  of  CymTDeline 
(3  syl.)  king  of  Britain,  and  brother  of 
Arvir'agus.  They  were  kidnapped  in 
infancy  by  Belarius,  out  of  revenge  for 
being  unjustly  banished,  and  were  brought 
up  by  him  in  a  cave.  When  grown  to 
manhood,  Belarius  introduced  them  to 
the  king,  and  told  their  story  ;  where- 
upon Cymbeline  received  them  as  his 
sons,  and  Guiderius  succeeded  him  on  the 
throne. — Shakespeare:  Cymbeline  (1605). 

•,  •  Geoffrey  calls  CymbeUne  "  Kymbe- 
linus  son  of  Tenuantius ; "  says  that  he 
was  brought  up  by  Augustus  Cassar,  and 
adds,  "In  his  days  was  born  our  Lord 
Jesus  Christ."     ivymbeline   reigned  ten 


GUI  DO.  456 

years,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Guide- 
rius.  The  historian  says  that  Kymbeline 
paid  the  tribute  to  the  Romans,  and  that 
it  was  Gtiiderius  who  refused  to  do  so, 
"  for  which  reason  Claudius  the  emperor 
marched  against  hira,  and  he  was  killed 
by  Hamo." — British  History,  iv.  11,  12, 
13  {1142). 

Guido  "the  Savage,"  son  of  Amon 
and  Constantia.  He  was  the  younger 
brother  of  Rinaldo.  Being  wrecked  on 
the  coast  of  the  Am'azons,  he  was  com- 
pelled to  fight  their  ten  male  companions, 
and,  having  slain  thera  all,  to  marry  ten 
of  the  Amazons.  From  this  thraldom 
Guido  made  his  escape,  and  joined  the 
array  of  Charlemagne.  —A  riosto  :  Orlando 
Furioso  (1516). 

Guido  [Franceschini],  a  reduced 
nobleman,  who  tried  to  repair  his  fortune 
by  marrying  Pompilia,  the  putative  child 
of  Pietro  and  Violante.  When  the  mar- 
riage was  consummated,  and  the  money 
secure,  Guido  ill-treated  the  putative 
parents ;  and  Violante,  in  revenge,  de- 
clared that  Pompilia  was  not  their  child 
at  all,  but  the  offspring  of  a  Roman 
wanton.  Having  made  this  declaration, 
she  next  applied  to  the  law-courts  for 
the  recovery  of  the  money.  When 
Guido  heard  this  tale,  he  was  furious, 
and  so  ill-treated  his  child-wife  that  she 
ran  away,  under  the  protection  of  a  young 
canon,  Guido  pursued  the  fugitives, 
overtook  them,  and  had  them  airested  ; 
whereupon  the  canon  was  suspended  for 
three  years,  and  Pompilia  sent  to  a  con- 
vent. Here  her  health  gave  way,  and 
as  the  birth  of  a  child  was  expected,  she 
was  permitted  to  leave  the  convent  and 
live  with  her  putative  parents.  Guido, 
having  gained  admission,  murdered  all 
three,  and  was  himself  executed  for  the 
crime.  ~J?.  Browning:  The  Ring  and  the 
Book. 

Guil'denstern,  one  of  Hamlet's 
companions,  employed  by  the  king  and 
queen  to  divert  him,  if  possible,  from  his 
strange  and  wayward  ways.— 5Aa-^tf- 
speare:  Hamlet  {iS9^)' 

Rosencrantz  and  GuUdenstern  are  favourite  sample* 
of  the  thorough-paced  time-serving  court  knave  .  .  . 
ticketed  and  to  be  hired  for  any  hard  oi  dirty  work — 
Crowden  Clarki. 

Guillotiere  (4  syl.),  the  scum  of 
Lyons.  La  Guillotiere  is  the  low  quarter, 
where  the  touches  inutiles  find  refuge. 

Guillotine  {3  syl.\  So  named  from 
Joseph  Ignace  GuiUotin,  a  French  phy- 
sician,  who   proposed    its    adoption,    to 


GUINEVERE. 

prevent  unnecessary  pain.  Dr.  Guillotin 
did  not  invent  the  guillotine,  but  he  im- 
proved the  Italian  machine  (1791).  In 
1792  Antoine  Louis  introduced  further 
improvements,  and  hence  the  instrument 
is  sometimes  called  Louisette  or  Louison. 
The  original  Italian  machine  was  called 
mannaja ;  it  was  a  clumsy  affair,  first 
employed  to  decapitate  Beatrice  Cenci  in 
Rome,  A.D.  i6oo. 

It  was  the  popular  theme  for  Jests.  It  was  [called 
La  mire  Giiillotine]  the  "sharp  female,"  the  "best 
cure  for  headache."  It  "  infallibly  prevented  the  hair 
from  turning  grey."  It  "  imparted  a  peculiar  delicacy 
to  the  complexion."  It  was  the  "national  razor' 
which  shaved  close.  Those  "  who  kissed  the  guillo- 
tine, looked  through  the  Uttle  window  and  sneezed 
into  the  sack."  It  was  the  sign  of  "  the  regeneration 
of  the  human  race.*'  It  "superseded  the  cross." 
Models  were  worn  [as  ornatnenis\. — Dicktns  :  A  Talt 
e/T-wo  Cities,  m.  4  (1859). 

Guinart  [Rogue],  whose  true  name 
was  Pedro  Rocha  Guinarda,  chief  of  a 
band  of  robbers  who  levied  black-mail  in 
the  mountainous  districts  of  Catalonia. 
He  is  introduced  by  Cervantes  in  his  tale 
of  Don  Quixote. 

Guinea  [Adventures  o/a),Si.  novel  by 
Charles  Johnstone  (1761).  A  guinea,  as 
it  passes  into  different  hands,  is  the  his- 
torian of  the  follies  and  vices  of  its 
master  for  the  time  being;  and  thus  a 
series  of  scenes  and  personages  are  made 
to  pass  before  the  reader,  somewhat  in 
the  same  manner  as  in  The  Devil  upon 
Two  Sticks  and  in  The  Chinese  Tales. 

Guinea-hen,  a  Jille  de  joie,  a  word 
of  contempt  and  indignity  for  a  woman. 

Ere  I  would  .  .  .  drown  myself  for  the  love  of  a 
guinea-hen,  I  would  change  my  humanity  with  a 
ba.hoou.—Shaiespeart :  Othello,  act  L  sc  3  (i6ti). 

Guinea-pig  [A),  a  gentleman  of 
sufficient  name  to  form  a  bait,  who 
allows  himself  to  be  put  on  a  directors' 
list  for  the  guinea  and  lunch  which  the 
board  provides. — City  Slang. 

Guin'evere  (3  syl.).  So  Tennyson 
spells  the  name  of  Arthur's  queen  in  his 
Idylls.  He  tells  us  of  the  liaison  be- 
tween her  and  "  sir  Lancelot,"  and  sajs 
that  Modred,  having  discovered  this 
familiarity,  "  brought  his  creatures  to  the 
basement  of  the  tower  for  testimony." 
Sir  Lancelot  flung  the  fellow  to  the 
ground,  and  instantly  took  to  horse ; 
while  Guinevere  fled  to  the  nunnery  at 
Almesbury.  Here  the  king  took  leave 
of  her ;  and  when  the  abbess  died,  the 
queen  was  appointed  her  successor,  and 
remained  head  of  the  establishment  for 
three  years,  when  she  also  died. 

•.•It    will    be    seen    that    Tennyson 


GUIOMAR. 


457 


GULLIVER. 


departs  from  the  British  History  by 
Geoffrey,  and  the  History  oj  Prince 
Arthur  as  edited  by  sir  T.  Malory.    (See 

GUENEVER.) 

Tennyson  accents  the  name  Guin-e'- 
ver — 

Leodogran  .  .  . 

Had  one  fair  daughter,  and  none  other  child.  .  .  . 

Guinevere,  and  in  her  his  one  delight. 

Coming'  of  Arthur. 

Q-tiioniar,  mother  of  the  vain-glorious 
\:>\x2.r\Q.— Fletcher :  The  Custom  oJ  the 
Country  (1647). 

Gtiiscardo,  the  'squire,  but  previously 
Ihe  page,  of  Tancred  king  of  Salerno. 
Sigismunda,  the  king's  daughter,  loved 
him,  and  clandestinely  married  him. 
When  Tancred  discovered  it,  he  ordered 
the  young  man  to  be  waylaid  and 
strangled.  He  then  went  to  his  daughter's 
chamber,  and  reproved  her  for  loving  a 
base-bom  "  slave."  Sigismunda  boldly 
defended  her  choice,  but  next  day  received 
a  human  heart  in  a  golden  casket.  It 
needed  no  prophet  to  tell  her  what  had 
happened,  and  she  drank  a  draught  of 
poison.  Her  father  entered  just  in  time 
to  hear  her  dying  request  that  she  and 
Guiscardo  might  be  buried  in  the  same 
tomb.     The  royal  father 

Too  late  repented  of  his  cruel  deed, 
One  common  sepulchre  for  both  decreed  ; 
Intombed  the  wretched  pair  in  roval  state, 
And  on  their  monument  inscribed  their  fate. 
Dryden  :  Sigisjnunda  and  Guiscardo  (from 
Boccaccio). 

Guise  {Henri  de  Lorraine,  due  de) 
commenced  the  Massacre  of  Bartholomew 
by  the  assassination  of  admiral  Coligny 
\to-leen'-e\  Being  forbidden  to  enter 
Paris  by  order  of  Henri  III.,  he  dis- 
obeyed the  injunction,  and  was  mur- 
dered (1550-1588). 

(Henri  de  Guise  has  furnished  the 
subject  of  several  tragedies.  In  English 
we  have  Guise  or  the  Massacre  of  France, 
by  John  Webster^  (1620) ;  The  Duke  of 
Guise,  by  Dryden  and  Lee.  In  French 
we  have  Etats  de  Blois  {the  Death  of 
Guise),  by  Fran9ois  Raynouard,  1814.) 

Guisla  (2  syl.),  sister  of  Pelayo,  in 
love  with  Numac'ian  a  renegade.  "She 
inherited  her  mother's  leprous  taint." 
Brought  back  to  her  brother's  house  by 
A.dosinda,  she  returned  to  the  Moor, 
"cursing  the  meddling  spirit  that  in- 
terfered with  her  most  shameless  love." — 
Southey:  Roderick,  Last  of  the  Goths 
(1814). 

Gui'sor  {2  syl.),  groom  of  the  Saracen 
PoUente.  His  ' '  scalp  was  bare,  betray- 
ing his  state  of  bondage."    His  office  was 


to  keep  the  bridge  on  Pollentfe's  territory, 
and  to  allow  no  one  to  pass  without  pay- 
ing "the  passage-penny."  This  bridge 
was  full  of  trap-doors,  through  which 
travellers  were  apt  to  fall  into  the  river 
below.  When  Guizor  demanded  toll  of 
sir  Artggal,  the  knight  gave  him  a 
"stunning  blow,  saying,  '  Lo  !  there's  my 
hire ; ' "  and  the  villain  dropped  down 
dead. — Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  v.  2 
(^596).  ^   .       .. 

•.•  Upton  conjectures  that   "Guizor 
is  intended  for  the  due  de  Guise,  and  his 
master   "PollentS"   for  Charles   IX.   of 
France,  notorious  both  for  the  St.  Bar- 
tholomew Massacre. 

Gulbey'az,  the  sultana.  Haying 
seen  Juan  amongst  Lambro's  captives, 
"  passing  on  his  way  to  sale,"  she  caused 
him  to  be  purchased,  and  introduced  into 
the  harem  in  female  attire.  On  discover- 
ing that  he  preferred  Dudd,  one  of  the 
attendant  beauties,  to  herself,  she  com- 
manded both  to  be  stitched  up  in  a  sack, 
and  cast  into  the  Bosphorus.  They  con- 
trived, however,  to  make  their  escape. — 
Byron  :  Don  Juan,  vi.  (1824). 

Gul'cliexiraz,  sumamed  "  Gundog- 
di "  ("morning"),  daughter  of  Malek- 
al-salem  king  of  Georgia,  to  whom 
Fum-Hoam  the  mandarin  relates  his 
numerous  and  extraordinary  transforma- 
tions or  rather  metempsychoses. — Gueu- 
lette:  Chinese  7a/<?j  (1723). 

Gurchenronz,  son  of  Ali    Hassan 

(brother  of  the  emir'  Fakreddin) ;  the 
"  most  delicate  and  lovely  youth  in  the 
whole  world."  He  could  "write  with 
precision,  paint  on  vellum,  sing  to  the 
lute,  write  poetry,  and  dance  to  perfec- 
tion ;  but  could  neither  hurl  the  lance 
nor  curb  the  steed."  Gulchenrouz  was 
betrothed  to  his  cousin  Nouron'ihar,  who 
loved  "even  his  faults;  "  but  they  never 
married,  for  Nouronihar  became  the  wife 
of  the  caliph  Ydii\\t^.—Beckford:  Vathek 
(1784). 

Gulistan'  {"the  rose  garden"\  a 
collection  of  tales  and  apophthegms  in 
prose  and  verse  by  Saadi,  a  native  of 
Shiraz,  Persia  (thirteenth  century).  It  has 
been  translated  into  English  by  Gladwin. 


some  appropriate  passage  from  the  Gulistan.— y.  jr. 


Even  beggars,  in  soliciting  alms,  will  give  utterance  to 
orae  appropriate  passage  fn        '      "    •■  ■  ~ 

GrandvitU. 

Gulliver  [Lemuel),  first  a  surgeon, 
then  a  sea-captain  of  several  ships.  He 
gets  wrecked  on  the  coast  of  Lilliput,  a 
country  of  pygmies.     Subsequently  he  is 


GULNARE. 


458 


thrown  among  the  people  of  Brobdingnag, 
giants  of  tremendous  size.  In  his  next 
voyage  he  is  driven  to  Lapu'ta,  an  empire 
of  quack  pretenders  to  science  and  knavish 
projectors.  And  in  his  fourth  voyage  he 
visits  the  Houyhnhnras  [IVAin'-nms], 
where  horses  were  the  dominant  powers. 
— Dean  Swift :  Travels  in  Several  Remote 
Nations  .  .  .  by  Lemuel  Gulliver  (1726). 

CKilna're  (3  syl.),  daughter  of 
Faras'chfi  (3  syl.)  whose  husband  was 
king  of  an  under-sea  empire.  A  usurper 
drove  the  king  her  father  from  his  throne, 
and  GulnarS  sought  safety  in  the  Island 
of  the  Moon.  Here  she  was  captured, 
made  a  slave,  sold  to  the  king  of  Persia, 
and  became  his  favourite,  but  preserved 
a  most  obstinate  and  speechless  silence 
for  twelve  months.  Then  the  king  made 
her  his  wife,  and  she  told  him  her  history. 
In  due  time  a  son  was  born,  whom  they 
called  Beder  {"  the  full  moon  "). 

• .  •  Gulnarg  says  that  the  under-sea  folk 
are  never  wetted  by  the  water,  that  they 
can  see  as  well  as  we  can,  that  they  speak 
the  language  "of  Solomon's  seal,''  and 
can  transport  themselves  instantaneously 
from  place  to  place. — Arabian  Nights 
{"  Beder  and  Giauharfi  "). 

Guluare  (2  syl.),  queen  of  the  harem, 
and  the  most  beautiful  of  all  the  slaves  of 
Seyd  \_Seed].  She  was  rescued  by  Conrad 
the  corsair  from  the  flames  of  the  palace  ; 
and,  when  Conrad  was  imprisoned,  she 
went  to  his  dungeon,  confessed  her  love, 
and  proposed  that  he  should  murder  the 
sultan  and  flee.  As  Conrad  refused  to 
assassinate  Seyd,  she  herself  did  it,  and 
then  fled  with  Conrad  to  the  "  Pirate's 
Isle."  The  rest  of  the  tale  is  continued 
in  Lara,  in  which  Gulnare  assumes  the 
name  of  Kaled,  and  appears  a.s  a  page. — 
Byron  :   The  Corsair  (1814). 

Gulvi'gar  ["weigher  of  gold  "\  the 
Plutus  of  Scandinavian  mythology.  He 
introduced  among  men  the  love  of  gain. 

Guin'mid^e  [Mrs.),  the  widow  of 
Dan'el  Peggotty's  partner.  She  kept 
house  for  Dan'el,  who  was  a  bachelor. 
Old  Mrs.  Gummidge  had  a  craze  that  she 
was  neglected  and  uncared  for,  a  waif  in 
the  wide  world,  of  no  use  to  any  one. 
She  was  always  talking  of  herself  as  the 
"lone  lorn  cre'tur."  When  about  to 
sail  for  Australia,  one  of  the  sailors 
asked  her  to  marry  him,  when  "she  ups 
with  a  pail  of  water  and  flings  it  at  his 
bead." — Dickens  :  David  Copperfield 
(1849). 


GURNEY. 

Gundof'orus,  an  Indian  king  for 
whom  the  apostle  Thomas  built  a  palace 
of  sethym  wood,  the  roof  of  which  was 
ebony.  He  made  the  gates  of  the  horn 
of  the  "horned  snake,"  that  no  one  with 
poison  might  be  able  to  pass  through. 

Gunpowder.  The  composition  of 
gunpowder  is  expressly  mentioned  by 
Roger  Bacon,  in  his  treatise  De  Nullitate 
Magi<2,  published  1216. 

.  .  .  earth  and  air  were  sadly  shaken 
By  thy  humane  discovery,  friar  Bacon. 

Byron  :  Don  Jttan,  viiL  33  (1823). 

Gunther,  king  of  Burgundy  and 
brother  of  Kriemhild  {2  syl.).  He  re- 
solved to  wed  Brunhild,  the  martial  queen 
of  Issland,  and  won  her  by  the  aid  of 
Siegfried ;  but  the  bride  behaved  so 
obstreperously  that  the  bridegroom  had 
again  to  apply  to  his  friend  for  assistance. 
Siegfried  contrived  to  get  possession  of 
her  ring  and  girdle,  after  which  she 
became  a  submissive  wife.  Giinther, 
with  base  ingratitude,  was  privy  to  the 
murder  of  his  friend,  and  was  himself 
slain  in  the  dungeon  of  Etzel  by  his  sister 
Kriemhild.  —  The  Nibelungen  Lied. 

(In  history,  Giinther  is  called 
"Guntacher,"  and  Etzel  "  Attila.") 

Gup'py  [Mr.),  clerk  in  the  oflSce  of 
Kenge  and  Carboy.  A  weak,  common- 
place youth,  who  has  the  conceit  to 
propose  to  Esther  Summerson,  the  ward 
in  Chancery. — Dickens  :  Bleak  House 
(1852). 

Gur^s'tus,  according  to  Drayton, 
son  of  Belinus.  This  is  a  mistake,  as 
Gurgustus,  or  rather  Gurgustius,  was  son 
of  Rivallo;  and  the  son  of  Belinus  was 
Gurgiunt  Brabtruc.  The  names  given  by 
Geoffrey,  in  his  British  History,  run  thus : 
Leir  (Z,^ar),CuHedag  his  grandson,  Rivallo 
his  son,  Gurgustius  his  son,  Sisillius  his 
son,  Jago  nephew  of  Gurgustius,  Kinmarc 
son  of  Sisillius,  then  Gorbogud.  Here  the 
line  is  broken,  and  the  new  dynasty 
begins  with  Molmutius  of  Cornwall, 
then  his  son  Belinus,  who  was  succeeded 
by  his  son  Gurgiunt  Brabtruc,  whose  son 
and  successor  was  Guithelin,  called  by 
Drayton  "Guyntehne." — Geoffrey:  British 
History,  ii.,  iii.  {1142). 

In  greatness  next  succeeds  Belinus'  worthy  son 
Gurgustus,  who  soon  left  what  his  great  father  won 
To  Guynteline  his  heir. 

Drayton  :  PolyolbioH,  viiu  (1613). 

Gurney  [Gilbert),  the  hero  and  title 
of  a  novel  hy  Theodore  Hook.  This 
novel  is  a  spiced  autobiography  of  tlie 
author  himself  (1835). 


GURNEY. 

Gumey  ( Thomas),  shorthand  writer, 
and  author  of  a  work  on  the  subject, 
called  Brachygraphy  (1705-1770). 

If  you  would  like  to  see  the  whole  proceedings  .  .  • 
The  best  is  that  in  shorthand  ta'en  by  Gurney, 
Who  to  Madrid  on  purpose  made  a  journey. 

Byron  :  Don  yuan,  i.  189  (1819). 

Gurtli,  the  swine-herd  and  thrall 
of  Cedric  of  Rotherwood.— 5i>  W.  Scott: 
Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Gnrton  [Gammer),  the  heroine  of  an 
old  English  comedy.  The  plot  turns 
upon  the  loss  of  a  needle  by  Gammer 
Gurton,  and  its  subsequent  discovery 
sticking  in  the  breeches  of  her  man 
Hodge.— yl/r.  J.  S.  Master 0/ Arts {is6i). 

Gushington  (Angelina),  the  pseu- 
donym of  lady  Dufiferin. 

Gustavns  III.  used  to  say  there  were 
two  things  he  held  in  equal  abhorrence — 
the  German  language  and  tobacco. 

Gusta'vus  Vasa  {1496-1560},  having 
made  his  escape  from  Denmark,  where 
he  had  been  treacherously  carried  captive, 
worked  as  a  common  labourer  for  a  time 
in  the  copper-mines  of  Dalecarlia  [Da'-le- 
karf-ya] ;  but  the  tyranny  of  Christian  II. 
of  Denmark  induced  the  Dalecarlians  to 
revolt,  and  Gustavus  was  chosen  their 
leader.  The  rebels  made  themselves 
masters  of  Stockholm;  Christian  abdicated, 
and  Sweden  henceforth  became  an  in- 
dependent kingdom, — Brooke:  Gustavus 
Vasa  (1730). 

Gus'ter,  the  Snagsbys'  maid-of-all- 
work.  A  poor,  overworked  drudge, 
subject  to  fiis.— Dickens :  Bleak  House 
(1852). 

Chuto  Picaresco  ["the  love  of 
roguery  "].  In  romances  of  this  class  the 
Spaniards  especially  excel,  as  don  Diego 
de  Mondo'za's  Lazarillo  de  Tormes  ( 1553) ; 
Mateo  Aleman's  Guzman  d'Alfarache 
(1509) ;  Quevedo's  Gran  Tacano ;  etc. 

Guthrie  (John),  one  of  the  archers 
of  the  Scottish  guard  in  the  employ  of 
Louis  XL— Sir  W.  Scott:  Quentin  Dur- 
tt>ar</ (time,  Edward  IV.). 

\  Gutter  Lane,  London,  a  corrup- 
tion of  Guthurun  Lane  ;  so  called  from  a 
:Mr.  Guthurun  or  Guthrum,  who  "  pos- 
.sessed  the  chief  property  therein." — 
Stow  :  Survey  of  London  (1598). 

Guy  ( Thomas),  the  miser  and  philan- 
\  thropist.  He  amassed  an  immense  fortune 

in  1720  by  speculations  in  South  Sea 
iStock,  and,  besides  devoting  large  sums 

of  money  to  other    charitable   objects. 


459  GUY  MANNERINQ. 

fave  ^238,292  to  found  and  endow  Gtiy's 
lospital  ( 1 644-1724). 

Guy  earl  of  Warwick,  an  English 
knight.  He  proposed  marriage  to  PheHs, 
or  Phillis,  or  Felice,  who  refused  to  listen 
to  his  suit  till  he  had  distinguished  himself 
by  knightly  deeds.  He  first  rescued  Blanch 
daughter  of  the  emperor  of  Germany, 
then  fought  against  the  Saracens,  and 
slew  the  doughty  Coldran,  Elmage  king 
of  Tyre,  and  the  Soldan  himself.  Then, 
returning  to  England,  he  was  accepted  by 
PheUs  and  married  her.  In  forty  days  he 
returned  to  the  Holy  Land,  when  he 
redeemed  earl  Jonas  out  of  prison,  slew 
the  giant  Am'erant,  and  performed  many 
other  noble  exploits.  Again  he  returned 
to  England,  just  in  time  to  encounter  the 
Danish  giant  Colebrond  (2  syl.)  or  Col- 
brand,  which  combat  is  minutely  de- 
scribed by  Drayton,  in  his  Polyolbion,  xii. 
At  Windsor  he  slew  a  boar  "of  passing 
might."  On  Dunsmore  Heath  he  slew 
the  dun  cow  of  Dunsmore,  a  wild  and 
cruel  monster.  In  Northumberland  he 
slew  a  winged  dragon,  "  black  as  any 
cole,"  with  the  paws  of  a  lion,  and  a  hide 
which  no  sword  could  pierce  [Polyolbion, 
xiii.).  After  this  he  turned  hermit,  and 
went  daily  to  crave  bread  of  his  wife 
Phelis,  who  knew  him  not.  On  his  death- 
bed he  sent  her  a  ring,  and  she  closed  his 
dying  eyes  (890-958).— Z>rfl//(;«  .•  Poly- 
olbion, 

Guy  Pawkes,  the  conspirator,  went 
under  the  name  of  John  Johnstone,  and 
pretended  to  be  the  servant  of  Mr.  Percy 
(1577-1606). 

Guy  Mannering',  the  second  of 
Scott's  historical  novels,  published  ir> 
1815,  just  seven  months  after  Waverley, 
The  interest  of  the  tale  is  well  sustained ; 
but  the  love-scenes,  female  characters, 
and  Guy  Mannering  himself  are  quite 
worthless.  Not  so  the  character  of 
Dandy  Dinmont,  the  shrewd  and  witty 
counsellor  Pleydell,  the  desperate  sea- 
beaten  villainy  of  Hatteraick,  the  uncouth 
devotion  of  that  gentlest  of  all  pedants 
poor  Dominie  Sampson,  and  the  savage 
crazed  superstition  of  the  gipsy-dweller 


ipsy- 


in  Derncleugh  (time,  George 

Gtty  Mannering  was  the  work  of  six  weeks  about 
Christmas-time,  and  marks  of  haste  are  visible  both  in 
tl  •  plot  and  in  its  development.— CAa»t«<r.j  ;  English 
Literature,  iL  586. 

The  tale  of  Guy  Mannering  is  as 
follows  :  The  hero  is  Harry  Bertram  ; 
and  the  other  main  characters  are  bis 


GUYNTELINE. 

sister  Lucy,  with  Guy  Mannering  and  his 
daughter  Julia.  Bertram's  father  (laird  of 
EUangowan)  is  made  a  magistrate,  and 
tries  relentlessly  to  drive  away  the  gipsies, 
who,  in  consequence,  vow  vengeance. 
Soon  after  this  his  wife  dies  in  child-birth, 
the  laird  himself  dies  of  paralysis,  and 
their  young  son  Harry  is  kidnapped  by 
Glossin,  a  lawyer,  who  purchases  the 
estate.  Lucy  Bertram  is  obliged  to  leave 
her  home,  and  goes  first  to  live  with  her 
guardian,  but  afterwards  is  hospitably 
entertained  by  Guy  Mannering  and  his 
daughter  Julia.  She  takes  with  her  Dominie 
Sampson,  who  is  delighted  to  be  em- 
ployed in  arranging  the  colonel's  library. 
Meg  Merrilies,  a  gipsy,  befriends  Harry 
Bertram,  aids  his  escape,  and  afterwards 
tells  him  he  is  the  rightful  heir  of  the 
EUangowan  estate.  Glossin  is  sent  to 
prison,  enters  the  cell  of  Dirk  Hatteraick, 
a  Dutch  smuggler,  and  is  strangled  by 
him,  Harry  Bertram  marries  Julia  (Guy 
Mannering's  daughter),  and  Lucy  Bertram 
marries  Charles  Hazlewood  (son  of  sir 
Robert  Hazlewood  of  Hazlewood). 

Guyn'teline  or  Guith'elin,  ac- 
cording to  Geoffrey,  was  son  of  Gurgiunt 
Brabtruc  [British  History,  iii.  ii,  12, 13) ; 
but,  according  to  Drayton,  he  was  the 
son  of  Gurgustus  an  early  British  king. 
(See  Gurgustus.)  His  queen  was  Mania, 
who  codified  what  are  called  the  Martian 
I^aws,  translated  into  Anglo-Saxon  by 
king  Alfred.    (See  Martian  Laws.) 

Gurgustus  .  .  .  left  what  his  grreat  father  won 
To  Guynteline  his  heir,  whose  queen  .  .  . 
To  wise  Muhnutius'  laws  her  Martian  first  did  frame. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  viii.  (1612). 

G-uyoil  [Sir\  the  personification  of 
"temperance."  The  victory  of  tem- 
perance over  intemperance  is  the  subject 
of  bk.  ii.  of  the  Faerie  Queene.  Sir  Guyon 
first  lights  on  Amavia  (intemperance  of 
grief),  a  woman  who  kills  herself  out 
of  grief  for  her  husband ;  and  he  takes 
her  infant  boy  and  commits  it  to  the 
care  of  Medi'na.  He  next  meets  Brag- 
gadoccio  (intemperance  of  the  tongue), 
who  is  stripped  bare  of  everything.  He 
then  encounters  Furor  (intemperance  of 
anger),  and  delivers  Phaon  from  his  hands, 
Intemperance  of  desire  is  distomfited  in 
the  persons  of  Pyr'oclgs  and  Cym'oclSs  ; 
then  intemperance  oi  pleasure,  or  wanton- 
ness, In  the  person  of  Phoedria.  After  his 
victory  over  wantonness,  he  sees  Mam- 
mon (intemperance  of  worldly  wealth  and 
honour) ;  but  he  rejects  all  his  offers,  and 
Mammon  is  foiled.  His  last  and  great 
achievement  is  the    destruction    of   the 


460 


G  WYNNE. 


"  Bower  ol  Bliss,"  and  the  binding  In 
chains  of  adamant  the  enchantress 
Acrasia  (or  intemperance  generally). 
This  enchantress  was  fearless  against 
Force;  but  Wisdom  and  Temperance 
prevailed  against  her. — Spenser:  Faerie 
Queene,  ii.  12  (1590). 

Guyot  [Bertrand),  one  of  the  archers 
in  the  Scottish  guard  attached  to  Louis 
XL — Sir  W.  Scott:  Quentin  Durward 
(time,  Edward  IV.). 

Guzman  d'Alfara'che  (4  syl.), 
hero  of  a  Spanish  romance  of  roguery. 
He  begins  by  being  a  dupe,  but  soon 
becomes  a  knave  in  the  character  of 
stable-boy,  beggar,  swindler,  pander, 
student,  merchant,  and  so  on. — Mateo 
Aleman  (1599). 

(Probably  The  Life  of  Guzman  Alfarachi 
suggested  to  Lesage  The  Life  of  Gil  Bias. 
It  is  certain  that  Lesage  borrowed  from 
it  the  incident  of  the  parasite  who  obtained 
a  capital  supper  out  of  the  greenhorn  by 
terming  him  the  eighth  wonder,  q.v.) 

Gwenhid'wy,  a  mermaid.  The 
white  foamy  waves  are  called  her  sheep, 
and  the  ninth  wave  her  ram. 

Take  shelter  when  you  see  Gwenhidwy  driving  her 
flock  ashore. — Wdsh  Proverb. 

.  .  .  they  watched  the  great  sea  fall, 
Wave  after  wave,  each  mig^htier  than  the  last ; 
Till  last,  a  ninth  one,  gathering  half  the  deep, 
And  full  of  voices,  slowly  rose  and  plunged. 
Roaring,  and  all  the  wave  was  in  a  flame. 

Tennyson  :  The  Holy  Grail.  \ 

Gwent,  Monmouthshire. 

Not   a   brook   of   Morgany   \Glaniorganshire\   nor 
Gwent. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  Iv.  (1612). 

Gwineth'ia  (4  syl.),  North  Wales. 

Which  thro'  Gwinethia  be  so  famous  everywhere. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  ix.  (1612). 

Gwynedd  or  Gvi^yneth,  North  Wales. 
Rhodri  Mawr,  in  873,  moved  to  Aber'frow 
the  seat  of  government,  previously  fixed 
at  Dyganwy. 

Among  the  hills  of  Gwyneth,  and  its  wilds 
And  mountain  glens. 

Soutkey  :  Madoc,  L  la  (1805). 

Gwynne  [Nell),  one  of  the  favourites 
of  Charles  II.  She  was  an  actress,  but 
in  her  palmy  days  was  noted  for  her 
many  works  of  benevolence  and  kindness 
of  heart.  The  last  words  of  king  Charles 
were,  '*  Don't  let  poor  Nelly  starve  !  " — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Peveril  of  the  FeaA  (time, 
Charles  II.). 

N.  B.— The  real  name  of  Nell  (Eleanor) 
Gwynne  was  Margaret  Lymcott.  The 
dukes  of  St.  Albans  are  the  descendants 
of  this  mistress  of  Charles  II. 


GYAS  AND  CLOANTHUS. 


461 


HADRAMAUT. 


Gfyas  and  Cloan'thus,  two  com- 
panions of  i^ne'as,  generally  mentioned 
together  as  ' '  fortis  Gyas  fortisque  Cloan- 
thus."  The  phrase  has  become  prover- 
bial for  two  very  similar  characters. — 
Virgil:  yEneid. 

The  "  strong  Gyas  "  and  the  "  strong  Cloanthus  "  are 
less  distinguished  by  the  poet  than  the  strong  Percival 
ind  the  strong  Osbaldistones  were  by  outward  appear- 
ance.—iTiV  iV.  Scott. 

Gyg'es  {2  syl.),  one  of  the  Titans. 
He  had  fifty  heads  and  a  hundred  hands. 

Gygres,  a  king  of  Lydia,  of  whom 
Apollo  said  he  deemed  the  poor  Arcadiaa 
Ag'laos  more  happy  than  the  king  Gyges, 
who  was  proverbial  for  his  wealth. 

Gy^es  (2  xyl.),  who  dethroned  Can- 
daulds  (3  syl. )  king  of  Lydia,  and  married 
Nyssia  the  young  widow.  Herodotos 
says  that  CandaulSs  showed  Gyges  the 
queen  in  her  bath,  and  the  queen,  in- 
dignant at  this  impropriety,  induced 
Gyges  to  kill  the  king  and  marry  her 
(bk.  i.  8).     He  reigned  B.C.  716-678. 

Gyges' s  Ring  rendered  the  wearer  in- 
visible. Plato  says  that  Gyges  found  the 
ring  in  the  flanks  of  a  brazen  horse,  and 
was  enabled  by  this  talisman  to  enter  the 
king's  chamber  unseen,  and  murder  him. 

Why  did  you  think  tliat  you  had  Gyges'  ring, 
Or  the  heihl/cm  seecQ  that  gives  invisibility? 
FUUher  :  Fair  Maid  o/the  Inn,  i.  i  (1647). 

GjOiec'ium,  the  apartment  in  which 
the  Anglo-Saxon  women  lived. — Fos- 
broke:  Antiquities,  ii.  570  (1824). 

Gyneth,  natural  daughter  of  Guen- 
d61en  and  king  Arthur.  The  king 
promised  to  give  her  in  marriage  to 
the  bravest  knight  in  a  tournament  in 
which  the  warder  was  given  to  her  to 
drop  when  she  pleased.  The  haughty 
beauty  saw  twenty  knights  fall,  among 
whom  was  Vanoc,  son  of  Merlin.  Im- 
mediately Vanoc  fell.  Merlin  rose,  put 
an  end  to  the  jousts,  and  caused  Gyneth 
to  fall  into  a  trance,  from  which  she  was 
never  to  wake  till  her  hand  was  claimed 
in  marriage  by  some  knight  as  brave  as 
those  who  had  fallen  in  the  tournament. 
After  the  lapse  of  500  years,  De  Vaux 
undertook  to  break  the  spell,  and  had  to 
overcome  four  temptations,  viz.  fear, 
avarice,  pleasure,  and  ambition.  Having 
succeeded  in  these  encounters,  Gyneth 
awoke  and  became  his  bride. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Bridal  of  Trier  ma  in  (18 13). 

Gyp,  the  college  servant  of  Blushing- 
ton,  who  stole  his  tea  and  sugar,  candles, 
and  so  on.    After  Blushington  came  into 


his  fortune,  he  made  Gyp  his  chief 
domestic  and  private  secretary. — Mon- 
crieff:  The  Bashful  Man. 

G3rptian  {Saint),  a  vagrant. 

Percase   l/ercAance]   sometimes    St    Gypttan's    pil- 

grymage 
Did  carie  me  a  month  (yea,  sometimes  more) 
To  brake  the  bowres  [ia  reject  the  food  provided], 
Bicause  they  had  no  better  cheere  in  store. 
Cascoign*  :  The  Fruiies  0/  Warre,  100  (died  1557}. 


H.  B.,  the  initials  adopted  by  Mr. 
Doyle,  father  of  Richard  Doyle,  in  his 
Reform  Caricatures  (1830). 

H.  U.  [hard  up),  an  H.  U.  member  of 
society. 

Hackbum  [Sitnon  of),  a  friend  of 
Hobbie  Elliot,  farmer  at  the  Heugh-foot. 
—Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Black  Dwarf  [lime, 
Anne). 

Hacknm  [Captain),  a  thick-headed 
bully  of  Alsatia,  once  a  sergeant  in 
Flanders.  He  deserted  his  colours,  fled 
to  England,  took  refuge  in  Alsatia,  and 
assumed  the  title  of  captain. — Shad-well : 
Squire  of  Alsatia  {1688). 

Hadad,  one  of  the  six  Wise  Men  of 
the  East  led  by  the  gliding  star  to  Jesus. 
He  left  his  beloved  consort,  fairest  of  the 
daughters  of  Bethu'rim.  At  his  decease 
she  shed  no  tear,  yet  was  her  love  ex- 
ceeding that  of  mortals. — Klopstock:  The 
Messiah,  v.  (1771). 

Had 'away  [Jack),  a  former  neigh- 
bour of  Nanty  Ewart  the  smuggler- 
captain.— 5i>  W.  Scott  :  Redgauntlet 
(time,  George  HI.). 

Ha'des  (2  syl),  the  god  of  the  un- 
seen world  ;  also  applied  to  the  grave,  or 
the  abode  of  departed  spirits. 

N.  B.— In  the  Apostles  Creed,  the  phrase 
"descended  into  hell"  is  equivalent  to 
"descended  into  hadfis," 

Hadgi  [Abdallah  el),  the  soldan's 
envoy.— Sir  IV.  Scott:  The  Talisman 
(time,  Richard  I.). 

Hadoway  [Mrs.),  Lovel's  landlady 
at  P^airport.— 5?>  VV.  Scott:  The  Anti- 
quary (time,  George  III.). 

Kadramatit,  a  province  containing 
the  pit  where  the  souls  of  infidels  dwell 


HiEMONY. 

after  death.     The  word  means  "  Cham- 
bers of  death." — A I  Koran. 

Hse'zuony,  a  most  potent  counter- 
charm,  more  powerful  even  than  mo'ly 
{q.v.).  So  called  from  Haemonia,  i.e. 
Thessaly,  the  land  of  magic. 

...  a  small,  unsightly  root, 
But  of  divine  effect  .  .  . 
The  leaf  was  darkish  and  had  prickles  on  It ; 
But  in  another  country 

Bore  a  bright  golden  flower  ;  but  not  in  this  soil. 
Unknown  and  like  esteemed,  and  the  dull  swain 
Treads  on  it  daily  with  his  cloutad  shoon ; 
And  yet  more  med'cinal  is  it  than  Moly 
That  ?Iennes  once  to  wise  Ulysses  gave. 
He  \the  shephercf]  ciUed  it  Haeraony,  and  gave  it  me. 
And  bade  me  keep  it,  as  of  sovereign  use 
'Gainst  all  enchantments,  mildew,  blast,  or  damp, 
Or  ghastly  furies'  apparition. 

Milten  :  Cemus  (1634). 

Hsemos,  in  Latin  H^mus,  a  chain 
of  mountains  forming  the  northern  boun- 
dary of  Tlirace.  Very  celebrated  by 
poets  as  "  the  cool  Hasmus." 

And  Haemus'  hills  with  snows  eternal  crowned. 
Po^e  :  Iliad,  ii.  49  (1715). 

Hafed,  a  gheber,  or  fire- worshipper,  in 
love  with  Hinda  the  emir's  daughter. 
He  was  the  leader  of  a  band  sworn  to 
free  their  country  or  die  in  the  attempt. 
His  rendezvous  was  betrayed,  but  when 
the  Moslem  came  to  arrest  him,  he  threw 
himself  into  the  sacred  fire  and  was 
burnt  to  death  —Moore :  Lalla  Rookh 
("The  Fire-Worshippers,"  1817). 

Hafiz,  the  pseudonym  of  Mr.  Stott 
in  the  Morning  Press.  Byron  calls  him 
"grovelling  Stott,"  and  adds,  "What 
would  be  the  sentiment  of  the  Persian 
Anacreon  ...  if  he  could  behold  his 
name  assumed  by  one  Stott  of  Dormore, 
the  most  impudent  and  execrable  of 
literary  poachers  ?  " — English  Bards  and 
Scotch  Reviewers  (1809). 

Kafod.  As  big  a  fool  as  yack  Hufod. 
Jack  Hafod  was  a  retainer  of  Mr. 
Bartlett  of  Castle.norton,  Worcestershire, 
and  the  ultimus  sct^rrarum  of  Great 
Britain.  He  died  at  the  close  of  the 
eighteenth  century. 

Hag'an,  son  of  a  mortal  and  a  sea- 
goblin,  the  Achillas  of  German  romance. 
He  stabbed  Siegfried  while  drinking  from 
a  brook,  and  laid  the  body  at  the  door  of 
Kriemhild.that  she  might  suppose  he  had 
been  killed  by  assassins.  Hagan,  having 
killed  Siegfried,  then  seized  the  "Nibe- 
lung  hoard,"  and  buried  it  in  the  Rhine, 
intending  to  appropriate  it.  KrieAhild, 
after  her  marriage  with  Etzel  king  of  the 
Huns,  invited  him  to  the  court  of  her 
husband,  and  cut  off  his  head.  He  is 
described  as  "well  grown,  strongly  built, 


46a 


HAIMON. 


with  long  sinewy  legs,  deep  broad  chest, 

hair  shghtly  grey,  of  terrible  visage,  and  I 

of    lordly    gait"    (stanza    ij^g).  —  The  j 

Nibelungen  Lied  (1210).  [ 

Ha'g-arenes  (3  syl.),  the  descendants       | 
of  Hagar.     The  Arabs^  and  the  Spanish 
Moors  are  so  called.      '  | 

Often  he  [5t  Jatntsl  hath  been  seen  conquering  and  j 

destroying  the  Hagarenes.— C^n-aw/^j;  Don  Quixote, 
II.  iv.  6  (161S).  I 

Hao'enbach  [Sir  Archibald  von), 
governor  of  La  Ferette. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Anne  of  Geiersteen  (time,  Edward  JV.). 

Kag^e  (i  syl.).  This  word  means 
"meadow,"  and  is  called  in  the  Dutch, 
S'  Gravenhagen  ("the  count's  hague  or 
meadow  "). 

Haiatal'aefous  (s  syl.),  daughter 
and  only  child  of  Ar'manos  king  of  the 
"Isle  of  Ebony."  She  and  Badoura 
were  the  two  wives  of  prince  Camaral'- 
zaman,  and  gave  birth  at  the  same  time 
to  two  princes.  Badoura  called  her  son 
Amgiad  ("the  most  glorious")  and 
Haiatalnefous  called  hers  Assad  ("the 
most  happy  "). — Arabian  Nights  ["  Cam- 
aralzaman  and  Badoura  "). 

Haidee',  "the  beauty  of  the  Cy- 
clad^s,"  was  the  daughter  of  Larabro 
a  Greek  pirate,  hving  in  one  of  the 
Cyclades.  Her  mother  was  a  Moorish 
maiden  of  Fez,  who  died  when  Haidee 
was  a  mere  child.  Being  brought  up  in 
utter  loneliness,  she  was  wholly  Nature's 
child.  One  day,  don  Juan  was  cast  on 
the  shore,  the  only  one  saved  from  a 
shipwrecked  crew,  tossed  about  for  many 
days  in  the  long-boat.  Haidee  lighted 
on  the  lad,  and,  having  nursed  him  in  a 
cave,  fell  in  love  with  him.  A  report 
being  heard  that  Lambro  was  dead,  don 
Juan  gave  a  banquet,  but  in  the  midst  of 
the  revelry,  the  old  pirate  returned,  and 
ordered  don  Juan  to  be  seized  and  sold 
as  a  slave.  Haidee  broke  a  blood-vessel 
from  grief  and  fright,  and,  refusing  to 
take  any  nourishment,  died. — Byron 
Don  Juan,  ii.  118  ;  iii.,  iv.  (1819,  1821). 

Lord  Byron  appears  to  have  worked  up  no  part  of 
his  poem  with  so  much  beauty  and  hfe  of  description 
as  that  which  narrates  the  loves  of  Juan  and  Haidee.— 
Sir  £g-erion  Bryd^res. 

Don  Juan  is  dashed  on  the  shore  of  the  Cyclades, 
where  he  is  found  by  a  beautiful  and  innocent  girl,  the 
daughter  of  an  old  Greek  pirate.  There  is  a  very 
superior  kind  of  poetry  in  the  conception  of  this 
Incident :  the  desolate  isle — the  utter  loneliness  of  the 
maiden,  who  is  ignorant  as  she  is  innocent— the 
helpless  condition  of  the  youth, — everything  conspires 
to  render  it  a  true  lomajace.— Blackwood's  Afa^azine. 

Haimon  [The  Four  Sons  of),  the 
title  of  a  minnesong  in  the  degeneracy 


I  I 


HAIR. 

of  that  poetic  school  which  rose  in  Ger- 
many with  the  house  of  Hohenstaufen, 
and  went  out  in  the  middle  of  the 
thirteenth  century. 

^  Hair.  Every  three  days,  when  Cor'- 
sina  combed  the  hair  of  Fairstar  and  her 
two  brothers,  "a  great  many  valuable 
jewels  were  combed  out,  which  she  sold 
at  the  nearest  town." — Comtesse 
D'Aulnoy:  Fairy  Tales  ("  Princess  Fair- 
star,"  1682). 

"  I  suspected,"  said  Corsina,  "  that  Chery  is  not  the 
brother  of  Fairstar,  for  he  has  neither  a  star  nor  collar 
of  g^ld  as  Fairstar  and  her  brothers  have."  "  That's 
true,"  rejoined  her  husband;  "but  jewels  fall  out  of 
his  hair,  as  well  as  out  of  the  olhcts'."— Princess 
Fairstar. 

Hair  [Long).  Mrs.  Astley,  an  actress 
of  the  last  century,  wife  of  "  Old  Astley," 
could  stand  up  and  cover  her  feet  with 
her  flaxen  hair. 

She  had  such  luxuriant  hair  that  she  could  stand 
upright  and  it  covered  her  to  her  feet  like  a  veil.  She 
was  very  proud  of  those  flaxen  locks;  and  a  slight 
accident  by  fire  having  befallen  them,  she  resolved 
ever  after  to  play  in  a  wig.  She  used,  therefore,  to 
wind  this  immense  quantity  of  hair  round  her  head,  and 
put  over  it  a  capacious  caxon,  the  consequence  of 
which  was  that  her  head  bore  about  the  same  propor- 
tion to  the  rest  of  her  figure  that  a  whale's  slcuU  does 
to  its  hcdy.—Phi/i/  Astley  (1742-1814). 

Mdlle.  Bois  de  Ch^ne,  exhibited  in 
London  in  1852-3,  had  a  most  profuse 
head  of  hair,  and  also  a  strong  black 
beard,  large  whiskers,  and  thick  hair  on 
her  arms  and  legs. 

Charles  XII.  had  in  his  army  a  woman 
whose  beard  was  a  yard  and  a  half  long. 
She  was  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of 
Pultowa,  and  presented  to  the  czar  in 
1724. 

Johann  Mayo,  the  German  painter,  had 
a  beard  which  touched  the  ground  when 
he  stood  up. 

Master  George  Killingworthe,  in  the 
court  of  Ivan  "  the  Terrible  "  of  Russia, 
hid  a  beard  five  feet  two  inches  long.  It 
was  thick,  broad,  and  of  a  yellowish  hue. 
— Hakluyi  (1589). 

Hair  Cut  Oif.  It  was  said  by  the 
Greeks  and  Romans  that  life  would  not 
quit  the  body  of  a  devoted  victim  till  a 
lock  of  hair  had  first  been  cut  from  the 
head  of  the  victim  and  given  to  Proser- 
pine. Thus,  when  Alcestis  was  about  to 
die  as  a  voluntary  sacrifice  for  the  life  of 
her  husband,  Than'atos  first  cut  off  a  lock 
of  her  hair  for  the  queen  of  the  infernals. 
When  Dido  slew  herself,  she  could  not 
die  till  Iris  had  cut  off  one  of  her  yellow 
k)cks  for  the  same  purpose. —  Virgil: 
JEjieid,  iv.  693-705. 

Iris  cut  the  yellow  hair  of  unhappy  Dido,  and  broke 
the  charm.  — //fflmes :  Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast 
Tabu. 


463    HALCYON  A  WEATHERCOCK. 

Hair  Sigii  of  Rank. 

The  Parthians  and  ancient  Persians  of 
high  rank  wore  long  flowing  hair. 

Homer  speaks  of  "  the  long-haired 
Greeks "  by  way  of  honourable  dis- 
tinction. Subsequently  the  Athenian 
cavalry  wore  long  hair,  and  all  Lacedae- 
monian soldiers  did  the  same. 

Tlie  Gauls  considered  long  hair  a 
notable  honour,  for  which  reason  Julius 
Caesar  obliged  them  to  cut  off  their  hair 
in  token  of  submission. 

The  Franks  and  ancient  Germans  con- 
sidered long  hair  a  mark  of  noble  birth. 
Hence  Clodion  the  Frank  was  called 
"  The  Long-Haired,"  and  his  successors 
are  spoken  of  as  les  rois  chevelures. 

The  Goths  looked  on  long  hair  as  a 
mark  of  honour,  and  short  hair  as  a  mark 
of  thraldom. 

For  many  centuries  long  hair  was  in 
France  the  distinctive  mark  of  kings  and 
nobles. 

Haiz'um  (3  syL\  the  horse  on  which 
the  archangel  Gabriel  rode  when  he  led 
a  squadron  of  3000  angels  against  the 
Koreishites  (3  syl.)  in  the  famous  battle 
of  Bedr. 

Hakem'  or  Hakeem,  chief  of  the 
Druses,  who  resides  at  Deir-el-Kamar. 
The  first  hakem  was  the  third  Fatimite 
caliph,  called  B'amr-ellah,  who  professed 
to  be  incarnate  deity  and  the  last  prophet 
who  had  personal  communication  between 
God  and  man.  He  was  slain  on  mount 
Mokattam,  near  Cario  (Egypt). 

Hakem  the  khalif  vanished  erst. 
In  what  seemed  death  to  uninstructed  eyes 
On  red  Mokattam's  verge.  ' 

R.  Browning:  The  Return  of  the  Druses,  \. 

Hakim  [Adonbec  el),  Saladin  in  the 
disguise  of  a  physician.  He  visited 
Richard  Coeur  de  Lion  in  sickn?ss  ;  gave 
him  a  medicine  in  which  the  "  talisman  " 
had  been  dipped,  and  the  sick  king 
recovered  from  his  fever.— 5i>  W.  Scotl  : 
The  Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.), 

Haklujrt  Society  (The),  "for  the 
publication  of  rare  and  valuable  voyages,, 
travels,  and  geographical  records." 
Instituted  in  1846. 

Halcro  [Claud),  the  old  bard  of 
Magnus  Troil  the  udaller  of  Zetland. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Pirate  [i\mQ,V<l\\\mm 
III.). 

(A  udaller  is  one  who  holds  his  land  by 
alio  jial  tenure.) 

Halcyon  a  Weathercock.    It  is 

said  that  if  the  kingfisher  or  halcyon  is 


HALDEN. 


464 


HAMET. 


hung,  it  will  show  which  way  the  wind 
blows  by  veering  about. 

How  now  stands  the  wind  ! 

Into  what  corner  peers  my  halcyon's  billt 

Marltnve :  Jew  »f  Malta  (1586). 
Or  as  a  halcyon  with  her  turning  brest, 
Demonstrates  wind  from  wind  and  east  from  west. 
Stover :  Life  and  Diath  of  Thorn,  IVolsey,  Canf.(i399). 

Kaldeu  or  Half  dene  (2  syl.),  a 
Danish  king,  who  with  Basrig  or  Bagsecg, 
another  Scaudinavian  king,  made  (in  871) 
a  descent  upon  Wessex,  and  in  that  one 
year  nine  pitched  battles  were  fought 
with  the  islanders.  The  first  was  Engle- 
fteld,  in  Berkshire,  in  which  the  Danes 
were  beaten  ;  the  second  was  Reading,  in 
which  the  Danes  were  victorious ;  the 
third  was  the  famous  battle  of  iEscesdun 
or  Ashdune,  in  which  the  Danes  were 
defeated  with  great  loss,  and  king  Bag- 
secg was  slain.  In  909  Halfdene  was 
slain  in  the  battle  of  Wodnesfield  (Staf- 
fordshire). 

Reading  ye  regained  .  .  . 

Where  Basrig  ye  outbraved,  and   Halden  sword  to 
sword. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xii.  (1613). 

Hal'dim'Elud  {Sir  Ewes),  a  friend  of 
lord  Dalgarno. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Fortunes 
of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

'H.aMisi'Xis halig-fax,  i.e.  "holy-hair." 
It  was  previously  called  Horton.  The 
tradition  is  that  a  certain  clerk  of  Horton, 
having  been  jilted,  murdered  his  quondam 
sweetheart  and  cut  off  her  head,  which  he 
hung  on  a  tree.  The  head  was  looked 
on  with  reverence,  and  came  to  be  re- 
garded as  a  holy  relic.  In  time  it  rotted 
away,  leaving  little  filaments  spread  out 
between  the  bark  and.  body  of  the  tree, 
Hke  fine  threads,  and  regarded  as  the 
fax  or  hair  of  the  holy  relic. 

Halkit  [Mr.),  a  young  lawyer  in  the 
introduction  of  sir  W.  Scott's  Heart  of 
Midlothian  (1818). 

Hall  {Sir  Christopher),  an  officer  in 
the  army  of  Montrose. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Legend  of  Montrose  (time,  Charles  I.). 

Hallam's  Greek.  Henry  Hallam 
reviewed,  in  The  Edinburgh,  Payne 
Knight's  book  entitled  An  Analytical 
Inquiry  into  the  Principles  of  Taste,  and 
lashed  most  unmercifully  some  Greek 
verses  therein.  It  was  not  discovered 
that  the  lines  were  Pindar's  till  it  was 
too  late  to  cancel  the  critique. — Crabb 
Robinson  :  Diary ,  i.  277. 

Classic  Hallam,  much  renowned  for  Greek. 
Syron :  Etisti^k  Bards  and  Scotch  Revicviers  (1809). 

Hallelujah    Lass    {A),    a   young 


woman  member  of  the  "Salvation  Army  " 
organized  by  "  General  "  Booth, 

One  of  the  best  of  these  short  feuilletons  Is  called 
La  Petite  Lieutenante.  It  is  an  account  of  a  young 
girl,  a  "  Hallelujah  Lass  "  of  the  Swiss  Salvation  Army. 
—NoUs  and  Queries,  September  i,  1896,  p.  *8i,  col.  2. 

Hallelujah  Psalms,  the  last  five 
psalms,  each  of  which  begins  with  the 
words,  "  Praise  ye  the  Lord." 

Haller    {Mrs.).     At    the  age  of    i6 

Adelaide  [Mrs.  Haller]  married  the  count 
Waldbourg,  from  whom  she  eloped.  The 
count  then  led  a  roving  life,  and  was 
known  as  "  the  stranger."  The  countess, 
repenting  of  her  folly,  assumed  (for  three 
years)  the  name  of  Mrs.  Haller,  and  took 
service  under  the  countess  of  Wintersen, 
whose  affection  she  won  by  her  amiability 
and  sweetness  of  temper.  Baron  Stein- 
fort  fell  in  love  with  her,  but,  hearing  her 
tale,  interested  himself  in  bringing  about 
a  reconciliation  between  Mrs.  Haller  and 
"  the  stranger,"  who  happened,  at  the 
time,  to  be  living  in  the  same  neighbour- 
hood. They  met  and  bade  adieu,  but 
when  their  children  were  brought  forth 
they  relented,  and  rushed  into  each 
other's  arms.— 5.  Thompson  :  The 
Stranger  {1797),  adapted  from  Kotzebue. 

In  "  Mrs.  Haller,"  the  powers  of  Miss  O'Neill,  aided 
by  her  beauty,  shone  forth  in  the  highest  perfection, 
and  when  she  appeared  in  that  character,  with  John 
Kerable  as  "  The  Stranger,"  a  spectacle  was  exhitited 


Halliday  {Tom),  a  private  in  the 
royal  army. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Old  Mor- 
tality (time,  Charles  II.). 

Hamako,  an  inspired  madman. 
Theodorick,  the  hermit  of  Engaddi,  is  so 
called  in  the  Talisman,  a  novel  by  sir  W. 
Scott  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Hamako,  fool,  unloose  me  ...  or  I  will  use  my 
dagger  I— Chap.  iii. 

Hamarti'a,  Sin  personified,  offspring 
of  the  red  dragon  and  Eve.  "  A  foul,  de- 
formed" monster,  "  more  foul,  deformed, 
the  sun  yet  never  saw."  "  A  woman 
seemed  she  in  the  upper  part,"  but  "the 
rest  was  in  serpent  form,"  though  out  of 
sight.  Fully  described  in  canto  xii.  of 
The  Purple  Island  (1633),  by  Phineas 
Fletcher.     {Greek,  hamartia,  "sin.") 

Hamet,  son  of  Mandang  and  Zamtl 
(a  Chinese  mandarin).  When  the  infant 
prince  Zaphimri,  called  "  the  orphan  of 
China,"  was  committed  to  the  care  of 
Zamti,  Hamet  was  sent  to  Corea,  and 
placed  under  the  charge  of  Morat ;  but 
when  grown  to  manhood,  he  led  a  band  of 


HAMET. 


46s 


HAMOND. 


insurgents  against  Ti'murkan'  the  Tartar, 
who  had  usurped  the  throne  of  China- 
He  was  seized  and  condemned  to  death, 
under  the  conviction  that  he  was 
Zaphimri  the  prince.  Etan  (who  was  the 
real  Zaphimri)  now  came  forward  to 
acknowledge  his  rank,  and  Timurkan, 
unable  to  ascertain  which  was  the  true 
prince,  ordered  them  both  to  execution. 
At  this  juncture  a  party  of  insurgents 
arrived,  Hamet  and  Zaphimri  were  set 
at  liberty,  Timurkan  was  slain,  ^  and 
Zaphimri  was  raised  to  the  throne  of  his 
forefathers. — Murphy:  The  Orphan  of 
China  (1759). 

Hamet,  one  of  the  black  slaves  of  sir 
Brian  de  Bois  Guilbert  preceptor  of  the 
Knio^hts  Templars.— 5i>  W.  Scott:  Ivan- 
hoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Hamet  ( The  Cid)  or  The  Cm  Hamet 
Benengel'i,  the  hypothetical  Moorish 
chronicler  who  is  fabled  by  CervantSs  to 
have  written  the  adventures  of  "don 
Quixote." 

O  Nature's  noblest  g[ift,  my  gray  ffoose  quiU  I  .  .  . 

Our  task  complete,  like  Hamet's,  shall  be  free. 
Byron  :  Ens^lish  Bards  and  Scoich  Reviewers  (1809). 

The  shrewd  Cid  Hamet,  addressing  himself  to  his 
pen,  says,  "  And  now,  my  slender  quUl,  whether  skil- 
fully cut  or  otherwise,  here  from  this  rack,  suspended 
by  a  wire,  shalt  thou  peacefully  live  to  distant  times, 
unless  the  hand  of  some  rash  historian  disturb  thy 
repyose  by  taking  thee  down  and  profaning  thee." — 
Cervantes :  Dan  Quixote,  last  chap.  (1613). 

Ham.et,  the  ox,  in  the  beast-epic  of 
Reynard  the  Fox,  by  Heinrich  von  Alk- 
mann  (1498). 

Ham.ilton  [Lady  Emily),  sister  of 
lord  Evandale,— 5?>  W.  Scott :  Old  Mor- 
tality (time,  Charles  U.). 

Ham.iltmde  (3  syl.),  a  poor  French- 
woman, the  first  of  Charlemagne's  nine 
wives.     She  bore  him  several  children. 

Her  neck  was  tinged  with  a  delicate  rose.  .  .  .  Her 
locks  were  bound  about  her  temples  with  gold  and 
purple  bands.  Her  dress  was  looped  up  with  ruby 
clasps.  Her  coronet  and  her  purple  robes  gave  her  an 
air  of  surpassing  majesty.— Z,'^/>i««  .•  Croquemit- 
aine,  iii. 

Ham.let,  prince  of  Denmark,  a  man 
of  mind  but  not  of  action ;  nephew  of 
Claudius  the  reigning  king,  who  had 
married  the  widowed  queen.  Hamlet 
loved  Ophelia,  daughter  of  Polo'nius  the 
lord  chamberlain  ;  but  feeling  it  to  be 
his  duty  to  revenge  his  father's  murder, 
he  abandoned  the  idea  of  marriage,  and 
treated  Ophelia  so  strangely,  that  she 
went  mad,  and,  gathering  flowers  from 
a  brook,  fell  into  the  water  and  was 
drowned.  While  wasting  his  energy  in 
speculation,  Hamlet  accepted  a  challenge 
from  Laertes  of  a  friendly  contest  with 


foils  ;  but  Laertfis  used  a  poisoned  rapier, 
with  which  he  stabbed  the  young  prince. 
A  scuffle  ensued,  in  which  the  combatants 
changed  weapons,  and  Laertes  being 
stabbed,  both  died. — Shakespeare  :  Hatn- 
let  (1596). 

"The  whole  play,"  says  Schlegel,  "is 
intended  to  show  that  calculating  con- 
sideration exhausts  ,  .  .  the  power  of 
action."  Goethe  is  of  the  same  opinion, 
and  says  that  "  Hamlet  is  a  noble  nature, 
without  the  strength  of  nerve  which  forms 
a  hero.  He  sinks  beneath  a  burden  which 
he  cannot  bear,  and  cannot  \make  up  his 
mind  to]  cast  aside." 

• .  •  The  best  actors  of  "  Hamlet "  have 
been  Thomas  Betterton  (1635-1710), 
Robert  Wilks  (1670-1732),  Garrick 
(1716-1779),  John  Henderson  (1747- 
1785),  J.  P.  Kemble  (1757-1823),  and  W. 
H.  Betty  (1792-1874).  Next  to  these,  C. 
Kemble  (1775-1854),  C.  M.  Young  (1777- 
1856),  Edmund  Kean  (1787-1833),  Henry 
Irving  (1840-        ),  etc. 

(In  the  History  of  Hamhlet,  Hamlet's 
father  is  called  "  Horvendille.") 

Hammer  [Tlie),  Judas  Asamonaeus, 
surnamed  Maccabaeus,  "the  hammer" 
(B.C.   166-136). 

Charles  Martel  (689-741).    (See  Mar- 

TEL.) 

On  pretend  qu'on  lul  donna  le  sumom  de  Martel 
parcequ'il  avait  icrasi  comme  avec  un  marteau  les 
Sarrasms  qui,  sous  la  conduite  d'Abdirame,  avaient 
envahi  la  IcTaxicc—BouilUt. 

'.'  " Asmodeus"  (^.v.)  is  quite  another 
person. 

Hammer  and  Scourg'e  of  Eng*- 
land,  sir  William  Wallace  (1270-1305). 

Hammer  of  Heretics. 

1.  Pierre  d'Ailly,  president  of  the 
council  which  condemned  John  Huss 
(1350-1425). 

2.  St.  Augustine,  "the  pillar  of 
truth  and  hammer  of  heresies "  (395- 
430).  — Hakewill. 

3.  John  Faber.  So  called  from  the 
title  of  one  of  his  works.  Malleus  Heretic- 
orum  (1470-1541). 

Hammer  of  Scotland,  Edward  I. 
His  son  inscribed  on  his  tomb :  "  Edward  us 
Longus  Scotorum  Malleus  hie  est "  (1239, 
1272-1307). 

Hammerlein  {Claus),  the  smith,  one 
of  the  insurgents  at  Li^ge. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Quentin  Durward  (time,  Edward  IV,). 

Hamond,  captain  of  the  guard  of 
RoUo  ("the  bloody  brother  "  of  Otto,  and 
duke  of  Normandy).     He  stabs  the  duke, 


HAMPDEN. 

and  Rollo  stabs  the  captain  ;  so  that  vhey 
kill  each  other.— Fletcher :  The  Bloody 
B}'oth£r  {i6-^^), 

Hampden  {John)  was  born  in 
London,  but  after  his  marriage  lived  as  a 
country  squire.  He  was  imprisoned  in 
the  gate-house  for  refusing  to  pay  a  tax 
called  ship-money,  imposed  without  the 
authority  of  parliament.  The  case  was 
tried  in  the  Exchequer  Chamber,  in  1637, 
and  given  against  him.  He  threw  him- 
self heart  and  soul  into  the  business 
of  the  Long  Parliament,  and  commanded 
a  troop  in  the  parliamentary  army.  In 
1643  he  fell  in  an  encounter  with  prince 
Rupert ;  but  he  has  ever  been  honoured 
as  a  patriot,  and  the  defender  of  the  rights 
of  the  people  (1594-1643). 

\_Shair\  Hampden  no  more,  when  suffering  Freedom 

Encounter  Fate,  and  triumph  as  he  falls? 

Campbell:  Pleasures  of  Hofe,  1.  (1799). 
Some  village  Hampden,  that  with  dauntless  breast, 
The  little  tyrant  of  his  fields  withstood. 

Gray:  Elegy  (1749). 

Hamzu-ben-Ahmud,  who,  on  the 
death  of  hakeem  B'amr-ellah  (called  the 
incarnate  deity  and  last  prophet),  was 
the  most  zealous  propagator  of  the  new 
faith,  out  of  which  the  semi-Moham- 
medan sect  called  Druses  subsequently 
arose. 

N.B. — They  were  not  called  "Druses  " 
till  the  eleventh  century,  when  one  of  their 
"apostles,"  called  Durzi,  led  them  from 
Egypt  to  Syria,  and  the  sect  was  called  by 
his  name. 

Han  (Sons  of),  the  Chinese  ;  so  called 
from  Han,  the  village  in  which  Lieou- 
pang  was  chief.  Lieou-pang  conquered 
all  who  opposed  him,  seized  the  supreme 
power,  assumed  the  name  of  Kao-ho§ng- 
tee,  and  the  dynasty,  which  lasted  422 
years,  was  "the  fifth  imperial  dynasty, 
or  that  of  Hin."  It  gave  thirty  emperors, 
and  the  seat  of  government  was  Yn. 
With  this  dynasty  the  modern  history  of 
China  begins  (b.c.  202  to  A.D.  220). 

Hand  over  Fist,  very  fast. 

He's  making  money  hand  over  ^%X.—Boldre7uoo4 : 
Robbery  under  Arms,  ch.  xxviii. 

Hands  are  said  to  be  of  five  classes. 

1.  Idealistic,  delicate,  with  long  and 
pointed  fingers. 

2.  Realistic,  with  short  square  fingers. 

3.  Energetic,  with  spatulated  fingers 

4.  Philosophic,  with  rough  fingers, 
knotted  at  the  p>oinls. 

5.  Mixed,  with  the  characteristics 
mixed. 


4bo  HANDY. 

Both  hands  are  inspected  in  cheiromancy. 

The  ball  of  the  thumb  is  called  the  Mount  of  Venus. 

The  hollow  of  the  palm  is  the  Plain  of  Mars. 

Hand-sale,  shaking  hands  to  bind  a 
contract  or  bargain. 

Handel's  Monument,  in  West- 
minster Abbey,  is  by  Roubiliac.  It  was 
the  last  work  executed  by  this  sculptor. 

Handjar,  a  Turkish  poniard. 

Handsome  Englishman  ( The). 
The  French  used  to  call  John  Churchill, 
duke  of  Marlborough,  Le  Bel  Anglais 
(1650-1722). 

Handsome  Swordsman  [The). 
Joachim  Murat  was  popularly  called  Le 
Beau  Sabreur  (1767-1815). 

Handy  [Sir  Abel),  a  great  contriver 
of  inventions  which  would  not  work,  and 
of  retrograde  improvements.  Thus  "  his 
infallible  axletree "  gave  way  when  it 
was  used,  and  the  carriage  was  "smashed 
to  pieces."  His  substitute  forgimpowder 
exploded,  endangered  his  hfe,  and  set 
fire  to  the  castle.  His  "extinguishing 
powder  "  might  have  reduced  the  flames, 
but  it  was  not  mixed,  nor  were  his  patent 
fire-engines  in  workable  order.  He  said 
to  Farmer  Ashfield — 

"  I  have  obtained  patents  for  tweezers,  tooth-picks, 
and  tinder-boxes  .  .  .  and  have  now  on  hand  two 
inventions,  .  .  .  one  for  converting  saw-dust  into 
deal  boards,  and  the  other  for  cleaning  rooms  by 
steam-engines."— Act  i.  sc.  i. 

Lady  Nelly  Handy  (his  wife),  formerly 
a  servant  in  the  house  of  Farmer  Ashfield. 
She  was  full  of  affectations,  overbearing, 
and  dogmatical.  Lady  Nelly  tried  to 
"forget  the  dunghill  whence  she  grew, 
and  thought  herself  the  Lord  knows  who," 
Her  extravagance  was  so  great  that  sir 
Abel  said  his  "best  coal-pit  would  not 
find  her  in  white  muslin,  nor  his  India 
bonds  in  shawls  and  otto  of  roses."  It 
turned  out  that  her  first  husband  Gerald, 
who  had  been  absent  twenty  years,  re- 
appeared and  claimed  her.  Sir  Abel  will- 
ingly resigned  his  claim,  and  gave  Gerald 
^^5000  to  take  her  off  his  hands. 

Robert  Handy  (always  called  Bob),  son 
of  sir  Abel  by  his  first  wife.  He  fancied 
he  could  do  everything  better  than  any 
one  else.  He  taught  the  post-boy  to  drive, 
but  broke  the  horse's  knees.  He  taught 
Farmer  Ashfield  how  to  box,  but  got 
knocked  down  by  him  at  the  first  blow. 
He  told  Dame  Ashfield  he  had  learnt 
lace-making  at  Mechlin,  and  that  she  did 
not  make  it  in  the  right  way  ;  but  he 
spoilt  her  cushion  in  showing  her  how  to 
do  it.  He  told  lady  Handy  (his  father's 
bride)  she  did  not  know  how  to  use  the 


HANDY  ANDY.  467 

fan,  and  showed  her ;  he  told  her  she  did 
not  know  how  to  curtsey,  and  showed 
her.  Being  pestered  by  this  popinjay 
beyond  endurance,  she  implored  her  hus- 
band to  protect  her  from  further  insults. 
Though  light-hearted,  Bob  was  "warm, 
steady,  and  sincere. "  He  married  Susan, 
the  daughter  of  Farmer  Ashfield. — Mor- 
ton: Speed  the  Plough  (1798). 

Handy  Andy,  a  novel  by  S.  Lover 
(1842). 

Hangr  op  Ms  Fiddle  {To),  to  give 
a  thing  up  as  hopeless  or  as  a  bad  job ; 
to  decamp  ;  to  discontinue. 

When  a  'man  loses  his  temper,  and  ain't  cool,  he 
might  as  well  hang  up  his  fiddle.— Saw  Slick. 

If  a  man  it  42  is  not  in  a  fair  way  to  get  his  share  of 
the  world's  spoils,  he  might  as  well  hang  up  his  fiddle, 
and  be  content  to  dig  his  way  through  life  as  best  he 
may. — Dow  :  Sermo7ts,  p.  78. 

Hang  up  his  Fiddle  witli  his 

Hat  {To),  to  lose  all  cheerfulness  on 
return  home ;  to  be  merry  abroad  and 
morose  at  home. 

Mr.  N.  can  be  very  ag^reeable  when  I  am  absent,  and 
anywhere  but  at  home.  I  always  say,  he  hangs  his 
fiddle  up  with  his  VaX.— Theodore  Hook:  Gilbert 
Guerney. 

The  Proven9als  have  a  proverb,  Gau 
de  carriers,  doulou  doustan  ('"Joy abroad, 
grief  at  home").  (See  Daudet's  novel 
Numa  Roumestan.  The  gist  of  the  story 
turns  on  this  proverb.) 

Hanging  Judge  {The),  sir  Francis 
Page  (1718-1741). 

The  earl  of  Norbury,  chief  justice  of 
the  Common  Pleas  in  Ireland  from  1820 
to  1827,  was  also  stigmatized  with  the 
same  unenviable  title. 

Hank.  /  have  him  at  a  hank.  Je  le 
tiens  dans  mes  filets.  Here  hank  means 
the  quantity  of  thread,  etc. ,  tied  into  one 
skeiu  or  hank. 

Hank  for  Hank,  on  perfect  equality, 
neither  being  able  to  outrun  the  other. 
In  sea  phrase  it  means  the  situation  of 
two  vessels  which  run  the  sime  road,  and 
ZX&  par  le  travers  Fun  de  V autre. 

The  Dolphin  and  Cerberus  turned  up  the  river  hank 
for  liank,  neither  being  able  to  get  the  windward  of 
the  other. 

•.•  Hanks  are  rings  used  instead  of 
grommets  to  confine  the  staysails. 

Hannah.,  housekeeper  to  Mr.  Fairford 
the  lawyer.— -SzV  W.  Scott:  Redgauntlet 
(time,  George  III.). 

Hannah,  the  heroine  of  Mrs.  Inch- 
t>ald's  story  of  Nature  and  Art  (1796). 

Haunihal  ad  Portas!  or  Attila  ad 
fortasi   a  cry  of  alarm  at  the  near  ap- 


HAPMOUCHE. 

proach  of  a  formidable  enemy,  especially 
an  army  of  invaders.  Attila  and  Hanni- 
bal were  to  the  Romans  the  "  scourges  of 
the  gods." 

Hanno,  a  slave,  chiefly  famous  for 
the  description  of  his  death. — Dr.  John 
Moore :  Zeluco  (a  novel,  1789). 

Hanover  Rat.  The  Jacobites  used 
to  affirm  that  the  rat  was  brought  over  by 
the  Hanoverians  when  they  succeeded  to 
the  crown. 

Curse  me  the  British  vermin,  the  rat,— 
1  know  not  whether  he  came  in  the  Hanover  ship. 
Tennyson  :  Maud,  II.  v.  6. 

Hans,  a  simple-minded  boy  of  five 
and  twenty,  in  love  with  Esther,  but  too 
shy  to  ask  her  in  marriage.  He  is  a 
"  Modus  "  in  a  lower  social  grade  ;  Esther 
is  a  "  cousin  Helen,"  who  laughs  at  him, 
loves  him,  and  teaches  him  how  to  make 
love  to  her  and  win  htr.—  Knowles :  The 
Maid  of  Mariendorpt  (1838). 

Hans,  the  pious  ferryman  on  the 
banks  of  the  Rhine. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Anne 
of  Geierstein  (lime,  Edward  IV.). 

Hans  {Adrian),  a  Dutch  merchant, 
killed  at  Boston.— 5z>  W.  Scott :  Peveril 
of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Hans  of  Iceland,  a  novel  by  Victor 
Hugo  (1824).  Hans  is  a  stern,  savage, 
Northern  monster,  ghastly  and  fascinat- 
ing. 

Hans  von  Rippach  \Ri^-pak\,  i.e. 
Jack  of  Rippach.  Rippach  is  a  village 
near  Leipsic.  This  Hans  von  Rippach 
is  a  "  Mons.  Nong-tong-pas,"  that  is,  a 
person  asked  for,  who  does  not  exist. 
The  "joke"  is  to  ring  a  house  up  at 
some  unseasonable  hour,  and  ask  for 
Herr  Hans  von  Rippach  or  Mons.  Nong- 
tong-pas. 

Hanson  {Neil),  a  soldier  in  the  castl^ 
of  Garde  Doloureuse. — Sir  W,  Scotf: 
The  Betrothed  (time,  Henry  II.).  ••>''- 

Hanswurst,  the  "  Jack  Pudding  '*  of 
old  German  comedy,  but  almost  anni- 
hilated by  Gottsched,  in  the  middle  of  the 
eighteenth  century.  He  was  clumsy,  huge 
in  person,  an  immense  gourmand,  and 
fond  of  vulgar  practical  jokes. 

N.B. — The  French  "Jean  Potage," 
the  Italian  "Macaroni,"  and  the  Dutch 
•'  Pickel  Herringe,"  were  similar  charac- 
ters. 

Hapmouche  (2  syl),  i.e.  "fly- 
catcher," the  giant  who  first  hit  upon  the 
plan  of  smoking  pork  and  neats'  tono;ues. 
— Rabelais:  Pantag'ruel,  ii.  i  (1533). 


HAPPER. 


468 


HARDY. 


Happer  or  Hob,  the  miller  who 
supplies  St.  Mary's  Convent. 

Mysie  Hapfer,  the  miller's  daughter. 
Afterwards,  in  disguise,  she  acts  as  the 
page  of  sir  Piercie  Shafton,  whom  she 
marries. — Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Monastery 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Happuck,  a  magician,  brother  of 
Ulin  the  enchantress.  He  was  the  in- 
stigator of  rebellion,  and  intended  to  kill 
the  sultan  Misnar  at  a  review,  but  Misnar 
had  given  orders  to  a  body  of  archers  to 
shoot  the  man  who  was  left  standing 
when  the  rest  of  the  soldiers  fell  pros- 
trate in  adoration.  Misner  went  to  the 
review,  and  commanded  the  army  to  give 
thanks  to  Allah  for  their  victory,  when 
all  fell  prostrate  except  Rappuck,  who 
was  thus  detected,  and  instantly  de- 
spatched.—5  ?>  C.  Morell  {James  Ridley"] : 
Tales  of  the  Genii  ("The  Enchanter's 
Tale,"  vi.,  1751). 

Have  we  prevailed  ag^ainst  Ulin  and  Happuck,  Ollo- 
mand  and  Tasnar,  Ahaback  and  Desra  ;  and  shall  we 
fear  the  contrivance  of  a  poor  vizier  t — Talcs  of  the 
Genii,  viL  (1751). 

Happy  Old  Couple  ( The),  a  ballad 
which  tells  the  tale  of  Darby  and  Joan 
{q.v.). 

Happy  Valley  {The),  in  the  king- 
dom of  Amhara.  It  was  liere  the  royal 
princes  and  princesses  of  Abyssinia  lived. 
It  was  surrounded  by  high  mountains, 
and  was  accessible  only  by  one  spot 
under  a  cave.  This  spot  was  concealed 
by  woods  and  closed  by  iron  gates. — Dr. 
Johnson:  Rasselas  (1759). 

Har'apha,  a  descendant  of  Anak  the 
giant  of  Gath.  He  went  to  mock  Sam- 
son in  prison,  but  durst  not  venture 
within  his  reach. — Milton:  Samson 
Agonistes  (1632). 

Harliotliel  [Master  Fabian),  the 
'squire  of  sir  Aymer  de  Valence. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Castle  Dangerous  (time,  Henry  I.). 

Hard  Times,  a  novel  by  C.  Dickens 
(1854),  dramatized  in  1867,  and  called 
Under  the  Earth,  or  The  Sons  of  Toil. 
Bounderby,  a  street  arab,  raised  himself 
to  banker  and  cotton  prince.  When  55 
years  of  age,  he  proposed  marriage  to 
Louisa,  daughter  of  Thomas  Gradgrind, 
Esq. ,  J.  P. ,  and  was  accepted.  One  night 
the  bank  was  robbed  of  ;^iSO,  and  Boun- 
derby believed  Stephen  Blackpool  to  be 
the  thief,  because  he  had  dismissed  him, 
being  obnoxious  to  the  mill  hands ;  but 
the  culprit  was  Tom  Gradgrind,  the 
banker's  brother-in-law,  who  lay  perdu 
for  a  while,  and  then  escaped  out  of  the 


country.  In  the  dramatized  version,  the 
bank  was  not  robbed  at  all,  but  Tom 
merely  removed  the  money  to  another 
drawer  for  safe  custody. 

Hardcastle  [Squire),  a  jovial,  prosy, 
but  hospitable  country  gentleman  of  the 
old  schooL  He  loves  to  tell  his  long- 
winded  stories  about  prince  Eugene  and 
the  duke  of  Marlborough.  He  says,  "  I 
love  everything  that's  old — old  friends, 
old  times,  old  manners,  old  books,  old 
wine  "  (act  i.  i),  and  he  might  have  added, 
"  old  stories," 

Mrs.  Hardcastle,  a  very  "genteel" 
lady  indeed.  Mr.  Hardcastle  is  her 
second  husband,  and  Tony  Lumpkin  her 
son  by  her  former  husband.  She  is  fond 
of ' '  genteel "  society,  and  the  last  fashions. 
Mrs.  Hardcastle  says,  "There's  nothing 
in  the  world  I  love  to  talk  of  so  much  as 
London  and  the  fashions,  though  I  was 
never  there  myself"  (act  ii.  i).  Her  mis- 
taking her  husband  for  a  highwayman, 
and  imploring  him  on  her  knees  to  take 
their  watches,  money,  all  they  have  got, 
but  to  spare  their  lives  :  "  Here,  good 
gentleman,  whet  your  rage  upon  me,  take 
my  money,  my  life,  but  spare  my  child  !  " 
is  infinitely  comic  (act  iv.  sc.  i). 

The  princess,  like  Mrs.  Hardcastle,  was  jolted  to  • 
jelly. —Lord  Lennox  :  CelebiUies,  L  t. 

Miss  Hardcastle,  the  pretty,  bright- 
eyed,  lively  daughter  of  squire  Hard- 
castle. She  is  in  love  with  young 
Marlow,  and  "stoops"  to  a  pardonable 
deceit  "  to  conquer"  his  bashfulness  and 
win  him,  —  Goldsmith :  She  Stoops  to 
Conquer  (1773). 

Har'die  [Mr.),  a  young  lawyer,  in  the 
introduction  of  sir  W.  Scott's  Heart  of 
Midlothian  (1818). 

Hardouin  (2  syl).  Jean  Hardouin, 
the  Jesuit,  was  librarian  to  Louis  XIV. 
He  doubted  the  truth  of  all  received 
history ;  denied  that  the  ^ne'id  was  the 
work  of  Virgil,  or  the  Odes  of  Horace  the 
production  of  that  poet.  He  placed  no 
credence  in  medals  and  coins ;  regarded 
all  councils  before  that  of  Trent  as 
chimerical ;  and  looked  on  all  Jansenists 
as  infidels  (1646-1729). 

Hardy  [Mr.),  father  of  Letitia.  A 
worthy  little  fellow  enough,  but  with  the 
unfortunate  gift  of  "foreseeing"  every- 
thing (act  V.  sc.  4). 

Letitia  Hardy,  his  daughter,  ih^fiancie 
of  Dor'icourt.  A  girl  of  great  spirit  and 
ingenuity,  beautiful  and  clever.  Dori- 
court  dislikes  her  without  knowing  her, 
simply  because  he  has  been  betrothed  to 


HARE'S  BREAD. 

her  by  his  parents  ;  but  she  wins  him  by 

stratagem.  She  first  assumes  the  airs 
and  manners  of  a  raw  country  hoyden, 
and  disgusts  the  fastidious  man  of 
fashion.  She  then  appears  at  a  masque- 
rade, and  wins  him  by  her  many  attrac- 
tions. The  marriage  is  performed  at 
midnight,  and,  till  the  ceremony  is  over, 
Doricourt  has  no  suspicion  that  the  fair 
masquerader  is  his  affianced  Miss  Hardy. 
—Mrs.  Cowley:  The  Belles  Stratagem 
(1780). 

Hare's  Bread,  Pain  de  li&vre,  sup- 
posed to  be  a  bread-food  with  hares. 
This  plant  is  the  arum  or  cuckoo-pint, 
from  which  arrowroot  is  often  made. 

Harebell.  The  harebell  of  England 
is  the  wild  hyacinth,  but  the  Scottish 
harebell  is  a  campanula,  generally  called 
the  "bluebell  of  Scotland."  Hare, 
meaning  "wild,"  or  "heath,"  enters 
into  several  flower-names,  as  "hare's 
blossom,"  "hare's  foot,"  "hare's  tail" 
(a  grass),  "hare's  bread,"  etc,  ;  some  of 
which  are  also  called  heath,  as  "heath 
bell,"  the  bluebell  of  Scotland,  etc. 

Hare'dale  [Geoffrey),  brother  of 
Reuben  the  uncle  of  Emma  Haredale. 
He  was  a  papist,  and  incurred  the  malig- 
nant hatred  of  Gashford  (lord  George 
Gordon's  secretary)  by  exposing  him  in 
Westminster  Hall.  Geoffrey  Haredale 
killed  sir  John  Chester  in  a  duel,  but 
made  good  his  escape,  and  ended  his 
days  in  a  monastery. 

Reuben  Haredale  (2  Jy/.).  brother  of 
Geoffrey,  and  father  of  Emma  Haredale. 
He  was  murdered. 

Emma  Haredale,  daughter  of  Reuben, 
and  niece  of  Geoffrey  with  whom  she 
lived  at  ' '  The  Warren. "  Edward  Chester 
loved  Emma  Haredale. — Dickens:  Bar- 
naby  Rudge  (1841). 

Harefoot  [Harold).  So  Harold  I, 
was  called,  because  he  was  swift  of  foot 
as  a  hare  (1035-1040). 

Kargrave,  a  man  of  fashion.  The 
hero  and  title  of  a  novel  by  Mrs.  Trol- 
lope  (1843). 

Harleqttiiii.  Menage  derives  the  word 
from  Achille  de  Harley,  a  comedian  of 
Paris  (1536-1616). 

Sous  le  rfejjne  de  Henri  III.,  une  troupe  de  comddiens 
Italiens  vins  douiier  des  representations  Jt  Paris.  L'un 
de  ces  cora^diens,  celui  qui  avail  le  talent  de  plaire  le 
plus  au  public,  fut  trfes  bicn  accueilli  par  la  faniille  de 
Harlay,  qui  complait  alors  parmi  ses  membres  lecelibre 
president  de  ce  nom.  Les  camarades  lui  donnferent,  k 
cause  de  I'aniit^  que  lui  avail  t^moign^e  cette  famille, 
le  sumom  d'Harlequino  (petit  Harlay) ;  d'Harlequin 
les  Parisiens  firent  Areieguin,  et  c'est  arnsi  que  le  nom 


469 


HARMACHIS. 


de  Tun  de  nos  plus  grands  magistrals  est  devenu  en 
francisant,  celui  Ju  bouffon  le  plus  trivial  des  theAtref 
de  foire. — Revue  de  Deux  Alondes. 

Harley,  "  the  man  of  feeling."  A 
man  of  the  finest  sensibilities  and  un- 
bounded benevolence,  but  bashful  as  a 
maiden. — Mackenzie:  The  Man  0/ Feeling 

The  principal  object  of  Mackenzie  Is  ...  to  reach 
and  sustain  a  tone  of  moral  pathos  by  representing 
the  effect  of  incidents  .  .  .  upon  the  human  mind 
.  ,  .  especially  those  which  are  just,  honourable,  and 
Intelligent— 5»y  l^y.  Scott. 

Harlot  [The  Infamous  Northern), 
Elizabeth  Petrowna  empress  of  Russia 
(1709- 176 1 ). 

Har'lowe  [Clarissa),  a  young  lady, 
who,  to  avoid  a  marriage  to  which  her 
heart  cannot  consent,  but  to  which  she 
is  urged  by  her  parents,  casts  herself  on 
the  protection  of  a  lover,  who  most 
scandalously  abuses  the  confidence  re- 
posed in  him.  He  afterwards  proposes 
marriage ;  but  she  rejects  his  proposal, 
and  retires  to  a  solitary  dwelling,  where 
she  pines  to  death  with  grief  and  shame. 
— Richardson  :  The  History  of  Clarissa 
Harlowe  (1749). 

The  dignity  of  Clarissa  under  her  disgrace  ,  .  . 
reminds  us  oi  the  saying  of  the  ancient  poet,  that  a 
good  man  struggling  with  the  tide  of  adversity  and 
surmounting  it,  is  a  sight  upon  which  the  immortal 
gods  might  look  down  with  pleasure. — Sir  IV.  Scott. 

The  moral  elevation  of  this  heroine,  the  saintly  purity 
which  she  preserves  amidst  scenes  of  the  deepest  de- 
pravity and  the  most  seductive  gaiety,  and  the  never- 
failing  sweetness  and  benevolence  of  her  temper, 
render  Clarissa  one  of  the  brightest  triumphs  of  tha 
whole  range  of  imaginative  literature.— CAaw;*<r*.* 
English  Literature,  li.  i6i. 

Harl'weston  Fountains,  near  St. 
Neot's,  in  Huntingdon.  There  are  two, 
one  salt  and  the  other  fresh.  The  salt 
fountain  is  said  to  cure  dimness  of  sight, 
and  the  sweet  fountain  to  cure  the  itch 
and  leprosy,  Drayton  tells  the  legend  of 
these  two  fountains  at  the  beginning  of 
song  xxii.  of  his  Polyolbion  (1622), 

Harm  set.  Harm  g'et. 

On  est  souvent  prfes  dans  son  propre  pifege.    (See 
HOIST.) 
In  German— 


Har'macMs  [-kis),  the  hypothetical 
writer  of  Rider  Haggard's  Cleopatra, 
Harmachis  is  supposed  to  be  a  model  of 
manly  strength  and  beauty,  and,  being 
the  direct  descendant  of  the  Pharaohs  of 
Egypt,  was  crowned  king  by  the  revolters 
against  the  Macedonian  Cleopatra.  He 
entered  the  court  with  intent  to  kill 
Cleopatra,  but  fell  in  love  with  her,  and 
Cleopatra,  to  serve  her  ends,  encouraged 
his  suit  till  Antony  came  on  the  scene. 


HARMON. 


Charmfon,  the  favourite  of  Cleopatra, 
being  in  love  with  Harmachis,  was 
jealous  of  the  queen,  and  plotted  with 
him  to  compass  her  death  and  the  down- 
fall of  the  triumvir.  They  succeed. 
Charmion  kills  herself,  and  Harmachis 
ends  his  life  in  captivity. — H.  Rider  Hag- 
gctrd:  Cleopatra  (1889). 

Harmon  {John),  alias  John  Roke- 
SMITH,  Mr.  Boffin's  secretary.  He  lodged 
with  the  Wilfers,  and  ultimately  married 
Bella  Wilfer.  He  is  described  as  "a 
dark  gentleman,  30  at  the  utmost,  with 
an  expressive,  one  might  say,  a  hand- 
some face." — Dickens  :  Our  Mutual 
Friend  ( 1864). 

• .  •  For  explanation  of  the  mystery,  see 
voL  I.  ii.  13. 

Harmo'nia's  Necklace  or  Brace- 
let, an  unlucky  possession,  something 
which  brings  evil  to  its  possessor.  Har- 
monia  was  the  daughter  of  Mars  and 
Venus,  On  the  day  of  her  marriage  with 
king  Cadmos,  she  received  a  necklace 
made  by  Vulcan  for  Venus.  This 
unlucky  ornament  afterwards  passed  to 
Sem'elg,  then  to  Jocasta,  then  to  ArgTa 
(wife  of  Polynlces),  then  Eriphyld,  but 
was  equally  fatal  in  every  case.  Finally 
it  was  hung  in  the  temple  of  Apollo  at 
Delphos.  It  was  made  by  the  Cyclops, 
of  emeralds  and  cut  diamonds.  (See 
Unlucky.)  — Of ?V.*  Metafh.^  iv.  5; 
Statins:  Thebaid,  ii. 

*'  Hannon'ia,"  also  called  Hertnon'ea,  !s  frequently 
confounded  with  Hernilon^  (called  in  English  Her- 
mi'-o-ne)  daughter  of  Menclaos  and  Helen,  quite 
another  person;  but  many  persons  talk  of  "Her- 
mione's  Necklace."  (See  HERMIONE;  GOU3  OF 
MiEELUNGEN ;  and  GOLD  OF  TOLOSA.) 

Harmouious  Blacksmitli  [The). 
The  tale  is  that  one  day,  while  Handel 
was  walking  through  Edgware,  he  sought 
shelter  from  a  shower  in  a  smithy,  where 
the  blacksmith  was  singing,  and  accom- 
panied himself  with  the  strokes  of  his 
hammer  on  the  anvil  ;  and  this  furnished 
Handel  with  the  score  of  his  famous 
"Harmonious  Blacksmith."  In  Whit- 
church, Middlesex,  there  is  a  tombstone 
to  William  Powell,  buiied  February  27, 
1783,  commemorating  the  event,  erected 
by  subscription  in  1868.  The  blacksmith 
Powell  was  parish  clerk  at  the  time.  (See 
Schoelcher  :  Life  of  Handel,  65.) 

The  tiUth  of  this  very  plausible  tale  is  denied  by  a 
correspondent  in  Notes  and  Queries,  March  21,  1896, 
p.  230.  At  any  rate,  the  naiue  of  towell  seems  to  be 
incorrect. 

1[  A  similar  tale  is  told  of  Pythagoras. 

Intently  considering  whether  it  would  be  possible  to 
fl«v'se  a  certain  instrumental  aid  to  the  hearing,  .  ,  , 


•4fo  HAROLD. 

he  one  day  passed  near  a  stithy,  and  was  struck  by  the 
sound  produced  as  the  hammers  beat  out  a  piece  of 
iron  on  an  anvil.  ...  He  recognized  in  these  sounds 
the  diapason,  the  diapente,  and  the  diatessaron  har- 
mony. .  .  .  Going  then  into  the  stithy,  he  discovered 
that  the  difference  of  sound  arose  from  the  different 
sizes  of  the  hammers,  and  not  from  the  difference  of 
force  employed  in  giving  the  strokes,  nor  yet  from  any 
differencein  the  shape  of  the  hammers.  .  .  .  Fromth^ 
hint  he  constructed  his  musical  scdX^.—Iamblichus  • 
Li/ee/ Pythagoras,  xxyi. 

H  The  same  tale  is  also  told  of  Tubal- 
cain. 

Tuball  hadde  greete  lykynge  to  here  the  hamers 
sowne,  and  he  fonde  proiwrcions  and  acorde  of 
melodye  by  weyght  of  the  hamers;  and  so  he  used 
them  moche  in  the  acorde  of  melodye,  but  he  was  not 
fynder  of  the  lustrfnicntes  of  musyks.—//igden  • 
t'olyrronycon. 

Harmony  [Mr.),  a  general  peace- 
maker. When  he  found  persons  at 
variance,  he  went  to  them  separately, 
and  told  them  how  highly  the  other 
spoke  and  thought  of  him  or  her.  If 
it  were  man  and  wife,  he  would  tell  the 
wife  how  highly  her  husband  esteemed 
her,  and  would  apply  the  "  oiled  feather  " 
in  a  similar  way  to  the  husband.  "  We 
all  have  our  faults,"  he  would  say,  "and 
So-and-so  knows  it,  and  grieves  at  his 
infirmity  of  temper ;  but  though  be  con- 
tends with  you,  he  praised  you  to  me  this 
morning  in  the  highest  terms."  By  this 
means  he  succeeded  in  smoothing  many 
a  ruffled  mxnd.— I nchbald :  Every  One 
has  His  Fault  (1794). 

Harness  Prize,  a  prize  competed  for 
triennially,  on  some  Shakespearian  subject. 
The  prize  consists  of  three  years'  accumu- 
lated interest  of  ^500.  It  was  founded 
by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Harness,  and  accepted 
by  the  University  of  Cambridge,  The 
first  prize  was  awarded  in  1874. 

Harold  "the  Dauntless,"  son  of 
Wiiikind  the  Dane.  "  He  was  rocked 
on  a  buckler,  and  fed  from  a  blade." 
Harold  married  Eivir,  a  Danish  maid, 
who  had  waited  on  him  as  a  page. — Sir 
W,  Scott:  Harold  the  Dauntless  (1817). 

Harold  (Childe),  a  man  of  good 
birth,  lofty  bearing,  and  peerless  intel- 
lect, who  has  exhausted  by  dissipation 
the  pleasures  of  youth,  and  travels.  Sir 
Walter  Scott  calls  him  "lord  Byron  in  a 
fancy  dress."  In  canto  i.  the  childe 
visits  Portugal  and  Spain  (1809)  ;  in 
canto  ii.,  Turkey  in  Europe  (1810)  ;  in 
canto  iii.,  Belgium  and  Switzerland 
(1816);  in  canto  iv.,  Venice,  Rome,  and 
Florence  (1817). 

(Lord  Byron  was  only  21  when  he 
began  Childe  Harold,  and  28  when  ha 
finished  it.j 


HAROLD 


Harold,  an  historical  romance  con- 
taining an  account  of  the  battle  of 
Hastings,  where  this  last  of  the  Saxon 
kings  was  slain,  and  William  the  Norman 
succeeded  to  the  crown  of  England. — 
Lord  Lytton  (1850). 

Tennyson  wrote  a  dramatic  poem  on  the  same 
subject  (1876). 

Karold  Transome  (2  syl),  son  of 
Mrs.  Transome  and  Matthew  Jermyn  the 
lawyer  ;  he  was  in  love  with  Esther  Lyon, 
but  his  love  was  not  reciprocated  — 
George  Eliot  (Mrs.  J.  W,  Cross) :  Felix 
Holt,  the  Radical  (1866). 

Haroun-al-Rascliid,  caliph,  of 
the  Abbasside  race,  contemporary  with 
Charlemagne,  and,  like  him,  a  patron  of 
literature  and  the  arts.  The  court  of  this 
caliph  was  most  splendid,  and  under  him 
the  caliphate  attained  its  greatest  degree 
of  prosperity  (765-809). 

•.•  Many  of  the  tales  in  the  Arabian 
Nights  are  placed  in  the  caliphate  of 
Haroun-al-Raschid,  as  the  histories  of 
"  Am'in6,"  "  Sinbad  the  Sailor,"  "  Aboul- 
hasson  andShemselnihar,"  "Noureddin," 
"  Codadad  and  his  Brothers,"  "Sleeper 
Awakened,"  and  "  Cogia  Hassan."  In 
the  third  of  these  the  caliph  is  a  prin- 
cipal actor. 

Har'pagfon,  the  miser,  father  of 
Cl^ante  (2  syl.)  and  Elise  (2  syl.).  Both 
Harpagon  and  his  son  desire  to  marry 
Mariane  (3  syl.)  ;  but  the  father,  having 
lost  a  casket  of  money,  is  asked  which 
he  prefers— his  casket  or  Mariane,  and 
as  the  miser  prefers  the  money,  Cl^ante 
marries  the  lady.  Harpagon  imagines 
that  every  one  is  going  to  rob  him,  and 
when  he  loses  his  casket,  seizes  his  own 
arm  in  the  frenzy  of  passion.  He  pro- 
poses to  give  his  daughter  in  marriage  to 
an  old  man  named  Anselme,  because  no 
"  dot  "  will  be  required  ;  and  when  Valfere 
(who  is  Elise's  lover)  urges  reason  after 
reason  against  the  unnatural  alliance,  the 
miser  makes  but  one  reply,  "sans  dot." 
"Ah,"  says  Val6re,  "  il  est  vrai,  cela 
ferme  la  bouche  k  tout,  sans  dot."  Har- 
pagon, at  another  time,  solicits  Jacques 
(i  syl.)  to  tell  him  what  folks  say  of  him  ; 
and  when  Jacques  replies  he  cannot  do 
so,  as  it  would  make  him  angry,  the 
miser  answers,  "  Point  de  tout,  au  con- 
traire,  c'est  me  faire  plaisir."  But  when 
told  that  he  is  called  a  miser  and  a 
skinflint,  he  towers  with  rage,  and  beats 
Jacques  in  his  uncontrolled  passion. 

•Le  seigneur    Harpagon  est  de  tous  les  humalns 
1  humain  le  moias  humain,  le  mortel  de  tous  les  mortels 


471  HARRIOT. 

le  plus  dur  et  le  plus  9err4  "  (ii.  s)-  Jacques  says  to 
him,  "  Jamais  on  ne  parle  de  vous  que  sous  les  noms 
d'avare,  de  ladre,  de  vilain,  et  de  fesse-Matthia  "  (iil 
Z).—MoUirt :  L' A vare  (1667). 

Har'palus,  in  Spenser's  Colin  Clout's 
Come  Home  Again,  is  said  to  be  meant 
for  the  earl  of  Dorset  (1595). 

Karpaz,  centurion  of  the  "Immortal 
Guard."— 5?>  W.  Scott:  Count  Robert  oj 
Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Harpe  (2  syl.),  the  cutlass  with -which 
Mercury  killed  Argus,  and  with  which 
Perseus  {2  syl.)  subsequently  cutoff  the 
head  of  Medusa. 

Harpier,  a  familiar  spirit  of  mediaeval 
demonology. 

Harpier  cries,  "  'Tis  time,  tis  time  ! " 
Shakespeare ;  Macbeth,  act  iv.  sc.  i  (1606). 

Karpoc'rates  (4  syl.),  the  god  of 
silence.  Cupid  bribed  him  with  a  rose 
not  to  divulge  the  amours  of  Venus. 
Harpocratgs  is  generally  represented  with 
his  second  finger  on  his  mouth. 

He  also  symbolized  the  sun  at  the  end 
of  winter,  and  is  represented  with  a 
cornucopia  in  one  hand  and  a  lotus  in 
the  other.  The  lotus  is  dedicated  to  the 
sun,  because  it  opens  at  sunrise  and 
closes  at  sunset. 

I  assured  my  mistress  she  might  make  herself  quite 
ea?y  on  that  score  [i.e.  my  making  mention  of  what 
■was  told  me\  for  I  was  the  Harpocrates  of  trusty 
yai&ls.— Usage :  Gil  Bias,  iv.  a  (1724). 

Harriet,  the  elder  daughter  of  sir 
David  and  lady  Dunder,  of  Dunder  Hall. 
She  was  in  love  with  Scruple,  whom  she 
accidentally  met  at  Calais ;  but  her 
parents  arranged  that  she  should  marry 
lord  Snolts,  a  stumpy,  "gummy"  old 
nobleman  of  five  and  forty.  To  prevent 
this  hateful  marriage,  Harriet  consented 
to  elope  with  Scruple ;  but  the  flight 
was  intercepted  by  sir  David,  who,  to 
prevent  a  scandal,  consented  to  the  mar- 
riage, and  discovered  that  Scruple,  both 
in  family  and  fortune,  was  a  suitable 
son-in-\a.\v. ^-Colman  :  Ways  and  Means 
{1788). 

Harriet  [Mowbray],  the  daughter 
of  colonel  Mowbray,  an  orphan  without 
fortune,  without  friends,  without  a  pro- 
tector. She  marries  clandestinely  Charles 
Eustace.— y.  Poole:  The  Scapegoat. 

Harringi:on.  a  novel  by  Maria 
Edgevvorth  (1811). 

Harriot  [Russet],  the  simple, 
unsophisticated  daughter  of  Mr.  Russet. 
She  loves  Mr.  Oakly,  and  marries  him, 
but  becomes  a  "  jealous  wife,"  watching 


HARRIS. 

her  husband  like  a  lynx,  to  find  out  somt 
proof  of  infidelity,  and  distorting  every 
casual  remark  as  evidence  thereof.  Her 
aunt,  lady  Freelove,  tries  to  make  her  a 
woman  of  fashion,  but  without  success. 
Ultimately,  she  is  cured  of  her  idiosyn- 
crasy. —  C(?//wa«  .•  The  Jealous  Wife 
(1761). 

Harris  {Mrs.),  a  purely  imaginary 
character,  existing  only  in  the  brain  of 
Mrs,  Sarah  Gamp,  and  brought  forth  on 
all  occasions  to  corroborate  the  opinions 
and  trumpet  the  praises  of  Mrs.  Gamp 
the  monthly  nurse. 

"  '  Mrs.  Harris,"  1  says  to  her,  .  .  .  '  if  I  could  afford 
to  lay  out  all  my  fellow-creeturs  for  nothink,  I  would 
gladly  do  it ;  sich  is  the  love  I  bears  'em.' "  Again : 
"  What  1 "  said  Mrs.  Gamp,  "  you  bage  creetur  I  Have 
I  know'd  Mrs.  Harris  five  and  thirty  year,  to  be  told  at 
last  that  there  an't  no  sich  a  person  livin'?  Have  I  stood 
her  friend  in  all  her  troubles,  great  and  small,  for  it  to 
come  to  sich  a  end  as  this,  with  her  own  sweet  picter 
hanging  up  afore  you  all  the  time,  to  shame  your 
Bragian  words  i  Go  along  with  you  1 " — Dickens  : 
Martin  Chuzslcwil,  xlix.  (1843). 

Mrs.  Harris  is  the  "Mde.  Benoiton"  of  French 
comedy.— /"A*  Times. 

'.'  Mrs.  Gamp  and  Mrs.  Harris  have 
Parisian  sisters  in  Mde.  Pochet  and 
Mde,  Gibou,  by  Henri  Monnier  {1805- 
1877). 

Karris.    (See  Slawken-Bergius.) 

Harrison  {-Dr.),  the  model  of 
benevolence,  who  nevertheless  takes  in 
execution  the  goods  and  person  of  his 
friend  Booth,  because  Booth,  while  plead- 
ing poverty,  was  buying  expensive  and 
needless  jewellery. — Fielditig:  Amelia 
{1751)- 

Harrison  {Major-General),  one  of 
the  parliamentary  commissioners. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  Woodstock  {time,  Common- 
wealth). 

Harrison,  the  old  steward  of  lady 
Bellenden,  of  the  Tower  of  Tillietudlem. 
—Sir  W.  Scott:  Old  Mortality  (time, 
Charles  II.). 

Har'rowby  {John),  of  Stocks  Green, 
a  homely,  kind-hearted,  honest  Kentish 
farmer,  with  whom  lieutenant  Worth- 
ington  and  his  daughter  Emily  take 
lodgings.  Though  most  desiious  of 
showing  his  lodger  kindness,  he  is  con- 
stantly wounding  his  susceptibilities  from 
blunt  honesty  and  want  of  tact. 

Dam".  Harrowby,  wife  of  Farmer  Har- 
rowby. 

Stsphen  Harrowby,  son  of  Farmer 
Harrowby,  who  has  a  mania  for  soldier- 
ing, and  calls  himself  "a  perspiring 
young  hero." 


472 


HARTLEY. 


Mary  harrowby,  daughter  of  Farmer 
Harrowby.— Co/OTd!».-  The  Poor  Gentle- 
man (1802). 

HABRT  {Sir),  the  servant  of  a 
baronet.  He  assumed  the  airs  and  title 
of  his  master,  and  was  addressed  as 
"Baronet,"  or  "sir  Harry."  He  even 
quotes  a  bit  of  Latin  :  "  O  tempora !  O 
Moses  !  "—Rev.  J.  Townley :  Nigh  Life 
Below  Stairs  (1759). 

Harry  {Blind),  a  British  minstrel,  who 
wrote  in  ten-syllable  couplets  the  romance 
of  Wallace  (about  1400). 

Harry  {Blind),  the  minstrel,  friend  of 
Henry  Smith. —5?>  W.Scott:  Fair  Maid 
of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Harry  {The  Great),  a  man-of-war 
built  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VII.  It  was 
destroyed  by  fire  in  1553. 

Towered  the  Great  Harry,  crank  and  tall. 

Lonsfellow:  The  Building  of  the  Ship. 

N.B. — Henri  Grace  de  Dieu  was 
quite  another  vessel.  It  was  built  by 
Henry  VIII.,  and  was  1000  tons  burthen. 

Harry  Paddington,  a  highway- 
man in  the  gang  of  captain  Macheath. 
Peachum  calls  him  "a  poor,  petty-lar- 
ceny rascal,  without  the  least  genius  ;  " 
and  says,  "even  if  the  fellow  were  to  live 
six  months,  he  would  never  come  to  the 
gallows  with  credit. "—Gay  .•  Tlie  Beggar's 
Opera  (1727). 

Hart  Royal  {A).  A  stag  not  less 
than  six  years  old  is  a  hart,  and  if  it  had 
been  hunted  by  the  king  and  escaped 
alive  it  was  called  a  hart  royal.  If  in 
the  hunt  a  hart  wandered  out  of  the 
forest,  the  king  issued  a  proclamation 
that  no  one  should  hurt  it,  and  when  it 
was  brought  back  to  the  forest  it  was 
called  a  "  hart  royal  proclaimed."  Every 
hart  royal  has  its  antlers. 

Harfhonse  (2  syl.),  a  young  man 
who  begins  life  as  a  cornet  of  dragoons, 
but,  being  bored  with  everything,  coaches 
himself  up  in  statistics,  and  comes  to 
Coketown  to  study  facts.  He  falls  in 
love  with  Louisa  \nie  Gradgrind],  wife 
of  Josiah  Bounderby,  banker  and  mill- 
owner,  but,  failing  to  induce  the  young 
wife  to  elope  with  him,  he  leaves  the 
place. — Dickens:  Hard  Times  {18^4). 

Hartley  {Adam),  afterwards  Dr. 
Hartley.  Apprentice  to  Dr.  Gray. — Sir 
W.  Scott :  The  Surgeon's  Daughter  (time, 
George  II.). 


HARTWELL.  473 

Hartwell  (Lady),  a  widov/,  courted 
by  Fountain,  Bellamore,  and  Harebrain. 
—Fletcher:   Wit  without  Money  {1639). 

Harat  and  Marut,  two  angels 
sent  by  Allah  to  administer  justice  upon 
earth,  because  there  was  no  righteous 
judgment  among  men.  They  acted  well 
till  Zoha'ra,  a  beautiful  woman,  applied 
to  them,  and  then  they  both  fell  in  love 
with  her.  She  asked  them  to  tell  her  the 
secret  name  of  God,  and  immediately  she 
uttered  it,  she  was  borne  upwards  into 
heaven,  where  she  became  the  planet 
Venus.  As  for  the  two  angels,  they  were 
imprisoned  in  a  cave  near  Babylon. — 
Sale's  Kor&n,  ii. 

Allah  bade 
That  two  untempted  spirits  should  descend. 
Judges  on  earth.     Harlith  and  Marfith  went. 
The  chosen  sentencers.     They  fairly  heard 
The  appeals  of  men.  ...  At  length 
A  woman  came  before  them;  beautiful 
Zohara  was,  etc, 

Souihey  :  Thalaba  the  Destroyer,  iv.  (1797). 

Harvest  Bells,  the  Gentiana 
fneumonthe,  the  flowers  of  which  are 
bell-shaped,  intensely  blue,  in  pride  about 
September. 

HASSAN,  caliph  of  the  Ottoman 
empire,  noted  for  his  splendour  and  hos- 
pitality. In  his  seraglio  was  a  beautiful 
young  slave  named  Leila  (2  syl. ),  who  had 
formed  an  attachment  to  "the  Giaour" 
{2  syl.).  Leila  is  put  to  death  by  the 
emir,  and  Hassan  is  slain  near  mount 
Parnassus  by  the  giaour  {djow'-er\. — 
Byron  :  The  Giaour  (18 13). 

Hassan,  the  story-teller,  in  the  retinue 
of  the  Arabian  physician. — Sir  IV.  Scott: 
The  Talisman  (time,  Richard  L ). 

Hassan  [At),  the  Arabian  emir  of 
Persia,  father  of  Hinda.  He  won  the 
battle  of  Cadessia,  and  thus  became 
master  of  Persia. — Moore:  I  .alia  Rookh 
("The  Fire- Worshippers,"  1817). 

Hassan,  sumamed  Al  Habbal  ("the 
ropemaker"),  and  subsequently  Cogia 
("merchant");  his  full  name  was  then 
Cogia  Hassan  AlhabbaL  Two  friends, 
named  Saad  and  Saadi,  tried  an  experi- 
ment on  him.  Saadi  gave  him  200  pieces 
of  gold,  in  order  to  see  if  it  would  raise 
him  from  extreme  poverty  to  affluence. 
Hassan  took  ten  pieces  for  immediate  use, 
and  sewed  the  rest  in  his  turban ;  but  a 
kite  pounced  on  his  turban  and  carried  it 
away.  The  two  friends,  after  a  time, 
visited  Hassan  again,  but  found  him  in 
the  same  state  of  poverty;  and,  having 
heard  his  tale,  Saadi  gave  him  another 


HASTINCa 

200  pieces  of  gold.  Again  he  took  out  ten 
pieces,  and,  wrapping  the  rest  in  a  linen 
rag,  hid  it  in  a  jar  of  bran.  While  Has- 
san was  at  work,  his  wife  exchanged  this 
jar  of  bran  for  fuller's  earth,  and  again 
the  condition  of  the  man  was  not  bettered 
by  the  gift.  Saad  now  gave  the  rope- 
maker  a  small  piece  of  lead,  and  this 
made,  his  fortune  thus :  A  fisherman 
wanted  a  piece  of  lead  for  his  nets,  and 
promised  to  give  Hassan  for  Saad's  piece 
whatever  he  caught  in  his  first  draught. 
This  was  a  large  fish,  and  in  it  the  wife 
found  a  splendid  diamond,  which  was  sold 
for  100,000  pieces  of  gold.  Hassan  now 
became  very  rich,  and  when  the  two  friends 
visited  him  again,  they  found  him  a  man 
of  consequence.  He  asked  them  to  stay 
with  him,  and  took  them  to  his  country 
house,  when  one  of  his  sons  showed  him 
a  curious  nest,  made  out  of  a  turban. 
This  was  the  very  turban  which  the  kite 
had  carried  off,  and  the  money  was  found 
in  the  lining.  As  they  returned  to  the 
city,  they  stopped  and  purchased  a  jar  of 
bran.  This  happened  to  be  the  very  jar 
which  the  wife  had  given  in  exchange, 
and  the  money  was  discovered  wrapped 
in  linen  at  the  bottom.  Hassan  was 
dehghted,  and  gave  the  380  pieces  to  the 
poor. — Arabian  Nights  ("Cogia  Hassan 
Alhabbal "). 

Hassan  (Abou),  the  son  of  a  rich 
merchant  of  Bagdad,  and  the  hero  of  the 
tale  called  "  The  Sleeper  Awakened " 
(^.v.). — Arabian  Nights. 

Hassan  Agfa,  an  infamous  renegade, 
who  reigned  in  Algiers,  and  was  the 
sovereign  there  when  Cervantes  (author 
of  Don  Quixote)  was  taken  captive  by  a 
Barbary  corsair  in  1574.  Subsequently, 
Hassan  bought  the  captive  for  500  ducats, 
and  he  remained  a  slave  till  he  was  re- 
deemed by  a  friar  for  1000  ducats. 

Every  day  this  Hassan  Aga  was  hanging  one,  Im- 
paling another,  cutting  off  the  ears  or  breaking  tha 
limbs  of  a  third  .  ,  .  out  of  mere  wantonness.— 
Cervantes  (1605). 

Hassan  ben  Sabah,  the  old  man 

of  the  mountain,  founder  of  the  sect 
called  the  Assassins. 

Dr.  Adam  Clark  has  supplemented 
Rymer's  Feeder  a  with  two  letters  by  this 
sheik.  This  is  not  the  place  to  point  out 
the  want  of  judgment  in  these  addenda. 

Hastie  [Robin),  the  smuggler  and 
publican  at  Annan. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Red- 
gauntlet  (time,  George  HL). 

Hastinfifs,    the     friend     of    young. 


HASTINGS. 


474 


HATTO. 


Marlow,  who  entered  with  him  the  house 
of  squire  Hardcastle,  which  they  mistook 
for  an  inn.  Here  the  two  young  men 
met  Miss  Hardcastle  and  Miss  Neville. 
Marlow  became  the  husband  of  the 
former ;  and  Hastings,  by  the  aid  of  Tony 
Lumpkin,  won  the  latter. — Goldsmith: 
She  Stoops  to  Conquer  (1773). 

Hastings,  one  of  the  court  of  king 
Edward  IV.— .Si>  W.  Scott:  Anne  of 
Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV. ). 

Haswell,  the  benevolent  physician 
who  visited  the  Indian  prisons,  and  for 
his  moderation,  benevolence,  and  judg- 
ment, received  the  sultan's  signet,  which 
gave  him  unlimited  power. — Mrs.  Inch' 
bald:  Such  Things  Are  {1786). 

Hat  {A  White)  used  to  be  a  mark  of 
radical  proclivities,  because  orator  Hunt, 
the  great  demagogue,  used  to  wear  a 
white  hat  during  the  Wellington  and 
Peel  administration. 

Hat  worn  in  tlie  Boyal  Pre- 
sence. Lord  Kingsale  acquired  the 
right  of  wearing  his  hat  in  the  presence 
of  royalty  by  a  grant  from  king  John. 
Lord  Forester  is  possessed  of  the  same 
right,  from  a  grant  confirmed  by  Henry 
VIIL 

N.B.— All  Spanish  grandees  had,  at 
one  time,  the  privilege  of  being  covered 
in  the  presence  of  the  monarch.  Hence, 
when  the  duke  of  Alva  presented  himself 
before  Margaret  duchess  of  Parma,  she 
bade  him  to  remain  covere±— Motley : 
The  Dutch  Republic,  part  Hi. 

Hats  and  Caps,  two  political 
factions  of  Sweden  in  the  eighteenth 
century.  The  ' '  Hats  "  were  partisans  in 
the  French  interest,  and  were  so  called 
because  they  wore  French  chapeaux. 
The  "Caps"  were  partisans  in  the 
Russian  interest,  and  were  so  called  be- 
cause they  wore  the  Russian  caps  as  a 
badge  of  their  party. 

Hatchet,  a  harlot.  (See  Rabelais : 
Pantag'ruel,  bk.  iv.  prologue.) 

Hatchway  {Lieutenant  Jack),  a 
retired  naval  officer  on  half-pay,  living 
with  commodore  Trunnion  as  a  com- 
panion.— Smollett:  The  Adventures  of 
Peregrine  Pickle  (1751). 

Who  can  read  the  calamities  of  Trunnion  and 
Hatchway,  when  run  away  with  by  their  mettled 
steeds  .  .  .  without  a  good  hearty  burst  of  honest 
laughter!— 5»y  /f.  Scott. 

Hatef  \i.e.  the  deadly],  one  of  Ma- 
homet's swords,  confiscated  from  the 
Jews  when  they  were  exiled  from  Medi'na. 


Hater.  Dr.  Johnson  said,  "Sir,  I 
Uke  a  good  hater."  This  is  not  alto- 
gether out  of  character  with  the  words, 
' '  Thou  art  neither  cold  nor  hot :  I  would 
thou  wert  cold  or  hot "  {Rev.  iii.  15). 

Rough  Johnson,  the  great  moralist,  professed 
Right  honestly  he  "liked  an  honest  hater." 

Byron :  Dttt  yuan,  xiiL  7  (1821). 

Hatixn  {Generous  as),  an  Arabian 
expression.  Hatim  was  a  Bedouin  chief, 
famous  for  his  warlike  deeds  and  bound- 
less generosity.  His  son  was  contem- 
porary with  Mahomet  the  prophet. 

Hatter.  Mad  as  a  hatter,  or  mad 
as  a  viper.  Alter  is  Anglo-Saxon  for 
"  adder"  or  "  viper,"  so  called  from  its 
venomous  character;  dter,  "poison;" 
atter-drink  or  dttor-drink,  "  a  poisonous 
drink  ;  "  dttor-h'c,  "  snake-like." 

Hatteraick  {Dirk),  alias  Jans  Jan- 
son,  a  Dutch  smuggler-captain,  and 
accomplice  of  lawyer  Glossin  in  kid- 
napping Henry  Bertrand.  Meg  Merrilies 
conducts  young  Hazlewood  and  others  to 
the  smuggler's  cave,  when  Hatteraick 
shoots  her,  is  seized,  and  imprisoned. 
Lawyer  Glossin  visits  the  villain  in 
prison,  when  a  quarrel  ensues,  in  which 
Hatteraick  strangles  the  lawyer,  and  then 
hangs  himself. —6'z>  IV.  Scott:  GuyMan- 
nering  (time,  George  II.). 

Hatto,  archbishop  of  Mentz,  was 
devoured  by  mice  in  the  Mouse-tower, 
situate  in  a  little  green  island  in  the 
midst  of  the  Rhine,  near  the  town  of 
Bing'en.  Some  say  he  was  eaten  by  rats, 
and  Southey,  in  his  ballad  called  God!s 
Judgment  on  a  Wicked  Bishop,  has 
adopted  the  latter  tradition. 

This  Hatto,  in  the  time  of  the  great  famine  of  914, 
when  he  saw  the  poor  exceedingly  oppressed  by 
famine,  assembled  a  great  company  of  them  together 
into  a  bame  at  Kaub,  and  burnt  them  .  .  .  because  he 
thought  the  famine  would  sooner  cease  if  those  poor 
folks  were  despatched  out  of  the  world,  for,  like  mice, 
they  only  devour  food,  and  are  of  no  good  whatsoever. 
.  .  .  But  God  .  .  .  sent  against  him  a  plague  of  mice, 
.  .  .  and  the  prelate  retreated  to  a  tower  in  the  Rhine 
as  a  sanctuary  ;  ...  but  the  mice  cliased  him  continu- 
ally, .  .  .  and  at  last  he  was  most  miserably  devoured 
by  those  sillie  creatures.— C«oa/.-  Crudities,  571,  572. 

(Giraldus  Cambrensis,  in  his  Itinerary, 
xi.  2,  says,  ' '  the  larger  sort  of  mice  are 
called  rati."  This  may  account  for  the 
substitution  of  rats  for  mice  in  the 
legend. ) 

^  The  legend  of  Hatto  is  very  common, 
as  the  following  stories  will  prove  : — 

( I )  Widerolf,  bishop  of  Strasburg  (997), 
was  devoured  by  mice  in  the  seventeenth 
year  of  his  episcopate,  because  he  sup- 


HATTON. 


475 


HAVISHAM. 


pressed  the  convent  of  Seltzen  on  the 
Rhine. 

{2)  Bishop  Adolf,  of  Cologne,  was  de- 
voured by  mice  or  rats  in  11 12. 

(3)  Freiherrvon  Giittingen  collected  ihe 
poor  in  a  g^eat  barn,  and  burnt  them  to 
death,  mocking  their  cries  of  agony. 
He,  like  Hatto,  was  invaded  by  mice, 
ran  to  his  castle  of  Guttingen,  in  the 
lake  of  Constance,  whither  the  vermin 
pursued  him,  and  ate  him  alive.  The 
Swiss  legend  says  the  castle  sank  in  the 
lake,  and  may  still  be  seen,  Freiherr 
von  Guttingen  had  three  castles,  one  of 
which  was  Moosburg. 

{4)  Count  Graaf,  in  order  to  enrich 
himself,  bought  up  all  the  com.  One 
year  a  sad  famine  prevailed,  and  the 
count  expected  to  reap  a  rich  harvest  by 
his  speculation ;  but  an  army  of  rats, 
pressed  by  hunger,  invaded  his  barns, 
and,  swarming  into  his  Rhine  tower,  fell 
on  the  old  baron,  worried  him  to  death, 
and  then  devoured  him. — Legends  of  the 
Rhine. 

(5)  A  similar  story  is  told  by  William 
of  Malmesbury,  History,  ii,  313  (Bohn's 
edit. ). 

(Some  of  the  legends  state  that  the 
"  mice  "  were  in  reality  '"  the  souls  of  the 
murdered  people.") 

Mattth,  in  German,  means  a  toll  or  custom-house, 
and  probably  gave  rise  to  these  traditions,  for  a  toll  on 
com  was  always  unpopular.  Mauth  tower,  Maus 
tower,  and  Moose  tower  are  quite  near  enough  to  be 
interchangeable. 

Hatton  {Sir  Christopher),  "  the 
dancing  chancellor."  He  first  attracted 
the  attention  of  queen  Elizabeth  by  his 
graceful  dancing  at  a  masque.  He  was 
made  by  her  chancellor  and  knight  of 
the  Garter. 

IT  M.  De  Lauzun,  the  favourite  of 
Louis  XIV,,  owed  his  fortune  also  to  the 
manner  in  which  he  danced  in  the  king's 
quadrille. 

YouTl  know  sir  Christopher  by  his  turning  out  his 
toes,— famous,  you  know,  for  his  dancing.— 5/i^riflte/t  ; 
The  Critic,  iL  i  (1779)- 

Haud  passibus  sequisC'not  with 
equal  strides  "),  a  rival,  but  not  an  equal. 
Impar  congressus  Achilli. 

Haunted  Man  {The),  Redlaw,  in  the 
Christmas  tale  so  called  by  Dickens 
(1847). 

Hautlieu  {Sir  Artevan  de),  in  the  in- 
troduction of  sir  W.  Scott's  Count  Robert 
of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Hautlieu  ( Tht  lady  Margaret  de),  first 
disguised  as  sister  Ursula,  and  afterwards 


affianced  to  sir  Malcolm  Fleming. — Sir 
IV.  Scott:  Castle  Dangerous  (time,  Henry 
I,). 

Hautlieu  =-  Ho-la. 

Have'lok  (2  syl.)  or  Hablok,  the 

orphan  son  of  Birkabegn  king  of  Den- 
mark, was  exposed  at  sea  through  the 
treachery  of  his  guardians.  The  raft 
drifted  to  the  coast  of  Lincolnshire, 
where  it  was  discovered  by  Grim,  a  fisher- 
man, who  reared  the  young  foundling  as 
his  own  son.  It  happened  that  some 
twenty  years  later  certain  English  nobles 
usurped  the  dominions  of  an  English 
princess,  and,  to  prevent  her  gaining  any 
access  of  power  by  a  noble  alliance, 
resolved  to  marry  her  to  a  peasant. 
Young  Havelok  was  selected  as  the 
bridegroom,  but  having  discovered  the 
story  of  his  birth,  he  applied  to  his 
father  Birkabegn  for  aid  in  recovering 
his  wife's  possessions.  The  king  afforded 
him  the  aid  required,  and  \hQ  young 
foundUng  became  in  due  time  both  king 
of  Denmark  and  king  of  that  part  of 
England  which  belonged  to  him  in  right 
of  his  wife. — Haveloc  the  Dane  (by  the 
trouveurs). 

The  ancient  seal  of  the  town  of  Grimsby  contained 
the  names  of  "  Gryme  and  Havloc," 

Havisliam  {Miss),  an  old  spinster 
who  lived  in  Satis  House,  the  daughter  of 
a  rich  brewer.  She  was  engaged  to  be 
married  to  Compeyson,  who  threw  her 
over  on  the  wedding  morn.  From  this 
moment  she  became  fossilized,  always 
wore  her  wedding-dress,  with  a  lace  veil 
from  head  to  foot,  white  satin  shoes, 
bridal  flowers  in  her  hair,  jewels  round 
her  neck  and  on  her  fingers.  She  adopted 
a  little  girl,  three  years  old,  who  married 
and  left  her.  She  somehow  set  fire  to 
herself,  and,  though  Pip  succeeded  in 
saving  her,  she  died  soon  after  from  the 
shock  ;  and  Satis  House  was  pulled  down. 

Estella  Havisham,  the  adopted  child  of 
Miss  Havi.sham,  by  whom  she  was  brought 
up.  She  was  proud,  handsome,  and  self- 
possessed.  Pip  loved  her,  and  probably 
she  reciprocated  his  love,  but  she  married 
Bentley  Drummle,  who  ill-treated  her, 
and  died,  leaving  her  a  young  widow. 
The  tale  ends  with  these  words — 

I  \_Pip'\  took  her  hand  in  mine,  and  we  went  out  of 
the  ruined  place.  As  the  morning  mists  had  risen 
.  .  .  when  I  first  left  the  forge,  so  the  evening  wer« 
rising  ni>ir ;  and  ...  I  saw  no  shadow  of  another  part- 
big  from  )\^t.—Diikeni  :  Great  Expectations  (i860). 

N,B.— Estella  was  the  natural  daughter 
of   Magwitch    (the  convict)  and  Mollj 


HAVRE. 

the  housekeper  of  Mr.  Jaggers  the  lawyer. 
It  was  Jaggers  who  introduced  the  child 
at  the  age  of  three  to  Miss  Havisham  to 
adopt. 

Havre,  in  France,  is  a  contraction  of 
Le  havre  de  notre  darne  de  Grace. 

Ha-w-'cubite  (3  syl.),  a  street  bully. 
After  the  Restoration,  we  had  a  succession 
of  these  disturbers  of  the  peace  :  first 
came  the  Muns,  then  followed  the  Tityre 
Tus,  the  Hectors,  the  Scourers,  the 
Nickers,  the  Hawcubites,  and  after  them 
the  Mohawks,  the  most  dreaded  of  all. 

Hawk  {Sir  Mulberry),  the  bear- 
leader of  lord  Frederick  Verisopht.  He 
is  a  most  unprincipled  roui,  who  sponges 
on  his  lordship,  snubs  him,  and  despises 
him.  "Sir  Mulberry  was  remarkable  for 
his  tact  in  ruining  young  gentlemen  of 
fortune. " 

With  all  the  boldness  of  an  original  grenius,  sir  Mul- 
berry had  struck  out  an  entirely  new  course  of  treat- 
ment, quite  opposed  to  the  usual  method,  his  cnstom 
being  ...  to  keep  down  those  he  took  in  hand,  and  to 

five  them  their  own  way  .  .  .  Thus  he  made  them  his 
utts  in  a  double  sense,  for  he  emptied  them  with  good 
address,  and  made  them  the  laughing-stocks  of  society. 
—Dickens:  Nicholas  NickUby,  xix.  (1838). 

Hawk.  To  know  a  hawk  from  a  hand- 
saw, a  corruption  of  "from  a  hernshaw  " 
[i.e.  a  heron),  meaning  that  one  is  so 
ignorant  that  he  does  not  know  a  hawk 
from  a  heron — the  bird  of  prey  from  the 
game  flown  at.  The  Latin  proverb  is, 
Ignorat  quid  distent  cera  lupinis  ("He 
does  not  know  sterling  money  from 
counters").  Counters  used  in  games 
were  by  the  Romans  called  "  lupins." 

Hawkeye.  So  Deerslayer  {Natty 
Buinppo)'\%  called  by  the  red  man,  or 
UWngo.—Fenimore  Cooper:  The  Deer- 
slayer,  chap.  vii.  (1841). 

Hawkins,  boatswain  of  the  pirate 
vessel.— -SiV  W.  Scott:  The  Pirate  (time. 
William  HI.). 

Hawthorn,  a  jolly,  generous  old 
fellow,  of  jovial  spirit,  and  ready  to  do 
any  one  a  kindness  ;  consequently,  every- 
body loves  him.  He  is  one  of  those  rare, 
unselfish  beings,  who  "  loves  his  neigh- 
bour better  than  himself." — Bickerstaff: 
Love  in  a  Village  {1762). 

Dignum[i76s-i827],  in  such  parts  as  "  Hawthorn,"  was 
superior  to  every  actor  since  the  days  of  Beaid.— /Hc- 
tionary  of  Musicians. 

Hay  {Colonel),  in  the  king's  army.— 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Legend  of  Montrose  iiimt. 
Charles!.). 

Hay  {John),    fisherman  near  EUan- 


476  HEADSTONE. 

gowan.— 5»>  W.  Scott:  Guy  Mannering 
(time,  George  II.). 

Haydn  could  never  compose  a  single 
bar  of  music  unless  he  could  see  on  his 
finger  the  diamond  ring  given  him  by 
Frederick  II. 

Haysel  or  Haysele,  means  the  hay- 
titne  or  season ;  as  barksel  is  the  season 
for  stripping  the  oak  bark  for  tanning. 
(Anglo-Saxon,  j^?/," season,"  "time.")  In 
East  Angha  these  terms  are  still  in  use- 
men  give  each  other  "the  seel  of  the 
day ; "  and  speaking  of  a  scapegrace's 
irregularities,  he  is  said  to  come  in  "at 
all  meals  and  seels." 

Haystou  {Frank),  laird  of  Bucklaw 
and  afterwards  of  Girnington.  In  order 
to  retrieve  a  broken  fortune,  a  marriage 
was  arranged  between  Hayston  and  Lucy 
Ashton.  Lucy,  being  told  that  her  plighted 
lover  (Edgar  master  of  Ravenswood)  was 
unfaithful,  assented  to  the  family  arrange- 
ment, but  stabbed  her  husband  on  the 
wedding  night,  went  mad,  and  died. 
Frank  Hayston  recovered  from  his  wound 
and  went  abroad.— .S?>  W.  Scott:  Bride 
of  Lammermoor  {iinxQ,  William  III.). 

(In  Donizetti's  opera,  Hayston  is 
called  "  Arturio.") 

Hazlewood  {Sir  Robert),  the  old 
baronet  of  Hazlewood. 

Charles  Hazlewood,  son  of  sir  Robert. 
In  love  with  Lucy  Bertram,  whom  he 
marries.— .SiV  W.  Scott:  Guy  Mannering 
(time,  George  II. ). 

Headed.  Soft-headed.  To  have  one's 
upper  rooms  unfurnished.  In  French, 
Avoir  bien  des  chambres  a  louet  dans  sa 
tete. 

Heading's  of  a  Chapter  {The),  a 
brief  summary  of  the  contents.  The  heads 
of  a  sermon  are  its  main  divisions ;  the 
heads  of  a  speech,  the  items  dwelt  on. 

Head'rigg  {Cuddie),  a  ploughman  in 
lady  Bellenden's  service.  (Cuddie  = 
Cuthbert.  )—Sir  IV.  Scott :  Old  Mortality 
(time,  Charles  II.). 

Headstone  {Bradley),  a  schoolmaster, 
of  very  determinate  character  and  violent 
passion.  He  loves  Lizzie  Hexham  with 
an  irresistible  mad  love,  and  tries  to  kill 
Eugene  Wrayburn  out  of  jealousy.  Grap- 
pling with  Rogue  Riderhood  on  Plash- 
wood  Bridge,  Riderhood  fell  backwards 
into  the  smooth  pit,  and  Headstone  over 
him.  Both  of  them  perished  in  the  grasp 
of  a  death-struggle.  —  Dickens  :  Our 
Mutual  Friend  (1864)1. 


HEART  OF  ENGLAND. 

Heart  of  England  (TA^),  Warwick- 
shire, the  middle  county. 

That  shire  which  we  "  The  Heart  of  England  "  call. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xiii.  (1613). 

Heart  of  Midlothian,  the  old  jail 
or  tolbooth  of  Edinburgh,  taken  down  in 
1817. 

Sir  Walter  Scott  has  a  novel  so  called 
(1818),  the  plot  of  which  is  as  follows  : — 
Efiie  Deans,  the  daughter  of  a  Scotch 
cow-feeder,  is  seduced  by  George  Staun- 
ton, son  of  the  rector  of  Willingham  ; 
and  Jeanie  is  cited  as  a  witness  on  the 
trial  which  ensues,  by  which  Effie  is 
sentenced  to  death  for  child-murder. 
Jeanie  promises  to  go  to  London  and  ask 
the  king  to  pardon  her  half-sister,  and, 
after  various  perils,  arrives  at  her  desti- 
nation. She  feys  her  case  before  the  duke 
of  Argyll,  who  takes  her  in  his  carriage  to 
Richmond,  and  obtains  for  her  an  inter- 
view with  the  queen,  who  promises  to 
intercede  with  his  majesty  (George  IL) 
on  her  sister's  behalf.  In  due  time  the 
royal  pardon  is  sent  to  Edinburgh,  Effie 
is  released,  and  marries  her  seducer,  now 
sir  George  Staunton ;  but  soon  after  the 
marriage  sir  George  is  shot  by  a  gipsy 
boy,  who  is  in  reality  his  illegitimate 
son.  On  the  death  of  her  husband,  lady 
Staunton  retires  to  a  convent  on  the  Con- 
tinent. Jeanie  marries  Reuben  Butler 
the  presbyterian  minister.  The  novel 
opens  with  the  Porteous  riots. 

Heartall  {Governor),  an  old  bachelor, 
peppery  in  temper,  but  with  a  generous 
heart  and  unbounded  benevolence.  He  is 
as  simple-minded  as  a  child,  and  loves 
his  young  nephew  almost  to  adoration. 

Frank  Heartall,  the  governor's  nephew  ; 
impulsive,  free-handed,  and  free-hearted, 
benevolent  and  frank.  He  falls  in  love 
with  the  Widow  Cheerly,  the  daughter  of 
colonel  Woodley,  whom  he  sees  first  at 
the  opera.  Ferret,  a  calumniating  rascal, 
tries  to  do  mischief,  but  is  utterly  foiled. 
— Cherry  :  The  Soldier's  Daughter  {\Zo/\), 

Heartfree  {Jack),  a  railer  against 
women  and  against  marriage.  He  falls 
half  in  love  with  lady  Fanciful,  on  whom 
he  rails,  and  marries  Belinda. —  Van- 
brugh  :  The  Provoked  Wife  (1693). 

Hearth  Tax  [The),  1662,  a  tax  of 
two  shillings  for  every  stove  and  fire- 
hearth,  payable  on  the  feast  of  St, 
Michael  and  the  feast  of  "the  Blessed 
Virgin  Mary"  {13,  14  Car.  H.  cap.  20). 
Repealed  in  1689  by  William  HL 

Eeartwell,   Modely's    friend.      He 


477 


HEBREW  MELODIES. 


falls  in  love  with  Flora,  a  niece  of  old 
Farmer  Freehold,  They  marry,  and  are 
happy.— y.  P.  Kemble:  The  Farm-house. 
Heathen  Chinee  ( The),  a  humorous 
poem  by  Bret  Harte,  an  American  hu- 
mourist.    It  begins  thus — 

Which  I  wish  to  remark,— 

And  my  language  is  plain,— 
That  for  ways  that  are  dark. 

And  for  tncks  that  are  vain. 
The  heathen  Chinee  is  peculiar. 

Which  the  same  I  would  rise  to  explain. 
Bret  Hartt:  The  Heathen  Chinee  (1S70}. 

Heatherblutter  (J^ohn),  gamekeeper 
of  the  baron  of  Bradwardine  (3  syl. )  at 
Tully  Veolan.— 5i>  W.Scott:  Waverley 
(time,  George  II. ). 

Heaven,  according  to  DantS,  begins 
from  the  top  of  mount  Purgatory,  and 
rises  upwards  through  the  seven  planetary 
spheres,  the  sphere  of  the  fixed  stars,  the 
primum  mobile,  and  terminates  with  the 
empyreum,  which  is  the  seat  of  God. 
(See  Paradise.)  Milton  preserves  the 
same  divisions.  He  says,  "  they  who  to 
be  sure  of  paradise,  dying  put  on  the  garb 
of  monks  " — 

,  .  ,  pass  the  planets  seven,  and  pass  the  "  nxt, " 
And  that  crystailin  sphere  whose  balance  weigljs 
The  trepidation  talked,  and  that  first  moved  ,  .  ,   and 

now 
A:  foot  of  heaven's  ascent  they  lift  their  feet,  when  lo  1 
A  violent  cross  wind  .  .  .  blows  them  .  .  .  awry 
Into  the  devious  air. 

Milton:  Paradise  Lost,  iii.  481,  etc.  (1665). 

Heaven  and  Earth  {A  Mystery),  a 
dramatic  poem  by  lord  Byron  (1822)^ 
founded  on  the  text — 

And  it  came  to  pass  .  .  .  that  the  sons  ot  God  saw 
the  daughters  of  men,  that  they  were  fair ;  and  they 
took  them  wives  of  all  whom  they  chose.— G<w.  vi,  3. 

Heaven-sent      Minister     [The), 

William  Pitt  (1759-1806).- 

Hebe  (2  syl.),  goddess  of  youth,  and 
cup-bearer  of  the  immortals  before 
Ganymede  superseded  her.  She  was  the 
wife  of  Hercules,  and  had  the  power  of 
making  the  aged  young  again.  (See 
Plousina.) 

Heb^  are  they  to  hand  ambrosia,  mix 
The  nectar. 

Tennyson  :  The  Princess,  lii. 

Hebreo'nun  Contuber'nium,  the 

Ghetto  of  Rome  ;  so  called  because  it  was 
the  quarter  assigned  to  the  Jews.  It  was 
guarded  by  Roman  halberdiers,  who 
opened  the  five  massive  gates  at  sunrise 
to  let  the  Jews  into  the  city,  and  closed 
them  at  sunset.  In  London  the  Jews' 
quarter  was  Jewry. 

Hebrew  Melodies,  a  series  of 
twenty-three  poems,  by  lord  Byron  :  the 
last  but  one  is  that  exquisite  poem.  The 
Destruction  of  [iht  army  of]  Sennacherib. 


HEBRON. 


478 


HEIMDALL. 


Heb'ron,  in  the  first  part  of  Absalom 
and  Achitophel,  by  Dryden,  stands  for 
Holland  ;  but  in  the  second  part,  by 
Tate,  it  stands  for  Scotland.  Hebronite 
similarly  means  in  one  case  a  Hollander, 
and  in  the  other  a  Scotchman. 

Kec'ate  (2  syl.),  called  in  classic 
mythology  Hec'-a-te  (3  syL)  ;  a  triple 
deity,  being  Luna  in  heaven,  Dian'a  on 
earth,  and  Proserpine  (3  syl.)  in  hell. 
Hecate  presided  over  magic  and  enchanti- 
ments,  and  was  generally  represented  as 
having  the  head  of  a  horse,  dog,  or  boar, 
though  sometimes  she  is  represented  wiih 
three  bodies,  and  three  heads  looking 
different  ways.  Shakespeare  introduces 
her  in  his  tragedy  of  Macbeth  (act  iii. 
sc.  5),  as  queen  of  the  witches  ;  but  the 
witches  of  Macbeth  have  been  largely 
borrowed  from  a  drama  called  The  Witch, 
by  Thorn.  Middleton  (died  1626).  The 
following  is  a  specimen  of  this  indebted- 
ness : — 

Hecate.  Black  spirits  and  white,  red  spirits  and  gttj. 

Mingle,  mingle,  mingle,  you  that  mingle  may . . . 
1st  IVitch,    Here's  the  blood  of  a  bat. 
Hecate.    Put  in  that,  oh  put  in  that. 
2nd  IVitch.    Here's  libbard's  bane. 
Hecate.    Put  in  again,  etc.,  etc. 

MiddUton  :  The  JVitch, 
And  yonder  pale-faced  Hecate  there,  the  moon. 
Doth  give  consent  to  that  is  done  in  darkness. 

Kyd  :  The  Spanish  Tragedy  (1597). 

Hector,  one  of  the  sons  of  Priam 
king  of  Troy.  This  bravest  and  ablest 
of  all  the  Trojan  chiefs  was  generalissimo 
of  the  allied  armies,  and  was  slain  in  the 
last  year  of  the  war  by  Achillas,  who, 
with  barbarous  fury,  dragged  the  dead 
body  insultingly  thrice  round  the  tomb  of 
Patroulos  and  the  walls  of  the  beleagured 
city. — Homer:  Iliad. 

Hector  de  Mares  (i  syl.),  or 
Marys,  a  knight  of  the  Round  Table, 
brother  of  sir  Launcelot  du  Lac. 

The  gentle  Gaw'ain's  courteous  love. 
Hector  de  Mares,  and  Pellinore. 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Bridal  0/  Triermain,  ii.  13  (1813). 

Hector  of  Germany,  Joachim  H. 
elector  of  Brandenburg  (1514-1571). 

Hector  of  the  Mist,  an  outlaw, 
killed  by  Allan  M'AuIay.— 5iV  W.  Scott: 
Legend  of  Montrose  (time,  Charles  I.). 

Hectors,  street  bullies.  Since  the 
Restoration,  we  have  had  a  succession  of 
street  brawlers,  as  the  Muns,  the  Tityre 
Tus,  the  Hectors,,  the  Scourers,  the 
Nickers,  the  Hawcubites,  and,  lastly,  the 
Mohawks,  worst  of  them  all. 

Hedge-ho^,  i.e.  the  edge-hog— the 
*'  hog"  with  spines  or  sharp  points. 


Hedging,  in  the  language  cf  the  turf, 
is  so  betting  pro  and  con.  that,  whether  the 
race  is  won  or  lost,  the  better  is  the 
gainer. 

Heels  [Out  at).  Out  at  heels.  In 
French,  //  a  des  has  trouis,  or  Les  bas  ont 
des  trous  aux  talons. 

Heeltap  (Crispin),  a  cobbler,  and 
one  of  the  corporation  of  Garratt,  of 
which  Jerry  Sneak  is  chosen  mayor.— 
Foote  :  The  Mayor  of  Garratt  {1763). 

Heep  [Uri'ah),  a  detestable  sneak, 
who  is  everlastingly  forcing  on  one's 
attention  that  he  is  so  'umble.  Uriah 
is  Mr.  Wickfield's  clerk,  and,  with  all 
his  ostentatious  'umility,  is  most  design- 
ing, malignant,  and  intermeddhng.  His 
infamy  is  dragged  to  hght  by  Mr. 
Micawber. 

"  I  am  well  aware  that  I  am  the  'umblest  person  going, 
let  the  other  be  who  he  may.  My  mother  is  likewise 
a  very  'umble  person.  We  live  in  an  'umble  abode. 
Master  Copperheld,  but  have  much  to  be  thankful  for. 
My  father's  former  calling  was  'umble— he  was  a 
xxton." —Dickens :  David  Copperfield,  xvi.  (1849J, 

Heidelberg  {Mrs.),  the  widow  of  a 
wealthy  Dutch  merchant,  who  kept  her 
brother's  house  (Mr.  Sterling,  a  City 
merchant).  She  was  very  vulgar,  and, 
"knowing  the  strength  of  her  purse, 
domineered  on  the  credit  of  it."  Mrs. 
Heidelberg  had  most  exalted  notions 
"of  the  qualaty,"  and  a  "perfect  con- 
tempt for  everything  that  did  not  smack 
of  high  life."  Her  English  was  certainly 
faulty,  as  the  following  specimens  will 
show  '.—farden,  wulgar,  spurrit,  pertest, 
Swish,  kivers,  purliteness,  etc.  She  spoke 
of  a  pictur  by  Raphael-Angelo,  a  po-shay, 
dish-abille,  parfet  naturals  [idiots],  most 
genteelest,  and  so  on.  When  thwarted  in 
her  overbearing  ways,  she  threatened  to 
leave  the  house  and  go  to  Holland  to  live 
with  her  husband's  cousin,  Mr.  Vander- 
spracken, — Colman  and  Gar  rick  :  The 
Clandestine  Marriage  (1766), 

Heimdall  (2  syl.),  in  Celtic  mytho- 
logy, was  the  son  of  nine  virgin  sisters. 
He  dwelt  in  the  celestial  fort  Himins- 
biorg,  under  the  extremity  of  the  rain- 
bow. His  ear  was  so  acute  that  he  could 
hear  "  the  wool  grow  on  the  sheep's 
back,  and  the  grass  in  the  meadows." 
Heimdall  was  the  watch  or  sentinel  of 
Asgard  [Olytnpus),  and  even  in  his  sleep 
was  able  to  see  everything  that  transpired. 
(See  Fine-ear,  p.  367.) 

HeimdalFs  Horn.  At  the  end  of  the 
world,  Heimdall  will  wake  the  gods  with 
his  horn,  when  they  will  be  attacked  by 


HEINRICH. 


479 


HELEN. 


Muspell,  Loki,  the  wolf  Fenris,  and  the 
serpent  jormungandar. 

And  much  he  talked  of  .  .  . 
And  Heimdal's  horn  and  the  day  of  doom. 
Lons/tUoTu:  The  Wayside  Inn  (interlude,  1863). 

Heinrich  [Poor)  or  "Poor  Henry," 
the  hero  and  title  of  a  minnesong,  by 
Hartmann  von  der  Aue  [Ourj.  Heinrich 
was  a  rich  nobleman,  struck  with  leprosy, 
and  was  told  he  would  never  recover  till 
some  virgin  of  spotless  purity  volun- 
teered to  die  on  his  behalf.  As  Heinrich 
neither  hoped  nor  even  wished  for  such 
a  sacrifice,  he  gave  the  main  part  of  his 

iixjssessions  to  the  poor,  and  went  to  live 
with  a  poor  tenant  farmer,  who  was  one 
of  his  vassals.  The  daughter  of  this 
farmer  heard  by  accident  on  what  the 
cure  of  the  leper  depended,  and  went  to 
ji  Salerno  to  offer  herself  as  the  victim. 
No  sooner  was  the  offer  made  than  the 
lord  was  cured,  and  the,damsel  became 
his  wife  (twelfth  century). 

(This  tale  forms  the  subject  of  Long- 
fellow's Golden  Legend,  1851.) 

Heir-at-Law.  Baron  Duberly  being 
dead,  his  "  heir-at-law  "  was  Henry  Mor- 
land,  supposed  to  be  drowned  at  sea,  and 
the  next  heir  was  Daniel  Dowlas,  a 
chandler  of  Gosport.  Scarcely  had 
Daniel  been  raised  to  his  new  dignity, 
when  Henry  Morland,  who  had  been 
cast  on  Cape  Breton,  made  his  appear- 
ance, and  the  whole  aspect  of  affairs  was 
changed.  That  Dowlas  might  still  live 
in  comfort,  suitable  to  his  limited  am- 
bition, the  heir  of  the  barony  settled  on 
him  a  small  life  annuity.— C<?//wa»  .•  Heir- 
at-Law  (1797). 

Heir  of  Linne  [The),  a  ballad  in 
two  parts,  date  and  author  unknown. 
Having  spent  all  his  money  in  riotous 
living,  he  sold  his  estates  to  John  o'  the 
Scales  for  a  third  of  their  value,  reserving 
for  himself  only  ' '  a  poor  and  lanesome 
lodge,  that  stood  far  off  in  a  lonely  glen  " 
—in  accordance  with  his  father's  dying 
wish — 

For  when  all  the  world  doth  frown  on  thee, 
Tbou  there  sbalt  find  a  faithful  friend. 

1  After  he  had  spent  this  money  also,  he 

j  hied  to  the  lodge,  and  hung  himself  with 

a  rope  he  found  hanging  there  ;  this  rope 

broke,  and  in  his  fall  he  discovered  three 

i  chests  full  of  money.     He  now  went  and 

'  asked  John  o'  the  Scales  to  lend  him  forty 

I  pence,  which  he  refused  to  do.     One  of 

the  guests  reproved  him,  saying  he  had 

■I  made  a  capital  bargain,      "  Bargain  1" 

'  cried  Scales  ;  "  why,  he  shall  have  it  back 


for  a  hundred  marks  less  than  I  gave  for 
it."  "  Done !  "  said  the  heir  of  Linne,  and, 
to  John's  mortification,  laid  the  money  on 
the  table.  Thus  he  recovered  his  estates, 
and  made  the  guest  who  befriended  him 
his  forester  and  baiUff. 

Heir  of  Redcliffe  [The),  a  novel  by 

Miss  Young  (1853). 

Hel'a,  queen  of  the  dead.  She  is 
daughter  of  Loki  and  Angurbo'da  (a 
giantess).  Her  abode,  called  Helheim, 
was  avast  castle  in  Niflheim,  in  the  midst 
of  eternal  snow  and  darkness. 

Down  the  yawning  steep  he  rode, 
That  leads  to  Hela's  drear  abode. 

Gray:  Descent  0/  Odin  (1757). 

HELBN,  wife  of  Menelaos  of  Sparta. 
She  eloped  with  Paris,  a  Trojan  prince, 
while  he  was  the  guest  of  the  Spartan 
king.  Menelaos,  to  avenge  this  wrong, 
induced  the  allied  armies  of  Greece  to  in- 
invest  Troy ;  and,  after  a  siege  often  years, 
the  city  was  taken  and  burnt  to  the  ground. 

IF  A  parallel  incident  occurred  in 
Ireland.  Dervorghal,  wife  of  Tiernan 
O'Ruark,  an  Irish  chief  who  held  the 
county  of  Leitrim,  eloped  with  Dermod 
M'Murchad  prince  of  Leinster.  Tiernan 
induced  O'Connor  king  of  Connaught  to 
avenge  this  wrong.  So  O'Connor  drove 
Dermod  from  his  throne.  Dermod  ap- 
phed  to  Henry  II.  of  England,  and  this 
was  the  incident  which  brought  about 
the  conquest  of  Ireland  (1172). — Leland: 
History  of  Ireland  (1773).  (Sec  also 
Florinda,  p.  377.) 

Helen,  the  heroine  of  Miss  Edge- 
worth's  novel  of  the  same  name.  This 
was  her  last  and  most  popular  tale  (1834). 

Helen,  cousin  of  Modus  the  book- 
worm. She  loved  her  cousin,  and  taught 
him  there  was  a  better  "  art  of  love  "  than 
that  written  by  Ovid. — Knowles  :  The 
Hunchback  (1831), 

Miss  Taylor  was  the  original  "  Helen,"  and  her  per- 
formance was  universally  pronounced  to  be  exquisite 
and  unsurpassable.  On  one  occasion,  Mr.  Knowles 
admired  a  rose  which  Miss  Taylor  wore  in  the  part,  and 
after  the  play  she  sent  it  him.  The  poet,  in  reply,  sent 
the  lady  a  copy  of  verses.— ^a/<:«r  Lacy. 

Helen  {Lady),  in  love  with  sir  Edward 
Mortimer.  Her  uncle  insulted  sir 
Edward  in  a  county  assembly,  struck 
him  down,  and  trampled  on  him.  Sir 
Edward,  returning  home,  encountered  the 
drunken  ruffian  and  murdered  him.  He 
was  tried  for  the  crime,  and  acquitted 
"  without  a  stain  upon  his  character ; "  but 
the  knowledge  of  his  deed  preyed  upon 
his  mind,  so  that  he  could  not  marry  the 


HELEN. 

niece  of  the  murdered  man.  After  lead- 
ing a  life  of  utter  wretchedness,  sir 
Edward  told  Helen  that  he  was  the 
murderer  of  her  uncle,  and  died. — 
Colman:  The  Iron  Chest  (1796). 

Helen  [Hesketh],  the  heroine  of 
Lockhart's  novel  called  Reginald  Dalton 
(1823). 

Helen  [Mowbray],  in  love  with  Wal- 
lingham.  "Of  all  grace  the  pattern- 
person,  feature,  mind,  heart,  everything, 
as  nature  had  essayed  to  frame  a  work 
where  none  could  find  a  flaw."  Allured 
by  lord  Athunree  to  a  house  of  ill-fame, 
under  pretence  of  doing  a  work  of  charity, 
she  was  seen  by  Walsingham  as_she  came 
out,  and  he  abandoned  her  as  a  wanton. 
She  then  assumed  male  attire,  with  the 
name  of  Eustace.  Walsingham  became 
her  friend,  was  told  that  Eustace  was 
Helen's  brother,  and  finally  discovered 
that  Eustace  was  Helen  herself.  The 
mystery  being  cleared  up,  they  became 
man  and  wife. — Knowles  :  Woman's  Wii, 
etc.  (1838). 

Helen  of  Eirconnell,  a  ballad. 
The  story  is  that  Helen,  a  Scotch  lady, 
was  the  lady-love  of  Adam  Flemming; 
and  one  day  standing  on  the  banks  of  a 
river,  a  rival  suitor  pointed  his  g^n  at 
Adam,  when  Helen  threw  herself  before 
him  and  was  shot  dead.  The  two  rivals 
then  fought,  and  the  murderer  fell  and 
was  slain. 

•.'  Wordsworth  embodies  the  same 
story  in  his  Ellen  Irwin;  and  John 
Mayne,  a  ballad,  was  published  by  sir 
Walter  Scott  in  1815. 

Helen  of  One's  Troy,  the  ambi- 
tion of  our  heart,  the  object  for  which 
we  Uve  and  die.  The  allusion,  of  course, 
is  to  that  Helen  who  eloped  with  Paris, 
and  thus  brought  about  the  siege  and 
destruction  of  Troy. 

For  which  men  all  the  life  they  here  enjoy 
Still  fight,  as  for  the  Helens  of  their  Troy. 

LordBroeke:  TrtatU  of  Humane  Learning 
(1554-1628). 

Helen's  Fire  [feu  dHiUne),  a 
corposant,  called  "St.  Helme's"  or  "St. 
Elmo's  fire  "  by  the  Spaniards  ;  the  "  fires 
of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Nicholas  "  by  the 
Italians  ;  and  "  Castor  and  Pollux  "  by 
the  ancient  Romans.  This  electric  light 
will  sometimes  play  about  the  masts  of 
ships.  If  only  one  appears,  foul  weather 
may  be  looked  for  ;  but  if  two  or  more 
flames  appear,  the  worst  of  the  storm 
is  over. 


480  HELENA.  I 

Whene'er  the  soits  of  Leda  shed 
Their  star-lamps  on  our  vessel's  head, 
The  storm-winds  cease,  the  troubled  spray 
Falls  from  the  rocks,  clouds  pass  away, 
And  on  the  bosom  of  the  deep 
In  peace  the  angry  billows  sleep. 

E.  C.  B.— Horace:  Odes,  xii.  95-32. 

Hel'ena  [St.),  daughter  of  Coel  duke 
of  Colchester  and  afterwards  king  of 
Britain.  She  married  Constantius  (a 
Roman  senator,  who  succeeded  "  Old 
king  Cole  "),  and  became  the  mother  of 
Constantine  the  Great.  Constantius  died 
at  York  (A.  D.  306).  Helena  is  said  to  have 
discovered  at  Jerusalem  the  sepulchre 
and  cross  of  Jesus  Christ. — Geoffrey: 
British  History,  v.  6  (1142). 

IT  This  legend  is  told  of  the  Col- 
chester arms,  which  consist  of  a  cross  and 
three  crowns  (two  atop  and  one  at  the 
foot  of  the  cross). 

At  a  considerable  depth  beneath  the  surface  of  the 
earth  were  found  three  crosses,  which  were  instantly 
recognized  as  those  on  which  Christ  and  the  two  thieves 
had  suffered  death.  To  ascertain  which  was  the  true 
cross,  a  female  corpse  was  placed  on  all  three  alter- 
nately ;  the  two  first  tried  produced  no  effect,  but  the 
third  instantly  reanimated  the  body. — Brady  :  Clavis 
Calendaria,  iSi. 

Herself  in  person  went  to  seek  that  holy  cross 
Whereon  our  Saviour  died,  which  found,  as  it  was 

sought ; 
From  Salem  unto  Rome  triumphantly  she  brought. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  viiL  (i6ia). 

Hel'ena,  only  daughter  of  Gerard  de 
Narbon  the  physician.  She  was  left 
under  the  charge  of  the  countess  of 
Rousillon,  whose  son  Bertram  she  fell  in 
love  with.  The  king  sent  for  Bertram 
to  the  palace,  and  Helena,  hearing  the 
king  was  ill,  obtained  permission  of  the 
countess  to  give  him  a  prescription  left 
by  her  late  father.  The  medicine  cured 
the  king,  and  the  king,  in  gratitude, 
promised  to  make  her  the  wife  of  any  one 
of  his  courtiers  that  she  chose.  Helena 
selected  Bertram,  and  they  were  married  ; 
but  the  haughty  count,  hating  the  alliance, 
left  France,  to  join  the  army  of  the  duke 
of  Florence.  Helena,  in  the  mean  time, 
started  on  a  pilgrimage  to  the  shrine  of 
St.  Jacques  le  Grand,  carrying  with  her  a 
letter  from  her  husband,  stating  that  he 
would  never  see  her  more  ' '  till  she  could 
get  the  ring  from  off  his  finger."  On  her 
way  to  the  shrine,  she  lodged  at  Florence 
with  a  widow,  the  mother  of  Diana,  with 
whom  Bertram  was  wantonly  in  love. 
Helena  was  permitted  to  pass  herself  off  I 
as  Diana,  and  receive  his  visits,  in  one  of  j 
which  they  exchanged  rings.  Both  soon 
after  this  returned  to  the  countess  de 
Rousillon,  where  the  king  was,  and  the 
king,  seeing  on  Bertram's  finger  the  ring 
which  he  gave  to  Helena,  had  hira 
arrested  on  suspicion  of  murder.     Helena 


HELENA. 


now  explained  the   matter,  and  all  was 

well,  fbr  all   ended  \f&\\.— Shakespeare  : 
All's  Well  that  Ends  Well  (1598). 

Helena  is  a  young  woman  seeking  a  man  in  marriage. 
The  ordinary  laws  of  courtship  are  reversed,  the 
habitual  feelings  are  vioiated  ;  yet  with  such  exquisite 
address  this  dangeroi.s  subject  is  handled,  that 
Helena's  forwardness  loses  her  no  honour.  Dehcacy 
dispenses  with  her  laws  in  her  favour.— CAar/^f  Lximb. 

Hel'ena,  a  young  Athenian  lady,  in 
love  with  Demetrius.  She  was  the  play- 
mate of  Her'mia,  with  whom  she  grew  up, 
as  "two  cherries  on  one  stalk."  Egeus 
(3  syl.),  the  father  of  Hermia,  promised 
his  daughter  in  marriage  to  Demetrius  ; 
but  when  Demetrius  saw  that  Hermia 
loved  Lysander,  he  turned  to  Helena,  who 
loved  hira  dearly,  and  married  her. — 
Shakespeare  :  Midsummer  Nights  Dream 
(1592). 

Hel'ice  {3  syl. ),  the  Great  Bear. 

Niijht  on  the  earth  poured  darkness;  on  the  sea 
The  wakeful  sailor  to  Orion's  star 
And  Helicd  turned  heedful. 
Apolldni%ts  Rhodius:  The  Arsonautic  Expedition. 

Kel'icon,  a  mountain  of  Boeo'tia, 
sacred  to  the  Muses. 

From  Helicon's  harmonious  springs 

A  thousand  rills  their  mazy  progress  talae. 

Gray :  Progress  of  Poesy  (lyS?)- 

Herinore  {Dame),  wife  of  Malbecco, 
who  was  jealous  of  her,  and  not  without 
cause.  When  sir  Paridel,  sir  Sat'yrane 
(3  syl.),  and  Britomart  (as  the  Squire  of 
Dames)  took  refuge  in  Malbecco's  house. 
Dame  Helinore  and  sir  Paridel  had  many 
♦•  false  belgardes "  at  each  other,  and 
talked  love  with  glances  which  needed  no 
interpreter.  Helinore,  having  set  fire  to 
the  closet  where  Malbecco  kept  his 
treasures,  eloped  with  Paridel,  while  the 
old  miser  stopped  to  put  out  the  fire. 
Paridel  soon  tired  of  the  dame,  and  cast 
her  off,  leaving  her  to  roam  whither  she 
listed.  She  was  taken  up  by  the  satyrs, 
who  made  her  their  dairy-woman,  and 
crowned  her  queen  of  the  May. —Spenser: 
Faerie  Queene,  iii.  9,  10  (1590). 

Heliotrope  renders  the  bearer  of  it 
invisible.  Boccaccio  calls  it  a  stone,  but 
Solinus  says  it  is  the  herb  so  called. 
(See  Invisibility.) 

Amid  this  dread  exuberance  of  woe 
Ran  naked  spirits,  winged  with  horrid  fear ; 
Nor  hope  had  they  of  crevice  where  to  hide, 
Or  heliotrope  to  charm  them  out  of  view. 

Dante  :  Inferno,  xxiv.  (1300). 
HeUotrope  Is  a  stOTit  of  such  extraordinary  virtue 
that  the  bearer  of  it  is  effectually  concealed  from  the 
sight  of  all  present. — Boccaccio :  Decatruron  (day  viii.  3). 
Viridi  colore  est  gemma  heliotropion,  non  ita  acuto  sed 
nubile  raagis  et  represso,  stellis  puniceis  superspersa. 
Causa  nominis  de  efTcctu  lapidis  est  et  potestate. 
Dejecta  in  labris  aeneis  radios  soils  mutat  sanguineo 
repercussu,  utraque  aqua  splendorem  aeris  abpicit  et 
sreitit.    Etiam  iUud  posse  dicitur,  ut  htrba  ejusdem 


481  HELL  KETTLES. 

nominis  mixtm  et  pracantationibus  legitimls  consecrata 
eum,  a  quocunque  gostabitur,  subtrahat  yjsibus  ob 
▼iorum. — Solinus;  <^«^^■  xL 

Hel  Eeplein,  a  mantle  of  invisibility, 
belonging  to  the  dwarf-king  Laurin.  (Sec 
Invisibility.  )  —  The  Heldenbuch  (thir- 
teenth century). 

Hell,according  to  Mohammedan  belief, 
Is  divided  into  seven  compartments  :  (i) 
for  Mohammedans,  (2)  for  Jews,  (3)  for 
Christians,  (4)  for  Sabians,  (5)  for 
Magians,  (6)  for  idolaters,  (7)  for  hypo- 
crites. All  but  idolaters  and  unbelievers 
will  be  in  time  released  from  torment. 

Hell,  Dantfi  says,  is  a  vast  funnel, 
divided  into  eight  circles,  with  ledges  more 
or  less  rugged.  Each  circle,  of  course,  is 
narrower  than  the  one  above,  and  the  last 
goes  down  to  the  very  centre  of  the  earth. 
Before  the  circles  begin,  there  is  a  neutral 
land  and  a  limbo.  In  the  neutral  land 
wander  those  not  bad  enough  for  hell 
nor  good  enough  for  heaven  ;  in  the  Hmbo, 
those  who  knew  no  sin  but  were  not 
baptized  Christians.  Coming  then  to  hell 
proper,  circle  i,  he  says,  is  compassed 
by  the  river  AchSron,  and  in  this  division 
of  inferno  dwell  the  spirits  of  the  heathen 
philosophers.  Circle  2  is  presided  over 
by  Minos,  and  here  are  the  spirits  of  those 
guilty  of  carnal  and  sinful  love.  Circle 
3  is  guarded  by  CerbSrus,  and  this  is  the 
region  set  apart  for  gluttons.  Circle  4, 
presided  over  by  Plutus,  is  the  realm 
of  the  avaricious.  Circle  5  contains  the 
Stygian  Lake,  and  here  flounder  in  deep 
mud  those  who  in  life  put  no  restraint  on 
their  anger.  Circle  6  (in  the  city  of 
Dis)  is  for  those  who  did  violence  to  men 
by  force  or  fraud.  Circle  7  (in  the  city 
of  Dis)  is  for  suicides.  Circle  8  (also  in 
the  city  of  Dis)  is  for  blasphemers  and 
heretics.  After  the  eight  circles  come 
the  ten  pits  or  chasms  of  Malebolgfi 
(4  syl.),  the  last  of  which  is  in  the  centre 

of  the  earth,  and  here,  he  says,  is  the 
frozen  river  of  Cocy'tus.     (See  Inferno.  ) 

Hell  Fire  Clnbs.  Several  clubs 
bearing  this  significant  title  existed  in 
London  during  the  early  part  of  the 
eighteenth  century.  Little  is  known  of 
their  constitution  and  proceedings,  but 
Robert  Lloyd  (1737-1764),  author  of  The 
Actor  and  certain  other  fugitive  poems, 
was  a  member  of  one  of  them.  They  were 
suppressed. 

Hell  Kettles,  three  black  pits  of 
boiling  heat  and  sulphurous  vapovu",  on 


HELL  PAVED,  ETC. 

the  banks  of  the  Skern,  in  Northumber- 
land. 

The  Skern  .  .  .  spieth  near  her  bank 

Three  black  nnd  horrid  pits,  which  for  their  sulpheroiis 

[sic]  sweat 
"  Hell  Kettles  "  rightly  called. 

Drayton:  Polyolbion,  xxix.  (1622). 

N.B. — One  of  the  caverns  is  19  feet  6 
inches  deep,  another  is  14  feet  deep,  and 
the  third  is  17  feet.  These  three  com- 
municate with  each  other.  There  is  a 
fourth  5^  feet  deep,  which  is  quite  separate 
from  the  other  three. 

Hell  Paved  witli  Good  Inten- 
tions.— A  Portuguese  Proverb. 

.  .     saying  "  they  meant  -ivell." 
'Tis  pity  "  that  such  meanings  should  pave  hell." 
Byron  :  Don  yuan,  viii.  25  (1821). 

Hellebore  (3  syl.),  celebrated  in 
maniacal  cases. 

And  melancholy  cures  by  sovereign  hellebore. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xiii.  (1613). 

Hellespont.  Leander  used  to  swim 
across  the  Hellespont  to  visit  Hero,  a 
priestess  of  Sestos.  Lord  Byron  and 
lieutenant  Ekenhead  repeated  the  feat,  ac- 
complishing it  in  seventy  minutes ;  the  dis- 
tance is  four  miles  (allowing  for  drifting). 

He  could,  perhaps,  have  passed  the  Hellespont, 
As  once  (a  feat  on  which  ourselves  we  prided) 
Leander,  Mr.  Ekenhead,  and  I  did. 

Byron  :  Don  Juan,  ii.  log  (1819). 

Hellica'nus,  the  able  and  honest 
minister  of  Per'iclfis,  to  whom  he  left  the 
charge  of  Tyre  during  his  absence. 
Being  offered  the  crown,  Hellicanus  nobly 
declined  the  offer,  and  remained  faithful 
to  the  prince  throughout. — Shakespeare: 
Pericles  Prince  of  Tyre  {1608). 

Helmet    of    Invisibility.      The 

helmet  of  Perseus  (a  syl.)  rendered  the 
wearer  invisible.  This  was  in  reality  the 
"  Helmet  of  Ha'dfes  ;"  and  after  Perseus 
had  slain  Medu'sa  he  returned  it,  together 
with  the  winged  sandals  and  magic 
wallet.  The  "  gorgon's  head"  he  pre- 
sented to  Minerva,  who  placed  it  in  the 
middle  of  her  aegis.     (See  Lnvisibility.) 

^  Mambrino's  helmet  had  the  same 
magical  power,  though  don  Quixote,  even 
in  his  midsummer  madness,  never  thought 
himself  invisible  when  he  donned  the 
barber's  basin. 

Heloise.  La  Nouvelle  Hilo'ise,  a  ro- 
mance by  Jean  Jacques  Rousseau  (1761). 

Helvetia,  Switzerland,  modernized 
Latin  for  Ager  Helvetiorum. 

England's  glory  and  Helvetia's  charms. 

Campbell:  Pleasures  of  Hope,  i.  (1799). 

The  Helvetian  Mountains,  the  Swiss 
Alps. 


482 


HENNEBERG. 


Twas  sunset,  and  the  ranz-dez-vackes  was  sung, 
And  lights  were  o'er  th'  Helvetian  Mountains  ttuiij;, 
That  tinged  the  lakes  like  molten  gold  below. 

Cam-pbell :  Theodaric  (I'S'Zi). 

He'mera,  sister  of  prince  Memnon, 
mentioned  by  Dictys  Cretensis.  Milton, 
in  his  //  Penseroso,  speaks  of  ' '  prince 
Memnon's  sister"  (1638). 

Hem'jiinali,  princess  of  Cassimir', 
daughter  of  the  sultan  Zebene'zer  ; 
betrothed  at  the  age  of  13  to  the  prince 
of  Georgia.  As  Hemjunah  had  never 
seen  the  prince,  she  ran  away  to  avoid 
a  forced  marriage,  and  was  changed  by 
Ulin  the  enchanter  into  a  toad.  In  this 
form  she  became  acquainted  with  Misnar 
sultan  of  India,  who  had  likewise' been 
transformed  into  a  toad  by  Uhn.  Misnai* 
was  disenchanted  by  a  dervise,  and  slew 
Ulin  ;  whereupon  the  princess  recovered 
her  proper  shape,  and  returned  home.  A 
rebellion  broke  out  in  Cassimir,  but  the 
"  angel  of  death  "  destroyed  the  rebel 
army,  and  Zebenezer  was  restored  to  his 
throne.  His  surprise  was  unbounded 
when  he  found  that  the  prince  of  Georgia 
and  the  sultan  of  India  were  one  and  the 
same  person  ;  and  Hemjunah  said,  ' '  Be 
assured,  O  sultan,  that  I  shall  not  refuse 
the  hand  of  the  prince  of  Georgia,  even  if 
my  father  commands  my  obedience." — Sir 
C.  Morell  \J.  Ridley'] :  Tales  of  the  Genii 
("  Princess  of  Cassimir,"  viii.,  1751). 

Hemlock.  Socrates  the  Wise  and 
Phocion  the  Good  were  both  by'the  Athe- 
nians condemned  to  death  by  hemlock 
juice,  Socrates,  at  the  age  of  70  (B.C.  399) 
and  Phocion  at  the  age  of  85  (b.c.  317). 

Hemps'kirke  (2  syl.),  a  captain 
serving  under  Wolfort  the  usurper  of  the 
earldom  of  Flanders. — Fletcher  :  l^he 
Beggars'  Bush  (1622). 

Hen  and  Chickens  [The),  the 
Pleiades.  Called  in  Basque  Oiloa  Chitue- 
kin  (same  meaning). — Miss  Frere  :  Old 
Decca?i  Days,  27. 

Henbane  makes  those  who  chance  ta 
eat  of  it  "  bray  like  asses  or  neigh  hke 
horses." 

Hen'dersou  {Elias),  chaplain  at 
Lochleven  Castle.— ^zV  W.  Scott:  The 
Abbot  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Henley  (Orator),  John  Henley  (1757- 
1788). 

Hennebergf  {Count).  One  day  a 
beggar-woman  asked  count  Henneberg's 
wife  for  alms.  The  countess  twitted  her 
for  carrying  twins,  whereupon  the  woman 
cursed  her,  with  the  assurance  that  "her 
ladyship  should   be  the  moiher  of  365 


HENRIADE.  483 

children."  The  legend  says  that  the 
countess  bore  them  at  one  birth,  but 
none  of  them  lived  any  length  of  time. 
All  the  girls  were  named  Elizabeth,  and 
all  the  boys  John.  They  are  buried,  we 
are  told,  at  the  Hague. 

Henriade  {The),  an  historical  poem 
in  ten  chants,  by  Voltaire  (1724).  The 
subject  is  the  struggle  of  Henri  IV.  with 
the  League.  There  are  some  well-drawn 
characters,  some  good  descriptions,  and 
the  verse  is  harmonious  ;  but  Voltaire  him- 
self said,  "  Les  Fran9ais  n'ont  pas  la  t^te 
epique,"  and  the  Henriade  is  not  an  epic. 

Henrietta  Maria,  widow  of  king 
Charles  I.,  introduced  in  sir  W.  Scott's 
Peveril  of  the  Peak  (1823). 

Henrietta  Street,  Cavendish 
Square,  London,  is  so  called  in  compli- 
ment to  Henrietta  Cavendish,  daughter  of 
John  Holies  duke  of  Newcastle,  and  wife 
of  Edward  second  earl  of  Oxford  and 
Mortimer.  From  these  come  "  Edward 
Street,"  "Henrietta  Street,"  "  Cavendish 
Square,"  and  "  Holies  Street."  (See 
Portland  Place.) 

Henriette  (3  -fy^-).  daughter  of 
Chrysale  (2  syl.)  and  Philaminte  (3  syL\. 
She  is  in  love  with  Clitandre,  and  ulti- 
mately becomes  his  wife.  Pliilaminte, 
who  is  a  blue-stocking,  wants  Henriette 
to  marry  Trissotin  a  bel  esprit;  and 
Armande  the  sister,  also  a  bas  bleu, 
thinks  that  Henriette  ought  to  devote 
her  life  to  science  and  philosophy ;  but 
Henriette  loves  woman's  work  far  better, 
and  thinks  that  her  natural  province  is 
domestic  life,  with  wifely  and  motherly 
duties.  Her  father  Chrysale  takes  the 
same  views  of  woman's  Ufe  as  his 
daughter  Henriette,  but  he  is  quite  under 
the  thumb  of  his  strong-minded  wife. 
However,  love  at  last  prevails,  and 
Henriette  is  given  in  marriage  to  the 
man  of  her  choice.  The  French  call 
Henriette  "  the  type  of  a  perfect  woman," 
i.e.  a  thorough  woman. — Molicre:  Les 
Femmes  Savantes  (1672). 

Kenriqne  [Don),  an  uxorious  lord, 
cruel  to  his  younger  brother  don  Jamie. 
Don  Henrique  is  the  father  of  Asca'nio, 
and  the  supposed  husband  of  Violan'te 
{4  syl.).—Bea2iviont_and  Fletcher:  The 
Spanish  Curate  {1622). 

H]SNRY,  a  soldier  engaged  to 
Louisa.  Some  rumours  of  gallantry  to 
Henry's  disadvantage  having  reached  the 
village,  he  is  told  that  Louisa  is  about  to 


HENRY  II.  AND  BECKET. 

be  married  to  another.  In  his  despair  he 
gives  himself  up  as  a  deserter,  and  is 
condemned  to  death.  Louisa  now  goes 
to  the  king,  explains  to  him  the  whole 
matter,  obtains  her  sweetheart's  pardon, 
and  reaches  the  jail  just  as  the  muftled 
drums  begin  to  beat  the  death  march. — 
Dibdin  :  The  Deserter  (1770). 

Henry,  son  of  sir  Philip  Blandford's 
brother.  Both  the  brothers  loved  the 
same  lady,  but  the  younger  married 
her ;  and  sir  Philip,  in  his  rage,  stabbed 
him,  as  it  was  thought,  mortally.  In  due 
time,  the  young  "widow"  had  a  son 
(Henry),  a  very  high-minded,  chivalrous 
young  man,  greatly  beloved  by  every  one. 
After  twenty  years,  his  father  reappeared 
under  the  name  of  Morrington,  and  Henry 
married  his  cousin  Emma  Blandford. — 
Morton  :  Speed  the  Plough  (1798). 

Henry  (Poor),  prince  of  Hoheneck,  in 
Bavaria.  Being  struck  with  leprosy,  he 
quitted  his  lordly  castle,  gave  largely  to 
the  poor,  and  retired  to  live  with  a  small 
cottage  farmer  named  Gottlieb  [GotJeeb], 
one  of  his  vassals.  He  was  told  that  he 
would  never  be  cured  till  a  virgin,  chaste 
and  spotless,  offered  to  die  on  his  behalf. 
Elsie,  the  farmer's  daughter,  offered  her- 
self, and  after  great  resistance  the  prince 
accompanied  her  to  Salerno  to  complete 
the  sacrifice.  When  he  arrived  at  the 
city,  either  the  exercise,  the  excitement, 
or  the  charm  of  some  relic,  no  matter 
what,  had  effected  an  entire  cure,  and 
when  he  took  Elsie  into  the  cathedral, 
the  only  sacrifice  she  had  to  make  was 
that  of  her  maiden  name  for  lady  Alicia, 
wife  of  prince  Henry  of  Hoheneck. — 
Hartmann  von  der  Aue  (minnesinger)  : 
Poor  Henry  (twelfth  century). 

(This  tale  is  the  subject  of  Longfellow's 
Golderi  Legend,  1851.) 

Henry  II.,  king  of  England,  intro- 
duced by  sir  W.  Scott,  both  in  The 
Betrothed  axvd  in  The  Talisman  (1825). 

Henry     II.     and      Thomas     a 

Becket.  The  story  of  Raymond  and 
Pierre  de  Castelneau  presents  a  marvel- 
lously exact  parallel.  Pierre  de  Castel- 
neau, like  Becket,  was  called  "a  martyr." 
Raymond  comte  de  Toulouse  said,  in  the 
hearing  of  others,  "  Que  ce  pr6tre,  k  lui 
seul,  remp6chait  devivre  en  paixchezlin." 
On  January  15,  1208,  while  Pierre  was  at 
Mass,  two  men  drew  near,  and  one  of 
them  thrust  a  lance  into  his  side.  Pierre 
fell,  saying  as' he  fell,  "Seigneur,  pardon- 
nez-lui  comme  je  lui  pardonne." — Mgr, 


HENRY  IV. 


484 


HERBERT. 


GuM,n:  Les  Petits  Bollandisies,  vol.  L 
P-  372. 

Henry  IV.,  in  two  parts,  i  Henry 
IV.,  from  the  deposition  of  Richard  II.  to 
the  defeat  and  death  of  Henry  Percy 
{Hotspur)  at  the  battle  of  Shrewsbury, 
July  23, 1403.  This  part  contains  amongst 
the  dramatis  fersonm  the  prince  of 
Wales,  sir  John  Falstaff,  with  Poins, 
Gadshill,  Bardolph,  Peto,  and  Mistress 
Quickly. — Shakespeare  (1597). 

2  Henry  IV.  continues  the  history  from 
the  battle  of  Shrewsbury  to  the  death  of 
the  king.  This  part  contains  the  same 
characters  as  those  stated  above  (1598). 

Henry  V.  continues  the  history  of  the 
two  preceding  plays,  and  contains  an 
account  of  the  battle  of  Agincourt, 
October  25,  1415.  In  act  ii.  sc.  3  Mrs. 
Quickly  (now  married  to  Pistol)  relates 
the  death  of  sir  John  Falstaff,  and  pre- 
paration for  the  marriage  of  Henry  with 
princess  Katherine,  daughter  of  Charles 
VI.  king  of  France.  —  Shakespeare 
("  Plaide  by  the  Queenes  Magesties 
players,  1598,"  and  printed  in  1600). 

Henry  VI.,  in  three  parts.  Part  i, 
from  the  accession  of  Henry  VI.  to  his 
marriage  with  Margaret  of  Anjou,  a  period 
of  23  years.  It  opens  with  the  funeral 
procession  of  Henry  V.  This  part  con- 
tains the  victories  of  Joan  of  Arc,  the 
restitution  of  France  to  Charles  the 
dauphin,  nominally  the  viceroy  of  Henry 
VI.,  but  really  an  independent  king,  and 
the  loss  of  France  to  the  English  sceptre 
by  right  of  conquest. — Shakespeare  (1596). 

2  Henry  VI.  begins  with  the  marriage 
of  the  king  to  Margaret  of  Anjou,  and 
terminates  with  the  battle  of  St.  Albans, 
in  May,  1455,  in  which  Richard  duke  of 
York  took  the  king  prisoner.  This  part 
contains  the  commencement  of  the  wars 
of  the  White  and  Red  Roses,  the  death  of 
the  good  duke  Humphrey,  and  the  rebel- 
lion of  Tack  Cade. — Shakespeare  (1597). 

3  Henry  VI.  This  part  ends  with 
the  accession  of  Edward  IV.,  who  sends 
Margaret  of  Anjou,  the  queen  consort  of 
Henry  VI. ,  back  to  France. — Shakespeare. 
It  first  appeared  in  1595. 

The  contentions  of  the  two  Roses  continued  till 
Henry  VII.  (a  Lancastrian)  married  Elizabeth  the 
daugrhter  of  Edward  IV.  (of  York),  and  rightful  heir  to 
the  throne.  By  this  marriage  the  two  Actions  of  York 
and  Lancaster  were  united. 

Henry  VIII.  contains  the  divorce  of 
Katharine,  marriage  of  the  king  to  Anne 
Boleyn,  and  birth  of  Elizabeth.  It  con- 
tains also  the  fall  and  death  of  cardinal 


Wolsey. — Shakespeare  {1613,    printed   in 
folio  1623). 

Henry  [Lee],  member  for  Virginia, 
on  whose  motion  (July  4,  1776)  the 
American  congress  published  their  decla- 
ration of  independence,  and  erected  the 
colonies  into  free  and  sovereign  states. 

Henry,  the  forest-bom  DemosthenAs, 
Whose  thunder  shook  the  Philip  of  the  seas  [Great 
Britain]. 

Byron  :  Age  o/Brenxe,  viii.  (1821). 

He'orot,  the  magnificent  palace  built 
by  Hrothgar  king  of  Denmark.  Here  "  he 
distributed  rings  [treasure]  at  the  feast." 

Then  was  for  the  sons  of  the  Geats  a  bench  cleared  In 
the  beer  hall ;  there  the  bold  spirit,  free  from  quarrel, 
went  to  sit.  The  thane  observed  his  rank,  and  bore  in 
his  hand  the  twisted  ale-cup  .  ,  .  meanwhile  the  poet 
sang  serene  in  Heorot ;  there  was  joy  of  heroes,  n* 
little  pomp  of  Danes  and  Westerns.— Kemble's  transla- 
tion, Beo-wic!/ (Kn^oSa^xon  epic,  sixth  century). 

Heos'phoros,  the  morning  star. 

O  my  light-bearer  .  .  . 
Ai,  ai,  Heosphoros  I 
Mrs.  Browning:  A  Drama  of  Exile  (it^. 

He'par,  the  Liver  personified,  the 
arch-city  in  The  Purple  Island,  by  Phineas 
Fletcher.  Fully  described  in  canto  iii. 
(1633)- 

Heplises'tos,  the  Greek  name  for 
Vulcan.  The  Vulcanic  period  of  geology 
is  that  unknown  period  before  the  creation 
of  man,  when  the  molten  granite  and 
buried  metals  were  upheaved  by  internal 
heat,  through  overlying  strata,  sometimes 
even  to  the  very  surface  of  the  earth. 

The  early  dawn  and  dusk  of  Time, 
The  reign  of  dateless  old  Hephaestus. 

Lonsfellow  :  The  Golden  Legatd  (iSgi). 

Heraldic  Snpporters.  Heraldic 
supporters  do  not  appear  to  the  arms  of 
the  kings  of  England  before  the  time  of 
Richard  II.,  although  a  lion  or  and  an 
eagle  or  falcon  proper  have  been  assigned 
to  Edward  III. 

Richard  II.— Two  white  harts  collared  and  chained 
»r :  in  Westminster  Hall,  they  are  represented  as 
angels  instead. 

HENRY  IV.— A  white  antelope  and  white  swan. 

Henry  v.— A  lion  and  an  antelope. 

Henry  VI. — A  lion  and  an  antelope. 

Edward  IV.— a  lion  and  black  bull. 

Edward  v.— a  yellow  and  a  white  lion. 

Richard  III.— a  yellow  lion  and  white  boar. 

Henry  VII.— a  lion  and  a  red  dragon. 

Henry  viii.— a  lion  and  a  silver  greyhound. 

Edward  VI.— Lion  and  dragon. 

Mary. — A  lion  and  a  greyhound. 

Elizabhth. — A  lion  ancf  a  greyhound. 

James  I.  for  the  first  time  clearly  defined  the  royal 
supporters,  adopting  the  lion  of  England  and  unicorn 
of  Scotland,  as  they  have  since  been  borne. 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  till  the  time  of  James  I.  the 
supporters  varied  a  great  deal. 

Herbert  {Sir  William),  friend  of  sir 
Hugo  de  Lacy. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  The 
Betrothed  {ixmt,  Henry  II.). 

Herbert  [Pocket].  (See  under 
Pocket.) 


HERCULES. 


Her'cnles  shot  Nessus  for  offering 
insult  to  his  wife  Di'-i-a-ni-ra,  and  the 
dying  centaur  told  Diianira  that  if  she 
dipped  in  his  blood  her  husband's  shirt, 
she  would  secure  his  love  for  ever.  Her- 
culfis,  being  about  to  offer  sacrifice,  sent 
Lichas  for  the  shirt ;  but  no  sooner  was 
it  warmed  by  the  heat  of  his  body  than 
it  caused  such  excruciating  agony  that 
the  hero  went  mad,  and,  seizing  Lichas, 
he  flung  him  into  the  sea. 

{Hercules  Raving  {Fu reus)  is  the  subject 
of  a  Greek  tragedy  by  Eurip'idfis,  and  of 
a  Latin  one  by  Sen'eca.) 

As  when  Alcfd^s  .  .  .  felt  the  envenomed  robe,  and  tore, 
Thro'  pain,  up  by  the  roots  Thessalian  pines. 
And  Lichas  from  the  top  of  CEta  [a  moun(\  threw 
Into  the  Euboic  Sea  \the  Archipela^o\. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  iu  342,  etc.  (1665). 

(Diodorus  says  there  were  three  Her- 
cul6ses  ;  Cicero  recognizes  six  (three  of 
which  were  Greeks,  one  Egyptian,  one 
Cretan,  and  one  Indian)  ;  Varro  says 
there  were  forty-three. ) 

Hercules' s  Choice.  When  Hercules  was 
a  young  man,  he  was  accosted  by  two 
women.  Pleasure  and  Virtue,  and  asked  to 
choose  which  he  would  follow.  Pleasure 
promised  him  all  carnal  delights,  but 
Virtue  promised  him  immortality.  Her- 
culSs  gave  his  hand  to  the  latter,  and 
hence  led  a  life  of  great  toil,  but  was 
ultimately  received  amongst  the  immor- 
tals. — Xenophon . 

(Mrs.  Barbauld  has  borrowed  this 
allegory,  but  instead  of  Hercules  has 
substituted  Melissa,  "  a  young  gfirl,"  who 
is  accosted  by  Dissipation  and  House- 
wifery. While  somewhat  in  doubt  which 
to  follow.  Dissipation's  mask  falls  off,  and 
immediately  Melissa  beholds  such  a  "wan 
and  ghastly  countenance,"  that  she  turns 
away  in  horror,  and  gives  her  hand  to  the 
more  sober  of  the  two  ladies. — Evenings 
at  Home,  xix.,  1795.) 

{The  Judgment  of  HercuUs  is  the  title 
of  a  moral  poem  by  Shenstone,  1741.) 

HercuUs  s  Horse,  Arion,  given  him  by 
Adrastos.  It  had  the  gift  of  human 
speech,  and  its  feet  on  the  right  side  were 
those  of  a  man. 

HerculSs's  Pillars,  CalpS  and  Ab'yla, 
one  at  Gibraltar  and  the  other  at  Ceuta 
{ku-tah).  They  were  torn  asunder  by 
Alcidfes  on  his  route  to  Gad6s  {Cadiz). 

HercuUs' s  Ports  :  (i)  "  Herculis  Corsani 
Portus"  (now  called  Porto-Ercolo,  in 
Etruria);  (2)  "Herculis  Liburni  Portus" 
(now  called  Livorno,  i.e.  Leghorn) ;  (3) 
'  Herculis  Monoeci  Portus  "  (now  called 
Monaco,  near  Nice). 

The  Attic  Herculis,  Theseus  (2  syl.), 


48s  HERETICS. 

who  went  about,  hke  Hercules,  destroy- 
ing robbers,  and  performing  most  won- 
derful exploits. 

The  Cretan  Hercules.  All  the  three 
Idaean  Dactyls  were  so  called  :  viz. 
Celmis  (' '  the  smelter  "),  DamnamSneus 
("the  hammer"),  and  Acmon  ("the 
anvil "). 

The  Egyptian  Hercufes,  Sesostris  (fl. 
B.C.  1500).  Another  was  Som  or  Chon, 
called  by  Pausanias,  Macgris  son  of 
Amon. 

The  English  Hercules,  Guy  earl  of 
Warwick  (890-958). 

Warwick  .  .  .  thou  English  Hercules. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xiii.  (1613). 

The  Earnest  Htrcules,  a  statue,  the 
work  of  Glykon,  copied  from  one  by 
Lysip'pos.  Called  Fame's^  (3  syl.)  from 
its  being  placed  in  the  Farnesfi  palace  of 
Rome,  where  were  at  one  time  collected 
also  the  "Tori  di  FarnesS,"  the  "Flora 
di  Earnest,"  and  the  "  Gladiatorg  di 
Farnesg."  The  "  Herculfis  "  and  "  Toro  " 
are  now  at  Naples.  The  "  FarnesS  Her- 
culgs  "  represents  the  hero  exhausted  by 
toil,  leaning  on  his  club ;  and  in  his  left 
hand,  which  rests  on  his  back,  he  holds 
one  of  the  apples  of  the  Hesperldfis. 

• .  •  A  copy  of  this  famous  statue  stands 
in  the  Tuilleries  gardens  of  Paris.  An 
excellent  description  of  the  statue  is  given 
by  Thomson,  in  his  Liberty,  iv. 

The  Indian  Hercules,  DorsS-nSs,  who 
married  Pandaea,  and  became  the  pro- 
genitor of  the  Indian  kings.  Belus  is 
sometimes  called  "The  Indian  Hercules."' 

The  Jewish  Hercules,  Samson  (died 
B.C.  1 152). 

The  Hercules  of  the  North  American 
Indians,  Kwasind  (^.r/.). 

The  Russian  Hercules,  Rustum. 

The  Swedish  Hercules,  Starchat6rus 
(first  Christian  century). 

The  Hercules  of  Music,  Christoph  von 
Gluck  (1714-1787). 

Hercules  Secundus.  CommSdus,  the 
Roman  emperor,  gave  himself  this  title. 
He  was  a  gigantic  idiot,  who  killed  100 
lions,  and  overthrew  1000  gladiators  in 
the  amphitheatre  (161,  180-192). 

Heren-Stig^e  {The),  a  seven-headed 
hydra  of  Basque  mythology,  like  the 
Deccan  cobras. 

Herennias,  the  man  who  murdereo 
Cicero. 

Heretics  {Hammer  of),  Pierre  d'Ailly 
(1350-1425). 

John  Faber  is  also  called  "  The 
Hammer  of  Heretics,"  from  the  title  oi 


HERETICa 


486         HERMES  TRISMEGISTUa 


one  of  his  works  (1470-1541).  (See 
Hammer.) 

Heretics  (Scientific.) 

Feargal  bishop  of  Saltzburg,  an  Irish- 
man, was  denounced  as  a  heretic  for 
asserting    the    existence    of     antipodes 

(*-784)- 

Galileo,  the  astronomer,  was  cast  into 
prison  for  maintaining  the  "  heretical 
opinion  "  that  the  earth  moved  round  the 
sun  (1504-1642). 

Giordano  Bruno  was  burnt  alive  for 
maintaining  that  matter  is  the  mother  of 
all  things  (1550-1600). 

Her'eward  (3  syl.),  one  of  the 
Varangian  guard  of  Alexius  Comnenus, 
emperor  of  Greece. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Count 
Robert  of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Hereward  the  Wake  (or  Vigilant), 
lord  of  Born,  in  Lincolnshire.  He  plun- 
dered and  burnt  the  abbey  of  Peter- 
borough (1070)  ;  established  his  camp  in 
the  Isle  of  Ely,  where  he  was  joined  by 
earl  Morcar  (1071);  he  was  blockaded 
for  three  months  by  William  I. ,  but  made 
his  escape  with  some  of  his  followers. 
This  is  the  name  and  subject  of  one  of 
Kingsley's  novels. 

Xer'iot  [Master  George),  goldsmith 
to  James  I.  ;  guardian  of  lady  HermionS. 
— Sir  IV.  Scott:  Fortunes  0/ JVigel (time, 
James  I.). 

Herman,  a  deaf-and-dumb  boy,  jailer 
of  the  dungeon  of  the  Giant's  Mount. 
Meeting  Ulrica,  he  tries  to  seize  her,  when 
a  flash  of  lightning  strikes  the  bridge  on 
which  he  stands,  and  Herman  is  thrown 
into  the  torrent. — Stirling:  The  Prisoner 
of  State  (1847). 

Herman  [Sir),  of  Goodalricke,  one  of 
the  preceptors  of  the  Knights  Templars. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Hermann,  the  hero  of  Goethe's  poem 
Hermann  und  Dorothea.  Goethe  tells  us 
that  the  object  of  this  poem  is  to  "show, 
as  in  a  mirror,  the  great  movements  and 
changes  of  the  world's  stage." 

Hermaph'rodite  (4  syL),  son  of 
Venus  and  Mercury.  At  the  age  of  15, 
he  bathed  in  a  fountain  of  Caria,  when 
Sal'macis,  the  fountain  nymph,  fell  in  love 
with  him,  and  prayed  the  gods  to  make 
the  two  one  body.  Her  prayers  being 
heard,  the  two  became  united  into  one, 
but  still  preserved  the  double  sex. 

Not  that  bright  spring  where  fair  Hermaphrodite 
Grew  into  one  with  wanton  Salmasis  .  .  . 
...  may  dare  compare  with  this. 

A  FUtcher:  The  PurpU  Island,  t.  (1633). 


Hermegild  or  Hermyngyld,  wife 
of  the  lord-constable  of  Northumberland. 
She  was  converted  by  Constance,  but  was 
murdered  by  a  knight  whose  suit  had 
been  rejected  by  the  young  guest,  in  order 
to  bring  her  into  trouble.  The  villainy 
being  discovered,  the  knight  was  executed, 
and  Constance  married  the  king,  whose 
name  was  Alia.  Hermegild,  at  the 
bidding  of  Constance,  restored  sight  to 
a  blind  Briton. — Chaucer  :  Canterbury 
Tales  ("  Man  of  Law's  Tale,"  1388). 

(The  word  is  spelt  "  Custaunce "  7 
times,  "  Constance  "  15  times,  and  "  Con- 
staunce  "  17  times,  in  the  tale.) 

Hermegild,  a  friend  of  Oswald,  in 
love  with  Gartha  (Oswald's  sister).  He 
was  a  man  in  the  middle  age  of  life,  of 
counsel  sage,  and  great  prudence.  When 
Hubert  (the  brother  of  Oswald)  and 
Gartha  wished  to  stir  up  a  civil  war  to 
avenge  the  death  of  Oswald,  who  had 
been  slain  in  single  combat  with  prince 
Gondibert,  Hermegild  wisely  deterred 
them  from  the  rash  attempt,  and  diverted 
the  anger  of  the  camp  by  funeral  obsequies 
of  a  most  imposing  character.  The  tale 
of  Gondibert  being  unfinished,  the  sequel 
is  not  known.  —  Davenant :  Gondibert 
(died  1688). 

Her'mes  (2  syL),  son  of  Maia ;  patron 
of  commerce.  Akenside  makes  Hermes 
say  to  the  Thames,  referring  to  the 
merchant-ships  of  England — 

By  you  \ships\  mjr  function  and  my  honoured  name 

Do  I  possess;  while  o'er  the  Baetic  vale. 

Or  thro'  the  towers  of  Memphis,  or  the  palms 

By  sacred  Ganges  watered,  I  conduct 

The  English  merchant. 

Akenside  :  Hymn  to  the  Naiads  (1767). 

(The  Bastis  is  the  Guadalquivir ;  and 
the  Baetic  vale,  Granada  and  Andalucia. ) 

Hermes  (2  syl. ),  the  same  as  Mercury, 
and  applied  both  to  the  god  and  to  the 
metal.  Milton  calls  quicksilver  "volatil 
Hermes." 

So  when  we  see  the  liquid  metal  fall, 
Which  chemists  by  the  name  of  Hermes  call. 
Hoole's  Ariosto,  vilL 

Hermes  [St.),  same  as  St.  Elmo, 
Suerpo  Santo,  Castor  and  Pollux,  etc. 
An  electric  light,  seen  occasionally  on 
ships'  masts. 

"They  shall  see  the  fire  which  saylors  call  St. 
Hermes,  fly  uppon  their  shippe,  and  ali^jht  upon  tlie 
toppe  of  the  mast." — Dc  Loier:  Treatise  to  Spectres,  67 
(160S). 

Hermes  Trismegis'tus  [" /T^z-ot^j 
thrice-greatest  "\  the  Eg)'ptian  Thoth.  to 
whom  is  ascribed  a  host  of  inventions : 
as  the  art  of  writing  in  hieroglyphics,  the 


HERMESIND. 

first  Egyptian  code  of  laws,  the  art  of 
hamony,  the  science  of  astrology,  the 
invention  of  the  lute  and  lyre,  magic,  etc. 
(twentieth  century  b.c.). 

The  school  of  Hernias  Trismegistus, 
Who  uttered  his  oracles  sublime 
Before  the  Olympiads. 

Lons/tllaw:  The  Golden  Legend  (1851). 

Her'mesind  (3  syl.),  daughter  of 
Pelayo  and  Gaudio  sa.  She  was  phghted 
to  Alphonso,  son  of  lord  Pedro  of  Can- 
tabria.  Both  Alphonso  and  Hermesind 
at  death  were  buried  in  the  cave  of  St. 
Antony,  in  Covadonga. 

Beauty  and  grace  and  innocence  in  her 

In  heavenly  union  shone.     One  who  had  held 

The  faith  of  elder  Greece  would  sure  have  thousrht 


She  was  some  glorious  nymph  of  seed  divine. 
Oread  or  Dryad  .  .  .  yea,  she  seeme 
Angel  or  soul  beatified,  from  realms 
fbli: 


Of  bliss  ...  to  earth  re-sent. 

Southey:  Rederick,  etc.,  rvi.  (1814). 

Eer'mia,  daughter  of  Ege'us  (3  syl.') 
of  Athens,  and  promised  by  him  in 
marriage  to  Demetrius.  —  Shakespeare: 
Muisu?nmer  Night's  Dream  (1592). 

For  the  tale,  see  DEMETRIUS. 

Herm'ion,  the  young  wife  of  Damon 
"the  Pythagore'an  "  and  senator  of  Syra- 
cuse. —  Banint :  Damon  and  Pythias 
(1825). 

HEB.'1V[I0N]^  (4  syl. ),  only  daughter 
of  Menela'os  and  Helen.  She  became 
the  wife  of  Pyrrhos  or  NeoptolSmos,  son 
of  Achilles ;  but  OrestSs  assassinated 
Pyrrhos  and  married  HermI6n6,  who  had 
been  already  betrothed  to  him. 

'.•In  English,  generally  called  Her- 
mi'one  (4  syl. ),  accented  on  the  i. 

Herzui'one  (4  syl.),  or  Harmon 'ea, 
wife  of  Cadmus.  Leaving  Thebes,  Cad- 
mus and  his  wife  went  to  lllyr'ia,  and  were 
both  changed  into  serpents  for  having 
killed  a  serpent  sacred  to  Mars. — Ovid: 
Metamorphoses,  iv.  590,  etc. 

Never  since  of  serpent-kind 
Lovelier,  not  those  that  in  Illyria  [were]  chang-ed — 
Hermione  and  Cadmus. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  li.  505,  etc.  (1665). 

(Here  Hermione  should  be  Harmon'ia. 
Hermione  was  the  wife  of  Pyrrhus  (Neo- 
ptolemus.     See  below. ) 

Henui'on^  (4  syl.),  wife  of  Leontfis 
king  of  Sicily.  The  king,  being  jealous, 
sent  her  to  prison,  where  she  gave  birth 
to  a  daughter,  who,  at  the  king's  com- 
mand, was  to  be  placed  on  a  desert  shore 
and  left  to  perish.  The  child  was  driven 
by  a  storm  to  the  "coast"  of  Bohemia, 
and  brought  up  by  a  shepherd  who  called 
her  Per'dlta.  Florlzel,  the  son  of  Polix- 
en6s  king  of  Bohemia,  fell  in  love  with 
her,  and  they  fled  to  Sicily  to  escape  the 


487  HERMIT. 

vengeance  of  the  angry  king.  Being 
introduced  to  Leontfis,  it  was  soon  dis- 
covered that  Perdita  was  his  lost  daugh- 
ter, and  Polixen6s  gladly  consented  to 
the  union  he  had  before  objected  to. 
Pauli'na  (a  lady  about  the  court)  now 
asked  the  royal  party  to  her  house  to 
inspect  a  statue  of  Hermionfi,  which 
turned  out  to  be  the  living  queen  herself. 
— Shakespeare:  The  Winters  Tale (i^g^). 

Shakespeare  and  Scott,  like  Milton,  always  throw 
the  accent  on  the  second  syllable,  ffer-mt' -o-ne. 

Hermi'oxLtt  (4  syl.),  only  daughter  of 
Helen  and  Menela'os  (4  syl.)  king  of 
Sparta.  She  was  betrothed  to  Orest^, 
but,  after  the  fall  of  Troy,  was  promised 
by  her  father  in  marriage  to  Pyrrhus  king 
of  Epirus.  Orestes  madly  loved  her, 
but  HermionS  as  madly  loved  Pyrrhus. 
When  Pyrrhus  fixed  his  affections  on 
Androm'achfi  (widow  of  Hector,  and 
his  captive),  the  pride  and  jealousy  of 
Hermione  were  roused.  At  this  crisis, 
an  embassy  led  by  OrestSs  arrived  at  the 
court  of  Pyrrhus,  to  demand  the  death 
of  Asty'anax,  the  son  of  Andromache  and 
Hector,  lest  when  he  grew  to  manhood 
he  might  seek  to  avenge  his  father's 
death.  Pyrrhus  declined  to  give  up  the 
boy,  and  married  Andromache.  The 
passion  of  Hermione  was  now  goaded  to 
madness  ;  and  when  she  heard  that  the 
Greek  ambassadors  had  fallen  on  Pyrrhus 
and  murdered  him,  she  stabbed  herself 
and  died. — Ambrose  Philips:  The  Dis- 
tressed Mother  (1712). 

(This  was  a  famous  part  with  Mrs. 
Porter  (*-i762),  and  with  Miss  Young 
better  known  as  Mrs.  Po,pe,  1740-1797.) 

Hermi'one  (4  syl.),  daughter  of  Dan- 
nischemend  the  Persian  sorcerer,  men- 
tioned in  Donnerhugel's  narrative. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  Anne  of  Geierstein  (time, 
Edward  IV.). 

Hermi'one  {The  lady)  or  lady  Er- 
min'ia  Pauletti,  privately  married  to  lord 
Dalgarno. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  Fortunes  of 
Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Herxnit,  the  pseudonym  of  the  poet 
Hayley,  the  friend  of  Cowper. 

Hermit  ( The),  a  ballad  by  Goldsmith 
(1766).  It  resembles  The  Friar  of  Orders 
Gray  in  Percy's  Reliques,  but  was  pub- 
lished before  it.  The  hero  and  heroine 
are  Edwin  and  Angelina  (^. v.).  It  con- 
tains the  well-known  lines — 

Man  wants  but  little  here  below. 
Nor  wants  that  little  long. 

*.'  Parnell  wrote  a  poem  called  The 


HERMIT  AND  THE  YOUTH.        488 

Hermit   {1710).      It    opens    with    these 
lines — 

Far  in  a  wild,  unknown  to  public  view. 
From  youth  to  age  a  reverend  hermit  grew ; 
The  moss  his  bed,  the  cave  his  humble  cell. 
His  food  the  fruits,  his  drink  the  crystal  well: 
Remote  from  men,  with  God  he  passed  his  days. 
Prayer  all  his  business,  all  his  pleasure  praise. 


The  English  Hermit,  Roger  Crab,  who 
subsisted  on  three  farthings  a  week,  his 
food  being  bran,  herbs,  roots,  dock  leaves, 
and  mallows  (*-i68o). 

Peter  the  Hermit,  the  instigator  of  the 
first  crusade  (1050-1115). 

Hermit  and  the  Youth  [The). 
A  hermit,  desirous  to  study  the  ways  of 
Providence,  met  with  a  youth,  who  became 
his  companion.  The  first  niglit,  they 
were  most  hospitably  entertained  by  a 
nobleman,  but  at  parting  the  young  man 
stole  his  entertainer's  golden  goblet. 
Next  day,  they  obtained  with  difficulty  of 
a  miser  shelter  from  a  severe  storm,  and 
at  parting  the  youth  gave  him  the  golden 
goblet.  Next  night,  they  were  modestly 
but  freely  welcomed  by  one  of  the  middle 
class,  and  at  parting  the  youth  "crept 
to  the  cradle  where  an  infant  slept,  and 
wrung  its  neck ;  "  it  was  the  only  child  of 
their  kind  host.  Leaving  the  hospitable 
roof,  they  lost  their  way,  and  were  set 
right  by  a  guide,  whom  the  youth  pushed 
into  a  river,  and  he  was  drowned.  The 
hermit  began  to  curse  the  youth,  when 
lo  1  he  turned  into  an  angel,  who  thus 
explained  his  acts — 

"  I  stole  the  goblet  from  the  rich  lord  to  teach  him 
not  to  trust  in  uncertain  riches.  I  gave  the  goblet  to 
the  miser  to  teach  him  that  kindness  always  meets  its 
reward.  I  strangled  the  infant  because  the  man  loved 
it  better  than  he  loved  God.  I  pushed  the  guide  into 
the  river  because  he  intended  at  night-fall  to  commit  a 
robbery."  The  hermit  bent  his  head  and  cried,  "The 
ways  of  the  Lord  are  p;ist  finding  out  I  but  He  doeth 
all  things  well.  Teach  me  to  say  with  faith,  •  Thy  will 
be  done  1 ' " — Parnell  (1679-1717). 

^  In  the  Talmud  is  a  similar  and  better 
allegory.  Rabbi  Jachanan  accompanied 
Elijah  on  a  journey,  and  they  came  to  the 
house  of  a  poor  man,  whose  only  treasure 
was  a  cow.  The  man  and  his  wife  ran 
to  meet  and  welcome  the  strangers,  but 
next  morning  the  poor  man's  cow  died. 
Next  night,  they  were  coldly  received  by 
a  proud,  rich  man,  who  fed  them  only 
with  bread  and  water ;  and  next  morning 
Elijah  sent  for  a  mason  to  repair  a  wall 
which  was  falling  down,  in  return  for  the 
hospitality  received.  Next  night,  they 
entered  a  synagogue,  and  asked,  "  Who 
will  give  a  nigiit's  lodging  to  two  tra- 
vellers ?  "  but  none  offered  to  do  so.  At 
parting  Elijah  said,  "I  hope  you  will  all 
be  made  presidents  1 "  The  following  night 


HERO. 

they  were  lodged  by  the  members  of 
another  synagogue  in  the  best  hotel  of 
the  place,  and  at  parting  EUjah  said, 
'*  May  the  Lord  appoint  over  you  but 
one  president  1 "  The  rabbi,  unable  to 
keep  silence  any  longer,  begged  Elijah  to 
explain  the  meaning  of  his  deaUngs  with 
men  ;  and  Elijah  replied — 

"  In  regard  to  the  poor  man  who  recei/ed  us  so 
hospitably,  it  was  decreed  that  his  wife  was  to  die  that 
night,  but  in  reward  of  his  kindness,  God  took  the  cow 
instead  of  the  wife.  I  repaired  the  wall  of  the  rich 
miser  because  a  chest  of  gold  was  concealed  near  the 
place,  and  if  the  miser  had  repaired  the  wall  he  would 
have  discovered  the  treasure.  1  said  to  the  inhospitable 
synagogue,  '  May  each  member  be  president  1 '  because 
no  one  can  serve  two  masters.  I  said  to  the  hospitable 
synagogue,  '  May  you  have  but  one  president  1 '  because 
with  one  head  there  can  be  no  divisions  of  counsel. 
Say  not,  therefore,  to  the  Lord,  '  What  doest  Thout' 
but  say  in  thy  heart,  '  Must  not  the  Lord  of  all  the 
earth  do  rijjhtl'"— rA«  Talmud  ("Trust  in  God"). 
(See  Gista  Rotnanorum,  Ixxx.) 

(See  also  Tale  80  of  the  Gesta  Roman- 
drum;  Voltaire's  Zadig  is  a  similar  alle- 
gory.) 

Hermite  {Tristan  r)  or  "Tristan  of 
the  Hospital,"  provost-marshal  of  France. 
He  was  the  main  instrument  in  carrying 
out  the  nefarious  schemes  of  Louis  XL, 
who  used  to  call  him  his  "gossip." 
Tristan  was  a  stout,  middle-sized  man, 
with  a  hang-dog  visage  and  most  re- 
pulsive smile. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Quentin 
Durward  and  Anne  of  Geierstein  (time, 
Edward  IV.). 

Hero,  daughter  of  Leonato  governor 
of  Messi'na.  She  was  of  a  quiet,  serious 
disposition,  and  formed  a  good  contrast 
to  the  gay,  witty  rattle-pate,  called  Bea- 
trice, her  cousin.  Hero  was  about  to  be 
married  to  lord  Claudio,  when  don  John 
played  on  her  a  most  infamous  practical 
joke  out  of  malice.  He  bribed  Hero's 
waiting-woman  to  dress  in  Hero's  clothes, 
and  to  talk  with  him  by  moonlight  from 
the  chamber  balcony;  he  then  induced 
Claudio  to  hide  himself  in  the  garden,  to 
overhear  what  was  said,  Claudio,  think- 
ing the  person  to  be  Hero,  was  furious, 
and  next  day  at  the  altar  rejected  the 
bride  with  scorn.  The  priest,  convinced 
of  Hero's  innocence,  gave  out  that  she 
was  dead,  the  servant  confessed  the  trick, 
don  John  took  to  flight,  and  Hero  married 
Claudio  her  betrothed.  —  Shakespeare : 
Much  Ado  About  Nothing  (1600). 

Hero  [Sutton],  niece  of  sir  William 
Sutton,  and  beloved  by  sir  Valentine  de 
Grey.  Hero  "was  fair  as  no  eye  ever 
fairer  saw,  of  noble  stature,  head  of 
antique  mould,  magnificent  as  far  as  may 
consist  with  softness,  features  full  of 
thought  and  moods,  wishes  and  fancies, 


HERO  AND  LEANDER.  489 

And  limbs  the  paragon  of  symmetry." 
Having  offended  her  lover  by  waltzing 
with  lord  Athunree,  she  assumed  the  garb 
of  aquakeress,  called  herself  "  Ruth,"  and 
got  introduced  to  sir  Valentine,  who 
proposed  marriage  to  her,  and  tlien  dis- 
covered that  Hero  was  Ruth,  and  Ruth 
was  Hero. — Knowles:  Woman's  Wit, 
etc.  (1838), 

Hero  and  Leander  (3  jy/.).  Hero, 
a  priestess  of  Venus,  fell  in  love  with 
Leander,  who  swam  across  the  Hellespont 
every  night  to  visit  her.  One  night  he 
was  drowned  in  so  doing,  and  Hero  in 
grief  threw  herself  into  the  same  sea. — 
MuscBus  :  Leander  and  Hero. 

• .  •  A  poem  in  six  sestrads,  by  Marlow 
and  Chapman  (1595). 

H  Thomas  Hood  wrote  a  poem  on  the 
same  subject  (1827). 

%  Stapleton  wrote  a  tragedy  in  1669, 
Jackman  an  opera  burletta  (eighteenth 
century),  and  Marston  a  romance  (1867), 
on  the  same  subject. 

Hero  of  Fable  [The),  the  due  de 
Guise.  Called  by  the  French  L Hero  de 
la  Fable  (1614-1664). 

Hero  of  History  [The),  the  due 
d'Enghien  [Dam-zjgah'n'].  Called  by  the 
French  L'Hero  de  t Histoire.  This  was 
Le  grand  Cond6  (1621-1687). 

Hero  of  Modem  Italy,  Garibaldi 
(1807-1882). 

Hero  Worship,  etc,  a  series  of 
lectures  by  Carlyle  (1840). 

Hero'dias,  Herod,  and  Jolin  tlie 
Baptist.  The  Bible  account  is  repeated 
in  that  of  the  duke  of  Gosbert  of  Wiirtz- 
burg,  Geilana,  and  St.  Kilian.  Kilian 
reproved  the  duke  for  living  with  his 
brother's  wife,  and  Geilana  caused  him  to 
be  put  to  death. 

Herod'otos  of  Old  London,  J. 
Stow  (1525-1605). 

Hero  ides  (4  syl.)  or  Epistola  Herot- 
dum,  in  Latin  hexameter  and  pentameter 
verse,  by  Ovid.  By  poetic  fiction  supposed 
to  have  been  written  by  women  famous 
in  story,  and  their  husbands  either  absent 
or  about  to  leave  them ;  as  Penelopfi  (4 
xy/.)to  Ulysses,  Phyllis  to  Demoph'oon, 
Briseis  (2  syl.)  to  Achilles,  CEnone  (3 
syl.)  to  Paris,  Dido  to  ^Eneas,  Medea  to 
Jason,  and  so  on. 

•.•  The  word  herois  (3  syl.)  means  a 
lady  of  first  rank,  plural  herotdes, 

Her'on  [Sir  George),  of  Chip-chace, 


HERWIG. 


an  officer  with  sir  John  Foster. — Sir  W. 
Scott :  The  Monastery  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Heros'tratos  or  Erostratos,  the 
Ephesian  who  set  fire  to  the  temple  of 
Ephesus  (one  of  the  seven  wonders  of  the 
world)  merely  to  immortalize  his  name. 
The  Ephesians  made  it  penal  even  to 
mention  his  name. 

Herostratus  shall  prove  vice  governs  fame, 

Who  built  that  church  he  turnt  hath  lost  his  name. 

Lord  Brooki  :  Inquisition  upon  Fame  (1554-16x8). 

Herries  [Lord),  a  friend  of  queen 
Mary  of  Scotland,  and  attending  on  her 
at  Dundrennan. — Sir  W.  Scott:  The 
Abbot  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Herring  [Good  red). 

Neuters  in  the  middle  way  of  steering^, 
Are  neither  fish,  nor  flesh,  nor  good  red  herring^. 
Drydr.n  ;  Duke  0/ Guise  (1661). 

Herring*  Pond  [The),  the  ocean 
between  the  British  Isles  and  America. 

*'  What  is  your  opinion,  pray,  on  the  institutions  the 
other  side  of  the  Herring  Pondt" — Jennie  of  the 
Prince's,  i. 

Herschel  [Sir  F.  Wm.)  discovered 
the  eighth  planet,  at  first  called  the 
Georgium  sidus,  in  honour  of  George  HI., 
but  now  called  Urdnus.  In  allusion  to 
this,  Campbell  says  he 

Gave  the  lyre  of  heaven  another  string. 

Pleasures  0/ Hope,  i.  (1799^ 

Herswin  [Dame),  wife  of  Isengrin,  the 
wolf,  in  the  beast-epic  of  Reynard  the 
Fox,  by  Heinrich  von  Alkmaar  (1498). 

Herta,  now  called  St.  Kilda,  one  of 
the  Heb'ridfes. 

Hertford  [The  marquis  of),  in  the 
court  of  Charles  W.—Sir  W.  Scott: 
Woodstock  (time,  Commonwealth). 

"Hertford"  caUed  Har'ford. 

Her  Trippa,  meant  for  Henry  Cor- 
nelius Agrippa  of  Nettesheim,  philosopher 
and  physician.  "  Her"  is  a  contraction 
oi He'ricus,  and  "Trippa"  a  play  on  the 
words  Agrippa  and  tripe. — Rabelais: 
Panta^ruel,  iii.  25  (1545). 

Herve  Hiel,  a  Breton  sailor,  who 
saved  the  French  squadron  when  beaten 
at  Cape  la  Hogue  and  flying  before  the 
English,  by  piloting  it  into  the  harbour 
of  St.  Malo  (May  31,  1692).  He  was  so 
unconscious  of  the  service  he  had 
rendered,  that,  when  desired  to  name  his 
reward,  he  begged  for  a  whole  day's 
holiday  to  see  his  wife.  He  lived  at  Le 
Croisic,  Browning  has  a  poem  called 
Hervi  Riel  [\Z(y7). 

Herwig,  king  of  Hel'igoland,  be- 
trothed to  Gudrun,  daughter  of  king 
Hettel  [Attila).    (See  Gudrun,  p.  454.) 


HERZOG. 


490 


HIBERNIA. 


Her'zogr  (Duke),  commander-in-chief 
of  the  ancient  Teutons  {Ger?nans).  The 
herzog  was  elected  by  the  freemen  of  the 
tribe  ;  but  in  times  of  war  and  danger, 
when  several  tribes  united,  the  princes 
selected  a  leader,  who  was  also  called  a 
'  'herzog, "  similar  to  the  Gaulish '  'brennus" 
or  "bren,"  and  the  Celtic  *'pendragon" 
or  head  chief. 

Heskett  [Ralph),  landlord  of  the 
village  ale-house  where  Robin  Gig  and 
Harry  Wakefield  fought. 

Dame  Heskett,  Ralph's  wife. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  The  Two  Drovers  (time,  George 
III.). 

Hesper'ia.  Italy  was  so  called  by 
the  Greeks,  because  it  was  to  them  the 
"Western  Land."  The  Romans,  for  a 
similar  reason,  transferred  the  name  to 
Spain. 

Hesper'ides  (4  syL),  the  women  who 
guarded  the  golden  apples  which  Earth 
gave  to  HerS  [jfuno)  at  her  marriage  with 
Zeus  {Jove).  They  were  assisted  by  the 
dragon  Ladon,  The  orchards  in  which 
the  golden  apples  grew  were  the  Hes- 
perian Fields.  The  island  is  one  of  the 
Cape  Verd  Isles,  in  the  Atlantic. 

WUt  thou  fly 
With  laugfhinpr  Autumn  to  the  Atlantic  isles, 
And  range  with  him  th'  Hesperian  fields,  and  see 
Where'er  his  fingers  touch  the  fruitful  grove, 
The  branches  shoot  with  gold  ? 
Afcenside  :  Pleasures  of  ImaginUHon,  i.  (i744). 

Hesperus,  the  knight  called  by 
Tennyson  ' '  Evening  Star  ;  "  but  called 
in  the  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  "  the 
Green  Knight"  or  sir  Pertolope  (3  syl.). 
One  of  the  four  brothers  who  kept  the 
passages  of  Castle  Perilous. — Tennyson  : 
Idylls  {"  Gareih  and  Lynette");  sir  T. 
Malory  :  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  1 127 
(1470). 

N.B. — It  is  a  manifest  blunder  to  call 
the  Green  Knight  "  Hespgrus  the  Even- 
ing Star,"  and  the  Blue  Knight  the 
"Morning  Star."  The  old  romance 
makes  the  combat  with  the  "Green 
Knight"  at  dawn,  and  with  the  "Blue 
Knight "  at  sunset.  The  error  has  arisen 
from  not  bearing  in  mind  that  our  fore- 
fathers began  the  day  with  the  preceding 
eve,  and  ended  it  at  sunset.  Malory  calls 
the  lady  Linet. 

Hesperus  {The  Wreck  of  the),  a 
ballad  by  Longfellow  (1842). 

Hettly  {May),  an  old  servant  of 
Davie  Deans. — Sir  W.  Scott :  Heart  of 
Midlothian  (time,  George  II. ). 

Heukbane  {Mrs.),  the  butcher's  wife 


at  Fairport,  and  a  friend  of  Mrs,  Mall- 
setter. — Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Antiquary 
(time,  George  III.). 

Hew,  son  of  lady  Helen  of  ' '  Mirry- 
land  town  "  {Milan),  enticed  by  an  apple 
presented  to  him  by  a  Jewish  maiden, 
who  then  "  stabbed  him  with  a  penknife, 
rolled  the  body  in  lead,  and  cast  it  into  a 
well."  Lady  Helen  went  in  search  of  her 
child,  and  its  ghost  cried  out  from  the 
bottom  of  the  well — 

The  lead  is  wondrous  heavy,  mitber ; 

The  well  is  wondrous  deep ; 
A  keen  penknife  sticks  in  my  heart ; 

A  word  I  dunae  speik. 

Percy:  Reliquei,  I.  3. 

(See  Hugh  of  Lincoln  ;  The 
Prioress's  Tale,  one  of  Chaucer's 
Canterbury  Tales.) 

Hevrit  {Godfrey  Bertram),  natural 
son  of  Mr.  Godfrey  Bertram. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Guy  Mannering  {\\m&,  George  II.). 

Hia'wa'tha,  the  prophet-teacher,  son 
of  Mudjekee'wis  {the  west  wind)  and 
Weno'nah  daughter  of  Noko'mis.  He 
represents  the  progress  of  civilization 
among  the  North  American  Indians. 
Hiawatha  first  wrestled  with  Monda'min 
{maize),  and,  having  subdued  it,  gave  it 
to  man  for  food.  He  then  taught  man 
navigation ;  then  he  subdued  Mishe 
Nah'ma  {the  sturgeon),  and  taught  the 
Indians  how  to  make  oil  therefrom  for 
winter.  His  next  exploit  was  against 
the  magician  Megissog'non,  the  author 
of  disease  and  death ;  having  slain  this 
monster,  he  taught  man  the  science  of 
medicine.  He  then  married  Minneha'ha 
{laughing  water),  and  taught  man  to  be 
the  husband  of  one  wife,  and  the  comforts 
of  domestic  peace.  Lastly,  he  taught 
man  picture-writing.  When  the  white 
men  came  with  the  gospel,  Hiawatha 
ascended  to  the  kingdom  of  Pone'mah, 
the  land  of  the  hereafter. — Longfellow  : 
Hiawatha  (1855). 

Hiawatha's  Modcasons.  When  Hia- 
watha put  on  his  moccasons,  he  could 
measure  a  mile  at  a  single  stride. 

He  had  moccasons  enchanted, 
Magic  moccasons  of  deer-skin  ; 
When  he  bound  them  round  his  ankles 
At  each  stride  a  mile  he  measured  I 

Lons/elloiu :  Hiawatha,  It. 

Hiawatha's  Great  Friends,  Chibia'bos 
(the  sweetest  of  all  musicians)  and 
Kwa'sind  (the  strongest  of  all  mortals). 
— Longfellow  :  Hiawatha,  vi. 

Hiber'nia,  Ireland.  Ternfi  is  simply 
a  contraction  of  the  same  word.  Pliny 
says  that  "Irish  mothers  feed  their  in- 
fants with  swords  instead  of  spoons." 


HIC  JACET. 

Hie  Jacet,  an  epitaph,  a  funeral. 
The  first  words  on  old  tombstones  = 
Here  lies  .  .    .  etc. 

The  merit  of  service  is  seldom  attributed  to  the  tnie 
.  .  .  performei.  I  would  have  that  drum  ...  or  hie 
jacet  [_tAat  is,  <iie  in  my  attempt  to  get  if^—Shakt- 
speare  :  AlCs  Well  that  Etuii  Well  (1598). 

Hick'athrift  ( Tom  or  Jack),  a  poor 
labourer  in  the  time  of  the  Conquest,  of 
such  enormous  strength  that  he  killed, 
with  an  axletree  and  cartwheel,  a  huge 
giant,  who  lived  in  a  marsh  at  Tylney, 
in  Norfolk.  He  was  knighted,  and  made 
governor  of  Thanet.  Hickathrift  is  some- 
times called  Hickafric. 

When  a  man  sits  down  to  write  a  history,  thougfh  It 
be  but  the  history  of  Jack  Hickathrift,  ...  he  knows 
no  more  than  his  heels  what  lets  ...  he  is  to  meet 
with  in  his  way. — Sterne. 

Hick'ory  (Old),  general  Andrew 
Jackson.  He  was  first  called  "Tough," 
then  "  Tough  as  Hickory,"  and,  lastly, 
"  Old  Hickory."  Another  story  is  that 
in  1813,  when  engaged  in  war  with  the 
Creek  Indians,  he  fell  short  of  supplies, 
and  fed  his  men  on  hickory  nuts  (1767- 

1845)- 

• .  •  This  general  Andrew  Jackson  must 
not  be  confounded  with  general  Thomas 
Jackson,  better  known  as  "Stone-wall" 
Jackson  (1826- 1863). 

Hi'erocles  (4  syl.),  the  first  person 
who  compiled  jokes  and  bon  mots.  After 
a  lifelong  labour,  he  got  together  twenty- 
eight,  which  he  left  to  the  world  as  his 
legacy.  Hence  arose  the  phrase.  An 
Hierocflean  legacy,  no  legacy  at  all,  a 
legacy  of  empty  promises,  or  a  legacy  of 
no  worth. 

One  of  his  anecdotes  is  that  of  a  man 
who  wanted  to  sell  his  house,  and  carried 
about  a  brick  to  show  as  a  specimen 
of  it. 

He  that  tries  to  recomniend  iShakespeare  bjr  select 
quotations,  will  succeed  like  the  pedant  in  Hierocles, 
who,  when  he  offered  his  house  for  sale,  carried  a  brick 
in  his  pocket  as  a  specimen. — Dr.  Johnson  :  Pr^/act 
to  Shakespeare. 

Hieron'iiuo,  the  chief  character  of 
Thomas  Kyd's  drama  in  two  parts,  pt.  i. 
being  called  Hieronimo,  and  pt.  ii.  The 
Spanish  Tragedy  or  Hieronimo  is  Mad 
Again.  In  the  latter  play,  Horatio,  only 
son  of  Hieronimo,  sitting  with  Belim- 
pe'ria  in  an  alcove,  is  murdered  by  his 
rival  Balthazar  and  the  lady's  brother 
Lorenzo.  The  murderers  hang  the  dead 
body  on  a  tree  in  the  garden,  and  Hie- 
ronimo, aroused  by  the  screams  of  Be- 
limperia,  rushing  into  the  garden,  sees 
the  dead  body  of  his  son,  and  goes  raving 
mad  (1588). 


491 


HIGHGATE. 


Kigfden  {Mrs.  Betty),  an  old  woman 
nearly  four  score,  very  poor,  but  hating 
the  union-house  more  than  she  feared 
death, .  Betty  Higden  kept  a  mangle, 
and  "  minded  young  children  "  at  four- 
pence  a  week.  A  poor  workhouse  lad 
named  Sloppy  helped  her  to  turn  the 
mangle.  Mrs.  Bofifin  wished  to  adopt 
Johnny,  Betty's  infant  grandchild,  but 
he  died  at  the  Children's  Hospital. 

She  was  one  of  those  old  women,  was  Mrs.  Betty 
Higden,  who,  by  dint  of  an  indomitable  purpose  and  > 
strong  constitution,  fight  out  many  years;  an  active  old 
woman,  with  a  bright  dark  eye  and  a  resolute  face, 
yet  quite  a  tender  creature,  too. — Dickens:  Our 
Mutual  Friend,  i.  i6  (1664). 

Hig-g",  "the  son  of  Snell,"  the  lame 
witness  at  the  trial  of  Rebecca. — Sir  W. 
Scott :  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Higgen,  Priifg,  Snapp,  and  Fer- 
ret, knavish  beggars  in  The  Beggars' 
Bush,  a  drama  by  Fletcher  (1622). 

Higli  and  Low  Heels,  two  factions 
in  Lillipul.  So  called  from  the  high  and 
low  heels  of  their  shoes,  badges  of  the  two 
factions.  The  High-heels  [tories  and  the 
high-church  party)  were  the  most  friendly 
to  the  ancient  constitution  of  the  empire, 
but  the  emperor  employed  the  Low-heels 
[whigs  and  low-churchmen)  as  his 
ministers  of  state.  —  Stvift :  Gulliver* s 
Travels  ("  Lilliput,"  1726). 

High  Life  Below  Stairs,  a  farce 
by  the  Rev.  James  Townley.  Mr.  Lovel, 
a  wealthy  commoner,  suspects  his  ser- 
vants of  "wasting  his  substance  in 
riotous  living ;  "  so,  pretending  to  go  to 
his  country  seat  in  Devonshire,  he  as- 
sumes the  character  of  a  country  bump- 
kin from  Essex,  and  places  himself 
under  the  charge  of  his  own  butler,  to 
learn  the  duties  of  a  gentleman's  servant. 
As  the  master  is  away,  Philip  (the  butler) 
invites  a  large  party  to  supper,  and  sup- 
plies them  with  the  choicest  wines.  The 
servants  all  assume  their  masters'  titles, 
and  address  each  other  as  "  My  lord 
duke,"  "sir  Harry,"  "My  lady  Char- 
lotte," "My  lady  Bab,"  etc.,  and  mimic 
the  airs  of  their  employers.  In  the  midst 
of  the  banquet,  Lovel  appears  in  his  true 
character,  breaks  up  the  party,  and  dis- 
misses his  household,  retaining  only  one 
of  the  lot,  nnmed  "rom,  to  whom  he 
entrusts  the  charge  of  the  silver  and  plate 
(1759). 

Highgate  (a  suburb  of  London). 
Drayton  says  that  Highgate  was  so 
called  because  Brute,  the  mythicaj 
Trojan  founder  of   the   British   empiie. 


HIGHLAND  MARY. 


492 


HINGES. 


"appointed  it  for  a  gate  of  London ;  "  but 
others  tell  us  that  it  was  so  called  from 
a  gate  set  up  there,  some  400  years 
ago,  to  receive  tolls  for  the  bishop  of 
London. 

Then  Highgate  boasts  his  way  which  men  do  most 

frequent,  .  .  . 
Appointed  for  a  gate  of  London  to  have  been, 
When  first  the  mighty  Brute  that  city  did  begm. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xvi.  (1613). 

HigrMand  Mary.  {See  Mary  in 
Heaven.) 

Highwaymen  {Noted). 

Claude  Duval  {*-i67o).  Introduced 
in  White  Friars,  by  Miss  Robinson. 

Tom  King. 

James  Whitney  (1660-1694),  aged  34. 

Jonathan  Wild  of  Wolverhampton 
{1682-1725),  aged  43.  Hero  and  title  of 
a  novel  by  Fielding  (1744). 

Jack  Sheppard  of  Spitalfields  {1701- 
1724),  aged  24,  Hero  and  title  of  a 
novel  by  Defoe  {1724) ;  and  one  by  H. 
Ainsworth  {1839). 

Dick  Turpin,  executed  at  York 
(1711-1739).  Hero  of  a  novel  by  H. 
Ainsworih. 

Galloping  Dick,  executed  at  Ayles- 
bury in  1800. 

Captain  Grant,  the  Irish  highway- 
man, executed  af  Maryborough,  in  1816. 

Samuel  Greenwood,  executed  at  Old 
Bailey,  1822. 

William  Rea,  executed  at  Old  Bailey, 
1828. 

Hi'^e  {2  syl.),  a  roaring  of  the 
waters  when  the  tide  comes  up  the 
Humber. 

For  when  my  Higre  comes  I  make  my  either  shore 
E'en  tremble  with  the  sound  that  I  afar  do  send. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xxviii.  (1622). 

Eilarius  [Brot/ier),  refectioner  at  St. 
Mary's. — Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Monastery 
{time,  Elizabeth). 

Hildebrand,  pope  Gregory  VII. 
{1013,  1073-1085).  He  demanded  for 
the  Church  the  right  of  "  investiture"  or 
presentation  to  all  ecclesiastical  benefices, 
and  the  superiority  of  the  ecclesiastical  to 
the  temporal  authority  ;  he  enforced  the 
celibacy  of  all  clergymen,  resisted  simony, 
and  gfreatly  advanced  the  dominion  of 
the  popes. 

We  need  another  Hildebrand  to  shako 
And  purify  us. 

Lons/iUow  :  The  Golden  legend  (1851). 

Hil'debrand  (Meister),  the  Nestor  of 
German  romance,  a  magician  and  cham- 
pion. 

*.•  Maugis,  among  the  paladins  of 
Charlemagne,  sustained  a  similar  twofold 
character. 


Hil'debrod  (Jacod  duke),  president 
of  the  Alsatian  Clnh.— Sir  W.  Scott: 
Fortunes  0/ Nigel  {time,  James  I.). 

Hil'desheim.  The  monk  of  Hilde- 
sheim,  doubting  how  a  thousand  years 
with  God  could  be  "only  one  day," 
listened  to  the  melody  of  a  bird  in  a  gpreen 
wood,  as  he  supposed,  for  only  three 
minutes,  but  found  the  time  had  in  reaUty 
been  a  hundred  years.  {See  Felix,  p. 
361.) 

Hill  [Dr.  yohn),  whose  pseudonym 
was  "  Mrs.  Glasse."  Garrick  said  of 
him — 

For  physic  and  farces, 
His  equal  there  scarce  is. 
For  his  farces  are  physic,  and  his  physic  a  farce  is. 

Hillary  {Tom),  apprentice  of  Mr, 
Lawford  the  town  clerk.  Afterwards 
captain  Hillary.  —  Sir  W.  Scott:  The 
Surgeon's  Daughter  {time,  George  11. ). 

Hinch'np  {Dame),  a  peasant,  at  the 
execution  of  Meg  Murdochson. — Sir  W. 
Scott :  Heart  of  Midlothian  (time,  George 
XL). 

Hind  and  Panther  {The),  a  poem 
by  Dryden  (1687),  in  defence  of  the 
Catholic  religion.  The  hind  is  the  Latin 
Church,  and  the  panther. is  the  Church  of 
England.  James  II.  is  the  lion  which 
protects  the  hind  from  the  bear  {Inde- 
pendents), the  wolf  {Presbyterians),  the 
hare  {Quakers),  the  ape  {Freethinkers), 
the  boar  {Anabaptists),  'and  the  fox 
{Arians). 

' . '  The  City  and  Country  Mouse,  by 
Prior  and  Montague  (eaii  of  Halifax),  is  a 
parody  in  ridicule  of  the  Hind  and 
Panther.     Dryden  says — 

A  milk-white  hind.  Immortal  and  unchanged. 
Fed  on  the  lawns,  and  in  the  forest  ranged  ; 
Without  unspotted,  innocent  within. 
She  feared  no  danger,  for  she  knew  no  sia. 

The  parody  is — 

a  milk-white  mouse.  Immortal  and  unchanged. 
Fed  on  soft  cheese,  and  o'er  the  dairy  ranged ; 
Without  unspotted,  innocent  within. 
She  feared  no  danger,  for  she  knew  no  ginn. 

Hin'da,  daughter  of  Al  Hassan  the 
Arabian  emir  of  Persia.  Her  lover  Hafed, 
a  Gheber  or  fire-worshipper,  was  the 
sworn  enemy  of  the  emir.  Al  Hassan  sent 
Hinda  away,  but  she  was  taken  captive 
by>Hafed's  party.  Hafed,  being  betrayed 
to  Al  Hassan,  burnt  himself  to  death  in 
the  sacred  fire,  and  Hinda  cast  herself 
into  the  sea. — Moore  :  Lalla  Rookh{**  The 
Fire- Worshippers,"  1817). 

Hingfes  {Harmonious).     The  doors  of 


HINZELMANN. 

the  harem  of  Fakreddin  turned  on  har- 
monious hinges. — Beckford  :  Vathek 
(1784). 

Hingelmann,  the  most  famous 
house-spirit  or  kobold  of  German  legend. 
He  lived  four  years  in  the  old  castle  of 
Hudemiihlen,  and  then  disappeared  for 
ever  (1588). 

Hipcut  Hill,  famous  for  cowslips. 
The  rendezvous  of  Pigwiggen  and  queen 
Mab  was  a  cowslip  on  Hipcut  Hill. — 
Drayton  :  Nymphidia  (1563-1631). 

Hip'pocrene  (3  syl.),  the  fountain 
of  the  Muses.  Longfellow  calls  poetic 
inspiration  "a  maddening  draught  of 
Hippocrene. " — Goblet  of  Life. 

Hippol'ito.  So  Browning  spells  the 
name  of  the  son  of  Theseus  (2  syl. )  and 
An'tiopft.  Hippolito  fled  all  intercourse 
with  woman.  Phaedra,  his  step-mother, 
tried  to  seduce  him,  and  when  he  resisted 
her  solicitations,  accused  him  to  her 
husband  of  attempting  to  dishonour  her. 
After  death  he  was  restored  to  life  under 
the  name  of  Virbius  {vir-bis,  "twice  a 
man").    (See  Hippolytos.) 

Hyppolito,  a  youth  who  nover  knew  a  woman. 

R.  Browning. 

Hippol'Tta,  queen  of  the  Am'azons, 
and  daughter  of  Mars.  She  was  famous 
for  a  girdle  given  her  by  the  war-god, 
which  Herculgs  had  to  obtain  possession 
of,  as  one  of  his  twelve  labours. 

•.*  Shakespeare  has  introduced  Hip- 
polyta  in  his  Midsummer  Night's  Dream, 
and  betroths  her  to  Theseus  (2  syl.) 
duke  of  Athens  ;  but  according  to  classic 
fable,  it  was  her  sister  An'tiopfi  (4  syl.) 
who  married  Theseus. 

Hippol'yta,  a  rich  lady  wantonly  in 
love  with  Arnoldo.      By  the  cross  pur- 

rses  of  the  plot,  Leopold  a  sea-captain 
enamoured  of  Hippolyta,  Arnoldo  is 
contracted  to  the  chaste  Zeno'cia,  and 
Zenocia  is  dishonourably  pursued  by  the 
governor  count  Clo'dio. — Fletcher:  The 
Custom  of  the  Country  (1647). 

Hippol'jrtos  (in  Latin,  Hippolytus), 
son  of  Theseus  (2  syl. ).  He  provoked  the 
anger  of  Venus  by  disregarding  her  love  ; 
and  Venus,  in  revenge,  made  Phasdra 
(his  step-mother)  fall  in  love  with  him. 
When  Hippolytos  repulsed  her  advances, 
she  accused  him  to  her  husband  of  seek- 
ing to  dishonour  her.  Theseus  prayed 
Neptune  to  punish  the  young  man,  and 
the  sea-god,  while  the  young  man  was 
driving  in  his  chariot,  scared  the  horses 


493  HISTORIC  DOUBTS. 

with  sea-calves.  Hippol)rtos  was  thrown 
from  the  chariot  and  killed,  but  Diana 
restored  him  to  life  again.  (See  Hippo- 
lito.) 

Hippolytus  himself  would  leave  Diana 
To  follow  such  a  Venus. 
MasHngtr:  A  New  Way  to  Pay  OU  Debts,  iU.  i  (1628) 

Hippom'enes  (4  syl.),  a  Grecian 
prince  who  outstripped  Atalanta  in  a  foot- 
race, by  dropping  three  golden  apples, 
which  she  stopped  to  pick  up.  By  this 
conquest  he  won  Atalanta  to  wife. 

E'en  here,  in  this  region  of  wonders,  I  find 
That  light-footed  Fancy  leaves  Truth  far  behind  , 
Or,  at  least,  like  Hippomenis,  turns  her  astray 
By  the  golden  illusions  be  flings  in  her  way. 

r.  M»ort. 

Kippopot'aiUTis,  symbol  of  impiety 
and  ingratitude.  Lear  says  that  "in- 
gratitude in  a  child  is  more  hideous  than 
the  sea-monster." 

The  hippopotamus  killeth  his  sire,  and  ravlsheth  hit 
dam. — Sandys  :  Travels  (1615). 

Hippot'ades  {\syl.)y  Efilus,  the  wind- 
god,  son  of  Hippota. 

Ule\  questioned  every  gust  of  rugged  wings 
That  blows  from  off  each  beaked  promontory  ; 
They  knew  not  of  his  story ; 
And  sage  HippotadSs  their  answer  brings. 
That  not  a  blast  was  from  his  dungeon  strayed. 
Milton  :  Lycidas,  92,  etc  (1638). 

Hiren,  a  strumpet.  From  Peele's  play 
The  Turkish  Mahomet  and  Hyren  the  Fair 
Greek  (1584). 

In  Italian  called  a  courtezan  ;  in  Spaine  a  marzctrite: 
in  French  un  curtain  :  in  English  ...  a  punk. 

"  There  be  sirens  in  the  sea  of  the  world.  Syrens  t 
Hirens.  as  they  are  now  called.  What  a  numoer  of 
these  sjrens  \hirens\  cockatrices,  courteghians,  in 
plain  nnglish,  harlots,  swimme  amongst  us  J  "— 
Adams:  Spiritual  Navigator  (loiz). 

Hiroiuc  {Jean),  the  French  "Bill 
Sikes,"  with  all  the  tragic  elements  elimi- 
nated. 

Pres.  Where  do  you  llvet    yean.  Haven't  got  any. 
Pres.  Where  were  you  born?    yean.  At  Galard. 
Pres.  Where  is  that  t    yean.  At  Galard. 
Pres.  What  department  ?    yean.  Galard. 

Henri  Monnier:  Popular  Scents  drawn  •with 
Pen  and  Ink  (1825). 

Hislop  {John),  the  old  carrier  at  Old 
St.  Ronan's. — Sir  W.  Scott:  St.  Ronan's 
Well  (time,  George  III.). 

Hispa'nia,  Spain. 

Historia  Britonxun,  a  very  brief 
epitome  of  historic  legends,  from  Adam 
to  A.D.  547,  with  the  life  of  St.  Patrick 
and  the  legend  of  king  Arthur,  by  Nen~ 
nius,  abbot  of  Bangor  (seventh  century). 
(An  English  translation  is  contained  in 
Bohn's  Six  Old  English  Chronicles.) 

Historic  Doubts  (respecting  the  life 
and  reign  of  Richard  III.),  by  Horace 
Walpolrt,  earl  of  Oxford  (1768). 


HISTORICUa 


494 


HOBBY-HORSE. 


Historic  Doubts  relative  to  Napoleon, 
by  bishop  Whately  (1821).  The  object  is 
to  show  that  the  doubts  applied  by  un- 
believers to  the  Gospel  history  might  be 
applied  to  Napoleon,  but  would  be  mani- 
festly absurd. 

Histor'ictis,  the  name  assumed  by 
sir  William  Vernon  Harcourt,  for  many 
years  the  most  slashing  writer  in  the 
Saturday  Review,  and  a  contributor  to 
the  Times. 

History  {Father  of).  Herod'otos,  the 
Greek  historian,  is  so  called  by  Cicero 
(B.C.  484-408). 

Father  of  Ecclesiastical  History,  Poly- 
gnotos  of  Thaos  (fl.  B.C.  463-435).  The 
Venerable  Beds  is  so  called  sometimes 
{672-735). 

Father  of  French  History,  Andr6 
Duchesne  {1584-1640). 

Histrio-mastix,  a  tirade  against 
theatrical  exhibitions,  by  William  Prynne 
(1633). 

For  this  book  archbishop  Laud  arraigned  Prjmne 
before  the  Star  Chamber ;  and  he  was  condemned  to 
pay  a  fine  of  ijsooo  (equal  to  about  ^^50,000  of  our 
money),  to  stand  twice  in  the  pillory,  and  lose  his  ears, 
to  have  his  book  burnt  by  the  common  hangman,  to  be 
disbarred,  and  imprisoned  for  life.  This  iniquitous 
sentence  was  actually  carried  out  In  the  reign  of 
Charles  1. 

Ho'a>]liexi,  an  Indian  tribe  settled  on 
a  south  branch  of  the  Missouri,  having 
Az'tlan  for  their  imperial  city.  The 
Az'tecas  conquered  the  tribe,  deposed  the 
queen,  and  seized  their  territory  by  right 
of  conquest.  When  Madoc  landed  on 
the  American  shore,  he  took  the  part  of 
the  Hoamen,  and  succeeded  in  restoring 
them  to  their  rights.  The  Aztecas  then 
migrated  to  Mexico  (twelfth  century). — 
Southey  :  Madoc  (1805). 

Hoare  (i  syl.),  37,  Fleet  Street,  Lon- 
don. The  golden  bottle  displayed  over 
the  fanlight  is  the  sign  of  James  Hoare,  a 
cooper,  who  founded  the  bank.  The 
legend  is  that  it  contains  the  leather 
bottle  or  purse  of  James  Hoare,  and  the 
half-crown  with  which  he  started  business 
in  1677. 

Hob  Miller  of  Twyford,  an  insur- 
gent.—5i>  W.  Scott:  The  Betrothed 
(time,  Henry  H.). 

Hob  or  Happer,  miller  at  St.  Mary's 
Convent. 

Mysie  Happer,  the  miller's  daughter. 
She  marries  sir  Piercie  Shafton. — Sir  W, 
Scott:  The  Monastery  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Hobbes's  Voyagfe,  a  leap  in  the 
dark.     Thomas  Hobbes,  on  the  point  of 


death,  said,  "  Now  I  am  about  to  take  my 
last  voyage,  a  great  leap  in  the  dark  " 
(1588-1679). 

'Tis  enough.  Ill  not  fail.  So  now  I  am  in  for 
Hobbes's  voyage— a  great  leap  in  the  dark  \thU  Uap 
•was  matrimony^. — Vanbrttgh  :  The  Provoked  Wife, 
V.  3  (1697). 

Hob'bididance  (4  syl.),  the  prince  of 
dumbness,  and  one  of  the  five  fiends  that 
possessed  "poor  Tom." — Shakespeare: 
King  Lear,  act  iv.  sc.  i  (1605). 

(This  name  is  taken  from  Harsnett's 
Declaration  of  Egregious  Popish  Impos- 
tures, 1561-1631.) 

Hobbie  o'  Soi'bie'trees,  one  of  the 

huntsmen  near  Charlie's  Hope  farm. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Guy  Mannering  (time, 
George  H.). 

HobTjima  ( The  English),  John  Crome 
of  Norwich,  whose  last  words  were,  "  O 
Hobbima,  Hobbima,  how  I  do  love  thee  !  " 
(1769-1821). 

The  Scotch  Hob'bima,  P.  Nasrayth 
(1831-1890). 

•.*  Minderhout  Hobbima,  a  famous 
landscape  painter  of  Amsterdam  (1638- 
1709). 

Hobbiuol.    (See  Hobinol.) 

Hobbinol'ia  or  "  Rural  Games,"  a 
burlesque  poem  in  blank  verse,  byWilliam 
Somervi]Ie(i74o).  Hobbinolwasthe  squire 
of  his  village,  and  had  a  son,  who  with 
Ganderetta  were  chosen  king  and  queen 
of  May. 

Hobbler  or  Clopinel,  Jehan  de 
Meimg,  the  French  poet,  who  was  lame 
(1260-1320).  Meung  was  called  by  his 
contemporaries  Fire  de  I' Eloquence. 

'.'  Tyrtagus,  the  Greek  elegiac  poet, 
was  called  "  Hobbler"  because  he  intro- 
duced the  alternate  pentameter  verse, 
which  is  one  foot  shorter  than  the  old 
heroic  metre. 

Hobbler  {The  Rev. Dr.),  at  Ellieslaw 
Castle,  one  of  the  Jacobite  conspirators 
with  the  laird  of  Ellieslaw.— 5'j>  W.  Scott: 
The  Black  Dwarf  {time,  Anne). 

Hobby-de-Hoy,  a  lad  from  14  to  ai, 

1-7.  The  first  seven  years,  bring  up  as  a  child  ; 
7-14.  Tlie  next  to  learning,  for  waxmg  too  wild  ; 
14-21.  The  next,  to  keep  under  sir  Hobbard  de  Hoy ; 
21-28.  The  next,  a  man,  and  no  longer  a  boy. 

Tusser  :  Five  Hundred  Points  of  GooS 
Husbandry,  L  (iS57)- 

Hobby-horse,  in  the  morris-dance, 
a  pasteboard  horse  which  a  man  carries 
and  dances  about  in,  displaying  tricks  of 
legerdemain,  such  as  threading  a  needle, 
running  daggers  through  his  cheeks,  eta 


HOBBY-HORSE. 

The  horse  had  a  ladle  in  its  mouth  for  the 
collection  of  half-pence.  The  colour  of 
the  hobby-horse  was  a  reddish  white,  and 
the  man  inside  wore  a  doublet,  red  on 
one  side  and  yellow  on  the  other.  (See 
Morris-Dance.) 

Cif,  They  should  be  morris-dancets  by  their  gingle, 
but  they  have  no  napkins. 

Coc.  No,  nor  a  hobby-horse. — B.  Jonion:  The 
Mttamtrphoitd  Oifsiu. 

N.B.— In  Norwich,  till  the  middle  of  the 
nineteenth  century,  a  kind  of  hobby-horse 
was  carried  about.  It  represented  a  huge 
dragon,  and  was  preceded  by  whifflers, 
who  flourished  their  swords  with  wonder- 
ful agility  to  keep  off  the  crowd.  When 
the  procession  was  discontinued,  "  Snap  " 
was  deposited  in  Guild  Hall,  Norwich. 

Hobby-horse,  a  favourite  pursuit,  a 
corruption  of  hobby-hause  ("hawk-toss- 
ing "),  a  favourite  diversion  in  the  days 
of  falconry.  The  term  has  become  con- 
founded with  the  wicker  hobby-horse,  in 
which  some  one,  being  placed,  was  made 
to  take  part  in  a  morris-dance. 

Why  can't  you  ride  your  hobby-horse  without  desiring 
to  place  me  on  a  pillion  behind  yoMJ'^Sheridan  :  THt 
Critic,  i.  i  (1779)- 

Hobby-horse  (The),  one  of  the  mas- 
quers at  Kennaquhair  Abbey  — Sir  W. 
Scott:  T/te  A dbot  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Hobinol  or  Hobbinol  is  Gabriel 
Harvey,  physician,  LL.D,,  a  friend  and 
college  chum  of  Edmund  Spenser  the 
poet.  Spenser,  in  Eclogiu  iv.  makes 
Thenot  inquire,  "What  gars  thee  to 
weep?"  and  Hobinol  replies  it  is  because 
his  friend  Colin,  having  been  flouted  by 
Rosahnd  [Eclogue  i.),  has  broken  his  pipe 
and  seems  heart-broken  with  grief.  The- 
not then  begs  Hobinol  to  sing  to  him  one 
of  Colin's  own  songs,  and  Hobinol  sings 
the  lay  of  "  Elisa  queen  of  the  shepherds  " 
(queen  Elizabeth),  daughter  of  Syrinx  and 
Pan  (Anne  Boleyn  and  Henry  VIII.). 
He  says  Phoebus  thrust  out  his  golden 
head  to  gaze  on  her,  and  was  amazed  to 
see  a  sun  on  earth  brigliter  and  more 
dazzling  than  his  own.  The  Graces  re- 
quested she  might  make  a  fourth  grace, 
and  she  was  received  amongst  them  and 
reigned  with  them  in  heaven.  The  shep- 
herds then  strewed  flowers  to  the  queen, 
and  Elisa  dismissed  them,  saying  that  at 
the  proper  season  she  would  reward  them 
with  ripe  damsons  (Eclogue  iv. ).  Eclogue 
ix.  is  a  dialogue  between  Hobinol  and 
Diggon  Davie,  upon  Popish  abuses.  (See 
DiGGON  Davie.  ) — Spenser :  Shepheard^s 
Calendar  (1572). 


495 


HODGE. 


Hobuel'ia,  a  shepherdess,  in  love  with 
Lubberkin,  who  disregarded  her.  She 
tried  by  spells  to  win  bis  love,  and  after 
every  spell  she  said — 

With  my  sharp  heel  I  three  times  mark  the  ground. 
And  turn  me  thrice  around,  around,  around. 

Cay  :  Pastoral,  iv.  (1714). 

(An  imitation  of  Virgil's  Bucolic,  viii. , 
"  Pharmaceutria.") 

Hob'son  ( Tobias),  a  carrier  who  lived 
at  Cambridge  in  the  seventeenth  century. 
He  kept  a  livery  stable,  but  obliged  the 
university  students  to  take  his  hacks  in 
rotation.  Hence  the  term  Hobson's  choice 
carae  to  signify  "  this  or  none."  Milton 
(in  1660)  wrote  two  humorous  poems  on 
the  death  of  the  old  carrier. 

Hochspring^'en  (The  young  duke 
of),  introduced  in  Donnerhugel's  narra- 
tive,— Sir  IV.  Scott:  Anne  of  Geierstein 
(time,  Edward  IV,). 

Hocus  (Humphry),  "the  attorney" 
into  whose  hands  John  Bull  and  his 
friends  put  the  law-suit  they  carried  on 
against  Lewis  Baboon  (Louis  XIV.). 
Of  course,  Humphry  Hocus  is  John 
Churchill,  duke  of  Marlborough,  who 
commanded  the  array  employed  against 
the  Grand  Monarque. 

Hocus  was  an  old  cunning-  attorney ;  and  though  this 
was  the  first  considerable  suit  he  was  ever  engaged  in, 
he  showed  himself  superior  in  address  to  most  of  his 
profession.  He  always  kept  good  clerks.  He  loved 
money,  was  smooth-tongued,  gave  good  words,  and 
seldom  lost  his  temper  .  .  .  He  provided  plentifully  for 
his  family  ;  but  he  loved  himself  better  than  them  aU. 
The  neighbours  reported  that  he  was  hen-pecked, 
which  was  impossible  by  such  a  mild-spirited  woman  as 
his  wife  was  [his  ■wife  was  a  desperate  terinagani\.-^ 
Dr.  Arbutknot :  History  0/  John  Bull,  t,  (1712). 

Hodei'rah  (3  syl.),  husband  of  Zei'- 
nab  (2  syl. )  and  fatlier  of  Thallba.  He 
died  while  Thalaba  was  a  mere  lad. — 
Southey:  Thalaba  the  Destroyer,  i.  (1797). 

Hodeken  \i.e.  little  hat\  a  German 
kobold  or  domestic  fairy,  noted  for  his 
httle  felt  hat. 

Ho'der,  the  Scandinavian  god  of 
darkness,  typical  of  night.  He  is  called 
the  blind  old  god.  Balder  is  the  god  of 
light,  typical  of  day.  According  to  fable, 
Hoder  killed  Balder  with  an  arrow  made 
of  mistletoe,  but  the  gods  restored  him  to 
life  again. 

HOder,  the  Wind  old  god. 
Whose  feet  are  shod  with  silence. 

Longfellow:  TejpteT*s  Death. 

Hodge,  Gammer  Gurton's  goodraan, 
whose  breeches  she  was  repairing  when 
she  lost  her  needle. — Mr.  S.  Master  oj 
Arts:  Gammer  Gurton's  Needle  (1551). 


HODGES. 


40    HOLLAND  IN  ENGLAND. 


•.•  Mr.  S.  is  said  to  be  J.  Still,  after- 
wards bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  but  in 
1551  he  was  only  eight  years  old. 

Eodges  [^ohn),  one  of  Waverley's 
servants. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Waverley  {time, 
George  H.). 

Hodges  iyoe),  landlord  of  Bertram,  by 
the  lake  near  Merwyn  Hall. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Hodge'son  {Gaffer),  a  puritan. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time, 
Charles  II.). 

Hoel  (2  syl.),  king  of  the  Armorican 
Britons,  and  nephevr  of  king  Arthur. 
Hoel  sent  an  army  of  15,000  men  to 
assist  his  uncle  against  the  Saxons  (501). 
In  509,  being  driven  from  his  kingdom 
by  Clovis,  he  took  refuge  in  England  ; 
but  in  513  he  recovered  his  throne,  and 
died  in  545. 

[Arthur],  calling  to  his  aid 
His  kinsman  Howel,  brought  from  Brittany  the  less. 
Their  armies  they  unite  .  .  .  \and  conquer  the  Saxons 
at  Lincoln^ 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  ir.  (1612). 

Ho'el,  son  of  prince  Hoel  and  Lla'ian. 
Prince  Hoel  was  slain  in  battle  by  his 
half-brother  David  king  of  North  Wales ; 
and  Llaian,  with  her  son,  followed  the 
fortimes  of  prince  Madoc,  who  migrated 
to  North  America.  Young  Hoel  was 
kidnapped  by  Ocell'opan,  an  Az'tec,  and 
carried  to  Az'tlan  for  a  propitiatory 
sacrifice  to  the  Aztecan  gods.  He  was 
confined  in  a  cavern  without  food ;  but 
Co'atel,  a  young  Aztecan  wife,  took  pity 
on  him,  visited  him,  supplied  him  with 
food,  and  assisted  Madoc  to  release  him. 
— Southey:  Madoc  (1805). 

Koemescar,  a  German  mode  of 
punishment,  which  consisted  in  carrying 
a  dog  on  one's  shoulders  for  a  certain 
number  of  miles. 

Plusieurs  comtes  accus^  de  malversation,  de  la  peine 
bumiliante  du  hosmescar,  peine  consistant  i.  faire 
porter  un  chien  pendant  plusieurs  milles  sur  las  ^paules 
du  condamn6. — Cecheris  :  V Empire  iAlUmagne. 

Ho'gartli  {William),  called  "The 
JuvensJ  of  Painters  "  (1695-1764). 

The  Scottish  Ho'garth,  David  Allan 
(1744-1796). 

The  Hogarth  of  Novelists,  Henry 
Fielding  (1707-1754). 

Hog  Iiane,  Whitechapel,  London; 
afterwards  called  "  Petticoat  Lane,"  and 
now  "  Middlesex  Street." 

Holienlui'deu,  in  Bavaria,  famous 
for  the  battle  fought  in  November,  1801, 
between  the  Austrians  under  Klenau,  and 
the  French  under  Moreau.    The  French 


remained  the  victors,  with  10,000  prisoner*. 
Campbell  wrote  a  poem  so  called. 

'Tis  mom  ;  but  scarce  yon  level  sun 
Can  pierce  the  war-clouds  rolling  dun, 
Where  furious  Frjink  and  fiery  Hun 

Shout  in  their  sulphurous  canopy. 

Campbell :  BatUt  of  Hohenlinden  (rSoi). 

Hoist   with    his    own    Petard, 

caught  in  his  own  trap. 

For  'tis  the  sport  to  have  the  enginer 
Hoist  with  his  own  petar. 
Shakespeare  :  HamUt,  act  ilL  sa  4  (1596). 

Hold'enongh  {Master  Nehemiah),  a 
presbyterian  preacher,  ejected  from  his 
pulpit  by  a  military  preacher. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Woodstock  (time.  Commonwealth). 

Holdfast  {Aminadab),  a  friend  of 
Simon  Pure. — Mrs.  Centlivre :  A  Bold 
Stroke  for  a  Wife  (1717). 

Holiday.  When  Anaxag'oras,  at 
the  point  of  death,  was  asked  what 
honour  should  be  conferred  on  him,  he 
replied,  "  Give  the  boys  a  holiday  "  (B.C. 
500-428). 

Holiday  {Erasmus),  schoolmaster  in 
the  Vale  of  Whitehorse.— 5/r  W.  Scott: 
Kenilworth  (time,  Ehzabeth). 

Holiday  Phrases,  set  speeches, 
high-flown  phrases.  So  holiday  manners, 
holiday  clothes,  meaning  the  "best"  or 
those  put  on  to  make  the  best  appear- 
ance. Hotspur,  speaking  of  a  fop  sent  to 
demand  his  prisoners,  says  to  the  king — 

In  many  holiday  and  lady  terms 
He  questioned  me. 
Shakespeare:  i  Henry  IV.  act  L  sc.  3  (1397). 

Holiday  Romance  {A),  by  Charles 
Dickens  (i868). 

Holipher'nes  (4  jy/. ),  called ' '  English 
Henry,"  was  one  of  the  Christian  knights 
in  the  allied  army  of  Godfrey,  in  the  first 
crusade.  He  was  slain  by  Dragu'tfis 
(3  syl.).  (See  Holofernes.)— Tawo  .• 
Jerusalem  Delivered,  ix  (1575). 

Holland.  Voltaire  took  leave  of  this 
country  of  paradoxes  in  the  alliteration 
following  :  —  "Adieu  !  canaux  canards, 
canaille  '  (Adieu  !  dykes,  ducks,  and 
drunkards).     Lord  Byron  calls  it — 

The  waterland  of  Dutchman  and  of  ditches. 

Whose  juniper  expresses  its  best  juice. 
The  poor  man's  sparkling  substitute  for  riches, 
Don  Juan,  x.  63  (1831). 

S.  Butler  says — 

A  land  that  rides  at  anchor,  and  Is  not  moored. 
In  which  men  do  not  live,  but  go  aboard. 

Hudibras  (1663-1678). 

Holland  in  England,  one  of  the 

three  districts  of  Lincolnshire.  Where 
Boston  stands  used  to  be  called  "  High 
Holland."  The  other  two  districts  are 
Lindsey,  the  highest  land ;  and  Kesteven, 


HOLLES  STREET. 


497 


HOME,  SWEET  HOME. 


the  western  part,  famous  for  its  heaths. 
Holland,  the  fen-lands  in  the  south-east. 

And  for  that  part  of  me  [Littcolns.]  which  men  "  High 

Holland  ■'^caU. 
Where   Boston    seated   is,    by   plenteous    Wytham's 

fall  .  .  . 
No  other  tract  of  land  doth  like  abundance  yield. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xxv.  (1622). 

Holies  Street  (London).  So  called 
from  John  Holies  duke  of  Newcastle, 
father  of  Henrietta  Cavendish  countess 
of  O.xford  and  Mortimer.  (See  Hen- 
rietta Street,  p.  483.) 

Holly-tree  Inn  [Boots  at  the).  (See 
Cobb,  p.  222.) 

Holman  [Lieutenant  fames),  the 
blind  traveller  (1787-1857). 

Holofer'nes [^syl. ),  a  pedantic  school- 
master, who  speaks  like  a  dictionary. 
The  character  is  meant  for  John  Florio, 
a  teacher  of  Italian  in  London,  who 
published,  in  1598,  a  dictionary  called 
A  World  of  Words.  He  provoked  the 
retort  by  condemning  wholesale  the 
English  dramas,  which,  he  said,  were 
"neither  right  comedies,  nor  right 
tragedies,  but  perverted  histories  without 
decorum."  The  following  sentence  is  a 
specimen  of  the  style  in  which  he  talked : — 

The  deer  vras  ...  in  sanpHs  (blood),  ripe  as  a 
pomewater  vrbo  now  hangeth  like  a  jewel  iri  the  ear  of 
ccilo  (the  sky,  the  welkin,  the  heaven) ;  and  anon  falleth 
lUce  a  crab  on  the  face  of  terra  (the  soil,  the  land,  the 
taiih).— Shakespeare  :  Lov^s  Labour's  Lost,  act  iv.  sc. 
« (1594)- 

[Holofemes  is  an  imperfect  anagram  of 
"Joh'nes  Florio,"  the  first  and  last  letters 
being  omitted.) 

Holofemes,  lieutenant-general  of 
the  armies  of  Nabuchodonosor,  king  of 
Assyria.  When  he  laid  siege  to  Bethulia, 
he  cut  off  the  water  supply,  and  the  Jews 
promised  to  surrender  if  God  did  not 
succour  them  within  five  days.  In  this 
interim  Judith  killed  Holofemes  with  a 
tent-nail.  — Judith. 

' . '  There  was  yet  another  Holofemes, 
fore-king  mentioned  in  the  Hungarian 
folk-tale  of  Magic  Helen.  (See  the  col- 
lection made  by  count  Mailath.) 

Hol'opheme  [Thubal),  the  great 
sophister,  who,  in  the  course  of  five  years 
and  three  months,  taught  Gargantua  to 
say  his  A  B  C  backwards. — Rabelais: 
Gargantua,  i.  14  (1533). 

Holy  Bottle  [The  Oracle  of  the), 
the  object  of  Pantag'mel's  search.  He 
visited  various  lands  with  his  friend 
Panurge  (2  syl.),  the  last  place  being 
the  island  of  Lantern-land,  where  the 
••  bottle  "  was  kept  in  an  alabaster  fount 


in  a  magnificent  temple.  When  the 
party  arrived  at  the  sacred  spot,  the 
priestess  threw  something  into  the  fount ; 
whereupon  the  water  began  to  bubble, 
and  the  word  "Drink"  issued  from  the 
"bottle."  So  the  whole  party  set  to 
drinking  Falernian  wine,  and,  being 
inspired  with  drunkenness,  raved  with 
prophetic  madness ;  and  so  the  romance 
ends. — Rabelais:  Panta^ruel  (1545). 

Like  Pantagruel  and  his  companions  in  quest  of  the 
"  Oracle  of  the  Bottle."— 5«'^rn<. 

Holy  Brotherhood  [The),  in 
Spain  called  Santa  Hermandad,  was  an 
association  for  the  suppression  of  high- 
way robbery. 

The  thieves,  .  ,  .  believing  the  Holy  Brotherhood 
-was  coming,  .  .  .  got  up  in  a  hurry,  and  alarmed  their 
companions. — Lesage :  Gil  Bias,  i.  (lyis)- 

Holy  Island,  Lindisfarne,  in  the 
German  Sea,  about  eight  miles  from 
Berwick-upon-Tweed.  It  was  once  the 
see  of  the  famous  St.  Cuthbert,  but  now 
the  bishopric  is  that  of  Durham.  The 
ruins  of  the  old  cathedral  are  still  visible. 

Ireland  used  to  be  so  called,  on  account 
of  its  numerous  saints. 

Guernsey  was  so  called  in  the  tenth 
century,  on  account  of  the  great  number 
of  monks  residing  there. 

Riigen  was  so  called  by  the  Slavonic 
Varini. 

Holy  Living-  and  Dying",  by  bishop 
Jeremy  Taylor  (1650). 

Holy  Maid  of  Kent,  Elizabeth 
Barton,  who  incited  the  Roman  Cathohcs 
to  resist  the  progress  of  the  Reformation, 
and  pretended  to  act  under  divine  in- 
spiration. She  was  executed  in  1534 
for  "predicting"  that  the  king  (Henry 
VIII.)  would  die  a  sudden  death  if  he 
divorced  queen  Katharine  and  married 
Anne  Boleyn.  At  one  time  she  was 
thought  to  be  inspired  with  a  prophetic 
gift,  and  even  the  lord  chancellor,  sir 
Thomas  More,  was  inclined  to  think  so. 

Holy  Mother  of  the  Russians. 

Moscow  is  so  called. 

Holy  War  [The),  by  John  Bunyan 
(1684). 

Holywell  Street,  London.  So 
called  from  a  spring  of  water  ' '  most 
sweet,  salubrious,  and  clear,  whose  runnels 
murmur  over  the  shining  stones." 

• .  •  Other  similar  wells  in  the  suburbs 
of  London  were  Clerkenwell  and  St, 
Clement's  Well. 

Home,  Sweet  Home.  The  words 
of  this  popular  song  are  by  John  Howard 


HOMER. 


498 


HOMESPUN. 


Payne,  an  American.  It  is  introduced 
in  his  melodrama  called  Clari,  or  The 
Maid  of  Milan.  The  mvisic  is  by  sir 
Henry  Bishop. 

Homer,  a  Greek  epic  poet,  author  of 
the  Iliad  and  the  Odyssey,  in  Greek 
hexameters.  The  Iliad  is  supposed  to 
have  been  composed  somewhere  about 
B.C.  962,  and  the  Odyssey  about  B.C.  927. 
They  were  reduced  to  writing  by  Pisis- 
iratos  of  Athens,  B.C.  531.  They  are  not 
"Attic"  Greek,  but  the  Greek  of  Asia 
Minor.  (For  the  tales,  see  Iliad  and 
Odyssey.  ) 

' ,  •  The  following  have  translated  into 
English  verse  both  poems.  The  first  date 
is  for  the  Iliad,  and  the  second  date  for 
the  Odyssey : — 

Bryant,  1870,  1871 ;  Chapman,  in  Alexandrian  metre, 
1598,  1614  ;  Collins,  1861,  1870 ;  Conington  and  Worsley, 
in  Spenserean  metre,  both  in  1614 ;  Cowper,  in  blank 
verse,  both  in  1791 ;  Hobbes,  both  in  1677  J  Morgate, 
i860,  1865;  OgUby,  i66o,  1669;  Pope,  1719,  1735. 

If  The  following  have  translated  into 
English  verse  the  Iliad  only  : — 

Baxter,  1854 ;  Brandreth,  1846  ;  Cordery,  1870 ;  Dart, 
1865  ;  lord  Derby,  1867 ;  Hall,  1581  ;  Herschel,  1866  ; 
Green,  1865;  Macplierson,  1773;  Merivale,  1869;  Mor- 
rice,  1809;  Newman,  1871;  Selwyn,  1865;  Siincox, 
1865;  Wright.  1859. 

Tickle  translated  into  English  verse 
ik.  i.  of  the  Iliad. 

IT  The  following  have  translated  into 
English  verse  the  Odyssey  only  : — 

Cary,  1833;  Edginton,  1869;  Merry,  1871;  Musgrave, 
1869. 

The  British  Homer.  Milton  is  so  called 
on  Gray's  monument  in  Westminster 
Abbey. 

No  more  the  Grecian  muse  unrivalled  reigns; 

To  Britain  let  the  nations  homage  pay : 
She  felt  a  Homer's  fire  in  Milton's  strains, 

A  Pindar's  rapture  in  the  lyre  of  Gray. 

The  Casket  Homer,  an  edition  of  Homer 
corrected  by  Aristotle,  which  Alexander 
the  Great  carried  about  with  him,  and 
placed  in  a  golden  casket  richly  studded 
with  gems,  found  in  the  tent  of  Darius. 
Alexander  said  there  was  but  one  thing 
in  the  world  worthy  to  be  kept  in  so 
precious  a  casket,  and  that  was  Aristotle's 
Homer. 

The  Celtic  Hom^r,  Ossian,  son  of  Fingal 
king  of  Morven. 

The  Oriental  Homer,  Ferdusi,  the 
Persian  poet,  who  wrote  the  Chdh  Nameh, 
or  h'story  of  the  Persian  kings.  It  con- 
tains 120,000  verses,  and  was  the  work  of 
thirty  years  {940-1020). 

The  Prose  Homer,  Henry  Fielding  the 
novelist.  Byron  calls  him  "  The  Prose 
Homer  of  Human  Natvire  "  (1707- 1764). 


The  Scottish  Homer,  William  Wiikie. 
author  of  The  Epigon'iad  (1721-1772). 

The  Homer  of  our  Dramatic  Poets. 
Shakespeare  is  so  called  by  Dryden 
(1564-1616). 

Shakespeare  was  the  Homer  or  father  of  our  dramatic 
poets;  Jonson  was  the  Virgil.  I  admire  rare  Ben,  but 
I  love  Shakespeare. — Dryden. 

The  Homer  of  Ferra'ra.  Ariosto  was 
called  by  Tasso,  Omero  Ferraresi  (1474- 
1533)- 

The  Homer  of  the  Pranks.  Angilbert 
was  so  called  by  Charlemagne.  He  died 
8x4. 

The  Homer  of  the  French  Drama. 
Pierre  Corneille  was  so  called  by  sir 
Walter  Scott  (1606-1684). 

The  Homer  of  Philosophers,  Plato  {ac. 
429-347)- 

Homer  the  Younger,  Philiscos,  one  of 
the  seven  Pleiad  poets  of  Alexandria,  in 
the  time  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphos. 

Homer  a  Cure  for  the  Ague.  It  is  an  old 
superstition  that  if  the  fourth  book  of  the 
Iliad  is  laid  under  the  head  of  a  patient 
suffering  from  quartan  ague,  it  will  cure 
him  at  once.  Serenus  Sammonicus, 
preceptor  of  Gordian,  a  noted  physician, 
says — 

Mseoniae  lUados  quartum  suppone  tlmentL 

Pru.yi. 

Homeric  Characters.     ' 

Agamemnon,  haughty  and  imperious  ; 
Achilles,  brave,  impatient  of  command, 
and  relentless  ;  Diomed,  brave  as  Achil- 
les, but  obedient  to  authority ;  AjAX  the 
Greater,  a  giant  in  stature,  foolhardy, 
arrogant,  and  conceited  ;  Nestor,  a  sage 
old  man,  garrulous  on  the  glories  of  his 
youthful  days ;  Ulysses,  wise,  crafty, 
and  arrogant ;  Patroclos,  a  gentle 
friend  ;  Thersites,  a  scurrilous  dema- 
gogue. 

Hector,  the  protector  and  father  of 
his  country,  a  brave  soldier,  an  affection- 
ate husband,  a  wise  counsellor,  and  a 
model  prince ;  Sarpedon,  the  favourite 
of  the  gods,  gallant  and  generous  ; 
Paris,  a  gallant  and  a  fop ;  Troilus, 
"the  prince  of  chivalry;"  Priam,  a 
broken-spirited  old  monarch. 

Helen,  a  heartless  beauty,  faithless, 
and  fond  of  pleasure ;  Androm'ache,  a 
fond  young  mother  and  affectionate  wife  ; 
Cassandra,  a  querulous,  croaking  pro- 
phetess ;  Hecuba,  an  old  she-bear  robbed 
of  her  whelps. 

Homesptin  {Zekiel),  a  farmer  of 
Castleton.  Being  turned  out  of  his  farm, 
he  goes  to  London  to  seek  his  fortune. 
Though   quite    illiterate,   he    has  warm 


HOMILIES.  499 

affections,  noble  principles,  and  a  most 
ingenuous  mind.  Zekiel  wins  ^20,000  by 
a  Tottery  ticket,  bought  by  his  deceased 
father. 

Cicely  Homespun,  sister  of  Zekiel,  be- 
trothed to  Dick  Dowlas  (for  a  short  time 
the  Hon.  Dick  Dowlas).  When  Cicely 
went  to  London  with  her  brother,  she 
took  a  situation  with  Caroline  Dormer. 
Miss  Dormer  married  "the  heir-at-law" 
of  baron  Duberly,  and  Cicely  married 
Dick  Dowlas,— Co/OTa«  ••  The  Heir-at- 
Lnw  {1797). 

Homilies  {The  Book  of),  under  the 
direction  of  archbishop  Crannaer  (1547). 

Hominy  {Mrs.),  philosopher  and 
authoress,  wife  of  major  Hominy,  and 
"mother  of  the  modern  Gracchi,"  as  she 
called  her  daughter,  who  lived  at  New 
Thermopylae,  three  days  this  side  of 
'*  Eden,"  in  America.  Mrs.  Hominy 
was  considered  by  her  countrymen  a 
"very  choice  spirit." — Dickens:  Martin 
Chuxzlewit  (1844). 

Homo,  man.  Said  to  be  a  corruption 
of  OMO  ;  the  two  O's  represent  the  two 
eyes,  and  the  M  the  rest  of  the  human 
face.  Dantfi  says  the  gaunt  face  of  a 
starved  man  resembles  the  letter  "  M." 

Who  reads  the  name 
For  man  upon  his  forehead,  there  the  M 
Had  traced  most  plainly. 

Dante  ;  Purgatory,  rxiiL  (1308), 

N.B. — The  two  downstrokes  represent 
the  contour,  and  the  V  of  the  letter  repre- 
sents the  nose.  Hence  the  human  face 
is  |°Vo| 

Honeim's  Slioes.  /  have  brought 
nothing  back  but  Honeim's  shoes.  A 
Chinese  proverb,  meaning,  "Mine  has 
been  a  bootless  errand."  The  tale  is  that 
an  Arab  went  to  one  Honeim  to  buy  a 
pair  of  shoes ;  but,  after  the  usual 
haggling,  he  said  they  were  too  dear,  and 
left  the  stall.  Honeim  knew  the  road 
the  man  would  take,  and,  running  on  in 
advance,  dropped  one  of  the  shoes  on 
purpose.  Presently  up  came  the  man, 
sees  the  shoe  in  the  road,  and  says, 
"  How  marvellously  like  is  this  to 
Honeim's  shoes  !  If  now  I  could  find  the 
fellow,  I  would  pick  up  this."  So  he 
looked  all  about,  but  without  success, 
and  passed  on.  In  the  mean  time 
Honeim  had  run  half  a  league  further, 
and  dropped  the  other  shoe,  and  when 
the  Arab  came  to  the  spot  and  saw  it,  he 
regretted  that  he  had  not  picked  up  the 
first  shoe  ;  but,  tying  his  camel  to  a  tree, 


HONESTY. 


he  ran  back  to  fetch  it.  On  returning  to 
the  place  again,  he  found  his  camel  had 
been  stolen,  and  when  he  arrived  at 
home  and  was  asked  what  he  had 
brought  back,  he  replied,  "  Nothing  but 
Honeim's  shoes." 

^  Moses  Primrose  and  the  gp-een 
spectacles  may  be  compared  with  the 
Arab  and  Honeim's  shoes. 

Honest  Oeorgfe.  General  George 
Monk,  duke  of  Albemarle,  was  so  called 
by  the  Cromv/ellites  (1608-1670), 

Honest  Man.  DiogenSs,  being  asked 
one  day  what  he  was  searching  for  so 
diligently  that  he  needed  the  light  of  a 
lantern  in  broad  day,  replied,  '  *  An  honest 
man." 

Searched  with  lantern-light  to  find  an  honest  man. 
Southey  :  Roderick,  etc.,  xxi.  (1814}. 
Still  will  he  hold  his  lantern  up  to  scan 
The  face  of  monarchs  for  an  honest  man. 

Byron  :  Age  qf  Bronze,  x.  (1821). 

Honest  Thieves  {The).  The 
"  thieves  "  are  Ruth  and  Arabella,  two 
heiresses,  brought  up  by  justice  Day, 
trustee  of  the  estates  of  Ruth  and  gfuar- 
dian  of  Arabella.  The  two  girls  wish 
to  marry  colonel  Careless  and  captain 
Manly,  but  do  not  know  how  to  get 
possession  of  their  property,  which  is  in 
the  hands  of  justice  Day,  It  so  happens 
that  Day  goes  to  pay  a  visit,  and  the  two 
girls,  finding  the  key  of  his  strong  box, 
help  themselves  to  the  deeds,  etc,  to 
which  they  are  respectively  entitled, 
Mrs.  Day,  on  her  return,  accuses  them 
of  robbery;  but  Manly  says,  "Madam, 
they  have  taken  nothing  but  what  is 
their  own.  They  are  honest  thieves,  I 
assure  you." — T.  KnigKt  (a  farce). 

(This  .is  a  mere  rifacimento  of  The 
Committee  (1670),  by  the  Hon.  sir  R. 
Howard.  Most  of  the  names  are  identical, 
but  "captain  Manly"  is  substituted  for 
colonel  Blunt.) 

Honesty.  Timour  used  to  boast  that 
during  his  reign  a  child  might  carry  a 
purse  of  gold  from  furthest  east  to 
furthest  west  of  his  vast  ^pire  without 
fear  of  being  robbed  or  molested. — Gib- 
bon: Decline  and  Fall,  etc.  (1776-88), 

IT  A  similar  state  of  things  existed  in 
Ireland,  brought  about  by  the  adminis- 
tration of  king  Brien.  A  young  lady  of 
great  beauty,  adorned  with  jewels,  under- 
took a  journey  alone  from  one  end  of  the 
kingdom  to  the  other ;  but  no  attempt 
was  made  upon  her  honour,  nor  was  she 
robbed  of  her  jewels. —  Warner  :  History 
of  Ireland,  i.  lo. 


HONEY. 

*.*  Thomas  Moore  has  made  this  the 
subject  of  one  of  his  Irish  Melodies,  i. 
("Rich  and  Rare  were  the  Gems  she 
Wore,"  1814). 

Honey.  Glaucus,  son  of  Minos,  was 
smothered  in  a  cask  of  honey. 

Honeycomb  ( Will),  a  fine  gentle- 
man, and  great  authority  on  the  fashions 
of  the  day.  He  was  one  of  the  members 
of  the  imaginary  ckib  from  which  the 
Spectator  issued. — The  Spectator  (1711- 
1713)- 

Sir  Roger  de  Coverley,  a  country  gentleman,  to  whom 
reference  was  made  when  matters  connected  with  rural 
affairs  were  in  question ;  Will  Honeycomb  gave  law  on 
all  things  concerning  the  gay  world  ;  captain  Sentry 
stood  up  for  the  army;  and  sir  Andrew  Freeport  repre- 
sented the  commercial  interest. — Chambers:  English 
Literature,  i.  603. 

Honeycomb©  [Mr.),  the  uxorious 
husband  of  Mrs.  Honeycombe,  and  father 
of  Polly.  Self-willed,  passionate,  and 
tyrannical.  He  thinks  to  bully  Polly 
out  of  her  love-nonsense,  and  by  locking 
her  in  her  chamber  to  keep  her  safe, 
forgetting  that  "  love  laughs  at  lock- 
smiths," and  "  where  there's  a  will  there's 
a  way." 

Mrs.  Honeycombe,  the  dram-drinking, 
maudling,  foolish  wife  of  Mr.  Honey- 
combe, always  ogling  him,  calling  him 
"lovey,"  "sweeting,"  or  "dearie,"  but 
generally  muzzy,  and  obfuscated  with 
cordials  or  other  messes. 

Polly  Honeycombe,  the  daughter  of  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Honeycombe;  educated  by 
novels,  and  as  full  of  romance  as  don 
Quixote.  Mr.  Ledger,  a  stockbroker, 
pays  his  addresses  to  her ;  but  she  hates 
him,  and  determines  to  elope  with  Mr. 
Scribble,  an  attorney's  clerk,  and  nephew 
of  her  nurse.  This  folly,  however,  is 
happily  interrupted.  —  Colman  :  Polly 
Honeycombe  (1760). 

Honeymau  [Charles),  a  free-and- 
easy  clergyman,  of  social  habits  and 
fluent  speech. — Thackeray:  The  New- 
comes  (1855). 

Honesrmooin  [The),  a  comedy  by 
J.  Tobin  (1804).  The  general  scheme 
resembles  that  of  the  Taming  of  the  Shrew, 
viz.  breaking-in  an  unruly  colt  of  high 
mettle  to  the  harness  of  wifely  life.  The 
duke  of  Aranza  marries  the  proud,  over- 
bearing, but  beautiful  Juliana,  eldest 
daughter  of  Balthazar.  After  marriage, 
he  takes  her  to  a  mean  hut,  and  pretends 
he  is  only  a  peasant,  who  must  work  for 
his  daily  bread,  and  that  his  wife  must 
do  the  household  drudgery.      He  acts 


500 


HONOUR. 


with  great  gentleness  and  affection  ;  and       j' 
by  the  end  of  the  month,  Juliana,  being       j^ 
thoroughly    reformed,   is  introduced   to       ''\ 
the  castle,  where  she  finds  that  her  hus- 
band after  all  is  the  duke,  and  that  she  is 
the  duchess  of  Aranza.    It  is  an  excellent 
and  well-written  comedy. 

Honeywood,  "  the  good-natured  | 
man,"  whose  property  is  made  the  prey  j 
of  swindlers.  His  uncle,  sir  William 
Honeywood,  in  order  to  rescue  him  from  i 
sharpers,  causes  him  to  be  seized  for  a 
bill  to  which  he  has  lent  his  name  "  to  a 
friend  who  absconded."  By  this  arrest 
the  young,  man  is  taught  to  discriminate 
between  real  friends  and  designing 
knaves.  Honejnvood  dotes  on  Miss 
Richland,  but,  fancying  that  she  loves 
Mr.  Lofty,  forbears  to  avow  his  love ; 
eventually,  however,  all  comes  right. 
Honeywood  promises  to  ' '  reserve  his 
pity  for  real  distress,  and  his  friendship 
for  true  merit." 

Though  inclined  to  the  right,  [A«]  had  not  courage  to 
condemn  the  wrong.  \His\  charity  was  but  injustice ; 
\his\  benevolence  but  weakness ;  and  \his\  friendship 
out  credulity. — The  Good-natured  Man,  act  v. 

Sir  William  Honeywood,  uncle  of  Mr. 
Honeywood  "the  good-natured  man." 
Sir  William  sees  with  regret  the  faults 
of  his  nephew,  and  tries  to  correct  them. 
He  is  a  dignified  and  high-minded  gen- 
tleman.— Goldsmith:  The  Good-natured 
Man  (1767). 

Hono'ra,  daughter  of  general  Archas, 
' '  the  loyal  subject "  of  the  great-duke  of 
Moscovia,  and  sister  of  Viola. — Beau- 
mont (f)  and  Fletcher:  The  Loyal  Subject 
(1618).     (Beaumont  died  1616.) 

Hono'ria,  a  fair  but  haughty  dame, 
greatly  loved  by  Theodore  of  Ravenna  ; 
but  the  lady  "hated  him  alone,"  and 
' '  the  mpre  he  loved  the  more  she  dis- 
dained." One  day,  she  saw  the  ghost 
of  Guido  Cavalcanti  hunting  with  two 
mastiffs  a  damsel  who  despised  his  love 
and  who  was  doomed  to  suffer  a  year  for 
every  month  she  had  tormented  him. 
Her  torture  was  to  be  hunted  by  dogs, 
torn  to  pieces,  disemboweled,  and  re- 
stored to  hfe  again  every  Friday.  This 
vision  so  acted  on  the  mind  of  Honoria, 
that  she  no  longer  resisted  the  love  of 
Theodore,  but,  "with  the  full  consent  of 
all,  she  changed  her  state." — Dryden: 
Theodore  and  Honoria  (a  poem). 

*.*  This  tale  is  from  Boccaccio's  De- 
Cameron  (day  v.  8). 

Honour  [Mrs.),  the  waiting  gentle- 


HONOUR  AND  GLORY  GRIFFITHa  501 

woman  of  Sophia  Western. — Fielding: 
Tom  Jones  {1749). 

This  is  worse  than  Sophy  Western  and  Mrs.  Honour 
about  Tom  Jones's  broken  arm. — Professor  IVilson. 

Honour    and    Glory    QriflB-ths. 

Captain  GrifTiths,  in  the  reign  of  William 
IV.,  was  so  called,  because  he  used  to 
address  his  letters  to  the  Admiralty,  to 
' '  Their  Honours  and  Glories  at  the 
Admiralty. " 

Honour  of  the  Spear,  a  tourna- 
ment 

He  came  to  Runa's  echoing  halls,  and  sought  the 
honour  of  the  spear.— Ojjiaw  .•  The  lyar  of  Inis- 
Thona. 

Honour  paid  to  Learning'.     A 

Spaniard  travelled  from  Cadiz  to  Rome, 
solely  for  the  purpose  of  beholding  Livy 
the  historian,  and,  after  he  had  seen  him, 
returned  home  again. 

IT  When  Alexander  besieged  Thebes, 
he  spared  the  house  of  Pindar  out  of 
reverence  to  the  great  poet,  (See  Wis- 
dom, honour  paid  to  ;  HoMER,  p.  498.) 

Honours  (Crushed  by  his  or  her). 

\\)  Tarpeia  (3  syl.),  daughter  of  Tar- 
pems  (governor  of  the  citadel  of  Rome), 
promised  to  open  the  gates  to  Tatius,  if 
his  soldiers  would  give  her  the  ornaments 
they  wore  on  their  arms.  As  the  soldiers 
entered  the  gate,  they  threw  on  her  their 
shields,  and  crushed  her  to  death,  saying, 
"These  are  the  ornaments  we  Sabines 
wear  on  our  arms." 

(2)  Draco,  the  Athenian  legislator,  was 
crushed  to  death  in  the  theatre  of  ^Eglna 
by  the  number  of  caps  and  cloaks 
showered  on  him  by  the  audience,  as  a 
mark  of  honour. 

{3)  Elagab'alus,  the  Roman  emperor, 
invited  the  leading  men  of  Rome  to  a 
banquet,  and,  under  pretence  of  showing 
them  honour,  rained  roses  upon  them  till 
they  were  smothered  to  death. 

Hood  {Robin),  a  famous  English  out- 
law. Stow  places  him  in  the  reign  of 
Richard  I.,  but  others  make  him  live  at 
divers  periods  between  Cceur  de  Lion  and 
Edward  IL  His  chief  haunt  was  Sher- 
wood Forest,  in  Nottinghamshire.  Ancient 
ballads  abound  with  anecdotes  of  his  per- 
sonal courage,  his  skill  in  archery,  his 
generosity,  and  his  great  popularity.  It  is 
said  that  he  robbed  the  rich,  but  gave 
largely  to  the  poor;  and  that  he  pro- 
tected women  and  children  with  chivalrous 
magnanimity.  According  to  tradition,  he 
was  treacherously  bled  to  death  by  a  nun, 
at  the  command  of  his  kinsman,  the  prior 
of  Kirkless,  in  Notts. 


HOPE. 

Stukelejr  asserts  that  Robin  Hood  was 
Robert  Fitzooth,  earl  of  Huntingdon; 
and  it  is  probable  that  his  name  hood, 
like  capet  given  to  the  French  king 
Hugues,  refers  to  the  cape  or  hood  which 
he  usually  wore. 

(The  chief  incidents  of  his  life  are 
recorded  by  Stow.  Ritson  has  collected 
a  volume  of  songs,  ballads,  and  anecdotes 
called  Robin  Hood  .  .  .  tlmt  Celebrated 
English  Outlaw  (1795).  Sir  W.  Scott  has 
introduced  him  in  his  novel  called  Ivan- 
hoe,  which  makes  the  outlaw  contemporary 
with  Coeur  de  Lion.  He  is  also  men- 
tioned by  Scott  in  The  Talisman. 

Robin  Hoods  Chaplain,  friar  Tuck. 

Robin  Hood^s  Men.  The  most  noted 
were  Little  John,  whose  surname  was 
Nailor ;  William  Scarlet,  Scathelooke  (2 
syl.),  or  Scadlock,  sometimes  called  two 
brothers  ;  Will  Stutly  or  Stukely  ;  and 
Mutch  the  miller's  son. 

Chief,  beside  the  butts,  there  stand 

Bold  Robin  Hood  and  all  his  band  • 

Friar  Tuck  with  staff  and  cowl. 

Old  Scathelooke  (2  syl.)  with  his  surly  scowl. 

Maid  Marian  fair  as  ivory  bone, 

Scarlet,  and  Mutch,  and  Little  John. 

sir  IValter  Scott. 

Robin  Hoods  Mistress,  the  Maid 
Marian. 

Hoods.  Blue  hoods,  the  party  badge 
of  Navarre  ;  red  hoods,  the  party  badge 
of  Paris  ;  blue  and  red  hoods,  the  party 
badge  of  Charles  [V.],  when  dauphin ; 
■white  hoods,  the  party  badge  of  the 
Burgundians. 

Hookem  {Mr.),  partner  of  lawyer 
Clippurse  at  Waverley  Honour. — Sir  W, 
Scott:   Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 


Hop  (Robin),  the  hop  plant. 

Get  into  thy  hop-yard,  for  now  it  is  time 

To  teach  Robin  Hop  on  his  pole  how  to  climb. 

Tusser:  Five  Hundred  Points  o/Gooa 
husbandry,  xli.  17  (1557). 

Hope.  The  name  of  the  first  woman, 
according  to  Grecian  mythology,  was 
Pandora,  made  by  Hephaestos  (Vulcari) 
out  of  earth.  She  was  called  Pand6ra 
("  all-gifted  ")  because  all  the  deities  con- 
tributed something  to  her  charms.  She 
married  Epime'theus  (4  syl.),  in  whose 
house  was  a  box  which  no  mortal  might 
open.  Ciuriosity  induced  Pandora  to  peep 
into  it,  when  out  flew  all  the  ills  of 
humanity,  and  she  had  but  just  time  to 
close  the  lid  before  the  escape  of  Hope. 

When  man  and  nature  mourned  their  first  decay  ,  .  . 
All,  all  forsook  the  friendless,  guilty  mind. 
But  Hope— the  charmer  lingered  still  behind. 

Camjfbell:  Pleasures  <(/Hofe,  L  (1799]. 


HOPK 

Hope  {The  Bard  of),  Th?>mas  Camp- 
beU,  who  wrote  'J  he  Pleasures  of  Hope,  in 
two  parts  {1777-1844). 

Hope  { The  Cape  of  Good),  originally 
called  "The  Cape  of  Storms." 

U"  Similarly,  the  Euxine  {i.e.  "  hos- 
pitable") Sea  was  originally  called  by 
the  Greeks  the  Axine  {i.e.  "the  in- 
hospitable") Sea. 

(For  the  "Spirit  of  the  Cape,"  see 
Spirit.) 

Hope  Diaxnond  {The),  a  blue 
brilliant,  weighing  44^  carats. 

It  is  supposed  that  this  diamond  is  the 
same  as  the  blue  diamond  bought  by 
Louis  XIV.,  in  1668,  of  Tavernier.  It 
weighed  in  the  rough  112 J  carats,  and 
after  being  cut  67J  carats.  In  1792  it 
was  lost.  In  1830,  Mr.  Daniel  Eliason 
came  into  possession  of  a  blue  diamond 
without  any  antecedent  history  ;  this 
was  bought  by  Mr.  Henry  Thomas  Hope, 
and  is  called  "  The  Hope  Diamond." 

Hope  of  Troy  {The),  Hector. 

\,He\  stood  against  thera,  as  the  Hope  of  Troy 
Against  the  Greeks. 

Shakespeare :  3  Henry  VJ.  act  il.  sc  i  (1593). 

Hope  tlie  Motive  Power  of  All. 

The  ambitious  prince  doth  hope  to  conquer  aU; 

The  dukes,  earls,  lords,  and  knights  hope  to  be  kings ; 
The  prelates  hope  to  push  for  popish  pall ; 

The  lawyers  hope  to  purchase  wondrous  things; 

The  merchants  hope  for  no  less  reckonings ; 
The  peasant  hopes  to  get  a  ferme  \_fart?t\  at  least ; 
AU  men  are  guests  where  Hope  doth  hold  the  feast. 

Gascoigne :  The  Fruites  0/  Warrt,  88  (died  1577). 

Hopeful,  a  companion  of  Christian 
after  the  death  of  Faithful  at  Vanity 
Fair. — Bunyan  :  The  Pilgrim's  Progress, 
i.  (1678). 

Hopkins  {Matthew),  of  Manningtree, 
in  Essex,  the  witch-finder.  In  one  year 
he  caused  sixty  persons  to  be  hanged  as 
reputed  witches. 

Between  three  and  four  thousand  persons  suffered 
death  for  witchcraft  between  1643  and  1661. — Dr.  Z. 
Grey. 

Hopkins  {Nicholas),  a  Chartreux  friar, 
who  prophesied  "that  neither  the  king 
{Henry  VUI.']  nor  his  heirs  should 
prosper,  but  that  the  duke  of  Buckingham 
should  govern  England." 

1st  Gent.  The  devil-monk,    Hopkins,  hath  made  this 

mischief. 
tnd  Gent.  That  was  he  that  fed  him  with  his  prophecies. 
Shakespeare  :  Henry  VIII.  act  ii.  sc.  i  (1601). 

Hop-o'-my-Thumb,  a  character  in 
several  nursery  tales.  Tom  Thumb  and 
Hop-o'-my-Thumb  are  not  the  same, 
although  they  are  often  confounded  with 
each  other.     Tom  Thumb  was  the  son  of 


Soa 


HORACE. 


peasants,  knighted  by  king  Arthur,  and 
killed  by  a  spider.  Hop-o'-my-Thumb 
was  a  nix,  the  same  as  the  German 
daumling,  the  French  le  petit  pouce,  and 
the  Scotch  Tom-a-lin  or  Tamlane.  He 
was  not  a  human  dwarf,  but  a  fay  of 
usual  fairy  proportions. 

You  Stump-o'-the-gutter,  you  Hop-o'-ray-Thumb, 
Your  husband  must  from  Lilliput  come. 

Kane  O'llara  :  Midas  (1778). 

Horace,  the  latin  poet  (B.C.  65-8). 
Translated  into  English  verse  by  Francis, 
Lonsdale  and  Lee  (1873),  lord  Ravens- 
worth,  Robinson,  etc. 

OcUs  :  by  Forsyth,  1876;  Hawkins  (Thomas),  t6ai', 
Hoveden,  1874  ;  lord  Lytton  (^ood),  1869  ;  Theodore 
Martin  {good),  1869;  professor  Newman,  1875.  Bks. 
I.  ii.,  by  Jones,  1863;  by  J.  W.  Smith.  1867;  four  books 
by  Yardley,  1869. 

•.•  James  and  Horace  Smith  published,  in  1813,  the 
first  two  books  adapted  to  modem  times. 

Epodes  :  by  Hughes,  1867;  Martin  (good),  1S69;  R. 
Wood,  1872. 

'.•  Pope  wrote  some  imitations  of  Horace. 

Carmen  SeciUare  (^syl.):  bv  Mathews,  1867. 

Satires:  by  Conington  (hood),  1869;  Mathews, 
1847 ;  Martin  (good),  1869 ;  Millington,  1870 ;  Wood, 
1870.     One  Satire,  Hughes,  1867 

'.•  Pope  wrote  some  imitations  of  these  Satires. 

Epistles:  by  Conington  (good),  1869;  Martin  (good), 
1869;  Millington,  1870. 

^rs  Poetlca:  by  Conington  (good),  1869;  Wood, 
1872. 

The  English  Horace.  Ben  Jon  son  is 
so  called  by  Dekker  the  dramatist  (1574- 
1637). 

Cowley  was  preposterously  called  by 
George  duke  of  Buckingham"  The  Pindar, 
Horace,  and  Virgil  of  England "  (1618- 
1667). 

The  French  Horace,  Jean  Macrinus  or 
Salmon  (1490-1557). 

Pierre  Jean  de  Beranger  is  called  "The 
Horace  of  France,"  and  "  The  French 
Burns"  (1780-1857). 

The  Portuguese  Horace,  A.  Ferreira 
(1528-1569). 

The  Spanish  Horace.  Both  Lupercio 
Argen'sola  and  his  brother  Bartolome  are 
so  called. 

Horace,  son  of  Oronte  (2  syl.)  and 
lover  of  Agnes.  He  first  sees  Agnes  in  a 
balcony,  and  takes  off  his  hat  in  passing. 
Agnes  returns  his  salute,  "pour  ne  point 
manquer  k  la  civilii6."  He  again  takes 
off  his  hat,  and  she  again  returns  the 
compliment.  He  bows  a  third  time,  and 
she  returns  his  "politeness  "  a  third  time. 
"  II  passe,  vient,  repasse,  et  toujours  me 
fait  a  chaque  fois  r^v^rence,  et  moi 
nouvelle  r^v^rence  aussi  je  lui  rendois." 
An  intimacy  is  soon  established,  which 
ripens  into  love.  Oronte  tells  his  son  he 
intends  him  to  marry  the  daughter  of 
Enrique  (2  syl.),  which  he  refuses  to  do  ; 
but  it  turns  out  that  Agnes  is  in  fact 


HORACE  DE  BRIENNE. 


503 


I 


Enrique's  daughter,  so  that  love  and 
obedience  are  easily  reconciled. — Moliire  : 
L'icole  des  Femmes  {1662). 

Horace  de  Brieune  (2  syL),  en- 
gaged to  Diana  de  Lascours  ;  but  after  the 
discovery  of  Ogari'ta  [atias  Martha, 
Diana's  sister],  he  falls  in  love  with  her, 
and  marries  her  with  the  free  consent 
of  his  former  choice. — Stirling:  The 
Orphan  of  the  Frozen  Sea  (1856). 

Hor»  Patili'nsB,  by  Paley  (1790),  in 
which  the  truth  of  the  Acts  is  supposed 
to  be  corroborated  by  allusions  in  the 
Epistles  of  Paul, 

Horatia,  daughter  of  Horatius  "  the 
Roman  father."  She  was  engaged  to 
Caius  Curiatius,  whom  her  surviving 
brother  slew  in  the  well-known  combat 
of  the  three  Romans  and  three  Albans. 
For  the  purpose  of  being  killed,  she  in- 
sulted her  brother  Publius  in  his  triumph, 
and  spoke  disdainfully  of  his  ' '  patriotic 
love,"  which  he  preferred  to  filial  and 
brotherly  affection.  In  his  anger  he 
stabbed  his  sister  with  his  sword. — 
Whitehead:  The  Roman  Fatlier  [ly^i). 

Hora'tio,  the  intimate  friend  of  prince 
Hamlet. — Shakespeare  :  Hamlet  Prince  of 
Denmark  (1596). 

Horatio,  the  friend  and  brother-in-law 
of  lord  Al'tamont,  who  discovers  by 
accident  that  Calista,  lord  Altamont's 
bride,  has  been  seduced  by  Lothario,  and 
informs  lord  Altamont  of  it.  A  duel 
ensues  between  the  bridegroom  and  the 
libertine,  in  which  Lothario  is  killed ;  and 
Calista  stabs  herself. — Rowe:  The  Fair 
Penitent  (1703). 

Horatius,  "the  Roman  father." 
He  is  the  father  of-  the  three  Horatii 
chosen  by  the  Roman  senate  to  espouse 
the  cause  of  Rome  against  the  Albans. 
He  glories  in  the  choice,  preferring  his 
country  to  his  offspring.  His  daughter, 
Horatia,  was  espoused  to  one  of  the 
Curiatii,  and  was  slain  by  her  surviving 
brother  for  taunting  him  with  murder 
under  the  name  of  patriotism.  The  old 
man  now  renounced  his  son,  and  would 
have  given  him  up  to  justice,  but  king 
and  people  interposed  in  his  behalf. 

Publius  Horatius,  the  surviving  son 
of  "the  Roman  father."  He  pretended 
flight,  and  as  the  Curiatii  pursued,  "but 
not  with  equal  speed,"  he  slew  them  one 
by  one  as  they  came  up. —  Whitehead: 
The  Roman  Father  (1741). 
Horatius  [Codes],  captain  of  the 


HORN. 

bridge-gate  over  the  Tiber.  When  Por*- 
s6na  brought  his  host  to  replace  Tarquin 
on  the  throne,  the  march  on  the  city 
was  so  sudden  and  rapid,  that  the  consul 
said,  "The  foe  will  be  upon  us  before 
we  can  cut  down  the  bridge."  Horatius 
exclaimed,  "If  two  men  will  join  me,  I 
will  undertake  to  give  the  enemy  play 
till  the  bridge  is  cut  down."  Spurius 
Lartius  and  Herminius  volunteered  to  join 
him  in  this  bold  enterprise.  Three  men 
came  against  them  and  were  cut  down. 
Three  others  met  the  same  fate.  Then 
the  lord  of  Luna  came  with  his  brand 
' '  which  none  but  he  could  wield,  '  but  the 
Tuscan  was  also  despatched.  HoratiuS 
then  ordered  his  two  companions  to  make 
good  their  escape,  and  they  just  crossed 
the  bridge  as  it  fell  in  with  a  crash.  The 
bridge  being  down,  Horatius  threw  him- 
self into  the  Tiber  and  swam  safe  to 
shore,  amidst  the  applauding  shouts  of 
both  armies. — Macaulay :  Lays  of  Ancient 
Rome  ("  Horatius,"  1842). 

Horatius  Codes  of  the  Tyrol.  Alexandre 
Davy  Dumas  was  so  called  for  his  defence 
of  the  bridge  of  Brixen,  in  1798. 

Horatius  Codes  of  Horn,  John  Haring 
of  Horn.  The  exploit  which  won  him  the 
name  was  the  following:  In  1573  the  prince 
of  Orange  sent  Sonoy,  the  governor  of 
North  Holland,  to  attack  the  Diemerdyk, 
but  the  Spaniards  routed  the  force.  John 
Haring  planted  himself  alone  upon  the 
dyke,  where  it  was  so  narrow  that  two 
men  could  hardly  stand  abreast.  Here, 
sword  in  hand,  he  opposed  and  held  in 
check  1000  Spaniards  till  all  his  comrades 
had  made  good  their  retreat ;  then  plung- 
ing into  the  sea,  untouched  by  spear  or 
gun,  he  effected  his  escape. — Motley  :  The 
Dutch  Republic,  iv.  8. 

Horehound  (2  jy/.)  or  MarrWHum 
vulgare  ("white  horehound"),  used  in 
coughs  and  pulmonary  disorders,  either  in 
the  form  of  tea  or  solid  candy.  Black 
horehound  or  Ballota  nigra  is  recom- 
mended in  hysteria. 

For  comforting  the  spleen  and  liver,  get  for  juioa 
Pale  horehound. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xlii.  (16x3). 

Horn  [The  Cape).  So  named  by 
Schouten,  a  Dutch  mariner,  who  first 
roimded  it.  He  was  born  at  Hoorn,  in 
North  Holland,  and  named  the  cape  after 
his  own  native  town. 

Horn  [King),  hero  of  a  French  metrical 
romance,  the  original  of  our  Childe  Home 
or  The  Geste  of  Kyng  Horn.  The  French 
romance  is  ascribed  to  Mestre  Thomas : 


HORN. 

and  Dr.  Percy  thinks  the  English  romance 
is  of  the  twelfth  century,  but  this  is  pro- 
bably at  least  a  century  too  early. 

(King  Horn  is  given  in  Ritson's  Ancient 
English  Metrical  Romances;  and  was 
published  by  the  Roxburghe  and  Early 
English  Text  Societies.) 

Horn.  "  Poor  Tom,  thy  horn  is  dry  " 
{King  Lear,  act  iii.  sc.  3).  Crazy  beggars 
used  to  carry  a  cow's  horn  slung  behind. 
It  was  their  wont  to  enter  schoolrooms  to 
awe  naughty  children,  and  for  this  service 
the  schoolmasters  gave  them  a  mug  of 
drink,  which  was  poured  into  their 
"horn." 

Horn  of  Chastity  and  Fidelity. 

Morgan  la  Faye  sent  king  Arthur  a 
drinking-horn,  from  which  no  lady  could 
drink  who  was  not  true  to  her  husband, 
and  no  knight  who  was  not  feal  to  his 
liege  lord.  Sir  Lamorake  sent  this  horn 
as  a  taunt  to  sir  Mark  king  of  Cornwall. — 
Sir  T.  Malory  :  History  of  Prince  Arthur, 
ii.  34  (1470). 

IF  Ariosto's  enchanted  cup  had  the 
same  property. 

IT  The  cuckold's  drinking-horn  was  a 
/essel  from  which  no  ' '  cuckold  could 
drink  without  spilling  the  liquor.''  (See 
Caradoc,  p.  177.) 

IF  La  coupe  enchantie  oli  Lafontaine 
was  another  test  horn.  (See  Chastity, 
p.  198.) 

Home,  in  the  proverb  ///  chance  it, 
as  old  Home  did  his  neck,  refers  to  Home, 
a  clergyman  in  Nottinghamshire,  who 
committed  murder,  but  escaped  to  the 
Continent.  After  several  years,  he  de- 
termined to  return  to  England,  and  when 
told  of  the  danger  of  so  doing,  replied, 
"  I'll  chance  it."  He  did  chance  it ;  but 
being  apprehended,  was  tried,  condemned, 
and  executed. — The  Newgate  Calendar. 

If  Magwitch,  having  acquired  a  large 
fortune  in  Australia  as  a  sheep-farmer, 
tried  the  same  thing,  but  was  arrested, 
tried,  and  condemned  to  death. — Dickens  : 
Great  Expectations  (i86i). 

Homer  [Jack),  the  little  boy  who  sat 
in  a  corner  to  eat  his  Christmas  pie,  and 
thought  himself  wondrously  clever  be- 
cause with  his  thumb  he  contrived  to  pull 
out  a  plum. 

Little  Jack  Homer  sat  in  a  comer, 

Eating  his  Christmas  pie ; 
He  put  in  his  thumb,  and  pulled  out  a  plum. 

Saying,  "  What  a  good  boy  am  1 1 ' 

Nursery  Rhyme. 

*.'  In  Notes  and  Queries,  xvi.  156, 
several  explanations  are  offered,  ascribing 


S04 


HORSE. 


a  political  meaning  to  the  words  quoted 
— Jack  Horner  being  elevated  to  a  king's 
messenger  or  king's  steward,  and  the 
"plum"  pulled  out  so  cleverly  being  a 
valuable  deed  which  the  messenger 
abstracted.  Some  say  he  was  the  steward 
of  the  abbot  of  Glastonbury,  and  that  the 
"plum  "  was  the  title-deeds  of  the  manor 
of  Wells. 

HORSE.  The  first  to  ride  and  tame  a 
horse  for  the  use  of  man  was  Melizyus 
king  of  Thessaly.     (See  Melizyus.) 

(For  names  of  noted  horses,  ancient  and 
modern,  see  Dictionary  of  Phrase  ana 
Fable,  p.  621,  col.  2  to  p.  627,  col.  2.) 

The  Black  Horse,  the  7th  Dragoon 
Guards  {not  the  7th  Dragoons).  They 
have  black  velvet  facings,  and  their 
plume  is  black  and  white.  At  one  time 
they  rode  black  horses. 

The  Green  Horse,  the  5th  Dragoon 
Guards.  (These  are  called  ' '  The  Princess 
Charlotte  of  Wales' .  .  .")  Facings  dark 
g^een  velvet,  but  the  plume  is  red  and 
white. 

The  White  Horse,  the  3rd  Dragoon 
Guards.  (These  are  called  "The  Prince 
of  Wales'  .  .  .") 

(All  the  Dragoon  Guards  have  velvet 
facings,  except  the  6th  (or  "  Carabiniers"), 
which  have  white  cloth  facings.  By 
' '  facings  "  are  meant  the  collar  and  cuffs. ) 

N.B. — "The  white  horse  within  the 
Garter  "  is  not  the  heraldic  insignia  of  the 
White  Horse  Regiment  or  3rd  Dragoon 
Guards,  but  of  the  3rd  Hussars  (or  ' '  The 
King's  Own"),  who  have  also  a  white 
plume.  This  regiment  used  to  be-  called 
"  The  3rd  Light  Dragoons." 

The  Royal  Horse,  the  Blues. 

Horse  {The  Wooden),  a  huge  horse 
constructed  by  Ulysses  and  Diomed,  for 
secreting  soldiers.  The  Trojans  were 
told  by  Sinon  it  was  an  offering  made 
by  the  Greeks  to  the  sea-god,  to  ensure 
a  safe  home-voyage,  adding  that  the 
blessing  would  pass  from  the  Greeks  to 
the  Trojans  if  the  horse  were  placed 
within  the  city  walls.  The  credulous 
Trojans  drew  the  monster  into  the  city ; 
but  at  night  Sinon  released  the  soldiers 
from  the  horse  and  opened  the  gates  to 
the  Greek  army.  The  sentinels  were 
slain,  the  city  fired  in  several  places,  and 
the  inhabitants  put  to  the  sword.  The 
tale  of  the  "Wooden  Horse"  forms  no 
part  of  Homer's  Iliad,  but  is  told  by  Virgil 
in  his  ^ne'id.  Virgil  borrowed  the  tale 
from  Arctinos  of  Miletus,  one  of  the 
Cyclic  poets,  who  related  the  story  of  the 


HORSE. 


505 


HORST. 


"  Wooden  Horse "  and  the  "burning  of 
Troy." 

H  A  very  similar  stratagem  was  em- 
ployed in  the  seventh  century  a.d.  by 
Abu  Obeidah  in  the  siege  of  Arrestan,  in 
Syria.  He  obtained  leave  of  the  governor 
to  deposit  in  the  citadel  some  old  lumber 
which  impeded  his  march.  Twenty  boxes 
(filled  with  soldiers)  were  accordingly 
placed  there,  and  Abu.  like  the  Greeks, 
pretended  to  march  homewards.  At  night 
the  soldiers  removed  the  sliding  bottoms 
of  the  boxes,  killed  the  sentries,  opened 
the  city  gates,  and  took  the  town. — 
Ockley  :  History  of  the  Saracens,  i.  187. 

%  The  capture  of  Sark  was  effected  by 
a  similar  trick.  A  gentleman  of  the 
Netherlands,  with  one  ship,  asked  per- 
mission of  the  French  to  bury  one  of  his 
crew  in  the  chapel.  The  request  was 
gfranted,  but  the  coffin  was  full  of  arms. 
The  pretended  mourners,  being  well  pro- 
vided with  arms,  fell  on  the  guards  and 
took  the  island  by  surprise. — Percy : 
Anecdotes,  249.  {See  Forty  Thieves, 
p.  388.) 

^  Muskat  is  said  to  have  been  taken 
by  the  Arabs,  in  the  seventeenth  century, 
by  means  of  a  somewhat  similar  strata- 
gem. They  entered  the  town  in  the  guise 
of  peaceful  peasants,  hiding  their  arms  in 
bundles  of  firewood,  and  took  the  oppor- 
tunity of  the  Portuguese  garrison  being 
assembled  without  arms  at  chapel  to  at- 
tack and  massacre  them. — Ross:  Annals 
of  Omar. 

Merlin's  Wooden  Horse,  Clavileno. 
This  was  the  horse  on  which  don  Quixote 
effected  the  disenchantment  of  the  infanta 
Antonomasia  and  others.  {See  Clavi- 
leno, p.  215.) 

Horse  {The  Enchanted),  a  wooden 
horse  with  two  pegs.  By  turning  one  of 
the  pegs  the  horse  rose  into  the  air,  and 
by  turning  the  other  it  descended  where 
and  when  the  rider  listed.  It  was  given 
by  an  Indian  to  the  shah  of  Persia,  as  a 
New  Year's  gift.  {See  FiROUZ  Schah, 
P- 369-)— -^''a<5/a«  Nights  ("The  En- 
chanted Horse").  (See  Horse  of  Brass.) 

Horse.     The  15  points  of  a  good  horse. 

A  good  horse  sholde  have  three  propyrtees  of  a 
man,  three  of  a  woman,  three  of  a  foxe,  three  of  a 
haare,  and  three  of  an  asse.  Of  a  tnan,  bolde,  prowde, 
and  hardye.  Of  a  woman,  fayre-breasted,  faire  of 
heere,  and  easy  to  move.  Of  a.  foxe,  a  fair  taylle,  short 
eers,  with  a  good  trotte.  Of  a  haare,  a  grate  eye,  a 
dry  head,  and  well  rennyiige.  Of  an  asse,  a  bygge 
chynn,  a  flat  legge,  and  a  good  hoot— IVyniyn  de 
Worde  (1496). 

Horse -hair    breeds    Animals. 

According  to  legend,  if  the  hair  of  a  horse 


is  dropped  into  corrupted  water,  it  will 
turn  to  an  animal 

A  horse-hair  laid  in  a  pale-full  of  turbid  water,  will 
in  a  short  time  stir,  anci  become  a  living  creature. — 
Hoiinshed:  Description  of  England,  244. 

Horse  Neighing,  a  Hoyal  Lot. 

On  the  death  of  Smerdis,  the  several 
competitors  for  the  Persian  crown  agreed 
that  he  whose  horse  neighed  first  should 
be  appointed  king.  The  horse  of  Darius 
neighed  first,  and  Darius  was  made  king. 
Lord  Brooke  calls  him  a  Scythian ;  he 
was  son  of  Hystasp^s  the  satrap. 

The  brave  Scythian 
Who  found  more  sweetness  in  his  horse's  neighing 
Than  all  the  Phrygian,  Dorian,  Lydian  playing. 

Lord  Brooke. 

Horse  Fainted  True  to  Life  {A). 
Apell6s  of  Cos  painted  Alexander's  horse 
so  wonderfully  well  that  a  real  horse, 
seeing  it,  began  to  neigh  at  it,  supposing 
it  to  be  alive. 

IF  Myro  the  statuary  made  a  cow  so  true 
to  life  that  several  bulls  were  deceived  by  it. 

IT  Velasquez  painted  a  Spanish  admiral 
so  true  to  life  that  Felipe  IV. ,  mistaking 
it  for  the  man  himself,  reproved  the  sup- 
posed officer  sharply  for  wasting  his  time 
in  a  painter's  studio  when  he  ought  to  be 
with  his  fleet. 

IF  Zeuxis  painted  some  grapes  so  ad- 
mirably that  birds  flew  at  them,  thinking 
them  real  fruit. 

IF  Parrhasios  of  Ephesus  painted  a 
curtain  so  inimitably  that  Zeuxis  thought 
it  to  be  a  real  ctirtain,  and  bade  the  artist 
draw  it  aside  that  he  might  see  the 
painting  behind. 

TF  Quintin  Matsys  of  Antwerp  painted 
a  bee  on  the  outstretched  leg  of  a  fallen 
angel  so  naturally  that  when  old  Mandyn, 
the  artist,  returned  to  his  studio,  he  tried 
to  frighten  it  away  with  his  pocket-hand- 
kerchief. 

Horse  of  Brass  {The),  a  present 
from  the  king  of  Araby  and  Ind  to 
Cambuscan'  king  of  Tartary.  A  person 
whispered  in  its  ear  where  he  wished  to 
go,  and,  having  mounted,  turned  a  pin, 
whereupon  the  brazen  steed  rose  in  the 
air  as  high  as  the  rider  wished,  and 
within  twenty-four  hours  landed  him  at 
the  end  of  his  journey. 

This  steed  of  brass,  that  easily  and  well 
Can,  in  the  space  of  a  day  natural,  .  .  . 
Bearen  your  Dody  into  every  place 
To  which  your  heartfe  willeth  for  to  pace. 
CA«tt<:*nCa«ter*Mryr<7/«("TheSquire's  Tale,"  1388). 


(See  Horse,  The  Enchanted.) 

Horst  (Coarade),  one  of  the  insur- 
gents at  Li^ge. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Quentin 
Durward  (time,  Edward  IV.). 


HORTENSE. 


506      HOUSE  THAT  JACK  BUILT. 


Hortense'  (2  syl.),  the  vindictive 
French  maidservant  of  lady  Dedlock. 
In  revenge  for  the  partiality  shown  by 
lady  Dedlock  to  Rosa  the  village  beauty, ' 
Hortense  murdered  Mr.  Tulkinghorn,  and 
tried  to  throw  the  suspicion  of  the  crime 
on  lady  Dedlock. — Die/tens:  Bleak  House 
(1852). 

Korten'sio,  a  suitor  to  Bianca  the 
younger  sister  of  Katharina  "  the  Shrew." 
Katharina  and  Bianca  are  the  daughters 
of  Baptista.  —  Shakespeare :  Taming  of 
the  Shrew  (1594). 

Horten'sio,  noted  for  his  chivalrous 
love  and  valour. — M as  singer  :  The  Bash- 
ful Lover  (1636). 

Korweudillus,  the  court  at  which 
Hamlei  Uved. 

This  is  that  Hamlet  .  .  .  who  lived  at  the  court  of 
Horwendillus,  500  years  before  we  were  hora.—Hazliit. 

Hosier's  Ghost  {Admiral),  a  ballad 
by  Richard  Glover  (1739).  Admiral  Hosier 
was  sent  with  twenty  sail  to  the  Spanish 
West  Indies,  to  block  up  the  galleons  of 
that  country.  He  arrived  at  the  Basti- 
mentos,  near  Portobello,  but  had  strict 
orders  not  to  attack  the  foe.  His  men 
perished  by  disease,  but  not  in  fight,  and 
the  admiral  himself  died  of  a  broken 
heart.  After  Vernon's  victory,  Hosier 
and  his  3000  men  rose,  "all  in  dreary 
hammocks  shrouded,  which  for  winding- 
sheets  they  wore,"  and  lamented  the 
cruel  orders  that  forbade  them  to  attack 
the  foe,  for  "  with  twenty  ships  he  surely 
could  have  achieved  what  Vernon  did 
with  only  six."   (See  Grenville,  p.  449. ) 

Hospital     of    Compassion,    the 

house  of  correction. 

A  troop  ot  alguazels  carried  me  to  the  hospital  ot 
compassion. — Lcsage  :  Gil  Bias,  vii.  7  (1735). 

Hotspur.  So  Harry  Percy,  son  of 
the  earl  of  Northumberland,  was  called 
from  his  fiery  temper,  over  which  he  had 
no  control. — Shakespeare  :  i  and  2  Henry 
IV.  (1597). 

William  Bensle)'  [1738-1817]  had  the  true  poetic  en- 
thusiasm. .  .  .  None  that  I  remember  possessed  even 
a  portion  of  that  fine  madness  which  he  threw  out  in 
Hotspur's  fine  rant  about  glory.  His  voice  had  the 
dissonance  and  at  times  the  inspiring  effect  of  the 
trumpet. — Charles  Lamb. 

Hotspur  of  Debate  {The),  lord 
Derby,  called  by  lord  Lytton,  in  New 
Timon,  "The  Rupert  of  Debate"  (1799- 
1869). 

Houd  (i  syl.),  a  prophet  sent  to 
presch  repentance  to  the  Adites  (2  syl.), 
and  to  reprove  their  king  Shedad  for  his 
pride.  As  the  Adites  and  their  king 
refused  to  hear  the  prophet,  God  sent  on 


the  kingdom  first  a  drought  of  three 
years'  duration,  and  then  the  Sarsar  or 
icy  wind,  for  seven  days,  so  that  all  the 
people  perished.  Houd  is  written  ' '  HCid  " 
in  Sale's  Koran,  i. 

Then  stood  the  prophet  Houd  and  cried, 
"  Woe  1  woe  to  Irem  1  woe  to  Ad  I 
Death  is  gone  up  into  her  palaces  ! 
Woe !  woe  I  a  day  of  guilt  and  punishment ! 

A  day  of  desolation  !  " 
Soiithey  :   Thalaba  the  Destroyer,  i.  41  (1797) 

Houg'h'ton  {Sergeant),  in  Waverley's 
regiment.  — Sir  W.  Scott  :  Waverley 
(time,  George  II.).  • 

Hounslow,  one  of  a  gang  of  thieves 
that  conspired  to  break  into  lady  Bounti- 
ful's  house.  —  Farquhar  :  The  Beaux' 
Stratagem  (1705). 

Houri,  plu.  Houris,  the  virgins  of 
paradise  ;  so  called  from  their  large  black 
eyes  {hfir  al  oy-Hn).  According  to  Mo- 
hammedan faith,  an  intercourse  with  these 
lovely  women  is  to  constitute  the  chief 
delight  to  the  faithful  in  the  "world  to 
come." — Al  Koran. 

Hours  of  Idleness,  the  first  series 
of  poems  published,  in  1807,  by  lord 
Byron.  The  severe  criticism  in  the  Edin- 
burgh Review  brought  forth  the  satire 
called  English  Bards  and  Scotch  Re- 
viewers (1809). 

House  judgfed  by  a  Brick.  Hie- 
r6cl6s,  the  compiler  of  a  book  of  jests, 
tells  us  of  a  pedant  who  carried  about  a 
brick  as  a  specimen  of  the  house  which 
he  wished  to  sell. 

He  that  tnes  to  recommend  Shakespeare  by  select 
quotations,  will  succeed  like  the  pedant  in  Hierod^s, 
who,  when  lie  offered  his  house  to  sale,  carried  a  brick 
in  his  pocket  as  a  specimen. — Dr.  Johnson  :  Preface 
to  Shakespeare. 

House  of  Fame,  a  magnificent 
palace  erected  on  a  lofty  mountain  of  ice, 
and  supported  by  rows  of  pillars  on  which 
are  inscribed  the  names  of  illustrious 
poets.  Here  the  goddess  of  fame  sits 
on  a  throne,  and  dispenses  her  capricious 
judgments  to  the  crowd  who  come  to  seek 
her  favours, — Chaucer:  House  of  Fame. 

House  that  Jack  Built  {The),  a 
cumulative  nursery  story,  in  which  every 
preceding  statement  is  repeated  after  the 
introduction  of  a  new  one  ;  thus — 

I.  [  This  is~\  the  house  that  Jack  built. 
a.  [  This  is\  the  n.alt  that  lay  in  .  .  . 

3.  \This  tj-}the  rat  that  eat  .  .  . 

4.  [  This  is\  the  cat  thai  killed  .  .  . 

5.  {This  is\  the  dog  that  worried  .  .  . 

6.  [This  tj]  the  cow  with   the  crumpled  bom,   that 

tossed  .  .  . 

7.  [This  IJ-]  the  maiden  all  forlorn,  that  milked  .  .  . 

8.  \This    is}    the    man    all    tattered    and    torn,    that 

kissed  .  .  . 

9.  This    is   the   priest   ail   shaven   and   shorn,   that 

married  .  .  . 


HOUSEHOLD  WORDS. 

IT  A  similar  accumulation  occurs  in 
another  nursery  tale,  with  this  diftei  ence 
— the  several  clauses  are  repeated  twice  : 
once  by  entreaty  of  the  old  woman  to 
perform  some  service  to  get  her  pig  to 
cj-oss  over  a  bridge  that  she  may  get 
home ;  and  then  the  reverse  way,  when 
each  begins  the  task  requested  of  them. 
It  begins  with  a  statement  that  an  old 
woman  went  to  market  to  buy  a  pig ; 
they  came  to  a  bridge,  which  the  pig 
would  not  go  over,  so  the  old  woman 
called  to  a  stick,  and  said — 

(.  ISttc.i,  stick,  beat  pig,  /or]  pig  won't  go  over  th« 
bridge,  and  I  shan't  get  home  to-night 
Firt,_fire\  bum  stick,  stick  won't  hbaX.  pig  .  ,  . 
IVatfr,  zvater]  quench  fire,  fire  won't  .  .  . 
Ox,  ax]  drink  water,  water  won't  .  .  . 
^Butcher,  butrhfr]  kill  ox,  ox  won't  .  .  . 
Rope,  rope]  hang  butcher,  butcher  wont  .  .  . 
Rat,  rat]  gnaw  rope,  rope  won't  .  .  . 

0.  Cat,  cat,  kill  rat,  rat  won't  .  .  . 

Then  the  cat  began  to  kill  the  rat,  and  the  rat  began 
to  gnaw  the  rope,  and  the  rope  began  .  .  .  etc  ,  and 
the  pig  went  over  the  bridge,  and  so  the  old  woman 
got  home  that  night. 

IF  Dr.  Doran  gave  the  following  Hebrew 
"  parable  '  in  Notes  and  Queries : — 

1.  iThis  is]  the  kid  that  my  father  bought  for  two 

zuzim  [-^irf.]- 
a.  [This  »0  the  cat  that  eat  .  .  . 

3.  [This  is]  the  dog  that  bit  .  .  . 

4.  [This  is)  the  stick  that  beat  .  .  . 

5.  f  This  is]  the  fire  that  burnt  .  .  . 

6.  [This  is]  the  water  that  quenched  .  .  , 

7.  [This  is]  the  ox  that  drank  .  .  . 

8.  [This  is]  the  butcher  that  killed  .  .  . 

g.  This  is  the  angel,  the  angel  of  death,  that  slew  .  .  . 

' .  •  While  correcting  these  proofs,  a 
native  of  South  Africa  informs  me  that 
he  has  often  heard  the  Kafirs  tell  their 
children  the  same  story. 

Household  Words,  a  weekly 
periodical  by  Charles  Dickens  {1850-1857); 
it  gave  place  to  Once  a  Week,  which,  since 
1859,  has  been  called  .(4// ^A*  Year  Round. 

Kons'sain  {Prince),  the  elder  brother 
of  prince  Ahmed.  He  possessed  a  carpet 
of  such  wonderful  powers  that  if  any  one 
sat  upon  it  it  would  transport  him  in  a 
moment  to  any  place  he  liked.  Prince 
Houssain  bought  this  carpet  at  Bisnagar, 
in  India. — Arabian  Nights {"  AhraQd  z.\\d 
Paribanou"). 

The  wish  of  the  penman  is  to  him  like  prince 
Houssaiu's  tapestry  in  the  Eastern  fable. — Sir  IV.  Scott. 

\  Solomon's  carpet  {q.v.)  possessed 
the  same  locomotive  power. 

Houyhnhzims  [  VVhin'-ims\  a  race 
of  horses  endowed  with  human  reason, 
and  bearing  rule  over  the  race  of  man. — 
Swift :  Gulliver's  Travels  (1726). 

"True,  true,  ay,  too  true,"  replied  the  Djmine,  his 
houyhnhnm  laugh  sinking  into  an  hysterical  giggle. — 
Sir  IV.  ScoU:  Guy  Mannerine  (1815). 


507 


HOYDEN. 

Ho-w  they  brong'ht  the  C^ood 
Ne-ws  froiu  Ghent  (i6 — ),  a  ballad  by 
R.  Browning  (1845).  A  purely  imaginary 
incident. 

Howard,  in  the  court  of  Edward  IV. 
— Sir  W.  Scott:  Anne  0/ Geierstein  (time, 
Edward  IV.). 

Ho-w'atson  (Luckie),  midvdfe  at 
Ellangowan. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  Guy  Man- 
nering  (time,  George  II.). 

Ho'wden  [Mrs.),  saleswoman. — Sir 
W.  Scott :  Heart  of  Midlothian  (time, 
George  II.). 

Howe  (Miss),  the  friend  of  Clarissa 
Harlowe,  to  whom  she  presents  a  strong 
contrast.  She  has  more  worldly  wisdom 
and  less  abstract  principle.  In  questions 
of  doubt,  Miss  Howe  would  suggest  some 
practical  solution,  while  Clarissa  was 
mooningabout  hypothetical  contingencies. 
She  is  a  girl  of  high  spirit,  disinterested 
friendship,  and  sound  common  sense. — 
Richardson  :  Clarissa  Harlozve  (1749). 

Howel  or  Koel,  king  of  the  West 
Welsh  in  the  tenth  century,  surnamed 
"  the  Good."  He  is  a  very  famous  king, 
especially  for  his  code  of  laws.  This  is 
not  the  Howel  or  Hoel  of  Arthurian 
romance,  who  was  duke  of  Armorica  in 
the  sixth  century. 

What  Mulmutian  laws,  or  Martian,  ever  were 

More  excellent  than  those  which  our  good  Howel  here 

Ordained  to  govern  Wales  ? 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  ix.  (1613). 

Howie  (Jamie),  bailie  to  Malcolm 
Bradwardine  (3  syl.)  of  Inchgrabbit. — 
Sir  W.Scott:  Waverley  (time.George  II. ). 

Howlag-lass  (Master),  a  preacher  and 
friend  of  justice  Maulstatute. — Sir  W. 
Scott :  Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles 
II.). 

Howle'glas  (Father),  the  abbot  of 
Unreason,  in  the  revels  held  at  Kenna- 
quhair  Abbey.— .S?>  W.  Scott:  The  Abbot 
(time.  Elizabeth). 

Howleglass  (2  syl.),  a  clever  rascal. 
Called  "  Howleglass,"  the  hero  of  an  old 
German  jest-book,  popular  in  England  in 
the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth.  (See  Tyll.  ) 

Hoyden  (Miss),  a  lively,  ignorant, 
romping,  country  girl.  —  Vanbrugh:  The 
Relapse  (1697). 

(This  was  Mrs.  Jordan's  great 
character.) 

Hoyden  (Miss),  daughter  of  sir  Tun- 
belly  Clumsy,  a  green,  ill-educated, 
country  girl,  living  near  Scarborough. 
She  is  promised  in  marriage  to  lord  Fop- 


HRASVELG. 


508 


HUBBERD. 


pington,  but  as  his  lordship  is  not  person- 
ally known  either  by  the  knight  or  his 
daughter,  Tom  Fashion,  the  nobleman's 
younger  brother,  passes  himself  off  as 
lord  Foppington,  is  admitted  into  the 
family,  and  marries  the  heiress. — Sheri- 
dan :  A  Trip  to  Scarborough  {1777).' 

(Sheridan's  comedy  is  The  Relapse  of 
Vanbrugh  (1697),  abridged,  recast,  and 
somewhat  modernized.) 

Hrasvel^,  the  giant  who  keeps  watch 
on  the  north  side  of  the  root  of  the  Tree 
of  the  World,  to  devour  the  dead.  His 
shape  is  that  of  an  eagle.  Winds  and 
storms  are  caused  by  the  movement  of 
his  wings. — Scandinavian  Mythology. 

Where  the  heaven's  remotest  bound 
With  darkness  is  encompassed  round. 
There  Hrasvei'ger  sits  and  swingrs 
The  tempest  from  its  eagle  wings. 

Edda  of  Stzmund  (by  Amos  Cottle). 

Hrimfax'i,  the  horse  of  Night,  from 
whose  bit  fall  the  rime-drops  that  ever}' 
morning  bedew  the  C2x\h.— Scandinavian 
Mythology. 

Hroth.g'ar,  king  of  Denmark,  whom 
Beowulf  dehvered  from  the  monster 
Grendel.  Hrothgar  built  Heorot,  a  mag- 
nificent palace,  and  here  he  distributed 
rings  (treasure),  and  held  his  feasts  ;  but 
the  monster  Grendel,  envious  of  his  hap- 
piness, stole  into  the  hall  after  a  feast, 
and  put  thirty  of  the  thanes  to  death  in 
their  sleep.  The  same  ravages  were 
repeated  night  after  night,  till  Beowulf,  at 
the  head  of  a  mixed  band  of  soldiers,  went 
against  him  and  slew  him. — Beowulf  (an 
Anglo-Saxon  epic  poem,  sixth  century). 

Hry'mer,  pilot  of  the  ship  Nagelfar 
(made  of  the  ' '  nails  of  the  dead  "). — Scan- 
dinavian Mythology. 

Hub  of  the  Universe.  A  hub  is  the 

nave  of  a  wheel,  a  boss  or  protuberance  ; 
hence  the  ' '  boss  of  the  world  "  is  much 
the  same  as  the  "hub  of  the  universe," 
meaning  the  thing  most  prominent  or 
important. 

Bayreuth  \i.e.  Wagnerism]  was  to  be  the  "  hub  of  the 
universe,"  as  far  as  dramatic  music  \is\  concerned. — 
Nineteenth  Century,  September,  1896,  p.  361. 

Hubba  and  Ingwar,  two  Danish 
chiefs,  who,  in  870,  conquered  E^st  Anglia 
and  wintered  at  Thetford,  in  Norfolk. 
King  Edmund  fought  against  them,  but 
was  beaten  and  taken  prisoner.  The 
Danish  chiefs  offered  him  his  life  and 
kingdom  if  he  would  renounce  Chris- 
tianity and  pay  them  tribute ;  but  as  he 
refused  to  do  so,  they  tied  him  to  a  tree, 
shot  at  him  with  arrows,  and  then  cut  off 


his  head.  Edmund  was  therefore  called 
"St.  Edmund."  Alu'red  fought  seven 
battles  with  Hubba,  and  slew  him  at 
Abingdon,  in  Berkshire. 

Alured  .  .  . 

In  seven  brave  foughten  fields  their  champion  Hubba 

chased, 
And  slew  him  In  the  end  at  Ablngton  \_sic\ 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xH.  (1613). 

Hnbbard  {Old  Mother)  went  to  her 
cupboard  to  get  a  bone  for  her  dog, 
but,  not  finding  one,  trotted  hither  and 
thither  to  fetch  sundry  articles  for  his 
behoof.  Every  time  she  returned  she 
found  Master  Doggie  performing  some 
extraordinary  feat,  and  at  last,  having 
finished  all  her  errands,  she  made  a  grand 
curtsey  to  Master  Doggie.  The  dog,  not 
to  be  outdone  in  politeness,  made  his 
mistress  a  profound  bow ;  upon  which 
the  dame  said,  "  Your  servant  I  "  and  the 
dog  said,  "  Bow,  wow  I  " — Nursety  Tale. 

Knbberd  ( Mother).  Mother  HubberdTs 
Tale,  by  Edmund  Spenser,  is  a  satirical 
fable  in  the  style  of  Chaucer,  supposed 
to  be  told  by  an  old  woman  (Mother 
Hubberd)  to  relieve  the  weariness  of  the 
poet  during  a  time  of  sickness.  The  tale 
IS  this:  An  ape  and  a  fox  went  into 
partnership  to  seek  their  fortunes.  They 
resolved  to  begin  their  adventures  as 
beggars,  so  Master  Ape  dressed  himself 
as  a  broken  soldier,  and  Reynard  pre- 
tended to  be  his  dog.  After  a  time  they 
came  to  a  farmer,  who  employed  the  ape 
as  shepherd,  but  when  the  rascals  had 
so  reduced  the  flock  that  detection  was 
certain,  they  decamped.  Next  they  tried 
the  Church,  under  advice  of  a  priest; 
Reynard  was  appointed  rector  to  a  living, 
and  the  ape  was  his  parish  clerk.  From 
this  living  they  were  obliged  also  to  re- 
move. Next  they  went  to  court  as  foreign 
potentates,  and  drove  a  splendid  business, 
but  came  to  grief  ere  long.  Lastly,  they 
saw  king  Lion  asleep,  his  skin  was  lying 
beside  him,  with  his  crown  and  sceptre. 
Master  Ape  stole  the  regalia,  dressed 
himself  as  king  Lion,  usurped  the  royal 
palace,  made  Reynard  his  chief  minister, 
and  collected  round  him  a  band  of 
monsters,  chiefly  amphibious,  as  his 
guard  and  court.  In  time,  Jupiter  sent 
Mercury  to  rouse  king  Lion  from  his 
lethargy  ;  so  he  awoke  from  sleep,  broke 
into  his  palace,  and  bit  off  the  ape's  tail, 
with  a  part  of  its  ear. 

since  which,  all  apes  but  half  their  ears  have  left. 
And  of  their  tails  are  utterly  berefl. 

As  for  Reynard,  he  ran  away  at  the 
first  alarm,  and  tried  to  curry  favour  with 


HUBBLE. 


S09 


HUGH. 


Icings  Lion;  but  the  king  only  exposed 
him  and  let  him  go  (1591). 

Hubble  (Mr.),  wheelwright ;  a  tough, 
high-shouldered,  stooping  old  man,  of  a 
sawdusty  fragrance,  with  his  legs  extra- 
ordinarily wide  apart. 

Mrs.  Hubble,  a  little  curly,  sharp- 
edged  person,  who  held  a  conventionally 
juvenile  position, -because  she  had  married 
Mr.  Hubble  when  she  was  much  younger 
than  he. — Dickens:  Great  Expectations 
(i860). 

HUBEUT,  chamberlain  to  king 
John,  and  "keeper"  of  young  prince 
Arthur.  King  John  conspired  with  him 
to  murder  the  young  prince,  and  Hubert 
actually  employed  two  ruffians  to  bum 
out  both  the  boy's  eyes  with  red-hot  irons. 
Arthur  pleaded  so  lovingly  with  Hubert 
to  spare  his  eyes,  that  he  relented  ;  how- 
ever, the  lad  was  found  dead  soon  after- 
wards, either  by  accident  or  foul  play. — 
Shakespeare:  King  John  (1596).  (See 
Kingship.) 

N.B.— This  "  Hubert  "  was  Hubert  de 
Burgh,  justice  of  England  and  earl  of 
Kent. 

One  would  think,  had  It  been  possible,  that  Shake- 
speare, when  he  made  king-  John  excuse  his  InteHtion 
of  perpetrating-  the  death  of  Arthur  by  his  comment  on 
Hubert's  face,  by  which  he  saw  the  assassin  in  Us 
mind,  had  Sandford  In  idea,  for  he  was  rather  deformed, 
and  had  a  most  forbidding  countenance. — Dibdin : 
History  of  the  Stage. 

Hubert,  an  honest  lord,  in  love  with 
Jac'uUn  daue:hter  of  Gerrard  king  of  the 
beggars. — Fletcher:  The  Beggars'  Bush 
(1622). 

Hubert,  brother  of  prince  Oswald, 
severely  wounded  by  count  Hurgonel  ia 
the  combat  provoked  by  Oswald  against 
Gondibert,  his  rival  for  the  love  of 
Rhodalind  the  heiress  of  Aribert  king  of 
Lombardy. — Davenant:  Gondibert  (died 
1668). 

Hubert,  an  archer  in  the  service  of 
sir  Philip  de  Malvoisin.— 5»V  W,  Scott: 
Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Hubert  (St.\  patron  saint  of  hunts- 
men. He  was  son  of  Bertrand  due 
d'Acquitaine,  and  cousin  of  king  Pepin. 

Huddibras  (Sir),  a  man  "  more 
huge  in  strength  than  wise  in  works," 
the  suitor  of  Perissa  [extravagance). — 
Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  ii.  2  (1590). 

Hudibras,  the  hero  of  a  rhyming 
political  satire,  in  three  parts,  by  S.  Butler. 
Sir  Hudibras  is  a  presbyterian  justice  in 
the  Commonwealth,  who  sets  out  with 
his  squire  Ralph    (an    independent)  to 


reform  abuses,  and  enforce  the  observance 
of  the  laws  for  the  suppression  of  popular 
sports  and  amusements  (1663,  1664,  1678). 
•.'  The  Grui  Street  Journal  (1731) 
maintains  that  the  academy  figure  of 
Hudibras  was  colonel  RoUe  of  Devon- 
shire, with  whom  the  poet  lodged  for 
some  time,  and  adds  that  the  name  is 
derived  from  Hugh  de  Bras,  the  patron 
saint  of  the  county.  Others  say  that 
sir  Samuel  Luke  was  the  original,  and  cite 
the  following  distich  in  proof  thereof: — 

Tis  sung,  there's  a  valiant  Mameluke 

In  forei^  lands  ydeped  •  •  [sir  Luke  f]. 

•  .*  Hudibras  is  in  octo-syllabic  lines, 
and  has  given  us  the  adjective  "hudi- 
brastic,"  to  signify  poetry  in  the  style  and 
measure  of  Hudibras. 

(It  was  illustrated  by  Hogarth  in  1726 ; 
and  sir  George  Gilfillan,  in  his  introduc- 
tion to  the  Works  of  Butler,  gives  us  an 
excellent  abstract  of  the  poem. ) 

Edward  Ward  published  (In  1703-1707)  an  tmitation 
of  Butler's  satire,  which  he  called  Hudibr»s  Redivivus, 
for  which  he  was  twice  set  in  the  pillory. 

Hudjadgfe,  a  shah  of  Persia,  suffered 
much  from  sleeplessness,  and  commanded 
Fitead,  his  porter  and  gardener,  to  teU 
him  tales  to  while  away  the  weary  hoiu-s. 
Fitead  declared  himself  whcrfly  unable  to 
comply  with  this  request.  "  Then  find 
some  one  who  can,"  said  Hudjadge,  "  or 
suffer  death  for  disobedience. "  On  reach- 
ing home,  greatly  dejected,  he  told  his 
only  daughter,  Moradbak,  who  was 
motherless,  and  only  14  years  old,  the 
shah's  command,  and  she  undertook 
the  task.  She  told  the  shah  the  stories 
called  The  Oriental  Tales,  which  not 
only  amused  him,  but  cured  him,  and  he 
married  her. — Comte  de  Caylus  :  Oriental 
Tales  (1743).  (See  Thousand- and- 
One.) 

Hudson  [Sir  Geoffrey),  the  famous 
dwarf,  formerly  page  to  queen  Henrietta 
Maria.  Sir  Geoffrey  tells  Julian  Peveril 
how  the  late  queen  had  him  enclosed  in  a 
pie  and  brought  to  table. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  H.). 

•.*  Vandyke  has  immortalized  sir 
Geoffrey  by  his  brush  ;  and  some  of  his 
clothes  are  said  to  be  preserved  in  sir 
Hans  Sloane's  museum. 

Hudson  {Tarn),  gamekeeper. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  Guy  Mannering  (time, 
George  H.). 

Hu^b,  blacksmith  at  Ringlebum ; 
a  friend  of  Hobbie  Elliot,  the  Heugh- 
foot  farmer.— 5zV  W.  Scott:  The  Black 
Dwarf  \ym\^,  Anne). 


HUGH 

Hugh.,  servant  at  the  Maypole  inn. 
This  giant  in  stature  and  ringleader  in 
the  "  No  Popery  riots,"  was  a  natural  son 
of  sir  John  Chester  and  a  gipsy.  He 
loved  Dolly  Varden,  and  was  very  kind 
to  Barnaby  Rudge,  the  half-witted  lad. 
Hugh  was  executed  for  his  participation 
in  the  "  Gordon  riots." — Dickens  :  Bar- 
naby Rudge  {1841). 

Hngfh  count  of  Vermandois,  a 

crusader. — Sir   W.  Scott:   Count  Robert 
0/  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Hug-ll  de  Brass  [Mr.),  in  A  Regular 
Fix,  by  J.  M.  Morton. 

Hugrli  of  Lincoln.  Matthew  Paris 
asserts  that  in  1255  the  Jews  of  Lincoln 
kidnapped  a  boy  named  Hugh,  eight 
years  old,  crucified  him,  and  threw  his 
body  into  a  pit.  Eighteen  of  the  wealthiest 
Jews  of  Lincoln  were  hanged  for  taking 
part  in  this  affair,  and  the  boy  was  buried 
in  state. 

•.•  There  are  several  documents  in 
Ryraer's  Fcsdera  relative  to  this  event. 
The  story  is  told  in  the  Chronicles  of 
Matthew  Paris.  It  is  the  subject  of  the 
Prioress's  Tale  in  Chaucer  [q.v.),  and 
Wordsworth  has  a  modernized  version  of 
Chaucer's  tale. 

^  A  similar  story  is  told  of  William  of 
Norwich,  said  to  have  been  crucified  by 
the  Jews  in  1137. 

If  Percy,  in  his  Reliques,  i.  3,  has  a 
ballad  about  a  boy  named  Hew  [q.v.), 
whose  mother  was  "  lady  Hew  of  Mirry- 
land  town  "  [Milan).  He  was  enticed  by 
an  apple  given  him  by  a  Jewish  damsel, 
who  ' '  stabbed  him  with  a  penknife,  rolled 
him  in  lead,  and  cast  him  into  a  well." 

IT  Werner  is  another  boy  said  to  have 
been  crucified  by  the  Jews.  The  place 
of  this  alleged  murder  was  Bacharach. 

Of  the  innocent  boy,  who,  some  years  back. 
Was  taken  and  crucified  by  the  Jews, 
In  that  ancient  town  of  Bacharach  1 

Lotig/ello^u  :  Golden  Legend. 

IT  Incredible  as  it  may  seem  to  some 
persons,  the  belief  that  Jews  require 
Christian  blood  in  some  of  their  religious 
rites  is  still  prevalent  in  some  places. 

In  i88i  occurred  the  notorious  case  of 
Esther  Solymossy,  of  whose  murder  the 
Jew  of  Tisra-Eszlar  (a  village  in  Hungary) 
was  accused.  The  trial  of  the  Jew  lasted 
two  years ;  and  though  the  accused  was 
acquitted,  the  villagers  generally  believed 
him  guilty. 

In  1891,  at  Xanten  (in  Westphalia),  the 
Jew  Buschhoff,  a  butcher,  was  accused  of 
murdering  a  child  of  five  years  old  for  a 


5IO 


HUGUENOTS. 


similar  purpose;  and  although  an  alibi 
was  proved,  the  villagers  insisted  on  their 
belief.  Another  case  occurred  in  1893  at 
Malta,  and  some  since  that  date. 

Hughie  Graham,  a  ballad  about 
Graham,  a  borderer,  who  was  hanged  for 
stealing  the  bishop's  mare.  Scott  has 
introduced  a  version  of  it  into  his  Border 
Minstrelsy. 

Hug'o,  count  of  Vermandois,  brother 
of  Philippe  I.  of  France,  and  leader  of 
the  Franks  in  the  first  crusade.  Hugo 
died  before  Godfrey  was  appointed 
general-in-chief  of  the  allied  armies  (bk. 
i.),  but  his  spirit  appeared  to  Godfrey 
when  the  army  went  against  the  Holy 
City  (bk.  xviii.). — Tasso  :  Jerusalem  De- 
livered [isys)- 

Hugo,  brother  of  Arnold  ;  very  small 
of  stature,  but  brave  as  a  lion.  He  was 
slain  in  the  faction  fight  stirred  up  by 
prince  Oswald  against  duke  Gondibert, 
his  rival  in  the  love  of  Rhodalind 
daughter  and  only  child  of  Aribert  king 
of  Lombardy. 

Of  stature  small,  but  was  all  over  heart. 
And  tho'  unhappy,  all  that  heart  was  love. 

Davenant :  Gondibert,  i.  i  (died  1668). 

Hugfo,  natural  son  of  Azo  chief  of  the 
house  of  Este  (2  syl.)  and  Bianca,  who 
died  of  a  broken  heart,  because,  although 
a  mother,  she  was  never  wed.  Hugo 
was  betrothed  to  Parisina,  but  his  father, 
not  knowing  it,  made  Parisina  his  own 
bride.  One  night  Azo  heard  Parisina 
in  her  sleep  confess  her  love  for  Hugo, 
and  the  angry  marquis  ordered  his  son  to 
be  beheaded.  What  became  of  Parisina 
"  none  knew,  and  none  can  ever  know." 
— Byron:  Parisina  (1816). 

Hugo  Hugfonet,  minstrel  of  the 
earl  of  Douglas.— ^z>  W.  Scott:  Castle 
Dangerous  (time,  Henry  I.). 

Hugfon  [King),  the  great  nursery 
ogre  of  France. 

Hugfuenot  Pope  [The).  Philippe 
de  Mornay,  the  great  supporter  of  the 
French  huguenots,  is  called  Le  Pape  des 
Huguenots  (1549-1623). 

• .  •  Of  course,  PhiUppe  de  Mornay  was 
not  one  of  the  "  popes  of  Rome." 

Huguenots  [Les),  an  opera  by 
Meyerbeer  (1836).  The  subject  of  this 
opera  is  the  massacre  of  the  French 
huguenots  or  protestants;  planned  by 
Catherine  de  Medicis  on  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's Day  (August  24,  1572),  during 
the  wedding  festivities  of  her  daughter 
Margherita  [Marguerite)  and   Henri  le 


HULDBRAND. 


HUMPHREY'S  CLOCK. 


Bearnals     (afterwards     Henri     IV.     of 
France). 

Htddbrand  {Sir),  the  husband  of 
Undine. — De  la  Motte  Fouqui:  Undine 
(1807). 

Hnl'sean  Lectures,  certain  sermons 
preached  at  Great  St.  Mary's  Church, 
Cambridge,  and  paid  for  by  a  fund,  the 
gift  of  the  Rev.  John  Hulse,  of  Cheshire, 
in  1777. 

N.  B.— Till  the  year  i860,  the  Hulsean 
Lecturer  was  called  "The  Christian  Ad- 


Hnman  IJnder standing  [An  Essay 
concerning),  by  John  Locke,  published  in 
1690.  Against  the  dogma  of  innate  ideas, 
and  in  proof  that  experience  is  the  key 
of  knowledge. 

Humber  or  Humbert,  mythical 
king  of  the  Huns,  who  invaded  England 
during  the  reign  of  Locrin,  some  1000 
years  B.C.  In  his  flight,  he  was  drowned 
in  the  river  Abus,  which  has  ever  since 
been  called  the  Humber.  —  Geoffrey : 
British  History,  ii.  2 ;  Milton  :  History 
of  England. 

The  ancient  Britons  yet  a  sceptred  king  obeyed 
Three  hundred  years  before  Rome's  great  foundation 

laid; 
And  had  a  thousand  years  an  empire  strongly  stood 
Ere  Caesar  to  her  shores  here  stemmed  the  circling 

flood; 
And  long  before  borne  arms  against  the  barbarous 

Hun, 
Here  landinsj  with  intent  the  isle  to  overrun ; 
And,  following  them  in  flight,  their  general  Humberd 

drowned, 
In  that  great  arm  of  sea  by  his  great  name  renowned. 
Drayton :  Polyolbion,  viii.  (1612) ;  see  also  xxviii. 

Humgud'geon  (Grace-be-here),  a 
corporal  in  Cromwell's  troop. — Sir  W. 
Scott :  Woodstock  (time,  Commonwealth). 

Humm  (Anthony),  chairman  of  the 
"  Brick  Lane  Branch  of  the  United  Grand 
Junction  Ebenezer  Temperance  Associa- 
tion."— Dickens:  The  Pickwick  Papers 
(1836). 

Humma,  a  fabulous  bird,  of  which 
it  was  said  that  "the  head  over  which 
the  shadow  of  its  wings  passes  will 
assuredly  wear  a  crown." — Wilkes: 
South  of  India,  v.  423. 

Belike  he  thinks 
The  humma's  happy  wings  have  shadowed  him. 
And,  therefore.  Fate  witli  royalty  must  crown 
His  cliosen  head. 

Southey  :  Roderick,  etc.,  xxiii.  (1814). 

Hiunonrists  of  tlie  Eiglxteentli 
Century,  by  Thackeray  (1851-1853). 

Humorous  Lieutenant  (The),  the 
cLief   character   and  title  of    a  comedv 


by  BcAumont  (?)  and  Fletcher  (1647). 
(lieaumont  died  1616.)  The*  lieutenant 
has  no  name. 

Humpback  (The).  Andrea  Sola'ri, 
the  Italian  painter,  was  called  Del  Gobbo 
(1470-1527). 

Geron'imo  Amelunghi  was  also  called 
IlGobo  di  Pisa  (sixteenth  century). 

Humphrey  (Master),  the  hypo- 
thetical compiler  of  the  tale  entitled 
"  Barnaby  Rudge  "  in  Master  Humphrey's 
Clock,  by  Charles  Dickens  (1840). 

Humphrey  (Old),  pseudonym  of 
George  Mogridge. 

(George  Mogridge  also  issued  several 
books  under  the  popular  name  of  "  Peter 
Parley,"  which  was  first  assumed  by  S.  G. 
Goodrich,  in  1828.  Several  publishers  of 
high  standing  have  condescended  to  palm 
books  on  the  public  under  this  assumed 
name,  some  written  by  William  Martin, 
and  others  by  names  wholly  unknown. 

Humphrey  (The  good  duke),  Hum- 
phrey Piantagenet,  duke  of  Gloucester, 
youngest  son  of  Henry  IV.,  murdered 
in  1446. 

To  dine  with  duke  Humphrey,  to  go 
without  dinner.  To  stay  behind  in  St. 
Paul's  aisles,  under  pretence  of  finding 
out  the  monument  of  duke  Humphrey, 
while  others  more  fortunate  go  home  to 
dinner. 

(It  was  really  the  monument  of  John 
Beauchamp  that  the  "dinnerless"  hung 
about,  and  not  that  of  duke  Humphrey. 
John  Beauchamp  died  in  1359,  and  duke 
Humphrey  in  1446.) 

%  A  similar  phrase  is,  "To  be  the  guest 
of  the  cross-legged  knights,"  meaning 
the  stone  effigies  in  the  Round  Church 
(London).  Lawyers  at  one  time  made 
this  church  the  rendezvous  of  their 
clients,  and  here  a  host  of  dinnerless 
vagabonds  used  to  loiter  about,  in  thp 
hope  of  picking  up  a  job  which  would 
furnish  them  with  the  means  of  getting  a 
dinner. 

H  "To  dine  or  sup  with  sir  Thomas 
Gresham  "  (q.v.)  means  the  same  thing, 
the  Royal  Exchange  being  at  one  time 
the  great  lounge  of  idlers. 

Tho'  little  coin  thy  purseless  pockets  line, 

taken  up: 
liou  dost  dine, 
jresham  sup. 
Haytiian  :  Quidtibet  (Epigram  on  a  Loafer,  1698). 

Humphrey's  Clock  (Master),  the 
name  given  to  a  serial  by  Charles  Dickens; 
but  only  two  tales  were  included  in  the 


Yet  with  ^reat  comijany  thou'rt  t; 

For  often  with  duke  Huniphrev'  tho 

And  often  with  sir  Thomas  Gresh 


HUMPHRY  CLINKER. 

publication  ( 1840-1841 ).  These  tales  were 
Barnaby  liudge  and  The  Old  Curiosity 
Shop,  both  of  which  were  afterwards 
published  separately. 

Humpliry  Clinker.  (See  Clinker, 

p.  219.) 

Huncamnnca  [Princess),  daughter 
of  king  Arthur  and  queen  DollalloUa, 
beloved  by  lord  Grizzle  and  Tom  Thumb, 
The  king  promises  her  in  marriage  to  the 
"pigmy  giant-queller. "  Huncamunca 
kills  Frizaletta  "  for  killing  her  mamma." 
But  Frizaletta  killed  the  queen  for  killing 
her  sweetheart  Noodle,  and  the  queen 
killed  Noodle  because  he  was  the  messen- 
ger of  ill  news. — Tom  Thumb,  by  Fielding 
the  novelist  (1730),  altered  by  O'Hara, 
author  oi  Midas  (1778). 

Huncliback  [The).  Master  Walter 
"  the  hunchback  "  was  the  guardian  of 
Julia,  and  brought  her  up  in  the  country, 
training  her  most  strictly  in  knowledge 
and  goodness.  When  grown  to  woman- 
hood, she  was  introduced  to  sir  Thomas 
Clifford,  and  they  plighted  their  troth  to 
each  other.  Then  came  a  change.  Clifford 
lost  his  title  and  estates,  while  Julia  went 
to  London,  became  a  votary  of  fashion 
and  pleasure,  abandoned  Chfford,  and 
promised  marriage  to  Wilford  earl  of 
Rochdale.  The  day  of  espousals  came. 
The  love  of  Julia  for  Clifford  revived, 
and  she  implored  her  guardian  to  break 
off  the  obnoxious  marriage.  Master 
Walter  now  showed  himself  to  be  the 
earl  of  Rochdale,  and  the  father  of  Julia  ; 
the  marriage  with  Wilford  fell  through, 
and  Julia  became  the  wife  of  sir  Thomas 
CMord.—Ktiowles  {1831). 

If  Similarly,  Maria  ' '  the  maid  of  the 
Oaks"  was  brought  up  by  Old  worth  as 
his  ward,  but  was  in  reality  his  mother- 
less child. — Burgoyne  :  The  Maid  of  the 
Oaks  (1779). 

Kuncliback  ( The  Little),  the  buffoon 
of  the  sultan  of  Casgar.  Supping  with  a 
tailor,  the  little  fellow  was  killed  by  a 
bone  sticking  in  his  throat  The  tailor, 
out  of  fear,  carried  the  body  to  the  house 
of  a  physician,  and  the  physician,  stum- 
bling against  it,  knocked  it  downstairs. 
Thinking  he  had  killed  the  man,  he  let 
the  body  down  a  chimney  into  the  store- 
room of  his  neighbour,  who  was  a  pur- 
V^or.  The  purveyor,  supposing  it  to  be 
a  thief,  belaboured  it  soundly  ;  and  then, 
thinking  he  had  killed  the  little  hump- 
back, carried  the  body  into  the  street,  and 


512         HUNGARIAN  BROTHERS. 

set  it  against  a  wall.  A  Christian  mer- 
chant, reeling  home,  stumbled  against  the 
body,  and  gave  it  a  blow  with  his  fist. 
Just  then  the  patrol  came  up,  and  arrested 
the  merchant  for  murder.  He  was  con- 
demned to  death  ;  but  the  purveyor  came 
forward  and  accused  himself  of  being  the 
real  offender.  The  merchant  was  ac- 
cordingly released,  and  the  purveyor 
condemned  to  death  ;  but  then  the  phy- 
sician appeared,  and  said  he  had  killed 
the  man  by  accident,  having  knocked 
him  downstairs.  When  the  purveyor 
was  released,  and  the  physician  led  away 
to  execution,  the  tailor  stepped  up,  and 
told  his  tale.  All  were  then  taken  before 
the  sultan,  and  acquitted  ;  and  the  sultan 
ordered  the  case  to  be  enrolled  in  the 
archives  of  his  kingdom  amongst  the 
causes  ciUbres. — Arabian  Nights  ("The 
Little  Hunchback"). 

IT  In  the  Legends  and  Stories  of  Ireland 
(1832-34),  by  Samuel  Lover,  is  a  story 
almost  identical,  excepting  that  the 
"  deceased  "  is  an  old  woman. 

Hunchback    of    Notre    Danxe. 

(See  Quasimodo.  ) 

Hnndebert,  steward  to  Cedric  of 
Rotherwood — Sir  W.  Scott:  Ivanhot 
(time,  Richard  I.). 

Hundred  Pig-hts  [Hero  of  a),  Conn, 
son  of  Cormac  king  of  Ireland.  Called 
in  Irish  "Conn  Keadcahagh." 

Conn  of  a  hundred  fights,  sleep  in  thy  grass-grown 
tomb. — O  Gnive. 

Admiral  Horatio  lord  Nelson  is  so 
called  (1758-1805). 

Hundred-Handed  [The).  Briar'eos 
(4  syl.)  or  .(Egason,  with  his  brothers 
Gyggs  and  Kottos,  were  all  hundred- 
handed  giants. 

Homer  makes  Briareos  4  syl.  ;  but 
Shakespeare  writes  it  in  the  Latin  form, 
"  Briareus,"  and  makes  it  3  syl. 

Then,  called  bjr  thee,  the  monster  Titan  tame. 
Whom  gods  BriareOs,  men  jEgeon  name. 

Pope:  Iliad,  i  (1715). 
He  is  a  gouty  Briareus.    Many  hands. 
And  of  no  use. 
Shakespeare  :  Troilus  and  Cressida,  act  L  sc.  2  (iCoa). 

Hundwolf,  steward  to  the  old  lady 
of  Baldringham.— ^»>  W.  Scott:  The 
Betrothed  (time,  Henry  II.). 

Hungarian  [An),  one  half-starved, 
one  suffering  from  hunger.     A  pun. 

He  is  hide-bound;  he  is  an  Hungarian.— ^<7Wfi^; 
English  Proverbs  (1660). 

Hung^arian  Brothers  [The),  a 
romance  by  Miss  A.  M.  Porter  (1807). 


HUNIADES. 


S13 


HUON  DE  BORDEAUX. 


Ktmia'des  (4  sy/X  called  by  the 
Turks  "The  Devil."  tfe  was  surnamed 
"Corvlnus,"  and  the  family  crest  was  a 
crow  {1400-1456). 

The  Turks  employed  the  name  of  Huniadfts  to 
frighten  their  perverse  children.  Ha  was  corruptly 
called  "Jancus  I-aln." — Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall, 
etc.,  xii.  166  (1776-88). 

Htmsdon  {Lord),  cousin  of  queen 
Elizabeth.— ^/>  IV.  Scott:  Kenilworth 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Hunted  Down,  a  tale  by  Charles 
Dickens  (i860).  A  Mr.  Sampson,  chief 
manager  of  an  insurance  office,  tells  us 
how  Julius  Slinkton,  having  effected  an 
insurance  on  the  life  of  Alfred  Beckwith, 
endeavoured  to  poison  him,  in  order  to  get 
the  insurance  money.  Being  foiled,  how- 
ever, in  his  attempt,  he  committed  suicide. 

Hunter  [Mr.  and  Mrs.  Leo),  persons 
who  court  the  society  of  any  celebrity, 
and  consequently  invite  Mr.  Pickwick 
and  his  three  friends  to  an  entertainment 
in  their  house.  Mrs.  Leo  Hunter  wrote 
an  "  Ode  to  an  Expiring  Frog,"  con- 
sidered by  her  friends  a  most  masterly 
performance.  — Dickens  :  The  Pickwick 
Papers  (1836). 

Can  I  view  thee  panting,  lying 

.    On  thy  stomach,  without  sighing ; 

Can  I  un'moved  see  thee  dying 

On  a  log,  expiring  frog  1 
Say,  have  fiends  in  shape  of  boYS, 
With  wild  halloo,  and  brutal  noise. 


Hunted  thee  from  marshy  joys. 
With  a  dog,  expiring  frog  I 


Ch.  : 


Hiuxter  ( The  Mighty),  Nimrod  ;  s^ 
called  in  Gen.  x.  9. 

Proud  Nimrod  first  the  bloody  chase  [a/a*-]  began, 
A  mighty  hunter,  and  his  prey  was  man. 

Pope :  IFindsor  Forest  (1713). 

HUNTINGDON  [Henry  of).  Henry 
archdeacon  of  Huntingdon  (1100-1168),  a 
chronicler  who  wrote  a  History  of  England 
[Historia  Anglorum)  from  the  invasion 
of  Julius  Caesar  to  the  death  of  Stephen. 
He  was  a  poet  also. 

Huntingdon  [Robert  earl  of),  gene- 
rally called  "  Robin  Hood"  {q.v.).  In  1601 
Anthony  Munday  and  Henry  Chettle 
produced  a  drama  entitled  The  Downfall 
of  Robert  Earl  of  Huntingdon  (attributed 
often  to  T.  Heywood).  Ben  Jonson 
began  a  beautiful  pastoral  drama  on  the 
subject  of  Robin  Hood  ( The  Sad  Shepherd, 
or  A  Tale  of  Robin  Hood),  but  left  only 
two  acts  of  it  when  he  died  (1637).  We 
have  also  Robin  Hood  and  his  Crew  of 
Souldiers,  a  comedy  acted  at  Nottingham, 
and  printed  1661 ;  Robin  Hood,  an  opera 
{ f  730)'  J'  Ritson  edited,  in  179S,  Robin 
Hood:  a  Collection  of  Poems,  Songs,  and 


Ballads  relative  to  that  Celebrated  English 
Outlaw. 

Huntingdon  [The  earl  of),  in  the 
court  of  queen  Elizabeth. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Kenilworth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Hunting'don  [David  earl  of),  prince 
royal  of  Scotland.  He  appears  first  as 
sir  Kenneth,  Knight  of  the  Leopard,  and 
afterwards  as  Zohauk  the  Nubian  slave. 
—Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Talisman  (time, 
Richard  L). 

Hitnting-don  Sturgeon  and  God- 
manchester  Hogs. 

During  a  very  high  flood  in  the  meadows  between 
Huntingdon  and  Godmanchester,  something  was  seen 
floating,  which  the  Godmanchester  people  thought  was 
a  black  hog,  and  the  Huntingdon  folk  declared  was  a 
sturgeon.  When  rescued  fron,  the  waters,  it  proved 
to  be  a  young  donkey. — Braybrook  (Pepys :  Diary, 
May  22,  1667). 

Huntinglen  [The  earl  of),  an  old 
Scotch  nobleman. — Sir  W.  Scott:  For- 
tunes of  Nigel  (time,  James  L). 

Huntly  ( The  marquis  of),  a  royalist. 
— Sir  W.  Scott:  Legend  of  Mo?itrose[iimQ , 
Charles  I.). 

Huon,  a- serf,  secretary  and  tutor  of 
the  countess  Catherine,  with  whom  he 
falls  in  love.  He  reads  with  music  in 
his  voice,  talks  enchantingly,  writes 
admirably,  translates  "dark  languages," 
is  "wise  in  rare  philosophy,"  is  master 
of  the  hautboy,  lute,  and  viol,  "  proper  in 
trunk  and  limb  and  feature ; "  but  the 
proud  countess,  though  she  loves  him, 
revolts  from  the  idea  of  marrying  a  serf. 
At  length  it  comes  to  the  ears  of  the  duke 
that  his  daughter  loves,  Huon,  and  the 
duke  commands  him,  on  pain  of  death, 
to  marry  Catherine,  a  freed  serf.  He 
refuses,  till  the  countess  interferes ;  he 
then  marries,  and  rushes  to  the  wars. 
Here  he  greatly  distinguishes  himself, 
and  is  created  a  prince,  when  he  learns 
that  the  Catherine  he  has  wed  is  not 
Catherine  the  freed  serf,  but  Catherine  the 
countess. — Knowles  :  Lorue  (1840). 

Huon  de  Bordeaux  [Sir),  who 
married  Esclairmond,  and,  when  Oberon 
went  to  paradise,  succeeded  him  as  "king 
of  all  Faery." 

In  the  second  part,  Huon  visits  the 
terrestrial  paradise,  and  encounters  Cain, 
the  first  murderer,  in  performance  of  his 
penance. — Huon  de  Bordeaux. 

N.B. — An  abstract  of  this  romance  is  in 
Dunlop's  History  of  Fiction.  (See  also 
Keightley's  Fairy  Mythology.)  It  is  also 
the  subject  of  Wieland's  Oberon,  which 
has  been  translated  by  Sotheby. 


HUR  AL  OYUN. 


SX4 


HYDROMEL. 


Hur  al  Oyun,  the  black-eyed 
daughters  of  paradise,  created  of  pure 
musk.  They  are  free  from  all  bodily 
weakness,  and  are  ever  young.  Every 
believer  will  have  seventy-two  of  these 
girls  as  his  household  companions  in 
paradise,  and  those  who  desire  children 
will  see  them  grow  to  maturity  in  an 
hour. — Al  Koran,  Sale's  notes. 

Hurgonel  {Count),  the  betrothed  of 
Orna  sister  of  duke  Gondibert. — Dave- 
najit :  Gondibert,  iii.  i  (died  1668). 

Hurlo-Thrumbo,  a  burlesque  which 
had  an  extraordinary  run  at  the  Haymar- 
ket  Theatre. — Samuel  Johnson  [not  Dr. 
S.  Johnson):  Hurlo-T/irumbo,  or  The 
Supernatural  (1730). 

Consider,  then,  before,  like  Hurlo-Thrumbo, 
You  aim  your  club  at  an;y  creed  on  earth. 
That,  by  the  simple  accident  of  birth, 

You  might  have  been  high  priest  to  Mumbo-Jumbo. 

Hood. 

Hurry,  servant  of  Oldworth  of  Old- 
worth  Oaks.  He  is  always  out  of  breath, 
wholly  unable  to  keep  quiet  or  stand 
still,  and  proves  the  truth  of  the  proverb, 
' '  The  more  haste  the  worse  speed. "  He 
fancies  all  things  go  wrong  if  he  is  not 
bustling  about,  and  he  is  a  constant  fidget. 
— Burgoyne:  TheuMaid  of  the  Oaks  (1779). 

Poor  Weston !  "Hurry"  was  one  of  his  last  parts, 
and  was  taken  from  real  life.  I  need  not  tell  those 
who  remember  this  genuine  reprcsenter  of  nature, 
that  in  "  Hurry  "  he  threw  the  audience  into  loud  fits 
of  mirth  without  discomposing  a  muscle  of  his  features 
[1727-1776].— r.  Davits. 

Hurtali,  a  giant  who  reigned  in  the 
time  of  the  Flood. 

The  Massorets  affirm  that  Hurtali,  being  too  big  to 
get  into  the  ark,  sat  astride  upon  it,  as  children  stride 
a  wooden  hoxsa.— Rabelais  :  Pantag'ruel,  iu  i  (iS45)- 

(Minage  says  that  the  rabbins  assert 
that  it  was  Og,  not  Hurtali,  who  thus 
outrode  the  Flood.  See  Le  Pelletier, 
chap.  XXV.  of  his  NoaKs  Ark.) 

Husbandry  {Five  Hundred  Points  of 
Good),  by  Tusser  (1557).  (See  Southey's 
Early  British  Poets. ) 

Hush'ai  (2  syl.),  in  Drydeu's  satire  of 
Absalo7n  and  Achitophel,  is  Hyde  earl  of 
Rochester.  As  Hushai  was  David's  friend 
and  wise  counsellor,  so  was  Hyde  the 
friend  and  wise  counsellor  of  Charles  H. 
As  the  counsel  of  Hushai  rendered  abor- 
tive that  of  Achitophel,  and  caused  the 
plot  of  Absalom  to  miscarry,  so  the 
counsel  of  Hyde  rendered  abortive  that 
of  lord  Shaftesbury,  and  caused  the  plot 
of  Monmouth  to  miscarry. 

Hushai,  the  friend  of  David  in  distress  i 
In  public  storms  of  manly  stedfastness; 
By  foreign  treaties  he  informed  his  youth, 
And  joined  experience  to  his  native  truth. 
Drvden  :  Absalom  and  Achitophel,  i.  825-828  (1681). 


Hnt'cheon,  the  auld  domestic  in 
Wandering  Willie's  tale.— 5z>  W.  Scott: 
Redgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Hut'clieon,  one  of  Julian  Avenel's  re- 
tainers.— Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Monastery 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Hutin  {Le),  Louis  X.  of  France ;  so 
called  from  his  expedition  against  the 
Hutins,  a  seditious  people  of  Navarre 
and  Lyons  (1289,  1314-1316). 

Hy'acinth,  son  of  Amyclas  the 
Spartan  king.  He  was  playing  quoits 
with  Apollo,  when  the  wind  drove  the 
quoit  of  the  sun-god  against  the  boy's 
head,  and  killed  him  on  the  spot.  From 
the  blood  grew  the  flower  called  hyacinth, 
which  bears  on  its  petals  the  words,  "  Ai ! 
Ai !  "  ("  Alas  !  alas  !  "). — Grecian  Fable. 

Hyacinthe  (3  syl.),  the  daughter  of 
seigneur  G^ronte  (2  syl. ),  who  passed  in 
Tarentum  under  the  assumed  name  of 
Pandolphe  (2  syl.).  When  he  quitted 
Tarentum,  he  left  behind  him  his  wife 
and  daughter  Hyacinthe.  Octave  (2 
syl.)  son  of  Argante  (2  syl.)  fell  in  love 
with  Hyacinthe  (supposing  her  surname 
to  be  Pandolphe),  and  Octave's  father 
wanted  him  to  marry  the  daughter  of  his 
friend  seigneur  G^ronte.  The  young  man 
would  not  listen  to  his  father,  and  declared 
that  Hyacinthe,  and  Hyacinthe  alone, 
should  be  his  wife.  It  was  then  explained 
to  him  that  Hyacinthe  Pandolphe  was  the 
same  person  as  Hyacinthe  G^ronte,  and 
that  the  choice  of  father  and  son  were  in 
exact  accord. — Molihre  :  Les  Fourberies 
de  Sapin  (1671). 

(In  The  Cheats  of  Scapin,  Otway's  ver- 
sion of  this  play,  Hyacinthe  is  called 
"Clara,"  her  father  G^ronte  "Gripe,"  and 
Octave  is  Anglicized  into  "  Octavian.") 

Hyde.    (See  Jekyll  and  Hyde.) 

Hyder  Ali  Khan  Behauder,  the 
nawaub  of  Mysore  (2  syl. ),  disguised  as 
the  sheik  Hali.— 5?>  W.  Scott :  The  Sur- 
geons Daughter  (time,  George  II.). 

Hydra  or  Dragon  of  the  Hesperian 
grove.  The  golden  apples  of  the  Hes- 
perian field  were  guarded  by  women  called 
the  Hesperid^s,  assisted  by  the  hydra  or 
dragon  named  Ladon. 

Her  flowery  store 
To  thee  nor  Temp^  shall  refuse,  nor  watch 
Of  winged  hydra  guard  Hesperian  fruits 
From  thy  free  spoil. 
Aketiside:  Pleasures  of  Imagination,  i.  (1744). 

Hy'dromel  properly  means  a  mi.x- 
ture  of  honey  and  water ;  but  Mrs. 
Browning,  in  her  Drama  of  Exile,  speaks 


HYDROPSY. 


51S 


HYPOCRITE. 


of  a  "mystic  hydromel,"  which  corre- 
sponds to  the  classic  nectar  or  drink  of 
the  immortals.  This  "  mystic  hydromel " 
was  given  to  Adam  and  Eve,  and  held 
them  "immortal"  as  long  as  they  hved 
in  Eden,  but  when  they  fell  it  was  poured 
out  upon  the  earth. 

iAficf]  now  our  right  hand  hath  no  cup  remaining  .  .  . 
Fcr]  the  mystic  jiydromel  is  spilt. 

Mrs.  Broivninj':  A  Drama  of  Exile  (1850). 

Hydropsy,  personified  by  Thomson — 

On  limbs  enormous,  but  withal  unsound, 
Soft-swoln  and  wan,  here  lay  pale  Hydropsy,— 
Unwieldy  man ;  with  belly  monstrous  round. 
For  ever  fed  with  watery  supply. 
For  still  he  drank,  and  yet  was  ever  dry. 

Castle  <if  Indolence,  i.  75  (1748). 

Hymber court  {Baron  cT),  one  of  the 
duke  of  Burgundy's  officers.— .S?>  W.  Scott: 
Quentin  Durward  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Hsnuen,  god  of  marriage  ;  the  per- 
sonification of  the  bridal  song  ;  marriage. 

Till  Hymen  brought  his  love-delighted  hour. 
There  dwelt  no  joy  in  Eden's  rosy  bower  .  .  . 
Tlie  world  wns  sad,  the  garden  was  a  wild, 
And  man,  the  hermit,  siglied— till  woman  smiled. 
Campbell:  Pleasures  0/ Hope,  ii.  (1799). 

Hymettus,  a  mountain  in  Attica, 
noted  for  honey. 

And  the  brown  bees  of  Hymettus 
Make  their  honey  not  so  sweet. 

Mrs.  BroTuning  :  Wine  of  Cyprus,  7. 

Hymn  Tunes.  (See  Dictiojmry  of 
Phrase  and  Fable,  p.  641,  col.  1.) 

Hyndman  {Master),  usher  to  the 
council-chamber  at  Holyrood. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  The  Abbot  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Kypatia,  a  novel  by  Charles  Kingsley 
{1853).  Hypatia  was  born  in  Alexandria, 
A.D.  370.  She  attracted  vast  crowds  by 
her  lectures  on  philosophy  and  neo- 
Platonism.  She  was  a  most  modest, 
graceful,  and  beautiful  young  woman, 
but  the  Christian  clergy,  headed  by 
archbishop  Cyril,  stirred  up  the  rabble 
against  her.  They  seized  her,  dragged 
her  into  one  of  the  churches  of  Alexandria, 
and  literally  tore  her  to  pieces  (a.d.  415). 
It  is  one  of  the  saddest  tales  in  history. 

Hyperi'on,  the  sun.  His  parents 
were  Caelum  and  Tellus  {heaven  and 
earth).  Strictly  speaking,  he  was  the 
father  of  the  sun,  but  Homer  uses  the 
word  for  the  sun  itself. 


When  the  might 
Of  Hyperion  from  his  noon-tide  throne 
Unbends  their  1     _ 

Akenside : 


■  languid  pinions  [i.e.  of  the  winds'], 
enside  :  Hymn  to  the  Naiads  (1767). 

Shakespeare  incorrectly  throws  the 
accent  on  the  second  syllable :  "  Hyper'ion 
to  a  satyr  "  {Hamlet,  act  i.  sc,  2).  In  this 
almost  all  English  poets  have  erred  with 
Shakespeare;  but  Akenside  accents  the 


word  correctly,  and  in  Fuitnus  Troes  we 
have — 

Blow,  gentle  A  fricus, 
I'lay  on  our  poops,  when  Hyperion's  son 
Shall  couch  m  west.  (1633.) 

Placat  equo  Persis  radiis  HyperTone  cinctura. 

Ovid:  Fasti,  i.  385. 

•••  Keats  has  left  the  fragment  of  a 
poem  entitled  Hyperion,  of  which  Byron 
says,  "It  seems  inspired  by  the  Titans, 
and  is  as  sublime  as  -(Eschylus." 

Hyperion,  a  romance  by  Longfellow. 
The  hero,  Paul  Flemming,  was  heart- 
broken at  the  loss  of  a  dear  friend.  He  tra- 
velled abroad,  to  try  and  assuage  his  grief, 
and  spent  a  winter  in  Heidelberg,  where  he 
buried  himself  in  "old  dusty  books,"  and 
held  long  disoussions  with  his  friend  the 
baron  of  Hohenfels.  He  met  an  English 
lady,  Mary  Ashburton,  and  loved  her,  but 
pride  parted  them,  and  they  separated 
never  to  meet  again,  Paul  Flemming 
wandered  through  many  lands,  and  in  a 
little  chapel,  on  a  marble  tablet,  found 
the  words  of  consolation  which  no  friend 
had  yet  spoken.  He  determined  to  face 
life  again,  and  "be  strong."  The  story 
is  interwoven  with  charming  translations 
from  German  poety  ;  most  of  which  are 
collected  in  the  volume  of  Longfellow's 
Poems. 

Kypnos,  god  of  sleep,  brother  of 
Oneiros  {dreams)  and  ThanStos  {death). 

In  every  creature  that  breathes,  from  the  conqueror 
resting  on  a  field  of  blood,  to  the  nest-bird  cradled  :n 
its  bed  of  leaves,  Hypnos  holds  a  sovereignty  which 
nothing  mortal  can  long  resist. — Ouida:  Folle-Farine, 
iil.  II. 

Hypochondria,      personified      by 

Thomson — 

And  moping  here,  did  Hypochondria  sit, 
Mother  of  spleen,  in  robes  of  various  dye  .  ,  . 
And  some  her  frantic  deemed,  and  some  her  deemed 
a  wit. 

CastU  of  Indolence,  i.  75  (1748). 

Hypocrisy  is  the  homage  which  vice 
renders  to  virtue. 

L'hypocrisie  est  un  honunage  que  le  vice  rend  i  la 
Tcrtu. — Rochefoucauld. 

Hyp'ocrite  {The),  Dr.  Cantwell  in 
the  Enghsh  comedy  by  Isaac  BickerstafF, 
and  Tartuffe  in  the  French  comedy  by 
Moli^re.  He  pretends  to  great  sanctity, 
but  makes  his  "religion"  a  mere  trade 
for  getting  money,  advancing  his  worldly 
prospects,  and  for  the  better  indulgence 
of  his  sensual  pleasures.  Dr.  Cantwell  is 
made  the  guest  of  sir  John  Lambert  (in 
French  "  Orgon  "),  who  looks  on  him  as  a 
saint,  and  promises  him  his  daughter  in 
marriage;  but  his  mercenary  views  and 
his  love-making  to  lady  Lambert  being 


HYPOCRITES. 


5x6 


IBERIA'S  PILOT. 


at  length  exposed,  sir  John  forbids  him  to 
remain  in  the  house,  and  a  tipstaff  arrests 
him  for  a  felonious  fraud  (1768). 

Hyp'ocrites  {The).  Abdallah  ibn 
Obba  and  his  partizans  were  so  called  by 
Mahomet. 

HsTp'ocrites  {The  prince  of), 
Tiberius  Cassar  (b.C.  42,  14  to  a.d.  37). 

Hjrppolito.    (See  Hippolytus.  ) 

Hyrcan  Tiger.  Hyrcania  is  in  Asia 
Minor,  south-east  of  the  Caspian  Sea. 
Bouillet  says,  "  Ce  pays  6tait  toutentour6 
de  montagnes  remplies  de  tigres." 

Restore  thy  fierce  and  cniel  mind 
To  Hircan  tigres  and  to  ruthless  bears. 

Daniel :  Somteis  {1594). 
Approach  thou  like  the  Russian  bear, 
The  armed  rhinoceros,  or  the  Hyrcan  tiger ; 
Talce  any  form  but  that,  and  my  firm  nerves 
Shall  never  tremble. 

Shakespcart :  Macbeth,  act  ui.  sc.  S  (1606). 

Hythloday  {Raphael),  the  imaginary 
adventurer  who  discovered  Utopia,  and 
gave  an  account  of  it  to  sir  Thomas  More. 


lacMmo  [Yak'-t-mo],  an  Italian  liber- 
tine. When  Posthu'mus,  the  husband  of 
Imogen,  was  banished  for  marrying  the 
king's  daughter,  he  went  to  Rome,  and 
in  the  house  of  Philario  the  .conversation 
fell  on  the  fidelity  of  wives.  Posthumus 
bet  a  diamond  ring  that  nothing  could 
change  the  fidehty  of  Imogen,  and 
lachamo  accepted  the  wager.  The  liber- 
tine contrived  to  get  into  a  chest  in 
Imogen's  chamber,  made  himself  master 
of  certain  details,  and  took  away  with 
him  a  bracelet  belonging  to  Imogen. 
With  these  vouchers,  lachimo  easily  per- 
suaded Posthumus  that  he  had  won  the 
bet,  and  Posthumus  handed  over  to  him 
the  ring.  A  battle  subsequently  ensued, 
in  which  lachimo  and  other  Romans, 
with  Imogen  disguised  as  a  page,  were 
made  prisoners,  and  brought  before  king 
Cymbehne.  Imogen  was  set  free,  and 
told  to  ask  a  boon.  She  asked  that 
lachimo  might  be  compelled  to  say  how 
he  came  by  the  ring  which  he  had  on  his 
finger,  and  the  whole  villainy  was  brought 
te  light.  Posthumus  was  pardoned,  and 
all  ended  happily. — Shakespeare  :  Cymbe- 
/?'«<?  (1605). 

• .  •  The  tale  of  Cymbeline  is  from  the 
Decameron  of  Boccaccio  (day  ii.  9),  in 


which  lachimo  is  called  "Ambrose," 
Imogen  is  "  Zineura,"  her  husband  Ber- 
nard "  Lomelhn,"  and  Cymbeline  is  the 
"sultan."  The  assumed  name  of  Imo- 
gen is  "  FidelS,"  but  in  Boccaccio  it  is 
"  Sicurano  da  Finale." 

la'sfo  (2  or  3  syl.),  ancient  of  Othello 
commander  of  the  Venetian  army,  and 
husband  of  Emilia.  lago  hated  Othello, 
both  because  Cassio  (a  Florentine)  was 
promoted  to  the  lieutenancy  over  his  head, 
and  also  from  a  suspicion  that  the  Moor 
had  tampered  with  his  wife  ;  but  he  con- 
cealed his  hatred  so  artfully  that  Othello 
felt  confident  of  his  "love  and  honesty." 
lago  strung  together  such  a  mass  of 
circumstantial  evidence  in  proof  of  Des- 
demona's  love  for  Cassio,  that  the  Moor 
killed  her  out  of  jealous)'.  One  main 
argument  was  that  Desdemona  had  given 
Cassio  the  very  handkerchief  which 
Othello  had  given  her  as  a  love-gift ;  but 
in  reality  lago  had  induced  his  wife 
Emilia  to  purloin  the  handkerchief. 
When  this  villainy  was  brought  to  light, 
Othello  stabbed  lago ;  but  his  actual 
death  is  no  incident  of  the  tragedy. — 
Shakespeare:  Oihello  {i6ix). 

The  cool  malignity  of  lago,  silent  in  Ws  resentment, 
subtle  in  his  designs,  and  studious  at  once  of  his  interest 
and  his  vengeance,  .  .  .  are  such  proofs  of  Shake- 
speare's skill  in  human  nature  as  it  would  be  vain  to 
seek  in  any  modem  writer. — Dr.  yohnson. 

(Byron,  speaking  of  John  P.  Kemble, 
says,  "Was  not  his  'lago'  perfection 
— particularly  the  last  look  ?  I  was  close 
to  him,  and  I  never  saw  an  English  coun- 
tenance half  so  expressive.") 

Iambic  Verse  {The  Father  of), 
Archil 'ochos  of  Paros  (B.C.  714-676). 

lANTHX:  (3  syL),  in  The  Siege  of 
Rhodes,  by  sir  William  Davenant  (1656). 

Mrs.  Betterton  was  called  "  lanthe  "  by  Pepys,  in  his 
Diary,  as  having  performed  that  character  to  his  great 
approval.  The  old  gossip  greatly  admired  her,  and 
praised  her  "sweet  voice  and  incomparable  acting:." — 
IV.  C.  Russell:  Representative  Actors. 

lanthe  (3  jy/.)>  to  whom  lord  Byron 
dedicated  his  Childe  Harold,  was  lady 
Charlotte  Harley,  daughter  of  the  earl  of 
Oxford  (afterwards  lady  Charlotte  Bacon), 
who  was  only  eleven  years  old  at  the  time 
(1809). 

lanthe.    (See  Iphis,  p.  526.) 

lanthe,  in  Shelley's  Queen  Mab.  (See 
Mab.) 

Xbe'ria's  Pilot,  Christopher  Co- 
lumbus. Spain  is  called  ' '  Iberia  "  and  the 
Spaniards  the  ' '  Ibe'ri. "  The  river  Ebro  is 
a  corrupt  form  of  the  Latin  word  Ibe'rus. 


IBLIS. 

Launched  with  Iberia's  pilot  from  the  steep, 
To  worlds  unknown,  anci  is'.es  beyond  the  deep. 
Campbell:  The  Pleasures  of  Hope,  ii.  (1799). 

Iblis  ["  des/>air"],  called  AzaVil  before 
he  was  cast  out  of  heaven.  He  refused 
to  pay  homage  to  Adam,  and  was  rejected 
by  God. — A I  Koran. 

"We  created  you,  and  afterwards  formed  you,  and 
all  worshipped  except  Eblis."  .  .  .  And  God  said  unto 
him,  "What  hindered  you  from  worshipping  Adam, 
since  I  commanded  it?  He  answered,  "I  am  mora 
excellent  than  he.  Thou  hast  created  me  of  fire,  but 
him  of  clav."  God  said,  "Get  thee  down,  therefore, 
from  iiaradise  .  .  .  thou  shalt  be  one  of  the  contemp- 
tible.''-^/i^<;rrf«,  vii. 

Ib'rahim  or  L'TUustre  Bassa,  an 

heroic  romance  of  Mdlle.  deScud6ri(i64i). 
Zce'ni  (3  syL),  the  people  of  Suffolk, 
Norfolk,  Cambridgeshire,  and  Hunting- 
donshire. Their  metropolis  was  Venta 
[Caistor,  near  Norwich).— Richard  of 
Cirencester :  Chronicle,  vi.  30. 

The  Angles,  .  .  .  allured  with  ...  the  fittness  of  the 

place 
Where  the  Icenl  lived,  did  set  their  kingdom  down  .  .  . 
And  the  East  Angles'  kingdom  those  English  did  instile. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xvi.  (1613). 

Ida,  the  name  of  the  princess  in 
Tennyson's  poem  called  The  Princess 
(1847-1850). 

Idalia,  Venus;  so  called  from 
Idartum,  a  town  in  Cyprus,  where  she  was 
worshipped. 

Iden  {Alexander),  a  poor  squire  of 
Kent,  who  slew  Jack  Cade  the  rebel,  and 
brought  the  head  to  king  Henry  VI„  for 
Which  service  the  king  said  to  him — 

Iden,  kneel  down.     Rise  up  a  knight. 
We  give  thee  for  reward  a  thousand  marks ; 
And  will  that  thou  henceforth  attend  on  us. 
Shakespeare  :  2  Henry  VJ.  act  v.  sc.  i  (1591). 

Idenstein  {Baron),  nephew  of  gene- 
ral Kleiner  governor  of  Prague.  He 
marries  Adolpha,  who  turns  out  to  be  the 
sister  of  Meeta  called  "The  Maid  of 
Mariendorpt."— itwow/^.-  The  Maid  of 
Mariendorpt  (1838). 

Identity.  (See  Mistaken  Identity.) 

Idiot  ( The  Inspired),  Oliver  Goldsmith. 
So  called  by  Horace  Walpole  (1728-1774). 

Idle  Lake,  the  lake  on  which 
Phaedria  {wantonness)  cruised  in  her 
gondola.  One  had  to  cross  this  lake  to 
get  to  Wandering  Island. — Spenser: 
Faerie  Queene,  ii.  (1590). 

Idleness  {The  lake  of).  Whoever 
drank  thereof  grew  instantly  "faint  and 
weaiy."  The  Red  Cross  Knight  drank 
of  it,  and  was  readily  made  captive  by  Or- 
goglio. — Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  i.  (1590). 

Idonx'eneus  [I-dom'-e-nuce],  king  of 
Crete.  He  made  a  vow  when  he  left 
Troy,  if  the  gods  would  vouchsafe  him  a 


St? 


IGERNA. 


safe  voyage,  to  sacrifice  to  them  the  first 
living  being  that  he  encountered  in  his 
own  kingdom.  The  first  living  object 
he  met  was  his  own  son,  and  when  the 
father  fulfilled  his  vow,  he  was  banished 
from  his  country  as  a  murderer. 

(The  reader  will  instantly  call  to  mind 
Jephthah's  rash  vow. — yudo-.  xi.) 

•ff  Agamemnon  vowed  to  Diana  to  offer 
up  in  sacrifice  to  her  the  most  beautiful 
thing  that  came  into  his  possession  within 
the  next  twelve  months.  This  was  an 
infant  daughter  ;  but  Agamemnon  de- 
ferred the  offering  till  Iphigeni'a  (his 
daughter)  was  full  grown.  The  fleet,  on 
its  way  to  Troy,  being  wind-bound  at 
Aulis,  the  prophet  Kalchas  told  Agamem- 
non it  was  because  the  vow  had  not  been 
fulfilled ;  accordingly  Iphigenia  was  laid 
on  the  altar  for  sacrifice,  but  Diana  inter- 
posed, carried  the  victim  to  Tauris,  and 
substituted  a  hind  in  her  place.  Iphigenia 
in  Tauris  became  a  priestess  of  Diana. 

IF  Abraham,  being  about  to  sacrifice 
his  son  to  Jehovah,  was  stayed  by  a 
voice  from  heaven,  and  a  ram  was  sub- 
stituted for  the  lad  Isaac. — Gen.  xxii. 

Idwal,  king  of  North  Wales,  and  son 
of  Roderick  the  Great.     (See  Ludwal.) 

Idy'a,  the  pastoral  name  of  Britannia, 
"the  most  beauteous  of  all  the  darlings 
of  Oceanus." — W.  Browne:  Britannia's 
Pastorals  (1613). 

Idylls  of  the  King-,  a  series  of 
poems  by  Tennyson  (between  1859  and 
1872),  in  twelve  books,  with  a  dedication 
to  the  memory  of  the  prince  consort,  and 
an  epilogue  to  the  queen.   The  titles  are — 

The  Coming  of  Arthur ;  Gareth  and  Lynette ; 
The  Marria;;e  of  Geraint ;  Geraint  and  Enid  ;  Balin 
aiidBalan  ;  Merlinand  Vivien  ;  Lancelot  and  Elaine; 
The  Holy  Grail;  Pelleas  and  Ettarre ;  The  Last 
Toumatnent ;  Guinevere;  The  Passing  of  Arthur. 

ler'ue  (3  syl.),  Ireland.  Pytheas 
(contemporary  with  Aristotle)  was  the 
first  to  call  the  island  by  this  name. 

The  green  leme's  sliore. 
Campbell:  Pleasures  of  Hope,  ii.  (1799). 

Iger'na,  Ig-erne  (3  syl),  or 
Ig;rayne  (3  syl.),  wife  of  Gorlois  duke 
of  Tintag'el,  in  Cornwall.  Igerna  married 
Uther  the  pendragon  of  the  Britons,  and 
thus  became  the  mother  of  prince  Arthur. 
The  second  marriage  took  place  a  few 
hours  after  the  duke's  death,  but  was  not 
made  public  till  thirteen  days  afterwards. 
— Sir  T.  Malory:  History  of  Prince 
Arthur  (1470). 

• .  •  Tennyson  spells  the  name  Ygerne, 
and  makes  Uther  conquer  and  slay  Gor- 
lois, and  then  forcibly  marry  the  widow. 


IGNARO. 


518 


ILIAD. 


Igna'ro,  foster-father  of  Orgoglio. 
The  old  dotard  walked  one  way  and 
looked  another.  To  every  question  put  to 
him,  his  invariable  answer  was,  "  I  cannot 
tell." — Spenser :  Faerie  Queene,  i.  {1590). 
^  Lord  Flint,  chief  minister  of  state 
to  one  of  the  sultans  of  India,  used  to 
reply  to  every  disagreeable  question, 
"My  people  know,  no  doubt;  but  I 
cannot  recollect." — Mrs.  Inchbald :  Such 
Things  Are  (17^6). 

IT  The  Italian  witnesses  summoned  on 
the  trial  of  queen  Charlotte,  answered  to 
almost  every  question,  "Nonmiricordo." 

IT  The  "Know-Nothings"  of  the 
United  States  reply  to  every  question, 
about  their  secret  society,  ' '  I  know 
nothing  about  it." 

Igfna'tius  {Father),  Joseph  Leycester 
Lyne,  born  1837,  monk  of  the  order  of  St. 
Benedict  (1862).  He  established  a  com- 
munityat  Llanthony  Abbey,  where  helives. 

Ignatius  [Father),  the  Hon.  and  Rev. 
George  Spencer,  superior  of  the  order  of 
Passionists  (1799-1864), 

Igrnogfe  (3  syl.),  daughter  of  Pan'- 
drasus  of  Greece,  given  as  wife  to  Brute 
mjrthical  king  of  Britain.  Spenser  calls 
her  "Inogene"  (3  syL),  and  Drayton 
"innogen." — Geoffrey:  British  History, 
i.  II  (1142). 

I.  H.  S.  In  German,  I[esus],  H[ei- 
landl,  S[eligmacher],  i.e.  Jesus,  Saviour, 
Sanctifier.  In  Greek,  I[i7<roi'r],  'H[Me- 
T<oor],  SC^Tfip],  i.e.  Jesus,  Our  Saviour. 
In  Latin,  I[esus],  H[ominum]  S[al- 
vator],  i.  e.  Jesus,  Men's  Saviour.  Those 
who  would  like  an  English  equivalent  may 
adopt  J[esus],  H[eavenly]  S[aviour]. 

The  Latin  equivalent  is  attributed  to 
St.  Bernardine  of  Sienna  (1347). 

Ilderton  [Miss  Lucy  and  Miss  Nancy), 
cousins  to  Miss  Vere. — Sir  IV.  Scott: 
The  Black  Dwaff  (time,  Anne). 

n'iad  (3  syl. ),  the  tale  of  the  siege  of 
Troy,  an  epic  poem  in  twenty-four  books, 
by  Homer.  Menelaos,  king  of  Sparta, 
received  as  a  guest  Paris,  a  son  of  Priam 
king  of  Troy.  Paris  eloped  with  Helen, 
his  host's  wife,  and  Menelaos  induced  the 
Greeks  to  lay  siege  to  Troy,  to  avenge  the 
perfidy.  The  siege  lasted  ten  years,  when 
Troy  was  taken  and  burnt  to  the  ground. 
Homer's  poem  is  confined  to  the  last  year 
of  the  siege. 

*  Book  I.  opens  with  a  pestilence  in  the 
Grecian  camp,  sent  by  the  sun-god  to 
avenge  his  priest  Chrysgs.  The  case  is 
this :    ChrysSs    wished    to     ransom    his 


daughter,  whom  Agamemnon,  the  Greek 
commander-in-chief,  kept  as  a  concu- 
bine, but  Agamemnon  refused  to  give  her 
up  ;  so  the  priest  prayed  to  Apollo  for 
vengeance,  and  the  god  sent  a  pestilence. 
A  council  being  called,  Achillas  up- 
braids Agamemnon  as  the  cause  of  the 
divine  wrath,  and  Agamemnon  replies  he 
will  give  up  the  priest's  daughter,  but 
shall  take  instead  Achillgs's  concubine. 
On  hearing  this,  Achillas  declares  he 
will  no  longer  fight  for  such  an  ex- 
tortionate king,  and  accordingly  retires 
to  his  tent  and  sulks  there. 

II.  Jupiter,  being  induced  to  take  the 
part  of  Achillas,  now  sends  to  Agamem- 
non a  lying  dream,  which  induces  him  to 
believe  that  he  shall  take  the  city  at  once  ; 
but  in  order  to  see  how  the  soldiers  are 
affected  by  the  retirement  of  Achillas,  the 
king  calls  them  to  a  council  of  war,  asks 
them  if  it  will  not  be  better  to  give  up 
the  siege  and  return  home.  He  thinks 
the  soldiers  will  shout  "no"  with  one 
voice ;  but  they  rush  to  their  ships,  and 
would  set  sail  at  once  if  they  were  not 
restrained  by  those  privy  to  the  plot 

III.  The  soldiers,  being  brought  back 
are  then  arrayed  for  battle.  Paris  pro- 
poses to  decide  the  contest  by  single 
combat,  and  Menelaos  accepts  the  chal- 
lenge. Paris,  being  overthrown,  is  carried 
off  by  Venus,  and  Agamemnon  demands 
that  the  Trojans  shall  give  up  Troy  in 
fulfilment  of  the  compact. 

IV.  While  Agamemnon  is  speaking, 
Pandarus  draws  his  bow  at  Menelaos  and 
wounds  him,  and  the  battle  becomes 
general. 

V.  Pandarus,  who  had  violated  the 
truce,  is  killed  by  Diomed. 

VI.  Hector,  the  general  of  the  Trojan 
allied  armies,  recommends  that  the  Tro- 
jan women  in  a  body  should  supplicate 
the  gods  to  pardon  the  sin  of  Pandarus, 
and  in  the  mean  time  he  and  Paris  make 
a  sally  from  the  city  gate. 

VII.  Hector  fights  with  Ajax  in  single 
combat,  but  the  combatants  are  parted 
by  the  heralds,  who  declare  it  a  drawn 
battle ;  so  they  exchange  gifts  and  re- 
turn  to  their  respective  tents. 

VIII.  The  Grecian  host,  being  discom- 
fited, retreats ;  and  Hector  prepares  to 
assault  the  enemy's  camp. 

IX.  A  deputation  is  sent  to  Achillas, 
but  the  sulky  hero  remains  obdurate. 

X.  A  night  attack  is  made  on  the  Tro- 
jans by  Diomed  and  Ulysses  ; 

XI.  And    the    three    Grecian     chiefs 


ILIAD  IN  A  NUTSHELL. 


519 


ILISSUS. 


fAgamemnon,  Diomed,  and  Ulyssfis)  are 
all  wounded. 

XII.  The  Trojans  force  the  gates  of 
the  Grecian  ramparts. 

XIII.  A  tremendous  battle  ensues,  in 
which  many  on  both  sides  are  slain. 

XIV.  While  Jupiter  is  asleep,  Neptune 
interferes  in  the  quarrel  in  behalf  of  the 
Greeks ; 

XV.  But  Jupiter  rebukes  hira,  and 
Apollo,  taking  the  side  of  the  Trojans, 
puts  the  Greeks  to  a  complete  rout.  The 
Trojans,  exulting  in  their  success,  prepare 
to  set  fire  to  the  Grecian  camp. 

XVI.  In  this  extremity,  Patroclos 
arrays  himself  in  Achilles's  armour,  and 
leads  the  Myrmidons  to  the  fight ;  but  he 
is  slain  by  Hector. 

XVII.  Achilles  is  told  of  the  death  of 
his  friend ; 

XVIII.  Resolves  to  return  to  the  battle ; 

XIX.  And  is  reconciled  to  Agamemnon. 

XX.  A  general  battle  ensues,  in  which 
the  gods  are  permitted  to  take  part. 

XXI.  The  battle  rages  with  great  fury, 
the  slaughter  is  frightful  ;  but  the  Tro- 
jans, being  routed,  retreat  into  their  town, 
and  close  the  gates. 

XXII.  AchillSs  slays  Hector  before  he 
is  able  to  enter  the  gates,  and  the  battle 
is  at  an  end.     Nothing  now  remains  but 

XXIII.  To  burn  the  body  of  Patroclos, 
and  celebrate  the  funeral  games. 

XXIV.  Old  Priam,  going  to  the  tent 
of  Achilles,  craves  the  body  of  his  son 
Hector  ;  Achillas  gives  it  up,  and  the 
poem  concludes  with  the  funeral  rites  of 
the  Trojan  hero. 

For  English  translations  in  Terse,  see  under  HOMER. 
N.B. — Virgil  continues  the  tale  from  this 
point.  Shows  how  the  city  was  taken 
and  burnt,  and  then  continues  with  the 
adventures  of  ^ne'as,  who  escapes  from 
the  burning  city,  makes  his  way  to  Italy, 
marries  the  king's  daughter,  and  succeeds 
to  the  throne.     (See  ^neid.  ) 

The  French  Iliad,  The  Romance  of  the 
Rose{q.v.). 

The  German  Iliad,  The  Nibelungen 
Lied  [q. v.). 

The  Portuguese  Iliad,  The  Lusiad [q.v). 

The  Scotch  Iliad,  The  Epigoniad,  by 
William  Wilkie  [q.v.). 

Iliad  in  a  Nutshell  [The).  Pliny 
tells  us  that  the  Iliad  was  once  copied  in 
so  small  a  hand  that  the  whole  of  the 
twenty-four  books  were  shut  up  in  a  nut- 
shell.—//wA,  vii.  21. 

N  B_ — Huet,  bishop  of  Avranches,  de- 
monstrated the  possibility  of  this  being 


the  case  by  writing  eighty  lines  of  the- 
Iliad  on  the  space  occupied  by  one  line 
of  this  dictionary,  so  that  the  whole  Iliad 
might  be  got  into  about  two-thirds  of  a 
single  page, 

^j  In  No.  530  of  the  Harleian  MSS.  is 
an  account  of  a  similar  performance  by 
Peter  Bales,  a  Chancery  clerk  in  the  reign 
of  queen  Elizabeth.  He  wrote  out,  in 
1590,  the  whole  Bible,  and  enclosed  his 
MS.  in  a  walnut-shell.  Bales's  MS.  con- 
tained as  many  leaves  as  an  ordinary 
Bible,  but  the  size  of  the  leaves  was  re- 
duced, and  the  paper  was  as  thin  as 
possible. 

(I  have  myself  seen  the  Ten  Command- 
ments, the  Lord's  Prayer,  the  Apostles' 
Creed,  and  "God  save  the  King!"  all 
written  on  a  space  not  larger  than  a 
silver  threepence  ;  and  who  has  not  seen 
a  sheet  of  the  Ti?nes  newspaper  reduced 
to  the  size  of  a  locket  ?) 

II  The  Iliad  in  a  nutshell  is  quite  out- 
done by  the  web  given  to  a  prince  by  the 
White  Cat.  It  was  wrapped  in  a  millet 
seed,  and  was  400  yards  long.  What  was 
more  wonderful  than  this  :  there  were 
painted  on  it  all  sorts  of  birds,  beasts, 
and  fishes  ;  fruits,  trees,  and  plants; 
rocks  and  sea-shells  ;  the  sun,  moon,  stars, 
and  planets  ;  the  likenesses  of  all  the 
kings  and  princes  of  the  world,  with  their 
wives,  mistresses,  and  children,  all  dressed 
in  the  proper  costume. 

The  prince  took  out  of  a  box,  covered  with  rubies,  a 
walnut,  which  he  cracked,  and  saw  inside  It  a  small 
hazel  nut,  which  he  cracked  also,  and  found  inside  a 
kernel  of  wax.  He  peeled  the  kernel,  and  discovered 
a  com  of  wheat,  and  in  the  wheat-corn  was  a  grain  of 
millet,  which  contained  a  web  400  yards  in  leng^th. — 
Conitesse D' Aulnoy :  Fairy  Tales  ("The  White  Cat," 
1682). 

Iliad  of  Old  Engflisli  Litera- 
ture, "The  Knight's  Tale "  of  Palftmon 
and  Arcite  (2  syl.)  in  Chaucer's  Canter- 
bury Tales  (1388),    (See  Arcite,  p.  56.) 

Iliad  of  Woes  ( Latin,  Ilias  malo'rum), 
a  world  of  disasters  (Cicero,  Attic,  viii. 
11).  Homer's  Iliad  is  an  epic  of  "  woe  " 
from  beginnhig  to  end. 

Let  others  boast  of  blood,  and  spoils  of  foes. 
Fierce  rapines,  murders,  Iliads  of  woes. 

Drummond  ;  Death  of  Ma  Hades  (ifiia), 

nis'sns,  one  of  the  rivers  on  which 
Athens  was  situated.  Plato  lays  the 
scene  of  many  of  the  best  conversations 
of  SocratSs  on  the  banks  of  this  river. 

.  .  .  the  thymy  vale. 
Where  oft,  enchanted  with  Socratic  sounds, 
Ilissus  pure  devolved  his  tuneful  stream 
In  gentler  murmurs. 
Akenside  :  Pleasures  of  Imagination,  i,  {nu). 


ILL  LUCK. 


IMOGINE. 


Ill  Luck  always  attended  those  who 
possessed  the  gold  of  Nibelungen,  the 
gold  of  Toboso,  the  sword  of  Kol  called 
Graysteel,  Harmonia's  necklace,  Sher- 
borne, etc.     (See  each.) 

Illuminated  Doctor  (The),  Ray- 
mond LuUy  (1235-1315). 

John  Tauler,  the  German  mystic,  is  so 
called  also  (i  294-1361). 

Ima'us  (3  syL),  the  Himalaya  or 
snow-hills. 

The  huge  incumbrance  of  horrific  words 
From  Asian  Taurus,  from  Imaus  stretched 
Athwart  the  roving-  Tartar's  sullen  bounds. 
Thomson :  The  Seasons  ("  Autumn,"  1730). 

Imis,  the  daughter  and  only  child  of 
an  island  king.  She  was  enamoured  of 
her  cousin  Philax.  A  fay  named  Pagan 
loved  her,  and,  seeing  she  rejected  his 
suit,  shut  up  Imis  and  Philax  in  the 
"  Palace  of  Revenge."  This  palace  was 
of  crystal,  and  contained  everything  the 
heart  could  desire  except  the  power  of 
leaving  it.  For  a  time,  Imis  and  Philax 
were  happy  enough,  but  after  a  few  years 
they  longed  as  much  for  separation  as 
they  had  once  wished  to  be  united. — 
Comtesse  D'Aulnoy:  Fairy  Tales  ("  Pa- 
lace of  Revenge,"  1682). 

Imitatione  CHristi  {De),  generally 
attributed  to  Thomas  k  Kempis  (1415)- 
English  translations  by  dean  Stanhope 
(1866),  by  bishop  Goodwin  (1868),  by 
Bentham  (1874),  and  many  others. 

Imlac  of  Goiama,  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Nile  ;  the  son  of  a  rich  merchant 
Imlac  was  a  great  traveller  and  a  poet, 
who  accompanied  Rasselas  in  his  rambles, 
and  returned  with  him  to  the  "happy 
valley."— -Or.  Johnson:  Rasselas  (1759). 

Immortal  Pour  of  Italy  ( The) : 
Dant6  (1265-1321),  Petrarch  (1304-1374), 
Ariosto  (1474-1533),  and  Tasso  (1544- 
1595)- 

The  poets  read  he  o'er  and  o'er. 

And  most  of  all  the  Immortal  Four 

Of  Italy. 

Longfellow  :  The  Wayside  Inn  (prelude). 

Im.ogeu,  daughter  of  Cym'beline 
(3  syl.)  king  of  Britain,  married  clan- 
destinely Posthumus  Leonatus.  Post- 
humus,  being  banished  for  the  offence, 
retired  to  Rome.  One  day,  in  the  house 
of  Philario,  the  conversation  turned  on 
the  merits  of  wives,  and  Posthumus  bet 
his  diamond  ring  that  nothing  could 
tempt  the  fidelity  of  Imogen.  lachimo 
accepted  the  wager,  laid  his  plans,  and 
after   due   time   induced   Posthumus  to 


believe  that  Imogen  had  played  false, 
showing,  by  way  of  proof,  a  bracelet, 
which  he  affirmed  she  had  given  him  ; 
so  Posthumus  handed  over  to  him  the 
ring  given  him  by  Imogen  at  parting. 
Posthumus  now  ordered  his  servant 
Pisanio  to  inveigle  Imogen  to  Milford 
Haven,  under  pretence  of  seeing  her  hus- 
band, and  to  murder  her  on  the  road  ; 
but  Pisanio  told  Imogen  his  instructions, 
advised  her  to  enter  the  service  of 
Lucius,  the  Roman  general  in  Britain, 
as  a  page,  and  promised  that  he  would 
make  Posthumus  believe  that  she  was 
dead.  This  was  done;  and  not  long 
afterwards  a  battle  ensued,  in  which  the 
Romans  were  defeated,  and  Lucius, 
lachimo,  and  Imogen  were  taken  pri- 
soners. Posthumus  also  took  part  in 
the  battle,  and  obtained  for  his  services 
the  royal  pardon.  The  captives  being 
brought  before  Cymbeline,  Lucius  en- 
treated the  king  to  liberate  Imogen. 
The  petition  was  not  only  granted,  but 
Imogen  was  permitted,  at  the  same  time, 
to  ask  a  boon  of  the  British  king.  She 
only  begged  that  lachimo  should  inform 
the  court  how  he  came  by  the  ring  he 
was  wearing  on  his  finger.  The  whole 
villainy  was  thus  revealed,  a  reconcilia- 
tion took  place,  and  all  ended  happily. 
(See  Zw^^M'&K.y— Shakespeare :  Cyvibeline 
(1605). 

"Juliet,'  "Rosalind,"  "the  lady  Constance," 
"  Portia,"  •'  lady  Macbeth,"  and  the  divine  "'  Imogen  " 
[all  Shakespeare^  crowd  upon  our  fancy ;  to  have  seen 
Miss  Faucit  in  these  characters  is  to  hare  seen  a 
whole  world  of  poetry  revealed.— Z)mWi»  University 
Magaxine,  1846. 

Imi'ogiue  (The  Fair),  the  lady  be- 
trothed to  Alonzo  "  the  Brave,"  and  who 
said  to  him,  when  he  went  to  the  wars, 
"  If  ever  I  marry  another,  may  thy  ghost 
be  present  at  the  bridal  feast,  and  bear  me 
off  to  the  grave."  Alonzo  fell  in  battle  ; 
Imogine  married  another ;  and,  at  the 
marriage  feast,  Alonzo's  ghost,  claiming 
the  fulfilment  of  the  compact,  carried 
away  the  bride. — Lewis  ;  Alonzo  tlte 
Brave  and  the  Fair  Imogine  (1795). 

Im.'ogfiue  {The  lady),  wife  of  St.  Aldo- 
brand.  Before  her  marriage,  she  was 
courted  by  count  Bertram,  but  the  at- 
tachment fell  through,  because  Bertram 
was  outlawed  and  became  the  leader  of 
a  gang  of  thieves.  It  so  happened  one 
day  that  Bertram,  being  shipwrecked  oif 
the  coast  of  Sicily,  was  conveyed  to  the 
castle  of  lady  Imogine,  and  the  old  at- 
tachment revived  on  both  sides.    Bertram 


IMOINDA. 

murdered  St.  Aldobrand  ;  Imogine,  going 
mad,  expired  in  the  arms  of  Bertram  ; 
and  Bertram  killed  himself, — Maturin  : 
Bertram,  (1816). 

Imoin'da  {3  syl.\  daughter  of  a 
white  man,  who  went  to  the  court  of 
Angola,  changed  his  religion,  and  grew 
great  as  commander  of  the  forces.  His 
daughter  was  married  to  prince  Oroonoko. 
Soon  afterwards  the  young  prince  was 
trapanned  by  captain  Driver,  taken  to 
Surinam,  and  sold  for  a  slave.  Here  he 
met  his  young  wife,  whom  the  lieutenant- 
governor  wanted  to  make  his  mistress, 
and  Oroonoko  headed  a  rising  of  the 
slaves.  The  end  of  the  story  is  that 
Imoinda  slew  herself ;  and  (Droonoko, 
having  stabbed  the  lieutenant-governor, 
put  an  end  to  his  own  life. — Southern  : 
Oroonoko  (1696). 

Impertinent  {The  Curious),  an 
Itahan,  who,  to  make  trial  of  his  wife's 
fidelity,  persuades  his  friend  to  try  and 
seduce  her.  The  friend  succeeds  in  win- 
ning the  lady's  love,  and  the  impertinent 
curiosity  of  the  husband  is  punished  by 
the  loss  of  his  friend  and  wife  too. — 
Cervantes:  Don  Quixote,  I.  iv.  5  (an 
episode,  1605). 

Impostors  {Literary).  (See  Forgers 
AND  Forgeries.) 

Improvisators. 

(i)  AccoLTi  {Bernardo),  of  Arezzo, 
called  the  Unico  Areti'no  (1465-1535). 

(2)  Aquilano     [Serajlno),     born     at 


Aquila  (1466-1500). 

(3)  Bandettini  {Teresa),  (1763-*). 
Marone,  Quercio,  and  Silvio  Antoniano 
(eighteenth  century). 

(4)  Beronicius  {P.  J.),  who  could 
convert  extempore  into  Latin  or  Greek 
verse,  a  Dutch  newspaper  or  anything 
else  which  he  heard  (died  1676). 

(5)  Christopher,  an  Italian,  was 
surnamed  Altissimo,  for  his  talent  in 
improvising  (1514). 

(6)  Gorilla  {Maria  Maddelana  Fer- 
nandez), of  Pistoia.  Mde.  de  Stael  has 
borrowed  her  Corinne  from  this  im- 
provisatrix.  Crowned  at  Rome  in  1776 
(1740- 1 800). 

(7)  Gianni  {Francesco),  an  Italian, 
made  imperial  poet  by  Napoleon,  whose 
victories  he  celebrated  in  verse  (1759- 
1822). 

(8)  JehXn  {Niir),  of  Bengal,  during 
the  Eultanship  of  Jehdngher.  She  was  the 
inventor  of  the  otto  of  roses  (died  1645). 

(9)  Karschin  {Anna  Louisa),  of  Ger- 
many (1722-1791). 


S2I  inchcape  rock. 

iio)  Marone  {Andreas),  (1474-1527). 

(11)  Mazza  {Angela),  the  most  talented 
of  all  improvisators  (1741-1817). 

(12)  Metastasio  {P.  A.  D.  B.),  of 
Assisi,  who  developed  at  the  age  of  ten 
a  wonderful  talent  for  extemporizing  in 
verse  (i 698-1782). 

(13)  Perfetti  {Bernardino),  of  Sienna, 
who  received  a  laurel  crown  in  the  capitol, 
an  honour  conferred  only  on  Petrarch 
and  Tasso  (1681-1747). 

(14)  Petrarch  {Francesco),  who  in- 
troduced the  amusement  of  improvisation 
(1304-1374). 

(15)  Querno  {Camilla),  (1470-1528). 

(16)  Rossi,  beheaded  at  Naples  in 
1799. 

(17)  Serafinod'Aquila.  (See  above, 
"  Aquilano,") 

(18)  Serio,  beheaded  at  Naples  in 
1799. 

(19)  Sgricci  {Tommasa),  of  Tuscany 
(1788-1832),  His  Death  of  Charles  /., 
Death  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  and  Fall  of 
Missolonghi  are  very  celebrated. 

(2oi  Taddei  {Rosa),  (i8oi-*). 

(21)  ZuccHi  {Marco  Antonio),  of 
Verona  (*-i764). 

*.'  To  these  add  Cicconi,  Bindocci, 
Sestini ;  the  brothers  Clercq  of  Holland, 
Wolf  of  Alt6na,  Langenschwarz  of 
Germany,  Eugene  de  Pradel  of  France, 
and  our  own  Thomas  Hood  (1798-1845). 

In  Memoriam,  a  poem  in  various 
sections,  written  between  the  years  1833 
and  1850,  by  Tennyson,  in  memory  of 
his  friend  Arthur  H.  Hallam,  who  died 
in  1833. 

Inchcape  Rock  {The),  east  of  the 
Isle  of  May,  twelve  miles  from  all  land, 
in  the  German  Sea.  Here  a  warning  bell 
was  floated  on  a  buoy  by  the  forethought 
of  an  abbot  of  Aberbrothok.  Southey 
says  that  Ralph  the  Rover,  in  a  mischievous 
freak,  cut  the  bell  from  the  buoy,  and  it 
fell  into  the  depths  ;  but  on  his  return  voy- 
age his  boat  ran  on  the  rock,  and  Ralph 
was  drowned. 

In  old  times  upon  the  saide  rocke  there  was  a  bell 
fixed  upon  a  timber,  which  rang  continually,  being 
moved  by  the  sea,  giving  notice  to  saylers  of  the 
danger.  This  bell  was  put  there  and  maintained  by 
the  abbot  of  Aberbrothok,  but  being  taken  down  by  a 
sea-pirate,  a  yeare  thereafter  he  perished  upon  the 
same  rocke,  with  ship  and  goodes,  in  the  righteous 
judgement  oiOoA.—Stoddart :  Remarks  on  Scotland. 

IT  A  similar  story  is  told  of  St.  Goven's 
bell,  in  Pembrokeshire.  The  silver  bell 
was  stolen  one  night  from  the  chapel  by 
pirates  ;  but  no  sooner  had  their  boat  put 
out  to  sea,  than  all  the  crew  were  wrecked. 


INCONSTANT, 


522         INFANT  ENDOWED,  ETC. 


The  silver  bell  was  carried  by  sea-nymphs 
to  a  well,  and  whenever  the  stone  of  that 
well  is  struck  the  bell  is  heard  to  moan. 

Inconstant  {The),  a  comedy  by  G. 
Farquhar  (1702).  "The  inconstant"  is 
young  Mirabel,  who  shilly-shallies  with 
Oria'na  till  she  saves  him  from  being 
murdered  by  four  bravoes  in  the  house  of 
Lamorce  {2  syl. ). 

This  comedy  is  a  r^chauffif  oi  t\xK  JVild-goose  Chase, 
by  Beaumont  (?)  and  Fletcher  (1652).  (Beaumont  died 
i6i<S.) 

Incorruptible  {The).  Maximilien 
Robespierce  was  so  called  by  his  friends 
in  the  Revolution  {i75*5-i794)- 

IT  "William  Shippen,"  says  Horace 
Walpole,  * '  is  the  only  man  proof  against 
a  bribe," 

IT  Fabricius,  the  Roman  hero,  could 
not  be  corrupted  by  bribes,  nor  influenced 
by  threats.  Pyrrhus  declared  it  would  be 
as  easy  to  divert  the  sun  from  its  course 
as  Fabricius  from  the  path  of  duty. — 
Roman  Story. 

In'cubus,  a  spirit  half  human  and 
half  angelic,  living  in  mid-air  between 
the  moon  and  our  aaxih..— Geoffrey :  Bri- 
tish History,  vi.  i8  (1142). 

Indian  Pile,  one  by  one.  The 
American  Indians,  when  they  go  on  an 
attack,  march  one  by  one.  The  one 
behind  carefully  steps  in  the  foot-marks 
of  the  one  before,  and  the  last  of  the  file 
obliterates  the  foot-prints.  By  this 
means  their  direction  and  number  are  not 
detected. 

Each  man  followed  his  leader  in  Indian  ^^.— Captain 
Burnaby  :  On  Horseback  throug-k  Asia  Minor  (1877). 

Indra,  god  of  the  elements.  His 
palace  is  described  by  Southey  in  The 
Curse  of  Kehatna,  vii,  10(1809). 

Inesilla  de  Cantarilla,  daughter 
of  a  Spanish  lute-maker.  She  had  the 
unusual  power  of  charming  the  male  sex 
during  the  whole  course  of  her  life,  which 
exceeded  7^  years.  Idolized  by  the  noble- 
men of  the  old  court,  she  saw  herself 
adored  by  those  of  the  new.  Even  in 
her  old  age  she  had  a  noble  air,  an  en- 
chanting wit,  and  graces  peculiar  to  her- 
self suited  to  her  ytaxs.—Lesage :  Gil 
Bias,  viii.  i  (1735). 

I'nez  of  Cadiz,  addressed  in  Ckilde 
Harold,  I  (after  stanza  84).  Nothing 
known  of  her. 

I'nes  {Donna),  mother  of  don  Juan. 
She  trained  her  son  according  to  pre- 
scribed rules  with  the  strictest  propriety, 


and  designed  to  make  him  a  model  of  all 
virtues.  Her  husband  was  don  Jos6, 
whom  she  worried  to  death  by  her  prudery 
and  want  of  sympathy.  Donna  Inez 
was  a  "blue-stocking,"  learned  in  all 
the  sciences,  her  favourite  one  being 
"the  mathematical."  She  knew  every 
European  language,  "  a  little  Latin  and 
less  Greek,"  In  a  word,  she  was  "per- 
fect as  perfect  is,"  according  to  the 
standard  of  Miss  Edgeworth,  Mrs.  Trim- 
mer, and  Hannah  More,  but  had  "  a 
great  opinion  of  her  own  good  qualities." 
Like  Tennyson's  "Maud,"  this  paragon 
of  women  was,  to  those  who  did  not  look 
too  narrowly,  "faultily  faultless,  icily 
regular,  splendidly  null." — Byron:  Don 
Juan,  i,  10-30  (1819). 

Inez  de  Castro,  crowned  six  years 
after  her  death.  The  tale  is  this :  Don 
Pedro,  son  of  Alfonso  IV,  of  Portugal, 
privately  married,  in  1345,  the  "beauty  of 
Castile,"  and  Alfonso  was  so  indignant 
that  he  commanded  her  to  be  put  to  death 
(1355).  Two  years  afterwards,  don  Pedro 
succeeded  to  the  crown,  and  in  1361  had 
the  body  of  Inez  exhumed  and  crowned. 

• .  •  Camoens,  the  Portuguese  poet,  has 
introduced  this  story  in  his  Lusiad.  A. 
Ferreira,  another  Portuguese  poet,  has  a 
tragedy  called  Inez  de  Castro  (1554) ; 
Lamotte  produced  a  tragedy  with  the 
same  title  (1723)  ;  and  Guiraud  another 
in  1826,     (See  next  art.) 

Inez  de  Castro,  the  bride  of  prince 
Pedro  of  Portugal,  to  whom  she  was 
clandestinely  married.  The  king  Alfonso 
and  his  minister  Gonzalez,  not  knowing 
of  this  marriage,  arranged  a  marriage  for 
the  young  prince  with  a  Spanish  princess, 
and  when  the  prince  refused  his  consent, 
Gonzalez  ferreted  out  the  cause,  and 
compelled  Inez  to  drink  poison.  He  then 
put  the  young  prince  under  arrest,  but  as 
he  was  being  led  away,  the  announce- 
ment came  that  Alfonso  was  dead  and 
don  Pedro  was  his  successor.  The  tables 
were  now  turned,  for  Pedro  was  instantly 
released,  and  Gonzalez  led  to  execution, 
— Rose  Neil:  Inez  de  Castro,  or  The  Bride 
of  Portugal.     (See  previous  art,) 

Infant  Endowed  with  Speech. 

The  imam  Abzenderoud  excited  the  en\y 
of  his  confraternity  by  his  superior  virtue 
and  piety,  so  they  suborned  a  woman  to 
father  a  child  upon  him.  The  imfim 
prayed  to  Mahomet  to  reveal  the  truth, 
whereupon  the  new-born  infant  told  in 
good  Arabic  who  his  father  was,   and 


INFANT  OF  LUBECK. 


523 


INFERNO. 


Abzenderoud  was  acquitted  with  honour. 
—Gueulette :  Chinese  Tales  ("Imam 
Abzenderoud,"  1723), 

Infant  of  Lubeck,  Christian  Henry 
Heinecken.  At  one  year  old  he  knew  the 
chief  events  of  the  Pentoteuch  !  !  at  thir- 
teen months  he  knew  the  history  of  the 
Old  Testament !  !  at  fourteen  months  he 
knew  the  history  of  the  New  Testament !  1 
at  two  and  a  half  years  he  could  answer 
any  ordinary  question  of  history  or  geo- 
graphy ! !  and  at  three  years  old  he 
knew  German,  French,  and  Latin  ! !  (See 
Precocious  Genius.) 

Inferno  {The),  in  thirty-four  cantos, 
by  Dantd  [Alighieri]  (1300).  While  wan- 
dering through  a  wood  [this  life),  the 
poet  comes  to  a  mountain  [fame),  and 
begins  to  climb  it,  but  first  a  panther 
{pleasure),  then  a  lion  {ambition),  and 
then  a  she-wolf  {avarice)  stand  in  his 
path  to  stay  him.  The  appearance  of 
Virgil  {human  wisdom),  however,  en- 
courages him  (canto  i.),  and  the  Mantuan 
tells  him  he  is  sent  by  three  ladies 
[Beatrice  {faith),  Lucia  [grace),  and 
Mercy]  to  conduct  him  through  the 
realms  of  hell  (canto  ii. ).  On  they  pro- 
ceed together  till  they  come  to  a  portal 
bearing  this  inscription  :  ALL  hope 
ABANDON,  YE   WHO   ENTER  HERE;    they 

pass  through,  and  come  to  that  neutral 
realm,  where  dwell  the  spirits  of  those 
'  not  good  enough  for  heaven  nor  bad 
enough  for  hell,  "the  praiseless  and  the 
blameless  dead."  Passing  through  this 
border-land,  they  command  old  Charon 
to  ferry  them  across  the  Achgron  to 
Limbo  (canto  iii.),  and  here  they  behold 
the  ghosts  of  the  unbaptized,  "  blameless 
of  sin  "  but  not  members  of  the  Christian 
Church.  Homer  is  here,  Horace,  Ovid, 
and  Lucan,  who  enroll  DantS  "sixth  of 
the  sacred  band."  On  leaving  Limbo,  otir 
adventurer  follows  his  guide  through  the 
seven  gates  which  lead  to  the  inferno,  an 
enormous  funnel-shaped  pit,  divided  into 
stages.  The  outer,  or  first  "circle,"  is 
a  vast  meadow,  in  which  roam  Electra 
(mother  of  Dardinus  the  founder  of 
Troy),  Hector,  ^ne'as,  and  Julius  Caesar ; 
Camilla  and  Penthesile'a ;  Lathius  and 
Junius  Brutus  ;  Lucretia,  Marcia  (Cato's 
wife),  Julia  (Pompey's  wife),  and  Cor- 
neUa ;  and  here  "apart  retired,"  they 
see  Saladin,  the  rival  of  Richard  the 
Lion-heart.  Linos  is  here  and  Orpheus ; 
Aristotle,  Socrat6s,  and  Plato ;  Demo- 
crKtos  who  ascribed  creation  to  blind 
chance,   DiogenSs  the  cynic,  Heraclltos, 


Emped'ocl^s,  Anaxag'oras,  ThalSs,  Dios 
cor'ides,  and  Zeno  ;  Cicero  and  Seneca, 
Euclid  and  Ptolemy,  Hippocrdtes  and 
Galen,  Avlcen,  and  AverroSs  the  Arabian 
translator  and  commentator  of  Aristotle 
(canto  iv.).  From  the  first  stage  they 
descend  to  the  second,  where  Minos  sits 
in  judgment  on  the  ghosts  brought  before 
him.  He  indicates  what  circle  a  ghost  is 
to  occupy  by  twisting  his  tail  round  his 
body :  two  twists  signify  that  the  ghost 
is  to  be  banished  to  the  second  circle  ; 
three  twists,  that  it  is  to  be  consigned  to 
the  third  circle,  and  so  on.  Here,  says 
the  poet,  "  light  was  silent  all,"  but 
shrieks  and  groans  and  blasphemies 
were  terrible  to  hear.  This  circle  is  the 
hell  of  carnal  and  sinful  love,  where 
Dant6  recognizes  Semir^mis,  Dido,  Cleo- 
patra, and  Helen ;  Achillas  and  Paris ; 
Tristan,  the  lover  of  his  uncle's  wife 
Isolds ;  Lancelot,  the  lover  of  queen  Guin- 
ever ;  and  Francesca,  the  lover  of  Paolo 
her  brother-in-law  (canto  v.).  The  third 
circle  is  a  place  of  deeper  woe.  Here 
fall  in  ceaseless  showers,  hail,  black  rain, 
and  sleety  flaw  ;  the  air  is  cold  and  dun  ; 
and  a  foul  stench  rises  from  the  soil. 
Cerbgrus  keeps  watch  here,  and  this  part 
of  the  inferno  is  set  apart  for  gluttons, 
like  Ciacco  (2  syl. ).  From  this  stage  the 
two  poets  pass  on  to  the  ' '  fourth  steep 
ledge,"  presided  over  by  Plutus  (canto  vi.), 
a  realm  which  "hems  in  all  the  woe  of 
all  the  universe."  Here  are  gathered  the 
souls  of  the  avaricious,  who  wasted  their 
talents,  and  made  no  right  use  of  their 
wealth.  Crossing  this  region,  they  come 
to  the  "  fifth  steep,"  and  see  the  Stygian 
Lake  of  inky  hue.  This  circle  is  a  huge 
bog  in  which  "  the  miry  tribe  "  flounder, 
and  "gulp  the  muddy  lees."  It  is  the 
abode  of  those  who  put  no  restraint  upon 
their  anger  (canto  vii.).  Next  comes  the 
city  of  Dis,  where  the  souls  of  heretics 
are  ' '  interred  in  vaults  "  (cantos  viii.,  ix.). 
Here  Dantg  recognizes  Farina'ta  (a  leader 
of  the  Ghibelline  faction),  nnd  is  informed 
that  the  emperor  Frederick  II.  and  car- 
dinal Ubaldini  are  amon^t  the  number 
(canto  X.).  The  city  of  Dis  contains  the 
next  three  circles  (canto  xi. ),  through 
which  Nessus  conducts  them  ;  and  here  * 
they  see  the  Minotaur  and  the  Centaurs, 
as  Chiron  who  nursed  Achillfes  and  Pholus 
the  passionate.  The  first  circle  of  Dis 
(the  sixth)  is  for  those  who  by  force  or 
fraud  have  done  violence  to  man,  as 
Alexander  the  Great,  Dionysius  of  Syra- 
cuse, Attila,  Sextus,  and  Pyrrhus  (canto 
xii.).    The  next  (the  seventh  circle)  is  for 


INFERNO. 


524 


INI. 


those  who  have  done  violence  to  thefn~ 
selves,  as  suicides  ;  here  are  the  Harpies, 
and  here  the  souls  are  transformed  to 
trees  (canto  xiii.).     The  eighth  circle  is 
for  the  souls  of  those  who  have  done 
violence    to    God,   as  blasphemers    and 
heretics  ;  it  is  a  hell  of  burning,  where  it 
snows  flakes  of  fire.     Here  is  Cap'aneus 
(3  sy^  (canto  xiv.),  and  here  DantS  held 
converse  with  Brunetto,  his  old  school- 
master (canto  XV.).     Having  reached  the 
confines  of   the  realm  of  Dis,  Ger'yon 
carries  DantS  into  the  region  of  MalebolgS 
(4  syL),  a  horrible  hell,   containing  ten 
pits  or  chasms  (canto  xvii.) :  In  the  first 
is  Jason  ;  the  second  is  for  harlots  (canto 
xviii.);  in  the  third  is  Simon    Magus, 
"who  prostituted  the  things  of  God  for 
gold  ;  "  in  the  fourth  pope  Nicholas  HI. 
(canto  xix.) ;  in  the  fifth,  the  ghosts  had 
their  heads  "reversed  at  the  neck-bone," 
and  here  are  Amphiaraos,  Tiresias  who 
was  first  a  woman  and    then  a   man, 
Michael  Scott    the    magician,    with    all 
witches  and  diviners  (canto  xx.) ;  in  the 
sixth,  Caiaphas  and  Annas  his  father-in- 
law  (canto  xxiii.) ;  in  the  seventh,  robbers 
of  churches,  as  Vanni  Fucci,  who  robbed 
the  sacristy  of  St.  James's,  in  Pistoia,  and 
charged  Vanni  della  Nona  with  the  crime, 
for  which  she  suffered  death  (canto  xxiv.) ; 
in  the  eighth,  Ulyssgs  and  Dioraed,  who 
were  punished  for  the  stratagem  of  the 
Wooden  Horse  (cantos  xxvi.,  xxvii.);  in 
the  ninth,  Mahomet  and  All,   "horribly 
mangled"   (canto  xxviii.| ;  in  the  tenth, 
alchemists    (canto    xxix.),    coiners    and 
forgers,  Potiphar's  wife,  Sinon  the  Greek 
who  deluded  the  Trojans  (canto  xxx.), 
Nimrod,   Ephialtfis,   and  Antgeus,    with 
other     giants     (canto    xxxi.).      Antaeus 
carries  the  two  visitors  into  the  nether- 
most gulf,  where  Judas  and  Lucifer  are 
confined.     It  is  a  region  of  thick-ribbed 
ice,  and  here  they  see  the  frozen  river  of 
Cocy'tus  (canto  xxxii. ).     The  last  persons 
the  poet  sees  are  Brutus  and  Cassius,  the 
murderers  of  Julius  Caesar  (canto  xxxiv. ). 
Dant6  and  his    conductor   Virgil    then 
make  their  exit  on  the  "southern  hemi- 
sphere," where  once  was  Eden,  and  where 
the  moon  rises  when  here  evening  sets." 
This  is  done  that   the    poet    may  visit 
Purgatory,  which  is  situate  in  mid-ocean, 
somewhere  near  the  antipodes  of  Judaea. 

Canto  xvi.  opens  with  a  description  of  Fraud,  canto 
xxxiii.  contains  the  tale  of  Ugoli'no,  and  canto  xxxiv. 
the  description  of  Lucifer. 

• .  •  The  best  translations  of  the  Inferno 
into  English  verse  are  those  by  Gary 
{blank  verse),  1814 ;  by  Wright  (in  triple 


rhyme),  1853  ;  and  by  Geo.  Musgrave 
(in  Spenserian  metre),  1893.  (See  DiviN A 
COMEDIA,  p.  284.) 

-in^,  a  patronymic,  meaning  "  son 
of,"  "descendant  of,"  "  of  the  same  clan 
as." 

Anglo-Saxon,  -ing,  as  Brown-ing, 
Leam-ing-ton,  the  town  on  the  Learn. 

English,   -son,    as  John-son,  William- 
son, Robert-son,  etc. 
Frisian,  ingur. 
Norse,  ungar. 

Gaelic  (Scotch),  Mac,  as  MacKenzie, 
MacNeil,  MacDonald. 

Irish,  0\  as  O'Bryan,  O'Connor. 
Norman    French,   as  Fitz-,    as    Fitz- 
william,  Fitz-herbert. 

Welsh  (British),  Ap-,  often  contracted 
into  P,  as  Pritchard,  Apdavis,  Apjones. 

Ingelram  [Abbot),  formerly  superior 
of  St.  Mary's  Convent.— 5i>  W.  Scott: 
The  Monastery  (time,  Elizabeth). 

lug'lewood  {Squire),  a  magistrate 
near  Osbaldistone  Hall.— 5i>  W.  Scott: 
Rob  Roy  (time,  George  I. ). 

Inglia  {Corporal),  in  the  royal  army 
under  the  leadership  of  the  duke  of  Mon- 
mouth.—5i>  W,  Scott:  Old  Mortality 
(time,  Charles  II.). 

Ingoldsby  {Thovias),  the  assumed 
name  of  the  Rev.  Richard  Harris  Bar- 
ham,  author  of  Ingoldsby  Ugends{v]ZZ- 
184s). 

Ing-oldsby  Leg^ends  {The),  a  series 
of  legendary  tales  in  prose  and  verse, 
supposed  to  have  been  found  in  the 
family  chest  of  the  Ingoldsby  family,  and 
told  by  Thomas  Ingoldsby  (see  above). 
The  verse-legends  are  noted  for  their 
rhymes.  The  Jackdaw  of  Rheims  {q.v.) 
is  especially  celebrated. 

Ini,  Ine,  or  Ina,  king  of  Wessex; 
his  wife  was  ^Ethelburh  ;  both  were  of 
the  royal  line  of  Cerdic.  After  a  grand 
banquet,  king  Ini  set  forth  to  sojourn  in 
another  of  his  palaces,  and  his  queen 
privately  instructed  his  steward  to  "  fill 
the  house  they  quitted  with  rubbish  and 
offal,  to  put  a  sow  and  litter  of  pigs  in 
the  royal  bed,  and  to  dismantle  the  room 
entirely."  When  the  king  and  queen  had 
gone  about  a  mile  or  so,  the  queen  en- 
treated her  husband  to  return  to  the  house 
they  had  quitted,  and  great  was  his 
astonishment  to  behold  the  change, 
^thelburh  then  said,  "  Behold  what 
vanity  of  vanities  is  all  earthly  greatness ! 
Where  now  are  the  good  things  you  saw 


INIS-THONA. 

here  but  a  few  hours  ago?  See  how  foul 
a  beast  occupies  the  royal  bed.  So  will 
it  be  with  you,  unless  you  leave  earthly- 
things  for  heavenly."  So  the  king  abdi- 
cated his  kingdom,  went  to  Rome,  and 
dwelt  there  as  a  pilgrim  for  the  rest  of 
his  life. 

...  in  fame  g^reat  Ina  inigfht  pretend 
With  any  king:  since  first  the  Saxons  came  to  shore. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xi.  (1613). 

Inis-Tlioiia,   an   island  of  Scandi- 
navia.— Ossian. 
lu'istore,  the  Orkney  Islands. 

Let  no  vessel  of  tlie  kingdom  of  snow  \_NorTvay'\ 
bound  on  the  dark-rolling  waves  of  Inistore. — Ossian  : 
Fin^al,  L 

Inkle  and  Yar'ico,  hero  and 
heroine  of  a  story  by  sir  Richard  Steele, 
in  the  Spectator  (No.  11).  Inkle  is  a 
young  Englishman  who  is  lost  in  the 
Spanish  main.  He  falls  in  love  with 
Yarico,  an  Indian  maiden,  with  whom  he 
consorts  ;  but  no  sooner  does  a  vessel 
arrive  to  take  him  to  Barbadoes  than  he 
sells  Yarico  as  a  slave. 

Colman  has  dramatized  this  tale  (1787). 

Inn.  The  well-known  lines  subjoined 
were  written  by  Shenstone  at  an  inn  at 
Henley — 

Whoe'er  has  travelled  Life's  dull  round, 
Where'er  his  stages  may  have  been, 

Maj;  sigh  to  think  he  still  has  found 
His  warmest  welcome  at  an  inn. 

Innisfail  or  Inisfail,  an  ancient 
name  of  Ireland  [isle  of  destiny). 

Oh,  once  the  harp  of  Innisfail 

Was  strung  full  high  to  notes  of  gladness ; 
But  yet  it  often  told  a  tale 
Of  more  prevailing  sadness. 

Campbell:  O'Connor's  Child,  \. 
I  raised  my  sails,  and  rushed  into  the  bay  of  Croma, 
Into  Croma's  sounding  bay  in  lovely  InisfaiL — Ossian  : 
Croma. 

Innocents  [The),  the  babes  of 
Bethlehem  cut  off  by  Herod  the  Great. 

•.'  John  Baptist  Marino,  an  Italian 
poet,  has  a  poem  on  The  Massacre  of 
the  Innocents  (1569-1625). 

Innogfen  or  Inogene  (3  syl.),  wife 
of  Brute  (i  syl.)  mythical  king  of 
Britain.  She  was  daughter  of  Pan'- 
drasos  of  Greece. 

Thus  Brute  this  realme  unto  his  rule  subdewd  .  .  . 
And  left  three  sons,  his  famous  progeny. 
Born  of  fayre  Inogene  of  Italy. 

Spenser  :  Falrie  Queene,  ii.  lo  (1590). 
And  for  a  lasting  league  of  amity  and  peace. 
Bright  Innogen,  his  child,  for  wife  to  Brutus  gave. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  i.  (1612). 

Insane  Koot  ( The),  hemlock.  It  is 
said  that  those  who  eat  hemlock  can  see 
objects  otherwise  invisible.  Thus  when 
Banquo    had    encountered   the   witches, 


^S 


INVISIBILITY. 


who  vanished  as  mysteriously  as  they 
appeared,  he  says  to  Macbeth,  "Were 
such  things  [really]  here  ...  or  have 
we  eaten  [hemlock']  the  insane  root,  that 
takes  the  reason  prisoner,"  so  that  our 
eyes  see  things  that  are  not? — Shake' 
speare:  Macbeth,  act  i.  sc.  3  (1606). 

Inspired  Idiot  ( The).  Oliver  Gold- 
smith was  so  called  by  Horace  Walpole 
(1728-1774). 

Insn'bri,  the  district  of  Lombardy. 
which  contained  Milan,  Como,  Pa'via, 
Lodi,  Nova'ra,  and  Vercelli. 

Intellectual  System  [The),  by 
Cud  worth  {1678).  It  professes  to  con- 
fute to  demonstration  all  the  arguments 
in  favour  of  atheism.  In  1731  was  pub- 
lished his  attack  on  The  Leviathan  of 
Hobbes,  in  a  treatise  called  Eternal  and 
Immutable  Morality  (1617-1688). 

Intercepted     Letters     (or     The 

Twopenny  Postbag),  by  Thomas  Brown 
the  younger  [T.  Moore].  A  series  of 
satirical  poems  pubhshed  in  i8n.  There 
are  eight  letters,  supposed  to  have  been 
dropped  by  the  postman,  bought  for  a 
trifle  by  "Thomas  Brown,"  and  turned 
into  verse.  They  are  exposies  of  the 
foibles  of  persons  in  "  high  life." 

Interpreter  [Mr.),  in  Bunyan's 
Pilgrim's  Progress,  means  the  Holy 
Ghost  as  it  operates  on  the  heart  of  a 
believer.  He  is  lord  of  a  house  a  little 
beyond  the  Wicket  Gate. — Ft.  i.  (1678). 

Inveraschalloch,  one  of  the  High- 
landers at  the  Clachan  of  Aberfovle. — 
Sir  W.  Scott :  Rob  Roy{\:\xi\&,  George  I.). 

Invin'cible  Doctor  ( The),  William 
of  Occam  ;  also  called  Doctor  Singuldris 
(1270-1347). 

Invisible  Knigflit  [The),  sir  Gar- 
Ion,  brother  of  king  Pellam  (nigh  of  kin 
to  Joseph  of  Arimathy). 

**  He  is  sir  Garlon,"  said  the  knight,  "he  with  the 
black  face,  he  is  the  marvellest  knight  living,  for  he 
goeth  invisible." — Sir  T.  Malory:  History  of  Prince 
Arthur,  L  39  (1470). 

Invisibility  is  obtained  by  amulets, 
dress,  herbs,  rings,  stones,  etc. 

(i)  Amulets :  as  the  capon-stone  called 
"Alectoria,"  which  rendered  those  in- 
visible who  carried  it  about  their  person. 
— Mirror  of  Stones. 

(2)  Dress:  as  Albric's  cloak  called 
"Tarnkappe"  (2  syl.),  which  Siegfried 
got  possession  of  [The  Nibelungen 
Lied) ;  the  mande  of  Hel  Keplein  [q.v.)» 


INVULNERABILITY. 


526 


IRAS. 


Jack  the  Giant-killer  had  a  cloak  of  invisi- 
bility as  well  as  a  cap  of  knowledge.  The 
helmet  of  Perseus  or  H.a.d^s {Greg^  Fable) 
and  Mambrino's  helmet  rendered  the 
wearers  invisible.  The  moras  musphonon 
was  a  girdle  of  invisibility  {Mrs.  Cent- 
livre  :  A  Bold  Stroke  for  a  Wife). 

(3)  Herbs :  as  fern  seed,  mentioned  by 
Shakespeare,  and  Beaumont  and  Fletcher. 

(4)  Rings  :  as  Gyges's  ring,  taken  from 
the  flanks  of  a  brazen  horse.  When  the 
stone  was  turned  inwards,  the  wearer  was 
invisible  [Plato).  The  ring  of  Otnit 
king  of  Lombardy,  according  to  The 
Helde?ibuch,  possessed  a  similar  virtue. 
Reynard's  wonderful  ring  had  three 
colours,  one  of  which  (the  green)  caused 
the  wearer  to  be  invisible  {Reynard  the 
Fox,  1498) ;  this  was  the  gem  called 
heliotrope. 

(5)  Stones:  as  heliotrope,  mentioned 
by  Boccaccio  in  his  Decameron  (day  viii. 
3).  It  is  of  a  green  hue.  Solinus  attri- 
butes this  power  to  the  herb  heliotrope  : 
"  Herba  ejusdem  nominis  .  .  .  eum,  a 
quocunque  gestabitur,  subtrahit  visibus 
obviorum." — Geog.,  xl. 

(6)  Poignard :  the  poignard  of  Seidel- 
Beckir  rendered  the  person  who  bore  it, 
and  others  also,  invisible.  (See  Seidel  ; 
Superstitions,  article.  The  Blood  of  a 
Dog.) 

Invulnerability,  (i)  Stones  taken 
from  the  cassan  plant,  which  grows  in 
Panten,  will  render  the  possessor  invul- 
nerable.— Odoriciis  :  In  Hakluyt. 

(2)  A  dip  in  the  river  Styx  rendered 
Achillas  invulnerable. 

(3)  Luned's  ring.     (See  Ring.) 

(4)  Medea  rendered  Jason  proof  against 
wounds  and  fire  by  anointing  him  with 
the  Promethe'an  unguent. — Greek  Fable. 

(5)  Siegfried  was  rendered  invulnerable 
by  anointing  his  body  with  dragon's 
blood. — Nibelungen  Lied. 

Ion,  the  title  and  hero  of  a  tragedy  by 
T.  N.  Talfourd  (1835).  The  oracle  of 
Delphi  had  declared  that  the  pestilence 
which  raged  in  Argos  was  sent  by  way  of 
punishment  for  the  misrule  of  the  race 
of  Argos,  and  that  the  vengeance  of  the 
gods  could  be  averted  only  by  the  extir- 
pation of  the  guilty  race.  Ion,  the  son 
of  the  king,  offered  himself  a  willing 
sacrifice,  and  as  he  was  dying,  Irus  entered 
and  announced  that  "  the  pestilence  was 
abating."     The  heroine  is  Clemanthe. 

lo'na,  an  island  of  Scotland  south  of 
Staffa,  noted  for  its  Culdee  institutions, 
established  by  St.  Columb  in  563.     It  is 


now  called  "  Icolm-kill,"  and  in  Macbeth, 
act  ii.  sc.  4,  "Colmes-kill"  {kill  means 
"  burying-ground  "). 

Unscathed  they  left  lona's  strand 
When  the  opal  morn  first  flushed  the  sky, 

Campbell:  ReuUura. 

lo'na's  Saint,  St.  Columb,  seen  on 
the  top  of  the  church  spires,  on  certain 
evenings  every  year,  counting  the  sur- 
rounding islands,  to  see  that  none  of  them 
have  been  sunk  by  the  power  of  witchcraft. 

As  lona's  saint,  a  giant  form, 
Throned  on  his  towers  conversing  with  the  storm  .  .  . 
Counts  every  wave-worn  isle  and  mountain  hoar 
From   Kilda  to  the  green   lerne's  shore  \J'ront  the 
Hebrides  to  Ireland]. 

Campbell:  The  Pleasures  of  Hope,  ii.  (1799). 

I-pal-ne-mo'-ani  [i.e.  He  by  whom 
we  live~\,  an  epithet  of  God  used  by  the 
ancient  Mexicans. 

"  We  know  him,"  they  reply, 
"  The  great  '  Forever-One,'  the  God  of  gods, 
Ipalnemoani," 

SoutJtey :  Madoc,  i.  8  (1805). 

IpM^eni'a,  daughter  of  Agamemnon 
king  of  Argos.  (For  the  tale  of  her  im- 
molation, see  under  Idomeneus,  p.  517.) 

When,  a  new  Iphigene,  she  went  to  Tauris. 

Byron  :  Don  yuan,  x.  49  (1821). 

N.B. — Gary,  in  his  translation  of  Dante, 
accents  the  name  incorrectly  on  the  third 
syllable. 

Whence,  on  the  altar  Iphige'nia  mourned 
Her  virgin  beauty. 

Dante:  Paradise,  v.  (1311). 

IpMs,  the  woman  who  was  changed 
to  a  man.  The  tale  is  this  :  Iphis  was 
the  daughter  of  Lygdus  and  Telethusa 
of  Crete.  Lygdus  gave  orders  that  if  the 
child  about  to  be  born  was  a  girl,  it  was 
to  be  put  to  death.  It  happened  to  be  a 
girl ;  but  the  mother,  to  save  it,  brought 
it  up  as  a  boy.  In  due  time,  the  father 
betrothed  Iphis  to  lanthS,  and  the  mother, 
in  terror,  prayed  to  Isis  for  help.  Her 
prayer  was  heard,  for  Isis  changed  Iphis 
into  a  man  on  the  day  of  espousals. — 
Ovid,  Metafh.,  ix.  12;  xiv,  699. 

*\  Caeneus  \Se-nuce\  was  born  of  the 
female  sex,  but  Neptune  changed  her 
into  a  man.  .^Eneas  found  her  in  had^s 
changed  back  again.  (See  C^eneus,  p, 
164.) 

H  Tiresias,  the  Theban  prophet,  was 
converted  into  a  girl  for  striking  two 
serpents,  and  married.  He  afterwards 
recovered  his  sex,  and  declared  that  the 
pleasures  of  a  woman  were  tenfold  greatei 
than  those  of  a  man. 

I'ran,  the  empire  of  Persia. 

Iras,  a  female  attendant  on  Cleop'atra. 
When  Cleopatra  had  arrayed  herself  with 


IREBY. 


537 


IRIS  AND  THE  DYING. 


robe  and  crown,  prior  to  applying  the 
asps,  she  said  to  her  two  female  attend- 
ants, *'  Come,  take  the  last  warmth  of  my 
lips.  Farewell,  kind  Charmian !  Iras, 
farewell!"  And  having  kissed  them, 
Iras  fell  down  dead,  either  broken-hearted, 
or  else  because  she  had  already  applied 
an  asp  to  her  arm,  as  Charmian  did  a 
little  later. — Shakespeare:  Antony  and 
Cleopatra  (1608);  and  Dryden  :  All  for 
Love  (1670,  etc.). 

Ireby  [Mr.),  a  country  squire. — Sir 
IV.  Scott:  Two  Drovers  {time,  George 
III.). 

Ireland  (5.  W.  H. ),  a  literary  forger. 
His  chief  forgery  is  Miscellaneous  Papers 
and  Instruments,  under  the  hand  and  seal 
of  William  Shakespeare,  including  the 
tragedy  of  King  Lear  and  a  small  frag- 
ment of  Hamlet,  from  the  original,  17^, 
folio,  £a,  4J.  (1795)- 

•.*  His  most  impudent  forgery  was  the 
production  of  a  new  play,  which  he  tried 
to  palm  off  as  Shakespeare's.  It  was 
called  Vortigern  and  Rowena,  and  was 
actually  represented  at  Drury  Lane 
Theatre  in  1796.  (See  Forgers  and 
Forgeries,  p.  384.) 

Weeps  o'er  false  Shakesperian  tore 
Which  sprang  from  Maisterre  Ireland's  store, 
Whose  impudence  deserves  the  rod 
For  having  aped  the  Muse's  god. 

Chalcos'raph 


Ireland  [The  Fair  Maid  of),  the  ignis 
fatuus. 

He  had  read  .  .  .  of  .  .  .  the  ignis  fatutis,  ...  by 
some  called  "  Will-with-the-whisp,"  or  "  Jack-with-the- 
lantern,"  and  likewise  ..."  The  Fair  Maid  of  Ire- 
land."—5(r>t  yonson :  The  Seven  Champions  of 
ChrisiettdotH,  u  7  (1617). 

Ireland's  Scholarsliips  [Dean), 
four  scholarships  of  ^^30  a  year,  in  the 
University  of  Oxford,  founded  by  Dr. 
Ireland,  dean  of  Westminster,  in  1825. 

Ireland's    Three    Saints.      The 

three  great  saints  of  Ireland  are  St. 
•Patrick,  St.  Columb,  and  St.  Bridget. 

Ireland's  Three  Tragedies:  (i) 

The  Death  of  the  Children  of  Touran  ; 

(2)  The  Death  of  the  Children  of  Lir  ;  and 

(3)  TJie  Death  of  the  Children  of  Usnach 
(all  which  see). — O' Flanagan:  Trans- 
actions of  the  Gaelic  Society  of  Dublin,  i. 

Irezn  [The  Garden  of),  mentioned  in 
the  Koran,  Ixxxix.  It  was  the  most 
beautiful  of  all  earthly  paradises,  laid  out 
for  Shedad'  king  of  Ad ;  but  no  sooner 
was  it  finished,  than  it  was  struck  with 


the  lightning-wand  of  the  death-angel, 
and  was  never  after  visible  to  the  eye  of 
man. 

The  paradise  of  Irem  this  .  .  . 
A  garden  more  surpassing  fair 
Than  that  before  whose  gate 
The  lighting  of  the  cherub's  fiery  sword 

Waves  wide,  to  bar  access. 
SouOuy  :  Thabala  the  Destroyer,  L  as  (1797). 

Ire'na,  Ireland  personified.  Her  in- 
heritance was  withheld  by  Grantorto 
[rebellion),  and  sir  Artegal  was  sent  by 
the  queen  of  Faerie-land  to  succour  her. 
Grantorto  being  slain,  Irena  was  restored, 
in  1580,  to  her  inheritance. — Spenser: 
Faerie  Queene,  v.  (1596). 

Ire'ne  (3  syl.),  daughter  of  Horush 
Barbarossa  the  Greek  renegade  and  cor- 
sair-king of  Algiers.  She  was  rescued  in 
the  siege  of  Algiers  by  Selim,  son  of  the 
Moorish  king,  who  fell  in  love  with  her. 
When  she  heard  of  the  conspiracy  to  kill 
Barbarossa,  she  warned  her  father ;  but 
it  was  too  late  :  the  insurgents  succeeded, 
Barbarossa  was  slain  by  Othman,  and 
Selim  married  IrenS. — j.  Brown,  Bar- 
barossa (1742). 

Ire'ne  (3  syl.),  wife  of  Alexius  Com- 
ne'nus  emperor  of  Greece. — SirVV.  Scott: 
Count  Robert  of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

".•  Dr.  Johnson  wrote  a  tragedy  called 
Irene  [17 '^j). 

Ire'nus,  Peaceableness  personified. 
(Greek,  eirene,  "peace.") — Phineas  Flet- 
cher: T/ie  Purple  Island,  x.  (1633). 

I'ris,  a  messenger,  a  go-between.  Iris 
was  the  messenger  of  Juno. 

Wheresoe'er  thou  art  in  this  world's  globe, 
I'll  have  an  Iris  that  shall  ^nd  thee  out. 
Shakespeare  :  z  Henry  VI.  act  v.  sc.  9  (1591). 

Iris  and  the  Dying".    One  of  the 

duties  of  Iris  was  to  cut  off  a  lock  of  hair 
(claimed  by  Proserpine)  from  those 
devoted  to  death,  and,  tiU  this  was  done, 
Death  refused  to  accept  the  victim.  Thus, 
when  Dido  mounted  the  funeral  pile,  she 
lingered  in  suffering  till  Iris  was  sent  by 
Juno  to  cut  off  a  lock  of  her  hair  as  an 
offering  to  the  black  queen,  but  immedi- 
ately this  was  done  her  spirit  left  the 
body.  Than'atos  did  the  same  office  to 
Alcestis  when  she  gave  her  life  for  that  of 
her  husband.  In  all  sacrifices,  a  forelock 
was  first  cut  from  the  head  of  the  victim 
as  an  offering  to  Proserpine. — See  Eu- 
ripides: Alcestis;  Virgil :  ./Eneid,  iv. 

"  Hunc  ego  Diti 
Sacrum  jassa  fero,  teque  isto  corpore  solvo." 
Sic  ait,  et  dextra  crinera  secat  .  .  .  atque  in  ventos 
vita  recessit. 

yir£il:  j^neid,  iv.  jo»-tc^ 


IRISH  CHARACTER. 

Irish  Character  [Sketches  of),  by 
Mrs.  Hall  (1829).  In  1840  she  published 
Stories  oftlie  Irish  Peasantry. 

Irish  Whisky  Drinker  [The), 
John  Sheehan,  a  barrister,  who,  with 
"  Everard  Clive  of  Tipperary  Hall,"  wrote 
a  series  of  pasquinades  in  verse,  which 
were  published  in  Bentley's  Miscellany,  in 
1846,  and  attracted  considerable  attention. 

Irish  Widow  [The),  a  farce  by 
Garrick  (1757).  (For  the  plot,  see  Brady.) 

Irishmen  of  Islam  [The),  The 
Moors  of  Morocco. 

Irol'do,  the  friend  of  Prasildo  of 
Babylon.  Prasildo  falls  in  love  with 
Tisbi'na,  his  friend's  wife,  and,  to  escape 
infamy,  Iroldo  and  Tisbina  take  "poison. " 
Prasildo,  hearing  from  the  apothecary 
that  the  supposed  poison  is  innocuous, 
goes  and  tells  them  so,  whereupon  Iroldo 
is  so  struck  with  his  friend's  generosity, 
that  he  quits  Babylon,  leaving  Tisbina  to 
Prasildo.  Subsequently,  Iroldo's  life  is  in 
peril,  and  Prasildo  saves  his  friend  at  the 
hazard  of  his  own  life. — Bojardo:  Orlando 
Innamorato  (1495). 

Irolit'a,  a  princess  in  love  with  prince 
Parcinus,  her  cousin.  The  fairy  Dan'amo 
wanted  Parcinus  to  marry  her  daughter 
Az'ira,  and  therefore  used  all  her  endea- 
vours to  marry  Irolita  to  Brutus ;  but  all 
her  plans  were  thwarted,  for  Parcinus 
married  Irolita,  and  Brutus  married 
Azira. 

The  beauty  of  Irolita  was  worthy  the  world's  admira- 
tion. She  was  about  14  years  old,  her  hair  was  brown, 
lier  complexion  blooming  as  the  spring,  her  mouth 
delicate,  her  teeth  white  and  even,  her  smile  bewitch- 
ing, her  eyes  a  hazel  colour  and  very  piercing,  and  her 
looks  were  darts  of  love. — Comtesse  D'AtUnoy:  Fairy 
Tales  ("  Perfect  I-ove,"  1682). 

Iron  Arm.  Captain  Franpois  de 
Lanoue,  a  huguenot,  was  called  Bras  de 
Fer.  He  died  at  the  siege  of  Lamballe 
(1531-1591). 

Iron  Chest  [The),  a  drama  by  G. 
Colman,  based  on  W.  Godvvan's  novel  of 
Caleb  Williams.  Sir  Edward  Mortimer 
kept  in  an  iron  chest  certain  documents 
relating  to  a  murder  for  which  he  had 
been  tried  and  honourably  acquitted.  His 
secretary  Wilford,  out  of  curiosity,  was 
prying  into  this  box,  when  sir  Edward 
entered  and  threatened  to  shoot  him ; 
but  o-i  reflection  he  spared  the  young 
man's  life,  told  him  all  about  the  murder, 
and  swore  him  to  secrecy.  Wilford, 
unable  to  endure  the  watchful  and  sus- 
picious eye  of   his  master,   ran  away  ; 


528 


IRON  MASK. 


but  sir  Edward  dogged  him  like  a  blood- 
hound, and  at  length  accused  him  of 
robbery.  This  charge  could  not  be  sub- 
stantiated, so  Wilford  was  acquitted. 
Sir  Edward  confessed  himself  a  murderer, 
and  died  (1796). 

Iron  Crown.  Walter  earl  of  Athol 
murdered  James  I.  of  Scotland,  in  Perth, 
hoping  to  usurp  the  crown ;  but  he  was 
crowned  with  a  red-hot  iron  crown,  which 
ate  into  his  brain,  and,  of  course,  killed 
him. 

IT  George  Dosa,  the  Hungarian  rebel, 
was  put  to  death  in  1514,  by  a  similar 
torture,  for  heading  the  peasants'  rebellion 
against  the  nobles.  (See  Luke's  Iron 
Crown.) 

Iron  Duke  [The),  the  duke  of  Wel- 
lington (1769-1852). 

Iron  Emperor  [The),  Nicholas  of 
Russia  (1796,  1826-1855). 

Iron  Gates  or  Demir  Kara,  a  cele- 
brated pass  of  the  Teuthras,  through 
which  all  caravans  between  Smyrna  and 
Brusa  must  needs  pass. 

Iron  Hand,  Goetz  von  Berlichingen 
[q.v.),  who  replaced  his  right  hand,  which 
he  lost  at  the  siege  of  Landshut,  by  an  iron 
one  (sixteenth  century). 

*.*  Goethe  has  made  this  the  subject 
of  an  historical  drama,  (See  Silver 
Hand.) 

Iron  Mask  [The  Man  in  the).  This 
mysterious  man  went  by  the  name  of 
Lestang,  but  who  he  was  is  as  much  in 
nubibus  as  the  author  of  the  Letters  of 
Junius.  The  most  general  opinion  is  that 
he  was  count  Er'colo  Antonio  MatthioU, 
a  senator  of  Mantua  and  private  agent  of 
Ferdinand  Charles  duke  of  Mantua ;  and 
that  his  long  imprisonment  of  twenty-four 
years  was  for  having  deceived  Louis  XIV. 
in  a  secret  treaty  for  the  purchase  of  the 
fortress  of  Casale.  M.  Loiseleur  utterly 
denies  this  solution  of  the  mystery  (see 
Temple  Bar,  182-4,  May,  1872);  but 
Marius  Topin,  in  his  Man  in  the  Iron 
Mask,  maintains  that  ' '  the  man  was 
undoubtedly  Matthioli." 

N.B. — The  tragedies  of  Zschokke  in 
German  (1795),  and  Fournier  in  French, 
are  based  on  the  supposition  that  the 
man  in  the  mask  was  marechal  Richelieu, 
a  twin-brother  of  the  Grand  Monargue, 
and  this  is  the  solution  given  by  the  abb6 
Soulavie. 


IRON  TOOTH. 


525 


ISiVBEU 


Iron  Tooth,  Frederick  II.  elector  of 
Brandenburg  {Dent  de  Per),  (1657,  1688- 
1713)- 

Ironside  [Sir],  called  "The  Red 
Knight  of  the  Red  Lands."  Sir  Gareth, 
after  fighting  with  him  from  dawn  to 
dewy  eve,  subdued  him.  Tennyson  calls 
him  Death,  and  says  that  Gareth  won  the 
victory  with  a  single  stroke.  Sir  Ironside 
was  the  knight  who  kept  the  lady  Lion6s 
(called  by  Tennyson  "Lyonors")  captive  in 
Castle  Perilous.— 5t>  T.  Malory:  History 
of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  134-137  (1470). 

N.B. — Tennyson  seems  very  greatly  to 
have  misconceived  the  exquisite  allegory 
of  Gareth  and  Linet.  He  has  not  only 
changed  the  names  into  Lyonors  and 
Linette,  but,  by  beginning  the  day  in  the 
modern  manner,  and  not  on  the  eve 
before,  he  has  greatly  marred  the  allegory. 
(See  Gareth,  pp.  403,  406.) 

Ironside.  Edmund  II.  king  of  the 
Anglo-Saxons  was  so  called  from  his 
iron  armour  (989,  1016-1017). 

Sir  Richard  Steele  signed  himself 
"Nestor  Ironside"  in  the  Guardian 
(1671-1729). 

Ironsides.  So  were  the  soldiers  of 
Cromwell  called,  especially  after  the 
battle  of  Marston  Moor,  wliere  they  dis- 
played their  iron  resolution  (1644). 

Ironsides  {Captain),  uncle  of  Belfield 
[Brothers),  and  an  old  friend  of  sir  Benja- 
min Dove.  He  is  captain  of  a  privateer,  and 
a  fine  specimen  of  an  English  naval  officer. 

He's  true  English  oak  to  the  heart  of  him,  and  a 
fine  old  seaman-like  figure  he  is. — Cumberland:  The 
Brothers,  i.  i  (1769). 

Irref rag-able  Doctor  {The),  Alex- 
ander Hales,  founder  of  the  Scholastic 
theology  (♦-1245). 

Irtisli  {To  cjvss  the  ferry  of  the),  to 
be  "laid  on  the  shelf."  The  ferry  of  the 
Irtish  is  crossed  by  those  who  are  exiled 
to  Siberia.  It  is  regarded  in  Russia  as 
the  ferry  of  political  death, 

I'rus,  the  beggar  of  IthSca,  who  ran 
on  errands  for  Penelope's  suitors.  When 
Ulysses  returned  home  dressed  as  a 
beggar,  Irus  withstood  him,  and  UlyssSs 
broke  his  jaw  with  a  blow.  So  poor  was 
Irus  that  he  gave  birth  to  the  proverbs, 
"As  poor  as  Irus,"  and  "Poorer  than 
Irus  "  (in  French,  Plus  pauvre  qu  Irus). 

Without  respect  esteeming  equally 
King  Cresus'  pompe  and  Irus  povertie. 

Sackville  :  A  Mirrourfor  MagistrayUs 
(Induction,  1587). 
Irus  grows  nch,  and  Cresus  must  wax  poor. 
Lord  Brooke  :  Treatie  0/  VVarres  (1554-1638). 


Irwin  {Mr,),  the  husband  of  lady 
Eleanor  daughter  of  lord  Norland.  His 
lordship  discarded  her  for  marrying 
against  his  will,  and  Irwin  was  reduced 
to  the  verge  of  starvation.  In  his  des- 
peration Irwin  robbed  his  father-in-law 
on  the  high-road,  but  relented  and  re- 
turned the  money.  At  length  the  iron 
heart  of  lord  Norland  was  softened,  and  he 
relieved  the  necessities  of  his  son-in-law. 

Lady  Eleanor  Irwin,  wife  of  Mr.  Irwin. 
She  retains  her  love  for  lord  Norland, 
even  through  all  his  relentlessness,  and 
when  she  hears  that  he  has  adopted  a 
son,  exclaims,  "  May  the  young  man 
deserve  his  love  better  than  I  have  done  ! 
May  he  be  a  comfort  to  his  declining 
years,  and  never  disobey  him  !  " — Inch- 
bald:  Every  One  has  His  Fault  (1794). 

Irwin  {Hannah),  former  confidante  of 
Clara  Mowbray.— 5?>  W.  Scott:  St. 
Ronans  Well  {\xnx&,  George  III.). 

Isaac  [Mendoza],  a  rich  Portuguese 
Jew,  short  in  stature,  with  a  snub  nose, 
swarthy  skin,  and  huge  beard  ;  very  con- 
ceited, priding  himself  on  his  cunning, 
loving  to  dupe  others,  but  woefully  duped 
himself.  He  chuckles  to  himself,  "I'm 
cunning,  I  fancy  ;  a  very  cunning  dog, 
ain't  I  ?  a  sly  little  villain,  eh  ?  a  bit 
roguish  ;  he  must  be  very  wide  awake 
who  can  take  Isaac  in."  This  conceited 
piece  of  goods  is  always  duped  by  every 
one  he  encounters.  He  meets  Louisa, 
whom  he  intends  to  make  his  wife,  but 
she  makes  him  believe  she  is  Clara  Guz- 
man. He  meets  his  rival  Antonio,  whom 
he  sends  to  the  supposed  Clara,  and 
he  marries  her.  He  mistakes  Louisa's 
duenna  for  Louisa,  and  elopes  with  her. 
So  all  his  wit  is  outwitted. — Sheridan: 
The  Duenna  (1775). 

Quick's  great  parts  were  "  Isaac,"  "  Tony  Lumpkin  " 
{She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  Goldsmith],  "  Spado  "[Castle 
of  Andalusia,  O'Keefe],  and  "  sir  Christopher  Curry," 
in  Inkle  and  Yarico,  by  Colman  [1748-1831]. — Records 
ti/'a  Staf^e  Veteran. 

Isaac  of  York,  the  father  of  Re- 
becca. When  imprisoned  in  the  dungeon 
of  Front  de  Boeuf's  castle.  Front  de  Boeuf 
comes  to  extort  money  from  him,  and 
orders  two  slaves  to  chain  him  to  the 
bars  of  a  slow  fire,  but  the  party  is  dis- 
turbed by  the  sound  of  a  bugle.  Ulti- 
mately, both  the  Jew  and  his  daughter 
leave  England  and  go  to  live  abroad. — 
Sir  W.  Scott :  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Isabel,  called  the  "  She- wolf  of 
France,"  the  adulterous  queen  of  Edward 
II. ,  was  daughter  of  Pl\ilippe  IV.  {le  Bel) 
of  France.     According  to  one  tradition, 


ISABELL. 


530 


ISABELLA. 


Isabel  murdered  her  royal  husband  by 
thrusting  a  hot  iron  into  his  boweli,  and 
tearing  them  from  his  body. 

She-wolf  of  France,  with  unrelenting  fangs, 
That  tear'st  the  bowels  of  thy  mangfled  mate. 

Gray  :  The  Bard  (1757). 

Isabell,  sister  of  lady  Hartwell,  in 
the  comedy  of  Wit  without  Money,  by 
Beaumont  (?)  and  Fletcher  (1639). 

Beaumont  died  1616. 

ISABELLA  or  Isabelle,  a  pale 
brown  colour  or  buff,  similar  to  that  of  a 
hare.  It  is  so  called  from  the  princess 
Isabella  of  Austria,  daughter  of  Philip  II. 
The  tale  is  that,  while  besieging  Ostend, 
the  princess  took  an  oath  that  she  would 
not  change  her  body-linen  before  the  town 
was  taken.  The  siege,  howevCT,  lasted 
three  years,  and  her  linen  was  so  stained 
that  it  gave  name  to  the  colour  referred 
to  (1601-1604). 

IT  The  same  story  is  told  of  Isabella  of 
Castile  at  the  siege  of  Grana'da  (1483). 

IT  Thomas  Dyche,  "schoolmaster  to 
the  charity  children  of  St.  Andrew's, 
Holbom,  some  time  before  his  death,  in 
1719,  made  a  vow  not  to  shift  his  linen 
'  till  the  Pretender  was  seated  on  the 
throne.'  " — Smeeton  :  Biog.  Curiosa,  p.  13. 

The  horse  that  Brightsun  was  mounted  on  was  as 
black  as  jet,  that  of  Felix  was  grey,  Chery's  was  as 
white  as  milk,  and  that  of  the  princess  Fairstar  an 
Isabella. — Comtesse  D'Aulnoy :  Fairy  Tales  ("Prin- 
cess Fairstar,"  1682). 

Isabella,  daughter  of  the  king  of 
Galicia,  in  love  with  Zerbi'no,  but  Zerbino 
could  not  marry  her  because  she  was  a 
pagan.  Her  lament  at  the  death  of  Zer- 
bino is  one  of  the  best  parts  of  the  whole 
poem  (bk.  xii.).  Isabella  retires  to  a 
chapel  to  bury  her  lover,  and  is  there 
slain  by  Rodomont. — Ariosto:  Orlando 
Furioso  (1516). 

Isabella,  sister  of  Claudio,  insulted 
by  the  base  passion  of  An'gelo  deputy  of 
Vienna  in  the  absence  of  duke  Vincentio. 
Isabella  is  deHvered  by  the  duke  himself, 
and  the  deputy  is  made  to  marry  Mariana, 
to  whom  he  is  already  betrothed. — Shake- 
speare: Measure  for  Measure  (1603). 

Isabella,  wife  of  Hieronimo,  in  The 
Spanish  Tragedy,  hyTyxomas  Kyd(i588). 

Isabella,  mother  of  Ludov'ico  Sforza 
duke  of  Milan. — Massinger:  The  Duke  of 
Milan  (1622). 

Isabella,  a  nun  who  marries  Biron 
eldest  son  of  count  Baldwin,  who  disin- 
herits him  for  this  marriage.  Biron 
enters  the  army,  and  is  sent  to  the 
siege  of  Candy,  where  he  falls,  and  (it  is 
supposed)  dies.     For  seven  years  Isabella 


mourns  her  loss,  and  is  then  reduced 
to  the  utmost  want.  In  her  distress  she 
begs  assistance  of  her  father-in-law,  but 
he  drives  her  from  the  house  as  a  dog. 
Villeroy  (2  syl.)  offers  her  marriage,  and 
she  accepts  him  ;  but  the  day  after  her 
espousals  Biron  returns.  Carlos,  hearing 
of  his  brother's  return,  employs  ruffians 
to  murder  him,  and  then  charges  Villeroy 
with  the  crime ;  but  one  of  the  ruffians 
impeaches,  and  Carlos  is  apprehended. 
Isabella  goes  mad,  and  murders  herself 
in  her  distraction. — Southern:  The  Fatal 
Marriage  (1692). 

The  part  of  "  Isabella  "  affords  scope  for  a  tragic 
actress  scarcely  inferior  in  pathos  to  "  Belvidera." — R. 
Chambers  :  Eno-Hsh  Literature,  i.  $83. 

(Mrs.  E.  Barry,  says  T.  Campbell,  was 
unrivalled  in  this  part,  1682-1733.) 

N.  B. — Wm.  Hamilton  painted  Mrs. 
Siddons  as  "Isabella,"  and  the  picture 
belongs  to  the  nation. 

Isabella,  the  coadjutor  of  Zanga  in 
his  scheme  of  revenge  against  don  Alonzo. 
—  Young  :   Tlie  Revenge  ( 1 72 1 ). 

Isabella,  princess  of  Sicily,  in  love 
with  Roberto  il  Diavolo,  but  promised  in 
marriage  to  the  prince  of  Grana'da,  who 
challenges  Roberto  to  mortal  combat, 
from  which  he  is  allured  by  Bertram  his 
fiend-father.  Alice  tells  him  that  Isabella 
is  wailing  for  him  at  the  altar,  when  a 
struggle  ensues  between  Bertram  and 
Alice,  one  trying  to  drag  him  into  hell, 
and  the  other  trying  to  reclaim  him  to 
the  ways  of  virtue.  Alice  at  length  pre- 
vails, but  we  are  not  told  whether  Roberto 
marries  the  princess. — Meyerbeer:  Roberto 
il  Diavolo  (1831). 

Isabella  {Donna),  daughter  of  don 
Pedro  a  Portuguese  nobleman,  who  de- 
signed to  marry  her  to  don  Gu2iman,  a 
gentleman  of  large  fortune.  To  avoid 
this  hateful  marriage,  she  jumps  from  a 
window,  with  a  view  of  escaping  from 
the  house,  and  is  caught  by  a  colonel 
Briton,  an  English  officer,  who  conducts 
her  to  the  house  of  her  friend  donna 
ViolantS.  Here  the  colonel  calls  upon 
her,  and  don  Felix,  supposing  Violant^ 
to  be  the  object  of  his  visits,  becomes 
furiously  jealous.  After  a  considerable 
embroglio,  the  mystery  is  cleared  up,  and 
a  double  marriage  takes  place. — Mrs. 
Centlivre  :  The  Wonder  ( 1 7 14) . 

Middle-sized,  a  lovely  brown,  a  fine  pouting  lip,  esres 
that  roll  and  languish,  and  seem  to  speak  the  exquisite 
pleasure  she  could  give. — Act  v.  sc.  i. 

Isabella  [JThe  countess),  wife  of  Ro- 
berto. After  a  long  series  of  crimes  of  in- 
fidelity to  her  husband,  and  of  murder,  she 


ISABELLA. 


531 


ISIDORE. 


is  brotight  to  execution. — Morton:  The 
Wonder  of  Women,  or  Sophonisba  (1605). 

Isabella  ( The  lady),  a  beautiful  young 
girl,  who  accompanied  her  father  on  a 
chase.  Her  step-mother  requested  her 
to  return,  and  tell  the  cook  to  prepare  the 
milk-white  doe  for  dinner.  Lady  Isabella 
did  as  she  was  told,  and  the  cook  replied, 
"Thou  art  the  doe  that  I  must  dress." 
The  scullion-boy  exclaimed,  "Oh,  save 
the  lady's  life,  and  make  thy  pies  of  me  1 " 
But  the  cook  heeded  him  not.  When  the 
lord  returned  and  asked  for  his  daughter, 
the  scullion-boy  made  answer,  "  If  my 
lord  would  see  his  daughter,  let  him  cut 
the  pasty  before  him."  The  father, 
horrified  at  the  whole  affair,  adjudged 
the  step-mother  to  be  burnt  alive,  and 
the  cook  to  stand  in  boiling  lead,  but  the 
scullion-boy  he  made  his  heir. — Percy  : 
Reliques,  iii.  2. 

Isabella  or  The  Pot  of  Basil,  a  story 
fiom  Boccaccio  turned  into  verse  by 
Keats  (1820). 

Isabelle,  sister  of  L^onor,  an  orphan  ; 
brought  up  by  Sganarelle  according  to 
his  own  notions  of  training  a  girl  to  make 
him  a  good  wife.  She  was  to  dress  in 
serge,  to  keep  to  the  house,  to  occupy 
herself  in  domestic  affairs,  to  sew,  knit, 
and  look  after  the  linen,  to  hear  no  flat- 
tery, attend  no  places  of  public  amuse- 
ment, never  to  be  left  to  her  own  devices, 
but  to  run  in  harness  like  a  mill-horse. 
The  result  was  that  she  duped  Sganarelle 
and  married  Val6re.  (See  Leonor.) — 
MoiUre  :  L Scale  des  Maris  (1661). 

Isabinda,  daughter  of  sir  Jealous 
Traffick  a  meichant.  Her  father  is  re- 
solved she  sliall  marry  don  Diego  Bar- 
binetto,  but  she  is  in  love  with  Charles 
Gripe ;  and  Charles,  in  the  dress  of  a 
Spaniard,  passing  himself  off  as  the 
Spanish  don,  marries  her. — Mrs.  Cent- 
livre:  The  Busy  Body  (1709). 

Isenbras  [Sir),  a  hero  of  mediaeval 
romance.  Sir  Isenbras  was  at  first  proud 
and  presumptuous,  but  adversity  made 
him  humble  and  penitent.  In  this  stage 
he  carried  two  children  of  a  poor  wood- 
cutter across  a  ford  on  his  horse. 

•."  Millais  has  taken  sir  Isenbras  carry- 
ing the  children  across  the  ferry,  as  the 
subject  of  one  of  his  pictvu-es. 

I  wame  you  first  at  the  begynninge 

That  I  will  make  no  vain  carpinge  \J>rate\  .  .  , 

Of  Octoriane  and  Isetnbrase. 

lyniiatn  of  Nasnngton, 

I'sengfrin  [Sir)  or  Sir  Isengrim, 
the  wolf,  afterwards  created  earl  of  Pit- 


wood,  in  the  beast-epic  of  Reynard  the 
Fox.  Sir  Isengrin  typifies  the  barons, 
and  Reynard  the  Church.  The  gist  of 
the  tale  is  to  show  how  Reynard  over- 
reaches his  uncle  Wolf  (1498). 

Iseult  of  Brittany,  the  lady-love  of 
Tristram.  Tennyson  tells  the  tale  in 
The  Last  Tournament  [Idylls  of  the  King). 

(Matthew  Arnold  wrote  Tristram  and 
Iseult.     See  Ysolde.) 

Isbah.,  the  name  of  Eve  before  the 
Fall ;  so  called  because  she  was  taken  out 
of  ish,  i.e.  "man"  [Gen.  ii.  23);  but 
after  the  expulsion  from  paradise  Adam 
called  his  wife  Eve  or  Havah,  i.e.  "the 
mother  of  all  living  "  [Gen.  iii.  20). 

Ishban,  meant  for  sir  Robert  Clayton. 
There  is  no  such  name  in  the  Bible  as 
Ishban;  but  Tate  speaks  of  "extorting 
Ishban"  pursued  by  "bankrupt  heirs." 
He  says  he  had  occupied  himself  long  in 
cheating,  but  then  undertook  to  "  reform 
the  state," 

Ishban  of  conscience  suited  to  his  trade, 
As  good  a  saint  as  usurer  e'er  made  .  .  . 
Could   David  .  .  .  scandalize  our   peerage    with    his 

name  .  .  . 
He'd  e'en  turn  loyal  to  be  made  a  peer. 

Tate:  Absalom  and  Achitophel,  ii.  (1682). 

IslllJOSlietll,  in  Dryden's  satire  of 
Absalom  and  Achitophel,  is  meant  for 
Richard  Cromwell,  whose  father  Oliver 
is  called  "Saul."  As  Ishbosheth  was 
the  only  surviving  son  of  Saul,  so  Richard 
was  the  only  surviving  son  of  Cromwell, 
As  Ishbosheth  was  accepted  king  on  the 
death  of  his  father  by  all  except  the  tribe 
of  Judah,  so  Richard  was  acknowledged 
"protector"  by  ail  except  the  royalists. 
As  Ishbosheth  reigned  only  a  few  months, 
so  Richard,  after  a  few  months,  retired 
into  private  life. 

They  who,  when  Saul  was  dead,  without  a  blow 
Macle  foolish  Ishbosheth  the  crown  forego. 
DrycUn  :  Absalom  and  Achitophel,  i.  (1681). 

Isb'monie  (3  syl.),  the  petrified  city  in 
Upper  Egypt,  full  of  inhabitants  all  turned 
to  stone. — Perry:   View  of  the  Levant. 

(Captain  Marryat  has  borrowed  this 
idea  in  his  Pacha  of  Many  Tales.) 

I'sidore  (3  syl.),  a  Greek  slave,  the 
concubine  of  don  Pedre  a  Sicilian  noble- 
man. This  slave  is  beloved  by  Adraste 
(2  syl.)  a  French  gentleman,  who  plots  to 
allure  her  away.  He  first  gets  introduced 
as  a  portrait-painter,  and  reveals  his  love. 
Isidore  listens  with  pleasure,  and  promises 
to  elope  with  him.  He  then  sends  his 
slave  Zaide  to  complain  to  don  P^dre  of 
ill-treatment,  and  to  crave  protection, 
Don  P^dre  promises  to  stand  her  friend, 
and  at  this  moment  Adraste  appears  and 


ISIS, 


533 


ISOLT. 


demands  that  she  be  given  up  to  the 
punishment  she  deserves.  P6dre  inter- 
cedes ;  Adraste  seems  to  relent ;  and  the 
Sicilian  calls  to  the  young  slave  to 
appear.  Instead  of  Zaide,  Isidore  comes 
forth  in  Zaide's  veil.  "There,"  says 
P6dre,  "  I  have  arranged  everything. 
Take  her,  and  use  her  well."  "  I  will 
do  so,"  says  the  Frenchman,  and  leads 
oft  the  Greek  slave. — MolUre  :  Le  Sicilien 
ou  L' Amour  Peindre  (1667). 

Isis  (Egyptian),  the  Moon  personified. 
Called  "the  great  mother  goddess,  mother 
of  Horus  "  (Cleopatra,  p.  37).  The  sun  is 
Osi'ris. 

Mother  Isis  was  arisen,  and  threw  her  gleaming  robe 
across  the  bosom  of  the  earth. — H.  Rider  Haggard  : 
Cleopatra,  ch.  iii. 
They  \_the  priests]  wore  rich  mitres  shapM  like  the 

moon. 
To  show  that  Isis  doth  the  moon  portend. 
Like  as  Osiris  signines  the  sun. 

Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  v.  7  (1596). 

Isis,  a  poem  by  Mason  (1748),  being 
an  attack  on  Oxford  Jacobinism.  Warton 
replied  to  it  in  what  he  calls  The  Triumph 
of /sis  (1749). 

Iskander  "Beg = Alexander  the  Great, 
George  Castriot  { 1414-1467).    (See  Ska  n- 

DERBEG.) 

Iskander  with  the  Two  Horns, 

Alexander  the  Great. 


This  Friday  is  the  i8th  day  of  the  moon  of  Safar,  in 

553  [i.e.  •_'"_'  __~   ' 

retreat  of  the  great  propliet  from  Mecca  to  Medi'na ; 


the  year  65 


.  of  the  hegfira,  or  A.U.  1253]  since  the 


and  in  the  year  7320  of  the  epoch  of  the  great  Iskander 
with  the  two  hotns.— Arabian  Nights  {"  The  Tailor's 
Story  •'). 

Island  of  the   Seven  Cities,  a 

kind  of  Dixie's  land,  where  seven  bishops, 
who  quitted  Spain  during  the  dominion 
of  the  Moors,  founded  seven  cities.  The 
legend  says  that  many  have  visited  the 
island,  but  no  one  has  ever  quitted  it. 

Islands  of  the  Blest,  called  by  the 
Greeks  "Happy  Islands,"  and  by  the 
Latins  "Fortunate  Islands  ;"  imaginary 
islands  somewhere  in  the  West,  where  the 
favourites  of  the  gods  are  conveyed  at 
death,  and  dwell  in  everlasting  joy. 

Their  place  of  birth  alone  is  mute 
To  sounds  that  echo  further  west 
Than  your  sire's  Islands  of  the  Blest. 

Byron. 

Isle  of  Lanterns,  an  imaginary 
country,  inhabited  by  pretenders  to  know- 
ledge, called  "  Lanternois." — Rabelais: 
Pantag'ruel,  v.  32,  33  (1545). 

IF  Lucian  has  a  similar  conceit,  called 
The  City  0/  Lanterns  ;  and  dean  Swift,  in 
his  Gulliver's  Travels,  makes  his  hero  visit 
Laputa,  which  is  an  empire  of  quacks, 
false  projectors,  and  pretenders  to  science. 


Isle  of  Slist,  the  Isle  of  Skye,  whose 
high  hills  are  almost  always  shrouded  in 
mist. 

Nor  sleep  thy  hand  by  thy  side,  chief  of  the  Isle  of 
Mist. — Ossian  :  Firtgal,  i. 

Isle  of  Saints,  Ireland.  So  called 
in  the  early  Middle  Ages,  from  the 
readiness  with  which  its  people  accepted 
the  Christian  faith ;  and  also  from  the 
number  of  its  learned  ecclesiastics. 

Islingfton  [Tlu  marquis  of),  one  of 
the  companions  of  Billy  Barlow  the  noted 
archer.  Henry  VIII.  jocosely  created 
Barlow  "duke  of  Shoreditch,"  and  his 
two  companions  "  earl  of  Pancras  "  and 
"  marquis  of  Islington." 

Ismael  "  the  Infidel,"  one  of  the 
Immortal  Guard. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Count 
Robert  of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

(Lord  Lytton,  at  the  age  of  15,  wrote 
an  Oriental  tale  so  called.  It  was  pub- 
lished in  1820.) 

Isme'ne  and  Iszne'nias,  a  love 
story  in  Greek  by  Eustathius,  in  the  twelfth 
century.  It  is  puerile  in  its  delineation 
of  character,  and  full  of  plagiarisms  ;  but 
many  of  its  details  have  been  copied 
by  D'Urf(5,  Montemayor,  and  others. 
IsmenS  is  the  "  dear  and  near  and  true  " 
lady  of  Isme'nias. 

N.B. — Through  the  translation  by 
Godfrey  of  Viterbo,  the  tale  of  Ismeni 
and  Ismenias  forms  the  basis  of  Gower's 
Confeisso  A  mantis,  and  Shakespeare's 
Pericles  Prince  of  Tyre. 

Isme'no,  a  magician,  once  a  Christian, 
but  afterwards  a  renegade  to  Islam.  He 
was  killed  by  a  stone  hurled  from  an 
engine. — Tasso  :  Jerusalem  Delivered, 
xviii.  (1575). 

Isoc'rates  [The  French),  Esprit 
Fl^chier,  bishop  of  Nismes  (1632-1710). 

Isoline  (3^^/.).  the  high-minded  and 
heroic  daughter  of  the  French  governor  of 
Messi'na,  and  bride  of  Fernando  (son  of 
John  of  Proclda).  Isoliue  was  true  to 
her  husband,  and  true  to  her  father,  who 
had  opposite  interests  in  Sicily.  Both 
fell  victims  to  the  butchery  called  the 
"Sicilian  Vespers"  (March  30,  1282), 
and  Isoline  died  of  a  broken  heart. — 
Knowles:  John  of  Procida  (1840). 

Isolt  (so  Tennyson,  in  The  Last 
Tournament,  spells  the  name  YsOLT. 
q.v.).  There  are  two  ladies  connected 
with  Arthurian  romance  of  this  name  : 
one,  Isolt  "the  Fair,"  daughter  of  Anguish 
king  of  Ireland  ;  and  the  other  Isolt  "  of 
the  White  Hands,"  daughter  of  Hosvell 


ISOND. 


533 


ISTAKHAR. 


king  of  Brittany.  Isolt  the  Fair  was  the 
wife  of  sir  Mark  king  of  Cornwall,  but 
Isolt  of  the  White  Hands  was  the  wife  of 
sir  Tristram.  Sir  Tristram  loved  Isolt 
the  Fair ;  and  Isolt  hated  sir  Mark,  her 
husband,  with  the  same  measure  that  she 
loved  sir  Tristram,  her  nephew-in-law. 
Tennyson's  tale  of  the  death  of  sir  Tris- 
tram is  so  at  variance  with  the  romance, 
that  it  must  be  given  sepai'ately.  He 
says  that  sir  Tristram  was  one  day 
dallying  with  Isolt  the  Fair,  and  put  a 
ruby  carcanet  round  her  neck.  Then, 
as  he  kissed  her  throat — 

Out  of  the  dark,  just  as  the  lips  had  touched, 
Behind  him  rose  a  shadow  and  a  shriek — 
"  Mark's  way  1 "  said  Mark,  and  clove  him  thro'  the  brain, 
Tennyson:  The  Last  TournametU.    (See  ISOND.) 

Isond,  called  La  Beale  Isond,  daughter 
of  Anguish  king  of  Ireland.  When  sir 
Tristram  vanquished  sir  Marhaus,  he  went 
to  Ireland  to  be  cured  of  his  wounds.  La 
Beale  Isond  was  his  leech,  and  fell  in  love 
with  him  ;  but  she  married  sir  Mark  the 
dastard  king  of  Cornwall.  This  marriage 
was  a  very  unhappy  one,  for  Isond  hated 
Mark  as  much  as  she  loved  sir  Tristram, 
with  whom  she  eloped  and  lived  in  Joyous 
Guard  Castle,  but  was  in  time  restored  to 
her  husband,  and  Tristram  married  Isond 
the  Fair-handed.  In  the  process  of  time, 
Tristram,  being  severely  wounded,  sent  for 
La  Beale  Isond,  who  alone  could  cure  him, 
and  if  the  lady  consented  to  come  the 
vessel  was  to  hoist  a  white  flag.  The 
ship  hove  in  sight,  and  Tristram's  wife,  out 
of  jealousy,  told  him  it  carried  a  black  flag 
at  the  mast-head.  On  hearing  this,  sir 
Tristram  fell  back  on  his  bed,  and  died. 
When  La  Beale  Isond  landed,  and  heard 
that  sir  Tristram  was  dead,  she  flung 
herself  on  the  body,  and  died  also.  The 
two  were  buried  in  one  grave,  on  which 
a  rose  and  vine  were  planted,  which  gfrew 
up  and  so  intermingled  their  branches  that 
no  man  could -separate  them. — Malory: 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,  ii.  (1470). 

'.•  Sir  Palimedes  the  Saracen  {i.e. 
unbaptized)  also  loved  La  Beale  Isond, 
but  met  with  no  encouragement.  Sir 
Kay  Hedius  died  for  love  of  her. — History 
of  Prince  Arthur,  ii.  172.     (See  IsOLT.) 

Isond,  called  le  Blanch  Mains,  daugh- 
ter of  Howell  king  of  Britain  [i.e. 
Brittany).  Sir  Tristram  fell  in  love  with 
her  for  her  name's  sake  ;  but,  though  he 
married  her,  his  love  for  La  Beale  Isond, 
wife  of  his  uncle  Mark,  grew  stronger  and 
stronger.  When  sir  Tristram  was  dying 
and  sent  for  his  uncle's  wife,  it  was  Isond 
U  Blanch  Mains  who  told  him  the  ship 


was  in  siglit,  but  carried  a  black  flag  at 
the  mast-head ;  on  hearing  which  sir 
Tristram  bowed  his  head  and  died. — 
Sir  T.  Malory  :  History  of  Prince  Arthur, 
ii.  35,  etc.  {1470).    (See  Isolt.) 

Is'rael,  in  Dryden's  Absalom  and 
Achitophel,  means  England.  As  David 
was  king  of  Israel,  so  Charles  II.  was 
king  of  England.  Of  his  son,  the  duke 
of  Monmouth,  the  poet  says — 

Earlj'  in  foreign  fields  he  won  renown 
With  king's  and  states  allied  to  Israel's  crown. 
Dryden  :  Absalom  and  Achitophel,  i.  (1681). 

Is'raeiites  (3  syl.),  Jewish  money- 
lenders. 

...  all  the  Israelites  are  fit  to  mob  its 
Next  owner,  for  their  .  .  .  post-obits. 

Byron  :  Don  jfuan,  i.  123  (1819). 

Is'raHl,  the  angel  who  vnll  sound 
the  "  resurrection  blast."  Then  Gabriel 
and  Michael  will  call  together  the  "  dry 
bones  "  to  judgment.  When  Israfil  puts 
the  trumpet  to  his  mouth,  the  souls  of  the 
dead  will  be  cast  into  the  trumpet,  and 
when  he  blows,  out  will  they  fly  like  bees, 
and  fill  the  whole  space  between  earth  and 
heaven.  Then  will  they  enter  their  respec- 
tive bodies,  Mahomet  leading  the  way. — 
Sale  :  Koran  (Preliminary  discourse,  iv.). 

(Israfll  is  the  angel  of  melody  in 
paradise.  It  is  said  that  his  ravishing 
songs,  accompanied  by  the  daughters  of 
paradise  and  the  clanging  of  bells,  will 
give  delight  to  the  faithful.) 

Is'sacliar,  in  Dryden's  Absalom  and 
Achitophel,  is  meant  for  Thomas  Thynne, 
of  Longlcate  Hall,  a  friend  to  the  duke  of 
Monmouth.  There  seems  to  be  a  very 
slight  analogy  between  Thomas  Thynne 
and  Issachar  son  of  Jacob.  If  the  tribe 
(compared  to  an  ass  overburdened)  is 
alluded  to,  the  poet  could  hardly  have 
called  the  rich  commoner  "wise  Issachar." 

N.  B. — Mr.  Thynne  and  count  Konings- 
mark  both  wished  to  marry  the  widow  of 
Henry  Cavendish  earl  of  Ogle.  Her  friends 
contracted  her  to  the  rich  commoner,  but 
before  the  marriage  was  consummated,  he 
was  murdered.  I'hree  months  afterwards, 
the  widow  married  the  duke  of  Somerset. 

Hospitable  treats  did  most  commend 
"Wise  Issachar,  his  wealthy  western  friend. 
Dryden:  Absalom,  ana  Achitophel,  i.  (1681). 

Issland,  the  kingdom  of  Brunhild. — 

The  Nibelungen  Lied. 

Istakliar,  in  Fars  (Persia),  upon  a 
rock.  (The  word  means  "  the  throne  of 
Jemshid.")  It  is  also  called  "  Chil'- 
Alinar',"  or  the  forty  pillars.  The  Greeks 
called  it   Persep'olis.     Istakhar  was  the 


ISUMBRAS. 

cemetery  of  the  Persian  kings,  and  a 

royal  treasury. 

She  was  fired  with  impatienc&  to  behold  (:he  superb 
tombs  of  Istakhar,  and  the  palace  of  forty  columns.— 
Beckford:  Ka^A«/fe  (1786). 

Isumbras  [Sir)  or  Ysumbras.     (See 

ISENBRAS,  p.    531.) 

Itadach  [Colman),  surnamed  "The 
Thirsty."  In  consequence  of  his  rigid 
observance  of  the  rule  of  St.  Patrick,  he 
refused  to  drink  one  single  drop  of  water  ; 
but  his  thirst  in  the  harvest-time  was  so 
great  that  it  caused  his  death. 

Italy,  a  poem  in  heroic  verse,  by 
Samuel  Rogers  (1822).  It  is  in  t\fo 
parts,  each  part  in  twenty-two  sub- 
divisions. The  stories,  he  tells  us,  are 
taken  from  old  chronicles. 

Item,  a  money-broker.  He  was  a 
thorough  villain,  who  could  "bully, 
cajole,  curse,  fawn,  flatter,  and  filch." 
Mr.  Item  always  advised  his  clients  not 
to  sign  away  their  money,  but  at  the 
same  time  stated  to  them  the  imperative 
necessity  of  so  doing.  "  I  would  advise 
you  strongly  not  to  put  your  hand  to  that 
paper,  though  Heaven  knows  how  else 
you  can  satisfy  these  duns  and  escape 
imprisonment." — Hola-oft:  The  Deserted 
Daughter  (altered  into  The  Steward). 

Ith'acan  Suitors.  During  the 
absence  of  Ulyssgs  king  of  Ithaca  in 
the  Trojan  war,  his  wife  Penel'opg  was 
pestered  by  numerous  suitors,  who  as- 
sumed that  UlyssSs,  from  his  long  absence. 
must  be  dead.  PenelopS  put  them  off 
by  saying  she  would  finish  a  certain 
robe  which  she  was  making  for  LaertSs, 
her  father-in-law,  before  she  gave  her 
final  answer  to  any  of  them  ;  but  at  night 
she  undid  all  the  work  she  had  woven 
during  the  day.  At  length,  Ulyssfis  re- 
turned, and  relieved  her  of  her  perplexity. 

All  the  ladies,  each  at  each, 
Like  the  Ithacensian  suitors  in  old  time. 
Stared  with  great  eyes  and  laughed  with  alien  lips. 
Tennyson  :  The  Princess,  iv. 

Ith'ocles  (3  syl. ),  in  love  with  Calantha 
princess  of  Sparta.  Ithoclgs  induces  his 
sister  Penthea  to  break  the  matter  to  the 
princess,  and  in  time  she  not  only  becomes 
reconciled  to  his  love,  but  also  requites  it, 
and  her  father  consents  to  the  marriage. 
During  a  court  festival,  Calantha  is  in- 
formed by  a  messenger  that  her  father  has 
suddenly  died,  by  a  second  that  Penthea 
lias  starved  herself  to  death,  and  by  a 
third  that  Ithocles  has  been  murdered  by 
Or'gilus  out  of  revenge. — Ford:  The 
Broken  Heart  (1633). 


S34 


IVANOVITCH. 


Ithtl'riel  (4  syl.)^  a  cherub  sent  by 
Gabriel  to  find  out  Satan.  He  finds  him 
squatting  liice  a  toad  beside  Eve  as  she 
lay  asleep,  and  brings  him  before  Gabriel. 
(The  word  means  "  God's  discovery.")— 
Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  iv.  788  (1665). 

IthiirieFs  Spear,  the  spear  of  the  angel 
Ithuriel,  whose  slightest  touch  exposed 
deceit,  Hence,  when  Satan  squatted  like 
a  toad  "  close  to  the  ear  of  Eve," 
Ithuriel  only  touched  the  creature  with 
his  spear,  and  it  resumed  the  form  of 
Satan. 

...  for  no  falsehood  can  endure 
Touch  of  celestial  temper,  but  returns 
Of  force  to  its  own  likeness.  . 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  iv.  (1665). 

Ithu'riel,  the  guardian  angel  of  Judas 
Iscariot.  After  Satan  entered  into  the 
heart  of  the  traitor,  Ithuriel  was  given  to 
Simon  Peter  as  his  second  angel. — Klop- 
stock:  The  Messiah,  iii.,  iv.  (1748,  1771). 

Ivan  the  Terrible,  Ivan  IV.  of 
Russia,  a  man  of  great  energy,  but  in- 
famous for  his  cruelties.  He  was  the  first 
to  adopt  the  title  oiczar  (1529, 1533-1584), 

I'vanhoe  (3  syl.),  a  novel  by  sir  W. 
Scott  (1820).  A  brilliant  and  splendid 
romance.  Rebecca,  the  Jewess,  was 
Scott's  favourite  character.  The  scene  is 
laid  in  England  in  the  reign  of  Richard 
I.,  and  we  are  introduced  to  Robin  Hood 
in  Sherwood  Forest,  banquets  in  Saxon 
halls,  tournaments,  and  all  the  pomp  of 
ancient  chivalry.  Rowena,  the  heroine, 
is  quite  thrown  into  the  shade  by  the 
gentle,  meek,  yet  high-souled  Rebecca. 

Ivanhoe  {Sir  Wilfred,  knight  of), 
the  favourite  of  Richard  I. ,  and  the  dis- 
inherited son  of  Cedric  of  Rotherwood. 
Disguised  as  a  palmer,  he  goes  to  Rother- 
wood, and  meets  there  Rowe'na  his  father's 
ward,  with  whom  he  falls  in  love;  but 
we  hear  little  more  of  him  except  as  the 
friend  of  Rebecca  and  her  father  Isaac  of 
York,  to  both  of  whom  he  shows  repeated 
acts  of  kindness,  and  completely  wins 
the  affections  of  the  beautiful  Jewess.  In 
the  gi-and  tournament,  Ivanhoe  [I'-van- 
ho]  appears  as  the  "  Desdichado  "  or  the 
"Disinherited  Knight,"  and  overthrows 
all  comers.  King  Richard  pleads  for  hiin 
to  Cedric,  reconciles  the  father  to  his  son, 
and  the  young  knight  marries  Rowena. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Ivan'ovitch  \son  of  Ivan  or  yohn\ 
the  popular  name  of  a  Russian.  Similar 
toour  "John-son,"  the  Danish  "Jan-sen," 
and  the  Scotch  "  Mac-Ina." 


IVAN  IVANOVITCH.  535 

N.  B. — The  popular  name  of  the  English 
as  a  people  is  John  Bull ;  of  the  Germans, 
Cousin  Michael ;  of  the  French,  Jean 
Crapaud ;  of  the  Chinese,  John  China- 
man ;  of  the  North  American  States, 
Brother  Jonathan;  of  the  Welsh,  Taffy;  of 
the  Scotch,  Sandy  ;  of  the  Swiss,  Colin 
Tampon  ;  of  the  Russians,  Ivan  ;  etc. 

Ivan  Ivanovitcli,  a  poem  by  R. 
Browning  {Dramatic  Idylls,  1879),  The 
story,  which  takes  place  in  Russia  about 
' '  Peter's  [the  Great]  time,  when  hearts 
were  great,  not  small,"  is  as  follows: 
Iv^n  Ivinovitch,  a  Russian  carpenter,  is 
working  at  a  "huge  shipmast  trunk," 
when  a  sledge  dashes  up  to  the  workyard 
with  a  half-frozen,  fainting  woman  in  it, 
who  is  recognized  by  the  crowd  assembled 
as  "  Dmitri's  wife."  She  tells  them  that 
on  her  journey  home  in  the  sledge,  with 
her  three  children,  she  is  overtaken  by 
wolves,  and,  to  save  herself,  throws  the 
children  to  the  beasts.  Iv4n  Ivinovitch 
takes  the  law  into  his  own  hands,  and  slays 
her  with  an  axe  as  she  lies  before  him. 
The  village  pope  judges  that  he  has  done 
right  in  killing  so  vile  a  mother,  and  the 
crowd  go  to  Ivin's  house  to  tell  him  he  is 
acquitted.  They  find  him  calmly  making 
a  model  of  the  Kremhn,  with  his  children 
round  him,  and  when  "  they  told  him  he 
was  free  as  air  to  walk  about,"  "How 
otherwise  ?  "  asked  he,  so  sure  is  he  that 
he  acted  as  God's  servant. 

iTerach,  {Allan),  or  steward  of  In- 
veraschalloch  with  Gallraith,  at  the 
Clachan  of  Aberfoyle.— 5?>  W.  Scott: 
Rob  Roy  (time,  George  I.). 

Ives  (5/.),  originally  called  Slept. 
Its  name  was  changed  in  honour  of  St. 
Ive,  a  Persian  missionary. 

From  Persia,  led  by  zeal,  St.  Ive  this  island  sought. 
And  near  our  eastern  fens  a  fit  place  finding,  taught 
The  faith ;    which  place  from  him  alone  the  name 

derives, 
And  of  that  sainted  man  has  since  been  called  St.  Ives. 
Drayton :  Polyolbion,  xxiv.  (1622). 

Ivory  Gate  of  Dreams.  Dreams 
which  delude  pass  through  the  ivory  gate, 
but  those  which  come  true  through  the 
horn  gate.  This  whim  depends  upon  two 
puns  :  ivory,  in  Greek,  is  elephas,  and  the 
verb  elephairo  means  "  to  cheat ; "  horn, 
in  Greek  is  keras,  and  the  verb  karanoo 
means  "to  accomplish." 

Sunt  geminae  somni  portae,  quarum  altera  fertur 
Cornea,  qua  veris  facilis  datur  exitus  umbris ; 
Altera  candenti  perfecta  nitens  elephanto, 
Sed  falsa  ad  caelum  mittunt  insomnia  Manes. 

Virgil:  j^neid,  vi.  893-4 


IXION. 

From  gate  of  horn  or  ivory,  dreams  are  sent ; 
These  to  deceive,  and  those  for  warning  meant. 
E.  C.  B. 

The  title.  The  Ivory  Gate,  was  used  for 
a  novel  by  sir  Walter  Besant  in  1892. 

Ivory  Shoulder.  Demeter  ate  the 
shoulder  of  Pelops,  served  up  by  Tan'- 
talos  ;  so  when  the  gods  restored  the 
body  to  Hfe,  Demeter  supplied  the  lack- 
ing shoulder  by  one  made  of  ivory. 

If  Pythag'oras  had  a  golden  thigh, 
which  he  showed  to  Ab'aris  the  Hyper- 
borean priest. 

Not  Pelops'  shoulder  whiter  than  her  hands, 
Nor  snowy  swans  that  jet  on  Isca's  sands. 
Browtt€  :  Britannia's  Pastorals,  ii.  3  (1613). 

Ivory  Tube    of  prince    Ali,    a 

sort  of  telescope,  which  showed  the  per- 
son who  looked  through  it  whatever  he 
wished  most  to  see. — Arabian  Nights 
("Ahmed  and  Pari-Banou  "). 

Ivry,  in  France,  famous  for  the  battle 
won    by    Henry  of    Navarre    over    the 

League  (1590). 

Hurrah  1  hurrah  1  a  single  field 
Hath  turned  the  chance  of  war. 

Hurrah  I  hurrah  !  for  Ivry, 
And  Henry  of  Navarre. 

Macaulay :  Lays  {"  Ivry, '  1849). 

Ivy  Lane,  London ;  so  called  from 
the  houses  of  the  prebendaries  of  St. 
Paul's,  overgrown  with  ivy. 

I'wein,  a  knight  of  the  Round  Table. 
He  slays  the  possessor  of  an  enchanted 
fountain,  and  marries  the  widow,  whose 
name  is  Laudine.  Gaw'ein  or  Gawain 
urges  him  to  new  exploits,  so  he  quits 
his  wife  for  a  year  in  quest  of  adventures, 
and  as  he  does  not  return  at  the  stated 
time,  Laudine  loses  all  love  for  him.  On 
his  return,  he  goes  mad,  and  wanders  in 
the  woods,  where  he  is  cured  by  three 
sorcerers.  He  now  helps  a  lion  fighting 
against  a  dragon,  and  the  lion  becomes 
his  faithful  companion.  He  goes  to  the 
enchanted  fountain,  and  there  finds 
Lunet'  prisoner.  While  struggling  with 
the  enchanted  fountain,  Lunet  aids  him 
with  her  ring,  and  he  in  turn  saves  her 
life.  By  the  help  of  his  lion,  Iwein  kills 
several  giants,  delivers  three  hundred 
virgins,  and,  on  his  return  to  king 
Arthur's  court,  marries  Lunet. — Hart- 
mann  von  der  Aue  (thirteenth  century). 

Izi'on,  king  of  the  Lap'ithae,  at- 
tempted to  win  the  love  of  Herd  [J'uno) ; 
but  Zeus  substituted  a  cloud  for  the 
goddess,  and  a  centaur  was  born. 


536    JACK  AND  THE  BEAN-STALK. 


J. 


J.  (in  Punch),  the  signature  of  Douglas 
Jerrold,  who  first  contributed  to  No.  9  of 
the  serial  (1803-1858). 

Jaafer,  who  carried  the  sacred  banner 
of  the  prophet  at  the  battle  of  Muta. 
When  one  hand  was  lopped  off,  he 
clutched  the  banner  with  the  other  ;  this 
hand  also  being  lost,  he  held  it  with  his 
two  stumps.  When,  at  length,  his  head 
was  cleft  from  his  body,  he  contrived  so 
to  fall  as  to  detain  the  banner  till  it  was 
seized  by  Abdallah,  and  handed  to  Khaled. 

1[  CYNiKGiROS,  in  the  battle  of  Mara- 
thon, seized  one  of  the  Persian  ships  with 
his  right  hand.  When  this  was  lopped  off, 
he  laid  hold  of  it  with  his  left ;  and  when 
this  was  also  cut  off,  he  seized  it  with  his 
teeth,  and  held  on  till  he  lost  his  head. 

%  Admiral  Benbow,  in  an  engage- 
ment with  the  French  near  St.  Martha,  in 
1701,  was  carried  on  deck  on  a  wooden 
frame  after  both  his  legs  and  thighs  were 
shivered  into  splinters  by  chain-shot. 

IF  Almeyda,  the  Portuguese  governor 
of  India,  had  himself  propped  against  the 
mainmast  after  both  his  legs  were  shot  off. 

Jabos  [Jock],  postilion  at  the  Golden 
Arms  inn,  Kippletringan,  of  which  Mrs. 
M'Candlish  was  landlady. — Sir  W.  Scott : 
Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  II. ). 

Ja'chin,  the  parish  clerk,  who  pur- 
loined the  sacramental  money,  and  died 
disgraced. — Crabbe  :  Borough  (1810). 

Jacinta,  a  first-rate  cook,  "who  de- 
served to  be  housekeeper  to  the  patriarch 
of  the  Indies,"  but  was  only  cook  to  the 
licentiate  Sedillo  of  Valladolid. — Ch.  ii.  i. 

The  cook,  who  was  no  less  dexterous  than  Dame 
Jacinta,  was  assisted  by  the  coachman  in  dressing  the 
victuars. — Lesage :  Gil  Bias,  iii.  lo  (1715). 

Jacin'tha,  the  supposed  wife  of 
Octa'vio,  and  formerly  contracted  to  don 
Henrique  (2  syl.)  an  uxorious  Spanish 
nobleman.  —  Fletcher  :  The  Spanish 
Curate  (1622), 

Jacin'tha,  the  wealthy  ward  of  Mr. 
Strickland ;  in  love  with  Bellamy.  Ja- 
cintha  is  staid  but  resolute,  and,  though 
"she  elopes  down  a  ladder  of  ropes" 
in  boy's  costume,  has  plenty  of  good  sense 
and  female  modesty. — Dr.  Hoadley  :  The 
Suspicious  Husband  (1747). 

Jack,  in  Dr.  Arbuthnot's  History  of 
John  Bull,  is  meant  for  John  Calvin.    In 


Swift's  Tale  of  a  Tub,  Calvin  is  intro- 
duced  as  Jack.  "  Martin  "  in  both  these 
tales  means  Martin  Luther. 

Jack  {^Colonel),  the  hero  of  Defoe's 
novel  entitled  The  History  of  the  Most 
Remarkable  Life  and  Extraordinary 
Adventures  of  the  truly  Hon.  Colonel, 
Jacque,  vulgarly  called  Colonel  Jack.  The 
colonel  (born  a  gentleman  and  bred  a 
pickpocket)  goes  to  Virginia,  and  passes 
through  all  the  stages  of  colonial  life, 
from  that  of  ' '  slavie "  to  that  of  an 
owner  of  slaves  and  plantations. 

The  traqpition  from  their  refined  Oron'datSs  and 
Stati'ras  to  the  society  of  captain  {sic}  Jack  and  MoU 
Flanders  ...  is  (to  use  a  phrase  of  Sterne)  like  turning 
from  Alexander  the  Great  to  Alexander  the  copper- 
smith.—  Encyclopadia  Britannica  (article  "Ro- 
mance "). 

Jack,  the  wooden  figure  of  a  man 
which  formerly  struck  on  a  bell  at  certain 
times  during  divine  service.  Several  of 
these  figures  still  remain  in  churches  in 
East  Anglia.     (See  Jaquemart,  p.  539.) 

Jack  Amend-all,  a  nickname  given 
to  Jack  Cade  the  rebel,  who  promised  to 
remedy  all  abuses  (*-i45o).  As  a  speci- 
men of  his  reforms,  take  the  following 
examples : — 

I,  your  captain,  am  brave,  and  vow  reformation. 
There  shall  be  in  England  seven  half-penny  loaves  sold 
for  a  penny ;  tlie  three-hooped  pot  shall  have  ten 
hoops ;  and  I  will  make  it  felony  to  drink  small  beer. 
.  .  .  When  I  am  king,  there  shall  be  no  money  ;  all 
shall  eat  and  drink  on  my  score ;  and  I  will  apparel  all 
in  one  livery. — Shakespeare  :  a  Henry  VJ.  act  iv.  sc.  a 
{1591)- 

Jack  and  Jill,  said  to  be  the  Saxon 
and  Norman  stocks  united.  "Jack"  is 
the  Saxon  John,  and  "Jill"  the  French 

Julienne. 

Jack  and  Jill  went  up  the  hill 

To  fetch  a  pail  of  water; 
Jack  fell  down  and  cracked  his  crown. 

And  Jill  came  tumbling  after. 

Nursery  Rhymi. 

Or  thus,  by  Samuel  Wilberforce — 

'Twas  not  on  Alpine  ice  or  snow. 


They  spared  nor  time  nor  toil ; 
They  did  not  go  for  fame  or  wealth. 

But  went  at  duty's  call ; 
And  tho'  united  in  their  aim, 

Were  severed  in  their  fall. 

Jack  and  the  Bean-Stalk.  Jack 
was  a  very  poor  lad,  sent  by  his  mother 
to  sell  a  cow,  which  he  parted  with  to  a 
butcher  for  a  few  beans.  His  mother,  in 
her  rage,  threw  the  beans  away ;  but  one 
of  them  grew  during  the  night  as  high 
as  tlie  heavens.  Jack  climbed  the  stalk, 
and,  by  the  direction  of  a  fairy,  came  to 
a  giant's  castle,  where  he  begged  food  and 
rest.  This  he  did  thrice,  and  in  his  three 
visits  stole  the  giant's  red  hen  which  laid 
golden  eggs,  his  money-l->ags,  and  his 


JACK-A-LENT.  537 

harp.  As  he  ran  off  wi  th  the  last  treasure, 
the  haip  cried  out,  "  Master  1  master  I  " 
which  woke  the  giant,  who  ran  after 
Jack  ;  but  the  nimble  lad  cut  the  bean- 
stalk with  an  axe,  and  the  giant  was  killed 
in  his  fall 

(This  is  said  to  be  an  allegory  of  the 
Teutonic  Al-fader :  the  "red  hen  "  repre- 
senting theall-producing  sun,  the"  money- 
bags "  the  fertilizing  rain,  and  the  "harp  " 
the  winds. ) 

Jack-a-Lent,  a  kind  of  aunt  Sally 
set  up  during  Lent  to  be  pitched  at ; 
hence  a  puppet,  a  sheepish  booby,  a  boy- 
page,  a  scarecrow.  Mrs.  Page  says  to 
Robin,  Falstaff's  page — 

You  little  Jack-a-Lent,  have  you  been  true  to  us?— 
Shakespeare :  Merry  IVives  of  Windsor,  act  ill.  sc.  3 
(1603). 

Jack-in-tlie-G-reen,  one  of  the  May- 
day mummers. 

(Dr.  Owen  Pugh  says  that  Jack-in-the- 
Green  represents  Melvas  king  of  Somerset- 
shire, disguised  in  green  boughs  and 
lying  in  ambush  for  queen  Guenever  the 
wife  of  king  Arthur,  as  she  was  returning 
from  a  hunting  expedition.) 

Jack  of  NewTjei^r,  John  Winch- 
comb,  the  greatest  clothier  of  the  world 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  He  kept  a 
hundred  looms  in  his  own  house  at  New- 
bery,  and  equipped  at  his  own  expense 
a  hundred  of  his  men  to  aid  the  king 
against  the  Scotch  in  Flodden  Field  (1513). 

(Thomas  Delony  published,  in  1633,  a 
tale  so  called. ) 

Jack  Brobinsou.  This  famous  comic 

song  is  by  Hudson,  tobacconist,  No.  98. 
Shoe  Lane,  London,  in  the  early  part  of 
the  nineteenth  century.  The  last  line  is, 
"  And  he  was  off  before  you  could  say 
'Jack  Robinson.'"  The  tune  to  which 
the  words  are  sung  is  the  Sailors'  Horn- 
pipe. HaUiwell  quotes  these  two  lines 
from  an  ' '  old  play  " — 

A  warke  it  ys  as  easie  to  be  doone 
As  'tys  to  saye,  yacke  I  robys  on. 

Archaic  Dictionary. 

Jack  Sprat,  of  nursery  rhymes. 

Jack  Sprat  could  eat  no  fat. 

His  wife  could  eat  no  lean ; 
And  so  betwixt  'em  both 

They  licked  the  platter  clean. 

Jack  tlie  Giant-Killer,  a  series  of 
nursery  tales  to  show  the  mastery  of  skill 
and  wit  over  brute  strength.  Jack  en- 
counters various  giants,  but  outwits  them 
all.  The  following  would  illustrate  the 
sort  of  combat :  Suppose  they  came  to  a 
thick  iron  door,  the  giant  would  belabour 


JACK'S. 

it  with  his  club  hour  after  hour  without 
effect ;  but  Jack  would  apply  a  delicate 
key,  and  the  door  would  open  at  once. 
This  is  not  one  of  the  stories,  but  will 
serve  to  illustrate  the  sundry  contests. 
Jack  was  a  "valiant  Cornishman,"  and 
his  first  exploit  was  to  kill  the  giant 
Cormoran,  by  digging  a  deep  pit  which 
he  filmed  over  with  grass,  etc.  The  giant 
fell  into  the  pit,  and  Jack  knocked  him 
on  the  head  with  a  hatchet.  Jack  after- 
wards obtained  a  coat  of  invisibility,  a 
cap  of  knowledge,  a  resistless  sword,  and 
shoes  of  swiftness.  Thus  armed,  he  almost 
rid  Wales  of  its  giants. 

Our  Jack  the  Giant-killer  is  clearly  the  last  modem 
transmutation  of  the  old  British  legend  told  by  Geoffrey 
of  Monmouth,  of  Corineus  the  Trojan,  the  companion 
of  the  Trojaa  Brutus  when  he  first  settled  in  Britain.— 
Massott. 

Jack-with-a-Lantem.  This  me- 
teoric phenomenon,  when  seen  on  the 
ground  or  a  little  above  it,  is  called  by 
sundry  names,  as  Brenning-drake,  Burn- 
ing candle,  Corpse  candles,  Dank  Will, 
Death-fires,  Dick-a-Tuesday,  Elf-fire,  the 
Fair  maid  of  Ireland,  Friar's  lantern, 
Gillion-a-burnt-tail,  Gyl  Burnt-tail,  Ignis 
fatuus.  Jack-o'-lantern,  Jack-with-a-lan- 
tern,  Kit-o'-the-canstick,  Kitty-wi'-a- 
wisp.  Mad  Crisp,  Peg-a-lantern,  Puck, 
Robin  Goodfellow,  Shot  stars.  Spittle  of 
the  stars,  Star  jelly,  a  Sylham  lamp,  a 
Walking  fire.  Wandering  fires.  Wandering 
wild-fire,  Will-vvith-a-wisp. 

(Those  led  astray  by  these  "fool  fires" 
are  said  to  be  Elf-led,  Mab-led,  or  Puck- 
led.) 

N.B. — When  seen  on  the  tips  of  the 
fingers,  the  hair  of  the  head,  mast-tops, 
and  so  on,  the  phenomenon  is  called 
Castor  and  Pollux  (if  double),  Cuerpo 
Santo  (Spanish),  Corpusants,  Dipsas,  St. 
Elmo  or  Fires  of  St.  Elmo  (Spanish),  St. 
Ermyn,  Feu  d'H^lene  (French),  Fire- 
drakes,  Fuole  or  Looke  Fuole,  Haggs, 
Helen  (if  single),  St.  Hel'ena,  St.  Helme's 
fires,  Leda's  twins,  St.  Peter  and  St. 
Nicholas  (Italian)  or  Fires  of  St.  Peter 
and  St.  Nicholas. 

(The  superstitions  connected  with  these 
"fool-fires"  are:  That  they  are  souls 
broken  out  from  purgatory,  come  to  earth 
to  obtain  prayers  and  masses  for  their 
deliverance ;  that  they  are  the  mucus 
sneezed  from  the  nostrils  of  rheumatic 
planets ;  that  they  are  ominous  of  death  ; 
that  they  indicate  hid  treasures  ;  etc.) 

Jack's,  a  noted  coffee-house,  where 
London  and  country  millers  used  to 
assemble  to  examine  their  purchases  after 


I 


JACKS. 

the  market  was  closed.  It  stood  in  the 
rear  of  old  'Change,  London. 

JsbcTaajTke  Two  Genial),  Jack  Munden 
and  Jack  Dowton.  Planch^  says,  "  They 
were  never  called  anything  else."  The 
former  was  Joseph  Munden  (1758-1832), 
and  the  latter  William  Dowton  (1764- 
185 1 ). — Planchi:  Recollections,  etc.,  i.  28. 

Jackdaw  of  Rheims  ( The),  one  of 
the  Ingoldsby  legends  {q.v. ).  It  describes 
how  a  jackdaw  stole  a  cardinal's  ring,  and 
the  cardinal  laid  a  curse  on  the  thief.  The 
jackdaw  soon  became  a  most  pitiable 
object ;  but  ultimately  the  ring  was  found 
in  the  jackdaw's  nest ;  the  curse  was  re- 
moved, the  jackdaw  recovered,  left  off  his 
thievish  tricks,  became  a  most  sancti- 
monious bird,  and  at  death  was  canonized 
as  "Jim  Crow."     (See  Rheims,  etc.) 

Jacob  tlie  Scourg'e  of  Grammar, 

Giles  Jacob,  master  of  Romsey,  in  South- 
amptonshire,  brought  up  for  an  attorney. 
Author  of  a  Law  Dictionary,  Lives  and 
Characters  of  English  Poets,  etc.  (1686- 
1744)- 

Jacob's  Ladder,  a  meteoric  appear- 
ance resembling  broad  beams  of  light 
from  heaven  to  earth.  A  somewhat 
similar  phenomenon  may  be  seen  when 
the  sun  shines  through  the  chink  or  hole 
of  a  closed  shutter.  The  allusion  is,  of 
course,  to  the  ladder  which  Jacob  dreamt 
about  \Gen.  xxviii.  12). 

Jacob's  Staff,  a  mathematical  instru- 
ment for  taking  heights  and  distances. 

Reach,  then,  a  soaring  quill,  that  I  may  write 
As  with  a  Jacob's  Staff  to  take  her  height. 
Cleveland  :  The  Hecatomb  to  his  Mistress  (1641). 

Jac'omo,  an  irascible  captain  and  a 
woman-hater.  Frank  (the  sister  of  Fre- 
derick) is  in  love  with  him. — Beaumont 
and  Fletcher  :  The  Captain  {xSi-^). 

Jacques  (i  syl.),  one  of  the  domestic 
men-servants  of  the  duke  of  Aranza. 
The  duke,  in  order  to  tame  down  the 
overbearing  spirit  of  his  bride,  pretends 
to  be  a  peasant,  and  deputes  Jacques  to 
represent  the  duke  for  the  nonce.  Juliana, 
the  duke's  bride,  lays  her  grievance  before 
"  duke"  Jacques,  but  of  course  receives 
no  redress,  although  she  learns  that  if  a 
Jacques  is  "duke,"  the  "peasant  "  Aranza 
is  the  better  man. — Tobin:  The  Honey- 
moon (1804). 

Jacques  [Pauvre),  the  absent  sweet- 
heart of  a  love-lorn  maiden.  Marie 
Antoinette  sent  to  Switzerland  for  a  lass 
to  attend  the  dairy  of  her  "  Swiss  village  " 


538  JAGGERS. 

in  miniature,  which  she  arranged  in  the 
Little  Trianon  (Paris).  The  lass  was 
heard  sighing  for  pauvre  Jacques,  and  this 
was  made  a  capital  sentimental  amuse- 
ment for  the  court  idlers.  The  swain  was 
sent  for,  and  the  marriage  consummated. 

Pauvre  Jacques,  quand  j'etais  prfes  de  loi 

Je  ne  sentais  pas  ma  misfere ; 
Mais  i  present  que  tu  vis  loin  de  moi 

Je  manque  de  tout  sur  la  terre. 

Marquis  de  Travenet :  Pattvre  yacques, 

Jacques.    (See  Jaques.  ) 

Jac'ulin,  daughter  of  Gerrard  king 
of  the  beggars,  beloved  by  lord  Hubert. 
— Fletcher  :  The  Beggars'  Bush  (1622). 

Jaf&er,  a  young  man  befriended  by 
Priuli,  a  proud  Venetian  senator.  Jaffier 
rescued  the  senator's  daughter  Belvidera 
from  shipwreck,  and  afterwards  married 
her  clandestinely.  The  old  man  now 
discarded  both,  and  Pierre  induced  Jaffier 
to  join  a  junto  for  the  murder  of  the 
senators.  Jaffier  revealed  the  conspiracy 
to  his  wife,  and  Belvidera,  in  order  to 
save  her  father,  induced  her  husband  to 
disclose  it  to  Priuli,  under  promise  of  free 
pardon  to  the  conspirators.  The  pardon, 
however,  was  Hmited  to  Jaffier,  and  the 
rest  were  ordered  to  torture  and  death. 
Jaffier  now  sought  out  his  friend  Pierre, 
and,  as  he  was  led  to  execution,  stabbed 
him  to  prevent  his  being  broken  on  the 
wheel,  and  then  killed  himself.  Belvidera 
went  mad  and  died. — Otway :  Venice 
Preserved  (1682). 

• .  •  Betterton  (1635-1710),  Robert  Wilks 
(1670-1732),  Spranger  Barry  (1719-1777), 
C.  M.  Young  (1777-1856),  and  W.  C. 
Macready  (1793-1873),  are  celebrated  for 
this  character. 

Jag'a-naut,  the  seven -headed  idol  of 
the  Hindiis,  described  by  Southey  in  the 
Curse  of  Kehama,  xiv.  (1800). 

Jag'^ers,  a  lawyer  of  Little  Britain, 
I-KDndon.  He  was  a  burly  man,  of  an 
exceedingly  dark  complexion,  with  a  large 
head  and  large  hand.  He  had  bushy  black 
eyebrows  that  stood  up  bristling,  sharp 
suspicious  eyes  set  very  deep  in  his  head, 
and  strong  black  dots  where  his  beard 
and  whiskers  would  have  been  if  he  had 
let  them.  His  hands  smelt  strongly  of 
scented  soap,  he  wore  a  very  large  watch- 
chain,  was  in  the  constant  habit  of  biting 
his  fore-finger,  and  when  he  spoke  to  any 
one,  he  threw  his  fore-finger  at  hira 
pointedly.  A  hard,  logical  man  was  Mr. 
Jaggers,  who  required  an  answer  to  be 
"  yes"  or  "no,"  allowed  no  one  to  express 
an  opinimi,  but  only  to  state  facts  in  the 


JAIRUS'S  DAUGHTER. 


539 


JAQUES. 


fewest  possible  words.  Magwitch  ap- 
pointed him  Pip's  guardian,  and  he  was 
Miss  Havisham's  man  of  business. — 
Dickens  :  Great  Expectations  (i860). 

Jairus's  Daughter,  restored  to 
life  by  Jesus,  is  called  byKlopstock  Cidli. 
— Klopstock:   The  Messiah,  iv.  (1771). 

Jalut,  the  Arabic  name  for  Goliath. — 
Sale:  A I  Koran,  xvii. 

James  {Prince),  youngest  son  of  king 
Robert  III.  of  Scotland,  introduced  by  sir 
W.  Scott  in  The  Fair  Maid  of  Perth 
(1828). 

James  I.  of  England,  introduced  by 
sir  W,  Scott  in  The  Fortunes  of  Nigel 
(1822). 

Ja'mie  {Don),  younger  brother  of  don 
Henrique  (2  syl.),  by  whom  he  is  cruelly 
treated. — Fletcher:  The  Spanish  Curate 
{1622). 

Jamiie  Duff's.  Weepers  are  so  called, 
from  a  noted  Scotchman  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  whose  craze  was  to  follow  funerals 
in  deep  mourning  costume. — Kay:  Ori- 
ginal Portraits,  i.  7 ;  ii.  9,  17,  95. 

Ja'm.ieson  {Bet),  nurse  at  Dr.  Gray's, 
surgeon  at  Middlemas. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
The  Surgeon's  Daughter  (time,   George 

n.). 

Jamshid,  king  of  the  genii,  famous 
for  a  golden  cup  filled  with  the  elixir  of 
life.  The  cup  was  hidden  by  the  genii, 
but  found  when  digging  the  foundations 
of  Persep'olis. 

I  know,  too,  where  the  genii  hid 
The  jewelled  cup  of  their  king  Jamshid, 
With  life's  elixir  sparkling  high. 
Moore  :  Lalla  Rookh  ("  Paradise  and  the  Peri, '  1817). 

Jane  Eyre,  heroine  of  a  novel  so 
called  by  Currer  Bell  (Charlotte  Bronte). 

Jane  Shore.    (See  Shore.) 
Jan'et,  the  Scotch  laundress  of  David 
Ramsay  the  watchmaker. — Sir  W.  Scott : 
Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Jan'et  of  Tomahourich  {Muhme), 
aunt  of  Robin  Oig  M'Combich  a  Highland 
drover. — Sir  VV.  Scott :  The  Two  Drovers 
(time,  George  III.). 

Janet's  Repentance,  one  of  the 
tales  in  Scenes  of  Clerical  Life,  by  George 
Eliot  (Mrs.  J.  W.  Cross)  (1858). 

Jannekin  {Little),  apprentice  of 
Henry  Smith  the  armourer. — Sir  W. 
Scott :  Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry 
iV.}. 


Jannie  Duff,  with  her  little  sister 
and  brother,  were  sent  to  gather  broom, 
and  were  lost  in  the  bush  (AustraUa). 
The  parents  called  in  the  aid  of  the 
native  blacks  to  find  them,  and  on 
the  ninth  day  they  were  discovered. 
"Father,"  cried  the  little  boy,  "why 
didn't  you  come  before  ?  We  cooed  quite 
loud,  but  you  never  came."  The  sister 
only  said,  "  Cold  I  "  and  sank  in  stupor. 
Jannie  had  stripped  herself  to  cover  little 
Frank,  and  had  spread  her  frock  over  her 
sister  to  keep  her  warm,  and  there  all 
three  wfere  found  almost  dead,  lying 
under  a  bush. 

Janot  [Zha-no'\,  a  simpleton,  one  who 
exercises  silly  ingenuity  or  says  vapid 
and  silly  things. 

Without  being  a  Janot,  who  has  not  sometimes  in 
conversation  committed  a  Janotismt — Ourry  :  Trans. 

January  and  May.  January  is  an 
old  Lombard  baron,  some  60  years  of  age, 
who  marries  a  girl  named  May.  This 
young  wife  loves  Damyan,  a  young 
squire.  One  day,  the  old  baron  found 
them  in  close  embrace ;  but  May  persuaded 
her  husband  that  his  eyes  were  so  dim  he 
had  made  a  mistake,  and  the  old  baron, 
too  willing  to  believe,  allowed  himself  to 
give  credit  to  the  tale. — Chaucer:  Canter- 
bury Tales  {"  The  Merchant's  Tale," 
1388). 

(Modernized  by  Ogle  and  Pope,  1741.) 

Jaquemart,  the  automata  of  a  clock, 
consisting  of  a  man  and  woman  who 
strike  the  hours  on  a  bell.  So  called 
from  Jean  Jaquemart  of  Pijon,  a  clock- 
maker,  who  devised  this  piece  of  mechan- 
ism. Menage  erroneously  derives  the 
word  from  jaccomarchiardus  ("a  coat  of 
mail  "),  "  because  watchmen  watched  the 
clock  of  Dijon  fitted  with  a  jaquemart." 

Jaquenetta,  a  country  wench  courted 
by  don  Adriano  de  Armado. — Shake- 
speare :  Loves  Labour's  Lost  (1594). 

Jaques,  one  of  the  lords  attendant  on 
the  banished  duke  in  the  forest  of  Arden. 
A  philosophic  idler,  cynical,  sullen,  con- 
templative, and  moralizing.  He  could 
"suck  melancholy  out  of  a  song,  as  a 
weasel  sucks  eggs."  Jaques  resents 
Orlando's  passion  for  Rosalind,  and 
quits  the  duke  as  soon  as  he  is  restored 
to  his  dukedom. — Shakespeare:  As  You 
Like  It  (1598). 

N.B. — Sometimes  Shakespeare  makes 
one  syllable  and  sometimes  two  syllables 
of  the  word.     Sir  W.  Scott  makes  one 


JAQUES.  ; 

syllable  of  it,   but  Charles   Lamb  two. 
For  example — 

Whom  humorous  Jaques  with  envy  viewed  (i  syl.}. 
Sir  IV  Scott. 

Where  Jaques  fed  his  solitary  vein  (2  syL). — Latnb. 

The  "Jaques"  of  [Charles  M.  Voun^-,  1777-1856]  is 
indeed  most  musical,  most  melancholy,  attuned  to  the 
▼ery  wood-walks  among  which  he  muses.  —  A'irw 
Monthly  Magazine  (1822}. 

Jaques  (i  syL),  the  miser  in  a  comedy 
by  Ben  Jonson,  entitled  TAe  Case  is 
Altered  (1574-1637). 

Jaques  (i  syl. ),  servant  to  Sulpit'ia  a 
bawd.  (See  Jacques.)— i^/^/(r/z^r;  The 
Custom  of  the  Country  (1647). 

Jarley  [Mrs.),  a  kind-hearted  woman, 
mistress  of  a  travelling  wax-work  ex- 
hibition, containing  "  one  hundred  figures 
the  size  of  life;  "  the  "only  stupendous 
collection  of  real  wax-work  in  the 
world  ;  "  "  the  delight  of  the  nobility  and 
gentry,  the  royal  family,  and  crowned 
heads  of  Europe, "  Mrs.  Jarley  was  kind  to 
little  Nell,  and  employed  her  as  a  decoy- 
duck  to  "  Jarley's  unrivalled  collection." 

If  I  know'd  a  donkey  wot  wouldn't  go 
To  see  Mrs.  Jarley's  wax-work  show ; 
Do  you  think  I'd  acknowledge  him?    Oh  no,  no ! 
Then  run  to  Jarley. 
rnckens  :  The  Old  Curiosity  Shop,  rvU.  (1840). 

Jarnac  [Coup  de),  a  cut  which  severs 
the  ham-string.  So  called  from  a  cut 
given  by  Jarnac  to  La  Ch^teigneraie  in 
a  duel  fought  in  the  presence  of  Hemi  XL, 
in  1547. 

Jam'dyce  v.  Jani'dyce  (2  syL), 
a  Chancery  suit  "never  ending,  still  be- 
ginning," which  had  dragged  its  slow 
length  along  over  so  many  years  that  it 
had  blighted  the  prospects  and  ruined 
the  health  of  all  persons  interested  in  its 
settlement. — Dickens:  Bleak  House  [xZ^o), 

Jam'dyce  {Mr.),  client  in  the  great 
Chancery  suit  of  "Jarndyce  z*.  Jarndyce," 
and  guardian  of  Esther  Summerson.  He 
concealed  the  tenderest  heart  under  a 
flimsy  churlishness  of  demeanour,  and 
could  never  endure  to  be  thanked  for 
any  of  his  numberless  acts  of  kindness 
and  charity.  If  anything  went  wrong 
with  him,  or  if  he  heard  of  an  unkind 
action,  he  would  say,  "  I  am  sure  the 
wind  is  in  the  east ;  "  but  if  he  heard  of 
kindness  or  goodness,  the  wind  would 
veer  round  at  once,  and  be  "due  west." 
— Dickens:  Bleak  House  (1852). 

Jarvie  {Bailie  Nicol),  a  magistrate 
at  Glasgow,  and  kinsman  of  Rob  Roy. 
He  is  petulant,  conceited,  purse-proud, 
without  tact,  and  intensely  prejudiced, 
but    kind-hearted    and    sincere.      Jarvie 


3  JAUP. 

marries  his  maid.  The  novel  of  Rob  Roy 
has  been  dramatized  by  J,  Pocock,  and 
Charles  Mackay  was  the  first  to  appear 
in  the  character  of  "  Bailie  Nicol  Jarvie." 
Talfourd  says  (1829),  "  Other  actors  are 
sophisticate,  but  Mackay  is  the  thing 
itself."— -S?>  W.  Scott:  Rob  Roy  (time, 
George  L). 

The  character  of  Bailie  Nicol  Tari-ie  is  one  of  the 
author's  happiest  conceptions,  and  the  idea  of  carrying 
hira  to  thtf  wild  nigged  mountains,  among  outlaws  and 
desperadoes — at  the  same  time  that  he  retained  a  keca 
relish  of  the  comforts  of  the  Saltmarket  of  Glasgow,  and 
a  due  sense  of  his  dignity  as  a  magistrate— complete 
the  ludicrous  effect  of  the  pictMrei.— Chambers : 
English  Literature,  ii.  587. 

Jarvis,  a  faithful  old  servant,  who 
tries  to  save  his  master,  Beverley,  from 
his  fatal  passion  of  gambling. — Edward 
Aloore  :  The  Gamester  (1753). 

Jaspar  was  poor,  heartless,  and 
wicked  ;  he  lived  by  highway  robbery, 
and  robbery  led  to  murder.  One  day,  he 
induced  a  poor  neighbour  to  waylay  his 
landlord ;  but  the  neighbour  relented, 
and  said,  "  Though  dark  the  nigiit,  there 
is  One  above  who  sees  in  darlcness." 
• '  Never  fear  !  "  said  Jaspar  ;  ' '  for  no  eye 
above  or  below  can  pierce  this  darkness." 
As  he  spoke,  an  unnatural  light  gleamed 
on  him,  and  he  became  a  confirmed 
maniac. — Southey  :  Jaspar  (a  ballad). 

Jasper  {Old),  a  ploughman  at  Glen- 
dearg  Tower,— ^2>  W.  Scott:  The  Mo- 
nastery (time,  Elizabeth), 

Jasper  {Sir),  father  of  Charlotte.  He 
wants  her  to  marry  a  Mr.  Dapper ;  but 
she  loves  Leander,  and,  to  avoid  a  mar- 
riage she  dislikes,  pretends  to  be  dumb. 
A  mock  doctor  is  called  in,  who  discovers 
the  facts  of  the  case,  and  employs  Leander 
as  his  apothecary.  Leander  soon  cures 
the  lady  with  "  pills  matrimoniac."  In 
Molifere's  Le  Midecin  Malgri  Lui  (from 
which  this  play  is  taken),  sir  Jasper  is 
called  ' '  G^ronte  "  (2  syl. ). — Fielding  : 
The  Mock  Doctor  (1733). 

Jasper  Packlenierton,  of  atro- 
cious memory,  one  of  the  chief  figures  in 
Mrs.  Jarley's  wax-work  exhibition. 

"  Jasper  courted  and  married  fourteen  wives,  and 
destroyed  them  all  by  tickling  the  soles  of  their  feet 
when  they  were  asleep.  On  being  brought  to  the 
scaffold  and  asked  if  he  was  sorry  for  what  he  had 
done,  he  replied  he  was  only  sorry  for  having  let  them 
off  so  easy.  Let  this,"  said  Mrs.  Jarley,  "be  a  warn- 
ing to  all  young  ladies  to  be  particular  in  the  character 
of  the  gentlemen  of  their  choice.  Observe,  his  fingers 
are  curled,  as  if  in  the  act  of  tickling,  and  there  is  a 
wink  in  his  eyes." — Dickens :  The  Old  Curiosity  Shop, 
xxviii.  (1840). 

Jaup    {Alison),    an    old    woman    at 

Middlemas  village.— 5z>  W.  Scott:  The 
Surgeon's  Daughter  (time,  George  II.) 


JAUP. 

Janp  {Saunders),  a  farmer  at  Old  St, 
Ronan's.— ^?>  W.  Scott:  St.  Ronan's 
Well  (time,  George  III.). 

Javan  lost  his  father  on  the  day  of  his 
birth,  and  was  brought  up  in  the  "patri- 
arch's glen  "  by  his  mother,  till  she  also 
died.  He  then  sojourned  for  ten  years 
with  the  race  of  Cain,  and  became  the 
disciple  of  Jubal  the  great  musician. 
He  then  returned  to  the  glen,  and  fell  in 
love  with  Zillah  ;  but  the  glen  being 
invaded  by  giants,  Zillah  and  Javan, 
with  many  others,  were  taken  captives. 
Enoch  reproved  the  giants  ;  and,  as  he 
ascended  up  to  heaven,  his  mantle  fell 
on  Javan,  who  released  the  captives,  and 
conducted  them  back  to  the  glen.  The 
giants  were  panic-struck  by  a  tempest, 
and  their  king  was  killed  by  some  un- 
known hand. — James  Montgomery  :  The 
World  before  the  Flood  (1812). 

Ja'van's  Issue,  the  lonians  and 
Greeks  generally  {Gen.  x.  2).  Milton 
uses  the  expression  in  Paradise  Lost,  i. 
508. 

(In  Isa.  Ixvi.  19  and  in  Ezek.  xxvii. 
13  the  word  is  used  for  Greeks  col- 
lectively.) 

Javert,  an  officer  of  police,  the  im- 
personation of  inexorable  law. —  Victor 
Hugo  :  Les  Miserables  (1862). 

Ja'zer,  a  city  of  Gad,  personified  by 
Isaiah.  "Moab  shall  howl  for  Moab, 
every  one  shall  howl.  ...  I  will  bewail, 
with  the  weeping  of  Jazer,  the  vine  of 
Sibmah  ;  I  will  water  thee  with  my  tears, 
O  Heshbon." — Isa.  xvi,  7-9. 

It  did  not  content  the  congregation  to  weep  all  of 
them ;  but  they  howled  with  a  loud  voice,  weeping 
with  the  weeping  of  Jazer. — Kirkton,  150. 

Jealous  Traffick  [Sir),  a  rich  mer- 
chant, who  fancies  everything  Spanish  is 
better  than  English,  and  intends  his 
daughter  Isabinda  to  marry  don  Diego 
Barbinetto,  who  is  expected  to  arrive 
forthwith.  Isabinda  is  in  love  with 
Charles  [Gripe],  v/ho  dresses  in  a  Spanish 
costume,  passes  himself  off  as  don  Diego 
Barbinetto,  and  is  married  to  Isabinda. 
Sir  Jealous  is  irritable,  headstrong,  pre- 
judiced, and  wise  in  his  own  conceit. — 
Mrs.  Centlivre  :  The  Busy  Body  [ijog). 

Jealous  Wife  [The),  a  comedy  by 
George  Colman  (1761).  Harriot  Russet 
marries  Mr.  Oakly,  and  becomes  "the 
jealous  wife ; "  but  is  ultimately  cured 
by  the  interposition  of  major  Oakly,  her 
brother-in-law. 


54X  JEDBURGH  JUSTICE. 

(This  comedy  is  founded  on  Fielding's 
Tom  Jones.) 

Jeames  de  la  Pluche,  a  flunky,  in 
the  service  of  sir  George  Flimsey  of  Berk- 
ley Square,  who  comes  unexpectedly  into 
a  large  fortune.  Jeames  is  a  synonym  for 
a  flunky. — Thackeray:  Jeames's  Diaiy 
(1849). 

Jean  des  Vignes,  a  drunken  per- 
former of  marionettes.  The  French  say, 
II  fait  comme  Jean  des  Vigncs  (i.e.  "  He 
is  a  good-for-nothing  fellow");  Le 
mariage  de  Jean  des  Vignes  [i.e.  "a 
hedge  marriage") ;  Un  Jean  des  Vignes 
{i.e.  "an  ungain-doing  fellow");  Plus 
sot  que  Jean  des  Vignes  {i.e.  "  worse  than 
come  out"),  etc.- 

Jean  I  que  dire  sur  Jean  1    C'est  un  terrible  nom. 
Qui  jamais  n'accorapagne  une  dpithfete  honete. 

Jean  des  Vignes,  Jean  ligne.    Oiivais-je?   Trouvezbon 
Qu'en  si  beau  chemin  je  m'arr^te. 

yir^l  Travesti  ("Juno  to  yCneas  "),  vii. 

Jean  Tolle  Parine,  a  merry  An- 
drew, a  poor  fool,  a  Tom  Noodle.  So 
called  because  he  comes  on  the  stage  like 
a  great  loutish  boy,  dressed  all  in  white, 
with  his  face,  hair,  and  hands  thickly 
covered  with  flour.  Scaramouch  is  a 
sort  of  Jean  Folle  Farine. 

(Ouida  has  a  novel  called  Folle  Farine, 
but  she  uses  the  phrase  in  quite  another 
sense. ) 

Jean  Jacques,     So  J.  J.  Rousseau 

is  often  called  (1712-1778). 

That  is  almost  the  only  maxim  of  Jean  Jacques  to 
which  I  can  .  .  .  svib%zrCti^.—Lord  Lytton. 

Jean  Paul.  J.  P.  Friedrich  Richter 
is  generally  so  called  (i7$3-i825). 

Jeanne  of  Alsace,  a  girl  ruined  by 
Dubosc  the  highwayman.  She  gives  him 
up  to  justice,  in  order  to  do  a  good  turn 
to  Julie  Lesurques  {2.  syl.),  who  had  be- 
friended her. — Stii-ling:  The  Courier  oj 
Lyons  (1852), 

JeTjusites  ( The).  The  Catliolics  are 
so  called  in  Dryden's  Absalom  and 
Achitophel. 

But  far  more  numerous  was  the  herd  of  such, 
Who  think  too  little,  and  who  tallc  too  much  ; 
These  out  of  mere  instinct,  they  knew  not  why. 
Adored  their  fathers'  God,  and  property ; 
And,  by  the  same  blind  benefit  of  fate. 
The  devil  and  the  Jebusite  did  hate. 

Part  i.  par.  530-540  (1681). 

Jedburg-h,  Jeddart,  or  Jedwood 
Justice,  hang  first  and  try  afterwards. 
The  custom  rose  from  the  summary  way 
of  dealing  with  border  marauders. 

(Jeddart  and  Jedwood  are  merely 
corruptions  of  Jedburgh.) 


JEDDLER, 

IF  Cupar  Justice  is  the  same  thing. 

ii  Abingdon  Law,  the  same  as  "Jed- 
burgh Justice."  In  the  Commonwealth, 
major-general  Brown,  of  Abingdon,  first 
hanged  his  prisoners  and  then  tried  them. 

^  Lynch  Law,  mob  law.  So  called 
from  James  Lynch  of  Piedmont,  in  Vir- 
ginia. It  is  a  summary  way  of  deahng 
with  marauders,  etc.  Called  in  Scotland, 
Burlaw  or  Byrlaw. 

Jeddler  {Dr.),  ' ' a  great  philosopher. " 
The  heart  and  mystery  of  his  philosophy 
was  to  look  upon  the  world  as  a  gigantic 
practical  joke  ;  something  too  absurd  to 
be  considered  seriously  by  any  rational 
man.  A  kind  and  generous  man  by 
nature  was  Dr.  Jeddler,  and  though  he 
had  taught  himself  the  art  of  turning 
good  to  dross  and  sunshine  into  shade, 
he  had  not  taught  himself  to  forget  his 
warm  benevolence  and  active  love.  He 
wore  a  pigtail,  and  had  a  streaked  face 
like  a  winter  pippin,  with  here  and  there 
a  dimple  "  to  express  the  peckings  of  the 
birds ;  "  but  the  pippin  was  a  tempting 
apple,  a  rosy,  healthy  apple  after  all. 

Grace  and-  Marion  Jeddler,  daughters 
of  the  doctor,  beautiful,  graceful,  and 
affectionate.  They  both  fell  in  love  with 
Alfred  Heathfield  ;  but  Alfred  loved  the 
younger  daughter.  Marion,  knowing  the 
love  of  Grace,  left  her  home  clandes- 
tinely one  Christmas  Day,  and  all  sup- 
posed she  had  eloped  with  Michael 
Warden.  In  due  time,  Alfred  married 
Grace,  and  then  Marion  made  it  known 
to  her  sister  that  she  had  given  up  Alfred 
out  of  love  to  her,  and  had  been  living 
in  concealment  with  her  aunt  Martha. 
Report  says  she  subsequently  married 
Michael  Warden,  and  became  the  pride 
and  honour  of  his  country  mansion. — 
Dickens:  The  Battle  of  Life  {iB:^6). 

Jed'ida  and  Benjamin,  two  of  the 
children  that  Jesus  took  in  His  arms  and 
blessed. 

"Well  I  remember,"  said  Benjamin,  "when  we  were 
on  earth,  with  what  loving-  fondness  He  folded  us  in 
His  arms :  how  tenderly  He  pressed  us  to  His  heart. 
A  tear  was  on  His  cheek,  and  I  kissed  it  away.  I  see 
it  still,  and  shall  ever  see  it."  "  And  I,  too,"  answered 
Jedida,  "  remember  when  His  arms  were  clasped 
around  nie  how  He  said  to  our  mothers,  '  Unless  ye 
become  ns  little  children,  ye  cannot  enter  the  kingdom 
of  heaven.'" — Klopstock :  The  Messiah,  i.  (1748). 

Jehoi'acllilU,  the  servant  of  Joshua 
Gedrles  the  quaker.— 5z>  W.  Scott:  Red- 
gauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Jeliu,  a  coachman,  one  who  drives  at 
a  rattling  pace. 

The  driving  is  like  the  driving  of  Jehu  the  son  of 
iCimshi;  for  he  driveth  furiously. — 2  Kin^s  ix.  aa 


542  JELLICOT. 

Jehu,  [Companions  of).  The 
"Chouans"  were  so  called,  from  a 
fanciful  analogy  between  their  self-im- 
posed task  and  that  appointed  to  Jehu 
on  his  being  set  over  the  kingdom  of 
Israel.  As  Jehu  was  to  cut  off  Ahab  and 
Jezebel,  with  all  their  house ;  so  the 
Chouans  were  to  cut  off  Louis  XVI., 
Marie  Antoinette,  and  all  the  Bourbons. 

Jehu  and  Henry  IV.  While  Ahab 
king  of  Israel  was  alive,  Jehu  was 
anointed  king,  and  the  heads  of  Ahab's 
sons,  enclosed  in  baskets,  were  sent  to 
Jehu  as  an  acceptable  present. — 2  Kings 
X.  9  (B.C.  884). 

IT  While  Richard  II.  was  still  living, 
Henry  [IV.]  was  anointed  king  of  Eng- 
land, and  the  heads  of  the  earls  of  Kent, 
Salisbury,  and  Holland,  who  had  conspired 
against  him,  were  sent  in  baskets  to  him 
as  an  acceptable  present. — Froissart, 
bk.  iv.  ch.  119  (a.d.  1400). 

Jekyll  {Dr.)  and  Mr.  Hyde.  This 
is  a  remarkable  allegory,  illustrating  the 
dual  nature  of  man.  Dr.  Jekyll  is  an 
honourable  man,  beloved  by  all  for  his 
philanthropic  labours.  Mr.  Hyde  is 
positively  loathsome,  and  from  him  all 
shrink  as  from  one  deformed  and  foul. 
He  Hves  without  restraint,  and  plunges 
into  all  manner  of  evil.  The  truth  is  that 
Dr.  Jekyll  is  Mr.  Hyde.  He  has  dis- 
covered a  potion  by  means  of  which  he 
can  change  himself  into  Mr.  Hyde,  and 
another  to  effect  the  change  back  again 
into  Dr.  Jekyll.  He  says  at  the  outset 
that  he  can  be  rid  of  Mr.  Hyde  at  will  ; 
but  not  till  Mr.  Hyde  commits  a  dastard- 
ly and  outrageous  murder  does  Dr.  Jekyll 
promise  to  have  no  more  to  do  with  Mr. 
Hyde.  Even  then  he  does  not  make  an 
absolute  renunciation  of  the  past,  for  he 
still  keeps  the  house  where  he  lived  as 
Mr.  Hyde,  as  well  as  the  clothes  he  then 
wore.  At  last  he  locks  the  door  which 
leads  into  Hyde's  house,  and  stamps  the 
key  underfoot.  But  it  is  too  late.  He 
finds  himself  transformed  into  Mr.  Hyde 
without  taking  the  potion ;  and,  though 
he  takes  double  doses  of  the  other  potion 
to  keep  himself  Dr.  Jekyll,  he  often 
lapses.  At  last  he  can  procure  no  more 
of  one  of  the  ingredients  of  the  mixture, 
and  commits  suicide. — R.  L.  Stevenson  : 
Strange  Case  of  Dr.  Jekyll  and  Air. 
Hyde  {1886). 

Jellicot  {Old  Goody),  servant  at  the 
under-keeper's  hut,  Woodstock  Forest. — 


JELLYBY. 


543 


JENNIE. 


Sir  W.  Scott:    Woodstock  (time,   Com- 
monwealth). 

Jellyby  [Mrs.),  a  sham  philanthro- 
pist, who  spends  her  time,  money,  and 
energy  on  foreign  missions,  to  the  neglect 
of  her  family  and  home  duties.  Untidy 
in  dress,  living  in  a  perfect  litter,  she  has 
a  habit  of  looking  "a  long  way  off,"  as  if 
she  could  see  nothing  nearer  to  her  than 
Africa.  Mrs.  Jellyby  is  quite  overwhelm- 
ed with  business  correspondence  relative 
to  the  affairs  of  Borrioboola  Gha. — 
Dickens:  Bleak  House,  iv.  (1852). 

Jemlikha,  the  favourite  Greek  slav« 
of  Dakianos  of  Ephesus.  Nature  had 
endowed  him  with  every  charm,  ' '  his 
words  were  sweeter  than  the  honey  of 
Arabia,  and  his  wit  sparkled  like  a  dia- 
mond." One  day,  Dakianos  was  greatly 
annoyed  by  a  fly,  which  persisted  in  tor- 
menting the  king,  whereupon  Jemlikha 
said  to  himself,  "  If  Dakianos  cannot  rule 
a  fly,  how  can  he  be  the  creator  of  heaven 
and  earth  ?  "  This  doubt  he  communicated 
to  his  fellow-slaves,  and  they  all  resolved 
to  quit  Ephesus,  and  seek  some  power 
superior  to  that  of  Dakianos. — Comte 
Caylus  :  Oriental  Tales  ( ' '  Dakianos  and 
the  Seven  Sleepers,"  1743). 

Jemmie  Duffs,  weepers.   (See  Jamib 

Duffs,  p.  539.) 

JTemmies,  sheep's  heads,  and  abo  a 
house-breaker's  instrument. 

Mr.  Sikes  made  many  pleasant  -witticisms  on  "jem- 
mies," a  cant  name  for  sheep's  heads,  and  also  for  aa 
ingenious  implement  much  nsed  in  his  profession. — 
Dickens:  Oliver  Twist  (1S37). 

Jemmy.  This  name,  found  on  en- 
gravings of  the  eighteenth  century,  means 
James  Worsdale  (died  1767). 

Jem.my  Dawson,  a  ballad  by  Shen- 
stone,  relating  the  love  of  Kitty  for 
captain  Dawson,  in  the  service  of  the 
young  chevalier.  He  was  "  hanged, 
drawn,  and  quartered"  on  Kennington 
Common  in  1746. 

Jemmiy  Twitcher,  a  cunning  and 
treacherous  highwayman. — Gay  :  The 
Beggar's  Opera  (1727). 

(Lord  Sandwich,  member  of  the  Kit- 
Kat  Club,  was  called  "  Jemmy  Twitcher," 
1765.) 

Jenkin,  the  servant  of  George-a- 
Green.  He  says  a  fellow  ordered  him  to 
hold  his  horse,  and  see  that  it  took  no 
cold.  "  No,  no,"  quoth  Jenkin,  "  I'll  lay 
my  cloak  under  him."  He  did  so,  but 
"  mark  you,"  he  adds,  "  I  cut  four  holes 


in  my  cloak  first,  and  made  his  horse 
stand  on  the  bare  ground," — R.  Greene: 
George-a-Green,  the  Pinner  of  Wakefield 
(1584). 

Jenkin,  one  of  the  retainers  of  Julian 
Avenel  (2  syl. )  of  Avenel  Castle.  — Sir  W, 
Scott :   T/ie  Monastery  (time  Elizabeth). 

Jenkins  [Mrs.  Winifred),  Miss 
Tabitha  Bramble's  maid,  noted  for  her 
bad  spelling,  misapplication  of  words, 
and  ludicrous  misnomers.  Mrs.  Winifred 
Jenkins  is  the  original  of  Mrs.  Malaprop. 
— Smollett :  The  Expedition  of  Humphry 
Clinker  (1771). 

Jenkins,  a  vulgar  lick-spittle  of  the 
■aristocracy,  who  retails  their  praises  and 
witticisms,  records  their  movements  and 
deeds,  gives  flaming  accounts  of  their 
dresses  and  parties,  either  viva  voce  or  in 
newspaper  paragraphs  :  "  Lord  and  lady 
Dash  attended  divine  service  last  Sunday, 
and  were  very  attentive  to  the  sermon  " 
(wonderful !).  "  Lord  and  lady  Dash  took 
a  drive  or  walk  last  Monday  in  their 
magnificent  park  of  Snobdoodleham. 
Lady  Dash  wore  a  mantle  of  rich  silk, 
a  bonnet  with  ostrich  fellows,  and  shoes 
with  rosettes."  The  name  is  said  to  have 
been  given  by  Punch  to  a  writer  in  the 
Morning  Post. 

Jenkinson  {Ephraim),  a  green  old 
swindler,  whom  Dr.  Primrose  met  in  a 
public  tavern.  Imposed  on  by  his  vener- 
able appearance,  apparent  devoutness, 
learned  talk  about  "cosmogony,"  and 
still  more  so  by  his  flattery  of  the  doctor's 
work  on  the  subject  of  monogamy.  Dr. 
Primrose  sold  the  swindler  his  horse. 
Old  Blackberry,  for  a  draft  upon  Farmer 
Flambo rough.  When  the  draft  was  pre- 
sented for  payment,  the  farmer  told  the 
vicar  that  Ephraim  Jenkinson  "was  the 
greatest  rascal  under  heaven,"  and  that 
he  was  the  very  rogue  who  had  sold 
Moses  Primrose  the  spectacles.  Subse- 
quently the  vicar  found  him  in  the  county 
jail,  where  he  showed  the  vicar  great  kind- 
ness, did  him  valuable  service,  became  a 
reformed  character,  and  probably  married 
one  of  the  daughters  of  Farmer  Flam- 
borough. — Goldsmith:  Vicar  of  Wakefield 
(1765). 

For  our  own  part,  we  must  admit  that  we  have  never 
been  able  to  treat  with  due  gravity  any  allusion  to  tlio 
learned  speculations  of  Man'etho,  Bero'sius,  or  San- 
choni'athon,  from  their  indissoluble  connection  in  our 
mind  with  the  finished  cosmogony  of  Jenkinson.— 
Encyclcpadia  Britannica  (article,  "  Romance  "). 

Jennie,  housekeeper  to  the  old  laird 
of  Dumbiedikes.— 5?>  W.  Scott:  Heart 
of  Midlothian  (time,  George  II.). 


JENNY. 

Jenny  [Diver].  Captain  Macheath 
says,  "What,  my  pretty  Jenny  !  as  prim 
and  demure  as  ever  ?  There's  not  a  prude, 
though  ever  so  high  bred,  hath  a  more 
sanctified  look,  with  a  more  mischievous 
heart."  She  pretends  to  love  Macheath, 
but  craftily  secures  one  of  his  pistols,  that 
his  other  ' '  pals  "  may  the  more  easily  be- 
tray him  into  the  hands  of  the  constables 
fact  ii.  sc.  i). — Gay:  The  Beggar's  Opera 
(1727). 

Jenny  I'Ouvriere,  the  type  of  a 
hard-working  Parisian  needlewoman. 
She  is  contented  with  a  few  window- 
flowers  which  she  terms  "her  garden,"  a 
caged  bird  which  she  calls  ' '  her  songster ; " 
and  when  she  gives  the  fragments  of  her 
food  to  some  one  poorer  than  herself,  she 
calls  it  "  her  delight." 

Entendez-vous  un  oiseau  familiert 
C'est  le  chanteur  de  Jenny  I'Ouvrifers, 

Au  coeur  content,  content  de  peu 
Elle  poarrait  etre  riche,  et  pr;5ftre 

Ce  qui  vient  de  Dieu. 

Entile  Baratcau  (1847;. 

Jeph'thah's  Daugfhter.  When 
Jephthah  went  forth  against  the  Am- 
monites, he  vowed  that  if  he  returned 
victorious  he  would  sacrifice,  as  a  burnt 
offering,  whatever  first  met  him  on  his 
entrance  into  his  native  city.  He  gained 
a  splendid  victory,  and  at  the  news 
thereof  his  only  daughter  came  forth 
dancing  to  give  him  welcome.  The 
miserable  father  rent  his  clothes  in  agony, 
but  the  noble-spirited  maiden  would  not 
hear  of  his  violating  the  vow.  She 
demanded  a  short  respite,  to  bewail  upon 
the  mountains  her  blighted  hope  of  be- 
coming a  mother,  and  then  submitted  to 
her  fate. — Judg.  xi. 

IF  An  almost  identical  tale  is  told  of 
Idom'eneus  king  of  Crete.  On  his  return 
from  the  Trojan  war,  he  made  a  vow  in  a 
tempest  that,  if  he  escaped,  he  would  offer 
to  Neptune  the  first  hving  creature  that 
presented  itself  to  his  eye  on  the  Cretan 
shore.  His  own  son  was  there  to  welcome 
him  home,  and  Idomeneus  offered  him  up 
a  sacrifice  to  the  sea-god,  according  to  his 
vow.  F^nelon  has  introduced  this  legend 
in  his  Tilimaque,  v. 

IT  Agamemnon  vowed  to  Diana,  if  he 
might  be  blessed  with  a  child,  that  he 
would  sacrifice  to  her  the  dearest  of  all 
his  possessions.  Iphigenia,  his  infant 
daughter,  was,  of  course,  his  "  dearest 
^pssession ; "  but  he  refused  to  sacrifice 
her,  and  thus  incurred  the  wrath  of  the 
goddess,  which  resulted  in  the  detention 
of  the  Trojan  fleet  at  Aulis.     Iphigenia 


544 


JEREMY  DIDDLER. 


being  offered  in  sacrifice,  the  offended 
deity  was  satisfied,  and  interposed  at  the 
critical  moment,  by  carrying  the  princess 
to  Tauris  and  substituting  a  stag  in  her 
stead. 

IT  The  latter  part  of  this  tale  cannot 
fail  to  call  to  mind  the  offering  of  Abra- 
ham. As  he  was  about  to  take  the  life  of 
Isaac,  Jehovah  interposed,  and  a  ram  was 
substituted  for  the  human  victim. — Gen. 
xxii. 

\,Be\  not  bent  as  Jephthah  once, 
Blindly  to  execute  a  rash  resolve ; 
Whom  better  it  had  suited  to  exclaim, 
"  I  have  done  Ul  I  "  than  to  redeem  his  plodge 
By  doing  worse.     Not  unlike  to  him 
In  folly  that  great  leader  of  the  Greeks — 
Whence,  on  the  altar  Iphigenia  mourned 
Her  virgin  beauty. 

Dante  :  Paradise,  v.  (1311). 

^  Iphigenia,  in  Greek,  'i<pi'reveia,  is  ac- 
cented incorrectly  in  this  translation  by 
Cary. 

IF  Jephthah's  daughter  has  often  been 
dramatized.  Thus  we  have  in  English 
Jephthah  his  Daughter,  by  Plessie  Mor- 
ney ;  Jephthah  (1546),  by  Christopherson ; 
Jephthah,  by  Buchanan  (1554) ;  and 
Jephthah  (an  opera,  1752),  by  Handel. 

'.•  Percy,  in  his  Reliques  (bk,  ii.  3), 
has  inserted  a  ballad  called  Jephthah, 
Judge  of  Israel,  which  Hamlet  quotes 
(act  ii.  sc.  2) — 

Hamlet:  O  Jeptha,  judge  of  Israel,  what  a  treasure 
hadst  thou  I 

Polonius :  What  [a]  treasure  had  he,  my  lord? 

Hamlet:  Why,  "  one  fair  and  no  more,  the  which 
he  loved  passing  well.  ..." 

Polonius  :  If  you  call  me  Jeptha,  my  lord,  I  have  a 
daughter,  that  I  love  passing  well. 

Hamlet:  Nay,  that  follows  not 

Polonius  :  What  follows  then,  my  lord  t 

Hamlet:  Why,  "  As  by  lot,  God  wot." 

The  first  verse  of  the  ballad  is — 

Have  you  not  heard  these  many  years  ago, 

Jeptha  was  judge  of  Israel ; 
He  had  one  only  daughter,  and  no  mo, 

The  which  he  lov6d  passing  well. 
And  as  by  lot,  God  wot. 

It  so  came  to  pass  .  .  . 

(Polonius  asks,  "What  follows  ['  passing 
well']?"  to  which  Hamlet  replies,  "As 
by  lot,  God  wot.") 

Jepson  [Old),  a  smuggler.— 5z>  W. 
Scott :  Redgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Jeremi'ali  {The  British],  Gildas, 
author  of  De  Exidio  Britanmcs,  a  boolc 
of  lamentations  over  the  destruction  of 
Britain.  He  is  so  called  by  Gibbon  (516- 
570). 

Jer'emy  {Master),  head  domestic  of 
lord  Saville.— ^*>  W.  Scott:  Peveril  of 
the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Jeremy  Diddler,  an  adept  at  rais- 
ing money  on  false  pretences. — Kenney  : 
Raising  the  PF/«if  (1803). 


JERICHO. 


545 


Jericho,  the  manor  of  Blackmore, 
near  Chelmsford.-  Here  Henry  VHI.  had 
a  hoiise  of  pleasure,  and  when  he  was  ab- 
sent on  some  affair  of  gallantry,  the  expres- 
sion in  vogue  was,  "  He's  gone  to  Jericho." 
Jermyn  [Matthew)  the  lawyer,  hus- 
band of  Mrs.  Transome,  and  father  of 
HsLXold.— George  Eliot  (Mrs.  J.  W.  Cross): 
Felix  Holt,  the  Radical  (a  novel,  1866). 

Jemingham  [Master  Thomas),  the 
duke  of  Buckingham's  gentleman. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  Peveril  of  tke  Peak  (time, 
Charles  H.). 

Jerome  [Don),  father  of  don  Fer- 
dinand and  Louisa;  pig-headed,  pas- 
sionate, and  mercenary,  but  very  fond  of 
his  daughter.  He  insists  on  her  marrying 
Isaac  Mendoza,  a  rich  Portuguese  Jew ; 
but  Louisa,  being  in  love  with  don  An- 
tonio, positively  refuses  to  do  so.  She  is 
turned  out  of  the  house  by  mistake,  and 
her  duenna  is  locked  up,  under  the  beUef 
that  she  is  Louisa.  Isaac,  being  intro- 
duced to  the  duenna,  elopes  with  her,  sup- 
posing her  to  be  don  Jerome's  daughter  ; 
and  Louisa,  taking  refuge  in  a  convent, 
gets  married  to  don  Antonio.  Ferdinand, 
at  the  same  time,  marries  Clara  the 
daughter  of  don  Guzman.  The  old  man 
is  well  content,  and  promises  to  be  the 
friend  of  his  children,  who,  he  acknow- 
ledges, have  chosen  better  for  themselves 
than  he  had  done  for  them. — Sheridan  : 
The  Duenna  (1775). 

Jerome  [Father),  abbot  at  St.  Bride's 
Convent. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Castle  Dan- 
gerous (time,  Henry  I. ). 

Jeron'im.0,  the  principal  character  in 
The  Spanish  Tragedy,  by  Thomas  Kyd 
(1597).  On  finding  his  application  to  the 
king  ill-timed,  he  says  to  himself,  "Go 
by  I  Jeronimo;"  which  so  tickled  the 
fancy  of  the  audience  that  it  became  a 
common  street  jest. 

Jerry,  manager  of  a  troupe  of  dancing 
dogs.  He  was  a  tall,  black-whiskered 
man,  in  a  velveteen  coat. — Dickens  :  The 
Old  Curiosity  Shop,  xviii.  (1840). 

Jerry  Crunclier.  (See  Cruncher, 
p.  249.) 

Jerry  Hawthorn,  the  rustic  in 
Pierce  Egan's  Life  in  London  (1824). 
(See  Corinthian  Tom,  p.  235. ) 

Jerry  Sneak,  a  hen-pecked  husband. 
—Foote:  Mayor  of  Garratt  (1763). 

Jerryman'dering,  so  dividing  a 
state  or  local  district  as  to  give  one  part 
of  it  a  political  advantage  over  the  other. 
The  word  is  a  corruption  of  "  Gerryman- 


JERVIS. 

dering  ;  "  so  called  from  Elbridge  Gerry, 
governor  of  Massachusetts,  member  of 
Congress  from  1776  to  1784,  and  vice- 
president  of  the  United  States  in  1812. 
Elbridge  Gerry  died  in  18 14. 

Jeru'salem,  in  Dryden's  Absalom  and 
Achitophel,  means  London;  "  David"  is 
Charles  II.,  and  "  Absalom"  the  duke  of 
Monmouth,  etc. 

The  inhabitants  of  old  Jerusalem 
Were  Jebusites  \Catholics\ 

Pt.  L  87,  88. 

Jerusalem,  i.  Henry  IV.  vjras  told 
"he  should  not  die  but  in  Jerusalem." 
Being  in  Westminster  Abbey,  he  inquired 
what  the  chapter-house  was  called,  and 
when  he  was  told  it  was  called  the 
"Jerusalem  Chamber,"  he  felt  sure  that 
he  would  die  there  "according  to  the 
prophecy,"  and  so  he  did. 

2.  Pope  Sylvester  II,  was  told  the 
same  thing,  and  died  as  he  was  saying 
mass  in  a  church  so  called  at  Rome. — 
Brown  :  Fasciculus. 

3.  Cambyses,  son  of  Cyrus,  was  told 
that  he  should  die  in  Ecbat'ana,  which  he 
supposed  meant  the  capital  of  Media ; 
but  he  died  of  his  wounds  in  a  place  so 
called  in  Syria. 

Jerusalem  ( The  Fall  of),  a  dramatic 
poem  by  dean  Milman  (1820). 

Jerusalem  Delivered,  an  epic 
poem  in  twenty  books,  by  Torquato  Tasso 
(1575).     The  tale  is  as  follows  : — 

'The  crusaders,  having  encamped  on  the 
plains  of  Torto'sa,  choose  Godfrey  for 
their  chief.  The  overtures  of  Argantfis 
being  declined,  war  is  declared  by  him  in 
the  name  of  the  king  of  Egypt.  The 
Christian  army  reaches  Jerusalem,  but  it 
is  found  that  the  city  cannot  be  taken 
without  the  aid  of  Rinaldo,  who  had  with- 
drawn from  the  army  because  Godfrey 
had  cited  him  for  the  death  of  Girnando, 
whom  he  had  slain  in  a  duel.  Godfrey 
sends  to  the  enchanted  island  of  Armi'da 
to  invite  the  hero  back,  and  on  his  return 
Jerusalem  is  assailed  in  a  night  attack. 
The  poem  concludes  with  the  triumphant 
entry  of  the  Christians  into  the  Holy  City, 
and  their  adoration  at  the  Saviour's  tomb. 

(The  two  chief  episodes  are  the  loves  of 
Olindo  and  Sophronia,  and  of  Tancred 
and  Corinda. ) 

English  translations  in  verse  by  Carow  in  1594  J  by 
Fairfax  in  1600 ;  and  by  Hoole  in  1762. 

Jervis  [Mrs.),  the  virtuous  house- 
keeper of  young  squire  B.  Mrs.  Jervis 
protects  Pam'ela  when  her  young  master 
assails  her. — Richardson  :  Pamela  or 
Virtue  Rewarded  (1740). 


JESSAMY. 


546 


JEW. 


J  essamy,  the  son  of  colonel  Oldboy. 
He  changed  his  name  in  compliment  to 
lord  Jessamy,  who  adopted  him  and  left 
him  his  heir.  Jessamy  is  an  affected, 
conceited  prig,  who  dresses  as  a  fop, 
carries  a  muff  to  keep  his  hands  warm, 
and  likes  old  china  better  than  a  pretty 
girl.  This  popinjay  proposes  to  Clarissa 
Flowerdale ;  but  she  despises  him,  much  to 
his  indignation  and  astonishment,  ~^?c,^r- 
staff:  Lionel  and  Clarissa  (1735-1790). 

He's  a  coxcomb,  a  fop,  a  dainty  milksop, 
Who  essenced  and  dizened  from  bottom  to  top. 
And  looked  like  a  doll  from  a  milliner's  shop  .  .  . 
He  shrug;s  and  takes  snuff,  and  carries  a  muff, 
A  minickin,  fiuickinif,  French  powdered  puff. 

Act  I.  I. 

Jessamy.  As  an  adjective,  having 
the  colour  or  smell  of  jasmine.  As  a  noun, 
the  plant  jasmine  ;  one  who  wears  jas- 
mine in  a  button-hole  ;  a  fop.  (See  the 
Standard  Diet,  of  Eng.  Lang.,  p.  962.) 

Jessamy  Bride  {The),  Mary  Hor- 
neck,  with  whom  Goldsmith  fell  in  love 
in  1769. 

A  writer  in  Notes  and  Queries,  April  lo,  1897,  sug- 
S«Sls  fc'tat  "Jessamy"  is  equivalent  to  "jasmine,"  and 
that  Goldsmith  simply  used  the  word  to  express  Mary's 
sweetness,  daintiness,  and  grace.    The  flowers  of  the 

i'asmine  were  used  to  perfume  gloves;  and  Pepys,  in 
lis  Diary,  February  15,  1668-9,  says,  "  I  did  this  day 
call  at  the  New  Exchange,  and  bought  her  .  .  .  and 
two  pairs  of  jessimy  gloves." 

(Frankfort  Moore  has  just  (1897)  written 
a  novel  so  called.) 

Jes'sica,  daughter  of  Shylock  the 
Jew.  She  elopes  with  Lorenzo. — Shake- 
speare :  Merchant  of  Venice  (1597). 

JesMca  cannot  be  called  a  sketch,  or,  if  a  sketch,  she 
is  dashed  off  in  glowing  colours  from  the  rainbow 
palette  of  a  Rubens.  She  has  a  rich  tint  of  Orientalism 
shed  over  her. — Mrs.  yameson. 

Jessie,  the  Flower  o'  Dnmblane 

{The  Charming  Young),  a  song  by 
Robert  Tannahill. 

How  sweet  is  the  brier,  in  Its  saft  fauldin'  blossom  1 
And  sweet  is  the  hill  wi'  its  mantle  o'  green  ; 

Yet  fairer  and  sweeter,  and  dear  to  my  bosom, 
The  charming  young  Jessie,  the  flower  o"  Dumblano. 

Jesters.  (See  Fools,  p.  380.) 
Jests  ( The  Father  of),  Joseph  or  Joe 
Miller,  an  English  comic  actor,  whose 
name  has  become  a  household  word  for  a 
stale  jest  (1684-1738).  The  book  which 
goes  by  his  name  was  compiled  by  Mr. 
Mottley  the  dramatist  (1739).  Joe  Miller 
himself  never  uttered  a  jest  in  his  life,  and 
it  is  a  lucus  a  non  lucendo  to  father  them 
on  such  a  taciturn,  commonplace  dullard. 

Jesus  Christ  and  the  Clay 
Bird.  The  Koran  says,  *'  O  Jesus,  son 
of  Mary,  remember  .  .  .  when  thou  didst 
create  of  clay  the  figure  of  a  bird  .  .  . 


and  didst  breathe  thereon,  and  it  became 
a  bird  !  " — Ch.  v. 

N.B. — The  allusion  is  to  a  legend  thai 
Jesus  was  playing  with  other  children 
who  amused  themselves  with  making  clay 
birds,  but  when  the  child  Jesus  breathed 
on  the  one  He  had  made,  it  instantly 
received  life  and  flew  away. — Hone: 
Apocryphal  New  Testament  (1820). 

Je^W  {The),  a  comedy  by  R.  Cumber- 
land (1776),  written  to  disabuse  the 
public  mind  of  unjust  prejudices  against 
a  people  who  have  been  long  "  scattered 
and  peeled."  The  Jew  is  Sheva,  who 
was  rescued  at  Cadiz  firom  an  auto  da  fe 
by  don  Carlos,  and  from  a  howling  Lon- 
don mob  by  the  son  of  don  Carlos,  called 
Charles  Ratcliffe.  His  whole  life  is  spent 
in  unostentatious  benevolence,  but  his 
modesty  is  equal  to  his  philanthropy. 
He  gives  ^^lo.ooo  as  a  marriage  portion 
to  Ratcliffe's  sister,  who  marries  Fre- 
derick Bertram,  and  he  makes  Charles  the 
heir  of  all  his  property. 

Shylock  the  Jew.  Of  C.  Macklin's  acting 
Pope  said — 

This  is  the  Jew 

That  Shakespeare  drew. 

Jew  {The  Wandering). 

1.  Of  Greek  tradition.  Aris'teAS,  a 
poet,  who  continued  to  appear  and  dis- 
appear alternately  for  above  400  years, 
and  who  visited  aJl  the  mythical  nations 
of  the  earth. 

2.  Of  Jewish  story.  Tradition  says 
that  Cartaph'ilos,  the  door-keeper  of 
the  judgment-hall  in  the  service  of  Pon- 
tius Pilate,  struck  our  Lord  as  he  led  Him 
forth,  saying,  "  Get  on  !  Faster,  Jesus  !  " 
Whereupon  the  Man  of  Sorrows  replied, 
"  I  am  going  ;  but  tarry  thou  till  I  come 
[again]."  This  man  afterwards  became 
a  Christian,  and  was  baptized  by  Ananias 
tmder  the  name  of  Joseph.  Every  hun- 
dred years  he  falls  into  a  trance,  out  of 
which  he  rises  again  at  the  age  of  30. 

3.  In  German  legend,  the  Wandering 
Jew  is  associated  with  John  But tad^us, 
seen  at  Antwerp  in  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury, again  in  the  fifteenth,  and  again  in 
the  si.xteenth  centuries.  His  last  ap- 
pearance was  in  1774,  at  Brussels. 

(Leonard  Doldius,  of  Niirnberg,  in  his 
Praxis  Alchymiee  (1604),  says  that  the 
Jew  Ahasue'rus  is  sometimes  called 
"  Buttadaeus.") 

4.  The  French  legend.  The  French  call 
the  Wandering  Jew  Isaac  Lakk'dion  or 
Laquedem.  (See  Mittemackt:  Dissertati^ 
in  Johan.,  xxi.  19.) 


JEW. 


547 


5.  Of  Dr.  Croly's  novel.  The  name 
fiven  to  the  Wandering  Jew  by  Dr. 
Croly  is  Salathiel  ben  Sadi,  who  ap- 
peared and  disapp>eared  towards  the  close 
of  the  sixteenth  century  at  Venice,  in  so 
sudden  a  manner  as  to  attract  the  atten- 
tion of  all  Europe. 

6.  It  is  said  in  legend  that  Gipsies  are 
doomed  to  be  everlasting  wanderers, 
because  they  refused  the  Virgin  and  Child 
hospitality  in  their  flight  into  Egypt. — 
Aventinus :  Annalium  Boiorum,  libri 
iepiem,  vii.  (1554). 

N.  B. — The  earliest  account  of  the  Wan- 
dering Jew  is  in  the  Book  of  the  Chronicles 
of  the  Abbey  of  St.  Albans,  copied  and  con- 
tinued by  Matthew  Paris  (1228).  In  1242 
Philip  Mouskes,  afterwards  bishop  of 
Toumay,  wrote  the  "  rhymed  chronicle." 

Cartaphilos,  we  are  told,  was  baptized  by  Ananias 
(who  baptized  Paul),  and  received  the  name  of  Joseph. 
(See  BooM  <^  the  Chronicles  of  the  Abbey  0/  St. 
Albans.) 

IT  Another  legend  is  that  Jesus,  pressed 
down  by  the  weight  of  His  cross,  stopped 
to  rest  at  the  door  of  a  cobbler  named 
Ahasue'rus,  who  pushed  Him  away,  say- 
ing, "  Get  off!  Away  with  you  I  away  !  " 
Our  Lord  replied,  "  Truly,  I  go  away,  and 
that  quickly  ;  but  tarry  thou  till  I  come." 

(This  is  the  legend  given  by  Paul  von  Eit- 
zen,  bishop  of  Schleswig  in  1547. — Greve  : 
Memoirs  of  Paul  von  Eitzen,  1744.) 

IF  A  third  legend  says  that  it  was  the 
cobbler  Ahasue'rus  who  haled  Jesus  to 
"the  judgment-seat ;  and  that  as  the  Man 
of  Sorrows  stayed  to  rest  awhile  on  a 
stone,  he  pushed  Him,  saying,  "  Get  on, 
Jesus  1  Here  you  shall  not  stay  I  "  Jesus 
replied,  ' '  I  truly  go  away,  and  go  to 
rest  ;  but  thou  shalt  go  away  and  never 
rest  till  I  come." 

Signor  Gualdi,  who  had  been  dead  130 
years,  appeared  in  the  Uitter  half  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  and  had  his  Ukeness 
taken  by  Titian.  One  day  he  disap- 
peared as  mysteriously  as  he  had  come. 
—Turkish  Spy,  ii.  (1682). 

IT  Dr.  Croly,  in  his  novel  called 
Salathiel  (1827),  traces  the  course  of  the 
Wandering  Jew  ;  so  does  Eugene  Sue,  in 
Le  J uif  Errant {\%^^) ;  but  in  these  novels 
the  Jew  makes  no  figure  of  importance, 

(G.  Dor6,  in  1861,  illustrated  the  legend 
in  folio  wood  engravings. ) 

N.B.— The  legend  of  the  Wild  Hunts- 
man, called  by  Shakespeare  "  Heme  the 
Hunter,"  and  by  Father  Matthieu  "St. 
Hubert,"  is  said  to  be  a  Jew  who  would 
not  suffer  Jesus  to  drink  from  a  horse- 
trough,  but  pointed  out  to  Him  some 


JINGO. 

water  in  a  hoof-print,  and  bade  Him  go 
there  and  drink. — Kuhn  von  Schwarz: 
Nordd.  Sa^en,  499. 

(Poetical  versions  of  the  legend  have 
been  made  by  A.  W.  von  Schlegel,  Die 
Wamung;  by  Schubert,  Ahasuer ;  by 
Goethe,  Aus  Meinem  Leben,  all  in 
German.  By  Mrs.  Norton,  The  Undying 
One,  in  English;  etc.  The  legend  is, 
based  on  St.  John's  Gospel  xxi.  22,  "  If  1 
will  that  he  tarry  till  I  come,  what  is  thatr 
to  thee  ?  "  The  apostles  thought  the  words , 
meant  that  John  would  not  die,  but  tradi- 
tion has  applied  them  to  some  one  else. ) 

Jews  sacrificing  Christian  children. 
(See  Hugh  of  Lincoln,  p.  510.) 

Jews  ( The),  in  Dryden's  Absalom  and 
Achitophel,  means  those  English  who 
were  loyal  to  Charles  II.  called  "  David."' 
in  the  satire  (1681-2). 

Jewels.  For  Persia,  turquoises  ;  for 
Africa,  rubies  ;  for  India,  amethysts;  for 
England  and  France,  diamonds. 

Jewkes  [Mrs.),  a  detestable  character 
in  Richardson's  Pamela  (1740). 

Jez'ebel  {A  Painted),  a  flaunting 
woman,  of  brazen  face  but  loose  morals. 
So  called  from  Jezebel,  the  wife  of  Ahab 
king  of  Israel. 

Jim,  the  boy  ot  Reginald  Lowestoffe 
the  young  Templar.— ,Si>  W.  Scott:  For- 
tunes of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Jim  Crow,  the  name  of  a  popular 
comic  nigger  song,  brought  out  in  1836  at 
the  Adelphi  Theatre,  and  popularized  by 
T.  D.  Rice.     The  burden  of  the  song  is — 

Wheel  about,  and  turn  about,  and  do  just  so  ; 
And  every  time  you  wheel  about,  jump  Jim  Crow. 

Jin  Vin,  i.e.  Jenkin  Vincent,  one  of 
Ramsay's  apprentices,  in  love  with  Mar- 
garet Ramsay.— 5?>  W.  Scott :  Fortunes 
of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Jin'gle  [Alfred),  a  strolling  actor, 
who,  by  his  powers  of  amusing  and  sharp- 
wittedness,  imposes  for  a  time  on  the 
members  of  the  Pickwick  Club,  and  is 
admitted  to  their  intimacy ;  but  being 
found  to  be  an  impostor,  he  is  dropped  by 
them.  The  generosity  of  Mr.  Pickwick, 
in  rescuing  Jingle  from  the  Fleet,  re- 
claims him,  and  he  quits  England.  Alfred 
Jingle  talks  most  rapidly  and  flippantly, 
but  not  without  much  native  shrewdness  ; 
and  he  knows  a  "  hawk  from  a  handsaw." 
— Dickens  :  The  Pickwick  Papers  (1836). 

Jingfo,  a  corruption  of  Jainko,  the 
Basque  Supreme  Being.  "  By  Jingo  1  " 
or  "  By  the  hving  Jingo  !  "  is  an  appeal 
to  deity.    Edward  I.  had  Basque  moun> 


JINGOES. 

taineers  conveyed  to  England  to  take 
part  in  his  Welsh  wars,  and  the  Plan- 
tagenets  held  the  Basque  provinces  in 
possession.  This  Basque  oath  is  a  land- 
mark of  these  facts. 

Jingoes  (The),  the  anti-Russians  in 
the  vi^ar  between  Russia  and  Turkey. 
The  term  arose  (1878)  from  Macdermott's 
War-song,  beginning  thus — 

We  don't  want  to  fight,  but  by  Jingo  if  we  do. 
We've  got  the  ships,  we've  got  the  men,  we've  got  the 
money  too. 

(This  song  has  also  furnished  the  word 
jingoism  (bragging  war  spirit,  BobadiUsm) 
and  the  2id]ec\.ive  jingo.) 

Jiuiwin  [Mrs. ),  a  widow,  the  mother 
of  Mrs.  Quilp.  A  shrewd,  ill-tempered 
old  woman,  who  lived  with  her  son-in- 
law  in  Tower  Street.— Z?«r,^<f«j.-  The  Old 
Curiosity  Shop  (1840). 

linker  [Lieutenant  Jamie),  horse 
dealer  at  Doune.  —  Sir  W.  Scott  : 
Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 

Jinn,  plu.  of  Jinnee,  a  sort  of  fairy 
in  Arabian  mythology,  the  offspring  of 
fire.  The  jinn  propagate  their  species  like 
human  beings,  and  are  governed  by  kings 
called  suleymans.  Their  chief  abode  is 
the  mountain  KS.f,  and  they  appear  to 
men  under  the  forms  of  serpents,  dogs, 
cats,  etc.,  which  become  invisible  at 
pleasure.  Evil  jinn  are  hideously  ugly, 
but  good  jinn  are  exquisitely  beautiful. 
(See  GiNN,  p.  425.) 

(Jinnistan  means  the  country  of  the 
jinn.  The  connection  of  Solomon  with 
the  jinn  is  a  mere  blunder,  arising  from 
the  similarity  of  suleyman  and  Solomon. ) 

J.  J,,  in  Hogarth's  "  Gin  Line," 
written  on  a  gibbet,  is  sir  Joseph  Jekyll, 
obnoxious  for  his  bill  for  increasing  the 
duty  on  gin. 

N.B. — Jean  Jacques  [Rousseau]  was 
often  referred  to  by  these  initials  m  the 
eighteenth  century. 

Jo,  a  poor  little  outcast,  living  in  one 
of  the  back  slums  of  London,  called 
"Tom  AU-alone's."  The  little  human 
waif  is  hounded  about  from  place  to 
place,  till  he  dies  of  want. — Dickens: 
Bleak  House  [1852). 

Joan.  Cromwell's  wife  was  always 
called  Joan  by  the  cavaliers,  although  her 
teal  name  was  EHzabeth. 

Joan,  princess  of  France,  affianced  to 
the  duke  of  Orleans. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Quentin  Durward  (time,  Edward  IV.). 


548  JOB  AND  ELSPAT. 

Joan  of  Arc,  surnamed  La  Pucelle, 
born  in  a  village  upon  the  marches  of 
Barre,  called  Domremy,  near  Vaucouleurs. 
Her  father  was  James  of  Arc,  and  her 
mother  Isabel,  poor  country-folk,  who 
brought  up  their  child  to  keep  their 
cattle.  Joan  professed  to  be  inspired  to 
hberate  France  from  the  English,  and 
actually  raised  the  siege  of  Orleans,  after 
which  Charles  II.  was  crowned  (1402- 
1431). 

A  young  wench  of  an  eighteene  years  old ;  of  favour 
was  she  counted  likesoine,  of  person  stronglie  made 
and  manlie,  of  courage  great,  hardie  and  stout  withall 
.  .  .  she  had  great  semblance  of  chastitie  both  of  body 
and  \ie.ha,v\o\it.—HoUinshed:  Chronicles,  600  (1577). 
.  .  .  there  was  no  bloom  of  youth 
Ujpon  her  cheek  ;  yet  had  the  loveliest  hues 
Of  health,  with  lesser  fascination,  fixed 
The  ^^azer's  eye ;  for  wan  the  maiden  was. 
Of  samtly  paleness,  and  there  seemed  to  dwell, 
In  the  strong  beauties  of  her  countenance. 
Something  that  was  not  eartlily. 

Southcy  :  yaanofArc(ijg$), 

' . '  Schiller  published  a  tragedy  on  the 
subject,  Jungfrau  von  Orleans  (1801)  ; 
Loumet  another,  Jeanne  d Arc  [zZo.-^)  ; 
T.  Taylor  an  historic  drama,  Joan  of 
Arc  (1870) ;  Balfe  an  opera  (1839). 

Historic  poems  on  the  subject  {Joan  of 
Arc)  are  by  Southey,  in  ten  books  (blank 
verse),  1795 ;  Fran9ais  Czaneaux,  in 
French ;  J.  Chaplain,  a  French  poet, 
toiled  thirty  years  on  his  poem  called  La 
Pucelle,  published  in  1656. 

Casimir  Delavigne,  a  French  poet, 
published  an  admirable  elegy  on  The 
Mald[\%ifi);  and  Voltaire  a  burlesque, 
LxL  Pucelle  d  Orleans,  in  1738. 

Joanna,  the  "  deserted  daughter"  of 
Mr.  Mordent.  Her  father  abandoned 
her  in  order  to  marry  lady  Anne,  and  his 
money-broker  placed  her  under  the 
charge  of  Mrs.  Enfield,  who  kept  a  house 
of  intrigue.  Cheveril  fell  in  love  with 
Joanna,  and  described  her  as  having 
"  blue  eyes,  auburn  hair,  aquiline  nose, 
ivory  teeth,  carnation  lips,  a  ravishing 
mouth,  enchanting  neck,  a  form  divine, 
and  the  face  of  an  angel." — Holcroft : 
The  Deserted  Daughter  (altered  into  The 
Steward). 

Job  [The  Book  of),  one  of  the  five 
poetical  books  of  the  Old  Testament, 
which  records  how  Job  was  "  plagued  " 
by  Satan  ;  and,  having  continued  steadfast 
to  the  end,  was  restored  to  health  and 
prosperity. 

^  The  tale  of  the  patient  Griselda  is 
somewhat  of  the  same  character. 

Job  and  Elspat,  father  and  mother 
of  sergeant  Houghton. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 


JOB  THORNBERRY. 
Job   Thomberxy.     (See    Thorn- 

BEKRY.) 

Job  Trotter.    (See  Trotter.) 

Job's  Wife.  Some  call  her  Rahmat, 
daughter  of  Ephraim  son  of  Joseph  ;  and 
others  call  her  Makhir,  daughter  of  Ma- 
nasses. — Sale:  Koran,  xxi.  note. 

Joblillies  {The),  the  small  gentry 
of  a  village,  the  squire  being  the  Grand 
Panjandrum  [q.v.). 

There  were  present  the  Picninnies,  and  the  Joblillies, 
and  the  Garyulies,  and  the  Grand  Panjandrum  him- 
kXL—FooU:  The  QuarUrly  Review,  xcv.  516,  517. 

Jobling,  medical  officer  to  the 
"Anglo-Bengalee  Company."  Mr.  Job- 
ling  was  a  portentous  and  most  carefully 
dressed  gentleman,  fondof  a  good  dinner, 
and  said  by  all  to  be  "  full  of  anecdote." 
He  was  far  too  shrewd  to  be  concerned 
with  the  Anglo-Bengalee  bubble  company, 
except  as  a  paid  functionary. — Dickens  ; 
Martin  Chuzzlewit  (1844). 

Jobson  [Joseph),  clerk  to  squire 
Inglewood  the  magistrate.  —  Sir  W. 
Scoiti  Rob  Roy  (time,  George  I.). 

Jobson  {Zekel),  a  very  masterful 
cobbler,  who  ruled  his  wife  with  a  rod  of 
iron. 

Neil  Jobson,  wife  of  Zekel,  a  patient, 
meek,  sweet-tempered  woman. — Coffey: 
The  Devil  to  Pay  (died  1745). 

Jock  o'   Dawston    Cleug-h,   the 

quarrelsome  neighbour  of  Daiidie  Din- 
mont,  of  Charlie's  Hope. 

Jock  J  abas,  postilion  to  Mrs.  M'Cand- 
lish  the  landlady  of  the  Golden  Arms  inn, 
Kippletringan. 

Slounging  Jock,  one  of  the  men  of 
M'Guffog  the  jailer. —5'/r  W.  Scott :  Guy 
Man nering  (time,  George  H. ). 

Jock  o'  Hazeldean,  the  young  man 
beloved  by  a  "  ladye  fair."  The  lady's 
father  wanted  her  to  marry  Frank,  "  the 
chief  of  Errington  and  laird  of  Langley 
Dale,"  rich,  brave,  and  gallant ;  but 
"  aye  she  let  the  tears  down  fa'  for  Jock 
o'  Hazeldean."  At  length  the  wedding 
mom  arrived,  the  kirk  was  gaily  decked, 
the  priest  and  bridegroom,  with  dame 
and  knight,  were  duly  assembled  ;  but  no 
bride  could  be  seen  :  she  had  crossed  the 
border  and  given  her  hand  to  Jock  of 
Hazeldean. 

(This  ballad,  by  sir  W.  Scott,  is  a 
modernized  version  of  an  ancient  ballad 
entitled  Jock  o'  Hazelgreen, ) 

Jockey    of   Korfolk,    sir    John 


549  JOHANNES  AGRICOLA. 

Howard,  a  firm  adherent  of  Richard  HI. 
On  the  night  before  the  battle  of  Bosworth 
Field,  he  found  in  his  tent  this  warning 
couplet — 

Toclcey  of  Norfolk,  be  not  too  bold. 

For  Dickon,  thy  master,  is  bought  and  sold, 

Jodelet,  valet  of  Du  Croisy  [q.v.).— 
Moliire  :  Les  Pricieuses  Ridicules  (1659). 

Joe,  "  the  fat  boy,"  page  in  the  family 
of  Mr.  Wardle.  He  has  an  unlimited 
capacity  for  eating  and  sleeping. — 
Dickens  :  The  Pickwick  Papers  (1836). 

Joe  Gargery,  a  blacksmith.  He 
was  a  fair  man,  with  curls  of  flaxen  hair 
on  each  side  of  his  smooth  face,  and  with 
eyes  of  "  such  very  undecided  blue,  that 
they  seemed  to  have  got  mixed  with  their 
own  whites.  He  was  a  mild,  sweet- 
tempered,  easy-going,  foolish,  dear  fellow. 
A  Hercules  in  strength,  and  in  weakness 
also."  He  lived  in  terror  of  his  wife  ;  but 
loved  Pip,  whom  he  brought  up.  His 
great  word  was  "  meantersay."  Thus  : 
"  What  I  meantersay,  if  you  come 
a-badgering  me,  come  out.  Which  I 
meantersay  as  sech,  if  you're  a  man, 
come  on.  Which  I  meantersay  that  what 
I  say  I  meantersay  and  stand  to  it  " 
(ch.  xviii. ),  His  first  wife  was  a  shrew  ; 
but  soon  after  her  death  he  married 
Biddy,  a  young  woman  wholly  suited  tc 
him. 

Mrs.  Joe  Gargery,  the  blacksmith's 
fi-rst  wife;  a  "rampageous  woman," 
always  "on  the  ram-page."  By  no 
means  good-looking  was  Mrs.  Joe,  with 
her  black  hair,  and  fierce  eyes,  and 
prevailing  redness  of  skin,  looking  as  if 
"she  scrubbed  herself  with  a  nutmeg- 
grater  instead  of  soap  and  flannel."  She 
"  was  tall  and  bony,  and  wore  a  coarse 
apron  fastened  over  her  figure  behind 
with  two  loops,  and  having  a  square  bib 
in  front,  stuck  full  of  needles  and  pins." 
She  brought  up  Pip,  but  made  his  home 
as  wretched  as  she  could,  always  keeping 
a  rod  called  "Tickler"  ready  for  imme- 
diate use.  Mrs.  Joe  was  a  very  clean 
woman,  and  cleanliness  is  next  to  godli- 
ness ;  but  Mrs.  Joe  had  the  art  of  making 
her  cleanliness  as  disagreeable  to  every 
one  as  many  people  do  their  godliness 
She  died  after  a  long  \V\x\e%%.— Dickens  : 
Great  Expectations  (i860). 

Joe  Miller.    (See  Jests  ;  Miller.  ) 

Joe  Willet.     (See  under  Willet.  ) 

Johannes  Agricola,  a  German 
reformer  of  the  sixteenth   century,  and 


JOHN 

alleged  founder  of  the  sect  of  Antino- 
mians.      Browning  has  a  poem  so  called. 

JOHN  {Tke  Gospel  of  St.),  the  fourth 
book  of  the  New  Testament,  generally 
called  "the  Spiritual  Gospel,"  because 
it  shows  Christ  as  the  "Son  of  God," 
while  the  other  three  evangelists  speak  of 
Him  mainly  as  the  "Son  of  man."  It 
passes  over  the  birth,  baptism,  and 
temptation  of  Jesus,  but  records  five 
miracles,  four  discourses  or  addresses, 
and  four  events  not  mentioned  in  the 
three  synoptic  Gospels. 

(i)  The  five  miracles — 

Turning:  water  into  wine  (ch.  ii.  i-ri) ;  healing  tlie  son 
of  the  nobleman  of  Capernaum  (ch.  iv.  43-54) ;  healing 
the  man  at  the  pool  of  Bethesda  (ch.  v.) ;  giving  siglit 
to  the  man  born  blind  (ch.  ix.) ;  and  the  raising  of 
Lazarus  from  the  dead  (ch.  xi.). 

(2)  The  four  discourses  or  addresses — 

The  discourse  with  Nicoderaus  (ch.  HI.  1-21) ;  the  dis- 
course with  the  woman  of  Samaria  (ch.  iv.  1-42) ; 
Christ's  address  to  His  disciples  on  the  prospect  of 
death  (chs.  xiv.-xvii.) ;  and  His  words  on  th«  cross  (ch, 
xii.  26,  27,  28). 

(3)  The  four  events — 

The  pre-existence  of  Christ  (ch.  1. 1-4) ;  the  doubts  of 
Thomas  (ch.  xx.  26-29)  ;  Christ's  appearance  to  Mary 
after  the  Resurrection  (ch.  xx.  14-18) ;  and  His  appear- 
ance to  His  disciples  at  the  sea  of  Tiberias  (ch.  xxi 
1-34). 

John  { The  herb),  also  called  St.  John- 
wort,  devil-fuge,  heal-all,  etc.  It  is 
mentioned  by  Pliny  and  Dioscorid^s  (5 
syl.).  Called  "devil-fuge"  because  it 
was  supposed  to  be  a  charm  against  evil 
spirits.  Called  "  heal-all "  because  it 
was  at  one  time  considered  a  panacea 
both  for  external  injuries  and  for  internal 
complaints.  Its  Latin  name  is  Hypericum 
perforatum.  The  -icum  is  the  Greek 
tiKiiiVt  "a  phantom,"  from  its  supposed 
charm  against  ghosts  and  evil  spirits. 

John,  a  proverbially  unlucky  name 
for  royalty.  (See  Dictionary  of  Phrase 
and  Fable,  p.  684,  col.  2. ) 

We  shall  see,  however,  that  this  poor  king  IRoiert  I/.] 
remained  as  unfortunate  as  if  his  name  had  still  been 
John  Ihe  changed  it  from  John  to  Robtrt\—Sir  W. 
Scott:  Talcs  o/a  Grandfather,  i.  17. 

John,  a  Franciscan  friar.  —  Shake- 
speare: Romeo  and  Juliet  (1598). 

John,  the  driver  of  the  Queen's  Ferry 
diligence. — Sir  W.Scott:  The  Antiquary 
(time,  George  III. ). 

*  John  [Don),  the  bastard  brother  of 
Don  Pedro  prince  of  Aragon.  In  order 
to  torment  the  governor,  don  John  tries 
to  m?r  the  happiness  of  his  daughter 
Hero,  who  is  about  to  be  married  to 
lord  Claudio.  Don  John  tells  Claudio 
that  his  fiancie  has  promised  him  a  ren- 
dezvous by  moonlight,  and,  if  Claudio  will 


55© 


JOHN. 


hide  in  the  garden,  he  may  witness  it. 
The  villain  had  bribed  the  waiting-woman 
of  Hero  to  dress  up  in  her  mistress's 
clothes  and  to  give  him  this  interview. 
Claudio  believes  the  woman  to  be  Hero, 
and  when  the  bride  appears  at  the  altar 
next  morning  he  rejects  her  with  scorn. 
The  truth,  however,  comes  to  light ;  don 
John  takes  himself  to  flight ;  and  Hero 
is  married  to  lord  Claudio,  the  man  of  her 
choice. — Shakespeare:  Much  Ado  about 
Nothing  (1600). 

I  have  seen  the  great  Henderson  [1747-1785].  .  .  , 
His  "don  John  "is  a  comic  "Cato,"  and  his  "Hamlet" 
a  mixtur*  of  tragedy,  comedy,  pastoral,  farce,  and 
nonsense. — Garrick  (1775). 

John  {Friar),  a  tall,  lean,  wide- 
mouthed,  long-nosed  friar  of  Seville,  who 
despatched  his  matins  and  vigils  quicker 
than  any  of  his  fraternity.  He  swore  like 
a  trooper,  and  fought  like  a  Trojan. 
When  the  army  from  Lerng  pillaged  the 
convent  vineyard,  friar  John  seized  the 
staff  of  a  cross  and  pummelled  the  rogues 
without  mercy,  beating  out  brains,  smash- 
ing limbs,  cracking  ribs,  gashing  faces, 
breaking  jaws,  dislocating  joints,  in  the 
most  approved  Christian  fashion ;  and 
never  was  corn  so  mauled  by  the  flail  as 
were  these  pillagers  by  "the  batdn  of  the 
cross."  —  Rabelais  r  Gargantua,  i.  27 
{1533). 

(Of  course,  this  is  a  satire  of  what  are 
called  Christian  or  religious  wars. ) 

John  {King),  a  tragedy  by  Shakespeare 
(1598).  This  drama  is  founded  on  The 
First  and  Second  Parts  of  the  Trouble- 
some Raigne  of  John  King  of  England, 
etc.  As  they  were  sundry  times  publickly 
acted  by  the  Queenes  Majesties  players  in 
the  Honourable  Citie  of  London  (1591). 

The  tale  is  this  :  King  John  usurped 
the  crown  of  England  from  Arthur,  the 
rightful  heir,  who  thus  became  hateful 
to  the  usurper.  King  John  induced  his 
chamberlain,  Hubert,  to  murder  the 
young  prince,  and  Hubert  employed  two 
men  to  put  out  the  prince's  eyes,  which 
would  prevent  his  being  a  king.  (See 
Kingship,  Disqualification  for. )  Hubert 
relented  and  saved  the  boy,  but  the  rumour 
of  his  death  got  wind,  and  the  nobles  rose 
in  rebellion.  John  accused  Hubert  as  the 
cause  of  this,  but  Hubert  informed  the 
king  that  prince  Arthur  was  alive.  Un- 
known to  Hubert,  the  prince  was  found 
dead,  the  pope  put  John  under  an  inter- 
dict, and  gave  his  kingdom  to  the  French 
dauphin.  When  the  dauphin  landed  with 
his  army,  king  John  gave  his  kingdom  to 
the  pope,  who  removed  the  interdict,  and 


I 


JOHN. 

commanded  the  dauphin  to  return  to 
France.  However,  a  monk  poisoned  the 
king,  who  died,  and  the  crown  of  England 
passed  in  regular  succession  to  Henry  HI. 

In  "Macbeth,"  "Hamlet,"  "Wolsey,""Coriolanus," 
and  "king:  John,"  be[£clmunii  Kean,  1787-1833] never 
approachecf  within  any  measurable  distance  of  the 
learned,  philosophical,  and  niajestic  Kemble.  — 
Quarterly  Review  (1835). 

W.  C.  Macready  [1793-1873],  to  the  scene  where  he 
suggests  to  "  Hubert "  the  murder  of  "  Arthur,"  was 
masterly,  and  his  representation  of  death  by  poison 
was  true,  forcible,  and  terrific— Ta/y^wrrf, 

Kynge  Johan,  a  drama  of  the  transition 
state  between  the  moralities  and  tragedy. 
Of  the  historical  persons  introduced  we 
have  king  John,  pope  Innocent,  cardinal 
Pandulphus,  Stephen  Langton,  etc.  ;  and 
of  allegorical  personages  we  have  Widowed 
Britannia,  Imperial  Majesty  Nobility, 
Clergy,  Civil  Order,  Treason,  Verity,  and 
Sedition.  This  play  was  published  in 
1838  by  the  Camden  Society,  under  the 
care  of  Mr.  Collier  (about  1550). 

Johu  {Little),  one  of  the  companions 
of  Robin  Hood.— ^zV  W.  Scott:  The 
Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Jolm  {Prester).  According  to  Mande- 
ville,  Prester  John  was  a  lineal  descendant 
of  Ogi  er  the  Dane.  This  Ogier  penetrated 
into  the  north  of  India  with  fifteen  barons 
of  his  own  country,  among  whom  he 
divided  the  land.  John  was  made 
sovereign  of  Teneduc,  and  was  called 
Prester  because  he  converted  the  natives. 

Another  tradition  says  he  had  seventy 
kings  for  his  vassals,  and  was  seen  by  his 
subjects  only  three  times  a  year. 

Marco  Polo  says  that  Prester  John  was 
the  khan  Ung,  who  was  slain  in  battle  by 
Jenghiz  Khan,  in  1202.  He  was  converted 
by  the  Nestorians,  and  his  baptismal  name 
was  John.  Gregory  Bar-Hebroeus'  says 
that  God  forsook  him  because  he  had 
taken  to  himself  a  wife  of  the  Zinish 
nation,  called  Quarakhata. 

Otto  of  Freisingen  is  the  first  author 
who  makes  mention  of  Prester  John. 
His  chronicle  is  brought  down  to  the 
year  1156,  and  in  it  we  are  assured  that 
this  most  mysterious  personage  was  of 
the  family  of  the  Magi,  and  ruled  over  the 
country  of  these  Wise  Men.  ' '  He  used  " 
(according  to  Otto)  "  a  sceptre  made  of 
emeralds. ' 

Bishop  Jordanus,  in  his  description  of 
the  world,  sets  down  Abyssinia  as  the 
kingdom  of  Prester  John.  At  one  time 
Abyssinia  went  by  the  name  of  Middle 
India. 

Maimonid&s   mentions    Prester   John, 


551  JOHN  AND  THE  ABBOT. 

and  calls  him  Preste-Cuan.  The  date  of 
Maimonidfis  is  1135-1204. 

(Before  1241  a  letter  was  addressed 
by  Prester  John  to  Manuel  Comne'nus, 
emperor  of  Constantinople.  It  is  to  be 
found  in  the  Chronicle  of  Albericus  Trium 
Fontium,  who  gives  the  date  as  1 165. ) 

N.B.— In  Ariosto's  Orlando  Furioso, 
xvii. ,  Prester  John  is  called  Sena'pus  king 
of  Ethiopia.  He  was  blind.  Though  the 
richest  monarch  of  the  world,  he  pined 
"in  plenty  with  endless  famine,"  because 
harpies  carried  off  his  food  whenever  the 
table  was  spread  ;  but  this  plague  was  to 
cease  "  when  a  stranger  came  to  his  king- 
dom on  a  flying  horse."  Astolphocame 
on  a  flying  grifhn,  and  with  his  magic  horn 
chased  the  harpies  into  Cocy'tus. 

John  {Prince),  son  of  Henry  II.,  intro- 
duced by  sir  W.  Scott  in  The  Betrothed 
(1825). 

Jolin.  {Prince),  brother  of  Richard  I., 
introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott  in  The  Talis- 
man (1825). 

Jolin  {Sir).  (See  Luke,  p.  639.) — 
Foote:  The  Lame  Lover  (1770). 

John  and  tlie  abbot  of  Canter- 
bury. King  John,  being  jealous  of  the 
state  kept  by  the  abbot  of  Canterbury, 
declared  he  should  be  put  to  death  unless 
he  answered  these  three  questions:  (i) 
' '  How  much  am  I  worth  ?  "  (2)  "  How  long 
would  it  take  me  to  ride  round  the  world  ? 
and  (3)  ' '  What  are  my  thoughts  ?  "  The 
king  gave  the  abbot  three  weeks  for  his 
reply.  A  shepherd  undertook  to  disguise 
himself  as  the  abbot,  and  to  answer  the 
questions.  To  the  first  he  said,  "The 
king's  worth  is  twenty-nine  pence,  for 
the  Saviour  Himself  was  sold  for  thirty 
pence,  and  his  majesty  is  mayhap  a 
penny  worse  tlian  He."  To  the  second 
question  he  answered,  "  If  you  rise  with 
the  sun  and  ride  with  the  sun,  you  will 
get  round  the  world  in  twenty-four 
hours."  To  the  third  question  he  re- 
plied, "Your  majesty  thinks  me  to  be 
the  abbot,  but  I  am  only  his  servant." — 
Percy  :  Reliques,  II.  iii.  6. 

There  is  doubt  whether  the  a^e  of  these  questions  is 
IS  great  as  is  claimed,  or  certain 
larth  must  have  been  genera 
usually  supposed  to  have  been. 


ipe  ( 
earth  must  have  been  generally  known  before  it  is 


IT  In  Sacchetti's  Fourth  Novella  is  a 
similar  story :  The  miller  answers  the 
questions  of  Messer  Bernabo  lord  of 
Mil'an,  who  imagined  that  he  was 
questioning  the  abbot. 

U  In  Eulenspiegel  {\he  fifteenth  section) 
is  a  disputation  between  Eulenspiegel  and 


JOHN  AND  THE  ABBOT. 

the  rector  of  Prague.  Eulen  spiegel  replies 
to  the  questions  with  similar  answers  to  the 
•'shepherd."  Thus,  being  asked,  "How 
far  is  it  to  heaven?"  Owlglasse  replies, 
"  Not  far ;  for  a  prayer  whispered  ever  so 
low  can  be  heard  there  instantly."  Being 
asked,  "  How  large  is  heaven? "  he  repUed, 
"  Twelve  thousand  leagues  by  ten 
thousand ;  and  if  you  doubt  my  word, 
go  and  measure  it  yourself."  Being 
asked,  "How  many  days  have  passed 
since  the  creation  of  Adam  ?  "  he  replied, 
' '  Only  seven  ;  for  when  seven  days  are 
passed  they  begin  again." 

IF  In  another  section,  called  The  Miller 
and  the  Magistrate^  the  same  questions 
and  answers  occur  as  in  king  John  and 
the  abbot,  but  the  last  answer  is  varied 
thus :  "  You  believe  that  I  am  your 
curate,  but  I  am  only  your  miller." 

^  Another  curious  story  of  hard 
questions  is  related  of  Aberdeen,  only 
in  this  case  the  conversation  is  in  dumb- 
show,  which  gives  rise  to  a  rich  vein  of 
humour,  because  of  the  ambiguity.  A 
Spanish  ambassador,  who  is  also  a  pro- 
fessor of  "signs,"  is  informed  by  the 
Scottish  king  that  there  is  a  brother 
professor  in  the  north  of  his  kingdom. 
The  professor  must  see  him.  The  king 
requests  the  civic  authorities  to  make  the 
best  of  the  situation.  A  one-eyed  butcher 
agrees  to  meet  the  professor.  The  don 
holds  up  one  finger  ;  the  butcher,  two ; 
the  Spaniard  holds  up  three  of  his  fingers  ; 
the  other,  his  clenched  fist ;  the  professor 
displays  an  orange;  the  butcher,  a  dry 
crust.  The  professor  is  delighted  :  When 
he  had  said  there  was  one  God,  the  other 
had  replied  that  there  were  Father  and 
Son ;  when  he  had  declared  faith  in  the 
Trinity,  the  other  had  as  strongly  asserted 
the  Unity ;  when  he  had  said  the  earth 
was  as  round  as  an  orange,  the  other  had 
replied  that  bread  was  the  staff  of  hfe. 
The  butcher  was  no  less  pleased  with  the 
way  in  which  he  had  met  the  insulting 
remarks  of  the  Spaniard  :  When  the  latter 
had  held  up  one  finger,  thereby  hinting 
that  the  butcher  had  but  one  eye,  he  had 
replied  that  probably  he  could  see  a  thing 
as  clearly  with  that  one  as  the  professor 
with  his  two ;  when  the  don  gently  in- 
timated that  they  had  but  three  eyes 
between  them,  he  wished  him  to  under- 
stand, in  reply,  that  were  it  not  for  the 
authorities,  he  would  have  made  him  rue 
his  insolence ;  and  lastly,  when  the  other 
held  up  his  orange,  implying  that  no  such 
fruit  could  be  grown  thereabouts,  he  had 
answered  that  they  did  not  care  for  that, 


55a  JOHN  O'  GROAT. 

so  long  as  they  had  plenty  of  good  rye*         ! 

bread. 

If  Similar  questions  and  answers  might 
be  varied  almost  without  end.  For 
example:  (i)  "Where  is  heaven?"  Ans. 
"It  is  the  abode  of  God,  who  dwells  in 
every  contrite  heart."  (2)  "What  is  the 
worth  of  the  whole  world?"  Ans. 
"Thirty  pence;  for  Jesus  was  sold  for 
that  sum,  and  purchased  the  redemption 
of  the  world."  (3)  "What  am  I  now 
thinking  about?"  Ans.  "  What  answer 
will  be  given  to  your  question." 

John  Anderson,  my  ^o,  John. 

An  old  Scotch  song,  consistmg  of  two 
stanzas,  each  of  eight  lines.  R.  Burns 
added  six  extra  stanzas  (about  1788). 

John  Blunt,  a  person  who  prides 
himselJ  on  his  brusqueness,  and  in  speak- 
ing unpleasant  truths  in  the  rudest  manner 
possible.  He  not  only  calls  a  spade  a 
spade,  but  he  does  it  in  an  offensive  tone 
and  manner. 

John  Bull,  the  national  name  for  an 
Englishman.     (See  Bull,  p.  158.) 

John  Chinaman,  a  Chinese. 

John  Company,  the  old  East  India 

Company. 

In  old  times,  John  Company  employed  nearly  4000 
men  in  warehouses. — Old  and  New  London,  ii.  185. 

John  Grueby,  the  honest,  faithful 
servant  of  lord  George  Gordon,  who 
wished  "the  blessed  old  creetur,  named 
Bloody  Mary,  had  never  been  born."  He 
had  the  habit  of  looking  "a  long  way 
off."  John  loved  his  master,  but  hated 
his  religious  craze. 

"  Between  Bloody  Marys,  and  blue  cockades,  and 
glorious  queen  Besses,  and  no  poperys,  and  protestant 
associations,"  said  Grueby  to  himself,  "  I  believe  my 
loru'.s  half  off  his  head." — Dickens  :  Barnaby  Rudge, 
xxxvi.  (1841). 

John    Halifax,    G-entleman,    a 

novel  by  Miss  Mulock  (Mrs.  Craik)  1857 
{her  best). 

John  of  Brug'es  (i  syl. ),  John  van 
Eyck,  the  Flemish  painter  (1370-1441). 

John  o'  Groat,  a  Dutchman,  who 
settled  in  the  most  northerly  part  of 
Scotland  in  the  reign  of  James  IV.  He 
is  immortalized  by  the  way  he  put  an  end 
to  a  dispute  among  his  nine  sons  re- 
specting precedency.  He  had  nine  doors 
made  to  his  cottage,  one  for  each  son, 
and  they  sat  at  a  round  table. 

From  John  0'  Groafs  house  to  the  I^nSs 
End,  from  furthest  north  to  furthest  south 
of  the  island,  i.e.  through  its  entire  length. 


JOHN  OF  HEXHAM. 

John  of  Hexham,  Johannes  Hagiis- 
taldensis,  a  chronicler  (twelfth  century). 

John  of  Leyden,  John  Bockhold  or 
Boccold,  a  fanatic  (15 10-1536). 

N.B. — In  the  opera,  he  is  called  "the 
prophet."  Being  about  to  marry  Bertha, 
three  anabaptists  meet  him,  and  observe 
ill  him  a  strong  likeness  to  a  picture  of 
David  in  Munster  Cathedral.  Having 
induced  him  to  join  the  rebels,  they  take 
Munster,  and  crown  him  "  Ruler  of 
Westphalia."  His  mother  meets  him 
while  he  is  going  in  procession,  but  he 
disowns  her  ;  subsequently,  however,  he 
visits  her  in  prison,  and  is  forgiven. 
When  the  emperor  arrives,  the  ana- 
baptists fall  off,  and  John,  setting  fire  to 
the  banquet-room  of  the  palace,  perishes 
with  his  mother  in  the  flames. — Meyer- 
beer: Le  Prophite  (1849). 

John  with  the  Leaden  Sword. 

The  duke  of  Bedford,  who  acted  as  regent 
for  Henry  VI.  in  France,  was  so  called 
by  earl  Douglas  (sumamed  Tine-man), 

Johnny,  the  infant  son  of  Mrs.  Betty 
Higden's  "daughter's  daughter,"  Mrs. 
Boffin  wished  to  adopt  the  child,  and  to 
call  him  John  Harmon,  but  it  died. 
During  its  iliness,  Bella  Wilfer  went  to 
see  it,  and  the  child  murmured,  "Who 
is  the  boofer  lady  ?  "  The  sick  child  was 
placed  in  the  Children's  Hospital,  and, 
just  at  the  moment  of  death,  gave  his 
toys  to  a  little  boy  with  a  broken  leg  in 
an  adjoining  bed,  and  sent  "  a  kiss  to  the 
boofer  lady." — Dickens:  Our  Mutual 
Friend  (1864). 

Johnny  Crapand.  A  Frenchman 
was  so  called  by  English  sailors  in  the 
time  of  Napoleon  I.  The  Flemings 
called  the  French  "  Crapaud  Franchos." 
The  allusion  is  to  the  toads  borne  in  the 
ancient  arms  of  France. 

Johnson,  in  Albert  Smith's  novel  The 
Adventures  of  Mr.  Ledbury  (1844).  a 
polished  Bohemian,  "good-natured, 
reckless,  and  witty." 

Johnson  [John),  in  cantos  vii.,  viii.,  of 
Don  Juan,  by  Byron  {1823). 

In  truth  he  was  a  noble  fellow. 

Johnson  [Dr.  Samuel),  lexico- 
grapher, essayist,  and  poet  (i  709-1784), 

I  own  I  like  not  Johnson's  turgid  style, 
That  g:ives  an  inch  th'  importaoce  of  a  mfle; 
Casts  of  manure  a  waggon-load  around. 
To  raise  a  simple  daisy  from  the  ground; 
Uplifts  the  club  of  Hercules— for  whatt 
To  crush  a  butterfly  or  brain  a  gnat ; 
Creates  a  whirlwind  from  the  earth,  to  draw- 
A  goose's  feather  or  exalt  a  straw; 


^^l  JONATHAN. 

Bids  ocean  labour  with  tremendous  roar. 
To  licave  a  cockle-shell  upon  the  shore. 
Alike  in  every  theme  his  pompous  art. 
Heaven's  awful  thunder  or  a  rumbling  cart. 

PeUr  Pindar  [Dr.  John  Wolcot  J  (1816). 

Johnstone  [Auld  Willie),  an  old 
fisherman,  father  to  Peggy  the  laundry- 
maid  at  Woodburne. 

Young  Johnstone,  his  son. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Johnstone's  Tippet  (5/.),  a  halter ; 
so  called  from  Johnstone  the  hangman, 

JolifTe  (2  syl.),  footman  to  lady  Pen- 
feather.— 5?>  W.  Scott:  St.  Ronan's  Well 
(time,  George  III.). 

JolifFe  [Joceline),  under-keeper  of 
Woodstock  Forest.— Sir  W.  Scott: 
Woodstock  (time,  Commonwealth). 

Joliqnet  {Bibo),  the  gargon  of  the 
White  Lion  inn,  held  by  Jerome  Le- 
surques  (2  syl.).— Stirling :  The  Courier 
0/  Lyons  (1852). 

Jollup  (Sir  Jacob),  father  of  Mrs. 
Jerry  Sneak  and  Mrs.  Bruin.  Jollup  is 
the  vulgar  pomposo  landlord  of  Gariatt, 
who  insists  on  being  always  addressed  as 
"sir  Jacob." 

Iie£^.  Anan,  sir. 

Sir  y.  "  Sir  !  "  sirrah  T  and  why  not  "sir  Jacob," you 
rascal?    Is  that   all  your  manners?    Has  his  m.ijesty 

dubbed  me  knight,  for  you  to  make  me  a  mister! 

FooU:  The  Mayor  of  Garratt,  i.  i  (1763). 

Jolter.  In  the  agony  of  terror,  on 
hearing  the  direction  given  to  put  on  the 
dead-lights  in  a  storm  off  Calais,  Smol- 
lett tells  us  that  Jolter  went  through  the 
steps  of  a  mathematical  proposition  with 
great  fervour  instead  of  a  prayer. 

Jonas,  the  name  given,  in  Absalom 
and  Achitophel,  to  sir  William  Jones, 
attorney-general,  who  conducted  the 
prosecution  of  the  popish  plot. — Dry  den  : 
Absalom  and  Achitophel,  i.  (1681). 

.  .  .  buU-faced  Jonas,  who  could  statutes  draw 
To  mean  rebellion,  and  make  treason  law. 

581, 5?c. 
("  Mean,"  the  verb.) 

JONATHAN,  a  sleek  old  widower. 
He  was  a  parish  orphan,  whom  sir 
Benjamin  Dove  apprenticed,  and  then 
took  into  his  family.  When  Jonathan 
married,  the  knight  gave  him  a  farm  rent 
free  and  well  stocked.  On  the  death  of 
his  wife,  he  gave  up  the  farm,  and  entered 
the  knight's  service  as  butler.  Under 
the  evil  influence  of  lady  Dove,  this  old 
servant  was  inclined  to  neglect  his  kind 
master;  but  sir  Benjamin  soon  showed 
him  that,  although  the  lady  was  allowed 
to  peck  him,  the  servants  were  not, — 
Cumberland:  The  Brothers  {I'^S^). 


JONATHAN. 

Jonathan,  one  of  the  servants  of 
general  Harrison. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  Wood- 
stock (time,  Commonwealth). 

Jonathan,  an  attendant  on  lord 
Saville.— 5i>  W.  Scott:  Peveril  of  the 
Peak  (time,  Charles  H.). 

Jonathan  {^Brother),  a  national  nick- 
name for  an  American  of  the  United 
States.  In  the  Revolutionary  war, 
Washington  used  to  consult  his  friend 
Jonathan  Trumbull,  governor  of  Con- 
necticut, in  all  his  difficulties.  "  We 
must  ask  brother  Jonathan,"  was  so  often 
on  his  lips,  that  the  phrase  became  sy- 
nonymous with  the  good  genius  of  the 
States,  and  was  subsequently  applied  to 
the  North  Americans  generally. 

Jonathan's,  a  noted  coffee-house  in 
'Change  Alley,  described  in  The  Tatler 
as  the  "general  mart  for  stock-jobbers." 
What  is  now  termed  "  the  Royal  Stock 
Exchange "  was  at  one  time  called 
"Jonathan's." 

Yesterday  the  brokers  and  others  .  .  .  came  to  a 
resolution  that  [the  new  buildinp-\  instead  of  being- 
called  "New  Jonathan's,"  should  be  called  "The 
Stock  Exchange."  The  brokers  then  collected  six- 
pence each,  and  christened  the  house. — Niiusjiafer 
paragraph  (July  13,  1773). 

Jones  ( Tom),  the  hero  of  a  novel  by 
Fielding,  called  The  History  of  Tom 
Jones,  a  Foundling  (1749).  "Tom  Jones 
is  a  model  of  generosity,  openness,  and 
manly  spirit,  mingled  with  thoughtless 
dissipation.  With  all  this,  he  is  not  to 
be  admired  ;  his  reputation  is  flawed,  he 
sponges  for  a  guinea,  he  cannot  pay  his 
landlady,  and  he  lets  out  his  honoior  to 
hire. 

The  romance  of  Tom  Jones,  that  exqutsite  picture 
of  human  manners,  will  outlive  the  palace  of  the  Es- 
curial  and  the  imperial  eagle  of  Austna. — Gibbon. 

To  Tom  Jones  is  added  the  charm  of  a  plot  of  un- 
rivalled skill,  in  which  the  complex  threads  of  interest 
are  all  brought  to  bear  upon  the  catastrophe  in  a 
manner  equally  unexpected  and  simple. — Eticyclojiadia 
Britannica  (article  "  Romance  "). 

Jones  {Mrs.),  the  waiting-woman  of 
lady  Penfeather.— 5?>  W.  Scott:  St. 
Ronan's  Well  (iixae,  George  HI.). 

Jonson  [Ben),  the  poet,  introduced 
by  sir  Walter  Scott  in  his  Woodstock. 
Shakespeare  is  introduced  in  the  same 
novel. 

Jopson  (Jacob),  farmer  at  the  village 
near  Clifton. 

Cicely  Jopson,  Jacob's  daughter.  She 
marries  Ned  Williams. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Waverley  (time,  George  H.). 

Jordan  {Mrs.),  the  actress,  who  lived 
with   the   duke   of  Clarence,    was   Miss 


554 


JOSEPH. 


Dorothea  Bland.  She  called  herself 
Dora,  first  appeared  in  York  as  Miss 
Francis,  and  changed  her  name  at  the 
request  of  an  aunt  who  left  her  a  little 
property.  When  the  change  of  name 
was  debated  between  her  and  the  man- 
ager, Tate  suggested  "  Mrs.  Jordan,"  and 
gave  this  very  pertinent  reason — 

•*You  have  crossed  the  water,"  said  Tate,  "so  IH 
call  you  'Jordan.'  ' 

Jerkins,  the  partner  of  Mr.  Spenlow, 
in  Doctors'  Commons.  Mr.  Jorkins  is 
really  a  retiring,  soft-hearted  man ;  but 
to  clients  he  is  referred  to  by  Spenlow  as 
the  stern  martinet,  whose  consent  will  be 
most  difficult  to  o\i\.2ivi\.— Dickens : David 
Copperfield  {i^j^g). 

Jorworth-ap-Jevan,  envoy  of 
Gwenwyn  prince  of  Powys-land. — Sir 
W.  Scott:   The  Betrothed  (lime,  Henry 

n.). 

Josaphat,  a  young  Indian  prince,  of 
whom  it  had  been  predicted  that  he 
would  embrace  Christianity  and  become 
a  devotee.  His  father  tried  to  seclude 
him  from  all  knowledge  of  misery  and 
evil,  and  to  attach  him  only  to  pleastir- 
able  pursuits.  At  length  the  young 
prince  took  three  drives,  in  one  of  which 
he  saw  Old  Age,  in  another  Sickness, 
and  in  the  third  Death.  This  had  such 
an  effect  upon  him  that  he  became  a 
hermit,  and  at  death  was  canonized  both 
by  the  Eastern  and  Western  Churches. — 
Johannes  Damascenus :  Barlaham  and 
Josaphat  (eighth  century). 

Josceline  {Sir),  an  English  knight 
and  crusader  in  the  armv  of  Richard  I, 
—Sir  W.  Scott:  The  talisman  (time, 
Richard  I. ). 

Jose  {Don),  father  of  don  Juan,  and 
husband  of  donna  Inez.  He  was  hen- 
pecked and  worried  to  death  by  his  wife's 
"proprieties."  To  the  world  they  were 
"  models  of  respectability,"  but  at  home 
they  were  "cat  and  dog."  Donna  Inez 
tried  to  prove  him  mad,  in  order  to 
obtain  a  divorce,  and  "  kept  a  journal 
where  all  his  faults  were  noted."  "  She 
witnessed  his  agonies  with  great  magnani- 
mity ;  "  but,  while  seeking  a  divorce,  don 
Jos6  died. — Byron  :  Don  Juan,  i.  a6,  33 
(1819). 

JOSEPH,  the  old  gardener  at  Shaw's 
Castle.— 5?>  W.  Scott: St.  Ronan's  Well 
(time,  George  III.). 

Joseph,  a  Jew  of  the  noblest  type ; 
with  unbounded  benevolence  and   most 


JOSEPH. 


SSS  JOURNEY  FROM  THIS  WORLD. 


excellent  charity,  He  sets  a  splendid 
example  of  "Christian  ethics"  to  those 
who  despised  him  lor  not  believing  the 
"  Christian  creed."  Joseph  the  Jew  was 
the  good  friend  of  the  Christian  minister 
of  Mariendorpt. — Knowles  :  Tht  Maid  of 
Maritndorpt  [iZ^i).     (SeeSHEVA.) 

Joseph.  [A),  a  young  man  not  to  be 
seduced  from  his  continency  by  any 
temptation.  The  reference  is  to  Joseph 
in  Potiphar's  house  {Gen.  xxxix.). 

Joseph  [St.),  of  Arimathas'a,  said  to 
have  brought  to  Glastonbury  in  a  mystic 
vessel  some  of  the  blood  which  trickled 
from  the  wounds  of  Christ  at  the  Cruci- 
fixion, and  some  of  the  wine  left  at  the 
Last  Supper.  This  vessel  plays  a  very 
prominent  part  in  the  Arthurian  legends. 

Next  holy  Joseph  came  .  .  . 

The  Saviour  of  mankind  In  sepulchre  that  laid ; 

That  to  the  Britons  was  th'  apostle.     In  his  aid 

St.  Duvian,  and  with  him  St.  Fagan,  both  which  were 

His  scholars. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xxiv.  (1622). 

(He  also  brought  with  him  the  spear  of 
Longinus,  the  Roman  soldier  who  pierced 
the  side  of  Jesus. — Malory:  History  of 
Prince  Arthur,  i.  40  (1470).  The  famous 
Glastonbury  thorn,  says  tradition,  sprang 
from  the  staff  which  Joseph  stuck  into  the 
ground.     See  Glastonbuky,  p.  428.) 

N.B. — The  "mystic  vessel"  brought 
by  Joseph  is  sometimes  called  the  San 
Graal ;  but  by  refening  to  the  word 
Graal,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  usual 
meaning  of  the  term  in  Arthurian 
romance  is  very  different. 

Joseph  the  Patriarch.  His  wife's 
name,  according  to  tradition,  was 
Zulieka  ;  the  Bible  gives  Asenath. 

Jos'ephine  (3  syl.),  wife  of  Werner, 
and  mother  of  Ulric.  Josephine  was  the 
daughter  of  a  decayed  Italian  exile  of 
noble  blood. — Byron  :  Werner  {1822). 

Joshua  (The  book  of),  the  sixth  book 
of  the  Old  Tesiamt- nt,  which  tells  us  how 
Joshua,  after  the  death  of  Moses,  led  the 
Israelites  into  the  promised  land.  It 
covers  a  period  of  about  thirty  years. 

Jos'ian,  daughter  ot  the  king  of  Ar- 
menia, and  wife  of  sir  Bevis  of  South- 
ampton. It  was  she  who  gave  the  hero  his 
sword  "  Morglay  "  and  his  steed  "  Arun- 
del. "—ZJraj^o^  /  Polyolbion,  ii.  {1612). 

Josse  (i  syl.),  a  jeweller.  Lucinde 
(2  syl. ),  the  daughter  of  Sganarelle,  pined 
and  fell  away,  and  the  anxious  father 
asked  his  neighbours  what  they  would 
advise  him  to  do.      Mon.  Josse  replied— 


"  Pour  moi,  je  tiens  que  la  braverie,  que  I'ajustement 
est  la  chose  qui  r6Jouit  le  plus  les  fiUes ;  et  si  j'^toit 
que  de  vous,  je  lui  achiterois  dtsaujourdTiuiune  belle 
garniture  da  diamants,  ou  de  rubis,  ou  d'^mcraudes." 

Sganarelle  made  answer — 

"Vous  <tcs  orftvre,  Monsieur  Josse;  et  rotre  con- 
sell  sent  son  honime  qui  a  envie  de  se  d^faire  de  sa  mar- 
chandise." — Moliir*  :  L'Amcur  MMetin,  i.  i  (1665). 

Vous  ites  orfevre,  Mon.  Josse  ("  You 
are  a  jeweller,  Mon.  Josse,  and  are  not  dis- 
interested in  your  advice  " ).    (See  above. ) 

Jo'thaxa,  the  person  who  uttered  the 
parable  ot  "  The  '1  rees  choosing  a  King," 
when  the  men  of  Shechem  made  Abime- 
lech  king.  In  Dryden's  Absalom  and 
Achitophel,  it  stands  for  George  Saville, 
marquis  of  Halifax. 

Totham  of  piercing  wit  and  pregnant  thought. 
Endued  by  nature,  and  by  learning  taught 
To  move  assemblies  .  .  .  turned  the  balance  too; 
So  much  the  weight  of  one  brave  man  can  do. 
Dryden:  Absalom  and  Achitophel,  819-822  (1681). 

JdtnnheiiZL,  the  abode  of  the  frost 
giants  in  Scandinavian  mythology.  One 
of  the  roots  of  the  ash  tree  yggdrasil 
descended  into  it. 

Joiir  des  Morts  [All  Souls'  Day). 
A  Dieppoise  legend  explains  the  phrase 
thus— 

Le  guetteur  de  la  jeti^e  voit  nu  milieu  de  la  nuit 
arriver  un  bateau  k  le  hile,  il  s'empresse  de  lul  jeter  lo 
grelin  ;  mais  k  ce  moment  menie  le  bateau  disparait ; 
on  entend  des  cris  plaintifs  qui  font  frissonner,  car  on 
les  reconnait  c'est  la  voix  des  marins  qui  ont  naufrag6 
dans  I'ann^e. — Chapus:  Dieppttt  ses  Environs  (1853). 

Jour    kingr   of  Mamhraut,    the 

person  who  carried  off  Jos'ian  the  wife 
of  sir  Bevis  of  Southampton,  his  sword 
"Morglay,"  and  his  steed  "Ar'undel." 
Sir  Bevis,  disguised  as  a  pilgrim,  re- 
covered all  three. — Drayton  :  Polyolbion, 
ii.  (1612). 

Jourdaiu  [Mons.),  an  elderly  tradesr- 
man,  who  has  suddenly  fallen  into  a  large 
fortune,  and  wishes  to  educate  himself  up 
to  his  new  position  in  society.  He  em- 
ploys masters  of  dancing,  fencing,  philo- 
logy, and  so  on ;  and  the  fun  of  the 
drama  turns  on  the  ridiculous  remarks 
that  he  makes,  and  the  awkward  figure 
he  cuts  as  the  pupil  of  these  professors. 
One  remark  is  especially  noted  :  he  says 
he  had  been  talking  prose  all  his  life,  and 
never  knew  it  till  his  professor  told  him. 
— Molitre :  Le  Bourgeois  Gentilhomtne 
(1670). 

Journalists.     Napoleon  I.  said — 

A  journalist  is  a  grumbler,  a  censurer,  a  giver  of 
advice,  a  regent  of  sovereigns,  a  tutor  of  nations. 
Four  hostile  newspapers  are  more  formidable  than  a 
thousand  bayonets. 

Journey  from  this  Wox'ld  to  the 
Next,  a  tract  by  Fielding,  the  novelist 
(1743)- 


JOVIAN. 

Jovian,  emperor  of  Rome,  was  bath- 
ing one  day,  when  a  person  stole  his 
clothes  and  passed  himself  off  as  the 
emperor.  Jovian,  naked  and  ashamed, 
went  to  a  knight,  said  he  was  emperor, 
and  begged  the  loan  of  a  few  garments 
for  the  nonce ;  but  the  knight  caUed  him 
an  impostor,  and  had  him  scourged  from 
the  gate.  He  next  went  to  a  duke,  who 
was  his  chief  minister  ;  but  the  duke  had 
him  confined,  and  fed  on  bread  and  water 
as  a  vagrant  and  a  madman.  He  then 
applied  at  the  palace,  but  no  one  recog- 
nized him  there.  Lastly,  he  went  to  his 
confessor,  and  humbled  himself,  confess- 
ing his  sins.  The  priest  took  him  to  the 
palace,  and  the  sham  emperor  proved  to 
be  an  angel  sent  to  reform  the  proud 
monarch.  The  story  says  that  Jovian 
thenceforth  reigned  with  mercy  and  jus- 
tice, till  he  died. — Evenings  with  the  Old 
Story-tellers. 

Jowler,  in  Smollett's  History  and 
Adventures  of  an  Atom,  a  political  satire, 
is  meant  for  the  earl  of  Chatham  (1769). 

Joyeuse  {2  syL),  Charlemagne's 
sword,  which  bore  the  inscription,  Decern 
praceptorum  custos  CarOlus.  It  was 
buried  with  the  king,  as  Tizo'na  (the 
Cid's  sword)  was  buried  with  the  Cid, 
and  the  sword  Durindana  with  Orlando. 

Joyense-Garde  or  Garde-Jo- 
yeuse,  the  estate  given  by  king  Arthur 
to  sir  Launcelot  du  Lac  for  defending 
the  queen's  honour  against  sir  Mador. 
Here  sir  Launcelot  was  buried. 

Joyous  Entrance  [The),  the  con- 
stitution granted  to  the  city  of  Brabant 
by  Philip  H.  of  Spain,  in  1564.  It  pro- 
vided (i)  that  the  ecclesiastical  power 
shall  not  be  further  augmented;  {2)  that 
no  subject  shall  in  any  wise  be  prosecuted 
except  in  the  ordinary  civil  law  courts ; 
(3)  that  no  foreigner  shall  be  appointed 
to  any  office  in  Brabant ;  and  (4)  if  any 
sovereign  violates  these  provisions,  the 
oath  of  allegiance  shall  be  no  longer 
binding. — Motley:  The  Dutch  Republic, 
pt.  i.  2. 

Joyous  Isle,  the  place  to  which  sir 
Launcelot  retired  during  his  fit  of  mad- 
ness, which  lasted  two  years. 

JUAN,  in  The  Spanish  Gypsy,  a 
dramatic  poem  by  George  Eliot  (Mrs.  T. 
W.  Cross)  (1868). 

Juan  was  a  troubadour,  .  .  . 

Freshening  life's  dusty  road  with  babbling  rills 

Of  wit  and  song. 


S55 


JUAN  FERNANDEZ. 


Juan  (Don),  a  hero  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  a  natural  son  of  Charles-quint, 
born  at  Ratisbonne,  in  1545.  He  con- 
quered the  Moors  of  Grana'da,  won  a 
great  naval  victory  over  the  Turks  at 
Lepanto,  made  himself  master  of  Tunis, 
and  put  down  the  insurgents  of  the 
Netherlands  (1545-1578). 

(This  is  the  don  Juan  of  C.  Delavigne's 
drama  entitled  Don  yuan  d'Autriche, 
1835.) 

Juan  {Don),  son  of  don  Louis  Tenorio, 
of  Sicily,  a  heartless  rou/.  His  valet 
says  of  him — 

"Tu  vols  en  don  Juan  le  plus  grand  sc^I^rat  que  la 
terre  ait  jamais  port6,  un  enragi,  un  chien,  un  demon, 
un  Turc,  nn  htSr^tique  qui  ne  croit  ni  ciel,  ni  enfer,  ni 
diable,  qui  passe  cette  vie  en  veritable  bete  brute,  uu 
pourceau  d'Epicure,  un  vrai  Sanlanapale ;  qui  ferme 
loreille  ^  toutes  les  remontrances  qu'on  lui  peut  faire, 
et  traite  de  billeves^es  tout  ce  que  nous  croyons." — 
Moliire  :  Don  yuan,  i.  i  (1665). 

Juan  {Don),  a  native  of  Seville,  son  of 
don  Jos6  and  donna  Inez  (a  blue-stock- 
ing). When  Juan  was  16  years  old,  he 
got  into  trouble  with  donna  Julia,  and 
was  sent  by  his  mother  (then  a  widow) 
on  his  travels.  His  adventures  form  the 
story  of  a  poem  so  called ;  but  the  tale 
is  left  incomplete. — Byron:  Don  fuan 
(1819-21). 

Cantos  i.,  ii.,  published  1819  ;  cantos  ill.,  Ir.,  t.,  pub- 
lished 1821  ;  cantos  vi.  to  xiv.,  published  1823 ;  cantoi 
XV.,  xvi.  .published  1824. 

'.•  Byron's  Don  jfuan  and  Don  Giovanni  have 
nothing  in  common  but  the  name.  Byron's  Don  Juan 
is  merely  a  young  voluptuary,  of  great  amatory  pro- 
clivitjes. 

Juan  {Don),  or  don  Giovanni,  the 
prince  of  libertines.  The  original  of  this 
character  was  don  Juan  "Tenorio,  of 
Seville,  who  attempted  the  seduction  of 
the  governor's  daughter  ;  and  the  father, 
forcing  the  hbertine  to  a  duel,  fell.  A 
statue  of  the  murdered  father  was  erected 
in  the  family  vault ;  and  one  day,  when 
don  Juan  forced  his  way  into  the  vault, 
he  invited  the  statue  to  a  banquet.  The 
statue  accordingly  placed  itself  at  the 
board,  to  the  amazement  of  the  host,  and, 
compelling  the  hbertine  to  follow,  de- 
livered him  over  to  devils,  who  carried 
him  off  triumphant. 

(Dramatized  first  by  Gabriel  Tellez 
(1626).  Molifere  (1665)  and  Thomas 
Corneille,  in  Le  Festin  de  Pierre,  both 
imitated  from  the  Spanish  (1673),  have 
made  it  the  subject  of  French  comedies  ; 
Goldoni  (i7fc5),  of  an  Italian  comedy  ; 
Gliick,  of  a  musical  ballet  (1765) ;  Mozart, 
of  an  opera  called  Do7i  Giovanni  (1787), 
a  princely  work.     See  Juan.) 

Juan  Fernandez,  a  rocky  island  in 


r 


JUBA. 

the  Pacific  Ocean,  near  the  coast  of 
Chili.  Here  Alexander  Selkirk,  a  buc- 
caneer, resided  in  solitude  for  four  years. 
Defoe  is  supposed  to  have  based  his  tale 
of  Robinson  Crusoe  on  the  history  of 
Alexander  Selkirk. 

(Defoe  places  the  island  of  his  hero 
"on  the  east  coast  of  South  America," 
somewhere  near  Dutch  Guiana. ) 

Jnba,  prince  of  Numidia,  warmly 
attached  to  Cato  while  he  lived  at  Utica 
(in  Africa),  and  passionately  in  love  with 
Marcia,  Cato's  daughter.  Sempro'nius, 
having  disguised  himself  as  Juba,  was 
mistaken  for  the  Numidian  prince  by 
Marcia  ;  and  being  slain,  she  gave  free 
vent  to  her  grief,  thus  betraying  the  state 
of  her  affection.  Juba  overheard  her,  and 
as  it  would  have  been  mere  prudery  to 
deny  her  love  after  this  display,  she 
freely  confessed  it,  and  Juba  took  her  as 
his  betrothed  and  future  wife. — Addison  : 
Cato  (1713)- 

Jubal,  son  of  Lamech  and  Adah. 
The  inventor  of  the  lyre  and  flute. — 
Gen.  iv.  19-21. 

Then  when  he  [yavan]  heard  the  voice  of  Jubal's  lyre. 

Instinctive  genius  caught  the  ethereal  fire. 
Montgomery  ;  The  IVorld  before  the  Flood,  I.  (1812). 

Jubilee  Dicky,  in  Steele's  comedy 
of  The  Conscious  Lovers  (1721). 

Judas,  in  pt.  ii.  of  Absalom  and 
Achitophel,  by  Tate,  is  meant  for  Mr. 
Fergueson,  a  nonconformist,  who  joined 
the  duke  of  Monmouth,  and  afterwards 
betrayed  him. 


Shall  that  false  Hebronite  escape  our  ( 
Judas,  that  keeps  the  rebels'  pension-purse; 
Judas,  that  pays  the  treason-writer's  fee ; 
Judas,  that  well  deserves  his  namesake's  treet 
Absalom  ayid  Achitophel,  ii.  319-322  (1683). 

Judas  Colour.  In  the  old  mystery- 
plays,  Judas  had  hair  and  beard  of  a 
fiery  red  colour. 

Let  their  beards  be  Judas's  own  colour. 

Kyd  :  The  Spanish  Tragedy  (1597). 

Judas  Iscariot.  Klopstock  says 
that  Judas  Iscariot  had  a  heart  formed 
for  every  virtue,  and  was  in  youth  un- 
polluted by  crime,  insomuch  that  the 
Messiah  thought  him  worthy  of  being 
one  of  the  twelve.  He,  however,  was 
jealous  of  John,  because  Jesus  loved  him 
more  than  He  loved  the  rest  of  the 
apostles ;  and  this  hatred  towards  the 
beloved  disciple  made  him  hate  the  lover 
of  "the  beloved."  Judas  also  feared 
(says  Klopstock)  that  John  would  have 
a  higher  post  than  himself  in  the  king- 
dom,  and  perhaps  be  made  treasurer. 


557  JUDITH. 

The  poet  tells  us  that  Judas  betrayed 
Jesus  under  the  expectation  that  it  would 
drive  Him  to  establish  His  kingdom  at 
once,  and  rouse  Him  into  action. — Klop- 
stock:  The  Messiah,  Hi.  {1748). 

Judas  Tree,  a  gallows. 

N.B.— The  garden  shrub  called  the 
Judas  tree  is  a  mere  blunder  for  kuamos 
tree,  i.e.  the  bean  tree;  but  the  corrupt 
name  has  given  rise  to  the  legend  that 
Judas  hanged  himself  on  one  of  these 
trees. 

Judg'es  {The  Book  of)  contains  the 

history  of  the  Israelites  after  the  death  of 
Joshua,  when  the  people  were  governed 
by  judges. 

There  were  fourteen  ludges,  but  the  history  of  the 
last  two  (Eli  and  Samuel)  is  contained  in  the  First  Book 
of  Samuel.  Gideon,  Jephthah,  Samson,  and  Deborah 
«  woman)  are  the  chief  rulers  mentioned  in  the  Book 
0/ Judges. 

Judgrment  of  Hercules  (The). 
(See  Hercules' s  Choice.) 

Judgment    of    Paris,    a    poem, 

by  James  Beattie  (1765).  Tennyson's 
(Enone  (1832)  is  the  same  subject. 

(N.B.— CEnone  (3  syl.)  was  the  be- 
loved of  Paris,  who  had  to  decide  which 
of  the  three  goddesses  (Juno,  Minerva, 
and  Venus)  was  the  most  beautifuL 
All  three  tried  the  effects  of  bribery : 
Jimo  promised  him  doininion,  Minerva 
promised  wisdom,  but  Venus  promised 
bim  the  m^st  beautiful  of  women  for  a 
wife.  Of  course,  Paris  gave  his  award 
in  favour  of  Venus. ) 

Judi  {Al),  the  mountain  on  which 
the  ark  rested.  The  word  is  a  corruption 
of  A I  Kurdu,  so  called  because  it  was 
inhabited  by  the  Kurds.  The  Greeks 
corrupted  the  name  into  Gordyasi,  and 
the  mountain  was  often  called  the  Gor- 
dysean. 

The  ark  rested  on  the  mountain  Al  JudL— .<^/J(r«nfM, 


Judith,  a  beautiful  Jewess  of  Bethu'- 
lia,  who,  to  save  her  native  town, 
assassinated  Holofemfis,  the  general  of 
Nebuchadnezzar.  When  Judith  showed 
the  head  of  the  general  to  her  country- 
men, they  rushed  on  the  invading  army, 
and  put  it  to  a  complete  rout. — Judith 
vii.,  X.-XV. 

(The  words  of  the  opera  of  Judith  su:« 
by  Bickerstaff,  the  music  by  Dr.  Arne, 
1764.) 

Judith.  {Aunt),  sister  to  Master  George 
Heriot  the  king's  goldsmith. — Sir  W. 
Scott :  Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.  \ 


JUDY.  S.S8 

Judy,  the  wife  of  Punch.  Master 
Punch,  annoyed  by  the  cries  of  the  baby, 
gives  it  a  knock,  which  kills  it,  and,  to 
conceal  his  crime  from  his  wife,  throws 
the  dead  body  out  of  the  window.  Judy 
comes  to  inquire  about  the  child,  and, 
hearing  of  its  death,  upbraids  her  lord 
stoutly,  and  tries  on  him  the  "reproof  of 
blows."  This  leads  to  a  quarrel,  in  which 
Judy  is  killed.  The  officers  of  justice, 
coming  to  arrest  the  domestic  tyrant, 
meet  the  same  fate  as  his  child  and  wife ; 
but  at  last  the  devil  outwits  him,  he  is 
hanged,  and  carried  off  to  the  place  of  all 
evil-doers. 

Juel  {Nils),  a  celebrated  Danish 
admiral,  who  received  his  training  under 
Tromp  and  De  Ruyter.  He  defeated  the 
Swedes  in  1677  in  several  engagements. 

Nils  Tud  gave  heed  to  the  tempest's  roar  .  .  . 
"Of  Denmark's  Juel  who  can  defy 
The  power  I " 

Lonzfellow:  King  Christian  [f.l. 

Jnletta,  the  witty,  sprightly  attend- 
ant of  Alinda. — Fletcher  :  The  Pilgrim 
(i6ai^ 

Julia,  a  lady  beloved  by  Protheus. 
Her  waiting-woman  is  Lucetta. — Shake' 
tpeare:  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona  (1594). 

Julia,  the  "  ward  "  of  Master  Walter 
"  the  hunchback."  She  was  brought  up 
by  him  most  carefully  in  the  country, 
and  at  a  marriageable  age  was  betrothed 
to  sir  Thomas  Clifford.  Being  brought  to 
LfOndon,  she  was  carried  away  in  the 
vortex  of  fashion,  and  became  the  votary 
of  pleasure  and  dissipation,  abandoned 
Clifford,  and  promised  to  marry  the  earl 
of  Rochdale.  As  the  wedding  day  drew 
nigh,  her  love  for  Clifford  returned,  and 
she  implored  her  guardian  to  break  off 
her  promise  of  marriage  to  the  earl. 
Walter  now  showed  himself  to  be  the 
real  earl  of  Rochdale,  and  father  of  Julia. 
Her  nuptials  with  the  supposed  earl  fell 
to  the  ground,  and  she  became  the  wife 
of  sir  Thomas  Clifford. — Knowles  :  The 
Hunchback  (1831). 

Julia  {Donna),  a  lady  of  Sev'ille, 
of  Moorish  origin,  a  married  woman, 
"charming,  chaste,  and  twenty-three." 
Her  eye  was  large  and  dark,  her  hair 
glossy,  her  brow  smooth,  her  cheek  "all 
puj-ple  with  the  beam  of  youth,"  her 
husband  50,  and  his  name  Alfonso.  Donna 
Julia  loved  a  lad  of  16,  named  don  Juan, 
"not  wisely  but  too  well,"  for  which  she 
was  confined  in  a  convent. — Byron  :  Don 
Juan,  i.  S9-188  {1819). 


JULIE. 


Tender  and  impassioned,  but  possesslnfr  oelthet  in- 
formation to  occupy  her  mind,  nor  {^ood  principles  to 
reg^ulate  her  conduct,  donna  Julia  is  an  illustration  of 
the  wonxen  of  Seville,  "  whose  minds  have  but  one  idea, 
and  whose  life-business  is  intrigue.'"  The  slave  of  every 
Impulse  .  .  .  she  now  prostrates  herself  before  the  altar 
of  the  Virgin,  maldns'  the  noblest  efforts  "  for  honour, 
pride,  religion,  virtue's  sake,"  and  then,  "in  the  full 
securitjr  of  innocence,"  she  seeks  temptation,  and  fiadj 
retreat  impossible.— ^«>h^m  .•  Byron  Beauties. 

Julia  Melville,  a  ward  of  sir  Anthony 
Absolute ;  in  love  with  Faulkland,  who 
saved  her  life  when  she  was  thrown  into 
the  water  by  the  upsetting  of  a  boat. — 
Sheridan:  The  Rivals  {xtj^. 

Julian  {Count),  a  powerful  lord  of 
the  Spanish  Goths.  When  his  daughter 
Florinda  was  violated  by  king  Roderick, 
the  count  was  so  indignant  that  he 
invited  ove  the  Moors  to  come  and  push 
him  from  the  throne,  and  even  turned 
regenade  the  better  to  effect  his  purpose. 
The  Moors  succeeded,  but  condemned 
count  Julian  to  death,  "  to  punish 
treachery,  and  prevent  worse  ill."  Julian, 
before  he  died,  sent  for  "father  Mac- 
cabee,"  and  said — 

I  would  fain 
Die  in  the  faith  wherein  my  fathers  died. 
I  feel  that  I  have  sinned,  and  from  my  soul 
Renounce  the  Impostor's  faith,  which  in  my  soul 
No  place  obtained. 

SouiAey:  Roderick,  tU.,  ixir.  (1814). 

Julian  {St.),  patron  saint  of  hospit- 
ality. A  synonym  for  an  epicure,  or  man 
of  hospitality. 

An  househalder  and  that  a  g^-et  was  he ; 
Seint  Julian  he  was  in  his  countri.  * 

Chattcer :  Introduction  to  Canterbury  Tales  (1388). 

Julian  St.  Pierre,  the  brother  of 
Mariana  {q.v.). — Knowles  :  The  Wife 
(1833). 

Juliana,  wife  of  VirSlet,  saint  and 
heroine. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher:  The 
Double  Marriage  { 1647). 

(The  other  marriage  was  with  Martia.) 

Jtiliana,  eldest  daughter  of  Bal- 
thaza.  A  proud,  arrogant,  overbearing 
"  Katharine,"  who  marries  the  duke  of 
Aranza,  and  intends  to  be  lady  para- 
mount The  duke  takes  her  to  a  poor 
hut,  which  he  calls  his  home,  gives  her 
the  household  duties  to  perform,  and 
pretends  to  be  a  day  labourer.  She 
chafes  for  a  time,  but  his  manliness, 
affection,  and  firmness  get  the  mastery; 
and  when  he  sees  that  she  loves  him  for 
himself,  he  announces  the  fact  that  after 
all  he  is  the  duke  and  she  the  duchess  of 
Aranza. — Tobin  :  The  Honeymoon  (1804). 

Julian ce,  a  giant, — Sir  T.  Malory: 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  98  (1470). 

Julie  (2  syl.),  the  heroine  of  MoliAre's 


JULIE.  S59 

comedy  entitled  Mons.  de  Pourccaugnac 
(1669). 

Julie  {2  syl.),  the  heroine  of  J.  J. 
Rousseau's  novel  entitled  Julie  ou  la 
Nouvelle  Hilo'ise  (1760).  The  prototype 
was  the  comtesse  d'Houdetot.  Julie  had 
a  p)ale  complexion,  a  graceful  figure,  a 
profusion  of  light  brown  hair,  and  her 
near-sightedness  gave  her  "a  charming 
mixture  oi  gaucherie  and  gn*ace."  Ros- 
seau  went  every  morning  to  meet  her, 
that  he  might  receive  from  her  that  single 
kiss  with  which  Frenchwomen  salute  a 
friend.  One  day,  when  Rousseau  told  her 
that  she  might  innocently  love  others 
besides  her  husband,  she  naively  replied, 
"Je  pourrais  done  aimer  mon  pauvre 
St.  Lambert."  Lord  Byron  has  made  her 
familiar  to  English  readers. 

His  love  was  passion's  essence  .  .  , 
This  breathed  itself  to  hfe  in  Julie ;  this 
Invested  her  with  all  that's  wild  and  sweet ; 
This  hallowed,  too,  the  memorable  kiss 
Which  every  morn  his  fevered  lip  would  greet 
F»rm  her's,  who  but  with  friendship  his  would  meet. 
Byron  :  Childt  Harold,  iii.  79  (1816). 

N.a. — Julie  was  in  love  with  St.  Preux  ; 
and  the  object  of  Rousseau's  novel  is  to 
invest  vice  with  an  air  of  attraction. 

To  make  madness  beautiful,  and  cast 

O'er  erring  deeds  and  thoughts  a  heavenly  hue 

Of  words,  like  sunbeams,  dazzling  as  they  pass. 

Julie  de  Mortemar,  an  orphan, 
ward  of  Richelieu,  loved  by  king  Louis 
XIIL,  count  Baradas,  and  Adrien  de 
Mauprat,  the  last  of  whom  she  married. 
After  many  hair-breadth  escapes  and 
many  a  heart-ache,  the  king  allowed  the 
union  and  blessed  the  happy  pair. — L»rd 
Lytton  :  Richelieu  (1839). 

Ju'liet,  daughter  of  lady  Cap'ulet  of 
Verona,  in  love  with  Ro'meo  son  of 
Mon'tague  (3  syl.),  a  rival  house.  As 
the  parents  could  not  be  brought  to 
sanction  the  alliance,  the  whole  intercourse 
was  clandestine.  In  order  that  Juliet 
might  get  from  the  house  and  meet 
Romeo  at  the  cell  of  Friar  Laurence,  she 
took  a  sleeping  draught,  and  was  carried 
to  the  family  vault.  The  intention  was 
that  on  waking  she  should  repair  to  the 
cell  and  get  married  ;  but  Romeo,  seeing 
her  in  the  vault,  killed  himself  from 
grief ;  and  when  Juliet  woke  and  found 
Romeo  dead,  she  killed  herself  also. — 
Shakespeare:  Romeo  and  Juliet  (1598). 

• .  •  C.  H.  Wilson  says  of  Mrs.  Baddeley 
(1742-1780)  that  her  "  'Juliet '  was  never 
surpassed."  W.  Donaldson,  in  his  Recol- 
lections, says  that  "  Miss  O'Neill  made  her 
first  appearance  in  Covent  Garden  Theatre 
in  1815  as  •  Juliet/  and  never  was  such 


JULIUS  CESAR. 

an  impression  made  before  by  any  actress 
whatsoever."  Miss  Fanny  Kemble  and 
Miss  Helen  Faucit  were  both  excellent  in 
the  same  character. 

The  doating  fondness  and  silly  peevishness  of  the 
nurse  tends  [«V]  to  relieve  the  soft  and  affectionate 
character  of  "Juliet,"  and  to  place  her  before  the 
audience  in  a  point  of  view  which  those  who  liave  seen 
Miss  O'Neill  perform  "Juliet "  know  how  to  appreciate 
—Sir  IV.  Scott:  The  Drama. 

Juliet,  the  lady  beloved  by  Claudio 
brother  of  Isabella. — Shakespeare :  Mea' 
sure  for  Measure  {1602). 

Ju'lio,  a  noble  gentleman,  in  love  «rith 
Lelia  a  wanton  widow. — Beaumont  and 
Fletcher  :  The  Captain  (1603). 

Julio  of  Harancour,  "the  deaf 
and  dumb"  boy,  ward  of  Darlemont. 
Darlemont  gets  possession  of  Julio's  in- 
heritance, and  abandons  him  in  the  streets 
of  Paris ;  but  he  is  rescued  by  the  abb6 
De  I'Ep^e,  who  brings  him  up,  and  gives 
him  the  name  of  Theodore.  Julio  grows 
up  a  noble-minded  and  intelligent  young 
man,  is  recognized  by  the  Franval 
family,  and  Darlemont  confesses  that 
"the  deaf  and  dumb"  boy  is  the  count 
of  Harancour. — Holer  of t :  The  Deaf  and 
Dumb  (1785). 

Julius  {St.),  a  British  martyr  of 
Caerleon  or  the  City  of  Legions  [Newport, 
in  South  Wales).  He  was  torn  limb 
from  limb  by  Maximia'nus  Herculius, 
general  of  the  army  of  Diocle'tian  in 
Britain.  Two  churches  were  founded  in 
the  City  of  Legions — one  in  honour  of  St. 
Julius,  and  one  in  honour  of  St.  Aaron, 
his  fellow-martyr. 

.  .  .  two  other  .  .  .  sealed  their  doctrine  with  their 

blood ; 
St.  Julius,  and  with  him  St.  Aaron,  have  their  room 
At  Carleon,  suffering  death  by  Diocletian's  doom. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xxiv.  (1632). 

Julius  CsBSar,  an  historic  tragedy  by 
Shakespeare  (1601,  printed  1623).  Julius 
Caesar  is  chosen  king  of  Rome,  at  the 
Liipercal,  but,  though  offered  the  crown 
thrice  by  Antony,  he  "  did  thrice  refuse." 
However,  his  friend  Brutus,  with  Cassius, 
Casca,  and  others,  conspired  his  death, 
and  murdered  him.  This  gave  rise  to 
two  factions  :  the  party  of  Antony,  which 
consisted  of  Antony,  Octavius,  and  Lepl- 
dus :  and  the  party  of  Brutus.  This  led 
to  a  civil  war.  At  the  battle  of  Philippi 
Cassius  was  slain,  Brutus  killed  himself; 
the  triumvirate  became  masters  of  Rome. 

{Stirling  published,  in  1607,  a  tragedy 
entitled  The  Death  of  Julius  Ccesar  ;  and 
Antoni,  in  1691,  The  Conspiracy  of 
Brutus.) 


JUMPS. 

Jumps  {Jemmy),  in  The  Farmer.  One 
of  the  famous  parts  of  Jos.  S.  Munden 
(1758-1832). 

Jnne  ( The  Glorious  First  of)  was  June, 
1794,  when  lord  Howe  gained  a  great 
victory  over  the  French. 

Junius  {Letters  of),  forty -four  letters 
on  political  subjects  which  appeared  in 
the  Public  Advertiser  between  1769  and 
1772.  The  duke  of  Grafton,  the  duke  of 
Bedford,  and  lord  Mansfield  were  especi- 
ally attacked.  Generally  attributed  to 
sir  Philip  Francis  ;  but  sir  Philip  always 
denied  that  he  was  the  author. 

There  w^re  other  letters  which  followed  ;  one  signed 
Philg  Jitnius ;  113  under  various  names;  and  79 
addressed  to  Woodfall,  publisher  of  the  Advertiser. 

JtunkerthTUU,  German  squirearchy. 
(From  junker,  "  a  young  nobleman  ;  "  our 
youf//eer.) 

Juno's  Birds.  Juno  is  represented 
in  works  of  art  as  drawn  through  fields 
of  air  by  a  pair  of  peacocks  harnessed  to 
her  chariot. 

Jupe  {Signor),  clown  in  Sleary's 
circus,  passionately  attached  to  his  daugh- 
ter Cecilia.  Signor  Jupe  leaves  the  circus 
suddenly,  because  he  is  hissed,  and  is 
never  heard  of  more. 

Cecilia  Jupe,  daughter  of  the  clown. 
After  the  mysterious  disappearance  of 
her  father,  she  is  adopted  and  educated 
by  Thomas  Gradgrind,  Esq.,  M.P. — 
Dickens:  Hard  Times {\Z^e^, 

Just  (7-/^4 

Aristides,  the  Athenian  died  B.C. 
468). 

Ba'haram,  called  Shah  endei  ("the 
just  king").  He  was  the  fifth  of  the 
Sassan'idgs  (276-296). 

Cassimir  II.  of  Poland  (1117,  1177- 
1194). 

Ferdinand  I.  of  Aragon  (1373,  1412- 
1416). 

Haroun-al-Raschid  ("  the  just, "Vxhe. 
greatest  of  the  Abbasside  caliphs  (765, 
786-808). 

James  II.  of  Aragon  (1261,  1285- 
1327. ) 

Khosru  or  Chosroks  I.,  called  by  the 
Arabs  Molk  alAdel{"  the  just  king  ").  He 
was   the   twenty-first   of  the   Sassanidfis 

(*.  531-579)- 

Moran,  counsellor  of  Feredach  an 
early  king  of  Ireland. 

Pedro  I.  of  Portugal  (1320,  1357- 
1367)- 

Justiu'ian  {The English),  Edv/ard  I. 
(1239,  1272-1307). 


;6o 


KAF. 


Ju'venal  {The  English),  John  Old- 
ham (1653-1683). 

Ju'venal  ( The  Young).  [Dr.]  Thomas 
Lodge  is  so  called  by  Robert  Green  (1555- 
1625).—^  Groat' swart h  of  Wit,  bought 
with  a  Million  of  Repentance. 

Ju'venal  of  Painters  {The),  WU- 
liam  Hogarth  (1697-1794). 

J'y  suis  et  j'y  reste  {"  Here  am 
I  placed,  and  here  I  mean  to  remain  "). 
This  was  said  by  marshal  de  MacMahon, 
and  shows  the  character  of  the  marshal- 
president  of  the  French  better  than  a 
volume  (1877).  He  resigned  in  1879; 
born  1808,  died  1893. 


E. 

K.D.G-.  The  ist  or  King's  Dragoon 
Guards,  raised  in  1685.  Called  "The 
King's  Regiment  of  Horse,"  in  1714  ;  and 
in  1746  "  The  ist  or  King's  Regiment  of 
Dragoon  Guards."  Their  badge  is  the 
royal  cypher  within  the  garter ;  and  their 
uniform  scarlet,  with  blue  facings,  and  a 
red  plume. 

Eadr  {Al),  the  night  on  which  the 
Koran  was  sent  down  to  Mahomet.  Al 
K3,dr  is  supposed  to  be  the  seventh  of  the 
last  ten  nights  of  Ramadan,  or  the  night 
between  the  23rd  and  24th  days  of  the 
month. 

Verily  we  sent  down  the  Kordn  on  the  night  of  Al 
Kadr ;  and  what  can  make  thee  comprehend  how  ex- 
cellent the  nigfht  of  Al  Kadr  is  ? — Al  Kordn,  icvii. 

Eaf  {Mount),  a  mountain  encircling 
the  whole  earth,  said  to  be  a  huge  table- 
land which  walls  in  the  earth  as  a  ring 
encircles  one's  finger.  It  is  the  home  of 
giants  and  fairies,  jinn,  peris,  and  deevs, 
and  rests  on  the  sacred  stone  called  Sakh- 
rat.  It  is  fully  described  in  the  romance 
of  Hatim  Tat,  the  hero  of  which  often 
visited  the  region.  The  romance  has 
been  translated  into  English  by  Duncan 
Forbes. — Mohammedan  Mythology. 

The  mountain  of  Kfll  surrounds  the  whole  world.  It 
is  composed  of  one  entire  emerald.  Beyond  it  there 
are  forty  other  worlds,  entirely  different  to  this  ;  each 
of  the  forty  worlds  has  400,000  cities,  and  each  city 
<oo,ooc  gates.  The  inhabitants  of  these  cities  are 
entirely  exempt  from  all  the  sufferings  of  the  race  of 
man ;  the  day  there  has  no  night,  the  earth  is  gold,  and 
the  inhabitants  angels,  who  sing  without  ceasing  tli* 
praises  of  Allah  ana  his  prophet. 


KAF. 

The  mountain  KAf  is  placed  between  the  horns  of 
t  white  ox,  named  K  imit.  The  head  of  this  ox  touches 
the  east,  and  his  hind  parts  the  west,  and  the  distance 
between  these  horns  could  not  be  traversed  in  100,000 
yeiTS.—Comte  dt  Cay/us  :  Oriental  Tales  ("  History  of 
Abdal  MotaUeb,"  1743). 

The  mountain  of  KSf  may  set  bounds  to  the  world, 
but  not  to  the  wishes  of  the  ambitious.— CowiAf  de 
Caylus  :  Oriental  TaUs  ("  Dakianos  and  the  Seven 
Sleepers,"  1743)- 

From  Kaf  to  Kaf,  from  one  extremity 
of  the  earth  to  the  other.  The  sun  was 
supposed  to  rise  from  one  of  its  eminences 
and  to  set  on  the  opposite. 

The  mountain  of  K4f  may  tremble,  but  the  power  of 
Allah  reraaineth  fast  for  ever  and  csitx.—Beck/ord  : 
P'athek  (1784). 

Kaf,  a  fountain,  the  waters  of  which 
confer  immortality  on  the  drinker. 

Sure  his  lips 
Have  drunk  of  Kaf  s  dark  fountain,  and  he  comes 
Strong  in  his  immortality. 

Southey  :  Roderick,  etc.,  xxv.  (1814!. 

Kail,  a  prince  of  Ad,  sent  to  Mecca  to 
pray  for  rain.  Three  clouds  appeared, 
a  white  one,  a  red  one,  and  a  black  one, 
and  Kail  was  bidden  to  make  his  choice. 
He  chose  the  last,  but  when  the  cloud 
burst,  instead  of  rain  it  cast  out  lightning, 
which  killed  him. — Sale  :  Al  Kordn,  vii. 
note. 

Kail'yal  {2  syl.),  the  lovely  and  holy 
daughter  of  Ladur'lad,  persecuted  re- 
lentlessly by  Ar'valan;  but  virtue  and 
chastity,  in  the  person  of  Kailyal,  always 
triumphed  over  sin  and  lust.  When 
Arvalan  "in  the  flesh"  attempted  to 
dishonour  Kailyal,  he  was  slain  by  La- 
durlad  ;  but  he  then  continued  his  attacks 
"  out  of  the  flesh."  Thus,  when  Kailyal 
was  taken  to  the  Bower  of  Bliss  by  a 
benevolent  spirit,  Arvalan  borrowed  the 
dragon-car  of  the  witch  Lor'rimite  {3 
syl.)  to  drag  him  thence ;  the  dragons, 
however,  unable  to  mount  to  paradise, 
landed  him  in  a  region  of  thick-ribbed 
ice  Again,  Kailyal,  being  obliged  to 
quit  the  Bower,  was  made  the  bride  of 
Taga-naut,  and  when  Arvalan  presented 
himself  before  her  again,  she  set  fire 
to  the  pagoda,  and  was  carried  from  the 
flames  by  her  father,  who  was  dharmed 
from  fire  as  well  as  water.  Lastly,  while 
waiting  for  her  father's  return  from  the 
submerged  city,  whither  he  had  gone 
to  release  Ereen'ia  (3  jy/. ),  Arvalan  once 
more  appeared,  but  was  seized  by  Baly, 
the  governor  of  hell,  and  cast  into  the 
bottomless  pit.  Having  descended  to  hell, 
Kailyal  quaffed  the  water  of  immortahty, 
and  was  taken  by  Ereenia  to  his  Bower 
of  Bliss,  to  dwell  with  him  for  ever  in 
endless  joy. — Southey:  Curse  of  Kehama 
(1809). 


561  KASHAN. 

Kaimes  [Lord),  one  of  the  two  judges 
in  Peter  Peebles's  la wsuit.—-Sz>  W.  Scott: 
Redgauntlet  (time,  George  HI.). 

Kalas'rade  (3  syl.),  the  virtuous 
wife  of  Sadak,  persecuted  by  the  sultan 
Am'urath.  (See  Sadak.)— .^?rf/<?y.-  Tales 
of  the  Genii,  xi.  (1751). 

Kaled.  Gulnare  (2  ry/.)  disguised  as 
a  page,  in  the  service  of  Lara.  After 
Lara  is  shot,  she  haunts  the  spot  of  his 
death  as  a  crazed  woman,  and  dies  at 
length  of  a  broken  heart. 

Light  was  his  form,  and  darkly  delicate 
That  brow  whereon  his  native  sun  had  sate  .  .  . 
And  the  wild  sparkle  oi  his  eye  seemed  caught 
From  high,  and  lightened  with  electric  thought ; 
Tho'  its  black  orb  those  long  low  lashes  fringe 
Had  tempered  with  a  melancholy  tinge. 

Byron  :  Lara  (1814). 

Kalemberg  ( The  curd  of),  a  recueil 
of  facetiae.  The  escapades  of  a  young 
student  made  a  chaplain  in  the  Austrian 
court.  He  sets  at  defiance  and  torments 
every  one  he  encounters,  and  ends  in 
being  court  fool  to  Otho  the  Gay,  grand- 
son of  Rudolf  of  Hapsburg. — German 
Poem  (fifteenth  century). 

Kalyb,  "the  Lady  of  the  Woods," 
who  stole  St.  George  from  his  nurse, 
brought  him  up  as  her  own  child,  and 
endowed  him  with  gifts.  St.  George 
enclosed  her  in  a  rock,  where  she  was 
torn  to  pieces  by  spirits. — Johnson  :  Seven 
Champions  of  Christendom,  i.  (1617), 

Ka'ma,  the  Hundii  god  of  love.  He 
rides  on  a  sparrow,  the  symbol  of  lust  ; 
holds  in  his  hand  a  bow  of  sugar-cane 
strung  with  bees;  and  has  five  arrows, 
one  for  each  of  the  five  senses. 

Her  ebony  brows  have  the  form  of  the  bow  of  Kama, 
the  god  of  love,  and  she  seems  to  have  been  modelled 

by  the  hand  of  Vicvarcama,  the  immortal  sculptor. 

OcafUddaul:  Description  of  queen  Ahmehmagara. 

Karma,  the  necessary  effect  of  a 
cause,  when  not  interfered  with  by  any- 
thing. It  is,  therefore,  natural  justice  : 
"As  you  sow  so  you  must  reap."  (See 
Nirvana.) 

Karun,  son  of  Yeshar  or  Izhar,  uncle 
of  Moses,  the  most  beautiful  and  wealthy 
of  all  the  Israelites. 

Riches  of  Kar^n,  an  Arabic  and  Jewish 
proverb.  The  Jews  say  that  KarCin  had 
a  large  palace,  the  doors  of  which  were  of 
sohd  gold.— 5a/«.-  Al  Koran,  xxviii. 

(This  Kartln  is  the  Korah  of  the 
Pentateuch. ) 

Kashan  [Scorpions  of).  Kashan,  in 
Persia,  is  noted  for  its  scorpions,  which 
are  both  large  and  venomous.    A  common 


KATE. 

curse  in  Persia  is,  May  you  he  stung  by  a 
scorpion  of  Kashan  I 

Kate  [Plowden],  niece  of  colonel 
Howard  of  New  York,  in  love  with 
lieutenant  Barnstable  of  the  British 
navy,  but  promised  by  the  colonel  in 
marriage  to  captain  Boroughcliff,  a 
vulgar,  conceited  Yankee.  Ultimately, 
it  is  discovered  that  Barnstable  is  the 
colonel's  son,  and  the  marriage  is 
arranged  amicably  between  Barnstable 
2SidiY.2,\Q.—Fitzball:  The  Pilot. 

Kate  Kearney  SjCar'-ney'],  an  Irish 
song,  by  lady  Morgan  of  Dublin  {1797). 

Oh  I  did  you  ne'er  hear  of  Kate  Kearney? 
She  lives  on  the  banks  of  Killarney ; 
From  the  glance  of  her  eye,  shun  danger  and  fly. 
For  fatal's  the  glance  of  Kate  Kearney. 

Stanza  L 

Katerfelto,  a  celebrated  quack;  a 
generic  name  for  a  quack. — Cowper  :  The 
Task,  bk.  iv.  ("Winter  Evening,"  ver.  86). 

Kathari'ua,  the  elder  daughter  of 
Baptista  of  Padua.  She  was  of  such  an 
ungovernable  spirit  and  fiery  temper, 
that  she  was  nicknamed  "The  Shrew." 
As  it  was  very  unlikely  any  gentleman 
would  select  such  a  spitfire  for  his  wife, 
Baptista  made  a  vow  that  his  younger 
daughter  Bianca  should  not  be  allowed 
to  marry  before  her  sister.  Petruchio 
married  Katharina  and  tamed  her  into 
a  most  submissive  wife,  insomuch  that 
when  she  visited  her  father  a  bet  was 
made  by  Petruchio  and  two  other  bride- 
grooms on  their  three  brides.  First 
Lucentio  sent  a  servant  to  Bianca  to 
desire  her  to  come  into  the  room  ;  but 
Bianca  sent  word  that  she  was  busy. 
Hortensio  next  sent  the  servant  ' '  to 
entreat "  his  bride  to  come  to  him ;  but 
she  replied  that  Hortensio  had  better 
come  to  her  if  he  wanted  her.  Petruchio 
said  to  the  servant,  "Tell  your  mistress 
I  command  her  to  come  to  me  at  once ;  " 
she  came  at  once,  and  Petruchio  won  the 
bet.  — Shakespeare  :  Taming  uf  the  Shrew 
(1594)- 

Katliarine,  a  lady  in  attendance  on 
the  princess  of  France.  Dumain,  a  young 
lord  in  the  suite  of  Ferdinand  king  of 
Navarre,  asks  her  hand  in  marriage,  and 
she  replies — 

A  twelvemonth  and  a  day 
111  mark  no  words  that  smooth-faced  wooers  say. 
C  jme  then  .  .  . 
^      And  if  I  have  much  love.  111  give  you  some. 

Shakespeare :  Love's  Labour's  Lost  (iS94). 

Katharine  {Qi^een),  the  divorced  wife 
of  Henry  VIII. — Shakespeare  :  Henry 
Vin.  (1601). 


562  KAVANAGH. 

The  following  actresses  are  celebrated  for  their 
impersonations  of  this  character :  —  Mrs.  Pritchard 
(1711-1768) ;  Margaret  [Peg]  Woffington  (1718-1760) ; 
Mrs.  Siddons  (17SS-1831) ;  Mrs.  Barley  (1785-1850). 

Katherine  de  Medici  of  China, 

Voo-chee,  widow  of  king  Tae-tsong, 
She  was  most  imperious  and  cruel,  but 
her  energy  was  irresistible  (684-705). 

Kathleen  Mavoumeen.  Words 
by  Mrs.  Crawford,  music  by  Frederick 
William  NichoUs  Crouch,  who  died  1896. 
He  was  bom  in  1808  at  Warren  Street, 
St.  Pancras.  The  song  first  appeared  in 
Chapman's  Metropolitan  Monthly  Maga- 
zine. Crouch  obtained  ;^ioo  for  the 
"performing  rights"  of  this  song,  and 
Mrs.  Crawford  £20  for  the  words  of  this 
and  three  other  songs,  viz.  Dermot 
Astore/  Sheila,  my  Darling  Colleen  ;  and 
The  Death  of  Dermott  (on  the  Field  of 
Waterloo). 

Katin'ka,  a  Georgian,  "white  and 
red,  with  great  blue  eyes,  a  lovely  hand 
and  arm,  and  feet  so  small  they  scarce 
seemed  made  to  tread,  but  rather  skim 
the  earth."  She  was  one  of  the  three 
beauties  of  the  harem,  into  which  don 
Juan  was  admitted  in  female  disguise. 
The  other  two  were  Lolah  and  Dudil. — 
Byron:  Don  Juan,  vi.  40,  41  (1824). 

Katmir',     the    dog    of    the     lerven 

sleepers.  It  spoke  with  a  human  voice, 
and  said  to  the  young  men  who  wanted 
to  drive  it  out  of  the  cave,  ' '  I  love  those 
who  love  God.  Go  to  sleep,  masters,  and 
I  will  keep  guard."  The  dog  kept  guard 
over  them  for  309  years,  and  neither 
slept  nor  ate.  At  death  it  was  taken  up 
into  paradise.  —Sale  :  Al  Koran,  xviii. 
notes. 

(Katmir,  in  the  Oriental  Tales,  is 
called  "  Catnier.") 

The  shepherd  had  a  little  dog  named  Catnier  [sic] 
that  followed  them.  They  threw  a  stone  at  him  to 
drive  him  back ;  the  stone  broke  his  left  leg,  but  th« 
dog  still  followed  them,  limping.  They  then  threw 
another  stone  at  the  dog,  and  broke  his  right  fore  leg. 
It  now  foSowed  them  on  its  two  hind  legs,  and  a  third 
stone  having  broken  one  of  these,  the  poor  creature 
could  no  longer  stand.  God  now  gave  it  the  gift  of 
speech,  ...  at  which  they  were  so  astonished  that 
they  carried  it  with  them  by  turns.— Comte  de  Cayltis  : 
Oriental  Tales  ("  Dakianos  and  the  Seven  Sleepers," 
1743). 

He  wouldn't  give  a  bone  to  Katmir,  or 
He  wouldn't  throw  a  bone  to  the  dog  of  the 
seven  sleepers,  an  Arabic  proverb,  applied 
to  a  very  niggardly  man. 

Kavanagh,  a  novel  by  Longfellow 
(1849).  Kavanagh  is  a  clergyman  who 
marries  Cecilia  Vaughan. 


KAY. 

Kay  (Sir),  son  of  sir  Ector,  and  foster- 
brother  of  prince  Arthur,  who  made  him 
his  seneschal  or  steward.  Sir  Kay  was 
ill-terapered,  mean-spirited,  boastful,  and 
overbearing.  He  had  not  strength  of 
mind  enough  to  be  a  villain  like  Hagen, 
nor  strength  of  passion  enough  to  be  a 
traitor  likeGanelon  and  Mordred;  but  he 
could  detract  and  calumniate,  could  be 
envious  and  spiteful,  could  annoy  and 
irritate.  His  wit  consisted  in  giving 
nicknames  :  Thus  he  called  young  Gareth 
"Big  Hands"  (Beaumams) ,  "  because  his 
hands  were  the  largest  that  ever  any  one 
had  be^n."  He  called  sir  Brewnor  *'  The 
Shocking  Bad  Cosit"(La  Cote  Male-taili), 
because  his  doublet  fitted  him  so  badly, 
and  was  full  of  sword-cuts. — Sir  T. 
Malory:  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  3, 
4,  120,  etc,  (1470).     (See  Key.) 

(Tennyson  introduces  sir  Kay  in  his 
Idylls  0/ the  King.) 

Eayward,  the  name  of  the  hare  in 
the  beast-epic  of  Reynard  the  Fox  (1498). 

Keblah,  the  point  towards  which 
Mohammedans  turn  their  faces  in  prayer. 

Kecksey,  a  wheezy  old  wittol,  who 
pretends  to  like  a  termagant  wife  who 
can  flirt  with  other  men — ugh,  ugh  1 — he 
loves  high  spirits — ugh,  ugh  ! — and  to  see 
his  wife — ugh,  ugh  !— happy  and  scamper- 
ing about — ugh,  ugh  ! — to  theatres  and 
balls — ugh,  ugli ! — he  likes  to  hear  her 
laugh — ugh,  ugh  ! — and  enjoy  herself — 
ugh.  ugh  1  Oh  I  this  troublesome  cough  I 
—  ugh,  ugh  !  —  Garrick  :  The  Irish 
Widow  (17  :)7). 

Ee'derli,  the  St.  George  of  Moham- 
medan mythology.  Like  St.  George,  he 
slew  a  monstrous  dragon  to  save  a  damsel 
exposed  to  its  fury,  and,  having  drunk  of 
the  water  of  life,  rode  through  the  world 
to  aid  those  who  were  oppressed, 

Keelavine  (Mr.),  painter  at  the  Spa 
hotel.— .S"t>  14^.  Scott:  St.  Ronan's  Well 
(time,  George  III.). 

Seeue  (Abel),  a  village  schoolmaster, 
afterwards  a  merchant's  clerk.  Being  led 
astray,  he  lost  his  place  and  hanged 
himself. — Crabbe:  Borough,  xxi.  (i8io). 

Keepers  (of  Piers  Plowman's  visions), 
the  Malvern  Hills.  Piers  Plowman  (W. 
or  R.  Langland,  1362)  supposes  himself 
fallen  asleep  on  the  Malvern  Hills,  and 
in  his  dream  he  sees  various  visions  of 
an  allegorical  character  pass  before  him. 
These  "  visions  "  he  put  into  poetry,  the 
whole  containing  15,000  verses,  divided 


563 


KENGE. 


into  twenty  parts,  each  part  being  called 
a  passus  or  separate  vision. 

Keepers  of  Piers  Plowman's  yision,  thro'  the  sunshine 
and  the  snow. 

Mrs.  Brruminz  :  Th*  Lest  Sow*r. 

Kelta'xua,  the  almighty  rajah  of 
earth,  and  all-powerful  in  Swerga  or 
heaven.  After  a  long  tyranny,  he  went 
to  Pan'dalon  (hell)  to  claim  domination 
there  also.  Kehama  demanded  why  the 
throne  of  Yamen  (or  Pluto)  was  supported 
by  only  three  persons,  and  was  told  that 
he  himself  must  be  the  fourth.  He  paid 
no  heed  to  this  prophecy,  but  commanded 
the  amreeta-cup  or  draught  of  immortality 
to  be  brought  to  him,  that  he  might  quaff 
it  and  reign  for  ever.  Now,  there  are  two 
immortalities— the  immortality  of  life  for 
the  good,  and  the  immortality  of  death 
for  the  wicked.  When  Kehama  drank 
the  amreeta,  he  drank  immortal  death, 
and  was  forced  to  bend  his  proud  neck 
beneath  the  throne  of  Yamen,  to  become 
the  fourth  supporter. — Southey  :  Curse  of 
Kehama  ( 1809). 

• . "  Ladurlad  was  the  person  subjected 
to  the  "curse  of  Kehama,"  and  under 
that  name  the  story  will  be  found. 

Kela,  now  called  Calabar. 

Sailing  with  a  fair  wind,  we  reached  Kela  in  six  days, 
and  landed.  Here  we  found  lead-mines,  some  Indian 
canes,  and  excellent  ca.xap\iOT.  —  Arabian  Nights 
("  Sinbad,"  fourth  voyage). 

Keltie  (Old:),  innkeeper  at  Kinross.— 
Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Abbot  (time,  Eliza- 
beth). 

Kempfer-Hansen,  Robert  Peaiise 
Gillies,  oneof  the  speakers  in  the  "  Noctes 
Ambrosianae." — Blackwood's  Magazine. 

Kendah,  an  Arabian  tribe,  which 
used  to  bury  alive  their  female  children 
as  soon  as  they  were  born.  The  Kordn 
refers  to  them  in  ch.  vi, 

Kenehn  (St.)  was  murdered  at 
Clente-in-Cowbage,  near  Winchelcumb, 
in  Gloucestershire  ;  but  the  murder  "  was 
miraculously  notified  at  Rome  by  a  white 
dove,"  which  alighted  on  the  altar  of  St. 
Peter's,  bearing  in  its  beak  a  scroll  with 
these  words — 

In  Clent  cow-pasture,  under  a  thorn. 
Of  head  bereft,  lies  Kenclm  king-bom. 
Ro^er  dt  IVendn'tr  :    Chronicles  (died  1237). 

Kenelm  Chillingly,  a  novel  by 
lord  Lytton  (1873). 

Kenge  (i  syl.),  of  the  firm  of  Kenge 
and  Carboy,  Lincoln's  Inn,  generally 
called  "Conversation  Kenge,"  loving 
above  all  things  to  hear  "  the  dulcet 
tones  of  his  own  voice."     The  firm  was 


KENILWORTH. 

engaged  on  the  side  of  Mr.  Jarndyce  in 
the  great  Chancery  suit  of  "Jarndyce  v, 
Jarndyce." — Dickens:  Bleak  House  {1852). 

Kenilworth,  a  novel  by  sir  W. 
Scott  (1821).  This  is  very  superior  to 
The  Abbot  and  The  Monastery.  For 
interest  it  comes  next  to  Ivanhoe,  and 
the  portrait  of  queen  Elizabeth  is  hfe- 
like  and  correct.  That  of  queen  Mary 
is  given  in  The  Abbot.  The  novel  is  full 
of  courtly  gaieties  and  splendour,  but 
contains  the  unhappy  tale  of  the  beautiful 
Amy  Robsart,  which  cannot  fail  to  excite 
our  sympathy  and  pity. 

The  tale  is  about  the  infidelity  of  the 
earl  of  Leicester  and  the  death  of  his 
wife,  Amy  Robsart.  Queen  Elizabeth 
went  to  Kenilworth  Castle  on  a  visit  to 
the  earl  of  Leicester,  who  wished  and 
hoped  to  become  king-consort,  but  Amy 
Robsart  was  in  the  way.  The  queen, 
having  heard  about  Amy,  requested  to 
see  her,  but  Varney  (the  earl's  master-of- 
Ihe-house)  assured  her  majesty  that  Amy 
(whom  he  called  his"  wife)  was  too  ill  to 
enter  the  royal  presence.  Matters  were 
now  so  complicated  and  dangerous  that 
Varney  induced  the  earl  to  send  Amy  a 
cup  of  poison  to  make  away  with  her. 
She  was  compelled  to  drink  the  di-aught, 
but  its  fatal  effects  were  neutralized  by  an 
antidote.  Amy  now  made  her  escape 
from  the  castle,  and  took  refuge  in 
Cumnor  Place,  a  seat  belonging  to  the 
earl.  Here  Varney  inveigled  her  into  a 
dark  passage,  under  pretence  that  the 
earl  was  waiting  for  her.  She  rushed 
forwards  to  meet  her  husband,  and,  falling 
through  a  secret  trap  into  an  abyss,  was 
killed. 

Kexma,  daughter  of  king  ObSron, 
who  fell  in  love  with  Albion  son  of  the 
island  king.  According  to  this  fable, 
"  Kensington  Garden"  is  Kenna's-town- 
garden. — Ticket  I :  Kensington  Garden 
(died  1740).    (See  Kensington.) 

Kennalitwhar  ["  /  know  not 
'U}here"\  the  capital  of  Noman's-land, 
91"  north  latitude  and  181°  west  longitude, 

A  chronicler  of  Kennahtwhar  of  literary  mystery, 
The  Conquest  of  Granada  left  in  manuscript  for  history. 
The  Queen  ("  Double  Acrostic,"  1878). 

(This  chronicler  was  "Fray  Antonio 
Agapida,"  the  hypothetical  author  of  The 
Co.iquest  of  Grana! da,  by  W.  Irving.) 

Eenna-qnliair  [Scotch,  "/  don't 
know  where  "],  an  hypothetical  locality. 

Melrose  may  in  general  pass  for  Kennaquhair.— sSt'r 
W.Scott. 


564  KENT. 

Kennedy  {Frank),  an  excise  ofiicer, 
who  shows  Mr.  G.  Godfrey  Bertram,  the 
laird  of  EUangowan  and  a  magistrate, 
the  smuggler's  vessel  chased  by  a  war- 
sloop.  The  smugglers  afterwards  murder 
him. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  Guy  Mannering 
(timcf  George  II.). 

Kenneth  {Sir),  '•  Knight  of  the 
Leopard,"  a  disguise  assumed  by  David 
earl  of  Huntingdon,  prince  royal  of 
Scotland.— 5i>  W.  Scott:  The  Talisman 
(time,  Richard  I.). 

Kenrick  {Felix),  the  old  foster- 
father  of  Caroline  Dormer.  His  wife 
Judith  was  her  nurse.  Kenrick,  an 
Irishman,  clings  to  his  mistress  in  all 
her  misfortunes,  and  proves  himself  a 
most  attached,  disinterested,  and  faithful 
old  servant. — Colman  :  The  Heir-at-Law 
(1797)- 

Kensin^on,  according  to  Tickell's 
fable,  is  so  called  from  the  fairy  Kenna, 
daughter  of  king  Obgron.  The  tale  is 
that  prince  Albion  was  stolen  by  Milkah 
the  fairy,  and  carried  to  Kensington. 
When  19  years  old,  he  fell  in  love  with 
Kenna  ;  but  Oberon  was  so  angry  at  this 
engagement,  that  he  drove  Albion  out  of 
the  garden,  and  compelled  Kenna  to 
marry  Azuriel,  a  fairy  from  Holland 
Park.  Albion  laid  his  complaint  before 
Neptune,  who  sent  Oriel  with  a  fairy 
army  against  Oberon.  In  this  battle 
Albion  was  slain,  and  Neptune,  in 
revenge,  utterly  destroyed  the  whole 
empire.  The  fairies,  being  dispersed, 
betook  themselves  to  the  hills  and  dales, 
the  caves  and  mines.  Kenna  poured 
juice  of  the  herb  moly  over  the  dead 
body  of  Albion,  and  the  unhappy  prince 
was  changed  thus  into  a  snowdrop. — 
Tickell :  Kensington  Garden  (died  1740). 

Kent.  According  to  fable,  Kent  is  so 
called  from  Can'ute,  one  of  the  com- 
panions of  Brute  the  Trojan  wanderer, 
who,  according  to  Geoffrey's  British 
History,  settled  in  England,  and  founded 
a  dynasty  of  kings.  Canute  had  that 
part  of  the  island  assigned  to  him  which 
was  called  Canutium,  contracted  into 
Can'tium,  and  again  into  Cant  or  Kent. 

But  Canute  had  his  portion  from  the  rest. 
The  which  he  called  Canutium,  for  his  hire. 
Now  Cantium,  which  Kent  we  commonly  inquire. 
Spenser :  Fairie  Queene,  II.  x.  12  (1590). 

Kent  {Earl  of),  under  the  assumed 
name  of  Caius,  attended  upon  the  old  king 
Lear,  when  his  two  elder  daughters  re- 
fused  to  entertain  him  with  his  suite. 


KENT.  565 

He  afterwards  took  him  to  Dover  Castle. 
When  the  old  king  was  dying,  he  could 
not  be  made  to  understand  how  Caius  and 
Kent  could  be  the  same  person. — Shake- 
speare: King  Lear  (1605). 

Kent  [The  Fair  Maid  of ),  Joan,  only 
daughter  of  Edmund  Plantagenet  earl  of 
Kent.  She  married  thrice:  (i)  William 
de  Montacute  earl  of  Salisbury,  from 
whom  she  was  divorced  ;  (2)  sir  Thomas 
Holland ;  and  (3)  her  second  cousin, 
Edward  the  Black  Prince,  by  whom  she 
became  the  mother  of  Richard  II. 

Eentish  man  {A),  those  of  West 
Kent ;  the  natives  of  East  Kent  call 
themselves  "  Men  of  Kent."  This  is  the 
distinction  given  by  my  father,  who  was 
a  "man  of  Kent,"  many  generations  in 
descent. 

Kenwigs  [Mr.),  a  turner  in  ivory, 
ftnd  "a  monstrous  genteel  man."  He 
toadies  Mr.  Lillyvick,  his  wife's  uncle, 
from  whom  he  has  "expectations." 

Mrs.  Kenwigs,  wife  of  the  above,  con- 
sidered "quite  a  lady,"  as  she  has  an 
uncle  who  collects  the  water-rates  and 
sends  her  daughter  Moleena  to  a  day 
school. 

The  Misses  Kemvigs,  pupils  of  Nicholas 
Nickleby,  remarkable  for  wearing  their 
hair  in  long  braided  tails  down  their 
backs,  the  ends  being  tied  with  bright 
ribbons. — Dickens  :  Nicholas  Nickleby 
(1838). 

Kera  Klian,  a  gallant  and  generous 
Tartar  chief  in  a  war  between  the  Poles 
and  the  Tartars.— J.  P.  Kemble:  Lodoiska 
(a  melodrame). 

Eems,  light-armed  Irish  foot-soldiers. 
The  word  [Kigheyren)  means  "a  hell 
shower ; "  so  called  because  they  were  hell- 
rakes  or  the  "  devil's  black-guard."  (See 
Gallovv^GLASSES,  p.  ap-2.)—Stanihurst : 
Description  of  Ireland,  viii.  28. 

Eesclie'tioucli,  the  sheplierd  who 
joined  the  six  Greek  slaves  of  Ephesus, 
and  was  one  of  the  "  seven  sleepers." 

Keschetiouch' s  Dog,  Catnier,  called  by 
Sale,  in  his  notes  to  the  Koran,  "  Kat- 
mir." — Comte  de  Caylus  :  Oriental  Tales 
("  History  of  Dakianos,"  1743). 

Kes'teven.  Lincolnshire  is  divided 
into  Lindsey,  the  highest  lands ;  Kesteven, 
the  heaths  (west) ;  and  Holland,  the  fens. 

Quoth  Kesteven  .  .  .  how  I  hate 
Thus  of  her  foggy  fens  to  hear  rude  Holland  prate  t 
Drayton  ;  Polyolbion,  xxv.  (1622). 


KEY  AND  BIBLE. 

Kettle  of  Pish  [A  Pretty),  a  pretty 
muddle,  a  bad  job.  A  corruption  of 
Kiddle  of  fish.  A  kiddle  is  a  basket  set 
in  the  opening  of  a  weir  for  catching  fish. 
(French,  quideau.) 

Kettle-drum,  a  corruption  of  Kiddle- 
drum,  a  drum  in  the  shape  of  a  kiddle  or 
basket  employed  for  catching  fish  {v.s.). 

Kettledrummle  [Gabriel),  a  cove- 
nanter preacher. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Old 
Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Kenser,  one  of  the  rivers  of  Ma- 
homet's paradise,  the  waters  whereof  are 
sweeter  than  new  milk. 

He  who  has  seen  the  garden  of  thy  beauty,  O  ador- 
able princess,  would  not  change  his  ravishment  for 
a  draught  of  the  water  of  Keuser. — Comte  de  Caylus: 
Oriental  Tales  ("  The  Basket."  1743). 

Kevin  [St.),  a  young  man  who  went 
to  live  on  a  sohtary  rock  at  Glendalough, 
in  Wicklow.  This  he  did  to  flee  from 
Kath'leen,  who  loved  him,  and  whose  eyes 
he  feared  his  heart  would  not  be  able 
to  resist.  Kathleen  tracked  him,  and 
while  he  slept  ' '  bent  over  him  ;  "  but, 
starting  from  his  sleep,  the  "  holy  man  " 
cast  the  girl  from  the  rock  into  the  sea, 
which  her  ghost  haunted  amidst  the 
sounds  of  sweet  music. — Moore  :  Irish 
Melodies,  iv.  ("  By  that  Lake  ..."  1814). 

Key  [Sir),  son  of  sir  Ector  the  foster- 
father  of  prince  Arthur.  He  was  Arthur  s 
seneschal,  and  is  represented  as  ruie 
and  boastful.  Sir  Gaw'ain  is  the  type  of 
courtesy,  sir  Launcelot  of  chivalry,  sir 
Mordred  of  treachery,  sir  Galahad  of 
chastity,  sir  Mark  of  cowardice.  (See 
Kay.) 

Key  and  Bible,  used  for  the  detec- 
tion of  thieves.  A  key  is  placed  over  an 
open  Bible  at  the  words,  "  Whither  thou 
goest,  I  will  go  "  [Ruth  i.  16) ;  and,  the 
fingers  of  the  person  being  held  so  as  to 
form  a  cross,  the  text  is  repeated.  The 
names  of  suspected  persons  are  then  pro- 
nounced in  succession,  and  when  the  name 
of  the  thief  is  uttered,  the  key  jumps  and 
dances  about.  An  instance  of  this  method 
of  thief-finding  was  brought  before  the 
magistrates  at  the  borough  petty  sessions 
at  Ludlow,  in  January,  1879. 

A  married  woman,  named  Mary  Collier,  was  charged 
with  using  abusive  and  insulting  language  to  her  neigh- 
bour, Eliza  Oliver ;  and  the  complainant,  in  her  state- 
ment to  the  magistrates,  said  that  on  December  27  she 
•was  engaged  in  carrying  water,  when  Mrs.  Collier 
stopped  her,  and  stated  that  another  neighbour  had 
had  a  sheet  stolen,  and  had  "turned  the  key  on  the 
Bible  near  several  houses ;  that  when  it  came  to  her 
(Oliver's)  house,  the  key  moved  of  itself,  and  that  when 
complainant's  name  was  mentioned  the  key  and  the 
Book  turned  completely  round,  and  fell  out  of  their 
hands."    She  also  stated  that  the  owner  of  the  sheet 


KEY  OF  RUSSIA. 


566 


KILDARE. 


then  inquired  trom  tlie  key  and  the  Boole  whether  the 
theft  was  committed  at  dark  or  daylight,  and  the  reply 
was  "daylight."    Defendant  then  called  complainant 

"A daylight  thief,"  and  charged  her  with  stealing 

the  sheet. — Newspaper  paragraph,  (January,  1879). 

Key  of  Russia,  Smolensk,  on  the 
Dnieper.  Famous  for  its  resistance  to 
Napoleon  L  in  1812. 

Key  of  the  Mediterranean,  the 

fortress  of  Gibraltar,  which  commands 
the  entrance  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 

Keys  of  Knowledgfe.  Five  things 
are  known  to  God  alone  :  (i)  The  time  of 
the  day  of  judgment ;  (2)  the  time  of 
rain  ;  (3J  the  sex  of  an  animal  before 
birth ;  (4)  what  will  happen  on  the 
morrow ;  {5)  where  any  one  will  die. 
These  the  Arabs  call  the  five  keys  of  secret 
knowledge, — Sale:  Al  Koran,  xxxi.  note. 

(The  five  senses  are  called  "The  five 
doors  of  knowledge."  No.  2  is  certainly 
knowable  to  science ;  and  No.  5  is  too 
general. ) 

Keyue  \Keen\  or  St.  Keyna,  daughter 
of  Braga'nus  prince  of  Garthmatrin  or 
Brecon,  called  "  Keyna  the  Virgin." 
Her  sister  Melaria  was  the  mother  of  St. 
David.  Many  nobles  sought  her  in 
marriage,  but  she  refused  them  all,  being 
resolved  to  live  and  die  a  virgin.  She 
retired  to  a  spot  near  the  Severn,  which 
abounded  with  serpents,  but  at  her  prayer 
they  were  all  turned  into  Ammonites, 
and  "abide  to  this  day."  Subsequently 
she  removed  to  Mount  St.  Michael,  and 
by  her  prayer  a  spring  of  healing  waters 
burst  out  of  the  earth,  and  whoever 
drinks  first  of  this  water  after  marriage 
will  become  the  dominant  house-power. 
"Now,"  says  Southey,  "a  Cornishman 
took  his  bride  to  church,  and  the  moment 
the  ring  was  on  ran  up  the  mount  to 
drink  of  the  mystic  water.  Down  he 
came  in  full  glee  to  tell  his  bride ;  but  the 
bride  said,  '  My  good  man,  I  brought  a 
bottle  of  the  water  to  church  with  me, 
and  drank  of  it  before  you  started.'  " — 
Soutltey:  The  Well  of  St.  AVy««  (1798). 

Khadijali,  daughter  of  Khowailed ; 
Mahomet's  first  wife,  and  one  of  the  four 
perfect  women.  The  other  three  are 
Fatima,  the  prophet's  daughter ;  Mary, 
daughter  of  Imran  ;  and  Asia,  wife  of 
the  Pharaoh  drowned  in  the  Red  Sea. 

K'b.a'wla,  one  of  the  sorceresses  in 
the  caves  of  Dom-Daniel,  "under  the 
roots  of  the  ocean. "  She  is  called  "the 
woman-fiend,"  "fiercest  of  the  enchanter 
brood."  She  had  heard  that  one  of  the 
race  of  Hodei'rah  (3  syl.)  would  be  their 


destruction,  so  Okba  was  sent  forth  to 
cut  off  the  whole  race.  He  succeeded  in 
killing  eight,  but  one  named  Thal'aba 
escaped.  Abdaldar  was  chosen  to  hunt 
him  up  and  kill  him.  He  found  the  boy 
in  an  Arab's  tent,  and  raised  the  dagger, 
but  ere  the  blow  fell,  the  murderer  him- 
self was  killed  by  the  death-angel. — 
Southey  ;  Thalaba  the  Destroyer  {1797). 

Khid'ir  or  Chidder,  the  tutelary  god 
of  voyagers  ;  his  brother  Elias  is  the  tute- 
lary god  of  travellers.  The  two  brothers 
meet  once  a  year  at  Mina,  near  Mecca. — 
Mouradgea  dOhsson:  History  of  the  Otto- 
man Empire  (1821). 

Khorassan  ^The  Veiled  Prophet  of ), 
Mokanna,  a  prophet-chief,  who  wore  a 
veil  under  pretence  of  shading  the 
dazzling  light  of  his  countenance.  The 
truth  is,  he  had  lost  an  eye,  and  his  face 
was  otherwise  disfigured  in  battle.  Mo- 
kanna assumed  to  be  a  god,  and  main- 
tained that  he  had  been  Adam,  Noah, 
and  other  representative  men.  When  the 
sultan  Mahadi  environed  him  so  that 
escape  was  impossible,  the  prophet  poi- 
soned all  his  followers  at  a  banquet,  and 
then  threw  himself  into  a  burning  acid, 
which  wholly  consumed  his  \)0^\ .—Moore  : 
Lai  la  Rookh  ( ' '  The  Veiled  Prophet,  etc. , " 
1817). 

Kickleburys  on  the  Rhine  { The), 
"  A  Christmas  Book,"  by  Thackeray 
(1851). 

Kifri,  a  giant  and  enchanter,  the 
impersonation  of  atheism  and  blasphemy. 
After  some  frightful  blasphemies,  he  hurled 
into  the  air  a  huge  rock,  which  fell  on 
himself  and  killed  him,  "for  self-murderers 
are  generally  infidels  or  atheists." — Sir 
C.  Morell  [J.  Ridley] :  Tales  of  the  Genii 
("The  Enchanter's  Tale,"  vi.,  1751). 

Kil,  in  the  names  of  places,  means  a 
"cell,  cloister,  or  chapeL" 

Kilbarchan  (Scotland),  Kil-bara-cin,  the  kU  on  the 
hill-top. 

Kilcrin  (Ireland),  the  little  kiL 

Kildare  is  Kil-dara,  the  "kil  of  the  oak."  St 
Bridget  built  her  first  cell  under  a  large  oak. 

Kilham  (Yorkshire),  the  chapel  close. 

Kilkenny,  the  kil  or  cloister  of  St.  Kenny  or 
CanicS. 

Kiltnore  (Ireland),  the  big  kil. 

Kilsyth  (Ireland),  the  great  kil  (sythe,  "  great  "). 

IcoltnMill  {ScoxXanA),  is  l<olumb-kil,  i.e.  the  "island 
of  St.  Columb's  cell."  The  Culdee  institutions  of  St. 
Columb  were  established  in  565,  for  the  purpose  of 
converting  the  Picts  to  Christianity. 

Kildare  (2  syl.),  famous  for  the  fire 
of  St.  Bridget,  which  was  never  allowed 
to  go  out.  St.  Bridget  returns  every 
twentieth  yeai  to  tend  to  the  fire  herself. 


KILDERKIN.  567 

Part  of  the  chapel  of  St.   Bridget  still 
remains,  and  is  called  "The  Fire-house." 

Like  the  bright  lamp  that  shone  in  Kildare's  holy  fane, 
And  burned  through  long  ages  of  darkness  and  stonn. 
Moore:  Irish  Melodies,  ili.  ("  Erin,  O  Erin  I  "  1814). 
Apud  Kildariamoccurrit  ignis  Sanctae  Brigidae  quern 
Inextinguebilem  vocant.  —  Giraldus  Cambrensis  ; 
Hibemia,  ii.  34  (1187). 

Kilderkin  {Ned],  keeper  of  an  eating- 
house  at  Greenwich. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time,  James  I. ). 

Eilian  [St.),  an  Irish  missionary  who 
suffered  martyrdom  at  Wiirzburg,  in  689. 
A  cathedral  was  erected  to  his  memory  in 
the  eighth  century. 

Kilian  of  Eersber^,  the  squire  of 
sir  Archibald  von  Hagenbach. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Anne  of  Geierstein  (time,  Edward 
IV.). 

Killed  by  Kindness.  It  is  said 
that  the  ape  not  unfrequently  strangles 
its  young  ones  by  hugging  them  too  hard. 

The  Athenians,  wishing  to  show  honour 
to  Draco  the  law-giver,  showered  on  him 
their  caps  and  cloaks,  and  he  was 
smothered  to  death  by  the  pile  thus 
heaped  upon  him. 

Killing  no  Murder.  Carpentier 
de  Marigny,  the  enemy  of  Mazarin, 
issued,  in  1658,  a  tract  entitled  Tuer  un 
Tyran  n'est  par  un  Crime. 

Sexby  wrote  a  tract  entitled  Killing  no 
Murder,  generally  thought  to  have  been 
the  production  of  William  Allan.  The 
object  of  the  book  was  to  show  that  it 
would  be  no  crime  to  murder  Cromwell. 

Kilmanse|fg  {Miss),  an  heiress  with 
great  expectations,  who  had  an  artificial 
leg  of  solid  gold.— r.  Hood:  Miss  Kil- 
mansegg  and  her  Golden  Leg,  a  Golden 
Legend  (1828). 

KING,  a  title  of  sovereignty  or  honour. 
At  one  time,  crown  tenants  were  called 
kings  or  dukes,  at  the  option  of  the 
sovereign ;  thus,  Frederick  Barbarossa 
made  one  of  his  brothers  a  king-vassal, 
and  another  a  duke- vassal,  simply  by  the 
investiture  of  a  sword.  In  English  his- 
tory, the  lord  of  Man  was  styled  ' '  king ;  " 
so  was  the  lord  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and 
the  lord  of  Connaught,  as  clearly  appears 
in  the  grants  of  John  and  Henry  III. 
Several  examples  might  be  quoted  of 
earls  conferring  the  title  of  "king"  on 
their  vassals. — See  Selden's  Titles  of 
Honour,  iii.  (1614). 

Like  a  King.  When  Porus,  the  Indian 
prince,  was  taken  prisoner,  Alexand"er 
asked  him  how  he  expected  to  be  treated. 


KING. 

"  Like  a  king,"  he  replied ;  and  Alexander 
made  him  his  friend. 

The  Factory  King,  Richard  Oastler 
of  Bradford,  the  successful  advocate  of 
the  "  Ten  Hours  Bill  "  (1789- 1861). 

Since  then  a  clamour  has  arisen  for  the  reduction  to 
eight  hours  (1897). 

The  Railway  King,  George  Hudson  ; 
so  called  by  the  Rev.  Sydney  Smith 
(1800-1871). 

The  Red  King,  the  king  of  Persia ;  so 
called  from  his  red  turban. 

Rufus  of  England,  and  Barbarossa  (red- 
beard)  of  Germany. 

Credo  ut  Persara  nunc  propter  rubea  tegumenta 
capitis  Rubeum  Caput  vocant,  ita  reges  Moscoviae, 
propter  alba  tegumenta  Albos  Reges  appellari.— 5<r«J- 
tnund. 

The  Snow  King,  Gustavus  Adolphus 
of  Sweden,  killed  in  the  "Thirty  Years' 
War  "  at  the  battle  of  Liitzen,  1632.  (See 
Snow  King.) 

At  Vienna  he  was  called  "  The  Snow  King,"  in 
derision.  Like  a  snow-ball,  he  was  kept  together  by 
the  cold,  but  as  he  approached  a  warmer  soil  he  melted 
away  and  disappeared. — Dr.  Crickton:  Scandinavia, 
ii.  61  (1838). 

(Sweden  and  Norway  are  each  called 
"Snow  Kingdom.") 

Let  no  vessel  of  the  kingdom  of  snow  \_Nortuay\ 
bound  on  the  dark-rolling  waves  of  Inistore  \pu 
Orkneys\ — Ossian  :  Fingal,  i. 

The  Summer  King,  Araadeus  of 
Spain. 

The  Winter  King,  Frederick  V.,  who 
married  Elizabeth  Stuart,  daughter  of 
James  I.    (See  Winter  King.) 

The  White  King.  The  ancient  kings 
of  Muscovy  were  so  called  from  the  white 
robe  which  they  used  to  wear.  Solomon 
wore  a  white  robe ;  hence  our  Lord, 
speaking  of  the  lilies  of  the  field,  says  that 
"  Solomon  in  all  his  gloiy  was  not 
arrayed  like  one  of  these  "  [Luke  xii.  27). 

Principem  Moscovia:  Album  Regent  nuncupant.  .  .  . 
Credo  ut  Persam  nunc  propter  rul^  tegfumenta  capitis 
Rubeum  Caput  vocant,  ita  reges  Moscoviae,  propter 
alba  tegumenta  Albos  Reges  appellari. — Sigisniund. 

(Another  explanation  may  be  suggested: 
Muscovy  was  called  "White  Russia," 
as  Poland  was  called  "Black  Russia." 
See  White  King  and  White  Queen.  ) 

Kingf  ( Tom),  "  the  choice  spirit  of  the 
day  for  a  quiz,  a  hoax,  a  joke,  a  jest,  a 
song,  a  dance,  a  race,  or  a  row.  A  jolly 
dog,  a  rare  blood,  prime  buck,  rum  soul, 
and  funny  fellow."  He  drives  M.  Mor- 
bleu,  a  French  barber,  Hving  in  the 
Seven  Dials,  London,  almost  out  of  his 
senses  by  inquiring  over  and  over  again 
for  Mr.  Thompson. — Moncrieff:  Man. 
Tonson. 

(There  is  a  Mon.  Tonson  by  Taylor, 
1767.) 


KING. 

King  (surnamed  ^Ae  Affable),  Charles 
VIII.  of  France  {1470,  1483-1498). 

Kingf  (surnamed  the  Amorous), 
Philippe  I.  of  France  (1052,  1060-1108). 

Eiugf  (surnamed  Augustus),  Philippe 
II.  of  France.  So  called  because  he  was 
born  in  August  (1165,  1180-1223). 

Sigismund  II.  of  Poland  ;  born  in  the 
month  of  August  (1520,  154S-1572). 

Kiugr  (surnamed  the  Avenger), 
Alphonse  XI.  of  Leon  and  Castile  (13 10, 
1327-1350)- 

King*  (surnamed  the  Bad),  Charles  IT. 
of  Navarre  (1332,  1349-1387). 

William  1.  of  the  Two  Sicilies 
(*,  1154-1166). 

King'  (surnamed  the  Bald),  Charles  I. 
le  Chauve,  of  France  (823,  875-877). 

King  (surnamed  Barbarossa  or  Red 
Beard),  Frederick  II.  of  Germany  (1121, 
1152-1190). 

King  (surnamed  the  Battler),  Alphonso 

I.  of  Aragon  (*,  1104-1135). 

King  (surnamed  the  Bearded),  Baldwin 
IV.  earl  of  Flanders,  The  Handsome 
Beard  (1160-1186). 

Constantine  IV,,  Pogondtus,  emperor 
of  Rome  (648,  668-685). 

King  (sumam.ed  Beauclerk),  Henry  I. 
of  England  (1068,  1100-1135). 

King  (surnamed  the  Bellicose),  Henri 

II.  le  Belliqueux  (1519,  1547-1559). 
King  (surnamed  tJu  Black),  Heinrich 

III.  of  Germany  (1017,  1046-1056), 

King  (surnamed  the  Bold),  Boleslaus 
II.  of  Poland  (1042,  1058-1090). 

King  (surnamed  Bomba),    Ferdinand 
II.  of  the  Two  Sicilies  (1751,  1759-1825). 
Francis  II.  Bomaltno  (i860). 

King  (surnamed  the  Brave),  Alphonso 
VI.  of  Leon  and  Castile  (1030,  1065- 
1109). 

Alphonso  IV.  of  Portugal  (1290,  1324- 
1357)- 

King  (surnamed  the  Catholic), 
Alphonso  I.  of  Asturias  (693,  739-757). 

Ferdinand  II.  of  Aragon  (1452,  1474- 
1516). 

Isabella  queen  of  Castile  (1450,  1474- 
1504). 

King  (surnamed  the  Ceremonious), 
Peter  IV.  of  Aragon  (1317,  1336-1387). 

King  (surnamed  the  Chaste),  Alphonso 
II.  of  I^on.  etc.  (758,  791-842). 


568 


KING. 


King  (surnamed  the  Confessor),  Ed- 
ward the  Confessor,  of  England  (1004, 
1042-1066). 

King  (surnamed  the  Conqueror),  Alex- 
ander the  Great,  Conqueror  of  the  World 
(B.C.  356,  336-323). 

Alfonso  of  Portugal  (1094,  11 37-1 185). 

Aurungzebe  the  Great,  Alemgir,  the 
Great  Mogul  (1618,  1659-1707). 

Francisco  Pizarro  Conquistador,  of  Peru 
(1475-1541)- 

James  I.  of  Aragon  (1206,  1213-1276). 

Othman  or  Osman  I.  of  Turkey  (1259, 
1299-1326). 

William  I.  of  England  (1027,  1066- 
1087). 

King  (surnamed  the  Cruel),  Pedro  of 
Castile  (1334,  1350-1^69). 

Pedro  of  Portugal  (1320,  1357-1367). 

King  (surnamed  the  Desired),  Louis 
XVin.  of  France  (1755,  1814-1824). 

King  (surnamed  the  Fair),  Charles 
IV.  (1294,  1322-1328). 

Philippe  IV.  le  Bel,  of  France  (1268, 
1285-1314). 

King  (surnamed  the  Fat),  Alphonso 
II.  of  Portugal  (1185,  1212-1223). 

Charles  III.  of  France  (832,  884-888). 

Louis  VI.  le  Gros,  of  France  (1078, 
1108-1137), 

Olaus  II.  of  Norway  (992,  1000-1030). 

George  IV.  was  called  by  Leigh  Hun^ 
the  Fat  Adonis  of  Forty  (1762,  1820-1830). 

^  Kin^  (surnamed  the  Father  of  Letters), 
Fran9ois  I.  of  France  (1494,  1515-1547). 

King  (surnamed  the  Father  of  his 
People),  Louis  XII.  of  France  (1462, 
1498-1515). 

Christian  III.  of  Denmark  (1502, 
1534-1559). 

King  (surnamed  the  Fearless),  John 
duke  of  Burgundy,  Sanspeur  (i^jx-i/^xg). 

Richard  I.,  Sanspeur,  duke  of  Nor- 
mandy (932,  942-996). 

King  (surnamed  tlu  Fierce),  Alexander 
I.  of  Scotland  (*,  1107-1124). 

King  (surnamed  the  Gallant,  in 
Italian  Ri  Galantuomo),  Victor  Emmanuel 
of  Italy  (1820,  1849-1878). 

King  (surnamed  the  Good),  Alphonso 
VIII.  of  Leon  and  Castile  (1155,  1158- 
1214). 

John  II.  of  France,  le  Bon  (1319, 
1350-1364). 

John  III.  duke  of  Brittany  (1286, 
1312-1341). 


KING.  569 

John  V.  duke  of  Brittany  (1389,  1399- 
1442). 

Philippe  III.  le  Bon,  duke  of  Bur- 
gundy (1396,  1419-1467). 

R6n6  titular   king    of   Naples    (1409- 

1452)- 

Richard  II.  duke  of  Normandy 
(*,  996-1026). 

William  II.  of  the  Two  Sicilies 
(♦,1166-1189). 

Sing  (surnamed  the  Great),  Abbas  I. 
of  Persia  (1557,  1585-1628I. 

Alexander  of  Macedon  (B.C.  356,  340- 
323). 

Alfred  of  England  (849,  871-901). 

Alphonso  III.  of  Asturias,  etc.  {848, 
866-912). 

Alphonso  V.  count  of  Savoy  (1249, 
1285-1323). 

Boleslaus  I.  of  Poland  (*,  992-ic25|. 

Canute  of  England  (995,  1014-1035). 

Casimir   III.   of  Poland  {1309,    1333- 

1370)- 

Charlemagne  (742,  768-814). 

Charles  III.  duke  of  Lorraine  (1543, 
1547-1608). 

Charles  Emmanuel  I.  duke  of  Savoy 
(1562,  1580-1630). 

Constantine  I.  emperor  of  Rome  (272, 
306-337). 

Cosmo  de'  Medici  grand-duke  of  Tus- 
cany (1519,  1537-1574)- 

Ferdinand  I.  of  Castile,  etc.  {♦,  1034- 
1065). 

Frederick  II.  of  Prussia  (17 12,  1740- 
1786). 

Frederick  William  the  Great  Elector 
{1620,  1640-1688). 

Gregory  I.  pope  (544,  590-604). 

Henri  IV.  of  France  (i553.  1589- 1610). 

Herod  I.  of  the  Jews  (B.C.  73,  47-4)- 

Herod  Agrippa  I.  the  tetrarch  (*, 
♦-44). 

Hiao-wen-tee  of  China  (B.C.  206,  179- 

\^^). 

John  II.  of  Portugal  (1455,  1481-1495), 
Justinian  I.  emperor  of  the  East  (483, 
527-565). 

Khosrou    or    Chosroes    I.    of    Persia 

(*.  531-579)-     , 

Leo  I.  pope  (390,  440-461). 

Louis   XIV.   of   France  {1638,   1643- 

1715)- 

Ludwig  of  Hungary  (1326,  1342-1381). 

Mahomet  II.  of  Turkey  (1430,  1451- 
1481). 

Matteo  Visconti  lord  of  Milan  {1250, 
1295-1322). 

Maximilian  duke  of  Bavaria  (1573- 
1651). 


KING. 

Napoleon  I.  of  France  (1769,  1804- 
1814,  died  1821). 

Nicholas  I.  pope  (*,  858-867). 

Otto  I.  of  Germany  (912,  936-973). 

Pedro  III.  of  Aragon  (1239,  1276- 
1285). 

Peter  I.  of  Russia  (1672,  1689-1725). 

Sapor  II.  of  Persia  (310,  308-380). 

Sigismund  I.  of  Poland  (1466,  1506- 
1548). 

Theoderic  of  the  Ostrogoths  (454,  475- 
526). 

Theodosius  I.  emperor  (346,  378-395). 

Vladimir  grand-duke  of  Russia  (*,  973- 
1014). 

Waldemar  I.  of  Denmark  (1131,  1157- 
1181). 

King  {svsn?in\&6. 1  he  Illustrious),  Albert 
V.  emperor  of  Austria  (1398,  1404-1439). 

Jam-sheid  of  Persia  (b.  c.  840-800). 

Kien-16ng  of  China  (1736-1796). 

Nicomedes  II.,  Epiplianes,  of  I3ithynia 
(*,  149-191)- 

Ptolemy  V.,  Efiphanes,  of  Egypt 
(B.C.  210,  205-181). 

Kingf  (surnamed  the  Infant),  Ludwig 
IV.  of  Germany  (893,  900-911). 

Otto  III.  of  Germany  (980,  983-1002). 

King  (surnamed  Ironside),  Edmund 
II.  of  England  (989,  1016-1017). 

Frederick  II,  elector  of  Brandenburg 
was  called  "Iron  Tooth"   (1657,   1688- 

1713)- 

Nicholas  of  Russia  was  called  "The 
Iron  Emperor  "  (1796,  1826-1852). 

King  (surnamed  the  Just),  Baharam 
of  Persia  (276-296). 

Casimir  II.  of  Poland  (1117,  1177- 
1 194). 

Ferdinand  I.  of  Aragon  (1373,  1412- 
1416). 

Haroun-al-Raschid  (765,  786-808). 

James  II.  of  Aragon  (1261,  1285-1327). 

Khosrou    or    Chosroes    I.    of    Persia 

{*.  531-579)- 

Louis  XIII.  of  France  (1601,  1610- 
1643). 

Pedro  I.  of  Portugal  (1320,  1357-1367). 

King  (surnamed  the  Lame),  Agesilaos 
of  Sparta  (B.C.  444,  398-361). 

Albert  II.  of  Austria  (1289, 1330-1358), 
duke  of  Austria. 

Charles  II.  of  Naples  (1248,  1289-1309). 

Heinrich  II.  of  Germany  (972,  1002- 
1024). 

King  (surnamed  the  Lion),  Alep  Ars- 
lan  {the  Valiant  Lion),  son  of  Togrul  Beg, 
the  Perso-Turkish  monarch  (*,  1063- 
107a), 


KING. 


S70 


KING. 


Aiioch,  called  "The  Lion  King  of 
Assyria"  (b.c.  1927-1897). 

Damelowiez  prince  of  Haliez,  who 
founded  Lemberg  ("the  lion  city")  in 
1259. 

Gustavus  Adolphus,  called  ' '  The  Lion 
of  the  North  "  (1594,  1611-1632). 

Heinrich  duke  of  Bavaria  and  Saxony 
(1129-1195). 

Louis  VIII.  of  France  (1187,  1223- 
1226). 

Richard  I,  of  England,  Costir  de  Lion 
(1157,  1189-1199). 

William  of  Scotland  ;  so  called  because 
he  chose  for  his  cognizance  a  red  lion 
rampant  (♦,  1 165-12 14). 

Xing'  (surnamed  the  Little),  Charles 
III.  of  Naples  (134S,  1381-1386). 

King  (surnamed  the  Long-legged), 
Edward  \.,Longshanks,  of  England  (1239, 
1272-1307). 

Philippe  V.  le  Long,  of  France  (1294, 
1317-1322). 

King  (surnamed  the  Magnanimous), 
Alphonso  V.  of  Aragon  and  Naples  (1385, 
1416-1458). 

Khosrou  or  Chosroes  of  Persia,  Nou- 
shirwan  (*,  S31-579). 

Kingf  (surnamed  the  Magnificent), 
Soliman  I.  sultan  (1493,  1520-1566). 

Edmund  of  England  (923,  940-946). 

King  (surnamed  the  Mai'tyr),  Charles 
I.  of  England  (1600,  1625-1649). 

Edward  the  Martyr,  of  England  (961, 

975-979)- 

Louis   XVI.    of   Trance  (1754,    1774- 

^793)- 
Martin  I.  pope  (*,  649-655). 

King  (surnamed  the  Minion),  Henri 

III.  of  France  (1551,  1574-1589). 

King  (surnamed  the  Noble),  Alphonso 
VIII.  of  Leon  and  Castile  (1155,  1158- 
1214). 

Charles  III.  of  Navarre  (*,  1387-1425). 

Soliman,  called  Tchelibi,  Turkish  prince 
at  Adrianople  (died  1410). 

King  (surnamed  the  Pacific),  Amadeus 
VIII.  count  of  Savoy  (1383,  1391-1451). 
Frederick  III.  of  Germany  (1415,  1440- 

1493)- 
Glaus  III.  of  Norway  (*,  1030-1093). 

King  (siu-named  the  Patient),  Albert 

IV.  duke  of  Austria  (1377,  1395-1404). 

King  (surnamed  the  Philosopher),  Fre- 
derick the  Great,  called  "The  Philosopher 
of  Sans  Souci "  (1718,  1740-1786). 


Leo  VI.  emperor  of  the  East  (866,  886- 
911). 

Marcus  Aurelius  Antoninus  of  Rome 
(121,  i6i-i8o). 

Eing^  (surnamed  the  Pious),  Edward 
VI.  of  England  (1537,  i547-i5S3)- 

Eric  IX.  of  Sweden  (*,  1155-1161). 

Ernst  I.  founder  of  the  house  of  Goth  a 
(1601-1674). 

Robert  le  Pieux,  of  France  (971,  996- 
1031). 

King  (surnamed  the  Prodigal),  Albert 

VI.  of  Austria  (1418,  1439-1463). 

King  (surnamed  the  Rash),  Charles  le 
Temeraire,  of  Burgundy  (1433,  1467- 
1477),  duke. 

King^  (surnamed  the  Red),  Amadeus 

VII.  count  of  Savoy  (1360,  1383-1391). 
Otto  II.  of  Germany  (955,  973-983). 
William  II.,  Rufus,  of  England  (1057, 

10S7-H00). 

King  (surnamed  Red  Beard),  Fre- 
derick I.  kaiser  of  Germany,  called  Bar- 
barossa  (1121,  1152-1190). 

Horush  or  Horuc  sultan  of  Algiers 
(1474,  1516-1518). 

Khair  Eddin  sultan  of  Algiers  (*,  1518- 
1546). 

Xing'  (surnamed  the  Saint),  Boniface 
I.  pope  (*,  418-422). 

Boniface  IV.  pope  (*,  607-615). 

Celestine  I.  pope  (*,  422-432). 

Celestine  V.  pope  (1215,  1294-1296). 

Charles  the  Good,  count  of  Flanders 
(*,  1119-1127). 

David  of  Scotland  (♦,  1124-1153). 

Eric  IX.  of  Sweden  (*,  1155-1160). 

Ethelred  I.  of  Wessex  (*,  866-871). 

Eugenius  I.  pope  (*,  654-657). 

Felix  I.  pope  (*,  269-274). 

Ferdinand  III.  of  Castile  and  Leon 
(x2oo,  X217-1252). 

Heinrich  II.  of  Germany  (973,  1002- 
1024). 

Julius  I.  pope  (*,  337-352). 

Ka.ng-he  of  China  (*,  1661-1722). 

Ladislaus  I.  of  Hungary  (1041,  1077- 

1095)- 

Leo  IX.  p>ope  (1002,  1049-1054). 
Louis  IX.  of  France  (1215,  1226-1270)1 
Martin  I.  pope  (*,  649-655). 
Glaus  II.  of  Norway  (992,  xooo-1030). 
Stephen  I.  of  Hungary  (979,  997-1038). 

King  (surnamed  the  Salic),  Conrad  II. 
of  Germany  (*,  1024-1039). 

King  (surnamed  the  Severe),  Peter  I. 
of  Portugal  (1320,  1357-1367). 


KING.  571 

ILing  (surnamed  ihe  Silent\,  Anasta- 
sius  1.  emperor  of  the  East  (430,   491- 


KING  OF  BATH. 


S18). 

William  I.  Stadtholder  (1533,  1544- 
1584). 

Kin^  (surnamed  the  Simple),  Charles 
III.  of  France  (879,  893-929). 

Kin^  (surnamed  the  Stammerer), 
Louis  II.  U  Bigue,  of  France  (846, 
877-879). 

Michael  II.  emperor  of  the  East 
(*,  820-829).  _ 

King  (surnamed  the  Terrible),  Ivan 
II.  of  Russia  (1529,  1533-1584). 

King  (surnamed  the  Thunderbolt), 
Ptolemy  king  of  Macedon,  eldest  son  of 
Ptolemy  Sotir  I.,  was  so  called  from  his 
great  impetuosity  (b.c.  *,  285-279). 

King  (surnamed  the  Thunderer), 
Stephen  II.    of    Hungary  (iioo,    1114- 

King  (surnamed  the  Unready),  Ethel- 
red  II.  of  England  (*,  978-1016).  Un- 
ready, in  this  case,  does  not  mean 
unprepared,  but  unwise,  lacking  rede 
("  wisdom  or  counsel "). 

King  (surnamed  the  Valiant),  John 
IV.  duke  of  Brittany  (1338,  1364-1399). 

King  (surnamed  the  Victorious), 
Charles  VII.  of  France  (1403,  1422-1461). 

King   (surnamed    the     Well-beloved), 

Charles  VI.  of  France  (1368,  1380-1422). 

Louis  XV.  of  France  (1710, 1715-1774). 

King  (surnamed  the  Wise),  Albert 
II.  duke  of  Austria  (1289,  1330-1358). 

Alphonso  X.  of  Leon  and  Castile  (1203, 
1252-1284). 

Charles  V.  of  France,  le  Sage  (1337, 
1364-1380). 

Che-Tsou  of  China  (*,  1278-1295). 

Frederick    elector    of    Saxony    (1463, 

1544-1554)- 

James  I.,  Solomon,  of  England  (1566, 
1603-1625). 

John  V.  duke  of  Brittany  (1389,  1399- 
1442). 

King  (surnamed  the  Wonder  of  the 
World),  Frederick  II.  of  Germany  (1194, 
1215-1250). 

Otto  III.  of  Germany  (980,  983-1002). 

King  (surnamed  the  Young),  Dago- 
bert  II.  of  France  (652,  656-679). 

Leo  II.  pope  (470,  474-474)- 

Louis  VII.  le  Jeune,  of  France  (1120, 
1137-1180). 


Ludwig  II.  of  Germany  (822,  855-875). 

Romanus  11,  emperor  of  the  East  (939, 
959-963)- 

King  and  the  Beggar.  It  is  said 
that  king  Copethua  or  Cophetua  of  Africa 
fell  in  love  with  a  beggar-girl,  and 
married  her.  The  girl's  name  was  Penel'- 
ophon  ;  called  by  Shakespeare  Zenel'- 
ophon  {Love's  Labour's  Lost,  act  iv.  sc.  1, 
1594)- 

King    and    tlie    Cobbler.      The 

interview  between  Henry  VI 11.  and  a 
merry  London  cobbler  is  the  subject  of 
one  of  the  many  popular  tales  in  which 
Bluff  Hal  is  represented  as  visiting  a 
humble  subject  in  disguise. 

King  and  the  Locusts.  A  king 
made  a  proclamation  that,  if  any  man 
would  tell  him  a  story  which  should  last 
for  ever,  he  would  make  him  his  heir  and 
son-in-law ;  but  if  any  one  undertook  to 
do  so  and  failed,  he  should  lose  his  head. 
After  many  failures,  came  one,  and  said, 
"A  certain  king  seized  all  the  corn  of 
his  kingdom,  and  stored  it  in  a  huge 
granary  ;  but  a  swarm  of  locusts  came, 
and  a  small  cranny  was  descried,  through 
which  one  locust  could  contrive  to  creep. 
So  one  locust  went  in,  and  carried  off 
one  grain  of  corn ;  and  then  another 
locust  went  in,  and  carried  off  another 
grain  of  corn  ;  and  then  another  locust 
went  in,"  etc.  ;  and  so  the  man  went  on, 
day  after  day,  and  week  after  week,  "  and 
so  another  locust  went  in,  and  carried  off 
another  grain  of  com. "  A  month  passed  ; 
a  year  passed.  In  six  months  more,  the 
king  said,  "  How  much  longer  will  the 
locusts  be?"  "Oh,  your  majesty,"  said 
the  story-teller,  ' '  they  have  cleared  at 
present  only  a  cubit,  and  there  are  many 
thousand  cubits  in  the  granary."  "  Man, 
man  !  "  cried  the  king  ;  "  you  will  drive 
me  mad.  Take  my  daughter,  take  my 
kingdom,  take  everything  I  have;  only 
let  me  hear  no  more  of  these  intolerable 
locusts  !  " — Letters  from  an  Officer  in 
India  (edited  by  the  Rev.  S.  A.  Pears). 

King  and  the  Miller  of  Mans- 
field ( The).     (See  Miller.  ) 

King  of  Bark,  Christopher  III.  of 
Denmark,  Norway,  and  Sweden.  So 
called  because  in  a  time  of  scarcity,  he 
had  the  bark  of  birchwood  mixed  with 
meal  for  food  (died  1448). 

King  of  Bath,  Beau  Nash,  who  was 
for  fifty-six  years  master  of  the  cere- 
monies of  the  bath-rooms  in  that  city. 


KING  OB"  ENGLAND. 

and  conducted  the  balls  with  great  splen- 
dour and  judgment  (1674-1761), 

King  of  England-  This  title  was 
first  assumed  by  Egbert  in  828. 

Hing  of  Exeter  'Change,  Thomas 
Clark,  friend  of  the  famous  Abraham 
Newland  (1737-1817). 

King  of  Prance.  This  title  was 
first  assumed  by  Louis  VIL  (1171).  It 
was  changed  into  "  king  of  the  French  " 
by  the  National  Assembly  in  1789. 
Louis  XVIII.  resumed  the  title  "  king  of 
France"  in  1814;  and  Louis  Pliilippe 
again  resumed  the  more  republican  title, 
"king  of  the  French  "  (1830). 

King  of  Prance.  Edward  IIL  of 
England  assumed  the  title  in  1337 ;  but 
in  1801  it  was  relinquished  by  proclama- 
tion (time,  George  III.). 

King  of  Ireland.  This  title  was 
first  assumed  by  Henry  VIII.  in  1542. 
The  title  previously  assumed  by  the  kings 
of  England  was  "lord  of  Ireland." 


(under //enry /.)  to  ^     , 

English  king  was  /ord  of  Ireland  before  the  r^en  "of 


In  Rymer's  Fcedera  fvoL  i.)  a  deed  of  gift  is  ascribed 
"       "wry/.)  to  "He        -      ■        - 
ine  was/ 
Henry  II. 


King  of  Painters,  a  title  assumed 
by  Parrhasfos.  Plutarch  says  he  wore  a 
purple  robe  and  a  golden  crown  (fi.  b.c. 
400). 

King  of  Preachers,  Louis  Bour- 
daloue,  a  French  clergyman  (1632-1704). 

King  of  Biome,  a  title  conferred  by 
Napoleon  I.  on  his  son  the  very  day  he 
was  born  ;  but  he  was  generally  called  the 
duke  of  Reichstadt. 

It  is  thought  that  this  title  was  given 
in  imitation  of  Charlemagne.  If  so,  it 
was  a  blunder  ;  Charlemagne  was  never 
"king  of  Rome,"  but  he  was  "patrician 
of  Rome."  In  the  German  empire,  the 
emperor-elect  was  "king of  the  Romans," 
not  "king  of  Rome,"  and,  after  being 
crowned  by  the  pope,  was  styled  "em- 
peror of  the  Romans,"  and  from  962 
"kaiser  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire." 
After  the  reign  of  Frederick  II.,  the 
second  consecration  was  dispensed  with. 

King  of  Ships,  Carausius,  who 
assumed  the  purple  in  a.D.  287,  and, 
seizing  on  Britain,  defeated  the  emperor 
Maximian  Herculius  in  several  naval 
engagements  (250,  287-293). 

■  King  of  Yvetot  [Ev-to],  a  king  of 
name  only  ;  a  mockery  king ;  one  who 
assumes    mighty    honours    without    the 


572  KING'S  CHAIR. 

wherewithal  to  support  them.  Yvetot, 
near  Rouen,  was  a  seigneurie,  on  the 
possessor  of  which  Clotaire  I.  conferred 
the  title  of  king  in  534,  and  the  title 
continued  till  the  fourteenth  century. 

II  ^tait  un  roi  d'Yvetot, 

Peu  connu  dans  I'histoire ; 
Se  levant  tard,  se  couchant  t6t, 
Dormant  fort  bien  sans  gloire. 

Bdrangtr, 
A  king  there  was  "  roi  d'Yvetot "  clept. 

But  little  known  in  story, 
Went  soon  to  bod,  till  daylight  slept, 
And  soundly,  without  glory. 

E.  C.  B. 

King  of  the  Beggars,  Bampfylde 
Moore  Carew  (1693-1770).  He  succeeded 
Clause  Patch,  who  died  1730,  and  was 
therefore  king  of  the  beggars  for  forty 
years  (1730-1770). 

King  of  the  World,  the  Roman 
emperor.  This  is  the  title  generally  ac- 
corded to  him  in  the  old  Celtic  romances. 

King  Sat  on  the  Rocky  Brow 

{A).  The  reference  is  to  Xerxes  viewing 
the  battle  of  Salarais  from  one  of  the 
declivities  of  mount  .^gai'gos. 

A  king  sat  on  the  rocky  brow 

"Which  looks  o'er  sea-bom  Salaniis ; 
And  ships,  by  thousands,  lay  below. 
Byron  :  Dan  yuan,  iii.  ("  The  Isles  of  Greece,"  1820). 

("Ships  by  thousands  "is  a  gross 
exaggeration.  The  original  fleet  was 
only  1200  sail,  and  400  were  wrecked  off 
the  coast  of  Sepias  before  the  sea-fight  of 
Salamis  began,  thus  reducing  the  number 
to  800  at  most.) 

King  should  Die  Standing  (A). 
Vespasian  said  so,  and  Louis  XVIII.  of 
France  repeated  the  same  conceit.  Both 
died  standing. 

King's  Cave  (T/ie),  opposite  to 
Campbeltown  (Argyllshire) ;  so  called 
because  king  Robert  Bruce  with  his 
retinue  lodged  in  it. — Statistical  Account 
of  Scotland,  v,  167, 

King's  Chair,  the  hands  of  two 
persons  so  crossed  as  to  form  a  seat.  On 
Candlemas  Day  (February  2)  it  was  at  one 
time  customary  for  Scotch  children  to 
carry  offerings  to  their  schoolmaster,  and 
the  boy  and  girl  who  brought  the  richest 
gift  were  elected  king  and  queen  for  the 
nonce.  When  school  was  dismissed,  each 
of  these  two  children  was  carried  in  a 
king's  chair,  by  way  of  triumph. 

In  the  early  part  of  the  nineteenth  century  It  was 


nursery  game  in  England,  and  the  fun  was 
to  break  hands  and  let  the  rider  down.  I  have  played 
it  many  and  many  times  between  1815  and  1818.  J 
learn,  too,  that  it  was  a  common  outdoor  children'* 
game  in  East  Anglia  as  late  as  i860. 


KING'S  OWN.  573 

Kingr's  Own  (T/u),  a  novel  by 
captain  Maxryat  {1830). 

Kingr's  Quair  (The),  a  poem  by 
James  I.  of  Lngland,  in  celebration  of  his 
love  for  lady  Jane  Beaufort,  daughter  of 
the  earl  of  Somerset,  and  niece  of  Henry 
VIII.  It  is  in  stanzas  of  seven  lines  each, 
called  the  "  rhyme  royal." 

(The  word  "  quair,"  like  our  "  quire,"  is 
the  French  cahier,  and  means  here  a 
"little  book.") 

The  "  king's  quair,"  that  is,  the  kin^  s  little  book,  is 
from  the  old  Krench  quayer  or  cayer,  in  modern 
French  cahier.  —  H.  MorUy :  A  First  Sketch  of 
l-.nglish  Literature,  p.  177  (1873). 

Kings  [The  Two  Books  of).  The  J2rst 
of , these  two  books  contains  the  history  of 
the  Hebrew  monarchs  for  126  years,  and 
the  second  book  carries  on  the  history  for 
227  more  years,  when  the  kingdom  of 
Judah  was  destroyed  by  Nebuchadnezzar 
King  of  Babylon. 

The  twelve  tribes  formed  two  kingdoms  on  the  death 
of  Solomon.  The  duration  of  the  kingdom  of  Judah 
was  387  years,  and  that  of  Israel  254  years. 

Kings.  Many  lines  of  kings  have 
taken  the  name  of  some  famous  forefather 
or  some  founder  of  a  dynasty  as  a  titular 
name. — Selden:  Titles  of  Honour,  s, 

Alban  kings,  called  Silvius. 

Amalekite  kings,  Agag. 

Bithynian  kings,  Nicojnedis. 

Constantinopolitan  kings,  Constantine. 

Egyptian  kings  (ancient),  Pharaoh. 
,,  ,,       (mediaeval),  Ptolemy. 

Indian  kings,  called /"a/i^Jc^/Ari  (from  the 
city  of  Palibothra). 

Parthian  kings,  Ar'shcSs. 

Roman  emperors,  Ccesar, 

Servian  kings,  Lazar,  i.e.  Eleazar  Bulk 
or  Bulk-ogar,  sons  of  Bulk. 

Upsala  kings,  called  Droit. 

Roval  patronymics. — ^Athenian,  Ce- 
crop  idae,  from  Cecrops. 

Danish,  Skiold-ungs,  from  Skiold. 

Persian,  Achmen'-idae,  from  Achnienis. 

Thessalian,  Aleva-dae,  from  Alevas ; 
etc.,  etc. 

Kings  of  Cologne  [The  Three), 
the  three  Magi  who  came  from  the  East 
to  offer  gifts  to  the  infant  Jesus.  Their 
names  are  Melchior,  Gaspar,  and  Bal- 
thazar. The  first  offered  gold,  symboUc 
of  kingship ;  the  second,  frankincense, 
symboUc  of  divinity;  the  third,  myrrh, 
symbolic  of  death,  myrrh  being  used  in 
embalming  the  dead.  (See  Cologne,  p. 
226.) 

Kings  of  England.  Since  the 
Conquest,  not  more  than  three  succes- 


KINGS  OF  ENGLAND. 

sive  sovereigns  have  reigned  without  a 
crisis — 

William  I.,  William  II.,  Henry  L 

Stephen  usurper. 

Henry  II.,  Richard  I.,  John. 

The  pope  gives  the  crown  to  the  dauphin. 

Henry  III.,  Edward  I.,  Exlward  IL 

Edward  II.  murdered. 

Edward  111.,  Richard  II. 

Richard  II.  deposed. 

Henry  IV.,  V.,  VI. 

Lancaster  changed  to  York. 

Edward  IV.,  V.,  Richard  III. 

Dynasty  changed. 

Heniy  VII.,  VIII.,  Edward  VI. 

Lady  Jane  Grey. 

Mary,  Elizabeth. 

Dynasty  changed. 

James  I.,  Charles  I. 

Charles  L  beheaded. 
Charles  II.,  James  IL 

James  II.  dethroned. 

William  III.,  Anne. 

Dynasty  changed. 

George  I.,  II.,  IIL 

-   Regency. 

George  IV.,  William  IV.,  Victoria 
(indirect  successions). 

Kings  of  England.  Except  in  one 
instance  (that  of  John),  we  have  never  had 
a  great-grandchild  sovereign  in  direct 
descent.  The  exception  is  not  creditable, 
for  in  John's  reign  the  kingdom  was 
given  away  twice ;  his  son  Henry  III. 
was  imprisoned  by  Leicester ;  and  his 
great-grandson  Edward  II.,  was  mur- 
dered. In  two  other  instances  a  grand- 
child has  succeeded,  viz.  Henry  VI., 
whose  reign  was  a  continued  civil  war; 
and  Edward  VI. ,  the  sickly  son  of  Jane 
Seymour.  Stephen  was  a  grandchild  of 
William  I.,  but  a  usurper;  Richard  II. 
was  a  grandchild  of  Edward  III.,  and 
George  III.  was  grandson  of  George  II.  ; 
but  their  fathers  did  not  succeed  to  the 
throne. 

William  I.  ;  his  sons,  William  II., 
Henry  I. 

Stephen  (a  usurper). 

Henry  II.  ;  his  sons,  Richard  I.,  John 
(discrowned). 

From  John,  in  regular  succession,  we 
have  Henry  III.  (imprisoned),  Edward 
L,  Edward  II.  (murdered),  Edward  III. 

Richard  II.,  son  of  the  Black  Prince, 
and  without  offspring. 

Henry  IV.,  Henry  V.,  Henry  VL 
(civil  wars). 

Edward  IV.,  Edward  V. 


KINGS  OF  ENGLAND. 


574 


KING-MAKER. 


Richard  III.  (no  oifspring). 

Henry  VII.,  Henry  VIII.,  Edward  VI. 

Mary,  Elizabeth  (daughters  of  Henry 
VIII. ). 

James  I.,  Charles  I. 

Cromwell  (called  lord  protector). 

Charles  II.,  James  II.  (two  brothers). 

William  III.,  prince  of  Orange. 

Anne,  intervening  between  the  prince  of 
Orange  and  the  Hanoverians. 

George  I. ,  George  II. 

George  III.  (great-grandson  of  George 
I.,  but  not  in  direct  descent),  George  IV. 

William  IV,  (brother  of  George  IV. ). 

Victoria  (the  niece  of  William  IV.  and 
George  IV.). 

Kings  of  England.  Three  seems 
to  be  a  kind  of  ruling  number  in  our 
English  sovereigns.  Besides  the  coinci- 
dences mentioned  above  connected  with 
the  number,  may  be  added  the  follow- 
ing :  (i)  That  of  the  four  kings  who 
married  French  princesses,  three  of  them 
suffered  violent  deaths,  viz.  Edward  II., 
Richard  II.,  and  Charles  I.  (2)  The 
three  longest  kings'  reigns  have  been  three 
threes,  viz.  Henry  III.,  Edward  III.,  and 
George  III.  (3)  We  have  no  instance,  as 
in  France,  of  three  brothers  succeeding 
each  other. 

(Queen  Victoria  began  to  reign  in  1837, 
and  was  still  on  the  throne  in  1897 — her 
' '  diamond  jubilee  "  year.    VivatRegtna  !) 

Kings  of  France.  The  French 
have  been  singularly  unfortunate  in  their 
choice  of  royal  starnames,  when  designed 
to  express  anything  except  some  personal 
quality,  as  handsome,  fat,  of  which  we 
cannot  judge  the  truth.  Thus,  Louis 
VIII.,  a  very  feeble  man  in  mind  and 
body,  was  surnamed  the  Lion;  Philippe 
II.,  whose  whole  conduct  was  over- 
reaching and  selfish,  was  the  Magnani- 
mous ;  Philippe  III. ,  the  tool  of  Labrosse, 
was  the  Daring ;  Philippe  VI.,  the  most 
unfortunate  of  all  the  kings  of  France, 
was  surnamed  the  Lucky ;  Jean,  one  of 
the  worst  of  all  the  kings,  was  called 
the  Good;  Charles  VI.  an  idiot,  and 
Louis  XV.  a  scandalous  debauchee,  were 
surnamed  the  Well-beloved ;  Henri  II.,  a 
man  of  pleasure,  wholly  under  the  thumb 
of  Diane  de  Poitiers,  was  called  the 
Warlike;  Louis  XIII.,  most  unjust  in 
domestic  life,  where  alone  he  had  any 
freedom  of  action,  was  called  the  Just; 
Louis  XIV.,  a  man  of  mere  ceremony 
and  posture,  who  lost  battle  after  battle, 
and  brought  the  nation  to  absolute 
bankruptcy,    was   surnamed   the    Great 


King.  (He  was  little  in  stature,  little  in 
mind,  little  in  all  moral  and  physical 
faculties ;  and  great  only  in  such  little- 
nesses as  posturing,  dressing,  ceremony, 
and  gormandizing.)  And  Louis  XVIII., 
forced  on  the  nation  by  conquerors  quite 
against  the  general  will,  was  called  tht 
Desired. 

Kings  of  France.  The  succession 
of  three  brothers  has  been  singularly  fatal 
in  French  monarchism.  The  Capetian 
dynasty  terminated  with  three  brothers, 
sons  of  PhiUppe  le  Bel  (viz.  Louis  X., 
Phihppe  v.,  and  Charles  IV.).  The 
Valois  dynasty  came  to  an  end  by  the 
succession  of  the  three  brothers,  sons  of 
Henri  II.  (viz.  Franfois  II.,  Charles  IX., 
and  Henri  III.).  The  next  or  Bourbon 
dynasty  terminated  in  the  same  manner 
(Louis  XVI.,  Louis  XVIII. ,  and  Charles 
X.). 

After  Charles  IV.  (the  third  brother  of 
the  Capetian  dynasty),  came  Philippe  de 
Valois,  a  collateral  descendant ;  after 
Henri  III.  (the  third  brother  of  the 
Valois  dynasty),  came  Henry  de  Bour- 
bon, a  collateral  descendant ;  and  after 
Charles  X.  (the  third  brother  of  the 
Bourbon  dynasty),  came  Louis  Philippe, 
a  collateral  descendant.  With  the  third 
of  the  third  the  monarchy  ended. 

Kings  Playing  with  fheir 
Children. 

(i)  The  fine  painting  of  Bonington 
represents  Henri  IV.  (of  France)  carrying 
his  children  pickaback,  to  the  horror  of 
the  Spanish  ambassador. 

(2)  Plutarch  tells  us  that  Agesilaos  was 
one  day  discovered  riding  cock-horse  on 
a  walking-stick,  to  please  and  amuse  his 
children. 

(3)  George  III.  was  on  one  occasion 
discovered  on  all-fours,  with  one  of  his 
children  riding  astride  his  back.  He  is 
also  well  remembered  by  the  painting  of 
"George  III.  Playing  at  Ball  with  the 
Princess  Amelia." 

King  Franconi.    (See  Franconi, 
P-  392.) 
King  John.  (See  under  John,  p.  550.) 

King  John  and  the  abbot  of 
Canterbury.  (See  under  John,  p.  551.) 

King  Log.  (See  Log,  p.  622.) 
King-Maker  (772^),  Richard  Neville, 
earl  of  Warwick,  who  fell  in  the  battle  of 
Barnet  (1420-1471).  So  called  because 
when  he  espoused  the  Yorkists,  Edward 
IV.    was  set    up    king;    and  when   he 


KING  PETAUD. 

espoused  the  Lancastrian  side,  Henry  VI. 
was  restored. 

Thus  fortune  to  his  end  the  mighty  Warwicic  brings. 
This  puissant  setter-up  and  plucker-down  of  kings. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xxii.  (1622). 

King  Fetaud.    (See  Petaud.) 
King  Smith.    (See  Smith.) 
King  Stork.    (See  Stork.) 
Kingdom     of     Snow,     Norway. 
Sweden  also  is  so  called.     When  these 
kingdoms    had    each    a    separate    king, 
either  of  them  was  called  "The  Snow 
King."    (See  King,  Snow.) 

Let  no  vessel  of  the  kingdom  of  snow  bound  on  the 
dark-rolling  waves  of  Inistore  \pte  Orkneys],— Ossian : 
Fingal,  i. 

Kingsale  {Lord),  allowed  to  wear 
his  hat  in  the  presence  of  royalty.  In 
1203,  Hugh  de  Lacie  treacherously  seized 
sir  John  de  Courcy  lord  of  Kingsale,  and 
king  John  condemned  him  to  perpetual 
imprisonment  in  the  Tower.  When  he 
had  been  there  about  a  year,  king  John 
and  Philippe  Augjiste  of  France  agreed  to 
determine  certain  claims  by  combat.  It 
was  then  that  John  applied  to  De  Courcy 
to  be  his  champion  ;  and  as  soon  as  the 
giant  knight  entered  the  hsts,  the  French 
champion  ran  away  panic-struck.  John 
now  asked  his  champion  what  reward  he 
could  give  him  for  his  service.  "Titles 
and  estates  I  have  enow,"  said  De  Courcy ; 
and  then  requested  that,  after  having  paid 
obeisance,  he  and  his  heirs  might  stand 
covered  in  the  presence  of  the  king  and 
his  successors. 

^  Lord  Forester  had  the  same  right 
confirmed  to  him  by  Henry  VIII. 

IT  John  Pakington,  ancestor  of  lord 
Hampton,  had  a  grant  made  him  in  the 
20th  Henry  VIII.  "of  full  liberty  during 
his  Ufe  to  wear  his  hat  in  the  royal 
presence. " 

Kingship  (Disqualifications  for). 

(i)  Any  personal  blemish  disqualified  a 
person  from  being  king  during  the  semi- 
barbarous  stage  of  society  ;  thus  putting 
out  the  eyes  of  a  prince,  to  disqualify  him 
from  reigning,  was  by  no  means  uncom- 
mon. It  will  be  remembered  that  Hubert 
designed  to  put  out  the  eyes  of  prince 
Arthur,  with  this  object.  Witi'za  the 
Visigoth  put  out  the  eyes  of  Theodofred, 
"  inhabilitandole  para  la  monarchia,** 
lays  Ferraras.  When  Alboquerque  took 
possession  of  Ormuz,  he  deposed  fifteen 
kings  of  Portugal,  and,  instead  of  killing 
them,  put  out  their  eyes. 

(2)  Yorwerth,  son  of  Owen  Gwynedh, 
was  set   aside  from  the  Welsh  throne 


575  KIRKRAPINE. 

because  he  had  a  broken  nose.     (See 
Llewellyn.) 

(3)  Count  Oliba  of  Barcelona  was  set 
aside  because  he  could  not  speak  till  he 
had  stamped  thrice  with  his  foot,  hke  a 
goat. 

(4)  The  son  of  Henry  V.  was  to  be 
received  as  king  of  France,  only  on  con- 
dition that  his  body  was  without  defect, 
and  was  not  %iuni&d.—Mofistrelet: 
Chroniques,  v.  190  (1512). 

(5)  Llewellyn  [q.v.)  was  set  aside 
because  he  had  a  blemish  in  the  face. 

Un  Conde  de  Gallicia  que  fuera  valiado, 
Pel^o  avie  nonibre,  ome  fo  desforzado, 
Perdio  la  vision,  andaba  embargado, 
Ca  ome  que  non  vede,  non  debie  seer  nado. 
Gonzales  de  Berceo  :  S.  Dom.,  388  (died  1266). 

N.B.— Without  doubt  this  disqualifica- 
tion was  due  the  office  of  kings  as 
offerers  of  sacrifice.  Both  the  sacrifice 
itself  and  the  sacrificer  were  bound  to  be 
without  blemish,  as  any  bodily  defect  in 
either  was  a  mark  of  God's  displeasure. 
The  question  asked  by  Jesus'  disciples, 
"  Who  did  sin,  this  man  [in  his  pre-exist- 
ing state],  or  his  parents,  that  he  was  born 
blind  f  "  will  readily  occur  to  the  reader. 

"Whoever  .  .  .  hath  any  blemish,  let  him  not  ap- 
proach to  offer  the  bread  of  his  God.  For  whatsoever 
.  . .  hath  a  blemish,  he  sliall  not  approach :  [as]  a  blind 
man,  ...  he  that  hath  a  flat  nose,  or  anything-  super- 
fluous, or  a  man  that  is  broken-footed,  or  broken-handed. 
or  crookbacked,  or  a  dwarf,"  etc — Lev.  xxi.  17-21. 

Kinmont  "Willie.  William  Arm- 
strong of  Kinmonth.  This  notorious 
freebooter,  who  lived  in  the  latter  part  of 
the  sixteenth  century,  is  the  hero  of  a 
famous  Scotch  ballad. 

Kinoce'tus,  a  precious  stone,  which 
will  enable  the  possessor  to  cast  out 
devils. — Mirror  of  Stones. 

Kirk  (,Mr.  John),  foreman  of  the  jury 
on  Effie  Deans's  trial. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Heart  of  Midlothian  (time,  George  II.). 

Kirkcaldy  (Scotland),  a  corruption  of 
Kirk-Culdee,  one  of  the  churches  founded 
in  563  by  St.  Columb  and  his  twelve 
brethren,  when  they  established  the 
Culdee  institutions.  The  doctrines,  dis- 
cipline, and  government  of  the  Culdees 
resembled  presbyterianisra. 

Kirkrapine  (3  syl.),  a  sturdy  thief, 
"wont  to  rob  churches  of  their  ornaments, 
and  poor  men's  boxes."  All  he  could  lay 
hands  on  he  brought  to  the  hut  of  Abessa, 
daughter  of  Corce'ca.  While  Una  was 
in  the  hut,  Kirkrapine  knocked  at  the 
door,  and,  as  it  was  not  immediately 
opened,  knocked  it  down ;  whereupon 
the  lion  sprang  upon  him,   ' '  under  his 


KISS  SCAVENGER'S  DAUGHTER.    576 

lordly  foot  did  him  suppress,"  and  then 
"rent  him  in  thousand  pieces  small." 

The  meaning  is  that  popery  was  re- 
formed by  the  British  lion,  which  slew 
Kirkrapine,  or  put  a  stop  to  the  traflSc  in 
spiritual  matters.  Una  represents  truth 
or  the  Reformed  Church. — Spenser: 
Faerie  Queene,  i.  3  (1590). 

Eiss  the  Scavenger's  Daughter 

{To),  to  be  put  to  the  torture.  Strictly 
speaking,  "the  scavenger's  daughter" 
was  an  instrument  of  torture  invented 
by  William  Skevington,  lieutenant  of  the 
Tower  in  the  reig^n  of  Henry  VHI. 
Skevington  became  corrupted  into  sca- 
venger, and  the  invention  was  termed  his 
daughter  or  offspring. 

Kit  [Nubbles],  the  lad  employed  to 
wait  on  httle  Nell,  and  do  all  sorts  of  odd 
jobs  at  the  "curiosity  shop"  for  her 
grandfather.  He  generally  begins  his 
sentences  with  "Why  then,"  Thus, 
"'Twas  a  long  way.  wasn't  it,  Kit?" 
"Why  then,  it  was  a  goodish  stretch," 
returned  Kit.  "  Did  you  find  the  house 
easily?"  "Why  then,  not  over  and 
above,"  said  Kit.  "  Of  course  you  have 
come  back  hungry?"  "  Why  then,  I  do 
think  I  am  rather  so."  When  the 
"  curiosity  shop "  was  broken  up  by 
Quilp,  Kit  took  service  under  Mr.  Gar- 
land, Abel  Cottage,  Finchley. 

Kit  was  a  shock-headed,  shambling,  awkward  lad, 
with  an  uncommonly  wide  mouth,  very  red  cheeks, 
a  turned-up  nose,  and  a  most  comical  expression  of 
face.  He  stopped  short  at  the  door  on  seeing^  a 
stranger,  twirled  in  his  hand  an  old  round  hat  without 
a  vestige  of  brim,  resting  himself  now  on  one  leg,  and 
now  on  the  other,  and  looking  with  a  most  extra- 
ordinary leer.  He  was  evidently  the  comedy  of  little 
Nell's  liiQ.  — Dickens:  The  Old  Curiosity  Shop,  i. 
{1840). 

Kit-Cat  Club,  held  in  Shire  Lane, 
now  called  Lower  Serle's  Place  (London). 
The  members  were  whig  "  patriots,"  who, 
at  the  end  of  William  HL's  reign,  met  to 
secure  the  protestant  succession.  Addi- 
son, Steele,  Congreve,  Garth,  Vanbrugh, 
Mainwaring,  Walpole,  Pulteney,  etc., 
were  members. 

Kit-Cat  Pictures,  forty-two  por- 
traits, painted  by  sir  Godfrey  Kneller, 
three-quarter  size,  to  suit  the  walls  of 
Tonson's  villa  at  Barn  Elms,  where,  in  its 
latter  days,  the  Kit-Cat  Club  was  held. 

("Kit-Cat"  derives  its  name  from 
Christopher  Cat,  a  pastry-cook,  who 
served  the  club  with  mutton-pies. ) 

Kite  {Sergeant),  the  "  recruiting 
officer."  He  describes  his  own  character 
thus — 


KITTY  WILLIS. 

"  I  was  bom  a  gipsy,  and  bred  among  tliat  crew  till 
I  was  10  years  old;  there  I  learnt  cantimr  and  lying: 
I  was  bought  from  my  mother  by  a  certam  nobleman 
for  three  pistoles,  who  .  .  .  made  me  his  page  ;  there 
I  learnt  itrtpudetue  and  pimping.  Being  turned  off 
for  wearing  my  lord's  linen,  ana  drinking  my  lady's 
ratafia,  I  turned  bailiff's  follower  ;  there  I  learnt  bully- 
ing  and  SToearing.  I  at  last  got  into  the  army,  and 
there  1  learnt  .  drinking.  So  that  .  .  .  the  whole 
sum  is  ;  canting,  lying,  impudence,  pimping,  bullying, 
swearing,  drinking,  and  a  halberd." — Farquhar :  The 
Recruiting  Officer,  iii.  i  {1705). 

Sergeant  Kite  is  an  original  picture  of  low  life  and 
humour,  rarely  surpassed. — R,  Chambers:  English 
Literature,  i.  599. 

(The  original  "  sergeant  Kite  "  was  R. 
Eastcourt,  1668-1713.) 

Kitely  (2  syl.),  a  rich  City  merchant, 
extremely  jealous  of  his  wife. — Ben 
Jonson:  Every  Man  in  His  Humour 
(1598). 

Kitt  HeusL.a'W,  boatman  of  sir 
Patrick  Charteris  of  Kinfauns,  provost  of 
Perth.— -Sir  W.  Scott:  Fair  Maid  oj 
Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Kittlecourt  {Sir  Thomas),  M.P., 
neighbour  of  the  laird  of  Ellangowan. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Guy  Mannering  (time, 
George  II.). 

Kitty,  one  of  the  servants  of  Mr. 
Peregrine  LoveL  She  spoke  French  like 
a  native,  because  she  was  once  ' '  a  half- 
boarder  at  Chelsea."  Being  asked  if  she 
had  read  Shakespeare  :  "Shikspur,  Shik- 
spur!"  she  replied.  "Who  wrote  it? 
No,  I  never  read  that  book;  but  I  pro- 
mise to  read  it  over  one  afternoon  or 
other." — Townley  :  High  Life  Below 
Stairs  (1759). 

Kitty,  younger  daughter  of  sir  David 
and  lady  Dunder  of  Dunder  Hall,  near 
Dover.  She  is  young,  wild,  and  of  ex- 
uberant spirits,  "her  mind  full  of  fun, 
her  eyes  full  of  fire,  her  head  full  of 
novels,  and  her  heart  full  of  love."  Kitty 
fell  in  love  with  Random  at  Calais,  and 
agreed  to  elope  with  him,  but  the  fugitives 
were  detected  by  sir  David  during  their 
preparations  for  flight,  and,  to  prevent 
scandal,  the  marriage  was  sanctioned  Tjy 
the  parents,  and  duly  solemnized  at  Dun- 
der HaU. — Colman  :  Ways  and  Means 
(1788). 

Kitty  Pry,  the  waiting-maid  of 
Melissa.  Very  impertinent,  very  in- 
quisitive, and  very  free  in  her  tongue. 
She  has  a  partiality  to  Timothy  Sharp 
"the  lying  valet." — Garrick:  The  Lying 
Valet  (1741). 

Ki-fcty  Willis,  a  "  soiled  dove,"  em- 
ployed by  Saville  to  attend  a  masquerade 


KLABOTERMANN. 

In  the  same  costume  as  lady  Francis,  in 
order  to  dupe  Courtall. — Mrs^  Cowley: 
The  Belle's  Stratagem  (1780). 

Zlabot'ermann,  a  ship-kobold  of 
the  Baltic,  sometimes  heard,  but  rarely 
seen.  Those  who  have  seen  him  say  he 
sits  on  the  bowsprit  of  a  phantom  ship 
called  Carmilhan,  dressed  in  yellow, 
wearing  a  night-cap,  and  smoking  a  cutty 
pipe. 

Elas  {Kaiser),  a  nickname  given  to 
Napoleon  I.  (1769,  1804-1814,  1821). 

Hort  mil  lud,  en  bitgen  still, 
Hort  wat  ick  vertellen  will, 
Van  den  grOten  kaiser  Klas, 
Dat  war  mal  en  fixen  Bas, 
Ded  von  Korsika  her  ten 
Wall  de  welt  mal  recht  beseha. 

•  •  •  • 

Helena  de  Jumfer  is 
Nu  stn  Briit,  sin  Paradis ; 
Klas  geit  mit  er  op  de  Jagd 
Dr6mt  nich  mehr  von  krieg  ura  Schlacht« 
Ua  het  he  mSl  Langewil 
Schleit  he  Rotten  d'ot  mil'n  Bil. 

Kaiser  Klas. 

Elans  [Doctor),  hero  and  title  of  a 
comedy  by  Herr  Adolph  I'Arronge  (1878). 
Dr.  Klaus  is  a  gruff,  but  nobie-minded 
and  kind-hearted  man,  whose  niece  (a 
rich  jeweller's  daughter)  has  married  a 
poor  nobleman  of  such  extravagant 
notions  that  the  wife's  property  is  soon 
dissipated ;  but  the  young  spendthrift  is 
reformed.  The  doctor  has  a  coachman, 
who  invades  his  master's  province,  and 
undertakes  to  cure  a  sick  peasant. 

Elaus  {Peter),  the  prototype  of  Rip 
van  Winkle.  Klaus  [Klows]  is  a  goat- 
herd of  Sittendorf,  who  was  one  day 
accosted  by  a  young  man,  who  beckoned 
him  to  follow.  Peter  obeyed,  and  was 
led  into  a  deep  dell,  where  he  found 
twelve  knights  playing  skittles,  no  one  of 
whom  uttered  a  word.  Gazing  around, 
he  noticed  a  can  of  wine,  and,  drinking 
some  of  its  contents,  was  overpowered 
with  sleep.  When  he  awoke,  he  was 
amazed  at  the  height  of  the  grass,  and 
when  he  entered  the  village  everything 
seemed  strange  to  him.  One  or  two 
companions  encountered  him,  but  those 
whom  he  knew  as  boys  were  grown 
middle-aged  men,  and  those  whom  he 
knew  as  middle-aged  were  grey-beards. 
After  much  perplexity,  he  discovered  he 
had  been  asleep  for  twenty  years.  (See 
Sleepers.) 

Your  Epimenidds,  your  somnolent  Peter  Klaus,  since 
named  "  Rip  van  Winkle."— Car^&. 

Kleiner  {General),  governor  of 
Prague,  brave  as  a  lion,  but  tender- 
hearted as  a  girL    It  was  Kleiner  who 


577  KNIGHT  OF  THE  EBON  SPEAR. 

rescued  the  infant  daughter  of  Mahldenau 
at  the  siege  of  Magdeburg.  A  soldier 
seized  the  infant's  nurse,  but  Kleiner 
smote  him  down,  saved  the  child,  and 
brought  it  up  as  his  own  daughter. 
Mahldenau  being  imprisoned  in  Prague 
as  a  spy,  Meeta  his  daughter  came  to 
Prague  to  beg  for  his  pardon,  and  it  then 
came  to  light  that  the  governor's  adopted 
daughter  was  Meeta's  sister. — Knowles  : 
The  Maid  of-Mariendorpt  (1838). 

Enag^  {Miss),  forewoman  of  Mme. 
Mantalini,  milliner,  near  Cavendish 
Square,  London.  After  doting  on  Kate 
Nickleby  for  three  whole  days,  this  spite- 
ful creature  makes  up  her  mind  to  hate 
her  for  ever. — Dicketis:  Nicholas  Nickleby, 
xviii.  (1838). 

Knickerbocker  {Diedrich),  a  name 
assumed  by  Washington  Irving,  in  his 
History  of  New  York  {1809). 

Knight.  An  early  British  king 
knighted  by  Augustus.  Cunobelinus  or 
Cymbeline. 

Thou  art  welcome,  Caius, 
Thy  Caesar  knighted  me. 
Shakesjieart  :  Cyinbciiiie,  act  iii.  se.  I  (r6o9), 

N.B. — Holinshed  (vol.  i.  p.  33)  says, 
*'  It  is  reported  that  Kymbeline,  being 
brought  to  Rome,  and  knighted  in  the 
court  of  Augustus,  ever  shewed  himselfe 
a  friend  to  the  Romans." 

Knight  {A  lady).  Queen  Elizabeth 
knighted  Mary  (wife  of  sir  Hugh 
Cholmondeley  of  Vale  Royal,  near 
Chester),  who  was  therefore  called  "the 
bold  lady  of  Cheshire." 

Knight  of  Arts  and  Industry, 

the  hero  of  Thomson's  Castle  of  Indolence 
(canto  ii.  7-13,  1748). 

Knight    of    La    Mancha,    don 

Quixote  de  la  Mancha,  the  hero  of 
Cervantes's  novel  called  Don  Quixote, 
etc.  (1605,  1615). 

Knight  of  the  Blade,  a  bully ;  so 
called  because,  when  swoids  were  worn,  a 
bully  was  for  ever  asserting  his  opinions 
by  an  appeal  to  his  sword. 

Knight  of  the  Burning  Festle, 

a  comedy  in  ridicule  of  chivalrous 
romance,  by  F.  Beaumont  (x6ii). 

Knight  of  the  Ebon  Spear,  Brl- 

tQmart.  In  the  great  tournament  she 
"  sends  sir  Artegal  over  his  horse's  tail," 
then  disposes  of  Cambel,  Tri'amond, 
Blan'damour,  and  several  others  in  the 
same  summary  way,  for  "no  man  c<Juld 


KNIGHT  OF  THE  FATAL  SWORD.  578 


KNIGHTS. 


bide  her  enchanted  spear." — Spenser: 
Faerie  Queene,  iv.  4  {1596). 

Enigflit   of  the   Fatal    Sword, 

Emedorus  of  Grana'da.  Known  for  his 
love  to  the  incomparable  Alzay'da. 

"  Sir,"  said  the  lady,  "your  name  is  so  celebrated  in 
the  world,  that  I  am  persuaded  nothing  is  impossible 
for  your  arm  to  execute." — Cotntesse  D'Aulnoy:  Fairy 
Tales  ("The  Knights-Errant,"  1682). 

Knight  of  the  Invincible  Sword. 

So  Am  adis  of  Gaul  styled  himself. — 
Vasco  de  Lobeira :  Amadis  of  Gaul  (four- 
teenth century).  He  cleft  in  twain,  at  one 
stroke,  two  tremendous  giants. 

Enig'ht  of  the  Leopard.  David 
earl  of  Huntingdon,  prince  royal  of  Scot- 
land, assumed  the  name  and  disguise  of 
sir  Kenneth,  "Knight  of  the  Leopard," 
in  the  crusade. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  The  Talis- 
man (time,  Richard  I.). 

Knig-ht  of  the  Lions,  the  appella- 
tion assumed  by  don  Quixote  after  his 
attack  upon  the  van  containing  two  lions 
sent  by  the  general  of  Oran  as  a  present 
to  the  king  of  Spain. — Cervantes:  Don 
Quixote,  II.  i.  17  (1615), 

Knight  of  the  Pestle,  an  apothe- 
cary or  druggist. 

Knight    of    the    Post,    one    who 

haunted  the  purlieus  of  the  courts,  ready 
to  be  hired  to  swear  anything.  So  called 
because  these  mercenaries  hung  about  the 
posts  to  which  the  sheriffs  affixed  their 
announcements. 

m  be  no  knight  of  the  post,  to  sell  my  soul  for  a  bribe ; 
Tho'  all  my  fortunes  be   crossed,   yet    I    scorn  the 
cheater  s  tribe. 

Ra^l^ed  and  Torn  and  True  (a  bcillad). 

Also  a  man  in  the  pillory,  or  one  that 
has  been    publicly  tied  to  a  post    and 

whipped. 

Knight  of  the  Rainbow,  a  foot- 
man ;  so  called  from  his  gorgeous  rai- 
ment. 

Knight  of  the  Roads,  a  foot-pad 
or  highwayman  ;  so  termed  by  a  pun  on 
the  military  order  entitled  "The  Knights 
of  Rhodes." 

Knight  of  the  Rueful  Counten- 
ance. Don  Quixote  de  la  Mancha,  the 
hero  of  Cervantes's  novel,  is  so  called  by 
Sancho  Panza  his  'squire. 

Knight  of  the  Shears,  a  tailor. 
Shires  {counties),  pronounced  shears,  gives 
)Anh  to  the  pun. 

'Knight  of  the  Sun,  Almanzor 
prince  of  Tunis.  So  called  because  the 
sun  was  the  device  he  bore  on  his  shield. 


— Comtesse  D'Aulnoy :  Fairy  Tales 
("  Princess  Zamea,"  1682). 

Knight  of  the  Swan,  Lohengrin, 
son  of  Parzival.  He  went  to  Brabant 
in  a  ship  drawn  by  a  swan.  Here  he 
hberated  the  princess  Elsen,  who  was  a 
captive,  and  then  married  her,  but  de- 
clined to  tell  his  name.  After  a  time,  he 
joined  an  expedition  against  the  Hun- 
garians, and  after  performing  miracles  of 
valour,  returned  to  Brabant  covered  with 
glory.  Some  of  Elsen's  friends  laughed 
at  her  for  not  knowing  her  husband's 
name,  so  she  implored  him  to  tell  her  of 
his  family ;  but  no  sooner  was  the  ques- 
tion asked  than  the  white  swan  reap- 
peared and  conveyed  him  away. — 
Wolfram  von  Eschenbach  (a  minnesinger) : 
Lohengrin  (thirteenth  century).  (See 
Knights  of  the  Sw^an.) 

Knight  of  the  Tomb  {The),  sir 
James  Douglas,  usually  called  "  The 
Black  Douglas."— 5z>  W.  Scott:  Castle 
Dangerous  (time,  Henry  I. ). 

Knight  of  the  Whip,  a  coach- 
man. 

Knight   of    the   White   Moon, 

the  title  assumed  by  Samson  Carrasco, 
when  he  tilted  with  don  Quixote,  on  the 
condition  that  if  the  don  were  worsted  in 
the  encounter  he  should  quit  knight- 
errantry  and  live  peaceably  at  home  for 
twelve  months. — Cervantes :  Don  Quixote, 
II.  iv.  12-14  (1615). 

Knight  of  the  Woeful  Coun- 
tenance, don  Quixote  de  la  Mancha. 

Knight  with  Two   Swords,  sir 

Balin  le  Savage,  brother  of  sir  Balan. 
— Sir  T.  Malory  :  History  of  Prince 
Arthur,  i.  27,  33  (1470). 

Knights.  The  three  bravest  of  king 
Arthur's  knights  were  sir  Launcelot  du 
Lac,  sir  Tristram  de  Liones  or  Lyon^s, 
and  sir  Lamorake  de  Galis  {i.e.  Wales). 
— Sir  T.  Malory :  History  of  Prince 
Arthur,  i.  132  (1470). 

• .  •  The  complement  of  the  knights  of 
the  Round  Table  was  150  (ditto,  i.  120). 
But  in  Lancelot  of  the  Lake,  ii.  81,  they 
are  said  to  have  amounted  to  250. 

Knights  {'Prentice),  a  secret  society 
established  to  avenge  the  wrongs  of  ap- 
prentices on  their  ' '  tyrant  masters. "  Mr. 
Sim  Tappertit  was  captain  of  this  "  noble 
association,"  and  their  meetings  were  held 
in  a  cellar  in  Stagg's  house,  in  the  Bar- 
bican. The  name  was  afterwards  changed 


KNIGHTS  OF  ALCANTARA.        579       KNIGHTS  OF  ST.  GEORGE. 


Into  "The  United  Bull-dogs,"  and  the 
members  joined  the  anti-popery  rout  of 
lord  George  Gordon. — Dickens:  Barnaiy 
Rudge,  viii.  (1841). 

Zniglits  of  Alcan'tara,  a  mili- 
tary order  of  Spain,  which  took  its  name 
from  the  city  of  Alcantara,  in  Estrema- 
dura.  These  knights  were  previously 
called  "  Knights  of  the  Pear  Tree,"  and 
subsequently  "Knights  of  St.  Julian." 
The  order  was  founded  in  1156  for  the 
defence  of  Estremadura  against  the 
Moors.  In  1197  pope  Celestine  III. 
raised  it  to  the  rank  of  a  religious  order 
of  knighthood. 

Knifflits  of  Calatra'va,  a  mili- 
tary order  of  Spain,  instituted  by  Sancho 
III.  of  Castile.  When  Sancho  took  the 
strong  fort  of  Calatrava  from  the  Moors, 
he  gave  it  to  the  Knights  Templars,  who, 
wanting  courage  to  defend  it,  returned  it 
to  the  king  again.  Then  don  Reymond 
of  the  Cistercian  order,  with  several 
cavelleros  of  quality,  volunteered  to 
defend  the  fort,  whereupon  the  king 
constituted  them  "  Knights  of  Cala- 
trava." 

Kniglits  of  Cliristian  Charity, 

instituted  by  Henri  III.  of  France,  for 
the  benefit  of  poor  military  officers  and 
mai  med  soldiers.  This  order  was  founded 
at  the  same  time  as  that  of  the  "  Holy 
Ghost,"  which  was  meant  for  princes  and 
men  of  distinction.  The  order  was  com- 
pleted by  Henri  IV,,  and  resembled  our 
"  Poor  Knights  of  Windsor,"  now  called 
"The  Military  Knights  of  Windsor." 

Knights  of  Malta.  First  called 
"  Knights  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem," 
otherwise  "Knights  of  Rhodes."  The 
most  celebrated  religious  military  order 
of  the  Middle  Ages.  In  1048  a  hospital 
was  dedicated  to  St.  John  the  Baptist, 
which  had  been  built  by  some  merchants 
of  Amalfi,  to  receive  the  pilgrims  from 
Europe  visiting  the  Holy  Sepulchre.  The 
nurses  were  first  called  the  "  Hospitaller 
Brothers  of  St.  John  the  Baptist  of  Jeru- 
salem." The  hospice  was  plundered  by 
the  Seljuk  Turks ;  and  the  Crusaders 
under  Geoffroy  de  Bouillon,  in  1099, 
rescued  the  first  superior  Gerard  from 
prison.  He  resumed  his  work  at  the 
hospital,  being  joined  by  several  of  the 
Crusaders.  'Hie  order  then  became  mili- 
tary as  well  as  religious.  After  various 
vicissitudes,  the  Knights,  in  1310,  under 
Iheir  grand-master,  Foulkes  de  VillM-et, 


captured  Rhodes  and  seven  other  islands 
from  the  Greek  and  Saracen  pirates,  but 
they  had  to  surrender  Rhodes  to  Solyman 
in  1523.  In  1530  they  were  given  the 
island  of  Malta,  with  Tripoli  and  Gozo, 
by  Charles  V.  The  order  has  existed  in 
parts  of  Italy,  Russia,  and  Spain. 

Knights  of  Montesa,  a  Spanish 
order  of  knighthood,  instituted  by  James 
II.  of  Aragon  in  1317. 

Knights  of  Nova  Scotia,  in  the 

West  Indies,  created  by  James  I.  of 
Great  Britain.  These  knights  wore  a 
ribbon  of  an  orange  tawny  colour. 

Knights  of  Our  Lady  of  Mount 

Carmel  {Chevaliers  de  I'Ordre  de  Notre 
Dame  du  Mont  Carmel),  instituted  by 
Henri  IV.  of  France  in  1607,  and  con- 
sisting of  a  hundred  French  gentlemen. 

N.B. — These  knights  must  not  be  con- 
founded with  the  Carmelites,  or  L'Ordre 
des  Carmes,  founded  by  Bertholde  count 
of  Limoges  inii56;  said  by  legend  to  have 
been  founded  by  the  prophet  Elijah,  and. 
to  have  been  revived  by  the  Virgin  Mary. 
The  religious  house  of  Carmel  was  founded 
in  400  by  John  patriarch  of  Jerusalem, 
in  honour  of  Elijah,  and  this  gave  rise  to 
the  legend. 

Knights  of  Rhodes.  The  "Knights 
of  Malta "  were  so'  called  between  1310 
and  1523.     (See  Knights  of  Malta.) 

Knights  of  St.  Andrew,  insti- 
tuted by  Peter  the  Great  of  Moscovy,  in 
1698.  Their  badge  is  a  gold  medaU 
having  St.  Andrew's  cross  on  one  side, 
with  these  words,  Cazar  Pierre  monarque 
de  tout  le  Russie. 

Knights  of  St.  Genette  [Cheva- 
liers de  rOrdre  de  St.  Genet te),  the  most 
ancient  order  of  knighthood  in  France, 
instituted  by  Charles  Martel,  after  his 
victory  over  the  Saracens  in  782,  where  a 
vast  number  of  gennets,  like  Spanish  cats 
{civet  cats),  were  found  in  the  enemy's 
camp. 

Knights  of  St.  George.  There 
are  several  orders  so  called — 

1.  St.  George  of  Alfama,  founded  by 
the  kings  of  Aragon. 

2.  St.  George  of  Austria  and  Carinthia, 
instituted  by  the  emperor  Frederick  III. 
first  archduke  of  Austria. 

3.  Another  founded  by  the  same  em- 
peror in  1470,  to  guard  the  frontiers  of 
Bohemia  and  Hungary  against  the  Turks. 


KNIGHTS  OF  ST.  JAGO. 

4.  St.  George,  generally  called  ' '  Knights 
of  the  Garter  "  {q.v.).  • 

5.  An  order  in  the  old  republic  of 
Genoa. 

6.  The  Teutonic  knights  were  originally 
called  "  Knights  of  St.  George." 

Knights  of  St.  Jagfo,  a  Spanish 
order,  instituted  under  pope  Alexander 
HI.,  the  grand-master  of  which  is  next 
in  rank  to  the  sovereign.  St.  Jago  or 
James  (the  Greater)  is  the  patron  saint 
of  Spain. 

Knights  of  St.  John  of  Jeru- 
salem. (See  Knights  of  Malta,  p. 
579.) 

Knights  of  St.  Lazare  (2  syl.), 
a  religious  and  mih"tary  order  of  Knights 
Hospitallers,  established  in  the  twelfth 
century,  and  confirmed  by  the  pope  in 
1255.  Their  special  mission  was  to  take 
care  of  lepers.  The  name  is  derived 
from  Lazarus  the  beggar  who  lay  at  the 
gate  of  Divgs.  The  order  was  introduced 
into  France  under  Louis  VH.,  and  was 
abolished  in  the  first  Revolution. 

Knights   of  St.  Magdalene    (3 

syl.),  a  French  order,  instituted  by  St. 
Louis  {IX. ),  to  suppress  duels. 

Knights  of  St.  Maria  de  Mer- 
cede  (3  syl.),  a  Spanish  order,  for  the 
redemption  of  captives. 

Knights  of  St.  Michael  the 
Archangel  {Chevaliers  de  I'Ordre  de 
St.  Michel),  a  French  order,  instituted  by 
Louis  XI.  in  1469.  The  king  was  at  the 
head  of  the  order.  M.  Bouillet  says, 
"St.  Michel  est  regard^  comma  le  pro- 
tecteur  et  I'ange  tut^laire  de  la  France." 

Knights  of  St.  Patrick,  instituted 
in  1783.  The  ruling  sovereign  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  and  the  lord-lieu- 
tenant of  Ireland,  are  ex-offiiio  members 
of  this  order.  The  order  is  named  after 
St.  Patrick,  the  patron  saint  of  Ireland. 

Knights    of   St.    Salvador,    in 

Aragon,  instituted  by  Alphonso  I.  in 
1118. 

Knights  of  Windsor,  formerly 
called  "  Poor  Knights  of  Windsor,"  but 
now  entitled  "The  Military  Knights  of 
Windsor,"  a  body  of  military  pensioners, 
who  have  their  residence  within  the  pre- 
cincts of  Windsor  Castle. 

Knights  of  the  Bath,  an  order  of 
knighthood  derived  from  the  ancient 
Franks,  and  so  termed  because  the  mem- 
bers   originally   "bathed"    before    they 


580     KNIGHTS  OF  THE  DRAGON. 

performed  their  vigils.  The  last  knights 
created  in  this  ancient  form  were  at  the 
coronation  of  Charles  II.  in  1661. 

G.C.B.  stands  for  Grand  Cross  of  the 
Bath  (the  first  class) ;  K.C.B.  for  Knight 
Commander  of  the  Bath  (the  second 
class)  ;  and  C.B.  for  Companion  of  the 
Bath  (the  third  class). 

Knights  of  the  Blood  of  Our 
Saviour,  an  order  of  knighthood  in 
Mantua,  instituted  by  duke  Vincent 
Gonpaga  in  1608,  on  his  marriage.  It 
consisted  of  twenty  Mantuan  dukes.  The 
name  originated  in  the  belief  that  in  St. 
Andrew's  Church,  Mantua,  certain  drops 
oi  our  Saviour's  blood  are  preserved  as  a 
lelic. 

Knights  of  the  Broom  Plower 

[Chevaliers  de  FOrdrede  la  Genesie),  insti- 
tuted by  St.  Louis  (IX.)  of  France  on 
his  marriage.  The  collar  was  decorated 
with  broom  flowers,  intermixed  with 
fleurs  de  lys  in  gold.  The  motto  was, 
Exaltat  humlles. 

Knights  of  the  Carpet  or  Carpet 
Knights,  i.e.  non-military  or  civil 
knights,  such  as  mayors,  lawyers,  authors, 
artists,  physicians,  and  so  on,  who  receive 
their  knighthood  kneeling  on  a  carpet, 
and  not  in  the  tented  field. 

Knights    of   the    Chamher    or 

Chamber  Knights,  knights  bachelors 
made  in  times  of  peace  in  the  presence- 
chamber,  and  not  in  the  camp.  These  are 
always  military  men,  and  therefore  differ 
from  "  Carpet  Knights,"  who  are  always 
civilians. 

Knights  of  the  Cock  and  Dog, 

founded  by  Philippe  I.,  Auguste,  of 
France. 

Knights  of  the  Crescent,  a  mili- 
tary order,  instituted  by  Renatus  of  Anjou, 
king  of  Sicily,  etc.,  in  1448.  So  called 
from  the  badge,  which  is  a  crescent  ui 
gold  enamelled.  What  gave  rise  to  this 
institution  was  that  Renatus  took  for  his 
device  a  crescent,  with  the  word  los 
("praise"),  which,  in  the  style  of  rebus, 
maJces  los  in  crescent,  i.e.  "  by  advancing 
in  virtue  one  merits  praise." 

Knights  of  the  Dove,  a  Spanish 
order,  mstituted  in  1379  by  John  I.  of 
Castile. 

Knights  of  the  Dragon,  created 

by  the  emperor  Sigismond  in  14 17,  upon 
the  condemnation  of  Huss  and  Jerome  of 
Prague  "  the  heretics," 


KNIGHTS  OF  THE  ERMINE.       581     KNIGHTS  OF  THE  THISTLE. 


Knights  of  the  Ermine  {Cheva- 
liers de  r Ordre  de  C Epic) ,  instituted  in  1450 
by  Fran9ois  I.  due  de  Bretagne.  The 
collar  was  of  gold,  composed  of  ears  of 
com  in  saltier,  at  the  end  of  which  hung 
an  ermine,  with  the  legend  d  ma  vie.  The 
order  expired  when  the  dukedom  was 
annexed  to  the  crown  of  France, 

Knights  of  the  Garter,  insti- 
tuted by  Exlward  III.  of  England  in  1344. 
According  to  Selden,  "it  exceeds  in 
majesty,  honour,  and  fame,  all  chivalrous 
orders  in  the  world."  The  story  is  that 
Joan  countess  of  Salisbury,  while  danc- 
ing with  the  king,  let  fall  her  garter,  and 
the  gallant  Edward,  perceiving  a  smile 
on  the  faces  of  the  courtiers,  picked  it  up, 
bound  it  round  his  knee,  and  exclaimed, 
"  Honi  soit  qui  mal  y  pense."  The  blue 
garter  and  the  motto  of  the  order  are  thus 
accounted  for. 

Knights  of  the  Golden  Fleece, 

a  military  order  of  knighthood,  insti- 
tuted by  Philippe  le  Bon  of  Burgundy 
in  1429.  It  took  its  name  from  a  repre- 
sentation of  the  golden  fleece  on  the 
collar  of  the  order.  The  king  of  Spain 
is  grand-master,  and  the  motto  is,  Ante 
feret  quamjlamma  micet. 

Knights  of  the  Golden  Shield, 

an  order  instituted  by  Louis  II.  of  France, 
for  the  defence  of  the  country.  The 
motto  \%,Allons  {i.e."  Let  us  go  in  defence 
of  our  country"). 

Knights  of  the  Hare,  an  order  of 
twelve  knights,  instituted  by  Edward  III. 
while  he  was  in  France.  The  French 
raised  a  tremendous  shout,  and  Edward 
thought  it  was  the  cry  of  battle,  but  it 
was  occasioned  by  a  hare  running  be- 
tween the  two  armies.  From  this  in- 
cident the  knights  created  on  the  field 
after  this  battle  were  termed  ' '  Knights  of 
the  Order  of  the  Hare." 

Knights    of   the    Holy    Ghost 

{Chevaliers  de  I' Ordre  du  Saint  Esprit), 
instituted  by  Henri  III.  of  France  on  his 
return  from  Poland.  Henri  III.  was  both 
born  and  crowned  on  Whit-Sunday,  and 
hence  the  origin  of  the  order. 

Knights  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre, 

an  order  of  knighthood  founded  by  St. 
Hel'ena,  when  she  visited  Jerusalem  at 
the  age  of  80,  and  found  (as  it  is  said) 
the  cross  on  which  Christ  was  crucified  in 
a  cavern  under  the  temple  of  Venus,  A.D. 
328.  This  order  was  confirmed  by  pope 
Pascal  II.  in  1114. 


Knights  of  the  Lily,  an  order  of 
knighthood  in  Navarre,  founded  by 
Garcia  in  T048. 

Knights  of  the  Order  of  Fools, 

established  November,  1381,  and  con- 
tinued to  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  The  insignia  was  a  jester  or 
fool  embroidered  on  the  left  side  of  their 
mantles,  cap  and  bells,  yellow  stockings, 
a  cup  of  fruit  in  the  right  hand,  and  a 
gold  key  in  the  left.  It  resembled  the 
"  Oddfellows  "  of  more  modern  times. 

Knights     of     the      Porcupine 

{Chevaliers  de  r Ordre  du  Porcipic),  a 
French  order  of  knighthood.  The  ori- 
ginal motto  was,  Cominus  et  eminus, 
changed  by  Louis  XII.  into  Ultus  avos 
Trojce. 

Knights  of  the  Red  Staff,  an 

order  instituted  by  Alfonso  XI.  of  Cas- 
tile and  Leon  in  1330. 

Knights  of  the  Round  Table. 

King  Arthur's  knights  were  so  called, 
because  they  sat  with  him  at  a  round 
table  made  by  Merlin  for  king  Leode- 
graunce.  This  king  gave  it  to  Arthur  on 
his  marriage  with  Guinever,  his  daughter. 
It  contained  seats  for  150  knights,  100  of 
which  king  Leodegraunce  furnished  when 
he  sent  the  table. 

Knights  of  the  Shell.  The  argo- 
nauts of  St.  Nicholas  were  so  called  from 
the  shells  worked  on  the  collar  of  the 
order. 

Knights  of  the  Ship,  an  order  of 
knighthood  founded  by  St.  Louis  (IX.) 
of  France  in  his  expedition  to  Egypt. 

Knights  of  the  Star  {Chevaliers 
de  I'Ordre  de  I'Etoile),  an  ancient  order 
of  knighthood  in  France.  The  motto  of 
the  order  was,  Monstrant  regibus  astra 
viam. 

Knights  of  the  Swan  {Chez- -Hers 

de  r  Ordre  du  Cygne),  an  order  of  knight- 
hood founded  in  1443  by  the  elector 
Frederick  II,  of  Brandenburg,  and  re- 
stored in  T843  by  Frederick  William  IV. 
of  Prussia  Its  object  is  the  relief  of  dis- 
tress generally.  The  king  of  Prussia  is 
grand-master.  The  motto  is,  Gott  mit 
uns  ("  God  be  with  you") ;  and  the  collar 
is  of  gold.  The  white  swan  is  the  badge 
of  the  house  of  Cleves  (Westphalia). 

Lord  Berners  has  a  novel  called  The 
Knight  of  the  Swan  (sixteenth  century). 

Knights  of  the  Thistle,  said  to 
be   founded   by   Archaicus    king  of  the 


KNIGHTS  OF  THE  VIRGIN.       582 


Scots  in  809  ;  revived  in  1540  by  James  V. 
of  Scotland  ;  again  in  1687  by  James  II.  of 
Great  Britain  ;  and  again  by  queen  Anne, 
who  placed  the  order  on  a  permanent 
footing.  The  decoration  consists  of  a 
collar  of  enamelled  gold,  composed  of 
sixteen  thistles  interlaced  with  sprigs 
of  rue,  and  a  small  golden  image  of  St. 
Andrew  within  a  circle.  The  motto  is. 
Nemo  me  impune  lacessit.  The  members 
are  sometimes  called  "  Knights  of  St. 
Andrew." 

The  riie  mixed  with  the  thistles  is 
a  pun  on  the  word  "Andrew,"  thistles 
And-rue. 

(There  was  at  one  time  a  French 
"  Order  of  the  Thistle"  in  the  house  of 
Bourbon,  with  the  same  decoration  and 
motto.) 

Enigflits  of  tlie  Virg'in's  Look- 
ing-glass, an  order  instituted  in  1410 
by  Ferdinand  of  Castile. 

Knights  Sword-bearers,  founded 
in  I20I  by  bishop  Meinhard,  for  the 
defence  of  Livonia.  The  last  grand- 
master of  the  order  was  Gothard  Kettler, 
created  duke  of  Courland  in  1561. 

Knights  Teutonic,  originally  called 
"  Knights  of  St.  George,"  then  "  Knights 
of  the  Virgin  Mary,"  and  lastly  "  Teutonic 
Knights  of  the  Hospital  of  St.  Mary  the 
Virgin."  This  order  was  instituted  by 
Henry  king  of  Jerusalem,  in  compliment 
to  the  German  volunteers  who  accom- 
panied Frederick  Barbarossa  on  his  cru- 
sade. The  knights  were  soon  afterwards 
placed  under  the  tutelage  of  the  Virgin, 
to  whom  a  hospital  for  German  pilgrims 
had  been  dedicated;  and  in  1191  pope 
Celestine  III.  confirmed  the  privileges, 
and  changed  the  name  to  the  "  Teutonic 
Knights."  Abolished  by  Napoleon,  1809. 
It  still  has  a  titular  existence  in  Austria. 

Knighton,  groom  of  the  duke  of 
Buckingham. — Sir  W.Scott:  Fortunes  of 
Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Knock-winnock  (Sybil),  wife  of  sir 
Richard  of  the  Redhand,  and  mother  of 
Malcolm  Misbegot.— 5?>  W.  Scott:  The 
Antiquary  (time,  George  III.). 

Knot  [Gordian),      (See  GORDIUS,  p. 

438.) 

Know.  A^ot  to  know  me  argues  your- 
selves u/iknotvn.  The  words  of  Satan  to 
Zephon  and  Ithu'riel,  when  they  disco- 
vered him  lurking  in  the  garden  of  Eden. 
— Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  Iv.  830  (1665). 

Knowledge  [Finn's  Tooth  of).     Ac- 


KOLAO. 

cording  to  old  Celtic  romances,  Finn  Mac 
Cumal  (Fingal)  had  the  gift  of  divination, 
which  he  could  exercise  at  will  by  placing 
his  thumb  under  one  of  his  teeth.  The 
legends  say  that  he  obtained  the  power 
from  being  the  first  to  eat  of  the  salmon 
of  knowledge,  which  swam  in  the  pool  of 
Linn-Fee,  in  the  Boyne.  The  process 
seems  to  have  been  attended  with  pain, 
so  that  it  was  only  on  very  solemn  and 
trying  occasions  Finn  exercised  the  gift. 

Kochla'ni,  a  race  of  Arabian  horses, 
whose  genealogy  for  2000  years  has  been 
most  strictly  preserved.  They  are  derived 
from  Solomon's  studs.  This  race  of  horses 
can  bear  the  greatest  fatigue,  can  pass  days 
without  food,  show  undaunted  courage  in 
battle,  and  when  their  riders  are  slain 
will  carry  them  from  the  field  to  a  place 
of  safety. — Niebuhr. 

(The  Kadischi  is  another  celebrated  race 
of  horses,  but  not  equal  to  the  Kochlani.) 

Koh-i-noor  ['*  mountain  of  light  "\  a 
diamond  once  called  ' '  The  Great  Mogul." 
Held  in  the  fourteenth  century  by  the 
rajah  of  Malwa.  Later  it  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  sultans  of  Delhi,  after  their 
conquest  of  Malwa.  It  belonged  in  the 
seventeenth  century  to  Aurungzebe  the 
Great.  The  shah  Jihan  sent  it  to 
Hortensio  Borgio  to  be  cut,  but  the 
Venetian  lapidary  reduced  it  from  793I 
carats  to  186,  and  left  it  dull  and  lustre- 
less. It  next  passed  into  the  hands  of 
Aurungzebe's  g^eat-grandson,  who  hid  it 
in  his  turban.  Nadir  Shah  invited  the 
possessor  to  a  feast,  and  insisted  on 
changing  turbans,  "  to  cement  their  love," 
and  thus  it  fell  into  Nadir's  hands,  who 
gave  it  the  name  of  "Koh-i-noor."  It 
next  passed  into  the  hands  of  Ahmed 
Shah,  founder  of  the  Cabfil  dynasty ;  was 
extorted  from  shah  Shuja  by  Runjet 
Singh,  who  wore  it  set  in  a  bracelet. 
After  the  murder  of  Shu  Singh,  it  was 
deposited  in  the  Lahore  treasury,  and 
after  the  annexation  of  the  Punjaub  was 
presented  to  queen  Victoria  in  1849.  It  has 
been  re-cut,  and,  though  reduced  to  106 
carats,  is  supposed  to  be  worth  ;^r40,ooo. 
■ .  •  There  is  another  diamond  of  the  same 
name  belonging  to  the  shah  of  Persia. 

Kolao,  the  wild  man  of  Misamichis. 
He  had  a  son  who  died  in  early  youth,  and 
he  went  to  Pat-Koot-Parout  to  crave  his 
son's  restoration  to  life.  Pat-Koot-Parout 
put  the  soul  of  the  dead  body  in  a  leather 
bag,  which  he  fastened  with  packthread, 
and  hung  round  the  neck  of  Kolao,  telling 


KOPPENBERG.  583 

him  to  lay  the  body  in  a  new  hut,  put  the 
bag  near  the  mouth,  and  so  let  the  soul 
return  to  it,  but  on  no  account  to  open 
the  bag  before  everything  was  ready. 
Kolao  placed  the  bag  in  his  wife's  hands 
while  he  built  the  hut,  strictly  enjoining 
her  not  to  open  it ;  but  curiosity  led  her 
to  open  the  bag,  and  out  flew  the  soul  to 
the  country  of  Pat-Koot-Parout  again. — 
Gueulette:  Chinese  Tales  ("Kolao,  the 
Wild  Man,"  1723). 

^  Orpheus,  having  lost  his  wife 
Eurydlcfi  by  the  bite  of  a  serpent, 
obtained  permission  of  Pluto  for  her 
restoration,  provided  he  looked  not  back 
till  he  reached  the  upper  world.  He  had 
got  to  the  end  of  his  journey  when  he 
turned  round  to  see  if  Pluto  had  kept 
his  word.  As  he  turned  he  just  caught 
sight  of  Eurydic^,  who  was  instantly 
caught  back  again  to  the  infernal  regions. 

if  Adam  and  Eve  in  Paradise  were  for- 
bidden to  eat  the  fruit  of  the  tree  of 
knowledge ;  but  Eve  could  not  resist.  She 
ate  and  gave  to  Adam,  who  ate  of  the  fruit 
also,  and  both  were  expelled  from  Paradise. 

H  Pando'ra  entrusted  her  box  to  Epime'- 
theus  {4  syl.)  her  husband,  but  enjoined 
him  on  no  account  to  open  it.  Curiosity 
induced  Epimetheus  to  peep  into  it,  when 
out  flew  all  the  ills  that  flesh  is  heir  to. 
However,  the  lid  was  slammed  down 
before  Hope  had  made  his  escape. 

(Similar  tales  are  extremely  numerous.) 

Eoppenberg,  the  mountain  of  West- 
phalia to  which  the  pied  piper  (Bunting) 
led  the  children,  when  the  people  of 
Hamelin  refused  to  pay  him  for  killing 
their  rats. — Browning. 

IT  The  Old  Man  of  the  Mountain  led 
the  children  of  Lorch  into  the  Tannen- 
berg,  for  a  similar  offence. 

Eorigfaus  or  Korrigans,  nine  fays  of 
Brittany,  not  above  two  feet  in  height, 
who  can  predict  future  events,  assume 
any  shape,  and  move  from  place  to  place 
as  quick  as  thought.  They  sing  like 
syrens,  and  comb  their  long  hair  like 
mermaids.  The  Korigans  haunt  foun- 
tains, flee  at  the  sound  of  bells,  and  their 
breath  is  deadly. — Breton  Mythology. 

Koscilisko  (ThaddcBus),  the  Polish 
general  who  contended  against  the  aUied 
army  of  Russia  under  the  command  of 
Suwarrow,  in  1794.  He  was  taken 
prisoner  and  sent  to  Russia,  but  in  1796 
was  set  at  Uberty  by  the  czar. 

Hope  for  a  season  bade  the  world  farewell. 
And  Freedom  shrieked— as  Koschiusko  fell. 

QamjibeU:  Pltasures  o/Hopt,  L  (1799). 


KUDRUN. 


Zrakamal,  the  Danish  death -song. 

Kriemhild  {Kreem-hild\,  daughter  of 
Dancrat,  and  sister  of  Giinther  king  of 
Burgundy.  She  first  married  Sieglried 
king  of  the  Netherlanders,  who  was  mur- 
dered by  Hagan.  Thirteen  years  after- 
wards, she  married  Etzel  (Attila)  king  of 
the  Huns.  Some  time  after  her  mairiage, 
she  invited  Giinther,  Hagan,  and  others  to 
visit  her,  and  Hagan  slew  Etzel's  young 
son.  Kriemhild  now  became  a  perfect 
fury,  and  cut  off  the  head  of  both  Gunther 
and  Hagan  with  her  own  hand,  but  was 
herself  slain  by  Hildebrand.  Till  the 
death  of  Siegfried,  Kriemhild  was  gentle, 
modest,  and  lovable,  but  afterwards  she 
became  vindictive,  bold,  and  hateful. — 
The  Nibelungen  Lied  (by  the  German 
minnesingers,  twelfth  century). 

Erook,  proprietor  of  a  rag-and-bone 
warehouse,  where  everything  seems  to  be 
bought  and  nothing  sold.  He  is  a 
grasping  drunkard,  who  eventually  dies 
of  spontaneous  combustion.  Krook  is 
always  attended  by  a  large  cat,  which  he 
calls  "Lady  Jane,"  as  uncanny  as  her 
master, — Dickens:  Bleak  House  (1852). 

Kmitz'ner,  or  the  "German's  Tale," 
in  Miss  H,  Lee's  Canterbury  Tales.  Lord 
Byron  founded  his  tragedy  of  Werner  on 
this  tale. 

The  drama  [of  lVemer\  is  taken  entirely  from  the 
"  German's  Tale "  \_Kruitzner\,  published  in  Lee's 
Canterbury  Tales,  written  by  two  sisters  .  .  ,  I  have 
adopted  the  characters,  plan,  and  even  the  language 
of  many  parts  of  the  story. —i?y  row  .•  Preface  to  H^trner 
(1822). 

Kruz,  a  dirty-minded,  malicious 
brute,  without  sufficient  courage  to  be 
a  villain,  but  quite  mean-spirited  enough 
to  be  malicious. — Robertson  :  School 
(1869). 

Eubla  Ehau.  Coleridge  says  that 
he  composed  this  fragment  from  a 
dream,  after  reading  Purchas's  Pil- 
grimage, a  description  of  khan  Kubla's 
palace ;  and  he  wrote  it  down  on 
awaking  (1797). 

(It  is  said  that  Tartini  composed  The 
DeviPs  Sonata  in  his  sleep.) 

Rouget  de  Lisle  slept  at  the  harpsi- 
chord whilst  composing  the  Marseillaise  '; 
on  waking  he  recalled  the  song  as  one 
recalls  the  impression  of  a  dream,  and 
then  wrote  down  words  and  miisic  (1792). 

Eudnin,  called  the  German  Odyssey 
(thirteenth  century) ;  divided  into  three 
parts  called  Hagen,  Hilde  (a  syl.),  and 
Kudrun. 

Is.B.— Hagen  is  the  son  of  Siegebrand 


KWASIND. 

king  of  Irland,  and  is  carried  off  by  a 
griffin  to  a  distant  island,  where  three 
princesses  take  charge  of  him.  In  due 
time  a  ship  touches  on  the  island,  takes 
all  the  four  to  Irland,  and  Hagen  marries 
Hilda,  the  youngest  of  the  three  sisters. 

Hilda,  In  due  time  Hilda  has  a 
daughter,  who  is  called  by  the  same 
name,  and  at  a  marriageable  age  becomes 
the  wife  of  Hedel  king  of  Friesland. 

Kudrun.  Hilda's  daughter  Kudrun 
becomes  affianced  to  Herwig,  but,  while 
preparing  the  wedding  dresses,  is  carried 
off  by  Hartmut,  son  of  Ludwig  king  of 
Normandy.  Her  father  goes  in  pursuit, 
but  is  slain  by  Ludwig.  On  reaching 
Normandy,  Gerlinde  (3  syL)  the  queen- 
mother  treats  Kudrun  with  the  greatest 
cruelty,  and  puts  her  to  the  most  servile 
work,  because  she  refuses  to  marry  her 
son.  At  length,  succour  is  at  hand. 
Her  lover  and  brother  arrive  and  slay 
Ludwig.  Gerlinde  is  just  about  to  put 
Kudrun  to  death,  when  Watt  Long-beard 
rushes  in,  slays  the  queen,  and  rescues 
Kudrun,  who  is  forthwith  married  to 
Herwig  her  affianced  lover.  —  Author 
unknown  (one  of  the  minnesingers). 

S-wa'sind,  the  strongest  man  that 
ever  Hved,  the  Hercules  of  the  North 
American  Indians.  He  could  pull  up 
cedars  and  pines  by  the  roots,  and  toss 
huge  rocks  about  hke  playtliings.  His 
wondrous  strength  was  "seated  in  his 
crown,"  and  there  of  course  lay  his  point 
of  weakness,  but  the  only  weapon  which 
could  injure  him  was  the  "  blue  cone  of 
the  fir  tree,"  a  secret  known  only  to  the 
pygmies  or  Little-folk.  This  mischievous 
race,  out  of  jealousy,  determined  to  kill 
the  strong  man,  and  one  day,  finding  him 
asleep  in  a  boat,  pelted  him  with  fir 
cones  till  he  died  ;  and  now,  whenever  the 
tempest  rages  through  the  forests,  and  the 
branches  of  the  trees  creak  and  groan  and 
split,  they  say,  "  Kwasind  is  gathering  in 
his  fire- wood."    (See  Hercules,  p,  485.) 

Dear,  too,  unto  Hiawatha 

Was  the  very  strong  man  Kwasind; 

He  the  strongest  of  all  mortals. 

Long/cUcnu  :  Hiawatha,  xv.  and  xviii. 

.   Kyrie    Elyson    de    Montalban 

(Don)  or  "don  Quirieleyson  de  Mon- 
talvan,"  brother  of  Thomas  de  Montalban, 
in  the  romance  called  Tiranie  le  Blanc, 
author  unknown. 

(Dr.  Warburton,  in  his  essay  on  the 
old  romances,  falls  into  the  strange  error 
of  calling  this  character  an  "early 
romance  of  chivalry."  As  well  might  he 
call  Claudius  king  of  Denmark  a  play  of 


S84 


LACKITT. 


Shakespeare's,  instead  of  a  character  in 
the  tragedy  of  Hamlet.) 

A  large  quarto  dropped  at  th«  barber's  feet  .  it 
was  the  history  of  that  famous  knight  Tirante  U  Blanc 
\^\f\  '^'  me  look  at  that  book."  said  the  priest ;  "  we 
shall  find  in  it  a  fund  of  amusement.  Here  shall  we 
find  the  famous  knight  don  Kyrie  Elvson  of  Montalban. 
and  his  brother  Thomas.  .  .  .  This  is  one  of  the  most 
amusing  books  ever  wntten."—C</T/a«;^  .•£)««  o«t»- 
«U,  1. 1.  6  (1605J.  * 


Labamm,  the  imperial  standard 
carried  before  the  Roman  emperors  in 
war.  Constantine,  having  seen  a  luminous 
cross  in  the  sky  the  night  before  the 
battle  of  Saxa  Rubra,  added  the  sacred 
monogram  XP  [Christos).  —  Gibbon : 
Decline  and  Fall,  etc.,  xx.  note  (1788). 

N.B. — The  labarum  bore  the  device 
of  a  cross,  above  which  was  a  crown 
adorned  with  the  sacred  monogram  and 
the  Greek  letters  a,  w.  Attached  to  the 
transverse  rod  was'  a  small  purple  banner 
with  a  gold  fringe. 

.  .  .  stars  would  write  his  will  in  heaven. 
As  once  when  a  labarum  was  not  deemed 
Too  much  for  the  old  founder  of  these  walls  \Constan- 
tinopUI. 

R.  Browning:  Paracelsus,  ii. 

Labe  (2  syL),  the  sorceress-queen  of 
the  Island  of  Enchantments.  She  tried 
to  change  Beder,  the  young  king  of  Per- 
sia, into  a  halting,  one-eyed  hack  ;  but 
Beder  was  forewarned,  and  changed  Labfi 
herself  into  a  mare. — Arabian  Nights 
(' '  Beder  and  Giauhar6  "). 

Labe'rius,  a  Roman  writer  of  panto- 
mimes, contemporary  with  Julius  Ca2sar. 

Laberius  would  be  always  sure  of  more  followers  than 
Sophocles. — Macpherson  :  Disserlation  on  Ossian, 

La  Creevy  [Miss),  a  little  talka- 
tive, bustling,  cheery  miniature-painter. 
Simple-minded,  kind-hearted,  and  bright 
as  a  lark.  She  marries  Tim  Linkinwater, 
the  old  clerk  of  the  brothers  Cheery ble. — 
Dickens:  Nicholas  Nickleby  (1838). 

Lackitt  (Widow),  the  widow  of  an 
Indian  planter.  This  rich  vulgar  widow 
falls  in  love  with  Charlotte  Weldon,  who 
assumes  the  dress  of  a  young  man  and 
calls  herself  Mr.  Weldon.  Charlotte 
even  marries  the  widow,  but  then  informs 


LACY. 

her  that  she  is  a  g^rl  in  male  apparel, 
engaged  to  Mr.  Sunmore.  The  widow 
consoles  herself  by  marrying  Jack  Stan- 
more. — Southern:  Oroonoko  (i6g6). 

Lacy  (Sir  Hugo  de),  constable  of 
Chester,  a  crusader. 

Sir  Damian  de  Lacy,  nephew  of  sir 
Hugo.     He  marries  lady  Eveline. 

Randal  de  Lacy,  sir  Hugo's  cousin, 
introduced  in  several  disguises,  as  a 
merchant,  a  hawk-seller,  and  a  robber- 
captain.— 5z>  W.  Scott:  The  Betrot/ied 
{time,  Henry  II.). 

La' das,  Alexander's  messenger,  noted 
for  his  swiftness  of  foot  Lord  Rosebery 
named  one  of  his  horses  "  Ladas," 

Ladislans,  a  cynic,  whose  humour  is 
healthy  and  amusing. — Massinger:  The 
Picture  (1629). 

Ladislaw  [Will),  the  artist  in  love 
with  Dorothea  Brooke  the  heroine  of  the 
novel,  who  first  marries  Casaubon,  and 
afterwards  Will  Ladislaw, — George  Eliot 
(Mrs.  J.  W.  Cross) :  Middlemarch  (1872). 

Ladon,  the  dragon  or  hydra  that 
assisted  the  Hesperidfes  in  keeping 
watch  over  the  golden  apples  of  the 
Hesperian  grove. 

So  oft  th'  unamiable  dragon  hath  slept, 
That  the  garden's  imperfectly  watched  after  aU. 
Moore :  Irish  Melodies  (1814). 

Ladroue  Islands,  i.e.  "  thieves' 
islands ;  "  so  called  by  Magellan  in  1519, 
from  the  thievish  disposition  of  the 
natives. 

Ladnrlad,  the  father  of  Kail'yal  {2 
syl. ).  He  killed  Ar'valan  for  attempting 
to  dishonour  his  daughter,  and  thereby  in- 
curred the  "  curse  of  Keha'ma  "  (Arvalan's 
father).  The  curse  was  that  water  should 
not  wet  him  nor  fire  consume  him,  that 
sleep  should  not  visit  him  nor  death 
release  him,  etc.  After  enduring  a  time 
of  agony,  these  curses  turned  to  blessings. 
Thus,  when  his  daughter  was  exposed  to 
the  fire  of  the  burning  pagoda,  he  was 
enabled  to  rescue  her,  because  he  was 
"charmed  from  fire."  When  her  lover 
was  carried  by  the  witch  Lorrimite  (3 
syl.)  to  the  city  of  Baly  under  the 
ocean,  he  was  able  to  deliver  the  captive, 
because  he  was  "charmed  from  water, 
the  serpent's  tooth,  and  all  beasts  of 
blood."  He  could  even  descend  to  the 
Infernal  regions  to  crave  vengeance 
against  Kehama,  because  "he  was 
charmed  against  death. "  When  Kehama 
drank  the  cup  of   "  immortal    death," 


58s  LADY  OF  LYONS. 

I^durlad     was     taken     to     paradise— 
Sou/hey:  The  Curse  of  Kehama  (1809). 

Lady  [A).  This  authoress  of  A  Nezo 
System  0/  Domestic  Cookery  (1808)  is  Mrs. 

Rundell. 

Lady  [A],  authoress  of  The  Diary  n/ 
an  Ennuy^e(iQ26),  is  Mrs.  Anna  Jameson. 

Several  other  authoresses  have  adopted 
the  same  signature,  as  Miss  Gunn  of 
Christchurch,  Conversations  on  Church 
Polity  (1833) ;  Mrs.  Palmer,  A  Dialogue 
in  the  Devonshire  Dialect  (1837) ;  Miss  S. 
Fenimore  Cooper,  Rural  Hours  (1854) ; 
Julia  Ward,  Passion-flowers,  etc.  (1854) ; 
Miss  E.  M.  Sewell,  Amy  Herbert  (1865) ; 
etc. 

Lady  Bonutifnl  (A).  The  benevo- 
lent lady  of  a  village  is  so  called,  from 
"lady  Bountiful "  in  the  Beaux'  Stratagem, 
by  Farquhar  (1707).  (See  Bountiful, 
p.  140.) 

Lady  Preemason,  the  Hon.  Miss 
Elizabeth  St.  Loger,  daughter  of  lord 
Doneraile.  The  tale  is  that,  in  order  to 
witness  the  proceedings  of  a  Freemasons' 
lodge,  she  hid  herself  in  an  empty  clock- 
case  when  the  lodge  was  held  in  her 
father's  house  ;  but,  being  discovered,  she 
was  compelled  to  submit  to  initiation  as 
a  member  of  the  craft. 

Lady  Ma^strate  [The),  lady 
Berkley,  made  justice  of  the  peace  for 
Gloucestershire  by  queen  Mary.  She  sat 
on  the  bench  at  assizes  and  sessions  girt 
with  a  sword. 

Lady  Margfaret,  mother  of  Henry 
VII.  She  founded -a  professorship  of 
divinity  in  the  University  of  Cambridge 
(1502)  ;  and  a  preachership  in  both  uni- 
versities. 

Lady  in  the  Sacque.  The  appa- 
rition of  this  hag  forms  the  story  of  the 
Tapestried  Chamber,  by  sir  W.  Scott. 

Lady  of  England,  Maud,  daughter 
of  Henry  I.  The  title  of  Domina  Anglo- 
rum  was  conferred  upon  her  by  the 
council  of  Winchester,  held  April  7, 
1 141.     (See  Rymer's  Fcsdera,  i.  (1703).) 

A.  L.  O.  E.,  the  initial  letters  of  A  Lady  Of  Engr- 
land,  was  the  signature  adopted  by  Miss  Tucker, 
authoress  ai  Pride  and  Prejudice,  etc.  (1821-1893). 

Lady  of  Lyons  {The).  Pauline 
Deschappelles,  daughter  of  a  Lyonese 
merchant.  She  rejected  the  suits  of 
Beauseant,  Glavis,  and  Claude  Melnotte, 
who  therefore  combined  on  vengeance. 
To  this  end,  Claude,  who  was  a  gar- 
dener's  son,    aided   by   the   otber    two. 


LADY  OF  MERCY. 


586 


LADY  OF  THE  SUN. 


passed  himself  off  as  prince  Como, 
married  Pauline,  and  brought  her  home 
to  his  mother's  cottage.  The  proud 
beauty  was  very  indignant,  and  Claude 
left  her  to  join  the  French  army.  In 
two  years  and  a  half  he  became  a  colonel, 
and  returned  to  Lyons.  He  found  his 
father-in-law  on  the  eve  of  bankruptcy, 
and  that  Beauseant  had  promised  to 
satisfy  the  creditors  if  Pauline  would  con- 
sent to  marry  him.  Pauline  was  heart- 
broken ;  Claude  revealed  himself,  paid 
the  money  required,  and  carried  home 
Pauline  as  his  loving  and  true-hearted 
wife. — Lord  Lyfton  :  Lady  of  Lyons  { 1 838 ). 

Lady  of  Mercy  {Our),  an  order  of 
knighthood  in  Spain,  instituted  in  12 18 
by  James  \.  of  Aragon,  for  deliverance  of 
Christian  captives  from  the  Moors.  As 
many  as  400  captives  were  rescued  in  six 
years  by  these  knights. 

Lady  of  Shalott,  a  maiden  who 
died  for  love  of  sir  Lancelot  of  the  Lake. 
Tennyson  has  a  poem  so  entitled. 

• .  •  The  story  of  Elaine,  "  the  lily  maid 
of  Astolat,"  in  Tennyson's  Idylls  of  the 
King,  is  substantially  the  same. 

Lady  of  the  Bleeding    Heart, 

Ellen  Douglas.  The  cognizance  of  the 
Douglas  family  is  a  "  bleeding  heart." — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Lady  of  the  Lake  (1810). 

LADY  OF  THE  LAKE  {A),  a 
harlot.  (Anglo-Saxon, /i^-,  "a  present.") 
A  "guinea-fowl"  or  "guinea-hen"  is  a 
similar  term. 

But  for  the  difference  marriage  makes 
'Twixt  wives  and  "ladies  of  the  lake." 

S.  Butler:  Hudibras,  uL  i  {1678). 

Lady  of  the  Lake  [The),  Nimue 
\sic\  one  of  the  damsels  of  the  lake,  that 
king  Pellinore  took  to  his  court.  Merlin, 
in  his  dotage,  fell  in  love  with  her,  when 
she  wheedled  him  out  of  all  his  secrets, 
and  enclosed  him  in  a  rock,  where  he 
died  (pt.  i.  60).  Subsequently,  Nimue 
married  sir  Pelleas  (pt.  i.  81,  82).  (See 
next  article. ) 

So  upon  a  time  it  happened  that  Merlin  shewed 
Nimue  in  a  rock  whereas  was  a  great  wonder,  and 
wrousrht  by  enchantment,  which  went  under  a  stone. 
So,  by  her  subtle  craft  and  working,  she  made  Merlin 
go  under  that  stone  .  .  .  and  so  wrought  that  he  never 
came  out  again.  So  she  departed,  and  left  Merlin. — 
Sir  T.  Malory:  History  0/  Prince  Arthur,  L  60 
(1470)- 

(Tennyson,  in  his  Idylls  of  the  King 
("  Merlin  and  Vivien  "),  makes  Vivien  the 
enchantress  who  wheedled  old  Merlin  out 
of  his  secrets ;  and  then,  "  in  a  hollow 
oak,"  she  shut  him  fast,  and  there  "he 


lay  as  dead,  and  lost  to  life,  and  use,  and 
name,  and  fame.") 

N.B. — This  seems  to  be  an  error.  At 
any  rate,  it  is  not  in  accordance  with  the 
Mort  d^ Arthur  of  Caxton  renown. 

Lady  of  the  Lake  ( The),  Nineve. 
It  is  not  evident  from  the  narrative 
whether  Nineve  is  not  the  same  person  as 
Nimue,  and  that  one  of  the  two  (probably 
the  latter)  is  not  a  typographical  error. 

Then  the  Lady  of  the  Lake,  that  was  always  friendly 
unto  king  Arthur,  understood  by  her  subtle  crafts  that 
king  Arthur  was  like  to  have  been  destroyed ;  and 
therefore  this  Lady  of  the  Lake,  that  hight  Nineve, 
came  into  the  forest  to  seek  sir  Launcelot  du  Lake.— 
Sir  T.  Malory:  History  0/  Prince  Arthur,  ii.  57 
(147''). 
The    feasts    that    underground    the   faery   did    him 

[Arthur]  make, 
And  there  how  he  enjoyed  the  Lady  of  the  Lake. 

Drayton:  Polyolbion,  iv.  (1612). 

Lady  of  the  Lake  ( The).  Vivienne 
(3  ^y^- )  is  called  La  Dame  du  Lac,  and 
dwelt  en  la  tnarche  de  la  petite  Bretaigne. 
She  stole  Lancelot  in  his  infancy,  and 
plunged  with  him  into  her  home  lake  ; 
hence  was  Lancelot  called  du  Lac.  When 
her  protdgi  was  grown  to  manhood,  she 
presented  him  to  king  Arthur. 

Lady  of  the  Lake  {The),  Ellen 
Douglas,  once  a  favourite  of  king  James  ; 
but  when  her  father  fell  into  disgrace,  she 
retired  with  him  near  Loch  Katrine. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  Lady  of  the  Lake  (1810). 

Lady  of  the  Lake  and  Arthur's 
Sword.  The  Lady  of  the  Lake  gave  to 
king  Arthur  the  sword  "  Excalibur." 
"  Well,"  said  she,  "  go  into  yonder  barge 
and  row  yourself  to  the  sword,  and  take 
it."  So  Arthur  and  Merlin  came  to  the 
sword  that  a  hand  held  up,  and  took  it  by 
the  handles,  and  the  arm  and  hand  went 
under  the  lake  again  (pt.  i.  23). 

This  Lady  of  the  Lake  asked  in  recom- 
pense the  head  of  sir  Balin,  because  he 
had  slain  her  brother ;  but  the  king  refused 
the  request.  Then  said  Balin,  "  Evil  be 
ye  found  I  Ye  would  have  my  head  ; 
therefore  ye  shall  lose  thine  own."  So 
saying,  with  his  sword  he  smote  off  her 
head  in  the  presence  of  king  Arthur. — Sir 
T.  Malory:  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i. 
a8  (1470). 

Lady  of  the  Mercians,  ^Ethelflaed 
or  El'flida,  daughter  of  king  Alfred.  She 
married  .(Ethelred  chief  of  that  portion  of 
Mercia  not  claimed  by  the  Danes. 

Lady  of  the  Sun,  Alice  Ferrers 
(or  Pierce),  a  mistress  of  Edward  III.  of 
England.  She  was  a  married  woman, 
and  had  been  lady  of  the  bed-chamber  to 


I 


LADY  WITH  A  LAMP. 

queen  Philippa.  Edward  lavished  on  her 
both  riches  and  honours  ;  but  when  the 
king  was  dying,  she  stole  his  jewels,  and 
even  the  rings  from  his  fingers. 

Lady  with,  a  Lamp,  Florence 
Nightingale  (1820-        ). 

On  Enijland's  annals  .  .  . 

A  Lady  with  a  Lamp  shaU  stand  ,  .  » 

A  noble  type  of  good, 

Heroic  womanhood. 

Longftlloio :  Santa  Filomila. 

Ladies'  Bock,  Stirling  (Scotland). 

In  the  castle  hill  is  a  hollow  called  "The  Valley," 
comprehending  about  an  acre,  ...  for  justings  and 
tournamenis.  .  .  .  Closely  adjoining  ...  is  a  small 
rocky  .  .  .  mount  called  "  The  Ladies'  Hill,"  where  the 
fair  ones  of  the  court  took  their  station  to  behold  these 
feats. — Nimmo  :  History  o/  Stirlingshire,  282. 

Laer'tes  (3  syl.),  son  of  Poloniuslord 
chamberlain  of  Denmark,  and  brother  of 
Ophelia.  He  is  induced  by  the  king  to 
challenge  Hamlet  to  a  "  friendly  "  duel, 
but  poisons  his  rapier.  LaertSs  wounds 
Hamlet ;  and  in  the  scuffle  which  ensues, 
the  combatants  change  swords,  and  Ham- 
let wounds  Laert&s,  so  that  both  die. — 
Shakespeare  :  Hamlet  (1596). 

Laer'tes  (3  syl.),  a  Dane,  whose  life 
Gustavus  Vasa  had  spared  in  battle.  He 
becomes  the  trusty  attendant  of  Chris- 
ti'na,  daughter  of  the  king  of  Sweden, 
and  never  proves  ungrateful  to  the  noble 
Swede. — Brooke;  Gustavus  Vasa  (1730). 

Laer'tes's  Son,  Ulysses. 

But  when  his  strings  with  mournful  magic  tell 
What  dire  distress  Laertes'  son  befell. 
The  streams,  meandering  tb.ro'  the  maze  of  woe. 
Bid  sacred  sympathy  the  heart  o'erflow. 

Falconer  :  The  Shipwjeck,  iii.  i  (1756). 

Lafeu,  an  old  French  lord,  sent  to 
conduct  Bertram  count  of  Rousillon  to 
the  king  of  France,  by  whom  he  was 
invited  to  the  royal  court. — Shakespeare  : 
Airs  Well  that  Ends  Well  (1598). 

Lafontaine  {The  Danish),  Hans 
Christian  Andersen  {1805-1875). 

Lafontaine  of  tlie  Vaudeville. 

So  C.  F.  Panard  is  called  (1691-1765). 

Lag'ado,  capital  of  Balnibarbi,  cele- 
brated for  its  grand  school  of  projectors, 
where  the  scholars  have  a  technical  edu- 
cation, being  taught  to  make  pincushions 
from  softened  granite,  to  extract  from 
cucumbers  the  sunbeams  which  ripened 
them,  and  to  convert  ice  into  gunpowder. 
— Swift:  Gullivers  Travels  ("  Voyage^to 
Laputa,"  1726). 

La  Grange  and  his  friend  Du  Croisy 
pay  their  addresses  to  two  young  ladies 
whose  heads  have  been  turned  by  novels. 
(The  tale  is  given  under  D\^  Croisy,  q.v.) 


587 


LAKE  POETS. 


— Molilre:     Les     Pricieuses    Ridicules 
(1659). 

Laider  [Donald),  one  of  the  prisoners 
at  Portanferry.  —  Sir  W.  Scott :  Guy 
Alannering  [iiTsxe,  George  H.). 

Laila  (2  syl.),  a  Moorish  maiden,  of 
great  beauty  and  purity,  who  loved 
Manuel,  a  youth  worthy  of  her.  The 
father  disapproved  of  the  match  ;  and 
they  eloped,  were  pursued,  and  overtaken 
near  a  precipice  on  the  GuddalhorcS  (4 
syl.).  They  climbed  to  the  top  of  the 
precipice,  and  the  father  bade  his  fol- 
lowers discharge  their  arrows  at  them. 
Laila  and  Manuel,  seeing  death  to  be 
inevitable,  threw  themselves  from  the 
precipice,  and  perished  in  the  fall.  It  is 
from  this  incident  that  the  rock  was 
called  "  The  Lovers'  Leap." 

And  every  Moorish  maid  can  tell 
Where  Laila  lies  who  loved  so  well ; 
And  every  youth  who  passes  there, 
Says  for  Manuel's  soul  a  prayer. 
Southey :  The  Lowers'  Rock  (a  ballad,   1798,  taken 
from  Mariana;  DelaPena  de  los  Enatnorados). 

Laila,  daughter  of  Okba  the  sorcerer. 
It  was  decreed  that  either  Laila  or 
Thalaba  must  die.  Thalaba  refused  to 
redeem  his  own  life  by  killing  Laila  ;  and 
Okba  exultingly  cried,  "As  thou  hast 
disobeyed  the  voice  of  Allah,  God  hath 
abandoned  thee,  and  this  hour  is  mine." 
So  saying,  he  rushed  on  the  youth  ;  but 
Laila,  intervening  to  protect  him,  re- 
ceived the  blow,  and  was  killed.  Thalaba 
lived  on,  and  the  spirit  of  Laila,  in  the 
form  of  a  green  bird,  conducted  him  to 
the  simorg  [q.v.),  which  he  sought,  that 
he  might  be  directed  to  Dom-Daniel,  the 
cavern  "  under  the  roots  of  the  ocean." — 
Southey  :  Thalaba  the  Destroyer,  x.  (1797). 

La'is  (2  syl.),  a  generic  name  for  a 
courtezan.  Lai's  was  a  Greek  hetasra, 
who  sold  her  favours  for  ^^200  Enghsh 
money.  When  Demosthenes  was  told  the 
fee,  he  said  he  had  "no  mind  to  buy 
repentance  at  such  a  price."  One  of  her 
great  admirers  was  Diog'enes  the  cynic. 

This  is  the  cause 

That  Lais  leads  a  lady's  life  aloft. 

Gascoigne  :  The  Steele  Glas  (died  1577). 

Lake  Poets  [The),  Wordsworth, 
Southey,  and  Coleridge,  who  lived  about 
the  lakes  of  Cumberland.  According  to 
Mr.  Jeffrey,  the  conductor  of  the  Edin- 
burgh Review,  they  combined  the  senti- 
mentahty  of  Rousseau  with  the  simplicity 
of  Kotzebue  and  the  homehness  of  Cow- 
per.  Of  the  same  school  were  Lamb, 
Lloyd,  and  Wilson.  Also  called  "  Lakers" 
and  "  Lakists," 


LAKEDION. 

Laked'ion  (/saac),  the  name  given 
in  France  to  the  Wandering  Jew  {g.v.). 

Lalla  Rookh,  the  supposed  daughter 
of  Aurungzebe  emperor  of  Delhi.  She 
was  betrothed  to  Allris  sultan  of  Lesser 
Bucharia.  On  her  journey  from  Delhi 
to  Cashmere,  she  was  entertained  by 
Fer'amorz,  a  young  Persian  poet,  with 
whom  she  fell  in  love;  and  unbounded 
was  her  delight  when  she  discovered  that 
the  young  poet  was  the  sultan  to  whom 
she  was  betrothed. — Moore:  Lalla  Rookh 
{1817). 

Lambert  [Gefieral),  parliamentary 
leader.— 5i>  W.  Scott:  Woodstock  {iime, 
Commonwealth). 

•  Lambert  {Sir  John),  the  dupe  of  Dr. 
Cantwell  "  the  hypocrite."  He  entertains 
him  as  his  guest,  settles  on  him  ^4000  a 
year,  and  tries  to  make  his  daughter 
Charlotte  marry  him,  although  he  is  59 
and  she  is  under  20.  His  eyes  are  opened 
at  length  by  the  mercenary  and  licentious 
conduct  of  the  doctor.  Lady  Lambert 
assists  in  exposing  him,  but  old  lady 
Lambert  remains  to  the  last  a  believer 
in  the  "saint."  In  Moliere's  comedy, 
' '  Orgon  "  takes  the  place  of  Lambert, 
•■  Mme.  Parnelle  "  of  the  old  lady,  and 
"  Tartuffe  "  of  Dr.  Cantwell. 

Lady  lM.mbert,  the  gentle,  loving  wife 
of  sir  John.  By  a  stratagem,  she  convinces 
him  of  Dr.  Cantwell's  true  character. 

Colonel  Lambert,  son  of  sir  John  and 
lady  Lambert.  He  assists  in  unmasking 
"  the  hypocrite." 

Charlotte  Lambert,  daughter  of  sir  John 
and  lady  Lambert.  A  pretty,  bright  girl, 
somewhat  giddy  and  fond  of  teasing  her 
sweetheart  Darnley  (see  act  i.  i). — Bicker- 
staff:  The  Hypocrite  (1769). 

Lambourne  {Michael),  a  retainer  of 
the  earl  of  Leicester. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Kenilworth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Lambro,  a  Greek  pirate,  father  of 
Haid^e  {q.vX — Byron:  Don  Juan,  iii. 
26,  etc.  (1820). 

We  confess  that  our  sympathy  is  most  excited  by  the 
silent,  wolf-like  suffering  of  Lambro,  when  he  ex- 
periences "  the  solitude  of  passing  his  own  doorwithout 
a  welcome,"  and  finds  "the  innocence  of  that  sweet 
child  "  polluted.— /^'iwrftfw  .■  Byron  Beauties. 

(The  original  of  this  character  was 
major  Lambro,  who  was  captain  (1791) 
of  a  Russian  piratical  squadron,  which 
plundered  the  islands  of  the  Greek 
Archipelago,  and  did  great  damage.  When 
his  squadron  was  attacked  by  seven 
Algerine  corsairs,   major    Lambro    was 


588 


LAMINAK. 


wounded,  but  escaped.  The  incidents 
referred  to  in  canto  vi. ,  etc. ,  are  historical. ) 

Lamderg  and  Gelchossa.     Gel- 

chossa  was  beloved  by  Lamderg  and 
Ullin  son  of  Cairbar.  The  rivals  fought, 
and  Ullin  fell.  Lamderg,  all  bleeding 
with  wounds,  just  reached  Gelchossa  to 
announce  the  death  of  his  rival,  and  ex- 
pired also.  "Three  days  Gelchossa 
mourned,  and  then  the  hunters  found  her 
cold,"  and  all  three  were  buried  in  one 
grave.— Owm«.-  Fingal,  ii. 

Lame(rA^). 

Jehan  de  Meung  (1260-1320),  called 
"Clopinel,"  because  he  was  lame  and 
hobbled. 

Tyrtasus,  the  Greek  poet,  was  called  the 
lame  or  hobbling  poet,  because  he  intro- 
duced the  pentameter  verse  alternately 
with  the  hexameter.  Thus  his  distich 
consisted  of  one  hue  with  six  feet  and 
one  line  with  only  five. 

The  Lame  King,  Charles  H.  of  Naples, 
Boiteux  (1248,  1289-1309). 

Lame  Lover  ( The),  by  Foote  (1770). 
(See  Luke.) 

Lamech's  Song".  "Ye  wives  of 
Lamech,  hearken  unto  my  speech  :  for  1 
have  slain  a  man  to  my  wounding,  and  a 
young  man  to  my  hurt  I  If  Cain  shall  be 
avenged  sevenfold,  truly  Lamech  seventy 
and  sevenfold." — Gen.  iv.  23,  24. 

As  Leniech  grew  old,  his  eyes  became  dim,  and 
finally  all  sight  was  taken  from  them,  and  Tubal-cain, 
his  son,  led  him  by  the  hand  when  he  walked  abroad. 
And  it  came  to  pass  .  .  .  that  he  led  his  father  into 
the  fields  to  hunt,  and  said  to  his  father :  '*  Lo  I  yonder 
is  a  beast  of  prey  ;  shoot  thine  arrow  in  that  directiwi." 
Lemech  did  as  his  son  had  spoken,  and  the  arrow 
struck  Cain,  who  was  walking  afar  off,  and  killed  him. 
.  .  .  Now  when  Lemech  .  .  .  saw  \_sic\  that  he  had 
killed  Cain,  he  trembled  exceedingly,  .  .  .  and  being 
blind,  he  saw  not  his  son,  but  struck  the  lad's  head 
between  his  hands,  and  killed  him.  .  .  .  And  he  cried 
to  his  wives,  Ada  and  Zillah,  "  Listen  to  my  voice,  ye 
wives  of  Lemech.  ...  I  have  slain  a  man  to  my  hurt, 
and  a  child  to  my  wounding  1 " — The  2'ahnud,\,  (See 
LOKI.) 

Lamia,  a  poem  by  Keats,  of  a  young 
man  who  married  a  lamia  (or  serpent), 
which  had  assumed  the  form  of  a  beauti- 
ful woman  (1820). 

The  idea  is  borrowed  from  PhilostrStus,  De  Vita 
ApoUonii,  bk.  iv.  (See  Burton's  Anatomy  0/ Melan- 
choly.) 

Lamin'ak,  Basque  fairies,  little 
folk,  who  Uve  under  ground,  and  some- 
times come  into  houses  down  the  chimney, 
in  order  to  change  a  fairy  child  for  a 
human  one.  They  bring  good  luck  with 
them,  but  insist  on  great  cleanliness,  and 
always  give  their  orders  in  words  the 
very  opposite  of  their  intention.  They 
hate  church-bells.    Every  Basque  laminak 


I 


r 


LAMINGTON, 

is  named  Guillen  (William).  (See  Say 
AND  Mean.) 

Lamingfton,  a  follower  of  sir  Geoffrey 
Peveril.— -S»>  W.  Scott:  Peveril  of  the 
/*^a>i(time,  Charles  II.). 

Laxui'ra,  wife  of  Champemel,  and 
daughter  of  Vertaign^  (3  syl.)  a  noble- 
man and  a  judge. — Fletcher  :  The  Little 
French  Lawyer  (1647). 

Lamkiu  {^Mrs.  Alice),  companion  to 
Mrs.  BethuneBaliol.— 5i>  W.  Scott:  The 
Highland  Widow  [\:mi&,  George  II.). 

Iiammas.  At  latter  Lammas,  never  ; 
equivalent  to  Suetonius's"  Greek  kalends." 

Lammas  Day  is  "  Loaf-Mass"  Day 
(August  i),  on  which  occurred  a  special 
festival  for  the  blessing  of  bread. 

Iiamm.ikin,  a  blood-thirsty  builder, 
who  built  and  baptized  his  castle  with 
blood.  He  was  long  a  nursery  ogre,  like 
Lunsford. — Scotch  Ballad. 

ItS^xaxc^^  ^Alfred),  a  "mature  young 
gentleman,  with  too  much  nose  on  his 
face,  too  much  ginger  in  his  whiskers, 
loo  much  torso  in  his  waistcoat,  too  much 
sparkle  in  his  studs,  his  eyes,  his  buttons, 
his  talk,  his  teeth."  He  married  Miss 
Akershem,  thinking  she  had  money,  and 
she  married  him  under  the  same  de- 
lusion ;  and  the  two  kept  up  a  fine 
appearance  on  nothing  at  all.  Alfred 
L^mmle  had  many  schemes  for  making 
money  :  one  was  to  oust  Rokesmith  from 
his  post  of  secretary  to  Mr.  Boffin,  and 
get  his  wife  adopted  by  Mrs.  Boffin  in  the 
place  of  Bella  Wilfer;  but  Mr.  Boffin 
saw  through  the  scheme,  and  Lammle, 
with  his  wife,  retired  to  live  on  the  Con- 
tinent. In  public  they  appeared  very 
loving  and  amiable  to  each  other,  but  led 
at  home  a  cat-and-dog  life. 

Sophronia  Lammle,  wife  of  Alfred 
Lammle.  "  A  mature  young  lady,  with 
raven  locks,  and  complexion  that  ht  up 
well  when  well  powdered." — Dickens: 
Our  Mutual  Friend  (1864). 

Iiam.oracke  (5z>),  Lamerocke,  La- 
MORAKE,  Lamorock,  or  Lamarecke, 
one  of  the  knights  of  the  Round  Table,  and 
one  of  the  three  most  noted  for  deeds  of 
prowess.  The  other  two  were  sir  Launcelot 
and  sir  Tristram.  Sir  Lamoracke's  father 
was  king  Pellinore  of  Wales,  who  slew  king 
Lot.  His  brothers  were  sir  Aglavale  and 
sir  Percival ;  sir  Tor,  whose  mother  was 
the  wife  of  Aries  the  cowherd,  was  his 
half-brother  (pt.  ii.  108).  Sir  Lamoracke 
was  detected  by  the  sons  of  king  Lot  in 


589 


LAMPEDO. 


adultery  with    their    mother,   and  they 
conspired  his  death. 

Sir  Gawain  and  his  three  brethren,  sir  Agrawain,  sir 
GahSris,  and  sir  Modred,  met  him  [sir  Lamoracke]  in 
a  ■prvry  place,  and  there  they  slew  his  horse;  then 
they  fought  with  him  on  foot  for  more  than  three 
hours,  both  before  him  and  behind  his  back,  and  aJl-to 
hewed  him  in  pieces. — Sir  T.  Malory:  History  oj 
Prince  Arthur,  ii.  144  (1470). 

Roger  Ascham  says,  "The  whole  pleasure  of  La 
Aforte  cT Arthur  standeth  in  two  special  poynfes  :  in 
open  manslaughter  and  bold  batvdye,  in  which  booke 
they  are  counted  the  noblest  knights  that  doe  kill  most 
men  without  any  quarrell,  and  commit  foulest  adulteries 
by  sutlest  shiftes ;  as  sir  Launcelote  with  the  wife  of 
kmg  Arthur  his  master,  sir  Tristram  with  the  wife  of 
king  Marke  his  uncle,  and  sir  Lamerocke  with  the 
wife  of  king  Lote  that  was  his  aunt."— /fpr/tj,  954 
(fourth  edit.). 

Lam.orce'  (2  syl.),  a  woman  of  bad 
reputation,  who  inveigles,  young  Mirabel 
into  her  house,  where  he  would  have  been 
murdered  by  four  bravoes,  if  Oriana, 
dressed  as  a  page,  had  not  been  by. — 
Farquhar  :  The  Inconstant  (1702). 

Lamourette's  Kiss  {A),  a  kiss  ot 
peace  when  there  is  no  peace ;  a  kiss  of 
apparent  reconciliation,  but  with  secret 
hostility.  On  July  7,  1792,  the  abb6 
Lamourette  induced  the  different  factions 
of  the  Legislative  Assembly  of  France  to 
lay  aside  their  differences  ;  so  the  deputies 
of  the  Royalists,  Constitutionalists, 
Girondists,  Jacobins,  and  Orleanists, 
rushed  into  each  others'  arms,  and  the 
king  was  sent  for,  that  he  might  see 
' '  how  these  Christians  loved  one  another ;" 
but  the  reconciliation  was  hardly  made 
when  the  old  animosities  burst  forth  more 
furiously  than  ever. 

Lam.pad'ion,  a  lively,  petulant 
courtezan.  A  name  common  in  the  later 
Greek  comedy. 

Lam.'pedo,  of  .Lacedaemon.  She  was 
daughter,  wife,  sister,  and  mother  of  a 
king.  Agrippina  was  granddaughter, 
wife,  sister,  and  mother  of  a  king. — 
Tacitus  :  Annales,  xii.  22,  37. 

IF  The  wife  of  Raymond  Ber'enger 
(count  of  Provence)  was  grandmother  of 
four  kings,  for  her  four  daughters 
married  four  kings:  Margaret  married 
Louis  IX.  king  of  France ;  Eleanor 
married  Henry  III.  king  of  England ; 
Sancha  married  Richard  king  of  the 
Romans  :  and  Beatrice  married  Charles  I. 
king  of  Naples  and  Sicily. 

Lam.'pedo,  a  country  apothecary-sur- 
geon, without  practice;  so  poor  and  ill- 
fed  that  he  was  but  ' '  the  sketch  and 
outline  of  a  man."     He  says  of  himself— 

Altho'  to  cure  men  be  beyond  my  skill, 
Tts  hard,  indeed,  if  I  can't  keep  them  Ul. 

Tobiti :  The  Honeymoon,  iii.  3  U804). 


LAMPLUGH. 

Lamplugh  ( IVi//),  a  smuggler.— 5/r 
H-^.  Scoti:  Redgauntlet  (time,  George 
III.). 

Lance  (i  syL),  falconer  and  ancient 

servant  to  the  father  of  Valentine  the 
gallant  who  would  not  be  persuaded  to 
keep  his  &%\.qX.q.— Fletcher :  Wit  without 
Money  (1622). 

Lancelot  or  Launcelot  Gobbo, 
•servant  of  Shylock,  famous  for  his  soli- 
loquy whether  or  not  he  should  run  away 
from  his  va.-3i%\.&[.— Shakespeare  :  Merchant 
of  Venice  (1598). 

Tarleton  [i  530-1588]  was  inimitable  in  such  parts  as 
•'  Launcelot,"  and  "  Touchstone  "  in  As  y*u  Like  It. 
In  clowns'  parts  he  never  had  his  equal,  and  never 
yi\i!i.—Baktr :  ChronicUs. 

Lancelot  du  Lac,  by  Uh-ich  of 
Zazikoven,  the  most  ancient  poem  of  the 
Arthurian  series.  It  is  the  adventures 
of  a  young  knight,  gay  and  joyous  with 
animal  spirits  and  light-heartedness. 
•{See  Launcelot.)— O/^e  of  the  minne- 
songs  of  Germany  (twelfth  century). 

Lancelot  du  Lac  and  Tarqnin. 

Sir  Lancelot,  seeking  adventures,  met 
with  a  lady  who  prayed  him  to  deliver 
certain  knights  of  the  Round  Table  from 
the  power  of  Tarquin.  Coming  to  a 
river,  he  saw  a  copper  basin  hung  on  a 
tree  for  gong,  and  he  struck  it  so  hard 
ihat  it  broke.  This  brought  out  Tarquin, 
and  a  furious  combat  ensued,  in  which 
Tarquin  was  slain.  Sir  Lancelot  then 
liberated  three  score  and  four  knights, 
who  had  been  made  captives  by  Tarquin. 
(See  Launcelot.)— /*t'rf/.-  Reliques,  I. 
ii.  9. 

Lancelot  of  tlie  Laik,  a  Scotch 
metrical  romance,  taken  from  the  French 
Launcelot  du  Lac.  Galiot,  a  neighbour- 
ing king,  invaded  Arthur's  territories,  and 
captured  the  castle  of  lady  Melyhalt 
among  others.  When  sir  Lancelot  went 
to  chastise  Galiot,  he  saw  queen  Guine- 
vere, and  fell  in  love  with  her.  The 
French  romance  makes  Galiot  submit  to 
king  Arthur  ;  but  the  Scotch  tale  termi- 
nates with  his  capture.  (See  Launce- 
lot.) 

Land  of  Beulah,  land  of  rest,  re- 
presenting that  peace  of  mind  which  some 
Christians  experience  prior  to  death 
(Isa.  Ixii.  4). — Bunyan  :  Pilgrim's  Pro- 
gress, i.  (1678). 

La,^d  of  Cakes,  and  brither  Scots ; 
i.e.  Scotland. — Burns. 

Land  of  Joy.    Worms,  in  Germany, 


590 


LANE. 


was  so  called  by  the  minnesingers,  from 
its  excellent  wine. 

Land  of  Life.  This  terra  is  fre- 
quently met  with  in  the  old  Celtic 
romances.  The  ancient  inhabitants  of 
Erin  had,  in  common  with  other  races 
of  antiquity,  the  vague  belief  that  there 
somewhere  existed  a  land  where  people 
were  always  youthful,  free  from  care  and 
trouble  and  disease,  and  lived  for  ever. 
This  country  went  by  various  names,  as 
Tir-na-ndg,  etc.  It  had  its  own  inhabi- 
tants— fairies,  but  mortals  were  sometimes 
brought  there,  as  was  Ossian  the  poet  son 
of  Fingal ;  and  while  they  lived  in  it  were 
gifted  in  the  same  manner  as  the  fairy 
people  themselves,  and  partook  of  their 
pleasures. 

Land  of  Promise.  In  ancient  Gaelic 
romantic  tales,  mention  is  often  made  of 
Tir  Tairrngire,  the  Land  of  Promise, 
Fairyland,  as  being  one  of  the  chief 
dwelling-places  of  the  Dedannans  or  fairy 
host.  In  many  passages  this  Land  of 
Promise  is  identified  with  Inis-Maaann, 
or  the  Isle  of  Man,  which  was  ruled  over 
by  Mannanan  Mac  Lir,  the  sea-god,  and 
named  from  him. 

Landey'da  ["the  desolation  of  the 
country  "],  the  miraculous  banner  of  the 
ancient  Danes,  on  which  was  wrought  a 
raven  by  the  daughters  of  Regner  Lod- 
brok.  It  was  under  this  banner  that 
Hardrada  and  Tostig  attacked  Harold  at 
the  battle  of  Stamford  Bridge,  a  little 
before  the  battle  of  Senlac  {Hastings). 

Landi  {The  Fete  of  tlie).  Charle- 
magne showed  to  pilgrims  once  a  year 
the  relics  of  the  chapel  in  Aix-la-Chapelle. 
Charles  le  Chauve  removed  the  relics  to 
Paris,  and  exhibited  them  once  a  year  in 
a  large  field  near  the  boulevard  St.  Denis 
[D'nee\  A  procession  was  subsequently 
formed,  and  a  fair  held  the  first  Monday 
after  St.  Barnabas's  Day. 

Le  mot  Latin  indictuTtt  sig^ifie  un  jour  et  un  lieu 
indiqu^s  pour  quelque  assemblee  du  peuple.  L'l, 
change  d'abord  en  e,  le  fut  d^finitivenient  en  a.  On 
dit  done  successivement,  au  lieu  A'indictutn  ;  \ indict, 
Xendit,  I'andil,  et  enfin  landi.— Dumas :  L  Horo- 
scope, i. 

Landois  {Peter),  the  favourite  minis- 
ter of  the  due  de  Bretagne. — Sir  W. 
Scott :  Anne  of  Geierstein  (time,  Edward 
IV.). 

Landscape  Gardening- (/^a/'/^r^, 
Lenotre  (1613-1700). 

Lane  {Jane),  daughter  of  Thomas, 
and  sister  of  colonel  John  Lane.  To  save 
king    Charles    IL    alter    the    battle   of 


lANE. 


591 


LAOCOON. 


Worcester,  she  rode  behind  him  from 
Bentley,  in  Staffordshire,  to  the  house 
of  her  cousin  Mrs.  Norton,  near  Bristol. 
For  this  act  of  loyalty,  the  king  granted 
the  family  the  following  armorial  device  : 
a  strawberry  horse  saliant  (couped  at  the 
flank),  bridled,  bitted,  and  garnished, 
supporting  between  its  feet  a  royal  crown 
proper.  Motto  :  Garde  le  roy. 
Lane  ( The),  Drury  Lane, 

There  were  married  actresses  in  his  company  when 
he  managed  the  Garden  and  afterwards  the  Lane.— 
Temple  Bar  (W.  C.  Macready),  76  (1875). 

Laneham  {Master  Robert),  clerk  of 
the  council-chamber  door. 

Sybil  Laneham,  his  wife,  one  of  the 
revellers  at  Kenil worth  Castle. — Sir  W. 
Scott  :  Kenilworth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Lang-cale  ( The  laird  of),  a  leader  of 
the  covenanters'  zxvcvy.—Sir  W.  Scott: 
Old  Mortality  (time.  Charles  II.). 

Langley  [Sir  Frederick),  a  suitor  to 
Miss  Vere,  and  one  of  the  Jacobite  con- 
spirators with  the  laird  of  Ellieslaw. — Sir 
W.  ■.Scott :  The  Black  Dwatf  {x.\me,  Anne). 

Langosta  (Duke  of),  the  Spanish 
nickname  of  Aosta  the  elected  king  of 
Spain.  The  word  means  "  a  locust  "  or 
"plunderer." 

Langfnagfe  ( The  PrimctvaT). 

(i)  Psammetichus,  an  Egyptian  king, 
wishing  to  ascertain  what  language  Nature 
gave  to  man,  shut  up  two  infants  where 
no  word  was  ever  uttered  in  their  hear- 
ing. When  brought  before  the  king,  they 
said,  bekos  ("  toast  "). — Herodotos,  ii.  2. 

(a)  Frederick  II.  of  Sweden  tried  the 
same  experiment. 

(3)  James  IV.  of  Scotland,  in  the  fif- 
teenth century,  shut  up  two  infants  in  the 
Isle  of  Inchkeith,  with  only  a  dumb 
attendant  to  wait  on  them,  with  the  same 
object  in  view. 

Langtiagfe  Characteristics. 

Charles  Quint  used  to  say,  "I  speak 
German  to  my  horses,  Spanish  to  my 
household,  French  to  my  friends,  and 
Italian  to  my  mistress." 

H  The  Persians  say,  the  serpent  in 
paradise  spoke  Arabic  (the  most  suasive 
of  all  languages)  ;  Adam  and  Eve  spoke 
Persian  (the  most  poetic  of  all  languages) ; 
and  the  angel  Gabriel  spoke  Turkish  (the 
most  menacing  of  all  languages). — Char- 
din:  Travels  {1686). 

L'ltalien  se  parle  aux  dames ; 

Le  Fr;iii(;ais  se  parle  aux  savants  (or)  aux  hommes ; 

L'Anglais  se  parle  aux  oiseaux; 

L'Allemand  se  parle  aux  chiens; 

L'Espagnol  se  parle  k  Dieu 


Langfuage    given    to    Man  to 

Conceal    his   Thoughts.     Said  by 

Montrond,    but    generally    ascribed  to 
Talleyrand.     (See  Talleyrand.) 

Lanpfuish  (Lydia),  a  romantic  young 
lady,  who  is  for  ever  reading  sensational 
novels,  and  moulding  her  behaviour  on 
the  characters  which  she  reads  of  in  these 
books  of  fiction.  Hence  she  is  a  very 
female  Quixote  in  romantic  notions  of  a 
sentimental  type  (see  act  i.  2). — Sheri- 
dan :  The  Rivals  (1775). 

Miss  Mellon  [177S-1837]  caHed  on  Sheridan,  and  was 
requested  to  read  the  scenes  of  Lydia  Languish  and 
Mrs.  Malaprop  from  The  Rivals.  She  felt  frightened, 
and  answered,  with  the  naive,  unaffected  manner  which 
she  retained  through  life,  "  I  dare  not,  sir ;  I  would 
rather  read  to  all  England.  But  suppose,  sir,  you  do 
me  the  honour  of  reading  them  to  met  "  There  was 
something  so  unassuming  and  childlike  in  the  request, 
that  the  manager  entered  into  the  oddity  of  it,  and 
read  to  her  nearly  the  whole  play. — Boaden. 

Lan'o,  a  Scandinavian  lake,  which 
emitted  in  autumn  noxious  vapours. 

He  dwells  at  the  waters  of  Lano,  which  sends  forth 
the  vapour  of  death. —  The  War  0/ Inis-  Thona. 

Lanternize  (To)  is  to  spend  one's 
time  in  literaiy  trifles,  to  write  books, 
to  waste  time  in  "brown  studies,"  etc. — 
Rabelais:  Pantag^ruel,  v.  33  (1545). 

Lantem-Iiand,  the  land  of  authors, 
whose  works  are  their  lanterns.  The  in- 
habitants, called  "  Lanterners  "  [Lanter- 
nois),  are  bachelors  and  masters  of  arts, 
doctors  and  professors,  prelates  and 
divines  of  the  council  of  Trent,  and  all 
other  wise  ones  of  the  earth.  Here  are  the 
lanterns  of  Aristotle,  Epicuros,  and  Aris- 
tophanes ;  the  dark  earthen  lantern  of 
Epictetos,  the  duplex,  lantern  of  Martial, 
and  many  others.  The  sovereign  was  a 
queen  when  Pantag'ruel  visited  the  realm 
to  make  inquiry  about  the  "  Oracle  of 
tlie  Holy  Bottle.  "—Rabelais  :  Pantag'ruel, 
V.  32.  33  (1545)- 

Lanternois,  pretenders  to  science, 
quacks  of  all  sorts,  and  authors  generally. 
They  are  the  inhabitants  of  Lantern- 
land,  and  their  literary  productions  are 
"lanterns." — Rabelais:  Panta^ruel,  v. 
32,  33  (1545)- 

Laocoon  {La.ok' .o.on'],  a  Trojan 
priest,  who,  with  his  two  sons,  was 
crushed  to  death  by  serpents.  Thomson, 
in  his  Liberty,  iv.,  has  described  the 
group,  which  represents  these  three  in 
their  death-agony.  The  group  was  dis- 
covered in  1506,  in  the  baths  of  Titus,  and 
is  now  in  the  Vatican.  It  was  sculptured 
at  the  command  of  Titus  by  Agesander, 


LAODAMIA. 


593 


LA  ROCHE. 


Polydorus,  and  Athenodorus,  in  the  fifth 
century  B.C. — Virgil:  ^neid,  ii.  201-227. 

Laodami'a,  wife  of  Protesila'os  who 
was  slain  at  the  siege  of  Troy.  She 
prayed  that  she  might  be  allowed  to 
converse  with  her  dead  husband  for  three 
hours,  and  her  request  was  granted  ;  but 
when  her  husband  returned  to  hadSs,  she 
accompanied  him  thither. 

(Wordsworth  has  a  poem  on  this  sub- 
ject, entitled  Laodamia. ) 

Laodice'a,  now  Lafaki'a,  noted  for  its 
tobacco  and  sponge.    {See  Rev.  iii.  14-18. ) 

Laon.    (See  Revolt  of  Islam.  ) 

Lapet  (Mons.),  a  model  of  pol- 
troonery, the  very  "  Ercles'  Vein "  of 
fanatical  cowardice.  M.  Lapet  would 
fancy  the  world  out  of  joint  if  no  one 
gave  him  a  tweak  of  the  nose  or  lug  of 
the  ear.  He  was  the  author  of  a  book  on 
the  "  punctilios  of  duelling." — Fletcher: 
Nice  Valour  or  Tfu  Passionate  Madman 
(1647). 

Lappet,  the  "  glory  of  all  chamber- 
maids."— Fielding:  The  Miser  (1732). 

Lapraick  (Laurie),  friend  of  Steenie 
Steenson,  inWanderingWillie's  tale. — Sir 
W. Scott:  Redgauntlet {time,George HI.). 

Laprel,  the  rabbit,  in  the  beast-epic 
entitled  Reynard  the  Fox,  by  Heinrich  von 
Alkmaar  (1498). 

Laputa,  the  flying  island,  inhabited 
by  scientific  quacks.  This  is  the  "  Lan- 
tern-land" of  Rabelais,  where  wise  ones 
lanternized,  and  were  so  absorbed  in 
thought  that  attendants,  called  "  Flap)- 
pers,"  were  appointed  to  flap  them  on  the 
mouth  and  ears  with  blown  bladders 
when  their  attention  to  mundane  matters 
was  required. — Swift :  Gulliver's  Travels 
<"  Voyage  to  Laputa,"  1726). 

Lara,  the  name  assumed  by  Conrad 
the  corsair  after  the  death  of  Medo'ra. 
On  his  return  to  his  native  country,  he 
was  recognized  by  sir  Ezzelin  at  the  table 
of  lord  Otho,  and  charged  home  by  him. 
Lara  arranged  a  duel  for  the  day  follow- 
ing, but  sir  Ezzelin  disappeared  mys- 
teriously. Subsequently,  Lara  headed  a 
rebellion,  and  was  shot  by  Otho. — Byron  : 
Lara  (1814). 

Lara  {The  Seven  Sons  of),  sons  of 
Gonzalez  Gustios  de  Lara,  a  Castilian 
hero,  brother  of  Ferdinand  Gonzalez 
count  of  Castile.  A  quarrel  having  arisen 
between  Gustios  and  Rodrigo  Velasquez 


his  brother-in-law,  Rodrigo  caused  him 
to  be  imprisoned  in  Cor'dova,  and  then 
allured  his  seven  nephews  into  a  ravine, 
where  they  were  all  slain  by  an  ambus- 
cade, after  performing  prodigies  of 
valour.  While  in  prison,  Zaida,  daughter 
of  Almanzor  the  iVloorish  prince,  fell  in 
love  with  Gustios,  and  became  the  mother 
of  Mudarra,  who  avenged  the  death  of 
his  seven  brothers  (a.d.  993). 

Lope  de  Vega  has  made  this  the  sub- 
ject of  a  Spanish  drama,  which  has 
several  imitations,  one  by  Mallefille,  in 
1836.  (See  Ferd.  Denis:  Chroniques  Che- 
valeresques  (T  Espagne,  1839.) 

Larder  {The  Douglas),  the  flour, 
meal,  wheat,  and  malt  of  Douglas  Castle, 
emptied  on  the  floor  by  good  lord  James 
Douglas,  in  1307,  when  he  took  the 
castle  from  the  English  garrison.  Hav- 
ing staved  in  all  the  barrels  of  food,  he 
next  emptied  all  the  wine  and  ale,  and 
then,  having  slain  the  garrison,  threw  the 
dead  bodies  into  this  disgusting  mess,  "  to 
eat,  drink,  and  be  merry." — Sir  IV. 
Scott:  Tales  of  a  Grandfather,  ix. 

IF  Wallace  s  Larder  is  a  similar  mess. 
It  consisted  of  the  dead  bodies  of  the 
garrison  of  Ardrossan,  in  Ayrshire,  cast 
into  the  dungeon  keep.  The  castle  was 
surprised  by  him  in  the  reign  of  Edward  I. 

Lardoon  {I^aJy  Bab),  a  caricature  of 
fine  hfe,  the  "princess  of  dissipation," 
and  the  "greatest  gamester  of  the  times." 
She  becomes  engaged  to  sir  Charles 
Dupely,  and  says,  "To  follow  fashion 
where  we  feel  shame,  is  the  strongest  of 
all  hypocrisy,  and  from  this  moment  I 
renounce  it." — Burgoyne:  The  Maid  of 
the  Oaks  {1779). 

La  Roclie,  a  Swiss  pastor,  travelling 
through  France  with  his  daughter  Mar- 
garet, was  taken  ill,  and  like  to  die. 
I'here  was  only  a  wayside  inn  in  the 
place,  but  Hume  the  philosopher  heard 
of  the  circumstance,  and  removed  the 
sick  man  to  his  own  house.  Here,  with 
good  nursing.  La  Roche  recovered,  and  a 
strong  friendship  sprang  up  between  the 
two.  Hume  even  accompanied  La  Roche 
to  his  manse  in  Berne.  After  the  lapse  of 
three  years,  Hume  was  informed  that 
Mademoiselle  was  about  to  be  married 
to  a  young  Swiss  officer,  and  hastened  to 
Berne  to  be  present  at  the  wedding.  On 
reaching  the  neighboxirhood,  he  observed 
some  men  filling  up  a  grave,  and  found 
on  inquiry  that  Mademoiselle  had  just 
died  of  a  broken  heart.     In  fact,  her 


LARS. 


593 


LATHMON. 


lover  had  been  shot  in  a  duel,  and  the 
shock  was  too  much  for  her.  The  old 
pastor  bore  up  heroically,  and  Hume 
admired  the  faith  which  could  sustain  a 
man  in  such  an  affliction. — Mackentie  : 
The  Story  of  La  Roche  (in  The  Mirror). 

Lars,  the  emperor  or  over-king  of  the 
ancient  Etruscans.  A  khedive,  satrap,  or 
under-king,  was  cMed /ucumo.  Thus  the 
king  of  Prussia,  as  emperor  of  Germany, 
is  lars,  but  the  king  of  Bavaria  is  a  lucumo. 

There  be  thirty  chosen  prophetl. 

The  wisest  of  the  land, 
Who  alw.iy  by  lais  Por'seni, 
Both  mom  and  evening:  stand. 

Macaulay  :  Lays  a/AHcietf  RttHt 
("  Horatius,    ix.,  184a). 

Larthiuor,  petty  king  of  Ber'rathon, 
one  of  the  Scandinavian  islands.  He  was 
dethroned  by  his  son  Uthal,  but  Fingal 
sentOssian  and  Toscar  to  his  aid.  Uthal 
was  slain  in  single  combat,  and  Larthmor 
restored  to  his  throne. — Ossian: Berrathon. 

Larthon,  the  leader  of  the  Fir-bolg 
or  Belgae  of  Britain  who  settled  in  the 
southern  parts  of  Ireland. 

Larthon,  the  first  of  Bolga's  race  who  travelled  in 
the  winds.  White-bosomed  spread  the  sails  of  the 
king  towards  streamy  Inisfail  [friland].  Dun  night 
was  roUed  before  him,  with  its  skirts  of  mist,  (incon- 
stant blew  the  winds  and  rolled  him  from  wave  to 
wave — Ossian :  Temora,  rii. 

La  Saisiaz  (Savoyard  for  "  The 
Sun"),  a"  poem  by  R.  Browning  (1878). 
The  name  of  a  villa  in  the  mountains 
near  Geneva,  where  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Brown- 
ing and  a  friend  spent  part  of  the  summer 
of  1877.  The  friend  died  very  suddenly, 
and  the  poem  is  Browning's  "  In  Me- 
moriam."  Compare  La  Saisiaz  with 
Tennyson's  /n  Memoriam. 

Lascaris,  a  citizen. — Sir  IV.  Scott: 
Count  Robert  0/ Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Las-Ca'sas,  a  noble  old  Spaniard, 
who  vainly  attempted  to  put  a  stop  to  the 
barbarities  of  his  countrymen,  and  even 
denounced  them  (act  i.  i). — Sheridan: 
Pizarro  (1799,  altered  from  Kotzebue). 

Lascelles  {Lady  Caroline),  supposed 
to  be  Miss  M.  E.  Braddon. — Athenceum, 
2073,  P-  82  (C.  R.  Jackson). 

Last  Days  of  Pompeii,  an  his- 
torical novel  by  lord  Lytton  (1834). 

Last  Man  ( The),  Charles  I. ;  so 
called  by  the  parliamentarians,  meaning 
the  last  man  who  would  wear  a  crown  in 
Great  Britain.  Charles  II,  was  called 
"  The  Son  of  the  Last  Man." 


Last  of  the  Barons  {The). 
Barons,  p.  91.) 


Last  of  the  Fathers,  St.  Bernard 
abbot  of  Clairvaux  (1091-1153). 

Last  of  the  Goths,  Roderick,  the 
thirty-fourth  and  last  of  the  Visigothic 
line  of  kings  in  Spain  (414-71 1).  He  was 
dethroned  by  the  African  Moors. 

(Southey  has  an  historical  tale  in  blank 
verse  entitled  Roderick,  the  Last  of  the 
Goths. ) 

Last  of  the  Greeks  {The),  Philo- 
poemen  of  Arcadia  (b.c.  253-183). 

Last  of  the  Knights,  Maximilian 
I.  the  Penniless,  emperor  of  Germany 
(1459,  1493-1519). 

Last  of  the  Moliicans.  Uncas 
the  Indian  chief  is  so  called  by  F.  Cooper 
in  his  novel  of  that  title. 

(The  word  ought  to  be  pronounced  Mo- 
hec'-kanx,  but  custom  rules  it  otherwise. ) 

Last  of  the  Romans,  Marcus 
Junius  Brutus,  one  of  the  assassins  of 
Caesar  (B.C.  85-42). 

Caius  Cassius  Longlnus  is  so  called  by 
Brutus  (B.C.  *-42). 

Aetius,  a  general  who  defended  the 
Gauls  against  the  Franks,  and  defeated 
Attila  in  451,  is  so  called  by  Proco'pius. 

Congreve  is  called  by  Pope,  Ultimus 
Romanus  (1670-1729). 

Stilicho  (*-4o8). 

Horace  Walpole  is  called  Ultimus 
Romanorum  (1717-1797). 

Francois  Joseph  Terrasse  Desbillons 
was  called  Ultimus  Romanus,  from  his 
elegant  and  pure  Latinity  (1751-1789). 

Last  of  the   Tribunes,  Cola  di 

Rienzi  (1313-1354). 

(Lord  Lytton  has  a  novel  called  Rienzi^ 
the  Last  of  the  Tribunes,  1835.) 

Last  of  the  Troubadours,  Jacques 

Jasmin  of  Gascony  (1798-1864). 

Last  who  Spoke  Cornish  {The\ 

Doll  Pentreath  (1686-1777). 

Last  "Words.  (See  "  Dying  Say- 
ings," in  The  Dictionary  of  Phrase  and 
Fable,  pp.  395-398.) 

Lath'erum,  the  barber  at  the  Black 
Bear  inn,  at  Darlington. — Sir  IV.  Scott: 
Rob  Roy  (time,  George  I.). 

Lathmon,  son  of  Nuath  a  British 
prince.  He  invaded  Morven  while  Fingal 
was  in  Ireland  with  his  army ;  but  Fingal 
returned  unexpectedly.  At  dead  of  night, 
(See  Ossian  (Fingal's  son)  and  his  friend  Gaul 
the  son  of  Morni  went  to  the  enemy's 


LATIMER. 


594 


LAUGHTER. 


camp,  and  "  struck  the  shield  "  to  arouse 
the  sleepers.  .  Then  rush  they  on,  and  a 
great  slaughter  ensues  in  the  panic. 
Lathmon  sees  the  two  opponents  moving 
off,  and  sends  a  challenge  to  Ossian  ;  so 
Ossian  returns,  and  the  duel  begins. 
Lathmon  flings  down  his  sword,  and 
submits;  and  Fingal,  coming  up,  conducts 
Lathmon  to  his  "  feast  of  shells."  After 
passing  the  night  in  banquet  and  song, 
Fingal  dismisses  his  guest  next  morning, 
saying,  "  Lathmon,  retire  to  thy  place ; 
turn  thy  battles  to  other  lands.  The  race 
of  Morven  are  renowned,  and  their  foes 
are  the  sons  of  the  unhappy." — Ossian: 
Lathmon. 

• .  •  In  Oithona  he  is  again  introduced, 
and  Oithona  is  called  Lathmon's  brother. 

{Dunrotnntath'\  feared  the  returning  Lathmon,  the 
brother  of  unhappy  Oithona. — Ossian  :  Oithona. 

Lat'imer  [Mr.  Ralph),  the  supposed 
father  of  Darsie  Latimer,  alias  sir  Arthur 
Darsie  Redgauntlet. 

Darsie  Latimer,  alias  sir  Arthur  Darsie 
Redgauntlet,  supposed  to  be  the  son  of 
Ralph  Latimer,  but  really  the  son  of  sir 
Henry  Darsie  Redgauntlet,  and  grandson 
of  sir  Redwald  Redgauntlet. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Redgauntlet  {\\mQ,  George  III.). 

Latin  Churcll  {Fathers  of  the) : 
Lactantius,  Hilary,  Ambrose  of  Milan, 
Jer'ome,  Augustin  of  Hippo,  and  St. 
Bernard  "  Last  of  the  Fathers." 

Lati'zLUS,  king  of  the  Laurentians, 
who  first  opposed  .^ne'as,  but  afterwards 
formed  an  alliance  with  him,  and  gave 
him  his  danghter  Lavinia  in  marriage. — 
Virgil:  \^neid. 

liati'nus,  an  Italian,  who  went  with 
his  five  sons  to  the  siege  of  Jerusalem. 
His  eldest  son  was  slain  by  Solyman ; 
the  second  son,  AramantSs,  running  to 
his  brother's  aid,  was  next  slain  ;  then 
the  third  son,  Sabi'nus  ;  and  lastly  Picus 
and  Laurentes,  who  were  twins.  The 
father,  having  lost  his  five  sons,  rushed 
madly  on  the  soldan,  and  was  slain  also. 
In  one  hour  fell  the  father  and  five  sons. 
—  Tasso:  Jerusale?n  Delivered  {i^t^. 

Latmian  Swain  ( The),  Endym'ion. 
So  called  because  it  was  on  mount  Lat- 
mos,  in  Caria,  that  Cinthia  {the  moon) 
descended  to  hold  converse  with  him. 

Thou  didst  not,  Cinthia,  scorn  the  Latmian  swain. 
'  Ovid:  Art »/ Love,  iii. 

laato'na,  mother  of  Apollo  {the  sun) 
aiid  Diana  {the  moon).  Some  Lycian 
hinds  jeered   at   her  as  she  knelt  by  a 


fountain  in  Delos  to  drink,  and  were 
changed  into  frogs. 

As  when  those  h=nds  that  were  transformed  to  frogs 
Railed  at  Latona's  twin-born  progeny, 
Which  after  held  the  sun  and  moon  m  fee. 

Milton  :  Sonnets. 

Iiatorck,  duke  Rollo's  "earwig,"  in 
the  tragedy  called  The  Bloody  Brother, 
by  Beaumont  (printed  1639). 

Latro  {Marcus  Porcius),  a  Roman 
rhetorician  in  the  reign  of  Augustus ;  a 
Spaniard  by  birth. 

I  became  as  mad  as  the  disciples  of  Porcius  Latro, 
who,  when  they  had  made  themselves  as  pale  as  their 
master  by  drinking  decoctions  of  cumin,  imagined 
themselves  as  learned. — Lesage :  Gil  Bias,  vii.  9  (173s). 

Land  {Archbishop).  One  day,  when 
the  archbishop  was  about  to  say  grace 
before  dinner,  Archie  Armstrong,  the 
royal  jester,  begged  permission  of  Charles 
I.  to  perform  the  office  instead.  The  re- 
quest being  granted,  the  wise  fool  said, 
"  All /rdi/j^  to  God,  and  little  Za!«</ to  the 
devil !  "  the  point  of  which  is  increased  by 
the  fact  that  Laud  was  a  very  small  man. 

Landerdale  ( The  duke  of),  president 
of  the  privy  council. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Old 
Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Langfh  {Jupiter's).  Jupiter,  we  are 
told,  laughed  incessantly  for  seven  days 
after  he  was  born.  — Ptolemy  Hephcestion  : 
Nov.  Hist.,  vii. 

Langh  and  be  Tat,  or  "  Pills  to 
purge  Melancholy,"  a  collection  of  sonnets 
by  Thomas  D'Urfey  (1719).  (See  The 
Spectator,  No.  20.) 

Langrhing"     Philosopher    ( ThA, 

Democ'rltos  of  Abde'ra  (B.C.  460-357), 
who  laughed  or  jeered  at  the  feeble  powers 
of  man  so  wholly  in  the  hands  of  fate,  that 
nothing  he  did  or  said  was  uncontrolled. 

(The  "  Crying  Philosopher"  was  Heraclitos.) 

^  Dr.  Jeddler,  the  philosopher,  looked 
upon  the  world  as  a  "great  practical  joke, 
something  too  absurd  to  be  considered 
seriously  by  any  rational  man." — Dickens ; 
The  Battle  of  Life  (1846). 

Lan§fhter  is  situated  in  the  midriff. 

Here  sportful  laughter  dwells,  here,  ever  sitting. 
Defies  all  lumpish  griefs  and  wrinkled  care. 

Phineas  FUUher:  The  Purple  Island  (i633>. 

Laughter  {Death  from).  A  fellow  in 
rags  told  Chalchas  the  soothsayer  that  he 
would  never  drink  the  wine  of  the  grapes 
growing  in  his.  vineyard ;  and  added, 
"If  these  words  do  not  come  true,  you 
may  claim  me  for  your  slave."  When 
the  wine  was  made,  Chalchas  made  a  feast, 
and  sent  for  the  fellow  to  see  how  his 
prediction  had  failed ;  and  when  he  ap- 


LAUNAY. 


595 


LAUNCELOT. 


peared,  the  soothsayer  laughed  so  im- 
moderately at  the  would-be  prophet  that 
he  died. — Lytton  :  Tales  of  Miletus,  iv. 

IT  Very  similar  is  the  tale  of  Ancaeos. 
This  king  of  the  Lelfig^s,  in  Samos, 
planted  a  vineyard,  but  was  warned  by 
one  of  his  slaves  that  he  vi'ould  never  live 
to  taste  the  wine  thereof.  Wine  was  made 
from  the  grapes,  and  the  king  sent  for  his 
slave,  and  said,  "What  do  you  think  of 
your  prophecy  now?"  The  slave  made 
answer,  "  There's  many  a  slip 'twixt  the 
cup  and  the  lip ;  "  and  the  words  were 
scarcely  uttered,  when  the  king  rushed 
from  table  to  drive  out  of  his  vineyard  a 
boar  which  was  laying  waste  the  vines,  but 
was  killed  in  the  encounter. — Pausanias. 

U  Crassus  died  from  laughter  on  seeing 
an  ass  eat  thistles.  Margutte  the  giant 
died  of  laughter  on  seeing  an  ape  trying 
to  pull  on  his  boots.  Philemon  or  Phi- 
lomenfis  died  of  laughter  on  seeing  an  ass 
eat  the  figs  provided  for  his  own  dinner 
{Lucian,  i.  2).  Zeuxis  died  of  laughter  at 
sight  of  a  hag  which  he  had  just  depicted. 

U  April  19,  1782,  Mrs.  Fitzherbert  died 
from  laughter  at  the  way  C.  Banister 
portrayed  ' '  Polly "  in  Gay's  Beggar's 
Opera  (1727).  at  Drury  Lane  Theatre. 

Iiatmay  {Vicomte  de),  pseudonym  of 
Mme.EmiIedeGirardin(«/(?DelphineGay). 

Launce,  the  clownish  servant  of 
Protheus  one  of  the  two  "  gentlemen 
of  Verona."  He  is  in  love  with  Julia. 
Launce  is  especially  famous  for  solilo- 
quies to  his  dog  Crab,  "  the  sourest- 
natured  dog  that  lives."  Speed  is  the 
serving-man  of  Valentine  the  other 
"gentleman." — Shakespeare:  The  Two 
Gentlemen  of  Verona  (1594). 

Latincelot,  bard  to  the  countess 
Brenhilda's  father. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  Count 
Robert  of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Launcelot  {Sir),  originally  called 
Galahad,  was  the  son  of  Ban  king  of 
Ben  wick  {Brittany)  and  his  wife  Elein  (pt. 
i,  60).  He  was  stolen  in  infancy  by 
Vivienne  the  Lady  of  the  Lake,  who 
brought  him  up  till  he  was  presented  to 
king  Arthur  and  knighted.  In  conse- 
quence, he  is  usually  called  sir  Launcelot 
du  Lac.  He  was  in  ' '  the  eighth  degree 
\or  generation]  of  our  Saviour"  (pt.  iii. 
35) ;  was  uncle  to  sir  Bors  de  Ganis 
(pt.  iii.  4) ;  his  brother  was  sir  Ector  de 
Maris  (pt.  ii.  127) ;  and  his  son,  by 
Elaine  daughter  of  king  Pelles,  was  sir 
■j  Galahad,  the  chastest  of  the  150  knights 
'  of  the  Round  Table,  and  therefore  al- 


lotted to  the  "Siege  Perilous"  and  the 
quest  of  the  holy  graal,  which  he 
achieved.  Sir  Launcelot  had  from  time 
to  time  a  glimpse  of  the  holy  graal ;  but 
in  consequence  of  his  amours  with  queen 
Guenever,  was  never  allowed  more  than 
a  distant  and  fleeting  glance  of  it  (pt.  iiL. 
18.  22,  45). 

Sir  Launcelot  was  the  strongest  and 
bravest  of  the  150  knights  of  the  Round 
Table ;  the  two  next  were  sir  Tristram 
and  sir  Lamoracke.  His  adultery  with 
queen  Guenever  was  directly  or  indirectly 
the  cause  of  the  death  of  king  Arthur, 
the  breaking  up  of  the  Round  Table,  and 
the  death  of  most  of  the  knights.  The 
tale  runs  thus :  Mordred  and  Agravain 
hated  sir  Launcelot,  told  the  king  he  was 
too  familiar  with  the  queen,  and,  in  order 
to  make  good  their  charge,  persuaded 
Arthur  to  go  a-hunting.  While  absent  in 
the  chase,  the  queen  sent  for  sir  Launce- 
lot to  her  private  chamber,  when  Mor- 
dred, Agravain,  and  twelve  other  knights 
beset  the  door,  and  commanded  him  to 
come  forth.  In  coming  forth  he  slew 
sir  Agravain  and  the  twelve  knights ; 
but  Mordred  escaped,  and  told  the  king, 
who  condemned  Guenever  to  be  burnt  to 
death.  She  was  brought  to  the  stake, 
but  rescued  by  sir  Launcelot,  who  carried 
her  off  to  Joyous  Guard,  near  Carlisle. 
The  king  besieged  the  castle,  but  received 
a  bull  from  the  pope,  commanding  him  to 
take  back  the  queen.  This  he  did,  but 
refused  to  be  reconciled  to  sir  Launcelot, 
who  accordingly  left  the  realm  and  went 
to  Benwick,  Arthur  crossed  over  with  an 
army  to  besiege  Benwick,  leaving  Mor- 
dred regent.  The  traitor  Mordred  usurped 
the  crown,  and  tried  to  make  the  queen 
marry  him ;  but  she  rejected  his  pro- 
posal with  contempt.  When  Arthur 
heard  thereof,  he  returned,  and  fought 
three  battles  with  his  nephew,  in  the 
last  of  which  Mordred  was  slain,  and 
,  the  king  received  from  his  nephew  his 
death-wound.  The  queen  now  retired  to 
the  convent  of  Almesbury,  where  she 
was  visited  by  sir  Launcelot ;  but  as  she 
refused  to  leave  the  convent,  sir  Launcelot 
turned  monk,  died  "  in  the  odour  of 
sanctity,"  and  was  buried  in  Joyous 
Guard  (pt.  iii.  143-175). 

"  Ah  I  sir  Launcelot,"  said  sir  Ector ;  "  thou  were 
[jtcjheadof  all  Christian  kiiights."  I  dare  say,"  said 
sir  Bors,  "  that  sir  Launcelot  there  thou  liest,  thou 
were  never  matched  of  none  earthly  knight's  hand  ; 
and  thou  were  the  courteoust  knight  that  ever  bare 
shield  ;  and  thou  were  the  truest  friend  to  thy  lover 
that  ever  bestrode  horse ;  and  thou  were  the  truest 
lover  of  sinful]  man  that  ever  loved  woman ;  and  thou 
were  the  kindest  man  that  ever  struck  with  sword ; 


LAUNCELOT. 


S96 


LAUNCELOT. 


BBd  thou  were  the  goodliest  person  that  ever  came 
among  press  of  knights ;  and  thou  were  the  meekest 
man  and  the  gentlest  that  ever  eat  in  hall  among 
ladies;  and  thou  were  the  sternest  knight  to  thy 
mortal  foe  that  ever  put  spear  in  rest."— 5j>  T, 
Malory:  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  iii.  176  (1470). 

N.B. — The  Elaine  above  referred  to  is 
not  the  Elaine  of  Astolat,  the  heroine  of 
Tennyson's  Idyll.  Sir  Ector  de  Maris  is 
not  sir  Ector  the  foster-father  of  king 
Arthur ;  and  sir  Bors  de  Ganis  must  be 
kept  distinct  from  sir  Bors  of  Gaul,  and 
also  from  sir  Borre  or  sir  Bors  a  natural 
son  of  king  Arthur  by  Lyonors  daughter 
of  the  earl  Sanam  (pt.  i.  15). 

Sir  Launcelot  and  Elaine.  The  Elaine 
of  Teimyson's  Idyll,  called  the  "  fair 
maid  of  Astolat,"  was  the  daughter  of 
sir  Bernard  lord  of  Astolat,  and  her  two 
brothers  were  sir  Tirre  (not  sir  Torre,  as 
Tennyson  writes  the  word)  and  Lavaine 
(pt,  iii.  122).  The  whole  tale,  and  the 
beautiful  picture  of  Elaine  taken  by  the 
old  dumb  servitor  down  the  river  to 
the  king's  palace,  is  all  borrowed  from 
sir  T.  Malory's  compilaton.  "The  fair 
maid  of  Astolat  "  asked  sir  Launcelot  to 
marry  her,  but  the  knight  replied,  "  Fair 
damsel,  I  thank  you,  but  certainly  cast 
me  never  to  be  married  ;  "  and  when  the 
maid  asked  if  she  might  be  ever  with 
him  without  being  wed,  he  made  answer, 
"Mercy  defend  me,  no!"  "Then," 
said  Elaine,  "I  needs  must  die  for  love  of 
you  ; "  and  when  sir  Launcelot  quilted 
Astolat,  she  drooped  and  died.  But  before 
she  died  she  called  her  brother,  sir  Tirre 
(not  sir  Lavaine,  as  Tennyson  says,  be- 
cause sir  Lavaine  went  with  sir  Launcelot 
as  his  'squire),  and  dictated  the  letter 
her  brother  was  to  write,  and  spake 
thus — 

"  While  my  body  is  whole,  let  this  letter  be  put  into 
my  right  hand,  and  my  hand  bound  fast  with  the  letter 
until  that  I  be  cold,  and  let  me  be  put  in  a  fair  bed,  with 
all  my  richest  clothes  .  .  .  and  be  laid  in  a  chariot  to 
the  next  place,  whereas  the  Thames  is,  and  there  let 
me  be  put  in  a  barge,  and  but  one  man  with  me  ...  to 
steer  me  thither,  and  that  my  barge  be  covered  with 
black  samite."  .  .  .  So  her  father  granted  .  .  .  that  all 
this  should  be  done,  .  .  .  and  she  died.  And  so,  when  ', 
she  was  dead,  the  corpse  and  the  bed  .  .  .  were  put 
in  a  barge,  .  .  .  and  the  man  steered  the  barge  to 
Westminster.— Pt.  iiL  123. 

The  narrative  then  goes  on  to  say  that 
king  Arthur  had  the  letter  read,  and 
commanded  the  corpse  to  be  buried  right 
royally,  and  all  the  knights  then  present 
made  offerings  over  her  grave.  Not  only 
the  tale,  but  much  of  the  verbiage,  has 
been  appropriated  by  Tennyson.— 5i>  T. 
Malory:  History  of  Prince  Arthur 
(1470). 

Launcelot  and  Guenever.  Sir  Launce- 
lot was  chosen  by  king  Arthur  to  conduct 
Guenever  (his  bride)  to  court  ;  and  then 


began  that  disloyalty  between  them  which 
lasted  to  the  end. 

IF  Gottfried,  the  German  minnesinger 
(twelfth  century)  who  wrote  the  tale  of 
sir  Tristan  [our  Tristram],  makes  king 
Mark  send  Tristan  to  Ireland, ito  conduct 
Yseult  to  Cornwall,  and  then  commenced 
that  disloyalty  between  sir  Tristram  and 
his  uncle's  wife,  which  also  lasted  to  the 
end,  and  was  the  death  of  both. 

Launcelot  Mad.  Sir  Launcelot,  having 
offended  the  queen,  was  so  vexed,  that  he 
went  mad  for  two  years,  half  raving  and 
half  melancholy.  Being  partly  cured  by 
a  vision  of  the  holy  graal,  he  settled  for  a 
time  in  Joyous  Isle,  under  the  assumed 
name  of  Z,^  Chevalier  Mal-Fet.  His  deeds 
of  prowess  soon  got  blazed  abroad,  and 
brought  about  him  certain  knights  of  the 
Round  Table,  who  prevailed  on  him  to 
return  to  court.  Then  followed  the 
famous  quest  of  the  holy  graal.  The 
quest  of  the  graal  is  the  subject  of  a 
minnesong  by  Wolfram  (thirteenth  cen- 
tury), entitled  Parzival.  (In  the  History 
of  Prince  Arthur,  compiled  by  sir  T. 
Malory,  it  is  Galahad  son  of  sir  Launce- 
lot, not  Percival,  who  accomplished  the 
quest.) 

• , "  The  madness  of  Orlando,  by 
Ariosto,  resembles  that  of  sir  Launcelot. 

Launcelot  a  Monk.  When  sir  Launcelot 
discovered  that  Guenever  was  resolved  to 
remain  a  nun,  he  himself  retired  to  a 
monastery,  and  was  consecrated  a  hermit 
by  the  bishop  of  Canterbury.  After 
twelve  months,  he  was  miraculously 
summoned  to  Almesbury,  to  remove  to 
Glastonbury  the  queen,  who  was  at  the 
point  of  death.  Guenever  died  half  an 
hour  before  sir  Launcelot  arrived,  and  he 
himself  died  soon  afterwards  (pt.  iii,  174). 
The  bishop  in  attendance  on  the  dying 
knight  affirmed  that  "he  saw  angels 
heave  sir  Launcelot  up  to  heaven,  and 
the  gates  of  paradise  open  to  receive 
him  "  (pt.  iii.  175).  Sir  Bors,  his  nephew, 
discovered  the  dead  body  in  the  cell,  and 
had  it  buried  with  all  honours  at  Joyous 
Guard  (pt.  iii.  175), — Sir  T.  Malory: 
History  of  Prince  Arthur  {1470) ;  and  also 
Walter  Mapes. 

When  sir  Bors  and  his  fellows  came  to  his  (sir 
Launcelofs)  bed,  they  found  him  stark  dead,  and  he 
lay  as  he  had  smiled,  and  the  sweetest  savour  about 
him  that  ever  they  smelled. — Sir  T,  Alalory  :  History 
0/ Prince  Arthur,  iii.  175  (1470). 

N.B, — Wlien  sir  Launcelot  quitted  the 
court  of  Arthur  and  retired  to  Benwick, 
he  intended  to  found  religious  houses 
every  ten  miles  between  Sandwich  and 
Carlisle,  and  to  visit  every  one  of  them 


LAUNCELOT. 


597 


LAU2UN. 


barefoot ;  but  king  Arthur  made  war 
upon  him,  and  put  an  end  to  this 
intention. 

.  •  Other  particulars  of  sir  Launcelot. 
The  tale  of  sir  Launcelot  was  first  com- 
posed in  monkish  Latin,  and  was  trans- 
lated by  Walter  Mapes  (about  1180). 
Robert  de  Borron  wrote  a  French  version, 
and  sir  T.  Malory  look  his  History  of 
Prince  Arthur  from  the  French,  the  third 
part  being  chiefly  confined  to  the  adven- 
tures and  death  of  this  favourite  knight. 
There  is  a  metrical  romance  called  La 
Charrette,  begun  by  Chrestiens  de  Troyes 
(twelfth  century),  and  finished  by  Geoffrey 
de  Ligny. 

Iiauucelot,  the  man  of  Mons. 
Thomas.  (See  Lancelot.) — Fletcher: 
Mons.  Thomas  (1619). 

Latmfal  {Sir),  steward  of  king 
Arthur.  Detesting  queen  Gwennere,  he 
retired  to  Carlyoun,  and  fell  in  love  with 
a  lady  named  Tryamour.  She  gave  him 
an  unfailing  purse,  and  told  him  if  he 
ever  wished  to  see  her,  all  he  had  to  do 
was  to  retire  into  a  private  room,  and  she 
would  be  instantly  with  him.  Sir  Launfal 
now  returned  to  court,  and  excited  much 
attention  by  his  great  wealth.  Gwennere 
made  advances  to  him,  but  he  told  her 
she  was  not  worthy  to  kiss  the  feet  of  the 
lady  to  whom  he  was  devoted.  At  this 
repulse,  the  angry  queen  complained  to 
the  king,  and  declared  to  him  that  she 
had  been  most  grossly  insulted  by  his 
steward.  Arthur  bade  sir  Launfal  pro- 
duce this  paragon  of  women.  On  her 
arrival,  sir  Launfal  was  allowed  to  accom- 
pany her  to  the  isle  of  Ole'ron ;  and  no 
one  ever  saw  him  afterwards. —  T. 
Chestre:  Sir  Launfal  (a  metrical  romance, 
time,  Henry  VI. ). 

(James  Russell  Lowell  has  a  poem 
entitled  The  Vision  of  Sir  Launfal. ) 

Laura,  niece  of  duke  Gondibert,  loved 
by  two  brothers,  Arnold  and  Hugo,  the 
latter  dwarfed  in  stature.  Laura  herself 
loved  Arnold  ;  but  both  brothers  were 
slain  in  the  faction  fight  stirred  up  by 
prince  Oswald  against"  duke  Gondibert. 
(For  this  faction  fight,  see  Gondibert.) 
As  the  tale  was  never  finished,  we  have 
no  key  to  the  poet's  intention  respecting 
Laura.  —  Davenani :  Gondibert  (died 
i668). 

Iiaura,  a  Venetian  lady,  who  married 
Beppo.  Beppo,  bting  taken  captive, 
turned  Turk,  joined  a  band  of  pirates, 
and  grew  rich.     He  then  returned  10  bis 


wife,  made  himself  known  to  her,  and 
"  had  his  claim  allowed."  Laura  is 
represented  as  a  frivolous  mixture  of 
millinery  and  religion.  She  admires  her 
husband's  turban,  and  dreads  his  new 
religion.  "  Are  you  really,  truly  now  a 
Turk?"  she  says.  "Well,  that's  the 
prettiest  shawl !  Will  you  give  it  me  ? 
They  say  yeu  eat  no  pork.  Bless  me  1 
Did  I  ever?  No,  I  never  saw  a  man 
grown  so  yellow!  How's  your  liver?" 
and  so  she  rattles  on. — Byron:  Beppo 
(1820). 

We  never  read  of  Laura  without  being  reminded  of 
Addison's  Dissection  of  a  Coquette's  Heart,  in  the 
endless  intricacies  of  which  nothing  could  be  dis- 
tinctly made  out  but  the  image  of  a  flame-coloured 
\LQoCi.—Finden  ;  Byron  Beauties, 

Laura  and  Petrarch.  Some  say 
La  belle  Laure  was  only  an  hypothetical 
name  used  by  the  poet  to  hang  the  inci- 
dents of  his  life  and  love  on.  If  a  real 
person,  it  was  Laura  de  Noves,  the  wife 
of  Hugues  de  Sade  of  Avignon,  and  she 
died  of  the  plague  in  1348. 

Think  you,  if  Laura  had  been  Petrarch's  wife. 
He  would  have  written  sonnets  all  his  life? 

Byron  :  Don  Jtian,  iii.  8  (1820). 

Laurana,  the  lady-love  of  prince 
Parismus  of  Bohemia. — E.  Foord:  The 
History  of  Parismus  (1598). 

Laureate.    (See  PoiiTs  Laureate.) 

Laureate   of  the  G-entle  Craft, 

Hans  Sachs,  the  cobbler-poet  of  Nurem- 
berg.    (See  Twelve  Wise  Masters.) 

Laurence  [Friar),  the  good  friar  who 
promises  to  marry  Romeo  and  Juliet.  He 
supplies  Juliet  with  the  sleeping  draught, 
to  enable  her  to  quit  her  home  without 
arousing  scandal  or  suspicion.  (See 
Lav^^rence.) — Shakespeare:  Romeo  and 
Juliet  (1597). 

Laurringftous  {The),  a  novel  by 
Mrs.  Trollope,  a  satire  on  "superior 
people,"  the  bustling  Bothebys  of  society 
(1843). 

Lausus,  son  of  Mezentius,  king  of  the 
Rutulians,  on  the  side  of  Turnus.  In  the 
Aine'id  (bk.  vii.),  Virgil  greatly  praises 
his  bravery,  and  holds  him  up  as  a  model 
of  filial  piety.  In  bk.  x.  he  tells  how 
Lausus,  in  defending  his  father,  met  with 
his  death.  Mezentius  being  wounded  by 
.^neas,  Lausus  throws  himself  between 
the  combatants,  and  gives  his  father  time 
to  escape.  .(Eneas,  furious  at  being  thus 
thwarted,  turns  upon  Lausus  and  slays 
him. 

Lauzun  {The  duke  de),  a  courtier  in 


lAVAINE. 

the  court  of  Louis  XIV.  Licentious, 
light-hearted,  unprincipled,  and  extrava- 
gant. In  order  to  make  a  market,  he 
supplanted  La  Valliere  by  Mme.  de 
Montespan  in  the  king's  favour.  Montes- 
pan  thought  Lauzun  loved  her  ;  but  vrhen 
he  proposed  to  La  Valliere,  the  discarded 
favourite,  Montespan  kicked  him  over. 
The  duke,  in  revenge,  persuaded  the  king 
to  banish  the  lady,  and  when*  La  Valliere 
took  the  veil,  the  king  sent  Mme.  de  Mon- 
tespan this  cutting  epistle — 

We  do  not  blame  you  ;  blame  belongs  to  love^ 
And  love  had  nought  with  you. 
The  duke  de  Lauzun,  cf  these  lines  the  bearer, 
Confirms  their  purport.     From  our  royal  court 
We  do  excuse  your  presence. 

Lord  Lyttan  :  The  Duchess  de  la 
Valliire,  v.  s  (1836). 

Iiavaine  {Sir),  brother  of  Elaine,  and 
son  of  the  lord  of  As'tolat.  Young,  brave, 
and  knightly.  He  accompanied  sir 
Lancelot  when  he  went  to  tilt  for  the 
ninth  diamond. — Tennyson:  Idylls  of  the 
King{"  Elaine"). 

Lavalette  {3  syl.),  condemned  to 
death  for  sending  to  Napoleon  secret 
intelligence  of  Government  despatches. 
He  was  set  at  liberty  by  his  wife,  who 
took  his  place  in  prison,  but  became  a 
confirmed  lunatic. 

*f  Lord  Nithsdale  escaped  in  a  similar 
manner  from  the  Tower  of  London.  His 
wife  disguised  him  as  her  maid,  and  he 
passed  the  sentries  without  being  de- 
tected. 

La  Valliere  {Louise  duchess  de), 
betrothed  to  the  marquis  de  BragelonS 
{4  syl.),  but  in  love  with  Louis  XIV., 
whose  mistress  she  became.  Conscience 
accused  her,  and  she  fled  to  a  convent ; 
but  the  king  took  her  out,  and  brought 
her  to  Versailles.  He  soon  forsook  her 
for  Mme.  de  Montespan,  and  advised  her 
to  marry.  This  message  almost  broke 
her  heart,  and  she  said,  "  I  will  choose  a 
bridegroom  without  delay. "  Accordingly, 
she  took  the  veil  of  a  Carmelite  nun,  and 
discovered  that  Bragelon^  was  a  monk. 
Mme.  de  Montespan  was  banished  from 
the  court  by  the  capricious  monarch. — 
Lord  Lylton  :  The  Duchess  de  la  Valliire 
(1836).     (See  Lauzun.) 

Lavender's  Blue. 

*'  Lavender's  blue,  little  finger,  rosemary's  jrreen. 
When  I  am  king,  little  finger,  you  shall  be  queen." 
"  Who  told  you  so,  thumby  ?    Thumby,  who  told  you 

so  J" 
"Twas  my  own  heart,  little  finger,  that  told  me  so." 
••  When  you  are  dead,  little  finger,  as  it  may  hap, 
You  shall  be  buried,  little  finger,  under  the  tap." 
•*  For  why  t  for  why,  thumby?    Thumby,  for  whyt" 
"That  you  may  driuk,  little  finger,  when  you  are  dry." 
An  Old  Nursery  Ditty. 


598  LAW  OF  ATHENS. 

Laviula,  daughter  of  Latinus,  be^ 
trothed  to  Turnus  king  of  the  Rutuli. 
When  .^ne'as  landed  in  Italy,  Latinus 
made  an  alliance  with  him,  and  promised 
to  give  him  Lavinia  to  wife.  This 
brought  on  a  war  between  Turnus  and 
.^neas,  that  was  decided  by  single  com- 
bat, in  which  ^Eneas  was  the  victor.— 
Virgil:  /Eneid, 

Lavinia,  daughter  of  Titus  Andron'- 
icus  a  Roman  general  employed  against 
the  Goths.  She  was  betrothed  to  Bassia'- 
nus,  brother  of  Saturnius  emperor  of 
Rome.  Being  defiled  by  the  sons  of 
Tam'ora  queen  of  the  Goths,  her  hands 
were  cut  off  and  her  tongue  plucked  out. 
At  length  her  father  Titus  killed  her, 
saying,  "  I  am  as  woeful  as  Virginius  was, 
and  have  a  thousand  times  more  cause 
than  he  to  do  this  outrage," — (?)  Shake- 
speare: Titus  Andronicus  (1593). 

(In  the  play,  Andronicus  is  always 
called  An-dron'-i-kus,  but  in  classic  au- 
thors it  is  An'dro-ni'~kus.) 

Lavin'ia,  sister  of  lord  Al'tamont,  and 
wife  of  Horatio. — Rowe  :  The  Fair  Peni- 
tent (1703). 

Lavinia  and  Fale'mon.  Lavinia 
was  the  daughter  of  Acasto  patron  of 
Palemon,  from  whom  his  "liberal fortune 
took  its  rise."  Acasto  lost  his  property, 
and,  dying,  left  a  widow  and  daughter  in 
very  indigent  circumstances.  Palemon 
often  sought  them  out,  but  could  never 
find  them.  One  day,  a  lovely  modest 
maiden  came  to  glean  in  Palemon's 
fields.  The  young  squire  was  greatly 
struck  with  her  exceeding  beauty  and 
modesty,  but  did  not  dare  ally  himself 
with  a  pauper.  Upon  inquiry,  he  found 
that  the  beautiful  gleaner  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  Acasto  ;  he  proposed  marriage,  and 
Lavinia  "blushed  assent," — Thomson: 
Seasons  ("  Autumn,"  1730). 

*IF  The  resemblance  between  this  tale 
and  the  Bible  story  of  Ruth  and  Boaz 
must  be  obvious  to  every  one. 

Lavinian  Shore  {The),  Italy.  La- 
vinium  was  a  town  of  Latium,  founded 
by  ./Ene'as  in  honour  of  his  wife  Lavinia, 

From  the  rich  Lavinian  shore, 
X  your  market  come  to  store. 

Shaies^eart. 

Law  of  Athens  {The).  By  Athe- 
nian law,  a  father  could  dispose  of  his 
daughter  in  marriage  as  he  liked.  Egeus 
pleaded  this  law,  and  demanded  that  bis 
daughter  Hermia  should  marry  Demetrius 


LAW  OF  FLANDERS. 


599    LAY  OF  THE  IJVST  MINSTREL. 


or  suffer  the  penalty  of  the  law ;  if  she 
will  not 

Consent  to  marry  with  Demetrius, 
I  beg  the  ancient  privilege  of  Athens  ; 
As  she  is  mine,  I  may  dispose  of  her : 
Which  shall  be  either  to  this  gentleman, 
Or  to  her  death  ;  according  to  our  law. 
Shakespeare  :  Midsummer  Nights  Dream, 
act  i.  sc  I  (1592). 

Law  of  Flanders  {The).  Charles 
"  the  Good  "  earl  of  Flanders  made  a  law 
that  a  serf,  unless  legally  emancipated,  was 
always  a  serf,  and  that  whoever  married 
a  serf  became  a  serf.  S.  Knowles  has 
founded  his  tragedy  called  The  Provost  of 
Bruges  on  this  law  (1836). 

Law  of  Lombardy  ( The). 

We  have  a  law  peculiar  to  this  realm. 
That  subjects  to  a  mortal  penalty 
All  women  nobly  bom  .  .  .  who,  to  the  shama 
Of  chastity,  o'erleap  its  thorny  bounds. 
To  wanton  in  the  flowery  path  of  pleasure. 

Act  ii.  sc.  a. 

On  this  law  Robert  Jephson  has  founded 
the  following  tragedy  :  The  duke  Bire'no, 
heir  to  the  crown,  falsely  charges  the 
princess  Sophia  of  incontinence.  The 
villainy  of  the  duke  being  discovered,  he 
is  slain  in  combat  by  a  Briton  named 
Paladore,  and  the  victor  marries  the 
princess  (1779). 

Law  of  the  Road.    (See  Road.) 

Law's  Bubble,  the  famous  Missis- 
sippi scheme,  devised  by  John  Law 
(1716-1720). 

Law's  Tale  {The  Man  of),  the  tale 
about  Custance,  daughter  of  the  emperor 
of  Rome,  affianced  to  the  sultan  of  Syria. 
On  the  wedding  night  the  sultan's  mother 
murdered  all  the  bridal  party  for  apos- 
tacy,  except  Custance,  whom  she  turned 
adrift  in  a  ship.  The  ship  stranded  on 
the  shores  of  Britain,  where  Custance  was 
rescued  by  the  lord-constable  of  North- 
umberland, whose  wife,  Hermegild,  be- 
came much  attached  to  her.  A  young 
knight  wished  to  marry  Custance,  but 
she  declined  his  suit ;  whereupon  he 
murdered  Hermegild,  and  then  laid  the 
knife  beside  Custance,  to  make  it  appear 
that  she  had  committed  the  deed.  King 
Alia,  who  tried  the  case,  soon  discovered 
the  truth,  executed  the  knight,  and 
married  Custance.  Now  was  repeated 
the  same  infamy  as  occurred  to  her  in 
Syria :  the  queen-mother  Donegild  dis- 
approved of  the  match,  and,  during  the 
absence  of  her  son  in  Scotland,  embarked 
Custance  and  her  infant  son  in  the  same 
ship,  which  she  turned  adrift.  After 
floating  about  for  five  years,  it  was  taken 
in  tow  by  the  Roman  fleet  on  its  return 


from  Syria,  and  Custance  was  put  under 
tlie  charge  of  a  Roman  senator.  It  so 
happened  that  Alia  was  at  Rome  at  the 
very  time  on  a  pilgrimage,  met  his  wife, 
and  they  returned  to  Northumberland 
together. 

(This  story  is  found  in  Cower,  who 
probably  took  it  from  the  French  chro- 
nicle of  Nicholas  Trivet.) 

II  A  similar  story  forms  the  outline  of 
Emare  (3  syl.),  a  romance  in  Ritson's 
collection. 

(The  knight  murdering  Hermegild,  etc., 
resembles  an  incident  in  the  French  Ro- 
man de  la  Violette,  the  English  metrical 
romance  of  Le  Bone  Florence  of  Rome  (in 
Ritson),  and  also  a  tale  in  the  Gesta 
Romanorum,  69.) 

Lawford  [Mr),  the  town  clerk  of 
Middlemas. — Sir  IV.  Scott :  The  Surgeon's 
Daughter  (time,  George  II.). 

Lawrence  {Friar),  a  Franciscan  who 
undertakes  to  marry  Romeo  and  Juliet. 
(See  Laurence.) 

Lawrence  {Tom),  alias  "Tyburn 
Tom  "  or  Tuck,  a  highwayman.  (See 
Laurence.)— 5?>  W.  Scott:  Heart  oj 
Midlothian  (time,  George  II.). 

La  Writ,  a  little  wrangling  French 
advocate.— /7(f/<rA^r.-  The  Little  French 
Lawyer  (1647). 

Lawson  {Sandie),  landlord  of  the 
Spa  hotel.— 5i>  W.  Scott:  St.  Ronan's 
Well  (time,  George  III.). 

Lawyers'  Bags.  In  the  Common 
Law  bar,  barristers'  bags  are  either  redox 
dark  blue.  "  Red  bags  "are  reserved  for 
queen's  counsel  and  Serjeants,  but  a  stuff- 
gownsman  may  carry  one  ' '  if  presented 
with  it  by  a  '  silk. '  "  Only  red  bags  may 
be  taken  into  Common  Law  courts,  blue 
ones  must  be  carried  no  further  than  the 
robing-room.  In  Chancery  courts  the 
etiquette  is  not  so  strict. 

Lay    of    tlie     Last     Minstrel. 

Ladye  Margaret  [Scott]  of  Branksome 
Hall,  the  "flower  of  Teviot,"  was  beloved 
by  baron  Henry  of  Cranstown,  but  a 
deadly  feud  existed  between  the  two 
families.  One  day,  an  elfin  page  allured 
ladye  Margaret's  brother  (the  heir  of 
Branksome  Hall)  into  a  wood,  where  he 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Southerners. 
At  the  same  time  an  army  of  3000 
English  marched  to  Branksome  Hall  to 
take  it,  but  hearing  that  Douglas,  with 
10,000  men,  was  on  the  march  against 
them,  the  two  chiefs  agreed  to  decide  the 


LAYS  OF  ANCIENT  ROME. 


600 


LEAGUE. 


contest  by  single  combat.  The  Engli-^h 
champion  was  sir  Richard  Musgrave,  the 
Scotch  champion  called  himself  sir 
William  Deloraine.  Victory  fell  to  the 
Scotch,  when  it  was  discovered  that  "sir 
William  Deloraine "  was  in  reality  lord 
Cranstown,  who  then  claimed  and  re- 
ceived the  hand  of  ladye  Margaret  as  his 
reward. — Sir  IV.  Scoit:  Lay  of  the  Last 
Minsfrel  {180K.). 

Lays  of  Ancient  Rome,  a  series  of 
ballads  by  Macaulav  (1842).  The  chief 
are  called,  Horatiu's ;  The  Battle  of  the 
Lake  Regillus;  and  Virginia.  The  first 
of  these  is  the  best. 

Lays  of  the  Scottish  Cavaliers, 

by  Aytoun  (1849). 

Layers-over       for       Meddlers» 

nothing  that  concerns  you.  Said  to 
children  when  they  want  to  know  some- 
.  thing  which  the  person  asked  does  not 
think  proper  to  explain  to  them.  A 
layer-over  means  "  a  whip,"  and  a  layer- 
over  for  meddlers  naeans  a  "rod  for  the 
meddlesome." 

Lazarillo,  a  humoursome  varlet,  who 
serves  two  masters,  "don  Felix"  and 
Octavio.  Lazarillo  makes  the  usual 
quota  of  mistakes,  such  as  giving  letters 
and  money  to  the  wrong  master ;  but  it 
turns  out  that  don  Felix  is  donna  Clara, 
the  fiancee  of  Octavio,  and  so  all  comes 
right. — Jephson  :  Two  Strings  to  your 
Bow  (1792). 

Joseph  Munden  [1758-1832]  was  the  original  "  Laza- 
ti&o."— Memoir  0/  y,  S.  Afunden  (1832). 

Lazarillo  de  Tormes,  the  hero  of  a 
romance  of  roguery  by  don  Diego  de 
Mendo'za  (1553).  Lazarillo  is  a  compound 
of  poverty  and  pride,  full  of  stratagems 
and  devices.  The  "hidalgo"  walks  the 
streets  (as  he  says)  "  like  the  duke  of 
Arcos,"  but  is  occupied  at  home  "  to  pro- 
cure a  crust  of  dry  bread,  and,  having 
munched  it,  he  is  equally  puzzled  how  to 
appear  in  public  with  due  decorum.  He 
fits  out  a  ruffle  so  as  to  suggest  the  idea 
of  a  shirt,  and  so  adjusts  a  cloak  as  to 
look  as  if  there  were  clothes  under  it." 
We  find  him  begging  bread,  "  not  for 
food,"  but  simply  for  experiments.  He 
eats  it  to  see  "if  it  is  digestible  and 
wholesome : "  yet  is  he  gay  withal  and 
always  rakish. 

Lazarus  and  Dives.  Lazarus  was 
a  blotched  beggar,  who  implored  the  aid  of 
Div^s.  At  death ,  Lazarus  went  to  heaven, 
and  DivSs  to  hell,  where  he  implored  that 


the  beggar  might  be  suffered  to  bring 
him  a  drop  of  water  to  cool  his  lips  withal, 
— Luke  xvi.  19-31. 

N.  B. — Lazarus  is  the  only  proper  name 
given  in  any  of  the  New  Testament 
parables. 

Lazy  Lawrence  of  Lubber- 
Land,  the  hero  of  a  popular  tale.  He 
served  the  schoolmaster,  the  squire's  cook. 
the  farmer,  and  his  own  wife,  all  which 
was  accounted  treason  in  Lubber-land. 
(Probably  the  seventeenth  century.) 

Le  Beau,  a  courtier  attending  upon 
Frederick  the  usurper  of  his  brother's 
throne. — Shakespeare:  As  You  Like  It 
(1600). 

Le  Pebre,  a  poor  lieutenant,  whose 
admirable  story  is  told  by  Sterne  in  The 
Life  and  Opinions  of  Tristram  Shandy 
(1759-1767). 

Lea,  one  of  the  "  daughters  of  men," 
beloved  by  one  of  the  "  sons  of  God." 
The  angel  who  loved  her  ranked  with  the 
least  of  the  spirits  of  light,  whose  post 
around  the  throne  was  in  the  outermost 
circle.  Sent  to  earth  on  a  message,  he 
saw  Lea  bathing,  and  fell  in  love  with 
her;  but  Lea  was  so  heavenly  minded 
that  her  only  wish  was  to  "  dwell  in 
purity  and  serve  God  in  singleness  of 
heart."  Her  angel-lover,  in  the  madness 
of  his  passion,  told  Lea  the  spell-word 
that  gave  him  admittance  into  heaven. 
The  moment  Lea  uttered  it,  her  body 
became  spiritual,  rose  through  the  air, 
and  vanished  from  sight.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  angel  lost  his  ethereal  nature, 
and  became  altogether  earthly,  like  a 
child  of  clay. — Moore:  Loves  of  the 
Angels,  L  (1822). 

Lead  Apes  in  Hell  (T^),  i.e.  to  die 
an  old  maid. 

And  now  Tatlanth*.  thou  art  all  my  care  .  .  . 
Pity  that  you,  who've  served  so  long  and  well. 
Should  die  a  virgin,  and  lead  apes  in  hell. 
Choose  for  yourself,  dear  girl,  our  empire  round ; 
Your  portion  is  twelve  hundred  thousand  pound. 
Carey:  Chrononhotcnthologos. 

Leagfue  {The),  a  league  formed  at 
P^ronne  in  1576,  to  prevent  the  accession 
of  Henri  IV,  to  the  throne  of  France, 
because  he  was  of  the  reformed  religion. 
This  league  was  mainly  due  to  the  Guises. 
It  is  occasionally  called  "  The  Holy 
League;"  but  the  "Holy  League" 
strictly  so  called  is  quite  another  thing, 
and  it  is  belter  not  to  confound  different 
events  l.y  giving  them  the  same  name. 
(See  League,  Phh.) 

The  Achcean    Lrr.^ue  (B.C.    281-146). 


LEAGUE  CADDEE. 


6ol 


LEANDER, 


The  old  league  consisted  of  the  twelve 
Achaean  cities  confederated  for  self- 
defence  from  the  remotest  times.  The 
league  properly  so  called  was  formed 
against  the  Macedonians. 

The  Aitolian  League,  formed  some 
three  centuries  B.C.,  when  it  became  a 
formidable  rival  to  the  Macedonian  mon- 
archs  and  the  Achaean  League. 

The  Grey  League  {1424),  called  Lia 
Grischa  or  Graubiind,  from  the  grey 
homespun  dress  of  the  confederate 
peasants,  the  Grisons,  in  Switzerland. 
This  league  combined  with  the  League 
Caddee  (1401)  and  the  League  of  the  Ten 
Jurisdictions  (1436)  in  a  perpetual  alliance 
in  1471.  The  object  of  these  leagues  was 
to  resist  domestic  tyranny. 

The  Hanse  or  Hanseatic  league  (1241- 
1630),  a  great  commercial  confederation  of 
German  towns,  to  protect  their  merchan- 
dise against  Baltic  pirates,  and  defend 
their  rights  against  German  barons  and 
princes.  It  began  with  Hamburg  and 
Lubeck,  and  was  joined  by  Bremen, 
Bruges,  Bergen,  Novogorod,  London, 
Cologne,  Brunswick,  Danzig ;  and,  after- 
wards by  Dunkerque,  Anvers,  Ostend, 
Dordrecht,  Rotterdam,  Amsterdam,  etc.; 
still  later  by  Calais,  Rouen,  St.  Malo, 
Bordeaux,  Bayonne,  Marseilles,  Barce- 
lona, Seville,  Cadiz,  and  Lisbon  ;  and 
lastly  by  Messina,  Naples,  etc. ;  in  all 
eighty  cities. 

The  Holy  League.  Several  leagues 
are  so  denominated,  but  that  emphatically 
so  called  is  the  league  of  151 1  against 
Louis  XIL,  formed  by  pope  Julius  IL, 
Ferdinand  "  the  Catholic,"  Henry  VHL, 
the  Venetians,  and  the  Swiss.  Gaston  de 
Foix  obtained  a  victory  over  the  league 
at  Ravenna  in  1512,  but  died  in  the  midst 
of  his  triumph. 

The  Solemn  League  (1638),  formed  in 
Scotland  against  the  episcopal  govern- 
ment of  the  Church. 

Leajpfxie  Caddee  ( The),  or  Ligue  de 

•  la  Maison  de  Dieu  (1401),  a  confederation 

of  the  Grisons  for  the  purpose  of  resisting 

domestic  tyranny.     (See  League,  Grey. ) 

Leagtie  of  Aug-sburgf  (1686),  a  con- 
federation of  the  house  of  Austria  with 
Sweden,  Saxony,  Bavaria,  the  circles  of 
Swabia  and  Franconia,  etc. ,  against  Louis 
XIV.  This  league  was  the  beginning  of 
that  war  which  terminated  in  the  peace  of 
Ryswick{i69S). 

League  of  Cambray  {1508),  formed 
against  the  republic   of  Venice  by   the 


emperor  Maximilian  L.  Louis  XII.  of 
France,  Ferdinand  "the  Catholic,"  and 
pope  Julius  II. 

League  of  Katisbonne  (1524),  by 
the  catholic  powers  of  Germany  against 
the  progress  of  the  Reformation. 

League  of  Smalkalde  (December 
31, 1530),  the  protestant  states  of  Germany 
leagued  against  Charles  Quint.  It  was 
almost  broken  up  by  the  victory  obtained 
over  it  at  Miihlberg  in  1547. 

League    of    Wurtzburg    (i6io), 

formed  by  the  catholic  states  of  Germany 
against  the  "  Protestant  Union"  of  Hall. 
Maximilian  I.  of  Bavaria  was  at  its  head. 

League  of  the  Beggars  (1560),  a 
combination  formed  against  the  Inquisi- 
tion in  Flanders. 

League  of  the  Cities  of  Lom- 
bardy  (1167),  under  the  patronage  of 
pope  Alexander  III.,  against  Frederick 
Barbarossa  emperor  of  Germany.  In 
1225,  the  cities  combinea  against  Frede- 
rick II.  of  Germany. 

Leagrtie    of    the    Public   Weal 

{Ligue  du  Bien  Public),  1464,  a  league 
between  the  dukes  of  Burgundy,  Brittany, 
Bourbon,  and  other  princes,  against  Louis 
XI.  of  France. 

Lean'der  (3  syL),  a  young  man  of 
Aby'dos,  who  swam  nightly  across  the 
Hellespont  to  visit  his  lady-love.  Hero 
a  priestess  of  Sestos.  One  night  he  was 
drowned  in  his  attempt,  and  Hero  leaped 
into  the  Hellespont  and  died  also. 

(The  story  is  told  by  -Musaeus  in  his 
poem  called  Hero  ajid  Leander.  Schiller 
has  made  it  the  subject  of  a  ballad.) 

(i)  Lord  Byron  and  lieutenant  Eken- 
head  repeated  the  feat  of  Leander,  and 
accomplished  it  in  i  hr.  10  min.  ;  the 
distance  (allowing  for  drifting)  would  be 
about  four  miles, 

(2)  A  young  native  of  St.  Croix,  in  1817, 
swam  across  the  Sound  in  2  hr.  40  min., 
the  distance  being  six  miles. 

(3)  Captain  Webb,  August  24,  1875, 
swam  from  Dover  to  Calais  in  22  hr.  40 
min. ,  the  distance  being  thirty  miles,  in- 
cluding drifting. 

Lean'der,  a  young  Spanish  scholar, 
smitten  with  Leonora,  a  maiden  under 
the  charge  of  don  Diego,  and  whom  the 
don  wished  to  make  his  wife.  The 
young  scholar  disguised  himself  as  a 
minstrel  to  amuse  Mungo  the  slave,  and 
with  a  little  flattery  and  a  few  gold  pieces 


LEANDRA. 


602 


LEARNED  PAINTER, 


lulled  the  vigilance  of  Ursula  the  duenna, 
and  gained  admittance  to  the  lady.  Aa 
the  lovers  were  about  to  elope,  don  Diego 
unexpectedly  returned  ;  but  being  a  man 
of  60,  and,  what  is  more,  a  man  of 
sense,  he  at  once  perceived  that  Leander 
was  a  more  suitable  husband  for  Leonora 
than  himself,  and  accordingly  sanctioned 
theii  union  and  gave  the  bride  a  hand- 
some dowry. — Bickerstajf:  Thi  Padlock 
(1768). 

Leandra,  daughter  of  an  opulent 
Spanish  farmer,  who  eloped  with  Vincent 
de  la  Rosa,  a  heartless  adventurer,  who 
robbed  her  of  all  her  money,  jewels,  and 
other  valuables,  and  then  left  her  to  make 
her  way  home  as  best  she  could.  Leandra 
was  placed  in  a  convent  till  the  scandal 
had  blown  over. — Cervantes:  Don  Quixote^ 
L  iv.  20  ("The  Goat-herd's  Story," 
1605). 

Iieandre  (2  syL),  son  of  Gdronte 
(2  syl. ).  During  the  absence  of  his  father, 
he  fell  in  love  with  Zerbinette,  whom  he 
supposed  to  be  a  young  gipsy,  but  who 
was  in  reality  the  daughter  of  Argante 
(2  x)//,)  his  father's  friend.  Some  gipsies 
had  stolen  the  child  when  only  four  years 
old,  and  required  ^30  for  her  ransom — a 
sum  of  money  which  Scapin  contrived  to 
obtain  from  L^andre's  father  under  false 
pretences.  When  Geronte  discovered 
that  his  son's  bride  was  the  daughter  of 
his  friend  Argante,  he  was  quite  willing 
to  excuse  Scapin  for  the  deceit  practised 
on  him. — Moli'ere :  Les  Fourberies  dt 
Scapin  (1671). 

(In  Otway's  version  of  this  comedy, 
called  The  Cheats  of  Scapin,  L^andre  is 
Anghcized  into  "  Leander  ; "  Geronte  is 
called  "  Gripe  ;  "  Zerbinette  is  "  Lucia  ;  " 
Argante  is  "Thrifty;"  and  the  sum  of 
money  is  ;^2oo. ) 

Leaudre  (2  syl.),  the  lover  of  Lucinde 
daughter  of  G6ronte.  (See  Lucinde.) — 
Moliire  :  Le  Midecin  Malgri  Lui  (1666). 

Iiean'dro,  a  gentleman  who  wantonly 
loves  Amaranta  (the  wife  of  Bar'tolus  a 
covetous  lawyer). — Fletcher  :  The  Spanish 
Curate  (1622). 

Leau'dro  tlie  Pair  \The  Exploits 
and  Adventures  of),  part  of  the  series 
called  Le  Roman  des  Romans,  pertaining 
to  "Am'adis  of  Gaul."  This  part  was 
added  by  Pedro  de  Lujan. 

Iiear,  mythical  king  of  Britain,  son 
of  Bladud.  He  had  three  daughters,  and 
when  four  score  years  old,  wishing  to  re- 


tire from  the  active  duties  of  sovereignty, 
resolved  to  divide  his  kingdom  between 
them  in  proportion  to  their  love.  The 
two  elder  said  they  loved  him  more  than 
their  tongue  could  express,  but  Cordelia 
the  youngest  said  she  loved  him  as  it 
became  a  daughter  to  love  her  father. 
The  old  king,  displeased  with  her  answer, 
disinherited  Cordelia,  and  divided  his 
kingdom  between  the  other  two,  with  the 
condition  that  each  alternately,  month  by 
month,  should  give  him  a  home,  with  a 
suite  of  a  hundred  knights.  He  spent  the 
first  month  with  his  eldest  daughter,  who 
showed  L  im  scant  hospitality.  Then  going 
to  the  second,  she  refused  to  entertain  so 
large  a  suite  ;  whereupon  the  old  man 
would  not  enter  her  house,  but  spent  the 
night  abroad  in  a  storm.  When  Cordelia, 
who  had  married  the  king  of  France, 
heard  of  this,  she  brought  an  army  over 
to  dethrone  her  sisters,  but  was  taken 
prisoner  and  died  in  jail.  In  the  mean 
time,  the  elder  sister  (Goneril)  first 
poisoned  her  younger  sister  from  jealousy, 
and  afterwards  put  an  end  to  her  own 
life.  Lear  also  died. — Shakespeare  :  King 
Lear  (1605). 

(The  best  performers  of  "king  Lear" 
have  been  David  Garrick  (1716-1779)  and 
W.  C.  Macready  (1793-1873).  The  stage 
Lear  is  a  corrupt  version  by  Nahum 
Tate  (Tate  and  Brady) ;  as  the  stage 
Richard  IIL  is  CoUey  Gibber's  travesty.) 

N.B. — (i)  Percy,  in  his  Reliques  oj 
Ancient  English  Poetry,  has  a  ballad 
about  "  King  Leirand  His  Three  Daugh- 
ters" (series  I.  ii.). 

(2)  The  story  is  given  by  Geoffrey  of 
Monmouth,  in  his  British  History.  Spen- 
ser has  introduced  the  tale  in  his  Faerie 
Queene  (ii.  10). 

(3)  Camden  tells  a  similar  story  of  Ina 
the  king  of  the  West  Saxons  {Remains, 
306). 

In  the  Gesta  Rom,anorum,  Introd.  xxxix. 
ch.  21,  the  king  is  called  Theodorius. 

(Shakespeare's  tragedy  of  King  Lear, 
first  printed  in  quarto  (1608),  is  founded 
on  The  True  Chronicle  History  of  King 
Leir  and  His  Three  Daughters,  Gonorlll, 
Ragan,  and  Cordelia,  1605.) 

liCarned  {The),  Coloman  king  of 
Hungary  (*,  1095-1114). 

Xiearned  Blacksmith  [The),  Elihu 
Burritt,  the  linguist  (1811-1879). 

Learned  Fainter  [The),  Charles 
Lebrun,  noted  for  the  acciu-acy  of  his 
costumes  (1619-1690). 


LEARNED  TAILOR. 

Learned  Tailor  [The],  Henry  Wild 
cf  Norwich,  who  mastered,  while  he 
worked  at  his  trade,  Greek,  I^atin,  He- 
brew, Chaldaic,  Syriac,  Persian,  and 
Arabic  (1684-1734). 

Learned  Tlieban  [A],  a  giiesser  of 
riddles  or  dark  sayings;  in  allusion  to 
CEdipos  king  of  Thebes,  who  solved  the 
.  riddle  of  the  Sphinx. 

m  talk  a  word  with  this  same  learned  Theban. 
Shakespeare  :  King  Lear,  act  iii.  sc.  4  (1605). 

Learning  Honoured.  (See  Ema- 
THiAN  Conqueror,  p.  322 ;  Honour 
PAID  TO  Learning,  p.  501.) 

LeatHer-stockingf,  the  nickname  of 
Natty  Bumppo,  a  half-savage  and  half- 
Christian  chevalier  of  American  wild  Ufe. 
He  reappears  and  closes  his  career  in 
The  Prairie.— Penimore  Cooper:  The 
Pioneers. 

Leather-stocking  stands  half-way  between  sarage 
and  civilized  life.  He  has  the  freslmess  of  nature  and 
the  first-fruits  of  Christianity  ;  the  seed  dropped  into 
vigorous  soil.  These  are  tlie  elements  of  one  of  the 
most  origfinal  characters  in  fiction. — Duyckinck. 

Le  Castre,  the  indulgent  father  of 
Mirabel  "the  wild  goose." — Fletcher: 
The  Wild-goose  Chase  {1652). 

L'Eclair  (/'-%///2!'/<f),  orderly  of  captain 
Florian.  L' Eclair  "is  a  great  boaster,  who 
brags  under  the  guise  of  modesty.  He 
pays  his  court  to  Rosabelle,  the  lady's- 
maid  of  lady  Geraldine. — Dimond:  The 
Foundling  of  the  Forest. 

Led  Captain  [A),  an  obsequious 
person,  who  styles  himself  "captain;" 
and,  out  of  cupboard  love,  dances  attend- 
ance on  the  master  and  mistress  of  a 
house. 

Mr.  Wagg,  the  celebrated  wit,  and  a  led  captain 
and  trencherman  of  iny  lord  Steyne,  was  caused  by 
the  ladies  to  make  the  assault.— 7"Aa<:;*<;ra)'  .•  Vanity 
Fair,  IL  (1848). 

Ledbrook  {Miss^,  of  the  Portsmouth 
Theatre,  the  bosom  friend  of  Miss 
Snevellicci. — Dickens  ;  Nicholas  Nickleby 
(1838). 

Ledbury  {The  Adventures  of  Mr.),  a 
novel  by  Albert  Smith  {1844). 

Lee  [Sir  Henry),  an  officer  in  attend- 
ance at  Greenwich  Palace. — Sir  IV. 
Scott:  Kenilworth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Lee  [Sir  Henry),  an  old  royalist,  and 
head-ranger  of  Woodstock  Forest. 

Alice  Lee,  daughter  of  the  old  knight. 
She  marries  Markham  Everard. 

Colonel  Albert  Lu,  her  brother,  the 
friend  of  Charles  W.—Sir  W.  Scott: 
Woodstock  (time.  Commonwealth). 


603         LEGEND  OF  MONTROSK 

Leek,  worn  on  St.  David's  Day.  The 
general  tale  is  that  king  Cadwallader,  in 
640,  gained  a  complete  victory  over  the 
Saxons  by  the  special  interposition  of 
St.  David,  who  ordered  the  Britons  to 
wear  leeks  in  their  caps,  that  they  might 
recognize  each  other.  The  Saxons,  for 
want  of  some  common  cognizance,  often 
mistook  friends  for  foes.  Drayton  g^ves 
another  version  :  He  says  the  saint  lived 
in  the  valley  Ewias  (2  syl.),  situate  be- 
tween the  Hattejill  Hills,  in  Monmouth- 
shire. It  was  here  "  that  reverend  British 
saint  to  contemplation  Uved," 

.  .  .  and  did  so  truly  fast, 
As  he  did  only  drink  what  crystal  Hodney  yields. 
And  fed  upon  the  leeks  he  g-athered  in  the  fields. 
In  memory  of  whom,  in  each  revolving  year. 
The  Welshmen,  on  his  day  IMarch  i\  that  sacred  herb 
do  wear. 

Drayton  :  Polyoliion,  It.  (1613). 

Lefevre  {Lieutenant),  a  poor  officer 
dying  from  want  and  sickness.  His 
pathetic  story  is  told  by  Sterne,  in  a  novel 
called  The  Life  and  Opinions  of  Tristram 
Shandy  (1759). 

"  Mr.  Fulraer,  I  have  borrowed  a  book  from  your 
shop.  'Tis  the  sixth  volume  of  my  deceased  friend, 
Tristram.  .  .  .  The  divine  story  of  Lefevre,  which 
makes  part  of  this  book,  .  .  .  does  honour,  not  to  its 
author  only,  but  to  human  nature." — Cumberland  : 
The  tVest  Indian,  ii.  i  (1771). 

Leg  of  Mutton  School  {The), 
authors  who  praise  those  who  give  them 
good  dinners  and  suppers.  Lockhart 
introduced  the  phrase. 

Legend  {Sir  Sampson),  a  foolish, 
testy,  prejudiced,  and  obstinate  old  man, 
between  50  and  60.  His  favourite  oath 
is  "  Odd  !  "  He  tries  to  disinherit  his 
elder  son  Valentine,  for  his  favourite  son 
Ben,  a  sailor  ;  and  he  fancies  Angelica 
is  in  love  with  him,  when  she  only  intends 
to  fool  him. 

He  says,  "I  know  the  length  of  the  emperor  of 
China's  foot,  have  kissed  the  Great  Mog:ursslipper,and 
have  rid  a-hunting  upon  an  elephant  with  the  cham  of 
Tartary." — Congre-ve:  Love/or  Love,  ii.  (1695). 

"Sir  Sampson  Legend"  is  such  another  lying.  OTer- 

mniOE 
— C.  Lajnb. 


Epicure  Mammon"  [.Ben  Jonson:    The  Alchemist]. 


Leifend  ( The  Golden),  a  semi-dramatic 
poem  by  Longfellow,  taken  from  an  old 
German  tale  by  Hartmann  von  der  Aue 
[Our],  called  Poor  Henry  (1851).  Hart- 
mann was  one  of  the  minnesingers,  and 
lived  in  the  twelfth  century.  (See  Henry, 
Poor.) 

Leg'end  of  Montrose,  a  novel  by 
sir  W.  Scott  (18 19).  This  brief,  imperfect 
story  contains  one  of  Scott's  best  charac- 
ters, the  redoubted  Rittmaster,  Dugald 
Dalgetty,  a  combination  of  soldada  and 


LEGENDS. 


604 


L^LIE, 


pedantic  student  of  Mareschal  College, 
Aberdeen  (time,  Charles  I.). 

The  plot  of  the  novel  consists  of  a 
battle  between  the  Royalists  and  Parlia- 
mentarians, and  a  slight  love-story.  In 
1644  James  Graham,  earl  of  Montrose, 
was  created  commander-in-chief  of  the 
royal  forces  in  Scotland,  and  in  1645  con- 
quered, at  Inverlochy,  the  marquis  of 
Argyle,  the  parliamentary  leader. 

The  love-story  is  this  :  the  earl  of  Men- 
teith  and  Allan  M'Aulay,  both  royalists, 
proposed  to  Annot  Lyle,  daughter  of  sir 
Duncan  Campbell,  a  parliamentarian. 
She  chose  the  earl,  and  married  him. 

In  regard  to  Dalgetty,  he  -was  a  royalLst,  In  the  em- 
ploy of  Menteith.  Argyle  tried  to  seduce  hira,  but  he 
knocked  him  down  and  fled  to  the  royalist  forces. 

Legends  {Golden),  a  collection  of 
monkish  legends,  in  Latin,  by  Jacob  de 
Voragine  or  Varagine,  born  at  Varaggio, 
in  Genoa.  His  Legenda  Sancta  was  so 
popular  that  it  was  called  ' '  Legenda 
Aurea"  (1230-1298). 

Legion  of  Honour,  an  order  of 
merit,  instituted  by  Napoleon  L  when 
"tirst  consul,"  in  1802.  The  undress 
badges  are,  for — 

Chevaliers,  a  bow  of  red  ribbon  In  the  button-hole  of 
their  coat,  to  which  a  medal  is  attached. 

Officers,  a  rosette  of  red  ribbon,  etc.,  with  medal. 

Commanders,  a  collar-ribbon. 

Grand-officers,  a  broad  ribboik  »»«<&>■  the  waistcoat. 

Grand-cross,  a  broad  ribbon,  with  a  star  on  the 
breast,  and  a  jewel-cross  pendent, 

N.B. — Napoleon  IH.  instituted  a  lower 
degree  than  Chevalier,  called  Midaille 
Militaire,  distinguished  by  a  yellow  rib- 
bon. 

Iiegfree,  a  slave-dealer  and  hideous 
villain,  brutalized  by  slave-dealing  and 
slave-driving. — Mrs.  Beecher  Stowe  :  Uncle 
Tom's  Cabin  (1853). 

Leicester  (r^^^ar/o/"),  in  the  court 
of  queen  Elizabeth. 

The  countess  of  Leicester  (born  Amy 
Robsart),  but  previously  betrothed  to 
Edmund  Tressilian. — Sir  IV.  Scott: 
Kenilworth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Leigrh  {Amyas),  the  hero  of  Charles 
Kingsley's  novel.  Westward  Ho  I  A 
young  man  of  great  bodily  strength  and 
amiable  disposition,  but  very  combative 
(1855). 

Leig"!!  {Aurora),  the  heroine  and  title 
of  a  poem  by  NIrs.  Browning.  The 
design  of  this  poem  is  to  show  the  noble 
aim  of  true  art. 

Leila,  the  young  Turkish  child  rescued 
by  don  Juan  at  the  siege  of  Ismail  (canto 


viii.  93-T02).  She  went  with  him  to  St. 
Petersburg,  and  then  he  brought  her  to 
England.  As  Don  Juan  was  never  com- 
pleted, the  future  history  of  Leila  has  no 
sequel. 

...  at  his  side 
Sat  little  Leila,  who  survived  the  parries 
He  made  'gainst  Cossack  sabres,  in  the  wide 
Slaughter  of  Ismail. 

Byron  :  Don  yuan,  x.  gt  (1824). 

Leila  (2  syl.),  the  beautiful  slave  of 
the  caliph  Hassan.  She  falls  in  love 
with  "the  Giaour"  [djow'-er],  flees  frotn 
the  seraglio,  is  overtaken,  and  cast  into 
the  sea. 

Her  eyes'  dark  charm  'twere  vain  to  tell ; 
But  gaze  on  that  of  the  gazelle- 
It  will  assist  thy  fancy  well. 

£yron  :  The  Giaour  (1813). 

Leila,  or  "  The  Siege  of  Grana'da,"  a 
novel  by  lord  Lytton  (183S). 

Leilah.,  the  Oriental  type  of  female 
loveliness,  chastity,  and  impassioned 
affection.  Her  love  for  Mejn6un,  in  Mo- 
hammedan romance,  is  held  in  much  the 
same  light  as  that  of  the  bride  for  the 
bridegroom  in  Solomon's  song,  or  Cupid 
and  PsychS  among  the  Greeks. 

When  he  sang  the  loves  of  Megndun  and  Leileh  stc\ 
,  .  .  tears  insensibly  overflowed  the  cheeks  of  his 
a.uAitors.—Beci/brd:  Vathck  (1786). 

Leipsic.  So-and-so  was  my  Leipsic, 
my  fall,  my  irrevocable  disaster,  my  ruin  ; 
referring  to  the  battle  of  Leipsic  (Oc- 
tober, 1813),  in  which  Napoleon  I.  was 
defeated  and  compelled  to  retreat.  This 
was  the  "  beginning  of  his  end." 

Juan  was  my  Moscow  \tuming-poin(\,  and  Faliero 

(3  ^y') 

My  Leipsic 

Byron  :  Don  yuan,  xL  56  (1824). 

Leir  and  his  Three  Daughters, 

a  ballad  inserted  by  Percy  in  his  Reliques 
(series  i.  2).     (See  Lear,  p.  602.) 

L.  C  L.,  initialism  of  Letitia  Elizabeth 
Landon  (afterwards  Mrs.  Maclean),  poet- 
ess (1802-1838). 

Lela  Marien,  the  Virgin  Mary. 

In  my  childhood,  my  father  kept  a  slave,  who,  in  my 
own  tongue  \Arabic\  instructed  me  in  the  Christian 
worship,  and  informed  me  of  the  many  things  of  Lela 
Marien. — Cervantes  :  Don  Quixote,  I.  iv.  lo  (1605). 

Le'lia,  a  cunning,  wanton  widow,  with 
whom  Julio  is  in  \oy&.— Beaumont  and 
Fletcher:  The  Captain  (1613). 

Lelie  (2  syl.),  a  young  man  engaged 
to  C61ie  daughter  of  Gorgibus  ;  but  Gor- 
gibus  insists  that  his  daughter  shall  give 
up  Ldie  for  Val^re,  a  much  richer  man. 
Cdie  faints  on  hearing  this,  and  drops 
the  miniature  of  L^lie,  which  is  picked  up 
by  Sganarelle's  wife.    Sganarelle  finds  it. 


LELIE, 


605 


LEON. 


and,  supposing  it  to  be  a  lover  of  his 
wife,  takes  possession  of  it,  and  recognizes 
L^lie  as  the  living  original.  L^lie  asks 
how  he  came  by  it,  is  told  he  took  it  from 
his  wife,  and  concludes  that  he  means 
C6lie,  He  accuses  her  of  infidelity  in  the 
presence  of  Sganarelle,  and  the  whole 
mystery  is  cleared  up. — Molihre  :  Sgana- 
relle (1660). 

Lelie,  an  inconsequential,  light- 
headed, but  gentlemanly  coxcomb. — 
Moliire :  L' Etoiirdi  {xt^-^)- 

Le'man  {Lake),  the  lake  of  Geneva  ; 
called  in  Latin  Lemannus. 

Lake  Leman  woos  me  with  its  crystal  face, 
The  mirror  where  the  stars  and  mountains  view 
The  stillness  of  their  aspect  in  each  trace 
Its  clear  depth  yields  of  their  fair  height  and  hue. 
Byton  :  Childt  Harold,  iii.  68  (1816). 

Lemnian  Deed  {A),  one  of  un- 
paralleled cruelty  and  barbarity.  This 
Greek  phrase  owes  its  origin  to  the 
legend  that  the  Lemnian  women  rose 
one  night,  and  put  to  death  every  man 
and  male  child  in  the  island. 

On  another  occasion  they  slew  all  the 
men  and  all  the  children  born  of  Athenian 
parents. 

Leuore  (2  syl. ),  a  name  which  Edgar 
Poe  has  introduced  in  two  of  his  poems  ; 
one  called  The  Raven,  and  the  other 
called  Lenore  (1811-1849). 

Iieuore,  the  heroine  of  Burger's  ballad 
of  that  name,  in  which  a  spectral  lover 
appears  after  death  to  his  mistress,  and 
carries  her  on  horseback  behind  him  to 
the  graveyard,  where  their  marriage  is 
celebrated  amid  a  crew  of  howling 
goblins.     Based  on  a  Dutch  ballad. 

IF  The  Suffolk  Miracle  is  an  old  English 
ballad  of  like  character. 

Lenonuand(il///f.),  a  famous  tireuse 
de  cartes.  She  was  a  squat,  fussy  little 
old  woman,  with  an  imperturbable  eye 
and  a  gnarled  and  knotted  visage.  She 
wore  her  hair  cut  short  and  parted  on  one 
side,  like  that  of  a  man ;  dressed  in  an 
odd-looking  casaquin,  embroidered  and 
frogged  like  the  jacket  of  an  hussar ; 
and  snuffed  continually.  This  was  the 
little  old  woman  whom  Napoleon  L 
regularly  consulted  before  setting  out  on 
a  campaign.  Mile.  Lenormand  foretold 
to  Josephine  her  divorce;  and  when 
Murat  king  of  Naples  visited  her  in 
disguise,  she  gave  him  the  cards  to  cut, 
and  he  cut  four  times  in  succession  le 
grand  pendu  (king  of  diamonds) ;  where- 
upon Mile,  rose  and  said,  "  La  stance 
est    termin^e;    c'est    dix  louis  pour  les 


rois ; "    pocketed    the   fee,   and  left  the 
room  taking  snuff. 

(In  cartomancy,  le  grand  pendu  signifies 
that  the  person  to  which  it  is  dealt,  or 
who  cuts  it,  will  die  by  the  hands  of  the 
executioner.   See  Grand  Pendu,  p.  442.) 

Lent  [Galeazzo's],  a  form  of  torture 
devised  by  Galeazzo  Visconti,  calculated 
to  prolong  the  victim's  life  for  forty  days. 

LenVille  (2  syl.),  first  tragedian  at 
the  Portsmouth  Theatre.  When  Nicholas 
Nickleby  joined  the  company,  Mr.  Len- 
ville  was  jealous,  and  attempted  to  pull 
his  nose ;  but  Nicholas  pulled  the  nose  of 
Mr.  Lenville  instead. — Dickens:  Nicholas 
Nickleby  (1838). 

Leo  Hunter  [Mr.  and  Mrs.),  tuft- 
hunters.  Their  idiosyncrasy  was  to  enter- 
tain persons  of  note,  the  "social  lions"  of 
the  day. — Dickens:  Tlie  Pickwick  Papers 
(1836). 

Leodegfratince  or  Leodogran,  king 
of  Camelyard,  father  of  Guenever  (king 
Arthur's  wife).  Uther  the  pendragon 
gave  him  the  famous  Round  Table,  which 
would  seat  150  knights  (pt.  i.  45)  ;  and 
when  Arthur  married  Guenever,  Leode- 
graunce  gave  him  the  table  and  100 
knights  as  a  wedding  gift  (pt.  i.  45). 
The  table  was  made  by  Merlin,  and  each 
seat  had  on  it  the  name  of  the  knight  to 
whom  it  belonged.  One  of  the  seats  was 
called  the  "Siege  Perilous,"  because  no 
one  could  sit  on  it  without  "  peril  of  his 
life "  except  sir  Galahad  the  virtuous 
and  chaste,  who  accomplished  the  quest 
of  the  holy  graal. — Sir  T.  Malory : 
History  of  Prince  Arthur  (1470). 

Leodogran,  the  king  of  Cameliard  [«V], 
Had  one  fair  daughter  and  none  other  child  ; 
And  she  was  fairest  of  all  flesh  on  earth, 
Guinevere,  and  in  her  his  one  delight. 

Tennyson:  Coming  of  Arthur. 

Le'oline  (3  syl.),  one  of  the  male 
attendants  of  Dionys'ia  wife  of  Cleon 
governor  of  Tarsus,  and  employed  by  his 
mist,  ess  to  murder  Mari'na,  the  orphan 
daughter  of  prince  Pericles,  who  had 
been  committed  to  her  charge  to  bring 
up.  Leoline  took  Marina  to  the  shore 
with  this  view,  when  some  pirates  seized 
her,  and  sold  her  at  Metali'nS  for  a  slave. 
Leoline  told  his  mistress  that  the  orphan 
was  dead,  and  Dionysia  raised  a  splendid 
sepulchre  to  her  memory. — Shakespeare: 
Pericles  Prince  of  Tyre  (1608). 

Leon,  son  of  Constantine  the  Greek 
emperor.  Amon  and  Beatrice,  the  parents 
of  Bradamant,  promise  to  him  their 
daughter   Bradamant   in  marriage ;    but 


LEON. 


606 


LEONOR. 


the  lady  is  in  love  with  Roger'o.  When 
Leon  discovers  this  attachment,  he 
withdraws  his  suit,  and  Bradamant  mar- 
ries Rogero. — Ariosto  :  Orlando  Furioso 
(1516). 

Leon,  the  hero  who  rules  Margaritta 
his  wife  wisely,  and  wins  her  esteem  and 
wifely  obedience.  Margaritta  is  a  wealthy 
Spanish  heiress,  who  married  in  order  to 
indulge  in  wanton  intrigues  more  freely. 
She  selected  Leon  because  he  was  sup- 
posed to  be  a  milksop  whom  she  could 
bend  to  her  will ;  no  sooner,  however,  is 
she  married  than  Leon  acts  with  manly 
firmness  and  determination,  but  with 
great  affection  also.  He  wins  the  esteem 
of  every  one,  and  Margaritta  becomes  a 
loving,  devoted,  virtuous,  and  obedient 
wife. — Fletcher :  Rule  a  Wife  and  Have 
a  Wife  {1640). 

Edward  Kynaston  [1619-1687]  executed  the  part  of 
"  Leon  "  with  a  determined  manliness,  well  worth  the 
best  actor's  imitation.  He  had  a  piercing  eye,  and  a 
quick,  imperious  vivacity  of  voice. — Colley  Cibber, 

Zieonard,  a  real  scholar,  forced  for 
daily  bread  to  keep  a  common  school. — 
Crabbe:  Borough,  xxiv.  (1810). 

Leonardo  [Gonzaga],  duke  of 
Mantua.  Travelling  in  Switzerland,  an 
avalanche  fell  on  him ;  he  was  nursed 
through  a  severe  illness  by  Mariana  the 
daughter  of  a  Swiss  burgher,  and  they 
fell  in  love  with  each  other.  On  his  re- 
turn home,  he  was  entrapped  by  brigands, 
and  kept  prisoner  for  two  years.  Mariana, 
seeking  him,  went  to  Mantua,  where 
count  Florio  fell  in  love  with  her,  and 
obtained  her  guardian's  consent  to  their 
union  ;  but  Mariana  refused  to  comply. 
The  case  was  referred  to  the  duke  (Fer- 
rardo),  who  gave  judgjient  in  favour  of 
the  count.  Leonardo  happened  to  be 
present,  and,  throwing  off  his  disguise, 
assumed  his  rank  as  duke,  and  married 
Mariana ;  but,  being  called  away  to  the 
camp,  left  Ferrardo  regent.  Ferrardo 
laid  a  most  villainous  scheme  to  prove 
Mariana  guilty  of  adultery  with  Julian 
St.  Pierre ;  but  Leonardo  refused  to 
credit  her  guilt.  Julian  turned  out  to 
be  her  brother,  exposed  the  whole  plot, 
and  amply  vindicated  Mariana  of  the 
slightest  indiscretion. — Knowles  :  The 
Wife  (1833). 

Leona'to,  governor  of  Messina, 
father  of  Hero,  and  uncle  of  Beatrice. — 
Shakespeare:  Much  Ado  about  Nothing 
(1600). 

Leonesse  (3^  ^y^X  Leonnesse, 
Lkonnais.  Leones,  Leonnoys,  Lyon- 


NOYS,  etc.,  a  mythical  country  belonging 
to  Cornwall,  supposed  to  have  been  sunk 
under  the  sea  since  the  time  of  king 
Arthur.  It  is  very  frequently  mentioned 
in  the  Arthurian  romances. 

Leonidas,  an  historic  poem  in  twelve 
books,  by  Richard  Glover  (1737). 

Leonidas.  When  one  said  toLeonlfdas 
king  of  Sparta,  who  was  sent  with  300 
Spartans  to  withstand  the  whole  army  of 
Xerxes  at  the  defile  of  Thermop'ylae,  that 
the  Persians  were  so  numerous  their 
arrows  would  darken  the  sun,  he  answered, 
"It  is  well,  friend  ;  for  we  shall  fight  in 
the  shade." — Plutarch, 

' .'  Herodotos  puts  the  same  words 
into  the  mouth  of  Diengces  (also  a 
Spartan) ;  and  says,  when  one  was  telling 
Dieneces  (4  syl.)  about  the  battle  of 
Thermopylae,  that  the  arrows  of  the 
Persians  were  so  numerous  they  actually 
shut  out  the  sun,  he  naively  replied,  "  So 
much  the  better,  for  then  they  fought  in 
the  shade." — Herodotos:  History,  vii.  226. 

Leonidas    of    Modem    Greece, 

Marco  Bozzaris,  a  Greek  patriot,  who, 
with  1200  men,  put  to  rout  4000  Turco- 
Albanians,  at  Kerpenisi,  but  was  killed 
in  the  attack  (1823).  He  was  buried  at 
Mesolonghi. 

Le'onine  {3  syl),  servant  to  Dio- 
nyza. — Shakespeare:  Pericles  Prince  of 
Tyre  {160S). 

Leonine  Verse.  So  called  from 
Leonius,  a  canon  of  the  church  of  St. 
Victor,  in  Paris,  in  the  twelfth  century, 
who  first  composed  in  such  verse.  It 
has  a  rhyme  in  the  middle  of  the  line  ; 
as — 

Pepper  Is  black,  though  it  hath  a  good  smack. 
Est  avis  in  dextra  melior  quam  quatuor  extra. 

Leonnoys  or  Leonesse  {q.v.),  a 
country  once  joining  Cornwall,  but  now 
sunk  in  the  sea  full  forty  fathoms  deep. 
Sir  Tristram  was  born  in  Leonfis  or  Leon- 
noys, and  is  always  called  a  Cornish 
knight. 

(Tennyson  calls  the  word  "  Lyonnesse," 
but  sir  T.  Malory  "  Leon6s.") 

Leo'no's  Head  (or  Liono's  Head), 
Porto  Leono,  the  ancient  Piraeus.  So 
called  from  a  huge  lion  of  white  marble, 
removed  by  the  Venetians  to  their  arsenal 

The  wandering  stranger  near  the  port  descries 
A  milk-white  hon  of  stupendous  size. 
Of  antique  marble.— hence  the  haven's  name. 
Unknown  to  modem  natives  whence  it  came. 

FaUoner  :  The  Shipwreck,  iii.  3  (i7S6>. 

Leonor,  sister  of  Isabellc,  an  orphan ; 


LEONORA.  607 

brought  up  by  Ariste  {2  syl. )  according 
to  his  notions  of  training  a  girl  to  make 
him  a  good  wife.  He  put  her  on  her 
honour,  tried  to  win  her  confidence  and 
love,  gave  her  all  the  liberty  consistent 
with  propriety  and  social  etiquette,  and 
found  that  she  loved  him,  and  made  him 
a  fond  and  faithful  wife.  (See  ISA- 
BELLE,  p,  531.) — MolUre:  LicoU  des 
Maris  (i66i). 

LEONO'RA,  the  usurping  queen  of 
Aragon,  betrothed  to  Bertran  a  prince 
of  the  blood-royal,  but  in  love  with 
Torrismond  general  of  the  forces.  It 
turns  out  that  Torrismond  is  son  and 
heir  of  Sancho  the  deposed  king.  San- 
cho  is  restored,  and  Torrismond  marries 
Leonora.— Z)/j^^«  .•  The  Spanish  Fryar 
{1680). 

Leono'ra,  betrothed  to  don  Carlos,  but 
don  Carlos  resigned  her  to  don  Alonzo, 
to  whom  she  proved  a  very  tender  and 
loving  wife.  Zanga  the  Moor,  out  of 
revenge,  poisoned  the  mind  of  Alonzo 
against  his  wife,  by  insinuating  her 
criminal  love  for  don  Carlos.  Out  of 
jealousy,  Alonzo  had  his  friend  put  to 
death,  and  Leonora,  knowing  herself  sus- 
sp)ected,  put  an  end  to  her  life. —  Young  : 
The  Revenge  (1721). 

Leono'ra,  the  daughter  of  poor 
parents,  who  struck  the  fancy  of  don 
Diego.  The  don  made  a  compact  with 
her  parents  to  take  her  home  with  him 
and  place  her  under  a  duenna  for  three 
months,  to  ascertain  if  her  temper  was  as 
sweet  as  her  face  was  pretty,  and  at  the 
expiration  of  that  time,  either  to  return 
her  spotless  or  to  make  her  his  wife.  At 
the  end  of  three  months,  don  Diego  (a 
man  of  60)  goes  to  arrange  for  the  mar- 
riage, locking  his  house  and  garden,  as  he 
supposes,  securely  ;  but  Leander,  a  young 
student,  smitten  with  Leonora,  makes  his 
way  into  the  house,  and  is  about  to  elope 
with  her  when  the  don  returns.  Like  a 
man  of  sense,  don  Diego  at  once  sees  the 
suitability  of  the  match,  consents  to  the 
union  of  the  young  people,  and  even  settles 
a  marriage  portion  on  Leonora,  his  ward 
if  not  his  wife. — Bicker  staff :  The  Padlock 
{1768). 

Leono'ra,  betrothed  to  Ferdinand  a 
fiery  young  Spaniard  (jealous  of  donna 
Clara,  who  has  assumed  boy's  clothes  for 
a  time).  Ferdinand  despises  the  "  am- 
phibious coxcomb,"  and  calls  his  rival 
"a  vile  compound  of  fringe,  lace,   and 


LEONORA  DE  GUZMAN. 

powder." — Jephson  :  Two  Strings  to  your 
Dow  (1792). 

Leono'ra,  the  heroine  of  Miss  Edge- 
worth's  novel  of  the  same  name.  The 
object  of  the  tale  is  to  make  the  reader 
feel  what  is  good,  and  desirous  of  being 
so  (1806). 

Leono'ra,  wife  of  Fernando  Florestan 
a  State  prisoner  in  Seville.  In  order  to 
eflfect  her  husband's  release,  she  assumed 
the  attire  of  a  man,  and  the  name 
of  Fidelio.  In  this  diguise  she  entered 
the  service  of  Rocco  the  jailer,  and 
Marcellina  the  jailer's  daughter  fell  in 
love  with  her.  (For  the  rest  of  the  tale, 
see  Fernando,  p.  363. ) — Beethoven :  Fi- 
delio (an  opera,  1791). 

Leono'ra,  a  princess,  who  falls  in  love 
with  Manri'co,  the  supposed  son  of 
Azuce'na  a  gipsy,  but  in  reality  the  son 
of  Garzia  (brother  of  the  conte  di  Luna). 
The  conte  di  Luna  entertains  a  base 
passion  for  the  princess,  and,  getting 
Manrico  into  his  power,  is  about  to  kill 
him,  when  Leonora  intercedes,  and  pro- 
mises to  give  herself  to  the  count  if  he 
will  spare  his  nephew's  life.  The  count 
consents ;  but  while  he  goes  to  release 
Manrico,  Leonora  kills  herself  by  suck- 
ing poison  from  a  ring,  and  Manrico 
dies  also. —  Verdi:  II  TrovatoWe  (an  opera, 
1853}- 

ItQOTXO'x^^The  History  of),  an  episode 
in  the  novel  of  Joseph  Andrews,  by 
Fielding  (1742). 

Leono'ra  [d'Este]  (2  syl.),  sister  of 
Alfonso  II.  reigning  duke  of  Ferrara. 
The  poet  Tasso  conceived  a  violent 
passion  for  this  princess,  but  ' '  she  knew 
it  not  or  viewed  it  with  disdain." 
Leonora  never  married,  but  hved  with 
her  eldest  sister  Lauretta  duchess  of 
Urbino,  who  was  separated  from  her 
husband.  The  episode  of  Sophronia  and 
Olindo  [Jerusalem  Delivered,  ii.)  is  based 
on  this  love  incident.  The  description  of 
Sophronia  is  that  of  Leonora,  and  her 
ignorance  of  Olindo's  love  points  to  the 
poet's  unregarded  devotion. 

But  thou  .  .  .  Shalt  have 

One-half  the  laurel  which  o'ershades  my  grave  .  .  . 

Yes,  Lenora,  it  shall  be  our  fate 

To  be  entwined  for  ever, — but  too  late. 

Byron  :  The  Lament  o/  Tasse  (1817). 

Leonora  de  Guzman,  the  "  favour- 
ite" of  Alfonso  XI.  of  Castile.  Ferdi- 
nando,  not  knowing  that  she  was  the 
king's  mistress,  fell  in  love  with  her; 
and    Alfonso,    to    reward    Ferdinando'a 


LEONTESv  608 

services,  gave  her  to  him  in  marriage.  No 
sooner  was  this  done,  than  the  bride- 
groom learned  the  character  of  his  bride, 
rejected  her  with  scorn,  and  became  a 
monk.  Leonora  became  a  noviciate  in 
the  same  convent,  obtained  her  husband's 
forgiveness,  and  died. — Donizetti  •  La 
Favorita  (an  opera,  1842). 

Iieon'tes  (3  syl. ),  king  of  Sicily.  He 
invited  his  old  friend  PolixenSs  king  of 
Bohemia  to  come  and  stay  with  him,  but 
became  so  jealous  of  him  that  he  com- 
manded Caraillo  to  poison  him.  Instead 
of  doing  so,  Camillo  warned  Polixenfis  of 
his  danger,  and  fled  with  him  to  Bohemia. 
The  rage  of  Leontfes  was  now  unbounded, 
and  he  cast  his  wife  HermionS  into  prison, 
where  slie  gave  birth  to  a  daughter.  The 
king  ordered  the  infant  to  be  cast  out  on 
a  desert  shore,  and  then  brought  his  wife 
to  a  public  trial.  Hermionfi  fainted  in 
court,  the  king  had  her  removed,  and 
Paulina  soon  came  to  announce  that  the 
queen  was  dead.  Ultimately,  the  infant 
daughter  was  discovered  under  the  name 
of  Perdlta,  and  was  married  to  Florizel 
the  son  of  Polixen&s.  HermionS  was  also 
discovered  to  the  king  in  a  tableau  vivant, 
and  the  joy  of  Leontgs  was  complete. — 
Shakespeare:  The  Winters  Tale  (1604). 

Leontius,  a  brave  but  merry  old 
soldier. — Fletcher:  The  Humorous  Lieu- 
tenant {1647). 

Zie'opold,  a  sea-captain,  enamoured 
of  Hippol'yta,  a  rich  lady  wantonly  in 
love  with  Arnoldo.  Arnoldo,  however,  is 
contracted  to  the  chaste  Zeno'cia,  who  is 
basely  pursued  by  the  governor  count 
QXodXo.— Fletcher :  The  Custom  of  the 
Country  {1647). 

Iieopold,  archduke  of  Austria,  a  cru- 
sader who  arrested  Richard  I.  on  his  way 
home  from  the  Holy  Land. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  The  Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Iieopold,  nicknamed  Peu-d-peu  by 
George  IV.  Stein, ispeaking  of  Leopold's 
vacillating  conduct  in  reference  to  the 
Greek  throne,  says  of  him,  "  He  has  no 
colour,"  i.e.  no  fixed  plan  of  his  own,  but 
only  reflects  the  colour  of  those  around 
him  ;  in  other  words,  he  is  "  blown  about 
by  every  wind." 

Lepol'eino  {The  Exploits  and  Adven- 
tures of),  part  of  the  series  called  Le 
Roman  des  Romans,  pertaining  to  "  Am'- 
adis  of  Gaul. "  This  part  was  added  by 
Pedro  de  Lujan, 


LESURQUES. 

Leporello,  in  The  Libertine,  br 
Shad  well  (1676). 

The  following  advertisement  from 
Liston  appeared  in  June,  1817  : — 

"  My  benefit  takes  place  this  evening  at  CoTcnt 
Garden  Theatre,  and  I  doubt  not  will  be  splendidly 
attended.  ...  I  shall  perform  '  Fogrun  '  in  The  Slave, 
and  '  Leporello'  in  The  Libertine.  In  the  delineation 
of  these  arduous  characters  I  shall  display  much  feeling 
and  discrimination,  together  with  great  taste  in  my 
dresses  and  elegance  of  manner.  The  audiences  will 
be  delighted,  and  will  testify  their  approbation  by 
rapturous  applause.  When,  in  addition  to  my  profes- 
sional merits,  regard  is  paid  to  the  loveliness  of  my 
person  and  the  fascination  of  my  face,  ,  .  .  there  can  be 
no  doubt  that  this  announcement  will  receive  the  atten- 
tion it  deserves." — J.  Liston. 

Leperello,  the  valet  of  don  Giovanni. 
— Mozart:  Don  Giovanni  (an  optra.,  1787). 

Lermites  and  Martafax,  two  rats 
that  conspired  against  the  White  Cat. — 
Comtesse  D'Aulnoy:  Fairy  Tales  ("The 
White  Cat,"  i6;2). 

Iiesbia,  the  poetic  name  given  by  the 
poet  Catullus  to  his  favourite  lady  Clodia. 

liCsbiau  Kiss  [A],  an  immodest  kiss. 
The  ancient  Lesbians  were  noted  for  their 
licentiousness,  and  hence  to  "  Lesbian- 
ize"  became  synonymous  with  licentious 
sexual  indulgence,  and  "Lesbia"  meant 
a  shameless  harlot. 

Lesbian  Poets  {The),  Terpander, 
Alcaeus,  Ari'on,  and  the  poetess  Sappho. 

Lesbian  Rule,  squaring  the  rule 
from  the  act,  and  not  the  act  from  the 
rule  ;  like  correcting  a  sun-dial  by  a  clock, 
and  not  the  clock  by  the  sun-dial.  A 
Jesuit  excuse  for  doing  or  not  doing  as 
inclination  dictates. 

Lesley  {Captain),  a  friend  of  captain 
M 'Intyre. —.S/r  W.  Scott:  The  Antiquary 
(time,  George  III.). 

Leslie  {General),  a  parliamentary 
leader. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Legend  of  Mon- 
trose (time,  Charles  I.). 

Lesly  {Ludovic),  sumamed  Le  Ba- 
lafri,  an  old  archer  in  the  Scotch  guard 
of  Louis  XI.  of  France.  Uncle  of  Quen- 
tin  Durward. — Sir  W.  Scott ;  Quentin 
Durward  {time,  Edward  IV.). 

Lesurqnes  {Jerome),  a  solicitor,  who, 
being  in  greatly  reduced  circumstances, 
holds  the  White  Lion  inn,  unknown  to 
his  son  (act  L  2). 

Joseph  Lesurqnes  (2  syl.),  son  of  the 
solicitor,  and  father  of  Julie.  He  is  so 
Uke  Dubosc  the  highwayman,  that  he  is 
accused  of  robbing  the  night-mail  frona 
Lyons,  and  murdering  the  courier. 

Julie  Lesurques,   daughter  of  Joseph 


LETHE. 

Lesurques,  in  love  with  Didier.  When 
her  father  is  imprisoned,  she  offers  to 
release  Didier  from  his  engagement ;  but 
he  remains  loyal  throughout.— ^^/r//«^.* 
The  Courier  of  Lyons  (1852). 

Le'the  (2  syl.),  one  of  the  five  rivers 
of  hell.  The  word  means  "forgetfulness." 
The  other  rivers  are  Styx,  Ach'eron, 
Cocy'tus,  and  Phleg'ethon.  Dant6  makes 
L6th6  the  boundary  between  purgatory 
and  paradise. 

Far  off  from  these  r/»Kr)  a  slow  and  silent  stream. 
Lethe,  the  river  ofoblivion,  rolls 
Her  watery  labyrinth,  whereof  who  drinks 
Forthwith  his  former  state  and  being  forgets— 
Forgets  both  joy  and  grief,  pleasure  and  pain. 

Miltan  :  Paradise  Lost,  ii.  583,  etc.  (1665). 

Lethe 'an  Dews,  that  which  produces 
a  dreamy  languor  and  obliviousness  of 
the  troubles  of  life.  L6th6  personified 
oblivion  in  Grecian  mythology,  and  the 
soul,  at  the  death  of  the  body,  drank  of 
the  river  L€th6  that  it  might  carry  into 
the  world  of  shadows  no  remembrance  of 
earth  and  its  concerns. 

The  soul  with  tender  luxury  you  ithe  Afuses}  fill, 
And  o'er  the  sense  Lethean  dews  distilL 

Falconer:  Tht  Ship-wreck,  iii.  4  (1756). 

Letters  {Greek).  Cadmus,  the  Phoeni- 
cian, introduced  sixteen  ;  Simonid^s  and 
Epicharmos  (the  poets)  introduced  six  or 
eight  others ;  but  there  is  the  greatest 
diversity  upon  what  letters,  or  how  many, 
are  to  be  attributed  to  them.  Aristotle, 
says  Epicharmos  introduced  Q,  x  \  others 
ascribe  to  him  f,  n.  «t.  «•  Dr-  Smith,  in 
his  Classical  Dictionary,  tells  us  Simoni- 
d6s  introduced  "the  long  vowels  and 
double  letters"  (n,  «,  0,  x.  ^.  >^)-  Lempriere, 
imder  "Cadmus,"  ascribes  to  him  d,  C, 
0,  X  ;  and  under  "Simonides,"  »)•  «,  f,  Ai- 
Others  maintain  that  the  Simonides' 
letters  are  n,  «,  C»  -^^ 

Letters  {Father  of),  Francois  I.  of 
France,  Pire  des  Lettres  {1494,  1515- 
1547).  Lorenzo  de'  Medici,  "the  Mag- 
nificent "  (1448-1492). 

Letters   of  tlie   Sepulchre,   the 

laws  made  by  Godfrey  and  the  patriarchs 
of  the  court  of  Jerusalem.  There  were 
two  codes,  one  respecting  the  privileges 
of  the  nobles,  and  the  other  respecting 
the  rights  and  duties  of  burghers.  These 
codes  were  laid  up  in  a  coffer  with  the 
treasure  of  the  Church  of  the  Holy 
Sepulchre. 

Letters  to  his  Son,  by  lord  Chester- 
field {1771). 

Leuca'dia's  Rock,  a  promontory, 
the  south  extremity  of  the  island  Leucas 


609 


LEVITES. 


or  Leucadia,  in  the  Ionian  Sea.  Sappho 
leapt  from  this  rock  when  she  found  her 
love  for  Pha'on  unrequited.  At  the  annual 
festival  of  Apollo,  a  criminal  was  hurled 
from  Leucadia's  Rock  into  the  sea ;  but 
birds  of  various  sorts  were  attached  to 
him,  in  order  to  break  his  fall,  and  if  he 
was  not  killed  he  was  set  free.  The  leap 
from  this  rock  is  called  ' '  The  Lovers' 
Leap." 

AU  those  may  leap  who  rather  would  be  neutei 
(Leucadia's  Rock  still  overlooks  the  wave). 

Byron:  Don  yuan;X\.  205  (1819). 

Lencip'pe  (3  syl.),  wife  of  Menippus  ; 
a  bawd  who  caters  for  king  Antig'onus, 
who,  although  an  old  man,  indulges  in 
the  amorous  follies  of  a  youth. — Fletcher: 
The  Humorous  Lieutenant  (1647). 

Lencippe,  a  rough  Athenian  soldier, 
in  love  with  Myring,  Pygmalion's  sister. 
— Gilbert:  Pygmalion  and  Galatea 
(1871). 

Leucoth'ea,  once  called  ' '  Ino."  Ath'- 
amas  son  of  ^61us  had  by  her  two  sons, 
one  of  whom  was  named  Melicer't^s. 
Athamas  being  driven  mad,  Ino  and 
Melicert6s  threw  themselves  into  the  sea  ; 
Ino  became  Leucothea,  and  Melicert6s 
became  Palasmon  or  Portumnus  the  god 
of  ports  or  strands.  Leucothea  means 
the  "white  goddess,"  and  is  used  for 
"  Matuta  "  or  the  dawn,  which  precedes 
sunrise,  i.e.  Aurora. 

By  Leucothea's  lovely  hands, 
And  her  son  that  rules  the  strands. 

Milton  :  Comns,  87S  (1634). 
To  resalute  the  world  with  sacred  light, 
Leucothea  waked,  and  with  fresh  dews  embalmed 
The  earth. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  xi.  135  (1665). 

Le-v'ant  Wind  {The),  the  east  wind, 
from  levant  {"the  sunrise").  Ponent  is 
the  west  wind,  or  wind  from  the  sunset. 

Forth  rush  the  Levant  and  the  Ponent  winds. 

Milion  :  Paradise  Lost,  x.  704  (x665). 

Le'Ven  {The  earl  of),  a  parliamentary 
leader.— .S*>  W.  Scott:  Legend  of  Mont- 
rose (time,  Charles  I. ). 

Leviathan  ( r>^<f),  by  Hobbes  (1651). 
A  political  treatise  in  commendation  of  a 
universal  commonwealth,  both  civil  and 
ecclesiastical.  (See  INTELLECTUAL  Sys- 
tem, p.  525.) 

Leviathan  of  Literature  {The), 
Dr.  Samuel  Johnson  (1709-1784). 

Levites  ( The),  in  Dryden's  Absalom 
and  Achitophel,  means  the  nonconformist 
ministers  expelled  by  the  Act  of  Con- 
formity (1681-2). 

Not  Levites  headed  these  [rebels']  .  .  . 
Resumed  their  cant,  and  with  a  zealous  erf 
Pursued  their  own  beloved  theocracy 
X 


LEVITICUS. 


6eo 


LIARS. 


With  Sanhedrim  Ifarliamenf]  and  priest  enslaved  the 

nation, 
And  justified  their  spoils  by  Inspiration. 

Part  I.  520-526. 

Leviticus,  the  Greek  title  of  the  third 
book  of  the  Old  Testament.  It  was  in- 
tended for  the  Levites,  the  tribe  of  the 
Jewish  priesthood,  and  gives  them  full 
instructions  about  feast-days  and  sacri- 
fices. 

The  Jews  have  no  name  for  this  book,  but  refer  to  it 
by  the  first  words,  And  the  Lord  called  unto  Moses. 

Levitt  [Frank),  a  highwayman. — Sir 
IV.  Scott:  Heart  of  Midlothian  (time, 
{George  II.). 

LEWIS,  landgrave  of  Thuringia,  and 
husband  of  Elizabeth,  a  type  of  the  un- 
erotic  adorers  of  women  in  the  Middle 
Ages. — Kingsley :  The  Saints'  Tragedy^ 
a  dramatic  poem  {1846). 

Lewis  [Don),  brother  of  Antonio,  and 
uncle  of  Carlos  the  bookworm,  of  whom 
he  is  dotingly  fond.  Don  Lewis  is  no 
scholar  himself,  but  he  adores  scholar- 
ship. He  is  headstrong  and  testy,  simple- 
hearted  and  kind. 

John  puiclc's  grreat  parts  were  "  don  Lewis,"  "  Tony 

Lumpkin."  and  "Bob  Acres  "  [1748-1831].— ^<c<?ri/j  0/ 
a  Stage  Veteran. 

("Tony  Lumpkin"  in  She  Stoops  to 
Conquer  (Goldsmith) ;  "  Bob  Acres  "  in 
The  Rivals,  by  Sheridan. ) 

Lewis  [Lord],  father  of  Angeli'na. — 
Fletcher:  The  Elder  Brother  (1637). 

Lewis  {Matthew  Gregory),  generally 
called  "  Monk  Lewis,"  from  his  romance 
The  Monk  ( 1794).  His  best-known  verses 
are  the  ballads  of  Alonzo  the  Brave  and 
Bill  Jones.  He  also  wrote  a  drama  en- 
titled Titnour  the  Tartar  {177 $-i3iS). 

Oh  1  wonder-working  Lewis  1  Monk  or  bard. 
Who  fain  would  malce  Parnassus  a  churchyard  I 
Lo  I  wreaths  of  yew,  not  laurel,  bind  thy  brow ; 
Thy  Muse  a  sprite,  Apollo's  sexton  thou. 
Byron  :  English  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers  (1809). 

Lewis  Baboon.  Louis  XIV.  of 
France  is  so  called  by  Dr.  Arbuthnot  in 
his  History  of  John  Bull.  Baboon  is  a 
pun  on  the  word  Bourbon,  specially  appro- 
priate to  this  royal  "  posture- master  " 
(1712). 

Lewkner's  Lane  (London),  now 
called  Charles  Street,  Drury  Lane ;  always 
noted  for  its  "  soiled  doves." 

The  nymphs  of  chaste  Diana's  train, 
The  same  with  those  in  Lewkner's  Lane. 

5.  Butler:  Hudibras,  iii.  i  (1678). 

Lew'some  {2  syl.),  a  young  surgeon 
and  general  practitioner.  He  forms  the 
acquaintance  of  Jonas  Chuzzlewit,  and 
supplies  hlin  with  the  poison  which  he 


employs. — Dickens:  Martin  CAualevnt 
(1844). 

Lewson,  a  noble,  honest  character. 
He  is  in  love  with  Charlotte  Beverley, 
and  marries  her,  although  her  brother 
has  gambled  away  all  her  fortune. — £. 
Moore:  The  Gamester  {ij^-^). 

Leycippes    and   Clitophonta,  a 

romance  in  Greek,  by  Achilles  Tatius,  in 
the  fifth  century  ;  borrowed  largely  from 
the  Thea/enes  and  Chariclea  of  Helio- 
dorus  bishop  of  Trikka. 

Liar  {The),  a  farce  by  Samuel  Foote 
{1761).  John  Wilding,  a  young  gentle- 
man fresh  from  Oxford,  has  an  extra- 
ordinary propensity  for  romancing.  He 
invents  the  most  marvellous  tales,  utterly 
regardless  of  truth,  and  thereby  involves 
both  himself  and  others  in  endless  per- 
plexities. He  pretends  to  fall  in  love  with 
a  Miss  Grantam,  whom  he  accidentally 
meets,  and,  wishing  to  know  her  name, 
is  told  it  is  Godfrey,  and  that  she  is  an 
heiress.  Now  it  so  happens  that  his 
father  wants  him  to  marry  the  real  Miss 
Grantam,  and,  in  order  to  avoid  so 
doing,  he  says  he  is  already  married  to  a 
Miss  Sibthorpe.  He  afterwards  tells  his 
father  he  invented  this  tale  because  he 
really  wished  to  marry  Miss  Godfrey. 
When  Miss  Godfrey  is  introduced,  he 
does  not  know  her,  and  while  in  this 
perplexity  a  woman  enters,  who  declares 
she  is  his  wife,  and  that  her  maiden  name 
was  Sibthorpe.  Again  he  is  dum- 
founded,  declares  he  never  saw  her  in  his 
hfe,  and  rushes  out,  exclaiming,  "All 
the  world  is  gone  mad,  and  is  in  league 
against  me  1  " 

The  plot  of  this  farce  is  from  the  Spanish.  It  had 
been  already  taken  by  Corneille  in  Lt  Menteur  (1642), 
and  by  Steele  in  his  Lying  Lover  (1704). 

Liar  ( The),  Al  As  wad  ;  also  called 
"The  Impostor,"  and  "The  Weather- 
cock." He  set  himself  up  as  a  prophet 
against  Mahomet ;  but  frequently  changed 
his  creed. 

IT  Moseilma  was  also  called  "  The 
Liar."  He  wrote  a  letter  to  Mahomet, 
which  began  thus  :  * '  From  Moseilma 
prophet  of  Allah,  to  Mahomet  prophet 
of  Allah ; "  and  received  an  answer 
beginning  thus  :  "  From  Mahomet  the 
prophet  of  Allah,  to  Moseilma  the  Liar." 

Liars  {The  Prince  of),  Ferdinand 
Mendez  Pinto,  a  Portuguese  traveller, 
whose  narratives  deal  so  much  in  the 
marvellous  that  Cervantes  dubbed  him 
"The  Prince  of  Liars."    He  is  alluded  lu 


LIBANIEU 


6ir 


LIE. 


Ifi  the  Tader  as  a  man   "  of  infinite  ad- 
venture and  unbounded  imagination." 

Sir  John  Mandeville  is  called  "The 
Lying  Traveller  "  (1300-1372). 

Liban'iel  (4  syl. ),  the  guardian  angel 
of  Philip  the  apostle. — Klopstock:  The 
Messiah,  iii.  (1748). 

Iiibec'chio,  the  ventus  Lyi'icus  or 
south-west  wind  ;  called  in  Latin  A'fer. 
The  word  occurs  in  Paradise  Lost,  x.  706 
{1665). 

Liberator  ( 7%^).  Daniel  O'Connell 
was  so  called  because  he  was  the  leader 
of  the  Irish  party,  which  sought  to  sever 
Ireland  from  England.  Also  called  "The 
Irish  Agitator  "  (1776-1847). 

^  Simon  Bolivar,  who  established  the 
independence  of  Peru,  is  so  called  by  the 
Peruvians  (1785-1831). 

Liberator  of  the  New   World 

[The),  Dr.  Franklin  (1706-1790). 

Liberty,  a  poem  in  five  parts,  by 
Thomson.  Part  i,  Ancient  and  Modern 
Italy  compared;  part  2,  Greece ;  part  3, 
Rome  :  part  4,  Britain  ;  part  5,  a  prospect 
of  future  times,  given  by  the  goddess  of 
Liberty.     It  is  an  excellent  poem. 

(Percy  Bysshe  Shelley  published,  in 
1858,  an  Ode  to  Liberty  ;  and  John  Stuart 
Mill  an  essay  On  Liberty,  1858.) 

Liberty  {Goddess  of).  Mile.  Mal- 
liard.  On  December  20,  1793,  the  French 
installed  the  worship  of  reason  for  the 
worship  of  God,  and  M.  Chaumette 
induced  Mile.  Malliard,  an  actress,  to 
personify  the  "  goddess  of  Liberty."  She 
was  borne  in  a  palanquin,  dressed  with 
buskins,  a  Phrygian  cap,  and  a  blue 
chlamys  over  a  white  tunic.  Being 
brought  to  Notre  Dame,  she  was  placed 
on  the  high  altar,  and  a  huge  candle  was 
placed  behind  her.  Mile.  Malliard 
lighted  the  candle,  to  signify  that  liberty 
frees  the  mind  from  darkness,  and  is  the 
••  light  of  the  world  ;"  then  M.  Chaumette 
fell  on  his  knees  to  her  and  offered  incense 
as  to  a  god. 

Liberty  ( The  goddess  of).  The  statue 
so  called,  placed  over  the  entrance  of  the 
I'alais  Royal,  represented  Mme,  Tallien. 

Liberty  Hall.  Squire  Hardcastle 
says  to^oung  Marlow  and  Hastings,  when 
they  mistake  his  house  for  an  "  inn,"  and 
give  themselves  airs,  ' '  This  is  Liberty 
Hall,  gentlemen  ;  you  may  do  just  as  you 
please  here." — Goldsmith  :  She  Stoops  to 
Conquer,  i.  2  {1773). 


Libiti'na,  the  goddess  who  presides 
over  funerals,  and  hence  in  Latin  an  un- 
dertaker is  called  libitina' rius. 

He  broug-ht  two  physicians  to  visit  me,  who,  by  theli 
appenrance,  seemed  zealous  ministers  of  the  goddes» 
Uihiiina.—Lesage  :  Gil  Bias,  ix.  8  (1733). 

Library  {St.  Victor's),  in  Paris. 
Joseph  Scaliger  says  "  it  had  absolutely 
nothing  in  it  but  trash  and  rubbish." 
Rabelais  gives  a  long  list  of  its  books, 
amongst  which  may  be  mentioned  the 
Tumbril  of  Salvation,  the  Pomegranate  of 
Vice,  the  Henbane  of  Bishops,  the  Mus- 
tard-pot of  Penance,  the  Crucible  of  Con- 
templation, the  Goad  of  Wine,  the  Spur 
of  Cheese,  the  Cobbled-Shoe  of  Humility, 
the  Trivet  of  Thought,  the  Curd's  Rap  on 
the  Knuckles,  the  Pilgrims'  Spectacles,  the 
Prelates'  Bagpipes,  the  Lawyers'  Furred 
Cat,  the  Cardinals'  Rasp,  etc. — Rabelais: 
Pantag'ruel,  ii.  7  (1533). 

Lichas,  servant  of  Herculds,  who 
brought  to  him  from  Dejani'ra  the 
poisoned  shirt  of  Nessus.  He  was  thrown 
by  Hercules  from  the  top  of  mount  Etna 
into  the  sea.  Seneca  says  {Hercules)  that 
Lichas  was  tossed  aloft  into  the  air,  and 
sprinkled  the  clouds  with  his  blood. 
Ovid  says,  "  He  congealed,  like  hail,  in 
mid-air,  and  turned  to  stone  ;  then,  falling 
into  the  Euboic  Sea,  became  a  rock,  which 
still  bears  his  name  and  retains  the 
human  form  "  {Met.,  ix.). 

Let  me  lodge  Lichas  on  the  horns  of  the  moon. 
Shakispeare:  Antony andCUopatra,  activ.  sc.  io(i6o8>. 

Lichfield.  The  field  of  the  dead 
bodies.  Anglo-Saxon  liced,  licit,  or  licet 
feld  {lie,  the  place  of  a  dead  body,  or  a 
dead  body). 

[Lichfield]  is  said  to  have  derived  its  name  from  the 
martyrdon  of  more  than  a  thousand  Christians,  who  are 
said  to  have  been  massacred  here  in  the  reign  of  Dio- 
cletian.—Z^rzc^  .•  Topographical  Dictionary  (article 
"  Lichfield  "). 

(Lich-gate  is  a  shelter  at  the  gate  of  a 
churchyard,  where  the  bearers  rest  the 
coflSn  before  ascending  the  steps  of  the 
churchyard,  and  to  await  the  clergyman.) 

Licked  into  Shape.  According  to 
legend,  the  young  bear  is  bom  a  shapeless 
mass,  and  the  dam  licks  her  cub  into  it» 

proper  shape. 

The  she-bear  Ucks  her  cubs  into  a  sort 
Of  shape. 
Byron  :  Tht  Deformed  Transformed,  \.  i  (iSsn). 

Lickitup  {The  laird  of),  friend  of 
Neil  Blanc  the  town  piper. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Lie.  The  four  P's  disputed  as  to 
which  could  tell  the  greatest  lie.  The 
Palmer  asserted  that  he  had  never  seen  a 


LIEBENSTEIN. 

woman  out  of  patience  ;  the  other  three 
P's  (a  Pardoner,  a  Poticary,  and  a  Pedlar) 
were  so  taken  aback  by  this  assertion  that 
they  instantly  gave  up  the  contest,  saying 
that  it  was  certainly  the  greatest  false- 
hood they  had  ever  heard, — Heywood : 
The  Four  Fs{zs'2o). 
N.B. — Tennyson  says — 

A  lie  which  is  half  a  truth  is  ever  the  blackest  of  Kes. 
A  lie  which  is  all  a  lie  may  be  met  and  fought  with  out- 
right; 
But  a  lie  which  is  part  a  truth  is  a  harder  matter  to  fight. 
The  Grandmother. 

Iiiebenstein  and  Sternfels,  two 

ruined  castles  on  the  Rhine.  Leoline  the 
orphan  was  the  sole  surviving  child  of 
the  lord  of  Liebenstein,  and  two  brothers 
(Warbeck  and  Otto)  were  the  only  sur- 
viving children  of  the  lord  of  Sternfels. 
Both  these  brothers  fell  in  love  with  Leo- 
line,  but  as  the  lady  gave  Otto  the  pre- 
ference, Warbeck  joined  the  crusades. 
Otto  followed  his  brother  to  Palestine, 
but  the  war  was  over,  and  Otto  brought 
back  with  him  a  Greek  girl,  whom  he 
had  made  his  bride.  Warbeck  now  sent 
a  challenge  to  his  brother  for  this  insult 
to  Leoline,  but  Leoline  interposed  to  stop 
the  fight.  Soon  after  this  the  Greek  wife 
eloped,  and  Otto  died  childless.  Leoline 
retired  to  the  adjacent  convent  of  Bom- 
hofen,  which  was  attacked  by  robbers, 
and  Warbeck,  in  repelling  them,  received 
his  death-wound,  and  died  in  the  lap  of 
Leoline. — Traditions  of  the  Rhine. 

iMite  {The  Battle  of),  a  Christmas 
story,  by  C.  Dickens  (1846).  It  is  the 
story  of  Grace  and  Marion,  the  two 
daughters  of  Dr.  Jeddler,  both  of  whom 
loved  Alfred  Heathfield,  their  father's 
ward.  Alfred  loved  the  younger  daugh- 
ter ;  but  Marion,  knowing  of  her  sister's 
love,  left  her  home  clandestinely,  and  all 
thought  she  had  eloped  with  Michael 
Warden.  Alfred  then  married  Grace, 
and  in  due  time  Marion  made  it  known 
to  her  sister  that  she  hrid  given  up  Alfred 
to  her,  and  had  gone  to  live  with  her  aunt 
Martha  till  they  were  married.  It  is 
said  that  Marion  subsequently  married 
Michael  Warden,  and  found  with  him  a 
happy  home. 

Life  in  London,  or  "  The  Day  and 

Night  Scenes  of  Jerry  Hawthorn  and 
Corinthian  Tom,"  by  Pierce  Egan  (1824). 
The  illustrations  are  by  Cruikshank. 

Ligfe'a,  one  of  the  three  syrens.  Mil- 
ton gives  the  classic  syrens  combs ;  but 
this  Ts  mixing  Greek  syrens  with  Scandi- 


612       LIGHTNING  PROTECTORS. 

navian  mermaids.  (Ligga  or  Largeia 
means  "  shrill,"  or  "  sweet- voiced.") 

\,By\  fair  Ligea's  golden  comb, 
Wherewith  she  sits  on  diamond  rocks, 
Sleeking  her  soft  alluring  locks. 

Milton  :  Comjts,  880  {1634). 

(The  three  syrens  were  Parthen'op6, 
Ligea,  and  Leucos'ia,  not  Leucothea,  q,v.) 

Ligfht  of  the  Agfe.  Maimon'id^s  or 
Rabbi  Moses  ben  Maimon  of  Cor'dova 
(1135-1204). 

Ligrht  of  the  Haram  \sic\,  the 
sultana  Nour'mahal',  afterwards  called 
Nourjeham  ( ' '  light  of  the  world  " ).  She 
was  the  bride  of  Selim  son  of  Acbar,— 
Moore:  Lalla  Rookh  (1817). 

Light  o'  Heel  [Janet),  mother  of 
Godfrey  Bertram  Hewit.— -SzV  W.  Scott: 
Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Lights  and  Shadows  of  Scottish 
Life,  a  series  of  tales  by  professor  John 
Wilson  (1822). 

Ligphtbody  {Luckie),  alias  "Marian 
Loup-the-Dyke,"  mother  of  Jean  Girder 
the  cooper's  wife.— -Szr  W.  Scott:  Bride 
of  Lammermoor  (tXmQ,  William  III.). 

Lightbom,  the  murderer  who  assas- 
sinated Edward  II. — Marlmve:  Edward 
II.  (1592). 

Liffhtfoot,  one  of  the  seven  attend- 
ants of  Fortunio.  So  swift  was  he  of 
foot,  that  he  was  obliged  to  tie  his  legs 
when  he  went  hunting,  or  else  he  always 
outran  the  game,  and  so  lost  it. — Com- 
tesse  D'Aulnqy:  Fairy  Tales  ("For- 
tunio," 1682). 

Lightning.  Benjamin  Franklin  in- 
vented lightning  conductors ;  hence 
Campbell  says  it  is  allotted  to  man,  with 
Newton  to  mark  the  speed  of  light,  with 
Herschel  to  discover  planets,  and  . 

With  Franklin  grasp  the  lightning's  fiery  wing. 
Campbell:  Pleasures  ^Hopt,  i.  (1799). 

Lovers  killed  by  Lightning.  (See  under 
Lovers.) 

Lightning    Protectors.     Jupiter 

chose  the  eagle  as  the  most  approved 
preservative  against  lightning,  Augustus 
Caesar  the  sea-calf,  and  Tiberius  the 
laurel. — Collumella,  x.  ;  Suetonius:  In 
Vit.  Aug.,  xc. ;  Suetonius:  In  Vita  Tib., 
Ixix. 

Houseleek,  called  "Jupiter's  Beard,"  is 
a  defence  against  lightning  and  evil  spirits ; 
hence  Charlemagne's  edict — 

Et  habeat  quisque  supra  domum  suum  Jovls  barbam. 


LIGHTWOOD. 


613 


LILLY. 


Ligfli-twood  [Mortimer],  a  solicitor, 
who  conducts  the  ' '  Harmon  murder  " 
case.  He  is  the  great  friend  of  Eugene 
Wraybum,  barrister-at-law,  and  it  is  the 
great  ambition  of  his  heart  to  imitate  the 
nonchalance  of  his  friend.  At  one  time 
Mortimer  Lightwood  admired  Bella 
Wilfer. — Dickens:  Our  Mutual  Friend 
{1864). 

Li^urian  Republic  {The),  Ve- 
netia,  Genoa,  and  part  of  Sardinia, 
formed  by  Napoleon  I.  in  1797. 

liigtirian  Sag'e  {The\  Aulus  Per- 
sius  Flaccus,  the  satirist  (34-62). 

Likenesses  Repeated. 

(i)  Strabo  (father  of  Pompey)  and  his 
cook  were  exactly  alike, 

(2)  Sura  (proconsul  of  Sicily)  and  a 
fisherman  were  so  much  alike  that  Sura 
asked  the  fisherman  if  his  mother  had 
ever  been  in  Rome.  "  No,"  said  the 
man,  "  but  my  father  has." 

(3)  Walter  de  Hempsham  abbot  of 
Canterbury  and  his  shepherd  were  so 
alike  that  when  the  shepherd  was  dressed 
in  the  abbot's  gown,  even  king  John  was 
deluded  by  the  resemblance. — Percy  : 
Reliques  ("  King  John  and  the  abbot  of 
Canterbury,"  g.v.). 

(4)  The  brothers  Antipholus,  the 
brothers  Dromio,  the  brothers  Menaech- 
mus  (called  by  Plautus,  Sosicles  and 
Menaechmus),  were  exactly  alike. 

Iiik'strond,  the  abode,  after  death, 
of  perjurers,  assassins,  and  seducers. 
The  word  means  "strand  of  corpses." 
Nestrond  is  the  strand  or  shore  of  the 
dead. — Scandinavian  Mythology. 

Lilbnm  (John),  a  contentious  leveller 
in  the  Commonwealth,  of  whom  it  was 
said.  If  no  one  else  were  alive,  John  would 
quarrel  with  Lilburn,  The  epigrammatic 
epitaph  of  John  Lilburn  is  as  follows : — 

Is  John  departed,  and  is  Lilburn  gone? 
Farewell  to  both,  to  Lilbnm  and  to  John  I 
Yet  being  gone,  take  this  advice  from  me ; 
Let  them  not  both  in  one  grave  buried  be. 
Here  lay  ye  John ;  lay  Lilburn  thereabout ; 
For  if  they  both  should  meet,  they  would  fall  out. 

Iiili,  immortalized  by  Goethe,  was 
Anna  Elizabeth  Schonemann,  daughter 
of  a  Frankfort  banker.  She  was  16  when 
Goethe  first  knew  her. 

Lilies  {City  of),  Florence. 

Lilinan,  a  woman  wooed  by  a  phan- 
tom that  hved  in  her  father's  pines.  At 
nightfall  the  phantom  whispered  love, 
and  won  the  fair  Lilinau,  who  followed 
his    green  waving    plume    through    the 


forest,  but  never  more  was  seen.— Ameri- 
can-Indian Legend. 

Told  she  the  tale  of  the  fair  Lilinau,  who  was  wooed 

by  a  phantom 
That  through  the  pines  o'er  her  father's  lodge,  in  ths 

hush  of  the  twilight. 
Breathed  lilce  the  evening  wind,  and  whispered  love  to 

the  maiden ; 
Till  she  followed  his  green  and  waving  plume  tho'  the 

forest. 
And  never  more  returned,  nor  was  seen  again  by  her 

people. 

LoH'JelUw:  Evan^cHne,  ii.  4  (1849). 

Lilis  or  Lilith,  Adam's  wife  before 
Eve  was  created.  Lilis  refused  to  submit 
to  Adam,  and  was  turned  out  of  paradise ; 
but  she  still  haunts  the  air,  and  is 
especially  hostile  to  new-born  children. 

(Goethe  has  introduced  her  in  his  Faust, 
1790.) 

Lil'lia-Biauca,  the  bright  airy 
daughter  of  Nantolet,  beloved  by  Pinac 
the  fellow-traveller  of  Mirabel  "the 
wild  goose." — Fletclier :  The  Wild-goose 
Chase  (1652). 

Lilli-burlero,  bullen-a-la !  a  song 
which  greatly  contributed  to  deprive 
James  II.  of  his  three  kingdoms,  and  to 
drive  him  into  exile.  He  had  appointed 
Richard  Talbot  earl  of  Tyrconnel,  a  most 
out-and-out  papist,  to  the  lieutenancy  of 
Ireland,  in  1686,  and  the  violence  of  his 
administration  gave  great  offence  to  the 
protestant  party.  The  song  was  written 
in  1683  or  1684,  and  the  king  abdicated 
in  1688. 

Ho  1  broder  Teague,  dost  hear  de  decreet 

Lilli-burlero,  buUen-a-lal 
Dat  we  shall  have  a  new  deputiet 
Lilli-burlero,  buUen-a-la  1 
I-ero,  lero,  lilli-burlero, 
Lero,  lero,  buUen-a-la  I 


And  he  will  cut  de  Englishmen's  troate  I 
Lilli-burlero,  bullen-a-la  1 
Lero,  lero,  lilli-burlero, 
Lero,  lero,  bullen-a-la  1 

(Attributed  to  lord  UTtarion.) 

'.'The  song  is  inserted  in  Percy's 
Reliques,  ser.  iii.  bk.  iii.  23. 

Lilliput,  the  country  of  the  Lilli- 
putians, a  race  of  pygmies  of  very  di- 
minutive size,  to  whom  Gulliver  appeared 
a  monstrous  giant. — Swift:  Gullivers 
Travels  {"  Voyage  to  Lilliput,"  1726). 

N.B. — The  voyage  to  Lilliput  is  a  satire 
on  the  manners  and  habits  of  George  I. 

Lilly,  the  wife  of  Andrew.  Andrew  is 
the  servant  of  Charles  Brisac  a  scholar. — 
Fletcher:  The  Elder  Brother  (1637). 

Lilly  ( William),  an  English  astro- 
loger, who  was  employed  during  the  Civil 
Wars  by  both  parties  ;  and  even  Charles 
I.   consulted    him    about    his   projected 


LILLYVICK. 

escape   from   Carisbrooke  Castle  (1603- 
1681).    (See  Lenormand,  p,  605.) 

He  talks  of  Raymond  Lull}'  [?.t/.]  and  the  ghost  of 
L\\ly.—Con£rreve  :  Leve/br  Love,  iii.  (1695). 

Lillyvick,  the  collector  of  water- 
rates,  and  uncle  to  Mrs.  Kenwigs.  He 
considered  himself  far  superior  in  a  social 
point  of  view  to  Mr.  Kenwigs,  who  was 
only  an  ivory-turner;  but  he  confessed 
hinn  to  be  "an  honest,  well-behaved, 
respectable  sort  of  a  man."  Mr.  Lilly- 
vick  looked  on  himself  as  one  of  the 
^/iU  of  society.  "If  ever  an  old  gentle- 
man made  a  point  of  appearing  in  public 
shaved  close  and  clean,  that  old  gentle- 
man was  Mr.  Lillyvick.  If  ever  a  col- 
lector had  borne  himself  like  a  collector, 
and  assumed  a  solemn  and  portentous 
dignity,  as  if  he  had  the  whole  world  on 
his  books,  that  collector  was  Mr.  Lilly- 
vick." Mr.  Kenwigs  thought  the  collec- 
tor, who  was  a  bachelor,  would  leave 
each  of  the  Kenwigses  ^loo;  but  he 
"had  the  baseness"  to  marry  Miss 
Petowker  of  the  Theatre  Royal,  and 
'  •  swindle  the  Kenwigses  of  their  golden  ex- 
pectations. " — Dickens:  Nicholas  Nickleby 
(1838). 

Lily  [The),  the  French  king  for  the 
time  being.  So  called  from  the  lilies, 
which,  from  the  time  of  Clovis,  formed 
the  royal  device  of  France.  Tasso 
{Jerusalem  Delivered)  calls  them  gigli 
d'ore  ["  golden  lilies  ") ;  but  lord  Lytton 
calls  them  "silver  lilies  " — 

Lord  of  the  silver  lilies,  canst  thou  tell 
If  the  same  fate  await  not  thy  descendant  f 
Lord  Lytton  :  The  Duchess  de  la  VallUre  (1836). 

The  Lily  Maid  of  Astolat,  Elaine.— 
Tennyson:  Idylls  of  the  King  {1859). 
( ' '  Astolat  "  is  in  Guildford,  Surrey. ) 

The  Lily  of  Medicine,  a  treatise 
written  by  Bernard  Gordon,  called  Lilium 
Medicina  (1480).  (See  GORDONius,  p. 
438.) 

Limberham,  a  tame,  foolish  keeper. 
Supposed  to  be  meant  for  the  duke  of 
Lauderdale. — Dryden  :  Limberham  or 
The  Kind  Keeper. 

Limbo  (Latin,  limbus,  "an  edge"), 
a  sort  of  neutral  land  on  the  confines  of 
paradise,  for  those  who  are  not  good 
enough  for  heaven  and  not  bad  enough 
for  hell,  or  rather  for  those  who  cannot 
(according  to  the  Church  "system")  be 
admitted  into  paradise,  either  because 
they  have  never  heard  the  gospel  or  have 
never  been  baptized. 

These  of  sin 
Were  blameless ;  and  if  aught  they  merited. 
It  profits  not,  since  baptism  was  not  theirs. 


614  LIMISSO. 

...  If  they  before 

The  gospel  lived,  they  served  not  God  aright 

.  .  .  For  these  defects 

And  for  no  other  evil,  we  are  lost. 

Dante  :  In/erno,  It.  (1300). 

Limbo  of  the  Moon.  Ariosto,  in  his  Or- 
lando  Furioso,  xxxiv.  70,  says,  in  the  moon 
are  treasured  up  the  precious  time  mis- 
spent in  play,  all  vain  efforts,  all  vows 
never  paid,  all  counsel  thrown  away,  all 
desires  that  lead  to  nothing,  the  vanity 
of  titles,  flattery,  great  men's  promises, 
court  services,  and  death-bed  alms. 
Pope  says — 

There  heroes'  wits  are  kept  in  ponderous  rases. 
And  beaus'  in  snuff-boxes  and  tweezer-cases  ; 
There  broken  vows  and  death-bed  alms  are  found. 
And  lovers'  hearts  with  ends  of  ribbon  bound ; 
The  courtier's  promises,  the  sick  man's  prayers. 
The  smiles  of  harlots,  and  the  tears  of  heirs ; 
Cages  for  gnats,  and  chains  to  yoke  a  flea. 
Dried  butterflies,  and  tomes  of  casuistry. 

Pope  :  Rafe  o/the  Lock,  r.  (i7ia>. 

Limbus  Fatuorum  or  the  "  Fools'  Para- 
dise," for  idiots,  madmen,  and  others 
who  are  not  responsible  for  their  sins, 
but  yet  have  done  nothing  worthy  of 
salvation.  Milton  says,  from  the  earth 
fly  to  the  Paradise  of  Fools 

All  things  transitor>-  and  vain  ...  the  fruits 

Of  painful  superstition  and  blind  zeal  .  .  . 

All  the  unaccomplished  worts  of  Natures  hand. 

Abortive,  monstrous,  or  unkindly  mixed  .  .  , 

The  builders  here  of  Babel  .  .  . 

Others  come  single.    He  who  to  be  deemed 

A  god,  leaped  fondly  into  Etna's  hames, 

Empedoclls ;  and  he  who  to  enjoy 

Plato's  elysium,  leaped  into  the  sea  .  ,  > 

Embryos  and  idiots,  eremites  and  friars. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  iii.  448  (1665). 

Limbus  Patrum,  that  half-way  house 
between  purgatory  and  paradise,  where 
patriarchs  and  prophets,  saints,  mar- 
tyrs, and  confessors,  await  the  "second 
coming. "  This,  according  to  some,  is  the 
had^s  or  "hell"  into  which  Christ  de- 
scended when  "He  preached  to  the 
spirits  in  prison."  DantS  places  Limbo 
on  the  confines  of  hell,  but  tells  us  those 
doomed  to  dwell  there  are  "only  so  far 
afflicted  as  that  they  live  without  hope " 
{Inferno,  iv.). 

I  have  some  of  them  in  Limbo  Patrum.  and  there 
they  are  like  to  dance  these  three  A^rji.— Shakespeare  : 
Henry  VIIL  act  v.  sc.  3  (1601). 

Limbus  Puerorum  or  "Child's  Para- 
dise," for  unbaptized  infants  too  young 
to  commit  actual  sin,  but  not  eligible  for 
heaven  because  they  have  not  been  bap- 
tized. 

*.•  According  to  DantS,  Limbo  is 
between  hell  and  that  border-land  where 
dwell  "  the  praiseless  and  the  blameless 
dead."     (See  Inferko,  p.  523.) 

Limisso,  the  city  of  Cyprus,  called 
Caria  by  Ptolemy. — Ariosto:  Orlando 
Furioso  (1516). 


LINCIUS.  6is 

Lincius.    (See  Lynceus.) 

Lincoln  {The  bishop  of),  in  the  court 
of  queen  Elizabeth,  He  was  Thomas 
Cowper. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Kenilworth 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Lincoln  G-reen.  Lincoln  at  one 
time  dyed  the  best  green  of  all  England, 
and  Coventry  the  best  blue. 

.  «  .  and  ^rls  in  Lincoln  sjeen. 

Drayton:  Polyolbion,  XXT.  ((633). 

• .  •  Kendal  was  also  at  one  time  noted 
for  its  green.  Hence  Falstaff  speaks  of 
"  three  misbegotten  knaves  in  Kendal 
green." — Shakespeare :  i  Henry  IV.  act 
ii.  so.  4  {1597). 

Here  be  a  sort  of  ragged  knaves  come  In, 
Clothed  all  in  Kendale  greene. 

Playe  o/Robyn  Hood. 

Lincolnshire  Grazier  [A).  The 
Rev.  Thomas  Hartwell  Home  published 
The  Complete  Grazier  under  this  pseu- 
donym (1805). 

Linco'ya  {3  syL),  husband  of  Co'atel, 
and  a  captive  of  the  Az'tecas.  "Once, 
when  a  chief  was  feasting  Madoc,  a 
captive  served  the  food."  Madoc  says, 
' '  I  marked  the  youth,  for  he  had  features 
of  a  gentler  race  ;  and  oftentimes  his  eye 
was  fixed  on  me  with  looks  of  more  than 
wonder."  This  young  man,  "  the  flower 
of  all  his  nation,"  was  to  be  immolated 
to  the  god  Tezcalipo'ca ;  but  on  the  eve 
of  sacrifice  he  made  his  escape,  and  flew 
to  Madoc  for  protection.  The  fugitive 
proved  both  useful  and  faithful,  but 
when  he  heard  of  the  death  of  Coatel,  he 
was  quite  heart-broken.  Ayaya'ca,  to 
divert  him,  told  him  about  the  spirit- 
land  ;  and  Lincoya  asked,  "  Is  the  way 
thither  long  ?  " 

The  old  man  replied,  "A  way  of  many  moons." 
"I  know  a  shorter  path,"  exclaimed  the  youth. 
And  up  he  sprang,  and  from  the  precipice 
Darted.    A  moment ;  and  Ayaya'ca  heard 
His  body  fall  upon  the  rocks  below. 

Southey  :  Madoc,  ii.  22  (1805). 

Lindab'rides  {4  syl),  a  euphemism 
for  a  female  of  no  repute,  a  courtezan. 
Lindabridfis  is  the  heroine  of  the  romance 
entitled  The  Mirror  of  Knighthood,  one  of 
the  books  in  don  Quixote's  library  (pt.  I. 
i.  6),  and  the  name  became  a  household 
word  for  a  mistress.  It  occurs  in  two  of 
sir  W.  Scott's  novels,  Kenilworth  and 
Woodstock. 

Lindesay,  an  archer  in  the  Scotch 
guard  of  Louis  XI.  of  France. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Quentin  Durward  (time,  Edward 
IV.). 

Lindesay  [Lord),  one  of  the  embassy 


LINKINWATER. 

to  queen  Mary  of  Scotland.— .S/r  W, 
Scott  :  The  Abbot  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Lindor,  a  poetic  swain  or  lover  en 
bergkre. 

Do  not,  for  Heaven's  sake,  bring  down  Corydon  and 
Lindor  upon  us.— 5«>-  IV.  Scott. 

Lindsay  {Margaret),  the  heroine  of  a 
novel  by  professor  John  Wilson,  entitled 
Trials  of  Margaret  Lindsay,  a  very 
pathetic  story  (1785-1854). 

Linet',  daughter  of  sir  Persaunt,  and 
sister  of  Lion^s  of  Castle  Perilous 
(ch.  131).  Her  sister  was  held  captive 
by  sir  Ironside,  the  Red  Knight  of  the 
Red  Lands.  Linet  went  to  king  Arthur 
to  entreat  that  one  of  his  knights  might  be 
sent  to  liberate  her  ;  but  as  she  refused  to 
give  up  the  name  of  her  sister,  the  king 
said  no  knight  of  the  Round  Table  could 
undertake  the  adventure.  At  this,  a  young 
man  nicknamed  "  Beaumains"  {Gareth), 
from  the  unusual  size  of  his  hands,  and 
who  had  been  serving  in  the  kitchen  fox 
twelve  months,  entreated  that  he  might  be 
allowed  the  quest,  which  the  king  granted. 
Linet,  however,  treated  him  with  the  ut- 
most contumely,  calling  him  dish-washer, 
kitchen  knave,  and  lout ;  but  he  over- 
threw all  the  knights  opposed  to  him, 
delivered  the  lady  Lionfis,  and  married 
her.  (See  Lynette.)— 5?>  T.  Malory: 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  120^153 
(1470). 

N.  B. — Some  men  nicknamed  her  ' '  The 
Savage"  (ch.  151).  Tennyson,  in  his 
Gareth  and  Lynette,  makes  Gareth  marry 
Lynette,  which  spoils  the  allegory  (see 
p.  406). 

Ling-o,  in  O'Keefe's  comedy  Agreeable 

Surprise  (1798). 

Lingon  {Parson),  in  the  novel  called 
Felix  Holt,  the  Radical,  by  George  Eliot 
(Mrs.  J.  W.  Cross)  (1866). 

Lingfua,  or  "  the  Combat  of  the 
Tongue,"  an  allegorical  play.  Cromwell 
took  the  part  of  "Tactus"  in  this  play 
(1607). 

Linkinwater     ( Tim),    confidential 

clerk  to  the  brothers  Cheeryble.  A  kind- 
hearted  old  bachelor,  fossilized  in  ideas, 
but  most  kind-hearted,  and  devoted  to 
his  masters  almost  to  idolatry.  He  is 
much  attached  to  a  blind  blackbird  called 
"  Dick,"  which  he  keeps  in  a  large  cage. 
The  bird  has  lost  its  voice  from  old  age  ; 
but,  in  Tim's  opinion,  there  is  no  equal 
to  it  in  the  whole  world.    The  old  clerk 


LINKLATER. 


6i6         LION  KING  OF  ASSYRIA. 


marries   Miss   La  Creevy,   a  miniature- 
painter. 

Punctual  as  the  counting-house  dial  ...  he  per- 
formed the  minutest  actions,  and  arranged  the  minutest 
articles  in  his  little  room  in  a  precise  and  regular  order. 
Paper,  pens,  ink,  ruler,  sealing-wax,  wafers,  .  .  .  Tim's 
hat,  Tim's  scrupulously  folded  gloves,  Tim's  other  coat, 
...  all  had  their  accustomed  inches  of  space.  .  .  . 
There  was  not  a  more  accurate  instrument  in  existence 
than  Tim  Linkinwater.— Z>ic^<r«f  .•  Nicholas  Nicklcby, 
XXX vil.  {1838). 

Iiinklater  {Laurie),  yeoman  of  the 
king's  liitchen.  A  friend  to  Ritchie 
Moniplies.* — Sir  W.  Scoit :  Fortunes  of 
Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Iiinue  [The  Heir  of),  a  ballad  in  two 
parts.  (See  under  Heir  of  Linne,  p.  479.) 

Lion  [A),  emblem  of  the  tribe  of 
Judah.  The  old  church  at  Totnes  con- 
tained a  stone  pulpit  divided  into  com- 
partments containing  shields,  decorated 
with  the  several  emblems  of  the  Jewish 
tribes,  of  which  this  is  one. 

Judah  is  a  lion's  whelp ;  ...  he  couched  as  a  Hon, 
and  as  an  old  lion;  who  shall  rouse  him  upt— G«». 
xlix.  9. 

The  Lion,  a  symbol  of  ambition. 
When  Dant^  began  the  ascent  of  fame, 
he  was  met  first  by  a  panther  {pleasure), 
and  then  by  a  lion  {ambition),  which 
tried  to  stop  his  further  progress. 

A  lion  came 
With  head  erect,  and  hunger  mad. 

Dance':  HeU,  i.  (1300). 

Iiion  {The),  Henry  duke  of  Bavaria 
and  Saxony,  son  of  Henry  "the  Proud" 
(1129-1195). 

Louis  VIII.  of  France,  born  under  the 
sign  Leo  (1187,  1 223-1226). 

William  of  Scotland,  who  chose  a 
red  lion  rampant  for  his  cognizance 
(*,  1165-1214). 

The  Golden  Lion,  emblem  of  ancient 
Assyria.  The  bear  was  that  of  ancient 
Persia. 

Where  is  th'  Assyrian  lion's  golden  hide, 
That  all  the  East  once  grasped  in  lordly  paw  T 
Where  that  great  Persian  bear,  whose  swelling  pride 
The  lion's  self  tore  out  with  rav'nous  jaw? 

P.  Fletcher:  The  Purple  Island,  vu.  (1633). 

The  Valiant  Lion,  Alep  Arslan,  son 
of  Togrul  Beg  the  Perso-Turkish  mon- 
arch (*,  1063-1072). 

Iiion  Attending'  on  Man. 

(i)  Una  was  attended  by  a  lion. 
Spenser  says  that  Una  was  seeking  St. 
George,  and  as  she  sat  to  rest  herself,  a 
lion  rushed  suddenly  out  of  a  thicket,  with 
gaping  mouth  and  lashing  tail ;  but  as  it 
drew  near,  it  was  awe-struck,  licked  her 
feet  and  hands,  and  followed  her  hke  a 
dog.  Sansloy  slew  the  faithful  beast. — 
Faerie  Queene,  I.  iii.  42  (1590). 


N.B. — This  is  an  allegory  of  the  Refor. 
mation.  The  "lion"  means  England, 
and  "  Una  "  means  truth  or  the  reformed 
religion.  England  {the  lion)  waited  on 
truth  or  the  Reformation.  ' '  Sansloy  " 
means  queen  Mary  or  false  faith,  which 
killed  the  lion,  or  separated  England 
from  truth  (or  the  true  faith).  It  might 
seem  to  some  that  Sansfoy  should  have 
been  substituted  for  Sansloy  ;  but  this 
could  not  be,  because  Sansfoy  had  been 
slain  already. 

(2)  Sir  Ewain  de  Gallis  or  Iwain  de 
Galles  was  attended  by  a  lion,  which,  in 
gratitude  to  the  knight,  who  had  delivered 
it  from  a  serpent,  ever  after  became  his 
faithful  servant,  approaching  the  knight 
with  tears,  and  rising  on  its  hind  feet. 

(3)  Sir  Geoffrey  de  Latour  was  aided  by 
a  Hon  against  the  Saracens ;  but  the 
faithful  brute  was  drowned  in  attempting 
to  follow  the  vessel  in  which  the  knight 
had  embarked  on  his  departure  from  the 
Holy  Land. 

(4)  St.  yfjro^/ztfis  represented  as  attended 
by  a  lion.  The  tale  is  that  while  St.  Jerome 
was  lecturing,  a  lion  entered  the  room, 
and  lifted  up  one  of  his  paws.  All  the 
disciples  fled  precipitately,  but  St.  Jerome 
took  up  the  paw  and  saw  it  was  wounded 
with  a  thorn.  He  took  out  the  thorn  and 
dressed  the  wound  ;  and  the  lion  showed 
a  wish  to  stay  witli  its  benefactor,  and, 
followed  him  about  like  a  dog.  (See 
Androclus,  p.  42.) 

Iiion  of  G-od  {The),  Ali,  son-in-law 
of  Mahomet.  He  was  called  at  birth 
"  The  Rugged  Lion  "  {al  Haidara)  (602, 
655-661). 

Hamza,  called  "The  Lion  of  God  and 
of  His  Prophet."  So  Gabriel  told  Ma- 
homet his  uncle  was  registered  in  heaven. 

Lion  of  Janina,  Ali  Pasha,  over- 
thrown in  1822  by  Ibrahim  Pasha  (1741, 
1788-1822). 

Lion  of  the   North  {The),  Gus- 

tavus  Adolphus  (1594,  1611-1632). 

Lion-Heart.  Richard  I.  was  called 
Coeur  de  Lion  because  he  plucked  out  a 
lion's  heart,  to  which  beast  he  had  been 
exposed  by  the  duke  of  Austria,  for 
having  slain  his  son. 

It  is  sayd  that  a  lyon  was  put  to  kynge  Rlcharde, 
baying  in  prison,  ...  to  devour  him ;  and  when  the 
lyon  was  gapynge,  he  put  his  arme  in  his  mouth,  and 
pulled  the  lyon  by  the  harte  so  hard  that  he  slewe  the 
lyon;  and  therefore  .  .  .  he  is  called  Richarde  Cwrto^ 
Lyon. — Rastal:  Chronicle  (1532). 

Lion  Kingf  of  Assyria,  Arioch  al 
Asser  (B.C.  1927-1897). 


LION  ROUGE.  617 

Lion  Rongfe  {Le),  marshal  Ney, 
who  had  red  hair  and  red  whiskers 
(1769-1815). 

Lion-Tamer.  One  of  the  most  re- 
markable was  Ellen  Bright,  who  ex- 
hibited in  Wombwell's  menagerie.  She 
was  killed  by  a  tiger  in  1850,  aged  17 
years. 

Lion's  Provider  [The),  the  jackal, 
which  often  starts  prey  which  the  lion 
appropriates. 

.  .  .  the  poor  jackals  are  less  foul 
(As  being  the  brave  lion's  keen  providers) 
Than  human  insects  catering  for  spiders. 

Byron  :  Den  yuan,  ix.  27  (1824). 

Lions  {White  and  Red).  Prester 
John,  in  his  letter  to  Manuel  Comnenus 
emperor  of  Constantinople,  says  his  land 
is  the  "home  of  white  and  red  lions" 
{"65). 

Lionel  and  Clarissa,  an  opera  by 
Bickerstaff  { 1768}.  Sir  John  Flowerdale  has 
a  daughter  named  Clarissa,  whose  tutor 
is  Lionel,  an  Oxford  graduate.  Colonel 
Oldboy,  his  neighbour,  has  a  daughter 
Diana  and  a  son  named  Jessamy,  a  noodle 
and  a  fop.  A  proposal  is  made  for 
Clarissa  Flowerdale  to  marry  Jessamy ; 
but  she  despises  the  prig,  and  loves  Lionel. 
After  a  little  embroglio,  sir  John  gives  his 
consent  to  this  match.  Now  for  Diana  : 
Harman,  a  guest  of  Oldboy's,  tells  him 
he  is  in  love,  but  that  the  father  of  the 
lady  will  not  consent  to  his  marriage. 
Oldboy  advises  him  to  elope,  lends  his 
carriage  and  horses,  and  writes  a  letter 
for  Harman,  which  he  is  to  send  to  the 
girl's  father.  Harman  follows  this  advice, 
and  elopes  with  Diana ;  but  Diana  repents, 
returns  home  unmarried,  and  craves  her 
father's  forgiveness.  The  old  colonel 
'  yields,  the  lovers  are  united,  and  Oldboy 
says  he  likes  Harman  the  better  for  his 
pluck  and  manliness. 

Lionell  {Sir),  brother  of  sir  Launce- 
lot,  son  of  Ban  king  of  Benwick 
{Brittany). 

Liones  (3  syl.),  daughter  of  sir  Per- 
saunt  of  Castle  Perilous,  where  she  was 
held  captive  by  sir  Ironside,  the  Red 
Knight  of  the  Red  Lands.  Her  sister 
Linet'  went  to  the  court  of  king  Arthur 
to  request  that  some  knight  would  under- 
take to  deliver  her  sister  from  her  oppres- 
sors; but  as  she  refused  to  give  up  the  name 
of  the  lady,  the  king  said  no  knight  of  the 
Round  Table  could  undertake  the  quest. 
(For  the  rest  of  the  tale,  see  Linet.)— 5/r 


LIRRIPER'S  LODGINGS. 


T.  Maloiy  :  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i. 
120-153  (1470). 

Li'onesse  (3  syl.),  Lyonesse,  01 
Liones,  a  tract  of  land  between  Land's 
End  and  the  Scilly  Isles,  now  submerged 
"full  forty  fathoms  under  water."  It 
formed  a  part  of  Cornwall.  Thus  sir 
Tristram  de  Lionfis  is  always  called  a 
Cornish  knight.  When  asked  his  name, 
he  tells  sir  Kay  that  he  is  sir  Tristram 
de  Lionfis ;  to  which  the  seneschal  answers, 
"  Yet  heard  I  never  in  no  place  that  any 
good  knight  came  out  of  Cornwall." — Sir 
T.  Malory  :  History  0/ Prince  Arthur,  ii. 
56  (1470),     (See  Leonesse,  p.  606.) 

(Respecting  the  knights  of  Cornwall,  sir 
Mark  the  king  of  Cornwall  had  thrown 
the  whole  district  into  bad  odour.  He 
was  false,  cowardly,  mean,  and  most 
unknightly.) 

Lir.  The  Death  of  the  Children  ofLir. 
This  is  one  of  the  three  tragic  stories  of 
the  ancient  Irish.  The  other  two  are  The 
Death  of  the  Children  of  Touran  and  The 
Death  of  the  Children  of  Usnach.  (See 
FiONNUALA,  p.  369. )  —  O'Flanghan  : 
Transactions  of  the  Gaelic  Society,  i. 

•.•  Lir  {King),  father  of  Fionnuala. 
On  the  death  of  Fingula  (the  mother  of 
his  daughter),  he  married  the  wicked 
Aoife,  who,  through  spite,  transformed 
the  children  of  Lir  into  swans,  doomed 
to  float  on  the  water  for  centuries,  till 
they  hear  the  first  mass-bell  ring.  'Tom 
Moore  has  versified  this  legend. 

Silent,  O  Moyle,  be  the  roar  of  thy  water ; 

Break  not,  ye  breezes,  your  chain  of  repose — 
While  murmuring  mournfully  Lir's  lonely  daughter 

Tells  to  the  night-star  her  t^le  of  woes. 
Moore  :  Irish  Melodies,  iv.  ("  Song  of  Fionnuala,"  1814). 

Liris,  a  proud  but  lovely  daughter  of 
the  race  of  man,  beloved  by  Rubi,  first 
of  the  angel  host.  Her  passion  was  the 
love  of  knowledge,  and  she  was  capti- 
vated by  all  her  angel  lover  told  her  ol 
heaven  and  the  works  of  God.  At  last 
she  requested  Rubi  to  appear  before  her 
in  all  his  glory,  and,  as  she  fell  into  his 
embrace,  she  was  burnt  to  ashes  by  the 
rays  which  issued  from  him. — Moore : 
Loves  of  tlie  Angels,  ii.  (1822). 

(This  is  the  tale  of  Semele,  q.v.) 

Lirriper's  Lodging's  {Mrs.),  81, 
Norfolk  Street,  Strand.  A  Christmas  tale 
told  in  All  the  Year  Round,  by  Dickens 
(1863).  It  recounts  her  troubles  with  her 
lodgers,  and  with  Miss  Wozenham,  an 
opposition  lodging-house  keeper  ;  but  the 
cream  of  the  tale  is  the  adoption  of  poor 
Jemmy  by  mayor  Jackman— his  education 


LISA. 


6i3 


LITTLE  DORRIT. 


at  home  and  his  being  sent  to  a  boarding- 
school.  It  is  an  excellent  tale.  A  sequel, 
called  Mrs.  Lirriper's  Legacy,  appeared 
in  1864. 

Lisa,  an  innkeeper's  daughter,  who 
wishes  to  marry  Elvi'no  a  wealthy  far- 
mer ;  but  El  vino  is  in  love  with  Ami'na. 
Suspicious  circumstances  make  Elvino 
renounce  his  true  love  and  promise 
marriage  to  Lisa ;  but  the  suspicion  is 
shown  to  be  causeless,  and  Lisa  is  dis- 
covered to  be  the  paramour  of  another. 
So  Elvino  returns  to  his  first  love,  and 
Lisa  is  left  to  Alessio,  with  whom  she  had 
been  living  previously. — Bellini  :  La 
Sonnambula,  an  opera  (1831). 

Lis'boa  or  Lisbo'a,  Lisbon. 

Iiisette.  Les  Infidditis  de  Lisette  and 
Les  Gueux  are  the  two  songs  which,  in 
1813,  gained  for  Bdranger  admission  to 
the  "Caveau,"  a  club  of  Paris,  estab- 
lished in  1729  and  broken  up  in  1749; 
it  was  re-established  in  1806,  and  finally 
closed  in  18 17. 

Les  Infidilitds  supposes  that  B^ranger 
loved  Lisette,  who  bestowed  her  favours 
on  sundry  admirers ;  and  B^ranger,  at 
each  new  proof  of  infidelity,  "drowned 
tiis  sorrow  in  the  bowl." 

Lisette,  ma  Lisette, 
Tu  m'as  tromp^  toiijours; 
Mais  vive  'a  grrisette  1 
Je  veux,  Lisette, 
Boire  ^  nos  amours. 

Us  Infid^UUs  de  Listtte. 

Lismalia'gfO  {Captain),  a  super- 
annuated officer  on  half-pay,  who  marries 
Miss  Tabitha  Bramble  for  the  sake  of 
her  ;^4ooo.  He  is  a  hard-featured,  for- 
bidding Scotchman,  singular  in  dress, 
eccentric  in  manners,  self-conceited, 
pedantic,  disputatious,  and  rude. 
Though  most  tenacious  in  argument,  he 
can  yield  to  Miss  Tabitha,  whom  he 
wishes  to  conciliate.  Lismahago  reminds 
one  of  don  Quixote,  but  is  sufficiently 
unlike  to  be  original. — Smollett:  The 
Expedition  of  Humphry  Clinker  (1771). 

Lissardo,  valet  to  don  Feh'x.  He  is 
a  conceited  high-life-below-stairs  fop,  who 
makes  love  to  Inis  and  Flora,— yV/r^y. 
Centlivre:  The  Wonder  {1713).  (See 
Flippanta,  p.  374.) 

Lee  Lewes [1740-1803] played  "  UsFardo  'in the  style 
of  his  great  master  [lVcod-ward\,  and  most  divertingly. 
—Boadct:  Li/eqf  Mrs.  Siddons. 

Lis'uarte  (7"^^  Exploits  and  Adven- 
tures of),  part  of  the  series  of  L^  Roman 
des  Romans,  or  that  pertaining  to 
"Am'adis  of  Gaul."  This  part  was 
added  by  Juan  Diaz. 


Literary  Forgers.  (See  Forgers 
AND  Forgeries,  p.  382.) 

Literary  Men  and  their  Wives. 

(See  Married  Men  of  Genius.) 

Literature  {Father  of  Modern 
French),  Claude  de  Seyssel  (1450-1520). 

Father  of  German  Literature,  Gotthold 
Ephraim  Lessing  (1729-1781). 

Littimer,  the  painfully  irreproach- 
able valet  of  Steerforth  ;  in  whose 
presence  David  Copperfield  feels  always 
most  uncomfortably  small.  Though  as  a 
valet  he  is  propriety  in  Sunday  best,  he  is 
nevertheless  cunning  and  deceitful.  Steer- 
forth,  tired  of  "  Little  Em'ly,"  wishes  to 
marry  her  to  Littimer  ;  but  from  this  lot 
she  is  rescued,  and  emigrates  to  Austraha. 
— Dickens  :  David  Copperfield  (1849). 

Little  [Thomas).  Thomas  Moore 
published,  in  1808,  a  volume  of  amatory 
poems  under  this  name. 

Tis  Little  1— young  Catullus  of  his  day. 
As  sweet  but  as  immoral  as  his  lay. 
Byron  :  £n£'lish  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewtrs  (1809). 

Little  Billee.  (See  Billee,  p.  120.) 

Little  Britain,  Brittany  ;  also  called 
Armor 'ica,  and  in  Arthurian  romance 
Benwicke  or  Benwick, 

N.B. — There  is  a  part  of  London  called 
"  Little  Britain."  It  lies  between  Christ's 
Hospital  (the  Blue-coat  School)  and 
Aldersgate  Street.  It  was  here  that  Mr. 
Jaggers  had  his  chambers.  (See  Jag- 
gers,  p.  538.) 

Little  Corporal  {The).  General 
Bonaparte  was  so  called  after  the  battle 
of  Lodi  in  1796,  from  his  youthful  age 
and  low  stature. 

Little  Dorrit,  the  heroine  and  title 
of  a  novel  by  C.  Dickens  (1855),  Little 
Dorrit  was  born  and  brought  up  in  the 
Marshalsea  prison,  Bermondsey,  where 
her  father  was  confined  for  debt;  and 
when  about  14  years  of  age  she  used  to 
do  needlework,  to  earn  a  subsistence  for 
herself  and  her  father.  The  child  had  a 
pale,  transparent  face ;  quick  in  expres- 
sion, though  not  beautrfui  in  feature. 
Her  eyes  were  a  soft  hazel,  and  her  figure 
slight.  The  little  dove  of  the  prison  was 
idolized  by  the  prisoners,  and  when  she 
walked  out,  every  man  in  Bermondsey 
who  passed  her  touched  or  took  off  his 
hat  out  of  respect  to  her  good  works  and 
active  benevolence.  Her  father,  coming 
into  a  property,  was  set  free  at  length, 
and  Little  Dorrit  married  Arthur  Clen 


LITTLE-ENDIANS,  ETC 


619     LITTLE  RED  RIDING-HOOD. 


nam,  the  marriage  service  being  cele- 
brated in  the  Marshalsea,  by  the  prison 
chaplain. 

Little-Endians  and  Big-En- 
diaus,  two  religious  factions,  which 
waged  incessant  war  with  each  other  on 
the  right  interpretation  of  the  fifty- 
fourth  chapter  of  the  Blun'decral :  "  All 
true  believers  break  their  eggs  at  the  con- 
venient end."  The  godfather  of  Calin 
Deffar  Plune,  the  reigning  emperor  of 
Lilliput,  happened  to  cut  his  finger  while 
breaking  his  egg  at  the  ii^  end,  and 
therefore  commanded  all  faithful  Lilli- 
putians to  break  their  eggs  in  future  at 
the  sma//  end.  The  Blefuscudians  called 
this  decree  rank  heresy,  and  determined 
to  exterminate  the  believers  of  such  an 
abominable  practice  from  the  face  of  the 
earth.  Hundreds  of  treatises  were  pub- 
lished on  both  sides,  but  each  empire  put 
all  ihose  books  opposed  to  its  own  views 
into  the  /ndex  Expurgatorius,  and  not  a 
few  of  the  more  zealous  sort  died  as 
martyrs  for  daring  to  follow  their  private 
judgment  in  the  matter. — Swift:  Gulli- 
ver's Travels  ("Voyage  to  Lilliput," 
1726). 

Xiittle  Fleas  have  Lesser  Para- 
sites. Swift,  in  his  Rhapsody  on  Poetry, 
wrote — 

So  naturalists  observe,  a  flea 
Has  smaller  fleas  that  on  him  prey 
And  these  have  smaller  still  to  bite  'em. 
And  so  proceed  ad  infinitum. 

Little  French  Lawyer  [The],  a 
comedy  by  Beaumont  (?)  and  Fletcher 
(1647).  The  person  so  called  is  La 
Writ,  a  wrangling  French  advocate. 

(Beaumont  died  1616.) 

Little  Gentleman  in  Velvet  [To 

the),  a  favourite  Jacobite  toast  in  the 
reign  of  queen  Anne.  The  reference  is  to 
the  mole  that  raised  the  hill  against  which 
the  horse  of  Willian  III.  stumbled  while 
riding  in  the  park  of  Hampton  Court.  By 
this  accident  the  king  broke  his  collar- 
bone, a  severe  illness  ensued,  and  he  died 
early  in  1702. 

Little  John  (whose  surname  was 
Nailor),  the  Jidus  AchatSs  of  Robin 
Hood,  He  could  shoot  an  arrow  a 
measured  mile  and  somewhat  more.  So 
could  Robin  Hood  ;  but  no  other  man 
ever  lived  who  could  perform  the  same 
feat.  In  one  of  the  Robin  Hood  ballads 
we  are  told  that  the  name  of  this  free- 
shooter  was  John  Little,  and  that  William 
Stutely,  in  merry  mood,  reversed  the 
names. 


"O,  here  Is  my  hand,"  the  strang-er  replyed  ; 

"111  serve  you  with  all  my  whole  heart. 
My  name  is  John  Little,  a  man  of  good  mettle ; 

Ne'er  doubt  me,  for  I'll  play  my  part." 
He  was,  I  must  tell  you,  full  seven  foot  high. 

And  maybe  an  ell  in  the  waste  .  ,  . 
Brave  Stutely  said  then  .  .  . 
"  This  infant  was  called  John  IJttle,"  quoth  he; 

"  Which  name  shall  be  changed  anon  : 
The  words  we'll  transpose,  so  wherever  he  gfoes 

His  name  shall  be  called  Uttle  John." 
Ritson  :  Robin  Hood  Ballads,  ii.  21  (before  1689). 

(A  bow  (says  Ritson)  which  belonged 
to  Little  John,  with  the  name  Naylor  on 
it,  is  now  in  the  possession  of  a  gentleman 
in  the  west  riding  of  Yorkshire.) 

Scott  has  introduced  Little  John  In  Tht  Talisman 
(time,  Richard  I.). 

Little  John  [Hugh).  John  Hugh 
Lockhart,  grandson  of  sir  Walter  Scott, 
is  so  called  by  sir  Walter  in  his  Tales  of 
a  Grandfather,  written  for  his  grandson. 

Little  Marlborough,  count  von 
Schwerin,  a  Prussian  field-marshal  and  a 
companion  of  the  duke  of  Marlborough 
(1684-1757). 

Little  Nell,  a  child  distinguished  for 
her  purity  of  character,  though  living  in 
the  imidst  of  selfishness,  impurity,  and 
crime.  She  was  brought  up  by  her 
grandfather,  who  was  in  his  dotage  and, 
having  lost  his  property,  tried  to  eke  out 
a  narrow  living  by  selling  lumber  or 
curiosities.  At  length,  through  terror  of 
Quilp,  the  old  man  and  his  grandchild 
stole  away,  and  led  a  vagrant  life,  the 
one  idea  of  both  being  to  get  as  far  as 
possible  from  the  reach  of  Quilp,  They 
finally  settled  down  in  a  cottage  overlook- 
ing a  country  churchyard,  where  Nell 
died. — Dickens  :  The  Old  Curiosity  Shop 
(1840). 

Little  Feddlingfton,  an  imaginary 
place,  the  village  of  quackery  and  cant, 
egotism  and  humbug,  affectation  and 
flattery. — Poole:  Little  Peddlington. 

Little  Queen,  Isabella  of  Valois, 
who  was  married  at  the  age  of  eight 
years  to  Richard  II.  of  England,  and  was 
a  widow  at  13  years  of  age  (1387-1410). 

Little  Red  Ridingf-Hood  [Le  Petit 
Chaperon  Rouge),  from  Les  Contes  of 
Charles  Perrault  (1697).  Ludwig  Tieck 
reproduced  the  same  tale  in  his  Volks- 
marchen  (Popular  Stories),  in  1795, 
under  the  German  title  Leben  und  Tod  des 
Kleinen  Rothkappchen.  A  little  girl  takes 
a  present  to  her  grandmother;  but  a 
wolf  has  assumed  the  place  of  the  old 
woman,  and,  when  the  child  gets  into 
bed,  devours  her.  The  brothers  Grimm 
have  reproduced  this  tale  in  German,    Id 


LITTLEJOHN. 

the  Swedish  version,  Red  Riding- Hood  is 
a  young  woman,  who  takes  refuge  in  a 
tree,  the  wolf  gnaws  the  tree,  and  the 
lover  arrives  just  in  time  to  see  his 
mistress  devoured  by  the  monster. 

"  O  grandmama,  what  great  eyes  you  have  got !  " 
"The  better  to  see  you  with,  my  little  dear.  "O 
erandmama,  what  great  ears  you  have  got ! "  "  The 
better  to  hear  you  with,  my  little  dear.  *'0  g^and- 
mama,  what  a  great  mouth  you  have  got  1  "  "  The 
better  to  eat  you  up,  ray  little  dear,"  and  so  saying  .  . . 

Iiittlejohn  [Bailie),  a  magistrate  at 
Fairport. — Sir  W.  Scott :  The  Antiquary 
(time,  George  III.). 

Live  to  Please  ...  Dr.  Johnson,  in 
the  prologue  spoken  by  Garrick  at  the 
opening  of  Drury  Lane,  in  1747,  says — 

The  drama's  laws  the  drama's  patrons  give, 
For  we  that  live  to  please  must  please  to  live. 

Liviug'stone  [Guy],  a  novel  by 
George  A.  Lawrence. 

Livy  [The  Protestant),  John  Sleidan 
of  Cologne,  who  wrote  a  History  of  the 
Reformation  in  Germany  {1506-1556). 

Iiivy  [The  Russian),  Nicholas  Mi- 
chaelovitch  Karamzin  (1765-1826). 

Livy  of  France,  Juan  de  Mariana 
(1537-1624). 

Livy  of  Portugal,  Jo4o  de  Barros 
(1496-1570). 

Lizard.  (See  "Lizard"  under  the 
heading  of  Superstitions.) 

Lizard  Islands,  fabulous  islands, 
where  damsels,  outcast  from  the  rest  of 
the  world,  find  a  home  and  welcome. — 
Torquemada:  Garden  of  Flowers. 

Lizai'd  Point  (Cornwall),  a  corrup- 
tion of  Lazar's  Point,  being  a  place  of 
retirement  for  lazars  or  lepers. 

Lla'ian,  the  unwed  mother  of  prince 
Hoel.  His  father  was  prince  Hoel,  the 
illegitimate  son  of  king  Owen  of  North 
Wales.  Hoel  the  father  was  slain  in  battle 
by  his  half-brother  David,  successor  to 
the  throne ;  and  Llaian,  with  her  young 
son,  also  called  Hoel,  accompanied  prince 
Madoc  to  America. — Southey  :  Madoc 
{1805). 

Llewellyn,  son  of  Yorwerth,  and 
grandson  of  Owen  king  of  North  Wales. 
Yorwerth  was  the  eldest  son,  but  was 
set  aside  because  he  had  a  blemish  in  the 
face,  and  his  half-brother  David  was 
king.  David  began  his  reign  by  killing 
or  banishing  all  the  family  of  his  father 
who  might  disturb  his  succession. 
Amongst  those  he  killed  was  Yorwerth, 


620     LOCAL  DESIGNATIONS,  ETC. 

in  consequence  of  which  Llewellyn  re- 
solved to  avenge  his  father's  death  ;  and 
his  hatred  against  his  uncle  was  un- 
bounded.— Southey:  Madoc  [\%o^. 

"  Blemish  ..."  see  KiNGSHIP. 

Llewellyn's  Dog.     (See  Gelert, 
p.  410.) 
Lloyd  with  an  "  L." 

One  morning,  a  Welsh  coach-maker  came  with  his  bill 
to  my  lord  [i/ie  earl  0/ Brent/orii].  "  You  are  called,  I 
think,  Mr.  Lloyd?"  "At  your  lordship's  service,  my 
lord."  "What!  Lloyd  witii  an  'L'?''^  It  was  with 
an  "  L."  "  In  your  part  ol  the  world  I  have  heard  that 
Lloyd  and  FUoyd  are  synonymous ;  is  it  so  f  "  inquired 
his  lordship.  "Very  often,  indeed,  my  lord,"  was  the 
reply.  "  You  say  that  you  spell  your  name  with  an 
'  L'?"  "Always,  my  lord."  "  That,  Mr.  Lloyd,  is  a 
little  unlucky;  for  I  am  paying  my  debts  alphabeti- 
cally, and  in  four  or  five  years  you  might  have  come  in 
with  the  '  F's " ;  but  I  am  afraid  I  can  give  you  no 
hopes  fo"-  your  '  L.'  Good  morning.'* — Foott :  The 
Lame  Lover. 

Lloyd's  Books,  two  enormous 
ledger-looking  volumes,  raised  on  desks 
at  right  and  left  of  the  entrance  to  Lloyd's 
Rooms.  These  books  give  the  principal 
arrivals,  and  all  losses  by  wreck,  fire,  or 
other  accident  at  sea.  The  entries  are 
written  in  a  fine,  bold,  Roman  hand, 
legible  to  all  readers. 

Lloyd's  List  is  a  London  periodical, 
in  which  the  shipping  news  received  at 
Lloyd's  Rooms  is  regularly  published. 

L.  N.  R.,  initialism  of  Mrs.  Raynard, 
authoress  of  The  Book  and  Its  Story,  The 
Missing  Link,  etc.     Died  1879. 

Loathly  Lady  [The),  a  hideous 
creature,  whom  sir  Gaw'ain  marries,  and 
who  immediately  becomes  a  most  beau- 
tiful woman. —  The  Marriage  of  Sir 
Gawain  (a  ballad). 

The  walls  .  .  .  were  clothed  with  grim  old  tapestry, 
representing  the  memorable  story  of  sir  Gawains 
wedding  .  .  .  with  the  Loathly  Lady.— 5»>  H^.  Scott. 

Loba'ba,  one  of  the  sorcerers  in 
the  caverns  of  Dom-Daniel,  "under  the 
roots  of  the  ocean."  These  spirits  were 
destined  to  be  destroyed  by  one  of  the  race 
of  Hodeirah,  and,  therefore,  they  perse- 
cuted the  whole  of  that  race  even  to  death. 
(For  the  sequel  of  the  tale,  see  Mohareb.) 
— Southey:  Thalaba  the  Destroyer  (1797). 

Local  Designations  and  Lan« 
cashire  Manufactiires,  etc. 

ASH'N  [Ashton-under-Lyne],y*//oa/j  or/ellys, 

BOWTON  [Bolton],  Billy  or  trotters. 

BOWDEN  [CheihireJ  downs  [i.e.  potatoes). 

BURY,  muffers. 

BURY,  cymblins. 

CHEADLE,  swingers  (a  peculiar  coat). 

CONGLETON,  points. 

ECCLES,  cakes. 

EVERTON,  toffeys. 

Glasgow,  cations. 
Gorton,  buii-dogs. 
Liverpool,  gentlemin. 
London,  gents. 


LOCHABER. 

Manchester,  mtn. 
Manchester,  cottons. 
MIDDLETON,  moones. 
Nottingham,  lamhs. 

ORMSKIRK,  ^ingerbriatL 
OwdaN  [Oldham],  chaps. 
PAISLEY,  bodies. 
Radcliffe,  napers. 
Rochdale,  ga-wbies. 
STRETFORD,  blackpuddinza. 
Warrington,  aU. 

Mancltester  Gutirdian. 

Lochalier  {Farewell  to),  a  song  by 
Allan  Ramsay,  set  to  music  for  three 
voices  by  Dr.  Chalcott. 

Farewell  to  Locha'ber,  and  firewell  to  Jean  \yeen\ 
Where  heartsome  with  thee  I  have  many  days  been. 
These  tears  that  I  shed  are  all  for  my  dear, 
And  not  for  the  dangers  attending  on  war ; 
Though  borne  on  rough  seas  to  a  far-distant  shore, 
Maybe  to  return  to  Lochaber  no  more  J 

Lochaw.  It's  a  far  cry  to  Lochaw ; 
i.e.  his  lands  are  very  extensive.  Lochaw 
was  the  original  seat  of  the  Campbells ; 
and  so  extensive  were  their  possessions, 
that  no  cry  or  challenge  could  reach  from 
one  end  of  them  to  the  other.  Meta- 
phorically, it  means — the  subject  following 
has  no  connection,  or  a  remote  one,  with 
the  subject  just  mentioned. 

Lochiel'  (2  syl.).  Sir  Evan  Cameron, 
lord  of  Lochiel,  sumamed  "The  Black" 
and  "  The  Ulysses  of  the  Highlands," 
died  1719.  His  son,  called  "The  Gentle 
Lochiel,"  is  the  one  referred  to  by  Thomas 
Campbell  in  LochieTs  Warning.  He 
fought  in  the  battle  of  Cullo'den  for  prince 
Charles,  the  Young  Pretender  (1746). 

Lochiel,  Lochiel,  beware  of  the  day 
When  the  Lowlands  shall  meet  thee  in  battle  array  I 
For  a  field  of  the  dead  rushes  red  on  my  sight. 
And  the  clans  of  Cullo'den  are  scattered  in  tight. 
Campbell:  LochieCs  Warninz. 
And  Cameron,  in  the  shock  of  steel. 
Die  like  the  offspring  of  Lochiel. 

Sir  IV.  Scott:  Field  o/lVaterleo. 

Lochinvar',  a  young  Highlander, 
in  love  with  a  lady  at  Netherby  Hall 
(condemned  to  marry  a  "  laggard  in 
love  and  a  dastard  in  war ").  Her 
young  chevalier  induced  the  too-willing 
lassie  to  be  his  partner  in  a  dance  ;  and, 
while  the  guests  were  intent  on  their 
amusements,  swimg  her  into  his  saddle 
and  made  off  with  her  before  the  bride- 
groom could  recover  from  his  amaze- 
ment.— Sir  W.  Scott:  Marmion  {1808). 

Lochleveu  ( Tlie  lady  of),  mother  of 
the  regent  Murray.— 5?y  W.  Scott:  The 
Abbot  (time,  Elizabeth). 

(Michael  Bruce  wrote  a  descriptive 
poem  in  blank  verse,  called  Lochleven, 
which  was  published  in  1770. ) 

Iiochlin,  the  Gaelic  name  for  Scan- 
dinavia, It  generally  means  Denmark. 
—Ossian:  Fingal. 


C2t 


LODA. 


Lockit,  the  jailer  in  Gay's  Beggar*s 
Opera.  He  was  an  inhuman  brute,  who 
refused  to  allow  captain  Macheath  any 
more  candles  in  his  cell,  and  threatened  to 
clap  on  extra  fetters,  unless  he  supplied 
him  with  more  "garnish"  [jail fees). 
Lockit  loaded  his  prisoners  with  fetters 
in  inverse  proportion  to  the  fees  which 
they  paid,  ranging  "from  one  guinea  to 
ten."  (See  Lucy.)— Gay.-  The  Beggar's 
Opera  (1727). 

The  quarrel  between  Peachum  and  LocVit  was  an 
allusion  to  a  personal  collision  between  Walpole  and 
his  colleague  lord  Townsend.— ^.  Chambers:  English 
Literature,  i.  S7i. 

Locksley,  In  Nottinghamshire,  the 
b;rthplace  of  Robin  Hood. 


In  Locksly  town,  in  merry  Nottinghamshire, 

In  merry,  sweet  Locksly  town. 
There  bold  Robin  Hood  was  born  and  was  bred. 


Bold  Robin  of  famous  renown. 

Ritson  :  Robin  Hood,  il  i  (1795). 

Locksley,  alias  "  Robin  Hood,"  an 
archer  at  the  tournament  (ch.  xiii. ). 
Said  to  have  been  the  name  of  the  village 
where  the  outlaw  was  born.— Sir  W, 
Scott:  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  L). 

Locksley  Hall.  The  lord  of  Locks- 
ley  Hall  loves  his  cousin  Amy,  but  Amy, 
at  her  father's  instigation,  marries  a  rich 
clown.  The  lord  of  Locksley  Hall,  in- 
dignant, says  he  will  leave  Europe,  where 
all  are  slaves  to  gold,  and  marry  some 
iron-jointed  savage ;  but  on  reflection  he 
says  there  can  be  no  sympathy  of  mind 
in  such  a  union  ;  and  he  resolves  to  con- 
tinue at  Locksley  Hall,  for  "better  fifty 
years  of  Europe  than  a  cycle  of  Cathay." 
— Tennyson  :  Locksley  Hall. 

Locriu  (2  syl.),  father  of  Sabri'na,  and 
eldest  son  of  the  mythical  Brutus  king  of 
ancient  Britain.  On  the  death  of  his 
father,  Lccrin  became  king  of  Loe'gria 
{England). — Geoffrey:  Brit.  Hist.,  ii.  5. 

Locnsta,  a  by-word  of  infamy.  She 
lived  in  the  early  part  of  the  Roman 
empire.  Locusta  poisoned  Claudius  and 
Britannicus,  and  attempted  to  destroy 
Nero,  but,  being  found  out,  was  put  to 
death. 

Loda  or  Cmtli-Loda,  a  Scandi- 
navian god,  which  dwelt  "on  the  misty 
top  of  U-thomo  ...  the  house  of  the 
spirits  of  men."  Fingal  did  not  worship 
at  the  "stone  of  this  power,"  but  looked 
on  it  as  hostile  to  himself  and  friendly 
to  his  foes.  Hence,  when  Loda  appeared 
to  him  on  one  occasion,  Fingal  knew  it 
was  with  no  friendly  intent,  and  with  his 
sword  he  cleft  the  intrenchant  spirit  ia 


LODBROG. 


623 


LOGRIS. 


twain.  Whereupon  it  uttered  a  terrible 
shriek,  which  made  the  island  tremble ; 
and,  "rolling  itself  up,  rose  upon  the 
wings  of  the  wind,"  and  departed.  (See 
Mars  Wounded.) — Ossian  :  Carric- 
Thura. 

(In  Oina-Morul,  "  Loda  "  seems  to  be  a 
place — 

They  stretch  their  hands  to  the  shells  in  Loda.) 

IiOdbrogf,  king  of  Denmark  (eighth 
century),  famous  for  his  wars  and  vic- 
tories. He  was  also  an  excellent  scald 
or  bard,  like  Ossian.  Falling  into  the 
hands  of  his  enemies,  he  was  cast  into 
jail,  and  devoured  by  serpents. 

ILod^ingf.  "My  lodging  is  on  the 
cold  ground." — Rhodes:  Bombastes  Fu- 
rioso  {ijgo). 

IiOdois'ka  (4  syl.),  a  beautiful  Polish 
princess,  in  love  with  count  Floreski.  She 
is  the  daughter  of  prince  Lupauski,  who 
places  her  under  the  protection  of  a  friend 
{baron  Lovinski)  during  a  war  between 
the  Poles  and  Tartars.  Here  her  lover 
finds  her  a  prisoner  at  large  ;  but  the 
baron  seeks  to  poison  him.  At  this  crisis, 
the  Tartars  arrive  and  invade  the  castle. 
The  baron  is  killed,  the  lady  released,  and 
all  ends  happily. — y.  P.  Kemble  :  Lodo- 
iska  (a  melodrame). 

Iiodo'zia,  a  nymph,  fond  of  the  chase. 
One  day.  Pan  saw  her,  and  tried  to  catch 
her  ;  but  she  fled,  and  implored  Cynthia 
to  save  her.  Her  prayer  was  heard,  and 
she  was  instantly  converted  into  "  a  silver 
stream,  which  ever  keeps  its  virgin  cool- 
ness." Lodona  is  an  affluent  of  the 
Thames. — Pope  :   Windsor  Forest  (1713). 

Iiodore  {2  syl.),  a  cataract  three  miles 
from  Greta  Hall,  Keswick,  rendered 
famous  by  Southey's  piece  of  word- 
painting  called  Tfie  Cataract  of  Lodore 
(1820).  This  and  Edgar  Poe's  Ddls  are 
the  best  pieces  of  word-painting  in  the 
language,  at  least  of  a  similar  length. 

Iiodovi'co,  kinsman  to  Brabantio  the 
father  of  Desdemona.  —  Shakespeare  : 
Othello  (i6ii). 

Lodovico  and  Fiso,  two  cowardly 
gulls.  —  Beaumont  and  Fletcher  :  The 
Captain  (1613). 

Lodowick,  the  name  assumed  by  the 
duke  of  Vienna,  when  he  retired  for  a 
while  from  State  affairs,  and  dressed  as  a 
friar,  to  watch  the  carrying  out  of  a  law 
recently  enforced  against  prostitution. — 
Shakespeare:  Measure  for  Measure  ( 1603). 


Loe'gria  {4  syl.),  England,  the  king- 
dom of  Logris  or  Locrine,-  eldest  son  of 
Brute  the  mythical  king  of  Britain. 

Thus  Cambria  \lVaUs\  to  her  ri^ht  that  would  herself 

restore, 
And  rather  than  to  lose  Loegrria,  looks  for  more. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  It.  (I6I9^ 
II  est  rfcrit  qu'il  est  une  heure. 


Ou  tout  le  royaume  de  Logres, 
_  li  jadis  fut  la 
Sera  ditruit  par  cette  lance. 


Quijadis  fut  la  terre  fts  ogres 
sra  (fitruit  par  cette  lance. 
Chretien  cU  Troycs  :  ParzivaHuTo) . 

Lofty,  a  detestable  prig,  always  boast- 
ing of  his  intimacy  with  people  of  quality. 
— Goldsmith:  The  Good-natu*-ed  Man 
(1767). 

Lofty  {Sir  Thomas),  a  caricature  of 
lord  Melcombe.  Sir  Thomas  is  a  man 
utterly  destitute  of  all  capacity,  yet  sets 
himself  up  for  a  Mecasnas  ;  and  is  well 
sponged  by  needy  scribblers,  who  p!y 
him  with  fulsome  dedications. — Foote : 
The  Patron  (1764). 

Logf  {King),  a  roi  fainiant.  The 
frogs  prayed  to  Jove  to  send  them  a  king, 
and  the  god  threw  a  log  into  the  pool, 
the  splash  of  which  terribly  alarmed  them 
for  a  time  ;  but  they  soon  learnt  to  de- 
spise a  monax'-.h  who  allowed  them  to 
jump  upon  its  back,  and  never  resented 
their  famiharities.  The  croakers  com- 
plained to  Jove  for  sending  them  so 
worthless  a  king,  and  prayed  him  to  send 
one  more  active  and  imperious  ;  so  he 
sent  them  a  stork,  which  devoured  them. 
— ^sop's  Fah'',s.     (See  Stork.) 

Logic  {Bol),  the  Oxonian,  in  Pierce 
Egan's  Life  in  London  (1824). 

Logistilla,  a  good  fairy,  sister  of 
Alci'na  the  sorceress.  She  taught  Rug- 
gie'ro  (3  syl.)  to  manage  the  hippogriff, 
and  gave  Astolpho  a  magic  book  and  horn. 
Logistilla  is  human  reason  personified. — 
Ariosto:  Orlando  Furioso  {ie^i6). 

Logothete  {The),  or  chancellor  of 
the  Grecian  empire. — Sir  IV.  Scott: 
Count  Robert  of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Logres  (2  syl.).  England  is  so  called 
from  Logris  or  Locrine,  eldest  son  of  the 
mythical  king  Brute. 

.  .  .  le  royaume  de  Logres, 
Qui  jadis  fut  fa  terre  fcs  ogfres, 

ChrMen  de  Troyes  :  Parztval  {ttjo}. 

Logria,  England.     (See  Logres.) 
Logiris  or  Locris,  same  as  Locrin  or 

Locrine,  eldest  son  of  Brute  the  mythical 

king  of  Britain. 
Logris,  England. 

T  am  banished  out  of  the  country  of  Logris  for  ever; 
:hat  is  to  say,  out  of  the  countrj'  of  England.— Si>  T, 
Malory:  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  iii.  19  (1470J. 


LOHENGRIN. 


623 


LONGEVITY. 


Lohengfrin,  "  Knight  of  the  Swan," 
son  of  Parzival.  He  came  to  Brabante 
in  a  ship  drawn  by  a  swan  ;  and,  having 
hberated  the  duchess  Elsen  who  was  a 
captive,  he  married  her,  but  declined  to 
reveal  his  name.  Not  long  after  this,  he 
went  against  the  Huns  and  Saracens, 
performed  marvels  of  bravery,  and  re- 
turned to  Germany  covered  with  glory. 
Elsen,  being  laughed  at  by  her  friends  for 
not  knowing  the  name  of  her  hlisband, 
resolved  to  ask  him  of  his  family ;  but  no 
sooner  had  she  done  so  than  the  white 
swan  reappeared  and  carried  him  away. 
—  Wolfram  von  Eschenbach  (a  minne- 
singer, thirteenth  century). 

L'Oiseleur  ["  the  bird-catcher  "\  the 
person  who  plays  the  magic  flute. — Mo- 
zart:  Die  Zauberjlote  [ijgj.). 

Loki,  the  god  of  strife  and  spirit  of  all 
evil.  His  wife  is  Angerbode  (4  syl.),  i.e. 
"  messenger  of  wrath,"  and  his  three  sons 
are  Fenris,  Midgard,  and  Hela,  Loki 
gave  the  blind  god  Hoder  an  arrow  of 
mistletoe,  and  told  him  to  try  it ;  so  the 
bhnd  Hoder  discharged  the  arrow  and 
slew  Baldr  (the  Scandinavian  Apollo). 
This  calamity  was  so  grievous  to  the  gods, 
that  they  unanimously  agreed  to  restore 
him  to  hfe  again. — Scandinavian  My- 
thology.   (See  Lamech's  Song,  p.  588. ) 

Lokman,  an  Arabian  contemporary 
with  David  and  Solomon,  Noted  for  his 
Fables. 

Lolah,  one  of  the  three  beauties  of  the 
harem  into  which  don  Juan  in  female 
disguise  was  admitted.  She  "was  dusk 
as  India  and  as  warm,"  The  other  two 
were  Katin'ka  and  Dudii. — Byron  :  Don 
Juan,  vi.  40,  41  (1824). 

Lollius,  an  author  often  referred  to 
by  writers  of  the  Middle  Ages,  but  pro- 
bably a  "  Mrs.  Harris  "  of  Kennahtwhar, 

LoUius,  if  a  writer  of  that  name  existed  at  all,  was  a 
somewhat  somewhere.— Co/<ri(^^*. 

laondon,  a  poem  by  Dr.  Johnson,  in 
imitation  of  the  Third  Satire  of  Juvenal 
{1738). 

London  Antiquary  {A).  John 
Camden  Hotten  published  his  Dictionary 
of  Modern  Slang,  etc. ,  under  this  pseu- 
donym. 

London  Bridge  is  Built  on 
Woolpacks.  In  the  reign  of  Henry 
II.,  Pious  Peter,  a  chaplain  of  St.  Mary 
Colechurch,  in  the  Poultry,  built  a  stone 
bridge  in  lieu  of  the  wooden  one  which 


had  been  destroyed  by  fire.  The  king 
helped  him  by  a  tax  on  wool,  and  hence 
the  saying  referred  to  above. 

London  Spy  (The),  by  Ned  Ward 
(1698- 1700).  (See  Old  and  New  London, 
vol,  i.  p.  423.) 

Long  [Tom),  the  hero  of  an  old 
popular  tale  entitled  The  Merry  Conceits 
of  Tom  Long  the  Carrier,  etc. 

Longf  Feter,  Peter  Aartsen,  the 
Flemish  painter.  He  was  so  called  from 
his  extraordinary  height  (1507-1573). 

Long-Sword  (Richard),  son  of  the 
"fair  Rosamond"  and  Henry  II,  His 
brother  was  Geoffroy  archbishop  of 
York. 

Lonj^-sword,  the  brave  son  of  beauteous  Rosamond. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xviii.  (1613). 

Long-Sword,  William  I,  of  Nor- 
tiandy,  son  of  RoUo,  assassinated  by  the 
count  of  Flanders  (920-943). 

Long  Tom  Coffin,  a  sailor  of  heroic 
character  and  most  amiable  disposition, 
introduced  by  Fenimore  Cooper  of  New 
York  in  his  novel  called  The  Pilot  (1823). 
Fitzball  has  dramatized  the  story. 

Longaville  (3  syl.),  a  young  lord 
attending  on  Ferdinand  king  of  Navarre, 
He  promises  to  spend  three  years  in  study 
with  the  king,  during  which  time  no 
woman  is  to  approach  the  court  ;  but  no 
sooner  has  he  signed  the  compact  than 
he  falls  in  love  with  Maria,  When  he 
proposes  to  her,  she  defers  his  suit  for 
twelve  months,  and  she  promises  to 
change  her  "  black  gown  for  a  faithful 
friend  "  if  he  then  remains  of  the  same 
mind. 

A  man  of  sovereign  parts  he  is  esteemed  ; 

Well  fitted  in  arts,  glorious  in  arms : 

Nothing  becomes  him  ill ;  that  he  would  well. 

The  only  soil  of  his  fair  virtue's  gloss  .  .  . 

Is  a  sharp  wit  matched  with  too  blunt  a  will  ; 

Whose  edge  .  .  ,  none  spares  that  come  within  his 

power. 
Shakespeare  :  Love's  Labour's  Lost,  act  iL  sc.  i  (1594). 

Longchamp,  bishop  of  Ely,  high 
justiciary  of  England  during  the  absence 
of  king  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion. — Sir  IV. 
Scott :  The  Talisman  (time,  Richard  I, ). 

Longevity.  Lord  Bacon  cites  the 
cases  of  persons  who  have  died  between 
the  ages  of  150  and  160  years,  and  asserts 
that  the  citations  rest  on  the  most  satis- 
factory evidence. 

IT  The  Manchester  Iris  (October  11, 
1823)  speaks  of  a  couple  then  "living," 
the  husband  128  and  the  wife  126  years 
of  age,  (See  Notes  and  Queries,  February 
21,  1891,  p.  144.) 


LONGEVITY. 


624 


LONNA. 


The  following  is  a  list  of  persons  of  note 
in  Great  Britain,  who  have  exceeded  100 
years  : — 

(i)  BOWELS  (yaw^fjl.ofKillingrworth, Warwickshire, 
died  November,  1756,  at  the  age  of  153. 

(2)  Carn  {Thomas),  according  to  the  parish  register 
of  St.  Leonard's  Church,  Shropshire,  died  January  22, 
1388,  at  the  age  of  207  !  1  If  this  entry  is  correct,  he 
was  born  in  the  age  of  Richard  II.,  and  died  in  that  of 
Elizabeth. 

(3)  Catharine,  countess  of  Desmond  (fifteenth 
century),  died  at  the  age  of  140. 

(4)  EVANS  {Henry),  a  Welshman,  died  at  the  age  of 
129  (1642-1771). 

(5)  Finch  {Jifarg-arei)  died  at  the  age  of  109.  (See 
MARGARET  FINCH.) 

(6)  Gibson  {Margaret)  died  at  the  age  of  136  or  141. 
(See  MARGARET  GIBSON.) 

(7)  Hastings  (Henry),  Charles  I.'s  forester,  died  at 
the  age  of  102  (1537-1639)- 

(8)  Laugher  {Thomas),  of  Markley,  Worcester- 
shire, died  at  the  age  of  107  (1700-1807). 

His  mother  reached  the  age  of  108. 

(9)  LUFKIN  ( The  Rev.)  died  at  the  age  of  iti,  and 
was  rector  of  Offord  57  years  (1621-1678).  He  did 
*'  duty  "  to  the  last,  and  preached  the  Sunday  before 
his  death. — Parish  Register. 

(10)  Jenkins  {Henry)  died  at  the  age  of  169  (1591- 
1670,  (JctoberS). 

Ufland,  professor  of  medicine  in  Jena  University, 
investigated  this  case. 

(11)  KiRTON  {George),  of  Yorkshire,  died  at  the 
age  of  125.  (See  Notes  and  QuerUs,  January  28,  1893, 
D.  66.) 

(12)  MACKLIN  or  MACLaughlin  (Chaj-les),  play- 
wright and  actor,  died  at  the  age  of  107  (1690-1797). 

(13)  Va.'RR  {Thomas),  of  Atterbury,  in  Shropshire,  an 
a_rricultural  labourer,  died  at  the  age  of  152  (1483-1635). 
H ;  married  his  second  wife  when  he  was  122  years  old, 
aiid  had  a  son.  Old  Parr  lived  in  the  reigns  of  ten 
sovereigns. 

There  were  four  others  of  the  same  family,  the 
youngest  of  whom  died  at  the  age  of  123  ;  and  what  is 
still  more  marvellous  is  that  his  son-in-law,  John  Newell, 
also  reached  the  age  of  127. 

F  (14)  Patten  or  Batten  (Margaret),  of  Glasgow, 
died  at  the  age  of  134  (1603-1737).  She  was  buried  at 
St.  Margaret's,  Westminster  ;  and  a  portrait  of  her  was 
hung  at  St.  Margaret's  Workhouse. 

(is)  scrimshaw  (yane)  died  at  the  age  of  127 
(1584-171X).   She  lived  m  the  reigns  of  eight  sovereigns. 

The  next  two  are  from  tablets  in  St.  Andrew's 
Church,  Shiffnal,  Salop— 

(16)  Wakley  (VVilliam)  died  at  the  age  of  124.  He 
was  baptized  at  Idsall,  otherwise  Shiffnal,  May  i,  1590, 
and  was  buried  at  Adbaston,  November  28,  1714.  He 
lived  in  the  reigns  of  eight  sovereigns. 

(17)  "iTATES  (Mary),  wife  of  Joseph  Yates  of  Lizard 
Common,  Shiffnal,  died  at  the  age  of  127  (1649-1776, 
August  7).  She  walked  to  London  just  after  the  Great 
Fire  of  1666 ;  and  she  married  her  third  husband  when 
sh  ;  was  92  years  of  age. 

Almost  all  tliese  persons  lived  in  the  sixteenth  and 
seventeenth  centuries,  and  from  what  I  have  seen  of 
these  eariy  registers,  the  entries  are  neither  uniform 
mr  regular.  The  present  Registration  Act  did  not 
come  into  operation  till  1874.  With  the  present  registers 
in  duplicate,  it  would  be  well-nigh  impossible  to  make 
a  mistake  of  laaptism  or  death. 

Longevity  in  France. 

On  the  tenth  anniversary  of  the  taking  of  the  Bastile 
(July  14, 1799),  the  First  Consul  admitted  into  the  HOtel 
des  InvaUdes  two  new  members,  one  of  whom  was  106 
and  the  other  X07  years  of  age. 

BeaupriN  (Dr.)  married,  at  the  age  of  80,  his  second 
wife,  by  whom  he  had  16  children  1  He  died  at  the  age 
of  117  (A.n.  180S). 

DUFOU  iiNET  (Dr.)  also  married,  at  the  age  of  80,  his 
second  wifu  (A.D.  x8io),  and  died  at  the  age  of  xao 
(A.D.  x8so). 

Jacob  (The  patriarch)  entered  the  French  As- 
sembly, October  28,  1779.  He  was  then  120  years  of 
age,  and  aU  the  members  rose  instantly  to  salute  and 
receive  hiia. 


Longevity  in  Germany,  Austria,  etc. 

TUISCO,  a  German  prince  (according  to  Tacitusj, 
lived  to  the  age  of  175  In  Danzic,  we  are  told,  a 
person  reached  the  age  of  184 ;  in  Salzberg,  George 
WUNDER  died  (Decemlier  12,  1761)  at  the  age  of  186. 
The  case  was  searched  into  by  Dr.  Ufland,  of  Prussia, 
who  was  satisfied  with  the  evidence  brought  forward. 
In  1840  a  person  died  in  Wallachia  at  the  age  of  184. 

Longevity  in  the  Roman  empire. 

When  Vespasian  was  emperor,  in  a  census  made  A.D. 

74,  the  following  statement  is  made  of  persons  from  100 

years  of  age  and  upwards.— G/<fo>»  ;  De  Longevis. 

129  persons  had  passed  the  age  of  100 

1x4      „         were  between  loo  and  xio 

3  „  .,  ,,         xxo   „    125 

4  ..  ..  ..         X2S   „    130 

6      ..  ..  ..         130   ..    135 

3 135    ..    MS 

Longevity  in  Russia. 

The  Greek  Church  is  noted  for  its  careful  registration 
of  births  and  deaths.  From  these  authenticated 
documents  we  learn  that  in  the  year  1835  there  were 
416  persons  between  the  ages  of  100  and  upwards,  the 
oldest  being  x«. 

From  olHcial  accounts  in  1839  we  learn  that  in  the 
Russian  empire  there  were  850  persons  between  the 
ages  of  100  and  X05  ;  126  persons  between  the  ages  of 
ixo  and  1x5  ;  X30  persons  between  the  ages  of  xxs  and 
X20  ;  and  3  persons  between  the  ages  of  120  and  X30. 

Longevity  in  the  United  States  of 
America. 

Dr.  Fitch,  in  his  treatise  On  Consumption,  mentions 
the  following  instances  : — 

ALICE,  of  Philadelphia,  reached  the  age  of  116  (1686- 
1802). 

FRANCISCO  (Henry)  died  at  Whitehall,  New  York, 
at  the  age  of  134. 

HIGHTOWER  (John)  died  in  Marengo  County, 
Albania,  in  1845,  at  tJie  age  of  »34. 

He  gives  examples  from  other  states  of  persons  dying 
between  the  ages  of  xxx  and  136. 

Longevity  of  men  of  learning. 

It  is  said  that  three  of  the  seven  sages  of  Greece,  via. 
Pittachos,  Solon,  and  Thales  (2  syl.),  all  reached  the  age 
of  xoo,  and  the  other  four  reached  a  good  old  age. 
According  to  Lucian,  Democ'ritos  the  philosopher 
reached  the  age  of  X04.  Gorgias,  the  sophist  reached 
the  age  of  108  (B.C.  485-377).  Isoc'ratfis  (4 syl.)  reached 
a  great  age,  some  say  as  much  as  xo2  years.  Juvenal 
the  satirist  is  supposed  to  have  lived  out  an  entire 
century.  Fabius  Maximus  the  Roman  augur  died  at 
the  age  of  loo.  Fohi,  founder  of  the  Chinese  empire, 
is  said  to  have  died  at  the  age  of  xx5.  Some  say 
Sophocles,  the  tragic  poet,  lived  above  a  century,  but 
his  age  is  generally  given  B.C.  495-405. 

(The  dates  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans  cannot  be 
depended  on,  as  there  is  no  fixed  starting-point,  as  we 
have  had  since  the  commencement  of  the  Christian  era.) 

Iiong'i'as,  the  name  of  the  Roman 
soldier  who  pierced  the  crucified  Saviour 
with  a  spear.  The  spear  came  into  the 
possession  of  Joseph  of  Arimathaea. — Sir 
T.  Malory :  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  I 
41  {1470).     Often  called  Longinus. 

Long'omonta'nus  [Christian] , of  Jut- 
land, a  Danish  astronomer  (1562-1647). 

What  did  your  Cardan  \an  Italian  astronomer\  and 
your  Ptolemy,  your  Messahalah,  and  your  Longomon- 
tanus,  your  harmony  of  chiromancy  with  astrology  — 
Congreve  :  Love/or  Love,  iv.  (1695). 

Lonna,  that  is,  Colon  na,  the  most 
southern  point  of  Attica,  called  "  Su- 
nium's  marbled  steep."    Here  once  stood 


LOOSE-COAT  FIELD. 


63S 


LORELEL 


a  temple  to  Minerva,  called  by  Falconer, 
in  The  Shipwreck,  "Tritonia's  sacred 
fane."  The  ship  Britannia  struck  against 
"the  cape's  projecting  verge,"  and  was 
wrecked. 


Yes,  at  the  dead  of  night,  by  Lonna's  steep, 
The.seaiiiaii's  cry  was  heara  along  the  deep. 
Catnfibeli  :  Tht  PUasurez  of  Hope,)X.  (1799). 


Loose-Coat  Field.  The  battle  of 
Stamford  (1470).  So  called  because  the 
men  led  by  lord  Wells,  being  attacked  by 
the  Yorkists,  threw  off  their  coats,  that 
they  might  flee  the  faster. 

Cast  off  their  county's  coats,  to  haste  their  speed  away. 
Which  "  Loose-Coat  Field  "  is  called  e'en  to  this  day, 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xxii.  (1622). 

Lo'pe  de  Veg'a  {Felix),  a  Spanish 
poet,  bom  at  Madrid.  He  was  one  of 
those  who  came  in  the  famous  "  Armada" 
to  invade  England.  Lope  (2  syl. )  wrote 
altogether  i8oo  tragedies,  comedies, 
dramas,  or  religious  pieces  called  autos 
sacramentales  (i 562-1635), 

Her  memory  was  a  mine.    She  knew  by  heart 
All  Calderon  and  greater  part  of  Lop6. 

Byron :  Don  yuan.  i.  ii  (1819). 

Lopez,  the  "  Spanish  curate." — 
Fletcher :  The  Spanish  Curate  (1622). 

Lopez  (/?£>«),  a  Portuguese  nobleman, 
the  father  of  don  Felix  and  donna 
Isabella. — Mrs.  Centlivre  :  The  Wonder 
{1714). 

Lorbrul'gTud,  the  capital  of  Brob- 
dingnag.  The  word  is  humorously  said 
to  mean  "  Pride  of  the  Universe." — 
Swift:  Gullivers  Travels  ("Voyage  to 
Brobdingnag,"  1726). 

Lord,  a  hunchback.  (Greek,  lordos, 
"  crooked.") 

Lord  Peter.  The  pope  is  so  called  in 
Dr.  Arbuthnot's  History  of  John  Dull. 
Swift,  in  his  Tale  of  a  Tub^  introduces  the 
three  brothers  Peter,  John,  and  Martin, 
meaning  the  pope,  Calvin,  and  Luther. 

Lord  Strutt.  Charles  II.  of  Spain 
is  so  called  by  Dr.  Arbuthnot,  in  his 
History  of  John  Bull  (1712). 

Every  one  must  remember  the  paroxysm  of  rage  into 
which  poor  lord  Strutt  fell,  on  hearing  that  his  runaway 
servant  Nic  Frog,  his  clothier  John  Bull,  and  his  old 
enemy  Lewis  Baboon,  had  come  with  quadrants,  poles, 
and  iiik-horns,  to  survey  his  estate,  and  to  draw  his  wUl 
for  \^\m,—Macaulay. 

Lord  Thomas  and  Annet  had  a 

lovers'  quarrel ;  whereupon  lord  Thomas, 
in  his  temper,  went  and  offered  marriage 
to  the  nut-brown  maid,  who  had  houses 
and  lands.  On  the  wedding  day,  Annet 
went  to  the  church,  and  lord  Thomas 
gave  her  a  rose,  but  the  nut-brown  maid 


killed  her  with  a  "  bodkin  from  her  head- 
gear." Lord  Thomas,  seeing  Annet  fall, 
plunged  his  dagger  into  the  heart  of  the 
murderess,  and  then  stabbed  himself. 
Over  the  graves  of  lord  Thomas  and  the 
fair  Annet  grew  ' '  a  bonny  briar,  and  by 
this  ye  may  ken  that  they  were  lovers 
dear,"  In  some  versions  of  this  story 
Annet  is  called  "Elinor." — Percy:  Re- 
liques,  etc..  III.  iii.  (See  Bodkin,  p.  133.) 

Lord  UUin's  Daughter,  a  ballad 
by  Campbell  (1809).  The  lady  eloped 
with  the  chief  of  Ulva's  Isle,  and  was 
pursued  by  her  father  with  a  party  of 
retainers.  Tiie  lovers  reached  a  ferry, 
and  promised  to  give  the  boatman  "a 
silver  pound  "  to  row  them  across  Loch- 
gyle.  The  waters  were  very  rough,  and 
the  father  reached  the  shore  just  in  time 
to  see  the  boat  capsize,  and  his  daughter 
drowned. 

'Twas  vain :  the  loud  waves  lashed  the  shor*. 

Return  or  aid  preventing; 
The  waters  wild  went  o'er  his  child, 

And  he  weis  left  lamenting. 

Lord  of  Burleigh  {The),  a  ballad 
by  Tennyson  (1842). 

Lord  of  Crazy  Castle,  John  Hall 
Stevenson,  author  of  Crazy  Tales  (in 
verse).  He  hved  at  Skelton  Castle,  which 
was  nicknamed  "Crazy  Castle"  (1718- 
1785). 

Lord  of  the  Isles,  Donald  of  Islay, 
who  in  1346  reduced  the  Hebrides  under 
his  sway.  The  title  of ' '  lord  of  the  Isles  " 
had  been  borne  by  others  for  centuries 
before,  was  borne  by  his  (Donald's)  suc- 
cessors, and  is  now  one  of  the  titles  of 
the  prince  of  Wales. 

(Sir  W.  Scott  has  a  metrical  romance 
entitled  The  Lord  of  the  Isles,  1815.) 

Loredaui  [Giacomo),  interpreter  of 
king  Richard  l.—Sir  IV.  Scott:  The 
Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Loreda'no  {James),  a  Venetian 
patrician,  and  one  of  the  Council  of 
Ten.  Loredano  was  the  personal  enemy 
of  the  Fos'cari. — Byron  :  The  Two  Foscari 
(1820). 

Lorelei  (3  syl.)  or  Lurlei,  a  siren 
of  German  legend,  who  haunted  a  rock  of 
the  same  name  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Rhine,  half-way  between  Bingen  and 
Coblenz.  She  combed  her  hair  with  a 
golden  comb,  and  sang  a  wild  song, 
which  enticed  fashennen  and  sailors  tc 
destruction  on  the  rocks  and  rapids. 


LORENZO. 

Loren'zo,  a  young  man  with  whom 
Jes'sica,  the  daughter  of  the  Jew  Shylock, 
fi\o^^.— Shakespeare :  The  Merchant  of 
Venice  (1698). 

Lorenzo,  an  atheist  and  reprobate, 
whose  remorse  ends  in  despair. —  Young: 
Night  Thoughts  (1742-6). 

(Some  affirm  that  Lorenzo  is  meant  for 
the  poet's  own  son. ) 

Lorenzo  [Colonel),  a  young  Hbertine 
in  Dryden's  drama,  The  Spanish  Fryar 
(1680). 

Loretto  ( The  House  of).  The  Santa 
Casa  is  the  reputed  house  of  the  virgin 
Mary  at  Nazareth.  It  was  "  miracu- 
lously "  translated  to  Fiume,  in  Dalmatia. 
in  1291,  thence  to  Recana'ti  in  1294,  and 
finally  to  Macera'ta,  in  Italy,  to  a  plot  of 
land  belonging  to  the  lady  Loretto. 

Our  house  may  have  travelled  through  the  air,  like 
the  house  of  Loretto,  for  aught  I  zdx^— Goldsmith  : 
The  Good-natured  Man,  iv.  i  (1768). 

Loretto  of  Austria,  Mariazel 
("  Mary  in  the  cell  "),  in  Styria.  So  called 
from  the  miracle-working  image  of  the 
Virgin.  The  image  is  old  and  very  ugly. 
Two  pilgrimages  are  made  to  it  yearly. 

Loretto    of   Switzerland,    Ein- 

siedlen,  a  village  containing  a  shrine  of 
the  "  Black  Lady  of  Switzerland."  The 
church  is  of  black  marble,  and  the  image 
of  ebony. 

Lorimer,  one  of  the  guard  at  Arden- 
vohr  Castle.— 6'?>  W.  Scott:  Legend  of 
Montrose  (time,  Charles  I.). 

Loriot, ' '  the  confidante  and  servante  " 
of  Louis  XV.  Loriot  was  the  inventor  of 
lifts,  by  which  tables  descended,  and  rose 
again  covered  with  viands  and  wines. 

The  shifting  sideboard  plays  its  humble  part. 
Beyond  the  triumphs  of  a  Loriot's  art. 

Rogers  :  EJ>istl*  to  a  Friend  (1798). 

Lorma,  wife  of  Erragon  king  of  Sora, 
in  Scandinavia.  She  fell  in  love  with 
Aldo,  a  Caledonian  officer  in  the  king's 
army.  The  guilty  pair  escaped  to  Mor- 
ven,  which  Erragon  forthwith  invaded. 
Erragon  encountered  Aldo  in  single 
combat,  and  slew  him  ;  was  himself  slain 
in  battle  by  Gaul  son  of  Morni ;  and 
Lorma  died  of  grief. — Ossian  :  The  Battle 
of  Lora. 

Lorn  [M'Dougal  of),  a  Highland  chief 
in  the  army  of  Montrose. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Legend  of  Montrose  (time,  Charles  I,). 

.Lorraine  [Mrs.  Felix),  a  clever,  vain 
woman  in  Vivian  Grey,  a.  novel  by 
Disraeli  [lord  Beaconsfield]  (1826-7).     It 


626  LOT. 

is  said  that  lady  Caroline  Lamb  served 
for  the  model  of  Vivian  Grey. 

Lorrequer  [Harry),  the  hero  and 
title  of  a  military  novel  by  Charles 
Lever  (1839). 

Lor'rimite  (3  syl.),  a  malignant 
witch,  who  abetted  and  aided  Ar'valan 
in  his  persecutions  of  Kail'yal  the  beau- 
tiful and  holy  daughter  of  Ladur'lad.— 
Southey:  Curse  of  Kehama,  xi.  (1809). 

Lorry  [Jarvis),  one  of  the  firm  in 
Tellson's  bank.  Temple  Bar,  and  a  friend 
of  Dr.  Manette,  Jarvis  Lorry  was  orderly, 
precise,  and  methodical,  but  tender- 
hearted and  affectionate. 

He  had  a  good  leg,  and  was  a  little  vain  of  it  .  .  . 
and  his  little  sleek,  crisp,  flaxen  wig  looked  as  if  it  was 
spun  silk.  ...  His  face,  habitually  suppressed  and 
quiet,  was  lighted  up  by  a  pair  of  moist  bright  eyes.— 
Dickens  :  A  Tale  of  Two  Cities,  i.  4  (1859). 

Losberne  (2  syl.),  the  medical  man 
called  in  by  Mrs.  Maylie  to  attend  Oliver 
Twist,  after  the  attempted  burglary  by 
Bill  Sikes  and  his  associates. — Dickens  : 
Oliver  Twist  (1837). 

Lost  Island.  Cephalo'nia  is  so 
called  because  "it  was  only  by  chance 
that  those  who  visited  it  could  find  it 
again."  It  is  sometimes  called  "The 
Hidden  Island." 

Lost  Leader  [The),  by  Browning. 
A  poem  suggested  by  the  abandonment 
of  Wordsworth,  Southey,  and  others  of 
the  liberal  cause. 

Lost  Pleiad  [The),  a  poem  by 
Letitia  E.  Landon  (1829). 

Lost  Tales  of  Mile'tus,  by  lord 
Lytton.  A  series  of  legends  in  unrhymed 
metre  (1866). 

Lot,  consul  of  Londonesia,  and  after- 
wards king  of  Norway.  He  was  brother 
of  Urian  and  Augusel,  and  married  Anne  H 
(own  sister  of  king  Arthur),  by  whom  he 
had  two  sons,  Walgan  and  Modred. — 
Geoffrey  :  British  History,  viii.  21 ;  ix.  9, 
10  (1142). 

N.B. — This  account  differs  so  widely  " 
from  that  of  Arthurian  romance,  that  it 
is  not  possible  to  reconcile  them.  In  the 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,  Lot  king  of 
Orkney  marries  Margawse  the  "  sister  of 
king  Arthur"  (pt.  i.  2).  Tennyson,  in 
his  Gareth  and  Lynette,  says  that  Lot's 
wife  was  Bellicent.  Again,  the  sons  of 
Lot  are  called,  in  the  History,  Gaw'ain, 
Aravain,  Ga'heris,  and  Gareth  ;  Mordred 
is  their  half-brother,  being  the  son  of  king 
Arthur  and  the  same  mo\.\\tT.— Malory . 


LOT. 

History  oj  Prince  Arthur,    \.  a,  35,  36 
(1470). 

Lot,  king  of  Orkney.  According  to 
the  Morte  d' Arthur,  king  Lot's  wife  was 
Margawse  or  Morgawse,  sister  of  king 
Arthur,  and  their  sons  were  sir  Gaw'ain, 
sir  Ag'ravain,  sir  Ga'heris,  and  sir  Gareth. 
— Sir  T.  Malory:  History  of  Prince 
Arthur,  i.  36  (1470). 

Once  or  twice  Elaine  is  called  the  wife 
of  Lot,  but  this  is  a  mistake.  Elaine  was 
Arthur's  sister  by  the  same  mother,  and 
was  the  wife  of  sir  Nentres  of  Carlot. 
Mordred  was  the  son  of  Morgawse  by 
her  brother  Arthur,  and  consequently 
Gawain,  Agravain,  Gaheris,  and  Gareth 
were  his  half-brothers. 

Lot,  king  of  Orkney.  According  to 
Tennyson,  king  Lot's  wife  was  Bellicent, 
daughter  of  Gorlois  lord  of  Tintag'el 
Castle,  in  Cornwall,  and  Lot  was  the 
father  of  Gaw'ain  (2  syl.)  and  Modred, 
This  account  differs  entirely  from  the 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,  by  sir  T. 
Malory.  There  the  wife  of  Lot  is  called 
Margawse  or  Morgawse  (Arthur's  sister). 
Geoffrey  of  Monmouth,  on  the  other 
hand,  calls  her  Anne  (Arthur's  sister). 
The  sons  of  Lot,  according  to  the  His' 
tory,  were  Gawain,  Agravain,  Gaheris, 
and  Gareth  ;  Modred  or  Mordred  being 
the  offspring  of  Morgawse  and  Arthur. 
This  ignoble  birth  the  History  assigns  as 
the  reason  of  Mordred's  hatred  to  king 
Arthur,  his  adulterous  father  and  uncle. 
Lot  was  subdued  by  king  Arthur,  fighting 
on  behalf  of  Leodogran  or  Leodogrance 
king  of  Cam'eliard.  (See  Tennyson : 
Coming  of  A  rthur. ) 

Lot's  Wife,  Wihela,  who  was  con- 
federate with  the  men  of  Sodom,  and  gave 
them  notice  when  any  stranger  came  to 
lodge  in  the  house.  Her  sign  was  smoke 
by  day  and  fire  by  night.  Lot's  wife  was 
turned  into  a  pillar  of  salt. — J allalod' din  : 
At  Zamakh. 

Lothair,  a  novel  by  Disraeli  [lord 
Beaconsfield]  (1871). 

The  Oxford  professor 

is  meant  for  Goldwin  Smith. 

Grandison  „        „  cards.  Manning  &  Wiseman. 

Lothair  „        „  the  marquis  of  Bute. 

Catesby  „        „  Mons.  Car)el. 

The  duke  St  duchess  „  duke  &  duchess  of  Abercom. 

The  bishop  „        „  bishop  WUberforce 

Corisande  „        „  one  ot  the  ladies  Hamilton. 

Lotliario,  a  noble  cavalier  of  Flo- 
rence, the  friend  of  Anselmo.  Anselmo 
induced  him  to  put  the  fidelity  of  his  wife 
Camilla  to  the  test,  that  he  might  rejoice 


627  LOTTE. 

in  her  incorruptible  virtue  ;  but  Camilla 
was  not  trial-proof,  and  eloped  with 
Lothario.  Anselmo  then  died  of  grief, 
Lothario  was  slain  in  battle,  and  Camilla 
died  in  a  convent.— Cervantes :  Don 
Quixote,  I.  iv.  s,  6  ("Fatal  Curiosity," 
1605). 

Lothario,  a  young  Genoese  nobleman, 
"  haughty,  gallant,  gay,  and  perfidious." 
He  seduced  Calista,  daughter  of  Sciol'to 
(3  syl.)  a  Genoese  nobleman,  and  was 
killed  in  a  duel  by  Altamont  the  husband. 
This  is  the  "gay  Lothario,"  which  has 
become  a  household  word  for  a  libertine 
and  male  coquette. — Rowe :  The  Fair 
Penitent  [lyo^). 

Is  this  the  haugrhty,  g-allant,  j^y  Lothario  t 

Rowe:  The  Fair  Penitent 

{The  Fair  Penitent  is  taken  from  Mas- 
singer's  Fatal  Dowry,  in  which  Lothario 
is  called  "  Novall,  Junior.") 

Lothian  ; (Scotland).  So  called  from 
Llew,  second  son  of  Arthur  ;  also  called 
Lotus,  and  Lothus.  Arthur's  eldest  son 
was  Urian,  and  his  youngest  Arawn. 

•.'In  some  legends,  Lothian  is  made 
the  father  of  Modred  or  Medraut,  leader 
of  the  rebellious  army  which  fought  at 
Camlan,  A.D.  537,  in  which  Arthur  re- 
ceived his  death-wound  ;  but  in  Malory's 
collection,  called  The  History  of  Prince 
Arthur,  Modred  is  called  the  son  of 
Arthur  by  his  own  sister  the  wife  of  king 
Lot. 

Lothrop  {Amy),  the  assumed  name  of 
Anna  B.  Warner,  younger  sister  of  Susan 
Warner,  who  published  The  Wide  Wide 
World  under  the  name  of  Elizabeth 
Wetherell. 

Lotte  (2  syl.),  a  young  woman  of 
strong  affection  and  domestic  winning 
ways,  the  wife  of  Albert  a  young  German 
farmer.  Werther  loved  Lotte  when  she 
was  .only  betrothed  to  Albert,  and  con- 
tinued to  love  her  after  she  became  a 
young  wife.  His  mewling  and  puling 
after  this  "  forbidden  fruit,"  which  ter- 
minates in  suicide,  make  up  the  sum  and 
substance  of  the  tale,  which  is  told  in 
the  form  of  letters  addressed  to  divers 
^Qrsor\s.— Goethe :  Sorrows  of  Werther 
(1774). 

("Lotte"  was  Charlotte  BuiF,  who 
married  Kestner,  Goethe's  friend,  the 
"Albert  "  of  the  novel.  Goethe  was  in 
love  with  Charlotte  Buff,  and  her  marriage 
with  Kestner  soured  the  temper  of  his 
over-sensitive  mind.) 


LOTUS-EATERS. 


628 


LOUISA. 


Lotus-Eaters  or  Lotoph'agi,  a  people 
who  ate  of  the  lotus  tree,  the  effect  of 
which  was  to  make  them  forget  their 
friends  and  homes,  and  to  lose  all  desire 
of  returning  to  their  native  land.  The 
lotus-eater  only  cared  to  live  in  ease  and 
idleness. — Homer:  Odyssey,  xi, 

(Tennyson  has  a  poem  called  The 
Lotos-Eaters,  a  set  of  islanders  who  live 
in  a  dreamy  idleness,  weary  of  life,  and 
regardless  of  all  its  stirring  events.) 

Louis,  due  d'Orldans. — Sir  W.  Scott : 
Quentin  Durward  (time,  Edward  IV, ). 

Lotiis  de  Bourbon,  the  prince- 
bishop  of  Liege  [Le-aje\ — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Quentin  Durward  (time,  Edward  IV. ). 

Louis  IX.  The  sum  of  the  figures 
which  designate  the  birth-date  of  this  king 
will  give  his  titular  number.  Thus,  he 
was  born  in  1215,  the  sum  of  which  figures 
is  9.  This  is  true  of  several  other  kings. 
The  discovery  might  form  an  occasional 
diversion  on  a  dull  evening.  (See  Louis 
XVIIL) 

Louis  XI.  of  France  is  introduced  by 
sir  W.  Scott  in  two  novels,  Quentin  Dur- 
zvard  and  Anne  of  Geierstein  (time,  Ed- 
ward IV,). 

(In  Quentin  Durward  he  appears  dis- 
guised as  Maitre  Pierre,  a  merchant.) 

Louis  XIII.  of  France,  "  infirm  in 
health,  in  mind  more  feeble,  and  Riche- 
lieu's plaything." — Lord  Lytton  :  Riche- 
lieu (1839). 

Louis  XIV.  It  is  rather  remarkable 
that  the  number  14  is  obtained  by  adding 
together  the  figures  of  his  age  at  death, 
the  figures  which  make  the  date  of  his 
coronation,  and  the  figures  of  the  date  of 
his  death.     For  example — 

Age  77,  which  added  together  =  14. 

Crowned  1643,  which  added  together  =  14. 

Died  1714,  which  added  together  =  14. 

Louis  XIV.  arid  La  Vallikre.  Louis 
XIV.  fell  in  love  with  La  Valli^re,  a 
young  lady  in  the  queen's  train.  He 
overheard  the  ladies  chatting.  One  said, 
"How  handsome  looks  the  duke  de 
Quiche  to-night  I  "  Another  said,  "Well, 
to  my  taste,  the  graceful  Grammont  bears 
the  bell  from  all."  A  third  remarked, 
"  But,  then,  that  charming  Lauzun  has 
so  much  wit."  But  La  Vallifere  said,  "I 
scarcely  marked  them.  When  the  king  is 
by,  who  can  have  eyes,  or  ears,  or  thought 
for  others?"  and  when  the  others  chaffed 
her,  she  replied — 


Who  spoke  of  love  t 
TTie  sunflower,  ^zing  on  the  lord  of  heaven. 
Asks  but  its  sun  to  shine.    Who  spoke  of  lovet 
And  who  would  wish  the  bright  and  lofty  Louis 
To  stoop  from  glory  J 
Lord  Lytton  :  Tht  Duchess  de  Valliire,  act  \.  $  (1836), 

Louis  degraded  this  ethereal  spirit  into  a 
"soiled  dove,"  and  when  she  fled  to  a 
convent  to  quiet  remorse,  he  fetched  her 
out  and  took  her  to  Versailles,  Wholly 
unable  to  appreciate  such  love  as  that  of 
La  Valliire,  he  discarded  her  for  Mme, 
de  Montespan,  and  bade  La  Valliere 
marry  some  one.  She  obeyed  the  selfish 
monarch  in  word,  by  taking  the  veil  of 
a  Carmelite  nun,  — Lord  Lytton  :  The 
Duchess  de  la  Valliire  (1836). 

Louis  XIV.  and  his  Coach.  It  was 
lord  Stair  and  not  the  duke  of  Chester- 
field whom  the  Grand  Monarque  com- 
mended for  his  tact  in  entering  the  royal 
carriage  before  his  majesty,  when  politely 
bidden  by  him  so  to  do. 

Louis  XVIII.,  nicknamed  De-sh-ui 
ires,  because  he  was  a  great  feeder,  like 
all  the  Bourbons,  and  was  especially  fond 
of-  oysters.  Of  course,  the  pun  is  on 
dixhuit  (i8). 

k;  N.B. — As  in  the  case  of  Louis  IX. 
[q.v.),  the  sum  of  the  figures  which 
designate  the  birth-date  of  Louis  XVIII. 
give  his  titular  number.  Thus,  he  was 
born  1755,  which  added  together  equal  18. 

Louis  Philippe  of  France.  It  is 
somewhat  curious  that  the  year  of  his 
birth,  or  the  year  of  the  queen's  birth,  or 
the  year  of  his  flight,  added  to  the  year 
of  his  coronation,  will  give  the  year  1848, 
the  date  of  his  abdication.  He  was  born 
1773,  his  queen  was  born  1782,  his  flight 
was  in  1809  ;  whence  we  get — 

1830  1830  1830     year  of  coronation. 


i|g!;!h?'   ff^'^'^t. 


1848  1848  X848     year  of  abdication. 

(See  Napoleon  III,  for  a  somewhat 
similar  coincidence.) 

Louisa,  daughter  of  don  Jerome  of 
Seville,  in  love  with  don  Antonio.  Her 
father  insists  on  her  marrying  Isaac 
Mendoza,  a  Portuguese  Jew,  and,  as  she 
refuses  to  obey  him,  he  determines  to 
lock  her  up  in  her  chamber.  In  his  blind 
mge,  he  makes  a  great  mistake,  for  he 
locks  up  the  duenna,  and  turns  his 
daughter  out  of  doors.  Isaac  arrives,  is 
introduced  to  the  locked-up  lady,  elopes 
with  her,  and  marries  her.  Louisa  takes 
refuge  in  St.  Catherine's  Convent,  and 


LOUISA. 

writes  to  her  father  for  his  consent  to  her 
marriage  with  the  man  of  her  choice. 
As  don  Jerome  takes  it  for  granted  she 
means  Isaac  the  Jew,  he  gives  his  consent 
freely.  At  break  fast- time  it  is  discovered 
by  the  old  man  that  Isaac  has  married 
the  duenna,  and  Louisa  has  married  don 
Antonio  ;  but  don  Jerome  is  well  pleased 
and  fully  satisfied.  —  Sheridan  :  The 
Duenna  (1775). 

(Mrs.  Mattocks  {1745-1826)  was  the 
first  "  Louisa.") 

Louisa,  daughter  of  Russet  bailiff  to 
the  duchess.  She  was  engaged  to  Henry, 
a  private  in  the  king's  army.  Hearing  a 
rumour  of  gallantry  to  the  disadvantage 
of  her  lover,  she  consented  to  put  his 
love  to  the  test  by  pretending  that  she 
was  about  to  marry  Simkin.  When 
Henry  heard  thereof,  he  gave  himself  up 
as  a  deserter,  and  was  condemned  to 
death.  Louisa  then  went  to  the  king  to 
explain  the  whole  matter,  and  returned 
with  the  young  man's  pardon  just  as  the 
muffled  drums  began  the  death  march. — 
Dibdin  :  The  Deserter  (1770). 

Louise  (2  syL),  the  glee-maiden. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Fair  Maid  of  Perth  {ixme, 
Henry  IV.). 

Louise  [de  Lascours],  wife  of  Ralph 
captain  of  the  Uran'ia,  and  mother  of 
Martha  (afterwards  called  Orgari'ta). 
Louise  de  Lascours  sailed  with  her  hus- 
band and  infant  daughter  in  the  UraTtia. 
Louise  and  the  captain  were  drowned 
by  the  breaking  up  of  an  iceberg ;  but 
Martha  was  rescued  by  some  wild  Indians, 
who  brought  her  up,  and  called  her  name 
Orgarita  ("  withered  wheat "). — Stirling: 
Orphan  of  the  Frozen  Sea  (1856). 

Loupgarou,  leader  of  the  army  of 
giants  in  alliance  with  the  Dipsodes 
(2  syl.).  As  he  threatened  to  make 
mincemeat  of  Pantag'ruel,  the  prince 
gave  him  a  kick  which  overthrew  him ; 
then,  lifting  him  up  by  his  ankles,  he 
used  him  as  a  quarter-staff.  Having 
killed  all  the  giants  in  the  hostile  army, 
Pantagruel  flung  the  body  of  Loupgarou 
on  the  ground,  and,  by  so  doing,  crushed 
a  tom-cat,  a  tabby,  a  duck,  and  a 
brindled  goost.— Rabelais  :  Pantag'ruel, 
ii.  29  (1533). 

Loup-gai'ou,  a  wehr-wolf.  These 
creatures  had  to  pass  through  the  purga- 
tory of  nine  years  as  wolves  before  they 
could  resume  their  human  forms.  (See 
Pliny:  Natural  History,  viii.  31.) 


629  LOVE. 

LouponHeiglit  {The  young  laird 
of),  at  the  ball  at  Middlemas. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  The  Surgeon's  Daughter  (time, 
George  II.). 

Lourdis,  an  idiotic  scholar  of  the 
Sorbonne. 

De  la  Sorbonne  un  Docteur  amoureux 

Disoit  ung  jour  k.  sa  dame  rebelle : 

"  Je  ne  puis  rien  meriter  de  vous,  belle  "*  ,  ,  » 

ArgTio  sic:  "Si  mag^ister  Lourdis 

De  sa  Catin  meriter  ne  peut  rien ; 

Ergo  ne  peut  meriter  paradis, 

Car,  pour  le  moiiis,  paradis  la  vaut  bien." 

Marot:  Efiigrarru 
When  Doctor  Lourdis  cried,  in  humble  spirit, 
The  hand  of  Kath'rine  he  could  never  merit, 
"  Then  heaven  to  thee,"  said  Kate,  "  can  ne'er  be  given, 
For  less  my  worth,  you  must  allow,  than  heaven." 

E.C.B. 

Lourie  {Tam),  the  innkeeper  at 
March  thorn. — Sir  W.  Scott:  St.  Ronans 
H^«//(time,  George  III.). 

Lousiad  [The),  an  heroi-comic  poem 
in  five  cantos,  by  John  Wolcot  {Peter 
Pindar),  founded  on  the  appearance  of 
a  louse  creeping  over  some  green  peas 
served  to  George  III.  at  dinner.  In 
consequence  thereof,  an  order  was  issued 
that  all  servants  in  the  king's  kitchen 
must  have  their  heads  shaved  (1786-89). 

LoTlvre  ( The),  a  corruption  of  lufara, 
as  it  is  called  in  old  title-deeds.  Dagobert 
built  here  a  hunting-box,  the  nucleus  of 
the  future  pile  of  buildings. 

The  Louvre  of  St.  Petersburg,  the 
Hermitage,  an  imperial  museum. 

LOVE,  a  drama  by  S.  Knowles(i84o). 
The  countess  Catherine  is  taught  by  a 
serf  named  Huon,  who  is  her  secretary, 
and  falls  in  love  with  him  ;  but  her  pride 
struggles  against  such  an  unequal  match. 
The  duke,  her  father,  hearing  of  his 
daughter's  love,  commands  Huon,  on 
pain  of  death,  to  marry  Catherine  a  freed 
serf.  He  refuses ;  but  the  countess  her- 
self bids  him  obey.  He  plights  his  troth 
to  Catherine,  supposing  it  to  be  Catherine 
the  quondam  serf,  rushes  to  the  wars, 
obtains  great  honours,  becomes  a  prince, 
and  then  learns  that  the  Catherine  he  has 
wed  is  the  duke's  daughter. 

Love,  or  rather  affection,  according  to 
Plato,  is  disposed  in  the  liver. 

Within,  some  sav,  Love  hath  his  habitation  ; 

Not  Cupid's  self,  but  Cupid's  better  brother  ; 
For  Cupid's  self  dwells  with  a  lower  nation. 

But  this,  more  sure,  much  chaster  than  the  other. 
Phirt.  FUtchtr  :  The  PurpU  Island  (1633;. 

Love.  *' Men's  love  is  of  man's  life 
a  thing  apart ;  'tis  woman's  whole  exist- 
ence."— Byron:  Don  Juan,  i.  194  (1819). 


LOVE.  630 

Xiove. 

It  is  better  to  hare  lored  and  lost. 
Than  never  to  have  loved  at  all. 

Tennyson  :  In  Memoriam.  xrvJI. 

Thomas  Moore,  in  his  Irish  Melodies, 
expresses  an  opposite  opinion — 

Better  far  to  be 

In  endless  darkness  lylngf. 
Than  be  in  light  and  see 

That  light  for  ever  flying'. 

Moort ;  All  tkats  Bright  must  Fade. 

Love.  All  for  Love  or  the  World  Well 
Lost,  a  tragedy  by  Dryden,  on  the  same 
subject  as  Shakespeare's  Antony  and 
Cleopatra  (1679). 

Love  a-la-Mode,  by  C.  Macklin 
■(1779),  The  "  love  d-la-mode"  is  that  of 
fortune-hunters.  Charlotte  Goodchild  is 
courted  by  a  Scotchman  "of  ponderous 
descent,"  an  Italian  Jew  broker  of  great 
fortune,  and  an  Irishman  in  the  Prussian 
army.  It  is  given  out  that  Charlotte  has 
lost  her  money  through  the  bankruptcy 
of  sir  Theodore  Goodchild,  her  guardian. 
Upon  this,  the  d-la-mode  suitors  with- 
draw, and  leave  sir  Callaghan  O'Bral- 
iaghan,  the  true  lover,  master  of  the 
situation.  The  tale  about  the  bankruptcy 
%s  of  course  a  mere  myth. 

Love  Cannot  Die. 

They  sin  who  tel!  us  Love  can  die. 
With  life  ail  other  passions  fly  .  .  . 
They  perish  where  they  have  their  birth 

But  love  is  indestructible. 
Its  hoiy  flame  for  ever  bumeth ; 
From  heaven  it  came,  to  heaven  retumeth  .  .  t 

It  soweth  here  in  toil  and  care  ; 
But  the  harvest-tiine  of  Love  is  there. 

Southey :  Curse  q/ KehajTta,  x  (iSoj). 

Love-Cliase  {The),  a  drama  by  S. 
Knowles  (1837).  Three  lovers  chased 
three  beloved  ones  with  a  view  to  mar- 
riage, (i)  Waller  loves  Lydia,  lady's- 
maid  to  Widow  Green,  but  in  reality  the 
sister  of  Trueworth.  She  quitted  home 
to  avoid  a  hateful  marriage,  and  took 
•service  for  the  nonce  with  Widow  Green. 
(2)  Wildrake  loves  Constance,  daughter 
of  sir  William  Fondlove.  {3)  Sir  Wil- 
liam Fondlove,  aged  60,  loves  Widow 
Green,  aged  40.  The  difficulties  to  be 
overcome  were  these  :  The  social  position 
of  Lydia  galled  the  aristocratic  pride  of 
Waller,  but  love  won  the  day.  Wildrake 
and  Constance  sparred  with  each  other, 
and  hardly  knew  they  loved  till  it  dawned 
upon  each  that  the  other  might  prefer  some 
one  alse,  and  then  they  felt  that  the  loss 
would  be  irreparable.  Widow  Green  set 
her  heart  on  marrying  Waller  ;  but  as 
Waller  preferred  Lydia,  she  accepted  sir 
Williana  for  better  for  worse. 


LOVE  MAKES  A  MAN. 


Love  Doctor  [The),  L' Amour  Mi- 
decin,  a  comedy  by  Moliire  (1665). 
Lucinde,  the  daughter  of  Sganarelle,  is 
in  love,  and  the  father  calls  in  four 
doctors  to  consult  upon  the  nature  of 
her  malady.  They  see  the  patient,  and 
retire  to  consult  together,  but  talk  about 
Paris,  about  their  visits,  about  the  topics 
of  the  day ;  and  when  the  father  enters 
to  know  what  opinion  they  have  formed, 
they  all  prescribe  different  remedies,  and 
pronounce  different  opinions.  Lisette 
then  calls  in  a  "quack"  doctor  (Cli- 
tandre,  the  lover),  who  says  that  he  must 
act  on  the  imagination,  and  proposes  a 
seeming  marriage,  to  which  Sganarelle 
assents,  saying,  "Voila  un  grand  m^de- 
cin."  The  assistant  being  a  notary, 
Clitandre  and  Lucinde  are  formally  mar- 
ried. 

(This  comedy  is  the  basis  of  the  Quack 
Doctor,  by  Foote  and  BickerstafT  ;  but  in 
the  English  version  Mr.  Ailwood  is  the 
patient.) 

Love  for  Love,  a  most  successful 
comedy  by  Congreve  (1695). 

Love  in  a  Village,  an  opera  by 
Isaac  BickerstafT  (1762).  It  contains  two 
plots  :  (i)  the  loves  of  Rosetta  and  young 
Meadows  ;  and  (2)  the  loves  of  Lucinda 
and  Jack  Eustace.  The  entanglement  is 
this  :  Rosetta's  father  wanted  her  to  marry 
young  Meadows,  and  sir  William  Meadows 
wanted  his  son  to  marry  Rosetta  ;  but  as 
the  young  people  had  never  seen  each 
other,  they  turned  restive  and  ran  away. 
It  so  happened  that  both  took  service 
with  justice  Woodcock — Rosetta  as 
chamber-maid,  and  Meadows  as  gardener. 
Here  they  fell  in  love  with  each  other, 
and  ultimately  married,  to  the  delight  of 
all  concerned. 

The  other  part  of  the  plot  is  this  : 
Lucinda  was  the  daughter  of  justice 
Woodcock,  and  fell  in  love  with  Jack 
Eustace  while  nursing  her  sick  mother, 
who  died.  The  justice  had  never  seen 
the  young  man,  but  resolutely  forbade 
the  connection  ;  whereupon  Jack  Eustace 
entered  the  house  as  a  music-master, 
and,  by  the  kind  offices  of  friends,  all 
came  right  at  last. 

Love  Makes  a  Man,  a  comedy 
concocted  by  Colley  Cibber  (1694)  by 
welding  together  two  of  the  comedies  of 
Fletcher,  viz.  the  Elder  Brother  and  the 
Custom  of  the  Country.  (For  the  plot,  see 
Carlos,  No.  i.) 


LOVE-PRODUCERS. 


631 


LOVES  OF  THE  ANGELS. 


Love-Producers. 

(i)  It  is  a  Basque  superstition  that 
yellow  hair  in  a  man  is  irresistible  with 
women  ;  hence  every  woman  who  set 
eyes  on  Ezkabi  Fidel,  the  golden-haired, 
fell  in  love  with  him. 

(2)  It  is  a  West  Highland  superstition 
that  a  beauty  spot  cannot  be  resisted ; 
hence  Diarmaid  (^.v.)  inspired  masterless 
love  by  a  beauty  spot. 

(3)  In  Greek  fable,  a  cestus  worn  by  a 
woman  inspired  love ;  hence  Aphrodltfi 
was  irresistible  on  account  of  her  cestus. 

(4)  In  the  Middle  Ages,  love-powders 
were  advertised  for  sale  ,  and  a  wise 
senator  of  Venice  was  not  ashamed  to 
urge  on  his  reverend  brethren,  as  a  fact, 
that  Othello  had  won  the  love  of 
Desdemona  "by  foul  charms,"  drugs, 
minerals,  spells,  potions  of  mountebanks, 
or  some  dram  "  powerful  o'er  the  blood  " 
to  awaken  love. 

(5)  Theocrltos  and  Virgil  have  both 
introduced  in  their  pastorals  women 
using  charms  and  incantations  to  inspire 
or  recover  the  affection  of  the  opposite 
sex. 

(6)  Gay,  in  the  Shepherds  Week,  makes 
the  mistress  of  Lubberkin  spend  all  her 
money  in  buying  a  love-powder  Frois- 
sart  says  that  Gaston,  son  of  the  count 
de  Foix,  received  a  bag  of  powder  from 
his  uncle  (Charles  the  Bad)  for  restoring 
the  love  of  his  father  to  his  mother. 
The  love  of  Tristram  and  Ysold  is  at- 
tributed to  their  drinking  on  their 
journey  a  love-potion  designed  for  king 
Mark,  the  intended  husband  of  the  fair 
princess. 

(7)  An  Irish  superstition  is  that  if  a 
lover  will  run  a  hair  of  the  object  beloved 
through  the  fleshy  part  of  a  dead  man's 
leg,  the  person  from  whom  the  hair  was 
taken  will  go  mad  with  love. 

(8)  We  are  told  that  Charlemagne  was 
bewitched  by  a  ring,  and  that  he  followed 
any  one  who  possessed  this  ring  as  a 
needle  follows  a  loadstone  (see  p.  196). 

(To  do  justice  to  this  subject  would 
require  several  pages,  and  all  that  can  be 
done  here  is  to  give  a  few  brief  hints  and 
examples.) 

Love  will  rind  out  the  Way,  a 

lyric  inserted  by  Percy  in  his  Reliques, 
series  iii.  bk.  iii.  3. 

[The  Constant  Maid,  reset  by  T.  B., 
and  printed  in  1661,  is  called  Love  will 
Find  out  the  Way.) 

(See  Lovt  Laughs  at  Locksmiths,  In  the   Appendix. 


Love's  Labour's  Lost.  Ferdinand 
king  of  Navarre,  with  three  lords  named 
Biron,  Dumain,  and  Longaville,  agreed  to 
spend  three  years  in  study,  during  which 
time  no  woman  was  to  approach  the 
court.  Scarcely  had  they  signed  the 
compact,  when  the  princess  of  France, 
attended  by  Rosaline,  Maria,  and  Katha- 
rine, besought  an  interview  respecting 
certain  debts  said  to  be  due  from  the 
king  of  France  to  the  king  of  Navarre. 
The  four  gentlemen  fell  in  love  with  the 
four  ladies :  the  king  with  the  princess, 
Biron  with  Rosaline,  Longaville  with 
Maria,,  and  Dumain  with  Katharine.  In 
order  to  carry  their  suits,  the  four  gentle- 
men, disguised  as  Muscovites,  presented 
themselves  before  the  ladies ;  but  the 
ladies,  being  warned  of  the  masquerade, 
disguised  themselves  also,  so  that  the 
gentlemen  in  every  case  addressed  the 
wrong  lady.  However,  it  was  at  length 
arranged  that  the  suits  should  be  de- 
ferred for  twelve  months  and  a  day  ;  and 
if,  at  the  expiration  of  that  time,  they 
remained  of  the  same  mind,  the  matter 
should  be  taken  into  serious  considera- 
tion.— Shakespeare:  Love' s  Labour' s  Lost 
(1594). 

Love's  White  Star,  the  planet 
Venus,  which  is  silvery  white. 

Till  every  daisy  slept,  and  Love's  white  star 
Beamed  thro'  the  thickened  cedar  in  the  dusk. 
Tennyson  :  The  Gardener's  Daughter. 

Loves  of  the  Angfels,  the  stories 
of  three  angels,  in  verse,  by  T.  Moore 
(1822).  The  stories  are  founded  on  the 
Eastern  tale  of  Harttt  and  Mariit,  and  the 
rabbinical  fictions  of  the'  loves  of  Uzziel 
and  Shamchazai. 

(i)  The  first  angel  fell  in  love  with  Lea, 
whom  he  saw  bathing.  She  returned  love 
for  love,  but  his  love  was  carnal,  hers 
heavenly.  He  loved  the  woman,  she 
loved  the  angel.  One  day,  the  angel  told 
her  the  spell-word  which  opens  the  gates 
of  heaven.  She  pronounced  it,  and  rose 
through  the  air  into  paradise,  while  the 
angel  became  imbruted,  being  no  longer 
an  angel  of  light,  but  "of  the  earth, 
earthy." 

(2)  The  second  angel  was  Rubi,  one  of 
the  seraphs.  He  fell  in  love  with  Liris, 
who  asked  him  to  come  in  all  his  celestial 
glory.  He  did  so  ;  and  she,  rushing  into 
his  arms,  was  burnt  to  death ;  but  the 
kiss  she  gave  him  became  a  brand  on  his 
face  for  ever.  (See  Semele,  who  waa 
destroyed  by  the  effulgence  of  Jupiter. ) 

(3)  The  third  angel  was  Zaraph,  who 


LOVEGOLD. 

loved  Naraa.  It  was  Nama's  desire  to 
love  without  control,  and  to  love  holily  ; 
but  as  she  fixed  her  love  on  a  creature, 
and  not  on  the  Creator,  both  she  and 
Zaraph  were  doomed  to  live  among  the 
things  that  perish,  till  this  mortal  is 
swallowed  up  of  immortality,  when  Nama 
and  Zaraph  will  be  admitted  into  the 
realms  of  everlasting  love. 

Lovegold,  the  miser,  an  old  man  of 
60,  who  wants  to  marry  Mariana,  his 
son's  sweetheart.  In  order  to  divert  him 
from  this  folly,  Mariana  pretends  to  be 
very  extravagant,  and  orders  a  necklace 
and  ear-rings  for  ^^3000,  a  petticoat  and 
gown  from  a  fabric  £12  a  yard,  and  besets 
the  house  with  duns.  Lovegold  gives 
;^20oo  to  be  let  off  the  bargain,  and 
Mariana  marries  the  son. — Fielding: 
The  Miser  (a  richauffi  of  L'Avare,  by 
Molifere). 

John  Emery  [1777-1822]  made  his  first  appearance  at 
Covent  Garden  Theatre  in  the  year  1798,  in  very 
opposite  characters,  "  Frank  Oakland  "  in  A  Curt  for 
the  Heartache  [by  Morton],  and  in  "  Lovegold."  In 
both  which  parts  he  obtained  great  applause.— J/<wo»> 

<IS22). 

Love'g'ood  (2  syL),  uncle  to  Valen- 
tine the  gallant  who  will  not  be  per- 
suaded to  keep  his  esiaXe.— Fletcher : 
Wit  without  Money  (1639). 

LOVEL,  once  the  page  of  lord  Beau- 
fort, in  love  with  lady  Frances ;  but  he 
concealed  his  love  because  young  Beau- 
fort ' '  cast  his  affections  first  upon  the 
lady." — Murphy  :  The  Citizen  (1757). 

Lovel  {Lord),  (See  Mistletoe 
Bough.) 

IiOvel  {Lord),  in  Clara  Reeve's  tale 
called  The  Old  English  Baron,  appears 
as  a  ghost  in  the  obscurity  of  a  dim 
religious  light  (1777). 

Lovel  (  William),  the  assumed  name 
of  lord  Geraldine  {q.v.).—Sir  W.  Scott  : 
The  Antiquary  (time,  George  III.). 

Lovel  {Peregrini),  a  wealthy  com- 
moner, who  suspects  his  servants  of 
wasting  his  substance  in  riotous  hving. 
(See  High  Life  Belov/  Stairs,  p.  491, 
for  the  tale. ) 

Lovel  ( William),  the  hero  of  a 
German  novel  so  called,  by  Ludwig 
Tieck  (1773-1833).     (See  LovELL.) 

Level  the  Widower,  a  novel  by 
Thackeray,  which  came  out  in  the  Corn- 
hill  Magazine. 

Lovelace  {zsyl.),  the  chief  male  cha- 
racter in  Richardson's  novel  of  Clarissa 


632 


LOVEMORE. 


Harlowe.  He  is  rich,  proud,  and  crafty ; 
handsome,  brave,  and  gay  ;  the  most  un- 
scrupulous but  finished  hbertine  ;  always 
self-possessed,  insinuating,  and  polished 
(1748). 

"Lovelace"  is  as  great  an  improvement  on 
"  Lothario,"  from  which  it  was  drawn,  as  Rowe's 
hero  [in  the  Fair  Penitenf^  had  been  on  the  vulgar 
rake  of  'iAis&m%e.x.—Eiicycloj)ttdia  Britannica  (article 
"  Romance  "). 

Lovelace  (2  syl.),  a  young  aristocrat, 
who  angles  with  flattery  for  the  daughter 
of  Mr.  Drugget,  a  rich  London  trades- 
man. He  fools  the  vulgar  tradesman  to 
the  top  of  his  bent,  and  stands  well  with 
him ;  but,  being  too  confident  of  his  in- 
fluence, demurs  to  the  suggestion  of  the 
old  man  to  cut  two  fine  yew  trees  at  the 
head  of  the  carriage  drive  into  a  Gog  and 
Magog.  Drugget  is  intensely  angry, 
throws  off"  the  young  man,  and  gives  his 
daughter  to  a  Mr.  Woodley. — Murphy  : 
Three  Weeks  after  Marriage  (1776). 

Loveless  ( The  Elder),  suitor  to  ' '  The 
Scornful  Lady  "  (no  name  given). 

The  Younger  Loveless,  a  prodigal. — 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher:  The  Scornful 
Lady  (i6i6). 

Loveless  {Edward),  husband  of  Aman- 
da. He  pays  undue  attention  to  Berinthia, 
a  handsome  young  widow,  his  wife's 
cousin ;  but,  seeing  the  folly  of  his  con- 
duct, he  resolves  in  future  to  devote  him- 
self to  his  wife  with  more  fideUty. — 
Sheridan  :  A  Trip  to  Scarborough  (1777). 

Lovell  {Benjamin),  a  banker,  proud 
of  his  ancestry,  but  with  a  weakness  for 
gambling. 

Elsie  Lovell,  his  daughter,  in  love  with 
Victor  Orme  the  poor  gentleman. — 
Wybert  Reeve  :  Parted. 

Lovell  {Lord).  Sir  Giles  Overreach 
{q.v. )  fully  expected  that  his  lordship  would 
marry  his  daughter  Margaret ;  but  he 
married  lady  AUworth,  and  assisted  Mar- 
garet in  marrying  Tom  Allworth,  the  man 
of  her  choice.  (See  Lovel.) — Massinger: 
A  New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts  (1628). 

Lovely  Obscure  (The),  Am'adis  of 
Gaul.     Same  as  Belten  ebros. 

The  grreat  AmSdis,  when  he  assumed  the  name  of 
"  The  Lovely  Obscure,"  dwelt  either  eight  years  or 
eight  months,  I  forget  which,  upon  a  naked  rock, 
doing  penance  for  some  unkindness  shown  him  by  the 
lady  Oria'na.  [The  rock  is  called  "  The  Poor  Rock."\ 
— Cefvantes :  Don  Quixote,  I.  iiL  i  (1605). 

Love 'more  (2  syl.),  a  man  fond  of 
gaiety  and  pleasure,  who  sincerely  loves 
his  wife ;  but,  finding  his  home  dull,  and 
that  his  wife  makes  no  effort  to  relieve 


LOVERS  AND  FAVOURITES.      633  LOVERS  STRUCK  BY  LIGHTNING. 


its  monotony,  seeks  pleasure  abroad,  and 
treats  his  wife  with  cold  civility  and 
formal  politeness.  He  is  driven  to  in- 
trigue, but,  being  brought  to  see  its  folly, 
acknowledges  his  faults,  and  his  wife  re- 
solves "to  try  to  keep  him"  by  making 
bis  home  more  lively  and  agreeable. 

Mrs.  Lovemore  (2  syl.),  wife  of  Mr. 
Lovemore,  who  finds  if  ' '  she  would  keep 
l.er  husband  "  to  herself,  it  is  not  enough 
to  "  be  a  prudent  manager,  careless  of  her 
own  comforts,  not  much  given  to  plea- 
sure ;  grave,  retired,  and  domestic ;  to 
govern  her  household,  pay  the  trades- 
men's bills,  and  love  her  husband  ; "  but 
to  these  must  be  added  some  effort  to 
please  and  amuse  him,  and  to  make  his 
home  bright  and  agreeable  to  him. — 
Murphy :  The  Way  to  Keep  Him  (1760). 

Lovers  and  Favourites  of  noted 
persons. 

(i)  ALFIERI  and  Louisa,  countess  of  Albany, 

(2)  Aristotle  and  HepyiUs. 

(3)  Boccaccio  and  Maria  Fiammetta,  daughter 
of  Robert  of  Naples. 

(4)  BURNS  and  Highland  Mary  [either  Mary 
Campbell  or  Mary  Robinson]. 

(5)  Byron  and  Teresa  Guicciola. 

(6)  Catullus  and  the  lady  Clodia,  called  "  Lesbia." 

(7)  Charles  I.  of  England  and  Editha  de  la  Pole, 
by  whom  he  had  a  son. 

(8)  Charles  II.  of  England  (after  his  restoration) 
and  (i)  Barbara  Villiers  (duchess  of  Cleveland) ;  (2) 
Louise  Ren^e  de  Kerouaille  (duchess  of  Portsmouth) ; 
and  (3)  Nell  Gwynne.  In  exile  his  favourite  lady  was 
Lucy  Walters  (called  "Barlow"),  mother  of  the  duke 
of  Monmouth.    (See  also  PEGG,  Katharine.) 

{9)  Charles  VII.  of  France  and  Agnes  Sorel. 

(10)  Charles  Edward,  the  Young  Pretender,  and 
Miss  Walkenshaw. 

(11)  THE  CiD  and  the  fair  Ximina,  afterwards 
made  his  wife 

(12)  Clarence  (The  duke  of)  and  Mrs.  Jordan 
(whose  proper  name  was  "  Dora  Phillips."  She  first 
appeared  as  "  Miss  Frances  "). 

(13)  Coleridge  and  Mary  Evans,  a  milliner. 
This  was  a  Cambridge  love-atfair. 

(14)  Dante  (2  syl.)  and  Beatrice  Portinari. 

(15)  Edward  III.,  after  the  death  of  his  wife 
Philippa,  and  Alice  Perriers  or  Pierce. 

(it)  ELIZABETH  queen  of  England  and  the  earl  of 
Essex. 

(17)  EPICU'ROS  and  Leontium. 

(18)  Francois  I.  and  the  duchess  d'Etampes 
{Mile.  ttHellly). 

(19)  FREDERICK  William  of  Prussia  and  Euke 
(a  syl.),  daughter  of  a  court  musician.  She  sub- 
sequently married  Rietz,  a  valet  de  chambre,  was 
called  the  countess  of  Lichtenai,  and  died  in  1820. 

(20)  FREDERICK  duke  of  York  and  Mary  Anne 
Clarke,  whose  brother  was  a  tinman. 

(21)  Gallus  and  Lycdris,  of  whom  Ovid  wrote— 
GaUus  et  Hesperiis,  et  Gallus  notus  Eois, 

Et  sua  cum  Gallo  nota  Lycoris  erit. 
(92)  George  I.  and  Herengard  Melrose  Melusina 
Von  Schuletnberg,  created  duchess  of  Kendal  and  of 
Munster  (nicknamed  the  Maypole) ;  the  baroness 
Kiltnansegge ;  and  the  countess  Platen.  The  last 
two  were  very  fat  women. 

(23)  George  II.  and  Henrietta  Hcbart,  countess  of 
Suffolk ;  and  the  coitntess  0/  Wahnodtn,  created 
countess  of  Yarmouth. 

(24)  George  III.  and  the  fair  quakeress  Hannah 
Lightfoot. 

(25)  George  IV.  and  Miss  Mary  Darby  Robinson, 
called  "  Perdlta  "  (1758-1799).  (See  Perdita.)  Mrs. 
Fitzherbert,  a  catholic,  to  whom  he  was  privately 
married  in  1780 ;  and  the  countess  0/  Jersey. 


(«6)  Goethe  and  the/t-aw  von  Stein. 

(27)  Habington,  the  poet,  and  CasUra  [Uidy 
Herbert],  daughter  of  lord  Powis,  afterwards  ius 
wife. 

(28)  Harold  and  Editha,  "  the  swan-necked." 
(29    Hazlitt  and  Sarah  U'aiker. 

(30)  Henri  II.  and  Diane  0/  Poitiers. 

(31)  Henri  IV.  and  La  belle  Gabrielle  [d'Estr<es\ 
(See  Gabrielle.) 

(32)  Henry  I.  and  Nesta,  noted  for  her  beauty. 
She  subsequently  married  Gerald  lord  of  Carew ;  and 
at  his  death  she  married  Caradoc  a  Welsh  prince. 

(33)  Henry  II.  and  the  fair  Rosamond  ijant 
CHjff'ortll    (See  ROSAMOND.) 

(34)  Horace  the  Roman  poet  and  Lesbia. 

(35)  John  of  Gaunt  and  Catherine  Sivyn/ord, 
whose  son  was  created  bishop  of  Winchester. 

(36)  Dr.  Johnson  and  Mrs.  Thrale. 

(37)  Lamartine  and  Elvire  the  Creole  girL 

(38)  Louis  XI v.  and  Mile,  de  la  ValMre :  then 
Mine,  de  Montespan  ;  then  Mme.  de  Fontage 

(39)  Lovelace  and  the  divine  Althea,  also  caEed 
Lucasta  \_Lucy  Sacheverel[\. 

(40)  Metastasio  and  Mariana,  an  actress. 
(41    MiRABEAU  and  Mme.  Nehra. 

(42)  Monmouth  (The  duke  of)  [already  married] 
and  Henrietta  Wentworth,  baroness  Wentworth  of 
Nettlestede. 

(43)  MONTAINH  and  Mmlle.  de  Goumay,  who  was 
called  his  "adopted  daughter." 

(44)  Nelson  and  lady  Hamilton. 

(45)  Pericles  (3  syl.)  and  Aspasia. 

(46)  Peter  the  Great  and  Catherine,  widow  of 
a  Swedish  dragoon.     He  married  her. 

(47)  PETRARCH  and  Laura  (wife  of  Hugues  d» 
Sade). 

(48)  Plato  and  Archianassa. 

(49)  Prior  and  Chloe  or  Cloe,  the  cobbler's  wife  of 
Linden  Grove. 

(so)  PROPERTIUS  and  Cynthia. 

(51)  RAPHAEL  and  Julie  Fornarina,  a  baker's 
wife. 

(52)  ROUSSEAU  and  Tulie  \la  comtesse  d'Houdetof\. 
.(S3)  SCARRON  and  Altne.  Maintetion,  afterwards  his 

wife.  On  the  death  of  Scarron,  she  became  the  wife  of 
Louis  XIV.,  whom  she  outlived. 

(54)  SIDNEY  and  Stella  [Penelope  Devereux\ 

(55)  SPENSER  and  Rosalind  \_Rose  Lynde]  of  Kent. 

(56)  STERNE  (in  his  old  age)  and  EUza  [Mrs. 
Draper]. 

(57)  Stersichoros  \,SUr-sic'-o-ros\  and  Hemfra. 

(58)  Surrey  (Henry  Harvard,  earl  of)  and  Geral- 
dine,  who  married  the  earl  of  Lincoln.  (See  GERAL- 
DINE.) 

(59)  Swift  had  two  romantic  love-affairs :  (1)  with 
Stella  (i.e.  Hester  Johnson);  and  the  other  with 
Vanessa  (i.e.  Esther  l^anhomrigh). 

(60)  Tasso  and  Leonora  or  Eleanora  d^Estt. 

(61)  Theoc'RITOS  and  Myrto. 

(62)  Vandyke  and  Margaret  Lemon. 

(63)  Voltaire  and  the  "  divine  Emilie  "  (l.e.  Mme-. 
Chatclet.) 

(64)  Waller  and  Sacharissa  (I.e.  lady  Dorothea 
Sidney). 

(6s)  WILLIAM  III.  and  Elizabeth  Villiers  or  fillers, 
created  countess  of  Orkney,  with  an  allowance  of 
£2$,ooo  a  year. 

(66)  William   IV.,  when   duke  of  Clarence,   was 
devotedly    attached    to  Mrs.   Jordan  [either  Dora 
Bland  or  Dora  Phillips,  and  called  "  Miss  Francis  "j. 
s   (67)  WOLSEY  and  Mistress  IVinter. 

(68)  WYATT  and  Anna  lAnne  Boleyn\  said  to  b« 
purely  Platonic  affection. 

Lovers   Struck  by  Lightnings, 

John  Hewit  and  Sarah  Drew  of  Stanton 
Harcourt,  near  Oxford  (July  31,  1718). 
Gay  gives  a  full  description  of  the  inci- 
dent in  one  of  his  letters.  On  the  morning 
that  they  obtained  the  consent  of  their 
parents  to  the  match,  they  went  together 
into  a  field  to  gather  wild  flowers,  when 
a  thunderstorm  overtook  them  and  both 
were  killed.     Pope  WTOte  their  epitaph. 


LOVERS'  LEAP.  634 

N.B.— Probably  Thomson  had  this  in- 
cident in  view  in  his  tale  of  Celadon  and 
Amelia.    (See Seasons,  "Summer,"  1727.) 

Lovers'  Leap.  The  leap  from  the 
Leuca'dian  promontory  into  the  sea.  This 
promontory  is  in  the  island  of  Leucas  or 
Leucadia,  in  the  Ionian  Sea.  Sappho 
threw  herself  therefrom  when  she  found 
her  love  for  Phaon  was  not  returned. 

• .  •  A  precipice  on  the  Guadalhorce  (4 
syl. ),  from  which  Manuel  and  Laila  cast 
themselves,  is  also  called  "The  Lovers' 
Leap."    (See  Laila,  p.  587.) 

Lovers'  Vows,  altered  by  Mrs. 
Inchbald  from  Kotzebue's  drama  (1800). 
Baron  Wildenham,  in  his  youth,  seduced 
Agatha  Friburg,  and  then  forsook  her. 
She  had  a  son  Frederick,  who  in  due 
time  became  a  soldier.  While  on  fur- 
lough, he  came  to  spend  his  time  with 
his  mother,  and  found  her  reduced  to 
abject  poverty  and  almost  starved  to 
death.  A  poor  cottager  took  her  in, 
while  Frederick,  who  had  no  money, 
went  to  beg  charity.  Count  Wildenhaim 
was  out  with  his  gun,  and  Frederick 
asked  alms  of  him.  The  count  gave  him 
a  shilling  ;  Frederick  demanded  more, 
and,  being  refused,  seized  the  baron  by 
the  throat.  The  keepers  soon  came  up, 
collared  him,  and  put  him  in  the  castle 
dungeon.  Here  he  was  visited  by  the 
chaplain,  and  it  came  out  that  the  count 
was  his  father.  The  chaplain,  being  ap- 
pealed to,  told  the  count  the  only  repara- 
tion he  could  make  would  be  to  marry 
Agatha  and  acknowledge  the  young  soldier 
to  be  his  son.  This  advice  he  f<.  'lowed, 
and  Agatha  Friburg,  the  beggar,  became 
the  baroness  Wildenhaim  of  Wildenhaim 
Castle. 

Love'rale  {Siryokn),  a  very  pleasant 
gentleman,  but  wholly  incapable  of  ruling 
his  wife,  who  led  him  a  miserable  dance. 

Lady  Loverule,  a  violent  termagant, 
who  beat  her  servants,  scolded  her  hus- 
band, and  kept  her  house  in  constant  hot 
water,  but  was  reformed  by  Zakel  Jobson 
the  cohhXtx.— Coffey :  The  Devil  to  Pay 
(died  1745).    (See  Devil  to  Pay,  p.  275. ) 

Loves.    (See  p.  633.) 

Love'well,  the  husband  of  Fanny 
Sterling,  to  whom  he  has  been  clandes- 
tinely married  for  four  months.— Cc?/wa« 
and  Garrick  :  The  Clandestifie  Marriage 
(1766).  ^ 

Loving-Land,  a  place  where  Neptune 


LUATH. 

held  his  "nymphall"  or  feast  given  to 
the  sea-nymphs. 

[He'i  his  Tritons  made  proclaim,  a  nyiiiphaU  to  be  held 
In  honour  of  himself  in  Loving-land,  \\here  he 
The  most  selected  nymphs  appointed  had  to  be. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xx.  (1622). 

Lovinski  (Baron),  the  friend  of 
prince  Lupauski,  under  whose  charge  the 
princess  Lodois'ka  (4  syl. )  is  placed  during 
a  war  between  the  Poles  and  the  Tartars. 
Lovinski  betrays  his  trust  by  keeping 
the  princess  a  virtual  prisoner  because 
she  will  not  accept  him  as  a  lover  The 
count  Floreski  makes  his  way  into  the 
castle,  and  the  baron  seeks  to  poison  him, 
but  at  this  crisis  the  Tartars  invade  the 
castle,  the  baron  is  slain,  and  Floreski 
marries  the  princess.— J,  P.  Kemble  : 
Lodoiska  (a  melodrame). 

Low-Heels     and     High-Heels, 

two  factions  in  Lilliput.  The  High-heels 
were  opposed  to  the  emperor,  who  wore 
low  heels  and  employed  Low-heels  in 
his  cabinet.  Of  course,  the  Low-heels 
are  the  whigs  and  low-church  party,  and 
the  High-heels  the  tories  and  high-church 
party.  (See  Little-Endians,  p.  619.) 
— Swift :  Gulliver  s  Travels  ( ' '  Voyage  to 
Lilliput,"  1726). 

Lowestoffe[  =  Low-stiff']  [Reginald],  a 
young  Templar. —i"z>  W.  Scott :  Fortunes 
of  Nigel  (time,  James  L). 

Lowther  {Jack),  a  smuggler.— 5?> 
W.  Scott:  Redgauntlet  (time,  George 
HI.). 

Loyal  Subject  (The),  Archas 
general  of  the  Muscovites,  and  the  father 
of  colonel  Theodore. — Beaumont  (f)  and 
Fletcher:  The  Loyal  Subject  (1618). 

(Beaumont  died  1616.) 

Loyale  Epee  (La),  "  the  honest 
soldier,"  that  is,  marshal  de  MacMahon 
(1808,  president  of  France  from  1873  to 
1879,  died  1893). 

Loys  (2  syl.)  de  Dreux,  a  young 
Breton  nobleman,  who  joined  the  Druses, 
and  was  appointed  their  prefect. 

Loys  (2  sy!.)  the  boy  stood  on  the  leading  prow. 
Conspicuous  in  his  gay  attire. 

Ji.  Browning:  The  Keturn  of  the  Druses,  L 

Luath  (2  syl),  Cuthullin's  "swift- 
footed  hound." — Ossian:  Fingal,  ii. 

Fingal  had  a  dog  called  "  Luath  "  and 
another  called  "  Bran." 

In  Robert  Burns's  poem,  called  The 
Twa  Dogs,  the  poor  man's  dog  which 
represents  the  peasantry  is  called 
"  Luath,"  and  the  gentleman's  dog  is 
"Caesar." 


LUBAR. 

"Luba^T,  a  river  of  Ulster,  which  flows 
between  the  two  mountains  Cromleach 
and  Crommal. — Ossian. 

Lubber-Land  or  Cockagne  (2  jrj'/.), 
London. 

The  poldcn  agre  was  represented  In  the  same  ridicu- 
lous .  .  .  mode  ef  description  as  the  Pays  dc  la  Cocagne 
of  the  French  minstrels,  or  the  popular  ideas  of 
"Lubber-land"  in  England.— 5»y  iV.  Scott:  Th* 
Drama. 

Lncan  {Sir),  'sometimes  called  "sir 
Lucas,"  butler  of  king  Arthur,  and  a 
knight  of  the  Round  Table.— 5i>  T. 
Malory  :  History  of  Prince  Arthur  {"  Lu- 
can,"  ii.  160  ;  "  Lucas,"  ii.  78;  1470). 

"LuCKli^zPharsalia.  (See  Pharsalia.) 

Lucasta,  whom  Richard  Lovelace 
celebrates,  was  Lucy  Sacheverell.  (Lucy- 
casta  or  Lux  casta,  "  chaste  light.") 

Lucca,  a  city  of  Italy,  noted  for  its 
vo/to  santo,  a  wooden  crucifix,  on  the 
cathedral,  to  which  a  peculiar  veneration 
is  paid.  The  ordinary  oath  of  William 
Rufus  was,  "  By  the  sacred  face  of 
Lucca  I  "    (See  Oaths.  ) 

Lxtcentio,  son  of  Vicentio  of  Pisa. 
He  marries  Bianca  sister  of  Katharina 
"the  Shrew"  of  Padua. — Shakespeare: 
Taming  of  the  Shrew  (1594). 

Lncetta,  waiting-woman  of  Julia  the 
lady-love  of  Protheus  (one  of  the  heroes 
of  the  ^\sl^).— Shakespeare :  The  Two 
Gentlemen  of  Verona  (1594). 

Lu'eia,  daughter  of  Lucius  (one  of 
the  friends  of  Cato  at  Utica,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  mimic  senate).  Lucia  was 
loved  by  both  the  sons  of  Cato,  but  she 
preferred  the  more  temperate  Porcius  to 
the  vehement  Marcus.  Marcus,  being  slain, 
left  the  field  open  to  the  elder  brother. — 
Addison  :  Cato  (1713). 

Lu'cia,  in  The  Cheats  of  Scapin, 
Otway's  version  of  Les  Fourberies  de 
Scapin, -hy  Moli^re.  Lucia,  in  Moli^re's 
comedy,  is  called  "  Zerbinette ;  "  her 
father  Thrifty  is  called  "Argante;"  her 
brother  Octavian  is  "Octave;"  and 
her  sweetheart  Leander  son  of  Gripe  is 
called  by  Moli^re  ' '  L^andre  son  of 
G^ronte.'' 

Lu'cia  [St.).  Struck  on  St.  Lucia's 
thorn,  on  the  rack,  in  torment,  much 
perplexed  and  annoyed.  St.  Lucia  was 
a  virgin  martyr,  put  to  death  at  Syracuse 
in  304.  Her  fete-day  is  December  13, 
The  "  thorn"  referred  to  is  in  reality  the 
point  of  a  sword,  shown  in  all  paintings 


«35 


LUCIFERA. 


of    the    saint,    protruding    through   the 
neck. 

If  I  don't  recru!t ...  I  shall  be  stmcV  upon  St  Lada> 
VtiOTTi.—CefVHtes:  Don  Qnixtte,  II.  L  3  (1615). 

Lucia  di  Lammermoor,  called 
by  sir  W.  Scott  "  Lucy  Ashton,"  sister  of 
lord  Henry  Ashton  of  Lammermoor.  In 
order  to  retrieve  the  broken  fortune  of 
the  family,  lord  Henry  arranged  a  mar- 
riage between  his  sister  and  lord  Arthur 
Bucklaw,  alias  Frank  Hayston  laird  of 
Bucklaw.  Unknown  to  the  brother, 
Edgardo  [Edgar)  master  of  Ravenswood 
(whose  family  had  long  had  a  feud  with 
the  Lammermoors)  was  betrothed  to 
Lucy.  While  Edgardo  was  absent  in 
France,  Lucia  [Lucy)  is  made  to  believe 
that  he  is  unfaithful  to  her,  and  in  her 
temper  she  consents  to  marry  the  laird  of 
Bucklaw.  but  on  the  wedding  night  she 
stabs  him,  goes  mad,  and  dies. — Doni- 
zr.tti :  Lucia  di  Lammermoor  (an  opera, 
1835) ;  sir  W.  Scott's  novel  The  Bride  of 
Lammermoor  (time,  William  III.). 

Lucia'na,  sister  of  Adrian'a.  She 
marries  Antipholus  of  Syracuse. — Shake- 
speare :  Comedy  of  Errors  [x^^f^-^. 

Lu'cida,  the  lady-love  of  sir  Ferra- 
mont. — Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  iv.  5 
(1596). 

Lucifer  is  described  by  Dantfi  as  a 
huge  giant,  with  three  faces:  one  red, 
indicative  of  anger;  one  yellow,  indicative 
of  envy  ;  and  one  black,  indicative  of 
melancholy.  Between  his  shoulders,  the 
poet  says,  there  shot  forth  two  enormous 
wings,  without  plumage,  "in  texture 
like  a  bat's."  With  these  "he  flapped 
i'  the  air,"  and  "  Cocy'tus  to  its  depth 
was  frozen."  "At  six  eyes  he  wept," 
and  at  every  mouth  he  champed  a  sinner. 
— Dante:  Hell,  xxxiv.  (1301). 

Lucifer  is  one  of  the  characters  in 
Bailey's  Festus,  Hepworth  Dixon  says 
that  Bailey's  Festus  is  not  a  bold  bad 
man,  like  Marlowe's;  nor  2^  proud  defiant 
one,  like  Milton's  ;  nor  a  sneering  sar- 
castic one,  like  Goethe's  ;  but  the  "  prin- 
ciple of  evil "  personified. 

Lucif'era  [Pride),  daughter  of  Pluto 
and  Proser'plna.  Her  usher  was  Vanity. 
Her  chariot  was  drawn  by  six  different 
beasts,  on  each  of  which  was  seated 
one  of  the  queen's  counsellors.  The 
foremost  beast  was  an  ass,  ridden  by 
Idleness  who  resembled  a  monk  ;  paired 
with  the  ass  was  a  swine,  on  which  rode 
Gluttony    clad    in    vine    leaves.       Next 


LUCILLE. 


635 


LUCIUS. 


came  a  goat,  ridden  by  Lechery  arrayed 
in  green ;  paired  with  the  goat  was  a 
camel,  on  which  rode  Avarice  in  thread- 
bare coat  and  cobbled  shoes.  The  next 
beast  was  a  wolf,  bestrid  by  Envy 
arrayed  in  a  kirtle  full  of  eyes ;  and 
paired  with  the  wolf  was  a  lion,  bestrid 
by  Wrath  in  a  robe  all  blood-stained. 
The  coachman  of  the  team  was  Satan, 

Lo !  underneath  her  scornful  feet  was  tain 
A  dreadful  drag'on,  with  a  hideous  train; 
And  in  her  hand  she  held  a  mirror  bright, 
Wkerein  her  face  she  often  viewed  fain. 

Spenser :  Fairie  Quetne,  i.  4  (iS9o). 

laticille,  a  poem  by  Robert  Bulwer- 
Lytton,  lord  Lytton  (i860).     His  best. 

Lncinda,  the  daughter  of  opulent 
parents,  engaged  in  marriage  to  Car- 
denio,  a  young  gentleman  of  similar  rank 
and  equal  opulence.  Lucinda  was,  how- 
ever, promised  by  her  father  in  marriage 
to  don  Fernando,  youngest  son  of  the 
duke  Ricardo.  When  the  wedding  day 
arrived,  the  young  lady  fell  into  a  swoon, 
and  a  letter  informed  don  Fernando  that 
the  bride  was  married  already  to  Car- 
denio.  Next  day  she  left  the  house 
privately,  and  took  refuge  in  a  convent, 
whence  she  was  forcibly  abducted  by  don 
Fernando.  Stopping  at  an  inn,  the  party 
found  there  Dorothea  the  wife  of  don 
Fernando,  and  Cardenio  the  husband  of 
Lucinda,  and  all  things  arranged  them- 
selves satisfactorily  to  the  parties  con- 
cerned.— Cervantes:  Don  Quixote,  I.  iv. 
(1605). 

Lncinda,  the  bosom  friend  of  Rosetta ; 
merry,  coquettish,  and  fit  for  any  fun. 
She  is  the  daughter  of  justice  Woodcock, 
and  falls  in  love  with  Jack  Eustace.  (For 
the  tale,  see  Eustace,  Jack,  p.  345.) 
— Bickerstaff:  Love  in  a  Village  (1762). 

Lncinda,  referred  to  by  the  poet 
Thomson,  in  his  Spring,  was  Lucy 
Fortescue,  daughter  of  Hugh  Fortescue 
of  Devonshire,  and  wife  of  lord  George 
Lyttelton. 

O  Lyttelton  .  .  . 

Courting  the  Muse,  thro'  Hagley  Parle  thou  strayst . . . 

Perhaps  thy  loved  Lucinda  shares  thy  wallc, 

With  soul  to  thine  attuned. 

Thomson  :  The  Seaitns  {"  Springr,"  1728). 


Lncinde  (2  syl.),  daughter  of  Sgana- 
relle.  As  she  has  lost  her  spirit  and 
appetite,  her  father  sends  for  four  physi- 
cianr,  who  all  differ  as  to  the  nature  of 
the  malady  and  the  remedy  to  be  applied. 
Lisette  (her  waiting-woman)  sends  in  the 
mean  time  for  Clitandre,  the  lover  of 
Lucinde,  who  comes  under  the  guise  of 
a  mock  doctor.      He  tells  Sganarelle  the 


disease  of  the  young  lady  must  be  reached 
through  the  imagination,  and  prescribes 
the  semblance  of  a  marriage.  As  his 
assistant  is  in  reality  a  notary,  the  mock 
marriage  turns  out  to  be  a  real  one.— 
Moliire:  L Amour  Midecin  (1665). 

Lncinde  (2  syl.),  daughter  of  G^ronte 
(2  syl.).  Her  father  wanted  her  to  marry 
Horace  ;  but  as  she  was  in  love  with 
L^andre,  she  pretended  to  have  lost 
the  power  of  articulate  speech,  to  avoid 
a  marriage  which  she  abhorred.  Sgana- 
relle, the  faggot-maker,  was  introduced 
as  a  famous  dumb  doctor,  and  soon  saw 
the  state  of  affairs  ;  so  he  took  with  him 
L^andre  as  an  apothecary,  and  the  young 
lady  received  a  perfect  cure  from  "  pills 
matrimoniac." — Moliire  :  Le  Midecin 
Malgrd  Lui  [1666). 

Ln'cio,  not  absolutely  bad,  but  vicious 
and  dissolute.  He  is  "like  a  wave  of 
the  sea,  driven  by  the  wind  and  tossed," 
and  has  no  abiding  principle. — Shake- 
speare: Measure  for  Measure  (1603), 

Lncip'pe  (3  syl.),  a  woman  attached 
to  the  suite  of  the  princess  Calls  (sister  of 
Astorax  king  of  Paphos). — Beaumont  {f) 
and  Fletcher:  The  Mad  Lover  (1618). 
(Beaumont  died  1616.) 

Ln'cius,  son  of  Coillus ;  a  mythical 
king  of  Britain.  Geoffrey  says  he  sent  a 
letter  to  pope  Eleutherius  (177-193),  de- 
siring to  be  instructed  in  the  Christian 
religion,  whereupon  the  pope  sent  over 
Dr.  Faganus  and  Dr.  Duvanus  for  the 
purpose.  Lucius  was  baptized,  and 
"people  from  all  countries"  with  him. 
The  pagan  temples  in  Britain  were  con- 
verted into  churches,  the  archflamens  into 
archbishops,  and  the  flamens  into  bishops. 
So  there  were  twenty-eight  bishops  and 
three  archbishops. — British  History,  iv. 
19(1470). 

He  our  flamens'  seats  who  turned  to  bishops'  sees. 
Great  Lucius,  that  good  king  to  whom  we  chiefly  owe 
This  happiness  we  have— Christ  crucified  to  know. 
Drayton  :  Polyoliiion,  viii.  (1612). 

(Nennius  says  that  king  Lucius  was 
baptized  in  167  by  Evaristus  ;  but  this  is 
a  blunder,  as  Evaristus  lived  a  century 
before  the  date  mentioned. ) 

The  archflamens  were  those  of  London, 
York,  and  Newport  (the  City  of  Legions 
or  Caerleon-on-Usk). 

Draytonicalls  the  two  legates  "Fugatius 
and  St.  Damian." 

Those  goodly  Romans  .  .  .  who  .  .  . 

Wan  good  king  Lucius  first  to  embrace  the  Christian 

faith : 
Fugatius  and  his  friend  St.  Damian  .  .  . 
.  .  .  have  their  remembrance  liere. 

Drayton  :  Pelyolbion,  rxir.  (iSa^ 


LUCIUS.  637 

(After  baptism.  St.  Lucins  abdicated, 
and  became  a  missionary  in  Switzeiland, 
where  he  died  a  martyr's  death.) 

Lucius  [Catus),  general  of  the  Roman 
forces  in  Britain  in  the  reign  of  king 
Cym'beline  (3  syl.).—t>kake$peare :  Cym- 
beline  (1605). 

(There  is  a  Lucius  in  Timon  of  Athens  ^ 
and  in  Julius  Ccesar  also.) 

Lncins  Tiberius,  general  of  the 
Roman  army,  who  wrote  to  king  Arthur, 
commanding  him  to  appear  at  Rome  to 
make  satisfaction  for  the  conquests  he 
had  made,  and  to  receive  such  punish- 
ment as  the  senate  might  think  proper  to 
award.  This  letter  induced  Arthur  to 
declare  war  with  Rome.  So,  committing 
the  care  of  government  to  his  nephew 
Modred,  he  marched  to  Lyonaise  (in 
Gaul),  where  he  won  a  complete  victory, 
and  left  Lucius  dead  on  the  field.  He 
then  started  for  Rome;  but  being  told 
that  Modred  had  usurped  the  crown,  he 
hastened  back  to  Britain,  and  fought  the 
great  battle  of  the  West,  where  he  re- 
ceived his  death-wound  from  the  hand  of 
l^lodrtd.— Geoffrey :  British  History,  ix. 
15-20 ;  X.  (1142). 

Great  Arthur  did  advance 
To  meet,  wlfl>  his  allies,  that  puissant  force  in  France 

Br  Lucius  thitlier  led.  ,  ^    , 

Drayton  :  Polyolbton,  it.  (1612). 

luck  of  Roaring  Camp  [The),  the 
best  of  the  prose  sketches  of  Bret  Harte 
of  America.  It  describes  the  amelio- 
rating influence  of  a  little  child  on  a  set  of 
ruffians  (1870). 

(It  has  been  dramatized.  See  SiLAS 
Marner,  a  tale  somewhat  similar,  by 
George  Eliot  (Mrs.  J.  W.  Cross),  1816.) 

IiUCre'tia,  daughter  of  Spurius  Lu- 
cretius prefect  of  Rome,  and  wife  of 
Tarquinius  CoUati'nus.  She  was  dis- 
honoured by  Sextus,  the  son  of  Tar- 
quinius Superbus.  Ha\ing  avowed  her 
dirbonour  in  the  presence  of  her  father, 
her  husband,  and  their  friends  Junius 
Brutus  and  Valerius,  she  stabbed  herself. 

N.B.— This  subject  has  been  drama- 
tized in  French  by  Ant.  Vincent  Arnault, 
in  a  tragedy  called  Lucrice  (1792) ;  and 
by  Franfois  Ponsard  in  1843.  In  English, 
by  Thomas  Heywood,  in  a  tragedy  en- 
titled The  Rape  of  Lucrece  (1630) ;  by 
Nathaniel  Lee,  entitled  Lucius  Junius 
Brutus  (seventeenth  century)  ;  and  by 
John  H.  Payne,  entitled  Brutus  or  The 
Fall  of  Tarquin  (1820).  Shakespeare 
selected  the  same  subject  for  his  poem 
entitled  The  Rape  of  Lucrece  (1594). 


LUCY. 

\  Tennyson  wrote  a  dramatic  mono- 
logue called  Lucretius. 

Lucrezia  di  Borgia,  daughter  of 
pope  Alexander  VI.  She  was  thrice 
married,  her  last  husband  being  Alfonso 
duke  of  Ferra'ra.  Before  this  marriage, 
she  had  a  natural  son  named  Genna'ro, 
who  was  brought  up  by  a  Neapolitan 
fisherman.  When  grown  to  manhood, 
Gennaro  had  a  commission  given  him  in 
the  army,  and  in  the  battle  of  Rim'ini  he 
saved  the  life  of  Orsini.  In  Venice  he 
declaimed  freely  against  the  vices  ^  of 
Lucrezia  di  Borgia,  and  on  one  occasion 
he  mutilated  the  escutcheon  of  the  duke 
by  knocking  off  the  B,  thus  converting 
Borgia  into  Orgia.  Lucrezia  insisted  that 
the  perpetrator  of  this  insult  should  suffer 
death  by  poison  ;  but  when  she  discovered 
that  the  offender  was  her  own  son,  she 
gave  him  an  antidote,  and  released  him 
from  jail.  Scarcely,  however,  was  he 
liberated,  than  he  was  poisoned  at  a 
banquet  given  by  the  princess  Neg'roni. 
Lucrezia  now  told  Gennaro  that  he  was 
her  own  son,  and  died  as  her  son  expired. 
—Donizetti  :  Lucrezia  di  Borgia  (an 
opera,  1834). 

(Victor  Hugo  has  a  drama  entitled 
Lucrice  Borgia.) 

IiUCullus,  a  wealthy  Roman,  noted 
for  his  banquets  and  self-indulgence.  On 
one  occasion,  when  a  superb  supper  had 
been  prepared,  being  asked  who  were  to 
be  his  guests,  he  replied,  "  LucuUus  will 
sup  to-night  with  LucuUus  "  (B.a  110-57). 
(See  Glutton,  p.  431.) 

Ne'er  Falemian  threw  a  richer 
Light  upon  LucuUifs"  tables. 

Longfellow  :  DrinMing^  Song. 

IiUC'uiUO,  a  satrap,  chieftain,  or 
khedive  among  the  ancient  Etruscans. 
The  over-king  was  called  lars.  Servius 
the  grammarian  says,  "  Lflciimo  rex 
sonat  lingua  Etruscd ;  "  but  it  was  such  a 
king  as  that  of  Bavaria  in  the  empire  of 
GeriT.any,  where  the  king  of  Prussia  is 
the  lars. 

And  plainly  and  more  plainly 

Now  might  the  burghers  know. 
By  port  and  vest,  by  horse  and  crest, 


Macaiilay:  Lays  of  Ancient  Rome 
("Horatius,    xxiii.,  1842). 

Iiucy,  a  dowerless  girl  betrothed  to 
Amidas.  Being  forsaken  by  him  for  the 
wealthy  Philtra,  she  threw  herself  into 
the  sea,  but  was  saved  by  clinging  to  a 
chest.  Both  being  drifted  ashore,  it  was 
found  that  the  chest  contained  great 
treasures,  which  Lucy  gave  to  Bracidas, 
the  brother  of  Amidas,  who  married  her. 


LUCY. 

In  tills  marriage,  Bracidas  found  "  two 
goodly  portions,  and  the  better  she." — 
Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  v.  4  (1596). 

Lucy,  daughter  of  Mr.  Richard 
Wealthy,  a  rich  London  merchant.  Her 
father  wanted  her  to  marry  a  wealthy 
tradesman,  and  as  she  refused  to  do  so, 
he  turned  her  out  of  doors.  Being  intro- 
duced as  a  fille  de  joie  to  sir  George 
Wealthy  "  the  minor,"  he  soon  perceived 
her  to  be  a  modest  girl  who  had  been 
entrapped,  and  he  proposed  marriage. 
When  the  facts  of  the  case  were  known, 
Mr.  Wealthy  and  sir  William  (the  father 
of  the  young  man)  were  delighted  at  the 
happy  termination  of  what  might  have 
proved  a  most  untoward  affair. — Foote: 
The  Minor  (1760). 

Lucy  [Lockit],  daughter  of  LockJt 
the  jailer.  A  foolish  young  woman,  who, 
decoyed  by  captain  Macheath  under  the 
specious  promise  of  marriage,  effected  his 
escape  from  jail.  The  captain,  however, 
was  recaptured,  and  condemned  to  death  ; 
but  being  reprieved,  confessed  himself 
married  to  Polly  Peachum,  and  Lucy  was 
left  to  seek  another  mate. 

How  happy  could  I  be  with  either  ^JLuey  or  PoUy\ 
Were  t'other  dear  charmer  away  1 

Gay  :  The  Beggar's  Opera,  ii.  a  {^T^i). 

(Miss  Fenton  (duchess  of  Bolton)  was 
the  original  "  Lucy  Lockit,"  1708-1760.) 

Lucy  Deane,  in  the  novel  called  The 
Mill  on  the  Floss,  by  George  Eliot  (Mrs. 
J.  W.  Cross)  (i860). 

Lucy  Goodwill,  a  girl  of  16,  and  a 
child  of  nature,  reared  by  her  father  who 
was  a  widower.  ' '  She  has  seen  nothing," 
he  says;  "she  knows  nothing,  and, 
therefore,  has  no  will  of  her  own."  Old 
Goodwill  wished  her  to  marry  one  of  her 
relations,  that  his  money  might  be  kept 
in  the  family;  but  Lucy  had  "will" 
enough  of  her  own  to  see  that  her  re- 
lations were  boobies,  and  selected  for  her 
husband  a  big,  burly  footman  named 
T\iom^%.— Fielding :  The  Virgin  Un- 
masked [ij^^o). 

Lucy  and  Colin.  Colin  was  be- 
trothed to  Lucy,  but  forsook  her  for  a 
bride  "thrice  as  rich  as  she."  Lucy 
drooped,  but  was  present  at  the  wedding  ; 
and  when  Colin  saw  her,  "  the  damps  of 
death  bedewed  his  brow,  and  he  died." 
Both  were  buried  in  one  tomb,  and  many 
a  hind  and  plighted  maid  resorted  thither, 
"  to  deck  it  with  garlands  and  true-love 
knots." — Tickell:  Lucy  and  Colin  (1720). 


638  LUDOVICO. 

(Vincent  Bourne  translated  this  ballad 
into  Latin  verse. ) 

Through  all  TickeU's  works  there  Is  a  strain  of  ballad- 

thinkinff In  this  ballad  \_I.ucy  and  Colin]  he  seems 

to  have  surpassed  himself.  It  is.  perhaps,  the  best  in 
our  lAnguzzf^-— Goldsmith  :  Bea  uHes  of  English  Poetry 
(1767). 

Lucyl'ius  (b.c.  148-103),  the  father 
of  Roman  satire. 

I  have  presumed,  my  lord  for  to  present 

With  this  pooreGlasse,  which  is  of  trustie  Steele[^aAV4 

And  came  to  me  by  wil  and  testament 

Of  one  that  was  a  Glassraaker  [satirist]  indeede : 

Lucylius  this  worthy  man  was  namde. 

Gascoignt :  The  Steele  Glas  (died  1577). 

Lud,  son  of  Heli,  who  succeeded  "his 
father  as  king  of  Britain.  "  Lud  rebuilt 
the  walls  of  Trinovantum,  and  surrounded 
the  city  with  innumerable  towers  .  .  . 
for  which  reason  it  was  called  Kaer-lud, 
Anglicized  into  Lud-ton,  and  softened 
into  London.  .  .  .  When  dead,  his  body 
was  buried  by  the  gate  .  .  .  Parthlud, 
called  in  Saxon  Ludes-gate." — Geoffrey: 
British  History,  iii.  20  (1142). 

.  .  .  that  mighty  Lud,  in  whose  eternal  name 
Great  London  still  shall  live  (by  him  rebuikled). 

Drayton  :  PolyolHon,  viii.  (i6i»). 

("  Parth-lud,"  in  Latin  Porta-Lud.) 
Lud  {General),  leader  of  the  distressed 
and  riotous  artisans  in  the  manufacturing 
districts  of  England,  who,  in  1811,  en- 
deavoured to  prevent  the  use  of  power- 
looms. 

Luddites  (2  syl.),  the  riotous  artisans 
who  followed  the  leader  called  general 
Lud. 

Above  thirty  years  before  this  time,  an  imbecile 
named  Ned  Lud,  Uving  in  a  village  in  Leicestershire, 
being  tormented  by  some  boys,  .  .  .  pursued  one  of 
them  into  a  house,  and  .  .  .  broke  two  stocking-frames. 
His  name  was  taken  by  those  who  broke  power-looms. 
—H.  Martimau. 

Lud's  Town,  London,  as  if  a  cor- 
ruption of  Lud-ton.  Similarly,  Ludgate 
is  said  to  be  Lud's-gate;  and  Ludgate 
prison  is  called  "  Lud's  Bulwark."  Of 
course,  the  etymologies  are  only  fit  for 
fable. 

King  Lud,  repairing  the  city,  eaUed  It  af^erhls  name, 
"  Lud's  town ; '  the  strong  gate  which  he  built  in  the 
west  part  he  named  "  Lud-gate."  In  1260  the  gate  was 
beautified  with  images  of  Lud  and  other  kings.  Those 
Images,  in  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.,  had  their  heads 
smitten  off.  .  .  .  Queen  Mary  did  set  new  heads  npon 
tlieir  old  bodies  again.  The  28th  of  queen  Elizitbeth, 
the  gate  was  newly  beautified  with  images  of  Lud  and 
others,  as  before. — St<rm  :  Survey  «f  London  (1598). 

Ludov'ico,  chief  minister  of  Naples. 
He  heads  a  conspiracy  to  murder  the 
king  and  seize  the  crown.  Ludovico  is 
the  craftiest  of  villains,  but,  being  caught 
in  his  own  guile,  he  is  killed. — Sheil: 
Evadne  or  The  Statue  (1820). 

Ludovico  in  Shakespeare's  Othelh 
(1602). 


LUDWAL.  639 

Lndwal  or  Zdwal,  son  of  Roderick 
the  Great,  of  North  Wales.  He  refused 
to  pay  Edgar  king  of  England  the  tribute 
which  had  been  levied  ever  since  the 
time  of  iEthelstan.  William  of  Malmes- 
bury  tells  us  that  Edgar  commuted  the 
tribute  for  300  wolves'  heads  yearly  ;  the 
wolf-tribute  was  paid  for  three  years,  and 
then  discontinued,  because  there  were  no 
more  wolves  to  be  found. 

O  Edjar  1  who  compeUedst  or  Ludwal  hence  to  pay 
Three  hundred  wolves  a  year  for  tribute  unto  thee. 
Drayton :  Polyolbion,  ix.  (1612). 

Lufra,  Douglas's  dog,  "the  fleetest 
hound  in  all  the  North."— i:»>  W.  Scott: 
Lady  of  the  Lake  (1810). 

Ellen,  the  while,  with  bursting  heart, 
Remained  in  lordly  bower  apart  .  . . 
While  Lufra,  crouching  at  her  side. 
Her  station  claimed  with  jealous  pride. 
Sir  IV.  Scott:  Lady  of  the  Lake,  vi.  23  (i8io). 

Lugg'nagg',  an  island  where  the  in- 
habitants never  die.  Swift  shows  some 
of  the  evils  which  would  result  from  such 
a  destiny,  unless  accompanied  with  eternal 
youth  and  freshness  -Swift:  Gulliver's 
Travels  (1726). 

Lu'g^ier,  the  rough,  confident  tutor  of 
Oriana,   etc.,  and  chief  engine  whereby 

"  the  wild  goose  "  Mirabel  is  entrapped 
into  marriage  with  htr.— Fletcher :  The 

Wild-goose  Chase  {1652). 

Luke,  brother-in-law  of  "  the  City 
madam."  He  was  raised  from  a  state 
of  indigence  into  enormous  wealth  by 
a  deed  of  gift  of  the  estates  of  his 
brother,  sir  John  Frugal,  a  retired  mer- 
chant. While  dependent  on  his  brother, 
lady  Frugal  ("the  City  lady")  treated 
Luke  with  great  scorn  and  rudeness  ;  but 
when  she  and  her  daughter  became  de- 
pendent on  him,  he  cut  down  the  super- 
fluities of  the  fine  lady  to  the  measure  of 
her  original  state — as  daughter  of  Good- 
man Humble,  farmer. — Massinger:  The 
City  Madam  {1639). 

Massinger's  best  characters  are  the  hypocritical 
•*  Luke  "  and  the  heroic  "  MaruUo." — Spaldins. 

Luke,  patriarch's  nuncio,  and  bishop 
of  the  Druses.     He  terms  the  Druses 

.  .  .  the  docile  crew 
My  bezants  went  to  make  me  bishop  of. 
k.  Browning :  The  Return  of  the  Druses,  r. 

Luke  (Sir),  or  Sir  Luke  Limp,  a 
tuft-hunter,  a  devotee  to  the  bottle,  and 
a  hanger-on  of  great  men  for  no  other 
reason  than  mere  snobbism.  Sir  Luke 
will  "cling  to  sir  John  till  the  baronet 
is  superseded  by  my  lord  ;  quitting  the 
puny  peer  for  an  earl,  and  sacrificing  all 


LUMBERCOURT. 

three  to  a  duke.  "—Foote :  The  Lame  Lover 
(1770). 

Luke's  Bird  [St.),  the  ox. 

Luke's  Iron  Crown.  George  and 
Luke  Dosa  headed  an  unsuccessful  revolt 
against  the  Hungarian  nobles  in  the  six- 
teenth century.  Luke  was  put  to  death 
by  a  red-hot  iron  crown,  in  mockery  of 
his  having  been  proclaimed  king. 

This  was  not  an  unusual  punishment 
for  those  who  sought  regal  honours  in 
the  Middle  Ages.  Thus,  when  Tancred 
usurped  the  crown  of  Sicily,  kaiser 
Heinrich  VI.  of  Germany  set  him  on  a 
red-hot  iron  throne,  and  crowned  him 
with  a  red-hot  iron  crown  (twelfth  cen- 
tury). 

It  was  not  Luke  but  George  Dosa  who  suflfered  this 
punishment.    (See  Iron  CROWN,  p.  528.) 

N.B.— The  "  iron  crown  of  Lombardy" 
must  not  be  mistaken  for  an  iron  crown 
of  punishment.  The  former  is  said  to  be 
one  of  the  nails  used  in  the  Crucifixion, 
beaten  cut  into  a  thin  rim  of  iron,  magnifi- 
cently set  in  gold,  and  adorned  with 
jewels.  Charlemagne  and  Napoleon  I, 
y/QTQ  both  crowned  with  it. 

Luke|s  Summer  [St.),  or  L'^td  de 
S.  Martin,  a  few  weeks  of  fine  summerly 
weather,  which  occur  between  St.  Luke's 
Day  (October  i8)  and  St.  Martin's  Day 
(November  ii). 

In  such  St.  Luke's  short  summer  lived  these  men, 
Nearing  the  goal  of  three  score  years  and  ten. 
yy.  Morris :  The  Earthly  Paradise  ("  March  7- 

LuUy  {Raymxmd),  an  alchemist  who 
searched  for  the  philosopher's  stone  by 
distillation,  and  made  some  useful  chemi- 
cal discoveries.  He  was  also  a  magician 
and  a  philosophic  dreamer.  Generally 
called  Doctor  Illumindtus  (1235-1315). 

He  talksof  Raymond  LuUy  and  the  ghost  of  Lilly  {?.».). 
—Consrevt :  Love/or  Love,  iii.  (1695). 

Lulu,  the  love-name  of  the  prince 
imperial,  son  of  Napoleon  HI.,  slain  in 
the  Zulu  war.  His  full  name  was  Napo- 
leon Eugene  Louis  Jean  Joseph  (1856- 

1879). 

Lumbercourt  [Lord),  a  voluptuary, 
greatly  in  debt,  who  consented,  for  a  good 
money  consideration,  to  give  his  daughter 
to  Egerton  McSycophant.  Egerton, 
however,  had  no  fancy  for  the  lady,  but 
married  Constantia,  the  girl  of  his  choice. 
His  lordship  was  in  alarm  lest  this  con- 
tretemps should  be  his  ruin  ;  but  sir 
Pertinax  told  him  the  bargain  should 
still  remain  good  if  Egerton's  younger 
brother,   Sandy,   were  accepted    by  his 


LUMBEY. 

lordship  instead.    To  this  his  lordship 
readily  agreed. 

Lady  Rodolpha  Lumbercourt,  daughter 
of  lord  Lumbercourt,  who,  for  a  con- 
sideration, consented  to  marry  Egerton 
McSycophant ;  but  as  Egerton  had  no 
fancy  for  the  lady,  she  agreed  to  marry 
Egerton's  brother  Sandy  on  the  same 
terms. 

"  As  I  ha"  nae  reason  to  have  the  least  affection  till 
my  cousin  Egerton,  and  as  my  intended  marriage  with 
hira  was  entirely  an  act  of  obedience  till  my  grand- 
mother, provided  my  cousin  Sandy  will  be  as  agreeable 
till  her  ladyship  as  my  cousin  Charles  here  would  have 
been,  I  have  nae  the  least  objection  till  the  change. 
Ay,  ay,  one  brother  is  as  good  to  Rodolpha  as  another." 
—Macklin  :  The  Man  of  the  IVorld,  v.  (1764). 

Lumbey  (i?r,),  a  stout,  bluff-looking 
gentleman,  with  no  shirt-collar,  and  a 
beard  that  had  been  growing  since  yester- 
day morning.  The  doctor  was  very 
popular,  and  the  neighbourhood  prolific. 
— Dickens  :  Nicholas  Nickleby  {1838). 

Lumley  {Captain),  in  the  royal  army 
under  the  duke  of  Montrose. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Old  Mortality  [\.\me,  Charles  II.). 

Iinmon,  a  hill  in  Inis-Huna,  near  the 
residence  of  Sulmalla.  Sulmalla  was  the 
daughter  of  Conmor  (king  of  Inis-Huna) 
and  his  wife  Clun'galo.  — Ossian  :  Temora. 

Where  art  thou,  beam  of  light  T  Hunters  from  the 
mossy  rock,  saw  you  the  blue-eyed  fair  ?  Are  her  steps 
on  grassy  Lumon,  near  the  bed  of  rosest  Ah  me  1  I 
beheld  her  bow  in  the  haU,  Where  art  thou,  beam  of 
light  I 

(Bishop  has  selected  these  words  from 
Temora  for  a  glee  of  four  voices. ) 

Lumpkin  {Tony),  the  rough,  good- 
natured  booby  son  of  Mrs.  Hardcastle 
by  her  first  husband.  Tony  dearly  loved 
a  practical  joke,  and  was  fond  of  low 
society,  where  he  could  air  his  conceit 
and  self-importance.  He  is  described  as 
' '  an  awkward  booby,  reared  up  and 
spoiled  at  his  mother's  apron-string  "  (act 
i.  2);  and  "if burning  the  footman's 
shoes,  frighting  \_sic]  the  maids,  and 
worrying  the  kittens,  be  humorous,"  then 
Tony  was  humorous  to  a  degree  (act  i.  i). 
—  Goldsmith :  She  Stoops  to  Conquer 
(1773). 

1  feel  as  Tony  Lumpkin  felt,  who  never  had  the  least 
difficulty  in  reading  the  outside  of  his  letters,  but  who 
found  it  very  hard  work  to  decipher  the  inside. — Boyd. 

Quick's  great  parts  were  "  Isaac,"  "  Tony  Lump- 
kin," "Spado,"  and  "sir  Christopher  Curry." — Records 
«/a  Sta^e  Veteran. 

Quick  [1748-1831]  was  the  original  "Tony  Lumpkin." 
"Acijs,  and  "Isaac  Mendoza." — Memoir  (f/  John 
Quick  (1833). 

("  Isaac  "  in  The  Duenna,  by  Sheridan  ; 
"Spado"  in  The  Castle  of  Andalusia, 
by  O'Keefe ;  "sir  C.  Curry  "  in Inkli  and 
Yarico,  by  Colman.) 


640 


LUSIAD. 


Lnn.  So  John  Rich  called  himself 
when  he  performed  ' '  harlequin."  It  was 
John  Rich  who  introduced  pantomime 
(1681-1761). 

On  one  side  Folly  sits,  by  some  called  Fun  ; 
And  on  the  other  his  archpatron  Lun. 

Churchill. 

Luna  (//  contt  di),  uncle  of  Manri'co. 
He  entertains  a  base  passion  for  the  prin- 
cess Leonora,  who  is  in  love  with  Man- 
rico ;  and,  in  order  to  rid  himself  of  his 
rival,  is  about  to  put  him  to  death,  when 
Leonora  promises  to  give  herself  to  him 
if  he  will  spare  her  lover.  The  count  con- 
sents ;  but  while  he  goes  to  release  his 
captive,  Leonora  poisons  herself. —  Verdi: 
II  Trova'tore  (an  opera,  1853). 

Ltindin  {Dr.  Luke),  the  chamberlain 
at  Kinross.— 5z>  W.  Scott:  The  Abbot 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Lundin  {The  Rev.  sir  Louis),  town 
clerk  of  Penh.— 5?>  W.  Scott:  Fair 
Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Lunsford  {Sir  Thomas),  governor  of 
the  Tower.  A  man  of  such  vindictive 
temper  that  the  name  was  used  as  a  terror 
to  children. 

Made  children  with  your  tones  to  run  for't. 
As  bad  as  Bloody-bones  or  Lunsford. 

S.  Butler:  Hudibras,  iii.  i,  line  iiia  (1678). 
From  Fielding  and  from  Vavasore, 

Both  ill-affected  men ; 
From  Lunsford  eke  deliver  us. 
That  eateth  childeren. 

Lupauski  {Prince),  father  of  prin- 
cess Lodois'ka  (4  syL). — J.  P.  Kemble: 
Lodoiska  (a  melodrame). 

Lu'pin  {Mrs.),  hostess  of  the  Blue 
Dragon.  A  bu.xom,  kind-hearted  woman, 
ever  ready  to  help  any  one  over  a  diffi- 
culty. —  Dickens :  Martin  Chuzzlewit 
(1844). 

Lu'ria,  a  noble  Moor,  single-minded, 
warm-hearted,  faithful,  and  most  gene- 
rous ;  employed  by  the  Florentines  to 
lead  their  army  against  the  Pisans  (fif- 
teenth century).  Luria  was  entirely  suc- 
cessful ;  but  the  Florentines,  to  lessen 
their  obligation  to  the  conqueror,  hunted 
up  every  item  of  scandal  they  could  find 
against  him  ;  and,  while  he  was  winning 
their  battles,  he  was  informed  that  he 
was  to  be  brought  to  trial  to  answer  these 
floating  censures.  Luria  was  so  disgusted 
at  this,  that  he  took  poison,  to  relieve  the 
state  by  his  death  of  a  debt  of  gratitude 
which  the  republic  felt  too  heavy  to  be 
borne.— .ff.  Browning:  Luria. 

Lu'siad,  the  adventures  of  the  Lusians 
{Portuguese),  under  Vasquez  da   Gama, 


LUSIGNAN. 


64X 


LYCHORIDA. 


I      In  their  discovery  of  India.     Bacchus  was 

I      the  guardian  power  of  the  Mohammedans, 

I      and  Venus  or  Divine  Love  of  the  Lusians. 

The  fleet  first  sailed  to  Mozambique,  then 

!      to  Quil'oa,  then  to  Melinda  (in  Africa), 

where  the  adventurers  were   hospitably 

received  and   provided   with   a  pilot  to 

conduct  them  to  India.     In  the  Indian 

Ocean,  Bacchus  tried  to  destroy  the  fleet ; 

but   the   "silver  star  of  Divine   Love" 

calmed  the  sea,   and  Gama  arrived  at 

IncTia  in  safety.    Having  accomplished  his 

object,  he  returned  to  Lisbon.— Camoens  : 

The  Lusiad,  in  ten  books  (1572). 

N.B. — Vasquez  da  Gama  sailed  thrice 
to  India :  (i)  In  1497,  with  four  vessels. 
This  expedition  lasted  two  years  and  two 
months.  (2)  In  1502,  with  twenty  ships. 
In  this  expedition  he  was  attacked  by 
Zamorin  king  of  Calicut,  whom  he  de- 
feated, and  returned  to  Lisbon  the  year 
following.  (3)  When  John  III.  appointed 
him  viceroy  of  India.  He  established  his 
government  at  Cochin,  where  he  died  in 
1525.  The  story  of  The  Lusiad  is  the 
first  of  these  expeditions. 

• .  •  This  really  classic  epic  in  ten  books, 
worthy  to  be  ranked  with  Virgil's  ^neid, 
has  been  translated  into  English  verse  by 
Auberton  in  1878 ;  Fanshawe  in  1655 ;  and 
by  Mickle  in  1775. 

(English  versions  by  Fanshawe  in  1655  ; 
by  Mickle  (in  heroic  rhyming  metre)  in 
1775  '*  by  Auberton  in  1878 ;  and  by 
Burton  in  1880. ) 

Lusignan  [d'Outremer],  king  of 
Jerusalem,  taken  captive  by  the  Saracens, 
and  confined  in  a  dungeon  for  twenty 
years.  When  80  years  old,  he  was  set 
free  by  Osman  the  sultan  of  the  East, 
but  died  within  a  few  days. — A.  Hill: 
Zara  (adapted  from  Voltaire's  tragedy). 

Iitisita'iiia,  the  ancient  name  of 
Portugal  ;  so  called  from  Lusus,  the 
companion  of  Bacchus  in  his  travels. 
This  Lusus  colonized  the  country,  and 
called  it  '*  Lusitania,"  and  the  colonists 
"  Lusians." — Pliny:  Historia Naturalis, 
iii.  I. 

Iiute'tia  (4  syl. ),  ancient  Latin  name 
of  Paris  {Lutetia  Parisiorum,  ' '  the  mud- 
town  of  the  Parish  "). 

Iiuther  (Afarlin),  at  the  age  of  40, 
married  Katharine  BorS  or  Bora,  a  nun 
(1520). 

What  Is  called  Luther's  Hymn  U  the  hymn  begln- 
ftlng  thus :  "Great  God,  what  do  I  »ee  and  heart  "but 
In  Germany  it  is  EinfisU  Burg  ist  unser  Gott,  trans- 
lated by  Carlyle,  "  A  saf«  stoonghold  ouiGod  is  He" 


Luther  {The  Danish),  Hans  Tausen. 
There  is  a  stone  in  Viborg  called  "Tau- 
sensminde,"  with  this  inscription  :  "Upon 
this  stone,  in  1528,  Hans  Tausen  first 
preached  Luther's  doctrine  in  Viborg." 

Lutin,  the  gipsy  page  of  lord  Dal- 
garno. — Sir  IV.  Scott :  Fortunes  oj  Nigel 
(time,  James  I.). 

Lux  Muudi,  Johann  Wessei ;  also 
called  Magister  Contradiction um,  for  his 
opposition  to  the  Scholastic  philosophy. 
He  was  the  predecessor  of  Luther  (14 19- 
1489). 

Luz,  a  bone  which  the  Jews  affirm 
remains  uncorrupted  till  the  last  day, 
when  it  will  form  the  nucleus  of  the  new 
body.  This  bone  Mahomet  called  Al 
ajb  or  the  rump-bone. 

Eben  Ezra  and  Manasseh  ben  Israii 
say  this  bone  is  in  the  rump. 

The  learned  rabbins  of  the  Jews 

Write,  there's  a  bone,  which  they  call  luez  (i  syL} 

I' the  rump  of  man. 

5.  ButUr:  Hudibras,  iii.  a  (1678). 

LySdUS  {"  spleen-melter"],  one  of  the 
names  of  Bacchus. 

He  perchance  the  gifts 
Of  youngr  Lyaeus,  and  the  dread  exploits. 
May  sing. 

Akenside:  Hymn  to  the  Naiads  {1767). 

Lyb'ius  {Sir),  a  very  young  knight, 
who  undertook  to  rescue  the  lady  ot' 
Sinadone.  After  overcoming  sundry/ 
knights,  giants,  and  enchanters,  he  en- 
tered the  palace,  when  the  whole  edifice 
fell  to  pieces,  and  a  horrible  serpent 
coiled  about  his  neck  and  kissed  him. 
The  spell  being  broken,  the  serpent  turned 
into  the  lady  of  Sinadone,  who  became 
sir  Lybius's  bride. — Libeaux  (a  romance). 

Lyca'on,  king  of  Arcadia,  instituted 
human  sacrifices,  and  was  metamorphosed 
into  a  wolf.  Some  say  all  his  sons  were 
also  changed  into  wolves,  except  one 
named  Nictimus.     Oh  that 

Of  Arcady  the  beares 

Might  plucke  awaye  thine  ears; 

The  wilde  wolfe,  Licaon', 

Bite  asondre  thy  bacl<e-bone  I 
Sktlton :  Philxfi  Sparoiu  (time,  Henry  VIII.|, 
For  proof,  when  with  Lj'ca'on's  tyranny 
Man  durst  not  deal,  then  did  Jove  .  .  . 
Him  fitly  to  the  greedy  wolf  transform. 

BroeUe:  DecUnatien  0/ Monarchy  (1633). 

Lyce'uxu,  a  gymnasium  on  the  banks 
of  the  Ilissus,  in  Attica,  where  Aristotle 
taught  philosophy  as  he  paced  the  walks. 

Guide  my  way 
Through  fair  Lyceum's  walks. 
Aktnside:  Pleasures  o/Ima£inatiatt,\.  715  (:744>- 

Lyclior'ida,   nurse  of  Mari'na  who 

Y 


LYCIDAS. 

was  born  at  sea.  Marina  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  Pericles  prince  of  Tyre  and  his 
Wife  Thais 'a. — Shakespeare:  Pericles 
Prince  of  Tyre  (1608). 

Lyc'idas,  the  name  under  which 
Milton  celebrates  the  untimely  death  of 
Edward  King,  Fellow  of  Christ's  College, 
Cambridge.  Edward  King  was  drowned 
in  the  passage  from  Chester  to  Ireland, 
August  10,  1637.  He  was  the  son  of  sir 
John  King,  secretary  for  Ireland. 

(Lycldas  is  the  name  of  a  shepherd  in 
Virgil's  Eclogue,  iii.) 

Lycome'des  {^syl.),  king  of  Scyros, 
to  whose  court  Achilles  was  sent,  dis- 
guised as  a  maiden,  by  his  mother  Thetis, 
who  was  anxious  to  prevent  his  going  to 
the  Trojan  war. 

Lycore'a  {He  has  slept  on  Lycorea), 
one  of  the  two  chief  summits  of  mount 
Parnassus.  Whoever  slept  there  became 
either  inspired  or  mad. 

Lydford  Law.  "  First  hang  and 
draw,  then  hear  the  cause  by  Lydford 
law."     Lydford,  in  the  county  of  Devon, 

I  oft  have  heard  of  Lydford  law, 
Hoyi  in  the  morn  they  hang  and  draw. 
And  sit  in  judgment  after. 

A  Devonshirt  foet  (anon.). 

If  Jedburgh  Justice,  Cupar  Justice,  and 
Abingdon  Law,  mean  the  same  thing. 

IF  Lynch  Law,  Burlaw,  Mob  Law,  and 
Club  Law,  mean  summary  justice  dealt  to 
an  offender  by  a  self-constituted  judge. 

Lydia,  daughter  of  the  king  of  Lydia, 
was  sought  in  marriage  by  AlcestSs  a 
Thracian  knight.  His  suit  being  rejected, 
he  repaired  to  the  king  of  Armenia,  who 
gave  him  an  army,  with  which  he  be- 
sieged Lydia.  He  was  persuaded  to 
raise  the  siege,  and  the  lady  tested  the 
sincerity  of  his  love  by  a  series  of  tasks, 
all  of  which  he  accomplished.  Lastly, 
she  set  him  to  put  to  death  his  allies, 
and,  being  powerless,  mocked  him.  Al- 
cestSs  pined  and  died,  and  Lydia  was 
doomed  to  endless  torment  in  helL — 
Ariosto:  Orlando  Furioso,  xvii.  {1516). 

Lydia,  lady's-maid  to  Widow  Green. 
She  was  the  sister  of  Tme worth,  ran 
away  from  home  to  avoid  a  hateful 
marriage,  took  service  for  the  nonce,  and 
ultimately  married  Waller.  She  was  "a 
miracle  of  virtue,  as  well  as  beauty," 
warm-hearted,  and  wholly  without  arti- 
fice.— Knowles:  The  Love-Chase  [i^^j). 

Lydia  Laugtiish,  niece  and  ward 
of  Mrs.  Malaprop.    She  had  a  fortune  of 


642 


LYNCH  LAW. 


;^3o,ooo,  but,  if  she  married  without  her 
aunt's  consent,  forfeited  the  larger  part 
thereof.  She  was  a  great  novel-reader, 
and  was  courted  by  two  rival  lovers — 
Bob  Acres,  and  captain  Absolute  whom 
she  knew  only  as  ensign  Beverley.  Her 
aunt  insisted  that  she  should  throw  over 
the  ensign  and  marry  the  son  of  sir 
Anthony  Absolute,  and  great  was  her  joy 
to  find  that  the  man  of  her  own  choice 
was  that  of  her  aunt's,  nomine  mutate. 
Bob  Acres  resigned  all  claim  on  the  lady 
to  his  x\sdX.—Siieridan:  The  Rivals  {17  js). 

Lydian  Poet  {The),  Alcman  of 
Lydia  (fl.  b.c.  670). 

Lygo'nes,  father  of  Spaco'nia.— 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher:  A  King  or  No 
King  (161 1 ). 

Lyingr  Traveller  {The),  sir   John 

Mandeville  (1300-1372). 

Lying  "Valet  {The),  Timothy  Sharp, 
the  lying  valet  of  Charles  Gayless.  He 
is  the  Mercury  between  his  master  and 
Melissa,  to  whom  Gayless  is  about  to  be 
married.  The  object  of  his  lying  is  to 
niake  his  master,  who  has  not  a  sixpence 
in  the  world,  pass  for  a  man  of  fortune. 
— Garrick:  The  Lying  Valet  {17^1). 

Lyle  {Annot),  daughter  of  sir  Duncan 
Campbell  the  knight  of  Ardenvohr. 
She  was  brought  up  by  the  M'Aulays, 
and  was  beloved  by  Allan  M'Aulay  ;  but 
she  married  the  earl  of  Menteith, — Sir 
W.  Scott:  Legend  of  Montrose  (time. 
Charles  I.). 

Lyn'cexLS,  one  of  the  Argonauts ;  so 
sharp-sighted  that  he  could  discern  ob- 
jects at  a  distance  of  130  miles.  Varro 
says  he  could  "  see  through  rocks  and 
trees ; "  and  Pliny,  that  he  could  see 
"  the  infernal  regions  through  the  earth." 

Strange  tale  to  tel :  all  officers  be  blynde, 
And  yet  their  one  eye,  sharpe  as  I,in'ceus'  sigrht. 
Gascoignt :  Tht  Steele  Glas  (died  1577). 

Lyncll  {Governor)  was  a  great  name 
in  Galway  (Ireland).  It  is  said  that  he 
hanged  his  only  son  out  of  the  window 
of  his  own  house  (1526).  The  very 
window  from  which  the  boy  was  hung  is 
carefully  preserved,  and  still  pointed  out 
to  travellers. — Annals  of  Galway. 

Lynch.  Law,  law  administered  by 
a  self-constituted  judge.  Webster  says 
James  Lynch,  a  farmer  of  Piedmont,  in 
Virginia,  was  selected  by  his  neighbours 
(in  1688)  to  try  offences  on  the  frontier 
summarily,  because  there  were  no  law 
courts  within  seven  miles  of  them. 


LYNCHNOBIANS. 

Lynchuo'bians,  lantern-sellers,  that 
is,  bjoksellers  and  publishers.  Rabelais 
says  they  inhabit  a  little  hamlet  near 
Lantern-land.  —  Rabelais  :  Panta^ruel, 
V.  33  (1545)- 

Lyndon  {Barry),  an  Irish  sharper, 
whose  adventures  are  told  by  Thackeray. 
The  story  is  full  of  spirit,  variety,  and 
humour,  reminding  one  of  Gil  Bias,  it 
first  came  out  in  Eraser  s  Magazine. 

Lynette,  sister  of  lady  Lyonors  of 
Castle  Perilous.  She  goes  to  king  Arthur, 
and  prays  him  to  send  sir  Lancelot  to 
deliver  her  sister  from  certain  knights. 
The  king  assigns  the  quest  to  Beaumains 
(the  nickname  given  by  sir  Kay  to 
Gareth),  who  had  served  for  twelve 
months  in  Arthur's  kitchen.  Lynette  is 
exceedingly  indignant,  and  treats  her 
champion  with  the  utmost  contumely ; 
but,  after  each  victory,  softens  towards 
him,  and  at  length  marries  him. — Tenny- 
son: Idylls  of  the  King  ("Gareth  and 
Lynette  "). 

N.B.— This  version  of  the  tale  differs 
from  that  of  \h^  History  of  Prince  Arthur 
by  sir  T.  Malory  (1470)  in  many  respects. 
(See  Li  NET,  p.  615.) 

• .  •  Tennyson  describes  Linette  thus — 

A  damsel  of  high  lineage ;  and  a  brow 
May-blossom ;  and  a  cheek  of  apple-blossom ; 
Hawk-eyes ;  and  lightly  was  her  tender  nose, 
Tip-tilted  like  the  petal  of  a  flower. 

Lyon  {Rufus\,  the  dissenting  minister 
in  the  novel  Fehx  Holt,  by  George  Eliot 
(Mrs.  J.  W.  Cross)  (1866). 

Lyonnesse  (3  fy/. );  west  of  Camelot. 
The  battle  of  Lyonnesse  was  the  "last 
great  battle  of  the  West,"  and  the  scene 
of  the  final  conflict  between  Arthur  and 
sir  Modred.  The  land  of  Lyonnesse  is 
where  Arthur  came  from,  and  it  is  now 
submerged  full  "forty  fathoms  under 
water." 

Until  king  Arthur's  table  \knishts\  man  by  man, 
Had  fallen  in  Lyonnesse  about  their  lord. 

Tennyson:  Morte  (f  A rthur. 

Lyonors,  daughter  of  earl  Sanam. 
She  came  to  pay  homage  to  king  Arthur, 
and  by  him  became  the  mother  of  sir 
Borre  (i  syl.),  one  of  the  knights  of  the 
Round  Table.— 5/r  T.  Malory:  History 
of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  15  (1470). 

•.'  Lionfis,  daugliter  of  sir  Persaunt, 
and  sister  of  Linet  of  Castle  Perilous, 
married  sir  Gareth.  Tennyson  calls  this 
lady  "Lyonors,"  and  makes  Gareth  marry 
her  sister,  who,  we  are  told  in  the  History, 
was  married  to  sir  Gaheris  (Gareth's 
brother). 


643  LYTTELTON. 

Lyonors,  the  lady  of  Castle  Perilous, 
where  she  was  held  captive  by  several 
knights,  called  Morning  Star  or  Phos- 
ph6rus,  Noonday  Sun  or  Merid'ies,  Even- 
ing Star  or  Hesperus,  and  Night  or  Nox. 
Her  sister  Lynette  went  to  king  Arthur, 
to  crave  that  sir  Lancelot  might  be  sent 
to  deliver  Lyonors  from  her  oppressor. 
The  king  gave  the  quest  to  Gareth,  who 
was  knighted,  and  accompanied  Lynette, 
who  used  him  very  scornfully  at  first ; 
but  at  every  victory  which  he  gained  she 
abated  somewhat  of  her  contempt  ;  and 
married  him  after  he  had  succeeded  in 
delivering  Lyonors.  The  lot  of  Lyonors 
is  not  told.  (See  Liones,  p.  617.) — 
Tennyson:  Idylls  of  the  King  ("Gareth 
and  Lynette"). 

N.B. — According  to  the  collection  of 
tales  edited  by  sir  T.  Malory,  the  lady 
Lyonors  was  quite  another  person.  She 
was  daughter  of  earl  Sanam,  and  mother 
of  sir  Borre  by  king  Arthur  (pt.  i.  15). 
It  was  Liones  who  was  the  sister  of  Linet, 
and  whose  father  was  sir  Persaunt  of  Castle 
Perilous  (pt.  i.  153).  The  History  says 
that  Lionds  married  Gareth,  and  Linet 
married  his  b.^other,  sir  Gaheris.  (See 
Gareth,  p.  405.) 

Lyric  Poets.  There  were  only  nine 
poets  recognized  as  lyrists  in  the  time  of 
Horace.  They  were  all  Greeks :  Alcaeos, 
Alcman,  Anacreon,  BacchilidSs,  Ilysos, 
Pindar,  Sappho,  Simonides,  and  Sten- 
choros.  Horace  is  the  only  one  among 
the  Romans. 


!uod  si  me  Lyricis  vatibus  inseres, 
ublimi  feriam  sidera  vertice. 


Horace  :  i  Odes  L  vers.  33,  36. 

Lyrists  [Prince  of);  Franz  Schubert 
(1797-1828). 

Lysauder,  a  young  Athenian,  in  love 
with  Hermia  daughter  of  Egeus  ['i  syl.). 
Egeus  had  promised  her  in  marriage  to 
Demetrius,  and  insisted  that  she  should 
either  marry  him  or  suffer  death  "  ac- 
cording to  the  Athenian  law."  (For  the 
rest  of  the  tale,  see  Demetrius,  p.  270. ) 
— Shakespeare:  A  Midsummer  Niglit's 
Dream  (1592). 

Lysim'aclixis,  governor  of  Metali'n6, 
who  marries  Marina  the  daughter  of 
Per'iclSs  prince  of  Tyre  and  his  wife 
Thais 'a. — Shakespeare  :  Pericles  Prince  of 
Tyre  (i6o8). 

Lysimaclins,  the  artist,  a  citizen. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Count  Robert  of  Paris 
(time,  Rufus). 

Lyttelton,  addressed  by  Thomson  in 


M.  644 

"  Spring,"  was  George  lord  Lyttelton  of 
Hagley  Park,  Worcestershire,  who  pro- 
cured for  the  poet  a  pension  of  ^100  a 
year.  He  was  a  poet  and  historian 
(1709-1773). 

O  Lyttelton  . .  .  from  these,  distracted,  oft 
You  wander  thro'  the  philosophic  world ; . . . 
And  oft,  conducted  by  historic  truth, 
You  tread  the  long  extent  of  backward  time ;  .  .  . 
Or,  turning  thence  thy  view,  these  graver  thoughts 
The  Muses  charm. 

Thomson  :  The  Seasom  ("  Spring,"  1728). 


M. 


M. 


M,  said  to  represent  the  human  face 
without  the  two  eyes.  By  adding  these, 
we  get  O  M  O,  the  Latin  homo,  "man." 
Dantg,  speaking  of  faces  gaunt  with  star- 
vation, says — 

Who  reads  the  name 
For  *nan  upon  his  forehead,  there  the  M 
Had  traced  most  plainly. 

Dante  :  Purgatory,  xxiii.  (1308). 

*.*  The  two  downstrokes  stand  for 
the  contour,  and  the  V  of  the  letter  for 
the  nose.     Thus:  |°V°I 

M.  This  letter  is  very  curiously  coupled 
with  Napoleon  I.  and  III. 

I.  Napoleon  I.  : 

1    MACK  (General)  capitulated  at  Ulm  (October  19, 

1805). 

Maitland  [Captain),  of  the  BelUrophon,yizs  the 
person  to  whom  he  surrendered  (1814). 

Malet  conspired  against  him  (1812). 

Mallieu  was  one  of  his  ministers,  with  Maretand 
Montalivet. 

Marbeuf  was  the  first  to  recognize  his  genius  at 
the  military  college  (1779). 

Marchand  was  his  valet ;  accompanied  him  to  St. 
Helena ;  and  assisted  Montholon  in  his  M^nioires. 

Maret  duke  of  Bassano  was  his  most  trusty  coun- 
sellor (1804-1814). 

Marie  Louise  was  his  wife,  the  mother  of  his  son, 
and  shared  his  highest  fortunes.  His  son  was 
born  in  March ;  so  was  the  son  of  Napoleon  III. 

Marmont  duke  of  Ragusa   was  the  second   to 
desert  him.    (See  MU RAT.) 
^     6  Marshals  and  26  Generals  0/  Divisions  had  M 
for  their  initial  letter. 

Macdonald  duke  of  Tarentum. 

MaSSENA  was  the  general  who  gained  the  victory 
of  Rivoli  (1797).  Napoleon  gave  him  the  sou- 
briquet of  L  Enfant  Cheri  de  la  Victoire ;  he 
was  made  duke  of  Essling,  and  after  his  victory 
of  Rivoli  cre.ited  duke  of  Rivoli. 

Melas  was  the  Austrian  general  conquered  at 
Marengo,  and  forced  back  to  the  Mincio  (June 
U.  1800). 

Menou  lost  him  Egypt  (1801). 

Metternich  vanquished  him  in  diplomacy. 

MIJLLIS  was  employed  by  him  to  take  Pius  VIL 
prisoner  (1809). 

Money  duke  of  Coriegliano. 

MONTALIVET  was  one  of  his  ministers,  with 
Maret  and  Mallieu. 

Montbel  wrote  the  life  of  his  son,  "the  king  of 
Rome  "  (1833). 


Montesquieu  was  his  first  chamberlain. 

MONTHOLON  was  his  companion  at  St.  Helena, 
and,  in  conjunction  with  Marchand  his  valet, 
wrote  his  Me'rnoires. 

MOREAU  betrayed  him  {1813). 

MORTIER  duke  of  Treviso  was  one  of  bis  best 
generals. 

MOURAD  Bey  was  the  general  he  vanquished  in 
the  battle  of  the  Pyramids  (July  23,  1708). 

MURAT  duke   of  Elchingen  was   his  brother-in- 
law.     He  was  the  first  martyr  in  his  cause,  and 
was  the  first  to  desert  him.    (See  MARMONT.) 
Murat  was  made  by  him  king  of  Naples  (1808). 
^     Madrid  capitulated  to  him  (December  4,  1808). 

MaGLIANI  was  one  of  his  famous  victories  (April 

IS.  1796). 

MalmaiSON  was  his  last  halting-place  in  France. 
Here  the  empress  Josephine  lived  after  her 
divorce,  and  liere  she  died  (1814). 


Malta  taken  (June  11,  1797),  andwhile  there  he 
■■  hed  the    order    calle' 
"  (1798). 


abolished  the    order    called   "The  Knights  of 


Mantua  was  surrendered  to  him  by  Wurmser,  in 

1797. 
Marengo  was  his  first  great  victory  June  14, 

1800). 
Marseilles  is  the  place  he  retired  to  when  pro- 
scribed by  Paoh  (1792).      Here  too  was  his  first 

exploit,  when  captain,  in  reducing  the  "  Fede- 

raUsts  "  (1793)- 
MERY  was  a  battle  gained  by  him  (February  22, 

1814). 
MILAN  was  the  first  enemy's  capital  |i8o2),  and 

Moscow  the  last,  into  which  he  walked  victorious 

(1812). 
It  was  at  Milan  he  was  crowned  "  king  of  Italy  " 

(May  20,  1805). 
MiLLESIMO,  a  battle  won  by  him  (April  14,  1796). 
MONDOVI,  a  battle  won  by  him  (April  22,  1796). 
MONTENOTTE  was  his  first  battle  (1796),  and  Mont 

St.  Jean  his  last  (1815). 
MONTEREAU,  a  battle  won  by  him  (February  18, 

1814). 
MONTMARTRE  was  Stormed  by  him  (March  39, 

1814). 
MONTMIRAIL,  a  battle  won  by  him  (February  11, 

1814). 
MoNT  St.  Jean  (Waterloo),  his  last  battle  (June 

18,  181S). 
MONT  THABOR  was  where  he  vanquished  20,000 

Turks  with  an  army  not  exceeding  2000  men  (July 

25.  1799)- 
MORAVIA  was  the  site  of  a  victory  (July  11,  1809). 
MOSCOW  was  his  pitfall     (See  MILAN.) 
•i   Months— 

May.    In  this  month  he  quitted  Corsica,  married 

Josephine,  took  command  of  the  army  of  Italy, 

crossed  the  Alps,  assumed  the  title  of  emperor, 

and  was  crowned  at  Milan.    In  the  same  month 

he  was  defeated  at  Aspern,  he  arrived  at  Elba, 

and  died  at  St.  Helena. 


MARCH.  In  this  month  he  was  proclaimed  king  01 
Italy,  made  his  brother  Joseph  king  of  the  Two 
Sicilies,  married  Marie  Louise  by  proxy,  his  son 


was  bom,  and  he  arrived  at  Paris  after  quittins 
Elba. 
May  2,  1813,  battle  of  Liitzen. 

3,  '793,  he  quits  Corsica. 

4,  1814,  he  arrives  at  Elba. 

5,  1821,  he  dies  at  St.  Helena. 

6,  1800,  he  takes  conunand  of  the  army  ol 

Italy. 
9,  1796,  lie  marries  Josephine. 
10,  i7ii6.  1 '  ittle  of  Lodi. 
13,  1809,  he  enters  Vienna. 

15,  1796,  he  enters  Milan. 

16,  1797,  he  defeats  the  archduke  Charles. 

17,  1800,  he  begins  his  passage  across  the  Alps, 

17,  1809,  he  annexes  the  States  of  the  Church. 

18,  1804,  he  assumes  tlie  title  of  emperor. 

19,  1798,  he  starts  for  Egypt. 

19,  1809,  he  crosses  the  Danube. 

20,  1800,  he  finishes  his  passage  across  the  Alps 

21,  1813,  battle  of  Bautzen. 

22,  1803,  he  declares  war  against  England. 
22,  1809,  he  was  defeated  at  Aspern. 

26,  1805,  he  was  crowned  at  Milan. 
30,  180S,  he  annexes  Lisbon. 
gi,  1803,  he  seizes  Hanover. 


MAB. 

MARCH  z,   1815,   he  lands  on  French   soU  aAer 

quitting  Elba. 

3,  1806,  he  makes  his  brother  Joseph  king 

of  the  Two  Sicilies. 

4,  t799,  he  invests  Jaffa. 
6,  1799,  he  takes  Jaffa. 

XI,  1810,  he  marries  by  proxy  Mary  Louise. 

13,  1805,  he  is  proclaimed  kmg  of  Italy. 

16,  1799,  he  invests  Acre. 

20,  1812,  birth  of  his  son. 

ao,  1815,  he  reaches  Paris    after    quitting 

Elba. 
ax,  1804,  he  shoots  the  due  d'Enghiea. 
25,  1802,  peace  of  Amiens. 
31, 1814,  Paris  entered  by  the  allies. 

a.  Napoleon  III. : 

^  MACMAHON  duke  of  Maeenta,  his  most  distin- 
guished marshal,  and,  after  a  few  months,  suc- 
ceeded him  as  ruler  of  France  (1873-1893). 

Malakoff  (DuJke  of),  next  to  Macmahon  his 
most  distinguished  marshal. 

Maria  of  Portugal  was  the  lady  his  friends  wanted 
liim  to  marry,  but  he  refused  to  do  so. 

Maximilian  and  Mexico,  his  evil  stars  (1864- 
1867). 

Menschikoff  was  the  Russian  general  defeated 
at  the  battle  of  the  Alma  (September  20,  1854). 

MICHAUD,  Mignet,  Michelet,  and  Merimer 
were  distinguished  historians  in  the  reign  of  Na- 
poleon III. 

MOLTKE  was  his  destiny. 

Montholon  was  one  of  his  companions  in  the  es- 
capade at  Boulogne,  and  was  condemned  to  im- 
pnsonment  for  twenty  years. 

MONTIJO  (Countess  of),  his  wife.  Her  name  was 
Marie  Eugdnie,  and  his  son  was  born  in  March  ; 
so  was  the  son  of  Napoleon  I. 

MORNY,  his  greatest  friend. 
%   Magenta,  a  victory  won  by  him  (June  4,  1859). 

Malakoff.  Taking  the  MalakoBf  tower  and  the 
Mamelon-vert  were  the  great  exploits  of  the 
Crimean  war  (September  8,  1855). 

MAMELON-VERT.    (See  above.) 

Mantua.  He  turned  back  before  the  walls  of 
Mantua  after  the  battle  of  the  Mincio. 

Marengo.  Here  he  planned  his  first  battle  of  the 
Italian  campaign,  but  it  was  not  fought  till  after 
those  of  MontebeUo  and  Magenta. 

MariGNANO.  He  drove  the  Austrians  out  of  this 
place. 

METZ,  the  "  maiden  fortress,"  was  one  of  the  most 
important  sieges  and  losses  to  him  during  the 
Franco-Prussian  war. 

Mexico  and  Maximilian,  his  evil  stars. 

MILAN.  He  made  his  entrance  into  Milan,  and 
drove  the  Austrians  out  of  Marignano. 

Mincio  (The  battle  of  the),  called  also  Solferino,  a 
great  victory.  Having  won  this,  he  turned  back 
at  the  walls  of  Mantua  June  24,  1859). 

MONTEBELLO,  a  victory  won  by  him  (June,  1859). 
'.'  The  mitrailleuse  was  to  vtrin  him  Prussia,  but 

it  lost  him  France. 
^  Months— 

MARCH.  In  this  month  his  son  was  born,  he  was 
deposed  by  the  National  Assembly,  and  was  set 
at  liberty  by  the  Prussians.  The  treaty  of  Paris 
was  March  30,  1856.  Savoy  and  Nice  were  an- 
nexed in  March,  i860. 

May.    In  this  month  he  made  his  escape  from 
Ham.    The  great  French  Exhibition  was  opened 
in  May,  1855. 
By  far  his  best  publication  is  his  Manual 0/ Artillery. 


64s 


MACABER. 


-  Mab,  queen  of  the  fairies,  according 
the  mythology  of  the  English  poets  of 
fifteenth  century.     Shakespeare  de- 
ibes  queen  Mab  in  Romeo  and  yuliet, 
act  i.  sc.  4  (1598). 

Chaucer  makes  Proserpina  the  spouie  of  Pluto,  an 
calls  Pluto  "  the  king  of  Faerie." 

Queen  Mab' s  Maids  0/ Honour.     They 
were  Hop  and   Mop,  Drap,  Pip,  Trip, 


and  Skip.  Her  train  of  waiting-maid3 
were  Fib  and  Tib,  Pinck  and  Pin,  Tick 
and  Quick,  Jill  and  Jin,  Tit  and  Nit, 
Wap  and  V<Jin.— Drayton :  Nymphidia 
{1563-1631). 

Queen  Mab,  the  Fairies'  Midwife,  that 
is,  the  midwife  of  men's  dreams,  em- 
ployed by  the  fairies.  Thus,  the  queen's 
or  king's  judges  do  noi  judge  the  sovereign, 
but  are  employed  by  the  sovereign  to 
judge  others. 

Mab  {Queen),  a  speculative  poem  by 
P.  B.  Shelley,  in  blank  verse,  divided 
into  nine  sections  of  about  two  hundred 
lines  each.  The  outline  of  the  story  is 
as  follows : — 

lanthe  (3  jy/.)  falls  asleep,  and  dreams 
that  her  disembodied  spirit  is  conveyed 
to  the  court  of  queen  Mab,  beyond  the 
confines  of  this  earth.  Here  she  is  taught 
the  evils  of  civil  government,  and  the 
untruthfulness  of  religion  generally. 
Queen  Mab  then  summons  into  her 
presence  Ahasuerus,  the  "  Wandering 
Jew,"  who  tells  her  all  about  creation  and 
redemption,  when  the  queen  dismisses 
him.  lanthe  then  dreams  that  the  earth  is 
renewed,  and  that  love  is  made  the  ruling 
spirit,  both  of  earth  and  heaven.  Then 
waking  from  her  sleep,  she  finds  Henry 
sitting  beside  her,  lovingly  watching  her 
varying  moods.  The  poem  was  written 
when  Shelley  was  about  18  (iBio). 

Mabinogion.  A  series  of  Welsh 
tales,  chiefly  relating  to  Arthur  and  the 
Round  Table.  A  MS.  volume  of  some 
700  pages  is  preserved  in  the  hbrary  of 
Jesus  College,  Oxford,  and  is  known  as 
the  Red  Book  of  Hergest,  from  the  place 
where  it  was  discovered.  Lady  Charlotte 
Guest  published  an  edition  in  Welsh  and 
English,  with  notes,  three  vols.  (1838-49). 
The  word  is  the  Welsh  mabi  nogi, 
"juvenile  instruction"  [mabin,  "juve- 
nile ;  "  mab,  "  a  boy ;  "  and  ogi,  "  to  use 
the  harrow  "). 

Does  ii^lTennysonl  make  no  use  of  the  Mabinogion 
in  his  Arthurian  series  ? — Notes  and  Queries,  Novem- 
ber 23,  187a 

Maca'ber  { The  Dance)  or  the  "  Dance 
of  Death  "  (Arabic,  makabir,  "  a  church- 
yard"). The  dance  of  death  was  a 
favourite  subject  in  the  Middle  Ages  for 
wall-paintings  in  cemeteries  and  churches, 
especially  in  Germany.  Death  is  repre- 
sented as  presiding  over  a  round  of 
dancers,  consisting  of  rich  and  poor,  old 
and  young,  male  and  female.  A  work 
descriptive  of  this  dance,  originally  in 
German,  has  been  translated  into  most 


MACAIRE. 


646 


MACBETH. 


European  languages,  and  the  p&inting  of 
Holbein,  in  the  Dominican  convent  at 
Basle,  has  a  .  world-wide  reputation. 
Others  are  at  Minden,  Lucerne,  Lubeck, 
Dresden,  and  the  north  side  of  old  St. 
Paul's. 

Elsie.  What  are  these  paintings  on  the  walls  around  ust 
Prince.  "The  Dance  Macaber"  ..."  The  Dance  of 
Death." 

Longfellow:  The  Golden  Le^^end  {1851). 

Macaire  (Z>  Chevalier  Richard),  a 
French  knight,  who,  aided  by  lieutenant 
Landry,  murdered  Aubry  de  Montdidier 
in  the  forest  of  Bondy,  in  1371.  Mont- 
didier's  dog,  named  Dragon,  showed 
such  an  aversion  to  Macaire,  that  sus- 
picion was  aroused,  and  the  man  and 
dog  were  pitted  to  single  combat.  The 
result  was  fatal  to  the  man,  who  died 
confessing  his  gfuilt.  See  the  Chanson  de 
Geste  (twelfth  century). 

There  are  two  French  plays  on  the 
subject,  one  entitled  Le  Chien  de  Mont- 
argis,  and  the  other  Le  Chien  d Aubry. 
The  former  of  these  has  been  adapted  to 
the  English  stage.  Dragon  was  called 
Chien  de  Montargis,  because  the  assassi- 
nation took  place  near  this  castle,  and 
was  depicted  in  the  great  hall  over  the 
chimney-piece. 

N.B. — In  the  English  drama,  the  sash 
of  the  murdered  man  is  found  in  the 
possession  of  lieutenant  Macaire,  and  is 
recognized  by  Ursula,  who  worked  the 
sword-knot,  and  gave  it  to  captain  Aubri, 
who  was  her  sweetheart.  Macaire  then 
confessed  the  crime.  His  accomplice, 
lieutenant  Landry,  trying  to  escape,  was 
seized  by  the  dog  Dragon,  and  bitten  to 
death. 

H  For  a  similar  dog-tale,  see  Talis- 
man. 

The  story  is  contained  in  the  Chanson  de  Gestt  of 
the  twelfth  century,  and  is  called  La  reine  Sibile. 

Macaire  [Robert),  a  cant  name  for  a 
Frenchman. 

MacAlpine  (Jeanie),  landlady  of 
the  Clachan  o  lAberfoyle.— 5?>  VV. Scott: 
Rob  Roy  (time,  George  L). 

Macamut,  a  sultan  of  Cambaya,  who 
lived  so  much  upon  poison  that  his  very 
breath  and  touch  were  fatal. — Purchas  : 
Pilgrimage  (1613). 

MacAualeister  (Eachin),  a  follower 
of  Rob  Roy.— ^»>  W.  Scott:  Rob  Roy 
(time,  George  I.). 

Macare  (2  syl.),  the  impersonation  of 
good  temper.  —  Voltaire:  TheUme  and 
Macare  (an  allegory). 


Macaulay  {Angus),  a  Highland  chief 
in  the  army  of  the  earl  of  Montrose. 

Allan  Macaulay  or  "Allan  of  the  Red 
Hand,"  brother  of  Angus.  Allan  is  "  a 
seer,"  in  love  with  Annot  Lyle.  He 
stabs  the  earl  of  Menteilh  on  the  eve  of 
his  marriage,  out  of  jealousy,  but  the 
earl  recovers  and  marries  Annot  Lyle. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Legend  of  Montr ose\\!m\t, 
Charles  L). 

Macbeth',  son  of  Sinel  thane  of 
Glamis,  and  grandson  of  Malcolm  H. 
by  his  second  daughter ;  the  elder 
daughter  married  Crynin,  father  of  Dun- 
can who  succeeded  his  grandfather  on 
the  throne.  Hence  king  Duncan  and 
Macbeth  were  cousins.  Duncan,  staying 
as  a  guest  with  Macbeth  at  the  castle  of 
Inverness  (1040),  was  murdered  by  his 
host,  who  then  usurped  the  crown.  The 
battle  which  Macbeth  had  just  won  was 
this  :  Sueno  king  of  Norway  had  landed 
with  an  army  in  Fife,  for  the  purpose  of 
invading  Scotland  ;  Macbeth  and  Banquo 
were  sent  against  him,  and  defeated  him 
with  such  loss,  that  only  ten  men  of  all 
his  army  escaped  ahve.  Macbeth  was 
promised  by  the  witches  (i)  that  none  of 
woman  born  should  kill  him;  and  (2) 
that  he  should  not  die  till  Birnam  Wood 
removed  to  Dunsinane.  He  was  slain  in 
battle  by  Macduff,  who  was  "from  his 
mother's  womb  untimely  ripped ; "  and 
as  for  the  moving  wood,  the  soldiers  of 
Macduff,  in  their  march  to  Dunsinane, 
were  commanded  to  carry  boughs  of  the 
forest  before  them,  to  conceal  their 
numbers. 

Lady  Macbeth,  wife  of  Macbeth,  a 
woman  of  great  ambition  and  inexorable 
will.  When  her  husband  told  her  that 
the  witches  prophesied  he  should  be  king, 
she  induced  him  to  murder  Duncan,  who 
was  at  the  time  their  guest.  She  would 
herself  have  done  it,  but  "he  looked  in 
sleep  so  hke  her  father  that  she  could 
not."  However,  when  Macbeth  had 
murdered  the  king,  she  felt  no  scruple  in 
murdering  the  two  grooms  that  slept 
with  him,  and  throwing  the  guilt  on 
them.  After  her  husband  was  crowned, 
she  was  greatly  troubled  by  dreams,  and 
used  to  walk  in  her  sleep,  trying  to  rub 
from  her  hands  imaginary  stains  of  blood. 
She  died,  probably  by  her  own  hand. — 
Shakespeare  :  Macbeth  (1606). 

She  is  a  terrible  impersonation  of  evil  pasdons  and 
miglity  powers,  never  so  far  removed  from  our  own 
nature  as  to  be  cast  beyond  the  pale  of  our  sjrmpathy ; 
for  she  remains  a  woman  to  the  last,  and  is  always 
linked  with  her  sex  and  with  humanity,  —  Mr*. 
yamtson. 


MAC  BRIAR.  647 

N.B.— C.  Dibdin  says  "  thai  though 
*  lady  Macbeth  '  had  been  frequently  well 
performed,  no  actress,  not  even  Mrs. 
Barry,  could  in  the  smallest  degree  be 
compared  to  Mrs.  Betterton."  Mrs.  Sid- 
dons  calls  Mrs.  Pritchard  "the  greatest 
of  all  the  '  lady  Macbeths ; ' "  but  Mrs. 
Siddons  herself  was  so  great  in  this 
character,  that  in  the  sleep-walking 
scene,  in  her  farewell  performance,  the 
whole  audience  stood  on  the  benches,  and 
demanded  that  the  performance  should 
end  with  that  scene.  Since  then,  Helen 
Faucit  has  been  the  best  "  lady  Mac- 
beth." Mrs.  Betterton  (died  1712)  ;  Mrs. 
Barry  (1682-1733) ;  Mrs.  Pritchard  (1711- 
1768)  ;  Mrs.  Siddons  (1755-1831) ;  Helen 
Faucit  (born  1820). 

(Dr.  Lardner  says  that  the  name  of  lady 
Macbeth  was  Graoch,  and  that  she  was 
the  daughter  of  Kenneth  IV.) 

MacBriar  {Ephraim),  an  enthusiast 
and  a  preacher. — Sir  W.  Scott :  Old  Mor- 
tality (time,  Charles  II.). 

Mac'cabee  {Father),  the  name  as- 
sumed by  king  Roderick  after  his  de- 
thronement.— Southey  :  Roderick,  the  Last 
of  the  Goths  (1814). 

MacCallum  {Dougal),  theauld  butler 
of  sir  Robert  Redgauntlet,  introduced  in 
Wandering  WiUie's story. —5//-  W.  Scott: 
Redgauntlet  (time,  George  111.). 

MacCandlish  (Mrs.),  landlady  of 
the  Gordon  Arms  inn  at  Kippletringan. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Guy  Mannering  (time, 
George  II.). 

MacCasquil  [Mr.),  of  Drumquag,  a 
relation  of  Mrs.  Margaret  Bertram. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  Guy  Mannering  (time,  George 
11.). 

MacChoakumcliild,  schoolmaster 
at  Coketown.  A  man  crammed  with  facts. 
"  He  and  some  140  other  schoolmasters 
had  been  lately  turned  at  the  same  time, 
in  the  same  factory,  on  the  same  prin- 
ciples, like  so  many  pianoforte  legs." — 
Dickens:  Hard  Times  (1854). 

MacCombich  [Evan  Dhu),  foster- 
brother  of  Fergus  M'lvor,  both  of  whom 
were  sentenced  to  death  at  Carlisle. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Waverley  [lime,  George 
II.). 

MacCombich.  [Roiin  Oig)  or 
M'Gregor,  a  Highland  drover,  who  stabs 
Harry  Wakefield,  and  is  found  guilty  at 
Carlisle.—^/;-  VV.  Scott:  The  Two 
Drovers  (time,  George  HI.). 


MACFITTOCH. 

MacCrosskie  [Deacon),  of  Creoch- 
stone,  a  neighbour  of  the  laird  of  EUan- 
gowan. — Sir  W.  Scott  ;  Guy  Mannering 
(time,  George  II.). 

IHacDonald's  Breed  [Lord),  vermin 
or  human  parasites.  Lord  MacDonald, 
son  of  the  "  Lord  of  the  Isles,"  once  made 
a  raid  on  the  mainland.  He  and  his  fol- 
lowers dressed  themselves  in  the  clothes 
of  the  plundered  party,  but  their  own 
rags  were  so  full  of  vermin  that  no  one 
was  poor  enough  to  covet  them. 

MacDougal  of  Lorn,  a  Highland 
chief  in  the  army  of  Montrose. — Sir  VV. 
Scott :  Legend  of  Montrose  (time,  Charles 
I.). 

Macduff,  thane  of  Fife  in  the  time 
of  Edward  the  Con'fessor.  One  of  the 
witches  told  Macbeth  to  "  beware  of  the 
thane  of  Fife,"  but  another  added  that 
"  none  of  woman  born  should  have  power 
to  harm  him."  Macduff  was  at  this 
moment  in  England,  raising  an  army  to 
dethrone  Macbeth,  and  place  Malcolm 
(son  of  Duncan)  on  the  throne.  Macbeth 
did  not  know  of  his  absence,  but  with  a 
view  of  cutting  him  off,  attacked  his 
castle,  and  slew  lady  Macduff  with  all 
her  children.  Having  raised  an  army, 
Macduff  led  it  to  Dunsinane,  where  a 
furious  battle  ensued.  Macduff  encoun- 
tered Macbeth,  and  being  told  by  the 
king  that  "none  of  woman  born  could 

f>revail  against  him,"  replied  that  he 
Macduff)  was  not  born  of  a  woman,  but 
was  taken  from  his  mother's  womb  by  the 
Caesarian  operation.  Whereupon  they 
fought,  and  Macbeth  fell. — Shakespeare  : 
Macbeth  (1606). 

MacBag*!!  [Ranald),  one  of  the 
"  Children  of  the  Mist,"  and  an  outlaw. 
Ranald  is  the  foe  of  Allan  Macaulay. 

Kenneth  M'Eagh,  grandson  of  Ranald 
M'Eagh.— .SiV  W.  Scott :  Legend  of  Mont- 
rose (time,  Charles  I.). 

Macedonicus,  .^milius  Paulus, 
conqueror  of  Perseus  (b.c.  230-160). 

Macfie,  the  laird  of  Gudgeonford,  a 
neighbour  of  the  laird  of  EUangowan.— 
Sir  IV.  Scott:  Guy  Mannering  (time, 
George  II.). 

Macfin  [Miles),  the  cadie  in  the 
Canongate,  Edinburgh. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

MacFittoch  [Mr.),  the  dancing- 
master  at  Middlemas.  —  Sir  W.  Scott : 
The  Surgeon's  Daughter  (time,  George 
II.J. 


MACFLECKNOE. 

UacFleck'uoe,  in  Dryden's  satire  so 
called,  is  meant  for  Thomas  Shadwell, 
who  was  promoted  to  the  office  of  poet- 
laureate.  The  design  of  Dryden's  poem 
is  to  represent  the  inauguration  of  one 
dullard  as  successor  of  another  in  the 
monarchy  of  nonsense.  R.  Flecknoe  was 
an  Irish  priest  and  hackney  poet  of  no 
reputation,  and  Mac  is  Celtic  for  son ; 
"  MacFlecknoe  "  means  the  son  of  the 
poetaster  so  named.  Flecknoe,  seeking 
for  a  successor  to  his  own  dulness,  selects 
Shadwell  to  bear  his  mantle. 

Shadwell  alone  my  perfect  image  bears, 
Mature  in  dulness  from  his  tender  years ;  .  .  . 
The  rest  to  some  faint  meaning  make  pretence. 
But  Shadwell  never  deviates  into  sense. 

Dryden  :  MacFlecknoe  (a  satire,  1682). 
An  ordinary  reader  would  scarcely  suppose  that  Shad- 
well, who  is  here  meant  by  MacFlecknoe,  was  worth 
being  chastised  ;  and  that  Dryden,  descending  to  such 
game,  was  like  an  eagle  stoopmg  to  catch  flies.  But  the 
truth  is,  that  Shadwell  at  one  time  held  divided  repu- 
tation with  this  great  poet.  Every  age  produces  its 
fashionable  dunces,  who  .  .  .  supply  talkative  ignor- 
ance with  materials  for  conversation. — GoldsTtiith  : 
Beauties  of  English  Poets  (1767). 

MacG-raiuer  {Master),  a.  dissenting 
minister  at  Kippletringan. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Guy  Mannering {\xmQ,  George II.). 

MacGreg'or  {Rob  Roy)  or  Robert 
Campbell,  the  outlaw.  He  was  a 
Highland  freebooter. 

Helen  M'Gregor,  Rob  Roy's  wife. 

Hamish  and  Robert  Oig,  the  sons  of 
Rob  Roy.— Sir  W.  Scott  .•  Rob  Roy  {iime, 
George  I.). 

MacGreg'or,  or  Robin  Oig  M'Com- 
bich,  a  Highland  drover,  who  stabbed 
Harry  Wakefield  at  an  ale-house.  Being 
tried  at  Carlisle  for  the  murder,  he  was 
found  guilty  and  condemned. — Sir  W. 
Scott :  The  Two  Drovers  (time,  George 
III.). 

MacGmther  {Sandie),  a  beggar 
imprisoned  by  Mr.  Godfrey  Bertram 
laird  of  EUangowan. — Sir  W.  Scott :  Guy 
Mannering  {time,  George  II.), 

MacGuffog  {David),  keeper  of  Por- 
tanferry  prison. 

Mrs.  M'Gufog,  David's  wife. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Guy  Mannering  {time,  George  II.). 

Macliaxxi  {Robert),  the  discoverer  of 
Madeira  Island,  to  which  he  was  driven 
while  eloping  with  his  lady-love  (a.d. 
1344).  The  lady  soon  died,  and  the 
mariners  made  off  with  the  ship.  Mac- 
ham,  after  his  mourning  was  over,  made 
a^nde  boat  out  of  a  tree,  and,  with  two  or 
three  men,  putting  forth  to  sea,  landed  on 
the  shores  of  Africa.  The  Rev.  W.  L. 
Bowles  has  made  the  marvellous  adven- 


648 


MACINTYRE. 


tures  of  Robert  Macham  the  subject  of 
a  poem  ;  and  Drayton,  in  his  Polyolbion,       \ 
xix. ,  has  devoted  twenty-two  lines  to  the 
same  subject. 

Macheath,  {Captain),  captain  of  a 
gang  of  highwaymen ;  a  fine,  bold-faced 
ruffian,  "  game"  to  the  very  last.  He  is 
married  to  Polly  Peachum,  but  finds 
himself  dreadfully  embarrassed  between 
Polly  his  wife,  and  Lucy  to  whom  he  has 
promised  marriage.  Being  betrayed  by 
eight  women  at  a  drinking  bout,  the 
captain  is  lodged  in  Newgate,  but  Lucy 
effects  his  escape.  He  is  recaptured, 
tried,  and  condemned  to  death  ;  but 
being  reprieved,  acknowledges  Polly  to 
be  his  wife,  and  promises  to  remain  con- 
stant to  her  for  the  future. — Gay:  The 
Beggar's  Opera  (1727). 

Men  will  not  become  highwaymen  because  Macheatk 
is  acquitted  on  the  stage. — Dr.  Johnson. 

(T.  Walker  was  the  original  "  Mac- 
heath,"  but  Charles  Hulet  (1701-1736) 
was  allowed  to  excel  him.  O'Keefe  says 
West  Digges  (1720-1786)  was  the  best 
••  Macheath"  he  ever  saw  in  person,  song, 
and  manners.  Incledon  (1764-1826)  per- 
formed the  part  well,  and  in  1821  Miss 
Blake  delighted  play-goers  by  her  pretty 
imitation  of  the  highwayman. ) 

Machiavelli  {Niccolo  dei),  of  Flo- 
rence, author  of  a  book  called  The 
Prince,  the  object  of  which  is  to  show 
that  all  is  fair  in  diplomacy,  as  well  as  in 
"  love  and  war"  (1469-1527). 

Machiavellism,  political  cunning  and 
duplicity,  the  art  of  tricking  and  over- 
reaching by  diplomacy. 

N.B. — Tiberius,  the  Roman  emperor, 
is  called  "The  Imperial  MachiaveUi " 
(B.C.  42  to  A.D.  37).  Louis  XI,  used  to 
say,  "  He  who  knows  not  how  to  gammon 
knows  not  how  to  govern." 

Maclan  {Gilchrist),  father  of  Ian 
Eachin  M'lan, 

Ian  Eachin  (or  Hector)  M'lan,  called 
Conachar,  chief  of  the  clan  Quhele,  son  of 
Gilchrist  M'lan.  Hector  is  old  Glover's 
Highland  apprentice,  and  casts  himself 
down  a  precipice,  because  Catharine 
Glover  loves  Henry  Smith  better  than 
himself.— .S?>  W.  Scott:  Fair  Maid  of 
Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Maclldtiy,  or  Mhich  Connel  Dhu,  a 
Highland  chief  in  the  army  of  Montrose. 
— Sir  W.  Scott:  Legend  of  Montrose 
(time,  Charles  I.). 

Maclntyre  {Maria),  niece  of  Mr. 
Jonathan  Oldbuck  "the  antiquary." 


MAC  IVOR. 


649 


MACROBIL 


Captain  Hector  M'Intyre,  nephew  of 
Mr.  Jonathan  Oldbuck,  and  brother  of 
Maria  M'Intyre.— 5?>  W.  Scott:  The 
Antiquary  (time,  George  III.). 

Maclvor  [Fergus),  or  "  Vich  Ian 
Vohr,"  chief  of  Glennaquoich.  He  is 
executed. 

Flora  M'lvor,  sister  of  Fergus,  and  the 
heroine  of  Waverley. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 

Mackitchinson,  landlord  at  the 
Queen's  Ferry  inn. — Sir  W.  Scott:  The 
Antiquary  (time,  George  III.). 

Macklin.  The  real  name  of  this  great 
actor  was  Charles  MacLaughhn  ;  but  he 
dropped  the  middle  syllable  when  he 
came  to  England  (1690- 1797). 

Macklin  [Sir),  a  priest  who  preached 
to  Tom  and  Bob  and  Billy,  on  the 
sinfulness  of  walking  on  Sundays.  At 
his  "sixthly"  he  said,  "Ha,  ha,  I  see 
you  raise  your  hands  in  agony  1 "  They 
certainly  had  raised  their  hands,  for  they 
were  yawning.  At  his  "  twenty-firstly  " 
he  cried,  "  Ho,  ho,  I  see  you  bow  your 
heads  in  heartfelt  sorrow  !  "  Truly  they 
bowed  their  heads,  for  they  were  sleeping. 
Still  on  he  preached  and  thumped  his  hat, 
when  the  bishop,  passing  by, cried,  "Bosh!" 
and  walked  him  off. — Gilbert:  The  Bab 
Ballads  ("Sir  Macklin  "). 

Maclean  [Sir  Hector),  a  Highland 
chief  in  the  army  of  Montrose. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Legend  of  Montrose  [iime,  Charles 
I.). 

Macleary  ( Widow),  landlady  of  the 
TuUy  Veolan  village  ale-house. — Sir  IV. 
Scott:   Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 

MacLeish  [Donald),  postilion  to  Mrs. 
BethuneBaliol— 5z>  W.  Scott:  Highland 
Widow  {time,  George  II.). 

Macleod  [Colin  or  Cawdie),  a  Scotch- 
man, one  of  the  house-servants  of  lord 
Abberville,  entrusted  with  the  financial 
department  of  his  lordship's  household. 
Most  strictly  honest  and  economical, 
Colin  Macleod  is  hated  by  his  fellow- 
servants,  and,  having  been  in  the  service 
of  the  family  for  many  years,  tries  to 
check  his  young  master  on  his  road  to 
ruin. 

•.•  The  object  of  the  author  in  this 
character  is  "to  weed  out  the  unmanly 
prejudice  of  Englishmen  against  the 
Scotch,"  as  the  object  of  The  Jew 
(another  drama)  was  to  weed  out  the 
prejudice  of  Christians  against  that  much- 


maligned     people. — Cumberland:     The 
Fashionable  Lover  (1780). 

Maclenchar  (71/rj.),  book-keeper  at 
the  coach-office  in  Edinburgh. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  The  Antiquary  [time,  George  III.). 

MacLonis,  captain  of  the  king's 
guard. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Fair  Maid  of 
Perth  (time,  Henry  IV. ). 

Maclnre  [Elizabeth),  an  old  widow 
and  a  covenanter. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Old 
Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

MacMorlan  [Mr.),  deputy-sheriff, 
ai.d  guardian  to  Lucy  Bertram. 

Mrs.  M'Morlan,  his  wife. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Guy  Mannering  [time,  George  II.). 

MacMurroug*!!,  "  Nan  Fonn,"  the 
family  bard  at  Glennaquoich  to  Fergus 
M'lvor. — Sir  W.Scott:  Waverley  [lime, 
George  II.). 

Ma'coma',  a  good  and  wise  genius, 
who  protects  the  prudent  and  pious 
against  the  wiles  of  all  evil  genii. — Sir 
C.  Morell  [J.  Ridley]:  Tales  of  the  Genii 
("The  Enchanter's  Tale,"  vi.,  1751). 

Macon,  same  as  Mahoun,  that  is, 
Mahomet.  Mecca,  the  birthplace  of  Ma- 
homet, is  sometimes  called  Macon  in 
poetry. 

"  Praisld,"  quoth  he,  "  be  Macon,  whom  we  serve.** 
Fair/ax, 

MacFhadraick  [Miles),  a  Highland 
officer  under  Barcaldine  or  captain  Camp- 
bell.—5?>  W.  Scott:  The  Highland 
Widow  (time,  George  II. ). 

Macraw  [Francie),  an  old  domestic 
at  the  earl  of  Glenallan's. — Sir  W.  Scott : 
The  Antiquary  (time,  George  III.). 

Macreadjr  [Pate),  a  pedlar,  the  friend 
of  Andrew  Fairservice  gardener  at  Osbal- 
distone  Hall.— 5»>  W.  Scott:  Rob  Roy 
(time,  George  I.). 

Mac'reons,  the  British.  Great 
Britain  is  the  "  Island  of  the  Macreons." 
The  word  is  a  Greek  compound,  meaning 
"  long-lived,"  "  because  no  one  is  put  to 
death  there  for  his  religious  opinions." 
Rabelais  says  the  island  "is  full  of 
antique  ruins  and  relics  of  popery  and 
ancient  superstitions." — Rabelais:  Pan- 
tag' ruel  [iSAS)- 

".*  Rabelais  describes  the  persecutions 
which  the  Reformers  met  with  as  a  storm 
at  sea,  in  which  Pantagruel  and  his  fleet 
were  tempest-tossed. 

Macroljii  {"the  long-lived"],  an 
Ethiopian  race,  said  to  live  to  120  years 


MACROTHUMUS. 


650 


MACTAVISH  MHOR. 


and  upwards.  They  are  the  handsomest 
and  tallest  of  all  men,  as  well  as  the 
longest-lived. 

Macroth'umtis,  Long-suffering  per- 
sonified. Fully  described  in  canto  x. 
(Greek,  makrothumia,  "long-suffering.") 
—P.  Fletcher:   The  Purple  Island {16^^). 

MacSarcasm  {Sir  Arthur),  "  a 
proud  Caledonian  knight,  whose  tongue, 
like  the  dart  of  death,  spares  neither  sex 
nor  age.  .  .  .  His  insolence  of  family  and 
licentiousness  of  wit  gained  him  the  con- 
tempt of  every  one"  (act  i.  i).  Sir 
Archy  tells  Charlotte,  "In  the  house  of 
M 'Sarcasm  are  twa  barons,  three  vis- 
counts, six  earls,  ane  marquisate,  and 
twa  dukes,  besides  baronets  and  lairds 
oot  o'  a"  reckoning  "  (act  i.'i).  He  makes 
love  to  Charlotte  Goodchild,  but,  thinking 
that  she  has  lost  her  fortune,  he  declares 
to  her  that  he  has  just  received  letters 
"frae  the  dukes,  the  marquis,  and  a'  the 
dignitaries  of  the  family  .  .  .  expressly 
prohibiting  the  contamination  of  the 
blood  of  the  M 'Sarcasms  wi'  onything 
sprung  from  a  hogshead  or  a  coonting- 
house  "  (act  ii.  i). 

The  man  has  something  droll,  something'  ridiculous 
about  him.  His  abominable  Scotch  accent,  his 
grotesque  visage  almost  buried  in  snuff,  the  roll  of  his 
eyes  and  twist  of  his  mouth,  his  strange  inhuman  laugh, 
his  tremendous  periwig,  and  his  manners  altogether- 
why,  one  might  take  him  for  a  mountebank  doctor  at  a 
Dutch  fair. — Macklin  :  Love  Si-la-Mode,  act  i.  i  (1779). 

Sir  Archy  s  Great-grandmother.  Sir 
Archy  insisted  on  fighting  sir  Callaghan 
O'Brallaghan  on  a  point  of  ancestry.  The 
Scotchman  said  that  the  Irish  are  a 
colony  from  Scotland,  "an  ootcast,  a 
mere  ootcast."  The  Irishman  retorted 
by  saying  that  "one  MacFergus  O'Bral- 
laghan went  from  Carrickfergus,  and 
peopled  all  Scotland  with  his  own  hands," 
Charlotte  Goodchild  interposed,  and 
asked  the  cause  of  the  contention  ;  where- 
upon sir  Callaghan  replied,  "  Madam,  it 
is  about  sir  Archy's  great-gfran  dm  other  " 
(act  i.  i). — Macklin:  Love  cL-la-Mode 
(1779)- 

We  shall  not  now  stay  to  quarrel  about  sir  Archy's 
great -grandmother. — Macpherson  :  Dissertation  ufon 
Ossian. 

(Boaden  says,  "  To  Covent  Garden, 
G.  F.  Cooke  [1746-1812]  was  a  great 
acquisition,  as  he  was  a  'Shylock,'  an 
'  lago,'  a  '  Kitely,'  a  '  sir  Archy,'  and  a 
'sir  Pertinax'  \MacSycophant\"  Leigh 
Hunt  says  that  G.  F.  Cooke  was  a  new 
kind  of  Macklin,  and,  like  him,  excelled 
in  "Shylock"  and  "sir  Archy  M 'Sar- 
casm.") 


"Shylock*  in  the  Merchant  0/  Venice  (Shake. 
speare) ;  "  lago  **  in  Othello  (Shakespeare) ;  "  Kitely  " 
in  Every  Man  in  His  Humour  (B.  Jonson)  ;  "  sir 
Archy  "  that  is,  "M 'Sarcasm ;  "  "  sir  Pertinax  McSyco- 
phant  "  in  The  Man  0/ the  World  (Macklin). 

MacSillerglrip,  a  Scotch  pawn- 
broker, in  search  of  Robin  Scrawkey,  his 
runaway  apprentice,  whom  he  pursues 
upstairs  and  assails  with  blows. 

Mrs.  M'Sillergrip,  the  pawnbroker's 
wife,  always  in  terror  lest  the  manager 
should  pay  her  indecorous  attentions. — 
Charles  Mathew  (At  home,  in  Multiple). 

The  skill  with  which  Mathews  [1773-1835]  carried  on 
a  conversation  between  these  three  persons  produced 
a  most  astonishing  effect. — Contemporary  Paper. 

MacStin'gfer  [Mrs.),  a  widow  who 
kept  lodgings  at  No.  9,  Brig  Place,  on 
the  brink  of  a  canal  near  the  India  Docks. 
Captain  Cuttle  lodged  there.  Mrs.  Mac- 
Stinger  was  a  termagant,  and  rendered 
the  captain's  life  miserable.  He  was 
afraid  of  her,  and,  although  her  lodger, 
was  her  slave.  When  her  son  Alexander 
was  refractory,  Mrs  MacStinger  used  to 
beat  him  well  and  then  seat  him  on  a 
paving-stone  to  cool !  She  contrived  to 
make  captain  Bunsby  her  second  husband. 
— Dickens  :  Dombey  and  Son  (1846). 

MacSyc'opliant  [Sir  Pertinax),  the 
hot-headed,  ambitious  father  of  Charles 
Egerton.  His  love  for  Scotland  is  very 
great,  and  he  is  continually  quarrelling 
with  his  family  because  they  do  not  hold 
his  country  in  sufficient  reverence. 

T  raised  it  [my  fortune']  by  booing  ...  I  never 
could  stand  straight  in  the  presence  of  a  great  mon, 
but  always  booed,  and  booed,  and  booed,  as  it  were 
by  instinct.— Act  iii.  i  (1764). 

Charles  Egerton  M' Sycophant,  son  of 
sir  Pertinax.  Egerton  was  the  mother's 
name.  Charles  Egerton  marries  Con- 
stantia. — Macklin:  The  Man  of  the 
World  (1764). 

Mactab  [The  Hon.  Miss  Lucretia), 
sister  of  lord  Lofty,  and  sister-in-law  of 
lieutenant  Worthington  "  the  poor  gentle- 
man." Miss  Lucretia  was  an  old  maid, 
"stiff  as  a  ramrod."  Being  very  poor, 
she  allowed  the  lieutenant  ' '  the  honour 
of  maintaining  her,"  for  which  "she 
handsomely  gave  him  her  countenance ; ' 
but  when  the  lieutenant  was  obliged  to 
discontinue  his  hospitality,  she  resolved 
to  "  countenance  a  tobacconist  of  Glas- 
gow, who  was  her  sixteenth  cousin." — 
Colman  :  The  Poor  Gentleman  (1802). 

SlacTavisli     Mhor     or     Hamish 

M'Tavish,  a  Highland  outlaw. 
Elspat  M'  Tavish,  or  ' '  The  Woman  of 


MACTURK. 


651 


MADOC. 


I 


the  Tree,"  widow  of  M'Tavish  Mhor  ; 
"  the  Highland  widow  " 

Hamish  Bean  M'  Tavish,  son  of  Elspat 
M'Tavish.  He  joins  a  Highland  regi- 
ment, and  goes  to  visit  his  mother,  who 
gives  him  a  sleeping  draught  to  detain 
him.  As  he  does  not  join  his  regiment  in 
time,  he  is  arrested  for  desertion,  tried, 
and  shot  at  Dunbarton  Castle  ;  and  Elspat 
goes  mad.— Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Highland 
Widow  (time,  George  II.). 

MacTurk  ( Captain  Mungo  or  Hector), 
"  the  man  of  peace,"  in  the  managing 
committee  of  the  Spa  hotel. — Sir  VV. 
Scott :  St.  Ronan's  Well  (time,  George 
III.). 

MacVittie  {Ephraim),  a  Glasgow 
merchant,  oneof  Osbaldistone's  creditors. 
—Sir  W.  Scott :  Rob  Roy  (time,  George 
I.). 

MacWheeble  [Duncan),  bailie  at 
Tully  Veolan  to  the  baron  of  Bradwar- 
dine. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Waverley  (time, 
George  II.). 

Mad.  The  Bedlam  of  Belgium  is 
Gheel,  where  madmen  reside  in  the  houses 
of  the.  inhabitants,  generally  one  in  each 
family. 

Dymphna,  a  woman  of  rank,  was  mur- 
dered by  her  father  for  resisting  his 
incestuous  passion,  and  became  the 
tutelar  saint  of  those  stricken  in  spirit. 
A  shrine  in  time  rose  in  her  honour, 
which  for  ten  centuries  has  been  con- 
secrated to  the  relief  of  mental  diseases. 
This  was  the  origin  of  the  insane  colony 
of  Gheel. 

Mad  Cavalier  [The),  prince  Rupert 
of  Bavaria,  nephew  of  Charles  I.  Noted 
for  his  rash  courage  and  impetuosity 
(1619-1682). 

Mad  Lover  [The),  a  drama  by 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher  (before  1618). 
The  name  of  the  "mad  lover  "  is  Mem- 
non,  who  is  general  of  Astorax  king  of 
Paphos. 

Mad  Poet  [The),  Nathaniel  Lee 
(1657-1690). 

Madasi'xna  [Queen),  an  important 
character  in  the  old  romance  called  Am'- 
adis  de  Gaul ;  her  constant  attendant  was 
Elis'abat,  a  famous  surgeon,  with  whom 
she  roamed  in  solitary  retreats. 

Madeline,  the  heroine  of  lord 
Lytton's  Eugene  Aram,  a  novel  (1831). 

Mad'elon,   cousin   of    Cathos,    and 


daughter  of  Gor 'gibus  a  plain  citizen  of 
the  middle  rank  of  life.  (See  Cathos,  p. 
\^%.)~M6liere :  Les  Pricieuses  Ridicules 
(1659). 

Mademoiselle.  What  is  understood 
by  this  word  when  it  stands  alone  is 
Mile,  de  Montpensier,  daughter  of  Gas- 
ton due  d'Orl^ans,  and  cousin  of  Louis 
XIV. 

Anne  Marie  Louise  d'OrKans,  duchesse  de  Mont- 
pensier, connue  sous  le  nom  de  Mademoiselle,  n6e  & 
Paris,  1627  ;  m.  1693 ;  ^tait  fille  de  Gaston  d'Orl^ans 
frfere  de  Louis  >ini.—BouiUet. 

Mademoiselle,  the  French  lady's- 
maid  waiting  on  lady  Fanciful  ;  full  of 
the  grossest  flattery,  and  advising  her 
ladyship  to  the  most  unwarrantable  in- 
trigues. Lady  Fanciful  says,  "The 
French  are  certainly  the  prettiest  and 
most  obliging  people.  They  say  the 
most  acceptable,  well-mannered  things, 
and  never  flatter."  When  induced  to 
do  what  her  conscience  and  education 
revolted  at,  she  would  playfully  rebuke 
Mile.  with,  "  Ah !  la  m^chante 
Franfoise ! "  to  which  Mile,  would 
respond,  "Ah  !  la  belle  Anglaise  ! " — 
Vanbrugh:  The  Provoked  Wi/e  [iSgj), 

Madge  Wildfire,  the  insane  daugh- 
ter of  old  Meg  Murdochson  the  gipsy 
thief.  Madge  was  a  beautiful  but  giddy 
girl,  whose  brain  was  crazed  by  seduction 
and  the  murder  of  her  infant. — Sir  IV. 
Scott :  Heart  of  Midlothian  (time,  George 

Madman  [Macedonia's),  Alexander 
the  Great  (B.C.  356,  336-323). 

Heroes  are  much  the  same,  the  point's  agreed. 

From   Macedonia's  Madman   to  the  Swede  iCharles 

xn.i. 

Pofe :  Essay  on  Man,  iv.  219  (1733). 
How  vain,  how  worse  than  vain,  at  length  appear 
The  madman's  wish,  the  Macedonian  tear  1 
He  wept  for  worlds  to  conquer ;  half  the  earth 
Knows  not  his  name,  or  but  his  death  and  birth. 
Byron  :  A^e  of  Bronze  (1819). 

The  Brilliant  Madman,  Charles  XII. 
of  Sweden  (1682,  1697-1718). 

The  Madman  of  the  North,  Charles 
XII.  of  Sweden  (1682,  1697-1718). 

The  Worst  of  Madmen. 

For  Virtue's  self  may  too  much  zeal  be  had  ; 
The  worst  of  madmen  is  a  saint  run  mad. 

Pope:  Imitations  of  Horace,  vi.  (1730). 

Ma'doc,  youngest  son  of  Owain 
Gwynedd  king  of  North  Wales  (who 
died  1169).  He  is  called  "The  Perfect 
Prince,"  "  The  Lord  of  Ocean,"  and  is  the 
very  beau-ideal  of  a  hero.  Invincible, 
courageous,  strong,  and  daring,  but 
amiable,  merciful,  and  tender-hearted ; 
most   pious,  but  without  bigotry ;   most 


MADOR. 


6.qa 


MAGGY. 


wise,  but  without  dogmatism  ;  most 
provident  and  far-seeing.  He  left  his 
native  country  in  1170,  and  ventured 
on  the  ocean  to  discover  a  new  world ; 
his  vessels  reached  America,  and  he 
founded  a  settlement  near  the  Missouri. 
Having  made  an  alliance  with  the 
Az'tecas,  he  returned  to  Wales  for  a  fresh 
supply  of  colonists,  and  conducted  six 
ships  in  safety  to  the  new  settlement, 
called  Caer-Madoc.  War  soon  broke  out 
between  the  natives  and  the  strangers  ; 
but  the  white  men  proving  the  con- 
querors, the  Az'tecas  migrated  to  Mexico. 
On  one  occasion,  being  set  upon  from 
ambush,  Madoc  was  chained  by  one  foot 
to  "  the  stone  of  sacrifice,"  and  consigned 
to  fight  with  six  volunteers.  His  first 
opponent  was  Ocell'opan,  whom  he  slew ; 
his  next  was  Tlaiaia  "the  tiger,"  but 
during  this  contest  Cadwallon  came  to 
the  rescue. — Southey :  Madoc  (1805). 

.  .  .  Madoc 
Put  forth  his  well-rigged  fleet  to  seek  him  foreign 

ground, 
And  sailfed  west  so  long  until  that  world  he  found  .  .  . 
Long  ere  Columbus  lived. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  ix.  (1612). 

Mador  {Sir),  a  Scotch  knight,  who 
accused  queen  Guinever  of  having 
poisoned  his  brother.  Sir  Launcelot  du 
Lac  challenged  him  to  single  combat, 
and  overthrew  him ;  for  which  service 
king  Arthur  gave  the  queen's  champion 
La  Joyeuse  Garde  as  a  residence. 

Msece'nas  (Ca^wj  Cilnius),  a  wealthy 
Roman  nobleman,  friend  of  Augustus, 
and  liberal  patron  of  Virgil,  Horace, 
Propertius,  and  other  men  of  genius. 
His  name  has  become  proverbial  for  a 
' '  munificent  friend  of  literature  "  (died 
B.C.  8). 

Are  you  not  called  a  theatrical  quidnunc  and  a  mock 
Moecenas  to  second-hand  zuthoxs^— Sheridan  :  The 
Critic,  1.  I  (1779). 

Mse'nad,  a  Bacchant,  plu.  Maenads 
or  Mse'uades  (3  syl.).  So  called  from 
the  Greek,  mainomai  ("to  be  furious  "), 
because  they  acted  like  mad  women  in 
their  "religious"  festivals. 

Among  the  boughs  did  swelling  Bacchus  ride, 
Whom  wild-grown  Maenads  bore. 

P.  Fletcher:  The  PurpU  Island,  viL  (1633). 

Maeon'ides  (4  syl.).  Homer  is  so 
called,  either  because  he  was  son  of 
Maeon,  or  because  he  was  a  native  of 
Maeon'ia  {Lydia),  He  is  also  called 
Mceonius  Senex,  and  his  poems  Mceonian 
Lays. 

When  great  Maeonides,  in  rapid  song, 
The  thundering  tide  of  battle  rolls  alonjf. 
Each  ravished  bosom  feels  the  high  alarms, 
And  all  the  burning  pulses  beat  to  arms. 

Falconer :  The  ShiJ'-wrec.i,  iii.  i  (1756). 


Maeviad,  a  satire  by  Gifford,  on  the 
Delia  Cruscan  school  of  poetry  (pub- 
lished 1796).  The  word  is  from  Virgil's 
Bucolics. 

2ui  Bavium  non  odit,  amet  tua  carmina,  Maevl, 
tque  idem  jungat  vulpes,  et  mulgeat  hircos. 

Virgil:  Bucolics,  iii.  90,  91. 
Who  hates  not  Bavius,  or  on  Maevius  dotes, 
Should  plough  with  foxes,  or  should  milk  he-goats. 

Maevius,  any  vile  poet  (See  Ba- 
vius, p.  97.) 

But  if  fond  Bavius  vent  his  clouted  song, 
Or  Maevius  chant  his  thoughts  in  brothel  charm. 

The  witless  vulgar,  in  a  numerous  throng, 
Like  summer  flies  about  the  dunghill  swarm  .  .  . 

Who  hates  not  one  ma^r  he  the  other  love. 

P.  FUUhtr:  The  Purpit  Island,  L  (1633). 

Magralo'ua  {The  Fair),  daughter  of 
the  king  of  Naples.  She  is  the  heroine 
of  an  old  romance  of  chivalry,  originally 
written  in  French,  but  translated  into 
Spanish  in  the  fifteenth  century.  Cer- 
vantes alludes  to  this  romance  in  Don 
Quixote.  The  main  incident  of  the  story 
turns  on  a  flying  horse  made  by  Merlin, 
which  came  into  the  possession  of  Peter 
of  Provence. — The  History  of  the  Fair 
Magalona  and  Ptter  Son  of  the  Count  of 
Provence. 

' .'  Tieck  has  reproduced  the  history 
of  Magalona  in  German  (1773-1853). 

Mage  Negrro  King',  Gaspar  king  of 
Tarshish,  a  black  Ethiop,  and  tallest  of 
the  three  Magi.  His  offering  was  myrrh, 
indicative  of  death. 

As  the  Mage  negro  king  to  Christ  the  babe. 

R.  Browning :  Luria,  L 

Maggots  of  the  Brain.  Swift 
says  it  was  the  opinion  of  certain  virtuosi 
that  the  brain  is  filled  with  little  maggots, 
and  that  thought  is  produced  by  their 
biting  the  nerves. 

To  tickle  the  maggot  bom  in  an  empty  head. 

Tennyson  :  Maud,  II.  v.  ^ 

Maggy,  the  half-witted  grand- 
daughter of  Little  Dorrit's  nurse.  She 
had  had  a  fever  at  the  age  of  ten,  from 
ill-treatment,  and  her  mind  and  intellect 
never  went  beyond  that  period.  Thus,  if 
asked  her  age,  she  always  replied, ' '  Ten  ; " 
and  she  always  repeated  the  last  two  or 
three  words  of  what  was  said  to  her. 
She  called  Amy  Dorrit  "  Little  Mother." 

She  was  about  eight  and  twenty,  with  large  bones, 
large  features,  large  feet  and  hands,  large  eyes,  and  no 
hair.  Her  large  eyes  were  limpid  and  almost  colour- 
less ;  they  seemed  to  be  very  little  affected  by  light, 
and  to  stand  unnaturallj;  still.  There  was  also  that 
attentive  listening  expression  in  her  face,  which  is  seen 
in  the  faces  of  the  blind  ;  but  she  was  not  blind,  having 
one  tolerably  serviceable  eye.  Her  face  was  not  e.\- 
ceedingly  ugly,  being  redeemed  by  a  smile.  ...  A 
great  white  cap,  with  a  quantity  of  opaque  frilling  .  .  . 
apologized  for  Maggy's  baldness,  and  made  it  so  dif- 
ticult  for  her  old  black  bonnet  to  retain  its  place  upoa 


MAGI. 

■er  he»d,  that  It  held  on  round  her  neck  like  a  gipsy's 
baby.  .  .  .  The  rest  of  her  dress  resembled  sea-weed, 
with  here  and  there  a  gigantic  tea-leaf.  Her  shawl 
looked  like  a  huge  tea-leaf  after  long  infusion.— 
DUJttns:  LittU  Dorrit,  \x.  (1857). 

Mag^  or  Three  kings  of  Cologne,  the 
"  wise  men  from  the  East,"  who  lollowed 
the  guiding  star  to  the  manger  in  Beth- 
lehem with  offerings.  Melchior  king  of 
Nubia,  the  shortest  of  the  three.  He 
offered  gold,  indicative  of  royalty  ; 
Balthazar  king  of  Chaldea  offered  frank- 
incense, indicative  of  divinity  ;  and  Gaspar 
king  of  Tarshish,  a  black  Ethiop,  the 
tallest  of  the  three,  offered  myrrh, 
symbohc  of  death. 

(Melchior  means  ' '  king  of  light ;  "  Bal- 
thazar, "  lord  of  treasures ;  "  and  Gaspar 
or  Caspar,  "  the  white  one.") 

N.B.  — Klopstock,  in  his  Messiah, 
makes  the  Magi  six  in  number,  and 
gives  the  names  as  Hadad,  Selima,  Zimri, 
Mirja,  Beled,  and  Sunith.— Bk.  v.  (1771). 

Mag^c  Garters.  No  horse  can  keep 
up  with  a  man  furnished  with  these  gar- 
ters. They  are  made  thus  :  Strips  of  the 
skin  of  a  young  hare  are  cut  two  inches 
wide,  and  some  motherwort,  gathered  in 
the  first  degree  of  the  sign  Capricorn  and 
partially  dried,  is  sewn  into  these  strips, 
which  are  then  folded  in  two.  The 
garters  are  to  be  worn  as  other  garters. — 
Les  Secrets  Merveilleux  de  Petit  Albert, 
128. 

Were  it  not  for  my  magic  garters,  .  .  . 
I  should  not  continue  the  business  long. 

Lons/ellow :  T/te  Golden  Legend  (1851). 

Maific  Rings,  like  that  of  Gyges 
king  of  Lydia.  Plato  in  his  Republic,  and 
Cicero  in  his  Offices,  say  the  ring  was 
found  in  the  flanks  of  a  horse  of  brass. 
Those  who  wore  it  became  invisible.  By 
means  of  this  ring,  Gyges  entered  the 
chamber  of  Candaules,  and  murdered 
him. 

Magic  Staff  ( The).  This  staff  would 
guarantee  the  bearer  from  all  the  perils 
and  mishaps  incidental  to  travellers.  No 
robber  nor  wild  beast,  no  mad  dog, 
venomous  animal,  nor  accident,  could 
hurt  its  possessor.  The  staff  consisted  of 
a  willow  branch,  gathered  on  the  eve  of 
All  Saints'  Day  ;  the  pith  being  removed, 
two  eyes  of  a  young  wolf,  the  tongue 
and  heart  of  a  dog,  three  green  lizards, 
the  hearts  of  three  swallows,  seven  leaves 
of  vervain  gathered  on  the  eve  of  John 
the  Baptist's  Day,  and  a  stone  taken 
from  a  lapwing's  nest,  were  inserted  in 
the  place  of  the  pith.  The  toe  of  the 
staff  was  furnished  with  an  iron  ferrule  : 


653 


MAGNANO. 


and  the  handle  was  of  box,  or  any  other 
material,  according  to  fancy. — Les  Secrets 
Merveilleux  de  Petit  Albert,  130, 

Were  it  not  for  my  magic  .  .  .  staff, 
I  should  not  contmue  the  business  long. 

LonsfeUoTU  :  The  Golden  Legend  (1851). 

Magfic  Wands.  The  hermit  gave 
Charles  the  Dane  and  Ubaldo  a  wand, 
which,  being  shaken,  infused  terror  into 
all  who  saw  it. — Tasso:  Jerusalem  De' 
livered  (1575). 

IF  The  palmer  who  accompanied  sir 
Guyon  had  a  wand  of  like  virtue.  It 
was  made  of  the  same  wood  as  Mercury's 
caduceus. — Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  ii, 
(1590). 

Magician  of  the  North  ( The),  sir 
Walter  Scott  (1771-1832). 

How  beautifully  has  the  magician  of  the  North  de- 
scribed "The  Field  of  WMeiloo  "  I— Lord  Lennox : 
Celebrities,  eU.,  i.  16. 

IF  Johann  Georg  Hamann  of  Prussia 
called  himself  "The  Magician  of  the 
North"  (1730-1788). 

Magliabechi,  the  greatest  book- 
worm that  ever  lived.  He  devoured 
books,  and  never  forgot  anything  he  had 
read.  He  had  also  so  exact  a  memory, 
that  he  could  tell  the  precise  place  and 
shelf  of  a  book,  as  well  as  the  volume  and 
page  of  any  passage  required.  He  was 
the  librarian  of  the  great-duke  Cosmo  III. 
His  usual  dinner  was  three  hard-boiled 
eggs  and  a  draught  of  water  {1633-17 14). 

Magmn,  the  coquette  of  Astracan. 

Though  naturally  handsome,  she  used  every  art  to  set 
off  her  beauty.  Not  a  word  proceeded  from  her  moutlj 
that  was  not  studied.  To  counterfeit  a  violent  passion, 
to  sigh  (J  propos,  to  make  an  attractive  gesture,  to 
tritle  agreeably,  and  collect  the  Various  graces  of  dumb 
eloquence  into  a  smile,  were  the  arts  in  which  she 
excelled.  She  spent  hours  before  her  glass  in  deciding 
how  a  curl  might  be  made  to  hang  loose  upon  her  neck 
to  the  greatest  advantage ;  how  to  open  and  shut  her 
lips  so  as  best  to  show  her  teeth  without  affectation— 
to  turn  her  face  full  or  otherwise,  as  occasion  miglit 
require.  She  looked  on  herself  with  ceaseless  admira- 
tion, and  always  admired  most  the  works  of  her  own 
hand  in  improving  on  the  beauty  which  nature  had 
bestowed  on  her.— G«<«/«rt'<  .•  Chinese  Tales  ("  Mag- 
mu,"  r723). 

MagnaniuxotLS  (T/^-?),  Alfonso  V.  of 
Aragon  (1385,  1416-1458). 

Khosrii  or  Chosroes,  the  twenty-first  of 
the  Sassanldfis,  was  surnamed  Noushir- 
wan  ("  Magnanimous")  {*,  513-579). 

Magnano,  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
rabble  that  attacked  Hudibras  at  a  bear- 
baiting.  The  character  is  designed  for 
Simeon  Wait,  a  tinker,  as  famous  an 
independent  preacher  as  Burroughs.  Ha 
used  to  style  Cromwell  ' '  the  archangel 
who  did  battle  with  the  devil." — S. 
Butler :  Hudibras,  i.  2  (1663). 


MAGNETIC  MOUNTAIN. 

Magnetic  Motmtain  ( The).  This 
mountain  drew  out  all  the  nails  and  iron 
bolts  of  any  ship  which  approached  it, 
thus  causing  it  to  fall  to  pieces. 

This  mountain  is  very  steep,  and  on  the  summit  is  a 
large  dome  made  of  fine  bronze,  which  is  supported 
upon  columns  of  the  same  metal.  On  the  top  of  the 
dome  there  is  a  bronze  horse  with  the  figure  of  a  man 
upon  it  .  .  .  There  is  a  tradition  that  this  statue  is  the 
principal  cause  of  the  loss  of  so  many  vessels  and  men, 
and  that  it  will  never  cease  from  being  destructive  .  .  . 
till  it  be  overthrown.— ..4  raWaw  Nights  {"  The  Third 
Calender  "). 

Magrnificent  ( The),  KhosHi  or  Chos- 
roes  I.  of  Persia  (*,  531-579). 

Lorenzo  de  Medici  (1448-1492). 

Robert  due  de  Normandie ;  called  Le 
Diable  also  (*,  1028-1035). 

Soliman  I.,  gi-eatest  of  the  Turkish 
sultans  {1493,  1520-1566). 

Mag-nus  [Mr.  Peter),  the  hero  of  an 
episode  in  the  Pickwick  Papers  by  Dickens 
(1836). 

Magogf,  according  to  Ezek.  xxxviii., 
xxxix.,  was  a  country  of  people  over 
whom  Gog  was  prince.  Some  say  the 
Goths  are  meant,  others  the  Persians, 
others  the  Scythians  or  the  northern 
nations  of  Europe  generally. 

N.B.— Sale  says  that  Magog  is  the 
tribe  called  by  Ptolemy  "Gilsin,"  and  by 
Strabo  "  GeU  "  or  "Gelae." — Al  Koran, 
xxviii.  note.     (See  GoG,  p.  433.) 

Ma'gog',  one  of  the  princes  of  Satan, 
whose  ambition  is  to  destroy  hell. 

Magounce  (2  ^yl. ),  Arundel  Castle. 

She  drew  southward  unto  the  sea-side,  till,  by  fortune, 
she  came  to  a  castle  called  Magounce,  and  now  is 
called  Arundell,  in  Southsex. — Sir  T.  Malory:  History 
0/ Prince  Arthur,  ii.  ii8  {1470). 

Magricio,  the  champion  of  Isabella 
of  Portugal,  who  refused  to  pay  truage 
to  France.  He  vanquished  the  French 
champion,  and  thus  hberated  his  country 
from-  tribute. 

Magwitcli  [Alet),  a  convict  for  life, 
the  unknown  father  of  Estelb.  who  was 
adopted  from  infancy  by  Mi^s  Havisham 
the  daughter  of  a  rich  banker.  The 
convict,  having  made  his  escape  to  Aus- 
tralia, became  a  successful  sheep-farmer, 
and  sent  money  secretly  to  Mr.  Jaggers, 
a  London  lawyer,  to  educate  Pip  as  a 
gentleman.  When  Pip  was  23  years  old, 
Magwitch  returned  to  England,  under 
the  assumed  name  of  Provis,  and  made 
himself  known  to  Pip.  He  was  tracked 
by  Orlick  and  Compeyson,  arrested,  con- 
demned to  death,  and  died  in  jail.  All 
his  money  was  confiscated. — Dickens: 
Great  Expectations  (i860). 


654 


MAHOMET. 


Mahmtlt,  the  "Turkish  Spy,"  who 
remained  undiscovered  in  Paris  for  forty- 
five  years,  revealing  to  his  Government 
all  the  intrigues  of  the  Christian  courts 
(1637-1682). 

Mahomet    or    Molxammed,    the 

titular  name  taken  by  Halabi,  founder  of 
Islam  (570-632). 

Adopted  Son  :  Usma,  son  of  Zaid  his  freedman 
(See  below,  "Zainab.") 

Angel  who  revealed  the  Kordn  to  Mahomet: 
Gabriel. 

BANNER:  Sanjak-sherif,  kept  in  the  Eyab  mosque 
at  Constantinople. 

Birthplace  :  Mecca,  a.d.  570. 

Bow:  Al  Catflm  ("the  strong"),  confiscated  from 
the  Jews.  In  his  first  battle  he  drew  it  with  such  force 
thnt  it  snapped  in  two. 

Buried  at  Medi'na,  on  the  very  spot  where  he  died. 

Camel  :  Al  Adha  ("  the  slit-eared  "),  the  swiftest  of 
his  camels.  One  of  the  ten  dumb  animals  admitted  into 
paradise. 

Cave  ( The)  in  which  Gabriel  appeared  to  him  was 
Hoia. 

CONCUBINES:  Mariyeh,  mother  of  Ibrahim  his  son, 
was  his  favourite ;  but  he  had  fourteen  others. 

COUSINS  :  Ali,  his  best  friend ;  Abfl  Sofian  ebn  al 
Hareth. 

CUIRASS:  Al  Fadha.  It  was  of  sUver,  and  was 
confiscated  from  the  Jews. 

Daughters  by  Kadijah:  Zainab,  Rukaijah, 
Umra  Kiilthdm,  and  FStima  his  favourite  (called  one 
of  the  "three  perfect  women  "). 

DEFEAT  :  at  Ohud,  where  it  was  reported  that  he 
was  slain  (A.D.  623). 

Died  at  Medina,  on  the  lap  of  Ayishah,  his  favourite 
wife,  II  Hedjrah  (June  8,  632). 

Father  :  Abdallah,  of  the  family  of  Hashim  and 
tribe  of  Koreish.  Abdallah  was  a  small  merchant,  who 
died  when  his  son  was  five  years  old.  At  the  death  of 
his  father,  his  grandfather  took  charge  of  him ;  but  he 
also  died  within  two  years.  He  then  lived  with  his 
uncle  Ab{l  Taleb  (from  the  age  of  seven  to  14).  (See 
Zesbet.) 

Father-in-law  :  AbA  Bekr,  father  of  his  favourite 
wife  Ayishah. 

Flight  :  Hedjrah  or  Heg'ira,  July  16,  622. 

Followers  :  called  Moslem  or  Mussulmans. 

Grandson  :  Abd-el-Motalleb. 

HORSE:  Al  Borak  ("the  lightning"),  brought  to 
him  by  Gabriel  to  carry  him  to  the  seventh  heaven. 
It  had  the  wings  of  an  eagle,  the  face  of  a  man,  with 
the  cheeks  of  a  horse,  and  spoke  .\rabic. 

JOURNEY  TO  Heaven  ( The),  on  Al  Borak,  is  called 
Isra. 

MOTHER :  Amina  or  Aminta,  of  the  fomily  of 
Zuhra  and  tribe  of  Koreish.    (See  ZESBET.) 

Nicicname  in  Boyhood:  El  Amm  ("the  safe 
man  "). 

Personal  Appearance  :  Middle  height,  rather 
lean,  broad  shoulders,  strongly  built,  abundance  of 
black  curly  hair,  coal-black  eyes  with  thick  lashes,  nose 
large  and  slightly  bent,  beard  long.  He  had  between 
his  shoulders  a  black  mole,  "  the  seal  of  prophecy." 

Poisoned  by  Zainab,  a  Jewess,  who  placed  before 
him  poisoned  meat,  in  624.  He  tasted  it,  and  ever  after 
suffered  from  its  effects,  but  survived  eight  years. 

SCRIPTURE:  Al  Kordn  ("the  reading").  It  is 
divided  into  114  chapters. 

Sons  by  Kadijah  :  Al  Kasim  and  Abd  ManSf ; 
both  died  in  childhood.  By  Mariyeh  (Mary)  his  con- 
cubine :  Ibrahim,  who  died  when  15  months  old. 
Adopted  son  :  Usma,  the  child  of  his  freedman  Zaid. 
(See  "  Zainab.") 

Standard:  Bajura. 

Successor  :  Abfl  Bekr,  his  father-in-law  (father  of 
Ayishah). 

SWORDS :  Dhu'l  Fakar  ("  the  trenchant ") ;  Al  Battej 
("  the  striker  ") ;  Hatel  ("  the  deadly  ") ;  Medham  ("the 
keen  "). 

TRIBE :  that  of  the  Koraichites  or  Koraich  or  Koreish, 
on  both  sides. 

Uncles  :  Abfl  Talcb,  a  prince  of  Mecca,  but  poorj 


MAHOMET. 

he  tooV  chargre  of  the  boy  be^we«^  the  ages  of  seven 
and  14,  and  was  always  his  friend.  AbO  Laheb,  who 
called  him  "  a  fool,"  and  was  always  his  bitter  enemy ; 
in  the  Kordn,  cxi.,  "the  prophet"  denounces  him. 
Hamza,  a  third  head  of  Islam.  _  .,  „    . 

VICTORIES:  Bedr  (634);  Muta  fCag) ;  Talf  (630) ; 
Honein  (630  or  8  Hedjrah). 

WHITKMULH:  Padda. 

Wives  :  Ten,  and  fifteen  conaiDlnes. 

(i)  Kadijah,  a  rich  widow  o<  his  own  tribe.  She  had 
been  twice  married,  and  was  40  years  of  age  (Mahomet 
'.eing  15).  Kadijah  was  his  solo  wife  for  twenty-five 
yfars,  and  brought  him  two  sons  and  four  daughters, 
il-atima  was  her  youngest  child.) 

(2)  Souda,  widow  of  Sokran,  nurse  of  his  daughter 
Fatima.  He  married  her  in  621,  soon  after  the  death 
of  his  first  wife.  The  following  were  simultaneous 
with  Souda.  .        .        ». 

(3)  Ayishah,  daughter  of  Abfi  Bekr.  She  was  only 
nine  years  old  on  her  wedding  day.  This  was  his 
favourite  wife,  on  whose  lap  he  died.  He  called  her 
one  of  tiM  "  three  perfect  women." 

(4)  Hend,  a  widow,  28  years  oUl.  She  had  ason  when 
she  married.     Her  father  was  Omeya. 

(5)  Zainab,  divorced  wife  of  Zaid  his  freed  slave. 
Married  627  (5  Hedjrah).  .     ^    v, 

(6)  Barra,  a  captive,  widow  of  a  young  Arab  chief 
slain  in  battle. 

(7)  Rehana,  a  Jewish  captive.  Her  father  was  Simeon. 

(8)  Safiya,  the  espoused  wife  of  Kenana.  This  wife 
outlived  the  prophet  for  forty  years.  Mahomet  put 
Kenana  to  death  in  order  to  marry  her. 

(9)  Umm  Habiba  (mother  of  Habiba),  widow  of  Abfl 
Sofian. 

(10)  Maimuna,  who  was  51  when  he  married  her,  and 
a  widow.    She  survived  all  his  ten  wives. 

•.•  It  will  be  observed  that  most  of  Mahomet's  wives 
were  widows. 

Mahomet.  Voltaire  wrote  a  drama 
so  entitled  in  1738  ;  and  James  Miller,  in 
1740,  produced  an  English  version  of  the 
same,  called  Mahomet  the  Impostor.  The 
scheme  of  the  play  is  this :  Mahomet  is 
laying  siege  to  Mecca,  and  has  in  his 
camp  Zaphna  and  Palmira,  taken  captives 
in  childhood  and  brought  up  by  him. 
They  are  really  the  children  of  Alcanor 
the  chief  of  Mecca,  but  know  it  not,  and 
love  each  other.  Mahomet  is  in  love 
with  Palmira,  and  sets  Zaphna  to  murder 
Alcanor,  pretending  that  it  is  God's  will. 
Zaphna  obeys  the  behest,  is  told  that 
Alcanor  is  his  father,  and  is  poisoned. 
Mahomet  asks  Palmira  in  marriage,  and 
she  stabs  herself. 

J.  Bannister  [1760-1836]  began  his  stage  career  in 
tragedy,  and  played  "Mahomet."  Garrick  .  .  .  asked 
him  what  character  he  wished  to  play  next.  "  Why," 
said  Bannister,  "'Oroonoko.'"  "  Eh,  eh  !"  said  David, 
staring  at  Bannister,  who  was  very  thin ;  "  Eh,  eh  1 ' 
you  will  look  as  much  like  '  Oroonoko '  as  a  chimney- 
sweeper in  consumption." — T.  Campbell. 

Maliomet's  CofB.n  is  said  to  be  sus- 
pended in  mid-air.  The  wise  ones  affirm 
that  the  coffin  is  of  iron,  and  is  suspended 
by  means  of  loadstones.  The  faithful 
assert  it  is  held  up  by  four  angels. 
Burckhardt  says  it  is  not  suspended  at 
all.     A  marabout  old  Labat — 

Que  le  tombeau  de  Mahomet  ^toit  port^  en  I'air  par 
te  moyen  de  certains  Anges  qui  se  relayent  d'heure  en 
heures  pour  soutenir  ce  fardeau. — Labat:  A/rique 
OccitUntalt,  U.  143  (1728). 


6^^  MAHU. 

The  balance  always  would  hang  eren. 

Like  Mah'met's  tomb  'twixt  earth  and  heaven. 


Prior :  Alma,  ii.  199  (1717). 

*.•  According  to  Indian  tradition, 
Benares  is  built  on  the  ancient  Casi, 
which  was  at  one  time  suspended  in  mid- 
air. 

Maliomet's  Dove,  a  dove  which 
Mahomet  taught  to  pick  seed  placed  in 
his  ear.  The  bird  would  perch  on  the 
prophet's  shoulder  and  thrust  its  bill  into 
his  ear  to  find  its  food  ;  but  Mahomet 
gave  out  that  it  was  the  Holy  Ghost,  in 
the  form  of  a  dove,  sent  to  impart  to  him 
the  counsels  of  God.— Dr.  Prideaux : 
Life  of  Mahomet  (1697) ;  sir  W.  Raleigh.: 
History  of  the  World,  I.  i.  6  (1614). 

Instance  proud  Mahomet  ... 
The  sacred  dove  whispering  into  his  ear, 
That  what  his  will  imposed,  the  world  must  feaf. 
Brooke  :  Declination  of  Monarchic,  etc.  (i5S4-i638)». 
Was  Mahomet  inspired  with  a  dove  J 
Thou  with  an  eagle  art  inspirM  [yoan  0/  Are\ 
Shakespeare  :  i  Henry  ly.  act  i.  sc.  3  (1589). 

Mahomet's  Knowledg-e  of^ 
Events.  Mahomet  in  his  coffin  is  in- 
formed by  an  angel  of  every  event  which 
occurs  respecting  the  faithful. 

II  est  vivant  dans  son  tombeau.  11  fait  la  pritr« 
dans  ce  tombeau  ^  chaque  fois  que  le  crieur  en  fait  la 
proclamation,  et  a-i  mgme  terns  qu'on  la  recite.  11  y  a 
un  ange  posti  sur  son  tombeau  qui  a  le  soin  de  lui 
donner  avis  des  priferes  que  les  fideles  font  pour  lui.— 
Gagnier  :  Viedt  Mahonut,  viL  i8  (1723). 

Mahomet    of  the   North,  Odin, 

both  legislator  and  supreme  deity. 

Mahoud,  son  of  a  rich  jeweller  of 
Delhi,  who  ran  through  a  large  fortune 
in  riotous  living,  and  then  bound  himself 
in  service  to  Bennaskar,  who  proved  to 
be  a  magician,  Mahoud  impeached  Ben- 
naskar to  the  cadi,  who  sent  officers  to 
seize  him ;  but,  lo  !  Mahoud  had  been 
metamorphosed  into  the  likeness  of  Ben- 
naskar, and  was  condemned  to  be  burnt 
alive.  When  the  pile  was  set  on  fire, 
Mahoud  became  a  toad,  and  in  this  form 
met  the  sultan  Misnar,  his  vizier  Horam, 
and  the  princess  Hemju'nah  of  Cassimir, 
who  had  been  changed  into  toads  also.^ 
Sir  C.  Morell  Q.  Ridley] :  Tales  of  the 
Genii  ("The  Enchanter's  Tale,'"^  vi., 
1751)- 

Mahound  or  Mahonn,  a  name  of 
contempt  for  Mahomet  or  any  pagan  god. 
Hence  Ariosto  makes  Ferrau  "  blaspheme 
his  Mahoun  and  Termagant "  {Orland$ 
Furioso,  xii.  59). 

Fitter  for  a  turban  for  Mahound  or  Termajrant,  thaq 
a  head-gear  of  a  reasonable  creature.— 5f»-  IV.  Scoit. 

Mahu,  the  fiend-prince  that  urges  t6 
theft. 


MAID  MARIAN. 


656 


MAID  OF  THE  MILL 


Five  fiends  have  been  In  poor  Tom  at  once :  of  lust, 
BsObidicut;  Hobididance,  jDrince  of  dumbness;  Mahu, 
of  stealing  ;  Mode,  of  murder  ;  and  Flibbertigibbet, 
of  mopping  and  mowing. — Shakespeare:  King  Lear, 
act  iv.  sc  I  (1603). 

Maid  Ma'rian,  a  name  assumed  by 
Matilda,  daughter  of  Robert  lord  Fitz- 
walter,  while  Robin  Hood  remained  in  a 
state  of  outlawry.  She  was  poisoned 
with  a  poached  egg  at  Dunmow  Priory, 
by  a  messenger  of  king  John  sent  for  the 
purpose.  This  was  because  Marian  was 
loved  by  the  king,  but  rejected  him. 
Drayton  has  written  her  legend. 

He  to  his  mistress  dear,  his  loved  Marian, 

Was  ever  constant  known;    which  wheresoe'er  she 

came. 
Was  sovereign  of  the  woods,  chief  lady  of  the  game. 
Her  clothes  tucked  to  the  knee,  and  dainty  braided 

hair. 
With  bow  and  quiver  armed,  she  wandered  here  and 

there 
Amongst  the  forest  wild.    Diana  never  knew 
Such  pleasures,  nor  such  harts  as  Mariana  slew. 

Drayton :  Polyolbion,  xxvi.  (1622). 

Maid  Marian,  introduced  into  the 
May-day  morris-dance,  was  a  boy 
dressed  in  girl's  clothes.  She  was  queen 
of  the  May,  and  used  to  wear  a  tinsel 
crown,  and  carry  in  her  left  hand  a 
flower.  Her  coif  was  purple,  her  surcoat 
blue,  her  cuffs  white,  the  skirts  of  her 
robe  yellow,  the  sleeves  carnation,  and 
the  stomacher  red  with  yellow  cross  bars. 
(See  Morris-Dance.) 

(Thomas  Love,  in  1822,  published  a 
novel  called  Maid  Marian.) 

Maid  of  Athens,  There'sa  Macri, 
rendered  famous  by  Byron's  song — 

Maid  of  Athens,  ere  we  part. 
Give,  oh  give  me  back  my  heart  I 

Twenty-four  years  after  this  song  was 
written,  an  Englishman  sought  out  "  the 
Athenian  maid,"  and  found  a  beggar 
without  a  single  vestige  of  beauty.  She 
was  married  and  had  a  large  family ;  but 
the  struggle  of  her  life  was  to  find  bread 
to  keep  herself  and  family  from  positive 
starvation. 

Maid  of  Bath  [,The),  Miss  Linley, 
who  married  R.  B.  Sheridan.  Samuel 
Foote  wrote  a  farce  entitled  The  Maid  of 
Bath,  in  which  he  gibbets  Mr.  Walter 
Long  under  the  name  of  "  Flint." 

Maid  of  Honour  [The),  by  P.  Mas- 
singer  (1637).  Cami'ola,  a  very  wealthy, 
high-minded  lady,  was  in  love  with  prince 
Bertoldo,  brother  of  Roberto  king  oi  the 
Two  Sicilies ;  but  Bertoldo,  being  a  Knight 
of  Malta,  could  not  marry  without  a 
dispensation  from  the  pope.  While 
matters  were  in  this  state,  Bertoldo  led 
an  army  against  Aurelia  duchess  of 
Sienna,  and  was  taken  prisoner.   CamiSla 


paid  his  ransom,  and  Aurelia  commanded 
the  prisoner  to  be  brought  before  her. 
Bertoldo  came ;  the  duchess  fell  in  love 
with  him  and  offered  marriage ;  and  Ber- 
toldo, forgetful  of  Camiola,  accepted  the 
offer.  The  betrothed  then  presented 
themselves  to  the  king,  when  Camiola 
exposed  the  conduct  of  Bertoldo.  The 
king  was  indignant  at  the  baseness, 
Aurelia  rejected  Bertoldo  with  scorn,  and 
Camiola  took  the  veil. 

Maid  of  Mariendorpt  [The),  a 
drama  by  S.  Knowles,  based  on  Miss 
Porter's  novel  of  The  Village  of  Marien- 
dorpt (1838).  The  "maid"  is  Meeta, 
daughter  of  Mahldenau  minister  of 
Mariendorpt,  and  betrothed  to  major 
Rupert  Roselheim.  The  plot  is  this: 
Mahldenau  starts  for  Prague  in  search  of 
Meeta's  sister,  who  fell  into  some  soldiers' 
hands  in  infancy  during  the  siege  of  Mag- 
deburg. On  entering  Prague,  he  is  seized 
as  a  spy,  and  condemned  to  death.  Meeta, 
hearing  of  his  capture,  walks  to  Prague 
to  plead  for  his  life,  and  finds  that  the 
governor's  "daughter"  is  her  lost  sister. 
Rupert  storms  the  prison  and  releases 
Mahldenau. 

Maid  of  Norway,  Margaret,  daugh- 
ter of  Eric  II.  and  Margaret  of  Norway. 
She  was  betrothed  to  Edward,  son  of 
Edward  I.  of  England,  but  died  on  her 
passage  (1290). 

Maid  of  Orleans,  Jeanne  d'Arc, 
famous  for  having  raised  the  siege  of 
Orleans,  held  by  the  English.  The  general 
tradition  is  that  she  was  burnt  alive  as  a 
witch,  but  this  is  doubted  (1412-1431). 

Maid  of  Perth  [Fair),  Catharine 
Glover,  daughter  of  Simon  Glover,  the 
old  glover  of  Perth.  She  kisses  Henry 
Smith  while  asleep  on  St.  Valentine's 
morning,  and  ultimately  marries  him. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time, 
Henry  IV.). 

Maid  of  Saragfoza,  Augustina, 
noted  for  her  heroism  at  the  siege  of 
Saragoza,  1808-9.  (See  Southey's  His- 
tory of  the  Peninsular  War.) 

Her  lover  sinks — she  sheds  no  ill-timed  tear ; 

Her  chief  is  slain — she  fills  his  fatal  post ; 
Her  fellows  flee— she  checks  their  base  career ; 
The  foe  retires — she  heads  the  sallying  host. 
.  .  .  the  flying  Gaul, 
Foiled  by  a  woman's  hand  before  a  battered  wall. 
Byron  :  Childe  Harold,  L  56  (1809). 

Maid  of  the  Mill  [The),  an  opera 
by  Isaac  Bickerstaff.  Patty,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Fairfield  the  miller,  was  brought 
up  by  lord  Aimworth's  mother.     At  the 


MAID  OF  THE  OAKS. 


6S7 


MAIMUNA. 


death  of  lady  Aimworth,  Patty  returned 
to  the  mill,  and  her  father  promised  her 
in  marriage  to  Farmer  Giles  ;  but  Patty 
refused  to  marry  him.  Lord  Aimworth 
about  the  same  time  betrothed  himself  to 
Theodosia,  the  daughter  of  sir  Harry 
Sycamore  ;  but  the  young  lady  loved  Mr. 
Mervin.  When  lord  Aimworth  knew  of 
this  attachment,  he  readily  yielded  up  his 
betrothed  to  the  man  of  her  choice,  and 
selected  for  his  bride  Patty  "  the  maid  of 
the  mill  '  (1765). 

Maid  of  the  Oaks  (^A<?),  a  two-act 
drama  by  J.  Burgoyne.  Maria  "the 
maid  of  the  Oaks  "is  brought  up  by  Old- 
worth  of  Oldworth  Oaks  as  his  ward,  but 
is  informed  on  the  eve  of  her  marriage 
with  sir  Harry  Groveby  that  she  is  Old- 
worth's  daughter.  The  under-plot  is 
between  sir  Charles  Dupely  and  lady  Bab 
Lardoon.  Dupely  professed  to  despise 
all  women,  and  lady  Lardoon  was  "  the 
princess  of  dissipation  ;"  but  after  they 
fell  in  with  each  other,  Dupely  promised 
to  abjure  his  creed,  and  lady  Lardoon 
that  she  would  henceforth  renounce  the 
world  of  fashion  and  its  follies  (1779). 

Maid's  Tragedy  ( The).  The ' '  maid  " 
is  Aspa'tia  the  irolh-plighl  wife  of  Amin- 
tor,  who,  at  the  king's  command,  is  made 
to  marry  Evad'ne  (3  syl.).  Her  death 
forms  the  tragical  event  which  gives  name 
to  the  drama, — Beaumont  and  Fletcher 
{1610). 

(The  scene  between  Antony  and  Ven- 
tidius,  in  Dryden's  tragedy  of  All  for 
Love,  is  copied  from  The  Maid's  Tragedy, 
where  "  Melantius "  answers  to  Venti- 
dius.) 

Maiden  [The),  a  kind  of  guillotine, 
introduced  into  Scotland  by  the  regent 
Morton,  who  was  afterwards  beheaded  by 
it.  The  "maiden"  resembled  in  form 
a  painter's  easel  about  ten  feet  high. 
The  victim  placed  his  head  on  a  cross- 
bar some  four  feet  from  the  bottom,  kept 
in  its  place  by  another  bar.  In  the  inner 
edges  of  the  frame  were  grooves,  in  which 
slid  a  sharp  axe  weighted  with  lead  and 
supported  by  a  long  cord.  When  all  was 
ready,  the  cord  was  cut  and  down  fell  the 
axe  with  a  thud.  —Pennant:  Tour  in  Scot- 
land, iii.  365  (1771). 

The  unfortunate  earl  [Mrg-ylt]  was  appointed  to  be 
t>eheaded  by  the  "maiden." — Sir  H-".  Scott:  Tales  of 
a  Grandfather,  ii.  "JS. 

The  Italian  instrument  of  execution  was  called  the 
mannaia.  The  apparatus  was  erected  on  a  scaffold; 
the  axe  was  placed  between  two  pevpendiculars  ,  .  . 
In  Scotland  the  instrument  of  execution  was  an  inferior 
variety  of  the  mannaia. — Memoirs  of  the  Sansons,  i. 
»S7. 


It  seem*  pretty  clear  that  the  "maiden"  ,  .  .  h 
merely  a  corruption  of  the  Italian  tnannaXa. — A.  G. 
Reid. 

Maiden  Kingf  {The),  Malcolm  IV. 
of  Scotland  (1141,  1153-1165). 

Malcolm,  .  .  ,  son  of  the  brave  and  generous  prince 
Henry,  .  .  .  was  so  kind  and  gentle  in  his  disposition, 
that  he  was  usually  called  Malcolm  "the  maiden." — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Tales  of  a  Grandfather,  iv. 

Maiden  Queen  [The),  Elizabeth  of 
England  (1533,  1558-1603). 

Maiden  of  the  Mist  [The),  Anne 
of  Geierstein,  daughter  of  count  Albert 
of  Geierstein.  She  is  the  baroness  of 
Arnheim. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Anne  of  Geier- 
stein (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Maidens'  Castle  [The),  on  the 
Severn.  It  was  taken  from  a  duke  by 
seven  knights,  and  held  by  them  till  sir 
Galahad  expelled  them.  It  was  called 
"The  Maidens'  Castle"  because  these 
knights  made  a  vow  that  every  maiden 
who  passed  it  should  be  made  a  captive. 
This  is  an  allegory. 

The  Castle  of  Maidens  betokens  the  good  souls  that 
were  in  prison  afore  ^he  incarnation  of  Christ.  And  the 
seven  knights  betoken  the  seven  deadly  sins  which 
reigned  in  the  world  .  .  .  And  the  good  knight  sir 
Galahad  may  be  likened  to  the  Son  of  the  High  Father, 
that  Light  within  a  maiden  which  brought  all  souls  out 
of  thraldom. — Sir  T.  Malory  ;  History  of  Prince 
Arthur,  iii.  44  (1470). 

Mailsetter    (Mrs.),   keeper   of   the 

Fairport  post-office. 

Davie  Mailsetter,  her  son. — Sir  IV. 
Scott:  The  Antiquary  (time,  George  III.). 

Maimou'ne  (3  syl.),  a  fairy,  daughter 
of  Damriat  "  king  ot  a  legion  of  genii." 
When  the  princess  Badoura,  in  her  sleep, 
was  carried  to  the  bed  of  prince  Camaral'- 
zaman  to  be  shown  to  him,  MaimounS 
changed  herself  into  a  flea,  and  bit  the 
prince's  neck  to  wake  him.  Whereupon 
he  sees  the  sleeping  princess  by  his  side, 
falls  in  love  with  her,  and  afterwards 
marries  her. — Arabian  Nights  ("Cama- 
ralzaman  and  Badoura"). 

Mai'muna  or   Maimn'na,  one  of 

the  sorceresses  of  Dom-Daniel,  who  re- 
pents and  turns  to  Allah.  Thal'aba  first 
encounters  her,  disguised  as  an  old 
woman  spinning  the  finest  thread.  He 
greatly  marvels  at  its  extreme  fineness, 
but  she  tells  him  he  cannot  snap  it ; 
whereupon  he  winds  it  round  his  two 
wrists,  and  becomes  powerless.  Maimuna 
and  her  sister-sorceress  Khwala,  then 
carry  him  to  the  island  of  Moha'reb, 
where  he  is  held  in  durance  ;  but  Mai- 
muna releases  him,  repents,  and  dies. — 
Southey :  Thalaba  the  Destroyer,  ix. 
(1797). 


mainote: 

Maiuote  {2  syl. ),  a  pirate  who  infests 
the  coast  of  Attica. 

.  .  .  boat 
Of  island-pirnte  or  Mainote. 

Byron :  The  Giaour  (1813). 

Mainy  [Richard),  out  of  whom  the 
Jesuits  cast  the  seven  deadly  sins,  each 
in  the  form  of  some  representative  ani- 
mal. As  each  devil  came  forth,  Mainy 
indicated  the  special  sin  by  some  trick  or 
gesture.  Thus,  {or  pride  he  pretended  to 
curl  his  hair,  for  gluttony  to  vomit,  for 
sloth  to  gape,  and  so  on. — Harsnett :  De- 
claration 0/  Popish  Impostures,  279,  280. 

Maitlaud  [Thofnas],  the  pseudonym 
of  Robert  Buchanan  in  the  Contetnporary 
Review,  October,  1871,  whien,  in  an 
article  called  "  Tlie  Fleshly  School,"  he 
attacked  Rossetti  and  his  followers^ 

Malachi,  the  canting,  preaching 
assistant  of  Thomas  TurnbuU  a  smug- 
gler and  schoolmaster. — Sir  IV,  Scott: 
Redgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Malacoda,  the  fiend  sent  as  an  envoy 
to  Virgil,  when  he  conducted  Dantd 
through  hell. — Dante:  Hell,  xxi.  (1300). 

Malade  Imag-inaire  [Le),  Mons. 
Argan,  who  took  seven  mixtures  and 
twelve  lavements  in  one  month  instead 
of  twelve  mixtures  and  twenty  lavements, 
as  hitherto.  (See  Argan,  p.  57. ) — Molicre: 
Le  Malade  Imaginaire  (1673). 

Malagi'gi,  son  of  Buovo,  brother  of 
Aldlger  and  Vivian  (of  Clarmont's  race), 
one  of  Charlemagne's  paladins,  and  cousin 
of  Rinaldo.  Being  brought  up  by  the  fairy 
Orianda,  he  became  a  great  enchanter. — 
Ariosto:  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Mala^ri'da  [Gabrief),  an  Italian 
Jesuit  and  missionary  to  Brazil,  who  was 
accused  of  conspiring  against  the  king  of 
Portugal  (1689-1761). 

Lord  Shelburne  was  nicknamed  "  Mala- 
grida."  He  was  a  zealous  oppositionist 
during  lord  North's  administration  (1737- 
1805). 

"  Do  you  know,"  said  Goldsmith  to  his  lordship, 
"  that  I  never  could  conceive  why  they  call  you 
•Malagrida,'  for  Malagrida  was  a  very  good  sort  of  a 
min."  .  . .  ile  meant  to  say,  as  Malagrida  was  a  "good 
sort  of  a  man,"  he  could  not  conceive  how  it  became  a 
word  of  reproach. — JV.  Jrvittg: 

MalagTowther  [Sir  Mungo),  a 
crabbed  old  courtier,  soured  by  niisfor- 
_tune,  and  peevish  from  infirmities.  He 
tries  to  make  every  one  as  sour  and  dis- 
contented as  himself. — Sir  IV.  Scott: 
Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 


658  MALBECCO, 

Malagrowtlier  [Malacki],  the  pseu- 
donym of  sir  Walter  Scott,  in  his  remon- 
strances with  the  British  Government, 
which  stopped  the  circulation  of  bank- 
notes under /"sin  value  (1826). 

Lockhart  says  that  these  "diatribes 
produced  in  Scotland  a  sensation  not 
inferior  to  that  of  the  Drapier's  letters 
in  Ireland."  Tiiey  came  out  in  the 
Edinburgh  Weekly  Journal. 

Malaznbru'no,  a  giant,  first  cousin 
to  queen  Maguncia  of  Candaya.  "Ex- 
clusive of  his  natural  barbarity,  Malam- 
bruno  was  also  a  wizard,"  who  enchanted 
don  Clavijo  and  the  princess  Antono- 
masia — the  former  into  a  crocodile  of 
some  unknown  metal,  and  the  latter  into 
a  rnonkey  of  brass.  The  giant  sent  don 
Quixote  the  wooden  horse,  and  was  ap- 
peased "by  the  simple  attempt  of  the 
knight  to  disenchant  the  victims  of  his 
displeasure." — Cervantes:  Don  Quixote, 
II.  iii.  4,  5  (1615). 

Malaprop  [Mrs.),  aunt  and  guardian 
to  Lydia  Languish  the  heiress.  Mrs. 
Malaprop  sets  her.  cap  at  sir  Lucius 
O'Trigger,  "a  tall  Irish  baronet,"  and 
corresponds  with  him  under  the  name  of 
Delia.  Sir  Lucius  fancies  it  is  the  niece, 
and,  when  he  discovers  his  mistake,  de- 
clines the  honour  of  marriage  with  the 
aunt.  Mrs.  Malaprop  is  a  synonym  for 
those  who  misapply  words  without  mis- 
pronouncing them.  Thus  Mrs.  Malaprop 
talks  of  a  Derbyshire  putrefaction,  an 
allegory  of  the  Nile,  a  barbarous  Vandyke, 
she  requests  that  no  delusions  to  the  past 
be  made,  talks  of  flying  with  the  utmost 
felicity,  and  would  say  precipitate  one 
down  the  prejudice 'ms\.ea.6.  of  "  precipice." 
— Sheridan  :  The  Rivals  (1775). 

Mrs.  Malaprop's  mistakes  in  what  she  calls  "ortho- 
doxy," have  often  been  objected  to  as  improbable  from 
a  woman  of  her  rank  of  life,  but  .  .  .  the  luckiness  of 
her  simile,  "  as  headstrong  as  an  allegory  on  the  banks 
of  the  Nile,"  will  be  acknowledged  as  {inimitabU\— 
Moore.    (See  JENKINS,  Mrs.,  p.  543.) 

Malbecco,  "  a  cankered,  crabbed 
carl,"  very  wealthy  and  very  miserly, 
husband  of  a  young  wife  named  Hel'i- 
nore  (3  syl.),  of  whom  he  is  very  jealous, 
and  not  without  cause.  Helinore,  falling 
in  love  with  sir  Paridel  her  guest,  sets 
fire  to  the  closet  where  her  husband  keeps 
his  treasures,  and  elopes  with  Paridel, 
while  Malbecco  stops  to  put  out  the 
flames.  This  done,  Malbecco  starts  in 
pursuit,  and  finds  that  Paridel  has  tired 
of  the  dame,  who  has  become  the  satyrs' 
dairy- maid.     He  soon  finds  her  out,  but 


MALBROUGH. 

she  declines  to  return  with  him  ;  and  he, 
in  desperation,  throws  himself  from  a 
rock,  but  receives  no  injury.  Malbecco 
then  creeps  into  a  cave,  feeds  on  toads 
and  frogs,  and  Uves  in  terror  lest  the 
rock  should  crush  him  or  the  sea  over- 
whelm him.  "  Dying,  he  Hves  on,  and 
can  never  die,"  for  he  is  no  longer  Mal- 
becco, "but  Jealousy  is  hight."  — 
Spenser  :  Faerie  Queene,  iii.  g,  lo  (1590). 

Malbrough',  corrupted  in  English 
into  Marlbrook,  the  hero  of  a  popular 
French  song.  Generally  thought  to  refer 
to  John  Churchill  duke  of  Marlborough, 
so  famous  for  his  victories  over  the  French 
in  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.  ;  but  no  inci- 
dent of  the  one  corresponds  with  the  life 
of  the  other.  The  Malbrough  of  the 
song  was  evidently  a  crusader  or  ancient 
baron,  who  died  in  battle.  His  lady, 
climbing  the  castle  tower  and  looking 
out  for  her  lord,  reminds  one  of  the 
mother  of  Sisera,  who  "  looked  out  at  a 
window,  and  cried  through  the  lattice. 
Why  is  his  chariot  so  long  in  coming? 
Why  tarry  the  wheels  of  his  chariots? 
,  .  .  Have  they  not  sped  ?  Have  they  not 
divided  the  spoil  ?  "  [Judg.  v.  28-30).  The 
following  are  the  words  of  the  song : — 

"  Malbrough  is  gone  to  the  wars.  Ah  1  when  will 
he  return  I"  "  He  will  come  back  by  Easter,  lady,  or 
at  latest  by  Trinity."  "  No,  no  !  Easter  is  past,  and 
Trinity  is  past ;  but  Malbrough  has  not  returned." 
Then  did  she  climb  the  castle  tower,  to  look  out  for  his 
coming.  She  saw  his  page,  but  he  was  clad  in  black. 
*'  My  page,  my  bonnie  page,"  cried  the  lady,  "  what 
tidings  bring  you— what  tidings  of  my  lord  1  "  The 
news  I  bring,  said  the  page,  "  is  very  sad,  and  will 
-  make  you  weep.  Lay  aside  your  gay  attire,  lady,  your 
ornaments  of  gold  and  silver,  for  my  lord  is  dead.  He 
is  dead,  lady,  and  laid  in  earth.  I  saw  hira  borne  to 
his  last  home  by  four  officers :  one  carried  his  cuirass, 
one  his  shield,  one  his  sword,  and  the  fourth  walked 
beside  the  bier  but  bore  nothing.  They  laid  him  in 
earth.  I  saw  his  spirit  rise  through  the  laurels.  They 
planted  his  grave  with  rosemary.  The  nightingale 
sang  his  dirge.  The  mourners  fell  to  the  earth ;  and 
when  they  rose  up  again,  they  chanted  his  victories. 
Then  retired  they  all  to  rest." 

This  song  used  to  be  sung  as  a  lullaby 
to  the  infant  son  of  Louis  XVL  ;  and 
Napoleon  L  never  mounted  his  charger 
for  battle  without  humming  the  air  of 
Malbrough  sen  va-t-en  guerre.  Mon.  de 
Las  Casas  says  he  heard  him  hum  the 
same  air  a  Uttle  before  his  death. 

Malbrouk,  of  Basque  legend,  is  a 
child  brought  up  by  his  godfather  of  the 
same  name.  At  the  age  of  seven  he  is 
a  tall,  full-grown  man,  and,  like  Proteus, 
can  assume  any  form  by  simply  naming 
the  form  he  wishes  to  assume.  Thus,  by 
saying  "Jesus,  ant,"  he  becomes  an  ant ; 
and  "Jesus,  pigeon,"  he  becomes  a 
pigeon.  After  performing  most  wonder- 
ful prodigies,   and  reler.sing    the  king's 


6S9 


MALEGER. 


three  daughters  who  had  been  stolen  by 
his  godfather,  he  marries  the  youngest  of 
the  princesses,  and  succeeds  the  king  on 
his  throne. 

• .  •  The  name  Malbrouk  occurs  in  the 
Chanson  de  Gestes,  and  in  the  Basque 
Pastorales.     (See  above,  Malbrough.  ) 

Malcolm,  surnamed  "  Can  More " 
("great  head"),  eldest  son  of  Duncan 
"  the  Meek  "  king  of  Scotland.  He,  with 
his  father  and  younger  brother,  was  a 
gnest  of  Macbeth  at  Inverness  Castle, 
when  Duncan  was  murdered.  The  two 
young  princes  fled  —  Malcolm  to  the 
English  court,  and  his  brother  Donalbain 
to  Ireland.  When  Macduff  slew  Macbeth 
in  the  battle  of  Dunsinane,  the  son  of 
Duncan  was  set  on  the  throne  of  Scotland, 
under  the  name  and  title  of  Malcolm  III. 
— Shakespeare  :  Macbeth  {1606). 

Malebolg-e  (4  syl. ),  the  eighth  circle 
of  Dante's  inferno.  It  was  divided  into 
ten  bolgi  or  pits. 

There  Is  a  place  within  the  depths  of  bell, 

CaUed  Mal^bolgd. 

Dante  :  Hell,  xviil  (1300). 

Mal'ecasta,  the  mistress  of  Castle 
Joyous,  and  the  impersonation  of  lust, 
Britomart  (the  heroine  of  chastity)  entered 
her  bower,  after  overthrowing  four  of 
the  six  knights  who  guarded  it ;  and 
Malecasta  sought  to  win  the  stranger  to 
wantonness,  not  knowing  her  sex.  Of 
course,  Britomart  resisted  all  her  wiles, 
and  left  the  castle  next  morning. — 
Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  iii.  i  (1590). 

Maledisaunt,  a  damsel  who  threw 
discredit  on  her  knightly  lover  to  pre- 
vent his  encountering  the  danger  of  the 
battle-field.  Sir  Launcelot  condoned  her 
offence,  and  gave  her  the  name  of  Bicn- 
pensaunt. 

IF  The  Cape  of  Good  Hope  was  called 
the  "  Cape  of  Storms  "  [Cabo  To7fnentoso) 
by  Bartholomew  Diaz,  when  discovered 
n  1493  ;  but  the  king  of  Portugal  (John 
II.)  changed  the  name  to  "  Good  Hope." 

^  So  the  Euxine  (that  is,  "the  hospit- 
able") Sea  was  originally  called  "The 
Axine  "  (or  "  the  inhospitable  ")  Sea. 

^  The  Furies  were  called  for  luck  sake 
Eumenldcs  (4  syl.)  or  Sweet-minded. 

Maleffort,  seneschal  of  lady  Bria'na  ; 
a  man  of  "  mickle  might,"  slain  by  sir 
Calidore. — Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  vi.  x 

(1596). 

Male'gfer  (3  syl.),  captain  of  the  host 
which  besieged  Body  Castle,  of  which 
Alma  was  queen.     Prince  Arthur  found 


MALENGIN. 


660 


MAL-ORCHOL. 


that  his  sword  was  powerless  to"  wound 
him,  so  he  took  him  up  in  his  arms  and 
tried  to  crush  him,  but  without  effect. 
At  length  the  prince  remembered  that 
the  earth  was  the  earl's  mother,  and  sup- 
plied him  with  new  strength  and  vigour 
as  often  as  he  went  to  her  for  it ;  so  he 
carried  the  body,  and  flung  it  into  a  lake. 
(See  Ant.eos,  p.  47,) — Spenser:  Faerie 
Queene,  ii.  n  (1590). 

Malen'gcin,  Guile  personified.  When 
attacked  by  Talus,  he  changed  himself 
into  a  fox,  a  bush,  a  bird,  a  hedgehog, 
and  a  snake  ;  but  Talus,  with  his  iron 
flail,  beat  him  to  powder,  and  so  ' '  deceit 
did  the  deceiver  fail."  On  his  back 
Malengin  carried  a  net  "to  catch  fools  " 
with. — Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  v.  9(1596). 

Malepai'dus,  the  castle  of  Master 
Reynard  the  fox,  in  the  beast-epic  of 
Reynard  the  Fox  (1498). 

Mal-Fet  [The  chevalier),  the  name 
assumed  by  sir  Launcelot  in  Joyous  Isle, 
during  his  fit  of  madness,  which  lasted 
two  years. — Sir  T.  Malory:  History  of 
Prince  Arthur,  iii.  (1470). 

Malfort  [Mr.),  a  young  man  who  has 
ruined  himself  by  speculation. 

Mrs.  Malfort,  the  wife  of  the  specula- 
tor, "houseless,  friendless,  defenceless, 
and  forlorn."  The  wants  of  Malfort  are 
temporarily  relieved  by  the  bounty  of 
Frank  Heartall  and  the  kindness  of  Mrs. 
Cheerly  "the  soldier's  daughter."  The 
return  of  Malfort,  senior,  from  India, 
restores  his  son  to  ease  and  affluence. — 
Cherry :  The  Soldiers  Daughter  (1804). 

Malfy  [Duchess  of),  twin-sister  of 
Ferdinand  duke  of  Calabria.  She  fell 
in  love  with  Antonio,  her  steward,  and 
gave  thereby  mortal  offence  to  her  twin- 
brother  Ferdinand,  and  to  her  brother 
the  cardinal,  who  employed  Bosola  to 
strangle  her. —  Webster:  Duchess  of  Malfy 
(1618). 

Mal^O,  a  mythical  king  of  Britain, 
noted  for  his  beauty  and  his  vices,  his 
munificence  and  his  strength.  Malgo 
added  Ireland,  Iceland,  Gothland,  the 
Orkneys,  Norway,  and  Dacia  to  his 
•dominions. — Geoffrey:  British  History, 
xi.  7  (1142). 

Next  Malgo  .  .  .  first  Orkney  overran, 

Proud  Denmark  then  subdued,  and  spacious  Norway 

Seized  Iceland  for  his  own,  and  Gothland  to  each 
shore. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xix.  (1622). 

Malherbe  (2  syl.).    If  any  one  asked 


Malherbe  his  opinion  about  any  French 
words,  he  always  sent  him  to  the  street 
porters  at  the  Port  au  Foin,  saying  that 
they  were  his  "masters  in  language."— 
Racan  :   Vie  de  Malherbe  (1630). 

IF  It  is  said  that  Shakespeare  read  his 
plays  to  an  oyster-woman  when  he  wished 
to  know  if  they  would  suit  the  popular 
taste. 

Mal'inal,  brother  of  Yuhid'thiton. 
When  the  Az'tecas  declared  war  against 
Madoc  and  his  colony,  Malinal  cast  in 
his  lot  with  the  White  strangers.  He 
was  a  noble  youth,  who  received  two 
arrow-wounds  in  his  leg  while  defending 
the  white  women  ;  and,  being  unable  to 
stand,  fought  in  their  defence  on  his 
knees.  When  Malinal  was  disabled, 
Amal'ahta  caught  up  the  princess,  and 
ran  oif  with  her  ;  but  Mervyn  the  "young 
page"  (in  fact,  a  girl)  struck  him  on  the 
hamstrings  with  a  bill-hook,  and  Malinal, 
crawling  to  the  spot,  thrust  his  sword  in 
the  villain's  groin  and  killed  him. — 
Southey :  Madoc,  ii.  16  (1805). 

Mariom.  Mahomet  is  so  called  in 
some  of  the  old  romances. 

"Send  five,  send  six  against  me  I  By  Malioml  I 
swear  I'll  take  them  3S\.."—Fitrabras. 

Malkin.  The  Maid  Marian  of  the 
morris-dance  is  so  called  by  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher — 

Put  on  the  shape  of  order  and  humanity, 
Or  you  must  marry  Malkin  the  May-Lady. 

Mo}isieur  Thomas  (1619). 

Mall  Cutpurse,  Mary  Frith,  a  thief 
and  receiver  of  stolen  goods.  John  Day, 
in  1610,  wrote  "a  booke  called  The 
Madde  Prancks  of  Merry  Mall  of  the 
Bankside,  with  her  Walks  in  Mans 
Apparel,  and  to  what  Purpose."  It  is 
said  that  she  was  an  androgyne  (1584- 
1659)- 

Last  Sunday,  Mall  Cutpurse,  a  notorious  baggage, 
that  used  to  go  about  in  man's  apparel,  and  challenge! 
the  field  of  diverse  gallants,  was  brought  to  [St.  Paul's 
Cross],  where  she  wept  bitterly,  and  seemed  very 
penitent;  but  it  is  since  doubted  she  was  maudlin 
drunk,  being  discovered  to  have  tippeled  of  three 
quarts  of  sack  before  she  came  to  her  penance.— y. 
Chamberlain  (i6ij). 

Mal-Orchol,  king  of  Fuiir'fed  (an 
island  of  Scandinavia).  Being  asked  by 
Ton-Thormod  to  give  him  his  daughter 
in  marriage,  he  refused,  and  the  rejected 
suitor  made  war  on  him.  Fingal  sent  his 
son  Ossian  to  assist  Mal-Orchol,  and  on 
the  very  day  of  his  arrival  he  took  Ton- 
Thormod  prisoner.  Mal-Orchol,  in  grati- 
tude, now  offered  Ossian  his  daughter  in 
marriage ;  but  Ossian  pleaded  for  Ton- 
Thormod,  and  the  marriage  of  the  lady 


MALT. 


66x 


MAMBRINO'S  HELMET. 


with  her  original  suitor  was  duly  solem- 
nized. (The  daughter's  name  was  Oina- 
Morul.) — Ossian  :  Oina-Morul. 

Malt.  Dr.  Dodd,  prebendary  of 
Brecon,  having  made  himself  con- 
spicuous by  his  declamations  against  the 
drinlcing  habits  of  university  students, 
was  one  day  beset  by  some  Cantabs  a 
few  miles  from  the  city,  who  insisted  on 
his  preaching  to  them,  from  a  hollow 
tree,  on  the  word  "  Malt."  His  sermon 
was  as  follows  : — 

Beloved,  I  am  a  little  man,  come  at  a  short  notice,  to 
preach  a  short  sermon,  on  a  short  text,  to  a  small  con- 
gregationi  My  text  is  "  Malt."  I  cannot  divide  it 
into  word's,  there  l)eing  but  one,  nor  into  syllables  for 
the  same  reason  ;  I  must  therefore  of  necessity  divide 
it  into  letters,  which  are  M-A-L-T. 

"M,"  my  beloved,  is  Moral;  "A,"  Allegorical; 
"  L,"  Literal;  and  "T,"  Theological. 

The  "  Moral "  is  to  teach  you  drunkards  manners: 
therefore  "  M,"  masters;  "  A,"  a// of  you ;  "l^"  leave 
(iff":  "  T,"  tippling. 

"  Allegorical "  is  when  one  thing  is  spoken  of,  and 
another  thing  is  meant.  The  thing  spoken  of  in  my 
text  is  "Malt,"  the  thing  meant  is  beer,  which  is 
brewed  from  malt,  and  which  you,  Cantabs,  make 
"  M,"  your  master  ;  "  A,"  your  a>nbition;  "  L,"  your 
iord  :  "  T  "  your  trust. 

"  Literal "  is  according  to  the  letter  of  the  text : 
"  M,"  much  :  ••  A,"  ate;  "  L,"  tt/tte  ;  "  T,"  iruik. 

"  Theological "  is  the  reference  of  our  text  to  the 
life  that  now  is,  and  to  that  which  is  to  come.  In 
this  life,  drunkenness  leads  to  "  M,"  murder,-  "A," 
adultery ;  "  L,"  licentiousness  ,•  "  T,"  tremor, 
treason,  theft.  For  the  life  to  come  it  leads  to  "  M," 
misery;  "A,"  anguish;  *' L,"  lamentation;  "T," 
torment. 

So  much  for  the  text.  Now  for  the  improvement.  A 
drunkard  is  the  ruin  of  "  M,"  modesty ;  "  A,"  ability  ; 
"  L,"  Uaming- ;  "T,"  truthfulness.  He  is  the  curse 
of  domestic  life,  the  pest  of  society,  the  brewers' 
ap:ent,  the  publicans'  benefactor ;  his  wife's  sorrow, 
his  children's  trouble,  his  own  shame,  his  neighbours' 
scorn ;  a  walking  swill-bowl,  the  picture  of  a  beast,  the 
monster  of  a  man,  the  child  of  the  devil.  Therefore, 
I  beseech  you  "  M,"  my  masters ;  "A,"  a// of  you; 
'  L,"  leave  off;  "  T,"  tippling. 

Maltr avers  {Ernest),  a  novel  by 
lord  Lytton  (1837). 

Maltworm,  a  tippler.  Similarly, 
bookworm  means  a  student. 

Gadshill.  I  am  joined  with  no  foot-land-rakers  \_foot- 
pads\  no  long-staff  sixpenny  strikers  {common  priggers, 
■who  strike  small  coins  from  the  hands  of  childrenl ; 
none  of  these  .  .  .  purple-hued  maltworms  ;  but  with 
nohWity.— Shakespeare :  i  Henry  IV.  act  ii.  so.  i 
(1597). 

Mai  venu,  LucifSra's  porter. — Spen- 
ser: Faerie  Queene,  i.  4  (1590).  , 

Malyi'na,  daughter  of  Toscar.  She 
was  betrothed  to  Oscar  son  of  Ossian  : 
but  he  was  slain  in  Ulster  by  Cairbar 
before  the  day  of  marriage  arrived. — 
Ossian:  Temora,\. 


I  was  a  lovely  tree  in  thy  presence,  Oscar,  with  all 
my  branches  round  me ;  but  thy  death  came  like  a 
blast  from  the  desert,  and  laid  my  green  head  low. 


The  spring  returned  with  its  showers  ;  no  leaf  of  mine 
arose.  .  .  .  The  tear  was  in  the  cheek  of  Malvma.— 
Ossian :  Croma. 

Mai  vols  in  {Sir  Albert  de),  a  pre- 
ceptor of  the  Knights  Templars. 


Sir  Philip  de  Malvoisin,  one  of  the 
knights  challengers  at  the  tournament. — 
Sir  IV.  Scott:  Ivan/ioe  {time,  Richard  L). 

Malvolio,  Olivia's  steward.  When 
he  reproves  sir  Toby  Belch  for  riotous 
living,  the  knight  says  to  him,  "  Dost 
thou  think,  because  thou  art  virtuous, ' 
there  shall  be  no  more  cakes  and  ale  ?  " 
Sir  ToSy  and  sir  Andrew  Ague-cheek 
join  Maria  in  a  trick  against  the  steward. 
Maria  torges  a  letter  in  the  handwriting 
of  Ohvia,  leading  Malvolio  to  suppose 
that  his  mistress  is  in  love  with  him, 
telling  him  to  dress  in  yellow  stockings, 
and  to  smile  on  the  lady.  Malvolio  falls 
into  the  trap ;  and  when  Olivia  shows 
astonishment  at  his  absurd  conduct,  he 
keeps  quoting  parts  of  the  letter  he  has 
received,  and  is  shut  up  in  a  dark  room 
as  a  lunatic.  —  Shakespeare  :  Twelfth 
Night  (1614). 

Clearing  his  voice  with  a  preliminary  "  Hem  1 "  ho 
addressed  his  kinsman,  checking,  as  Malvolio  pro- 
posed to  do  when  seated  in  his  state,  his  familiar 
smile  with  an  austere  regard  of  control. — Sir  IV.  Scott. 

Bensley's  "  Malvolio  "  was  simply  perfection.  His 
legs  in  yellow  stockings  most  villainously  cross- 
gartered,  with  a  horrible  laugh  of  ugly  conceit  to  top 
the  whole,  rendered  him  Shakespeare's  "  Malvolio  "  at 
aU  points  tij^-iZijI.—Boaden  :  Life  of  Jordan. 

Mamaino'aclii,  an  imaginary  order 
of  knighthood.  M.  Jourdain,  the  par- 
venu, is  persuaded  that  the  grand  seignior 
of  the  order  has  made  him  a  member, 
and  he  submits  to  the  ceremony  of  a 
mock  installation. — Moliere  :  Le  Bour- 
geois Gentilhomme  (1670). 

All  the  women  most  devoutly  swear, 
Each  would  be  rather  a  poor  actress  here 
Than  to  be  made  a  Maniamouchi  there. 

Dry  den. 

Mambrino's  Helmet,  a  helmet  of 
pure  gold,  which  rendered  the  wearer 
invisible.  It  was  taken  possession  of  by 
Rinaldo,  and  stolen  by  ScaripantS. 

Cervantes  tells  us  of  a  barber  who  was 
caught  in  a  shower  of  rain,  and  who,  to 
protect  his  hat,  clapped  his  brazen  basin 
on  his  head.  Don  Quixote  insisted  that 
this  basin  was  the  helmet  of  the  Moorish 
king  ;  and,  taking  possession  of  it,  wore 
it  as  such. 

N.B. — When  the  knight  set  the  galley- 
slaves  free,  the  rascals  ' '  snatched  the 
basin  from  his  head,  and  broke  it  to 
pieces"  (pt.  L  iii.  8);  but  we  find  it 
sound  and  complete  in  the  next  book 
(ch.  15),  when  the  gentlemen  at  the  inn 
sit  in  judgment  on  it,  to  decide  whether 
it  is  really  a  "helmet  or  a  basin."  Tlie 
judges,  of  course,  humour  the  don,  and 


MAMILLIUS. 


662 


MAN. 


declare  the  basin   to  be  an  undoubted 
helmet. — Cervantes  :  Don  Quixote {\6o^). 

"I  will  lead  the  life  I  have  mentioned,  till,  by  the 
force  and  terror  of  my  arm,  I  take  a  helmet  from  the 
head  of  some  other  knigfht."  .  .  .  The  Same  thing 
happened  about  Mambrino's  helmet,  which  cost 
Scaripante  so  d&3it.— Cervantes  :  Don  Quixote,  I.  ii.  3 
{160S). 

niamillius,  a  young  prince  of  Sicilia. 
— Shakespeare  :   Winter's  Tale -{160^). 

Mammon,    the     personification    of 
earthly  ambition,  be  it  wealth,  honours, 
sensuality,    or  what   not.      "Ye  cannot 
serve  God  and  mammon  "  [Matt.  vi.  24). 
Milton  makes  Mammon  one  of  the  re- 
bellious angels- 
Mammon,  the  least-erected  spirit  that  fell 
From  heaven ;  for  e'en  in  heaven  his  looks  and  thoughts 
Were  always  downward  bent,  admiring  more 
The  riches  of  heaven's  pavement,  trodden  gold, 
Than  aught,  divine  or  holy,  else  enjoyed. 

Paradise  Lost,  i.  679,  etc.  {1663). 

Mammon  tells  sir  Guyon  if  he  will 
serve  him,  he  shall  be  the  richest  man 
in  the  world  ;  but  the  knight  replies  that 
money  has  no  charm  in  his  sight.  The 
god  then  takes  him  into  his  smithy,  and 
tells  him  to  give  any  order  he  likes  ;  but 
sir  Guyon  declines  the  invitation.  Mam- 
mon next  offers  to  give  the  knight  Philo- 
tine  to  wife  ;  but  sir  Guyon  still  declines. 
Lastly,  the  knight  is  led  to  Proserpine's 
bower,  and  told  to  pluck  some  of  the 
golden  fruit,  and  to  rest  him  awhile  on 
the  silver  stool ;  but  sir  Guyon  resists  the 
temptation.  After  three  days'  sojourn  in 
the  infernal  regions,  the  knight  is  led 
back  to  earth,  and  swoons. — Spenser: 
Faerie  Queene,  ii.  7  {1590). 

Mammon  [Sir  Epicure),  the  rich 
dupe  who  supplies  Subtle  ' '  the  alche- 
mist" with  money  to  carry  on  his  arti- 
fices, under  pretence  of  transmuting  base 
metals  into  gold.  Sir  Epicure  believes 
in  the  possibility,  and  glories  in  the 
mighty  things  he  will  do  when  the  secret 
is  discovered. — J  on  son  :  The  Alchemist 
(1610). 

\,Sir\  Epicure  Mammon  has  the  whole  "  matter  and 
copy  of  the  father— eye,  nose,  lip,  the  trick  of  his 
frown."  It  is  just  such  a  swaggerer  as  contemporaries 
have  described  Ben  to  be.  .  .  .  He  is  arrogance 
personified.  .  .  .  What  a  "  towering  bravery  "  there  is 
m  his  sensuality  1  He  affects  no  pleasure  under  a 
sultan  — C  Lamb. 

Mammoth  { The)  or  big  buflFalo  is  an 
emblem  of  terror  and  destruction  among 
the  American  Indians.  Hence,  when 
Brandt,  at  the  head  of  a  party  of  Mo- 
hawks and  other  savages,  was  laying 
waste  Pennsylvania,  and  approached 
Wyo'ming,  Outalissi  exclaims— 


The  mammoth  comes— the  foe— the  monster  Bi'andt, 
With  all  his  howling,  desolating  band  .  .  . 
Red  is  the  cup  they  drink,  but  not  of  wine  ! 

Caatpbell :  Gertrude  »/  Wyominz,  ill.  i6  (1809). 

Mammoth  Cave  [The),  in  Edmond- 
son  County,  Kentucky.  It  is  the  largest 
in  the  world. 

Mammoth  Grove  [The),  in  Cali-, 
fornia.  Some  of  the  trees  grow  to  the' 
height  of  from  200  to  300  feet,  and  have 
a  girth  of  from  100  to  200  feet. 

Mammoun,  eldest  of  the  four  sons 
of  Corcud.  One  day,  he  showed  kind- 
ness to  a  mutilated  serpent,  which  proved 
to  be  the  fairy  Gialout,  who  gave  him  for 
his  humanity  the  power  of  joining  and 
mending  whatever  was  broken.  He 
mended  a  pie's  egg  which  was  smashed 
into  twenty  pieces,  and  so  perfectly  that 
the  ^gg  was  hatched.  He  also  mended 
in  a  moment  a  ship  which  had  been 
wrecked  and  broken  in  a  violent  storm. — 
Gueulette :  Chinese  Tales  ("Corcud  and 
his  Four  Sons,"  1723). 

Man.  His  descent  according  to  the 
Darwinian  theory :  (i)  The  larvae  of 
ascidians,  a  marine  mollusc  ;  (2)  fish 
lowly  organized,  as  the  lancelet ;  h) 
ganoids,  lepidosiren,  and  other  fish ;  uj 
amphibians  ;  (5)  birds  and  reptiles  ;  (6) 
from  reptiles  we  get  the  monotremata, 
which  connects  reptiles  v/ith  the  mam- 
malia ;  (7)  the  marsupials ;  (8)  placental 
mammals  ;  (9)  lemurldse  ;  (10)  simiidae  ; 
(11)  the  New  World  monkeys  called 
platyrhines,  and  the  Old  World  monkeys 
called  catarrhines  ;  (12)  between  the  cat- 
arrhines  and  the  race  of  man  the  "  missing 
link "  is  placed  by  some  ;  but  others 
think  between  the  highest  organized  ape 
and  the  lowest  organized  man  the  grada- 
tion is  simple  and  easy. 

H  The  Bedouins  say  the  monkeys  of 
Kara  were  once  human  beings,  and  were 
transformed  for  disobedience.  The  pro- 
phet of  Mount  Kara  bade  them  drink  the 
milk,  and  wash  in  the  water  set  before 
th^ ;  but  they  reversed  the  order,  by 
drinking  the  water  and  washing  in  the 
milk.  Whereupon  he  transformed  them 
into  monkeys. 

IF  The  Arabs  maintain  that  the  monkey 
Nasn^s  and  the  ape  Wabar  were  once 
human  beings. 

IF  According  to  Plato  man  is  "a  two- 
legged  animal  without  feathers. " 

...  to  leave  what  with  his  toil  he  won 
To  that  unfledged  and  two-legged  thing,  a  son. 
Dryden:  Absalom  and  Achitophel,  i.  171-2  (i68i). 

Man  [Isle  of),  a  corruption  of  main-au 


MAN. 

("littTe  island")  ;  Latinized  into  Mena- 
via.  Cfesar  calls  it  "  Mon-a,"  the  Scotch 
pronunciation  of  m:iin-au  ;  and  hence 
comes  "  Monabia  "  for  Menavia. 

BCan  [Races  of).  According  to  the 
Bible,  the  whole  human  race  sprang  from 
one  individual,  Adam.  Virey  affirms 
there  were  two  original  pairs.  Jacquinot 
and  Latham  divide  the  race  into  three 
primordial  stocks  ;  Kant  into  four  ; 
Blumenbach  into  five ;  Buffon  into  six  ; 
Hunter  into  seven  ;  Agassiz  into  eight  ; 
Pickering  into  eleven  ;  Bory  St.  Vincent 
into  fourteen  ;  Desmoulins  into  sixteen ; 
Morton  into  twenty-two  ;  Crawfurd  into 
sixty  ;  and  Burke  into  sixty-three. 

Man  in  Black  [The),  said  to  be 
meant  for  Goldsmith's  father.  A  true 
oddity,  with  the  tongue  of  a  Timon  and 
the  heart  of  an  uncle  Toby.  He  declaims 
against  beggars,  but  relieves  every  one 
he  meets ;  he  ridicules  generosity,  but 
would  share  his  last  cloak  with  the  needy. 
• — Goldsmith  :  Citizen  of  the  World 
(1759). 

(Washington  Irving  has  a  tale  called 
The  Man  in  Black.) 

Man  in  the  Moon  [The).  Some 
say  it  is  the  man  who  picked  up  a  bundle 
of  sticks  on  the  sabbath  day  {Numl'.  xv. 
32-3").  DantS  says  it  is  Cain,  and  that 
the  "bush  of  thorns"  is  an  emblem  of 
the  curse  pronounced  on  the  earth, 
•'Thorns  also  and  thistles  shall  it  bring 
forth  to  thee"  {Gen.  iii.  18).  Some  say 
it  is  Endymion,  taken  there  by  Diana. 

N.B, — The  curse  pronounced  on  the 
"man"  was  this:  "As  you  regarded 
not  •  Sunday  '  on  earth,  you  shall  keep  a 
perpetual '  Moon-day '  in  heaven."  This, 
of  course,  is  a  Teutonic  tradition. 

The  bush  of  thorns,  in  the  Schaumburg- 
lippS  version,  is  to  indicate  that  the  man 
strewed  thorns  in  the  church  path,  to 
hinder  people  from  attending  mass  on 
Sundays. 

Now  doth  Cain  with  fork  of  thorns  confine 
On  either  hemisphere,  touching  the  wave 
Beneath  the  towers  of  Seville.    Yesternight 
The  moon  was  round. 

Dante  :  Tnfimo,  tt.  (1300). 
Her  g^te  way  gray  and  full  of  spottis  black. 
And  on  her  brest  a  chorle  painted  ful  even, 
Bering  a  bush  of  thomis  on  his  back, 
Which  for  his  theft  might  clime  so  ner  the  heren. 
Chauctr. 

A  North  Frisian  version  gives  cabbages 
instead  of  a  faggot  of  wood. 

(There  are  other  traditi'^ns,  among 
which  may  be  mentioned  "The  Story  of 
the  Hare  and  the  Elephant."    In  this 


663 


MAN  OF  LAWS  TALE. 


story  "  the  man  in  the  moon  "  is  a  hare. 
— Pantschatantra,  a  collection  of  San- 
skrit fables.) 

Man  in   tlie    Moon,  a  man  who 

visits  the  "  inland  parts  of  Africa." — W. 
Thomson  :  Mammuth  or  Human  Nature 
Displayed  on  a  Grand  Scale  (1789). 

Man  in  the  Moon,  the  man  who, 
by  the  aid  of  a  magical  glass,  shows 
Charles  Fox  (the  man  of  the  people) 
various  eminent  contemporaries. —  W. 
Thomson:  The  Man  in  the  Moon  or 
Travels  into  the  Lunar  Regions  (1783). 

(Drayton  has  a  poem  called  The  Man 
on  the  Moone,  1605. ) 

Man  of  Blood.  Charles  I.  was  so 
called  by  the  puritans,  because  he  made 
war  on  his  parliament.  The  allusion  is 
to  2  Sam.,  xvi.  7. 

Man  of  Brass,  Talos,  the  work  of 
Hepha»stos  (  Vulcan).  He  traversed  the 
Isle  of  Crete  thrice  a  year.  Apollo'nius 
[Argonautica,  iv. )  says  he  threw  rocks  at 
the  Argonauts,  to  prevent  their  landing. 
It  is  also  said  that  when  a  stranger  was 
discovered  on  the  island,  Talos  made 
himself  red  hot,  and  embraced  the  in- 
truder to  death. 

That  portentcftis  Man  of  Brass 
Kephasstus  made  in  days  of  yore. 
Who  stalked  about  the  Cretan  shora. 
And  saw  the  ships  appear  and  pass, 
And  threw  stones  at  the  Argonauts. 

Lons/ellow  :  The  fVayside  Inn  (1863). 

Man  of  December,  Napoleon  III. 
So  called  because  he  was  made  president 
December  ii,  1848  ;  made  the  coup  ddtat, 
December  2,  1851 ;  and  was  made  em- 
peror, December  2,  1852. 

(Born  in  the  Rue  Lafitte,  Paris  [not  in 
the  Tuileries),  April  20,  1808  ;  reigned 
1852-1870;  died  at  Chiselhurst,  Kent, 
January  9,  1873.) 

Man  of  Destiny,  Napoleon  I.,  who 
always  looked  on  himself  as  an  instru- 
ment in  the  hands  of  destiny,  and  that  all 
his  acts  were  predestined. 

The  Man  of  Destiny  .  .  .  had  power  for  a  time  "  to 
bind  kings  with  chains,  and  nobles  with  fetters  of  iron." 
—Sir  W.  Scott. 

Man  of  Peeling  [The),  Harley.  a 
sensitive,  bashful,  kind-hearted,  senti- 
mental sort  of  a  hero. — Mackenzie:  The 
Man  of  Feeling  (1771). 

(Sometimes  Henry  Mackenzie  is  him- 
self called  "  The  Man  of  Feeling.") 

Man  of  Law's  Tale.  (See  under 
Law's  Tale,  p.  599.) — Chaucer  :  Canter' 
bury  Tales  (1388). 


MAN  OF  ROSS. 

Man  of  Ross,  John  Kyrle,  of  Ross, 
in  Herefordshire,  distinguished  for  his 
benevolence  and  public  spirit.  "  Richer 
than  miser,  nobler  than  king  or  king- 
polluted  lord."— Pope:  Epistle,  iii.  ("On 
the  Use  of  Riches,"  1709). 

Man  of  Salt  [A],  a  man  like  ^Ene'as, 
always  melting  into  tears  called  ' '  drops 
of  salt." 

This  would  make  a  man,  a  man  of  salt. 
To  use  his  eyes  for  garden  water-pots. 
Shakespeare:  King  Lear,  act  iv.  sc  6  (1605). 

Man  of  Sedan,  Napoleon  III.  So 
called  because  he  surrendered  his  sword 
to  William  king  of  Prussia  after  the  battle 
of  Sedan  in  September,  1870. 

Also  called  the  "  Man  of  Silence,"  and 
"  Man  of  December  "  {q.v.). 

Man  of  Silence,  Napoleon  III. 

You  should  know  better  than  I  your  position  with  the 
"Man  of  Sileace.'— For  Sce/ire  and  Crown,  ch.  i. 

Man  of  Sin  (TAe),  mentioned  in  2 
Tkess.  ii.  3. 

Whitby  says  the  "  Man  of  sin  "  means 
the  Jews  as  a  people. 

Grotius  says  it  means  Caius  Caesar  or 
else  Caligula. 

Wetstein  says  it  is  Titus. 

Olshausen  thinks  it  is  typical  of  some 
one  yet  to  come. 

Roman  Catholics  say  it  means  Anti- 
christ. 

Protestants  at  one  time  said  it  was  the 
pope. 

The  Fifth-Monarchy  men  applied  it  to 
Cromwell.  (See  "  Number  of  the  Beast," 
Dictionary  of  Phrase  and  Fable,  p.  901.) 

Man  of  the  Hill,  a  tedious  "hermit 
of  the  vale,"  introduced  by  Fielding  into 
his  novel  of  Tom  Jones  (1749). 

Man  of  the  Mountain  (0/^.    (See 

KOPPENBERG,  p.   583.) 

Man  of  the  People,  Charles  James 
Fox  (1749-1806). 

Man  of  the  Sea  [The  Old),  the  man 
who  got  upon  the  shoulders  of  Sinbad 
the  sailor,  and  would  not  get  off  again, 
but  clung  there  with  obstinate  pertinacity 
till  Sinbad  made  him  drunk,  when  he  was 
easily  shaken  off.  Sinbad  then  crushed 
him  to  death  with  a  large  stone. 

"  You  had  fallen,"  said  they,  "  into  the  hands  of  the 
Old  Man  of  the  Sea,  and  you  are  the  first  whom  he  has 
not  strangled.  "—<4r-a*ja«  Nights  ("Sinbad,'  fifth 
voyagj). 

Man  of  the  World  [The),  sir  Per- 
tinax  McSycophant,  who  acquires  a  for- 
tune by  "booing"  and  fawning  on  the 
great  and  rich.     He  wants  his  son  Eger- 


664 


MANCIPLE'S  TALE. 


ton  to  marry  the  daughter  of  lord 
Lunibercourt,  but  Egerton,  to  the  dis- 
gust of  his  father,  marries  Constantia  the 
protigie  of  lady  McSycophant.  Sir 
Pertinax  had  promised  his  lordship  a 
good  round  sum  of  money  if  the  marriage 
was  effected ;  and  when  this  contretemps 
occurs,  his  lordship  laments  the  loss  of 
the  money,  "  whicli  will  prove  his  ruin." 
Sir  Pertinax  tells  lord  Lumbercourt  that 
his  younger  son  Sandy  will  prove  more 
pliable  ;  and  it  is  agreed  that  the  bargain 
shall  stand  good  if  Sandy  will  marry  the 
young  \^A^.—Macklin:  The  Man  of  the 
World  [1764). 

(This  comedy  is  based  on  Voltaire's 
Nanine  (1749).  Henry  Mackenzie,  in 
'^77Z,  published  a  novel  of  the  same  title.) 

Man  without  a  Skin.  Richard 
Cumberland  the  dramatist  was  so  called 
by  Garrick,  because  he  was  so  extremely 
sensitive  that  he  could  not  bear  "to  be 
touched  "  by  the  finger  of  criticism  (1732- 
1811). 

Manag'arm,  the  most  gigantic  and 
formidable  of  the  race  of  hags.  He 
dwells  in  the  Iron-wood,  Jamvid,  Mana- 
garm  will  first  fill  himself  with  the  blood 
of  man,  and  then  will  he  swallow  up  the 
moon.  This  hag  symbolizes  War,  and 
the  ' '  Iron-wood  '  in  which  he  dwells  is 
the  wood  of  spears. — Prose  Edda. 

Manchester,  in  Lancashire,  noted 
for  its  cotton  manufactures,  textile  fabrics, 
and  general  trade. 

American  Manchester,  Lowell,  Massa- 
chusetts.    So  called  from  its  cotton-mills. 

The  Manchester  of  Belgium,  Ghent. 

The  Manchester  of  Prussia,  Elberfeld. 
The  speciality  of  Prussian  Manchester  is 
its  "Turkey  red."  Krupp  is  the  chief 
manufacturer  there  of  steel. 

The  Manchester  Poet,  Charles  Swain 
(1803-1874). 

Manchester  Massacre.    (See  Pe- 

TERLOO. ) 

Manciple's  Tale  [The).  Phoebus 
had  a  crow  which  he  taught  to  speak  ;  it 
was  white  as  down,  and  as  big  as  a  swan. 
He  had  also  a  wife,  whom  he  dearlj 
loved.  One  day,  when  he  came  home, 
the  crow .  cried,  "  Cuckoo,  cuckoo, 
cuckoo !  "  and  Phoebus  asked  the  bird 
what  it  meant ;  whereupon  it  told  the 
god  that  his  wife  was  unfaithful  to  him. 
Phoebus,  in  his  wrath,  seized  his  bow, 
and  shot  his  wife  through  the  heart ;  but 
to  the  bird  he  said,  "Curse  on  thy  tell- 
tale tongue  1   never  more  shall  it  brew 


MANDANE. 


665 


MANETTE. 


mischief."  So  he  deprived  it  of  the 
power  of  speech,  and  changed  its  plum- 
age from  white  to  black.  Moral — Be  no 
tale-bearer,  but  keep  well  thy  tongue,  and 
think  upon  the  crow. 


My  sone,  bcwar,  and  be  noon  auctour  newe, 
Of  tydyngs,  whether  they-  ben  fals  or  trewe ; 
Whcrso  thou  comest,  amongfst  high  or  lowe, 


Kep  wel'thy  tonge,  and  think  upon  the  crowe. 
Chaucer:  Canterbury  Tales,  17,  291-4  (1388). 

(This  is  Ovid's  tale  of  "  Coronis "  in 
the  Metamorphoses,  ii.  543,  etc. ) 

A  manciple  ^,atin,  tnanus  capio,  "to  take  in  the 
hand  ")  is  an  official  who  su  pplies  a  college  or  inns  of  court 
with  provisions  or  "  battels." 

Manda'ne  (3  syl. ),  wife  of  Zamti  the 
Chinese  mandarin,  and  mother  of  Hamet, 
Hamet  was  sent  to  Corea  to  be  brought 
up  by  Morat,  while  Mandang  brought  up 
^phimri  (under  the  name  of  Etan),  the 
orphan  prince  and  only  surviving  repre- 
sentative of  the  royal  race  of  China. 
Hamet  led  a  party  of  insurgents  against 
Ti'murkan',  was  seized,  and  ordered  to 
be  put  to  death  as  the  supposed  prince. 
MandanS  tried  to  save  him,  confessed  he 
was  not  the  prince ;  and  Etan  came  for- 
ward as  the  real  "  orphan  of  China." 
Timurkan,  unable  to  solve  the  mystery, 
ordered  both  to  death,  and  Mandang 
with  her  husband  to  the  torture ;  but 
MandanS  stabbed  herself. — Murphy: 
The  Orphan  of  China  (1759). 

Mandane  (2  syl.),  the  heroine  of 
Mile.  Scud'eri's  romance  called  Cyrus 
the  Great  (1650). 

Manda'ne  and  Stati'ra,  stock 
names  of  melodramatic  romance.  When 
a  romance-writer  hangs  the  world  on  the 
caprice  of  a  woman,  he  chooses  a  Mandang 
or  Statira  for  his  heroine.  Mandang  of 
classic  story  was  the  daughter  of  king 
Astyiges,  wife  of  Cambysfis,  and  mother 
of  Cyrus  the  Great.  Statira  was  daugh- 
ter of  Darius  the  Persian,  and  wife  of 
Alexander  the  Great. 

Man'dans,  an  Indian  tribe  of  Dacota, 
in  the  United  States,  noted  for  their  skiU 
in  horsemanship. 

Marks   not   the   buffalo's   track,   nor  the   Mandans" 
dexterous  horse-race. 

Lonsfellow  :  Evangeline  (1849). 

Mandeville,  any  one  who  draws  the 
long-bow ;  a  flam.  Sir  John  Mandeville 
\Man' -de-vil\  an  English  traveller,  pub- 
lished a  narrative  of  his  voyages,  which 
abounds  in  the  most  extravagant  fictions 
(1300-1372). 

Oh  1  he  is  a  modem  MandevlUe.  At  Oxford  he  was 
•Iways  distinguished  by  the  facetious  appellation  oi 
••  The  Bouncer.  '—TtoU :  The  Liar,  li.  i  (1761). 


Mandeville  {Bernard  de),  a  Dutch 
physician,  born  at  Dort,  in  the  second  half 
of  the  last  century.  He  settled  in 
England  after  taking  his  degree.  He 
published  The  Fable  of  the  Bees,  and 
other  works  of  a  more  professional 
nature  (1670-1733).  Browning  introduces 
him  in  the  poem  Parleyings  with  Certain 
People. 

Man'dral>nl's  Offering*,  one  that 
decreases  at  every  repetition.  Mandrabul 
of  Samos,  having  discovered  a  gold-mine, 
offered  a  golden  ram  to  Juno  for  the  dis- 
covery. Next  year  he  offered  a  silver 
one,  the  third  year  a  brazen  one,  and  the 
fourth  year  nothing. 

Mandrag'ora,  a  narcotic  and  love- 
philtre. 

Nor  poppy,  nor  mandragora. 
Nor  all  the  drowsy  syrups  of  the  world, 
Can  ever  med'cine  thee  to  that  sweet  sleep 
Which  thou  owedst  yesterday. 

Shakespeare  :  Othello,  act  iii.  sc.  3  (1611). 
Have  the  pyg^mies  made  you  drunken 
Bathing  ia  mandragora  ? 

Mrs.  Browning  :  Dead  Pan,  iL 

Mandricardo,  king  of  Tartary,  son 
of  Agrlcan.  Mandricardo  wore  Hector's 
cuirass,  married  Dorilis,  and  was  slain 
by  Roge'ro  in  single  combat. — Bojardo. 
Orlando  Innamorato  (1495);  Ariosto . 
Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Mandriccardo,  a  knight  whose 
adventures  are  recorded  by  Barahona 
{Mandriccardo,  etc.,  i.  70,  71). 

Manduce  (2  syl.),  the  idol  Gluttony, 
venerated  by  the  Gastrol'aters,  a  people 
whose  god  was  their  belly. 

It  is  a  monstrous  figure  ;  .  .  .  its  eyes  are  bigger  than 
its  belly,  and  its  head  larger  than  all  the  rest  of  its  body. 
.  .  .  having  a  goodly  pair  of  wide  jaws  lined  with  two 
rows  of  teeth,  which,  by  the  magic  of  twine,  are  made  to 
clash,  chatter,  and  rattle  one  against  the  other,  as  the 
jaws  of  St.  Clement's  dragon  on  St.  Mark's  procession 
at  "b-letz.— Rabelais  ;  Pan/ag'rttel,  iv.  59  (1545). 

Manette  {Dr.),  of  Beauvais.  He 
had  been  imprisoned  eighteen  years,  and 
had  gradually  lost  his  memory.  After 
his  release  he  somewhat  recovered  it, 
but  any  train  of  thought  connected  with 
his  prison  life  produced  a  relapse.  While 
in  prison,  the  doctor  made  shoes,  and 
whenever  the  relapse  occurred,  his  desire 
for  cobbling  returned. 

Lucie  Manette,  the  loving,  golden- 
haired,  blue-eyed  daughter  of  Dr.  Mar 
nette.     She  married  Charles  Darnay. 

Lucie  Manette  had  a  forehead  with  the  singular 
capacity  of  liftingf  and  knitting  itself  into  an  expression 


that  was  not  quite  one  of  perplexity,  or  wonder,  01 
alarm,  or  merely  of  bright  fixed  at! 
included  all  the  four  expressions.— Z>tV/4*»j;  A  TaU  oj 
Tvo  Cities,  i.  4  (1859). 


attention,  though  it 


MANEY. 

Maney  or  Maxny  (Sir  Walttr),  a 
native  of  Belgium,  who  came  to  England 
as  page  to  Philippa  queen  of  Edward  III. 
When  he  first  began  his  career  of  arms, 
he  and  some  young  companions  of  his 
own  age  put  a  black  patch  over  their  left 
eye,  and  vowed  never  to  remove  it  till 
they  had  performed  some  memorable  act 
in  the  French  wars  (died  1372). 

With  whom  our  Maney  here  deservedly  doth  stand, 
Which  first  inventor  was  of  that  courageous  band 
Wlio  dosed  their  left  eyes  up,  as  never  to  be  freed 
Till  there  they  had  achieved  some  high  adventurous 
deed. 

Drayt»n  :  Polyolbion,  xviii.  (1613). 

Man'fred  [Count],  son  of  Sig'is- 
mund.  He  sold  himself  to  the  prince 
of  darkness,  and  received  from  him  seven 
spirits  to  do  his  bidding.  They  were  the 
spirits  of  "  earth,  ocean,  air,  night, 
mountains,  winds,  and  the  star  of  his 
own  destiny."  Wholly  without  human 
sympathies,  the  count  dwelt  in  splendid 
sohtude  among  the  Alpine  Mountains. 
He  once  loved  the  beautiful  As'tarte  (2 
syl.),  and.  after  her  murder,  went  to  the 
hall  of  Arinia'nes  to  see  her.  The  spirit 
of  Astarte  informed  him  that  he  would 
die  the  following  day  ;  and  when  asked 
if  she  loved  him,  she  sighed  "  Manfred," 
and  vanished.— Z?yrc7».-  Manfred  (1817). 

N.B.— Byron  sometimes  makes  Astarte 
two  syllables  and  sometimes  three.  The 
usual  pronunciation  is  As-tar-te. 

Mangerton  [The  laird  of),  John 
Armstrong,  an  old  warrior  who  witnesses 
the  national  combat  in  Liddesdale  valley 
between  his  own  son  (the  Scotch  cham- 
pion) and  Foster  (the  English  champion). 
The  laird's  son  is  vanquished. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  The  Laird:  syock{\.ime,  Elizabeth). 

Mauiclie'an  (4  syl.),  a  disciple  of 
ManSs  or  Manachee  the  Persian  here- 
siarch.  The  Manicheans  believe  in  two 
opposing  principles — one  of  good  and  the 
other  of  evil.  Theodora,  wishing  to  ex- 
tirpate these  heretics,  put  100,000  of  them 
to  the  sword. 

Yet  would  she  make  full  many  a  Manichean, 

Byran  :  Don  yuan,  vi.  3  (1824). 

Manicon,  a  species  of  nightshade, 
supposed  to  produce  madness. 
Manito   or   lUani'tou,  the    Great 

Spirit  of  the  North  American  Indians. 
These  Indians  acknowledge  two  supreme 
spirits — a  spirit  of  good  and  a  spirit  of 
evil.  The  former  they  call  Gitcht- 
Manito,  and  the  latter  Matche-Mantto. 
The  good  spirit  is  symbolized  by  an  tgg, 
and  the  evil  one  by  a  serpent. — Long- 
fellow:  Hiawatha,  xi?. 


666  MANLY. 

As  when  the  evil  Manitou  that  dries 

Ta'  Ohio  woods,  consumes  them  in  his  irfc 

Campbell:  Gertrude  0/  H'yomin^,  i.  17  (1809). 

Manlius,  surnamed  Torquatus,  the 
Roman  consul.  In  the  Latin  war,  he 
gave  orders  that  no  Roman,  on  pain  of 
death,  should  engage  in  single  combat. 
One  of  the  Latins  having  provoked 
young  Manlius  by  repeated  insults,  he 
slew  him  ;  but  when  the  young  man  took 
the  spoils  to  his  father,  Manlius  ordered 
him  to  be  put  to  death  for  violating  the 
commands  of  his  superior  o^zqv.— Roman 
Story. 

Manlius  Capitoli'ntis,  consul  of 
Rome  B.C.  392,  then  mihtary  tribune. 
After  the  battle  of  Allia  (390),  seeing 
Rome  in  the  power  of  the  Gauls,  he 
threw  himself  into  the  capitol  with  1000 
men,  surprised  the  Gauls,  and  put  them 
to  the  sword.  It  was  for  this  achieve- 
ment he  was  called  Capitolinus.  Sub- 
sequently he  was  charged  with  aiming 
at  sovereignty,  and  was  hurled  to  death 
from  the  Tarpeian  Rock. 

(Lafosse  (1698)  has  a  tragedy  called 
Manlius  Capitolinus,  and  "Manhus  "  was 
one  of  the  favourite  characters  of  Talma 
the  French  actor.  Lafosse's  drama  is  an 
imitation  of  Ot way's  tragedy  of  Venice 
Preserved,  1682.) 

MAXLY,  the  lover  of  lady  Grace 
Townly  sister-in-law  of  lord  Townly. 
Manly  is  the  cousin  of  sir  Francis 
Wronghead,  whom  he  saves  from  utter 
ruin.  He  is  noble,  judicious,  upright, 
and  sets  all  things  right  that  are  going 
wrong. — Vanbrugh  and  Cibber  :  The  Pro- 
voked  Husband  (1728). 

The  address  and  manner  of  Dennis  Delane  [1700-1753! 
were  easy  and  polite ;  and  he  excelled  in  the  well-bred 
man,  such  as  "  Manly." — T.  Davies. 

Manly,  "  the  plain  dealer."  An 
honest,  surly  sea-captain,  who  thinks 
every  one  a  rascal,  and  believes  himself 
to  be  no  better.  Manly  forms  a  good 
contrast  to  Olivia,  who  is  a  consummate 
hypocrite  of  most  imblushing  effrontery. 

"  Counterfeit  honours,"  says  Manly,  "  will  not  be 
current  with  me.  I  weigh  the  man,  not  his  titles.  'Tis 
not  the  king's  stamp  can  make  the  metal  better  or 
)0L^3.si^t."—lVycherly  :  The  Plain  Dealet,  i.  i  (1677). 

* .  •  Manly,  the  plain  dealer,  is  a  copy  of 
Moli6re's  "  Misanthrope,"  the  prototype 
of  which  was  the  due  de  Montausier, 

Manly  (Captain),  the  fianci  of  Ara- 
bella ward  of  justice  Day  and  an  heiress. 

A  rabell».  I  like  him  much — he  seems  plain  and  honest. 
Ruth.  Plain  enough,  in  all  conscience. 

T.  Knight:  The  Uancst  Thievtt. 


MANLY. 


667 


MANSFIELD. 


Manly  (Colonel),  a  bluff,  honest 
soldier,  to  whom  honour  is  dearer  than 
life.  The  hero  of  the  drama. — Mrs. 
Centlivre:  The  Beau's  Duel  (1703). 

Maun  [Mrs.),  a  dishonest,  grasping 
woman,  who  kept  a  branch  workhouse, 
where  children  were  farmed.  Oliver 
Twist  was  sent  to  her  child-farm.  Mrs. 
Mann  systematically  starved  the  children 
placed  under  her  charge.  —  Dickens : 
Oliver  Twist  (1837). 

Mannaia,  goddess  of  retribution. 
The  word  in  Italian  means  "  an  axe." 

All  in  a  terrible  moment  came  the  blow 
That  beat  down  Paolo's  fence,  ended  the  play 
Of  the  foU,  and  brought  Mannaia  on  the  stage. 
R.  Brovinins:  Tki  Ring  and  the  Book,\u.  {daXe 
of  the  story,  1487). 

Mannering^  (Guy)  or  colonel  Man- 
ned ng. 

Mrs.  Mannering  [nie  Sophia  Well- 
wood),  wife  of  Guy  Mannering. 

Julia  Mannering,  daughter  of  Guy. 
She  marries  captain  Bertram.  "  Rather 
a  hare-brained  girl,  but  well  deserving 
the  kindest  regards"  (act  i.  2  of  the 
dramatized  version). 

Sir  Paul  Mannering,  uncle  to  Guy 
Mannering. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Guy  Man- 
nering (time,  George  II.). 

N.B. — The  plot  of  this  novel  is  g^ven 
under  Guy  Mannering,  p.  459.  It 
was  dramatized  by  Terry  in  1816,  with 
music  by  Bishop. 

Mano'a,  the  fabulous  capital  of  El 
Dora'do,  the  houses  of  which  city  were 
roofed  with  gold.  El  Dorado  was  said 
to  be  situated  on  the  west  shore  of  lake 
Parime,  at  the  mouth  of  a  large  river. 

Manon  Lescaut,  the  heroine  of  a 
French  novel  entitled  Histoire  de  Cheva- 
lier des  Grieux  ei  de  Manon,  by  the  abb6 
Provost  (1733).  Manon  was  the  "fair 
mischief"  of  the  story.  Her  charms 
seduced  and  ruined  the  chevalier  des 
Grieux,  and  they  lived  together  In  a  dis- 
reputable manner.  Manon  was  ultimately 
transported  to  New  Orleans,  and  des 
Grieux  managed  to  accompany  her  in  the 
transport,  prelending  he  was  her  husband. 
She  fled  the  colony,  where  they  settled, 
on  account  of  the  governor's  son,  who 
made  love  to  her,  and  died  of  privation 
in  the  wilderness,  her  lover  by  her  side. 
The  Chevalier  returned  to  France.  (See 
Grieux,  p.  450.) 

(The  object  of  this  novel,  like  that  of 
La  Dame  aux  Camilias,  by  Dumas  _/f/j 
(1848),  is  to  show  how  true-hearted,  how 


self-sacrificing,  how  attractive,  a  Jille  de 
joie  may  be. ) 

Manri'co,  the  supposed  son  of  Azu- 
ce'na  the  gipsy,  but  in  reality  the  son  of 
Garzia  (brother  of  the  conte  di  Luna). 
Leono'ra  is  in  love  with  him.  (For  the 
rest,  see  Leonora,  p.  (io-j.)— Verdi:  II 
Trovafo're  (an  opera,  1853). 

Man's,  a  fashionable  coffee-house  in 
the  reign  of  Charles  II. 

Mans  ( The  count  of),  Roland,  nephew 
of  Charlemagne.  He  is  also  called  the 
"knight  of  Blaives." 

Mansel  [Sir  Edward),  lieutenant  of 
the  Tower  of  London. 

Lady  Mansel,  wife  of  sir  Edward. — 
Sir  IV.  Scott :  Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time, 
James  I.). 

Mansfield  [The  Miller  of),  a  hu- 
morous, good-natured  countryman,  who 
offered  Henry  VIII.  hospitality  when  he 
had  lost  himself  in  a  hunting  expedition. 
The  miller  gave  the  king  half  a  bed  with 
his  son  Richard.  Next  morning,  the 
courtiers  were  brought  to  the  cottage  by 
under-keepers,  and  Henry,  in  merry  pin, 
knighted  his  host,  who  thus  became  sir 
John  Cockle.  He  then  made  him  "  over- 
seer of  Sherwood  Forest,"  with  a  salary 
of  1000  marks  a  year, — Dodsley :  The 
King  and  the  Miller  of  Mansfield  (1737). 

• .  •  In  the  ballad  called  The  King  and 
the  Miller  of  Mansfield,  the  king  is  Henry 
II.,  and  there  are  several  other  points  of 
difference  between  the  ballad  and  the 
play.  In  the  play,  Cockle  hears  a  gun 
fired,  and  goes  out  to  look  for  poachers, 
when  he  lays  hold  of  the  king,  but,  being 
satisfied  that  he  is  no  poacher,  he  takes 
him  home.  In  the  ballad,  the  king  out- 
rides his  lords,  gets  lost,  and,  meeting 
the  miller,  asks  of  him  a  night's  lodging. 
When  the  miller  feels  satisfied  with  the 
face  and  bearing  of  the  stranger,  he 
entertains  him  right  hospitably.  He 
gives  him  for  supper  a  venison  pasty,  but 
tells  him  on  no  account  to  tell  the  king 
"that  they  made  free  with  his  deer." 
Another  point  of  difference  is  this :  In 
the  play,  the  courtiers  are  seized  by  the 
under-keepers,  and  brought  to  Cockle's 
house ;  but  in  the  ballad  they  track  the 
king  and  appear  before  him  next  morning. 
In  the  play,  the  king  settles  on  sir  John 
Cockle  1000  marks  ;  in  the  ballad,  £300 
a  year. — Percy:  Reliques,  III.  ii.  20. 

(As  Dodsley  introduced  the  "firing  of 
a  gun,"  he  was  obliged  to  bring  down  his 
date  to  more  modern  times,  and  none  of 


MANSUR. 


668 


MARCELLA. 


the  Henrys  between  Henry  H.  and  Henry 
VIII.  would  be  the  least  likely  to  indulge 
in  such  a  prank.) 

MaxLSur  [Elijah),  a  warrior,  prophet, 
and  priest,  who  taught  a  more  tolerant 
form  of  Isl^m  ;  but  not  being  an  orthodox 
Moslem,  he  was  condemned  to  imprison- 
ment in  the  bowels  of  a  mountain.  Man- 
sur  is  to  reappear  and  wave  his  conquer- 
ing sword,  to  the  terror  of  the  Muscovite. 
— Milner  :  Gallery  of  Geography,  781. 

A  similar  survival  is  told  of  Arthur,  Barbarossa  (q.v.), 
Boabdil,  Charlemagne,  Desmond,  Henry  the  Fowler, 
Ogier,  Sebastian  I.,  Theodorick,  and  some  others. 

Mautacci'ni,  a  charlatan,  who  pro- 
fessed to  restore  the  dead  to  life. 

Mantali'ni  [Madame),  a  fashionable 
milliner  near  Cavendish  Square,  London. 
She  dotes  upon  her  husband,  and  sup- 
ports him  in  idleness. 

Mr.  Mantalini,  the  husband  of  ma- 
dame  ;  he  is  a  man-doll  and  cockney 
fop,  noted  for  his  white  teeth,  his  minced 
oatiis,  and  his  gorgeous  morning  gown. 
This  "exquisite"  Uves  on  his  wife's 
earnings,  and  thinks  he  confers  a  favour 
on  her  by  lavishing  her  money  on  his 
selfish  indulgences. — Dickens:  Nicholas 
Nickleby  (1838). 

Mantle  ( The  Boy  and  the).  One  day, 
a  little  boy  presented  himself  before  king 
Arthur,  and  showed  him  a  curious  mantle 
"which  would  become  no  wife  that  was 
not  leal "  to  her  true  lord.  The  queen 
tried  it  on,  but  it  changed  its  colour  and 
fell  into  shreds  ;  sir  Kay's  lady  tried  it 
on,  but  with  no  better  success ;  others 
followed,  but  only  sir  Cradock's  wife 
could  wear  it. — Percy  :  Reliques. 

Mantuan  [The),  that  is,  Baptista 
Spag'nolus,  surnamed  Mantua'nus,  from 
the  place  of  his  birth.  He  wrote  poems 
and  eclogues  in  Latin.  His  works  were 
translated  into  English  by  George  Tuber- 
ville  in  1567.     He  lived  1443-1516. 

Ah,  good  old  Mantuan  I  1  may  speak  oi  thee  as  the 
traveller  doth  of  Venice — 

Vinegia,  Vinegia, 
Chi  mon  te  vede,  ei  non  te  pregia. 
Shakespeare  :  Love's  Labour' ^  Lost,  act  iv.  sc.  2  (1594). 

Mantuan  Swan  [The),  Virgil,  a 
native  of  Mantua  (B.C.  70- ig). 

Mantua  me  genuit  ;  Calabri  rapuere  ;  tenet  nunc 
Parthenope  ;  cecini  pascua,  rura,  duces. 

On  VirgiCs  Tomb  (composed  by  himself). 
Ages  elapsed  ere  Homer's  lamp  appeared  ; 
And  ages  ere  the  Mantuan  Swan  was  heard. 

CoTvper. 

Ma'nncodia'ta,  a  bird  resembling  a 
swallow,  found  in  the  Molucca  Islands. 
"  It  has  no  feet,  and  though  the  body  is 


not  bigger  than  that  of  a  swallow,  the 
span  of  its  wings  is  equal  to  that  of  an 
eagle.  These  birds  never  approach  the 
earth,  but  the  female  lays  her  eggs  on 
the  back  of  the  male,  and  hatches  them 
in  her  own  breast.  They  live  on  the  dew 
of  heaven,  and  eat  neither  animal  nor 
vegetable  food." — Cardan:  De  Rerum 
Varietate  (1557). 

Less  pure  the  footless  fowl  of  heaven,  that  ncTci 
Rest  upon  earth,  but  on  the  wing  for  ever. 
Hovering  o'er  flowers,  their  fragrant  food  inhale. 
Drink  the  descending  dew  upon  the  way, 
And  sleep  aloft  while  floating  on  the  gale. 

Southey  :  Curse  of  Kehatna,  xxi.  6  (1809). 

Manuel  dn  Sosa,  governor  of  Lis- 
bon, and  brother  of  Guiomar  (mother  of 
the  vainglorious  Duarte,  3  syl.). — 
Fletcher:  The  Custom  of  the  Country 
(1647). 

Mapp  [Mrs.),  bone-setter.  She  was 
born  at  Epsom,  and  at  one  time  was  very 
rich,  but  she  died  in  great  poverty  at  her 
lodgings  in  Seven  Dials  (1737). 

(Hogarth  has  introduced  her  in  his 
heraldic  picture,  "The  Undertakers' 
Arms."  She  is  the  middle  of  the  three 
figures  at  the  top,  the  other  two  being 
Dr.  Ward  on  the  right  hand  of  the 
spectator,  and  Dr.  Taylor  on  the  left.) 

Maqneda,  the  queen  of  the  South, 
who  visited  Solomon,  and  had  by  him  a 
son  named  Melech. — Zaga  Zabo :  Ap. 
Damian  a  Goes. 

• .  •  Maqueda  is  generally  called  Balkis 
queen  of  Saba  or  Zaba. 

Marcadigfes  (4  syl.),  father  of  the 
lady  beloved  by  Crampart  [q.v. ). — Hein- 
rich  von  Alkmaar :  Reynard  the  Fox 
(1498). 

Marcassin  [Prince).  This  nursery 
tale  is  from  the  Nights  of  Straporola,  an 
Italian  (sixteenth  century).  Translated 
into  French  in  1585. 

Marce'lia,  the  "Desdemona"  of 
Massinger's  Duke  of  Milan.  Sforza 
"the  More"  doted  on  his  young  bride, 
and  Marcelia  returned  his  love.  During 
Sforza's  absence  at  the  camp,  Francesco, 
"the  lord  protector,"  tried  to  seduce  the 
young  bride  from  her  fidelity,  and,  failing 
in  his  purpose,  accused  her  to  the  duke 
of  wishing  to  play  the  wanton.  ' '  I 
laboured  to  divert  her  .  .  .  urged  your 
much  love  .  .  .  but  hourly  she  pursued 
me."  The  duke,  in  a  paroxysm  of  jea- 
lousy, flew  on  Marcelia  and  slew  her. — 
Massinger :  The  Duke  of  Milan  (1622). 

Marcelia,  daughter  of  William  9 
farmer.      Her  father  and    mother  died 


MARCELLIN  DE  PEYRAS. 


669 


MARDI-GRAS. 


while  she  was  young,  leaving  her  in 
charge  of  an  uncle.  She  was  "the 
most  beautiful  creature  ever  sent  into  the 
world,"  and  every  bachelor  who  saw  her 
fell  madly  in  love  with  her,  but  she  de- 
clined their  suits.  One  of  her  lovers  was 
Chrysostom,  the  favourite  of  the  village, 
who  died  of  disappointed  hope,  and  the 
shepherds  wrote  on  his  tombstone : 
"  From  Chrysostom's  fate,  learn  to  abhor 
Marcella,  that  common  enemy  of  man, 
whose  beauty  and  cruelty  are  both  in 
the  extreme," — Cervantes :  Don  Quixote, 
I.  ii.  4,  s  (1605). 

Marcellin  de  Peyras.  The  cheva- 
lier to  whom  the  baron  de  Peyras  gave 
up  his  estates  when  he  retired  to  Grenoble. 
De  Peyras  eloped  with  lady  Ernestine, 
but  soon  tired  of  her,  and  fell  in  love  with 
his  cousin  Margaret,  the  baron's  daugh- 
ter.—5/i>/?«/  .•  The  Gold-Mine  or  The 
Miller  of  Grenoble  (1854). 

Blarcelirua,  daughter  of  Rocco 
jailer  of  the  State  prison  of  Seville.  She 
fell  in  love  with  Fidelio,  her  father's 
servant ;  but  this  Fidelio  turned  out  to  be 
Leonora,  wife  of  the  State  prisoner  Fer- 
nando Florestan. — Beethoven  :  Fidelio  (an 
opera,  179 1). 

Marcello,  in  Meyerbeer's  opera  of 
Les  Huguenots,  unites  in  marriage  Valen- 
ti'na  and  Raoul  (1836). 

Marcello,  the  pseudonym  of  the 
duchess  of  Castigliong  Colonna,  widow  of 
the  due  Charles  de  CastiglionS  Aldio- 
vandi.  The  best  works  of  this  noted 
sculptor  are  "The  Gorgon,"  "Marie 
Antoinette,"  "Hecate,"  and  the  "  Py- 
thia  "  in  bronze.     Born  1837. 

Marcellus  {M.  Claudius),  called 
"  The  Sword  of  Rome."  Fabius  "  Cunc- 
tator"  was  "  The  Shield  of  Rome." 

Marcellus,  an  officer  of  Denmark,  to 
whom  the  ghost  of  the  murdered  king  ap- 
peared before  it  presented  itself  to  prince 
Hamlet. — Shakespeare  :  Hamlet  {1596). 

Marchioness  ( The),  the  half-starved 
girl-of-all-work,  in  the  service  of  Samp- 
son Brass  and  his  sister  Sally.  She  was 
so  lonesome  and  dull,  that  it  afforded  her 
relief  to  peep  at  Mr.  Swiveller  even 
through  the  keyhole  of  his  door.  Though 
so  dirty  and  ill  cared  for,  ' '  the  mar- 
chioness "  was  sharp-witted  and  cunning. 
It  was  Mr.  Swiveller  who  called  her 
the  "marchioness,"  when  she  played 
cards    with   him,    "because  it    seemed 


more  real  and  pleasant "  to  play  with  a 
marchioness  than  with  a  domestic  slavey 
(ch.  Ivii. ).  When  Dick  Swiveller  was 
turned  away  and  fell  sick,  the  "mar- 
chioness "  nursed  him  carefully,  and  he 
afterwards  married  her. — Dickens:  The 
Old  Curiosity  Shop  (1840). 

Marclliuont  [Miss  Matilda),  the  con- 
fidante of  Julia  Mannering. — Sir  IV. 
Scott :  Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  II. ). 

Marcia,  in  Addison's  drama  called 
Cato,  is  beloved  both  by  Sempronius  and 
by  Juba  (17 13). 

Marciau,  armourer  to  count  Robert 
of  Paris.— ^i>  W.  Scott:  Count  Robert  of 
Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Marck  {William  de  la),  a  French 
nobleman,  called  "  The  Wild  Boar  of 
Ardennes  "  [Sanglier  des  Ardennes).— Sir 
W.  Scott:  Quentin  Durward  (time,  Ed- 
ward IV.). 

Marcliffe  {Theophilus),  pseudonym 
of  William  Godwm  (author  of  Caleb 
Williams,  1756-1836). 

Marcomanic  War,  a  war  carried 
on  by  the  Marcomanni,  under  the  leader- 
ship of  Maroboduus,  who  made  himself 
master  of  Bohemia,  etc.  Maroboduus 
was  defeated  by  Arminius,  and  his  con- 
federation broken  up  (a.d.  20).  In  the 
second  Christian  century  a  new  war  broke 
out  between  the  Marcomanni  and  the 
Romans,  which  lasted  thirteen  years.  In 
A.D.  180  peace  was  purchased  by  the 
Romans,  and  the  war  for  a  time  ceased. 

Marcos  de  Obregon,  the  hero  of  a 
Spanish  romance,  from  which  Lesage  has 
borrowed  very  freely  in  his  Gil  Bias. — 
Vicente  E spinel :  Vida  del  Escudero 
Marcos  de  Obregon  (1618). 

Marculf  and  Salomon  or  "The 
Fool  and  the  Philosopher."  Marculf  the 
fool,  who  had  deUvered  Salomon  from 
captivity,  outwits  "the  sage  "  by  knavery 
and  cunning. — Strieker:  from  a  German 
poem,  twelfth  century. 

Marcus,  son  of  Cato  of  Utica,  a 
warm-hearted,  impulsive  young  man, 
passionately  in  love  with  Lucia  daughter 
of  Lucius  ;  but  Lucia  loved  the  more 
temperate  brother.  Fortius.  Marcus  was 
slain  by  Caesar's  soldiers  when  they  in- 
vaded Utica. 

Marcus  is  furious,  wild  in  his  complaints ; 

I  hear  with  a  secret  kind  of  dread, 

And  tremble  at  his  vehemence  of  temper. 

Addison  :  Cato,  i.  i  (1713?. 

Mardi-Oras  [Le),  the  List  day  of  the 


MARDONIUS. 


670 


MARGARET  CATCHPOLE. 


carnival ;  noted  in  Paris  for  the  travestie 
of  a  Roman  procession  marching  to  ofler 
an  ox  in  sacrifice  to  the  gods.  The  ox, 
which  is  always  the  "  prize  "  beast  of  the 
season,  is  decorated  with  gilt  horns  and 
fillet  round  its  head  ;  mock  priests  with 
axes,  etc.,  march  beside  it,  a  band  with 
all  sorts  of  tin  instmments  or  instruments 
of  thin  brass  follow,  and  lictors,  etc.,  fill 
up  the  procession. 

Tous  les  ans  on  vient  de  la  ville 
Les  inarchands  dans  nos  cantons, 
Pour  les  mener  aux  Tuileries, 
Au  Mardi-Gras,  devant  le  roi 
Et  puis  les  vendre  aux  boucheries 
raime  Jeanne  ma  femrae,  eh,  ha !  j'aimerais  mieux 
Ua  voir  mourir  que  voir  mourir  mes  bceufs. 

Pierre  Dupont :  Les  Bceu/s. 

Mardouius  [Captain),  in  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher's  drama  called  A  King  or 
No  King  {161 9). 

Mareschal  of  Mareschal  Wells 

(  Young),  one  of  the  Jacobite  conspirators, 
under  the  leadership  of  Mr.  Richard  Vere 
laird  of  Ellieslaw.— ^?>  W.  Scott:  The 
Black  Dwarf  {time,  Anne). 

Marfi'sa,  an  Indian  queen. — Bojardo: 
Orlando  Innamorato  (1495);  a.nd  A  riosto  : 
Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Marforio's  Statue.  This  statue 
lies  on  the  ground  in  Rome,  and  was  at 
one  time  used  for  libels,  lampoons,  and 
jests,  but  was  never  so  much  used  as 
Pasquin's. 

Marg-ar'elon  (4  syL),  a  Trojan  hero 
of  modern  legend,  who  performed  deeds  of 
marvellous  bravery.  Lydgate,  in  his  Boke 
of  Troy  (1513),  calls  him  a  son  of  Priam. 
According  to  this  authority,  Margarelon 
attacked  Achillas,  and  fell  by  his  hand. 

MARGARET,  only  child  and  heiress 
of  sir  Giles  Overreach.  Her  father  set  his 
heart  on  her  marrying  lord  Lovel,  for  the 
summit  of  his  ambition  was  to  see  her  a 
peeress.  But  Margaret  was  modest,  and 
could  see  no  happiness  in  ill-assorted 
marriages  ;  so  she  remained  faithful  to 
Tom  All  worth,  the  man  of  her  choice. — 
Massinger :  A  New  Way  to  Pay  Old 
Debts  (1628). 

Margfaret,  wife  of  Vandunke  (2  syl. ), 
the  drunken  burgomaster  of  Bruges. — 
Fletcher:  The  Beggars'  Bush  {1621^. 

Margaret  (Ladye),  "  the  flower  of 
Teviot,"  daughter  of  the  duchess  Mar- 
garet and  lord  Walter  Scott  of  Branksome 
Hall.  The  ladye  Margaret  was  beloved 
by  Henry  of  Cranstown,  whose  family 
had  a  deadly  feud  with  that  of  Scott.  (For 


the  rest  of  the  tale,  see  Lay  of  the  Last 
Minstrel,  p.  599.  )—Sir  IV.  Scott :  Lay 
of  the  Last  Minstrel  {1805). 

Margaret,  the  heroine  of  Goethe's 
Faust.  Faust  first  encounters  her  on  her 
return  from  church,  falls  in  love  with  her, 
and  seduces  her.  Overcome  with  shame, 
Margaret  destroys  the  infant  to  which  she 
gives  birth,  and  is  condemned  to  death. 
Faust  attempts  to  save  her  ;  and,  gaining 
admission  to  her  cell,  finds  her  huddled 
up  on  a  bed  of  straw,  singing,  like 
Ophelia,  wild  snatches  of  ancient  ballads, 
her  reason  faded,  and  her  death  at  hand. 
Faust  tries  to  persuade  the  mad  girl 
to  flee  with  him,  but  in  vain.  Mephis- 
toph'elSs,  passionless  and  grim,  arrives  to 
hurry  them  both  to  their  spiritual  ruin ; 
but  Margaret  calls  "  upon  the  judgment- 
seat  of  God,"  and  when  Mephistopheles 
says,  "She  is  judged,"  voices  from  above 
answer,  "Is  saved."  She  ascends  to 
heaven  as  Faust  disappears  with  Mephis- 
topheles. Margaret  is  often  called  by 
the  pet  diminutive  "Gretchen,"  and  in 
Gounod's  (1859)  opera,  "  Margheri'ta. " 
— Goethe  :  Faust  (1790). 

Shakespeare  has  drawn  no  such  portrait  as  that  of 
Margaret;  no  such  peculiar  union  of  passion,  simplicity, 
homeliness,  and  witchery.  The  poverty  and  inferior 
social  position  of  Margaret  are  never  lost  sight  of— she 
never  becomes  an  abstraction.  It  is  love  ^one  which 
exalts  her  above  her  station. — Lewes. 

Margaret  Catchpole,  a  Suffolk 
celebrity,  born  at  Nacton,  in  that  county, 
in  1773  ;  the  title  and  heroine  of  a  tale  by 
the  Rev.  R.  Cobbold.  She  falls  in  love 
with  a  smuggler  named  Will  Laud,  and 
in  1797,  in  order  to  reach  him,  steals  a 
horse  from  Mr.  J.  Cobbold,  brewer,  of 
Ipswich,  in  whose  service  she  had  lived 
much  respected.  She  dresses  herself  in 
the  groom's  clothes,  and  makes  her  way 
to  London,  where  she  is  detected  while 
selling  the  horse,  and  is  put  in  prison. 
She  is  sentenced  to  death  at  the  Suffolk 
assizes— a  sentence  afterwards  commuted 
to  one  of  seven  years'  transportation. 
Owing  to  a  difficulty  in  sending  prisoners 
to  New  South  Wales,  she  is  confined  in 
Ipswich  jail ;  but  from  here  she  makes 
her  escape,  joins  Laud,  who  is  shot  in  her 
defence.  Margaret  is  recaptured,  and 
again  sentenced  to  death,  which  is  for  the 
second  time  commuted  to  transportation, 
this  time  for  life,  and  she  arrives  at  Port 
Jackson  in  1801.  Here,  by  her  good  be- 
haviour, she  obtains  a  free  pardon,  and 
ultimately  marries  a  former  lover  named 
John  Barry,  who  had  emigrated  and 
risen  to  a  high  position  in  the  colony. 


MARGARET  FINCH. 


671 


MARGIANA. 


She  died,  much  respected,  in  the  year 
184 1. 

Margaret  rinch,  queen  of  the 
gipsies.  She  was  born  at  Sutton,  in 
Kent  {1631),  and  finally  settled  in  Nor- 
way. From  a  constant  habit  of  sitting 
on  the  ground,  with  her  chin  on  her  knees, 
she  was  unable  to  stand,  and  when  dead 
was  buried  in  a  square  box  {1740) ;  aged 
109  years, 

Margaret  Gibson,  afterwards  called 
Patten,  a  famous  Scotch  cook,  who  was 
employed  in  the  palace  of  James  I.  She 
was  born  in  the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth, 
and  died  June  26,  1739,  either  136  or  141 
years  of  age. 

Margaret  Lamborn,  one  of  the 

servants  of  Mary  queen  of  Scots,  who 
undertook  to  avenge  the  death  of  her 
royal  mistress.  To  this  end,  she  dressed 
in  man's  clothes  and  carried  two  pistols — 
one  to  shoot  queen  Elizabeth  and  the 
other  herself.  She  had  reached  the 
garden  where  the  queen  was  walking, 
when  she  accidentally  dropped  one  of  the 
pistols,  was  seized,  carried  before  the 
queen,  and  frantically  told  her  tale. 
When  the  queen  asked  how  she  expected 
to  be  treated,  Margaret  replied,  "A  judge 
would  condemn  me  to  death,  but  it  would 
be  more  royal  to  grant  me  pardon."  The 
queen  did  so,  and  we  hear  no  more  of 
tiiis  fanatic. 

Margaret  Simon,  daughter  of  Mar- 
tin Simon  the  miller  of  Grenoble ;  a  brave, 
beautiful,  and  noble  girl. — Stirling: 
The  Gold-Mine  or  Miller  of  Grenoble 
(1854). 

Margaret  Street,  Portman  Square, 
London.  So  called  from  Margaret,  only 
child  of  Edward  second  earl  of  Oxford 
and  Mortimer.    (See  Bentinck,  p.  iii.) 

Margaret  of  Anjou,  widow  of  king 
Henry  VI.  of  England.  She  presents 
herself,  disguised  as  a  mendicant,  in 
Strasburg  Cathedral,  to  Philipson  [i.e. 
the  earl  of  Oxford).— 5z>  W.  Scott:  Anne 
of  Geierstein  {time,  Edward  IV.). 

Margaret's  Ghost,  a  ballad  by 
David  Mallet  (1724),  William  courted 
the  fair  Margaret,  but  jilted  her;  he 
promised  love,  but  broke  his  promise ; 
said  her  face  was  fair,  her  lips  sweet,  and 
her  eyes  bright,  but  left  the  face  to  pale, 
the  eyes  to  weep,  and  the  maid  to 
languish  and  die.  Her  glibst  appeared 
to  him  at  night  to  rebuke  his  heartless- 
ness ;  and  next  morning,  William  left  bis 


bed  raving  mad,  hied  him  to  Margaret's 
grave,  thrice  called  her  by  name,  "  and 
never  word  spake  more. " 

We  shall  have  ballads  made  of  it  within  two  months, 
setting  forth  how  a  young:  squire  became  a  serving-man 
of  low  degree,  and  it  will  be  stuck  up  with  Margaret's 
Ghost  against  the  walls  of  everj-  cottage  in  the  country. 
—Bickcrstaff:  Love  in  a  VilUge  (1763). 

Margaretta,  a  maiden  attached  to 
Robin.  Her  father  wanted  her  to  marrv 
"  a  stupid  old  man,  because  he  was  rich ; 
so  she  ran  away  from  home  and  lived  as 
a  ballad-singer.  Robin  emigrated  for 
three  years,  and  made  his  fortune.  He 
was  wrecked  on  the  coast  of  Cornwall  on 
his  return,  and  met  Margaretta  at  the 
house  of  Farmer  Crop  his  brother-in-law, 
when  the  acquaintance  was  renewed. 
(See  No  Song,  eic.)—Hoare:  No  Song 
no  Supper  (1754-1834). 

Margarit'ta  {Donna),  a  Spanish 
heiress,  "fair,  young,  and  wealthy," 
who  resolves  to  marry  that  she  may 
the  more  freely  indulge  her  wantonness. 
She  selects  Leon  for  her  husband,  because 
she  thinks  him  a  milksop,  whom  she 
can  twist  round  her  thumb  at  pleasure ; 
but  no  sooner  is  Leon  married  than  he 
shows  himself  the  master.  By  ruling 
with  great  firmness  and  affection,  he  wins 
the  esteem  of  every  one,  and  the  wanton 
coquette  becomes  a  modest,  devoted,  and 
.obedient  ^\ic.— Fletcher :  Rule  a  Wife 
and  Have  a  Wife  (1640). 

Margery  [Dame],  the  old  nurse  of 
lady  Eveline  Berenger  "the  betrothed." 
—Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Betrothed  (time, 
Henry  IL). 

Margberi'ta.  (See  Margaret  (4th 
entry)  on  opposite  page.)  - 

Margberi'ta  di  Valois,  daughter 
of  Catherine  de  Medicis  and  Henri  II,  of 
France.  She  married  Henri  le  Beamais 
(afterwards  Henri  IV.  of  France).  It  was 
during  the  wedding  solemnities  of  Mar- 
gherita  and  Henri  that  Catherine  de 
Medicis  carried  out  the  massacre  of  the 
French  huguenots.  The  bride  was  at  a 
ball  during  this  horrible  slaughter. — 
Meyerbeer:  Z^s Huguenots  ot  Gli  Ugonotti 
(1836). 

Marguerite  des  Marguerites  ("The 
Pearl  of  Pearls  ")  was  not  Marguerite  di 
Valois  wife  of  Henri  IV.,  but  Marguerite 
the  wife  of  Henri  d'Albert,  mother  of 
Henri  IV. 

Margia'na  {Queen),  a  mussulman, 
the  mortal  enemy  of  the  fire- worshippers. 
Prince  Assad  became  her  slave,  but,  being 
Stolen   by    the   crew   of    Bchram,    was 


MARGUERITE  GAUTIER. 


672 


MARIA. 


carried  off.  The  queen  gave  chase  to  the 
ship  ;  Assad  was  thrown  overboard,  and 
swam  to  shore.  The  queen  with  an  army 
demanded  back  her  slave,  discovered  that 
Assad  was  a  prince,  and  that  his  half- 
brother  was  king  of  the  city  to  which 
she  had  come ;  whereupon  she  married 
him,  and  carried  him  home  to  her  own 
dominions. — Arabian  Nights  ("  Amgiad 
and  Assad  "). 

Margfuerite  Gautier,  called  "  La 
Dame  aux  Cam^lias "  —  a  celebrated 
courtezan,  the  heroine  of  a  novel  and  play 
by  Dumasyf/j. 

Margtitte  (3  syL),  a  low-minded, 
vulgar  giant,  ten  feet  high,  with  enor- 
mous appetite  and  of  the  grossest  sen- 
suality. He  died  of  laughter  on  seeing  a 
monkey  pulling  on  his  boots. — Pulci  : 
Morganti  Maggiori  (1488). 

IT  Chalchas,  the  Homeric  soothsayer, 
died  of  laughter.  (See  Laughter,  p. 
594.) 

MarhaxLS  (Sir),  a  knight  of  the 
Round  Table,  a  king's  son,  and  brother 
of  the  queen  of  Ireland.  When  sir 
Mark  king  of  Cornwall  refused  to  pay 
truage  to  Anguish  king  of  Ireland,  sir 
Marhaus  was  sent  to  defy  sir  Mark  and 
all  his  knights  to  single  combat.  No  one 
durst  go  against  him  ;  but  Tristram  said, 
if  Mark  would  knight  him,  he  would 
defend  his  cause.  In  the  combat,  sir 
Tristram  was  victorious.  With  his  sword 
he  cut  through  his  adversary's  helmet 
and  brain-pan,  and  his  sword  stuck  so 
fast  in  the  bone  that  he  had  to  pull  thrice 
before  he  could  extricate  it.  Sir  Marhaus 
contrived  to  get  back  to  Ireland,  but  soon 
died. — Sir  T.  Malory:  History  of  Prince 
Arthur,  ii.  7,  8  (1470). 

•.  *  Sir  Marhaus  carried  a  white  shield  ; 
but  as  he  hated  women,  twelve  damsels 
spat  thereon,  to  show  how  they  dis- 
honoured him. — Ditto,  pt.  i.  75. 

MARIA,  a  lady  in  attendance  on  the 
princess  of  France.  Longaville,  a  young 
lord  in  the  suite  of  Ferdinand  king  of 
Navarre,  asks  her  to  marry  him,  but  she 
defers  her  answer  for  twelve  months. 
To  this  Longaville  replies,  "  I'll  stay 
with  patience,  but  the  time  is  long  ; "  and 
Maria  makes  answer,  "The  liker  you; 
few  taller  are  so  young." — Shakespeare: 
Loves  Labour's  Lost  {1594). 

Maria,  the  waiting-woman  of  the 
countess  Olivia. — Shakespeare:  Twelfth 
Night  (1614). 


Maria,  wife  of  Frederick  the  un- 
natural and  licentious  brother  of  Al- 
phonso  king  of  Naples.  She  is  a  virtuous 
lady,  and  appears  in  strong  contrast  to 
her  infamous  husband. — Fletcher:  A 
Wife  for  a  Month  (1624). 

Maria,  daughter  and  only  child  of 
Thorowgood  a  wealthy  London  merchant. 
She  is  in  love  with  George  Barnwell,  her 
father's  apprentice ;  but  George  is  exe- 
cuted for  robbery  and  murder. — Lillo  : 
George  Barnwell  (1732). 

A  dying  man  sent  for  David  Ross  the  actor  [1738- 
1790],  and  addressed  him  thus :  "  Some  forty  years  ago, 
like  '  George  Barnwell,'  I  wronged  my  master  to  supply 
the  unbounded  extravagance  of  a  'Millwood.'  I  took 
her  to  see  your  performance,  which  so  shocked  me 
that  I  vowed  to  break  the  connection  and  return  to  tlie 
path  of  virtue.  I  kept  my  resolution,  replaced  the 
money  I  had  stolen,  and  found  a  '  Maria  '  in  my 
master's  daughter.  ...  I  have  now  left  ^xooo  affixed 
to  your  name  in  my  will  and  tes\.aia&iW'—Ptlham  : 
Chronicles  of  Crinu. 

Maria,  the  ward  of  sir  Peter  Teazle. 

She  is  in  love  with  Charles  Surface,  whom 
she  ultimately  marries.  —  Sheridan  : 
School  for  Scandal  {1777). 

Maria,  "the  maid  of  the  Oaks," 
brought  up  as  the  ward  of  Oldworth  of 
Oldvvorth  Oaks,  but  is  in  reality  his 
daughter  and  heiress.  Maria  is  engaged 
to  sir  Harry  Groveby,  and  Hurry  says, 
"She  is  the  most  charmingest,  sweetest, 
delightfulest,  mildest,  beautifulest,  mo- 
destest,  genteelest  young  creature  in  the 
world." — Burgoyne:  The  Maid  of  the 
Oaks  (1779). 

Maria,  a  maiden  whose  banns  were 
forbidden  "  by  the  curate  of  the  parish 
who  published  them  ;  "  in  consequence  of 
which,  Maria  lost  her  wits,  and  used 
to  sit  on  the  roadside  near  Moulines 
(2  syl.),  playing  on  a  pipe  vesper  hymns 
to  the  Virgin,  She  led  by  a  ribbon  a 
little  dog  named  Silvio,  of  which  she  was 
very  jealous,  for  at  one  time  she  had  a 
favourite  goat,  that  forsook  her. — Sterne: 
Sentimental  Journey  (1768). 

Maria,  a  foundling,  discovered  by 
Sulpizio  a  sergeant  of  the  nth  regiment 
of  Napoleon's  Grand  Army,  and  adopted 
by  the  regiment  as  their  daughter.  Tonio, 
a  Tyrolese,  saved  her  life  and  fell  in  love 
with  her,  but  just  as  they  were  about 
to  be  married  the  marchioness  of  Berken- 
field  claimed  the  foundling  as  her  own 
daughter,  and  the  suttler-girl  had  to  quit 
the  regiment  for  the  castle.  After  a  time, 
the  castle  was  taken  by  the  French,  and 
although  the  marchioness  had  promised 


MARIA  DELAVAL.  673 

Maria  in  marriage  to  another,  she  con- 
sented to  her  union  with  Tonio,  who  had 
risen  to  the  rank  of  a  field-officer, — Doni- 
setti:  La  Figlia  del  Reggimento  (an 
opera,  1840). 

Maria  [Delaval],  daughter  of  colonel 
Delaval.  Plighted  to  Mr.  Versatile ;  but 
just  previous  to  the  marriage  Mr.  Versa- 
tile, by  the  death  of  his  father,  came  into 
a  baronetcy  and  large  fortune.  The 
marriage  was  deferred ;  Mr.  (now  sir 
George)  Versatile  went  abroad,  and  be- 
came a  man  of  fashion.  They  met,  the 
attachment  was  renewed,  and  the  mar- 
riage consummated. 

Sweetness  and  smiles  played  upon  her  countenance. 
She  was  the  delight  of  her  friends,  the  admiration  of  the 
world,  and  the  coveted  of  every  eye.  Lovers  of  fortune 
and  fashion  contended  for  her  hand,  but  she  had  be- 
stowed her  Imd^n.—Holcro/i :  He's  Much  to  Blame, 
V.  2  (1790). 

Maria  [Wilding],  daughter  of  sir 
Jasper  Wilding.  She  is  in  love  with 
Beaufort ;  and  being  promised  in  marriage 
against  her  will  to  George  Philpot,  dis- 
gusts him  purposely  by  her  silliness. 
George  refuses  to  marry  her,  and  she 
gives  her  hand  to  Beaufort. — Murphy: 
The  Citizen  (1757). 

Maria  Theresa  Fanza,  wife  of 
Sancho  Panza.  She  is  sometimes  called 
Maria,  and  sometimes  Theresa. — Cer- 
vantes: Don  Quixote  (1605). 

Mariag-e  Porc6  {Le).  Sganarelle, 
a  rich  man  of  64,  promises  marriage  to 
Dorim^ne  [■^syl.),  a  girl  under  20,  but, 
having  scruples  about  the  matter,  consults 
his  friend,  two  philosophers,  and  the 
gipsies,  from  none  of  whom  can  he  obtain 
any  practicable  advice.  At  length,  he 
overhears  Doriinene  telling  a  young  lover 
that  she  only  marries  the  old  man  for  his 
money,  and  that  he  cannot  live  above  a 
few  months ;  so  the  old  man  goes  to  the 
father,  and  declines  the  alliance.  On  this, 
the  father  sends  his  son  to  Sganarelle. 
The  young  man  takes  with  him  two 
swords,  and  with  the  utmost  politeness 
and  sang-froid  requests  Mons.  to  choose 
one.  When  the  old  man  declines  to  do 
so,  the  young  man  gives  him  a  thorough 
drubbing,  and  again  with  the  utmost 
politeness  requests  the  old  man  to  make 
his  choice.  On  his  again  declining  to  do 
so,  he  is  again  beaten,  and  at  last  con- 
sents to  ratify  the  marriage. — Molilre:  Le 
Mariage  Ford  (1664). 

Mariamne  (4  syl.),  a  Jewish  princess, 
daughter  of  Alexander  and  wife  of  Herod 
"  the  Great."  Mariamn6  was  the  mother 
of  Alexander  and  Aristobu'lus,  both  of 


MARIANA. 


whom  Herod  put  to  death  in  a  fit  of 
jealousy,  and  then  fell  into  a  state 
of  morbid  madness,  in  which  he  fancied 
he  saw  Mariamn6  and  heard  her  asking 
for  her  sons. 

(This  has  been  made  the  subject  of 
several  tragedies  :  e.g.  A.  Hardy,  Mari- 
amne  (1623);  Pierre  Tristan  I'Ermite, 
Mariamne  (1640) ;  Voltaire,  Mariamne, 
1724.) 

MARIAN,  "  the  Muses'  only  dar- 
ling," is  Margaret  countess  of  Cumber- 
land, dster  of  Anne  countess  of  Warwick. 

Fair  Marian,  the  Muses'  only  darling. 
Whose  beauty  shineth  as  the  morning  clear, 
With  silver  dew  upon  the  roses  pearling. 
Spenser:  Colin  Cloufs  Come  Home  A ^ain  (i395K 

Marian,  "the  parson's  maid,"  in  love 
with  Colin  Clout  who  loves  Cicely. 
Marian  sings  a  ditty  of  dole,  in  which 
she  laments  for  Colin,  and  says  how  he 
once  gave  her  a  knife,  but  "  Woe  is  me  1 
for  knives,  they  tell  me,  always  sever 
love." — Gay:  Pastorals,  ii.  (1714). 

Marian,  "  the  daughter  "  of  Robert  a 
wrecker,  and  betrothed  to  Edward  a 
young  sailor.  She  was  fair  in  person, 
loving,  and  holy.  During  the  absence  of 
Edward  at  sea,  a  storm  arose,  and  Robert 
went  to  the  coast  to  look  for  plunder. 
Marian  followed  him,  and  in  the  dusk 
saw  some  one  stab  another.  She  thought 
it  was  her  father,  but  it  was  Black  Norris. 
Her  father  being  taken  up,  Marian  gave 
evidence  against  him,  and  the  old  man 
was  condemned  to  death.  Norris  now 
told  Marian  he  would  save  her  father  if 
she  would  become  his  wife.  She  made 
the  promise,  but  was  saved  the  misers  of 
the  marriage  by  the  arrest  of  Norris  for 
murder. — Knowles  :  The  Daughter  [i^'^S). 

Marian,  or  "  A  Young  Maid's  For- 
tunes," an  excellent  novel  of  Irish  life  by 
Mrs.  S.  C.  Kail,  published  in  1840. 
Katey  Macane,  an  Irish  cook,  adopts 
Marian  a  foundling,  and  watches  over 
her  with  untiring  affection. 

MARIAN'A,  a  lovely  and  lovable 
lady,  married  to  Angelo  (deputy  duke  of 
Vienna)  by  civil  contract,  but  not  by 
religious  rites.  Her  pleadings  to  the 
duke  for  Angelo  are  wholly  unrivalled. 
— Shakespeare:  Measure  for  Measure 
(1603). 

Timid  and  shrinking  before,  she  does  not  now  wait  to 
t>e  encouraged  in  her  suit.  She  is  instant  and  importu- 
nate. She  does  not  reason  with  the  dulce;  she  begs, 
she  implores.— /;.  G.  White. 

N.B.— Mariana  was  Angelo's  wife  by 
civil  contract,  but  not  by  the  "  sacrament 
z 


MARIANA. 


674 


MARIANNE  FRANVAL 


of  marriage."  She  was  wed  to  him,  but 
was  not  his  wife,  according  to  the  rites  of 
the  Catholic  Church. 

[Mariana  is  a  subordinate  character  in 
AlTs  Well  that  Ends  Well.  She  is  a 
neighbour  and  friend  of  the  Old  Widow 
of  Florence.) 

Mariana,  sister  of  Ludovi'co  Sforza 
duke  of  Milan,  and  wife  of  Francesco  his 
chief  minister  of  state. — Massinger:  The 
Duke  of  Milan  (1622). 

Mariana,  daughter  of  lord  Charney  ; 
taken  prisoner  by  the  English,  and  in 
love  with  Arnold  (friend  of  the  Black 
Prince).  Just  before  the  battle  of  Poi- 
tiers, thinking  the  English  cause  hope- 
less, Mariana  induces  Arnold  to  desert; 
but  lord  Charney  will  not  receive  him. 
Arnold  returns  to  the  English  camp,  and 
dies  in  the  battle.  Lord  Charney  is  also 
slain,  and  Mariana  dies  distracted. — 
Shirley  :  Edward  the  Black  Prince  {\6\o). 

Mariana,  the  young  lady  that  Love- 
gold  the  miser  wanted  to  marry.  (For 
the  tale,  see  Lovegold,  p.  632.) — Field- 
ing: The  Miser  (1732). 

Mariana,  the  daughter  of  a  Swiss 
burgher,  "  the  most  beautiful  of  women." 
"  Her  gentleness  a  smile  without  a  smile, 
a  sweetness  of  look,  speech,  act."  Leo- 
nardo being  crushed  by  an  avalanche, 
she  nursed  him  through  his  illness,  and 
they  fell  in  love  with  each  other.  He 
started  for  Mantua,  but  was  detained  for 
two  years  captive  by  a  gang  of  thieves; 
and  Mariana  followed  him,  being  unable 
to  support  life  where  he  was  not.  In 
Mantua  count  Florio  fell  in  love  with 
her,  and  obtained  her  guardian's  consent 
to  their  union  ;  but  Mariana  refused,  was 
summoned  before  the  duke  (Ferrardo), 
and  judgment  was  given  against  her. 
Leonardo,  being  present  at  the  trial,  now 
threw  off  his  disguise,  and  was  acknow- 
ledged to  be  the  real  duke.  He  assumed 
his  rank,  and  married  Mariana ;  but, 
being  called  to  the  camp,  left  Ferrardo 
regent.  Ferrardo,  being  a  villain,  laid  a 
cunning  scheme  to  prove  Mariana  gfuilty 
of  adultery  with  Julian  St.  Pierre,  a 
countryman  ;  but  Leonardo  refused  to 
believe  the  charge.  Julian,  who  turned 
out  to  be  Mariana's  brother,  exposed  the 
whole  plot  of  Ferrardo,  and  amply  cleared 
his  sister  of  the  slightest  taint  or  thought 
oi  d.xtyo\\..—Kncni}les  :  The  H^?/^  (1833). 

Mariana,  daughter  of  the  king  of 
Thessaly.     She  was  beloved  by  sir  Alex- 


ander, one  of  the  three  sons  of  St.  George 
the  patron  saint  of  England,  Sir  Alex- 
ander married  her,  and  became  king  of 
Thessaly. — R.Johnson:  The  Seven  Cham- 
pions of  Christendom,  iii.  2,  3,  II  {1617). 

Mariana  in  tlie  Moated  G-rang^e, 

a  young  damsel  who  sits  in  the  moated 
grange,  looking  out  for  her  lover,  who 
never  comes  ;  and  the  burden  of  her  life- 
song  is,  **My  Hfe  is  dreary,  for  he 
comeih  not ;  I  am  aweary,  and  would 
that  I  were  deafl  1  " 

The  sequel  is  called  Mariana  in  the 
South,  in  which  the  love-lorn  maiden 
looks  forward  to  her  death,  "when  she 
will  cease  to  be  alone,  to  live  forgotten, 
and  to  love  forlorn." — Tennyson:  Marl' 
ana  (in  two  parts). 

•.•  Mariana,  the  lady  betrothed  to 
Angelo,  passed  her  sorrowful  hours  "  at 
the  Moated  Grange."  Thus  the  duke 
says  to  Isabella — 

Haste  you  speedily  to  Angeto.  ...  I  will  presently 
to  St.  Luke's.  There,  at  the  moated  grange,  resides 
the  dejected  Mariana.— 5>%a-4M/<ar«  .•  Measure  /or 
Measure,  act  iu.  sc.  i  (1603). 

Marianne  (3  syL),  a  statuette  to 
which  the  red  republicans  of  France  pay 
homage.  It  symbolizes  the  republic,  and 
is  arrayed  in  a  red  Phrygian  cap.  This 
statuette  is  sold  at  earthenware  shops, 
and  in  republican  clubs,  enthroned  in 
glory,  and  sometimes  it  is  carried  in 
procession  to  the  tune  of  the  Marseillaise. 
(See  Mary  Anne,  p.  682. ) 

The  reason  seems  to  be  this  :  Ravaillac, 
the  assassin  of  Henri  IV.  (the  Harmodius 
or  Aristoglton  of  France),  was  honoured 
by  the  red  republicans  as  "patriot,  de- 
liverer, and  martyr."  This  regicide  was 
incited  to  his  deed  of  blood  by  reading 
the  celebrated  treatise  De  Rege  et  Regio 
Institutione,  by  Mariana  the  Jesuit,  pub- 
lished 1599  (about  ten  years  previously). 
As  Mariana  inspired  Ravaillac  "to  deliver 
France  from  her  tyrant"  (Henri  IV.), 
the  name  was  attached  to  the  statuette  of 
liberty,  and  the  republican  party  gene- 
rally. 

(The  association  of  the  name  with  the 
guillotine  favoiu"S  this  suggestion.) 

Marianne  [Pranval],  sister  of 
Franval  the  advocate.  She  is  a  beautiful, 
loving,  gentle  creature,  full  of  the  deeds 
of  kindness,  and  brimming  over  with 
charity.  Marianne  loves  captain  St. 
Alme,  a  merchant's  son,  and  though  her 
mother  opposes  the  match  as  beneath  the 
rank  of  the  family,  the  advocate  pleads 
for  his  sister,  and  the  lovers  are  duly 


MARIDUNUM. 


675 


MARINE. 


betrothed  to  each  other. — Holcroft :   The 
Deaf  and  Dumb  (1785). 

Marida'num,  i.e.  Caer-Merdin  (now 
Caennarthen). — Spenser:  Faerie  Queene, 
"i-  3  (^590)- 

Marie  [Countess],  the  mother  of  Ul'- 
rica  (a  love-daughter),  the  father  of 
Ulrica  being  Ernest  de  Fridberg,  "the 
prisoner  of  State."  Marie  married  count 
D'Osborn,  on  condition  of  his  obtaining 
the  acquittal  of  her  lover  Ernest  de  Frid- 
berg ;  but  the  count  broke  his  promise, 
and  even  attempted  to  get  the  prisoner 
smothered  in  his  dungeon.  His  villainy 
being  made  known,  the  king  ordered  him 
to  hi  executed,  and  Ernest,  being  set  at 
Uberty,  duly  married  the  countess  Marie. 
—Stirling  :  The  Prisoner  of  State  (1847). 

Marie  de  Brabant,  daughter  of 
Henri  III.  due  de  Brabant.  She  married 
Philippe  le  Hardi,  king  of  France,  and 
was  accused  by  Labrosse  of  having  poi- 
soned Philippe's  son  by  his  former  wife, 
fean  de  Brabant  defended  the  queen's 
nnocence  by  combat,  and  being  the 
victor,  Labrosse  was  hung  (1260-1321). 

(Ancelot  has  made  this  the  subject  of 
an  historical  poem  called  Marie  de  Bra- 
bant, in  six  chants,  1825.) 

Marie  Kirikitonn,  a  witch,  who 
promised  to  do  a  certain  task  for  a  lassie, 
Xi  order  that  she  might  win  a  husband, 
provided  the  lassie  either  remembered  the 
witch's  name  for  a  year  and  a  day,  or 
submitted  to  any  punishment  she  might 
choose  to  inflict.  The  lassie  was  married, 
and  forgot  the  witch's  name ;  but  the  fay 
was  heard  singing,  "  Houpa,  houpa,  Marie 
Kirikitoun  !  Nobody  will  remember  my 
name."  The  lassie,  being  able  to  tell  the 
witch's  name,  was  no  more  troubled, — 
Basque  Legend. 

\  Grimm  has  a  similar  tale,  but  the 
name  is  Rumpel-stilzchen,  and  the  song 
was — 

Little  dreams  my  dainty  dame, 
Rumpelstilzchen  is  my  name. 

Marigold's  Prescriptions  [Dr.), 
a  Christmas  number  of  All  the  Year 
Round  for  1865,  by  Dickens.  Dr.  Mari- 
gold is  an  itinerant  cheap  Jack,  called 
"doctor"  in  comphment  to  the  medical 
man  who  attended  at  his  birth,  and  would 
only  accept  a  tea-tray  for  his  fee.  The 
death  of  little  Sophy  in  her  father's  arms, 
while  he  is  convulsing  the  rustic  crowd 
With  his  ludicrous  speeches,  is  one  of  the 
most  pathetic  touches  ever  written.  I 
beard  Dickens  himself  read  the  story. 


Mari'na,  a  shepherdess  of  unrivalled 
beauty,  loved  by  Celandine,  a  neighbour- 
ing shepherd  "rich  in  all  those  gifts 
which  seely  hearts  bewitch."  Celandine 
despised  her  love,  because  it  was  too 
easily  won,  so  Marina  threw  herself  into 
a  river,  from  which  she  was  rescued  by 
a  shepherd  who  fell  in  love  with  her.  To 
avoid  this  new  suitor,  she  threw  herself 
into  a  well-spring,  but  was  rescued  by 
the  presiding  god  thereof,  who  declared 
his  devotion  to  her,  and  committed  her 
to  the  charge  of  a  water-nymph.  This 
nymph  gave  her  a  draught  from  the 
waters  of  Oblivion,  which  made  her  for- 
get all  about  Celandine.  —  Browne  : 
Britannia  s  Pastorals  (1613). 

Mari'na,  daughter  of  Per'icl^s  prince 
of  "Tyre,  born  at  sea,  where  her  mother 
Thais'a,  as  it  was  supposed,  died  in 
giving  her  birth.  Prince  Pericles  en- 
trusted the  infant  to  Clcon  (governor  of 
Tarsus)  and  his  wife  Dionys'ia,  who 
brought  her  up  excellently  well,  and  she 
became  most  highly  accomplished ;  but 
when  grown  to  budding  womanhood, 
Dionysia,  out  of  jealousy,  employed 
Le'onine  (3  syl. )  to  murder  her.  Leonine 
took  Marina  to  the  coast  with  this  intent, 
but  the  outcast  was  seized  by  pirates,  and 
sold  at  Metali'n^  as  a  slave.  Here  Peri- 
cl6s  landed  on  his  voyage  from  Tarsus  to 
Tyre,  and  Marina  was  introduced  to  him 
to  chase  away  his  melancholy.  She  told 
him  the  story  of  her  life,  and  he  perceived 
at  once  that  she  was  his  daughter. 
Marina  was  now  betrothed  to  Lysimachus 
governor  of  Metaling ;  but,  before  the 
espousals,  went  to  visit  the  shrine  of 
Diana  of  Ephesus,  to  return  thanks  .to 
the  goddess ;  and  the  priestess  was  dis- 
covered to  be  Thaisa  the  mother  of 
Marina.  — Shakespeare  :  Pericles  Prince  of 
Tyre  (1608). 

Mari'na,  wife  of  Jacopo  Fos'cari  the 
doge's  %<ya..— Byron  :  The  Two  Foitari 
(1820). 

Marinda  or  Maridah,  the  fair  con- 
cubine of  Haroun-al-Raschid. 

Marinda,  mother  of  DorWon  "the 
pride  of  swains." — Browne:  Britannia's 
Pastorals  (1613), 

Marine  ( The  Female),  Hannah  Snell 
of  Worcester.  She  was  present  at  the 
attack  of  Pondicherry.  Ultimately  she 
left  the  service,  and  opened  a  public- 
house  in  Wapping  (London),  but  still 
retained  her  male  attire  (bom  1723). 


MARIN  EL. 

Mari'nel,  the  beloved  of  Florimel 
"the  Fair."  Marinel  was  the  son  of 
black-browed  Cyra'oent  (daughter  of  Ne- 
reus  and  Dumarin),  and  allowed  no  one 
to  pass  by  the  rocky  cave  where  he  lived 
without  doing  battle  with  him.  When 
Marinel  forbade  Britomart  to  pass,  she 
replied,  "  I  mean  not  thee  entreat  to 
pass  ;  "  and  with  her  spear  knocked  him 
' '  groveUing  on  the  ground. "  His  mother, 
with  the  sea-nymphs,  came  to  him  ;  and 
the  "  Hly-handed  Liagore,"  who  knew 
leechcraft,  feeling  his  pulse,  said  life 
was  not  extinct.  So  he  was  carried  to 
his  mother's  bower,  "  deep  in  the  bottom 
of  the  sea,"  where  Tryphon  (the  sea-gods' 
physician)  soon  restored  him  to  perfect 
health.  One  day,  Proteus  asked  Marinel 
and  his  mother  to  a  banquet,  and  while 
the  young  man  was  sauntering  about,  he 
heard  a  female  voice  lamenting  her  hard 
lot,  and  saying  her  hardships  were  brought 
about  for  her  love  to  Marinel.  The  young 
man  discovered  that  the  person  was 
Florimel,  who  had  been  shut  up  in  a 
dungeon  by  Proteus  for  rejecting  his 
suit  ;  so  he  got  a  warrant  of  release  from 
Neptune,  and  married  her. — Spenser: 
Faerie  Queene,  iii.  8  ;  iv.  ii,  12  (1590, 
150). 

Mari'ni  [J.  B.),  called  Le  cavalier 
Marin,  born  at  Naples.  He  was  a  poet, 
and  is  known  by  his  poem  called  Adonis 
or  LA  done,  in  twenty  cantos  (1623).  The 
poem  is  noted  for  its  description  of  the 
' '  Garden  of  Venus. " 

If  the  reader  will  .  .  .  read  over  Ariosto's  picture  of 
the  g-arden  of  paradise,  Tasso's  garden  of  Armi'da,  and 
Marini's  garden  of  Venus,  he  will  be  persuaded  that 
Milton  imitates  their  manner,  but  .  .  .  excels  the 
orijjinals. — Thyer. 

Mari'no  Falie'ro,  the  forty-ninth 
doge  of  Venice,  elected  1354.  A  patrician 
named  Michel  Steno,  having  behaved  in- 
decently to  some  of  the  ladies  at  a  great 
civic  banquet  given  by  the  doge,  was  turned 
out  of  the  house  by  order  of  the  duke. 
In  i^venge,  the  young  man  wrote  a  scur- 
rilous libel  against  the  dogaressa,  which 
he  fastened  to  the  doge's  chair  of  state. 
The  insult  being  referred  to  "  the  Forty," 
Steno  was  condemned  to  imprisonment 
for  a  month.  This  punishment  was  thought 
by  the  doge  to  be  so  inadequate  to  the 
offence,  that  he  joined  a  conspiracy  to 
ove-throw  the  republic.  The  conspiracy 
was  betrayed  by  Bertram,  one  of  the 
members,  and  the  doge,  at  the  age  of  76, 
was  beheaded  on  the  "  Giants'  Staircase." 
^- Byron  :  Afarino  Faliero  (1819). 

(Casimir  Delavigne,  in  1829,   brought 


6/6 


MARK. 


out  a  tragedy  on  the  same  subject,  and 
with  the  same  title.) 

Marion  de  Lorme,  in  whose  house 
the_  conspirators  met.  She  betrayed  ail 
their  movements  and  designs  to  Richelieu, 
— Lord  Lytton:  Richelieu  (1839). 

Maritor'nes  {4  syl),  an  Asturian 
chamber-maid  at  the  Crescent  Moon 
tavern,  to  which  don  Quixote  was  taken 
by  his  'squire  after  their  drubbing  by  the 
goat-herds.  The  crazy  knight  insisted 
that  the  tavern  was  a  castle,  and  that 
Maritornes,  "the  lord's  daughter,"  was 
in  love  with  him. 

She  was  broad-faced,  flat-nosed,  blind  of  one  eye, 
and  had  a  most  delightful  squint  with  the  other;  the 
peculiar  gentility  of  her  shape,  however,  compensated 
for  every  defect,  she  being  about  three  feet  in  height, 
and  remarkably  hunchbacked.  —  Cerz'antcs  :  Don 
Quixote,  I.  iii  2  (1605). 

Marius  {Ca'ius),  the  Roman  general, 
tribune  of  the  people,  B.C.  no;  the  rival 
of  Sylla. 

(Antony  Vincent  Arnault  wrote  a  tragedy 
in  French  entitled  Marizis  a  Minturnes 
(1791).  Thomas  Lodge,  M.D.,  in  1594, 
wrote  a  drama  called  Wounds  of  Civil 
War,  lively  set  forth  in  the  True  Trage- 
dies of  Marius  and  Sylla.) 

Mar'ivaux  [Pierre  de  Chamhlain 
de),  a  French  writer  of  comedies  and 
romances  (1678-1763). 

(S.  Richardson  is  called  "The  English 
Marivaux,"  1689-1761.) 

Marjory  of  Douglas,  daughter  of 
Archibald  earl  of  Douglas,  and  duchess 
of  Rothsay. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Fair  Maid 
of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Mark  [The  Gospel  of  St.),  the  second 
book  of  the  New  Testament.  It  shows 
us  Christ  in  active  life  going  about  doing 
good,  as  the  First  Gospel  shows  Him 
mainly  as  a  Teacher. 

Mark  was  no  apostle,  nor  is  it  known  for  certain  who 
he  w«,  in  what  language  his  Gospel  was  originiUy 
written,  nor  when  it  was  written. 

Mark  [Sir),  king  of  Cornwall,  who 
held  his  court  at  Tintag'el.  He  was  a 
wily,  treacherous  coward,  hated  and  de- 
spised by  all  true  knights.  One  day,  sir 
Dinadan,  in  jest,  told  him  that  sir  Launce- 
lot  might  be  recognized  by  "his  shield, 
which  was  silver  with  a  black  rim," 
This  was,  in  fact,  the  cognizance  of  sir 
Mordred ;  but,  to  carry  out  the  joke,  sir 
Mordred  lent  it  to  Dagonet,  king  Arthur's 
fool.  Then,  mounting  the  jester  on  a 
large  horse,  and  placing  a  huge  spear  in 
his  hand,  the  knights  sent  him  to  offer 
battle   to   king  Mark.      When  Dagonet 


MARK  TAPLEY. 


677 


beheld  the  coward  king,  he  cried  aloud, 
• '  Keep  thee,  sir  knight,  for  I  will  slay 
thee  !  "  King  Mark,  thinking  it  to  be 
sir  Laimcelot,  spurred  his  horse  to  flight. 
The  fool  gave  chase,  rating  king  Mark 
"  as  a  woodman  [madman]."  All  the 
knights  who  beheld  it  roared  at  the  jest, 
told  king  Arthur,  and  the  forest  rang 
with  their  laughter.  The  wife  of  king 
Mark  was  Isond  (Ysolde)  tkg  Fair  of 
Ireland,  whose  love  for  sir  Tristram  was  a 
public  scandal. — Sir  T.  Malory:  History 
of  Prince  Arthur,  ii.  96,  97  {1470). 

Mark  Tapley,  a  serving  companion 
of  Martin  Chuzzlewit,  who  goes  out  with 
him  to  Eden,  in  North  America.  Mark 
Tapley  thinks  there  is  no  credit  in  being 
jolly  in  easy  circumstances  ;  but  when  in 
Eden  he  found  every  discomfort,  lost  all 
his  money,  was  swindled  by  every  one, 
and  was  almost  killed  by  fevers,  then 
indeed  he  felt  it  would  be  a  real  credit 
"  to  be  jolly  under  the  circumstances." — 
Dickens  :  Martin  Chuzzlewit  (1843). 

Markhain,  a  gentleman  in  the  train 
of  the  earl  of  Sussex. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Kenilworth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Markham  {Mrs.),  pseudonym  of 
Mrs.  Elizabeth  Penrose  (born  Elizabeth 
Cartwright),  authoress  of  History  of 
England,  etc. 

Markleham  {Mrs.),  the  mother  of 
Annie.  Devoted  to  pleasure,  she  always 
maintained  that  she  indulged  in  it  for 
"Annie's  sake."  Mrs.  Markleham  is  gene- 
rally referred  to  as  "  the  old  soldier." — 
Dickens  :  David  Copperfield  (1849). 

Marksman,  one  of  Fortunio's  seven 
attendants.  He  saw  so  clearly  and  to 
such  a  distance,  that  he  generally  ban- 
daged his  eyes  in  order  to  temper  the 
great  keenness  of  his  sight. — Comtesse 
D'Aulnoy:  Fairy  Tales  ("  Fortunio," 
1682). 

Marlborotigli  {The  duke  of),  John 
Churchill.  He  was  called  by  marshal 
Turenne,  Le  Bel  Anglais  (1650-1722). 
(See  Malbrough,  p.  659. ) 

Marley,  the  partner  of  Scrooge,  the 
grasping,  cheating  "old  sinner."  He 
was  dead  before  the  story  begins,  but  his 
ghost  contributes  to  the  conversion  of 
Scrooge. — Dickens:  Christmas  Carol. 

Marlow  {Sir  Charles),  the  kind- 
hearted  old  friend  of  squire  Hardcastle. 

Young  Marlow,  son  of  sir  Charles. 
"  Among  women  of  reputation  and  virtue 


MARMION. 

he  is  the  modestest  man  alive  ;  but  his 
acquaintances  give  him  a  very  different 
character  among  women  of  another 
stamp  "  (act  i.  sc.  i).  Having  mistaken 
Hardcaslle's  house  for  an  inn,  and  Miss 
Hardcastle  for  the  barmaid,  he  is  quite 
at  his  ease,  and  makes  love  freely.  When 
fairly  caught,  he  discovers  that  the  sup- 
posed "  inn  "  is  a  private  house,  and  the 
supposed  barmaid  is  the  squire's  daughter; 
but  the  ice  of  his  shyness  being  broken, 
he  has  no  longer  any  difficulty  in  loving 
according  to  his  station. — Goldsinith  : 
She  Stoops  to  Conquer  (1773). 

N.B. — When  Goldsmith  was  between 
16  and  17,  he  set  out  for  Edgworthstown, 
and  finding  night  coming  on,  asked  a 
man  which  was  the  "  best  house  "  in  the 
town — meaning  the  best  inn.  The  man 
pointed  to  the  house  of  sir  Ralph 
Fetherstone  (or  Mr.  Fetherstone),  and 
Oliver,  entering  the  parlour,  found  the 
master  of  the  mansion  sitting  at  a  good 
fire.  Oliver  told  him  he  desired  to  pass 
the  night  there,  and  ordered  him  to 
bring  in  supper.  "  Sir  Ralph,"  knowing 
his  customer,  humoured  the  joke,  which 
Oliver  did  not  discover  till  next  day,  when 
he  called  for  his  bill.  (We  are  told  in 
Notes  and  Queries  that  Ralph  Fether- 
stone was  only  Mr.,  but  his  grandson 
was  sir  Thomas. ) 

Marmaduke  Neville,  the  lover  of 
Sybil  Warner  in  lord  Lytton's  Last  of  the 
Barons  (1843). 

Marmion,  "a  Tale  of  Flodden 
Field."  Lord  Marmion  was  betrothed 
to  Constance  de  Beverley,  but  he  jilted 
her  for  lady  Clare  an  heiress,  who  was  in 
love  with  Ralph  de  Wilton.  The  lady 
Clare  rejected  lord  Marmion's  suit,  and 
took  refuge  from  him  in  the  convent  of 
St.  Hilda,  in  Whitby.  Constance  took 
the  veil  in  the  convent  of  St.  Cuthbert, 
in  Holy  Isle,  but  after  a  time  she  left 
the  convent  clandestinely,  was  captured, 
taken  back,  and  buried  alive  in  the  walls 
of  a  deep  cell.  In  the  mean  time,  lord 
Marmion,  being  sent  by  Henry  VIII.  on 
an  embassy  to  James  IV.  of  Scotland, 
stopped  at  the  hall  of  sir  Hugh  de  Heron, 
who  sent  a  palmer  as  his  guide.  On  his 
return,  lord  Marmion  commanded  the 
abbess  of  St.  Hilda  to  release  the  lady 
Clare,  and  place  her  under  the  charge  of 
her  kinsman,  Fitzclare  of  Tantallon  Hall. 
Here  she  met  the  palmer,  who  was  Ralph 
de  WiltoD,  and  as  lord  Marmion  was 
slain  in  the  battle  of  Flodden  Field,  she 


MARMION. 

was  free  to  marr}'  the  man  she  loved. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Marmion  (1808). 

Marmion  {Lord),  a  descendant  of 
Robert  de  Marmion,  who  obtained  from 
William  the  Conqueror  the  manor  of 
Scrivelby,  in  Lincolnshire.  This  Robert 
de  Marmion  was  the  first  royal  champion 
of  England,  and  the  office  remained  in 
the  family  till  the  reign  of  Edward  I., 
when  in  default  of  male  issue  it  passed  to 
John  Dymoke,  son-in-law  of  Philip  Mar- 
mion, in  whose  family  it  remains  still. 

Mamer  {Sl/as),  "the  weaver  of 
Raveloe."  He  deems  himself  a  waif  in 
the  world,  but  finds  hope  in  a  little 
foundling  girl. — George  Eliot  (Mrs. 
J.  W.  Cross) :  Silas  Mamer  (1861). 

Ma'ro,  Virgil,  whose  full  name  was 
Publius  Virgilius  Maro  (B.C.  70-19). 

Oh,  were  it  mine  with  sacred  Maro's  art 

To  wake  to  sympathy  the  feeling  heart. 

Like  him  the  smooth  and  mournful  verse  to  dress 

In  all  the  pomp  of  exquisite  distress  .  .  . 

Then  migiit  I  .  .  . 

Falconer  :  The  Ship^vreck,  \\\.  5  (1756). 

Mar'onites  (3  syl.),  a  religious 
semi-Catholic  sect  of  Syria,  constantly 
at  war  with  their  near  neiglibours  the 
Druses,  a  semi-Mohammedan  sect.  Both 
are  now  tributaries  of  the  sultan,  but 
enjoy  their  own  laws.  The  Maronites 
number  about  400,000,  and  the  Druses 
about  half  that  number.  The  Maronites 
owe  their  name  to  J.  Maron,  their  founder ; 
the  Druses  to  Durzi,  who  led  them  out  of 
Egypt  into  Syria.  The  patriarch  of  the 
Maronites  resides  at  Kanobin  ;  the  hakem 
of  the  Druses  at  Deir-el-kamar,  The 
Maronites  or  "  Catholics  of  Lebanon " 
differ  from  the  Roman  Catholics  in 
several  points,  and  have  their  own  pope  or 
patriarch.  In  i860  the  Druses  made  on 
them  a  horrible  onslaught,  which  called 
forth  the  intervention  of  Europe. 

Marotte  (2  syl. ),  footman  of  Gorgibus ; 
a  plain  bourgeois,  who  hates  affectation. 
When  the  fine  ladies  of  the  house  try  to 
convert  him  into  a  fashionable  flunky,  and 
teach  him  a  little  grandiloquence,  he 
bluntly  tells  them  he  does  not  understand 
Latin. 

Marotte.  Voili  un  laqiiais  qui  demande  si  voi«  ^tes 
au  logis,  ct  dit  que  son  maitre,  vous  venir  voir. 

Madelon.  Apprenez,  sotte,  3i  vous  ^noncer  moins 
Tulffaiment.  Dites :  Voili  un  n6cessaire  qui  demande 
si  vous  f  tes  en  commodity  d'etre  visibles. 

Mareite.  Je  n'entends  point  le  Latin. — Moliirt: 
Let  Pr^cieuses  Ridicules,  vii.  (1659). 

Marphi'sa,  sister  of  Roge'ro,  and  a 
female  knight  of  amazing  prowess.  She 
was  brought  up  by  a  magician,  -but  being 
stolen  at  the  age  of  seven,  was  sold  to 


678        MARQUIS  D'EVREMONDE. 

the  king  of  Persia.  WTien  she  was  i8, 
her  royal  master  assailed  her  honour  ; 
but  she  slew  him,  and  usurped  the  crown. 
Marphisa  went  to  Gaul  to  join  the  army 
of  Agramant,  but  subsequently  entered 
the  camp  of  Charlemagne,  and  was  bap- 
tized.— Ariosto  :  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Marphu'rius,  a  doctor  of  the  Pyr- 
rhonian  school.  Sganarelle  consults  him 
about  his  marriage ;  but  the  philosopher 
replies,  "  Perhaps  ;  it  is  possible  ;  it  may 
be  so ;  everything  is  doubtful ;  "  till  at 
last  Sganarelle  beats  him,  and  Marphurius 
says  he  shall  bring  an  action  against  him 
for  battery,  "Perhaps,"  replies  Sgana- 
relle ;  "  it  is  possible  ;  it  may  be  so,"  etc., 
using  the  philosopher's  own  words  (sc.  ix.  \ 
— Moliere  :  Le  Mariage  Ford  (1664). 

Marplot,  "the  busy  body."  A 
blundering,  good-natured,  meddlesome 
young  man,  very  inquisitive,  too  officious 
by  half,  and  always  bungling  whatever  he 
interferes  in.  Marplot  is  introduced  by 
Mrs.  Centlivre  in  two  comedies.  The  Bzisy 
Body  and  Marplot  in  Lisbon. 

That  unlucky  dog  Marplot  ...  is  ctct  doing-  mis- 
chief, and  yet  fto  g^ve  him  his  due)  he  never  desigiis  it. 
This  is  some  blundering^  adventure,  wherein  he  thoug-ht 
tc  show  his  friendship,  as  he  calls  \\.—Mrt.  Centlivre  : 
The  Busy  Body,  iii.  5  (1709). 

(This  was  Henry  Woodward's  great 
part  (1717-1777).  His  unappeasable 
curiosity,  his  slow  comprehension,  his  an- 
nihilation under  the  sense  of  his  dilem- 
mas, were  so  diverting,  that  even  Garrick 
confessed  him  the  decided  "  Marplot  "  of 
the  stage. — Boaden  :  Life  of  Siddons.) 

N.B.— William  Cavendish  duke  of 
Newcastle  brought  out  a  free  translation 
of  Moli^re's  L'Etourdi,  which  he  entitled 
Marplot. 

Marprelate  [Martin),  the  pseudo- 
nym adopted  by  the  author  or  authors  of 
a  series  of  powerful  but  scurrilous  tracts 
published  in  England  during  the  reign  of 
Elizabeth,  and  designed  to  prove  the  un- 
scriptural  character  of  the  prelacy. 

MarcLtiis  de  Basqueville,  being 
one  night  at  the  opera,  was  told  by  a 
messenger  that  his  mansion  was  on  fire, 
"Eh  bien,"  he  said  to  the  messenger, 
"  adressez-vous  i  Mme.  la  marquise  qui 
est  en  face  dans  cette  loge;  car  c'est 
affaire  de  manage." — Chapus :  Dieppe  et 
ses  Environs  (1853). 

Marquis  d'Evremonde  [Le),  an 
aristocratic  French  gentleman,  cold- 
hearted,  handsome,  and  selfish.  There 
were  two  dints  at  the  top  of  his  nostrils 
which  changed  colour  on  any  emotion. 


MARRALU 

He  was  the  uncle  of  Charles  Darnay. — 
Dickens  :  A  Tale  of  Two  Cities  {1859). 

Marrall  [Jack),  a  mean-spirited, 
revengeful  time-server.  He  is  the  clerk 
and  tool  of  sir  Giles  Overreach.  When 
Marrall  thinks  Wellborn  penniless,  he 
treats  him  like  a  dog ;  but  immediately 
he  fancies  he  is  about  to  marry  the 
wealthy  dowager  lady  Allworth,  he  is 
most  servile,  and  offers  to  lend  him 
money.  Marrall  now  plays  the  traitor  to 
his  master,  sir  Giles,  and  reveals  to 
Wellborn  the  scurvy  tricks  by  which  he 
has  been  cheated  of  his  estates.  When, 
however,  he  asks  Wellborn  to  take  him 
into  his  service,  Wellborn  replies,  "  He 
who  is  false  to  one  master  will  betray 
another  ;  "  and  will  have  nothing  to  say 
to  him. — Massinger  :  A  New  Way  to  Pay 
Old  Debts  {162B). 

Married  Clergfymen.  The  first 
who  took  to  himself  a  wife  in  Saxony  was 
Bartholomew  Bernard,  cur6  of  Kemberg, 
in  1521. 

Married  Men  of  Genius.     The 

number  of  men  of  genius  unhappy  in 
their  wives  is  very  large.  The  following 
are  notorious  examples  : — 

(i)  Addison  and  the  countess  dowager  of  Warwick. 
(2)  Bacon  {Lord)  and  Miss  Bamham. 
/a)  BYRON  and  Miss  Milbanke. 

(4)  Dante  and  Gemma  Donati. 

(5)  Dickens  and  Miss  Hogarth. 

(6)  DRVnEN  and  lady  Elizabeth  Howard. 

(7)  DURER  (Alberl)  and  Affnes  Frey. 
f8)  FELLTHAM  (Owen),  1610-1678. 

(9)  GUSTAVUS  Adolphus  and  the  flighty  Eleonora 
of  Brandenburg. 

(10)  Haydn  and  the  daughter  of  a  wig-maker  who 
gave  him  employment. 

•    ■  Hooker  and  Miss  Churchill. 
lONSON  {Bi7t). 

Lily  ( IVilliam)  and  his  second  wife. 
Lytton  Bulwer  Lytton  (Lord)  and  Miss 


fave  him  1 
(ii)  HO( 

ATieeler. 


(15)  Marlborough  and  Sarah  Jennings. 

(161  Milton  and  two  of  his  wives. 

(17)  MOLIERE.  "Il^spous^unejeunefilleniedela 
Brijart  es  d'un  gentilhomme  nomm^  Modfene." — I'oi- 
faire. 

!i8)  MORE  (Sir  Thomas). 
19)  Racine. 
20)  Sadi,  the  great  Persian  poet. 
21)  SCaliger.     (This  was  not  J.  C.  Scaliger,  who 
was  most  happy  in  his  marriage.) 

(22)  Shakespeare  and  Anne  Hathaway. 

(23)  Shelley  and  Harriet  Westbrook,  from  whom 
he  separated.  Shelley  was  very  happy  with  his  second 
wife,  Mary  Wollstonecraft  Godwin. 

(24)  Socrates  and  Xautippe  the  scold. 

(25)  Steele. 

(26)  Sterne. 

(27)  Wesley  and  Mrs.  Vazeille,  his  vindictive  wife. 

(28)  Whitfield  and  Mrs.  James. 

(29)  Wycherly  and  the  countess  of  Drogheda. 

IF  To  these  add  Aristotle  [q.v.),  Aristo- 
phanfis,  Boccaccio,  Euripldfis,  Periander, 
Pittacus,  etc. 

(Moore,  Scott,  Wordsworth,  Glad- 
stone,  Browning,    Beaconsfield,   Benson 


679     MARSEILLES'  GOOD  BISHOP- 

archbishop  of  Canterbury,  Du  Maurier, 
and  oihers  were  happy  in  their  wives.) 

No  doubt  the  reader  will  be  able  to  add 
to  the  number.  As  a  rule,  men  of  genius 
are  too  much  courted  and  too  much 
absorbed  to  be  good  domestic  husbands. 

Mars,  divine  Fortitude  personified. 
Bacchus  is  the  tutelary  demon  of  the 
Mohammedans,  and  Mars  the  guardian 
potentate  of  the  Christians. — CamoSns: 
The  Lusiad  (1569). 

That  Young  Mars  of  Men,  Edward  the 
Black  Prince,  who  with  8000  men  de- 
feated, at  Poitiers,  the  French  king  Jean, 
whose  army  amounted  to  60,000 — some 
say  even  more  (a.d.  1356). 

T/ie  Mars  of  Men,  Henry  Plantagenet 
earl  of  Derby,  third  son  of  Henry  earl  of 
Lancaster,  and  near  kinsman  of  Edward 
III.    (See  Derby,  p.  272.) 

The  Mars  of  Portugal,  Alfonso  de  Albo- 
querque,  viceroy  of  India  (1452-1515). 

Mars  Wounded.  A  very  remark- 
able parallel  to  the  encounter  of  Dimmed 
and  Mais  in  the  Iliad,  v.,  occurs  in 
Ossian,  Homer  says  that  Diomed  hurled 
his  spear  against  Mars,  which,  piercing 
the  belt,  wounded  the  war-god  in  the 
bowels:  "Loud  bellowed  Mars,  nine 
thousand  men,  ten  thousand,  scarce  so 
loud  joining  fierce  battle."  Then  Mars 
ascending,  wrapped  in  clouds,  was  borne 
upwards  to  Olympus. 

H  Ossian,  in  Carric-Thura,  says  that 
Loda,  the  god  of  his  foes,  came  like  ' '  a 
blast  from  the  mountain.  He  came  in 
his  terror,  and  shook  his  dusky  spear. 
His  eyes  were  flames,  and  his  voice  like 
distant  thunder.  'Son- of  night,'  said 
Fin  gal,  '  retire.  Do  I  fear  thy  gloomy 
form,  spirit  of  dismal  Loda?  Weak  is 
thy  shield  of  cloud,  feeble  thy  meteor 
sword.' "  Then  cleft  he  the  gloomy 
shadow  with  his  sword.  It  fell  like  a 
column  of  smoke.  It  shrieked.  Then, 
rolling  itself  up,  the  wounded  spirit  rose 
on  the  wind,  and  the  island  shook  to  its 
foundation. 

Mar's  Year,  the  year  1715,  in  which 
occurred  the  rebellion  of  the  earl  of  Mar. 

Auld  uncle  John  wlia  wedlock's  joys 
Sin  Mar's  year  did  desire. 

Burns  :  Halloween,  rj, 

Marseillaise.    (See  Kubla  Khan, 
P-  583.) 
Marseilles'  Good  Bishop,  Henri 

Fian9ois  Xavier  de  Belsunce  (1671-1775). 
Immortalized  by  his  philanthropic  dili- 
gence in  the  plague  at  Marseilles  (1720- 
1722). 


MARSHAL  FORWARDS. 

T  Charles  Borromeo,  archbishop  of 
Milan  a  century  previously  (1576),  was 
equally  diligent  and  self-sacrificing  in  the 
plague  of  Milan  (1538-1584). 

IT  Sjr  John  Lawrence,  lord  mayor  of 
London  during  the  great  plague,  sup- 
ported 40,000  dismissed  servants,  and 
deserves  immortal  honour. 

(Darwin  refers  to  Belsunce  and  Law- 
rence in  his  Loves  of  the  Plants,  ii.  433.) 

Marshal  Forwards,  Blucher;  so 
called  for  his  dash  in  battle,  and  the  ra- 
pidity of  his  movements,  in  the  cam- 
paign of  1813  (1742-1819). 

Marsi,  a  part  of  the  Sabellian  race, 
noted  for  magic,  and  said  to  have  been 
descended  from  Circ6. 

Marsis  vi  quadam  grenitali  datum,  ut  serpentium  viru- 
lentorum  domitores  sint.et  incantationibus  herbarumque 
succis  faciant  medelarum  mxr^.—GelHus,  xvi.  ii. 

Marsig-'lio,  a  Saracen  king,  who 
plotted  the  attack  upon  Roland,  ' '  under 
the  tree  on  which  Judas  hanged  himself." 
With  a  force  of  600,000  men,  divided 
into  three  companies,  Marsiglio  attacked 
the  paladin  in  Roncesvallgs,  and  over- 
threw him ;  but  Charlemagne,  coming  up, 
routed  the  Saracen,  and  hanged  him  on 
the  very  tree  under  which  he  planned  the 
attack.— rwr/i^.-  Chronicle  {1122). 

Uarsilia,  "  who  bears  up  great 
Cynthia's  train,"  is  the  marchioness  of 
Northampton,  to  whom  Spenser  dedicated 
his  Daphnaida.  This  lady  was  Helena, 
daughter  of  Wolfgangus  Swavenburgh,  a 
Swede. 

No  less  praiseworthy  is  Marsilia, 
Best  known  by  bearing  up  great  Cynthia's  train. 
She  is  the  pattern  of  true  womanhead  .  ,  . 
Worthy  next  after  Cynthia  [qruen  EUzabethl  to  tread, 
As  she  is  next  her  in  nobility. 
Spenser:  Colin  Clouts  Come  Home  Again  (iS9S). 

Mar'syas,  the  Phrygian  flute-player. 
He  challenged  Apollo  to  a  contest  of 
skill.  Being  beaten  by  the  god,  he  was 
flayed  alive  for  his  presumption. 

Mar'tafax     and     Ler'mites     (3 

syl. ),  two  famous  rats  brought  up  before 
the  White  Cat  for  treason,  but  acquitted. 
— Comtesse  D'Aulnoy:  Fairy  Tales  ("The 
White  Cat,"  1682). 

Marta'no,  a  great  coward,  who  stole 
the  armour  of  Gryphon,  and  presented 
himself  in  it  before  king  Norandi'no, 
Jlaving  received  the  honours  due  to  the 
owner,  Martano  quitted  Damascus  with 
Origilla ;  but  Aquilant  unmasked  the 
villain,  and  he  was  hanged  (bks.  viii., 
ix.). — Ariosto:  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 


680 


MARTHA. 


Marteau.  (See  Hammer  of  Here- 
tics, p.  465.) 

Martel  (Charles),  Charles,  natural 
son  of  P6pin  d'H^ristal. 

N.B. — Mons.  Collin  de  Plancy  says 
that  this  "palace  mayor"  of  France  was 
not  called  "Martel"  because  he  ;«ar/s/</ 
("hammered  ")  the  Saracens  under  Abd- 
el-Rahman  in  732,  but  because  his  patron 
saint  was  Martellus  (or  St.  Martin).— 
Bibliotheque  des  Ldgendes. 

(Thomas  Delf,  in  his  translation  of 
Chevereul's  PHnciples  of  Harmony,  etc. , 
of  Colours  (1847),  signs  himself  "Charles 
Martel.") 

Martezt  [Sir  Oliver),  a  vicar  in 
Shakespeare's  comedy  of  As  You  Like  It 
(1600). 

MARTHA,  sister  to  "The  Scornful 
Lady  "  (no  name  given). — Beaumont  and 
Fletcher:  The  Scornful  Lady  (1616). 
(Beaumont  died  1616.) 

Martha,  the  servant-girl  at  Shaw's 
Castle.— »Si>  W.  Scott:  St.  Ronans  Well 
(time,  George  HI.), 

Martha,  the  old  housekeeper  at 
Osbaldistone  Hall.  — 52>  W.  Scott:  Rob 
Roy  (time,  George  L). 

Martha,  daughter  of  Ralph  and 
Louise  de  Lascours,  and  sister  of  Diana 
de  Lascours.  When  the  crew  of  the 
Urania  rebelled,  Martha,  with  Ralph 
de  Lascours  (the  captain),  Louise  de 
Lascours,  and  Barabas,  were  put  adrift 
in  a  boat,  and  cast  on  an  iceberg  in  "  the 
Frozen  Sea."  The  iceberg  broke,  Ralph 
and  Louise  were  drowned,  Barabas  was 
picked  up  by  a  vessel,  and  Martha  fell 
into  the  hands  of  an  Indian  tribe,  who 
gave  her  the  name  of  Orgari'ta  ("  withered 
corn").  She  married  Carlos,  but  as  he 
married  under  a  false  name,  the  marriage 
was  illegal,  and  when  Carlos  was  given 
up  to  the  hands  of  justice,  Orgarita  was 
placed  under  the  charge  of  her  grand- 
mother Mme.  de  Theringe,  and  [probably] 
espoused  Horace  de  Brienne. — Stirling: 
The  Orphan  of  the  Frozen  Sea  (1856). 

Martha,  a  friend  of  Margaret.  She 
makes  love  to  Mephistophel^s  with  great 
worldly  shrewdness.  —  Goetht  :  Faust 
(1798). 

Martha,  alias  Ulrica,  mother  of 
Bertha  who  is  betrothed  to  Hereward 
(3  syl.)  and  marries  him. — Sir  IV.  Scott : 
Count  Robert  of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Martha  [The  abbess),  abbess  of  Elcho 


MARTHA, 


68x 


MARTIVALLE. 


Nunnery.  She  is  a  kinswoman  of  the 
Glover  family.— 5z>  VV.  Scott:  Fair  Maid 
of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Martha  (Dame),  housekeeper  to 
major  Bridgenorth. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  H.). 

SKartlie,  a  young  orphan,  in  love  with 
Fr^d^ric  Auvray,  a  young  artist,  who 
loves  her  in  return,  but  leaves  her,  goes 
to  Rome,  and  falls  in  love  with  another 
lady,  Elena,  sister  of  the  duke  Strozzi. 
Marthe  lea\'es  the  Swiss  pastor,  who  is 
her  guardian,  and  travels  in  midwinter 
to  Rome,  dressed  as  a  boy,  and  under  the 
name  of  Piccolino.  She  tells  her  tale  to 
Elena,  who  abandons  the  fickle  false  one, 
and  Fr6d(5ric  forbids  the  Swiss  wanderer 
ever  again  to  approach  him.  Marthe,  in 
despair,  throws  herself  into  the  Tiber,  but 
is  rescued.  Fr^d^ric  repents,  is  recon- 
ciled, and  marries  the  forlorn  maiden. — 
Guiraud:  Piccolino  (an  opera,  1875). 

Marthon,  an  old  cook  at  Arnheim 
Castle. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Anne  of  Geierstein 
(time,  Edward  IV. ). 

Marthon,  alias  Rizpah,  a  Bohemian 
woman,  attendant  on  the  countess  Hame- 
line  of  Croye. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Quentin 
Durward  [time,  Edward  IV.). 

Martian  Laws  (not  Mercian,  as 
Wharton  gives  it  in  his  Law  Dictionary) 
are  the  laws  collected  by  Martia,  the 
wife  of  Guithelin  great-grandson  of 
Mulmutius  who  established  in  Britain 
the  '*  Mulmutian  Laws"  {q.v.).  Alfred 
translated  both  these  codes  into  Saxon- 
English,  and  called  the  Martian  code  Pa 
Marchitle  Lage.  These  laws  have  no 
connection  with  the  kingdom  of  Mercia. 
— Geoffrey:  British  History,  iii.  13  (1142) 


To  wise  Mulmutius'  laws  her  Martian  first  did  frame 
Drayton  :  Polytlbion,  viii.  (i6xa}. 
Martigny   [Marie   la  comptesse  de), 
wife  of  the  earl  of  Etlierington.— 5z>  W. 
Scott:   St.  Ronans  Well  (time,  George 
HI.).  ^ 

MARTIN,  in  Swift's  Tale  q,^  a  Tub, 
is  Martin  Luther;  "John"  is  Calvin: 
and  "  Peter"  the  pope  of  Rome  (1704). 

(The  same  name  occurs  in  Dr.  Arbuth- 
not's  History  of  John  Bull  (1712).  In 
Dryden's  Hind  and  Panther,  "Martin " 
means  the  Lutheran  party,  1687.) 

Martin,  the  old  verdurer  near  sir 
Henry  Lee's  lodge.— 5ir  VV.  Scott:  Wood- 
stock (time,  Commonwealth). 


Martin,  the  old  shepherd,  in  the 
service  of  the  lady  of  Avenel. — Sir  W. 
Scott :  The  Monastery  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Martin,  the  ape,  in  the  beast-epic  of 
Reynard  the  Fox  (1498). 

Martin  (Dame),  partner  of  Darsie 
Latimer  at  the  fishers'  dance. — Sir  W, 
Scott :  Redgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Martin  (Sarah),  the  prison  reformer 
of  Great  Yarmouth.  This  young  woman, 
though  but  a  poor  dressmaker,  conceived 
a  device  for  the  reformation  of  prisoners 
in  her  native  town,  and  continued  for 
twenty-four  years  her  earnest  and  useful 
labour  of  love,  acting  as  schoolmistress, 
chaplain,  and  industrial  superintendent. 
In  1835  captain  Williams,  inspector  of 
prisons,  brought  her  plans  before  the 
Government,  under  the  conviction  that 
the  nation  at  large  might  be  benefited  by 
their  practical  good  sense  (1791-1843). 

Martin  Chuzzlewit.  (See  Chuzzle- 

WIT,  p.  208.) 

Martin  Weldeck,  the  miner.  His 
story  is  read  by  Lovel  to  a  pic-nic  party 
at  St.  Ruth's  ruins.— 6'/r  W.  Scott:  The 
Antiquary  (time,  George  III.). 

Martin's  Stunmer  (St.),  halcyon 
days  ;  a  time  of  prosperity  ;  fine  weather, 
Liti  de  S.  Martin,  from  October  9  to 
November  11.  At  the  close  of  autumn 
we  generally  have  a  month  of  magnificent 
summer  weather. 

Assigned    am    I   [Joan  of  Arc\  to  be  the  English 

scourge  .  .  . 
Expect  St.  Martin's  summer,  halcyon  days, 
Since  I  have  entered  into  these  wars. 

Shakespeare:  i  Henry  VI.  act  i.  sc.  3  (1589). 

(Also  called  "  St.  Luke's  Summer.") 

Martine,  wife  of  Sganarelle.  (See 
Sganakelle.)— M7//o-^.-  Le  Midecin 
Malgrd  Lui  (i665). 

Martinmas  will  Come  in  Due 
Tim.e,  or,  give  a  rogue  rope  enough,  and 
he'll  hang  himself;  every  evil-doer  will 
meet  his  reward.  Martinmas  used  to  be 
the  time  for  killing  hogs  for  winter  store, 
and  the  Spanish  proverb  paraphrased  is 
this:  "As  the  time  will  certainly  come 
when  hogs  will  be  slain,  so  the  time  will 
certainly  come  when  thy  sins  or  faults 
will  be  chastised." 

Martiyal  (Stephen  de),  a  steward  of 
the  field  at  the  tournament. — Sir  W. 
Scott :  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Martivalle  (MartiusGaleotti),  astro< 
loger  to  Louis  XL  of  France.— 5»r  W, 


MARTYR  KING. 


682 


MARY  STUART. 


Scott:  Quentin  Durward  (time,  Edward 
IV.). 

Martyr  Kingf  [The],  Henry  VI., 
buried  at  Windsor  beside  Edward  IV. 

Here  o'er  the  Martyr  Kinff  [Henry  KA]  the  marble 

weeps. 
And  fast  beside  him  once-feared  Edward  UV.I  sleeps ; 
The  grave  unites  where  e'en  the  grave  finds  rest. 
And  mingled  lie  the  oppressor  and  th'  opprest. 

Pope. 

Martyr  Kingf  {.The),  Charles  I.  of 
England  (i6oj,  162J-1649). 

IF  Louis  XVI.  of  France  is  also  called 
Louis  "  the  Martyr  "  (1754,  1774-1793). 

Martyr  of  Antioch  {The),  a 
dramatic  poem  by  dean  Mllman  {1822). 

Martyrs  to  Science. 

Claude  Louis  count  Berthollet,  who 
tested  on  himself  the  effects  of  carbonic 
acid  on  the  human  frame,  and  died  under 
the  experiment  (1748-1822). 

Giordano  Bruno,  who  was  burnt  alive 
for  maintaining  that  matter  is  the  mother 
of  all  things  (1550-1600). 

Galileo,  who  was  imprisoned  twice  by 
the  Inquisition  for  maintaining  that  the 
earth  moved  round  the  sun  and  not  the 
sun  round  the  earth  (1564-1642). 

And  scores  of  others. 

Marvellous  Boy  {The),  Thomas 
Chatterton  (1752-1770). 

I  thought  of  Chatterton,  the  marvellous  boy, 
The  sleepless  soul  that  perished  in  his  pride. 

Wordsworth. 

Marwood  {Alice),  daughter  of  an 
old  woman  who  called  herself  Mrs.  Brown. 
When  a  mere  girl,  she  was  concerned  in  a 
burglary  and  was  transported.  Carker, 
manager  in  the  firm  of  Dombey  and  Son, 
seduced  her,  and  both  she  and  her  mother 
determined  on  revenge.  Alice  bore  a 
striking  resemblance  to  Edith  (Mr,  Dom- 
bey's  second  wife),  and  in  fact  they  were 
cousins,  for  Mrs.  Brown  was  "wife"  of 
the  brother-in-law  of  the  Hon.  Mrs. 
Skewton  (Edith's  mother).  —  Dickens: 
Dombey  and  Son  (1846). 

Marwood  {Mistress),  jilted  by  Fainall 
and  soured  against  the  whole  male  sex. 
She  says,  "  I  have  done  hating  those 
vipers — men,  and  am  now  come  to  despise 
them ; "  but  she  thinks  of  marrying,  to 
keep  her  husband  "on  the  rack  of  fear 
and  jealousy."  —  Congreve :  The  Way 
of  the  World  (1700). 

Mary,  the  pretty  housemaid  of  the 
worshipful  the  mayor  of  Ipswich  {Nup- 
iins).  When  Arabella  Allen  marries  Mr. 
Winkle,    Mar.v  enters  her  service,    but 


eventually  marries  Sam  Weller,  and  lives 
at  Dulwich  as  Mr.  Pickwick's  house- 
keeper.—Z)*<r>^«j.-  The  Pickwick  Paiers 
(1836). 

Mary,  niece  of  Valentine  and  his  sister 
Alice.     In  love  with  Mons.   Thomas. 
Fletcher:  Mons.  Thomas  (1619). 

Mary.  The  queen's  Marys,  four  young  j 
ladies  of  quahty,  of  the  same  age  asj 
Mary  afterwards  "queen  of  Scots." 
They  embarked  with  her  in  1548,  on 
board  the  French  galleys,  and  were  des- 
tined to  be  her  playmates  in  childhood, 
and  her  companions  when  she  grew  up. 
Their  names  were  Mary  Beaton  (or 
Bethune),  Mary  Livingstone  (or  Leuison), 
Mary  Fleming  (or  Flemyng),  and  Mary 
Seaton  {Seton  or  Seyton). 

'.'  Mary  Carmichael  has  no  place  in 
authentic  history,  although  an  old  ballad 
says — 

Yestrien  the  queen  had  four  Marys ; 

This  night  she'U  hae  but  three  : 
There  was  Mary  Beaton,  and  Mary  Seaton, 

And  Mary  Carmichael,  and  me. 

(One  of  Whyte  Melville's  novels  is 
called  The  Queen's  Marys, ) 

Mary  Ambree.  The  English  Joan 
of  Arc.  Noted  for  her  valour  at  the  siege 
of  Ghent  and  often  referred  to  by  authors. 

Joan  of  Arc  and  English  Mall  {.q.v.) 5.  Butler: 

Hudibras,  pt.  i,  c.  iii.  Une  366  (1664). 

Mary  Anne,  a  slang  name  for  the 
guillotine ;  also  called  Labbaye  de  monte- 
d-regret  ("the  mountain  of  mournful 
ascent ").    (See  Marianne,  p.  674. ) 

Mary  Anne,  a  generic  name  for  a 
secret  republican  society  in  France.  (See 
Marianne,  p.  674. ) — Disraeli :  Lothair. 

Mary  Anne  was  the  red-name  for  the  republic  years 
ago,  and  there  always  was  a  sort  of  myth  that  these 
secret  societies  had  been  founded  by  a  woman. 

The  Mary-Anne  associations,  which  are  essentially 
republic,  are  scattered  about  all  the  provinces  of  France. 
— Lothair. 

Mary  Graham,  an  orphan  adopted 
bv  old  Martin  Chuzzlewit.  She  eventu- 
ally married  Martin  Chuzzlewit  the 
grandson,  and  hero  of  the  tale. 

"  The  youngr  girl,"  said  the  old  man,  "  is  an  orphan 
child,  whom  ...  I  have  bred  and  educated,  or,  if  you 
prefer  the  word,  adopted.  For  a  year  or  two  she  has 
been  my  companion,  and  she  is  my  only  one.  I  have 
taken  a  solemn  oath  not  to  leave  her  a  sixpence  when  I 
die ;  but  while  I  live,  I  make  her  an  annual  allowance, 
not  extravagant  in  its  amount,  and  yet  not  stinted." — 
Dickens:  MarHn  Chuzxlcunt,  iii.  {1843). 

Mary  Stuart,  an  historical  tragedy 
by  J.  Haynes  (1840).  The  subject  is 
the  death  of  David  Rizzio. 

(Schiller  has  taken  Mary  Stuart  for  the 
subject  of  a  tragedy.     P.  l^brun  turuet? 


MARY  TUDOR. 

the  German  drama  into  a  French  play. 
Sir  W.  Scott,  in  The  Abbot,  has  taken  for 
his  subject  the  flight  of  Mary  to  England.) 

Mary  Tudor.  Victor  Hugo  has  a 
tragedy  so  called  (1833),  and  Tennyson,  in 
1878,  published  a  play  called  Queen  Mary, 
an  epitome  of  her  reign. 

Mary  and  Byron.  The  "  Mary  "  of 
lord  Byron  was  Miss  Chaworth.  Both 
were  under  the  guardianship  of  Mr. 
White.  Miss  Chaworth  married  John 
Musters,  and  lord  Byron  married  Miss  Mil- 
banke  ;  both  equally  unfortunate.  Lord 
Byron,  in  Tfu  Dream,  refers  to  his  love 
affair  with  Mary  Chaworth,    (See  p.  163. ) 

Mary  and  Calais.  When  Calais  was 
rescued  from  the  English  by  the  due  de 
Guise,  in  1558,  queen  Mary  was  so  down- 
hearted that  she  said,  at  death  the  word 
'  *  Calais  "  would  be  found  imprinted  on 
her  heart. 

^  Montpensier  said,  if  his  body  were 
opened  at  death  the  name  of  Philip  (of 
Spain)  would  be  found  imprinted  on  his 
htaxX.— Motley :  The  Dutch  Republic, 
pt.  ii.  5. 

Mary  in  Heaven,  Highland 
Mary,  and  Mary  Morison.      The 

tirst  of  these  refers  to  Mary  Campbell, 
who  died  1786,  aged  37,  ten  years  older 
than  Burns.  The  other  two  refer  to  Mary 
Morison,  who  died  young,  and  to  whom 
Burns  was  attached  before  he  left  Ayrshire 
for  Nithsdale.  The  two  lines  in  Mary 
Morison — 

Those  smiles  and  glances  let  me  see. 
That  make  the  miser's  treasure  poor; 

resemble  the  two  following  in  Highland 
Mary  : — 

Still  o'er  those  scenes  my  mem'ry  wakes. 
And  fondly  broods  with  miser  care. 

Mary  of  Mode'na,  the  second  wife 
of  James  II.  of  England,  and  mother  of 
"  The  Pretender," 

Mamma  was  to  assume  the  character  and  stately  way 
of  the  royal  "  Mary  of  Modena." — Percy  Fitzgerald : 
The  Parvenu  Family,  iii.  239. 

Mary  queen  of  Scots  was  con- 
fined first  at  Carlisle ;  she  was  removed 
in  1568  to  Bolton;  1569  she  was  con- 
fined at  Tutbury,  Wingfield,  Tutbury, 
Ashby-de-la-Zouche,  and  Coventry ;  in 
1570  she  was  removed  to  Tutbury,  Chats- 
worth,  and  Sheffield  ;  in  1577  to  Chats- 
worth  ;  in  1578  to  Sheffield ;  in  1584  to 
Wingfield ;  in  1385  to  Tutbury,  Chartley, 
Tixhall,  and  Chartley ;  in  1586  (Septem- 
ber 25)  to  Fotheringay, 


683 


MASANIELLO. 


(She  is  introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott 
in  his  novel  The  Abbot.) 

N.B.— Schiller  has  taken  Mary  Stuart 
for  the  subject  of  his  best  tragedy,  and 
P.  Lebrun  brought  out  in  France  a  French 
version  thereof  (1729-1807). 

Mary  queen  of  Scots.    The  most 

elegant  and  poetical  compliment  ever 
paid  to  woman  was  paid  to  Mary  queen 
of  Scots,  by  Shakesp>eare,  in  Midsummer 
Nights  Dream.  Remember,  the  mermaid 
is  ' '  queen  Mary  ;  "  the  dolphin  means  the 
"  dauphin  of  France,"  whom  Mary  mar- 
ried ;  the  rude  sea  means  the  "  Scotch 
rebels  ;  "  and  the  stars  that  shot  from  iheir 
spheres  means  "the  princes  who  sprang 
from  their  allegiance  to  queen  Elizabeth  ;  "  * 
and  probably  the  name  Mary  and  the 
Latin  mare  (2  syl.),  meaning  "  the  sea," 
may  have  suggested  the  compound  word 
"  j^a-maid." 

Thou  remember'st 
Since  once  I  sat  upon  a  promontory, 
And  heard  a  tnemtaid,  on  a  rfo;^A/«Vback, 
Uttering  such  dulcet  and  harmonious  breath, 
That  the  rude  sea  grew  civil  at  her  song- ; 
And  certain  stars  shot  madly/rom  their  sf  Herts, 
To  hear  the  sea-maid's  music. 

Act  U.  sc  X  (1592). 

These  "  stars  "  were  the  earl  of  North- 
umberland, the  earl  of  Westmoreland,  and 
the  duke  of  Norfolk. 

Mary  tlie  Maid  of  the  Inn,  the 

delight  and  sunshine  of  the  parish,  about 
to  be  married  to  Richard,  an  idle,  worth- 
less fellow.  One  autumn  night,  two 
guests  were  drinking  at  the  inn,  and  one 
remarked  he  should  not  much  like  to  go 
to  the  abbey  on  such  a  night.  "I'll 
wager  that  Mary  will  go,"  said  the  other, 
and  the  bet  was  accepted.  Mary  went, 
and,  hearing  footsteps,  stepped  into  a 
place  of  concealment,  when  presently 
passed  her  two  men  carrying  a  young 
woman  they  had  just  murdered.  The  hat 
of  one  blew  off,  and  fell  at  Mary's  feet. 
She  picked  it  up,  flew  to  the  inn,  told  her 
story,  and  then,  producing  the  hat,  found 
it  was  Richard's.  Her  senses  gave  way, 
and  she  became  a  confirmed  maniac  for 
life, — Southey  :  Mary  the  Maid  of  the  Inn 
(from  Dr.  Plot's  History  of  Staffordshire, 
1686). 

Mar'zavan,  foster-brother  of  the 
princess  Badou'ra. — Arabian  Nights 
("Camaralzaman  and  Badoura"). 

Masaniello,  a  corruption  of  [Tom]- 
mas  Aniello,  a  Neapolitan  fisherman,  who 
headed  an  insurrection  in  1647  against 
the  duke  of  Arcos ;   and  he  resolved  to 


MASCARILLE. 

kill  the  duke's  son  for  having  seduced 
Fenella  his  sister,  who  was  deaf  and 
dumb.  The  insurrection  succeeded,  and 
Masaniello  was  elected  by  his  rabble 
"chief  magistrate  of  Portici ;  "  but  he 
became  intoxicated  with  his  greatness, 
so  the  mob  shot  him,  and  flung  his  dead 
body  into  a  ditch.  Next  day,  however, 
it  was  taken  out  and  interred  with  much 
ceremony  and  pomp.  When  Fenella 
heard  of  her  brother's  death,  she  threw 
herself  into  the  crater  of  Vesuvius. 

(Auber  has  an  opera  on  the  subject 
(1831),  the  libretto  by  Scribe.  CarafFa 
had  chosen  the  same  subject  for  an  opera 
previously. ) 

•  Mascarille  {3  syl),  the  valet  of  La 
Grange.  (See  La  Grange  p.  587.)— M?- 
Ilire  :  Les  Prdcieuses  Ridicules  (1659). 

(Moli^re  had  already  introduced  the 
same  name  in  two  other  of  his  comedies, 
LEtourdi  {1653)  andZ«  Dipit Amoureux , 
1654-) 

Masetto,  a  rustic  engaged  to  Zerllna  ; 
but  don  Giovanni  intervenes  before  the 
wedding,  and  deludes  the  foolish  girl 
into  believing  that  he  means  to  make  her 
a  great  lady  and  his  wife. — Mozart :  Don 
Giovanni  (hbretto  by  L.  da  Ponte,  1787). 

Mask'well,  the  "double  dealer." 
He  pretends  to  love  lady  Touchwood, 
but  it  is  only  to  make  her  a  tool  for 
breaking  the  attachment  between  Melle- 
font  (2  syl.)  and  Cynthia.  Maskwell 
pretends  friendship  for  Mellefont  merely 
to  throw  dust  in  his  eyes  respecting  his 
designs  to  carry  off  Cynthia,  to  whom 
Mellefont  is  betrothed.  Cunning  and 
hyprocrisy  are  Maskwell's  substitutes  for 
wisdom  and  honesty. — Congreve :  The 
Double  Dealer  (1700). 

Mason  ( William).  The  medallion  to 
this  poet  in  Westminster  Abbey  was  by 
Bacon. 

Mass  {The).  Pope  Celestinus  or- 
dained the  introit  and  Gloria  in  Excelsis. 

Pope  Gregory  the  Great  ordained 
to  say  the  Kyrie  Eleison  nine  times,  and 
the  prayer. 

Pope  Gelasius  ordained  the  Epistle 
and  Gospel ;  and  Damasus,  the  Credo. 

Alexander  inserted  in  the  canon  the 
clause,  Qui  pridie  quam  fatei-etur. 

Sextus  ordained  the  Sanctus ;  Inno- 
cent, the  Pax. 

Leo  introduced  the  Orate,  Fratres,  and 
the  words  in  the  canon.  Sanctum  Sacri- 
Acium,     et     immaculatam     Hostiam. — 


(84  MAT-O'-THE-MINT. 

Edzvard  Kinesman  :  Lives  of  the  Saints, 
p.  187  (1623). 

Mast  {The  Tallest).  The  mainmast 
of  the  Merry  Dun  of  Dover  was  so  tall 
'*  that  the  boy  who  climbed  it  would  be 
grey  with  extreme  age  before  he  could 
reach  deck  2igSim."— Scandinavian  My- 
thology. 

Master  { The).  Goethe  is  called  Der 
Meister  { 1749-1832). 

I  beseech  you,  Mr.  Tickler,  not  to  be  so  sarcastic  oa 
"  The  Master." — Nodes  Ambrosiana. 

Master  Adam,  Adam  Billaut,  the 
French  poet {1602-1662). 

Master  Humphrey's  Clock.  In- 
tended for  a  series  of  tales  to  be  told  by 
Master  Humphrey  ;  but  only  two  were 
published,  viz.  Barnaby  Pudge,  and  The 
Old  Curiosity  Shop.— Dickens  (1840-41). 

Master  Leonard,  grand-master  of 
the  nocturnal  orgies  of  the  demons.  He 
presided  at  these  meetings  in  the  form  of 
a  three-horned  goat  with  a  black  human 
face. — Middle  Age  Demonology. 

Master  Matthew,  a  town  gull.— 
Ben  Jonson  :  Every  Man  in  His  Humour 
(1598). 

We  have  the  cheating  humour  in  the  cliaracter  of 
"  Nyni,"  the  bragfging  humour  in  "Pistol, '  the  melan- 
choly humourin  "Master  Stephen, '  and  the  quarrelling 
humour  in  "  Master  l>\^\.'a\^\i."— Edinburgh  Review. 

Master  Stephen,  a  country  gull 
of  melancholy  humour.  (See  Master 
Matthew.)— .5^;^  Jonson:  Every  Man 
in  His  Humour  {1598). 

Master  of  Sentences,  Pierre  Lom- 
bard, author  of  a  book  called  Sentences 
(1100-1164). 

Masters  [Doctor),  physician  to  queen 
Elizabeth.— 6'z>  W.  Scott:  Kenilworth 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Masters  {The  Four)-,  (i)  Michael 
O'Clerighe  [or  Clery),  who  died  1643  ; 
(2)  Cucoirighe  O'Clerighe ;  (3)  Maurice 
Conry ;  (4)  Fearfeafa  Conry  ;  authors  of 
Annals  of  Donegal. 

Mat  Mizen,  mate  of  H.M.  ship 
Tiger.  The  type  of  a  daring,  reckless, 
dare-devil  English  sailor.  His  adven- 
tures with  Harry  Clifton  in  Delhi  form 
the  main  incidents  of  Barrymore's  melo- 
drama, El  Hyder,  Chief  of  the  Ghaut 
Mountaius, 

Mat-o'-the-Mint,  a  highwayman 
in  captain  Macheath's  gang.  Peaclium 
says,  "  Pie  is  a  promising,  sturdy  fellow, 
and  diligent  in  his  way.     Somewhat  too 


MATABRUNE. 

bold  and  hasty  ;  one  that  may  raise  good 
contributions  on  the  public,  if  he  does 
not  cut  himself  short  by  murder." — Gay  : 
The  Beggars  Opera,  i.  (1727). 

Mataljrune  (3  syl),  wife  of  king 
Pierron  of  the  Strong  Island,  and  motljcr 
of  prince  Oriant  one  of  the  ancestors  of 
Godfrey  of  ^Qvi\ViO\i.—Medi(BvalRo7nance 
of  Chivalry. 

Mathematical  Calculators. 

(i)  George  Parkes  Bidder,  president 
of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers 
(1800-        ). 

(2)  Jedediah  Buxton  of  Elmeton,  in 
Derbyshire.  He  would  tell  how  many 
letters  were  in  any  one  of  his  father's  ser- 
mons, after  hearing  it  from  the  pulpit. 
He  went  to  hear  Garrick,  in  Richard  III.  ^ 
and  told  how  many  words  each  actor 
uttered  (1705-1775)- 

{3)  ZerahColburn  of  Vermont,  U.S., 
came  to  London  in  1812,  when  he  was 
eight  years  old.  The  duke  of  Gloucester 
set  him  to  multiply  five  figures  by  three, 
and  he  gave  the  answer  instantly.  He 
would  extract  the  cube  root  of  nine  figures 
in  a  few  seconds  (1804-1840). 

(4)  ViTO  Mangiamele,  son  of  a 
Sicilian  shepherd.  In  1839  MM.  Arago, 
Lacroix,  Libri,  and  Sturm,  examined  the 
boy,  then  11  years  old,  and  in  half  a 
minute  he  told  them  the  cube  root  of 
seven  figures,  and  in  three  seconds  of 
nine  figures  (i8i8-      ). 

(5)  Alfragan,  the  Arabian  astro- 
nomer, who  died  820. 

Mathilde  (3  syl. ),  sister  of  Gessler  the 
tyrannical  governor  of  Switzerland.  In 
love  with  Arnoldo  a  Swiss,  who  saved 
her  life  when  it  was  imperilled  by  an 
avalanche.  After  the  death  of  Gessler, 
she  married  the  bold  Swiss. — Rossini: 
Guglielmo  Tell  (an  opera,  1829). 

Mathis,  a  German  miller,  greatly  in 
debt.  One  Christmas  Eve  a  Polish  Jew 
came  to  his  house  in  a  sledge,  and,  after 
rest  and  refreshment,  started  for  Nantzig, 
•'four  leagues  off."  Mathis  followed 
him,  killed  him  with  an  axe,  and  burnt 
the  body  in  a  lime-kiln.  He  then  paid 
his  debts,  greatly  prospered,  and  became 
a  highly  respected  burgomaster.  On  the 
wedding  night  of  his  only  child,  Annette, 
he  died  of  apoplexy,  of  which  he  had 
previous  warning  by  the  constant  sound 
of  sledge-bells  in  his  ears.  In  his  dream 
he  supposed  himself  put  into  a  mesmeric 
sleep  in  open  court,  when  he  confessed 


685       MATTHEW  MERRYGREEK. 

everything,  and  was   executed — Ware: 
The  Polish  Jew. 

(This  is  the  character  which  first  intro- 
duced sir  H.  Irving  to  public  notice.) 

Math'isen,  one  of  the  three  ana- 
baptists who  induced  John  of  Leyden  to 
join  their  rebeUion  ;  but  no  sooner  was 
John  proclaimed  "the  prophet-king" 
than  the  three  rebels  betrayed  him  to  the 
emperor.  When  the  villains  entered  the 
banquet-hall  to  arrest  their  dupe,  they  all 
perished  in  the  flames  of  the  burning 
palace. — Meyerbeer:  Le  PropKite  (an 
opera,  1849). 

Matil'da,  sister  of  RoUo  and  Otto 
dukes  of  Normandy,  and  daughter  of 
'&o^^\{\?i.— Fletcher :  The  Bloody  Brother 
(1639)- 

Matilda,  daughter  of  lord  Robert 
Fitzwalter,  a  poem  of  some  650  lines,  by 
Drayton  (1594). 

Matilda,  daughter  of  Rokeby,  and 
niece  of  Mortham.  Matilda  was  beloved 
by  Wilfred,  son  of  Oswald  ;  but  she  her- 
self loved  Redmond,  her  father's  page,, 
who  turned  out  to  be  Mortham's  son. — 
Sir  W.  Scott :  Rokeby  (1812). 

Matsys  [Quintin),  a  blacksmith  of 
Antwerp,  son  of  one  of  the  greatest  of 
ironworkers.  He  fell  in  love  with  Liza  tly 
daughter  of  Johann  Mandyn,  the  artist. 
The  father  declared  that  none  but  an 
artist  should  have  her  to  wife  ;  so  Matsys 
relinquished  his  trade,  and  devoted  him- 
self to  painting.  After  a  while,  he  went 
into  the  studio  of  Mandyn  to  see  his 
picture  of  the  fallen  angels ;  and  on  the 
outstretched  leg  of  one  x)f  the  figures  ha 
painted  a  bee.  This  was  so  life-like  that 
when  the  old  man  returned,  he  proceeded 
to  frighten  it  off  with  his  handkerchief. 
When  he  discovered  the  deception,  and 
found  out  it  was  done  by  Matsys,  he  was 
so  delighted  that  he  at  once  gave  Liza 
to  him  for  wife. 

Matthew  [The  Gospel  0/  St.).  One 
of  the  four  Gospels,  written  by  Matthew 
a  collector  of  tolls  paid  for  goods  and 
passengers  coming  to  Capernaum  by  the 
sea  of  Galilee.  Probably  written  for 
Jews,  as  it  is  very  careful  to  show  iiow  the 
life  of  Christ  corresponded  to  the  pre- 
dictions of  the  Jewish  prophets. 

Eusebius  says,  "Matthew  then  wrote  the  Divlns 
Oraclesinthe  Hebrew  dialea."—£cf/MjVwrtVa///iji*ry, 
lii.  39- 

Matthew  Merry^reek,  the  servant 
of  Ralph  Poister  Doister.  He  is  a  f^esh- 
and-blood   representative  of    "vice"  in 


MATTHEWS  BIBLE. 


686 


MAUNDREL. 


the  old  morality-plays. — Nicholas  Udall: 
Ralph  Roister  Doister  (the  first  English 
comedy,  1634). 

Mattliew's  Bible,  Tindal's  version 
completed  by  Coverdale  and  Rogers,  dedi- 
cated to  Henry  VHI.  in  1537,  "  under 
the  borrowed  name  of  Thomas  Mat- 
thews, "  —  Hook :  Church  Dictionary 
(Sth  edit.). 

N.B. — This  must  not  be  confounded 
with  Matthew  Parker's  Bible,  published  in 
1572. 

Matthias  de  Moncada,  a  mer- 
chant. He  is  the  father  of  Mrs.  Wither- 
ington,  wife  of  general  Witherington. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Surgeons  Daughter 
{time,  George  H.). 

Matthias  de  Silva  ^Don),  a  Span- 
ish beau.  This  exquisite  one  day  re- 
ceived a  challenge  for  defamation  soon 
after  he  had  retired  to  bed,  and  said  to 
his  valet,  "  I  would  not  get  up  before 
noon  to  make  one  in  the  best  party  of 
pleasure  that  was  ever  projected.  Judge, 
then,  if  I  shall  rise  at  six  o'clock  in  the 
morning  to  get  my  throat  cut." — Lesage: 
Gil  Bias,  iii.  8  (1715). 

(This  reply  was  borrowed  from  the 
romance  of  Espinel,  entitled  Vida  del 
Escudero  Marcos  de  Obregon,  1618.) 

*  Mattie,  maidservant  of  Bailie  Nicol 
Jarvie,  and  afterwards  his  wife. — Sir  IV. 
Scott:  Rod  Roy  (time,  George  I.). 

Maud,  a  dramatic  poem  by  Tennyson. 
Maud  is  described  as  a  young  lady — 

Faultily  faultless,  icily  regular,  splendidly  nuU. 

Tennyson  :  Maud,  I.  U. 

Maude  (i  syl.),  wife  of  Peter  Prate- 
fast,  "who  loved  cleanliness." 

She  kepe  her  dishes  from  all  foulenes ; 
And  when  she  lacked  clowtes  withouten  fayle, 
She  wyped  her  dishes  with  her  dogges  taylL 
Ha-wcs:  The  Passe-tjime  of  PUsure,  xxix.  (1515). 

Maugis,  the  Nestor  of  French  ro- 
mance. He  was  one  of  Charlemagne's 
paladins,  a  magician  and  champion. 

•.'In  Itahan  romance  he  is  called 
"Malagigi "  {q.v.). 

Maugis  d'Aygremont,  son  of 
duke  Bevis  d'Aygremont,  stolen  in  in- 
fancy by  a  female  slave.  As  the  slave 
rested  under  a  white-thorn,  a  lion  and 
a  leopard  devoured  her,  and  then  killed 
each  other  In  disputing  over  the  infant. 
Oriande  la  f^e,  attracted  to  the  spot  by 
the  crying  of  the  child,  exclaimed,  "By 
the  powers  above,  the  child  is  mat  gist 
('  badly  nursed ') ! "  and  ever  after  it  was 


called  Mal-gist  or  Mau-gis'.  When  grown 
to  manhood,  he  obtained  the  enchanted 
horse  Bayard,  and  took  from  Anthenor 
(the  Saracen)  the  sword  Flamberge.  Sub- 
sequently he  gave  both  to  his  cousin 
Renaud  {Renaldo). — Romance  of  Maugis 
d Aygremont  et  de  Vivian  son  Frire. 

'.•  In  the  Italian  romance,  Maugis  is 
called  "  Malagigi,"  Bevis  is  "  Buovo," 
Bayard  is  "  Bayardo,"  Flamberge  is 
"  Fusberta,"  and  Renaud  is  "  Renaldo." 

Maugrabin  [Zamet),  a  Bohemian 
hung  near  Plessis  16s  Tours. 

Hayraddin  Maugrabin,  the  "  Zingaro," 
brother  of  Zamet  Maugrabin.  He  as- 
sumes the  disguise  of  Rouge  Sanglier, 
and  pretends  to  be  a  herald  from  Lifege 
\Le-aje\ — Sir  W.  Scott:  Quentin  Dur- 
tuard  {\.\m(i,  Edward  IV.). 

Mau'graby,  son  of  Hal-il-Mau- 
graby  and  his  wife  Yandar.  Hal-il- 
Maugr.aby  founded  Dom-Daniel  "  under 
the  roots  of  the  ocean "  near  the  coast 
of  Tunis,  and  his  son  completed  it. 
He  and  his  son  were  the  greatest 
magicians  that  ever  lived.  Maugraby 
was  killed  by  prince  Habed-il-Rouman, 
son  of  the  caliph  of  Syria,  and  with  his 
death  Dom-Daniel  ceased  to  exist. — 
Continuation  of  Arabian  Nights  ("His- 
tory of  Maugraby  "). 

Did  they  not  say  to  us  every  day  that  if  we  were 
nauglity,  the  Maugraby  would  take  us  t— Continuation 
0/ Arabian  Nights,  iv.  74. 

Maugys,  a  giant  who  kept  the  bridge 
leading  to  a  castle  in  which  a  lady  was 
besieged.  Sir  Lybius,  one  of  the  knights 
of  the  Round  Table,  did  battle  with 
him,  slew  him,  and  liberated  the  lady. — 
Libeaux  (a  romance). 

Maul,  a  giant  who  used  to  spoil 
young  pilgrims  with  sophistry.  He  at- 
tacked Mr.  Greatheart  with  a  club ;  but 
Greatheart  pierced  him  under  the  fifih 
rib,  and  then  cut  off  his  head. — Bunyan  : 
Pilgrims  Progress,  ii.  (1684). 

Maul  of  Monks,  Thomas  Crom- 
well, visitor-general  of  English  monas- 
teries, which  he  summarily  suppressed 
(1490-1540). 

Maulstatute  [Master),  a  magistrate. 
—Sir  W.  Scott:  Peveril  of  the  Peak 
(time,  Charles  II.). 

Mauu'drel,  a  wearisome  gossip,  a 
chattering  woman. 

"  Haud  your  tongue,  Maundrel,"  cried  the  surgeon, 
throwing  tht  cobweb  on  the  floor  and  applying  a  dress- 
ing.— Saxon  and  Gael,  iii.  81. 


MAUPRAT. 

*.  •  This  word  and  the  verb  to  maunder 
are  said  to  be  coined  from  the  name 
Alaundeville.  Sir  John  Mandeville  [q.v.) 
published  a  book  of  travels,  full  of  idle 
tales  and  maundering  gossip. 

Mauprat  {Adrien  de),  colonel  and 
chevalier  in  the  king's  army;  "the 
wildest  gallant  and  bravest  knight  of 
France."  He  married  Julie ;  but  the 
king  accused  hira  of  treason  for  so  doing, 
and  sent  him  to  the  Bastille.  Being 
released  by  cardinal  Richelieu,  he  was 
forgiven  and  made  happy  with  the 
blessing  of  the  king. — Lord  Lytton : 
Richelieu  (1839). 

Manrice  Beevor  (5?r),  a  miser, 
and  (failing  the  children  of  the  countess) 
heir  to  the  Arundel  estates.  The  countess 
having  two  sons  (Arthur  and  Percy),  sir 
Maurice  hired  assassins  to  murder  them  ; 
but  his  plots  were  frustrated,  and  the 
miser  went  to  his  grave  "a  sordid, 
spat-upon,  revengeless,  worthless,  and 
rascally  poor  cousin. " — Lord  Lytton  ;  The 
Sea-Captain  (1839). 

Manri-Gasima,  an  island  near 
Formosa,  said  to  have  been  sunk  in  the 
sea  in  consequence  of  the  great  crimes  of 
its  inhabitants. — Koempfer  :  Japan. 

\  The  cities  of  the  plain,  we  are  told  in 
the  Bible,  were  sunk  under  the  waters  of 
the  Dead  Sea  for  a  similar  reason. 

Mause  {^Old),  mother  of  Cuddie 
Headrigg,  and  a  covenanter. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Mansolus,  king  of  Caria,  to  whom 
his  wife  ArtSmisia  erected  a  sepulchre 
which  was  one  of  the  "  Seven  Wonders 
of  the  World  "  (b.c.  353). 

U  The  chief  mausoleums  besides  this  are 
those  of  Augustus  ;  Hadrian  (now  called 
the  castle  of  St.  Angelo)  at  Rome  ;  Henri 
II.,  erected  by  Catherine  de  Medicis  ;  St. 
Peter  the  Martyr  in  the  church  of  St. 
Eustatius,  by  G.  Balduccio ;  that  to  the 
memory  of  Louis  XVI.  ;  and  the  tomb  of 
Napoleon  in  Les  Invalides,  Paris.  The 
one  erected  by  queen  Victoria  to  prince 
Albert  may  also  be  mentioned. 

Mautlie  Dog,  a  black  spectre  dog 
that  haunted  the  guard-room  of  Peeltown 
in  the  Isle  of  Man.  One  day,  a  drunken 
trooper  entered  the  guard-room  while  the 
dog  was  there,  but  lost  his  speech,  and 
died  within  three  days. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel,  vi.  26  (1805). 

This  is  a  curiosity  of  etymology.  Mauthe  is  the  Manx 
for  "dug,"  and  doog  fot  "blaclc,"  but  the  lesemblaace 


687 


MAXIME. 


of  dooz  and  dag  has  misled  many.  Mauthe,  Gaelic 
madadh,  "a  dog,"  and  doog,  the  Gaelic  adjective 
dubh.  (Sec  Notts  and  Qutries,  February  15,  1896,  p. 
125,  coL  a.) 

Mauzalin'da,  in  love  with  Moore  of 
Moore  Hall ;  but  the  valiant  combatant 
of  the  dragon  deserts  her  for  Margery, 
daughter  of  Gubbins,  of  Roth'ram  Green. 
— Carey :  Dragon  of  Wantley  {1696- 
1743)- 

Mavortian,  a  soldier  or  son  of 
Mavors  [Mars). 

Hew  dreadfull  Mavortian  the  poor  price  of  a  dinner. 
—Richard  Bromt :  Plays  (1653). 

Mavonmin,  Irish  for  "darling" 
jEri«,waz'(7«r«»«/("Ireland,my  darling!") 

Land  of  my  forefathers  1  "  Erin  go  bragh  !  " 
Buried  and  cold,  when  my  heart  stills  her  motion, 
Green  be  thy  fields,  sweetest  isle  of  the  ocean  1 
And  thy  harp-striking  bards  sing  aloud  with  devotion, 

"  Erin,  mavoumin  I  Erin  go  bragh  1 " 

CatnJibeU;  Exilt  0/ Erin. 

(Bragh  =  braw,  to  rhyme  with  "  draw." 
"Erin  go  bragh!"  i.e.  "Ireland  for 
ever  !  ") 

Mawworm,  a  vulgar  copy  of  Dr. 
Cantwell  "  the  hypocrite."  He  is  a  most 
gross  abuser  of  his  mother  tongue,  but 
believes  he  has  a  call  to  preach.  He  tells 
old  lady  Lambert  that  he  has  made 
several  sermons  already,  but  ' '  always 
does  'em  extrumpery  "  because  he  could 
not  write.  He  finds  his  "religious  voca- 
tion "  more  profitable  than  selling 
"grocery,  tea,  small  beer,  charcoal, 
butter,  brickdust,  and  other  spices,"  and 
so  comes  to  the  conclusion  that  it  "is 
sinful  to  keep  shop."  He  is  a  convert  of 
Dr.  Cantwell,  and  beheves  in  him  to  the 
last. 

Do  despise  me ;  I'm  the  prouder  for  it  I  like  to  be 
despised.— .ffw:>t*rjto^.-  Th*  HypocHU,  il.  i  (1768). 

Max,  a  huntsman,  and  the  best 
marksman  in  Germany.  He  was  plighted 
to  Agatha,  who  was  to  be  his  wife,  if  he 
won  the  prize  in  the  annual  match.  Cas- 
par induced  Max  to  go  to  the  wolfs  glen 
at  midnight  and  obtain  seven  charmed 
balls  from  Samiel  the  Black  Huntsman. 
On  the  day  of  contest,  while  Max  was 
shooting,  he  killed  Caspar  who  was  con- 
cealed in  a  tree,  and  the  king  in  conse- 
quence abolished  this  annual  fete. — 
Weber:  Der  Freischutz  (an  opera,  1822). 

Mazixue  {2  syl.),  an  officer  of  the 
prefect  Almachius.  He  was  ordered  to 
put  to  death  Valirian  and  1  ibur'c^,  be- 
cause they  refused  to  worship  the  image 
of  Jupiter ;  but  he  took  pity  on  them, 
took  them  to  his  house,  became  con- 
verted, and  was  baptized.   When  Valirian 


MAXIMILIAN. 


683 


MAYE. 


and  Tiburce  were  afterwards  martyred, 
Maxime  said  he  saw  angels  come  and 
carry  them  to  heaven,  whereupon  Alraa- 
chius  caused  him  to  be  beaten  with  rods 
"  til  he  his  lif  gan  lete." — Chaucer :  Can- 
terbury Tales  ("Second  Nun's  Tale," 
1388). 

•.*  This  is  based  on  the  story  of 
"Cecilia"  in  the  Legenda  A  urea ;  and 
both  are  imitations  of  the  story  of  Paul 
and  the  jailer  of  Philippi  (Acts  xvi. 
19-34)- 

Maximil'iaxi  (son  of  Frederick  III.), 
the  hero  of  the  Teuerdank,  the  Orlando 
Furioso  of  the  Germans,  by  Melchior 
Pfinzing. 

•  .  .  \here\  in  old  heroic  days, 
Sat   the   poet  Melchior,   sin^ng  kaiser   Maximilian's 
piidse. 

Longfellow:  Nuremberg. 

Maxiznin,  a  Roman  tyrant.  — 
Dry  den  :  Tyrannic  Love  or  The  Royal 
Martyr. 

Maximus  (called  by  Geoffrey,  "  Max- 
imian  "),  a  Roman  senator,  who,  in  381, 
was  invited  to  become  king  of  Britain. 
He  conquered  Armorica  [Bretagne),  and 
"pubhshed  a  decree  for  the  assembling 
together  there  of  100,000  of  the  common 
people  of  Britain,  to  colonize  the  land, 
and  30,000  soldiers  to  defend  the  colony." 
Hence  Armorica  was  called,  "The  other 
Britain"  or  "Little  Britain." — Geoffrey: 
British  History,  v.  14  (1142). 

Got  Maximus  at  length  the  victory  in  Gaul, 
.  .  .  where,  after  Gratian's  fall, 
Armorica  to  them  the  valiant  victor  gave  .  .  . 
Which  colony  .  .  .  is  "  Little  Britain"  called. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  ix.  (1612). 

Maxwell,  deputy  chamberlain  at 
Whitehall.— 5»>  W.  Scott:  Fortunes  oj 
Nigel  (time,  James  I. ). 

Maxwell  (-1/n  Pate),  laird  of  Summer- 
trees,  called  ' '  Pate  in  Peril ;  "  one  of  the 
papist  conspirators  with  Redgauntlet. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Redgauntlet  (time,  George 
IIL). 

Maxwell  ( The  Right  Hon.  William), 
lord  Evandale,  an  officer  in  the  kings 
army.— Sir  W.  Scott:  Old  Mortality 
(time,  Charles  II.). 

May,  a  girl  who  married  January  a 
Lombard  baron  60  years  old.  (See  the 
Merchant's  Tale.)— C>4a«c<fr  ;  Can- 
terbury Tales  (1388). 

May  unlucky  for  Brides.  This 
was  an  old  Roman  superstition ;  in  this 
month  were  held  the  festivals  of  Bona 
Dea  (the  goddess  of  chastity),  and  the 


feasts  of  the  dead  called  Lemuralia. 
Mary  queen  of  Scotland  married  Both- 
well,  the  murderer  of  her  husband  lord 
Darnley,  on  May  12. 

Mense  malum  Maio  nubere  vulgus  ait. 

Ovid:  Fastorum.y. 

May-Day  [Evil),  May  i,  1517,  when 
the  London  apprentices  rose  up  against 
the  foreign  residents  and  did  incalculable 
mischief.  This  riot  began  May  i,  and 
lasted  till  May  22.  (See  Vortigern,  etc.) 

May  Queen  [The],  a  poem  in  three 
parts  by  Tennyson  (1842).  Alice,  a 
bright-eyed,  merry  child,  was  chosen 
May  queen,  and,  being  afraid  she  might 
oversleep  herself,  told  her  mother  to  be 
sure  to  call  her  early. 

I  sleep  so  sound  all  night,  mother,  that  I  shall  never 

wake. 
If  you  do  not  call  me  loud  when  the  day  begins  to  break ; 
But  I  must  gather   knots   of  flowers,  and  buds  and 

garlands  gay, 
For  I'm  to  be  queen  o'  the  May,  mother,  I'm  to  be 

queen  o'  the  May. 

The  old  year  passed  away,  and  the  black- 
eyed,  rustic  maiden  was  dying.  She 
hoped  to  greet  the  new  year  before  her 
eyes  closed  in  death,  and  bade  her  mother 
once  again  to  be  sure  to  call  her  early  ; 
but  it  was  not  now  because  she  slept  so 
soundly.     Alas !  no. 

Good  night,  sweet  mother :  call  me  before  the  day  is 

born. 
All  night  I  lie  awake,  but  I  fall  asleep  at  mom ; 
But  I  would  see  the  sun  rise  upon  the  glad  New  Year, 
So,  if  you're  waking,  call  me,  call  me  early,  mother  dear. 

The  day  rose  and  passed  away,  but 
Alice  lingered  on  till  March.  The  snow- 
drops had  gone  before  her,  and  the 
violets  were  in  bloom.  Robin  had  dearly 
loved  the  child,  but  the  thoughtless 
village  beauty,  in  her  joyous  girlhood, 
tossed  her  head  at  him,  and  never  thought 
of  love ;  but  now  that  she  was  going  to 
the  land  of  shadows,  her  dying  words 
were — 

And  say  to  Robin  a  kind  word,  and  tell  him  not  to  fret ; 
There's  many  a  worthier  than  I,  would  make  him  hapov 

yet.  "^^^ 

If  I  had  lived— I  cannot  tell— I  might  have  beenhi'^ 

wife; 
But  all  these  things  have  ceased  to  be,  with  my  desire 

of  life. 

Maye  {The),  that  subtile  and  ab- 
struse sense  which  the  goddess  Maya 
inspires.  Plato,  Epicharmos,  and  some 
other  ancient  philosophers  refer  it  to  the 
presence  of  divinity,  "  It  is  the  divinity 
which  stirs  within  us."  In  poetry  it 
gives  an  inner  sense  to  the  outward  word, 
and  in  common  minds  it  degenerates  into 
delusion  or  second  sight.  Maya  is  an 
Indian  deity,  and  personates  the  *'  power 
of  creation." 


MAYEUX. 

Hartmann  possfede  la  M,1ye,  ...  II  lalsse  pin^tre  dans 
scs  dcritsles  sentiments,  et  les  pens^es  dont  son  ame  est 
ceiiiplie,  et  cherche  sans  cesse  a  resoudre  les  antithiises. 

//  fber:  Hiitoirt  dt  la  LitUratHrcAlUmandt. 

Mayeiix,  a  stock  name  in  France  for 
i  man  deformed,  vain,  and  licentious,  but 
witty  and  brave.  It  occurs  in  a  large 
number  of  French  romances  and  cari- 
catures. 

Mayflower,  a  ship  of  i8o  tons, 
which,  in  December,  1620,  started  from 
Plymouth.and  conveyed  to  Massachusetts, 
in  North  America,  102  puritans,  called  the 
"Pilgrim  Fathers,"  who  named  their 
settlement  New  Plymouth. 

...  the  Mayflower  %:x\\cA  from  the  harbour  [/'/)'»»<«'/*], 
Took  the  wind  on  her  quarter,  and  stood  for  the  open 

Atlantic, 
Borne  on  the  sand  of  the  sea,  and  the  swelling  hearts 

of  the  pilgrims. 
Lone/ellow  :  Courtship  of  Miles  Standish,  v.  (1858). 

Men  of  the  May/lower,  the  Pilgrim 
Fathers,  who  went  out  in  the  Mayflower 
to  North  America  in  1620. 

Mayflower  {Phoebe),  servant  at  sir 
Henry  Lee's  lodge. — Sir  W.  Scott; 
Woodstoock  (time,  Commonwealth). 

Maylie  {Mrs.),  the  lady  of  the  house 
attacked  burglariously  by  Bill  Sikes  and 
others.  Mrs.  Maylie  is  mother  of  Harry 
Maylie,  and  aunt  of  Rose  Fleming  who 
lives  with  her. 

She  was  well  advanced  in  years,  but  the  high-backed 
oaken  chair  in  which  she  sat  was  not  more  upright  than 
she.  Dressed  with  the  utmost  nicety  and  precision  in 
a  quaint  mixture  of  bygone  costume,  with  some  slight 
concessions  to  the  prevailing  taste,  which  rather 
served  to  point  the  old  style  pleasantly  than  to  impair 
its  effect,  sne  sat  in  a  stately  manner,  with  her  hands 
folded  before  het.—£)ic/tens  :  Oliver  Twist  ch.  xxix. 

Harry  Maylie,  Mrs.  Maylie's  son.  He 
turned  a  clergyman  and  married  his 
cousin  Rose  Fleming. — Dickens:  Oliver 
Twist  {1837). 

Mayor  of  Garratt  { The).  Garratt 
is  between  Wandsworth  and  Tooting. 
The  first  mayor  of  this  village  was 
elected  towards  the  close  of  the  eigh- 
teenth century,  and  the  election  came 
about  thus :  Garratt  Common  had  often 
been  encroached  on,  and  in  1780  the  in- 
habitants associated  themselves  together 
to  defend  their  rights.  The  chairman 
was  called  Mayor,  and  as  it  happened  to 
be  the  time  of  a  general  election,  the 
society  made  it  a  law  that  a  new 
"mayor"  should  be  elected  at  every 
general  election.  The  addresses  of  these 
mayors,  written  by  Foote,  Garrick, 
Wilks,  and  others,  are  satires  and  politi- 
cal squibs.  The  first  mayor  of  Garratt 
was   "sir"  John   Harper,  a  retailer  of 


689  MAZEPPA. 

brickdust ;  and  the  last  was  "sir"  Harry 
Dimsdale,  a  muffin-seller  (1796).  In 
Foote's  farce  so  called,  Jerry  Sneak,  son- 
in-law  of  the  landlord,  is  chosen  mayor 
(1763). 

Mayors  {Lord)  who  have  founded 
noble  houses — 

Lord  Mayor. 

AVELAND  (iorrf),  from  sir  Gilbert  Heathcote     -    1711 

Bacon  (Lord),  from  sir  Thomas  Cooke,  draper  -    1557 

Bath  (Marquis  of),  from  sir  Rowland  Hey- 
ward,  cloth-worker       ......    1570 

Bravbrooke  (Lord),  from  sir  John  Gresham, 
grocer 1547 

Brooke  (Lord),  from  sir  Samuel  Dashwood, 
vintner 1702 

BUCKINGHAM  (Duke  of),  from  sir  John  Gre- 
sham, grocer 1547 

Co.MPTON  (Lord),  from  sir  Wolston  Dixie, 
skinner 1585 

CRANBOURNE  (yiscount),  fiom  sir  Christopher 
Gascoigne 1753 

Denbigh  (Earl  of),  from  sir  Godfrey  Fielding, 
mercer 1452 

DONNE  (KiJ(r<?J<«4.  from  sir  Gilbert  Heathcote  -     1711 

Fitzwilliam  (Earl  of),  from  sir  Thomas 
Cooke,  draper 1557 

PALMERSTON  (Lord),  from  sir  John  Houblon, 
grocer 1695 

Salisbury  (Marquis  of),  from  sir  Thomas 
Cooke,  draper 1557 

Warwick  (Earl  of),  from  sir  Samuel  Dash- 
wood,  vintner 1703 

Wiltshire  (Earlof),  from  sir  Godfrey  Boleine 
(queen  Elizabeth  was  his  granddaughter)         -    1457 

Maypole  {The),  the  nickname  given 
to  Erangard  Melosine  de  Schulemberg, 
duchess  of  Kendal,  the  mistress  of 
George  I.,  on  account  of  her  leanness  and 
height  (1719,  died  1743). 

Mazagran,  in  Algeria.  Ever  since 
the  capture  of  this  town  by  the  French, 
black  coffee  diluted  with  cold  water  for  a 
beverage  has  been  called  un  Mazagran. 

Mazariu  of  Letters  {The), 
D'Alembert  (1717-1783). 

Mazarine  {A),  a  common  council- 
man of  London ;  so  called  from  the 
mazarine-blue  silk  gown  worn  by  this 
civil  functionary. 

Mazeppa  {Jan),  a  hetman  of  the 
Cossacks,  born  of  a  noble  Polish  family 
in  Podoiia.  He  was  a  page  in  the  court 
of  Jan  Casimir  king  of  Poland,  and  while 
in  this  capacity  intrigued  with  Theresia 
the  young  wife  of  a  Podolian  count,  who 
discovered  the  amour,  and  had  the  young 
page  lashed  to  a  wild  horse,  and  turned 
adrift.  The  horse  rushed  in  mad  fury, 
and  dropped  down  dead  in  the  Ukraine, 
where  Mazeppa  was  released  by  a  Cos- 
sack, who  nursed  him  carefully  in  his 
own  hut.  In  time  the  young  page 
became  a  prince  of  the  Ukraine,  but 
fought  against  Russia  in  the  battle  of 
Pultowa.      Lord    Byroa    (1819)    makes 


M.  B.  WAISTCOAT.  690 

Mazej^pa  tell  his  tale  to  Charles   XII. 
after  the  battle  (1640-1709). 

(Bulgaria  has  made  this  story  the  sub- 
ject of  a  novel ;  and  Horace  Vernet  of 
two  paintings.) 

"Muster  Richardson"  had  a  fine  appreciation  of 
genius,  and  left  the  original  "  Mazeppa  "  at  Astley's  a 
handsome  legacy  [1766-1836].— 3/ar-fe  Lemon. 

M.  B.  Waistcoat,  a  clerical  waist- 
coat. M.  B.  means  ' '  Mark  \of  the] 
Beast ; "  so  called  because,  when  these 
waistcoats  were  first  worn  by  protestant 
clergymen  (about  1830),  they  were  stig- 
matized as  indicating  a  popish  tendency. 

He  smiled  at  the  folly  which  stigmatized  em  M.  B. 
waistcoat.— i1/rj.  Oliphant:  Phcxbi,  Jun.,  iu  i. 

Meadows  {Sir  William),  a  kind 
country  gentleman,  the  friend  of  Jack 
Eustace  and  father  of  young  Meadows. 

Young  Meadows  left  his  father's  home 
because  the  old  gentleman  wanted  him  to 
marry  Rosetta,  whom  he  had  never  seen. 
He  called  himself  Thomas,  and  entered 
the  service  of  justice  Woodcock  as  gar- 
dener. Here  he  fell  in  love  with  the 
supposed  chamber-maid,  who  proved  to 
be  Rosetta,  and  their  marriage  fulfilled 
the  desire  of  all  the  parties  interested. — 
Bickerstaff:  Love  in  a   Village. 

Charles  Dignum  made  his  debut  at  Drury  Lane,  in 
1784,  in  the  character  of  "  Voung  Meadows."  His 
voice  was  so  clear  and  full-toned,  and  his  manner  of 
singing  so  judicious,  that  he  was  received  with  the 
warmest  applause.— ZJjc/itfwar)'  of  Muiicians. 

Meagles  [Mr.),  an  eminently  "prac- 
tical man,"  who,  being  well  off,  travelled 
over  the  world  for  pleasure.  His  party 
consisted  of  himself,  his  daughter  Pet, 
and  his  daughter's  servant  called  Tatty- 
coram.  A  jolly  man  was  Mr.  Meagles  ; 
but  clear-headed,  shrewd,  and  perse- 
vering. 

M7-S.  Meagles,  wife  of  the  ' '  practical 
man,"  and  mother  of  Pet. — Dickens: 
Little  Dorrit  (1857). 

Meal-Tub  Plot,  a  fictitious  con- 
spiracy concocted  by  Dangerfield  for  the 
purpose  of  cutting  off  those  who  opposed 
the  succession  of  James  duke  of  York, 
afterwards  James  II.  The  scheme  was 
concealed  in  a  meal-tub  in  the  house  of 
Mrs.  Cellier  (1685). 

Measure  for  Measure.  There 
was  a  law  in  Vienna  that  made  it  death 
for  a  man  to  live  with  a  woman  not  his 
wife ;  but  the  law  was  so  little  enforced 
"that  the  mothers  of  Vienna  complained  to 
the  duke  of  its  neglect.  So  the  duke 
deputed  Angelo  to  enforce  it ;  and,  as- 
suming the  dress  of  a  friar,   absented 


MEDEA. 

himself  awhile,  to  watch  the  result. 
Scarcely  was  the  duke  gone,  when  Claudio 
was  sentenced  to  death  for  violating  the 
law.  His  sister  Isabel  went  to  intercede 
on  his  behalf,  and  Angelo  told  her  he 
would  spare  her  brother  if  she  would 
become  his  Phryng.  Isabel  told  her 
brother  he  must  prepare  to  die,  as  the 
conditions  proposed  by  Angelo  were  out 
of  the  question.  The  duke,  disguised  as 
a  friar,  heard  the  whole  story,  and  per- 
suaded Isabel  to  "  assent  in  words,"  but 
to  send  Mariana  (the  divorced  "  wife  "  of 
Angelo)  to  take  her  place.  This  was 
done;  but  Angelo  sent  the  provost  to 
behead  Claudio,  a  crime  which  "the 
friar  "  contrived  to  avert.  Next  day,  the 
duke  returned  to  the  city,  and  Isabel  told 
her  tale.  The  end  was,  the  duke  married 
Isabel,  Angelo  took  back  his  wife,  and 
Claudio  married  Juhet  whom  he  had 
seduced.  —  Shakespeare  :  Measure  for 
Measure  (1603).  (See  MARIANA,  p.  673.) 
(This  story  is  from  Whetstone's  comedy 
of  Protnos  and  Cassandra  (1578).  A 
similar  story  is  given  also  in  Giraldi 
Cinthio's  third  decade  of  stories.) 

Medain'othi,  the  island  at  which  the 
fleet  of  Pantag'ruel  landed  on  the  fourth 
day  of  their  voyage.  Here  many  choice 
curiosities  were  bought,  such  as  "  the 
picture  of  a  man's  voice,"  an  "echo 
drawn  to  life,"  "  Plato's  ideas,"  some  of 
"  Epicuros's  atoms,"  a  sample  of  "  Phi- 
lome'la's  needlework,"  and  other  objects 
of  virtu  to  be  obtained  nowhere  else. — 
Rabelais:  Pantag'ruel,  iv.  3  (1545). 

[Medatnothi  is  a  compound  Greek 
word,  meaning  "never  in  any  place." 
So  Utopia  is  a  Greek  compound,  meaning 
"no  place;"  Kennaquhair  is  a  Scotch 
compound,  meaning  "  I  know  not  where  ; " 
and  Kennahtwhar  is  Anglo-Saxon  for  the 
same.  All  these  places  are  in  91"  north 
lat.  and  iBo**  i'  west  long. ,  in  the  NiltalS 
Ocean.) 

Medea,  a  famous  sorceress  of  Colchis, 
who  married  Jason  the  leader  of  the  Argo- 
nauts, and  aided  him  in  getting  possession 
of  the  golden  fleece.  After  being  married 
ten  years,  Jason  repudiated  her  for  GlaucS ; 
and  Medea,  in  revenge,  sent  the  bride  a 
poisoned  robe,  which  killed  both  Glauc6 
and  her  father.  Medea  then  tore  to  pieces 
her  two  sons,  and  fled  to  Athens  in  a 
chariot  drawn  by  dragons. 

(The  story  has  been  dramatized  in 
Greek,  by  Euripides  ;  in  Latin,  by  Sengca 
and  by  Ovid ;  in  French,  by  Corneille 


MEDEA  AND  ABSYRTUS.         691 

>/<W/<?,  1635),  Longepierre  (1695),  and 
Legouve  {1849);  in  English,  by  Glover, 
1761.) 

Mrs  Yates  was  a  superb  "  Medea."— Cawi/WA 
N.B.—Ovid,  in  his  Heroides  (4  syl), 
has  an  hypothetical  letter,  in  Latin  verse, 
supposed  to  be  written  by  Medea  to 
Jason  after  his  marriage  with  Creusa 
(daughter  of  king  Creon),  reminding  him 
of  all  she  had  done  for  him,  and  reproving 
him  for  his  infidelity.  It  is  well  known 
that  Medea  sent  the  bride  a  poisoned 
robe,  which  caused  her  death  ;  and,  after 
a  time,  Jason  himself  was  killed  by  the 
mast  of  the  Argo  falling  on  his  head. 

Mede'a  and  Absyr'tus.  When 
Medea  fled  with  Jason  from  Colchis  (in 
Asia),  she  murdered  her  brother  Absyr- 
tus,  and,  cutting  the  body  into  several 
pieces,  strewed  the  fragments  about,  that 
the  father  might  be  delayed  in  picking 
them  up,  and  thus  be  unable  to  overtake 
the  fugitive. 

Meet  I  an  Infant  of  tTie  duke  of  York, 
Into  as  many  gobbets  will  I  cut  it 
As  wild  Medea  young  Absyrtus  did, 
Shakispcare  :  2  Henry  Vl.  act  v.  sc  a  (iS9i)« 

Mede'a's  Kettle.  Medea  the  sor- 
ceress cut  to  pieces  an  old  ram,  threw  the 
parts  into  her  caldron,  and  by  her  incan- 
tations changed  the  old  ram  into  a  young 
lamb.  The  daughters  of  Pelias  thought 
they  would  have  their  father  restored  to 
youth,  as  ^,son  had  been.  So  they 
killed  him,  and  put  the  body  in  Medea's 
caldron  ;  but  Medea  refused  to  utter  the 
needful  incantation,  and  so  the  old  man 
was  not  restored  to  life,     (See  Vran.) 

Change  the  shape,  and  shake  off  age.  Get  thee 
Medea's  kettle,  and  be  boiled  ^a&yi.—  Con^reve: 
Lwc/or  Love,  iv.  {1695). 

Medecin  Kalgre  Lui  (Z.<?),  a 
comedy  by  Molifere  (1666).  The  "enforced 
•  doctor "  is  Sganarelle,  a  faggot-maker, 
who  is  called  in  by  G^ronte  to  cure  his 
daughter  of  dumbness.  (The  rest  of  the 
tale  is  given  under  Geronte,  No.  2. ) 

(In  1733  Fielding  produced  a  farce 
called  The  Mock  Doctor,  which  was  based 
on  this  comedy.  The  doctor  he  calls 
"Gregory,"  and  Geronte  "sir  Jasper." 
Lucinde,  the  dumb  girl,  he  calls  "  Char- 
lotte," and  Anglicizes  her  lover  L^andre 
into  "  Leander.") 

Medham  (" //5«  keen"),  one  of 
Mahomet's  swords. 

Medicine.  So  the  alchemists  called 
the  matter  (whatever  it  might  be)  by 
which  they  performed  their  transforma- 
♦'ons:  as,  for  example,  the  "  philosopher's 


MEDULLA  THEOLOGI^. 

stone,"  which  was  to  transmute  whatever 
it  touched  into  gold  ;  "  the  elixir  of  life," 
which  was  to  renew  old  age  to  youth. 

How  mnch  unlike  art  thou,  Mark  Ant»ny  1 
Yet,  coming  from  him,  that  great  medicine  hath 
With  his  tinct  gilded  thee. 
Shakespeare  :  Antony  and  Cleopatra,  actl.  sc.  J  {1608). 

Tlu  Father  of  Medicine,  Aretaeos  of 
Cappadocia  (second  and  third  centuries). 

\  Also  Hippoc'rat^s  of  Cos  (B.C. 
460-357)- 

Medi'na,  the  Golden  Mean  personi* 
fied.  Step-sister  of  Elissa  [■parsimony) 
and  Perissa  [extravagance).  The  three 
sisters  could  never  agree  on  any  subject. 
— Spenser:  Faerie  Queejie,  ii.  (1590). 

Meditations  among  the  Tombs, 

a  prose  work  of  a  similar  order  to  Sturm's 
Reflections,  and  Young's  Night  Thoughts  ; 
by  Hervey  {1746). 

Mediterranean  Sea  [The  Key  of 
the),  the  fortress  of  Gibraltar. 

Medley  [Matthew),  the  factotum  of 
sir  Walter  Waring.  He  marries  Dolly, 
daughter  of  Goodman  Fairlop  the  wood- 
man.— Dudley:  The  Woodman  [1771), 

Medo'ra,  the  beloved  wife  of  Conrad 
the  corsair.  When  Conrad  was  taken 
captive  by  the  p.^cha  Seyd,  Medora  sat 
day  after  day  expecting  his  return,  and 
feeling  the  heart-anguish  of  hope  deferred. 
Still  he  returned  not,  and  Medora  died. 
In  the  mean  time,  Gulnare,  the  favourite 
concubine  of  Seyd,  murdered  the  pacha, 
liberated  Conrad,  and  sailed  with  him  to 
the  corsair's  island  home.  When,  how- 
ever, Conrad  found  Medora  was  dead,  he 
quitted  the  island,  and  went  no  one  knew 
whither.  The  sequel  of  the  story  forms 
the  poem  called  Lara. — Byron :  The 
Corsair  (1814). 

Medo'ro,  a  Moorish  youth  of  extra- 
ordinary beauty,  but  of  humble  race ; 
page  to  Agramante.  Being  wounded, 
Angelica  dressed  his  wounds,  fell  in  love 
with  him,  married  him,  and  retired  with 
him  to  Cathay,  where,  in  right  of  his 
wife,  he  became  king.  This  was  the 
cause  of  Orlando's  madness.— -(4nW<?  ; 
Orlando  Furioso  (i5i'j). 

When  don  Roldan  [Orlando]  discovered  !n  a  foun- 
tain proofs  of  Angelica's  dishonourable  conduct  with 
Medoro,  it  distracted  him  to  such  a  degree  that  ho 
tore  up  huge  trees  by  the  roots,  sullied  the  purest 
streams,  destroyed  flocks,  slew  shepherds,  fired  their 
huts,  pulled  houses  to  the  ground,  and  committed  a 
thousand  other  most  furious  exploits  worthy  of  being 
reported  in  fame's  register. — CervatUes  :  Don  Quixote, 
I.  lii.  II  (1605). 

Medulla  Theologiae,  a  contro- 
versial treatise  by  William  Ames  (1623). 


MEDULLA  THEOLOGICA.  692         MEJNOUN  AND  LEIL.\H. 


Medulla  Theologica,  a  theological 
work  by  Louis  Abelli  bishop  of  Rhodes 
(1604-1691).  It  is  alluded  to  by  Boileau, 
in  the  Lutrin,  iv.  (1683). 

Medu'sa  [The  Soft),  Mary  Stuart 
queen  of  Scots  (1542-1587). 

Rise  from  thy  bloody  grave, 

Theu  soft  Medusa  of  the  "  Fated  Line," 
Whose  evil  beauty  looked  to  death  the  brave  I 

Lord  Lytton  :  Ode,  i.  (1839). 

Meeta,  the  "maid  of  Mariendorpt," 
a  true  woman  and  a  true  heroine.  She  is 
the  daughter  of  Mahldenau,  minister  of 
Mariendorpt,  whom  she  loves  almost  to 
idolatry.  Her  betrothed  is  major  Rupert 
Roselheim.  Hearing  of  her  father's 
captivity  at  Prague,  she  goes  thither  on 
foot  to  crave  his  pardon. — K?iowles : 
The  Maid  of  Mariendorpt  (1838). 

Meg,  a  pretty,  bright,  dutiful  girl, 
daughter  of  Toby  Veck,  and  engaged  to 
Richard,  whom  she  marries  on  New 
Year's  Day. — Dickens:  The  Chimes 
(1844). 

Megr  Dods,  the  old  landlady  at  St. 
Ronan's  Well. — Sir  IV.  Scott :  St. 
Ronan's  Well  (time,  George  IH.). 

Megf  Merrilies,  a  half-crazy  sibyl, 
the  ruler  of  the  gipsy  race.  She  was  the 
nurse  of  Harry  Bertram. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Guy  Manne7'ing  {\.\me,  George  H.), 

'.*  In  Terry's  dramatized  version  of 
Guy  Mannering,  Miss  Cushman  was  an 
inimitable  Meg  Merrilies.  It  was  one  of 
the  finest  pieces  of  acting  I  ever  saw 
(1818-1876).  The  words  of  her  part  were 
poor  stuff,  but  her  look,  her  gestures,  her 
tone  of  voice,  her  coming  on  and  going 
off,  were  all  eloquent. 

Meg^  Murdoclison,  an  old  gipsy 
thief,  mother  of  Madge  Wildfire. — Sir 
W.  Scott :  Heart  of  Midlothian  (time, 
George  II.). 

Megid'don,  the  tutelar  angel  of 
Simon  the  Canaanite.  This  Simon, 
"once  a  shepherd,  was  called  by  Jesus 
from  the  field,  and  feasted  Him  in  his 
hut  with  a  lamb."  —  Klopstock  :  The 
Messiah,  iii.  (1748). 

Megring-jard,  the  belt  of  Thor, 
whereby  his  strength  was  doubled. 

Meg-issog'won  [''the  great  pearl- 
feataer"),  a  magician,  and  the  Manlto  of 
wealth.  It  was  Megissogwon  who  sent 
the  fiery  fever  on  man,  the  white  fog, 
and  death.  Hiawatha  slew  him,  and 
taught    man    the  science    of   medicine. 


This  great  Pearl-Feather  slew  the  father 
of  Niko'mis  (the  grandmother  of  Hia- 
watha). Hiawatha  all  day  long  fought 
with  the  magician  without  effect ;  at  night- 
fall the  woodpecker  told  him  to  strike  at 
the  tuft  of  hair  on  the  magician's  head, 
the  only  vulnerable  place  ;  accordingly, 
Hiawatha  discharged  his  three  remaining 
arrows  at  the  hair-tuft,  and  Megissogwon 
died. 

Honour  be  to  Hiawatha  I 
He  hath  slain  the  great  Pearl-Feather; 
Slain  the  mightiest  of  magicians — 
Him  that  sent.the  fiery  fever,  .  .  . 
Sent  disease  and  death  among  us. 

Longfellow  :  Hiawatha,  ix.  {i8ss>. 

Megnoun.    (See  Mejnoun.  ) 

Me^'ra,  a  lascivious  lady  in  the  drama 
called  Philaster  or  Love  Lies  a-bleeding, 
by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher  (1608). 

Meigfle,  in  Strathmore,  the  place 
where  Guinever,  Arthur's  queen,  was 
buried. 

Meiklelxose  [Isaac),  one  of  the 
elders  of  Rosen eath  parish. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Heart  of  Midlothian  [ilraQ,  George 

n.). 

Meiklewham  [Mr.  Saunders),  "  the 
man  of  law,"  in  the  managing  committee 
of  the  Spa  hotel.— Sir  IV.  Scott:  St. 
Ronan's  Well  [iirae,  George  III.). 

Meister  [Wilhelm),  the  hero  and 
title  of  a  novel  by  Goethe,  the  object  of 
which  is  to  show  that  man,  despite  his 
errors  and  shortcomings,  is  led  by  a 
guiding  hand,  and  reaches  some  higher 
aim  at  last  (1821). 

Meistersingers,  or  minstrel  trades- 
men of  Germany.  An  association  of 
master  tradesmen,  to  revive  the  national 
minstrelsy,  which  had  fallen  into  decay 
with  the  decline  of  the  minnesingers  or 
love-minstrels  (1350-1523).  Their  sub- 
jects were  chiefly  moral  or  religious,  and 
constructed  according  to  rigid  rules. 
The  three  chief  were  Hans  Rosenbliit 
(armorial  painter,  born  1450),  Hans 
Folz  (surgeon,  born  1479),  and  Hans 
Sachs  (cobbler,  1494-1574).  The  next 
best  were  Heinrich  von  Mueglen,  Konrad 
Harder,  Master  Altschwert,  Master  Bar- 
thel  Regenbogen  (the  blacksmith),  Mus^ 
cablut  (the  tailor),  and  Hans  Blotz  (the 
barber). 

Mej'noun  and  Leilah  (2  syl.), 
a  Persian  love  tale,  the  Romeo  and 
Juliet  of  Eastern  romance.  They  are  the 
most  beautiful,  chaste,  and  impassionate 


MELANCHATES. 

of  lovers;    the  models  of   what  lovers 
would  be  if  human  nature  were  perfect. 

When  he  sang  the  loves  of  Meffi»6"n  and  Leileh  .  .  . 
tears  insensibly  overflowed  the  cheeks  of  his  auditors. 
—Beck/ord:  Vathek  (1786). 

Melan'chates  {4  syl),  the  hound 
that  killed  Actaeon,  and  was  changed 
into  a  hart. 

Melanchates,  that  hound 
That  plucked  Acteon  to  the  grounde, 
Gaue  him  his  mortal  wound,  .  .  . 
Was  chaunq:6d  to  a  harte. 
SkeltoH  :  Philip  Sparrow  (time,  Henry  VIII.). 

Melanclioly  {The  Anatomy  of),  z. 
book  full  of  quotations,  Greek,  Latin, 
German,  Italian,  French,  and  English. 
It  treats  of  philosophy,  medicine,  poetry, 
astrology,  music,  etc.  It  first  shows 
what  melancholy  means,  then  branches 
off  into  its  seat,  varieties,  causes, 
symptoms,  cure  ;  it  first  takes  melancholy 
generally,  and  then  descends  to  special 
kinds  of  melancholy.  It  is  one  of  the 
most  erudite  books  ever  pubUshed,  and  is 
a  mine  of  wealth  to  authors  and  orators. 
— Robert  Burton  (1621). 

(Dr.  T.  Bright  wrote  a  Treatise  on 
Melancholy  ( 1586) ;  and  Thomas  Wharton 
a  poem  on  The  Pleasures  of  Melancholy, 
X74S-) 

Nothing  so  dainty  sweet  as  lovely  melancholy. 

Beaumont  and  Fletcher, 

Melantius,  a  rougli,  honest  soldier, 
who  believes  every  one  is  true  till  con- 
victed of  crime,  and  then  is  he  a  relentless 
punisher.  Melantius  and  Diph'ilus  are 
brothers  of  EvadnS. —  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher:  The  Maid's  Tragedy  {i6io) . 

' .  •  The  master  scene  between  Antony 
and  Ventidius  in  Dryden's  All  for  Love  is 
copied  from  The  Maid's  Tragedy.  "Ven- 
tidius "  is  in  the  place  of  Melantius. 

Melcliior,  one  of  the  three  kings  of 
Cologne.  He  was  the  "  Wise  Man  of  the 
East "  who  offered  to  the  infant  Jesus 
gold,  the  emblem  of  royalty.  The  other 
two  were  Gaspar  and  Balthazar.  Mel- 
chior  means  ' '  king  of  light." 

Melcliior,  a  monk  attending  the  black 
priest  of  St.  Paul's. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  Anne 
of  Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Melcliior  [i.e.  Melchior  Pfiming),  a 
German  poet  who  wrote  the  Teuerdank, 
an  epic  poem  which  has  the  kaiser  Maxi- 
milian (son  of  Frederick  III.)  for  its 
hero.  This  poem  was  the  Orlando 
Furioso  of  the  Germans. 

Sat  the  poet  Melchior,  singing  kaiser  Maximilian's 
praise. 

Lons fellow :  Nuremberg. 


693  MELIBE. 

Melea'ger,  son  of  Althaea,  who  was 
doomed  to  live  while  a  certain  log  re- 
mained uneonsumed.  Althaea  kept  the 
log  for  several  years,  but  being  one  day 
angry  with  her  son,  she  cast  it  on  the  fire, 
where  it  was  consumed.  Her  son  died  at 
the  same  moment. — Ovid  :  Metam.,  viii.  4. 

•.•Sir  John  Davies  uses  this  to  illus- 
trate the  immortality  of  the  soul.  He 
says  that  the  life  of  the  soul  does  not 
depend  on  the  body  as  Meleager's  life 
depended  on  the  fatal  brand. 

Again,  if  by  the  body's  prop  she  stand— 
If  on  the  body's  life  her  hfe  depend. 

As  Meleager's  on  the  fatal  brand  ; 
The  body's  good  she  only  would  intend. 

Reason,  iii,  (1622). 

Melesig'enes  (s  Jj/.).  Homer  is  so 
called  from  the  river  MeI6s  (2  syl.),  in 
Asia  Minor,  on  the  banks  of  which  some 
say  he  was  born. 

.  .  .  various-measured  verse, 
yEolian  charms  and  Dorian  lyric  odes, 
And  his  who  gave  them  breath,  but  higher  sung. 
Blind  Melesiggnes,  thence  Homer  called. 
Whose  poem  Phrebus  challenged  for  his  own. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Regained  (1671). 

Mali  {Giovanni),  a  Sicilian,  born  at 
Palermo  ;  immortalized  by  his  eclogues 
and  idylls.  Meli  is  called  "  The  Sicilian 
Theocritus  "  (1740-1815). 

Much  it  pleased  him  to  peruse 
The  songs  of  the  Sicilian  Muse- 
Bucolic  songs  by  Meli  sung. 
Longfellow :  The  IVayside  Inn  (prelude,  1863). 

Meliades  (4  syl.),  an  anagram  of 
Miles  a  D^o\  "God's  Soldier."  So 
prince  Henry  (son  of  James  I.)  called 
himself;  and,  at  his  death,  W.  Drummond 
wrote  an  elegy,  called  Tears  on  the  Death 
of  Meliades  (1613). 

(Froissart  compiled  the  verses  written 
by  the  duke  of  Brabant,  and  added  some 
of  his  own.  He  called  the  collection 
Meliador,  or  The  Knight  of  the  Golden 
Sun,  about  1390.) 

Meliadus,  father  of  sir  Tristan  ; 
prince  of  Lyonnesse,  and  one  of  the 
heroes  of  Arthurian  romance. — Tristan 
de  Leonois  (1489). 

*."  Tristan,  in  the  History  of  Prifice 
Arthur,  compiled  by  sir  T,  Malory  (1470), 
is  called  "Tristram  ;  "  but  the  old  minne- 
singers of  Germany  (twelfth  century) 
called  the  name  "Tristan." 

Mel'ibe  (3  syl.),  a  rich  young  man 
married  to  Prudens.  One  day,  when 
MelibS  was  in  the  fields,  some  enemies 
broke  into  his  house,  beat  his  wife,  and 
wounded  his  daughter  Sophie  in  her  feet, 
hands,  ears,  nose,  and  mouth.  Melib^ 
was  furious  and  vowed  vengeance,  but 


MELIBEE.  694 

Pradens  persuaded  him  "  to  forgive  his 
enemies,  and  to  do  good  to  them  who 
despitefully  used  him."  So  he  called 
together  his  enemies,  and  forgave  them, 
to  the  end  that  "  God  of  His  endeles 
mercie  wole  at  the  tyme  of  our  deyinge 
forgive  us  oure  giltes  that  we  have 
trespased  to  Him  in  this  wreeched  world." 
— Chaucer:  Canterbury  Ta/w  {1388). 

(This  prose  tale  is  a  literal  translation 
of  a  French  story,  called  Livre  de  Melihie 
et  de  datne  Prudence,  which  is  a  free 
translation  of  the  Latin  story  olAlbertano 
de  Brescia. — See  MS.  Reg.,  xix.  7;  and 
MS.  Reg.,  xix,  11,  British  Museum.) 

Melibee,  a  shepherd,  and  the  re- 
puted father  of  Pastorella.  Pastorella 
married  sir  Call d ore. —5/f«j^r;  Faerie 
Queene,  vL  9  (1596). 

("  Melibee '  is  sir  Francis  Walsingham. 
In  the  Ruins  of  Time  Spenser  calls  him 
"  Melibee."  Sir  Philip  Sidney  (the  "  sir 
Calidore  "  of  the  Faerie  Queene)  married 
his  daughter  Frances.  Sir  Francis  Wal- 
singham died  in  1590,  so  poor  that  he  did 
not  leave  enough  to  defray  his  funeral 
expenses. ) 

Melib<B'an  Dye,  a  rich  purple.  So 
called  because  Melibcea  of  Thessaly  was 
famous  for  the  ostrum,  a  fish  used  in 
dying  purple. 

A  military  vest  of  purple  flowed. 
Livelier  than  Meliboean. 

Milten  :  Paradise  Lost,  xi.  242  (1665). 

Meliboeus,  one  of  the  shepherds  in 
F.clogue  i.  of  Virgil. 

Spenser,  in  the  Ruins  of  Time  (1.591), 
calls  sir  Francis  Walsingham  "  the  good 
Melibee ; "  and  in  the  last  book  of  the 
Faerie  Queene  he  calls  him  "  Melibee." 

Melin'da,  cousin  of  Sylvia.  She 
loves  Worthy,  whom  she  pretends  to 
dislike,  and  coquets  with  him  for  twelve 
months.  Having  driven  her  modest 
lover  to  the  verge  of  distraction,  she 
relents,  and  consents  to  many  him. — 
Farquhar:  The  Recruiting  O^cer  [170$). 

Mel'ior,  a  lovely  fairy,  who  carried  off 
in  her  magic  bark,  Parthen'opex  of  Blois 
to  her  secret  island. — Parthenopex  de  Blois 
(a  French  romance,  twelfth  century). 

Melisen'dra  [The  princess),  natural 
daughter  of  Marsilio,  and  the  "  supposed 
daughter  of  Charlemagne."  She  eloped 
with  don  Gayferos.  The  king  Marsilio 
sent  his  troops  in  pursuit  of  the  fugitives. 
Having  made  Melisendra  his  wife,  don 
Gayferos  delivered  her  up  captive  to  the 


MELL. 

Moors  at  Saragossa.  This  v/as  the  story 
of  the  puppet-show  of  Master  Peter, 
exhibited  to  don  Quixote  and  his  'squire 
at  "the  inn  beyond  the  hermitage." — 
Cervantes:  Don  Quixote,  II.  ii.  7  (1615). 

Melissa,  a  prophetess  who  lived  in 
Merlin's  cave.  Bradamant  gave  her  the 
enchanted  ring  to  take  to  Roge'ro ;  so, 
under  the  form  of  Atlantis,  she  went  to 
Alclna's  isle,  delivered  Rogero,  and  dis- 
enchanted all  the  captives  in  the  island. 

In  bk.  xix.  Melissa,  under  the  form  of 
RodSmont,  persuaded  Agramant  to  break 
the  league  which  was  to  settle  the  contest 
by  single  combat,  and  a  general  battle 
ensued.  —  Ariosto :  Orlando  Fu7-ioso 
(1516). 

IT  This  incident  of  bk  xix.  is  similar 
to  that  in  Homer's  Iliad,  iii.,  iv.,  where 
Paris  and  Menelaos  agree  to  settle  the 
contest  by  single  combat ;  but  Minerva 
persuades  PandSros  to  break  the  truce, 
and  a  general  battle  ensues. 

(There  is  a  Melissa  in  Tennyson's 
Princess,  1847.) 

Me'lita  (now  Malta).  The  point  to 
which  the  vessel  that  carried  St.  Paul  was 
driven  was  the  "  Porto  de  San  Paolo," 
and  according  to  tradition  the  cathedral 
of  Citta  Vecchia  stands  on  the  site  of  the 
house  of  Publius  the  Roman  governor. 
St.  Paul's  grotto,  a  cave  in  the  vicinity,  is 
so  named  in  honour  of  the  great  apostle. 

IJXeli'tns,  a  gentleman  of  Cyprus,  in 
the  drama  called  The  Laws  of  Candy,  by 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher  (1647). 

Melizyns,  king  of  Thessaly,  in  the 
golden  era  of  Saturn.  He  was  the  first 
to  tame  horses  for  the  use  of  man. 

In  whose  time  reigrned  also  in  Thessayle  (a  syl.), 
A  parte  of  Grece,  the  kvng  Melizyus, 

That  was  right  strong  and  fierce  in  battaile ; 
By  whose  laboure,  as  the  storye  sheweth  us. 

He  brake  first  horses,  wilde  and  rig-orous. 

Teaching  his  men  on  them  rigrht  wel  to  ryde; 

And  he  himselfe  did  first  the  horse  bestride. 

llawes  :  The  Passe-tyme  0/  Plesure,  i.  (igis). 

Meliz'yns  [King)  held  his  court  in  the 
Tower  of  Chivalry,  and  there  knighted 
Graunde  Amoure,  after  giving  him  the 
following  advice : — 

And  first  Good  Hope  his  legrgfe  hameyes  should  bo; 
His  habergion,  of  Perfect  Rvghteousnes, 
Gird  first  with  the  girdle  oi'Chastitie ; 
His  rich  placarde  should  be  good  busines, 
Brodred  with  Alms  .  .  . 

The  helmet  Mekenes,  and  the  shelde  Good  Fayelh, 
His  swerde  GoSs  Word,  as  St.  Paule  sayeth. 
tlavies  :  TAe  Passe-tyme  0/  Plesure,  xxviiL  (ijis). 

Mell  [Mr.),  the  poor,  down-trodden 
second  master  at  Salem  House,  the  school 
of  Mr.  Creakles.     Mr.  Mali  played  the 


MELLEFONT. 


69s 


flute.  His  mothef  lived  in  an  almshouse, 
and  Steerforlh  used  to  taunt  Mell  with 
this  "  degradation,"  and  indeed  caused 
him  to  be  discharged.  Mell  emigrated 
to  Australia,  and  succeeded  well  in  the 
new  country. — Dickens:  David  Co^er- 

Melle'font  (a  syl),  in  love  with 
Cynthia  daughter  of  sir  Paul  Pliant. 
His  aunt,  lady  Touchwood,  had  a  criminal 
fondness  for  him,  and  because  he  re- 
pelled her  advances  she  vowed  his  ruin. 
After  passing  several  hair-breadth  escapes 
from  the  "double  dealing"  of  his  aunt 
and  his  "  friend  "  Maskwell,  he  succeeded 
in  winning  and  marrying  the  lady  of  his 
attachment.  —  Congreve  :  The  Double 
Dealer  (1700). 

Mellifluous  Doctor  {The),  St. 
Bernard,  whose  writings  were  called  "  ^ 
river  of  paradise  "  (1091-1153). 

Melnotte  {Claude),  a  gardener's  son, 
in  love  with  Pauline  "the  Beauty  of 
Lyons,"  but  treated  by  her  with  contempt. 
Beauseant  and  Glavis,  two  other  rejected 
suitors,  conspired  with  him  to  humble 
the  proud  fair  one.  To  this  end,  Claude 
assumed  to  be  the  prince  of  Coino,  and 
Pauline  married  him,  but  was  indignant 
when  she  discovered  how  she  had  been 
duped.  Claude  left  her  to  join  the  French 
army,  and,  under  the  name  of  Morier, 
rose  in  two  years  and  a  half  to  the  rank 
of  colonel.  He  then  returned  to  Lyons, 
and  found  his  father-in-law  on  the  eve 
of  bankruptcy,  and  Pauhne  about  to  be 
sold  to  Beauseant  to  pay  the  creditors. 
Claude  paid  the  money  required,  and 
cl.iimed  Pauline  as  his  loving  and  truthful 
wife. — LordLytton  :  Lady  of  Lyons  {1838). 

Kelo  \Juan  de),  bom  at  Castile  in  the 
fifteenth  century.  A  dispute  having 
arisen  at  Esalo'na  upon  the  question 
whether  Achillas  or  Hector  were  the 
braver  warrior,  the  mcirquis  de  Ville'na 
called  out,  "  Let  us  see  if  the  advocates 
of  Achillfes  can  fight  as  well  as  prate." 
At  the  word,  there  appeared  in  the 
assembly  a  gigantic  fire-breathing  mon- 
ster, which  repeated  the  same  chsdlenge. 
Every  one  shrank  back  except  Juan  de 
Melo,  who  drew  his  sword  and  placed 
himself  before  king  Juan  H.  to  protect 
him,  "  tide  hfe,  tide  death."  The  king 
appointed  him  alcayd6  of  Alcala  la  Real, 
in  Grana'da,  for  his  loyalty. — Chronica 
de  Don  Alvaro  de  Luna. 

Melrose  {Violef),  an  heiress,  who 
marries  Charles  Middlewick.    This  was 


MELVILLE. 

against  the  consent  of  his  father,  because 
Violet  had  the  bad  taste  to  snub  the  re- 
tired tradesman,  and  considered  vulgarity 
as  the  '*  unpardonable  sin." 

Mary  Melrose,  Violet's  cousin,  but  with- 
out a  penny.  She  marries  Talbot  Champ- 
neys  ;  but  his  father,  sir  Geoffry,  wanted 
him  to  marry  Violet  the  heiress. — H.  J. 
Byron  :  Our  Boys  (a  comedy,  1875). 

Melusi'na,  the  most  famous  of  the 
fSes  of  France.  Having  enclosed  her 
father  iri  a  mountain  for  offending  her 
mother,  'she  was  condemned  to  become 
a  serpent  every  Saturday.  When  s!ie 
married  the  count  of  Lusignan,  she  made 
her  husband  vow  never  to  visit  her  on 
that  day,  but  the  jealousy  of  the  count 
made  him  break  his  vow.  Melusina  was, 
in  consequence,  obliged  to  leave  her 
mortal  husband,  and  roam  about  the 
world  as  a  ghost  till  the  day  of  doom. 
Some  say  the  count  immured  her  in  the 
dungeon  wall  of  his  castle. — Jean  d  Arras 
(fourteenth  century). 

• .  •  The  cry  of  despair  given  by  the  fie 
when  she  discovered  the  indiscreet  visit  of 
her  husband,  is  the  origin  of  the  phrase, 
Un  cri  de  Milusine  ("A  shriek  of  de- 
spair "). 

Melvil  {Sir  John),  a  young  baronet, 
engaged  to  be  married  to  Miss  Sterling, 
the  elder  daughter  of  a  City  merchant, 
who  promises  to  settle  on  her  ^1^80,000. 
A  Uttle  before  the  marriage,  sir  John  finds 
that  he  has  no  regard  for  Miss  Sterling, 
but  a  great  love  for  her  younger  sister 
Fanny,  to  whom  he  makes  a  proposal  of 
marriage.  His  proposa.1  is  rejected  ;  and 
it  is  soon  brought  to  light  that  Miss  Fanny 
has  been  clandestinely  married  to  Love- 
well  for  four  months. — Colman  and  Gar- 
rick:  The  Clandestine  Marriage  (1766). 

MELVILLE  {Major),  a  magistrate 
at  Cairn vreckan  village. — Sir  W,  Scott : 
Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 

Melville  {Sir  Robert),  one  of  the 
embassy  from  the  privy  council  to  Mary 
queen  of  Scots.— ^«>  W.  Scott:  The 
Abbot  (time,  EHzabeth). 

Melville,  the  father  of  Constantia. — 
Macklin:  The  Man  of  the  World  {1764). 

Melville  {Julia),  a  truly  noble  girl, 
in  love  with  Faulkland,  who  is  always 
jealous  of  her  withovit  a  shadow  of  cause. 
She  receives  his  innuendoes  without  re- 
sentment, and  treats  him  with  sincerity 
and  forbearance  (see  act  i.  2). — Sheridan  : 
The  Rivals  (i775)« 


MELYHALT. 

Melyhalt  {The  lady),  a  powerful 
subject  of  king  Arthur,  whose  domains  sir 
Galiot  invaded  ;  notwithstanding  which, 
the  lady  chose  sir  Galiot  as  her  fancy 
knight  and  chevalier. 

MEMNON,  king  of  the  Ethiopians. 
He  went  to  the  assistance  of  his  uncle 
Priam,  and  was  slain  by  Achillas.  His 
mother  Eos,  inconsolable  at  his  death, 
weeps  for  him  every  morning,  and  her 
tears  constitute  what  we  call  dew. 

Memnon,  the  black  statue  of  king 
Amen'ophis  III.  at  Thebes,  in  Egypt, 
which,  being  struck  with  the  rays  of  the 
morning  sun,  gives  out  musical  sounds. 
Kircher  says  these  sounds  are  due  to  a 
sort  of  clavecin  or  ^olian  harp  enclosed 
in  the  statue,  the  cords  of  which  are  acted 
upon  by  the  warmth  of  thie  sun.  Cam- 
byses,  resolved  to  learn  the  secret,  cleft 
the  statue  from  head  to  waist ;  but  it 
continued  to  utter  its  morning  melody 
notwithstanding. 

.  .  .  old  Memnon 's  image,  long  renowned 


By  fabling  Nilus  ;  to  the  quivering  touch 
Of  Titan's  ray,  with  each  repulsive  string 
Consenting,  sounded  thro'  the  warbling  air 
Unbidden  strains. 
Akensidi :  Pleasures  of  Imagination,  \.  (1744). 

Memnon,  "the  mad  lover,"  general 
of  As'torax  king  of  Paphos. — Beaumont 
and  Fletcher  :  The  Mad  Lover  (1617). 

Memnon,  the  title  of  a  novel  by  Vol- 
taire, the  object  of  which  is  to  show  the 
folly  of  aspiring  to  too  much  wisdom. 

Memnon's  Sister,  He'mera,  men- 
tioned by  Dictys  Cretensis. 

Black,  but  such  as  in  esteem 

Prince  Memnon's  sister  might  beseem. 

Milton  :  II  Penseroso  (r638). 

Memoirs  of  P.P.,  a  "  parish  clerk," 
written  by  Dr.  Arbuthnot,  in  ridicule  of 
Burnet's  History  of  My  Own  Times  (1723- 
1734).  The  parish  clerk  is  pompous, 
wordy,  pugnacious,  and  conceited. 

Memorable  { The  Ever-),  John  Hales 
of  Eton  (1584-1656). 

Memory.  The  persons  most  noted 
for  their  memory  are — 

(i)  Magliabechi  of  Florence,  called 
"  The  Universal  Index  and  Living  Cyclo- 
paedia" (1633-1714). 

(2)  P.  J.  Beronicius,  the  Greek  and 
Latin  improvisator,  who  knew  by  heart 
Horace,  Virgil,  Cicero,  Juvenal,  both  the 
Plinys,  Homer,  and  AristophSufes.  He 
died  at  Middleburgh,  in  1676. 

(3)  Andrew  Fuller,  after  hearing 
500  lines  twice,  could  repeat  them  without 


696         MEiNCIA  OF  MOSQUERA. 

a  mistake.  He  could  also  repeat  verbatim 
a  sermon  or  speech ;  could  tell  either 
backwards  or  forwards  every  shop  sign 
from  the  Temple  to  the  extreme  end  of 
Cheapside,  and  the  articles  displayed  in 
each  of  the  shops. 

(4)  "  Memory  "  WooDFALL  could  carry 
in  his  head  a  debate,  and  repeat  it  a  fort- 
night afterwards. 

(5)  "Memory"  Thompson  could  re- 
peat the  names,  trades,  and  particulars 
of  every  shop  from  Ludgate  Hill  to  Picca- 
dilly. 

(6)  William  Radcliff,  the  husband 
of  the  novelist,  could  repeat  a  debate  the 
next  morning. 

Garrick  could  repeat  his  part  by  reading  it  once 
over.  I  have  more  than  once  heard  Woodham,  a 
Fellow  of  Jesus,  repeat  a  column  of  the  Times  after 
reading  it  once  over. 

(See  Panjandrum.  ) 

Memory  {The  Bard  of),  Samuel 
Rogers,  author  of  ih^  Pleasures  of  Memory 
(1762-1855). 

(Tennyson  wrote  an  Ode  to  Memory, 
1830.) 

Men  of  Prester  John's  Country. 
Prester  John,  in  his  letter  to  Manuel 
Comnenus,  says  his  land  is  the  home  of 
men  with  horns  ;  of  one-eyed  men  (the 
eye  being  in  some  cases  before  the  head, 
and  in  some  cases  behind  it) ;  of  giants 
forty  ells  in  height  {i.e.  120  feet) ;  of  the 
phoenix,  etc.  ;  and  of  ghouls  who  feed 
on  premature  children.  He  gives  the 
names  of  fifteen  different  tributary  states, 
amongst  which  are  those  of  Gog  and 
Magog  (now  shut  in  behind  lofty  moun- 
tains) ;  but  at  the  end  of  the  world  these 
fifteen  states  will  overrun  the  whole  earth. 

Menalcas,  any  shepherd  or  rustic. 
The  name  occurs  in  the  Idylls  of  Theoc'- 
ritos,  the  Eclogues  of  Virgil,  and  the 
Shepheardes  Calendar  of  Spenser. 

Men'cia  of  Mosquera  {Donna) 
married  don  Alvaro  de  Mello.  A  few 
days  after  the  marriage,  Alvaro  happened 
to  quarrel  with  don  An'drea  de  Baesa  and 
kill  him.  He  was  obliged  to  flee  from 
Spain,  leaving  his  bride  behind,  and  his 
property  was  confiscated.  For  seven 
years  she  received  no  intelligence  of  his 
whereabouts  (for  he  was  a  slave  most  of 
the  time),  but  when  seven  years  had 
elapsed  the  report  of  his  death  in  Fez 
reached  her.  The  young  widow  now 
married  the  marquis  of  Guardia,  who 
lived  in  a  grand  castle  near  Burgos  ;  but 
walking  in  the  grounds  one  morning  she 
was   struck   with   the   earnestness  with 


MENDOZA. 


697 


MEPHOSTOPHILUS. 


which  one  of  the  undor-gardeners  looked 
at  her.  This  man  proved  to  be  her  first 
liusband,  don  Alvaro,  with  whom  she  now 
fled  from  the  castle;  but  on  the  road  a 
gang  of  robbers  fell  upon  them.  Alvaro 
was  killed,  and  the  lady  taken  to  the 
robbers'  cave,  where  Gil  Bias  saw  her 
and  heard  her  sad  tale.  The  lady  was 
soon  released,  and  sent  to  the  castle  of 
the  marquis  of  Guardia.  She  found  the 
marquis  dying  from  grief,  and  indeed 
he  died  the  day  following,  and  Mencia 
retired  to  a  convent. — Lesage  :  Gil  Bias, 
i.  11-14  (1715). 

Slendo'sa,  a  Jew  prize-fighter,  who 
held  the  belt  at  the  close  of  the  eighteenth 
century  ;  and  in  1791  opened  the  Lyceum 
in  the  Strand,  to  teach  "  the  noble  art  of 
self-defence." 

I  would  have  dealt  the  fellow  that  abused  you  such  a 
recompense  in  the  fifth  button,  that  my  friend  Mendoza 
should  not  have  placed  it  hettez.—Cumier/afui  :  Shiva 
the  yew,  iv.  2  (1776). 

There  is  a  print  often  seen  in  old  picture  shops,  05 
Humphreys  and  Mendoza  sparring,  and  a  queer 
angular  exhibition  it  is.  What  that  is  to  the  modem 
art  of  boxing,  Quick's  style  of  acting  was  to  Dowton's. 
—Records  of  a  Stage  Veteran, 

Mendoza  {Isaac),  a  rich  Jew,  who 
thinks  himself  monstrously  wise,  but  is 
duped  by  every  one.  (See  under  Isaac,  p. 
529.) — Sheridan  :  The  Duenna  (1775). 

John  Kemble  [1757-1823]  once  designed  to  play 
"  Macheath  "  {Begs^^r's  Opera,  by  Gay],  a  part  about 
as  much  suited  to  him  as  "  Isaac  Mendoza."  It  is 
notorious  that  he  persisted  in  playing  "Charles 
Surface  "  in  the  School  for  Scandal  [Sheridan],  till 
sbme  wag  said  to  him,  "  Mr.  Kemble,  you  have  often 
given  us  '  Charles's  martyrdom,'  when  shall  we  have  his 
restorationj" — W.  G.  Russell:  Rep resentaiivt  Actors, 
243- 

Menecli'iniaiis,  persons  exactly  like 
each  other,  as  tlie  brothers  Dromio.  So 
called  from  the  Menoechmi  of  Plautus. 

Menec'rates  (4  syl.),  a  physician  of 
Syracuse,  of  unbounded  vanity  and  arro- 
gance. He  assumed  to  himself  the  title 
of  Jupiter,  and  in  a  letter  to  Philip  king 
of  Macedon  he  began  thus  :  ' '  Menecrates 
Jupiter  to  king  Philip  greeting."  Being 
asked  by  Philip  to  a  banquet,  the  phy- 
sician was  served  only  with  frankincense, 
like  the  gods  ;  but  Menecratgs  was  greatly 
offended,  and  hurried  home. 

Such  was  Menecrates  of  little  worth, 
Who  Jove,  the  saviour,  to  be  called  presumed. 
To  whom  of  incense  Philip  made  a  feast. 
And  gave  pride  scorn  and  hunger  to  digest. 
Brooke  :  Inquisition  upon  Fame,  etc.  (1554-1628). 

Mene'via,  St.  David's,  in  Wales.  A 
corruption  of  Henemenew,  its  old  British 
name. 

MengS  [John],  the  surly  innkeeper  at 


Kirchhoff  village.— 5?>  W.  Scott :  Anne 
of  Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.), 

Meuippee  [Satyre),  a  famous  political 
satire,  written  during  the  time  of  what  is 
called  in  French  history  the  Holy  League, 
the  objects  of  which  were  to  exterminate 
the  huguenots,  to  confine  the  king  (Henri 
HL )  in  a  monastery,  and  to  crown  the 
due  de  Guise.  The  satire  is  partly  in 
verse,  and  partly  in  prose  ;  and  its  object 
is  to  expose  the  perfidious  intentions  of 
Philip  of  Spain  and  the  culpable  ambition 
of  the  Guises. 

It  is  divided  into  two  parts,  the  first  of 
which  is  entitled  Catholicon  d'Espagne, 
by  Pierre  Leroy  (1593),  exposing  those 
who  had  been  corrupted  by  the  gold  of 
Spain  ;  the  second  part  is  entitled  Abrigi 
des  Etats  de  la  Ligue,  by  Gillot,  Pithou, 
Rapin,  and  Passerat,  published  1594. 

'.•  Menippus  was  a  cynic  philosopher 
and  poet  of  Gadara,  in  Phcenicia,  who 
wrote  twelve  books  of  satires  in  prose 
and  verse. 

(Varro  wrote  in  Latin  a  work  called 
The  Satires  of  Menippus  [Satyrce  Menip- 
pece).) 

Menteith  {The  earl  of),  a  kinsman 
of  the  earl  of  Montrose.  He  marries 
Annot  Lyle,  the  heroine. — Sir  IV.  Scott : 
Legend  of  Montrose  (time,  Charles  L). 

Mentor,  a  wise  and  faithful  adviser 
or  guide.  So  called  from  Mentor,  a 
friend  of  Ulysses,  whose  form  Minerva 
assumed  when  she  accompanied  Tele- 
machos  in  his  search  for  his  father. — 
Finelon :  Tdlimaque  {I'jooi], 

Mephistoph'eles      (5     syl.),      the 

sneering,  jeering,  leering  attendant 
demon  of  Faust  in  Goethe's  drama  of 
Faust,  and  Gounod's  opera  of  the  same 
name.  Marlowe  calls  the  name  ' '  Mephos- 
tophilis  "  in  his  drama  entitled  Dr.  Faustus. 
Shakespeare,  in  his  Merry  Wives  of  Wind- 
sor, writes  the  name  "  Mephostophilus  ;  " 
and  in  the  opera  he  is  called  ' '  Mefistofele  " 
(5  jj'/. ).  In  the  old  demonology,  Mephis- 
tophel^s  was  one  of  the  seven  chief  devils, 
and  second  of  the  fallen  archangels. 

Meplxostopliilis,  the  attendant 
demon  of  Faustus,  in  Marlowe's  tragedy 
oi  Dr.  Faustus  (1589). 

There  is  an  awful  melancholy  about  Marlowe's 
"  Mcphostophilis,"  perhaps  more  expressive  than  the 
malignant  mirth  of  that  fiend  in  the  renowned  work  of 
Goethe.  —Halla  m. 

Mephostophilus,  the  spirit  or 
familiar  of    sir    John    Faustus  or  [Dr.J 


MERCER. 


698 


MERCUTIO. 


John  Faust  [Shakespeare  :  Merry  Wives  of 
Windsor,  1596).  Subsequently  it  became 
a  term  of  reproach,  about  equal  to  "  imp 
of  the  devil" 

Mercer  [Major),  at  the  presidency  of 
Madras.— 5z>  W.  Scoti :  The  Surgeon's 
Daughter  [i\mQ,  George  II.). 

Morcliant  of  Venice  [The),  An- 

thonio,  who  borrowed  3000  ducats  for 
three  months  of  Shylock  a  Jew.  The 
money  was  borrowed  to  lend  to  a  friend 
named  Bassanio,  and  the  Jew,  "  in  merry 
sport,"  instead  of  interest,  agreed  to  lend 
tlie  money  on  these  conditions  :  If  An- 
thonio  paid  it  within  three  months,  he 
should  pay  only  the  principal  ;  if  he  did 
not  pay  it  back  witliin  that  time,  the 
merchant  should  forfeit  a  pound  of  his 
own  flesh,  from  any  part  of  his  body  the 
Jew  might  choose  to  cut  it  off.  As 
Anthonio's  ships  were  delayed  by  con- 
trary winds,  he  could  not  pay  the  money, 
and  the  Jew  demanded  the  forfeiture. 
On  the  "trial  which  ensued,  Portia,  in  the 
dress  of  a  law  doctor,  conducted  the  case, 
and,  when  the  Jew  was  going  to  take  the 
forfeiture,  stopped  him  by  saying  that  the 
bond  stated  "  a  pound  of  flesh,"  and  that 
therefore  he  was  to  shed  no  drop  of  blood, 
and  he  must  cut  neither  more  nor  less 
than  an  exact  pound,  on  forfeit  of  his 
life.  As  these  conditions  were  practically 
impossible,  the  Jew  was  nonsuited  and 
fined  for  seeking  the  life  of  a  citizen,— 
Shakespeare:  Merchant  of  Venice  (1598). 

^  The  story  is  in  the  Gesta  Romanorum, 
the  tale  of  the  bond  being  ch.  xlviii,,  and 
that  of  the  caskets  ch.  cix.  ;  but  Shake- 
speare took  his  plot  from  a  Florentine 
novelette  called  //  Pecorone,  written  in 
the  fourteenth  century,  but  not  published 
till  the  sixteenth. 

H  There  is  a  ballad  on  the  subject,  the 
date  of  which  has  not  been  determined. 
The  bargain  runs  thus — 

•*  No  penny  for  the  loane  of  it. 

For  one  year  shall  you  pay— 
You  may  doe  me  a  good  tunie, 

Before  my  dying  day ; 
But  we  will  have  a  merry  jest. 

For  to  be  talked  long  : 
You  shall  make  a  bond,"  quoth  h% 

"  That  shall  be  large  or  strong. 
And  this  shall  be  the  forfeyture. 

Of  your  owne  fleshe  a  pound  ; 
If  you  agree,  make  you  the  bond, 

And  there's  a  hundred  crowucs. 

(The  Jew  is  called  "  Gernutus.") 

*li  Loki  laid  a  wager  with  Brock,  and 

lost.     He  wagered  his  head ;  but  saved 

himself  by  the   plea  that   Brock    might 

take  Lis  head,  but  might  not  touch  his 


(See     Martian, 


necVi.—SkaIdJ   35   (Simrock's  Edda,  p. 

305)- 

Merchant's  Tale  [The),  in  Chaucer, 
is  substantially  the  same  as  the  first  Latin 
metrical  tale  of  Adolphus  (1315),  and  is 
not  unlike  a  Latin  prose  tale  given  in  the 
appendix  of  T.  Wright's  edition  of 
iEsop's  fables.     The  tale  is  this— 

A  girl  named  May  married  January,  an 
old  Lombard  baron  60  years  of  age,  but 
entertained  the  love  of  Damyan,  a  yoimg 
squire.  She  was  detected  in  familiar 
intercourse  with  Damyan,  but  persuaded 
her  husband  that  his  eyes  had  deceived 
him,  and  he  believed  her,  for  what  is 
better  than  "  a  fruitful  wife  and  a  con- 
fiding spousQ"  7— Chaucer :  Canterbury 
Tales  [I'i'^Z). 

' .'  The  tale  has  been  modernized  by 
Ogle  and  Pope. 

Mercian  Laws, 
p.  681.) 

Mercilla,  a  "  maiden  queen  of  great 
power  and  majesty,  famous  through  all 
the  world,  and  honoured  far  and  nigh." 
Her  kingdom  was  disturbed  by  a  soldan, 
her  powerful  neighbour,  stirred  up  by 
his  wife  Adicla.  The  "  maiden  queen  " 
is  Elizabeth;  the  "soldan,"  Philip  of 
Spain;  and  "Adicia"  is  injustice,  pre- 
sumption, or  the  bigotry  of  popery.— 
Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  v.  (1596). 

Mercurial  Finger  [The),  the  little 
finger. 

The  thumb,  In  chiromancy,  we  give  Venus  ; 
The  fore-finger  to  Jove  ;  the  midst  to  Saturn ; 
The  ring  to  Sol ;  the  least  to  Mercury. 

Ben  jfonson:  The  Alchemist,  L  a  (1610). 

Mercu'tio,  kinsman  of  prince  Es- 
calus,  and  Romeo's  friend.  An  airy, 
sprightly,  elegant  young  nobleman,  so 
full  of  wit  and  fancy  that  Dryden  says 
Shakespeare  was  obliged  to  kill  him  in 
the  third  act,  lest  the  poet  himself  should 
have  been  killed  by  Mercutio. — Shake- 
speare: Romeo  and  Juliet  (1593), 

Mercutio's  wit,  gaiety,  and  courage  will  always  pro- 
cure him  friends  that  wish  him  a  longer  life ;  but  his 
death  is  not  precipitated— he  has  lived  out  the  time 
allotted  him  in  the  construction  of  the  play.— ZJr. 
Johnson. 

The  light  and  fanciful  humour  of  Mercutio  serves  to 
enhance  and  ilhibtrate  the  romantic  and  passionate 
character  of  Romeo.— 5jV  IV.  Scett:  The  Drama. 

William  Lewis  [1748-1811]  was  the  "Mercutio"  of 
the  age,  in  every  sense  of  the  word  "  mercurial."  His 
airy,  breathless  voice,  thrown  to  the  audience  before 
he  appeared,  was  the  signal  of  his  winged  animal 
spirits;  and  when  he  gave  a  glance  of  his  eye,  or 
touched  with  his  finger  at  another's  ribs,  it  was  the 
very  functufn  saliens  of  playfulness  and  iunuendo.— 
Hunt:  The  Town  (1848J. 


MERCUTIO  OF  ACTORS.  699 

Mercutio  of  Actors  { Tlu),  William 
L(  wis  (1748-18 11). 

Mr.  Lewis  displayed  in  acting  a  combination  rarely 
to  ho  found— that  of  the  fop  and  the  real  g'^ntleman. 
\\  itli  a  voice,  a  manner,  and  a  person,  all  equally 
pi  iceful  and  airy,  and  features  at  once  whimsical  and 
j; -iiteel,  he  played  on  the  top  of  his  profession  like  a 
\>\amc.—Hunt :  Tkt  Town  (1848). 

Mercy,  a  young  pilgrim,  who  ac- 
companied Christiana  In  her  walk  to  Zion. 
\\'hcn  Mercy  got  to  the  Wicket  Gate,  shn 
swooned  from  fear  of  being  refused  ad- 
mittance. Mr,  Brisk  proposed  to  her, 
biit,  being  told  that  she  was  poor,  left 
licr,  and  she  was  afterwards  married  to 
Matthew,  the  eldest  son  of  Christian. — 
Bunyan:  Pilgrim' s  Progress,  ii.  (1684). 

Merdle  {Mr.\  banker,  a  skit  on  the 
directors  of  the  Royal  British  Bank,  and 
on  Mr.  Hudson  "  the  railway  king."  Mr. 
Merdle,  of  Harley  Street,  was  called 
the  "Master  Mind  of  the  Age."^  He 
became  insolvent,  and  committed  suicide. 
Mr.  Merdle  was  a  heavily  made  man, 
with  an  obtuse  head,  and  coarse,  mean, 
common  features.  His  chief  butler  said 
of  him,  "  Mr.  Merdle  never  was  a  gentle- 
man, and  no  ungentlemanly  act  on  Mr, 
Merdle's  part  would  surprise  me."  The 
great  banker  was  "  the  greatest  forger 
and  greatest  thief  that  ever  cheated  the 
gallows." 

Lord  Decimus  [^ffarnar/^ began  waving  Mr.  Merdle 
about  ...  as  Gigantic  Enterprise,  The  Wealth  of 
Kng'land,  Credit,  Capitai,  Prosperity,  and  all  manner 
of  blessings.— Bk.  ii.  24. 

Mrs.  Merdle,  wife  of  the  bank  swindler. 
After  the  death  of  her  husband,  society 
decreed  that  Mrs.  Merdle  should  still  be 
admitted  among  the  sacred  few  ;  so  Mrs. 
Merdle  was  still  received  and  patted  on 
the  back  by  the  upper  ten. — Dickens: 
Little  Dorrit  {iZsj). 

MEREDITH  {Mr.),  one  of  the 
conspirators  with  Redgauntlet. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Redgauntlet  (iim&,  George  HI.). 

Meredith,  {Mr.  Michael),  "the  man 
of  mirth,"  in  the  managing  committee  of 
the  Spa  hotel.  —  Sir  W.  Scott :  St. 
Kenans  Well  (time,  George  HI.). 

Meredith  {Sir),  a  Welsh  knight— 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Castle  Dangerous  (time, 
Henry  I.). 

Meredith  {Owen),  pseudonym  of  lord 
Lytton's  son,  who  succeeded  to  the  title 
in  1873. 

(George  Meredith,  novelist  and  poet, 
born  in  1828,  must  not  be  confounded 
with  Owen  Meredith.) 


MERLIN. 

Me'rida  {Marchioness),  betrothed  to 
count  Valanlia. —  Inchbald :  Child  of 
Nature, 

Meridarpax,  the  pride  of  mice. 

Now  nobly  towering  o'er  the  rest,  appears 
A  gallant  prince  that  far  transcends  his  years 
Pride  of  his  sire,  and  glory  of  his  house. 
And  more  a  Mars  in  combat  than  a  mouse ; 
His  action  bold,  robust  his  ample  frame. 
And  Meridarpax  his  resounding  name. 

Parnell :  Tht  Battle  ef  the  Fro^s  and 
Mice,  iii.  "(about  1712). 

Merid'ies  or  "  Noonday  Sun,"  one  of 
the  four  brothers  who  kept  the  passages 
of  Castle  Perilous.  So  Tennyson  has 
named  him  ;  but  in  the  History  of  Prince 
Arthur  he  is  called  "sir  Permongs, 
the  Red  Knight." — Tennyson:  Idylls 
("  Gareth  and  Lynette ")  ;  sir  T. 
Malory:  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i. 
129  (1470). 

Merlin  {Ambrose),  prince  of  enchan- 
ters. His  mother  was  Matilda,  a  nun, 
who  was  seduced  by  a  "guileful  sprite" 
or  incubus,  "half  angel  and  half  man, 
dwelling  in  mid-air  betwi.xt  the  earth 
and  moon."  Some  say  his  mother  was 
the  daughter  of  Pubidius  lord  of  Matli- 
traval,  in  Wales ;  and  others  make  her  a 
princess,  daughter  of  Demetius  king  of 
Demet'ia.  Blaise  baptized  the  infant, 
and  thus  rescued  it  from  the  powers  of 
darkness. 

•.•  Merlin  died  spell-bound,  but  the 
author  and  manner  of  his  death  are  given 
differently  by  different  authorities.  Thus, 
in  the  History  of  Prince  Arthur  (sir  T. 
Malory,  1470)  we  are  told  that  the  en- 
chantress Nimue  or  Ninive  enveigled  the 
old  man,  and  "  covered  him  with  a  stone 
under  a  rock."  In  the  Morte  d"  Arthur  \i 
is  said  "he  sleeps  and  sighs  in  an  old 
tree,  spell-bound  by  Vivien,"  Tennyson, 
in  his  Idylls  {"  Vivien "),  says  that 
Vivien  induced  Merlin  to  take  shelter 
from  a  storm  in  a  hollow  oak  tree,  and 
left  him  spell-bound.  Others  say  he  was 
spell-bound  in  a  hawthorn  bush,  but  this 
is  evidently  a  blunder.  (See  Merlin 
THE  Wild.) 

'.•  Merlin  made  "the  fountain  of 
love,"  mentioned  by  Bojardo  in  Orlando 
Innamorato,  1.  3. 

Ariosto,  in  Orlando  Furioso,  says  he 
made  "one  of  the  four  fountains"  (ch. 
xxvi. ). 

He  also  made  the  Round  Table  at  Car- 
duel  for  150  knights,  which  came  into 
the  possession  of  king  Arthur  on  his 
marriage  with  queen  Guinever ;  and 
brought  from  Ireland  the  stones  of 
Stonehenge  on  Salisbury  Plain. 


MERLIN  THE  WILD. 


(Allusion  is  made  to  him  in  the  Faerie 
Queene ;  in  Ellis's  Specimens  of  Early 
English  Metrical  Romances  ;  in  Drayton's 
Polyolbion ;  in  Kenilworth,  by  sir  W. 
Scott,  etc.  T.  Heywood  has  attempted 
to  show  the  fulfilment  of  Merlin's 
prophecies. ) 

Of  Merlin  and  his  skill  what  region  doth  not  hear?  .  .  . 
Who  of  a  British  nymph  was  gotten,  whilst  she  played 
With  a  seducing  sprite  .  .  . 

But  all  Demetia  thro'  there  was  not  found  her  peer. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  v.  {1612). 

The  English  Merlin,  W.  Lilly,  the 
astrologer,  who  assumed  the  name  of 
"  Merlinus  Angllcus  "  ( 1602-168 1). 

Merlin  tlie  Wild,  a  native  of  Cale- 
donia, who  lived  in  the  sixteenth  century, 
about  a  century  after  the  great  Ambrose 
Merlin  the  sorcerer.  Fordun,  in  his 
Scotichronicon,  gives  particulars  about 
him.  It  was  predicted  that  he  would  die 
by  earth,  wood,  and  water,  which  pre- 
diction was  fulfilled  thus  :  A  mob  of 
rustics  hounded  him,  and  he  jumped  from 
a  rock  into  the  Tweed,  and  was  impaled 
on  a  stake  fixed  in  the  river-bed.  His 
grave  is  still  shown  beneath  an  aged 
hawthorn  bush  at  Drummelzier,  a  village 
on  the  Tweed. 

Merlin's  Cave,  in  Dynevor  near 
Carmarthen,  noted  for  its  ghastly  noises 
of  rattling  iron  chains,  brazen  caldrons, 
groans,  strokes  of  hammers,  and  ringing 
of  anvils.  The  cause  is  this  :  Merlin  set 
his  spirits  to  fabricate  a  brazen  wall  to 
encompass  the  city  of  Carmarthen,  and, 
as  he  had  to  call  on  the  Lady  of  the  Lake, 
bade  them  not  slacken  their  labour  till  he 
returned ;  but  he  never  did  return,  for 
Vivian  by  craft  got  him  under  the  en- 
chanted stone,  and  kept  him  there. 
Tennyson  says  he  was  spell-bound  by 
Vivien  in  a  hollow  oak  tree,  but  the 
History  of  Prince  Arthur  (sir  T.  Malory) 
gives  the  other  version. — Spenser  :  Faerie 
Queene,  iii.  3  (1590). 

Merop's  Son,  a  nobody,  a  ferret 
filius,  who  thinks  himself  somebody. 
Thus  Phaeton  (Merop's  son),  forgetting 
that  his  mother  was  an  eartiiborn  woman, 
thought  he  could  drive  the  horses  of  the 
sun,  but,  not  being  able  to  guide  them, 
nearly  set  the  earth  on  fire.  Many  pre- 
sume, like  him,  and  think  themselves 
capable  or  worthy  of  great  things,  for- 
getting all  the  while  that  they  are  only 
"  Merop's  son." 

Why,  Phaeton  (for  thou  art  Merop's  son), 
"Wilt  thou  aspire  to  guide  the  heavenly  car, 
And  with  thy  daring  folly  bum  the  world  t 

Shakispcare  :  T-wo  Gentlemen  of  Veroyia, 
act  iii.  sc.  I  (iS94)« 


700  MERTOUN. 

Merrilies  {Meg).    (See  Meg  Merri- 

LIES,  p.  692.) 

Merry    Andrew,    Andrew    Borde, 
physician  to  Henry  VIII.  (1500-1549). 
(Prior  has  a  poem  on  Merry  Andrew.) 

Merry  Monarcli  [The),  Charles  II. 
of  England  (1630,  1660-1685). 

Merry  "Wives  of  Windsor  {The), 
a  comedy  by  Shakespeare  (1596).  The 
plot  is  this  :  Sir  John  Falstaff"  makes  love 
to  Mrs.  Ford,  but  Mrs.  Ford  and  Mrs. 
Page,  the  "merry  wives,"  befool  him  to 
the  top  of  their  bent.  They  play  him 
three  tricks  :  (i)  In  his  love-making  he  is 
interrupted  by  the  approach  of  Ford,  so 
they  cram  him  into  a  buck-basket,  cover 
him  with  foul  linen,  and  toss  him  into  the 
Thames.  (2)  Being  invited  again  to  visit 
Mrs.  Ford,  he  is  again  interrupted  by  the 
approach  of  Mr.  Ford,  and  he  is  disguised 
as  Old  Mother  Prat.  Ford  hates  Old 
Mother  Prat,  and,  meeting  sir  John  thus 
disguised,  beats  him  black  and  blue.  (3) 
He  is  next  invited  to  meet  the  "merry 
wives"  in  Windsor  Park,  disguised  as 
Heme  the  Hunter,  with  a  buck's  head. 
Here  pretended  fairies  burn  him  with 
"  trial-fire,"  and  pinch  him  without  mercy. 
Mrs.  Ford,  Mrs.  Page,  and  Mr.  Ford 
make  him  their  laughing-stock,  and  the 
moral  is  that  women  may  make  them- 
selves merry  and  have  their  jokes,  and 
yet  remain  virtuous  and  true. 

Mer'rylegrs,  a  highly  trained  per- 
forming dog,  belonging  to  signor  Jupe, 
clown  in  Sleary's  circus.  This  dog  leaves 
the  circus  when  his  master  disappears, 
but  several  years  afterwards  finds  his  way 
back  and  dies. — Dickens:  Hard  Times 
(1854). 

Merse  (i  syl.),  Berwick,  the  mere  or 
frontier  of  England  and  Scotland. 

Merthyr  Tydvil  {Welsh).  The 
English  version  of  the  name  is  Martyr 
St.  Tidfil,  a  Welsh  martyr-princess. 

Merton  {Tommy),  one  of  the  chief 
characters  in  Sandford  and  Merton,  a  tale 
for  boys,  by  Thomas  Day  (1783-9). 

Merton  ( Tristram).  Thomas  Babing- 
ton  lord  Macaulay  so  signs  the  ballads 
and  sketches  which  he  inserted  in  Knight's 
Quarterly  Magazine. 

Mertonn  {Basil),  alias  VauGHAN, 
formerly  a  pirate. 

Mordaunt  Mertoun,  son  of  Basil  Mer- 
toun.  He  marries  Brenda  Troil. — Sir 
VV.  Scott:  The  Pirate  (time,  William  III.). 


MERVEILLEUSE. 


701 


Merveilleuse  [J\fatr-vay-uzej,  the 
sword  of  Doolin  of  Mayence.  It  was  so 
sharp  that,  if  placed  edge  downwards  on 
a  block  of  wood,  it  would  cut  through  it. 

Mervett  (Gusfavus  de),  in  Charles 
XII.,  an  historical  drama  by  J.  R. 
Planch^  (1826). 

Mervinia,  Merionethshire.  On  the 
Mervin  Hills  the  British  found  security 
when  driven  by  the  Saxons  out  of  England. 
Here  the  Welsh  laws  were  retained  longest. 
This  part  of  Wales  is  peculiarly  rich  in 
mountains,  meres,  and  springs. 

Mervinia  for  her  hills  .  .  .  especial  audience  craves. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  ix.  (1612). 

Mervyn  {Mr.  Arthur),  guardian  of 
Julia  Mannering. — Sir  IV.  Scott :  Guy 
Mannering  (time,  George  H.). 

Iilesopota'iiiia  or  CubitopoHs,  the 
district  about  Warwick  and  Eccleston 
Squares,  in  London,  mainly  built  by 
Cubit. 

Messali'na,  wife  of  the  emperor 
Claudius  of  Rome.  Her  name  is  a  by- 
word for  incontinency  (a.D.  *-48). 

She  is  not  one  of  those  Messalinas  who,  belying  the 
pride  of  birth,  humble  their  affections  even  to  the  dust, 
and  dishonour  themselves  without  a  hlvi^.—Lesa^e : 
Gil  Bias,  iv.  i  (1724)- 

Oh  thou  epitomS  of  thy  virtuous  sex,  Madam 
Messalina  II.,  retire  toothy  apartment  \—Dryden:  The 
Spanish  Fryar,  iii.  i  (1680). 

When  I  meet  a  Messalina,  tired  and  unsated  in  her 
foul  desires, — a  Clyteninestra,  bathed  in  her  husband's 
blood, — an  impious  TuUia,  whirling  her  chariot  over 
her  father's  breathless  body,— horror  invades  my 
faculties.— Ci**«r.*  Love  Makes  a  Man  (1700). 

The  Modern  Messalina,  Catherine  H. 
of  Russia  (1729-1796). 

Messalina  of  Germany,  Barbary  of 
Cilley,  second  wife  of  kaiser  Sigismund 
of  Germany  (fifteenth  century). 

Messiali  {The),  an  epic  poem  in 
fifteen  books,  by  F.  G.  Klopstock.  The 
first  three  were  published  in  1748,  and 
the  last  in  1773.  The  subject  is  the  last 
days  of  Jesus,  His  crucifixion  and  resur- 
rection. Ek.  i.  Jesus  ascends  the  Mount 
of  Olives,  to  spend  the  night  in  prayer. 
Bk.  ii.  John  the  Beloved  failing  to 
exorcise  a  demoniac,  Jesus  goes  to  his 
assistance;  and  Satan,  rebuked,  returns 
to  hell,  where  he  tells  the  fallen  angels 
his  version  of  the  birth  and  ministry-  of 
Christ,  whose  death  he  resolves  on.  Bk. 
iii.  Messiah  sleeps  for  the  last  time  on  the 
Mount  of  Olives  ;  the  tutelar  angels  of 
the  twelve  apostles,  and  a  description  of 
the  apostles  are  given.  Satan  gives  Judas 
a  dream,  and  then  enters  the  heart  of 
Caiaphas.     Bk.  iv.   The  council  in  the 


METASTASIO. 

palai.e  of  Caiaphas  decree  that  Jesus  must 
die ;  Jesus  sends  Peter  and  John  to  prepare 
the  Passover,  and  eats  His  Last  Supper 
with  His  apostles.  Bk.  v.  The  three 
hours  of  agony  in  the  garden.  Bk.  vi. 
Jesus,  bound,  is  taken  before  Annas,  and 
then  before  Caiaphas.  Peter  denies  his 
Master.  Bk.  vii.  Christ  is  brought  before 
Pilate  ;  Judas  hangs  himself ;  Pilate 
sends  Jesus  to  Herod,  but  Herod  sends 
Him  again  to  Pilate,  who  delivers  Him  to 
the  Jews.  Bk.  viii.  Christ  nailed  to  the 
cross.  Bk.  ix.  Christ  on  the  cross. 
Bk.  X.  The  death  of  Christ.  Bk.  xi. 
The  vail  of  the  temple  rent,  and  the  re- 
surrection of  many  from  their  graves. 
Bk.  xii.  The  burial  of  the  body,  and  death 
of  Mary  the  sister  of  Lazarus.  Bk.  xiii. 
The  resurrection  and  suicide  of  Philo. 
Bk.  xiv.  Jesus  shows  Himself  to"  His  dis- 
ciples. Bk.  XV.  Many  of  those  who  had 
risen  from  their  graves  show  themselves 
to  others.     Conclusion. 

(English  versions  :  In  prose,  by  CoUyer 
in  1763,  and  by  Raffles  in  1815  ;  in  verse, 
by  Egestorff  in  1821.) 

Messiali,  an  oratorio  by  Handel  (1749). 
The  libretto  was  by  Charles  Jennens, 
nicknamed  "  Soliman  the  Magnificent." 

Messiali  {The),  a  sacred  eclogue  by 
Pope,  in  imitation  of  Virgil's  Polio  (1712). 

Metamorplioses,  a  series  of  tales 
in  Latin  verse  by  Ovid,  chiefly  mytho- 
logical (B.C.  43-A.D.  18).  They  are  in 
Latin  hexameters,  in  fifteen  books.  It 
begins  with  the  creation  of  the  world, 
and  ends  with  the  deification  of  Caesar 
and  the  reign  of  Augustus.  English 
version  in  rhymes,  bks.  ii.,  iii.  by  Addison, 
bk.  iv.  by  Eusden,  bk.  v.  by  Mainwaring, 
bks.  vi.  and^xi.  by  Croxall,  bk.  vii.  by  Tate 
and  Stonestreet,  bk.  ix.  by  Gay  and  others, 
bk.  X.  by  Congreve  and  others,  bk.  xiv.  by 
Garth.  The  rest  by  Dryden,  viz.  bks.  i. 
and  xii. ,  and  by  Dryden  and  others  bks. 
viii.,  xiii.,  xv.  All  collected  into  a  single 
volume  (1716).  Versions  by  Golding 
(1565),  by  Sandys  (1626). 

Metanoi'a,  Repentance  personified, 
by  William  Browne  in  Britannia's  PaS' 
torals,  V. {Greek,  metanoia,  "repentance.") 

Faire  Metanoia  is  attending 
To  croune  thee  with  those  joys  that  know  no  ending. 
Pas/orals,  v.  i  (1613). 

Metasta'sio.  The  real  name  of  this 
Italian  poet  was  Trapassi  {death).  He 
was  brought  up  by  Gravina,  who  Grecized 
the  name  (1698-1782). 

*.•    So   "Melancthon"  is  the  Greek 


METEORIC  STONES. 


70a        MICHAEL  GOD  OF  WIND. 


form  of  Schwarzerde  ("black  earth"); 
"  CEcolampadius "  is  the  Greek  form  of 
the  German  name  Hausschein  ;  "  De- 
siderius  Erasmus  "  is  Gheraerd  Gkeraerd 
(the  first  "Gheraerd"  is  Latinized  into 
Desiderius,  and  the  latter  is  Grecized  into 
Erasmus). 

Meteoric  Stones.  In  the  museum 
of  Carlton  (Melbaurne)  is  preserved  a 
huge  meteoric  stone  twenty-five  tons  in 
weight.  It  fell  on  a  large  plain  between 
Melbourne  and  Kilmore  in  i860,  with 
such  force  that  it  sank  six  feet  in  the 
ground.  Some  said  it  must  have  been 
shot  from  a  crater  of  the  moon. 

• .  •  The  largest  in  the  world  is  in  Brazil, 
and  exceeds  thirty  tons.  There  is  another 
in  the  Imperial  Museumat  St.  Petersburg, 
of  unusual  dimensions ;  and  one  is  pre- 
ser\'ed  in  Paris. 

Metli'os,  Drunkenness  personified. 
He  is  twin-brother  of  Gluttony,  their 
mother  being  Caro  \Jleshly  lust).  In  the 
battle  of  Mansoul,  Methos  is  slain  by 
Agnei'a  [wifely  chastity)  spouse  of  En- 
cra'tfis  {tejnperance)  and  sister  of  Par- 
then'ia  [maiden  chastity).  (Greek,  m.ethe 
or  7nethtis\%  "drunkenness.") — Fletcher: 
The  Purple  Island,  vii..  xi.  (1633). 

Met'opliis,  the  corrupt  chief  minister 
of  Sesostris. 

II  avail  Fame  aussi  corrumpue  et  aussi  artificieuse  que 
Sesostris  itait  sincfcre  et  gendreux.— 7="<Vt</*>» ;  TeU- 
inaque  {1700). 

Mexitli,  chief  god  and  idol  of  the 
Az'tecas.  He  leaped  full-grown  into  Hfe, 
and  with  a  spear  slew  those  who  mocked 
his  mother  Coatlan'tona  (4  syl. ). 

Already  at  [his  mother's  breast]  the  blow  was  aimed, 
When  forth  Mexitli  leapt,  and  in  his  hand 
The  angry  spear. 

Southey  :  Modoc,  H.  21  (1803). 

TT  Of  course,  it  will  be  remembered 
that  Minerva,  like  Mexitli,  was  born  full- 
grown  and  fully  armed. 

SXeynard,  in  Roucicault's  Corsican 
Brothers  [  1848),  In  Dumas'  novel,  Dumas 
himself  fills  the  role  of  Meynard. 

Mezen'tius,  king  of  the  Tyrrhenians, 
who  put  criminals  to  death  by  tying  them 
face  to  face  with  dead  bodies. — Virgil: 
yEneid,  viii.  485. 

This  is  like  Mezentius  in  Virgil  .  .  .  Such  critics  are 
like  dead  coals ;  they  may  blacken,  but  cannot  bum.— 
Brotme :  Preface  t»  Petf/ts  (1730). 

Mezeutins     and     Lansiis,     an 

episode  in  Virgil's  ^nlid.  ^n3as 
attacked  Mezentius,  but  his  son  Lausus 
interposed  and  was  slain.  Mezentius 
takes  to  flight,  but  when  he  finds  that 


I^usus  is  dead,  he  mounts  his  horse 
Phoebus  and  defies  the  Trojan.  /Eneas 
kills  the  horse,  and  Mezentius  slays 
himcelf.— ^««d?,  bk.  x.  (the  latter  part). 

The  death  of  the  horse  is  891-894. 

Mezzora'mia,  an  earthly  paradise 
in  Africa,  accessible  by  only  one  road. 
Gaudentio  di  Lucca  discovered  the  road, 
and  lived  at  Mezzoramia  for  twenty-five 
years. — Berington  :  Gaudentio  di  Lucca. 

M.  P.  H.,  Master  \of  the'\  Fox-hounds. 

"  He  can't  stand  long  before  "em  at  this  pace,"  said 
the  M.  F.  H.,  coming  up  with  his  huntsman,— /^Av/:« 
Melville:  Uncle  John. 

Micawter  [Mr.  IVilkins),  a  most 
unpractical,  half-clever  man,  a  great 
speechifier,  letter-writer,  projector  of 
bubble  schemes,  and,  though  confident  of 
success,  never  succeeding.  Having  failed 
in  everything  in  the  old  country,  he 
migrated  to  Australia,  and  became  a 
magistrate  at  Middlebay. —  Dickens: 
David  Copperfield  (1849). 

N.  B. — This  truly  amiable,  erratic  genius 
is  a  portrait  of  Dickens's  own  father, 
"  David  Copperfield  "  being  Dickens,  and 
"  Mrs.  Nickleby"  (one  can  hardly  believe 
it)  is  said  to  be  Dickens's  mother. 

Mice  [King  of  the),  Troartes  (gnaw- 
loaf)  rpt'o),  to  gnaw,  apror,  a  loaf  (of  bread). 

Mi'cliael  (2  syl. ),  the  special  protector 
and  guardian  of  the  Jews.  This  archangel 
is  messenger  of  peace  and  plenty. — Sale's 
Koran,  ii.  notes. 

*.*  That  Michael  was  really  the  pro- 
tector and  guardian  angel  of  the  Jews  we 
know  from  Dan.  x.  13,  21 ;  xii.  i. 

(Milton  makes  Michael  the  leader  of  the 
heavenly  host  in  the  war  in  heaven.  Gabriel 
means  "God's  power."  He  was  next  in 
command  to  the  archangel  Michael.) 

Go,  Michael,  of  celestial  armies  prince. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  vi.  44  (1665). 

N.B. — Longfellow,  in  his  Golden 
Legend,  says  that  Michael  is  the  presiding 
spirit  of  the  planet  Mercurv,  and  brings  to 
man  the  gift  of  prudence  ("The  Miracle- 
Play,"  iii.,  1851). 

Micliael,  the  "trencher  favourite"  of 
Arden  of  Feversham,  in  love  with  Maria 
sister  of  Mosby.  A  weak  man,  who  both 
loves  and  honours  Arden,  but  is  inveigled 
by  Mosby  to  admit  ruffians  into  Arden's 
house  to  murder  him. — Lillo  :  Arden  of 
Feversham  (1592). 

Michael  god  of  Wind  [St.).  At 
the  promontory  of  Malea  is  a  chapel  built 
to  St.  Michael,  and  the  sailors  say  when 
the  wind  blows  from  that  quarter,  it  is 


MICHAEL  ANGELO. 


703 


MIDDLEBURGH, 


occasioned  by  the  violent  motion  of  St. 
.Michael's  wings.  Whenever  they  sail  by 
that  promontory,  they  pray  St.  Michael 
to  keep  his  wings  still. 

Si.  Alickael's  Chair.  It  is  said  that  any 
woman  who  has  sat  on  Michael's  chair  (on 
St.  Michael's  Mount,  Cornwall),  will  rule 
her  husband  ever  after.  (See  Keyne,  St., 
p.  566.) 

Micliael  Ang'elo  of  Battle- 
Scenes  (  The),  Michael  Angelo  Cerquozzi 
of  Rome  (1600-1660). 

Michael  Angelo  of  France,  Jean  Cousin 
(1500-1590). 

Michael  Angelo  de  Kermesses,  Peter 
van  Laar,  called  Le  Bamboche,  born  at 
Laaren  (1613-1673). 

Or  Michel- A  nge  des  Bamboches. 

Michael  Angelo  of  Music,  Johann 
Christoph  von  Gliick  (1714-1787). 

Michael  Angelo  of  Sculptors,  Pierre 
Puget  (1623-1694). 

R6n6  Michael  Slodtz  is  also  called  the 
same  (1705 -1764). 

Michael  Angelo  of  the  Lyre,  Palestrina 
(1529- 1594). 

Michael  Angelo  Titmarsh,  one 
of  the  pseudonyms  under  which  Thackeray 
contributed  to  Erasers  Magazine  (i8ii- 
1863). 

Michael  Armstrong,  "  the  factory 
boy."  The  hero  and  title  of  a  novel  by 
Mrs.  TroUope  (1839).  The  object  of  this 
novel  is  to  expose  what  the  authoress  con- 
sidered to  be  the  evils  of  the  factory  system. 

Michael  Perez,  the  copper  captain. 
(See  Perez.) 

Michael  the  Stammerer,  born 
at  Armorium,  in  Phrygia,  mounted  the 
throne  as  emperor  of  Greece  in  a.d.  820. 
He  used  all  his  efforts  to  introduce  the 
Jewish  sabbath  and  sacrifice. 


Tliat  are  making  such  terrible  work  in  the  Churches 
By  Michel  the  Stammerer. 

Lon<ifdlcTu :  The  Golden  Legend  (1851). 

Michal,  in  the  satire  of  Absalom  and 
Achitophd,  by  Dryden  and  Tate,  is  meant 
for  Catharine  the  wife  of  Charles  II. 

Michal,  that  ne'er  was  cruel  e'en  in  thought ; 
The  best  of  queens,  and  most  obedient  wife, 
Inipeaclied  of  curst  designs  on  David's  {.Charles  II.] 

life,- 
His  life,  the  theme  of  her  eternal  prayer, 
'Tis  scarce  so  much  his  Guardian  Angel's  care ; 
Not  Summer's  morn  such  mildness  could  disclose, 
The  Hermon  lily,  nor  the  Sharon  rose. 

Pt.  ii.  51-68. 

Micliolot,  an  unprincipled,  cowardly, 
greedy  man,  who  tries  to  discover  the 
secret  of  "the  gold-mine."     Being  pro- 


curator of  the  president  of  Lyons,  his 
office  was  "  to  capture  and  arrest  "  those 
charged  with  civil  or  criminal  offences. — 
Stifling:  The  Gold-Mine  or  Miller  of 
Grenoble  (1854). 

Micom'icon,  the  pretended  kingdom 
of  Dorothea  (daughter  of  Cleonardo  of 
Andalusi'a),  a  hundred  days'  journey  from 
Meo'tis,  and  a  nine  years'  voyage  from 
Carthagena. 

Micomicon'a,  the  pretended  queen 
of  Micomicon.  Don  Quixote's  adventure 
to  Micomiconnia  comes  to  nothing,  for  he 
was  taken  home  in  a  cage,  almost  as  soon 
as  he  was  told  of  the  wonderful  enchant- 
ments.— Cervantes:  Don  Quixote,  I.  iv.  2 
(1605). 

Mi'cromeg'as  [''the  little-great"), 
the  hero  of  Voltaire's  imitation  of  Gul- 
liver  s  Travels. 

N.B. — Micromegas  is  a  native  of  a 
planet  revolving  round  Sirius.  He  is 
120,000  feet  high.  Treading  over  the 
Alps,  he  picks  up,  by  the  aid  of 
a  microscope,  a  ship ;  and  discovers  by 
observation  that  the  earth  is  inhabited. 
He  enters  into  conversation  with  some  of 
earth's  inhabitants,  although  they  were 
too  small  to  be  discovered  by  him. 

"ULi'dSkB  [Justice),  appointed  to  adjudge 
a  musical  contest  between  Pol  and  Pan. 
He  decides  in  favour  of  Pan,  whereupon 
Pol  throws  off  his  disguise,  appears  as 
the  god  Apollo,  and,  being  indignant  at 
the  decision,  gives  Midas  "  the  ears  of  an 
ass." — Kane  O'Hara:  Midas  (1764). 

(Edward  Shuter  (1728-1776)  was  pro- 
nounced by  Garrick  ' '  the  greatest  comic 
actor;"  and  C.  Dibdin  says,  "Nothing 
on  earth  could  have  been  superior  to  his 
'  Midas.' ") 

Midas's  Ears.  The  servant  who  used 
to  cut  the  king's  hair,  discovering  the 
deformity,  was  afraid  to  whisper  the 
secret  to  any  one  ;  but,  being  unable  to 
contain  himself,  he  dug  a  hole  in  the 
earth,  and,  putting  his  mouth  into  it, 
cried  out,  "  King  Midas  has  ass's  ears  !  " 
He  then  filled  up  the  hole,  and  felt 
relieved. 

Tennyson  makes  the  barber  a  woman — 

No  livelier  than  the  dame 
That  whispered  "  Asses'  ears  "  isic'\  among  the  sedgre. 
Tennyson  :  The  Princess,  ii. 

Middle  India,  Abyssinia,  the 
country  of  Prester  John.  —Jordanus. 

Middlehurgh  [Mr.  James),  an 
Edinburgh  magistrate. — Sir  IV.  Scott: 
Heart  of  Midlothian  (time,  George  II.). 


MIDDLEMARCH. 

Middlemarch,  "a  study  of  pro- 
vincial life,"  by  George  Eliot  (Mrs.  J.  W. 
Cross)  (1872).  The  heroine  is  Dorothea 
Brooke,  first  married  to  Cassaubon,  and 
afterwards  to  Will  Ladislaw  the  artist.  It 
is  an  excellent  novel. 

Middlemas  [Mr.  Matthew),  a  name 
assumed  by  general  Witherington. 

Mrs.  Middlemas,  wife  of  the  general 
(born  Zelia  de  Mon9ada). 

Richard  Middlemas,  alias  Richard 
Tresham,  a  foundling,  apprenticed  to  Dr. 
Gray.  He  discovers  that  he  is  the  son  of 
general  Witherington,  and  goes  to  India, 
where  he  assumes  the  character  of  Sadoc, 
a  black  slave  in  the  service  of  Mme. 
Montreville.  He  delivers  Menie  Gray  by 
treachery  to  Tippoo  Saib,  and  Hyder  Ali 
gives  him  up  to  be  crushed  to  death  by 
an  elephant. — Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Sur- 
geon's Daughter  (time,  George  II.). 

Middlewick  [Mr.  Perkyn),  a  re- 
tired butterman,  the  neighbour  of  sir 
Geoffry  Champneys,  and  the  father  of 
Charles.  The  butterman  is  innately 
vulgar,  drops  his  A's  and  inserts  them 
out  of  place,  makes  the  greatest  geo- 
graphical and  historical  blunders,  has  a 
tyrannical  temper,  but  a  tender  heart.  He 
turns  his  son  adrift  for  wishing  to  marry 
Violet  Melrose  an  heiress,  who  snubbed 
the  plebeian  father.  When  Charles  is 
reduced  to  great  distress,  the  old  butter- 
man goes  to  his  squalid  lodgings,  and 
relents.     So  all  ends  happily. 

Charles  Middlewick,  son  of  the  retired 
butterman,  well  educated  and  a  gentle- 
man. His  father  wanted  him  to  marry 
Mary  Melrose,  a  girl  without  a  penny, 
but  he  preferred  her  cousin  Violet  an 
heiress. — H.  J.  Byron:  Our  Boys  (a 
comedy,  1875). 

Mid^e,  the  miller's  son,  one  of  the 
companions  of  Robin  Hood.  (See 
Much.) 

Then  stepped  forth  brave  Little  John 
And  Midge  the  miller's  son. 

Robin  Hood  and  AUin-a-Dale. 

Midian  Mara,  the  Celtic  mermaid. 

They  whispered  to  each  other  that  they  could  hear 
the  song  of  Midian  Mara.— 7"Ae  Dark  Colleen,  L  2. 

Midlo'thian  {The  Heart  of),  a  tale 
of  the  Porteous  riot,  in  which  the  incidents 
of  Effie  and  Jeanie  Deans  are  of  absorb- 
ing interest.  Effie  was  seduced  by  Geordie 
Robertson  [alias  George  Staunton),  while 
in  the  service  of  Mrs.  Saddletree.  She 
was  supposed  to  have  murdered  her  child, 
but,  although  she  pleaded  not  guilty,  she 


704 


MIGG& 


was  not  believed,  and  was  condemned  to 
death.  The  child  was  really  stolen  by 
gipsies,  and  grew  up  an  untamed,  wild 
boy  of  the  woods.  Her  half-sister  Jeanie 
went  to  London,  pleaded  her  cause  before 
the  queen,  and  obtained  her  pardon. 
Jeanie,  on  her  return  to  Scotland,  married 
Reuben  Butler;  and  Geordie  Robertson 
(then  sir  George  Staunton)  married  Effie. 
Sir  George  was  shot  by  a  gipsy  boy,  Effie's 
child  really,  although  she  never  found 
this  out,  the  secret  being  only  known  to 
Jeanie,  who  set  the  boy  free  to  resume 
his  savage  life.  Effie  [i.e.  lady  Staunton) 
retired  to  a  convent  on  the  Continent. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Heart  of  Midlothian  [\Sm% 
George  II.). 

Midsummer  Moon.  Dogs  suffer 
from  hydrophobia  during  the  heat  of 
midsummer;  hence  the  term  "Mid- 
summer moon  "  means  madness.  It  will 
be  found  amongst  Ray's  proverbs,  and 
Olivia  (in  Twefth  Night)  says  to  Mal- 
volio,  "  Why,  this  is  very  midsummer 
madness ! " 

What's  this  midsummer  moon!  Is  all  the  world 
gone  a-madding ?— Z)r)/(&«  .•  Amphitryon,  iv.  i  (1690). 

Midsummer  Nig-ht's  Dream  [A ). 

Shakespeare  says  there  was  a  law  in 
Athens,  that  if  a  daughter  refused  to 
marry  the  husband  selected  for  her  by 
her  father,  she  might  be  put  to  death. 
Egeus  (3  syl.),  an  Athenian,  promised  to 
give  his  daughter  Hermia  in  marriage 
to  Demetrius ;  but,  as  the  lady  loved 
Lysander,  she  refused  to  marry  the  man 
selected  by  her  father,  and  fled  from 
Athens  with  her  lover.  Demetrius  went 
in  pursuit  of  her,  followed  by  Hel6na, 
who  doted  on  him.  All  four  came  to  a 
forest,  and  fell  asleep.  In  their  dreams 
a  vision  of  fairies  passed  before  them, 
and  on  awaking,  Demetrius  resolved  to 
forego  Hermia  who  disliked  him,  and  to 
take  to  wife  Helena  who  sincerely  loved 
him.  When  Egeus  was  informed  thereof, 
he  readily  agreed  to  give  his  daugliter  to 
Lysander,  and  the  force  of  the  law  was 
not  called  into  action  (1592). 

'.•  Several  of  the  incidents  of  this 
comedy  are  borrowed  from  the  Diana  of 
Montemayor,  a  Spaniard  (sixteenth  cen- 
tury). 

Midwife   of  Men's   Tkougflits. 

So  Socrates  termed  himself  (b.c.  468- 
399)- 

No  other  man  ever  struck  out  of  others  so  many 
sparks  to  set  light  to  original  thought.— GroiSe.-  History 
ef  Greece  (1846-56). 

MigfgfS  [Miss\,  the  handmaiden  and 


MIGNON. 


70s 


MILESIAN  FABLES. 


"comforter"  of  Mrs.  Varden.  A  tall, 
gaunt  young  woman,  addicted  to  pattens  ; 
slender  and  shrewish,  of  a  sharp  and  acid 
visage.  She  held  the  male  sex  in  utter 
contempt,  but  had  a  secret  exception  in 
favour  of  Sim  Tapper  tit,  who  irreverently 
called  her  "scraggy."  Miss  Miggs 
always  sided  with  madam  against  master, 
and  made  out  that  she  was  a  suffering 
martyr,  and  he  an  inhuman  Nero.  She 
called  ma'am  ' '  raim  ;  "  said  her  sister 
lived  at  ' '  twenty-sivin ; "  Simon  she 
called  "Simmun."  She  said  Mrs.  Var- 
den was  "the  mildest,  amiablest,  for- 
givingest-sperited,  longest- sufferingest 
female  in  existence."  Baffled  in  all  her 
matrimonial  hopes,  she  was  at  last  ap- 
pointed female  turnkey  to  a  county  Bride- 
well, which  office  she  held  for  thirty 
years,  when  she  died. — Dickens:  Barnaby 
Rudge  (1841). 

Miss  Miggs,  baHled  in  all  her  schemes  .  .  .  and  cast 
upon  a  tliankless,  undeserving  world,  turned  very 
sharp  and  sour  .  .  .  but  tlie  justices  of  the  peace  for 
Middlesex  .  .  .  selected  her  iroui  124  competitors  to 
the  office  of  turnkey  for  a  county  Bridewell,  which  she 
held  till  her  decease,  more  than  thirty  years  afterwards, 
remaining  single  all  that  time.— Last  chapter. 

Mignon,  a  beautiful,  dwarfish, 
fairy-like  Italian  girl,  in  love  with 
Wilhelm  her  protector.  She  glides 
before  us  in  the  mazy  dance,  or  whirls 
her  tambourine  like  an  Ariel.  Full  of 
fervour,  full  of  love,  full  of  rapture,  she 
is  overwhelmed  with  the  torrent  of  des- 
pair at  finding  her  love  is  not  returned, 
becomes  insane,  and  dies. — Goethe:  Wil- 
helm Meister's  Apprenticeship  (1794-6). 

'.*  Sir  W.  Scott  drew  his  "  Fenella," 
in  Peveril  of  the  Peak,  from  this  character ; 
and  Victor  Hugo  has  reproduced  her  in 
his  Notre  Dame,  under  the  name  of 
"  Esmeralda." 

Migonnet,  a  fairy  king,  who  wished 
to  marry  the  princess  brought  up  by 
Violenta  the  fairy  mother. 

Of  all  dwarfs  he  was  the  smallest.  His  feet  were 
like  an  eagle's  and  close  to  the  knees,  for  legs  he  had 
none.  His  royal  robes  were  not  above  half  a  yard 
long,  and  trailed  one-third  part  upon  the  ground.  His 
head  was  as  big  as  a  peck,  and  his  nose  long  enough 
for  twelve  birds  to  perch  on.  His  beard  was  bushy 
enough  for  a  canary's  nest,  and  his  ears  reached  a  foot 
above  his  head. — Cotntesst  D'Aulnoy:  Fairy  Tales 
("The  White  Cat,- 1682). 

SXika'do  of  Japan,  the  spiritual 
supreme  or  chief  pontiff.  The  temporal 
supreme  is  called  the  koubo,  segoon,  or 
tycoon. 

But  thou,  Micado,  thou  hast  spoken 
The  word  at  which  all  locks  are  broken. 

St.  Pauts  (January,  1873). 

Miran  (The  duke  of),  an  Italian 
prince,  an  ally  of  the  Lancastrians. — Sir 


W.   Scott:    Anne  of  Geier stein    (time, 
Edward  IV.). 

(Massinger  has  an  excellent  tragedy 
called  The  Duke  ofMillaine  (1623),  The 
duke  is  Sforza  (fifteenth  century).  His 
speech  before  the  emperor  is  admirable. ) 

Milan  Decree,  a  decree  of  Napoleon 
Bonaparte,  dated  Milan,  December  27, 
1807,  declaring  "  the  whole  British  empire 
to  be  in  a  state  of  blockade  ;  and  pro- 
hibiting all  countries  from  trading  with 
Great  Britain  or  using  any  article  made 
therein." 

*.  •  As  Britain  was  the  best  customer  of 
the  very  nations  forbidden  to  deal  with 
her,  this  very  absurd  decree  was  a  two- 
edged  sword,  cutting  both  ways. 

Mildendo,  the  metropolis  of  Lilliput, 
the  wall  of  which  was  two  feet  and  a  half 
high  and  eleven  inches  thick.  The  city 
was  an  exact  square,  and  divided  into 
four  quarters.  The  emperor's  palace, 
called  Belfab'orac,  stood  in  the  centre 
of  the  city. — Swift:  Gulliver's  Travels 
("  Lilliput,"  iv.,  1726). 

Mildmay.  (See  Frank  Mildmay, 
P-  392.) 

Mile'sia  Crimina,  amatory  offences. 
Venus  was  worshipped  at  Miletus,  and 
hence  the  loose  amatory  tales  of  Antonius 
Diogenes  were  entitled  Milesice  Fabula. 

Mile'sian  Pables  [Milesice  Fabulce), 
very  wanton  and  ludicrous  tales.  Sir 
Edward  Bulwer  Lytton  (lord  Lytton) 
published  six  of  the  Lost  Tales  of  Miletus 
in  rhymeless  verse.  He  says  he  borrowed 
them  from  the  scattered'  remnants  pre- 
served by  ApoUodo'rus  and  Conon,  con- 
tained in  the  pages  of  Pausa'nias  and 
Athenaeus,  or  dispersed  throughout  the 
Scholiasts.  The  Milesian  tales  were,  for 
the  most  part,  in  prose ;  but  Ovid  tells  us 
that  Aristi'dgs  rendered  some  of  them 
into  verse,  and  Sisenna  into  Latin. 

Junxit  Aristides  Milesia  carmina  secum 
Pulsus  Aristides  nee  tamea  urba  sua  est. 

N.B. — The  original  tales  by  Antonius 
Diog'enSs  are  described  by  Photius.  It 
appears  that  they  were  great  favourites 
with  the  luxurious  Sybarites.  A  com- 
pilation was  made  by  Aristides,  by  whom 
(according  to  Ovid)  some  were  versified 
also.  The  Latin  translation  by  Sisenna 
was  made  about  the  time  of  the  civil 
wars  of  Ma'rius  and  Sylla.  Parthen'ius 
Nice'nus,  who  taught  Virgil  Greek,  bor- 
rowed thirty-six  of  the  tales,  which  he 
dedicated  to  Cornehus  Gallus,  and  en 
a  A 


MILESIANS. 


706      MILLER  OF  TROMPINGTON. 


titled      Erdtikon     PaihimatSn      {"  love 
stories  "). 

Mile'sians,  the  "ancient"  Irish. 
The  legend  is  that  Ireland  was  once 
peopled  by  the  Fir-bolg  or  Belgae  from 
Britain,  who  were  subdued  by  Milesians 
from  Asia  Minor,  called  the  Gaels  of 
Ireland. 

My  family,  by  my  fatlier's  side,  are  all  the  true 
ould  Milesians,  and  related  to  tlie  O'Flahortys,  and 
O'Shauglinesses,  and  the  M'Lauchlins,  the  O  Danna- 
ghans,  O'Callaghanji,  O'Geogaghans,  and  all  the  thick 
blood  of  the  nation;  and  I  myself  am  an  O'Brallaghan, 
which  is  the  ouldest  of  them  ^.—Macklin  :  Lovt  d-la- 
Modt  (i779)- 

Pat's  Milesian  blood  being  roused. 

Very  Far  H''tst  Indttd. 

Blilford  {Colonel),  a  friend  of  sir 
Geoffrey  Peveril.  — .SiV  W.  Scott:  Peveril 
of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Milford  {Jack),  a  natural  son  of 
Widow  Warren's  late  husband.  He  was 
the  chum  of  Harry  Dornton,  with  whom 
he  ran  "  the  road  to  ruin."  Jack  had  a 
fortune  left  him,  but  he  soon  scattered 
it  by  his  extravagant  living,  and  was 
imprisoned  for  debt.  Harry  then  pro- 
mised to  marry  Widow  Warren  if  she 
would  advance  him  ;^6ooo  to  pay  off  his 
friend's  debts.  When  Harry's  father 
heard  of  this  bargain,  he  was  so  moved 
that  he  advanced  the  money  himself; 
and  Harry,  being  set  free  from  his  bar- 
gain, married  the  widow's  daughter  in- 
stead of  the  widow.  Thus  all  were 
rescued  from  "the  road  to  ruin." — Hol- 
croft :  The  Road  to  Ruin  (1792). 

Milk-Pail  [The),  which  was  to  gain 
a  fortune.     (See  Perrette.) 

Milk  Street  (London),  the  old  Milk- 
market.  Here  sir  Thomas  More  was 
born. 

Mill  Pond,  South  wark,  formerly 
called  "Folly  Ditch,"  a  creek  or  inlet 
from  the  Thames,  and  which  can  be 
filled  at  high  water  by  opening  the  sluices 
at  Mill  Lane. 

Mill  on  the  Ploss  ( The),  a  novel  by 
George  Eliot  (Mrs.  J.  W.  Cross)  (i860). 
The  heroine  is  Maggie  TulUver,  the 
miller's  daughter.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  TuUi- 
ver,  with  their  daughter  Maggie  and 
her  brother  Tom,  live  at  the  mill-house. 
Maggie  grows  up  into  a  clever  and  beau- 
tiful young  woman,  devoted  to  her 
brother.  Philip,  the  deformed  son  of 
lawyer  Wakeham,  falls  in  love  with  her, 
but  the  two  fathers,  disagree  and  the 
lovers  are  parted.  Maggie  subsequently 
meets    with    Stephen    Guest,    the    lover 


of  her  cousin  Lucy  Deane,  and  Maggie 
and  Stephen  fall  deeply  in  love  with 
each  other ;  however,  Maggie  acts 
imprudently,  and  difficulties  arise.  To 
end  the  story,  a  tidal  wave  breaks  into 
the  mill,  Maggie  and  Tom  try  to  save 
then^elves  by  the  boat,  but  a  part  of  the 
mill  falls  on  them  and  they  are  both 
drowned. 

Millamant,  the  fritendue  of  Edward 
Mirabell.  She  is  a  most  brilliant  girl, 
who  says  she  * '  loves  to  give  pain  be- 
cause cruelty  is  a  proof  of  power ;  and 
when  one  parts  with  one's  cruelty,  one 
parts  with  one's  power."  Millamant  is 
far  gone  in  poetry,  and  her  heart  is  not 
in  her  own  keeping.  Sir  Wilful  Wit- 
would  makes  love  to  her,  but  she  detests 
"the  superannuated  lubber." — Congreve: 
The  Way  of  the  Wort d  (1700). 

There  never  was  a  more  perfect  representation  of 
feminine  vivacity  than  Miss  M.  Tree's  "  Millamant "  or 
"  lady  Townly  — a  vivacity  flowing  from  the  light- 
heartedness  of  an  intelligent  and  gentle  girL — Tal- 
fourd  (1821). 

Miller  (James),  the  "tiger"  of  the 

Hon.  Mr.  Flammer.  James  was  brought 
up  in  the  stable,  educated  on  the  turf  and 
pav^,  polished  and  completed  in  the  fives- 
court.  He  was  engaged  to  Mary  Chintz, 
the  maid  of  Miss  Bloomfield.  — -S^//?/ .• 
The  Unfinished  Gentleman. 

Miller  {Joe),  James  Ballantyne,  au- 
thor of  Old  Joe  Miller,  by  the  Editor  oj 
New  J.  M.,  three  vols.  (1801). 

1[  Moitley  compiled  a  jest-book  in  the 
reign  of  James  II.,  entitled  Joe  Millers 
Jests.  The  phrase,  "That's  a  Joe 
Miller,"  means  "  That's  a  stale  jest  "  or 
"  That's  a  jest  from  Mottley's  book." 

Miller  {Maximilian  Christopher),  the 
Saxon  giant ;  height,  eight  feet.  His 
hand  measured  a  foot  ;  his  second  finger 
was  nine  inches  long  ;  his  head  unusually 
large.  He  wore  a  rich  Hungarian  jacket 
and  a  huge  plumed  cap.  This  giant  was 
exhibited  in  London  in  the  year  1733. 
He  died  aged  60  ;  was  born  at  Leipsic 
(1674-1734). 

Miller  of  Mansfield  {The).  John 
Cockle,  a  miller  and  keeper  of  Sherwood 
Forest.  (See  Mansfield,  p.  667.)— 
Dodsley  :  The  King  and  the  Miller  01 
Mansfield  (1737). 

Miller  of  Troxnpingfton  {The), 
Simon  Simkin,  an  arrant  thief.  Two 
scholars  undertook  to  see  that  a  sack  of 
corn  was  ground  for  "Solar  Hall  Col- 
lege "  without  being  tampered  with ;  so 


707 


MILLER  ON  THE  DEE. 

one  stood  at  the  hopppr,  and  the  other  at 
the  trough  below.  In  the  mean  time, 
Simon  Simkin  let  loose  the  scholars* 
horse ;  and  while  they  went  to  catch  it 
he  purloined  half  a  bushel  of  the  flour, 
which  was  made  into  cakes,  and  sub- 
stituted meal  in  its  stead.  But  the 
young  men  had  their  revenge ;  they  not 
only  made  off  with  the  flour,  meal,  and 
cakes  without  payment,  but  left  the 
miller  well  trounced  also. — Chaucer: 
Canterbury  Tales  ("The  Reeve's  Tale," 
1388). 

A  trick  something'  like  that  pJayed  off  on  the  Miller 
of  Trumpington. — Review  0/  Kirkton,  xix.  253. 

Miller  on  the  Dee.  "  There  was  a 
Jolly  Miller  once  lived  on  the  River  Dee," 
is  a  song  by  Isaac  Bickerstaff,  introduced 
in  Love  in  a  Village,  i.  i  {1763), 

Miller's  Tale  {The),  in  Chaucer's 
Canterbury  Tales.     {See  Nicholas.) 

Million  {Mrs."),  a  lady  of  enormous 
wealth,  in  Vivian  Grey,  a  novel  by 
Disraeli  (lord  Beaconsfield)  (1826-27). 

Mills  [Miss),  the  bosom  friend  of 
Dora.  Supposed  to  have  been  blighted 
in  early  life  in  some  love  affair.  Hence 
she  looks  on  the  happiness  of  others  with 
a  calm,  supercilious  benignity,  and  talks 
of  herself  as  being  '  *  in  the  desert  of 
Sahara." — Dickens  :  David  Copperjield 
(1849). 

Millstone.  Tlie  saint  who  crossed 
the  sea  on  a  millstone  was  St.  Piran,  the 
patron  of  tinners. 

Millwood  [Sarah),  the  courtezan 
who  enticed  George  Barnwell  to  rob  his 
master  and  murder  his  uncle.  Sarah 
Millwood  spent  all  the  money  that 
George  Barnwell  obtained  by  these 
crimes,  then  turned  him  out  of  doors, 
and  impeached  against  him.  Both  were 
hanged. — Lillo:  George  Barnwell  (1732). 

David  Ross  [1728-1790]  was  once  sent  for  to  see  a 
dying  man,  who  saia  to  him,  "  Mr.  Ross,  some  forty 
years  ago,  like  'Georgfe  Barnwell,'  I  wronged  mv 
master  to  supply  the  extravagance  of  a  '  Millwood.' 


well,'  which  so  shocked  me  that  I  vowed  to  break  off 
the  connection  and  return  to  the  path  of  virtue.  I 
kept  my  resolution,  replaced  the  money  I  had  stolen, 
and  found  a  '  Maria  '  in  my  master's  daughter  ...  I 
liave  bequeathed  you  £  looa  Would  it  were  a  larger 
sum  1    Farewell  1   — Pclhatn  :  ChronicUs  0/  Crime. 

Milly,  the  wife  of  William  Swidger. 
She  is  the  good  angel  of  the  tale.— 
Dickens:  The  Haunted  Man  (1848). 

Milner  [Miss),  the  heroine  of  Mrs. 
Inchbald's  novel  called  A  Simple  Story. 
The  graceful,  frivolous  girl  is  in  love  with 


MINCING  LANE. 

Mr.  Dorriforth,  a  handsome  young  ca- 
tholic priest,  who  is  her  guardian,  and 
who  is  represented  as  grave,  virtuous,  and 
wilful  (1791). 

Miss  Milner  .  .  .  has  a  quick  tongiie,  a  warm  heart, 
and  a  wayward  will  of  her  own,  which  is  ever  leading 
her  to  the  verge  of  wrong. — Miss  Kavanagh. 

Milo,  an  athlete  of  Croto'na,  noted 
for  his  amazing  strength.  He  could 
carry  on  his  shoulders  a  four-year-old 
heifer.  When  old,  Milo  attempted  to 
tear  in  twain  an  oak  tree,  but  the  parts, 
closing  on  his  hands,  held  him  fast,  till 
he  was  devoured  by  wolves. 

The  English  Milo,  Thomas  Tophara  of 
London  (1710-1752). 

Milton,  introduced  by  sir  Walter 
Scott  in  Woodstock  (time,  Common- 
wealth). 

The  Milton  of  Germany,  Frederick 
Gottlieb  Klopstock,  author  of  The  Mes- 
siah, an  epic  poem  (1724-1803). 

Avery  German  Milton  indeed. 

Colerutg;e. 

Milton  s  Monument,  in  Westminster 
Abbey,  was  by  Rysbrack. 

Milvey  [The  Rev.  Frank),  a  "young 
man  expensively  educated  and  wretch- 
edly paid,  with  quite  a  young  wife  and 
half  a  dozen  young  children.  He  was 
under  the  necessity  of  teaching  ...  to 
eke  out  his  scanty  means,  yet  was  gene- 
rally expected  to  have  more  time  to 
spare  than  the  idlest  person  in  the  parish, 
and  more  money  than  the  richest." 

Mrs.  Milvey  [Margaretta),  a  pretty, 
bright  little  woman,  emphatic  and  im- 
pulsive, but  "something  worn  by  an- 
xiety. She  had  repressed  many  pretty 
tastes  and  bright  fancies,  and  substituted 
instead  schools,  soup,  flannel,  coals,  and 
all  the  week-day  cares  and  Sunday 
coughs  of  a  large  population,  young  and 
old." — Dickens:  Our  Mutual  Friend 
(1864). 

Mina^olsis,  admiral  of  the  cats  in 
the  great  sea-fight  of  the  cats  and  rats. 
Minagrobis  won  the  victory  by  devouring 
the  admiral  of  the  rats,  who  had  made 
three  voyages  round  the  world  in  very 
excellent  ships,  in  which  he  was  neither 
one  of  the  officers  nor  one  of  the  crew, 
but  a  kind  of  interloper.  —  Comtesse 
D'Aulnoy:  Fairy  Tales  ("The  White 
Cat,"  1682), 

Min'cingf,  lady's-maid  to  Millamant. 

She    says    mem,    for    "ma'am"   fit   for 

"  ionghi,"  la' ship  for  "ladyship,"  etc. — 

Congreve  :  The  Way  of  the  World  [  1700). 

Mincing  Lane  (London),  a  corrup- 


MINCIUS. 


708 


MINOR. 


tion  of  Minicen  Lane.  So  called  from 
the  Minicens  or  nuns  of  St.  Helen,  who 
had  tenements  in  Bishopsgate  Street. 

Min'ciTlS,  a  Venetian  river  which 
falls  into  the  Po.  Virgil  was  bom  at 
And&s,  on  the  banks  of  this  river. 

Thou  honoured  flood. 
Smooth-sliding  Mincius,  crowned  with  vocal  reeds. 
Milton  :  Lycidas,  85  (1638). 

Minerva  Press  {The),  Leadenhall 
Street,  London,  noted  for  its  trashy 
literature,  in  the  eighteenth  and  early  part 
of  the  nineteenth  centuries. 

Miniature  Painters  [British). 

(i)  Nicholas  Hilliard  (time,  queen 
Elizabeth),  Isaac  and  Peter  Oliver,  Samuel 
Cooper. 

(2)  John  Hoskyns,  Richard  Cosway 
(eighteenth  century),  Ozias  Humphrey, 
Andrew  Robertson,  sir  William  Ross. 

(3)  Henry  C.  Heath,  Henry  Edridge, 
Charles  Turrell,  Thorburn,  Edward 
Taylor,  Edward  Moira. 

Minikin  {Lord),  married  to  a  cou=;in 
of  sir  John  Trolley,  but,  according  to  bon 
ton,  he  flirts  with  Miss  Tittup  ;  and  Miss 
Tittup,  who  is  engaged  to  colonel  Tivy, 
flirts  with  a  married  man. 

Lady  Minikin,  wife  of  lord  Minikin. 
According  to  bon  ton,  she  hates  her 
husband,  and  flirts  with  colonel  Tivy ; 
and  colonel  Tivy,  who  is  engaged  to  Miss 
Tittup,  flirts  with  a  married  woman.  It 
is  bon  ton  to  do  so, — Garrick :  Don  Ton 
(1760). 

Minjekah'wnn,  Hiawatha's  mittens, 
made  of  deer-skin.  When  Hiawatha  had 
his  mittens  on,  he  could  smite  the  hardest 
rocks  asunder. 

He  [/^lawaCAa]  had  mittens,  Minjekahwuni, 
Magic  mittens  made  of  deer-skin ; 
When  upon  his  hands  he  wore  them. 
He  could  smite  the  rocks  asunder. 

Long/eUow  :  Hia-watha,  hr.  (1855). 

Minna  and  Brenda,  two  beautiful 
girls,  the  daughters  of  Magnus  Troil  the 
old  udaller  of  Zetland.  Minna  was 
stately  in  form,  with  dark  eyes  and  raven 
locks ;  credulous  and  vain,  but  not 
giddy ;  enthusiastic,  talented,  and  warm- 
hearted. She  loved  captain  Clement 
Cleveland ;  but  Cleveland  was  killed  in 
an  encounter  on  the  Spanish  main, 
Brenda  had  golden  hair,  a  bloom  on  her 
cheeks,  a  fairy  form,  and  a  serene, 
cheerful  disposition.  She  was  less  the 
heroine  than  her  sister,  but  more  the 
loving  and  confiding  woman.  She  mar- 
ried Mordaunt  Mertoun  (ch.  iii.), — Sir 
W.  Scott:  The  Pirate  (time,  William 
III.). 


MinneliaTia  ["  the  laughing  wafer  "], 
daughter  of  the  arrow-maker  of  Daco'tah, 
and  viafe  of  Hiawatha.  She  was  called 
Minnehaha  from  the  waterfall  of  that 
name  between  St.  Anthony  and  Fort 
Snelling. 

From  the  waterfall,  he  named  her, 
Minnehaha,  Laughing  Water. 

Ltngfillow  :  Hiatvatha,  Iv.  (itss). 

Minnesing'ers,  the  troubadours 
of  Germany  during  the  Hohenstaufen 
period  (i  138-1294).  The  word  minne- 
singers mea.ns  "love-singers,"  and  these 
minstrels  were  so  called  because  their 
usual  subject  was  love,  either  of  woman 
or  nature.  The  names  of  about  three 
hundred  are  known,  the  most  famous 
being  Dietmar  von  Aist,  Ulrich  von 
Lichtenstein,  Heinrich  von  Frauen'ob, 
and  above  all  Walther  von  der  Vogel- 
weide  (1168-1230),  Wolfram  von  Esch- 
enbach,  Gottfried  von  Strasburg,  Heinrich 
von  Offerdingen,  and  Hartmann  von  der 
Aue  are  also  classed  among  the  minne- 
singers, but  their  fame  rests  on  metrical 
romance  rather  than  on  love-songs. 

Minns  and  Ms  Consin  {Mr.),  the 
first  of  the  Sketches  by  Boz.  It  was  pub- 
lished in  the  Old  Monthly  Magazine 
(1836). 

My  first  effusion,  dropped  stealthily  one  evening  at 
twilight,  with  fear  and  trembling,  into  a  dark  letter- 
box, in  a  dusk  office,  up  a  dark  court  in  Fleet  Street.— 
Dickens. 

Mino'na,  a  Gaelic  bard,  "  the  soft- 
blushing  daughter  of  Torman." 

Minona  came  forth  in  her  beauty,  with  downcast 
look  and  tearful  eye.  Her  hair  flew  slowly  on  the 
blast  that  rushed  unfreauent  from  the  hill.  The  souls 
of  the  heroes  were  sad  when  she  raised  the  tuneful 
Toice.— C>J,ria>»  .•  The  Songs  of  Seltna. 

Minor  {The),  a  comedy  by  Samuel 
Foote  (1760).  Sir  George  Wealthy,  "  the 
minor,"  was  the  son  of  sir  William 
Wealthy,  a  retired  merchant.  He  was 
educated  at  a  public  school,  sent  to  col- 
lege, and  finished  his  training  in  Paris. 
His  father,  hearing  of  his  extravagant 
habits,  pretended  to  be  dea'd,  and, 
assuming  the  guise  of  a  German  baron, 
employed  several  persons  to  dodge  the 
lad,  some  to  be  winners  in  his  gambling, 
some  to  lend  money,  some  to  cater  to 
other  follies,  till  he  was  apparently  on  the 
brink  of  ruin.  His  uncle,  Mr.  Richard 
Wealthy,  a  City  merchant,  wanted  his 
daughter  Lucy  to  marry  a  wealthy 
trader,  and,  as  she  refused  to  do  so, 
he  turned  her  out  of  doors.  This  young 
lady  was  brought  to  sir  George  as  a  fille 
dejoie,  but  she  touched  his  heart  by  her 
manifest    innocence,   and    he    not   only 


I 


MINOTTI. 


709 


MIRABELLA. 


relieved  her  present  necessities,  but 
I  •moved  her  to  an  asylum  where  her 
' '  innocent  beauty  would  be  guarded  from 
temptation,  and  her  deluded  innocence 
would  be  rescued  from  infamy."  The 
whole  scheme  now  burst  as  a  bubble. 
Sir  George's  father,  proud  of  his  son,  told 
him  he  was  his  father,  and  that  his  losses 
were  only  fictitious ;  and  the  uncle 
melted  into  a  better  mood,  gave  his 
daughter  to  his  nephew,  and  blessed  the 
boy  for  rescuing  his  discarded  child. 

Minotti,  governor  of  Corinth,  then 
under  the  power  of  the  doge.  In  1715 
the  city  was  stormed  by  the  Turks  ;  and 
during  the  siege  one  of  the  magazines  in 
the  Turkish  camp  blew  up,  killing  600 
men.  Byron  says  it  was  Minotti  himself 
who  fired  the  train,  and  that  he  perished 
in  the  explosion. — Byron:  Siege  of  Corinth 
(1816). 

Minstrel  ( The\  an  unfinished  poem, 
in  Spenserian  metre,  by  James  Beattie. 
Its  design  was  to  trace  the  progress  of  a 
poetic  genius,  born  in  a  rude  age,  from 
the  first  dawn  of  fancy  to  the  fulness  of 
poetic  rapture.  The  first  canto  (1771)  is 
descriptive  of  Edwin  the  minstrel ;  canto 
ii.  (1774)  is  dull  philosophy,  and  there, 
happily,  the  poem  ends.  It  is  a  pity  it 
did  not  end  with  the  first  canto. 

And  yet  poor  Edwin  was  no  vulg^ar  boy, 

Deep  thought  oft  seemed  to  fix  his  mfant  eye. 
Dainties  he  heeded  not,  nor  gaude,  nor  toy. 
Save  one  short  pipe  of  rudest  minstrelsy ; 
Silent  when  sad,  affectionate,  tho'  shy ; 
And  now  his  look  was  most  demurely  sad ; 

And  now  he  laughed  aloud,  yet  none  knew  why. 
The  neighbours  stared  and  sighed,  yet  blessed  tho 
lad; 
Some  deemed  hhn  wondrous  wise,  and  some  believed 
him  mad. 

Canto  i.  16. 

Minstrel  {Lay  of  the  Last).  (See 
Lay  of  the  last  Minstrel,  p.  599.) 

Minstrel  of  the  Border,  sir  W. 

Scott ;  also  called  "  The  Border  Minstrel " 
(1771-1832). 

My  steps  the  Border  Minstrel  led. 

fVordrworth  :  Yarrow  Revisited. 
Great  Minstrel  of  the  Border. 

IVords-worth. 

Minstrel  of  the  English  Stag-e 

{The  Last),  James  Shirley,  last  of  the 
Shakespeare  school  (1594-1666). 

• .  •  Then  followed  the  licentious  French 
school,  headed  by  John  Dryden. 

Minstrel's  Song  [The),  in  the 
tragedy  called  ^lla  by  Chatterton  {1777). 
It  is  in  imitation  of  the  antique.  The 
first  verse  ends  thus — 


My  love  is  dead. 
Gone  to  her  death-bed. 
All  under  the  willow-tree. 

Minstrels  [Royal  Domes  fie). 

Of  William  I.,  Berdic,  called  Regis 
J  ocula'  tor. 

Of  Henry  I.,  Galfrid  and  Royer  or 
Raher. 

Of  Richard  I.,  Blondel. 

Miol'ner  {3  syl.),  Thor's  hammer. 
{See  MjOLNER. ) 

This  is  my  hammer,  MiOlner  the  mighty ; 
Giants  and  sorcerers  cannot  withstand  it. 

Samund  Sig/usson  :  £dda  (iiSc). 

Miqnelets  {Les),  soldiers  of  the 
Pyrenees,  sent  to  co-operate  with  the 
dragoons  of  the  Grand  Monarque  against 
the  Camisards  of  the  Cevennes. 

Mir'abel,  the  "wild  goose,"  a  tra- 
velled Monsieur,  who  loves  women  in  a 
loose  way,  but  abhors  matrimony,  and 
esf>ecially  dislikes  Oria'na  ;  but  Oriana 
"chases"  the  "wild  goose"  with  her 
woman's  wiles,  and  catches  him. — John 
Fletcher:  The  Wild-goose  Chase  (1652). 

Mirabel  (0/af).  He  adores  his  son, 
and  wishes  him  to  marry  Oria'na.  As 
the  young  man  shilly-shallies,  the  father 
enters  into  several  schemes  to  entrap  him 
into  a  declaration  of  love ;  but  all  his 
schemes  are  abortive. 

Young  Mirabel,  the  son,  called  "  the 
inconstant. "  A  handsome,  dashing  young 
rake,  who  loves  Oriana,  but  does  not 
wish  to  marry.  Whenever  Oriana  seems 
lost  to  him,  the  ardour  of  his  love  revives  ; 
but  immediately  his  path  is  made  plain, 
he  holds  off.  However,  he  ultimately 
marries  her, — Farquhar  :  The  Inconstant 
(1702). 

Mirahell  {Edward),  in  love  with 
Millamant.  He  liked  her,  "with  all  her 
faults  ;  nay,  liked  her  for  her  faults,  .  .  . 
which  were  so  natural  that  (in  his  opinion) 
they  became  her. " — Congreve :  The  Way 
of  the  World  {1700). 

Not  all  that  Drury  Lane  affords 

Can  paint  the  rakish  "  Charles  "  SO  well. 

Or  give  such  life  to  "  Mirabell  " 

[As  Monta£^e  Talbot,  1778-1831]. 

Crofton  Crnker, 

Mirahella,  "  a  maiden  fair,  clad  in 
mourning  weeds,  upon  a  mangy  jade, 
unmeetly  set  with  a  lewd  fool  called 
Disdain"  (canto  6).  Timias  and  Serena, 
after  quitting  the  hermit's  cell,  met  her. 
Though  so  sorely  clad  and  mounted,  the 
maiden  was  "  a  lady  of  great  dignity  and 
honour,  but  scornful  and  proud."  Many 
a  wretch  did  languish  for  her  through  a 
long  life.      Being  summoned  to  Cupid's 


MIRABILIS  DOCTOR. 

judgment-hall,  the  sentence  passed  on 
her  was  that  she  should  "ride  on  a  mangy 
jade,  accompanied  by  a  fool,  till  she  had 
saved  as  many  lovers  as  she  had  slain  " 
(canto  7).  Mirabella  was  also  doomed  to 
carry  a  leaky  bottle  which  she  was  to  fill 
with  tears,  and  a  torn  wallet  which  she 
was  to  fill  with  repentance  ;  but  her  tears 
and  her  repentance  dropped  out  as  fast 
as  they  were  put  in,  and  were  trampled 
under  foot  by  Scorn  (canto  8). — Spenser: 
Faerie  Queene,  vi.  6-8  (1596). 

("Mirabella"  is  supposed  to  be  meant 
for  Rosalind,  who  jilted  Spenser,  and 
who  is  called  by  the  poet  "a  widow's 
daughter  of  the  glen,  and  poor.") 

Mirab'ilis  Doctor,  Roger  Bacon 
(1214-1*93). 

Mir'axuoni,  brother  of  justice  Bn'sac, 
and  uncle  of  the  two  brothers  Charles 
(the  scholar)  and  Eustace  (the  courtier). 
Miramont  is  an  ignorant,  testy  old  man, 
but  a  great  admirer  of  learning  and 
scholars.— yoA«  Fletcher:  The  Elder 
Brother  (1637). 

Miraxi'da,  daughter  of  Prospero  the 
exiled  duke  of  Milan,  and  niece  of  An- 
thonio  the  usurping  duke.  She  is  brought 
up  on  a  desert  island,  with  Ariel  the  fairy 
spirit  and  Cal'iban  the  monster  as  her 
only  companions.  Ferdinand,  son  of  the 
king  of  Naples,  being  shipwrecked  on 
the  island,  falls  in  love  with  her,  and 
marries  her. — Shakespeare:  The  Tempest 
(1609). 

Identifying  herself  with  the  simple  yet  noble-minded 
Miranda  in  the  isle  of  wonder  and  enchantment. — Sir 
W.  Scott. 

Miranda,  an  heiress,  the  ward  of  sir 
Francis  Gripe.  (See  Gripe,  Sir  Francis, 
p.  451.) — Mrs.  Centlivre:  The  Busy  Body 
(1709). 

Mir'ja,  one  of  the  six  Wise  Men  of 
the  East,  led  by  the  guiding  star  to  Jesus. 
Mirja  had  five  sons,  who  followed  his  holy 
life. — Klopstock  :  The  Messiah,  v.  (1771). 

Mirror  {Alasnam's),  a  mirror  which 
showed  Alasnam  if  "a  beautiful  girl 
was  also  chaste  and  virtuous."  The 
mirror  was  called  "  the  touchstone  of 
virtue." — Arabian  Nights  ("  Prince  Zeyn 
Alasnam  "). 

Cambuscans  Mirror,  a  mirror  sent  to 
Cambuscan'  king  of  Tartary  by  the  king 
of  Araby  and  Ind.  It  showed  those  who 
consulted  it  if  any  adversity  was  about 
to  befall  them ;  if  any  individual  they 
were  interested  in  was  friend  or  foe  ;  and 
if  a  person  returned  love  for  love  or  not. 


710 


MIRROR. 


— Chaucer :  Canterbury  Tales  ("  The 
Squire's  Tale,"  1388). 

•.'  Sometimes,  but  incorrectly,  called 
*'  Canac^'s  Mirror." 

Kelly's  Mirror,  Dr.  Dee's  speculum. 
Kelly  was  the  doctor's  speculator  or  seer. 
The  speculum  resembled  a  ' '  piece  of 
polished  cannel  coal." 

Kelly  did  all  his  feats  upon 

The  devil's  looking-glass,  a  stone. 

5.  Butler:  Hudibras  (1663-78). 

Lao*i  Mirror,  a  looking-glass  which 
reflected  the  mind  as  well  as  the  outward 
form. — Goldsmith:  Citizen  of  the  World, 
xlv.  (1759).  ^ 

Merlin's  Magtc  Mirror  or  Venus's 
looking-glass,  fabricated  in  South  Wales, 
in  the  days  of  king  Ryence.  It  would 
show  to  those  who  looked  therein  any- 
thing which  pertained  to  them,  anything 
that  a  friend  or  foe  was  doing.  It  was 
round  like  a  sphere,  and  was  given  by 
Merlin  to  king  Ryence — 

That  nerer  foes  his  kingdom  might  invade 
But  he  it  knew  at  home  before  he  heard 
Tidings  thereof. 

(Britomart,  who  was  king  Ryence's 
daughter  and  heiress,  saw  in  the  mirror 
her  future  husband,  and  also  his  name, 
which  was  sir  Artegal. — Spenser:  Faerie 
Queene,  iii.  2,  1590.) 

Prester  John's  Mirror,  a  mirror  which 
possessed  similar  virtues  to  that  made  by 
Merlin.  Prester  John  could  see  therein 
whatever  was  taking  place  in  any  part  of 
his  dominions. 

N.B. — Dr.  Dee's  speculum  was  also 
spherical,  and  possessed  a  similar  reputed 
virtue. 

(In  Rider  Haggard's  She,  the  heroine 
was  able  to  see  reflected  on  the  surface  of 
a  liquid  all  that  transpired  in  her  king- 
dom. This  mirror  had  also  the  power  of 
reproducing  vivid  images  of  anything 
which  the  mind  clearly  remembered.) 

Reynards  Wonderful  Mirror.  This 
mirror  existed  only  in  the  brain  of  Master 
Fox.  He  told  the  queen  lion  that  who- 
ever looked  therein  could  see  what  was 
being  done  a  mile  off.  The  wood  of  the 
frame  was  part  of  the  same  block  out  of 
which  Cram  part's  magic  horse  was  made. 
— Reynard  the  Fox,  xii,  (1^98). 

Venus's  Mirror,  generally  called 
"Venus's  looking-glass,"  the  same  as 
Merlin's  magic  mirror  [jj.v.). 

Vulcan  s  Mirror.  Vulcan  made  a 
mirror  which  showed  those  who  looked 
into  it  the  past,  present,  and  future. 
Sir  John  Davies  says  that  Cupid  handed 
this  mirror  to  Antin'ous  when   he  was 


MIRROR  OF  HUMAN  SALVATION.  711 

in  the  court  of  Ulysses,  and  Antinous 
gave  it  to  Penel'ope,  who  beheld  therein 
the  court  of  queen  Elizabeth  and  all  its 
grandeur. 

Vulcan,  the  king  of  fire,  that  mirror  wrouglt  ,  ,  . 
As  Uiere  did  represent  in  lively  show 
Our  glorious  Enjjlish  court's  cRviuc  tmag« 
As  it  should  be  in  this  our  golden  age. 

Sir  yohn  Davits  :  Orchestra  (1615). 

Mirror   of    Human    Salvation 

{Speculum  Humana  Salvationis),  a  pic- 
ture Bible,  with  the  subjects  of  the 
pictures  explained  in  rhymes. 

Mirror  of  king-  Ryence,  a  mirror 
made  by  Merlin,  it  showed  those  who 
looked  into  it  whatever  they  wished  to 
see. — Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  iii.  (1590). 

Mirror  of  Knig-lithood,  a  romance 
of  chivalry  It  was  one  of  the  books  in 
don  Quixote's  library,  and  the  cur6  said 
to  the  barber — 

"  In  this  same  Mirror  ef  Kniehthood  we  meet  with 
Rinaldo  de  Montalban  and  his  companions,  with  the 
twelve  peers  of  France,  and  Turpin  the  historian. 
These  gentlemen  we  will  condemn  only  to  perpetual 
exile,  asthey  contain  something  of  the  famous  Bojardo's 
invention,  whence  the  Christian  poet  Ariosto  borrowed 
tt'.e  groundwork  of  his  ingenious  compositions ;  to 
wliom  I  should  pay  little  regard  if  he  had  not  written 
in  his  own  language  \_ItaUan\"—Ct>-vanUs:  Don 
Quixote,  I.  L  6  (1605). 

Mirror   of  all    Martial    Men, 

Thomas  earl  of  Salisbury  (died  1428). 

Mirrour  for  Magfistrajrtes,  be- 
gun by  Thomas  Sackville,  and  intended 
to  be  a  poetical  biography  of  remarkable 
Englishmen.  Sackville  wrote  the  "  In- 
duction," and  furnished  one  of  the 
sketches,  that  of  Henry  Stafford  duke  of 
Buckingham  (the  tool  of  Richard  III.). 
Baldwynne,  Ferrers,  Churchyard,  Phair, 
etc.,  added  others.  Subsequently,  John 
Higgins,  Richard  Nichols,  Thomas 
Blenerhasset,  etc.,  supplied  additional 
characters ;  but  Sackville  alone  stands 
out  pre-eminent  in  merit.  In  the  "In- 
duction," Sackville  tells  us  he  was 
conducted  by  Sorrowe  into  the  infernal 
regions.  At  the  porch  sat  Remorse  and 
Dread,  and  within  the  porch  were  Re- 
venge, Miserie,  Care,  and  Slepe.  Passing 
on,  he  beheld  Old  Age,  Maladie,  Famine, 
and  Warre.  Sorrowe  then  took  him  to 
AchSron,  and  ordered  Charon  to  ferry 
them  across.  They  passed  the  three- 
headed  CerbSrus  and  came  to  Pluto, 
where  the  poet  saw  several  ghosts,  the 
last  of  all  being  the  duke  of  Buckingham, 
whose  *' complaynt"  finishes  the  part 
written  by  Thomas  Sackville  (1557).  (See 
Buckingham,  p.  157.) 

N.B.— Henry  Stafford  duke  of  Buck- 
ingham must  not  be  mistaken  for  George 


MISHE-NAHMA. 

Villiers  duke  of  Buckingham  150  years 
later. 

Mirza  [The  Vision  of).  Mirza,  being 
at  Grand  Cairo  on  the  fifth  day  of  the 
moon,  which  he  always  kept  holy,  as- 
cended a  high  hill,  and,  falling  into  a 
trance,  beheld  a  vision  of  human  life. 
First,  he  saw  a  prodigious  tide  of  water 
rolling  through  a  valley  with  a  thick  mist 
at  each  end — this  was  the  river  of  time. 
Over  the  river  were  several  bridges,  some 
broken,  and  some  containing  three  score 
and  ten  arches,  over  which  men  were 
passing.  The  arches  represented  the 
number  of  years  the  traveller  lived  before 
he  tumbled  into  the  river.  Lastly,  he 
saw  the  happy  valley,  but  when  he  asked 
to  see  the  secrets  hidden  under  the  dark 
clouds  on  the  other  side,  the  vision  was 
ended,  and  he  only  beheld  the  valley  of 
Bagdad,  with  its  oxen,  sheep,  and  camels 
grazing  on  its  sides. — Steele:  Vision  of 
Mirza  {Spectator,  159). 

Misanthrope  {The).    According  to 
Seward,    the    due    de    Montausier    was ' 
the  original  of  Moliere's  Misanthropt,— 
Anecdotes,  vol.  ii.  p.  244. 

Misbegot  {Malcolm),  natural  son  of 
Sybil  Knockwinnock,  and  an  ancestor  of 
sir  Arthur  Wardour.  — 5?>  W.  Scott; 
The  Antiquary  (time,  George  III.).         ^i 

Miser  ( The),  a  comedy  by  H.  Field-' 
ing,  a  richauffi  of  MoUfere's  comedy 
LAvare.  Lovegold  is  "  Harpagon,  ' 
Frederick  is  "  Cl^ante,"  Mariana  is 
"  Mariane,"  and  Ramilie  is  '*  La  Fl^tche." 
(For  the  plot,  see  LovEGOLD,  p.  632. ) 

Misers.  (See  Dictionary  of  Phrase 
and  Fable,  p.  843.) 

Misere're  ( The)  sung  on  Good  Fri- 
days in  Catholic  churches,  is  the  com- 
position of  Gregorio  Allegri,  who  died  in 
1640. 

Mishe-Mok'wa,  the  great  bear  slain 
by  Mudjekeewis. — Longfellow:  Hia- 
watha, ii.  (185s). 

Mishe-Nali'ma,  the  great  sturgeon, 
"king  of  fishes,"  subdued  by  Hiawatha. 
With  this  labour,  the  "great  teacher" 
taught  the  Indians  how  to  make  oil  for  the 
winter.  When  Hiawatha  threw  bis  line 
for  the  sturgeon,  that  king  of  fishes  first 
persuaded  a  pike  to  swallow  the  bait  and 
try  to  break  the  line,  but  Hiawatha  threw 
it  back  into  the  water.  Next,  a  sun-fish 
was  persuaded  to  try  the  bait,  with  the 
same   result.      Then    the  sturgeon,    io 


MISNAR. 


712  MISTRESSES  OF  MEN  OF  NOTE. 


anger,  swallowed  Hiawatha  and  canoe 
also ;  but  Hiawatha  smote  the  heart  of 
the  sturgeon  with  his  fist,  and  the  king 
of  fishes  swam  to  the  shore  and  died. 
Then  the  sea-gulls  opened  a  rift  in  the 
dead  body,  out  of  which  Hiawatha  made 
his  escape. 

"  I  have  slain  the  Mishe-Nahma, 
Slain  the  king  of  fishes,"  said  he. 

Lengfellcnv  :  Hia-watha,  yiii.  (1*55). 

Misnar,  sultan  of  India,  transformed 
by  Ulin  into  a  toad.  "He  was  disen- 
chanted by  the  dervise  Shemshel'nar,  the 
most  "  pious  worshipper  of  Alia  amongst 
all  the  sons  of  Asia. "  By  prudence  and 
piety,  Misnar  and  his  vizier  Horam  de- 
stroyed all  the  enchanters  which  filled 
India  with  rebellion,  and,  having  secured 
peace,  married  Hem'junah,  daughter  of 
Zebenezer  sultan  of  Cassimir,  to  whom 
he  had  been  betrothed  when  he  was 
known  only  as  the  prince  of  Georgia. — 
Sir  C.  Morell  Q.  Ridley] :  Tales  of  the 
Genii,  vi.,  vii.  (1751). 

Misog'onus,  by  Thomas  Rychardes, 
the  third  English  comedy  (1560).  It  is 
written  in  rhyming  quatrains,  and  not  in 
couplets  like  Ralph  Roister  Doister  and 
Gammer  Gurton's  Needle, 

Miss  in  Her  Teens,  a  farce  by  David 
Garrick  (1753).  Miss  Biddy  Bellair  is  in 
love  with  captain  Loveit,  who  is  known 
to  her  only  by  the  name  of  Rhodophil ; 
but  she  coquets  with  captain  Flash  and 
Mr.  Fribble,  while  her  aunt  wants  her  to 
marry  an  elderly  man  by  the  name  of 
Stephen  Loveit,  whom  she  detests.  When 
the  captain  returns  from  the  wars,  she 
sets  captain  Fla--.h  and  Mr.  Fribble  to- 
gether by  the  ears  ;  and  while  they  stand 
fronting  each  other  but  afraid  to  fight, 
captain  Loveit  enters,  recognizes  Flash 
as  a  deserter,  takes  away  his  sword,  and 
dismisses  Fribble  as  beneath  contempt. 

Mississippi  Bubble,  the  "  South 
Sea  scheme"  of  France,  projected  by 
John  Law,  a  Scotchman.  So  called  be- 
cause the  projector  was  to  have  the 
exclusive  trade  of  Lousiana,  on  the  banks 
of  the  Mississippi,  on  condition  of  his 
taking  on  himself  the  National  Debt 
(incorporated  1717,  failed  1720). 

*.•  The  debt  was  208  millions  sterling. 
Law  made  himself  sole  creditor  of  this 
debt,  and  was  allowed  to  issue  ten  times 
the  amount  in  paper  money,  and  to  open 
"  the  Royal  Bank  of  France  "  empowered 
to  issue  this  paper  currency.  So  long  as 
a  20-franc  note  was  worth  20  francs,  the 
fichcme   was  a  prodigious  success,   but 


immediately  the  paper  money  was  at  a 
discount,  a  run  on  the  bank  set  in,  and 
the  whole  scheme  burst. 

Mistaken  Identity.  (See  Comedy 
OF  Errors  and  Warbeck,  where  several 
examples  are  referred  to.) 

Mistletoe  Bough  ( r^^).  The  song 
so  called  is  by  Thomas  Haynes  Bayley, 
who  died  1839.  The  tale  is  this  :  Lord 
Lovel  married  a  young  lady,  a  baron's 
daughter,  and  on  the  wedding  night  the 
bride  proposed  that  the  guests  should 
play  "  hide-and-seek."  The  bride  hid  in 
an  old  oak  chest,  and  the  lid,  falling 
down,  shut  her  in,  for  it  went  with  a 
spring-lock.  Lord  Lovel  sought  her  that 
night  and  sought  her  next  day,  and  so  on 
for  a  week,  but  nowhere  could  he  find 
her.  Some  years  after,  the  old  oak  chest 
was  sold,  which,  on  being  opened,  was 
found  to  contain  the  skeleton  of  the 
bride. 

IT  Samuel  Rogers  has  introduced  this 
story  in  his  Italy  (pt.  i.  18,  1822}.  He 
says  the  bride  was  Ginevra,  only  child  of 
Orsini  ' '  an  indulgent  father ;  "  and  that 
the  bridegroom  was  Francesco  Doria, 
"  her  playmate  from  birth,  and  her  first 
love."  The  chest,  he  says,  was  an  heir- 
loom, "  richly  carved  by  Antony  of  Trent, 
with  Scripture  stories  from  the  life  of 
Christ."  It  came  from  Venice,  and  had 
"held  the  ducal  robes  of  some  old  an- 
cestor." After  the  accident,  Francesco, 
weary  of  life,  flew  to  Venice,  and  "flung 
his  life  away  in  battle  with  the  Turk ; " 
Orsini  went  deranged,  and  spent  the  life- 
long day  ' '  wandering  in  quest  of  some- 
thing he  could  not  find."  It  was  fifty 
years  afterwards  that  the  skeleton  was 
discovered  in  the  chest. 

\  Collet,  in  his  Relics  of  Literature, 
has  a  similar  story. 

IT  Another  is  inserted  in  the  Causes 
CiUbres. 

IT  Marwell  Old  Hall  (near  Winchester), 
once  the  residence  of  the  Seymours,  and 
afterwards  of  the  Dacre  family,  has  a 
similar  tradition  attached  to  it,  and  (ac- 
cording to  the  Post-Office  Directory  for 
the  district)  "  the  very  chest  is  now  the 
property  of  the  Rev.  J.  Haygarth.who  was 
rector  of  Upham  "  (which  joins  Marwell). 

IT  Bramshall,  Hampshire,  has  a  similar 
tale  and  chest. 

IT  The  great  house  at  Malsanger,  near 
Basingstoke,  also  in  Hampshire,  has  a 
similar  tradition  connected  with  it. 

Mistresses  of  Men  of  Note.  (See 
Lovfins,  p.  633.) 


MITA. 

Mi'ta,  sister  of  Aude.  She  married 
sir  Miton  de  Rennes,  and  became  the 
mother  of  Mitaine.  (See  next  article.) — 
Croquemitaine,  xv. 

Mitaine,  daughter  of  Mita  and 
Miton,  and  godchild  of  Charlemagne. 
She  went  in  search  of  Fear  Fortress,  and 
found  that  it  existed  only  in  the  imagi- 
nation ;  for  as  she  boldly  advanced 
towards  it,  the  castle  gradually  faded 
into  thin  air.  Charlemagne  made  Mi- 
taine, for  this  achievement,  Roland's 
squire,  and  she  fell  with  him  in  the 
memorable  attack  at  Roncesvall^s.  (See 
previous  article.) — Croquemitaine,  iii. 

Mite  [Sir  Matthew),  a  returned  East 
Indian  merchant,  dissolute,  dogmatical, 
ashamed  of  his  former  acquaintances, 
hating  the  aristocracy,  yet  longing  to  be 
acknowledged  by  them.  He  squanders 
his  wealth  on  toadies,  dresses  his  livery 
servants  most  gorgeously,  and  gives  his 
chairmen  the  most  costly  exotics  to  wear 
in  their  coats.  Sir  Matthew  is  for  ever 
astonishing  weak  minds  with  his  talk 
about  rupees,  lacs,  jaghires,  and  so  on. — 
Foote:  The  Nabob  \\772). 

Lady  Oldham  says,  "  He  comes  amongst  us  preceded 

*■ "  )fAsia,  I      '      •  ■       ^  .- 

roviiices,   corrupt! 
alienating  the  affections  of  all  the  old  friends  of  the 


conquered    provinces,  corrupting  the   virtue  and 

;nati-~  ^^       "■     ■■  - 

family.' 

Sir  John  Malcolm  gives  us  a  letter  worthy  of  sir 
Matthew  Mite,  in  which  Clive  orders  "  200  shirts,  the 
best  and  finest  that  can  be  got  for  love  or  money." — 
Macaulay. 

Mithra  or  Mithras,  a  supreme 
divinity  of  the  ancient  Persians,  con- 
founded by  the  Greeks  and  Romans  with 
the  sun.  He  is  the  personification  of 
Ormuzd,  representing  fecundity  and  per- 
petual renovation.  Mithra  is  represented 
as  a  young  man  with  a  Phrygian  cap, 
a  tunic,  a  mantle  on  his  left  shoulder, 
and  lunging  a  sword  into  the  neck  of  a 
bull.  Scaliger  says  the  word  means 
"greatest"  or  "supreme."  Mithra  is 
the  middle  of  the  triplasian  deity :  the 
Mediator,  Eternal  Intellect,  and  Archi- 
tect of  the  world. 

Her  towers,  where  Mithra  once  had  burned. 
To  Moslem  shrines — oh,  shame  ! — were  turned  • 
Where  slaves,  converted  by  the  sword. 
Their  mean  apostate  worship  poured. 
And  cursed  the  faith  their  sires  adored. 
Moore  :  Lalla  Rookh  ("  The  Fire- Worshippers,"  1817). 

Mith'ridate  (3  syl.),  a  medicinal 
;  confection,  invented  by  Damoc'ratSs, 
physician  to  Mithrida'tfis  king  of  Pontus, 
and  supposed  to  be  an  antidote  to  all 
poisons  and  contagion.  It  contained 
seventy-two  ingredients.  Any  panacea 
is  called  a  "  mithridate." 


713  MOATH. 

Their  kinsman  garlic  bring,  the  poor  man's  mithridate. 
Drayton  ;  Polyolbion,  xx.  (1622). 

Mithridate  (3  syi.),  a  tragedy  by 
Racine  (1673).  "Monime"  (2  jy/.),  in 
this  drama,  was  one  of  Mile.  Rachel's 
great  characters. 

Mithrida'tes  (4  sy/.),  surnamed 
"the  Great."  Being  conquered  by  the 
Romans,  he  tried  to  poison  himself,  but 
poison  had  no  effect  on  him,  and  he  was 
slain  by  a  Gaul.  Mithridatfis  was  active, 
intrepid,  indefatigable,  and  fruitful  in 
resources ;  but  he  had  to  oppose  such 
generals  as  Sulla,  Lucullus,  and  Pompey. 
His  ferocity  was  unbounded,  his  perfidy 
was  even  g^and. 

(Racine  has  written  a  French  tragedy 
on  the  subject,  called  Mithridate  (1673)  ; 
and  N.  Lee  brought  out  his  Mithridath 
in  English  about  the  same  time. ) 

Mitra,  the  Persian  sun-god,  whom 
they  worship  in  a  cave.  His  statue  has  a 
lion's  head  crowned  with  a  tiara,  and  he 
holds  with  his  two  hands  a  struggling 
heifer.  Statius  refers  to  him  when 
Adrastus  asks  Apollo  by  what  name  he 
should  address  him,  whether  Titan, 
Phoebus,  Osiris,  or  Mitra  to  whom  the 
Persians  pay  their  adorations. — Bk.  i. 
the  end. 

Mivers  [Chillingly],  a  cynical 
journalist  in  lord  Lytton's  novel  of 
Kenelm  Chillingly  (1873). 

Mizit  [Dr.],  the  apothecary  at  the 
Black  Bear  inn  at  Darlington. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Rob  Roy  (time,  George  I.). 

Mjolner,  Thor's  hammer,  which 
crushes  all  that  it  strikes  and  then 
returns  to  his  hand  again. 

M.  M.  Sketch  (y4«),  a  memorandum 
sketch. 

"  Stay  just  a  minute,"  said  Kelly,  who  was  making 
an  M.  M.  sketch  of  the  group.— A  H.  Biixton  : 
Jennie  of  the  Prince's,  1.  156. 

Mne'ine  (2  syl.),  a  well-spring  of 
Boeo'tia,  which  quickens  the  memory. 
The  other  well-spring  in  the  same  vicinity, 
called  U'thi,  has  the  opposite  effect, 
causing  blank  forgetfulness. — Pliny. 

N.B. — Dantfi  calls  this  river  Eu'nog. 
It  had  the  power  of  calling  to  the  memory 
all  the  good  acts  done,  all  the  graces 
bestowed,  all  the  mercies  received,  but  no 
evil. — Dante:  Purgatory,  xxxiii.  (1308). 

Mo'ath,  a  well-to-do  Bedouin,  father 
of  Onei'za  (3  syl. )  the  beloved  of  Thal'- 
aba.  Oneiza,  having  married  Thalaba, 
died  on  the  bridal    night,   and    Moath 


MOCCASINS. 

arrived  just  in  time  to  witness  the  mad 
grief  of  his  son-in-law. — Soidhey  :  Thai- 
aba  the  Destroyer,  ii.,  viii.  (1797), 

Mocc'asius,  an  Indian  buskin. 

He  laced  his  mocasins  \sic\  in  act  to  go. 
CamfbcU:  Gertrude  of  Wyomin£,  L  24  (1809). 

Mocliingo,  an  ignorant  servant  of 
the  princess  Ero'ta. — Fletcher:  The  Laws 
of  Candy  {1647). 

Mock  Doctor  [The),  a  farce  by 
H.  Fielding  (1733),  epitomized  from  Le 
Midecin  Malgri  Lui  of  Moliere  (1666). 
Sir  Jasper  wants  to  make  his  daughter 
marry  a  Mr.  Dapper  ;  but  she  is  in  love 
with  Leander,  and  pretends  to  be  dumb. 
Sir  Jasper  hears  of  a  dumb  doctor,  and 
sends  his  two  flunkies  to  fetch  him.  They 
ask  one  Dorcas  to  direct  them  to  him, 
and  she  points  them  to  her  husband 
Gregory,  a  faggot-maker  ;  but  tells  them 
he  is  very  eccentric,  and  must  be  well 
beaten,  or  he  will  deny  being  a  physician. 
The  faggot-maker  is  accordingly  beaten 
into  compliance,  and  taken  to  the  patient. 
He  soon  learns  the  facts  of  the  case,  and 
employs  Leander  as  apothecary.  Lean- 
der makes  the  lady  speak,  and  completes 
his  cure  with  "pills  matrimoniac. "  Sir 
Jasper  takes  the  joke  in  good  part,  and 
becomes  reconciled  to  the  alliance. 

Moc&ingf-Bird.  ' '  During  the  space 
of  a  minute,  I  have  heard  it  imitate  the 
woodlark,  chaffinch,  blackbird,  thrush, 
and  sparrow.  .  .  .  Their  few  natural 
notes  resemble  those  of  the  nightingale, 
but  their  song  is  of  greater  compass  and 
more  varied." — Ashe :  Travels  in  A  merica, 
ii-  73- 

Moclas,  a  famous  Arabian  robber,^ 
whose  name  is  synonymous  with  "  thief," 
(See  Almanzor,  the  caliph,  p.  29.) 

Mode  [Sir  William),  in  Mrs.  Cent- 
livre's  drama  The  Beau's  Duel  (1703). 

Mode'love  [Sir  Philip),  one  of  the 
four  guardians  of  Anne  Lovely  the 
heiress.  Sir  Philip  is  an  "  old  beau,  that 
has  May  in  his  fancy  and  dress,  but 
December  in  his  face  and  his  heels.  He 
admires  all  new  fashions  .  .  .  loves 
operas,  balls,  and  masquerades  "  (act  i.  i). 
Colonel  Freeman  personates  a  French 
fop,  and  obtains  his  consent  to  marry  his 
ward,  the  heiress. — Mrs.  Centlivre  :  A 
Bold  Stroke  for  a  Wife  (1717). 

Modely,  a  man  of  the  world,  gay, . 
fashionable,    and  a  libertine.      He  had 
scores  of  "lovers/*  but  never  loved  till 


714 


MODRED. 

he  saw  the  little  rustic  lass  named  Aura 
Freehold,  a  farmer's  daughter,  to  whom 
he  proposed. — J.  P.  Kemble  :  The  Farm- 
house. 

Modish.  [Lady  Betty),  really  in  love 
with  lord  Morelove,  but  treats  him  with, 
assumed  scorn  or  indifference,  becausei 
her  pride  prefers  "power  to  ease." 
Hence  she  coquets  with  lord  Foppington 
(a  married  man),  to  mortify  Morelove 
and  arouse  his  jealousy.  By  the  advice 
of  sir  Charles  Easy,  lord  Morelove  pays- 
her  out  in  her  own  coin,  by  flirting  with 
lady  Graveairs,  and  assuming  an  air  of 
indifference.  Ultimately,  lady  Betty  is 
reduced  to  common  sense,  and  gives  her 
heart  and  hand  to  lord  Morelove.— 
Gibber :  The  Careless  Husband  (1704). 

(Mrs.  Oldfield  excellently  acted  "lady; 
Betty  Modish "  (says  Walpole)  ;  and 
T.  Davies  says  of  Mrs.  Pritchard  (1711- 
1768),  "She  conceived  accurately  and 
acted  pleasantly  'lady  Townly,'  'lady 
Betty  Modish,'  and  'Maria'  in  The  Nan' 
juror."  Mrs.  Blofield  is  called  "lady 
Betty  Modish"  in  The  Tatler,  No.  x.) 

Modo,  the  fiend  that  urges  to  murder, 
and  one  of  the  five  that  possessed  "  poor 
Tom."— Shakespeare  :  King  Lear,  act  iv. 
so.  I  (1605). 

Modi'ed,  son  of  Lot  king  of  Norway 
and  Anne  own  sister  of  king  Arthur  (pt. 
viii.  21 ;  ix.  9).  He  is  always  called 
"the  traitor."  While  king  Arthur  was 
absent,  warring  with  the  Romans,  Modred 
was  left  regent ;  but  he  usurped  th« 
crown,  and  married  his  aunt  the  queea 
(pt.  X.  13).  When  Arthur  heard  thereof,' 
he  returned,  and  attacked  the  usurper^ 
who  fled  to  Winchester  (pt.  xi.  i).  ThC 
king  followed  him,  and  Modred  drew  up; 
his  army  at  Cambula,  in  Cornwall,  where" 
another  battle  was  fought.  In  this  engage- 
ment Modred  was  slain,  and  Arthur  alsoi 
received  his  death-wound  (pt.  xi.  2).  Th^ 
queen,  called  Guanhuma'ra  (but  better 
known  as  Guen'ever),  retired  to  a  convent 
in  the  City  of  Legions,  and  entered  the 
order  of  Julius  the  Martyr  (pt.  xi.  i),— 
Geoffrey :  British  History  (1142). 

•.*  This  is  so  very  different  to  the 
accounts  given  in  Arthurian  romance  of 
Mordred,  that  it  is  better  to  give  the 
two  names  as  if  they  were  differei^ 
individuals.  ,, 

Modred  {Sir),  nephew  of  king  Arthmv 
He  hated  sir  Lancelot,  and  sowed  discord 
among  the  knights  of  the  Round  Tabl<fci 


MODU. 


715 


MOHICANS. 


Tennyson  says  that  Modred  "  tampered 
wiih  the  lords  of  the  White  Horse,"  the 
Irood  that  Hengist  left.  Geoffrey  of 
Monmouth  says  he  made  a  league  with 
Cheldric  the  Saxon  leader  in  Germany, 
and  promised  to  give  him  all  that  part  of 
ICngland  which  lies  between  the  Humber 
and  Scotland,  together  with  all  that 
Hengist  and  Horsa  held  in  Kent,  if  he 
would  aid  him  against  king  Arthur. 
Accordingly,  Cheldric  came  over  with 
800  ships,  filled  "with  pagan  soldiers" 
{British  History,  xi.  i), 

§  When  the  king  was  in  Brittany, 
whither  he  had  gone  to  chastise  sir 
Lancelot  for  adultery  with  the  queen,  he 
left  sir  Modred  regent,  and  sir  Modred 
raised  a  revolt.  The  king  returned,  drew 
up  his  army  against  the  traitor,  and  in 
this  "great  battle  of  the  West  "  Modred 
was  slain,  and  Arthur  received  his  death- 
wound.— 7V«nj'j<7«  ;  Idylls  of  the  King 
("  Guinevere,"  1858). 

•.•  This  version  is  in  accordance 
neither  with  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth  (see 
previous  article)  nor  with  Arthurian 
romance  (see  Mordred),  and  is,  there- 
fore, given  separately. 

Modn,  the  prince  of  all  devils  that 
take  possession  of  a  human  being. 

Make  was  the  chief  devil  that  had  possession  of 
Sarah  Williams;  but .  . .  Richard  Mainy  was  molested 
by  a  still  more  considerable  fiend  called  Modu, . .  .  the 
prince  of  all  other  devils.— Harsneit :  Dalaration  of 
PcfUh  Imfosturts,  268. 

Modus,  cousin  of  Helen  ;  a  "  musty 
library,  who  loved  Greek  and  Latin  ; " 
but  cousin  Helen  loved  the  bookworm, 
and  taught  him  how  to  love  far  better 
than  Ovid  could  with  his  Art  of  Love. 
Having  so  good  a  teacher,  Modus  became 
an  apt  scholar,  and  eloped  with  cousin 
Helen. — Knowles:  The  Hunchback{\Z^\). 

Mod'chtlS,  Adultery  personified ;  one 
of  the  four  sons  of  Caro  (fleshly  lust). 
His  brothers  were  Pomei'us  {fornicationS, 
Acath'arus,  and  AseFg^s  {lasciviousness). 
In  the  battle  of  Mansoul,  Moechus  is  slain 
by  Agnei'a  [wifely  chastity),  the  spouse 
of  Encra'tfis  [temperance)  and  sister  of 
Parthen'ia  [maidenly  chastity).  (Greek, 
moichos,  "an  adulterer.") — Phineas  Flet- 
cher :  The  Purple  Island,  xi.  (1633), 

Moeli'ades  (4  syl. ).  Under  this  name 
William  Drummond  signalized  Henry 
prince  of  Wales,  eldest  son  of  James  I. , 
in  the  monody  entitled  Tears  on  the  Death 
of  Mceliades.  The  word  is  an  anagram 
of  Miles  a  Deo.     The  prince,  in  his  mas- 


querades and  martial  sports,  used  to  call 
himself  "Moeliades  of  the  Isies." 

MoEliad^s.  bright  day-star  of  tlie  West 
Drummond  :  Tears  on  the  Death  of  Maeliadit  (16x2) 

The  burden  of  the  monody  is — 

Moeliadis  sweet  courtly  n\inphs  deplore. 
From  ThuK  to  Hydasp^s  pearly  shore. 

Moffat  [Mabel),  domestic  of  Edward 
Redgauntlet.  —  5r>  W.  Scott:  Red- 
gauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Mo^gf  [Peter),  a  barrister  who  con- 
tests with  Frank  Vane  in  the  election  of 
an  English  borough.  As  Frank  Vane  runs 
away  with  Anne  the  heroine,  the  election 
is  left  free  for  Mogg.— J.  Sterling:  The 
Election  (a  poem  in  about  2000  verses). 

And  who  was  Mog-g  t    O  Muse,  the  man  declare 

How  excellent  his  worth,  his  parts  how  rare ; 

A  younger  son,  he  learnt  in  Oxford's  halls 

The  spheral  harmonies  of  billiard  balls ; 

Drank,  hunted,  drove,  and  hid  from  Virtue's  frown 

His  venial  follies  in  a  doctor's  gown. 

Moha'di  [Mahommed),  the  twelfth 
imaum,  whom  the  Orientals  believe  is  not 
dead,  but  is  destined  to  return  and  combat 
Antichrist  before  the  consummation  of  all 
things. 

IT  Prince  Arthur,  Merlin,  Charlemagne, 
Barbarossa,  dom  Sebastian,  Charles  V,, 
Elijah  Mansur,  Desmond  of  Kilmallock, 
etc.,  are  traditionally  not  dead,  but  only 
sleeping  till  the  fulness  of  time,  when 
each  will  awake  and  effect  most  wondrous 
restorations. 

Mohair  [The  Men  of),  the  citizens  of 
France. 

The  men  of  mohair,  as  the  citizens  were  called.—' 
Ay^lum  Chris ti,  viii. 

Moh.a'reh,  one  of  the  evil  spirits  of 
Dom-Daniel,  a  cave  "under  the  roots  of 
the  ocean."  It  was  given  out  that  these 
spirits  would  be  extirpated  by  one  of 
the  family  of  Hodei'rah  (3  syl.),  so  they 
leagued  against  the  whole  race.  First, 
Okba  was  sent  against  the  obnoxious 
race,  and  succeeded  in  killing  eight  of 
them,  Thal'aba  alone  having  escaped 
alive.  Next,  Abdaldar  was  sent  against 
Thalaba,  but  was  killed  by  a  simoom. 
Then  Loba'ba  was  sent  to  cut  him  off, 
but  perished  in  a  whirlwind.  Lastly, 
Mohareb  undertook  to  destroy  him.  He 
assumed  the  guise  of  a  warrior,  and  suc- 
ceeded in  alluring  the  youth  to  the  very 
"mouth  of  hell;"  but  Thalaba,  being 
alive  to  the  deceit,  flung  Mohareb  into 
the  2Lhys,s.—Souihey :  Thalaba  the  De- 
stroyer, V.  (1797). 

Moticans  [Last  of  the),  Uncas  the 
Indian  chief,  son  of  Chingachook,  and 


MOHOCKS. 


716 


MOLLY. 


called  "  Deerfoot/'—i'*.  Cooper:  The  Last 
of  the  Mohicans  (a  novel,  1826). 

(The  word  ought  to  be  pronounced 
Alo-hek'-kanz,  but  is  usually  called  Mo',' 
he.kanz.) 

Moliocks,  a  class  of  ruffians  who  at 
one  time  infested  the  streets  of  London. 
So  called  from  the  Indian  Mohocks.  At 
the  Restoration,  the  street  bullies  were 
called  Muns  and  Tityre  Tiis  ;  they  were 
next  called  Hectors  and  Scourers  ;  later 
still.  Nickers  and  Hawcubites  ;  and  lastly, 
Mohocks  or  Mohawks. 

Now  is  the  time  that  rakes  their  revels  keep^ 
Kindlers  of  riot,  enemies  of  sleep : 
His  scattered  pence  the  flying  Nicker  flings. 
And  with  the  copper  shower  the  casement  rings; 
Who  has  not  heard  the  Scowerer's  midnight  famet 
Who  has  not  trembled  at  the  Mohock's  name? 

Guy:  Trivia,  iiL  321,  etc.  (1712). 

MohtUl  {Lord),  the  person  who  joined 
captain  Hill  in  a  dastardly  attack  on  the 
actor  Mountford  on  his  way  to  Mrs. 
Bracegirdle's  house,  in  Howard  Street. 
Captain  Hill  was  jealous  of  Mountford, 
and  induced  lord  Mohun  to  join  him 
in  this  "valiant  exploit."  NIountford 
died  next  day,  captain  Hill  fled  from 
the  country,  and  Mohun  was  tried  but 
acquitted. 

*B"  The  general  features  of  this  cowardly 
attack  are  very  like  that  of  the  count 
Koningsmark  on  Thomas  Thynne  of 
Lingleate  Hill.  Count  Koningsmark  was 
in  love  with  Elizabeth  Percy  (widow  of 
the  earl  of  Ogle),  who  was  contracted  to 
Mr.  Thynne ;  but  before  the  wedding 
day  arrived,  the  count,  with  some  hired 
ruffians,  assassinated  his  rival  in  his 
carriage  as  it  was  passing  down  Pall 
Mall. 

N.B. — Elizabeth  Percy,  within  three 
months  of  the  murder,  married  the  duke 
of  Somerset. 

Moidart  [John  of),  captain  of  the 
clan  Ronald,  and  a  chief  in  the  army  of 
Montrose. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  Legend  of 
Alontrose  (time,  Charles  I.). 

Moi'na  (2  jy/.),  daughter  of  Reutha'- 
niir  the  principal  man  of  Balclu'tha,  a 
town  on  the  Clyde,  belonging  to  the 
Britons.  Moina  married  Clessammor 
(the  maternal  uncle  of  Fingal),  and  died 
in  childbirth  of  her  son  Carthon,  during 
the  absence  of  her  husband. — Ossian : 
Carthon. 

Mokanna,  the  name  given  to  Hakem 
ben  Haschem,  from  a  silver  gauze  veil 
worn  by  him  "  to  dim  the  lustre  of  his 
face,"  or  rather  to  hide  its  extreme  ugli- 


ness. The  history  of  this  impostor  is 
given  by  D'Herbelot  in  his  Biblioihique 
Orientate  (1697). 

'.•  Mokanna  forms  the  first  story  of 
Lalla  Rookh  ("The  Veiled  Prophet  of 
Khorassan"),  by  Thomas  Moore  (1817). 

Mokattam  {Mount),  near  Cairo 
(Egypt),  noted  for  the  massacre  of  the 
caliph  Hakem  B'amr-ellah,  who  was 
given  out  to  be  incarnate  deity  and  the 
last  prophet  who  communicated  between 
God  and  man  (eleventh  century).  Here, 
also,  fell  in  the  same  massacre  his  chief 
prophet,  and  many  of  his  followers.  In 
consequence  of  this  persecution,  Durzi, 
one  of  the  "prophet's"  chief  apostles, 
led  the  survivors  into  Syria,  where  they 
settled  between  the  Libanus  and  Anti- 
Libanus,  and  took  the  name  of  Durzis, 
corrupted  into  Druses. 

As  the  khalif  vanished  erst. 
In  what  seemed  death  to  uninstructed  eyes. 
On 'red  Mokattam's  verge. 
H.  Browning:  The  Return  o/the  Drusts,  \. 

Molay  {Jacques),  grand-master  of 
the  Knights  Templars.  As  he  was  led 
to  the  stake  he  summoned  the  pope 
(Clement  V.)  within  forty  days,  and  the 
king  (Philippe  IV.)  within  forty  weeks,  to 
appear  before  the  throne  of  God  to  answer 
for  his  death.  They  both  died  within 
the  stated  periods.  (See  Summons  to 
Death.) 

Moliere,  the  great  French  poet  of 

comedy  (1622-1671). 

The  Ltalian  Moltere,  Charlo  Goldoni 
(1707-1793). 

7'he  Spanish  Moliire,  Leandro  Fer- 
nandez Moratin  (1760-1828). 

Moll  Cutpurse,  Mary  Frith,  who 
once  attacked  general  Fairfax  on  Houns- 
low  Heath. 

Moll  Flanders,  a  woman  of  great 
beauty,  born  in  the  Old  Bailey.  She  was 
twelve  years  a  courtezan,  five  years  a 
wife,  twelve  years  a  thief,  eight  years  a 
convict  in  Virginia  ;  but  ultimately  grew 
rich,  and  died  a  penitent  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  II. 

(Daniel  Defoe  wrote  her  life  and  adven- 
tures, which  he  called  The  Fortunes  of 
Moll  Flanders,  1722.) 

Molly,  Jaggers's  housekeeper.  A 
mysterious,  scared-looking  woman,  with 
a  deep  scar  across  one  of  her  wrists. 
Her  antecedents  were  full  of  mystery, 
and  Pip  suspected  her  of  being  Estella's 
mother. — Dickens;  Great  Expectations 
(i86o>. 


MOLLY  MAGGS. 

Molly  Maggs,  a  pert  young  house- 
maid, in  love  with  Robin.  She  hates 
Polyglot  the  tutor  of  "  Master  Charles," 
but  is  very  fond  of  Charles.  Molly  tries 
to  get  "the  tuterer  Poly  pot"  into  a 
scrape,  but  finds,  to  her  consternation, 
that  master  Charles  is  in  reality  the 
party  to  be  blamed. — Poole  :  The  Scape- 
goat (about  1840). 

Molly  Magnires,  stout,  active 
young  men  dressed  up  in  women's 
clothes,  with  faces  blackened  or  other- 
wise disguised.  This  secret  society  was 
organized  in  1843,  to  terrify  the  officials 
employed  by  Irish  landlords  to  distrain 
for  rent,  either  by  grippers  [bumbailiffs), 
process-servers,  keepers,  or  drivers  [per- 
sons who  impound  cattle  till  the  rent 
is  paid).  —  Trench:  Realities  of  Irish 
Life,  82. 

Molly  Mog,  an  innkeeper's  daughter 
at  Oakingham,  Berks.  Molly  Mog  was 
the  toast  of  all  the  gay  sparks  in  the 
former  half  of  the  eighteenth  century ; 
but  died  a  spinster  at  the  age  of  67  (1699- 
1766). 

(Gay  has  a  ballad  on  this  Fair  Maid 
of  the  Inn.  Mr.  Standen  of  Arborfield, 
the  "  enamoured  swain,"  died  in  1730. 
Molly's  sister  was  quite  as  beautiful  as 
"the  fair  maid"  herself.  A  portrait  of 
Gay  still  hangs  in  Oakingham  inn.) 

Molmu'tius.    (See  Mulmutius.) 

Molocli  [ch  =  k),  the  third  in  rank  of 
the  Satanic  hierarchy,  Satan  being  first, 
and  Beelzebub  second.  The  word  means 
"  king."  The  rabbins  say  the  idol  was 
of  brass,  with  the  head  of  a  calf.  Moloch 
was  the  god  of  the  Am'monites  (3  syl.), 
and  was  worshipped  in  Rabba,  their  chief 
city. 

First  Moloch,  horrid  king,  besmeared  with  blood 
Of  human  sacrifice,  and  parents'  tears. 
Though,  for  the  noise  of  drums  and  timbrels  loud. 
Their  children's  cries  unheard,  that  passed  thro'  fire 
To  his  grim  idol.     Him  the  Ammonite 
Worshipped  in  R?.l  ba. 

Milton :  Paradise  Lost,  i.  392,  etc  (1665}. 

Moly  (Greek,  mSlu),  mentioned  in 
Homer's  Odyssey.  A  herb  with  a  black 
root  and  white  blossom,  given  by  Hermes 
to  Ulysses,  to  counteract  the  spells  of 
Circ6.     (See  H^mony,  p.  462.) 

.  .  .  that  M6ay 
That  Herm^  once  to  wise  Ulysses  gave. 

Milton :  Comus  (1634). 
The  root  was  black, 
Milk-white  the  blossom ;  M61y  is  its  name 
In  heaven. 

Homer  :  Odyssey,  x.  (Cowper's  trans.). 

Mouuanr,  the  capital  of  the  empire 


717 


MONASTERY. 


of  Oberon  king  of  the  fairies.     It  is  here 
he  held  his  court. 

Moains's  Lattice.  Momus,  son  of 
Nox,  blamed  Vulcan,  because,  in  making 
the  human  form,  he  had  not  placed  a 
window  in  the  breast  for  the  discerning 
of  secret  thoughts. 

Were  Momus'  lattice  in  our  breasts, 

My  soul  might  brook  to  open  it  more  widely 

Than  theirs  [Le.  the  nob  Us]. 

Byron  :  IVerner,  111.  x  (i82a>. 

Mou  or  Mona,  Anglesea,  the  resi- 
dence of  the  druids.  Suetonius  Paulinus, 
who  had  the  command  of  Britain  in  the 
reign  of  Nero  (from  A.D.59  to  62),  attacked 
Mona,  because  it  gave  succour  to  the 
rebellious.  The  frantic  inhabitants  ran 
about  with  fire-brands,  their  long  hair 
streaming  to  the  wind,  and  the  druids 
invoked  vengeance  on  the  Roman  army. 
(See  Drayton,  Folyolbion,  viii.,  1612.) 

"  Mona  "  is  the  Latinized  form  of  the  British  word 
m^n-au  ("  remote  isle  ").  The  "  Isle  of  Man  "  is 
MiSn-au  or  mona  ("remote  isle")  corrupted  by  mis- 
conception of  the  meaning  of  the  word. 

Mon'aco  ( The  king  of),  noted  because 
whatever  he  did  was  never  right  in  the 
opinion  of  his  people,  especially  in  that 
of  Rabagas  the  demagogue  :  If  he  went 
out,  he  was  "given  to  pleasure ;  "  if  he 
stayed  at  home,  he  was  "given  to  idle- 
ness ; "  if  he  declared  war,  he  was 
"  wasteful  of  the  public  money ;  "  if  he 
did  not,  he  was  "  pusillanimous ;"  if  he 
ate,  he  was  "  self-indulgent ;  "  if  he  ab- 
stained, he  was  "priest-ridden."— 
Sardon  :  Rabagas  (1872). 

Monaco.  Proud  as  a  Monegasque. 
A  French  phrase.  The  tradition  is  that 
Charles  Quint  ennobled  every  one  of  the 
inhabitants  of  Monaco. 

Monarch  of  Mont  Blanc,  Albert 
Smith  ;  so  called  because  for  many  years 
he  amused  a  large  London  audience,  night 
after  night,  by  relating  "his  ascent  up 
Mont  Blanc"  (1816-1800). 

Monarque  [Le  Grand),  Louis  XIV, 
of  France  (1638,  1643-1715). 

Monastery  [The),  a  novel  by  sir  W. 
Scott  (1820).  The  Abbot  appeared  the 
same  year.  These  two  stories  are  tame 
and  very  defective  in  plot ;  but  the  cha- 
racter of  Mary  queen  of  Scots,  in  The 
Abbot,  is  a  correct  and  beautiful  historical 
portrait.  The  portrait  of  queen  Elizabeth 
is  in  Kenilworth. 

The  plot  of  the  novel :  The  hero  and 
heroine  of  the  novel  are  Halbert  Glen- 
denning    and    lady    Mary  Avenel,    who 


MON^ADA. 


718 


become  converts  to  the  reformed  religion 
and  marry  each  other.  The  crux  is  about 
a  Bible  which  belonged  to  lady  Alice 
Avenel,  a  widow,  and  which  the  abbot  of 
St.  Mary's  Monastery  tried  to  get  hold  of. 
He  first  sent  father  Philip  to  see  what  he 
could  do.  Father  Philip  succeeded  in 
capturing  the  book,  but  in  crossing  a  ford 
on  his  mule,  the  White  Lady  pushed  him 
into  the  water,  and  captured  his  prize. 
The  abbot  next  sent  the  sub-prior,  who 
found  that  the  book  had  been  mysteriously 
restored,  and  that  the  lady  Alice  was 
dead  ;  so  he  took  possession  of  the  Bible ; 
but  in  crossing  the  ford  he  also  was 
pushed  into  the  water,  and  lost  it. 
Halbert  Glendenning  now  implored  the 
White  Lady  to  inform  him  where  it  was. 
She  conveyed  him  througli  the  earth, 
and  showed  it  him  on  a  "flaming  altar." 
He  took  possession  of  it.  Both  Halbert 
Glendenning  and  lady  Mary  Avenel  now 
became  converts  to  the  reformed  religion, 
and  their  marriage  ends  the  tale. 

Monpada  {Matthias  de),  a  merchant, 
stern  and  relentless.  He  arrests  his 
daughter  the  day  after  her  confinement 
of  a  natural  son. 

Zilia  deMurifada,  daughter  of  Matthias, 
and  wife  of  general  Witherington. — Sir 
W.  Scott :  The  Surgeon's  Daughter  (time, 
George  H.). 

Moncaster.  Newcastle,  in  Northum- 
berland, was  so  called  from  the  number  of 
monks  settled  there  in  Saxon  times.  The 
name  was  changed,  in  1080,  to  New-castle, 
from  the  castle  built  by  Robert  (son  of 
the  Conqueror),  to  defend  the  borderland 
from  the  Scotch. 

Mouda'min,  mai'ze  or  Indian  corn 
{tnon-da-min,  "  the  Spirit's  grain  "). 

sing:  the  mysteries  of  mondamin, 
Sing  the  blessing  of  the  corn-fields. 

Lonefellow  :  Hia-watHa,  xiii  (1855). 

Mone'ses  (3  syl.),  a  Greek  prince, 
betrothed  to  Arpasia,  whom  for  the 
nonce  he  called  his  sister.  Both  were 
taken  captive  by  Baj'azet.  Bajazet  fell 
in  love  with  Arpasia,  and  gave  MonesSs 
a  command  in  his  army.  When  Tamer- 
lane overthrew  Bajazet,  MonesSs  ex- 
plained to  the  Tartar  king  how  it  was 
that  he  was  found  in  arms  against  him, 
and  said  his  best  wish  was  to  serve 
Tamerlane.  Bajazet  now  hated  the 
Greek  ;  and,  as  Arpasia  proved  obdurate, 
thought  to  frighten  her  into  submission 
by  having  Mones^s  bow-strung  in  her 
presence;   but  the  sight  was  so  terrible 


MONIML\. 

that  it  killed  her. — Rowe  :  Tamerlane 
(1702). 

Money,  a  drama  by  lord  Lytton 
(1840).  Alfred  Evelyn,  a  poor  scholar, 
was  secretary  and  factotum  of  sir  John 
Vesey,  but  received  no  wages.  He 
loved  Clara  Douglas,  a  poor  dependent 
of  lady  Franklin,  proposed  to  her,  but 
was  not  accepted,  * '  because  both  were  too 
poor  to  keep  house."  A  large  fortune 
being  left  to  the  poor  scholar,  he  proposed 
to  Georgina,  the  daughter  of  sir  John 
Vesey  ;  but  Georgina  loved  sir  Frederick 
Blount,  and  married  him.  Evelyn,  who 
loved  Clara,  pretended  to  have  lost  his 
fortune,  and,  being  satisfied  that  she 
really  loved  him,  proposed  a  second  time, 
and  was  accepted. 

Moneyiirap,  husband  of  Araminta, 
but  with  a  tendre  for  Clarissa  the  wife  of 
his  friend  Gripe. —  Vanbrugh  :  The  Con- 
federacy (1695). 

None  who  ever  saw  Parsons  [1736-179SI  .  .  .  can 
forg-et  his  effective  mode  of  exclaimmg,  while  repre- 
senting the  character  of  the  amorous  old  "  Money- 
trap,"  "  Eh  1  how  long  will  it  be,  Flippantat " — Dibdin, 

Mo2l£atliers  [Miss),  mistress  of  a 
boarding  and  day  establishment,  to  whom 
Mrs.  Jarley  sent  little  Nell,  to  ask  her  to 
patronize  the  wax-work  collection.  Miss 
M  mflathers  received  the  child  with  frigid 
virtue,  and  said  to  her,  "  Don't  you  think 
you  must  be  very  wicked  to  be  a  wax- 
work child?  Don't  you  know  it  is  very 
naughty  to  be  a  wax  child  when  you 
might  have  the  proud  consciousness  of 
assisting,  to  the  extent  of  your  infant 
powers,  the  noble  manufactures  of  your 
country?"     One    of   the    teachers    here 

chimed  in  with  "  How  doth  the  little ;" 

but  Miss  Monflathers  remarked,  with  an 
indignant  frown,  that  "  the  little  busy 
bee  "  appHed  only  to  genteel  children,  and 
the  "works  of  labour  and  of  skill"  to 
painting  and  embroidery,  not  to  vulgar 
children  and  wax-work  shows. — Dickens  : 
The  Old  Curiosity  Shop,  xxxi.  (1840), 

Monford,  the  lover  of  Charlotte 
Whimsey.  He  plans  various  devices  to 
hoodwink  her  old  father,  in  order  to  elope 
with  the  daughter.— 7.  Cobb:  The  First 
Floor  (1756-1818). 

Monime  (2  syl.),  in  Racine's  tragedy 
of  Mithridate.  This  was  one  of  Mile. 
Rachel's  great  characters,  first  performed 
by  her  in  1838. 

Monimla,  "the  orphan,"  sister  of 
Chamont  and  ward  of  lord  Acasto. 
Moniraia  was  in  love  with  Acasto's  son 


MONIMIA.  719 

Castalio,  and  privately  married  him. 
Polydore  (the  brother  of  Castalio)  also 
loved  her,  but  his  love  was  dishonourable 
love.  By  treachery,  Polydore  obtained 
admission  to  Monimia's  chamber,  and 
passed  the  bridal  night  with  her,  Monimia 
supposing  him  to  be  her  husband  ;  but 
when  next  day  she  discovered  the  deceit, 
she  poisoned  herself;  and  Polydore,  being 
apprised  that  Monimia  was  his  brother's 
wife,  provoked  a  quarrel  with  him,  ran  on 
his  brother's  sword,  and  died. — Otway : 
The  Orphan  (1680). 

More  tears  have  been  shed  for  the  sorrows  of 
"  Belvidera "  and  "  Monimia,"  than  for  those  of 
"Juliet"  and  ••  Desdemona."— 5»>  W.  Scott;  The 
Drama, 

Monimia,  in  Smollett's  novel  of 
Count  Fathom  (1754).  Also  the  heroine 
of  Mrs.  Smith's  novel  called  The  Old 
Manor  House  (1793). 

Moniplies  [Richie),  the  honest,  self- 
willed  Scotch  servant  of  lord  Nigel  Oli- 
faunt  of  Glenvarloch. — Sir  IV.  Scott  : 
Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Monk  {General),  introduced  by  Scott 
in  Woodstock  (time,  Commonwealth). 

Monk  ( The  Bird  Singing  to  a).  The 
monk  is  Felix,  who  listened  to  a  bird  for 
a  hundred  years,  and  thought  the  time 
only  an  hour. — Longfellow:  The  Golden 
Legend,  ii.  (1851). 

Monk  ( The),  a  novel,  by  Matthew  G. 
Lewis  (1795)- 

Monk  Lewis,  Matthew  Gregory 
Lewis  ;  so  called  from  his  novel  (1773- 
1818).    (See  above.) 

Monk  of  Bury,  John  Lydgate,  poet, 
who  wrote  the  Siege  of  Troy,  the  Story  of 
Thebes,  and  the  Fall  of  Princes  (1375- 
1460). 

Nothyngfe  I  am  experte  In  poetry, 

As  the  monke  of  Bury,  floure  of  eloquence. 

Hawes:  Tfu  Passe-tyme  of  PUsure  (i^x^. 

Monk  of  Westminster,  Richard 
of  Cirencester,  the  chronicler  (fourteenth 
century). 

N.B.— This  chronicle,  On  the  Ancient 
State  of  Britain,  was  first  brought  to  light 
in  1747,  by  Dr.  Charles  Julius  Bertram, 
professor  of  English  at  Copenhagen  ;  but 
the  original  being  no  better  known  than 
that  of  Thomas  Rowley's  poems,  pub- 
lished by  Chatterton,  grave  suspicions 
exist  that  Dr.  Bertram  was  himself  the 
author  of  the  chronicle.  (See  Forgers 
AND  Forgeries,  p.  382.) 

Monk's  Tale  [The).    The  subject  of 


MONMOUTH. 

this  tale  is  the  uncertainty  of  fortune. 
Instanced  with  seventeen  examples — 

6  from  Scripture :  Lucifer,  Adam, 
and  Samson ;  Nebuchadnezzar,  Rel- 
shazzar,  Holofernfis  (from  the  Book  of 
Judith). 

3  Greek  and  Roman  History:  Alexander 
the  Great,  Julius  Cassar,  and  Nero. 

7  other  Histories  :  Croesus,  Hugolin  of 
Pisa,  Pedro  of  Spain,  Pierre  de  Lusignan 
king  of  Cyprus,  Visconti  [Bernardo]  duke 
of  Milan,  and  Zenobia. 

xfrom  Mythology:  Hercules. 

Monks  ( The  Father  of),  Ethelwold  of 
Winchester  (*-984). 

Monks,  alias  Edward  Leeford,  a 
violent  man,  subject  to  fits.  Edward 
Leeford,  though  half-brother  to  Oliver 
Twist  and  Rose  (Maylie),  was  in  collusion 
with  Bill  Sikes  to  ruin  him.  Failing  in 
this,  he  retired  to  America,  and  died  in 
jail. — Dickens:  Oliver  Twist  [1837). 

Nancy  said  of  Monks,  "  He  Is  tall  and  a  strongfly 
made  man,  but  not  stout ;  he  has  a  lurking  walk ;  and, 
as  he  walks,  constantly  looks  over  his  shoulder,  first  on 
one  side  and  then  on  the  other. .  .  .  His  eyes  are  sunk 
in  his  head  much  deeper  than  other  men's.  .  .  .  His 
face  is  dark,  like  his  hair  and  eyes ;  and,  although  he 
can't  be  more  than  six  or  eight  and  twenty,  withered 
and  haggard.  His  lips  are  often  discoloured  and  dis- 
figured with  the  marks  of  his  teeth.  .  .  .  Upon  his 
throat  is  a  broad  red  mark  like  a  bum." 

Monkbams  [Laird  of),  Mr.  Jonathan 
Oldbuck,  the  antiquary.— .S/r  W.Scott: 
The  Antiquary  (time,  George  III.). 

Mon'ker  and  Nakir  \Na-keer^,  the 
two  examiners  of  the  dead,  who  put 
questions  to  departed  spirits  respecting 
their  belief  in  God  and  Mahomet ;  and 
award  their  state  in  after-life  according 
to  their  answers. — Al  Koran, 

"  Do  you  not  see  those  spectres  that  are  stirring  the 
burning  coals  t  Are  they  Monkir  and  Nakir  come  to 
throw  us  into  them  t  "—Beck/ord  :  Vathe^  (1786). 

Monmoutli,  the  surname  of  Henry  V. 
of  England,  who  was  born  in  that  town 
(1388,  1413-1422). 

• .  •  Mon-mputh  is  the  mouth  of  the  Man- 
now. 

MonmotLtb.  [The  duke  of),  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  royal  zxmy.  — Sir 
W.  Scott:  Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles 
XL). 

•.*  The  duke  of  Monmouth  was  nick- 
named "The  Little  Duke,"  because  he 
was  diminutive  in  size.  Having  no  name 
of  his  own,  he  took  that  of  his  wife, 
"Scott,"  countess  of  Buccleuch.  Pepys 
says,  "It  is  reported  that  the  king  will 
be  tempted  to  set  the  crown  on  the  Little 
Duke  "  [Diary,  seventeenth  century). 


MOXMOUTH  CAPS. 


720 


MONT  ST.  MICHEL. 


MonmoutL.  Caps.   ' '  The  best  caps  " 

(says  Fuller,  in  his  iVorthies  of  Wales, 
50)  ' '  were  formerly  made  at  Monmouth, 
where  the  Cappens  Chapel  doth  still 
remain." 

The  soldiers  that  the  Monmouth  wear, 
On  castle  top  their  ensijjns  rear. 

Rted:   The  Ca^s  {1661}. 

Monmouth.  Street  (London),  called 
after  the  duke  of  Monmouth,  natural  son 
of  Charles  IL,  executed  for  rebellion  in 
1685.     It  is  now  called  Dudley  Street. 

Mon'uema,  wife  of  Quia'ra,  the  only 
persons  of  the  whole  of  the  Guarani  race 
who  escaped  the  small-pox  plague  which 
ravaged  that  part  of  Paraguay.  They 
left  the  fatal  spot,  and  settled  in  the 
Mondai  woods.  Here  they  had  one  son 
Yeruti,  and  one  daughter  Mooma,  but 
Quiara  was  killed  by  a  jagiiar  before  the 
latter  was  born.  Monngma  left  the 
Mondai  woods,  and  went  to  live  at  St. 
JoSchin,  in  Paraguay,  but  soon  died 
from  the  effects  of  a  house  and  city 
life. — Southey:  A  Tale  of  Paraguay 
(1814). 

Monomot'apa,  an  empire  of  South 
Africa,  joining  Mozambique. 

Ah,  sir,  you  never  saw  the  Ganges ; 
There  dwell  the  nation  of  Quidnunlds 
(So  Monomotapa  calls  monkeys). 

Gay:  The  Quidnunkis. 

Mononia,  Munster,  in  Ireland. 

Mononia,  when  nature  embeiiished  the  tint 
Of  thy  fields  and  thy  mountains  so  fair. 

Did  she  ever  intend  that  a  tyrant  should  print 
The  footstep  of  slavery  there? 
Moon:  Irish  Melodies,  L  ("  War  Song,"  1814). 

Monsieur,  Philippe  due  d'Orl^ans, 
brother  of  Louis  XIV.  (1674-1723). 

•.•  Other  gentlemen  were  Mons.  A  or 
Mons.  B,  but  the  regent  was  Mons.  with- 
out any  adjunct. 

Similarly,  the  daughter  of  the  due  de 
Chartres  (the  regent's  grandson)  was 
Mademoiselle. 

Monsieur  le  Coadjuteur,  Paul  de 
Gondi,  afterwards  cardinal  de  Retz  (1614- 
1679). 

Monsieur  le  duo,  Louis  Henri  de 
Bourbon,  eldest  son  of  the  prince  de 
Cond6  (1692-1740). 

Monsieur  Thomas,  a  drama  by 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher  (1619). 

Monsieur  Tonson,  a  farce  by  Mon- 
crieff.  Jack  Ardourly  falls  in  love  with 
Adolphine  de  Courcy  in  the  street,  and 
gets  Tom  King  to  assist  in  ferreting  her 
out.  Tom  King  discovers  that  his  sweet- 
ing   lives   in   the   house    of  a    French 


refugee,  a  barber,  named  Mon.  Morbleu  ; 
but  not  knowing  the  name  of  the  young 
lady,  he  inquires  for  Mr.  Thompson, 
hoping  to  pick  up  information.  Mon. 
Morbleu  says  no  Mon.  Tonson  lives  in 
the  house,  but  only  Mme.  Bellegarde  and 
Mile.  Adolphine  de  Courcy.  The  old 
Frenchman  is  driven  almost  crazy  by 
different  persons  inquiring  for  Mon. 
Tonson ;  but  ultimately  Jack  Ardourly 
marries  Adolphine,  whose  mother  is  Mrs. 
Thompson  after  all. 

(Taylor  wrote  a  drama  of  the  same  title 
in  1767.) 

Monster  {The),  Renwick  Williams, 
a  wretch  who  used  to  prowl  about  London 
by  night,  armed  with  a  double-edged 
knife,  with  which  he  mutilated  women. 
He  was  condemned  July  8,  1790. 

A  century  later  (about  1888-1889) 
similar  atrocities  were  committed  in  the 
E^t  end  of  London  by  a  person  calling 
himself  Jcu:k  the  Ripper.  He  escaped 
detection. 

Mont  Dieu,  a  solitary  mound  close 
to  Dumfermline.  It  owes  its  origin, 
according  to  story,  to  some  unfortunate 
monks  who,  by  way  of  penance,  carried 
the  sand  in  baskets  from  the  sea-shore  at 
Inverness. 

IT  At  Linton  is  a  fine  conical  hill  attri- 
buted to  two  sisters,  nuns,  who  were 
compelled  to  pass  the  whole  of  the  sand 
through  a  sieve,  by  way  of  penance,  to 
obtain  pardon  for  some  crime  committed 
by  their  brother. 

Mont  RiOgfnon  {Baron  of),  a  giant 
of  enormous  strength  and  insatiable  ap- 
petite. He  was  bandy-legged,  had  an 
elastic  stomach,  and  four  rows  of  teeth. 
The  baron  was  a  paladin  of  Charlemagne, 
and  one  of  the  four  sent  in  search  of 
Croquemitaine  and  Fear  Fortress.  — 
Croquemitaine. 

Mont  St.  Jean  or  Waterloo.  So- 
and-so  was  my  Mont  St.  Jean,  means  it 
was  my  coup  de  grace,  my  final  blow,  the 
end  of  the  end. 

Juan  was  my  Moscow  {tuminz-foinf\,  and  Faliero 

\,Fa.U^.rd\ 
My  Leipsic  \down/alt],  and  my  Mont  St.  Jean  seems 

Cain. 

Byron  :  Don  yuan,  xi.  56  (1824). 

Mont  St.  Michel,  in  Normandy. 
Here  nine  druidesses  used  to  sell  arrows 
to  sailors  to  charm  away  storms.  The 
arrows  had  to  be  discharged  by  a  young 
man  25  years  of  age.  (See  Michael,  p. 
702.) 

TT  The  Laplanders  drove  a  profitable 


MONT  TRESOR. 


791 


MONTESPAN. 


trade  by  selling  winds  to  sailors.  Even 
so  late  as  1814,  Bessie  Millie,  of  Pomona 
(Orkney  Islands),  helped  to  eke  out  a 
livelihood  by  selling  winds  for  sixpence. 

*ir  Eric  king  of  Sweden  could  make  the 
winds  blow  from  any  quarter  he  liked  by 
a  turn  of  his  cap.  Hence  he  was  nick- 
named "Windy  Cap." 

Mont  Tresor,  in  France ;  so  called 
by  Gontran  "the  Good,"  king  of  Bur- 
gundy (sixteenth  century).  One  day, 
weary  with  the  chase,  Gontran  laid  him- 
self down  near  a  small  river,  and  fell 
asleep.  The  'squire,  who  watched  his 
master,  saw  a  little  animal  come  from  the 
king's  mouth,  and  walk  to  the  stream, 
over  which  the  'squire  laid  his  sword, 
and  the  animal,  ninning  across,  entered 
a  hole  in  the  mountain.  When  Gontran 
was  told  of  this  incident,  he  said  he  had 
dreamt  that  he  crossed  a  bridge  of  steel, 
and,  having  entered  a  cave  at  the  foot  of 
a  mountain,  entered  a  palace  of  gold. 
Gontran  employed  men  to  undermine  the 
hill,  and  found  there  vast  treasures,  which 
he  employed  in  works  of  charity  and  re- 
ligion. In  order  to  commemorate  this 
event,  he  called  the  hill  Mont  Tresor. — 
Claud  Paradin  :  Symbola  Heroica. 

•.'  This  story  has  been  ascribed  to 
numerous  persons. 

Mon'tagtie  (3  syl.),  head  of  a  noble 
house  in  Verona,  at  feudal  enmity  with 
the  house  of  Capiilet.  Romeo  belonged 
to  the  former,  and  Juliet  to  the  latter 
house. 

Lady  Montague,  wife  of  lord  Montague, 
and  mother  of  Romeo. — Shakespeare: 
Romeo  and  Juliet  (1598). 

Montalban,  now  called  Montauban 
(a  contraction  of  Mons  Alda'nus),  in 
France,  in  the  department  of  Tarn-et- 
Garonne. 

Jousted  in  Aspramont  or  Mon'talban'.  ' 

Milton:  Paradise  Lost,  i.  583  (1665). 

Don  Kyrie Elyson  de  Montalban,  a  hero 
of  romance,  in  the  History  of  Tirante  the 
White. 

Thomas  de  Montalban,  brother  of  don 
Kyrie  Elyson,  in  the  same  romance  of 
chivalry. 

Rinaldo  de  Montalban,  a  hero  of  ro- 
mance, in  the  Mirror  of  Knighthood,  from 
which  work  both  Bojardo  and  Ariosto 
have  largely  borrowed. 

Montalban  ( The  count),  in  love  with 
Volantfi  (3  syl.)  daughter  of  Balthazar. 
In  order  to  sound  her,  the  count  disguised 
himself  as  a  father  confessor;  but  Vo- 


lantd  detected  the  trick  instantly,  and 
said  to  him,  "Come,  come,  count,  pull 
off  your  lion's  hide,  and  confess  yourself 
an  ass."  However,  as  VolantI  really 
loved  him,  all  came  right  at  last. — Tobin 
The  Honeymoon  (1804). 

Montanto  [Signor),  a  master  of  fence 
and  a  great  braggart. — Ben  Jonson : 
Every  Man  in  His  Humour  (1598). 

Montarg'is  {The  Dog  of),  named 
Dragon.  It  belonged  to  captain  Aubri 
de  Montdidier,  and  is  especially  noted 
for  his  fight  with  the  chevalier  Richard 
Macaire.  The  dog  was  called  Montargis, 
because  the  encounter  was  depicted  over 
the  chimney  of  the  great  hall  in  the 
castle  of  Montargis.  It  was  in  the  forest 
of  Bondi,  close  by  this  castle,  where  Aubri 
was  assassinated. 

(Guilbert  de  •  Pixerecourt  dramatized 
this  tale  in  his  play  called  Le  Chien  de 
Montargis,  1814. ) 

Montenay  {Sir  Philip  de),  an  old 
English  knight.— 5z>  W.  Scott:  Castle 
Dangerous  (time,  Henry  I.). 

Montenegro.  The  natives  say, 
"  When  God  was  distributing  stones  over 
the  earth,  the  bag  that  held  them  burst 
over  Montenegro,"  which  accounts  for 
the  stoniness  of  the  land. 

Montesi'nos,  a  legendary  hero,  who 
received  some  affront  at  the  French  court, 
and  retired  to  La  Mancha,  in  Spain. 
Here  he  lived  in  a  cavern,  some  sixty  feet 
deep,  called  "The  Cavern  of  Montesinos." 
Don  Quixote  descended  part  of  the  way 
down  this  cavern,  and  fell  into  a  trance, 
in  which  he  saw  Montesinos  himself, 
DurandartS  and  Belerma  under  the  spell 
of  Merlin, Dulcin'ea  del  Toboso  enchanted 
into  a  country  wench,  and  other  visions, 
which  he  more  than  half  believed  to  be 
realities. — Cervantes:  Don  Quixote,  II. 
ii.  5,  6  (1615). 

• .  •  This  Durandart6  was  the  cousin  of 
Montesinos,  and  Belerma  the  lady  he 
served  for  seven  years.  When  he  fell  at 
Roncesvall^s,  he  prayed  his  cousin  to 
carry  his  heart  to  Belerma. 

Montespan  {The  marquis  de),  a 
conceited  court  fop,  silly  and  heartless. 
When  Louis  XIV.  took  Mme.  de  Montes- 
pan for  his  concubine,  he  banished  the 
marquis,  saying — 

Your  strange  and  countless  follies— 
The  scenes  you  make— your  loud  domestic  bi  oils- 
Bring  scandal  on  our  court.    Decorum  needs 
Your  banishment.  ...  Go  I 


MONTFAUCON.  722 

And  for  your  separate  household,  which  entails 
A  double  cost,  our  treasure  shall  accord  you 
A  hundred  thousand  crowns. 

Act  It.  I. 

The  foolish  old  marquis  says,  in  his  self- 
conceit — 

A  hundred  thousand  crowns  for  being  civil 
To  one  another  1    Well  now,  that's  a  thing' 
That  happens  but  to  marquises.     It  shows 
My  value  in  the  state.     The  king  esteems 
My  comfort  of  such  consequence  to  France, 
He  pays  me  down  a  hundred  thousand  crowns, 
Rather  than  let  my  wife  disturb  my  temper  1 
'-  Actv. «. 

Madame  de  Montespan,  wife  of  the 
marquis.  She  supplanted  La  Valli^re  in 
the  base  love  of  Louis  XIV.  La  Valliere 
loved  the  man,  Montespan  the  king.  She 
had  wit  to  warm  but  not  to  bum,  energy 
which  passed  for  feeUng,  a  head  to  check 
her  heart,  and  not  too  much  principle  for 
a  French  court.  Mme.  de  Montespan  was 
i\\e  prot^g^e  oi  the  duke.de  Lauzun,  who 
used  her  as  a  stepping-stone  to  wealth  ; 
but  when  in  favour,  she  kicked  down  the 
ladder  by  which  she  had  climbed  to 
power.  However,  Lauzun  had  his  re- 
venge ;  and  when  La  Valliere  took  the 
veil,  Mme.  de  Montespan  was  banished 
from  the  court.  —  Lord  Lytton  :  The 
Duchess  de  la  Vallihre  (1836). 

Montfan^on  (The lady  Calista  of), 
attendant  of  queen  Berengaria. — Sir  IV. 
Scott:  The  Talisman  (time,  Richard  L). 

Mont-Fitclxet  [Sir  Conrade),  a  pre- 
ceptor of  the  Knights  Templars. — Sir 
W.  Scott  :  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  L ). 

Montfort  [De],  the  hero  and  title  of 
a  tragedy,  intended  to  depict  the  passion 
of  hate,  by  Joanna  Baillie  (1798).  The 
object  of  De  Montfort's  hatred  is  Rezen- 
velt,  and  his  passion  drives  him  on  to 
murder. 

•,•  De  Montfort  was  probably  the 
suggestive  inspiration  of  Byron's  Man- 
fred{i^i7). 

Montgomery  [Mr.),  lord  Godolphin, 
lord  high  treasurer  of  England  in  the  reign 
of  queen  Anne.  The  queen  called  her- 
self "Mrs.  Morley,"  and  Sarah  Jennings 
duchess  of  Marlborough  was  "  Mrs. 
Freeman," 

Monthermer  (Guy),  a  nobleman, 
and  the  pursuivant  of  king  Henry  H. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Betrothed  (time, 
Heary  H.). 

Moziths  (Symbols  of  the),  frequently 
carved  on  church  portals,  misericords  (as 
at  Worcester),  ceilings  (as  at  Salisbury), 
etc.— 


MOODY. 

I.  />ort</a  Janus  amat. 

a.  Et  Februus  alg^eo  clamat, 

3.  Martius  arva  fodit. 

4.  KpnWsJlotHda  nutrit. 

5.  Ros  ei/los  nemorum  Maio  sunt  fomes  amorum. 

6.  Dat  Juniusyirwa. 

7.  Julio  resecatur  avena, 

8.  Augustus  spicas. 

9.  September  conterit  uvas. 

10.  Seminat  October. 

11.  S*»liat virgulta  November. 

12.  Querit    habere  cibum  porcum  mactando    De- 
cember. 

Utrecht  Missal  (1515).  and  tha 
Breviary  0/ St.  Alban's. 

Montjoie,  chief  herald  of  France. — 
Sir  W.  Scott :  Quentin  Durward  (time, 
Edward  IV. ). 

Montorio,  the  hero  of  a  novel,  who 
persuades  his  "brother's  sons"  to  murder 
their  father  by  working  on  their  fears, 
and  urging  on  them  the  doctrines  of 
fatalism.  When  the  deed  was  com- 
mitted, Montorio  discovered  that  the 
young  murderers  were  not  his  nephews, 
but  his  own  sons.  —  Maturin :  Fatal 
Revenge  (1807). 

Montreal  d'Albano,  called  "  Fra 
Moriale,"  knight  of  St.  John  of  Jerusa- 
lem, and  captain  of  the  Grand  Company 
in  the  fourteenth  century.  When  sentenced 
to  death  by  Rienzi,  he  summoned  his 
judge  to  follow  him  within  the  month, 
Rienzi  was  killed  by  the  fickle  mob 
within  the  stated  period.  (See  Summons 
TO  Death.) 

Montreville  (Mme.  Adela),  or  the 
Begum  Mootee  Manul,  called  "  the  queen 
of  Sheba."-  -Sir  IV.  Scott:  The  Surgeon's 
Daughter  (time,  George  II.). 

Montrose  (The  duke  of),  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  king's  army. — Sir 
IV.  Scott :  Rob  Roy,  xxxii.  (time,  George 
1.). 

Montrose  (The  marquis  of).— Sir 
IV.  Scott:  Woodstock  (time,  Common- 
wealth). 

Montrose  (James  Grahams,  earl  of), 
the  king's  heutenant  in  Scotland.  He 
appears  first  disguised  as  Anderson,  ser- 
vant of  the  earl  of  Menteith. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Legend  of  Montrose  (time,  Charles 

Montserrat  (Conrade  marquis  of ),  a 
crusader. — Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Talisman 
(time,  Richard  I.). 

Moody  (John),  the  guardian  of  Peggy 
Thrift  an  heiress,  whom  he  brings  up 
in  the  country,  wholly  without  society. 
John  Moody  is  morose,  suspicious,  and 
unsocial.  When  50  years  of  age,  and 
Peggy  19,  he  wants  to  marry  her,  but 


MOOMA. 


723      MOON  OF  BRIGHT  NIGHTS. 


is  outwitted  by  "the  country  girl,"  who 
prefers  Belville,  a  young  man  of  mc«-e 
suitable  age. 

Alithea  Moody,  sister  of  John.  She 
jilts  Sparkish  a  conceited  fop,  and  marries 
Harcourt.  — T'A^  Country  Girl  (Garrick, 
altered  from  Wycherly). 

Mooma,  younger  sister  of  Yertlti. 
Their  father  and  mother  were  the  only 
persons  of  the  whole  Guarani  race  who 
escaped  a  small-pox  plague  which 
ravished  that  part  of  Paraguay,  They 
left  the  fatal  spot  and  lived  in  the  Mondai 
woods,  where  both  their  children  were 
bom.  Before  the  birth  of  Mooma,  her 
father  was  eaten  by  a  jaguar,  and  the 
three  survivors  lived  in  the  woods  alone. 
When  grown  to  a  youthful  age,  a  Jesuit 
priest  persuaded  them  to  come  and  live  at 
St.  Joichin  (3  syl. ) ;  so  they  left  the  wild 
woods  for  a  city  life.  Here  the  mother 
soon  flagged  and  died.  Mooma  lost  her 
spirits,  was  haunted  with  thick-coming 
fancies  of  good  and  bad  angels,  and  died. 
Yeruti  begged  to  be  baptized,  received 
the  rite,  cried,  "Ye  are  come  for  me  I  I 
am  ready  ;  "  and  died  also. — Southey  :  A 
Tale  of  Paraguay  (18 14). 

Moon  {The)  increases  with  horns 
towards  the  east,  but  wanes  with  horns 
towards  the  west. 

The  Moon.  Dant6  makes  the  moon  the 
first  planetary  heaven,  "the  tardiest 
sphere  of  all  the  ten,"  and  assigned  to 
those  whose  vows  "were  in  some  part 
neglected  and  made  void  "  (canto  iii.). 

It  seemed  to  me  as  if  a  cloud  had  covered  us. 
Translucent,  solid,  firm,  and  polished  bright 
Like  adamant  which  the  sun's  beam  had  smit, 
Within  itself  the  ever-during  pearl  \_tht  moon\ 
Received  us,  as  the  wave  a  ray  of  light 
Receives,  and  rests  unbroken. 

Dante:  Paradise,  IL  (1311). 

Moon  [Blue).  "Once  in  a  blue 
moon,"  very  occasionally ;  longointervallo. 

"  Does  he  often  come  of  an  evening?"  asks  Jennie. 
•*  Oh,  just  once  in  a  blue  moon,  and  tlien  always  witb 
a  b\itx^^"—Bitxton  :  Jennie  oftfu  Princess,  li.  140. 

Moon  {Man  in  the).  (See  MAN  .  .  .) 
Spots  in  the  Moon.  Dantg  makes 
Beatrice  say  that  these  spots  are  not  due 
to  diversity  of  density  or  rarity,  for,  if 
so,  in  eclipses  of  the  sun,  the  sun  would 
be  seen  through  the  rare  portions  of  the 
moon  more  or  less  distinctly.  She  says 
the  spots  are  wholly  due  to  the  different 
essences  of  the  "planet,"  which  reflect 
in  different  ways  the  effluence  of  the 
heaven,  "which  peace  divine  inhabits." 

From  hence  proceeds  that  which  from  light  to  light 
Seems  different,  and  not  from  dense  to  rare. 

Dante  :  Paradise,  u.  (1311). 


Milton  makes  Raphael  tell  Adam  that 
the  spots  on  the  moon  are  due  to  clouds 
and  vapours  "not  yet  into  the  moon's 
substance  turned,"   that    is,    undigested 

aliment. 

For  know  whatever  was  created,  needs 
To  be  sustained  and  fed.    Of  elements. 
The  grosser  feeds  the  purer, — earth  the  sea- 
Earth  and  the  sea  feed  air— the  air  those  fires 
Ethereal— and  as  lowest,  first  the  moon  ; 
Whence,  in  her  visage  round,  those  spots — unpurged 
Vapours  not  yet  into  her  substance  turned. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  v.  415,  etc  ;  see  also 
viii.  145.  etc.  (1663). 

The  Emperor  of  the  Moon,  Irdonozur. 
— Dominique  Gonzales:  L Homme  dans  la 
Lune  (1648). 

Minions  of  the  Moon,  thieves  or  high- 
waymen.    (See  Moon's  Men.) 

Moon  and  Mahomet.  Mahomet 
made  the  moon  perform  seven  circuits 
round  Caaba  or  the  holy  shrine  of  Mecca, 
then  enter  the  right  sleeve  of  his  mantle 
and  go  out  at  the  left.  At  its  exit, 
it  split  into  two  pieces,  which  reunited 
in  the  centre  of  the  firmament.  This 
miracle  was  performed  for  the  conversion 
of  Hahab  the  Wise. 

Moon-Calf,  an  inanimate,  shapeless 
human  mass,  said  by  Pliny  to  be  en- 
gendered of  woman  only. — Nat.  Hist.,  ▼. 
64. 

Moon  Depository.  Astolpho  found 
the  moon  to  be  the  great  depository  of 
misspent  time,  wasted  wealth,  broken 
vows,  unanswered  prayers,  fruitless  tears, 
abortive  attempts,  unfulfilled  desires  and 
intentions,  etc.  Bribes,  he  tells  us,  were 
hung  on  gold  and  silver  hooks  ;  princes' 
favours  were  kept  in  bellows;  wasted 
talent  was  stored  away  in  lUTis ;  but 
every  article  was  duly  labelled. — Ariosto: 
Orlando  Furioso,  xviii.  (1516). 

Moon-Drop  (in  Latin,  virus  lunare), 
a  vaporous  drop  supposed  to  be  shed 
by  the  moon  on  certain  herbs  and  other 
objects,  when  powerfully  influenced  by 
iricantations.  Lucan  says,  Erictho  used 
it :    Virus  large  lunare  ministrat. 

Hecate.  Upon  the  comer  of  the  moon 
There  hangs  a  vaporous  drop,  profound ; 
I'll  catch  it  ere  it  come  to  ground. 

Shakespeare  :  Macbeth,  act  iii.  so.  J  {1606). 

Moon  of  Brigflit  Nigrlits,  a  sy- 
nonym for  April :  the  moon  of  leaves, 
a  synonym  for  May ;  the  moon  of  straw- 
berries is  June;  the  moon  of  falling 
leaves  is  September;  and  the  moon  of 
snow-shoes  is  the  synonym  for  November, 
— Longfellow  :  Hiawatha  (1855). 


MOON'S  MEN. 


724 


MORBLEU. 


Moon's  Men,  thieves  or  highway- 
men, who  ply  their  vocation  by  night. 

The  fortune  of  us  that  are  but  moon's  men  doth  ebb 
and  fiow  like  the  ita.—ShakesJ>earc  :  1  Henry  IV,  act 
i.  sc.  2  (1597). 

Moonshine  {Saunders),  a  smuggler. 
— Sir  IV.  Scott:  Bride  of  Lammermoor 
(time,  William  III.). 

Moor,  the  brigand,  in  Schiller's  drama 
called  The  Robbers  (1781). 

Moore  {Mr.  John),  of  the  Pestle  and 
Mortar,  Abchurch  Lane,  immortalized  by 
his  "worm-powder,"  and  called  the 
"Worm  Doctor." 

O  leam6d  friend  of  Abchurch  Lane, 

Who  set'st  our  entrails  free  1 
Vain  is  thy  art,  thy  powder  vain. 

Since  worms  shall  eat  e'en  thee. 

Pope:  To  Mr.  John  Moore  (\ts^. 

Moorfields.  Here  stood  Bethlehem 
Hospital,  or  Bedlam,  at  one  time. 

Subtle.  Remember  the  feigned  madness  I  have 
taught  thee.  .  .  . 

Tricksey.  Fear  not,  he  shall  think  me  fresh  slipped 
from  the 'regions  of  Moorfields.— ^<7t  Jonson:  The 
Alchemist,  x.  (i6io). 

Moors.  The  Moors  of  Aragon  are 
called  Tangarins ;  those  of  Granada  are 
Mudajares ;  and  those  of  Fez  are  called 
Elches.  They  are  the  best  soldiers 
of  the  Spanish  dominions.  In  the  Middle 
Ages  all  Mohammedans  were  called 
Moors;  and  hence  Camoens,  in  the 
Lusiad,  viil,  calls  the  Indians  so. 

Mopes  {Mr.),  the  hermit  who  lived 
on  Tom  Tiddler's  Ground.  He  was  dirty, 
vain,  and  nasty,  "like  all  hermits,"  but 
had  landed  property,  and  was  said  to  be 
rich  and  learned.  He  dressed  in  a 
blanket  and  skewer,  and,  by  steeping 
himself  in  soot  and  grease,  soon  acquired 
immense  fame.  Rumour  said  he  mur- 
dered his  beautiful  young  wife,  and  aban- 
doned the  world.  Be  this  as  it  may,  he 
certainly  lived  a  nasty  life.  Mr.  Traveller 
tried  to  bring  him  back  into  society,  but 
a  tinker  said  to  him,  "  Take  my  word  for 
it,  when  iron  is  thoroughly  rotten,  you 
can  never  botch  it,  do  what  you  may." 
— Dickens:  A  Christmas  Number  {"Tom 
Tiddler's  Ground,"  1861). 

Mopsus,  a  shepherd,  who,  with 
Menalcas,  celebrates  the  funeral  eulogy 
of  Daphnis.—  Virgil:  Eclogue  v. 

Mora,  a  hill  in  Ulster,  on  the  borders 
of  a  heath  called  Moi-lena. — Ossian: 
Temora. 

(Near  Upsa'la  is  what  is  called  "The 
Mora  Stone,"  where  the  Swedes  used  of 
old  to  elect  their  kings.) 


Mora,  the  betrothed  of  Oscar  who 
mysteriously  disappears  on  the  bridal  e^  e, 
and  is  long  mourned  for  as  dead.  His 
younger  brother  Allan,  hoping  to  secure 
the  lands  and  fortune  of  Mora,  proposes 
marriage,  and  is  accepted.  At  the  wed- 
ding banquet,  a  stranger  demands  "a 
pledge  to  the  lost  Oscar,"  and  all  accept 
it  except  Allan,  who  is  there  and  then 
denounced  as  the  murderer  of  his  brother. 
The  stranger  then  vanishes,  and  Allan 
dies. —Byron  :  Oscar  of  A  Iva. 

Moradbak,  daughter  of  Fitead  a 
widower.  She  undertook  to  amuse 
Hudjudge  with  tales,  and  married  him. 
(See  HuDjADGE,  p.  $og.)—Comte  de 
Caylus:  Oriental  Tales  (1743). 

Morakan'alaad,  grand  vizier  of  the 
cahph  V?i\:a€&.—Beckford:  Vathek  {178^). 

Moral  Philosophy  {The  Father 
of),  Thomas  Aquinas  (1227-1274). 

Moral  Tales,  translated  from  the 
French  by  Marmontel  (1761). 

Moran  Son  of  Pithil,  one  of  the 

scouts   in   the  army  of  Swaran  king  of 
Lochlin  {Denmark). — Ossian:  Fingal. 

Moran's  Collar,  a  collar  for  magis- 
trates, which  had  the  supernatural  power 
of  pressing  the  neck  of  the  wearer  if  his 
judgments  deviated  from  strict  justice. 
It  strangled  him  if  he  persisted  in  wrong- 
doing. Moran,  surnamed  "the  Just," 
was  the  wise  counsellor  of  Feredach  an 
early  king  of  Ireland, 

Morat,  in  Aurungzebe,  a  drama  by 
Dryden  (1675). 

Edward  Kynaston  [1619-1687]  shone  with  uncommon 
lustre  in  "Morat"  and  "  Muley  Moloch."  In  both 
these  parts  he  had  a  fierce,  lion-like  majesty  in  his  port 
and  utterance,  that  gave  the  spectators  a  kind  ol 
trembling  admiration. — CoUcy  Cibber. 

Morat,  in  Switzerland,  famous  for  the 
battle  fought  there  in  1476,  in  which  the 
Swiss  defeated  Charles  le  Timiraire,  of 
Burgundy. 

Morat  and  Marathon  twin  names  shall  stand. 

Byron  ;  Childe  Harold,  iiL  64  (x8i6). 

Morble'U !  This  French  oath  is  a 
corrupt  contraction  of  Mau'graby  ;  thus, 
maugre  bleu,  mau'bleu.  Maugraby  was 
the  great  Arabian  enchanter,  and  the 
word  means  "barbarous,"  hence  a  bar- 
barous man  or  a  barbarian.  The  oath  is 
common  in  Provence,  Languedoc,  and 
Gascoigne.  I  have  often  heard  it  used 
by  the  medical  students  at  Paris. 

(Probably  it  is  a  punning  corruption  ol 
Mart  de  Dieu.) 


MORDAUNT. 


725 


MORE  OF  MORE  HALU 


Mordaunt,  the  secretary  at  Aix  of 
queen  Margaret  the  widow  of  Henry  VI. 
of  England. — Sir  W.  Scoit :  Anne  of 
Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Mor'decai  {Beau),  a  rich  Italian  Jew, 
one  of  the  suitors  of  Charlotte  Goodchild ; 
but,  supposing  the  report  to  be  true  that 
the  lady  had  lost  her  fortune,  he  called 
off  and  retired. — Macklin  :  Love  d,-la- 
Mode  (1779). 

The  part  that  first  brought  John  Quick  [1748-1831] 
into  notice  was  "  Beau  Mordecai,"  m  which  he  ap- 


Mordent,  father  of  Joanna  by  a 
former  wife.  In  order  to  marry  lady 
Anne,  he  "  deserts  "  Joanna  and  leaves 
her  to  be  brought  up  by  strangers. 
Joanna  is  placed  under  Mrs.  Enfield  a 
crimp,  and  Mordent  consents  to' a  pro- 
posal of  Lennox  to  run  off  with  her. 
Mordent  is  a  spirit  embittered  with  the 
world — a  bad  man,  with  a  goading  con- 
science. He  sins  and  suffers  the  anguish 
of  remorse ;  does  wrong,  and  blames 
Providence  because  when  he  "sows  the 
storm  he  reaps  the  whirlwind." 

Lady  Anne,  the  wife  of  Mordent, 
daughter  of  the  earl  of  Oldcrest,  sister 
of  a  viscount,  niece  of  lady  Mary,  and 
one  of  her  uncles  is  a  bishop.  She  is 
wholly  neglected  by  her  husband,  but, 
like  Grisilda  {q.v.),  bears  it  without  com- 
plaint.— Holcroft:  The  Deserted  Daughter 
(1784,  altered  into  The  Steward). 

Mordred  [Sir),  son  of  Margawse 
(sister  of  king  Arthur)  and  Arthur  her 
brother,  while  she.  was  the  wife  of  Lot 
king  of  Orkney  (pt.  i.  2,  35,  36).  The 
sons  of  Lot  himself  and  his  wife  were 
Gaw'ain.  Agravain,  Ga'heris,  and  Gareth, 
all  knights  of  the  Round  Table.  Out  of 
hatred  to  sir  Launcelot,  Mordred  and 
Agravain  accuse  him  to  the  king  of  too 
great  familiarity  with  queen  Guenever, 
and  induce  the  king  to  spend  a  day  in 
himting.  During  his  absence,  the  queen 
sends  for  sir  Launcelut  to  her  private 
chamber,  and  Mordred  and  Agravain,  with 
twelve  other  knights,  putting  the  worst 
construction  on  the  interview,  clamorously 
assail  the  chamber,  and  call  on  sir  Launce- 
lot to  come  out.  This  he  does,  and  kills 
Agravain  with  the  twelve  knights,  but 
Mordred  makes  his  escape  and  tells  the 
king,  who  orders  the  queen  to  be  burnt 
alive.  She  is  brought  to  tht  stake,  but  is 
rescued  by  sir  Launcelot,  who  carries  her 
off  to  Joyous  Guard,  near  Carlisle,  which 
the  king  besieges.   While  lying  before  the 


castle,  king  Arthur  receives  a  bull  from 
the  pope,  commanding  him  to  take  back 
his  queen.  This  he  does,  but  as  he 
refuses  to  be  reconciled  to  sir  Launcelot, 
the  knight  betakes  himself  to  Benwick, 
in  Brittany.  The  king  lays  siege  to 
Benwick,  and  during  his  absence  leaves 
Mordred  regent.  Mordred  usurps  the 
crown,  and  tries,  but  in  vain,  to  induce 
the  queen  to  marry  him.  When  the  king 
hears  thereof,  he  raises  the  siege  of 
Benwick,  and  returns  to  England.  He 
defeats  Mordred  at  Dover  and  at  Baron- 
down,  but  at  Salisbury  (Camlan)  Mor- 
dred is  slain  fighting  with  the  king,  and 
Arthur  receives  his  death-wound.  The 
queen  then  retires  to  a  convent  at  Almes- 
bury,  is  visited  by  sir  Launcelot,  decUnes 
to  marry  him,  and  dies. — Sir  T.  Malory: 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,  iii.  143-174 
(1470). 

N.B. — The  wife  of  Lot  is  called  "Anne" 
by  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth  [British  His- 
tory, viii.  20,  21);  and  "  Bellicent "  by 
Tennyson,  in  Gareth  and  Lynette. 

(This  tale  is  so  very  different  to  those 
of  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth  and  Tennyson, 
that  all  three  are  given.  See  Modred, 
P-  714-) 

Mor'dure  (2  syl. ),  son  of  the  emperor 
of  Germany.  He  was  guilty  of  illicit 
love  with  the  mother  of  sir  Bevis  of 
Southampton,  who  murdered  her  husband 
and  then  married  sir  Mordure.  Sir  Bevis, 
when  a  mere  lad,  reproved  his  mother 
for  the  murder  of  his  father,  and  she 
employed  Saber  to  kill  him ;  but  the 
murder  was  not  committed,  and  young 
Bevis  was  brought  up  as  a  shepherd. 
One  day,  entering  the  hall  where  Mordure 
sat  with  his  bride,  Bevis  struck  at  him 
with  his  axe.  Mordure  slipped  aside, 
and  the  chair  was  "split  to  shivers." 
Bevis  was  then  sold  to  an  Armenian,  and 
was  presented  to  the  king,  who  knighted 
him  and  gave  him  his  daughter  Josian  in 
mzxxv3,g&.— Drayton  :  Polyolbion ,  ii.  (1612). 

Mor'dnre  (2  syl.),  Arthur's  sword, 
made  by  Merlin.  No  enchantment  had 
power  over  it,  no  stone  or  steel  was  proof 
against  it,  and  it  would  neither  break 
nor  bend.  (The  word  means  "hard 
biter.") — Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  ii.  8 
(1590). 

More  [Margareta),  Miss  Anne  Man- 
ning, authoress  of  Household  of  Sir 
Thofnas  More  (1851). 

More  of  More  Hall,  a  legendary 
hero,  who  armed  himself  with  armouf 


MORECRAFT. 


726 


MORGIANA. 


fun  of  spikes;  and,  concealing  himself 
in  the  cave  where  the  dragon  of  Wantley 
dwelt,  slew  the  monster  by  kicking  it  in 
the  mouth,  where  alone  it  was  mortal 

'.•  In  the  burlesque  of  H.  Carey,  en- 
titled The  Dragon  of  Wantley,  the  hero 
is  called  "Moore  of  Moore  Hall,"  and 
he  is  made  to  be  in  love  with  Gubbins's 
daughter,  Margery  of  Roth'ram  Green 
<i696-i743). 

Morecraft,  at  first  a  miser,  but 
after  losing  most  of  his  money  he  became 
a  spendthrift. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher: 
The  Scornful  Lady  (1616). 

'.  •  "  Luke,"in  Massinger's  C/^il/a^a/w, 
Is  the  exact  opposite.  He  was  at  first  a 
poor  spendthrift,  but  coming  into  a  for- 
tune he  turned  miser. 

(Beaumont  died  i6ifi.) 

Morell  {Sir  Charles),  the  pseudonym 
of  the  Rev,  James  Ridley,  affixed  to  some 
of  the  early  editions  of  The  Tales  of  the 
Genii,  from  1764. 

Morelove  (Lord),  in  love  with  lady 
Betty  Modish,  who  torments  him  almost 
to  madness  by  an  assumed  indifference, 
and  rouses  his  jealousy  by  coquetting 
with  lord  Foppington.  (For  the  rest,  see 
Modish,  p.  714.) — Cinder:  The  Careless 
Husband  (1704). 

More'no  {Don  Antonio),  a  gentle- 
man of  Barcelona,  who  entertained  don 
Quixote  with  mock-heroic  hospitality. — 
Cervantes:  Don  Quixote,  H.  iv.  10(1615}. 

Morfin  {Mr.),  a  cheerful  bachelor  in 
the  office  of  Mr.  Dombey,  merchant. 
He  calls  himself  "a  creature  of  habit," 
has  a  great  respect  for  the  head  of  the 
house,  and  befriends  John  Carker  when 
he  falls  into  disgrace  by  robbing  his  em- 
ployer. Mr.  Morfin  is  a  musical  amateur, 
and  finds  in  his  violoncello  a  solace  for 
all  cares  and  worries.  He  marries  Har- 
riet Carker,  the  sister  of  John  and  James. 
—Dickens:  Dombey  and  Son  (1846). 

Morgfan,  a  feigned  name  adopted  by 
Belarius  a  banished  lord. — Shakespeare : 
Cymbeline  (1605). 

Morgfan,  one  of  the  soldiers  of  prince 
Gwenvi^n  of  Powys-land. — Sir  IV.  Scott: 
The  Betrothed  {time,  Henry  IL). 

Morgfan  la  Pee,  one  of  the  sisters  of 
king  Arthur  (pt.  i.  18) ;  the  others  were 
Margawse,  Elain,  and  Anne  (Bellicent 
was  his  half-sister).  Morgan  calls  herself 
"  queen  of  the  land  of  Gore  "  (pt.  i.  I03|. 
She  was  the  wife  of  king  Vrience  (pt.  i.  63), 
the  mother  of  sir  Ew  ain  (pt.  i.  73),  and 


lived  in  the  castle  of  La  Belle  Regard 
(pt.  ii.  122). 

On  one  occasion,  Morgan  la  F^e  stole 
her  brother's  sword  "  Excalibur,"  with 
its  scabbard,  and  sent  them  to  sir  Accolon 
of  Gaul,  her  paramour,  that  he  might  kill 
her  brother  Arthur  in  mortal  combat.  If 
this  villainy  had  succeeded,  Morgan  in- 
tended to  murder  her  husband,  marry  sir 
Accolon,  and  "devise  to  make  him  king 
of  Britain  ;  "  but  sir  Accolon,  during  the 
combat,  dropped  the  sword,  and  Arthur, 
snatching  it  up,  would  have  slain  him 
had  he  not  craved  mercy  and  confessed 
the  treasonable  design  (pt.  i.  70).  After 
this,  Morgan  stole  the  scabbard,  and  threw 
it  into  the  lake  (pt.  i.  73).  Lastly,  she 
tried  to  murder  her  brother  by  means  of 
a  poisoned  robe ;  but  Arthur  told  the 
messenger  to  try  it  on,  that  he  might  see 
it,  and  when  he  did  so  he  dropped  down 
dead,  "  being  burnt  to  a  coal "  (pt,  i.  75), 
— Sir  T.  Malory :  History  of  Prince 
Arthur  (1470). 

(W.  Morris,  in  his  Earthly  Paradise 
("August"),  makes  Morgan  la  F^e  the 
bride  of  Ogier  the  Dane,  after  his  earthly 
career  was  ended.) 

Morg'ane  (2  syl.),  a  fay,  to  whose 
charge  Zephyr  committed  young  Passe- 
lyon  and  his  cousin  Bennucq.  Passelyon 
fell  in  love  with  the  fay's  daughter,  and 
the  adventures  of  these  young  lovers  are 
told  in  the  romance  of  Perceforest,  iii. 
(1220). 

Morg'ante  (3  syl.),  a  ferocious  giant, 
converted  to  Christianity  by  Orlando. 
After  performing  the  most  wonderful 
feats,  he  died  at  last  from  the  bite  of  a 
crab. — Pulci  :  Morgante  Maggiore  (1488). 

He  \_don  Quixote]  spoke  favourably  of  Morgante, 
who,  though  of  gigantic  race,  was  most  gentle  in  his 
manners. — Cervantes  :  Don  Quixote,  I.  i.  i  (1605). 

Morgfany,  Glamorgan, 

Not  a  brook  of  Morgany. 

Drayton  :  Polyalbion,  fr.  (1619). 

IVEorgatise  or  Margawse,  wife  of 
king  Lot.  Their  four  sons  were  Gaw'ain, 
Agra  vain,  Ga'heris,  and  Gareth  (ch.  36) ; 
but  Morgause  had  another  son  by  prince 
Arthur,  named  Mordred.  Her  son  Ga- 
heris,  having  caught  his  mother  in  adul- 
tery with  sir  Lamorake,  cut  off  her  head. 

King  Lot  had  wedded  king  Arthur's  sister,  but  king 
Arthur  had  ...  by  her  Mordred,  therefore  king  Lot 
helJ  against  king  Arthur  (ch.  zs).—Sir  T.  Malory: 
History  q/Pritue  Arthur,  i.  3S.  3<5  (i47o)- 

Morg^a'na,  the  female  slave,  first  of 
Cassim,  and  then  of  Ali  Baba,  "crafty, 
cunning,  and  fruitful  in  inventions." 
When  the  thief  marked  the  door  of  her 


MORGLA\'. 


727 


MORNA. 


master's  house  with  white  chalk  in  order 
to  recognize  it,  Morgiana  marked  several 
other  doors  in  the  same  manner  ;  next 
day,  she  observed  a  red  mark  on  the 
door,  and  made  a  similar  one  on  others, 
as  before.  A  few  nights  afterwards,  a 
merchant  with  thirty-eight  oil-jars  begged 
a  night's  lodging;  and  as  Morgiana 
wanted  oil  for  a  lamp,  she  went  to  get 
some  from  one  of  the  leather  jars.  "  Is 
it  time?"  asked  a  voice.  "Not  yet," 
replied  Morgiana,  and  going  to  the 
others,  she  discovered  that  a  man  was 
concealed  in  thirty-seven  of  the  jars. 
From  the  last  jar  she  took  oil,  which  she 
made  boiling  hot,  and  with  it  killed  the 
thirty-seven  thieves.  When  the  captain 
discovered  that  all  his  men  were  dead, 
he  decamped  without  a  moment's  delay. 
Soon  afterwards,  he  settled  in  the  city  as 
a  merchant,  and  got  invited  by  All  Baba 
to  supper,  but  refused  to  eat  salt.  This 
excited  the  suspicion  of  Morgiana,  who 
detected  in  the  pretended  merchant  the 
captain  of  the  forty  thieves.  She  danced 
awhile  for  his  amusement,  playfully 
sported  with  his  dagger,  and  suddenly 
plunged  it  into  his  heart.  When  Ali 
Baba  knew  who  it  was  that  she  had  slain, 
he  not  only  gave  the  damsel  her  liberty, 
but  also  married  her  to  his  own  son. — 
Arabian  Nights  ("Ali  Baba,  or  the  Forty 
Thieves"). 

"  Morgiana,"  said  Ali  Baba,  "  these  two  packets 
contain  the  body  of  your  master  [Cassim\  and  we 
must  endeavour  to  bury  him  as  if  he  died  a  natural 
death.  Let  me  speak  to  your  mistress."—.^/!  Baba, 
or  the  Forty  Thieves. 

Morglay,  the  sword  of  sir  Bevis  of 
Hamptoun,  i.e.  Southampton,  given  to 
him  by  his  wife  Josian,  daugliter  of  the 
king  of  Armenia. — Drayton:  Polyolbion, 
ii.  (1612). 

You  talk  of  Morglay,  Excalibur  \Arthur's  rword\, 
and  Durindana  [Orlando's  sTvord],  or  so.  Tut  1  I  lend 
no  credit  to  that  is  fabled  of  'em.— Ben  yonson  ; 
Every  Man  in  His  Humour,  ilL  i  (1598). 

Morgfue  la  Paye,  a/<&  who  watched 
over  the  birth  of  Ogier  the  Dane,  and, 
after  he  had  finished  his  earthly  career, 
restored  him  to  perpetual  youth,  and  took 
him  to  Uve  with  her  in  everlasting  love  in 
the  isle  and  castle  of  Av'alon. — Ogier  le 
Danois  (a  romance). 

Mor'ice  {Gil  or  Child),  the  natural 
son  of  lady  Barnard,  "brought  forth  in 
|;  her  father's  house  wi'  mickle  sin  and 
shame."  One  day  Gil  Morice  sent 
Willie  to  the  baron's  hall,  with  a  request 
that  lady  Barnard  would  go  at  once  to 
Greenwood    to    see    the    chfld.       Lord 


Barnard,  fancying  the  "  child "  to  be 
some  paramour,  forbade  his  wife  to  leave 
the  hall,  and  went  himself  to  Greenwood, 
where  he  slew  Gil  Morice,  and  sent  his 
head  to  lady  Barnard.  On  his  return, 
the  lady  told  her  lord  he  had  slain  her 
son,  and  added,  "Wi*  that  same  spear, 
oh,  pierce  my  heart,  and  put  me  out  o' 
pain  1 "  But  the  baron  repented  of  nis 
hasty  deed,  and  cried,  "I'll  ay  lament 
for  Gil  Morice,  as  gin  he  were  mine  ain." 
— Percy:  Reliques,  etc,  (last  ballad  ot 
bk.  i.). 

(This  tale  suggested  to  Home  the  plot 
of  his  tragedy  called  Douglas,  1756. ) 

Morisco,  a  Moorish  dance,  a  kind  of 
hornpipe. 

Faciem  plerumque  Inficlunt  fuliglne,  et  peregfrinum 
vestium  cuitum  assumunt,  qui  ludicris  talibus  indulgent, 
aut  Mauri  esse  rideantur,  aut  e  longius  remot4  patril 
credantur  advolasse.— yM«»«j. 

Morland,  in  Lend  Me  Five  Shillings, 
by  J.  Maddison  Morton  (1838). 

Morland  (i^fwry),  "the  heir-at-law" 
of  baron  Duberly.  It  was  generally 
supposed  that  he  had  perished  at  sea ; 
but  he  was  cast  on  cape  Breton,  and 
afterwards  returned  to  England,  and 
married  Caroline  Dormer  an  orphan. — 
Colman  :  The  Beir-at-Law  (1797). 

Mr.  Beverley  behaved  like  a  father  to  me  [5.  IVebster], 
and  engaged  me  as  a  walking  gentleman  for  his  London 
theatre,  where  I  made  my  first  appearance  as  "  Henry 
Morland,"  in  The  Heir-at-Lam,  which,  to  avoid  legal 
proceedings,  he  called  The  LorcCs  Warming-pan. — 
Peter  Pater  son. 

Morley    (A/irr.),  the    name    under 

which    queen    Anne  corresponded  with 

Mrs.  Freeman  [the  duchess  of  Marl- 
borough). 

Moma,  daughter  of  Cormac  king  of 
Ireland.  She  was  in  love  with  CSthba, 
youngest  son  of  Torman.  Duchdmar, 
out  of  jealousy,  slew  his  rival,  and  then 
asked  Morna  to  be  his  bride.  She  re- 
plied, "  Thou  art  dark  to  me,  O  Duchd- 
mar, and  cruel  is  thine  arm  to  Morna." 
She  then  begged  him  for  his  sword,  and 
when  ' '  he  gave  it  to  her  she  thrust  it 
into  his  heart."  Duch6mar  fell,  and 
begged  the  maid  to  pull  out  the  sword 
that  he  might  die,  but  when  she  did  so 
he  seized  it  from  her  and  plunged  it  into 
her  side.     Whereupon  CulhuUin  said — 

"  Peace  to  the  souls  of  the  heroes  I  Their  deeds 
were  great  in  fight.  Let  them  ride  around  nie  in 
clouds.  Let  them  show  their  features  of  war.  My 
soul  shall  then  be  firm  in  danger,  mine  arm  like  the 
thunder  of  heaveiu  But  be  thou  on  a  moonbeam,  O 
Morna  1  near  the  window  of  mv  rest,  when  my  thoughts 
are  at  peace,  when  the  din  of  arms  is  psiSt.'  —Ossian : 
Fingal,  i. 

Morna,  wife  of  Comhal  and  mother  of 


MORNAY. 

Fingal.     Her  father   was   Thaddu,   and 
her  brother  Clessammor. — Ossian. 

Mornay,  the  old  seneschal  at  earl 
Herbert's  tower  at  Peronne. — Sir  W. 
Scott :  Quentin  Durward  (time,  Eklwaxd 
IV.). 


Morning  Hymn  ( The). 


Awake,  my  soul,  and  with  the  sun. 
Thy  daily  stage  of  duty  run. 

Bishop  Ken  (1674). 

Morning  Star  of  Song  {The), 
Chaucer  (i 328-1400).  Campbell  and 
Tennyson  both  use  the  phrase. 

Morning  Star  of  tlie  Reforma- 
tion, John  Wycliffe  (1324-1384). 

Wycliffe  will  ever  be  remembered  as  a  good  and 
great  man.  .  .  .  May  lie  not  be  justly  styled,  "The 
Morning  Star  of  the  Reformation  "  %—Eadie. 

Morocco  or  Maroccus,  the  per- 
forming horse,  generally  called  "Bankes's 
Horse."  Among  other  exploits,  we  are 
told  that  "  it  went  up  to  the  top  of  St. 
Paul's.''  Both  horse  and  man  were  burnt 
alive  at  Rome,  by  order  of  the  pope,  as 
magicians. — Do7i  Zara  del  Fogo,  114 
(1660). 

•.'  Among  the  entries  at  Stationers' 
Hall  is  the  following : — Nov.  14,  1595  : 
A  Ballad  showing  the  Strange  Qualities 
of  a  Young  Nagg  called  Morocco. 

In  1595  was  published  the  pamphlet 
Maroccus  Extaticus  or  Bankes's  Horse  in 
a  Trance. 

Morocco  Men,  agents  of  lottery 
assurances.  In  1796  the  great  State 
lottery  employed  7500  morocco  men. 
Their  business  was  to  go  from  house  to 
house  among  the  customers  of  the  as- 
surances, or  to  attend  in  the  back  parlours 
of  public-houses,  where  the  customers 
came  to  meet  them. 

Morolt  {Dennis),  the  old  'squire  of 
sir  Raymond  Berenger. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
The  Betrothed  (time,  Henry  II.). 

Morose  (2  syl.),  a  miserly  old  hunks, 
who  hates  to  hear  any  voice  but  his  own. 
His  nephew,  sir  Dauphine,  wants  to 
wring  out  of  him  a  third  of  his  property, 
and  proceeds  thus :  He  gets  a  lad  to 
personate  "a  silent  woman,"  and  the 
phenomenon  so  delights  the  old  man, 
that  he  consents  to  a  marriage.  No 
sooner  is  the  ceremony  over,  than  the 
boy-wife  assumes  the  character  of  a 
virago  of  loud  and  ceaseless  tongue. 
Morose  is  half  mad,  and  promises  to  give 
his  nephew  a  third  of  his  income  if  he 
will  take  tliis  intolerable  plague  off  his 


723  MORREL. 

hands.  The  trick  being  revealed,  Morose 
retires  into  private  life,  and  leaves  his 
nephew  master  of  the  situation. — Ben 
Jonson  :  Epicaene,  or  The  Silent  Woman 
(1609). 

Benjamin  Johnson  [1665-1742]  seemed  to  be  proud  to 
wear  the  poet's  double  name,  and  was  particularly 
great  in  all  that  author's  plays  that  were  usually  per- 
performed,  viz.  "Wasp."  "  Corbaccio,"  "Morose," 
and  "Ananias."— CA«rtw<?(7rf. 

("Wasp  "  in  Bartholomew  Fair,  "  Cor- 
baccio" in  l^he  Fox,  a.nd  "Ananias"  in 
Thg  Alchemist.) 

Moroug,  the  monkey  mistaken  for 
the  devil,  A  woman  of  Cambalu  died, 
and  Moroug,  wishing  to  imitate  her, 
slipped  into  her  bed,  and  dressed  himself 
in  her  night-clothes,  while  the  body  was 
carried  to  the  cemetery.  When  the 
funeral  party  returned,  and  began  the 
usual  lamentations  for  the  dead,  pug 
stretched  his  night-capped  head  out  of 
the  bed  and  began  moaning  and  grim- 
acing most  hideously.  All  the  mourners 
thought  it  was  the  devil,  and  scampered 
out  as  fast  as  they  could  run.  The 
priests  assembled,  and  resolved  to 
exorcise  Satan ;  but  pug,  noting  their 
terror,  flew  on  the  chief  of  the  bonzes, 
and  bit  his  nose  and  ears  most  viciously. 
All  the  others  fled  in  disorder ;  and  when 
pug  had  satisfied  his  humour,  he  escaped 
out  of  the  window.  After  a  while,  the 
bonzes  returned,  with  a  goodly  company 
well  armed,  when  the  chief  bonze  told 
them  how  he  had  fought  with  Satan,  and 
prevailed  against  him.  So  he  was 
canonized,  and  made  a  saint  in  the 
calendar  for  ever. — Gueulette:  Chinese 
Tales  ("  The  Ape  Moroug,"  1723). 

Morrel  or  Morell,  a  goat-herd  who 
invites  Thomalin,  a  shepherd,  to  come  to 
the  higher  grounds,  and  leave  the  low- 
lying  lands.  He  tells  Thomalin  that 
many  hills  have  been  canonized,  as  St. 
Michael's  Mount,  St.  Bridget's  Bower  in 
Kent,  and  so  on  ;  then  there  was  mount 
Sinah  and  mount  Parnass,  where  the 
Muses  dwelt.  Thomahn  replies,  "The 
lowlands  are  safer,  and  hills  are  not  for 
shepherds."  He  then  illustrates  his 
remark  by  the  tale  of  shepherd  Algrind, 
who  sat  like  Morrel  on  a  hill,  when  an 
eagle,  taking  his  white  head  for  a  stone, 
let  on  it  a  shell-fish  in  order  to  break  it, 
and  all-to  cracked  his  skull,  [.^schylus 
was  killed  by  a  tortoise  dropped  on  his 
head  by  an  eagle.] — Spenser.  Shepheardes 
Calendar,  vii. 

(This  is  an  allegory  of  the  high  and 


MORRIS, 


739 


MORTE  D'ARTHUR. 


low  church  parties.  Morel  is  an  anagram 
of  Elmer  or  Aylmer  bishop  of  London, 
who  "  sat  on  a  hill,"  and  was  the  leader 
of  the  high-church  party.  Algrind  is 
Grindal  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  head 
of  the  low-church  party,  who  in  1578 
was  sequestrated  for  writing  a  letter  to 
the  queen  on  the  subject  of  puritanism, 
Thomalin  represents  the  puritans.  This 
could  not  have  been  written  before  1578, 
unless  the  reference  to  Algrind  was  added 
in  some  later  edition. ) 

MORRIS,  a  domestic  of  the  earl  of 
Derby.— .Sir  IV.  Scott:  Peveril  of  the 
Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Illorris  {Mr.),  the  timid  fellow- 
traveller  of  Frank  Osbaldistone,  who 
carried  the  portmanteau.  Osbaldistone 
says,  concerning  him,  "Of  all  the  pro- 
pensities which  teach  mankind  to  torment 
themselves,  that  of  causeless  fear  is  the 
most  irritating,  busy,  painful,  and 
pitiable."— -S?>  W.Scott:  Rob  Roy  {ixxsi^, 
George  I.). 

Morris  {Dinah),  a  Methodist  field 
preacher,  in  Adatn  Bede,  a  novel  by 
George  Eliot  {Mrs.  J.  W.  Cross)  (1859). 

Morris  {Peter),  the  pseudonym  of 
John  G.  Lockhart,  in  Peter  s  Letters  to 
his  Kinsfolk  {1819). 

Morris-Dance,  a  comic  representa- 
tion of  every  grade  of  society.  The 
characters  were  dressed  partly  in  Spanish 
and  partly  in  English  costume.  Thus, 
the  huge  sleeves  were  Spanish,  but  the 
laced  stomacher  English.  Hobby-horse 
represented  the  king  and  all  the  knightly 
c-  der ;  Maid  Marian,  the  queen  ;  the 
friar,  the  clergy  generally  ;  the  fool,  the 
court  jester.  Other  characters  repre- 
sented were  a  franklin  or  private  gentle- 
man, a  churl  or  farmer, .  and  the  lower 
grades  represented  by  a  clown.  The 
Spanish  costume  is  to  show  the  origin  of 
the  dance. 

(A  representation  of  a  morris-dance 
may  still  be  seen  at  Betley,  in  Stafford- 
shire, in  a  window  placed  in  the  house  of 
George  Toilet,  Esq.,  in  about  1620.) 

Morrison  {Hugh),  a  Lowland  drover, 
the  friend  of  Robin  Oig. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Tlie  Two  Drovers  (time,  George  III.). 

Mortality  {Old),  a  religious  itine- 
rant, who  frequented  country  church- 
yards and  the  graves  of  the  covenanters. 
He  was  first  discovered  in  the  burial- 
ground  at  Gandercleugh,  clearing  the 
moss  from  the  grey  tombstones,  renewing 


with  his  chisel  the  half-defaced  inscrip- 
tions, and  repairing  the  decorations  of 
the  \omhs.— Sir  W.  Scott:  Old  Mortality 
(time,  Charles  II.).  (For  the  plot  of  the 
novel,  see  Old  Mortality.) 

•.•  "Old  Mortality"  is  said  to  be 
meant  for  Robert  Patterson. 

Morta'ra,  the  boy  who  died  from 
being  covered  all  over  with  gold-leaf  by 
Leo  XII.,  to  adorn  a  pageant. 

Mortcloke  {Mr,),  the  undertaker  at 
the  funeral  of  Mrs.  Margaret  Bertram  of 
Singleside. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Guy  Manner- 
ing  (time,  George  II.). 

Morte  d' Arthur,  a  compilation  of 
Arthurian  tales,  called  on  the  title-page 
The  History  of  Prijice  Arthur,  compiled 
from  the  French  by  sir  Thomas  Malory, 
and  printed  by  William  Caxton  in  1470. 
It  is  divided  into  three  parts.  The  first 
part  contains  the  birth  of  king  Arthur, 
the  establishment  of  the  Round  Table, 
the  romance  of  Balln  and  Balan,  and  the 
beautiful  allegory  of  Gareth  and  Linet'. 
The  second  part  is  mainly  the  romance 
of  sir  Tristram.  The  third  part  is  the 
romance  of  sir  Launcelot,  the  quest  of 
the  holy  graal,  and  the  deaths  of  Arthur, 
Guenever,  Tristram,  Lamorake,  and 
Launcelot  (all  which  see). 

• .  •  The  difference  of  style  in  the  third 
part  is  very  striking.  The  end  of  ch.  44, 
pt.  i.  is  manifestly  the  close  of  a  romance. 
It  is  a  pity  that  each  romance  is  not 
marked  by  some  formal  indication,  thus, 
pt.  i.  bk.  I,  etc. ;  and  each  book  uiiglit 
be  subdivided  into  chapters. 

This  book  was  finished  the  ninth  year  of  the  reign 
of  king  Edward  IV.  by  sir  Thomas  MaJory,  knight. 
Thus  endeth  this  noble  and  joyous  book,  entitled  La 
Morte  d Arthur,  notwithstanding  it  treateth  of  the 
birth,  life,  and  acts  of  the  said  king  Arthur,  and  of  his 
noble  knights  of  the  Round  Table  .  .  t  and  the  achiev- 
ing of  the  holy  Sancgreall,  and  in  the  end  the  dolorous 
death  and  departing  out  of  the  world  of  them  all.— 
Concluding  paragraph. 

Morte  d'Artlinr,  by  Tennyson.  The 
poet  supposes  Arthur  (wounded  in  the 
great  battle  of  the  West)  to  be  borne  off 
the  field  by  sir  Bedivere.  The  wounded 
monarch  directed  sir  Bedivere  to  cast  Ex- 
calibur  into  the  mere.  Twice  the  knight 
disobeyed  the  command,  intending  to  save 
the  sword;  but  the  dying  king  detected 
the  fraud,  and  insisted  on  being  obeyed. 
So  sir  Bedivere  cast  the  sword  into  the 
mere,  and  ' '  an  arm,  clothed  in  white 
samite,  caught  it  by  the  hilt,  brandished 
it  three  times,  and  drew  it  into  the  mere." 
Sir  Bedivere  then  carried  the  dying  king 
to  a  barge,  in  which  were  three  queens, 
who  conveyed   him   to  the  island-vallej 


MORTEMAR. 


730 


of  Avil'ion,  "  where  falls  not  hail,  or 
rain,  or  any  snow,  nor  ever  wind  blows 
loudly."  Here  was  he  taken  to  be  healed 
of  his  grievous  wound ;  but  whether  he 
lived  or  died  we  are  not  told. 

The  idyll  called  The  Passing  of  Arthur 
is  verbatim  like  the  Morte  d Arthur,  with 
an  introduction  tacked  on ;  but  from 
"So  all  day  long  ..."  (twelfth  para- 
graph) to  the  line,  "So  on  the  mere  the 
wailing  died  away  "  (about  270  lines),  the 
two  are  identical. 

*.*  This  idyll  is  merely  chs.  167,  168 
(pt.  iii.)  of  the  History  of  Prince  Arthur 
compiled  by  sir  T.  Malory,  put  into 
metre,  much  being  a  verbatim  rendering. 
(See  Notes  and  Queries,  July  13,  1878, 
where  the  parallels  are  shown  paragraph 
by  paragraph.) 

Mortexnar  [Alberick  of),  an  exiled 
nobleman,  a/?aj  Theodorick  the  hermit  of 
Engaddi,  the  enthusiast. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
The  Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Mor'tuuer  (-1/^.),  executor  of  lord 
Abberville,  and  uncle  of  Frances  Tyrrell. 
"  He  sheathed  a  soft  heart  in  a  rough 
case."  Externally,  Mr.  Mortimer  seemed 
unsympathetic,  brusque,  and  rugged  ;  but 
in  reality  he  was  most  benevolent,  deli- 
cate, and  tender-hearted.  "  He  did  a 
thousand  noble  acts  without  the  credit  of 
a  single  one."  In  fact,  his  tongue  belied 
his  heart,  and  his  heart  his  tongue. — 
Cumberland:  The  Fashionable  Lover 
(1780). 

Mor'tuuer  [Sir  Edward),  a  most 
benevolent  man,  oppressed  with  some 
secret  sorrow.  In  fact,  he  knew  himself 
to  be  a  murderer.  The  case  was  this : 
Being  in  a  county  assembly,  the  uncle  of 
lady  Helen .  insulted  him,  struck  him 
down,  and  kicked  him.  Sir  Edward  rode 
home  to  send  a  challenge  to  the  ruffian  ; 
but  meeting  him  on  the  road  drunk,  he 
murdered  him,  was  tried  for  the  crime, 
but  was  honourably  acquitted.  He  wrote 
a  statement  of  the  case,  and^  kept  the 
papers  connected  with  it  in  an  iron  chest. 
One  day,  Wilford,  his  secretary,  whose 
curiosity  had  been  aroused,  saw  the  chest 
unlocked,  and  was  just  about  to  take  out 
the  documents  when  sir  Edward  entered, 
and  threatened  to  shoot  him ;  but  he 
relented,  made  Wilford  swear  secrecy, 
and  then  told  him  the  whole  story.  The 
young  man,  unable  to  live  under  the 
jealous  eye  of  sir  Edward,  ran  away ; 
but  sir  Edward  dogged  him,  and  at 
length  arrested  him  on  the  charge  of 
robbery.     The  charge  broke  down,  Wil- 


MORVEN. 

ford  was  acquitted,  sir  Edward  confessed 
himself  a  murderer,  and  died. — Colman  : 
The  Iron  Chest  (1796). 

• .  •  This  is  the  novel  of  Caleb  Williams 
by  Godwin  (1794),  dramatized. 

Mortimer  Lig-htwood,  solicitor, 
employed  in  the  "  Harmon  murder  "  case. 
He  was  the  great  friend  of  Eugene  Wray- 
burn,  barrister-at-law,  and  it  was  the 
ambition  of  his  hfe  to  imitate  the  non- 
chalance and  other  eccentricities  of  his 
friend.  At  one  time  he  was  a  great  ad- 
mirer of  Bella  Wilfer.  Mr.  Veneering 
called  him  "one  of  his  oldest  friends;  " 
but  Mortimer  was  never  in  the  merchant's 
house  but  once  in  his  life,  and  resolved 
never  to  enter  it  again. — Dickens:  Our 
Mutual  Friend  (1864). 

Mortimer  Street  (London) ;  so 
called  from  Harley,  earl  of  Oxford  and 
Mortimer,  and  baron  of  Wigmore,  in 
Herefordshire. 

MORTON,  a  retainer  of  the  earl  ol 
Northumberland. — Shakesteare  :  2  Henry 
IV.  (1598). 

Morton  [Henry),  a  leader  in  the 
covenanters'  army  with  Balfour.  While 
abroad,  he  is  major-general  Melville. 
Henry  Morton  marries  Miss  Eden  Bel- 
lenden. 

Old  Ralph  Morton  of  Milnwood,  uncle 
of  Henry  Morton. 

Colonel  Silas  Morton  of  Milnweod, 
father  of  Henry  Morton. — Sir  W.  Scott : 
Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles  H.). 

Morton  [The  earl  of),  in  the  service 
of  Mary  queen  of  Scots,  and  a  member 
of  the  privy  council  of  Scotland. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  The  Monastery  zxiA  The  Abbot 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Morton  [The  Rev.  Mr.),  the  presby- 
terian  pastor  of  Cairnvreckan  village. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Waverley  (time,  George 
H.). 

Mortsheugfll  [Johnie),  the  old 
sexton  of  Wolf's  Hope  village. — Sir  IV, 
Scott :  The  Bride  of  Lammermoor  (time, 
William  IH.). 

Morven  ("a  ridge  of  high  hills"),  all 
the  north-west  of  Scotland ;  called  in 
Ossian  "windy  Morven,"  "resounding 
Morven,"  "echoing  Morven,"  "rocky 
Morven."  Fingal  is  called  indifferently 
"king  of  Selma"  and  "king  of 
Morven."  Selma  was  the  capital  of 
Morven.  Probably  it  was  Aigyllshira 
extended  north  and  east. 


MORVIDUS. 


731        MOSES  SLOW  OF  SPEECH. 


Morvi'dtis,  son  of  Danius  by  his 
concubine  Tangustgla.  In  his  reign 
there  "  came  from  the  Irish  coast  a  most 
cruel  monster,  which  devoured  the  people 
continually ;  but  as  soon  as  Morvidus 
heard  thereof,  he  ventured  to  encounter  it 
alone.  When  all  his  darts  were  spent, 
the  monster  rushed  upon  him,  and 
swallowed  him  up  like  a  small  fish." — 
Geoffrey  :  British  History,  iii.  15  (1142). 

.  .  .  that  raliant  bastard  .  .  . 
Morvidus  (Danius'  son),  who  with  that  monster  fought, 
His  subjects  that  devoured. 

Drayton  :  Polyotbton,  viii.  (i6ia 

(Morvidus  is  erroneously  printed 
••  Morindus"  in  Drayton,  but  has  been 
corrected  in  the  quotation  given  above.) 

Mosby,  an  unmitigated  villain.  He 
seduced  Alicia,  the  wife  of  Arden  of 
Feversham.  Thrice  he  tried  to  murder 
Arden,  but  was  baffled,  and  then  friglit- 
ened  Alicia  into  conniving  at  a  most 
villainous  scheme  of  murder.  Pretending 
friendship,  Mosby  hired  two  ruffians  to 
murder  Arden  while  he  was  playing  a 
game  of  draughts.  The  villains,  who 
were  concealed  in  an  adjacent  room,  were 
to  rush  on  their  victim  when  Mosby 
said,  "Now  I  take  you."  The  whole 
gang  were  apprehended  and  executed. — 
Arden  of  Feversham  (1592),  altered  by 
George  Lillo  (1739). 

Mosca,  the  knavish  confederate  of 
Vol'pone  (2  syl.)  the  rich  Venetian 
"fox." — Ben  Jonson  :  Volpone  or  The 
Fox  (1605). 

If  your  mother,  in  hopes  to  ruin  me,  should  consent 
to  marry  my  pretended  uncle,  he  might,  lilce  "Mosca" 
In  The  Fox,  stand  upon  K^xn\^.—Congreve :  Tht  Way 
ilfthe  World,  ii.  i  (1700). 

Mosce'ra,  a  most  stately  convent 
built  by  the  abbot  Rodulfo,  on  the  ruins 
of  a  dilapidated  fabric.  On  the  day  of 
opening,  an  immense  crowd  assembled, 
and  the  abbot  felt  proud  of  his  .loble 
edifice.  Amongst  others  came  St,  Gual- 
ber'to  (3  syl.)  who,  when  the  abbot 
showed  him  the  pile  and  the  beauty 
thereof,  said  in  prayer,  "  If  this  convent 
is  built  for  God's  glory,  may  it  abide  to 
the  end  of  time  ;  but  if  it  is  a  monument 
of  man's  pride,  may  that  little  brook 
which  flows  hard  by  overwhelm  it  with 
its  waters."  At  the  word,  the  brook 
ceased  to  flow,  the  waters  piled  up 
mountain  high ;  then,  dashing  on  the 
convent,  overthrew  it,  nor  left  one  stone 
upon  another,  so  complete  was  the  ruin. 
— Southey  :  St.  Gualberto. 

Moscow.  So-and-so  was  my  Moscow, 
that   is,  the  turning-point  of  my  good 


fortune,  leading  to  future  "shoals  and 
misery."  The  reference  is  to  Napoleoa 
Bonaparte's  disastrous  Russian  expe- 
dition, when  his  star  hastened  to  its 
"set." 

Juan  was  my  Moscow  [the  ruin  o/my  reputation  ana 
/atne\ 

Byron  ;  Don  yuan,  xi.  56  (1834). 

Mo'ses,  the  Jew  money-lender  in  The 
School  for  Scandal,  by  Sheridan  (1777). 

Moses'  Clothes.  The  Kor&n  says, 
"  God  cleared  Moses  from  the  scandal 
which  was  rumoured  against  him  "  (ch. 
xxxiii.).  The  scandal  was  that  his 
body  was  not  properly  formed,  and 
therefore  he  would  never  bathe  in  the 
presence  of  others.  One  day  he  went  to 
bathe,  and  laid  his  clotlies  on  a  stone,  but 
the  stone  ran  away  with  them  into  the 
camp.  Moses  went  after  it  as  fast  as  he 
could  run,  but  the  Israelites  saw  his 
naked  body,  and  perceived  the  untruth- 
fulness of  the  common  scandal. — Sale: 
Al  Koran,  xxxiii.  notes. 

Moses'  Horns.  The  Vulgate  gives 
quod  comuta  esset  fades  sua,  for  what 
our  version  has  translated,  "he  wist  not 
that  the  skin  of  his  face  shone."  The 
Hebrew  word  used  means  both  a  "  horn  " 
and  an  "irradiation."  Michael  Angela 
followed  the  Vulgate. 

Moses'  Rod. 

Wliile  Moses  was  living  with  Re'uel  [TiVAro]  the 
Midianite,  he  noticed  a  staff  in  the  grarden,  and  he 
took  it  to  t>e  his  wailcing-stick.  Thisstaff  was  Joseph's, 
and  Re'uel  carried  it  away  when  he  fled  from  Egypt. 
This  same  staff  Adam  carried  with  him  out  of  Eden. 
Noah  inherited  it,  and  gave  it  to  Shem.  It  passed  into 
the  hands  of  Abraham,  and  .Abraham  left  it  to  Isaac ; 
and  when  Jacob  fled  from  his  brother's  anger  into 
Mesopotamia,  he  carried  it  in  his  hand,  and  gave  it  at 
death  to  his  son  Joseph. —  The  Talmud,  vi. 

Moses    Slow    of  Speech.     The 

tradition  is  this :  One  day,  Pharaoh  was 
carrying  Moses  in  his  arms,  when  the 
child  plucked  the  royal  beard  so  roughly 
that  the  king,  in  a  passion,  ordered  him 
to  be  put  to  death.  Queen  Asia  said  to 
her  husband,  the  child  was  only  a  babe, 
and  was  so  young  he  could  not  dis- 
cern between  a  ruby  and  a  live  coal. 
Pharaoh  put  it  to  the  test,  and  the  child  ^ 
clapped  into  its  mouth  the  burning  coal, 
thinking  it  something  good  to  eat. 
Pharaoh's  anger  was  appeased,  but  the 
child  burnt  its  tongue  so  severely  that 
ever  after  it  was  "  slow  of  speech." — Shal' 
shel :  Hakkabala,  11. 

•.•  The  account  given  in  the  Talmud 
Is  somewhat  different.  It  is  therein 
stated  that  Pharaoh  was  sitting  one  day 
with  Moses  on  his  lap,  when  the  child 


MOST  CHRISTIAN  KING. 

took  the  crown  from  the  king's  head  and 
placed  it  on  his  own.  The  "  wise  men  " 
of  Egypt  persuaded  Pharaoh  that  this 
act  was  treasonable,  and  that  the  child 
should  be  put  to  death.  Jithro  [sic]  the 
priest  of  Midian  said  it  was  the  act  of 
a  child  who  knew  no  better.  "  Let  two 
plates,"  said  he,  "be  set  before  the  child, 
one  containing  gold  and  the  other  live 
coals,  and  you  will  presently  see  that  he 
will  choose  the  coals  in  preference  to  the 
gold."  The  advice  of  Jithro  being  fol- 
lowed, the  boy  Moses  snatched  at  the 
coals,  and,  putting  one  of  them  into  his 
mouth,  burnt  his  tongue  so  severely  that 
ever  after  he  was  "heavy  of  speech," — 
The  Talmud,  vi. 

Most  Christian  King-  (Z/?  Roy 
Tres-Christien).  The  king  of  France  used 
to  be  so  called  by  others,  either  with  or 
without  his  proper  name ;  but  he  never 
styled  himself  so  in  any  letter,  grant,  or 
rescript. 

In  St.  Remigius'or  Remy's  Testament, 
king  Clovis  is  called  Christianissimus 
Ludovicus.  (See  Flodard:  Historia  Re- 
mensis,  i.  i8,  a.d,  940.) 

Motallab  [Abdaf),  one  of  the  four 
husbands  of  Zesbet  the  mother  of  Ma- 
homet. He  was  not  to  know  her  as  a 
wife  till  he  had  seen  Mahomet  in  his 
pre-existing  state.  Mahomet  appeared 
to  him  as  an  old  man,  and  told  him  he 
had  chosen  Zesbet  for  her  virtue  and 
beauty  to  be  his  mother. — Comte  de 
Caylus :  Oriental  Tales  ("History  of 
Abdal  Motallab,"  1743). 

Mo'tar  {"one  doomed  or  devoted  to 
sacrifice").  So  prince  Assad  was  called, 
when  he  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  old 
fire-worshipper,  and  was  destined  by  him 
to  be  sacrificed  on  the  fiery  mountain. — 
Arabian  Nights  ("  Amgiad  and  Assad  "). 

Moth.,  page  to  don  Adriano  de 
Arma'do  the  fantastical  Spaniard.  He 
is  cunning  and  versatile,  facetious  and 
playful. — Shakespeare  :  Love's  Labour's 
Lost  (1594). 
V  Moth,  one  of  the  fairies. — Shake- 
speare :  Midsummer  Night's  Dream 
(1592). 

Moths  and  Candles.  The  moths 
fell  in  love  with  the  night-fly  ;  and  the 
night-fly,  to  get  rid  of  their  importunity, 
maliciously  bade  them  to  go  and  fetch 
fire  for  her  adornment.  The  blind  lovers 
flew  to  the  first  flame  to  obtain  the  love- 
token,  and  few  escaped  injury  or  death.— 
Kampfer  ;  Account  of  Japan,  vii.  (1727). 


732  MOTHER  HUBBARD. 

Mother  Ann,  Ann  Lee,  the 
"  spiritual  mother  "  of  the  shakers 
(1734-1784). 

'.•  Mother  Ann  is  regarded  as  the  fe- 
male form,  and  Jesus  as  the  male  form,  ot 
the  Messiah. 

Mother  Bunch,  a  celebrated  ale- 
wife  in  Dekker's  Satiro-mastix  (1602). 

•.•  In  1604  was  published  Pasquirs 
Jests,  mixed  with  Mother  Bunch's  Merri- 
ments. In  1760  was  published,  in  two 
parts,  Mother  Bunch's  Closet  newly  Broke 
Open,  etc.,  by  a  "Lover  of  Mirth  and 
Hater  of  Treason. " 

Mother  Bunch's  Fairy  Tales  are  known 
in  every  nursery. 

Mother  Carey's  Chickens.  The 

fish-fags  of  Paris  in  the  first  Great 
Revolution  were  so  called,  because,  like 
the  "stormy  petrel,"  whenever  they 
appeared  in  force  in  the  streets  of  Paris, 
they  always  forboded  a  tumult  or  poli- 
tical storm. 

Mother  Carey's  Goose,  the  great 
black  petrel  or  gigantic  fulmar  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean. 

Mother  Donglas,  a  noted  crimp, 
who  lived  at  the  north-east  corner  of 
Covent  Garden.  Her  house  was  superbly 
furnished.     She  died  1761. 

•.  •  Foote  introduces  her  in  The  Minor 
as  "  Mrs.  Cole  "  (1760)  ;  and  Hogarth  in 
his  picture  called  ' '  The  March  to  Finch- 
ley." 

Mother  Goose,  in  French  Contes  de 
Ma  Mtre  I'Oye,  by  Charles  Perrault 
(1697). 

• .  •  There  are  ten  stories  in  this  book, 
seven  of  which  are  from  the  Pentamerone. 

Mother  Goose,  a  native  of  Boston, 
in  Massachusetts,  authoress  of  nursery 
rhymes.  Mother  Goose  used  to  sing  her 
rhymes  to  her  grandson,  and  Thomas 
Fleet,  her  brother-in-law,  of  Pudding 
Lane  (now  Devonshire  Street),  printed 
and  published  the  first  edition,  entitled 
Songs  for  the  Nursery  or  Mother  Goose's 
Melodies,  in  17 19. 

(Dibdin  wrote  a  pantomime  entitled 
Mother  Goose. ) 

Mother  Hubbard,  an  old  lady 
whose  whole  time  and  attention  were 
taken  up  by  her  dog,  who  was  most 
wilful ;  but  the  dame  never  lost  her  tem- 
per nor  forgot  her  politeness.  After 
running  about  all  day,  vainly  endeavour- 
ing to  supply  Master  Doggie  — 


MOTHER  HUBBERD. 

1  •  dame  made  a  curtsey,  the  dog  made  a  bow ; 
<■  dame  said,  "  Your  servant  1  "  the  dog  said,  "  Bo#, 
>»ow  I " 

A  Nursery  Tale  in  Rhyme. 

I  •.•  This  tale  is  comparatively  modern, 

certainly  subsequent  to  the  introduction 
of  clay  pipes  in  the  seventeenth  century  ; 
for  on  one  occasion  the  dame  found 
her  dog  "  smoking  his  pipe."  Probably 
it  is  not  earlier  than  the  middle  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  when  smoking  pipes 
had  become  pretty  common.  It  may  be 
a  political  skit,  as  so  many  of  our  nur- 
sery songs  are,  the  "bull-dog"  being 
William  Pitt,  and  the  dame  the  French, 
who  tried  to  win  him  over  and  even 
made  a  curtsey,  but  the  "dog"  cried 
Bow-wow  / 

Mother  Hubberd,  the  supposed 
narrator  of  a  tale  called  The  Fox  and 
the  Ape,  related  to  the  poet  Spenser  to 
beguile  the  weary  hours  of  sickness. 
Several  persons  told  him  tales,  but 

Amongst  the  rest  a  ?ood  old  woman  was 
Hight  Mother  Hubberd,  who  did  far  surpass 
The  rest  in  honest  mirth  that  seemed  her  wellf 
She,  when  her  turn  was  come  her  tale  to  teU. 
Told  of  a  strange  adventure  that  betided 
Betwixt  a  fox  and  ape  by  him  misguided  ; 
The  which,  for  that  my  sense  it  greatly  pleased, . .  . 
I'll  write  it  as  she  the  same  did  say. 

Spenser. 

Mother  Hubberd's  Tale.    A  fox 

and  an  ape  determined  to  travel  about  the 
world  as  chevaliers  de  tindustrie.  First, 
Ape  dressed  as  a  broken-down  soldier,  and 
Fox  as  his  servant.  A  farmer  agreed  to 
take  them  for  his  shepherds  ;  but  they  de- 
voured all  his  lambs  and  then  decamped. 
They  next  "went  in  for  holy  orders." 
Reynard  contrived  to  get  a  hving  given 
him,  and  appointed  the  ape  as  his  clerk  ; 
but  they  soon  made  the  parish  too  hot  to 
hold  them,  and  again  sheered  off.  They 
next  tried  their  fortune  at  court ;  the 
ape  set  himself  up  as  a  foreigner  of  dis- 
tinction, with  Fox  for  his  groom.  They 
played  the  part  of  rakes,  but  being  found 
to  be  desperate  rogues,  had  to  flee  with 
all  despatch,  and  seek  another  field  of 
action.  As  they  journeyed  on,  they  saw 
a  lion  sleeping,  and  Master  Fox  persuaded 
his  companion  to  steal  the  crown,  sceptre, 
and  royal  robes.  The  ape,  arrayed  in 
these,  assumed  to  be  king,  and  Fox  was 
his  prime  minister ;  but  so  ill  did  they 
govern  that  Jupiter  interfered,  the  Hon 
was  restored,  and  the  ape  was  docked  of 
his  tail  and  had  his  ears  cropt. 

Since  which,  all  apes  but  half  their  ears  have  left; 

And  of  their  tails  are  utterly  bereft. 

So  Mother  Hubberd  her  discourse  did  end. 

Spenser:  Mother  Hubberd' s  Tale. 

Mother  Shipton,  T.  Evan  Preece, 


733  MOUNT  OF  TRANSFIGURATION. 

of  South  Wales,  a  prophetess,  whose  pre- 
dictions (generally  in  rhymes)  were  at 
one  time  in  everybody's  mouth  in  South 
Wales,  especially  in  Glamorganshire. 

• .  •  She  predicted  the  death  of  Wolsey, 
lord  Percy,  and  others.  Her  prophecies 
are  still  extant.  That  of  "the  end  of 
the  world  in  eighteen  hundred  and  eighty- 
one  "  is  a  forgery. 

Mother  of  the  People  [The),  Mar- 
guerite of  France  la  AUre  des  Peuples, 
daughter  of  Fran9ois  I.  (1523-1574), 

Mother's  Three  Joys  ( ^ ).  "  Th  e 
three  holydays  allowed  to  the  fond  mo- 
ther's heart,"  passing  by  the  ecstasy  of 
the  birth  of  her  child,  are — 

X.  When  first  the  white  blossoms  of  his  teeth  appear, 
breaking  the  crimson  buds  that  did  encase  them  ;  that 
is  a  day  ol  joy. 

2.  Next,  when  from  his  father's  arms  he  runs  without 
support,  and  clings,  laughing  and  delighted,  to  his 
mother's  knee ;  that  is  the  mother's  heart's  next  holy- 
day. 

3.  And  sweeter  still  the  third,  whenever  his  little 
stammering  tongue  shall  utter  the  grateful  sound  of 
"  father,"  "  mother ; "  oh,  that  is  the  dearest  joy  of  all  I 
—Sheridan  :  Pizarro  (altered  from  Kotzebue,  1799). 

Mould  {Mr.),  undertaker.  His  face 
had  a  queer  attempt  at  melancholy,  sadly 
at  variance  with  a  smirk  of  satisfaction 
which  might  be  read  between  the  lines. 
Though  his  calling  was  not  a  lively  one, 
it  did  not  depress  his  spirits,  as  in  the 
bosom  of  his  family  he  was  the  most 
cheery  of  men,  and  to  him  the  "  tap,  tap  " 
of  coffin-making  was  as  sweet  and  exhila- 
rating as  the  tapping  of  a  woodpecker. — 
Dickens  :  Martin  Chuzzlewit  (1844). 

Mo'aldy  [Ralph),  "  a  good-limbed  fel- 
low, young,  strong,  and  of  good  friends." 
Ralph  was  pricked  for  a  recruit  in  sir 
John  Falstaff's  regiment.  He  promised 
Bardolph  forty  shillings  ' '  to  stand  his 
friend."  Sir  John,  being  told  this,  sent 
Mouldy  home,  and  when  justice  Shallow 
remonstrated,  saying  that  Ralph  "  was 
the  Ukeliest  man  ot  the  lot,"  Falstaff 
replied,  "  Will  you  tell  me,  Master  Shal- 
low, how  to  choose  a  man  ?  Care  I  for  the 
limb,  the  thews,  the  stature,  bulk,  and  big 
assemblance  of  a  man?  Give  me  the 
spirit.  Master  Shallow." — Shakespeare  :  a 
Henry  IV.  act  iii.  sc.  3  (1598), 

Monllahs,  Mohammedan  lawyers, 
from  which  are  selected  the  judges. 

Mount  of  Transfiguration.  Tha 

two  most  popular  opinions  are  that  it  was 
either  Mount  Tabor  or  one  of  the  peaks 
of  Mount  Hermon.  The  great  objection 
to  the  former  is  that  Mount  Tabor  was 
fortified  at   the   time.      Tennyson    con- 


MOUNT  ZION. 


734 


MOWBRAY. 


sidered  the  latter  suggestion  the  most 
ieasible,  and  it  seems  more  likely,  as 
Christ  and  His  disciples  were  at  the  time 
in  the  vicinity  of  Caesarea  Philippi. 

Mount  Zion,  the  Celestial  City.— 
Bunyan  :  Pilgrims  Progress  (1678). 

Monntain  {The).  A  name  given  in 
the  French  Revolution  to  a  faction  which 
sat  on  the  benches  most  elevated  in  the 
Hall  of  Assembly.  The  Girondins  sat 
in  the  centre  or  lowest  part  of  the  hall, 
and  were  nicknamed  the  "plain."  The 
"  mountain "  for  a  long  time  was  the 
dominant  part ;  it  utterly  overthrew  the 
"  plain  "  on  August  31,  1793  ;  but  was  in 
turn  overthrown  at  the  fall  of  Robespierre 
(9  Thermidor  ii.  or  July  27,  1794). 

Moxintain  [The  Old  Man  of  the),  the 
imaum  Hassan  ben  Sabbah  el  Homairi. 
The  sheik  Al  Jebal  was  so  called.  He 
was  the  prince  of  the  Assassins. 

'.•In  Rymer's  Fcedera  (vol.  i.)  Dr. 
Clarke,  the  editor,  has  added  two  letters 
of  this  sheik  ;  but  the  doctor  must  be 
responsible  for  their  genuineness. 

Monntain  Brutns  [The),  William 
Tell  (1282-1350). 

Monntain-Monarcli  of  Europe, 

mont  Blanc. 

Monntain  of  Flowers,  the  site  of 
the  palace  of  Violenta,  the  mother  fairy 
who  brought  up  the  young  princess  after- 
wards metamorphosed  into  ' '  The  White 
Cat." — Comtesse  D'Aulnoy  :  Fairy  Tales 
("The  White  Cat,"  1682). 

Monntain  of  Miseries.  Jupiter 
gave  permission  for  all  men  to  bring  their 
grievances  to  a  certain  plain,  and  to  ex- 
change them  with  any  others  that  had  been 
cast  off.  Fancy  helped  them  ;  but,  though 
the  heap  was  so  enormous,  not  one  single 
vice  was  to  be  found  amongst  the  rubbish. 
Old  women  threw  away  their  wrinkles, 
and  young  ones  their  mole-spots  ;  some 
cast  on  the  heap  poverty  ;  many  their  red 
noses  and  bad  teeth ;  but  no  one  his 
crimes.  Now  came  the  choice.  A  galley- 
slave  picked  up  gout,  poverty  picked  up 
sickness,  care  picked  up  pain,  snub  noses 
picked  up  long  ones,  and  so  on.  Soon 
all  were  bewailing  the  change  they  had 
made ;  and  Jupiter  sent  Patience  to  tell 
them  they  might,  if  they  liked,  resume 
their  own  grievances  again.  Every  one 
gladly  accepted  the  permission,  and 
Patience  helped  them  to  take  up  their 
own    bundle,    and    bear    it    without    a 


murmur. — Addison:  The  Spectator  [fjxx^ 
1712,  1714). 

Mountains  [Prince  of  German), 
Schneekoppe  (5235  feet),  in  Eastern 
Prussia. 

Mourning'.  In  Colman's  Heir-at- 
Law  [i-jgj)  every  character  is  in  mourn- 
ing :  the  Dowlases  as  relatives  of  the 
deceased  lord  Duberly ;  Henry  Morland 
as  heir  of  lord  Duberly  ;  Steadfast  as 
the  chief  friend  of  the  family ;  Dr.  Pan- 
gloss  as  a  clergyman ;  Caroline  Dormer 
for  her  father  recently  buried  ;  Zekiel  and 
Cicely  Homespun  for  the  same  reason  ; 
Kenrick  for  his  deceased  master. — f. 
Smith:  Memoirs  (1840). 

Monmingf  Bride  [The),  a  drama 
by  W.  Congreve  (1697).  "The  mourn- 
ing bride  "  is  Alme'ria  daughter  of  Manuel 
king  of  Grana'da,  and  her  husband  was 
Alphonso  prince  of  Valentia.  On  the  day 
of  their  espousals  they  were  shipwrecked, 
and  each  thought  the  other  had  perished  ; 
but  they  met  together  in  the  court  of 
Granada,  where  Alphonso  was  taken  cap- 
tive under  the  assumed  name  of  Osmyn. 
Osmyn,  having  effected  his  escape, 
marched  to  Granada  at  the  head  of  an 
army,  found  the  king  dead,  and  "the 
mourning  bride  "  became  his  joyful  wife. 

'.•  This  play  is  noted  for  the  intro- 
ductory lines — 

Music  hath  charms  to  soothe  the  savagre  breast. 
To  soften  rocks,  and  bend  a  knotted  oak. 

And  Dr.  Johnson  extravagantly  praises 
the  description  of  a  cathedral  in  the  play, 
beginning — 

How  reverend  is  the  face  of  this  tall  pile  I 

Mouse  [The  Country  and  the  City) 
(1687),  a  travesty,  by  Prior,  of  Dryden's 
Hind  and  the  Panther  (1687). 

Mouse-Tower  [The),  on  the  Rhine. 
It  was  here  that  bishop  Hatto  was  de- 
voured by  mice.     (See  Hatto,  p.  474. ) 

*.•  Mauth  is  a  toll  or  custom-house, 
and  the  mauth  or  toll-house  for  collecting 
duty  on  corn,  being  very  unpopular,  gave 
rise  to  the  tradition. 

Moussa,  Moses. 

Mowbray  [Mr.  yohn),  lord  of  the 
manor  of  St.  Ronan's. 

Clara  Mowbray,  sister  of  John  Mow- 
bray. She  was  betrothed  to  Frank 
Tyrrel,  but  married  Valentine  Bulmer.— 
Sir  W.  Scott :  St.  Ronan's  Well  (time, 
George  III.). 

Mowbray  [Sir  Miles),  a  dogmatical. 


MOWCHER. 


735 


self-opinionated  old  man,  who  fancied  he 
could  read  character,  and  had  a  natural 
iubtinct  for  doing  the  right  thing  ;  but  he 
^\ould  have  been  much  wiser  if  he  had 
paid  more  heed  to  the  proverb,  "Mind 
your  own  business  and  not  another's." 

Frederick  Mcnvbray,  his  eldest  son,  a 
young  man  of  fine  principles,  and  greatly 
liked.  His  "  first  love"  was  Clara  Mid- 
dleton,  who,  being  poor,  married  the  rich 
lord  Ruby.  His  lordship  soon  died,  leav- 
ing all  his  substance  to  his  widow,  who 
bestowed  it  with  herself  on  Frederick 
Mowbray,  her  first  and  only  love. 

David  Mowbray,  younger  brother  of 
Frederick.  He  was  in  the  navy,  and 
was  a  fine  open-hearted,  frank,  and  honest 
British  tar. 

Lydia  Mowbray,  sister  of  Frederick  an'i 
David,  and  the  wife  of  Mr.  Wrangle.— 
Cumberland :  First  Love  (1796). 

Mo'w'clier  [Miss),  a  benevolent  Httle 
dwarf,  patronized  by  Sleerforth.  She  is 
full  of  humour  and  common  vulgarity. 
Her  chief  occupation  is  that  of  hair- 
dressmg. — Dickens  :  David  Copperfield 
(1849). 

Mowis,  the  bridegroom  of  snow,  who 
woed  and  won  a  beautiful  bride,  but  at 
dawn  melted  into  the  sun.  The  bride 
hvinted  for  him  night  and  day,  but 
never  saw  him  more. — American- Indian 
Legend. 

Mowis,  the  bridegroom  of  snow,  who  won  and  wedded 

a  maiden, 
But  when  the  morning  came,  arose  and  pjissed  trom 

the  wijiwain. 
Fading  and  melting  away,  and  dissolving  mto  the  sun- 

shme. 
Till  she  beheld  him  no  more,  tho'  she  followed  far  into 

the  forest. 

Lonzftllow  ;  Evangeline,  IL  4  (1849). 

Mozaide  (2  syl.),  the  Moor  who  be- 
friended Vasco  de  Gama  when  he  first 
landed  on  the  Indian  continent. 

The  Moor  attends,  Mozaide,  whose  zealous  care 

To  Gama's  eyes  revealed  each  treacherous  snare. 

Camoens  ;  Lusiad,  ix.  (1569). 

Mozart,  of  Germany.  The  composer 
of  Don  Giovanni,  Nozze  di  Figaro, 
Zauber/die  (operas),  and  the  famous 
Requiem,  etc.  {1756-1792). 

T/ie  English  Mozart,  sir  Henry  Bishop 
(1780-1855). 

The  Italian  Mozart,  Cherubini  of 
Florence  (1760-1842). 

Much.,  the  miller's  son,  the  bailifT  or 
"  acater  "  of  Robin  Hood.  (See  Midge, 
p.  704.) 

Robyn  stode  in  Bemysdale, 

And  lened  hym  to  a  tree  ; 
And  by  hym  stode  Lytell  Jobai^ 

A  good  yeman  was  be ; 


MUCKLEWRATH. 

And  also  dyde  good  Scatheloclt, 

And  Much  the  miller's  sone. 
Ritson  :  Robin  Hood  Ballads,  L  i  (iS94). 

Mncli,  tlie  Miller's  Son,  in  the 

morris-dance.  His  feat  was  to  bang,  with 
an  inflated  bladder,  the  heads  of  gaping 
spectators.  He  represented  the  fool  or 
jester. 

Much  Ado  about  Nothing*,  a 
comedy  by  Shakespeare  (1600).  Hero, 
the  daughter  of  Leonato,  is  engaged  to 
be  married  to  Claudio  of  Aragon  ;  but 
don  John,  out  of  hatred  to  his  brother 
Leonato,  determines  to  mar  the  happi- 
ness of  the  lovers.  Accordingly,  he  bribes 
the  waiting-maid  of  Hero  to  dress  in  her 
mistress's  clothes,  and  to  talk  with  him 
by  moonlight  from  the  chamber  balcony. 
The  villain  tells  Claudio  that  Hero  has 
made  an  assignation  with  him,  and  in- 
vites him  to  witness  it.  Claudio  is  fully 
persuaded  that  the  woman  he  sees  is 
Hero,  and  when  next  day  she  presents 
herself  at  the  altar,  he  rejects  her  with 
scorn.  The  priest  feels  assured  there  is 
some  mistake,  so  he  takes  Hero  apart, 
and  gives  out  that  she  is  dead.  Ihen 
don  John  takes  to  flight,  the  waiting- 
woman  confesses,  Claudio  repents,  and 
by  way  of  amendment  (as  Hero  is  dead) 
promises  to  marry  her  cousin,  but  this 
cousin  turns  out  to  be  Hero  herself. 

^  A  similar  tale  is  told  by  Ariosto  in 
his  Orlando  Furioso,  v.  (1516). 

IT  Another  occurs  in  the  Faerie  Queene, 
by  Spenser,  bk.  ii.  4,  38,  etc.  (1590). 

\  George  Turberville's  Geneura  (1576) 
is  still  more  like  Shakespeare's  tale. 
Belleforest  and  Bandello  have  also  similar 
tales  (see  Hist.,  xviii.).  - 

Mucklebackit  {Saunders),  the  old 
fisherman  at  Musselcrag. 

Old  Elspeth  Mucklebackit,  mother  of 
Saunders,  and  formerly  servant  to  lady 
Glenallan. 

Maggie  Mucklebackit,  wife  of  Saunders. 
Steenie    Mucklebackit,    eldest    son    of 
Saunders.     He  is  drowned. 

Little  ye?inie  Mucklebackit,  Saunders's 
child. — Sir  W.  Scott;  The  Antiquary 
(time,  George  HI.). 

Mucklethrift  [Bailie),  ironmonger 
and  brazier  of  Kippletringan,  in  Scotland. 
— Sir  W.  Scott:  Guy  Mannering  (lime, 
George  H.). 

Mucklewrath  [Habakkuk),  a  fanatic 
preacher. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Old  Mortality 
(time,  Charles  H.). 

Mucklewrath  \John\  smith  at 
Cairnvreckan  village. 


MUCKWORM. 

Damt  Mucklewrath,  wife  of  John.  A 
terrible vii ago. — Sir  W.Scott:  Waverley 
(time,  George  II.), 

Muckworm    {Sir   Penurious),    the 

miserly  old  uncle  and  guardian  of  Ar- 
bella.  He  wants  her  to  marry  squire 
Sapskull,  a  raw  Yorkshire  tike ;  but  she 
loves  Gaylove,  a  young  barrister,  and,  of 
course.  Muckworm  is  outwitted. — Carey: 
The  Honest  Yorkshireman  {1736). 

Mudarra,  son  of  Gonfalo  Bustos  de 
Salas  de  Lara,  who  murdered  his  uncle 
Rodri'go  while  hunting,  to  avenge  the 
death  of  his  seven  half-brothers.  The 
tale  is  that  Rodrigo  Velasquez  invited 
his  seven  nephews  to  a  feast,  when  a  fray 
took  place  in  which  a  Moor  was  slain ; 
the  aunt,  who  was  a  Moorish  lady,  de- 
manded vengeance,  whereupon  the  seven 
boys  were  allured  into  a  ravine  and 
cruelly  murdered.  Mudarra  was  the  son 
of  the  same  father  as  ' '  the  seven  sons  of 
Lara,"  but  not  of  the  same  mother. — 
Romance  of  the  Elevejith  Century. 

Muddle,  the  carpenter  under  captain 
Savage  and  lieutenant  O'Brien. — Mar- 
ry at :  Peter  Simple  (1833). 

Muddlewick  ( Triptolemus),  in 
Charles  XII.,  an  historical  drama  by 
Planch^  (1826). 

Mudjekee'wis,  the  father  of  Hia- 
watha, and  subsequently  potentate  of  the 
winds.  He  gave  all  the  winds  but  one 
to  his  children  to  rule ;  the  one  he  re- 
served was  the  west  wind,  which  he  him- 
self ruled  over.  The  dominion  of  the 
winds  was  given  to  Mudjekeeu  is  because 
he  slew  the  great  bear  called  the  Mishd- 
Mokwa. 

Thus  was  slain  the  Mish6-Mokwa  .  .  . 
"  Honour  be  to  Mudjekeewis  I 
Henceforth  he  shall  be  the  west  wind, 
And  hereafter,  e'en  for  ever. 
Shall  he  hold  supreme  dominion 
Over  all  the  winds  of  heaven." 

Long/ellow  :  Hiatuatlui,  H.  (l8ss). 

MulF  [Sir  Harry),  in  The  Rival  Can- 
didates (a  musical  interlude)  by  Dudley 
(1774).  Muff  is  not  only  unsuccessful  in 
his  election,  he  also  finds  his  daughter's 
affections  are  engaged  during  his  ab- 
sence. 

Mugf  [Matthew),  a  caricature  of  the 
duke  of  iNewcastle. — Foote:  The  Mayor 
of  Garratt  (1763). 

Mug^by    Junction,    a    Christmas 

number  in  All  the  Year  Round  (1866), 
Dickens  wrote  Barb  ox  Brothers,  The 
Boy  at  Mugby,  and  The  Signalman, 


73*  MULivKEH. 

Mugfello,  the  giant  slain  by  Averardo 
de  Medici,  a  commander  under  Charle- 
magne. This  giant  wielded  a  mace  from 
which  hung  three  balls,  which  the  Medici 
adopted  as  their  device. 

• .  •  Three  balls  have  been  adopted  by 
pawnbrokers  as  a  symbol  of  their  trade. 

Muggrins  [Dr.),  a  sapient  physician, 
who  had  the  art  ' '  to  suit  his  physic  to 
his  patients'  taste  ;  "  so  when  king  Artax- 
aminous  felt  a  little  seedy  after  a  night's 
debauch,  the  doctor  prescribed  to  his 
majesty  "to  take  a  morning  whet." — 
Rhodes:  Bombastes  Furioso  (1790). 

Muhldenau,  the  minister  of  Marien- 
dorpt,  and  father  of  Meeta  and  Adolpha. 
When  Adolpha  was  an  infant,  she  was 
lost  in  the  siege  of  Magdeburg  ;  and 
Muhldenau,  having  reason  to  suppose 
that  the  child  was  not  killed,  went  to 
Prague  in  search  of  her.  Here  Muhl- 
denau was  seized  as  a  spy,  and  con- 
demned to  death.  Meeta,  hearing  of  his 
capture,  walked  to  Prague  to  beg  him  off, 
and  was  introduced  to  the  governor's 
supposed  daughter,  who,  in  reality,  was 
Meeta's  sister  Adolpha.  Rupert  Rosel- 
heim,  who  was  betrothed  to  Meeta, 
stormed  the  prison  and  released  Muhl- 
denau.— Knowles  :  The  Maid  of  Marien- 
dorpt  (1838). 

Mulatto,  a  half-caste.  Strictly  speak- 
ing, Zambo  is  the  issue  of  an  Indian  and 
a  Negress  ;  Mulatto,  of  a  Whiteman  and 
a  Negress ;  Terzeron,  of  a  Whiteman 
and  a  Mulatto  woman ;  Quadroon,  of  a 
Terzeron  and  a  White. 

Mul'ciber,  Vulcan,  who  w:::s  black- 
smith, architect,  and  god  of  fire. 

In  Ausonianland 
Men  called  him  Mulciber ;  and  how  he  fell 
From  heaven,  they  fabled,  thrown  by  angry  Jove 
Sheer  o'er  the  crystal  battlements ;  from  mom 
To  noon  he  fell,  from  noon  to  dewy  eve, 
A  summer's  day  ;  and  with  the  setting-  sun 
Dropt  from  the  zenith  like  a  falling  star, 
On  Lemnos,  the  ^gean  ile. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  739,  etc.  (1665). 

Mnley  Bugfentuf,  king  of  Morocco, 
a  blood-and-thunder  hero.  He  is  the 
chief  character  of  a  tragedy  of  the  same 
name,  by  Thomas  de  la  Fuenta. 

In  the  first  act,  the  king  of  Morocco,  by  way  of  re- 
creation, shot  a  hundred  Moorish  slaves  with  arrows; 
in  the  second,  he  beheaded  thirty  Portuguese  officers; 
prisoners  of  war ;  and  in  the  third  and  last  act,  Muley, 
mad  with  his  wiv^p,  set  fire  with  his  own  hand  to  a 
detached  palace,  in  which  they  were  shut  up,  and  re- 
duced them  all  to  ashes This  conflagration,  accom- 
panied with  a  thousand  shrielcs,  closed  the  piece  in  a 
very  diverting  xoxaxi^x.—Ltsagt :  Gii  Bias,  iu  9  (1715). 

Muleykeh,  a  beautiful  mare  which 
belonged    to   an  Arab    called    H5seyn. 


MULL  SACK. 


737 


MUNERA. 


One  night  she  was  stolen  by  Duhl,  who 
galloped  away  on  her.  H6seyn  followed 
the  thief  on  the  sister  mare  Buh^yseh,  and 
gained  so  fast  that  the  horses  were  soon 
' '  neck  by  croup. "  Then  it  flashed  across 
H6seyn's  mind  that  his  darling  was  being 
beaten,  and  he  shouted  instructions  to 
Duhl  to  urge  her  on.  The  mare  obeyed 
her  master's  voice,  bounded  forward,  and 
was  soon  out  of  sight  and  lost  to  him  for 
ever. — An  old  Arabian  Story. 

(Browning  has  a  poem  cd^QdMulfykeh. ) 

Mull  Sack.  John  Cottington,  in  the 
time  of  the  Commonwealth,  was  so 
called,  from  his  favourite  beverage.  John 
Cottington  emptied  the  pockets  of  Oliver 
Cromwell  when  lord  protector  ;  stripped 
Charles  II.  of  ;^i5oo;  and  stole  a  watch 
and  chain  from  lady  Fairfax, 

'.*  Mull  sack  is  spiced  sherry  negus. 

MuUa.  Thomas  Campbell,  in  his 
poem  on  the  Spanish  Parrot,  calls  the 
island  of  Mull  "  MuUa's  Shore." 

Mulla's  Bard,  Spenser,  author  of 
the  Faerie  Queene.  The  Mulla  [Awbeg) 
is  a  tributary  of  the  Blackwater,  in 
Ireland,  and  flowed  close  by  the  spot  where 
the  poet's  house  stood.  He  was  born 
and  died  in  London  (i  553-1599). 

...  it  irks  me  while  I  write. 
As  erst  the  bard  of  MuUa's  silver  stream. 
Oft  as  he  told  of  deadly  dolorous  plight. 
Sighed  as  he  sung,  and  did  in  tears  indite. 

Shenstone:  The  Schoohnistress  (ij^. 

Mullet  (Professor),  the  "most  re- 
markable man  "  of  North  America.  He 
denounced  his  own  father  for  voting  on 
the  wrong  side  at  an  election  for  presi- 
dent, and  wrote  thunderbolts,  in  the  form 
of  pamphlets,  under  the  signature  of 
"  Suturb,"  or  "Brutus"  reversed. — 
Dickens:  Martin  CAuzzlewit  {1844). 

Mul'mtitiiie  Laws,  the  code  of  Dun- 
vallo  Mulmutius,  sixteenth  king  of  the 
Britons  (about  B.C.  400).  This  code  was 
translated  by  Gildas  from  British  into 
Latin,  and  by  Alfred  into  English.  The 
Mulmutine  laws  obtained  in  this  country 
till  the  Conquest. — Holinshed  :  History 
of  England,  etc.,  iii.  i  (1577). 

Mulmutius  made  our  laws, 
Who  was  the  first  of  Hritain  which  did  put 
His  brows  within  a  golden  crown,  and  call'd 
Himself  a  king. 
Shakespeare  :  Cymbeline,  act  iii.  so.  i  (i6osJ. 

Muliuutius  [Dunwallo),  son  of 
Cloten  king  of  Cornwall.  "  He  excelled 
all  the  kings  of  Britain  in  valour  and 
gracefulness  of  person."  In  a  battle 
fought  against  the  allied  Welsh  and 
Scotch  armies,  Mulmutius  tried  the  very 


scheme  which  Virgil  {/Eneid,  if.)  says 
was  attempted  by  /Eneas  and  his  com- 
panions—that is,  they  dressed  in  the 
clothes  and  bore  the  arms  of  the  enemy 
slain ;  and,  thus  disguised,  committed 
very  great  slaughter.  Mulmutius,  in  his 
disguise,  killed  both  the  Cambrian  and 
Albanian  xings,  and  put  the  allied  army 
to  thorough  rout. — Geoj/'rey  :  British 
History,  ii.  17  (1142). 

Mulmutius  this  land  in  such  estate  maintauicd 
As  his  great  belsire  Brute. 

Drayton:  Polyolbion,  viil.  (1612). 

Mulready  Huvelope.  (See  En- 
velope, p.  325.) 

Multon  [Sir  Thomas  de),  of  Gilsland. 
He  is  lord  de  Vaux,  a  crusader,  and 
master  of  the  horse  to  Richard  I. — Sir  IV. 
Scott:  The  Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Mtimblazen  (A/aster  Michael),  the 
old  herald,  a  dependent  of  sir  Hugh 
Robsart.— 5/r  IV.  Scott:  Kenilworth 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Mtunbo  Jumbo,  an  African  bogie, 
hideous  and  malignant,  the  terror  oi 
women  and  children. 

Mumps  {Tib),  keeper  of  the 
"  Mumps'  Ha'  ale-hous',"  on  the  road  to 
Charlie's  Hope  farm. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  II.), 

Muncliau'sen  [The  baron),  a  hero 
of  most  marvellous  adventures. — Rudolf 
Erich  Rasfe  (a  German,  but  storekeeper 
of  the  Dolcoath  mines,  in  Cornwall,  1792). 

• .  •  The  name  is  said  to  refer  to 
Hieronyuius  Karl  Friedrich  von  Munch- 
hausen,  a  German  officer  in  the  Russian 
army,  noted  for  his  marvellous  stories 
(1720-1797).  It  is  also  supposed  to  be  an 
implied  satire  on  the  travellers'  tales  of 
baron  de  Tott,  in  Mimoires  sur  les  Tares 
et  Tartares  (1784),  and  those  of  James 
Bruce  "The African  Traveller"  in  Travels 
to  Discover  the  Sources  of  the  Nile  (1790). 

Munchausen  {The  baron).  The 
French  Munchausen  is  represented  by  M. 
de  Crac,  the  hero  of  a  French  operetta. 

MundungUS.  So  Sterne,  in  his  Senti- 
mental Journey,  calls  Dr.  S.  Sharp,  who 
published  his  continental  tour,  containing 
scurrilous  remarks  on  Italian  ladies  (1768). 

Mu'nera,  daughter  of  PoUent6  the 
Saracen,  to  whom  he  gave  all  the  spoils 
he  could  lay  his  hands  on.  Munera  was 
beautiful  and  rich  exceedingly  ;  but  Talus, 
having  chopped  off  her  golden  hands  and 
silver  feet,  tossed  her  into  the  moat. — 
Spenser:  Faerie  Queette,  v.  2  (1596). 

2    B 


MUNGO. 


738 


MUSES. 


UltLngo,  a  black  slave  of  don  Diego. 

Dear  heart,  what  a  terrible  life  am  I  led  1 

A  dog  hais  a  better  dat's  sheltered  and  fed  .  .  , 

Mungo  here,  Mungo  dere, 

Mungo  everywhere  .  .  . 
Me  wsh  to  de  Lord  me  was  dead. 

Bicke)  staff:  Th:  Padlock  (1768). 

Muug'O  {St.),  that  is  St.  Kentigern. 
Mungo  =  lovable  friend,  and  is  a  pet 
name. 

Murat  ( The  Russian),  Michael  Milo- 
radowitch  (1770-1820). 

Mxirdstone  {Edward),  the  second 
husband  of  Mrs.  Copperfield.  His  cha- 
racter was  "firmness,"  that  is,  an  un- 
bending self-will,  which  rendered  the 
young  hfe  of  David  intolerably  wretched. 

Jane  Murdstone,  sister  of  Ekiward,  as 
hard  and  heartless  as  her  brother.  Jane 
Murdstone  became  the  companion  of  Dora 
Spenlow,  and  told  Mr.  Spenlow  of  David's 
love  for  Dora,  hoping  to  annoy  David. 
At  the  death  of  Mr.  Spenlow,  Jane  re- 
turned to  live  with  her  brother. — Dickens: 
David  Copperfield  ( 1849). 

Murray  or  Moray  ( The  bonnie  earl 
0/),  was  son-in-law  of  James  Stuart.  He 
is  called  the  "Good  Regent,"  and  was 
named  Moray  by  special  creation,  in 
right  of  his  wife.  The  Regent,  born 
1 53 1,  was  a  natural  son  of  James  V.  of 
Scotland  by  Margaret  daughter  of  John 
lord  Erskine.  He  joined  the  reform 
party  in  1556,  was  an  accomplice  in  the 
murder  of  Rizzio,  and  was  himself  as- 
sassinated, in  1570,  at  Linhthgow,  by 
Hamilton  of  Bothwellhaugh.  His  son- 
in-law,  the  bonnie  earl,  was,  according  to 
an  ancient  ballad,  "the  queen's  love," 
i.e.  queen  Anne  of  Denmark,  daughter 
of  Frederick  II.,  and  wife  of  James  I. 
of  England.  It  is  said  that  James,  being 
jealous  of  the  handsome  earl,  instigated 
the  earl  of  Huntly  to  murder  him  (1592). 

*.  •  Introduced  by  Scott  in  The  Monastery 
and  The  Abbot  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Murray  {John),  of  Broughton,  secre- 
tary to  Charles  Edward,  the  Young  Pre- 
tender. He  turned  king's  evidence,  and 
revealed  all  the  circumstances  which 
gave  rise  to  the  rebellion,  and  the 
persons  most  active  in  its  organization. 

If  crimes  like  these  hereafter  are  forgiven, 
Judas  and  Murray  both  may  go  to  heaven. 

jfacobUe  Relics,  iL  374. 

Murrey   {Dolly),  who  dies    playing 

cards. — Crabbe  :  Borough  (iSio). 

Musseus,  the  poet  (b.c.  1410),  author 
of  the  elegant  tale  of  Leander  and  Hero. 
Virgil  places  him  in  the  Elysian  fields, 
attended  by  a  vast  multitude  of  ghosts, 


Musaeus  being  taller  by  a  head  than  any 
of  them  {^neid,  vi.  677). 

Swann  ...  as  the  infernal  spirits 

On  sweet  Musseus  when  he  came  to  hel 

Mar  low  :  Dr.  Faustus  (1590). 

Muscadius  of  Paris,  Pan's  exqui- 
sites, who  aped  the  London  cockneys  in 
the  first  French  Revolution.  Their  dress 
consisted  of  top-boots  with  thick  soles, 
knee-breeches,  a  dress-coat  with  long 
tails  and  high  stiff  collar,  and  a  thick 
cudgel  called  a  constitution.  It  was 
thought  John  Bull-like  to  assume  a 
huskiness  of  voice,  a  discourtesy  of 
manners,  and  a  swaggering  vulgarity  of 
speech  and  behaviour. 

Cockneys  of  London  !     Muscadins  of  Paris  1 

Byron  :  Don  Juan,  yiii.  124  (1824). 

Mus'carol,  king  of  flies,  and  father 
of  Clarion  the  most  beautiful  of  the  race. 
— Spenser:  Muiopotmos or  The Buiterjly s 
Fate  (1590). 

Muse  {The  Tenth),  Marie  Lejars  de 
Gournay,  a  French  writer  (1566-1645). 

Antoinette  Deshoulieres  ;  also 
called  "  The  French  Calli5p6."  Her  best 
work  is  an  allegory  called  Les  Moutons 
( 1 633-1694). 

Mlle.  Scuderi  was  preposterously 
so  called  (1607-1701). 

Also  Delphine  Gay,  afterwards  Mme. 
Emile  de  Girardin.  She  assumed  the 
name  of  ' '  viconte  de  Launay . ' '  B6ran  ger 
sang  of  "the  beauty  of  her  shoulders," 
and  Chateaubriand  of  "  the  charms  ot 
her  smile  "  (1804-1855). 

Muse-Mother,  Mnemos'ynfi,  god- 
dess of  memory  and  mother  of  the  Muses. 

Memory, 
That  sweet  Muse-mother. 
R.  Browning :  Pronutheus  Bound  [^o]. 

Muses  {Symbols  of  the). 

(i)  Cal'liope  \Kdt-ly-d-py\  the  epic 
Muse.  Her  symbols  are  a  tablet  and 
stylus ;  sometimes  a  scroll. 

{2)  Clio,  Muse  of  history.  Her  sym- 
bol is  a  scroll,  or  an  open  chest  of  books. 

(3)  Er'ato,  Muse  of  love  ditties.  Her 
symbol  is  a  lyre. 

(4)  Euter'pe,  Muse  of  lyric  poetry, 
whose  symbol  is  a  flute. 

(5)  Melpom'ene,  Muse  of  tragedy  :  a 
tragic  mask,  the  club  of  Herculfis,  or  a 
sword.  She  wears  the  cothurnus,  and 
her  head  is  wreathed  with  vine  leaves. 

(6)  Pol'yhym'nia,  Muse  of  sacred 
poetry.  She  sits  pensive,  but  has  no 
attribute,  because  deity  is  not  to  be 
represented  by  any  visible  symbol. 

(7)  Terpsic'hork      \Terp-sicU-o-ry\ 


MUSEUM. 


739 


MUSKETEER. 


Muse  of  choral  song  and  dance.     Her 
symbols  are  a  lyre  and  the  plectrum. 

(8)  Thali'a,  Muse  of  comedy  and 
idyllic  poetry.  Her  symbols  are  a  comic 
mask,  a  shepherd's  staff,  or  a  wreath  of  ivy. 

(9)  Uran'i  A,  Muse  of  astronomy.  She 
carries  a  staff  pointing  to  a  globe. 

Museiun  {A  Walking).  Longinus, 
author  of  a  work  on  The  Sublinu  (213- 
273)- 

Musgrave(5?V^/VAar^),  the  English 
champion  who  fought  with  sir  William 
Deloraine  the  Scotch  champion,  to  de- 
cide by  combat  whether  young  Scott,  the 
heir  of  Branksome  Hall,  should  become 
the  page  of  king  Edward  or  be  delivered 
up  to  his  mother.  In  the  combat,  sir 
Richard  was  slain,  and  the  boy  was 
delivered  over  to  his  mother. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel  {\^os). 

Musgrave  {Sir  Miles),  an  officer  in 
the  king's  service  under  the  earl  of  Mont- 
rose.—5  ?>  W.  Scott:  Legend  of  Montrose 
(time,  Charles  1. ). 

Mus^ave  and  Lady  Barnard 
{Little),  an  old  ballad,  which  is  often 
quoted  and  referred  to  by  mediaeval  writers. 
Lady  Barnard  invited  Little  Musgrave  to 
pass  the  night  with  her  at  her  country 
house  in  Bucklesford-bury.  He  con- 
sented to  do  so,  but  her  page,  who  over- 
heard the  assignation,  went  and  told  lord 
Barnard.  Lord  Barnard  disbelieved  the 
page,  but  nevertheless  went  to  his  country 
house,  and  found  that  the  page  had 
spoken  the  truth.  He  commanded  Little 
Musgrave  to  dress  himself,  and  then 
handing  him  a  sword,  they  fought,  and 
Musgrave  fell.  Lord  Barnard  then  cut 
off  the  two  breasts  of  his  wife,  and  left 
her  to  bleed  to  death. — Percy  :  Reliques, 
series  iii.  bk.  i,  xi. 

Music.  Amphion  Is  said  to  have 
built  the  walls  of  Thebes  by  the  music 
of  his  lyre.  Ilium  and  the  capital  of 
Arthur's  kingdom  were  also  built  to 
divine  music.  The  city  of  Jericho  was 
destroyed  by  music  {Josh,  vi.  20). 

They  were  building  stiU,  seeing  the  city  was  built 
To  music. 

Tennyson, 

The  Father  of  Music,  Giovanni  Battista 
Pietro  Aloisio  da  Palestri'na  (1529-1594). 

The  Father  of  Greek  Music,  Terpander 
(fl.  B.C.  676). 

Music  and  Madness.  Persons 
bitten  by  the  tarantula  are  said  to  be 
cured  by  music.  (See  Burton;  Anatomy 
of  Melancholy,  ii.  2,  1624.) 


Music  and  Men  of  Genius. 

(i)  The  following  had  no  ear  ior  music: 
Byron,  Hume,  Dr.  Johnson,  and  si 
Walter  Scott. 

(2)  The  following  were  actually  averse 
to  it:  Burke,  Fox,  Daniel  O'Connell,  sir 
Robert  Peel,  Pitt,  and  Southey. 

(3)  To  Rogers  the  poet  it  gave  actual 
discomfort ;  and  even  the  smooth-versifier 
Pope  preferred  a  street  barrel-organ  to 
Handel's  oratorios. 

Music's  First  Martyr.  Menaphon 
says  that  when  he  was  in  Thessaly  he  saw 
a  youth  challenge  the  birds  in  music ; 
and  a  nightingale  took  up  the  challenge. 
For  a  time  the  contest  was  uncertain; 
out  then  the  youth,  "  in  a  rapture,"  played 
so  cunningly,  that  the  bird,  despairing, 
"  down  dropped  upon  his  lute,  and  brake 
her  heart." 

•.'  This  beautiful  tale  by  Strada  (in 
Latin)  has  been  translated  in  rhyme  by 
R.  Crashaw,  in  his  Delights  of  the  Muses 
(1646).  Versions  have  been  given  by 
Ambrose  Philips  and  others ;  but  none 
can  compare  with  the  exquisite  relation 
of  John  Ford,  in  his  drama  entitled  The 
Lover's  Melancholy  (1628). 

Musical  Small-Coal  Man,  Thos. 
Britton,  who  used  to  sell  small  coals,  and 
keep  a  musical  club  (1654-1714). 

Musicians  {Prince  of),  Giovanni 
Battista  Pietro  Aloisio  da  Palestri'na 
(1529-1594). 

Musidora,  the  dame  du  coeur  of 
Damon.  Damon  thought  her  coyness 
was  scorn ;  but  qne  day  he  caught  hei 
bathing,  and  his  delicacy  on  the  occasion 
so  enchanted  her  that  she  at  once  ac- 
cepted his  proffered  love. — Thomson: 
Seasons  ("  Summer,"  1727). 

Musido'rus,  prince  of  Thessalia,  in 
love  with  Pamela.  He  is  the  hero  whose 
exploits  are  told  by  sir  Philip  Sidney,  in 
his  Arcadia  (1581). 

Musketeer,  a  soldier  armed  with  a 
musket,  but  specially  applied  to  a  com- 
pany of  gentlemen  who  were  a  mounted 
guard  in  the  service  of  the  king  of 
France  from  i65i. 

They  formed  two  companies,  the  grey 
and  the  i>lack  ;  so  called  from  the  colour 
of  their  hair.  Both  were  clad  in  scarlet, 
and  hence  their  quarters  were  called  the 
Maison  rouge.  In  peace  they  followed 
the  king  in  the  chase  to  protect  him ;  in 
war  they  fought  either  on  foot  or  horse- 
back. They  were  suppressed  in  1791 ; 
restored   in  1814,   but    only  for  a  few 


MUSLIN. 

months  ;  and  after  the  restoration  of 
Louis  XVIIL  we  hear  no  more  of  them. 
Many  Scotch  gentlemen  enrolled  them- 
selves among  these  dandy  soldiers,  who 
went  to  war  with  curled  hair,  white 
gloves,  and  perfumed  like  milliners. 

(A.  Dumas  has  a  novel  called  The 
Three  Musketeers  (1844),  the  first  of  a 
series  ;  the  second  is  Twenty  Years  After- 
wards ;  the  third,  Viconte  de  Bragelonne.) 

Muslin,  the  talkative,  impertinent, 
mtriguing  suivante  of  Mrs.  Lovemore. 
Mistress  Muslin  is  sweet  upon  William 
the  footman  ;  and  loves  cards.— i1/«r//ty  : 
The  Way  to  Keep  Him  (1760). 

Muspellieini,  the  Scandinavian  hell. 
There  is  a  poem  so  called,  the  subject 
of  which  is  the  "Last  Judgment."  In 
this  poem  Surtur  is  antichrist,  who  at 
the  end  of  the  world  will  set  fire  to  all 
creation.  The  poem  (which  is  based  on 
a  legend  of  the  fourth  century)  is  in  alli- 
terative verse,  and  shows  both  imagina- 
tion and  poetic  talent. 

Mussel,  a  fountain  near  the  waterless 
sea,  which  purges  from  transgression. 
So  called  because  it  is  contained  in  a 
hollow  stone  like  a  mussel-shell.  It  is 
mentioned  by  Prester  John  in  his  letter 
to  Manuel  Comnenus  emperor  of  Con- 
stantinople. Those  who  test  it  enter  the 
water,  and,  if  they  are  true  men,  it  rises 
till  it  covers  their  heads  three  times. 

Mus'tafa,  a  poor  tailor  of  China, 
father  of  Aladdin,  killed  by  illness 
brought  on  by  the  idle  vagabondism  of 
his  son. — Arabian  Nights  ("Aladdin  and 
the  Wonderful  Lamp  "). 

Mutton,  a  courtezan,  sometimes 
called  a  "laced  mutton."  "  Mutton 
Lane,"  in  Clerkenwell,  was  so  called 
because  it  was  a  suburra  or  quarter  for 
harlots.  The  cora-tezan  was  called  a 
"mutton"  even  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
III.,  for  Bracton  speaks  of  them  as  oves. 
— De  Legibus,  etc.,  ii.  (1185-1267), 

Mutton  {Who  Stole  the)  f  This  was 
a  common  street  jeer  flung  at  policemen 
when  the  force  was  first  organized,  and  rose 
thus  :  The  first  case  the  force  had  to  deal 
with  was  the  thief  of  a  leg  of  mutton ; 
but  they  wholly  failed  to  detect  the  thief, 
and  the  laugh  turned  against  them. 

Mutton  -  Eating  King  {The\, 
Charles  II.  of  England  (1630,  1659-1685). 

Here  lies  our  mutton-eating  king, 
Whose  word  no  man  relies  on ; 

He  never  said  a  foolish  thing, 
Aad  never  did  a  wise  on'. 

Sari  f/R»ches»r. 


740 


MY-BOOK. 


Mutual  Admiration  Society,  the 

nickname  popularly  given  in  Paris  to  the 
Soci6t6  Observation  M6dicale.  In  Eng- 
land the  term  is  of  more  general  applica- 
tion, and  is  used  with  reference  to  persons 
who  are  themselves  lavish  of  compliments 
from  a  desire  to  be  repaid  in  kind. 

Mutual  Friend  [Our),  a  novel  by 
Charles  Dickens  (1864).  The  "mutual 
friend  "  is  John  Harmon,  the  mutual  friend 
of  Mr.  Boffin  and  the  Wilfers  (see  chap, 
ix.).  The  tale  is  this :  John  Harmon 
was  the  son  of  a  hard-hearted,  bad  old 
dust  contractor,  who  had  made  his  for- 
tune "in  dust."  The  old  man  turned 
his  only  daughter  out  of  doors,  and  when 
the  son,  a  boy  of  14,  pleaded  for  his 
sister,  the  unnatural  father  cursed  him 
and  sent  him  adrift.  The  Boffins  worked 
under  the  dust  contractor,  and  had  always 
been  kind  to  the  boy ;  they  gave  him 
money  to  go  abroad,  and  he  disappeared 
for  fourteen  years.  When  the  story 
opens,  the  father  has  just  died,  leaving 
his  immense  property  to  his  son,  on 
condition  of  his  marrying  Bella  Wilfer  ; 
if  the  son  dies  or  the  conditions  are 
unfulfilled,  the  money  is  to  go  to  the 
Boffins.  The  son,  is  erroneously  sup- 
posed to  have  been  murdered  on  his  home- 
ward journey,  and  as  he  much  disUked 
the  idea  of  marrying  an  unknown  per- 
son, he  allowed  the  idea  to  prevail, 
assumed  the  name  of  John  Rokesmith, 
and  became  the  secretary  of  Mr.  Boffin 
"  the  golden  dustman,"  residuary  legatee 
of  old  John  Harmon,  by  which  he  became 
the  possessor  of  ;^ioo,ooo.  Boffin  knew 
Rokesmith,  but  concealed  his  knowledge 
for  a  time.  At  Boffin's  house,  John  Har- 
mon (as  Rokesmith)  met  Bella  Wilfer, 
and  fell  in  love  with  her.  Mr.  Boffin,  in 
order  to  test  Bella's  love,  pretended  to 
be  angry  with  Rokesmith  for  presuming 
to  love  Bella  ;  and  as  Bella  married  him, 
he  cast  them  both  off  "for  a  time,"  to 
live  on  John's  earnings.  A  babe  was 
bom,  and  then  the  husband  took  the 
young  mother  to  a  beautiful  house,  and 
t61d  her  he  was  John  Harmon,  that  the 
house  was  their  house,  that  he  was 
the  possessor  of  ;^  100,000  through  the 
disinterested  conduct  of  Mr.  Boffin  ;  and 
the  young  couple  live  happily  with  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Boffin,  in  wealth  and  luxury. 

My-Book  (Dr.).  Dr.  John  Aber- 
ne'thy  (1765-1830)  was  so  called,  because 
he  used  to  say  to  his  patients,  "  Read  ray 
book  "  [On  Sureictd  Observations). 


MY  NOVEU 


741 


NADAB 


My  Novel,  by  lord  Lytton  {1853). 
His  best  novel,  but  Sterne's  Trisiravi 
Shandy  apparently  gave  lord  Lytton  the 
original  idea. 

Myrebeau  [Le  sieure  de),  one  of  the 
committee  of  the  states  of  Burgundy. — 
Sir  IV.  Scott :  Anne  of  Geier stein  (time, 
Edward  IV.). 

Myri'xxe  (3  syl.),  sister  of  Pygmalion, 
in  love  with  Leucippfi  (3  syl),  a  soldier. — 
Gilbert:  Pygmalion  and  Galatea  (1871). 

Myrls,  priest  of  Isis. — Dry  den  :  All 
for  Love  (1678). 

Myro,  a  statuary  of  Eleu'thgrae,  who 
carved  a  cow  so  true  to  nature  that  even 
bulls  mistook  it  for  a  living  animal.  {See 
Horse  Painted.) 

E'en  Myro's  statues,  which  for  art  surpass 
All  others,  once  were  but  a  shapeless  mass. 

Ovid:  Art  of  Love,  iii. 

Myrob'alan  Comfits  (Greek,  muron 
balanon,  "myrrh  fruit  "),  dried  fruits  of 
various  kinds,  sometimes  used  as  pur- 
gatives. The  citrins  resemble  the  French 
"  prunes  de  Mirabelle  ;  "  the  belerins  have 
a  noyau  flavour  ;  the  indis  are  acidulated. 
There  are  several  other  varieties. 

She  is  sw««ter  to  me  than  the  myrabolan  \sic\  comfit. 
Bukford:  Vathtk  (1786). 

Myrra,  an  Ionian  slave,  and  the  be- 
loved concubine  of  Sardanapa'lus  the 
Assyrian  king.  She  roused  him  from  his 
indolence  to  resist  Arba'c^s  the  Mede, 
who  aspired  to  his  throne,  and  when  she 
found  his  cause  hopeless,  induced  him  to 
mount  a  funeral  pile,  which  she  fired  with 
her  own  hand,  and  then,  springing  into 
the  flames,  she  perished  with  the  tyrant. — 
Byron:  Sardanapalus  {i^i<)). 

At  once  brave  and  tender,  enamoured  of  her  lord, 
yet  yearning  to  bo  free;  worshipping  at  once  her 
distant  land  and  the  soft  barbarian.  .  .  .  The  heroism 
of  this  fair  Ionian  is  never  above  nature,  yet  always  on 
the  highest  verge.  The  proud  melancholy  that  mingles 
with  her  character,  recalling  her  fatherland  ;  her  warm 
and  generous  love,  without  one  tinge  of  self;  her 
passionate  desire  to  elevate  the  nature  of  Sardana- 
pa'lus,— are  the  result  of  the  purest  sentiment  and  the 
noblest  art.— £<?;-</  Lytton. 

Mysie,  the  female  attendant  of  lady 
Margaret  Bellenden  of  the  Tower  of  Til- 
lietudlem.— 5t>  W.  Scott:  Old  Mortality 
(time,  Charles  II.). 

Mysie,  the  old  housekeeper  at  Wolfs 
Crag  Tower.— i"»V  VV.  Scott :  Bride  of 
Lammermoor  {time,  William  III.). 

Mysis,  the  scolding  wife  of  Sile'no, 
and  mother  of  Daph'nS  and  Nysa.  It  is 
to  Mysis  that  Apollo  sings  that  popular 
song,  "  Pray,  Goody,  please  to  moderate 
the  rancour  of  your  tongue  "  (act  i.  3). 
—Kant  O'Hara:  Midas  (1764). 


Mysteries  of  Udolpho  {The),  a 
romance  by  Mrs.  Radcliffe  (1794). 

Mysterious  Hnsband  {The),  a 
tragedy  by  Cumberland  (1783).  Lord 
Davenant  was  a  bigamist.  His  first  wife 
was  Marianne  Dormer,  whom  he  forsook 
in  three  months  to  marry  Louisa  Travers. 
Marianne,  supposing  her  husband  to  be 
dead,  married  lord  Davenant's  son ;  and 
Miss  Dormer's  brother  was  the  betrothed 
of  the  second  lady  Davenant  before  her 
marriage  with  his  lordship,  but  was  told 
that  he  had  proved  faithless  and  had 
married  another.  The  report  of  lord 
Davenant's  death  and  the  marriage  of 
captain  Dormer  were  both  false.  When 
the  villainy  of  lord  Davenant  could  be 
concealed  no  longer,  he  destroyed  him- 
self. 


N. 

Nab,  the  fairy  that  addressed  Orpheus 
in  the  infernal  regions,  and  offered  him 
for  food  a  roasted  ant,  a  flea's  thigh, 
butterflies'  brains,  some  sucking  mites,  a 
rainbow  tart,  etc. ,  to  be  washed  down  with 
dew-drops  and  beer  made  from  seven 
barleycorns — a  very  heady  liquor. — King: 
Orpheus  and  Eurydice  (1730-1805). 

Nab-man  { Tlu),  a  sheriff's  officer. 

Old  Dornton  has  sent  the  nab-man  after  him  at  last. 
t-Gity  Manturing^,  ii.  3. 

(This  is  the  dramatized  version  of  sir 
W.  Scott's  novel  by  Terry,  1816.) 

Nacien,  the  holy  hermit  who  intro- 
duced Galahad  to  the  "  Siege  Perilous," 
the  only  vacant  seat  in  the  Round  Table. 
This  seat  was  reserved  for  the  knight  who 
was  destined  to  achieve  the  quest  of  the 
holy  graal.  Nacien  told  the  king  and  his 
knights  that  no  one  but  a  virgin  knight 
could  achieve  that  quest. — Malory  :  His- 
tory of  Prince  Arthur,  iii.  (1470). 

Nadab,  in-  Dry  den's  satire  of  Absa- 
lom and  Achitophel,  is  meant  for  lord 
Howard  of  Esrick,  a  profligate,  who  laid 
claim  to  great  piety.  As  Nadab  offered 
incense.with  strange  iire  and  was  slain,  so 
lord  Howard,  it  is  said,  mixed  the  conse- 
crated wafer  with  some  roast  apples  and 
sugar. 

And  canting  Nadab  let  obhvion  damn. 
Who  made  new  porridge  for  the  Paschal  Lamb. 
Part  J.  575.  576  (iMi). 


NADALET. 

Na'dalet,  a  peculiar  peal  rung  at 
Christmas-time  by  the  church-bells  of 
Languedoc. 

Christmas  is  come  ...  a  comins^  which  Is  announced 
on  all  sides  of  us  ...  bv  our  charming^  nadalet.— 
ComhiU  Masaxint  (Eugenie  de  Gu6rin,  1863). 

Nadgett,  a  man  employed  by  Mon- 
tague Tigg  (manager  of  the  "  Anglo- 
Bengalee  Company ")  to  make  private 
inquiries.  He  was  a  dried-up,  shrivelled 
old  man.  Where  he  lived  and  how  he 
lived,  nobody  knew  ;  but  he  was  always 
to  be  seen  waiting  for  some  one  who  never 
appeared  ;  and  he  would  glide  along  ap- 
parently taking  no  notice  of  any  one. — 
Dickens:  Martin  Chuzzlewit  {\Z\j^). 

Na^'s    Head    Consecration,    a 

scandal  perpetuated  by  Pennant  on  the 
dogma  of  "apostolic  succession."  The 
"  high-church  clergy "  assert  that  the 
ceremony  called  holy  orders  has  been 
transmitted  without  interruption  from 
the  apostles.  Thus,  the  apostles  laid 
hands  on  certain  persons,  who  (say  they) 
became  ministers  of  the  gospel ;  these 
persons  "ordained"  others  in  the  same 
manner ;  and  the  succession  has  never 
been  broken.  Pennant  says,  at  the  Re- 
formation the  bishops  came  to  a  fix. 
There  was  only  one  bishop,  viz.  Anthony 
Kitchen  of  Llandaff,  and  Bonner  would 
not  allow  him  to  perform  the  ceremony. 
In  this  predicament,  the  fourteen  candi- 
dates for  episcopal  ordination  rummaged 
up  Story,  a  deposed  bishop,  and  got  him 
to  ' '  lay  hands  "  on  Parker,  as  archbishop 
of  Canterbury.  As  it  would  have  been 
profanation  for  Story  to  do  this  in  a 
cathedral  or  church,  the  ceremony  was 
performed  in  a  tavern  called  the  Nag's 
Head,  corner  of  Friday  Street,  Cheapside. 
Strype  refutes  this  tale  in  his  Life  of  Arch- 
bishop Parker,  and  so  does  Dr.  Hook', 
but  it  will  never  be  stamped  out. 

Nagf gleton  {Mr.  and  Mrs. ),  types  of 
a  nagging  husband  and  wife.  They  are 
for  ever  nagging  about  trifles  and  wilful 
misunderstandings .  — Punch  ( 1 864-5). 

Naked  Bear  ( The).  Hush  !  the  naked 
bear  will  hear  you  I  a  threat  and  reproof  to 
unruly  children  in  North  America.  The 
naked  bear,  says  the  legend,  was  larger 
and  more  ferocious  than  any  of  the  species. 
It  was  quite  naked,  save  and  except  one 
spot  on  its  back,  where  was  a  tuft  of 
white  hair. — Heckewelder  :  Transactions 
of  the  American  Phil.  Soc.,  iv.  a6o. 

Thus  the  wrinkled  old  NokcmiU 
Nursed  the  little  Hiawatha, 
Kocked  him  in  his  lui<l«n  cradle, 


742  NAMBY. 

Stilled  his  fretful  wail  by  saying, 

•*  Hush  1  the  naked  bear  will  get  thee  1 " 

Lons/ellow :  Hiawatha,  iii,  (1855). 

(Even  to  the  present  hour  the  threat, 
"I'll  look  over  your  head  and  see  your 
naked  nose  !  "  is  used  occasionally  in  Eng- 
land to  quiet  fretful  and  unruly  children. 
I  have  myself  heard  it  scores  of  times. ) 

Nakir',  Nekir,  or  Nakeer.    (See 

MONKER  AND   NAKIR,  p.  719.) 

Nala,  a  legendary  king  of  India, 
noted  for  his  love  of  Damayanti,  and  his 
subsequent  misfortunes.  This  legendary 
king  has  been  the  subject  of  numerous 
poems. 

(Dean  Milman  has  translated  into  Eng- 
lish the  episode  from  the  Mah&bharata ; 
and  W.  Yates  has  translated  the  Nalodaya 
of  the  great  Sanskrit  poem. ) 

Nama,  a  daughter  of  man,  beloved 
by  the  angel  Zaraph.  Her  wish  was  to 
love  intensely  and  to  love  holily ;  but  as 
she  fixed  her  love  on  a  seraph,  and  not 
on  God,  she  was  doomed  to  abide  on 
earth,  "  unchanged  in  heart  and  frame," 
so  long  as  the  earth  endureth ;  but  at  the 
great  consummation  both  Nama  and  her 
seraph  will  be  received  into  those  courts 
of  love,  where  "love  never  dieth." — 
Moore:  Loves  of  the  Angels,  ii.  (1822). 

Namancos,  Numantia,  a  town  of 
Old  Castile,  in  Spain.  Milton  says  the 
"guarded  mount  looks  towards  Naman- 
cos," that  is,  the  fortified  mount  called 
St,  Michael,  at  the  Land's  End,  faces  Old 
Castile. — Milton.  Lycidas,  161  (1638). 

Namby  [Major),  a  retired  officer, 
living  in  the  suburbs  of  London.  He 
had  been  twice  married  ;  his  first  wife 
had  four  children,  and  his  second  wife 
three.  Major  Namby,  though  he  lived 
in  a  row,  always  transacted  his  domestic 
affairs  by  bawling  out  his  orders  from 
the  front  garden,  to  the  annoyance  of  his 
neighbours.  He  used  to  stalk  half-way 
down  the  garden  path,  with  his  head  high 
in  the  air,  his  chest  stuck  out,  and  flour- 
ishing his  military  cane.  Suddenly  he 
would  stop,  stamp  with  one  foot,  knock 
up  the  hinder  brim  of  his  hat,  begin  to 
scratch  the  nape  of  his  neck,  wait  a 
moment,  then  wheel  round,  look  at  the 
first-floor  window,  and  roar  out,  "  Ma- 
tilda I  "  (the  name  of  his  wife)  "  don't  do 
so-and-so  ;  "  or  "Matilda  I  do  so-and-so." 
Then  would  he  bellow  to  the  servants  to 
buy  this,  or  not  to  let  the  children  eat 
that,  and  so  on. —  Wilkie  Collins:  Pray 
Employ  Major  Namby  (a  sketch). 


NAMBY-PAMBY.  743 

Namby-Pamby.  So  Henry  Carey 
called  the  lines  of  Ambrose  Philips  (on  the 
infant  child  of  lord  Carteret).  ' '  Namby  " 
IS  a  baby  way  of  pronouncing  Ambrose, 
and  the  * '  P "  of  Philips  suggested  the 
jingle.    It  now  signifies  babyish  literature. 

N.B.— This  is  not  John  Philips,  who 
wrote  the  Splendid  Shilling. 

Name.  To  tell  one's  name  to  an  enemy 
about  to  challenge  you  to  combat  was 
deemed  by  the  ancient  Scotch  heroes  a 
mark  of  cowardice ;  because,  if  the  pre- 
decessors of  the  combatants  had  shown 
hospitality,  no  combat  could  ensue. 
Hence  "  to  tell  one's  name  to  an  enemy  " 
was  an  ignominious  synonym  of  craven 
or  coward. 

"  I  have  been  renowned  in  battle,"  said  Cless'am- 
mor,  "  but  I  never  told  my  name  to  a  foe."— (?JJ»a»  ; 

Carlhon. 

Names  of  Terror.  The  following, 
amongst  others,  have  been  employed  as 
bogie-names  to  frighten  children  with  : — 

(i)  Attila  was  a  bogie-name  to  the 
later  Romans. 

(2)  Befana  {q.v.).  To  tell  Befana  im- 
plies that  she  will  bring  only  dust  and 
ashes  instead  of  a  pretty  toy  on  Christmas 
Eve. 

(3)  Bo  or  Boh,  son  ol  Odin,  was  a 
fierce  Gothic  captain.  His  name  was 
used  by  his  soldiers  when  they  would 
fight  or  surprise  the  enemy. — Sir  W. 
Temple. 

Warton  tells  us  that  the  Dutch  scared  their  children 
with  the  name  of  Boh. 

(4)  Bonaparte,  at  the  close  of  the 
eighteenth  and  beginning  of  the  nine- 
teenth centuries,  was  a  bogie-name. 

(5)  Bourbon  (Le  connitable  de).  Mu- 
ratori  tells  us  that  of  all  names  of  terror 
none  equals  this. 

(6)  Corvi'nus  {Mathias)  the  Hun- 
garian, was  a  scare-name  to  the  Turks. 

(7)  LiLis  or  LiLiTH  was  a  bogie-name 
used  by  the  ancient  Jews  to  unruly 
children.  The  rabbinical  writers  tell  us 
that  Lilith  was  Adam's  wife  before  the 
creation  of  Eve.  She  refused  to  submit 
to  him,  and  became  a  horrible  night- 
spectre,  especially  hostile  to  young 
children. 

(8)  Lunsford,  a  name  employed  to 
frighten  children  in  England.  Sir  Thomas 
Lunsford,  governor  of  the  Tower,  was  a 
man  of  most  vindictive  temper,  and  the 
dread  of  every  one. 

Made  children  with  your  tones  to  run  for% 
As  bad  as  Bloody-bones  or  Lunsford. 

S.  Butler  :  Huiibras,  iii.  2,  line  ixn  (167^. 

(9)  N ARSES  (a  syl.)  was  the  name  used 


NAMOUNA. 

by  Assyrian   mothers   to   scare  children 
with. 

The  name  of  Narses  was  the  formidable  sound  with 
which  the  Assyrian  mothers  were  accustomed  to 
terrify  their  infants.— C24*o«  .•  Decline  and  Fall  o/th* 
Roman  Umpire,  viii.  219  (1776-88). 

(10)  Rawhead  and  Bloody-bones 
were  at  one  time  bogie-names. 

Servants  awe  children  and  keep  them  In  subjection 
by  telling  them  of  Rawhead  and  Bloody-bones.— 
Locke. 

(11)  Richard  I,,  "  Coeur  de  Lion." 
This  name,  says  Camden  [Remains),  was 
employed  by  the  Saracens  as  a  "  name  of 
dread  and  terror." 

His  tremendous  name  was  employed  by  the  Syrian 
mothers  to  silence  their  infants ;  and  if  a  horse  suddenly 
started  from  the  way,  his  rider  was  wont  to  exclaim. 


Decline  and 


ng-   Ki( 
Fall  0. 


7/ the  Roman  Empire,  xi. 


y,  ni 
"Dost  thou  think  king  Richard  is  in  the  busht"— 
Gibbon  :  Dec, 
146  (1776-88). 

(12)  Sebastian  (Dom),  a  name  of 
terror  once  used  by  the  Moors. 

Nor  shall  Sebastian's  formidable  name 
Be  longer  used  to  still  the  crying  babe. 

Dryden  :  Don  Sebastian  (1690). 

(13)  Talbot  (yoAn),  a  name  used  in 
France  in  ierrorem  to  unruly  children. 

They  in  France  to  feare  their  young  children  crye, 
"  The  Talbot  cometh  1  "—Hall:  Chronicles  (1543)- 
Here  (said  they)  is  the  terror  of  the  French, 
The  scarecrow  that  affrights  our  children  so. 
Shakespeare :  i  Henry  VI.  act  i.  sc.  4  (1589). 
Is  this  the  Talbot  so  much  feared  abroad, 
That  with  his  name  the  mothers  still  their  babes  T 
Shakespeare  :  i  Henry  VI.  act  iv.  sc.  g  (1389). 

(14)  Tamerlane,  a  name  used  by  the 
Persians  in  terrorem. 

(15)  Tarquin,  a  name  of  terror  in 
Roman  nurseries. 

The  nurse,  to  still  her  child,  will  tell  my  story. 
And  fright  her  crying  babe  with  Tarquin's  name. 
Shakespeare:  Rape  0/ Lucrece  (1594). 

(16)  Victor  Emmanuel,  after  the 
promulgation  of  the  law  of  conscription. 

I  heard  a  Roman  father  the  other  day  stilling  the 
cries  of  a  peevish  child  with  the  threat,  "  Take  care, 
Vittor  'Manuel  will  soon  be  here,  .  .  .  and  then  I'll 
give  you  to  him." — Roman  Correspondent  (PVest- 
minster  Gazette,  April,  1871). 

(See  also  Maugraby,  p.  686 ;  Naked 
Bear,  f>.  742.) 
Nameless  City  ( The).    This  term  is 

sometimes  used  of  ancient  Rome,  fabled 
to  have  had  a  prior  name  which  could 
not  be  pronounced  without  risk  of  death. 
This  mysterious  name  is  said  to  have 
been  Valentia,  Grecized  into  'Pa./i»j. 

Nam.o,  duke  of  Bavaria,  and  one  of 
Charlemagne's  twelve  ^a\.didms.—Ariosio: 
Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Namou'na,  an  enchantress.  Though 
first  of  created  beings,  she  is  still  young  and 
beautiful  as  ever. — Persian  Mythology. 

Namou'na,  a  poem  by  Alfred  de  Musset, 


NAMOUS. 

K'amous,  the  envoy  of  Mahomet  in 

paradise. 

NANCY,  servant  to  Mrs.  Pattypan. 
A  pretty  little  flirt,  who  coquets  with  Tim 
Tartlet  and  young  Whimsey,  and  helps 
Charlotte  Whimsey  in  her  "love  affairs." 
—Cobb:  The  First  Floor  {1756-1818). 

Nancy,  a  poor  misguided  girl,  who 
really  loved  the  villain  Bill  Sikes  (i  syL). 
In  spite  of  her  surroundings,  she  had 
still  some  good  feelings,  and  tried  to 
prevent  a  burglary  planned  by  Fagin  and 
his  associates.  Bill  Sikes,  in  a  fit  of 
passion,  struck  her  twice  upon  the  face 
with  the  butt-end  of  a  pistol,  and  she  fell 
dead  at  his  feet. — Dickens:  Oliver  Twist 
(1837). 

Nancy,  the  sailor's  fancy.  At  half- 
past  four  he  parted  from  her  ;  at  eight 
next  morn  he  bade  her  adieu.  Next  day 
a  storm  arose,  and  when  it  lulled  the 
enemy  appeared  ;  but  when  the  fight  was 
hottest,  tiae  jolly  tar  "put  up  a  prayer 
for  Nancy." — Dibdin:  Sea  Songs  (1790). 

Nancy  {Miss),  Mrs.  Anna  Oldfield,  a 
celebrated  actress,  buried  in  Westminster 
Abbey.  She  died  in  1730,  and  lay  in 
state,  attended  by  two  noblemen.  Mrs. 
Oldfield  was  biu-ied  in  a  "very  fine 
Brussels  lace  head-dress,  a  new  pair  of 
kid  gloves,  and  a  robe  with  lace  rufHes 
and  a  lace  collar."    (See  Narcissa.) 

Nancy  Dawson,  a  famous  actress, 
who  took  London  by  storm.  Her  father 
was  a  poster  in  Clare  Market  (1728-1767). 

Her  easy  mien,  her  shape  so  neat, 
She  foots,  she  trips,  she  looks  so  sweet; 
I  die  for  Nancy  Dawson. 

Nancy  Lammeter,  in  George  Eliot's 
(Mrs.  J.  W.  Cross)  novel  oi Silas  Marner. 
She  eventually  marries  Godfrey  Cass 
(1861). 

Nancy  or  Nan  of  the  Vale,  a 

village  maiden,  who  preferred  Strephon 
to  the  gay  lordlings  who  sought  her 
hand  in  marriage. — Shenstone  :  A  Ballad 
(1554). 

Nannie,  Miss  Fleming,  daughter  of 
a  farmer  in  the  parish  of  Tarbolton,  in 
Ayrshire.     Immortalized  by  R.  Burns. 

Nan'tolet,  father  of  Rosalura  and 
V\\\?L-B\Sinc^— Fletcher :  The  \Vild-goose 
Chase  (1652). 

Napoleon  I.,  called  by  the  Germans 
"kaiser  Klas"  [q.v.). 

"M"  is  curiously  coupled  with  the 
history  of  Napoleon  I.  and  III.  (See 
M.,  p.  644.) 


744 


NAPOLEON  III. 


N.B. — The  following  is  a  curious  play 
on  the  word  "  Napoleon  "  : — 

Napolefin  apoleOn  pole6n    ole6n        leOn         e6n 
Napoleon  ApoUyon  cities  destroying  a-lion  goins-aboui 

on  \being\.    That  is— 
Napoleon-ApoUyon  \being\  Is  a  lion  g^ing  about  de- 
stroying cities. 

Davids  Picture  of  Napoleon,  The 
picture  of  Napoleon  galloping  up  the 
Alps  on  a  rampant  war-charger,  is  by 
David.  The  war-horse  is  a  poetical  re- 
presentation of  a  patient  mule  trudging 
wearily  up  the  steep  ascent.  The  cocked 
hat  and  cut-away  coat,  which  the  emperor 
wore  on  gala  days,  are  poetical  repre- 
sentations of  the  fur  cap  pulled  over  his 
ears,  and  the  thick  great  coat,  ' '  close- 
buttoned  to  the  chin,"  during  his  passage 
over  the  mountains. 

Napoleonic  Idolatry  is  called  Chau- 
vinism, from  Chauvin,  in  Charles's  Con- 
scrit  Chauvin. 

Napoleon  III.     His  Nicknames. 

Arenenberg  [Comte  cT).  So  he  called  himself 
after  his  escape  from  the  fortress  of  Ham. 

Badinguet,  the  name  of  the  man  he  shot  in  his 
Boulogne  escapade. 

BOUSTRAPA,  a  compound  of  Bou[logne],  Stra[s- 
bourg],  and  Pa[ris],  the  places  of  his  noted  escapades. 

Conscience  Tranquelle. 

Gkosbec  So  called  from  the  rathei  unusual  size 
of  his  nose. 

Man  of  December.  So  called  because  Decem- 
ber was  his  month  of  glory.  Thus,  he  was  elected 
president  December  ii,  1848;  made  his  coup  eC^tat 
December  2,  1851 ;  and  was  created  emperor  Decem- 
ber 2,  1852. 

Man  of  Sedan  or  Sedantairb.  So  called  be- 
cause at  Sedan  he  surrendered  his  sword  to  the  king 
of  Prussia  (September,  1870).  Also  L'kommt  Sedan- 
(aire. 

MAN  OF  Silence,  because  he  listened  to  what 
others  said,  but  made  few  replies  or  remarks,  as 
whatever  he  said  flew  through  Europe  and  affected 
the  funds. 

RATIPOLE,  same  as  the  West  ot  England  RANTI- 
FOLE,  a  harum-scarum,  half  idiot,  half  madcap.  I 
myself  in  1856  saw  a  man  forbidden  to  remain  a  suigle 
night  in  Paris,  because  he  addressed  his  dog  as  "  Rati- 
pole."    We  were  dining  at  the  same  table. 

The  Little.  Victor  Hugo  gave  him  this  title ; 
but  the  hatred  of  Hugo  to  Napoleon  was  a  mono- 
mania. 

Verhuel,  the  name  of  his  supposed  father. 

(The  prince  unperial  was  called  "  Lulu ;  "  and  prince 
Napoleon  "Plon-Plon,") 

Napoleon's  Number,  The  second  of 
the  month  was  Louis  Napoleon's  day. 
It  was  also  one  of  the  days  of  his  uncle, 
the  other  being  the  fifteenth. 

The  coup  d'itat  was  December  2 ;  he 
was  made  emperor  December  2,  1852 ; 
the  Franco-Prussian  war  opened  at  Saar- 
brQck,  August  2,  1870 ;  he  surrrendered 
his  sword  to  William  of  Prussia,  Septem- 
ber 2,  1870. 

Napoleon  I.  was  crowned  December  2, 
1804 ;  and  the  victory  of  Austerlitz  was 
December  2,  1805. 

Numerical  Curiosities,  i.  1869,  the 
last  year  of  Napoleon's  glory ;  the  next 


NAPOLEON  AND  TALLEYRAND.  745 


NARCISSUS. 


year  was  that  of  his  downfall.  As  a 
matter  of  curiosity,  it  may  be  observed 
that  if  the  day  of  his  birth,  or  the  day  of 
the  empress's  birth,  or  the  date  of  the 
capitulation  of  Paris,  be  added  to  that 
of  the  coronation  of  Napoleon  III,,  the 
result  always  points  to  1869.  Thus,  he 
was  crowned  1852 ;  he  was  born  1808 ; 
the  empress  Eugenie  was  born  1826  ;  the 
capitulation  of  Paris  was  1871.  Whence — 

■859  1859  1853    coronation. 

8 1    birth  of       81  birth  of         81  capitulation 
of  Napoleon.      2jEug<£nie.       jj    of  Paris. 


2.  1870,  the  year  of  his  downfall  By 
adding  the  numerical  values  of  the  birth- 
date  either  of  Napoleon  or  Eugenie  to  the 
date  of  their  marriage,  we  get  their  fatal 
year  of  1870.  Thus,  Napoleon  was  born 
1808  ;  Eugenie,  1826  ;  married,  1853. 

x8S3  1853    year  of  marriage. 

8  \  birth  of 
2  j  Eugenie. 


si  birth  of 
of  Napoleon. 
8' 


1870 

3.  Empereur. 


1870 
The  votes  for  the  presi- 
dent to  be  emperor  were  7,119,791 ;  those 
against  him  were  1,119,000.  If,  now, 
the  numbers  71 1979 i|i  119  be  written  on  a 
piece  of  paper,  and  held  up  to  the  light, 
the  reverse  side  will  show  the  word 
empereur,  (The  dash  is  the  dividing 
mark,  and  forms  the  long  stroke  of  the 
"p.") 
4.   The  French  Revolution,  1794. 

1794    The  Revolution. 


181S    The  battle  of  Waterioo. 


1830    The  Revolution  of  July. 


1842    Death  of  the  due  d  Orlfens. 

(See  Louis  Philippe,  p.  628.) 

Napoleon  and  Talleyrand.  Na- 
poleon I.  one  day  entered  a  roadside  inn, 
and  called  for  breakfast.  There  was 
nothing  in  the  house  but  eggs  and  cider 
(which  Napoleon  detested).  "What 
shall  we  do?"  said  the  emperor  to 
Talleyrand.  In  answer  to  this,  the 
grand  chambellan  improvised  the  rhymes 
following : — 


Le  bon  roi  D^igfobert 
Aimait  !e  bon  vin  au  dessert 

Le  grand  St.  Eloi 

Lui  dit,  "  O  men  roU 

Le  droit  r^uni 

L'a  bien  renchdri." 
••  Eh  bien  I "  lui  dit  le  roi  .  .  . 

But  he  could  get  no  further.  Whereupon 
Napoleon  himself  instantly  capped  the 
hne  thus — 

"  Je  boirai  du  ddre  avec  toi.". 

Chapus:  Diepft,  etc.  {i3s3). 
Our  royal  master  Dagobert 
Good  wine  loved  at  his  dessert. 
But  St.  Eloi 
Once  said,  "  Men  roi. 
We  here  prepare 
No  dainty  fare." 
••  Well,"  cried  the  king,  "  so  let  it  be, 
Cider  to-day  111  drink  with  thee." 

E.  C.  S. 

The  Napoleon  of  the  Drama,  Alfred 
Bunn,  lessee  of  Drury  Lane  Theatre 
(1819-1826)  was  so  called  ;  and  so  was 
Robert  William  EUiston,  his  predecessor 
(1774-1826,  died  1831). 

The  Napoleon  of  Mexico,  the  emperor 
Augusto  Iturbid^  (1784-1824). 

The  Napoleon  of  Oratory,  W.  E.  Glad- 
stone (1809-        ). 

The  Napoleon  of  Peace,  Louis  Philippe 
of  France  (1773,  reigned  1830-1848,  died 
1850). 

Narcissa,  meant  for  Elizabeth  Lee 
(Mrs.  Temple),  the  step-daughter  of  Dr. 
Young.  In  Night  ii.  the  poet  says  she 
was  clandestinely  buried  at  Montpellier, 
because  she  was  a  protestant.  "  Phi- 
lander" is  meant  for  Mrs.  Temple's 
husband. — Dr.  Young:  Night  Thoughts 
(1742-6). 

Narcissa,  Mrs.  Oldfield  the  actress, 
who  insisted  on  being  rouged  and  dressed 
in  Brussels  lace  when  she  was  "  laid  out." 
(See  Nancy,  p.  744.) 

"  Odious  I    In  woollen  t    'T would  a  saint  provoke  1  " 
Were  the  last  words  that  poor  Narcissa  spoke. 
"  No,  let  a  charming  chintz  and  Brussels  lace 
Wrap  my  cold  limbs  and  shade  my  lifeless  face ; 
One  would  not,  sure,  be  frightful  when  one's  dead  ! 
And,  Betty,  give  this  cheek  a  little  red." 

Pope:  Moral  Essays, \.\iTi\). 

Narcissus,  a  flower.  According  to 
Grecian  fable,  Narcissus  fell  in  love  with 
his  own  reflection  in  a  fountain,  and, 
having  pined  away  because  he  could  not 
kiss  it,  was  changed  into  the  flower  which 
bears  his  name. — Ovid  :  Metamorphoses, 
iii.  346,  etc. 

N.B. — Echo  was  in  love  with  Narcissus, 
and  died  of  grief  because  he  would  not 
return  her  love. 

Narcissus  fair, 
As  o'er  the  fabled  fountain  hanging  still. 
Thomson  :   The  Seasons  ("  Spring,"  1738). 

(Gliick,  in  1779,  produced  an  opera 
called  Echo  et  Narcisse.\ 


NARREN-SCHIFF. 


746 


NATURE  AND  ART. 


Narren-Schiff  [''the  ship  of  fools  "), 
a  satirical  poem  in  German,  by  Brandt 
(1491),  lashing  the  follies  and  vices  of 
the  period.  Brandt  makes  knowledge 
of  one's  self  the  beginning  of  wisdom  ; 
maintains  the  equality  of  man  ;  and  speaks 
of  life  as  a  brief  passage  only.  The 
book  at  one  time  enjoyed  unbounded 
popularity. 

Narses  {2  syl.\  a  Roman  general 
against  the  Goths  ;  the  terror  of  children. 

The  name  of  Narses  was  the  formidable  sound  with 
which  the  Assyrian  mothers  were  accustomed  to  terrify 
their  infants.— GiWtf«  /  Decline  and  Fall  o/th<  Roman 
Empire,  vliL  219  (1776-88). 

Narses,  a  domestic  slave  of  Alexius 
Comnenus  emperor  of  Greece. — Sir  IV, 
Scott:  Count  Robert  of  Paris  (time, 
Rufus). 

STasnas,  an  ape  which  the  Arabs 
maintain  was  once  a  human  being.  (See 
Man,  p.  652.) 

Naso,  Ovid  the  Roman  poet,  whose 
full  name  was  Publius  Ovidus  Naso. 
{Naso  means  "  nose.")  Hence  the  pun 
of  Holofernes — 

And  why  Naso,  but  for  smelling  out  the  odoriferous 
jRowers  of  fancy  t— Shakespeare  :  Love's  Labour's  Lost, 
act  iv.  sc.  2  (1594). 

Nathan  tlie  Wise,  the  title  and 
chief  character  of  a  drama  in  verse  by 
Lessing.  The  prototype  of  Nathan  was 
Moses  Mendelssohn. 

Natliaiiiel  {Sir),  the  grotesque  curate 
of  Holofernfis.  Though  grotesque,  he  is 
sharp,  witty,  and  sententious. — Shake- 
speare: Love's  Labour's  Lost  {1594). 

Nathos,  one  of  the  three  sons  of 
Usnoth  lord  of  Etha  (in  Argyllshire), 
made  commander  of  the  Irish  army  at 
the  death  of  CuthuUin.  For  a  time  he 
propped  up  the  fortune  of  the  youthful 
Cormac,  but  the  rebel  Cairbar  increased 
in  strength  and  found  means  to  murder 
the  young  king.  The  army  under  Nathos 
then  deserted  to  the  usurper,  and  Nathos 
with  his  two  brothers  was  obliged  to  quit 
Ireland.  Dar'-Thula,  the  daughter  of 
CoUa,  went  with  them  to  avoid  Cairbar, 
who  persisted  in  offering  her  his  love. 
The  wind  drove  the  vessel  back  to  Ulster, 
where  Cairbar  lay  encamped,  and  the 
three  young  men,  being  overpowered, 
were  slain.  As  for  Dar-Thula,  she  was 
pierced  with  an  arrow,  and  died  also. — 
Ossian:  Dar-Thula. 

Nation  of  Gentlemen  {A).  The 
Scotch  were  so  called  by  George  IV., 
when  he  visited  Scotland  in  1822. 


Nation    of   Shopkeepers.      The 

English  were  so  called  by  Napoleon  I. 

National  Airs.  Four  series,  each 
containing  twelve  lyrics,  or  words  adapted 
to  national  airs  of  divers  nations.  Thus  : 
"A  Temple  to  Friendship"  (series  i.  i) 
is  adapted  to  a  Spanish  air  ;  "  Flow  on, 
thou  Shining  River,"  to  a  Portuguese  air  ; 
"All  that's  Bright  must  fade,"  to  an 
Indian  air  ;  "  Oh,  come  to  me  when  Day- 
light sets,"  to  a  Venetian  air;  "Oft  in 
the  Stilly  Night,"  to  a  Scotch  air.  And 
so  on  through  the  forty-eight  lyrics. 

(These  airs  are  among  the  best  of  Moore's  popular 
•ongs.) 

National    Assemhly.       (i)    The 

French  deputies  which  met  in  the  year 
1789.  The  states-general  was  convened, 
but  the  clergy  and  nobles  refused  to  sit 
in  the  same  chamber  with  the  commons, 
so  the  commons  or  deputies  of  the  tiers 
Hat  withdrew,  constituted  themselves 
into  a  deliberative  body,  and  assumed  the 
name  of  the  Assemblie  Nationale.  (2) 
The  democratic  French  parliament  of 
1848,  consisting  of  900  members  elected 
by  manhood  suffrage,  was  so  called  also. 
National  Convention,  the  French 
parhament  of  1792.  It  consisted  of  721 
members,  but  was  reduced  first  to  500, 
then  to  300.  It  succeeded  the  National 
Assembly. 

Natty  Bumppo,  called  "Leather- 
stocking."  He  appears  in  five  of  F. 
Cooper's  novels:  (i)  The  Deerslayer ; 
(2)  The  Pathfinder;  (3)  "The  Hawk- 
eye,"  in  The  Last  of  the  Mohicans ;  (4) 
"  Leather-stocking  "  in  The  Pioneers  ;  and 
(S)  "The  Trapper,"  in  The  Prairie,  in 
which  he  dies. 

Natural  History  of  Enthusiasm 

[The),  by  Isaac  Taylor  (1829). 

Natural  Theology,  popularly  called 
Paley's  Evidences.  An  attempt  to  prove 
the  existence,  wisdom,  and  omnipotence 
of  God  from  evidences  of  design  in  the 
works  of  nature.  This  book  was  once 
extremely  popular,  but  is  now  partly 
obsolete. 

Nature  abhors  a  Vacuum.    This 

was  an  axiom  of  the  peripatetic  philosophy, 
and  was  repeated  by  Galileo  as  an  ex- 
planation of  the  rise  of  water  for  about 
thirty-two  feet  in  wells,  etc. 

Nature  and  Art,  a  novel  by  Mrs. 
Inchbald  (1796).  (i)  The  two  brothers, 
William  and  Henry  Norwynn,  are  the  op- 
posites  of  each  other  in  fortune  and  disposi- 


NAUSIC\A. 


747 


tion.  (2)  The  fates  of  William  the  seducer 
and  Hannah  whom  he  seduces  are  very 
different ;  William  rises  to  the  judicial 
bench  :  but  Hannah  sinks  into  mfamy. 
The  trial  of  Hannah  is  admirably  told. 

Nausic'aa  (4  jy/.),  daughter  of 
Alcinous  king  of  the  Phoea'cians,  who 
conducted  Ulysses  to  the  court  of  her 
father  when  he  was  shipwrecked  on  the 
coast. 

Nausicaa,  as  she  had  gone  down  through  the 
orchards  and  the  olive  gardens  to  the  sea,  liolding 
the  golden  cruse  of  oil  in  one  hand,  with  her  feet  bare 
so  that  she  might  wade  in  the  waves,  and  in  her  eyes 
the  great  soft  wonder  that  must  have  come  there  when 
Odysseus  awoke. — Ouida:  AriadiU,  i.  lo. 

Navig-ation  [The  Father  of),  don 
Henrique  duke  of  Viseo,  one  of  the 
greatest  men  that  Portugal  has  produced 
(1394-1460). 

The  Father  of  British  Inland  Naviga- 
tion, Francis  Egerton,  duke  of  Bridge- 
w^ter  (1736-1803). 

Naviget  Anticjram  {Horace:  Sat. , 
ii.  3,  166),  Anticyra,  in  Thessaly,  famous 
for  hellebore,  a  remedy  for  madness ; 
hence,  when  a  person  acted  foolishly,  he 
was  told  to  go  to  Anticyra,  as  we  should 
say,  "  to  get  his  simples  cut." 

Naxian  Groves.  Naxos  (now 
Naxia),  an  island  of  the  ^gean  Sea  or 
the  Archipelago,  was  noted  for  its  wines. 

fair  Baccant6s, 
Wild  from  Naxian  groves. 

Lons/ellow  :  Drinki>tg  Song. 

Nesera,  a  fancy  name  used  by  Horace, 
Virgil,  and  Tibullus,  as  a  synonym  of 
sweetheart. 

To  sport  with  Amaryllis  in  the  shade, 
Or  with  the  tangles  of  Neaera's  hair. 

Milton :  Lycttias{i63ff}. 

Nealliny  (4  syL),  a  suttee,  the  young 
widow  of  Ar'valan  son  of  Keha'ma. — 
Southey  :  Curse  of  Kehama,  i.  ii  (1809). 

NeTjuchadnezzar  [Ne-boch-ad-ne- 
Tzar],  in  Russian,  means  "there  is  no 
God  but  the  czar." — Notes  and  Queries 
(July  21,  1877). 

Necessity.  Longfellow,  in  The  Way- 
side Inn  (1863),  says  the  student- 
Quoted  Horace,  where  he  sings 
The  dire  Necessity  of  things. 
That  drives  into  the  roof  sublima 
Of  new-built  houses  of  the  great. 
The  adamantine  nails  of  Fate. 

He  refers  to— 

Si  figit  adamantines 

Summis  verticibus  dira  Necessitas 

Clavos. 

Horace  :  Odes,  3.  24. 

Neck.  Calig'ula  the  Roman  emperor 
used  to  say,  "  Oh  that  the  Roman  people 


NEGUS. 

had  but  one  neck,  that  I  might  cut  it  oflf 
at  a  blow  1 " 

I  love  the  sex,  and  sometimes  would  reverse 
The  tyrant's  wish,  that  "  mankind  only  had 
One  neck,  which  he  with  one  fell  stroke  might  pierce. 
Byron  :  Don  yuan,  vi.  27  (1824). 

Neck  or  Nothingf,  a  farce  by  Gar- 
rick  (1766).  Mr.  StocKwell  promises  to 
give  his  daughter  in  marriage  to  the  son 
of  sir  Harry  Harlowe  of  Dorsetshire, 
with  a  dot  of  _^  10,000;  but  it  so  happens 
that  the  young  man  is  privately  married. 
The  two  servants  of  Mr.  Belford  and  sir 
Harry  Harlowe  try  to  get  possession  of 
the  money,  by  passing  off  Martin  (Bel- 
ford's  servant)  as  sir  Harry's  son  ;  but  it 
so  happens  that  Belford  is  in  love  with 
Miss  Stockwell,  and,  hearing  of  the  plot 
through  Jenny,  the  young  lady's-maid,  he 
arrests  the  two  servants  as  vagabonds. 
Old  Stockwell  gladly  consents  to  his 
marriage  with  Nancy,  and  thinks  himself 
well  out  of  a  terrible  scrape. 

Neckan  {The),  a  water-spirit  who 
married  a  human  bride  whom  he  carried 
to  his  deep-sea  home.  She  soon  regretted 
that  Neckan  was  not  a  Christian  knight, 
so  he  came  to  earth  to  be  baptized  into 
the  Christian  faith.  A  priest  said  to  him, 
' '  Sooner  shall  my  staff  bud  than  Neckan 
go  to  heaven."  The  words  were  scarcely 
uttered  when  the  staff  budded.  "  Ah  ! 
said  Neckan,  "  there  is  mercy  everywhere 
except  in  the  heart  of  a  monk." — Matthew 
Arnold:  The  Neckan  (a  ballad). 

Necta'ba'nus,  the  dwarf  at  the  cell 
of  the  hermit  of  Engaddi. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
The  Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Nectar,  the  beverage  of  the  gods. 
It  was  white  as  creanri,  for  when  HebS 
spilt  some  of  it,  the  white  arch  of  heaven, 
called  the  Milky  Way,  was  made.  The 
food  of  the  gods  was  'ambrosia. 

Ned  {Lying),  "the  chimney-sweeper 
of  Savoy,"  that  is,  the  duke  of  Savoy, 
who  joined  the  allied  army  against  France 
in  the  war  of  the  Spanish  Succession. — 
Dr.  Arbuthnot:  History  of  John  Bull 
(1712). 

NegTo'ni,  a  princess,  the  friend  of 
Lucrezia  di  Borgia.  She  invited  the 
notables  who  had  insulted  the  Borgia  to 
a  banquet,  and  killed  them  with  poisoned 
wine. — Donizetti:  Lucrezia  di  Borgia  (an 
opera,  1834). 

Ne'gpas,  sovereign  of  Abyssinia, 
Erco'co  or  Erquico  on  the  Red  Sea  marks 
the  north-east  boundary  of  this  empire. 

The  empire  of  Negus  to  his  utmost  port, 
Ercoco. 

Milton :  Paradise  Lost,  xL  397  (i66s>. 


NEHEMIAH. 


748 


NEMO. 


Nehemiah  {The  Book  of),  one  of  the 
hisioric  books  of  the  Old  Testament. 
Ezra  had  been  appointed  governor  of 
Judasa,  and  this  book  tells  us  what  he  did 
during  his  rule  of  about  thirty  years. 

Nehemiah  Holdenong'li,  a  pres- 

byterian  preacher. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Wood- 
stock (time,  Commonwealth). 

Neilson  {Mr.  Christoplier),  a  surgeon 
al  Glasgow.— 5 zV  W.  Scott:  Rob  Roy 
(time,  George  I.). 

Neibelxmg^en   Lied.     (See  Nibe- 

LUNGEN    .    .    .) 

Neim'lieid  (2  syl.)  employed  four 
architects  to  build  him  a  palace  in 
Ireland ;  and,  that  they  might  not  build 
another  like  it  or  superior  to  it  for  some 
other  monarch,  had  them  all  secretly  put 
to  death. — 0' Halloran  :  History  of  Ire- 
land. 

^  A  similar  story  is  told  of  Ndman- 
al-A6uar  king  of  Hirah,  who  employed 
Senna'mar  to  build  him  a  palace.  When 
finished,  he  cast  the  architect  headlong 
from  the  highest  tower,  to  prevent  his 
building  another  to  rival  it. — D'Herbelot: 
Biblioiheque  Orientale  (1697). 

Nekayah,  sister  of  Rasselas  prince  of 
Abyssinia.  She  escapes  with  her  brother 
from  the  "happy  valley,"  and  wanders 
about  with  him  to  find  what  condition  or 
rank  of  life  is  the  most  happy.  After 
roaming  for  a  time,  and  finding  no  con- 
dition of  life  free  from  its  drawbacks,  the 
brother  and  sister  resolve  to  return  to  the 
"happy  valley." — Dr.  Johnson :  Rasselas 
{1759)- 

Nell,  the  meek  and  obedient  wife  of 
Jobson  ;  taught  by  the  strap  to  know 
who  was  lord  and  master.  Lady  Love- 
rule  was  the  imperious,  headstrong  bride 
of  sir  John  Loverule.  The  two  women, 
by  a  magical  hocus-pocus,  were  changed 
for  a  time,  without  any  of  the  four  know- 
ing it.  Lady  Loverule  was  placed  with 
Jobson,  who  soon  brought  down  her  tur- 
bulent temper  with  the  strap,  and  when 
she  was  reduced  to  submission,  the  two 
women  were  restored  again  to  their  re- 
spective husbands.— Co^7  .■  The  Devil  to 
Pay  (1731)- 

The  merit  of  Mrs.  Clive  [1711-1785]  as  an  actress 
first  showed  itself  in  "NeU"'  the  cobbler's  wife.— 
T.  Davits. 

^Nell  {Little)  or  Nelly  Trent,  a 
sweet,  innocent,  loving  child  of  14  sum- 
mers, brought  up  by  her  old  miserly 
grandfather,  who  gambled  away  all  his 


money.  Her  days  were  monotonous  and 
without  youthful  companionship,  her 
evenings  gloomy  and  solitary  ;  there  were 
no  child-sympathies  In  her  dreary  home, 
but  dejection,  despondence  akin  to  mad- 
ness, watchfulness,  suspicion,  and  im- 
becility. The  grandfather  being  wholly 
ruined  by  gaming,  the  two  went  forth  as 
beggars,  and  ultimately  settled  down  in 
a  cottage  adjoining  a  country  churchyard. 
Here  Nelly  died,  and  the  old  grandfather 
soon  afterwards  was  found  dead  upon  her 
grave.  — Dickens  :  The  Old  Curiosity  Shop 
(1840). 

*.•  The  solution  of  the  grandfather's 
story  is  given  in  ch.  Ixix. 

Nelly,  the  servant-girl  of  Mrs.  Din- 
mont. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Guy  Mannering 
(time,  George  H.). 

Nelson.  The  Death  of  Nelson.  The 
words  are  by  S.  J.  Arnold  (not  Dr. 
Samuel  Arnold),  and  the  music  by 
Braham. 

Nelson's  Ship,  the  Victory. 

Now  from  the  fleet  of  the  foemen  past 

Ahead  of  the  Victory, 
A  four-decked  ship,  with  a  flagless  mast. 

An  Anak  of  the  sea. 
His  gaze  on  the  ship  lord  Nelson  cast ; 

'•  Oh,  oh  1  my  old  friend  1 "  quoth  he. 
"  Since  again  we  have  met,  we  must  all  be  glad 
To  pay  our  respects  to  the  Trinidad." 
So,  fuU  on  the  bow  of  the  giant  foe, 

Our  gallant  Victory  runs  ; 
Thro'  the  dark'ning  smoke  the  thunder  broke 

O'er  her  deck  from  a  hundred  guns. 

Lord  Lytton  :  Ode,  iii.  9  (1839). 

Nem'ean  Lion,  a  lion  of  Argfilis, 
slain  by  Herculgs. 

In  this  word  Shakespeare  has  pre- 
served the  correct  accent :  "As  hardy  as 
the  Nem'ean  lion's  nerve  "  {Hamlet,  act  i. 
sc.  5) ;  but  Spenser  incorrectly  throws 
the  accent  on  the  second  syllable,  which 
is  e  short :  "  Into  the  great  Neme'an 
lion's  grove  "  {Faerie  Queene,  v,  i). 

Ere  Nemga's  boast  resigned  his  shaggy  spoils. 
StaHus  :  The  Thebaid,  L 

Nem'esis,  the  Greek  personification 
of  retribution,  or  that  punishment  for 
sin  which  sooner  or  later  overtakes  the 
offender. 

.  .  .  and  some  great  Nemesis 
Break  from  a  darkened  future. 

Tennyson  :  The  Princess,  yl.  (1847). 

Ne'mo,  the  name  by  which  captain 
Hawdon  was  known  at  Krook's.  He  had 
once  won  the  love  of  the  future  lady 
Dedlock,  by  whom  he  had  a  child  called 
Esther  Summerson  ;  but  he  was  compelled 
to  copy  law-writings  for  daily  bread,  and 
died  a  miserable  death  from  an  overdose 
of  opium. — Dickens  :  Bleak  House  (1852). 


NEPENTHE. 

Wepen'the  (3  syl.)  or  Nepenthes,  a 
care-dispelling  dnig,  which  Polydamna, 
wife  of  Tho'nis  king  of  Egypt  gave  to 
Helen  (daughter  of  Jove  and  Leda).  A 
drink  containing  this  drug  "  changed 
grief  to  mirth,  melancholy  to  joyfulness, 
and  hatred  to  love,"  The  water  of  Ar- 
denne  had  the  opposite  effects.  Homer 
mentions  the  drug  nepenthS  in  his 
Odyssey,  iv.  228. 

That  nepenthes  which  the  wife  of  Thone 
In  Egypt  gav«  to  Jove-born  Helena. 

jXfMon  :  Cemus,  673  (1634). 


749 


NESSUS'S  SHIRT. 


Nepenthd  U  a  drink  of  sovereign  grace, 

Devis*d  by  the  gods  for  to  assuage 
Heart's  grief,  and  Ditter  gall  away  to  chase 


Which  stirs  up  anger  and  contentious  ragfej 
Instead  thereof  sweet  peace  and  quietago 

It  doth  establish  in  the  troubled  mind  .  .  . 

And  such  as  drink,  eternal  happiness  do  find. 

Spenser:  Fairie  Queene,  iv.  2(1396). 

Nepli'elo-Coccyg"'ia,  the  cloudland 
of  air  castles.  The  word  means  "  cuckoo 
cloudland."  The  city  of  Nephelo-Coccygia 
was  built  by  cuckoos  and  gulls,  and  was 
so  fortified  by  clouds  that  the  gods  could 
not  meddle  with  the  affairs  of  its  in- 
habitants.— Aristophanes :  The  Birds. 

'.'  The  name  occurs  also  in  Lucian's 
l^era  Histories. 

Without  flying  to  Nephelo-Coccygia,  or  to  the  court 
of  queen  Mab,  we  can  meet  with  sharpers,  bullies,  .  .  . 
impudent  debauchees,  and  women  worthy  of  such  par- 
amours.— Macaulay. 

Nep'omuk  or  Nepo'mnck  {St. 
John),  canon  of  Prague.  He  was  thrown 
from  a  bridge  in  1381,  and  drowned  by 
order  of  king  Wenceslaus,  because  he 
refused  to  betray  the  secrets  confided  to 
him  by  the  queen  in  the  holy  rite  of  con- 
fession. The  spot  whence  he  was  cast 
into  the  Moldau  is  still  marked  by  a 
cross  with  five  stars  on  the  parapet,  in- 
dicative of  the  miraculous  flames  seen 
flickering  over  the  dead  body  for  three 
days.  Nepomuk  was  canonized  in  1729, 
and  became  the  patron  saint  of  bridges. 
His  statue  in  stone  usually  occupies  a 
similar  position  on  bridges  as  it  does  at 
Prague. 

Like  St.  John  Nep'omuck  In  stone. 
Looking  down  into  the  stream. 

Lon)i/eUcrw  :  The  Golden  Legend  (iSgi). 

(The  word  is  often  accented  on  the 
second  syllable.) 

Neptune  [Old  Father^  the  ocean  or 
sea-god. 

Nerestan,  son  of  Gul  Lusignan 
D'Outremer  king  of  Jerusalem,  and 
brother  of  Zara.  Nerestan  was  sent  on 
his  parole  to  France,  to  obtain  ransom  for 
certain  Christians  who  had  fallen  into 
the  hands  of  the  Saracens.  When  Osman, 
the  sultan,  was  informed  of  his  relation- 


ship to  Zara,  he  ordered  all  Christfan 
captives  to  be  at  once  liberated  "  without 
money  and  without  price." — Hill:  Zara 
(adapted  from  Voltaire's  tragedy). 

Ne'rena  (2  syl.),  father  of  the  water- 
nymphs.  A  very  old  prophetic  god  of 
great  kindliness.  The  scalp,  chin,  and 
breast  of  Nereus  were  covered  with  sea- 
weed instead  of  hair. 

By  hoary  Ndreus'  wrinkled  look. 

Milton  ;  C»mus,  871  (1834). 

Neri'ne,    Doto,    and     Nys6,    the 

three  nereids  who  guarded  the  fleet  of 
Vasco  da  Gama.  When  the  treachercui 
pilot  had  run  Vasco's  ship  upon  a  sunken 
rock,  these  three  sea-nymphs  lifted  up 
the  prow  and  turned  it  round. 

The  lovely  Nysi  and  Nerin*  spring 
With  all  the  vehemence  and  speed  of  wing. 
Catnoiiis  :  Lusiad,  il.  (1569). 

Nerissa,  the  clever  confidential  wait- 
ing-woman of  Portia  the  Venetian  heiress. 
Nerissa  is  the  counterfeit  of  her  mistress, 
with  a  fair  share  of  the  lady's  elegance 
and  wit.  She  marries  Gratiano  a  friend 
of  the  merchant  Anthonio. — Shakespeare: 
The  Merchant  of  Venice  (1698). 

Nero,  a  Roman  emperor.  A  name 
synonymous  with  tyranny,  persecution, 
and  wickedness  (37,  54-68). 

Nero's  Friend.  When  all  the  statues 
of  Nero  were  thrown  down  by  order  of  the 
senate,  some  unknown  friend  strewed  the 
grave  with  violets. 

The  Nero  of  the  North,  Christian  II. 
of  Denmark  (1480,  reigned  1534-1558, 
died  1559). 

Nesle  {Blondel  de),  the  favourite 
minstrel  of  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion 
[Nesle  =A>^/].— ^/>  W.  Scott:  The 
Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Nesstis's  Shirt.  Nessos  (in  Latin, 
Nesms)  the  centaur  carried  the  wife  of 
Hercules  over  a  river,  and,  attempting  to 
run  away  with  her,  was  shot  by  Hercules. 
As  the  centaur  was  dying,  he  told  De'f- 
ani'ra  (5  syl.)  that  if  she  steeped  in  his 
blood  her  husband's  shirt,  she  would 
secure  his  love  for  ever.  This  she  did, 
but  when  Hercules  put  the  shirt  on,  his 
body  suffered  such  agony,  that  he  rushed 
to  mount  CEta,  collected  together  a  pile  of 
wood,  set  it  on  fire,  and,  rushing  into  the 
midst  of  the  flames,  was  burnt  to  death. 

1[  When  Creusa  (3  syl.),  the  daughter  of 
king  Creon,  was  about  to  be  married  to 
Jason,  Medea  sent  her  a  splendid  wedding 
robe  ;  but  when  Creusa  put  it  on,  she  was 
burnt  to  death  in  excruciating  pain. 


NESTOR- 

IF  Morgan  le  Fay,  hoping  to  kill  king 
Arthur,  sent  him  a  superb  royal  robe. 
Arthur  told  the  messenger  to  try  it  on, 
that  he  might  see  its  effect ;  but  no 
sooner  had  the  messenger  done  so,  than 
he  dropped  down  dead,  "burnt  to  mere 
coaX."  Sir  T.  Malory:  History  of  Prince 
Arthur,  \.  75  (1470). 

Eros,  ho !  the  shirt  of  Nessus  is  upon  me  [/./.  /  am 

in  agony\ 
Shakcsfiare:  Antony  and  Cleopatra,  act  iv.  sc.  10  (1608). 

Nestor  (^),  a  wise  old  man,  Nestor 
of  Pylos  was  the  oldest  and  most  ex- 
perienced of  all  the  Greek  chieftains  who 
went  to  the  siege  of  Troy. — Homer:  Iliad, 

Nestor  of  the  Chemical  Rero- 
lutiou.  Dr.  Black  is  so  called  by 
Lavoisier  {1728-1799}. 

Nestor  of  Europe,  Leopold  king 
of  Belgium  (1790,  1831-1865). 

Neulia,  a  native  of  Toobouai,  one  of 
the  Society  Islands.  It  was  at  Too- 
bouai that  the  mutineers  of  the  Bounty 
landed,  and  Torquil  married  Neuha. 
When  a  vessel  was  sent  to  capture  the 
mutineers,  Neuha  conducted  Torquil  to  a 
secret  cave,  where  they  lay  perdu  till  all 
danger  was  over,  when  they  returned  to 
their  island  home. — Byron  :  The  Island. 

(The  character  of  Neuha  is  given  in 
canto  ii.  7.) 

Never  {Synonyms  for). 

Ob  the  Greek  Kalends.     (There  are  no  Greek  A'a- 

lends.)    When  the  Spanish  ambassador  announced  in 

Latin  the  terms  on  which  queen  Elizabeth  might  hope 

to  avert  the  threatened  invasion,  her  majesty  replied— 

Ad  Graecas,  bone  rex,  fient  mandata  calendas. 

On  St.  Tibs's  eve.     (There  is  no  such  saint  as  Tibs.) 

On  the  31st  of  June,  1897  (ox  any  other  impossible ' 

date). 

At  latter  Lammas.     (There  is  no  such  time.)    Fuller 
thus  renders  the  speecli  of  the  Spanish  ambassador— 
These  to  you  are  our  commands ; 
Send  no  help  to  th'  Netherlands; 
Of  the  treasure  ta'en  by  Drake 
Restitution  vou  must  make  ; 
And  those  abbeys  build  anew 
Which  your  father  overthrew. 
Tfc«  queen's  reply- 
Worthy  king,  know  this :  Your  will 
At  latter  Lammas  we'll  fulfil. 
On  the  year  of  the  coronation  of  Napoleon  III, 
In  the  reign  of  queen  Dick. 
Once  in  a  blue  moon. 
Svhen  two  Sundays  meet. 
When  the  Yellow  River  runs  clear  (Chinese). 
In  that  memorable  week  which  had  three  Thursdays. 
•^Rabelais  :  Panta^'ruel,  ii.  r. 

The  year  when  the  middle  of  August  was  in  May.— 
Rabelais:  Pantag'rutl,  ii.  i. 

The  year  of  the  great  medlars,  three  of  which  would 
fill  a  hv^1i\(t\.— Rabelais  :  Pantag'ruel,  ii.  i. 

At  the  coming  of  the  Cocklicranes  (3  syl.).—-Rtibt- 
lais:  Gar^antiia,  49. 
Cnm  mullis  aliis. 

Nevers  [Comte  de),  to  whom  Valen- 
ti'na   (daughter  of  the  governor  of  the 


750 


NEW  TIMOM. 


Louvre)  was  affianced,  and  whom  she 
married  in  a  fit  of  jealousy.  The  count 
having  been  shot  in  the  Bartholomew 
slaughter,  Valentina  married  Raoul  [Rawl] 
her  first  love,  but  both  were  killed  by  a 
party  of  musketeers  commanded  by  the 
governor  of  the  Louvre. — Meyerbeer: 
Les  Huguenots  (opera,  1836). 

N.B, — The  duke  [not  count']  de  Nevers, 
being  asked  by  the  governor  of  the 
Louvre  to  join  in  the  Bartholomew  Mas- 
sacre, replied  that  his  family  contained 
a  long  list  of  warriors,  but  not  one 
assassin. 

Neville  {Major),  an  assumed  name 
of  lord  Geraldin,  son  of  the  earl  of 
Geraldin,  He  first  appears  as  Mr. 
William  LoveU. 

Mr.  Geraldin  Neville,  uncle  to  lord 
Geraldin,— 5ir  W.  Scott:  The  Antiquary 
(time,  George  III.). 

Neville  {Miss),  the  friend  and  con- 
fidante  of  Miss  Hardcastle,  A  handsome 
coquettish  girl,  destined  by  Mrs,  Hard- 
castle for  her  son  Tony  Lumpkin,  but 
Tony  did  not  care  for  her,  and  she 
dearly  loved  Mr.  Hastings  ;  so  Hastings 
and  Tony  plotted  together  to  outwit 
madam,  and  of  course  won  the  day. — 
Goldsmith:  She  Stoops  to  Conquer  {1773). 

Neville  {Sir  Henry),  chamberlain  of 
Richard  Coeur  de  Lion. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
The  Talisman  (time,  Richard  I, ). 

New  Atlantis  {The),  an  imaginary 
island  in  the  middle  of  the  Atlantic. 
Bacon,  in  his  allegorical  fiction  so  called, 
supposes  himself  wrecked  on  this  island, 
where  he  finds  an  association  for  the 
cultivation  of  natural  science  and  the 
promotion  of  arts. — Bacon:  The  New 
Atlantis  (1626). 

'.'  Called  the  New  Atlantis  to  dis- 
tinguish it  from  Plato's  Atlantis,  an 
imaginary  island  of  fabulous  charms. 

New  Bath  Guide  ( The),  a  series  of 

letters  in  verse,  describing  the  life  at  Bath. 

Full  of  wit  and  humour,  and  abounding 

in  odd  rhymes,  by  Christopher  Anstey 

-  (1760). 

New  Timon  (  The),  a.  politico-satirical 
poem  by  lord  Lytton  (1845),  containing 
several  sketches  of  the  men  of  the  time. 
Tennyson's  poetry  he  calls — 

A  jingling  medley  of  purloined  conceits, 
Out-babymg  Wordsworth,  and  out-glittering  Keats. 

(Tennyson  replied,  but  there  is  too 
much  personality  in  his  rejoinder.  Thus 
he  speaks  of  Lytton  wearing  stays,  curUng 


NEW  WAY  TO  PAY  OLD  DEBTS.    75«  NEW^GATE  FASHION. 


his  hair,  priding  himself  on  his  spotless 
shirts,  dapper  boots,  and  dainty  hands. 
No  doubt  he  was  extremely  vain,  but  he 
was  a  man  of  considerable  talent.) 

New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts,  a 
drama  by  Philip  Massinger  (1625). 
Wellborn,  the  nephew  of  sir  Giles  Over- 
reach, having  run  through  his  fortune 
and  got  into  debt,  induces  lady  AUworlh, 
out  of  respect  and  gratitude  to  his  father, 
to  give  him  countenance.  This  induces 
sir  Giles  to  suppose  that  his  nephew  was 
about  to  marry  the  wealthy  dowager. 
Feeling  convinced  that  he  will  then  be 
able  to  swindle  him  of  all  the  dowager's 
property,  as  he  had  ousted  him  out  of 
his  paternal  estates,  sir  Giles  pays  his 
nephew's  debts,  and  supplies  him  liberally 
with  ready  money,  to  bring  about  the 
marriage  as  soon  as  possible.  Having 
paid  Wellbom's  debts,  the  overreaching 
old  man  is  compelled,  through  the 
treachery  of  his  clerk,  to  restore  the 
estates  also,  for  the  deeds  of  conveyance 
are  found  to  be  only  blank  sheets  of 
parchment,  the  writing  having  been 
erased  by  some  chemical  acids. 

New  Zealander.  It  is  Macaulay 
who  said  the  time  might  come  when 
some  "New  Zealand  artist  shall,  in  the 
midst  of  a  vast  solitude,  take  his  stand  on 
a  broken  arch  of  Lxjndon  bridge  to  sketch 
the  ruins  of  St.  Paul's." 

• .  •  Shelley  was  before  Macaulay  in  the 
same  conceit.  (See  Dedication  of  PeUr 
Bell  the  Third.) 

Newcastle  {The  duchess  of),  in  the 
court  of  Charles  II.— Sir  W.  Scott: 
Peverilofthe  Peak  (time,  Charles  I.). 

Newcastle  {The  marquis  of),  a 
royalist  in  the  service  of  Charles  I. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  Legend  of  Montrose  (time, 
Charles!.). 

Newcastle  Apothecary  ( The),  Mr. 
Bolus  of  Newcastle  used  to  write  his  pre- 
scriptions in  rhyme.  A  bottle  bearing  the 
couplet,  "When  taken  to  be  well  shaken," 
was  sent  to  a  patient,  and  when  Bolus 
called  next  day  to  inquire  about  its  effect, 
John  told  the  apothecary  his  master  was 
dead.  The  fact  is,  John  had  shaken  the 
sick  man  instead  of  the  bottle,  and  had 
shaken  the  life  out  of  yxxxn.—Colman. 

Newcome  [Clemency],  about  30  years 
old,  with  a  plump  and  cheerful  face,  but 
twisted  into  a  tightness  that  made  it 
comical.  Her  gait  was  very  homely,  her 
Umbs  seemed  all  odd  ones;  her  shoes 


were  so  self-willed  that  they  never 
wanted  to  go  where  her  feet  went.  She 
wore  blue  stockings,  a  printed  gown  of 
hideous  pattern  and  many  colours,  and  a 
white  apron.  Her  sleeves  were  short, 
her  elbows  always  grazed,  her  cap  any- 
where but  in  tlie  right  place ;  but  she 
was  scrupulously  clean,  and  "  maintained 
a  kind  of  dislocated  tidiness."  S|ie 
carried  in  her  pocket  "a  handkerchief, 
a  piece  of  wax-candle,  an  apple,  an 
orange,  a  lucky  penny,  a  cramp-bone, 
a  padlock,  a  pair  of  scissors,  a  handful 
of  loose  beads,  several  balls  of  worsted 
and  cotton,  a  needle-case,  a  collection 
of  curl-papers,  a  biscuit,  a  thimble,  a 
nutmeg-grater,  and  a  few  miscellaneous 
articles."  Clemency  Newcome  married 
Benjamin  Britain,  her  fellow-servant  at 
Dr.  Jeddler's,  and  opened  a  country 
inn  called  the  Nutmeg-Grater,  a  cozy, 
well-to-do  place  as  any  one  could  wish  to 
see,  and  there  were  few  married  people 
so  well  assorted  as  Clemency  and  Ben 
Britain.— Z>iV-^<?«j.-  The  Battle  of  Life 
(1846). 

Newcome  {Sir  Barnes),  the  beau- 
ideal  of  nineteenth-century  woi  Idliness. 

Clive  Newcome,  the  hero  of  Thackeray's 
novel.  The  Newcomes.  An  artist,  in  love 
with  Ethel  Newcome,  his  cousin,  whom 
he  marries  as  his  second  wife. 

Colonel  Newcome,  a  widower,  dis- 
tinguished for  the  moral  beauty  of  his 
life.  He  loses  his  money  and  enters  the 
Charter  House. 

Ethel  Newcome,  both  clever  'and  good. 
She  is  the  niece  of  colonel  Newcome,  and 
loves  her  cousin  Clive,  who  returns  her 
affection.  —  Thackeray  :     The    Newcomes 

(1855)- 

{The  Newcomes  is  one  of  the  best  of 
Thackeray's  novels.) 

Newcome  {Johnny),  any  raw  youth 
when  he  first  enters  the  army  or  navy. 

Newgate  FasMon  {To  March), 
two  and  two,  as  the  prisoners  were  at  one 
time  conveyed  to  Newgate  two  and  two 
together. 

Falstaff.  Must  we  all  march  T 
Bardolph.  Yea,  two  and  two,  Newgate  fashion. 
Shakespeare  :  Henry  ly.  act  iiu  so.  3  (iS97>. 

Newgate  Fringe,  a  beard  worn  only 
under  the  chin,  as  the  hangman's  rope  is 
fastened  round  the  neck  of  those  about  to 
be  hanged.  Sometimes  called  the  New- 
gate Frill,  and  sometimes  the  Tyburn 
Collar. 

The  Newgate  Knocker,  a  lock  of  hair 
worn  especially  by  costermongers,  twisted 


NEWLAND. 


752 


NIBELUNGEN  LIED. 


towards  the  ear.  It  is  supposed  to  re- 
mind one  of  the  knocker  on  the  prison 
door  of  Newgate.  The  cow-lick  is  a  curl 
worn  on  the  temples. 

Newland  {Abraham),  one  of  the 
governors  of  the  Bank  of  England,  to 
whom,  in  the  early  part  of  the  nineteenth 
century,  all  Bank  of  England  notes  were 
made  payable.  A  bank-note  was  called 
an  "Abraham  Newland  ; "  and  hence  the 
popular  song,  "I've  often  heard  say, sham 
Ab'ram  you  may,  but  must  not  sham 
Abraham  Newland." 

Trees  are  notes  issued  from  the  bank  of  nature,  and 
as  current  as  those  payable  to  Abraham  Newland.— 
Cohnan :  The  Potir  Gentleman,  i.  z  (1802). 

Newspapers  ( The  Oldest), 

Stamford  Mercury,  1695.  The  editor 
says  that  No.  6833,  July  7,  1826,  means 
that  the  paper  had  arrived  at  the  6833rd 
week  of  issue,  or  the  131st  year  of  its 
existence. 

Nottingham  Journal,  17 10. 

Northampton  Mercury,  1720. 

Gloucester  Journal,  1722. 

• . '  Chalmers  says  that  the  first  English 
newspaper  was  called  the  English 
Mercury,  1588 ;  but  Mr.  Watts  has 
proved  that  the  papers  so  called,  now 
in  the  British  Museum,  are  forgeries, 
because  they  bear  the  paper-mark  of 
George  I.  The  English  Mercuries  consist 
of  seven  distinct  articles,  tliree  printed, 
and  four  in  MS. 

Newton. 

Newton  .  .  .  declared,  with  all  his  grrand  discoveries 

recent, 
That  he  himself  felt  only  "  like  a  youth 
Picking  up  shells  by  the  great  ocean,  truth." 

Byron  :  Don  yuan,  vii.  J  (1824). 

Newton  discovered  the  prismatic  colours 
of  lightj  and  explained  the  phenomenon 
by  the  emission  theory.  This  theory  is 
not  now  accepted  ;  the  wave  theory  of 
Dr.  Young  has  superseded  it. 

Nature  and  Nature's  laws  lay  hid  in  night. 
God  said,  "  Let  Newton  be  ;  "  and  all  was  light. 
Pcfe:  EJ>ita/>h,  intended  for  Newton's  Monument  in 
Westminster  Abbey  (1727). 

Newton  is  called  by  Campbell  "The 
Priest  oi  l^aXMXQ."— Pleasures  of  Hope,  i. 
(1799)- 

Newton  and  the  Apple.  It  is 
said  that  Newton  was  standing  in  his 
mother's  garden  at  Woolsthorpe,  Lincoln- 
shire, in  the  year  1665,  when  an  apple 
fell  from  a  tree  and  set  him  thinking. 
From  this  incident  he  ultimately  de- 
vekaped  his  theory  of  gravitation. 

Wlien  Newton  saw  an  apple  fall,  he  found, 
In  that  slight  startle  from  his  contemplation,  ,  .  . 
A  mode  of  proving  that  the  earth  turned  round. 
In  a  most  nat,ural  whirl  called  gravitation. 

Byron :  Don  yuan,  x.  i  (1824). 


Newton's  mother  had  married  the  Rev.  B.  Smith, 
and  had  returned  to  the  manor-house  of  Woolsthorpe, 
where  Newton  was  bom.  Mr.  Conduit,  who  succeeaed 
Newton  at  the  Mint,  was  the  husband  of  Catherine 
Barton,  jfranddaughter  of  Mrs.  Smith  (Newton's 
mother). 

Newton  and  his  Dog.  One  winter's 
morning,  while  attending  early  service  in 
Trinity  College,  Newton  inadvertently 
left  his  dog  Diamond  shut  up  in  his 
room.  On  returning  from  chapel,  he 
found  that  the  little  pet  had  upset  the 
candle  on  his  table,  and  several  important 
papers  were  burnt.  On  perceiving  this 
irreparable  loss,  he  exclaimed,  "  Oh, 
Diamond,  Diamond,  thou  little  knowest 
the  mischief  thou  hast  done  1 " — Diffusion 
of  Useful  Knowledge  ("  Life  of  Newton," 
p.  26,  coL  2), 

IF  When  Ainsworth  was  finishing  the 
letter  "S"  of  his  Latin  Dictionary,  his 
wife,  in  a  pet,  threw  the  whole  manuscript 
of  the  dictionary  into  the  fire,  but  by 
marvellous  perseverance  he  set  to  work 
at  once  to  repair  the  loss. 

When  Mr.  Ainsworth  was  engaged  in  the  laborious 
work  of  his  Dictionary  of  the  Latin  Language,  and  had 
reached  the  letter  "  S,"  his  wife  in  a  fit  of  ilTnature  . .  . 
committed  the  whole  MS.  to  the  flames  ...  the  per- 
severing industry  of  Ainsworth  repaired  the  loss  .  .  . 
by  his  assiduous  mAMSfcy.—Cyclopadia  of  Literary 
and  Scientific  Anecdote  (Griffin  and  Co.). 

Nibelunfif,  a  mythical  king  of  Nibe- 
lungenland  {Norway).  He  had  twelve 
paladins,  all  giants.  Siegfried  [Sege- 
freed\  prince  of  the  Netherlands,  slew 
the  giants,  and  made  Nibelungenland 
tributary, — Nibelungen  Lied,  iii.  {1210). 

Nibelnngen  Hoard,  a  mythical 
mass  of  gold  and  precious  stones,  which 
Siegfried  \Sege-freed\  prince  of  the 
Netherlands,  took  from  Nibelungenland 
and  gave  to  his  v*afe  as  a  dowry.  The 
hoard  filled  thirty-six  waggons.  After 
the  murder  of  Siegfried,  Hagan  seized 
the  hoard,  and,  for  concealment,  sank  it 
in  the  "Rhine  at  Lockham,"  intending 
to  recover  it  at  a  future  period,  but 
Hagan  was  assassinated,  and  the  hoard 
was  lost  for  ever. — Nibelungen  Lied,  xix. 

Nibelungen  Lied  [Ne.by-lung.'n 
leed\  the  German  Iliad  (1210),  It  is 
divided  into  two  parts,  and  thirty-two 
lieds  or  cantos.  The  first  part  ends  with 
the  death  of  Siegfried,  and  the  second 
part  with  the  death  of  Kriemhild, 

Siegfried,  the  youngest  of  the  kings 
of  the  Netherlands,  went  to  Worms, 
to  crave  the  hand  of  Kriemhild  in 
marriage.  While  he  was  staying  with 
Giinther  king  of  Burgundy  (the  lady's 
brother),  he  assisted  him  to  obtain  in 
marriage    Brunhild    queen    of    Issland, 


NIBELUNGEN  NOT. 


753 


NICHOLAS. 


who  announced  publicly  that  he  only 
should  be  her  husband  who  could  beat 
her  in  hurling  a  spear,  throwing  a  huge 
stone,  and  in  leaping,  Siegfried,  who 
possessed  a  cloak  of  invisibility,  aided 
Giinther  in  these  three  contests,  and 
Brunhild  became  his  wife.  In  return  for 
these  sen'ices,  Giinther  gave  Siegfried  his 
sister  Krierahild  in  marriage.  After  a 
time,  the  bride  and  bridegroom  went  to 
risit  Giinther,  when  the  two  ladies  dis- 
puted about  the  relative  merits  of  their 
respective  husbands,  and  Kriemhild,  to 
exalt  Siegfried,  boasted  that  Giinther 
owed  to  him  his  victories  and  his  wife. 
Brunhild,  in  great  anger,  now  employed 
Hagan  to  murder  Siegfried,  and  this  he 
did  by  stabbing  him  in  the  back  while 
he  was  drinking  from  a  brook. 

Thirteen  years  elapsed,  and  the  widow 
married  Etzel  king  of  the  Huns,  After 
a  time,  she  invited  Brunhild  and  Hagan 
to  a  visit,  Hagan,  in  this  visit,  killed 
Etzel's  young  son,  and  Kriemhild  was 
like  a  fury.  A  battle  ensued,  in  which 
Giinther  and  Hagan  were  made  prisoners, 
and  Kriemhild  cut  off  both  their  heads 
with  .her  own  hand,  Hildebrand,  hor- 
rified at  this  act  of  blood,  slew  Kriemhild ; 
and  so  the  poem  ends, — Authors  un- 
known (but  the  story  was  pieced  together 
by  the  minnesingers). 

• .  •  The  Volsunga  Saga  is  the  Icelandic 
version  of  the  Nibelungen  Lied.  This 
saga  has  been  translated  into  English  by 
William  Morris, 

The  Nibelungen  Lied  has  been  ascribed 
to  Heinrich  von  Oftendingen,  a  minne- 
singer; but  it  certainly  existed  before 
that  epoch,  if  not  as  a  complete  whole, 
in  separate  lays,  and  all  that  Heinrich 
von  Oftendingen  could  have  done  was  to 
collect  the  floating  lays,  connect  them, 
and  form  them  into  a  complete  story. 

F.  A,  Wolf,  in  1795,  wrote  a  learned 
book  to  prove  that  Homer  did  for  the 
Iliad  and  Odyssey  what  Oftendingen  did 
for  the  Nibelungen  Lied. 

The  Nibelungen  Lied  was  translated 
into  English  verse  (12-syl.)  by  Lettsom, 
in  1850.  Richard  Wagner  composed,  in 
1850,  an  opera  called  Die  Niebelungen. 

Nibelungen  Not,  the  second  part 
of  the  Nibelungen  Lied,  containing  the 
marriage  of  Kriemhild  with  Etzel,  the 
visit  of  the  Burgundians  to  the  court  of 
the  Hun,  and  the  death  of  Giinther, 
Hagan,  Kriemhild,  and  others.  This  part 
contains  eighty-three  four-line  stanzas 
more  than  the  first  part.    The  number  of 


lines  in  the  two  parts  is  9836;  so  that 
the  poem  is  almost  as  long  as  Milton's 
Paradise  Lost.  >• 

Nibelungf^ffs,  whoever  possessed  the 
Nibelungen  hoard.  When  it  was  in  Nor- 
way, the  Norwegians  were  so  called  :  when 
Siegfried  [Sege-freei]  got  possession  of  it, 
the  Netherlanders  were  so  called ;  and 
when  the  hoard  was  removed  to  Bur- 
gundy, the  Burgundians  were  the 
Nibelungers. 

Nic.  Progf,  the  Dutch,  as  a  nation ; 
as  the  English  are  called  John  Bull. — Dr. 
Arbuthnot :  History  of  John  Bull  (1712). 

Nica'nor,  "  the  Protospathaire,"  a 
Greek  general— 5i>  W.  Scott:  Count 
Robert  of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Niee  {.Sir  Courtly),  the  chief  character 
and  title  of  a  drama  by  Croune  (1685). 

NICHOLAS,  a  poor  scholar,  who 
boarded  with  John,  a  rich  old  miserly 
carpenter.  The  poor  scholar  fell  in  love 
with  Alison,  his  landlord's  young  wife, 
who  joined  him  in  duping  the  foolish  old 
carpenter.  Nicholas  told  John  that  such 
a  rain  would  fall  on  the  ensuing  Monday 
as  would  drown  every  one  in  ' '  less  than 
an  hour  ; "  and  he  persuaded  the  old  fool 
to  provide  three  large  tubs,  one  for  him- 
self, one  for  his  wife,  and  the  other  for 
his  lodger.  In  these  tubs,  said  Nicholas, 
they  would  be  saved  ;  and  when  the  flood 
abated,  they  would  then  be  lords  and 
masters  of  the  whole  earth.  A  few  hours 
before  the  time  of  the  "  flood,"  the  old 
carpenter  went  to  the  top  chamber  of  his 
house  to  repeat  his  pater  nosters.  He  fell 
asleep  over  his  prayers,  and  was  roused 
by  the  cry  of  "Water!  water!  Help! 
help  1  "  Supposing  the  rain  had  come, 
he  jumped  into  his  tub,  and  was  let  down 
by  Nicholas  and  Alison  into  the  street. 
A  crowd  soon  assembled,  were  delighted 
at  the  joke,  and  pronounced  the  old  man 
an  idiot  and  fool. — Chaucer:  Canterbury 
Tales  ("The  Miller's  Tale,"  1388). 

Nicholas,  the  barber  of  the  village  in 
which  don  Quixote  lived. — Cervantes: 
Don  Quixote,  I.  (1605). 

Nicholas  [Brother),  a  monk  at  Si. 
Mary's  Convent.— 5t>  W.  Scott:  The 
Monastery  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Nicholas  (5/.),  patron  saint  of  boys, 
parish  clerks,  sailors,  thieves,  and  of 
Aberdeen,  Russia,  etc. 

Nicholas  [St.).  The  legend  is,  that 
an  angel  told  him  a  certain  father  was  so 


NICHOLAS  NICKLEBY. 

poor  that  he  was  about  to  raise  money  by 
the  prostitution  of  his  three  daughters. 
On  hearing  this,  St.  Nicholas  threw  in  at 
the  cottage  window  thre^ags  of  money, 
sufficient  to  portion  off  each  of  the  three 
damsels. 

The^rift 
Of  Nicholas,  which  on  the  maidens  he 
Bounteous  bestowed,  to  save  their  youthful  prim* 
Unblemished. 

DattU  :  Pursatory,  xx.  (1308). 

Nicholas  Nickleby,  the  title  and 
chief  character  of  a  novel  by  C.  Dickens 
(1838).  Nicholas  Nickleby  is  the  son  of 
a  poor  country  gentleman,  and  has  to 
make  his  own  way  in  the  world.  He 
first  gbes  as  usher  to  Mr.  Squeers, 
schoolmaster  at  Dotheboys  Hall,  in 
Yorkshire  ;  but  leaves  in  disgust  with  the 
tyranny  of  Squeers  and  his  wife,  espe- 
cially to  a  poor  boy  named  Smike.  Smike 
runs  away  from  the  school  to  follow 
Nicholas,  and  remains  his  humble 
follower  till  death.  At  Portsmouth, 
Nicholas  joins  the  theatrical  company  of 
Mr.  Crummies,  but  leaves  the  profession 
for  other  adventures.  He  falls  in  with 
the  brothers  Cherryble,  who  make  him 
their  clerk ;  and  in  this  post  he  rises  to 
become  a  merchant,  and  ultimately  mar- 
ries Madeline  Bray. 

Mrs.  Nickleby,  mother  of  Nicholas,  and 
a  widow.  She  is  an  enormous  talker, 
fond  of  telling  long  stories  with  no  con- 
nection. Mrs.  Nickleby  is  a  weak,  vain 
woman,  who  imagines  an  idiot  neighbour 
is  in  love  with  her  because  he  tosses  cab- 
bages and  other  articles  over  the  garden 
wall.  In  conversation,  Mrs.  Nickleby 
rides  off  from  the  main  point  at  every 
word  suggestive  of  some  new  idea.  As  a 
specimen  of  her  sequence  of  ideas,  take 
the  following  example  :  "  The  name 
began  with  '  B '  and  ended  with  '  g,'  I  am 
sure.  Perhaps  it  was  Waters  "  (ch.  xxi.). 
(See  also  Aircastle,  p.  17.) 

"  The  original  of  '  Mrs.  Nickleby,' "  says  John 
Forster,  "  was  the  mother  of  Charles  Dickens." — Lift 
0/ Dickens,  iii.  8. 

Kate  Nickleby,  sister  of  Nicholas ; 
beautiful,  pure-minded,  and  loving.  Kate 
works  hard  to  assist  in  the  expenses  of 
housekeeping,  but  shuns  every  attempt  of 
Ralph  and  others  to  allure  her  from  the 
path  of  virgin  innocence.  She  ultimately 
marries  Frank,  the  nephew  of  the 
Cheeryble  brothers. 

Ralph  Nickleby,  of  Golden  Square 
(London),  uncle  to  Nicholas  and  Kate. 
A  hard,  grasping  money-broker,  with  no 
ambition  but  the  love  of  saving,  no  spirit 
beyond  the  thirst  of  gold,  and  no  principle 


754  NIDHOGG. 

except  that  of  fleecing  every  one  who 
comes  into  his  power.  This  villain  is  the 
father  of  Smike,  and  ultimately  hangs 
himself,  because  he  loses  money,  and 
sees  his  schemes  one  after  another  burst 
into  thin  air. — Dickens:  Nicholas  Nickleby 
(1838). 

Nicholas  of  the  Tower  {The), 
the  duke  of  Exeter,  constable  of  the 
Tower. 

He  was  encountered  with  a  shippe  of  warre  apper- 
teinynj  to  the  duke  of  Exeter,  the  constable  of  th« 
Towre  of  London,  called  T}u  Nicholas  «/  Ou  Towre. 
—Hall:  Chrenicle  (1542). 

Nicholas's  Clerks,  highwaymen  ; 
so  _  called  by  a  pun  on  the  phrase  Old 
Nick  and  St.  Nicholas  who  presided  over 
scholars. 

I  think  yonder  come,  prancing  down  the  hill  from 
Kingston,  a  couple  of  St.  Nicholas's  clerks.— /f^wAry  ; 
MaUk  at  Midnisht  (1633}. 

St.  Nicholas's  Clerks,  scholars ;  so 
called  because  St.  Nicholas  was  the 
patron  of  scholars.  The  statutes  of 
Paul's  School  require  the  scholars  to 
attend  divine  service  on  St.  Nicholas's 
'Day.— Knight :  Life  of  Dean  Colet,  36a 
(1726). 

Nickie-Ben,  a  familiar  Scotch  name 
for  the  devil.  (See  Burns's  Address  to 
theDeil.\ 

Nicneven,  a  gigantic  malignant  hag 
of  Scotch  superstition. 

(Dunbar,  the  Scotch  poet,  describes 
her  in  his  Flyting  of  Dunbar  and 
Kennedy,  1508.) 

Nicode'mus,  one  of  the  servants  of 
general  Harrison. — Sir  W.Scott:  Wood- 
stock (time.  Commonwealth). 

Nicodemus'd  into  Nothing;  i.e. 
the  prospects  of  one's  life  being  spoiled 
by  a  silly  name.  "  Give  a  dog  a  bad  name 
and  hang  him."  (The  evil  influence  of  a 
silly  name  on  the  bearer  of  it. ) 

How  many  Caesars  and  Pompeys  ...  by  mere  in- 
spiration of  the  names,  have  Dean  made  worthy  of 
them  1  and  how  many  .  .  .  might  have  done  .  .  .  well 
.  .  .  had  they  not  been  Nicodemus'd  into  nothing  !— 
Sterne  :  Tristram  Shandy,  vol.  i.  19. 

Nicol,  Anglo-Norman  for  Lincoln. 

The  eight  counties  0/ Lincoln— 

Nichole  e  Hamton  [h'orthatnptOH\ 
Hereford  [Heri/odcf]  e  Huntedune, 
Leicestre  e  Bedefurd, 
Buckinham  e  Oxneiford. 

Gaimar:  Lestorie  des  Engles. 

Nicole  (2  syl.),  a  female  servant  of 
M.  Jourdain,  who  sees  the  folly  of  her 
master,  and  exposes  it  in  a  natural  and 
amusing  manner.  — Moliire  :  Le  Bourgeois 
Gentilhomme  (1670). 

Nidhbgg,  the  dragon  or  adder  that 


NIFLHEIM. 

gnaws  the  fabled  ash  tree  yggdrasil  {^.v.) 
in  old  Scandinavian  mythology. 

Niflheim,  the  region  of  cold  and 
darkness  into  which  one  of  the  roots  of 
the  ash  tree  yggdrasil  (^.v.)  descends. — 
Scandinavian  Alythology. 

Nigfel.  (See  Fortunes  of  Nigel, 
p.  387.) 

Niglit  or  Noz.  So  Tennyson  calls 
sir  Peread,  the  Black  Knight  of  the  Black 
Lands,  one  of  the  four  brothers  who  kept 
the  passages  to  Castle  Perilous.  —  Tenny- 
son :  Idylls  of  the  King  ( ' '  Gareth  and 
Lynette");  sir  T.  Malory:  History  of 
Prince  Arthur,  i,  126  {1470). 

Night  and  Mominif,  a  novel  by 
lord  Lytton  (1841). 

Night  Side  of  Nature  [The),  a 
collection  of  ghost  stories  by  Mrs,  Crowe 
(1848). 

Night  Thonghts,  a  series  of  poems 
in  blank  verse  by  Dr.  Young.  The  first 
eight  books  were  published  in  1742,  the 
ninth  book  in  1745. 

Nizht  1,  on  Life,  Death,  and  Immortality, 
NisM  2,  on  Time,  Death,  and  Friendship. 
Night  z.  Narcissa. 
Night  4,  The  Christian  Triumph. 
Night  s.  The  Relapse. 

Nights  6  and  7,  The  Infidel  reclaimed  (i'«  ^ Parts). 
Night  i.  Virtue's  apoloffy,  or  the  Man  of  the  World 
answered. 
Night  9,  Consolations. 

The  great  defect  of  the  Night  Thoughts 
is  the  want  of  continuity.  The  nine 
nights  are  full  of  detached  bursts  of 
passion  and  poetic  fancy,  but  even 
Lorenzo  excites  in  us  no  interest.  There 
is  plenty  of  epigram,  some  pathos,  much 
emotion,  and  several  fine  reflections  ;  but 
the  book  should  not  be  read  through  at 
once,  or  it  would  pall  the  appetite.  I 
know  of  no  book  more  fitted  for  ' '  select 
beauties  "  and  judicious  extracts. 

Nightingale  ( The).  It  is  said  that 
this  bird  is  unknown  in  Wales,  Ireland, 
and  Scotland  ;  that  it  does  not  visit  Corn- 
wall, nor  even  the  west  of  Devon. 

The  Arcadian  Nightingale,  an  ass. 

The  Cambridgeshire  Nightingale,  the 
edible  frog,  once  common  in  the  fen 
district;  also  called  the  "Whaddon 
organ." 

The  Fen  Nightingale,  the  edible  frog. 

The  Italian  Nightingale,  Angelica 
Catala'ni ;  also  called  * '  The  Queen  of 
Song"  (1782-1849). 

The  Liege  Nightingale,  the  edible  frog. 

The  Swedish  Nightingale,  Jenny  Lind, 


7SS  NIMUE. 

afterwards  Mme.  Goldschmidt.  She  ap- 
peared in  London  1847,  and  retired  1851 
(1821-1886). 

The  Nightingale  of  Wittenberg.  Martin 
Luther  is  so  called  by  Sachs,  one  of  the 
minnesingers  (1483-1546). 

Nightingale    and   the    Lntist. 

The  tale  is  that  a  lute-master  challenged 
a  nightingale  in  song.  The  bird,  after 
sustaining  the  contest  for  some  time, 
feeling  itself  outdone,  fell  on  the  lute,  and 
died  broken-hearted. 

•.•  This  tale  is  from  the  Latin  of 
Strada,  translated  by  Richard  Crashaw, 
and  called  Music's  Duel  (1650).  It  is 
most  beautifully  told  by  John  Ford,  in 
his  drama  entitled  The  Lover's  Melan^ 
choly,  where  Men'aphon  is  supposed  to 
tell  it  to  Ame'thus  (1628). 

Nightingale  and  the  Thorn. 

As  it  fell  upon  a  day 
In  the  merry  month  of  May, 
Sitting  in  a  pleasant  shade 
Which  a  grrove  of  mvrtles  made- 
Beasts  did  leap,  and  birds  did  sing-. 
Trees  did  grow,  and  plants  did  spring, 
Everything  did  banish  moan, 
Save  the  nightingale  alone  ; 
She,  poor  bird,  as  all  forlorn, 
Leaned  her  breast  up-till  a  thorn. 
Barnfield  :  Address  to  the  Nightingale  (iS94). 
So  Philomel,  perched  on  an  aspen  sprig. 
Weeps  all  the  night  her  lost  virginity, 
And  sings  her  sad  tale  to  the  merrj'  twig, 
That  dances  at  such  joyful  mysery. 
Ne  ever  lets  sweet  rest  invade  her  eye. 
But  leaning  on  a  thorn  her  dainty  chest. 
For  fear  soft  sleep  should  steal  into  her  breast, 
Expresses  in  her  song  grief  not  to  be  expressed. 
G.  Fletcher :  Chrisfs  Triumph  over  Death  (1610). 
The  nightingale  that  sings  with  the  deep  thorn 
Which  fable  places  in  her  breast. 

Byron  :  Don  Juan,  yi.  87  (1824). 

Nightmare  of  ZInrope  [The), 
Napoleon  Bonaparte  (1769,  reigned  1804- 
1814,  died  1821). 

Nightshade  [Deadly).  We  are  told 
that  the  berries  of  this  plant  so  intoxi- 
cated the  soldiers  of  Sweno  the  Danish 
king,  that  they  became  an  easy  prey  to 
the  Scotch,  who  cut  them  to  pieces. 

•.•  Called  "deadly,"  not  from  its 
poisonous  qualities,  but  because  it  was 
used  at  one  time  for  blackening  the  eyes 
in  mourning. 

Nihil.  Ex  nihilo  nihil  fit  ("  Nothing 
can  come  out  of  nothing  ").  The  axiom 
of  Xenoph'an6s  (4  syl.),  founder  of  the 
Eleatic  school. 

Nimrod,  pseudonym  of  Charles  James 
Apperley,  author  of  The  Chase,  The  Road, 
The  Turf  [i77j-x^^2)- 

Nim'ue,  a  "  damsel  of  the  lake,"  who 
cajoled  Merlin  in  his  dotage  to  tell  her 


NINA-THOMA. 

the  secret  "  whereby  he  could  be  rendered 
powerless  ; "  and  then,  like  Delilah,  she 
overpowered  him,  by  "confining  him 
under  a  stone." 

Then  after  these  quests,  Merlin  fell  In  a  dotage  on 
.  .  .  one  of  the  damsels  of  the  lake,  hight  Niinue,  and 
Merlin  would  let  her  have  no  rest,  but  always  he  would 
be  with  her  in  every  place.  And  she  made  him  good 
cheer  till  she  had  learned  of  him  what  she  desired.  .  .  . 
And  Merlin  shewed  to  hei  in  a  rock,  whereas  was  a 
great  wonder  .  .  .  which  went  under  a  stone.  So  by 
hei  subtle  craft,  she  made  Merlin  go  under  that  stone 
,  .  ,  and  he  never  came  out,  for  all  the  craft  that  he 
could  Ao.— Malory:  History  o/  Prince  Arthur,  u  60 
(1470)- 

Without  doubt  the  name  Nimue  is  a 
clerical  error  for  Nineve  or  Ninive.  It 
occurs  only  once  in  the  three  volumes. 
(See  Nineve.) 

N,B. — Tennyson  makes  Vivien  the 
seductive  betrayer  of  Merlin,  and  says 
she  enclosed  him  "in  the  four  walls  of  a 
hollow  tower ;  "  but  the  History  says 
"  Nimue  put  him  under  the  stone  "  (pt.  i. 
60). 

Nina-Thoma,  daughter  of  Tor- 
Thoma  (chief  of  one  of  the  Scandinavian 
islands).  She  eloped  with  Uthal  (son  of 
Larthmor  a  petty  king  of  Berrathon,  a 
neighbouring  island);  but  Uthal  soon 
tired  of  her,  and,  having  fixed  his  affec- 
tions on  another,  confined  her  in  a  desert 
island.  Uthal,  who  had  also  dethroned 
his  father,  was  slain  in  single  combat  by 
Ossian,  who  had  come  to  restore  the 
deposed  monarch  to  his  throne.  When 
Nina-Thoma  heard  of  .her  husband's 
death,  she  languished  and  died,  "for, 
though  most  cruelly  entreated,  her  love  for 
Uthal  was  not  abated." — Ossian:  Berra- 
thon. 

Nine.  "It  is  by  nines  that  Eastern 
presents  are  given,  when  they  would 
extend  their  magnificence  to  the  highest 
degree."  Thus,  when  Dakianos  wished 
to  ingratiate  himself  with  the  shah — 

He  caused  himself  to  be  preceded  by  nine  superb 
camels.  The  first  was  loaded  with  nine  suits  of  gold 
adorned  with  jewels ;  the  second  bore  nine  sabres,  the 
hilts  and  scabbards  of  which  were  adorned  with  dia- 
monds ;  upon  the  third  camel  were  nine  suits  of 
armour;  the  fourth  had  nine  suits  of  horse  furniture  ; 
the  fifth  had  nine  cases  full  of  sapphires  ;  the  sixth  had 
nine  cases  full  of  rubies;  the  seventh  nine  cases  full  of 
emeralds ;  the  eighth  had  nine  cases  full  of  amethysts  ; 
and  the  ninth  had  nine  cases  full  of  diamonds.— Cow/^ 
tU  Caylus  :  Oriental  Tales  ("  Dakianos  and  the  Seven 
Sleepers,"  1743). 

Nine  Gods  ( The)  of  the  Etruscans : 
Juno,  Minerva,  and  Tin'ia  [the  three 
chief).  The  other  six  were  Vulcan, 
Mars,  Saturn,  Hercules,  Summa'nus,  and 
Vedius.     (See  Novensiles,  p.  763.) 

Lars  Por'sJna  of  Clusiura. 

By  the  nine  gods  he  swore 
That  the  great  house  of  Tarqutn 

Should  suffer  wrong  no  more. 


756  NINEVE. 

By  the  nine  gods  he  swore  It, 
And  n^med  a  trysting  day  .  ,  . 
To  summon  his  array. 

Macaulay  :  Lays  ef  AnHfnt  Ronu 
("  Horatius,"  i.,  1842;. 

Nine  Orders  of  Angels  {The): 
(i)  Seraphim,  (2)  Cherubim  {in  the  first 
circle)  ;  (3)  Thrones,  (4)  Dominions  {in 
the  second  circle) ;  (5)  Virtues,  (6)  Powers, 

(7)  Principalities,    (8")     Archangels,    (9) 
Angels  {in  the  third  circle). 

In  heaven  above 

The  effulgent  bands  in  triple  circles  move. 

Tasso  :  yerusalem  Delivered,  xi.  13  (1575). 

Novem  veroangelorumordinesdicimus;  .  .  .  scimus 

(i)   Angelos,   (2)  Archangelos,  (3)  Virtutes,  (4)  Potes- 

tates,   (s)  Principatus,  (6)  Dominationes,  (7)  Thronos, 

(8)  Cherubim,    (9)    Seraphim.— Gr<^o»>;   Homily,  34 
(A.D.  381). 

Nine  Planets  ( The) :  Mercury, 
Venus,  the  Earth,  Mars,  the  Planetoid's, 
Jupiter,  Saturn,  Uranus,  and  Neptune. 

' .  •  According  to  the  Ptolemaic  system, 
there  are  only  seven  planets,  or,  more 
strictly  speaking,  "  planetary  heavens," 
viz.  the  Moon,  Mercury,  Venus,  the  Sun, 
Mars,  Jupiter,  and  Saturn.  Beyond  these 
were  three  other  spheres,  that  of  the  fixed 
stars,  the  primum  mobile,  and  the  em- 
pyrean. This  is  the  system  Dantfi  follows 
in  his  Paradise. 

Nine  Worthies  ( The).  Three  were 
pagans:  Hector,  Alexander,  and  Julius 
Cassar.  Three  were  Jews :  Joshua, 
David,  and  Judas  Maccabasus.  Three 
were  Christians:  Arthur,  Charlemagne, 
and  Godfrey  of  Bouillon. 

Nine  Worthies  (privy  councillors  to 
William  III.).  Four  were  Whig<; : 
Devonshire,  Dorset,  Monmouth,  and 
Edward  Russell.  Five  were  Tories : 
Caermarthen,  Pembroke,  Nottingham, 
Marlborough,  and  Lowther. 

Nine  Worthies  of  London  ( The) : 
sir  William  Walworth,  sir  Henry  Prit- 
chard,  sir  William  Sevenoke,  sir  Thomas 
White,  sir  John  Bonham,  Christopher 
Croker,  sir  John  Hawkwood,  sir  Hugh 
Caverley,  and  sir  Henry  Maleverer. 

(The  chronicles  of  these  nine  worthies 
are  written  in  prose  and  verse  by  Richard 
Johnson  (1592),  author  of  The  Seven 
Champions  of  Christendom. ) 

Nineteenth  Century  {The),  a 
monthly  periodical  started  in  1877, 

Nineve  (2  syl. ),  the  Lady  of  the  Lake, 
in  Arthurian  romance. 

Then  the  Lady  of  the  Lake,  that  was  always  friendly 
unto  Icing  Arthur,  understood  by  her  subtle  crafts  that 
he  was  lilce  to  have  been  destroyed  ;  and  so  the  Lady 
of  the  Lake,  that  hight  Nineve,  came  into  the  forest  to 
seek  sir  Launcelot  du  Lake.— 5ir  T,  Malory :  History 
Iff  Prince  Arthur,  v.  57(1470)= 


NINEVEH. 


757 


NO  ONE. 


•.*  This  name  occurs  three  times  in  the 
Morte  d' Arthur — once  as  "  Nimue,"  once 
as  "  Nineve,"  and  once  as  "Ninive," 
Probably  "Nimue"  [q.v.)  is  a  clerical 
error,  as  we  also  find  Nynyue. 

Nineveli  {The  Fall  of),  an  historic 
poem  by  Edwin  Atherstone,  in  thirty 
books.  Six  were  published  in  1825, 
seven  more  in  1830,  and  the  rest  in  1847. 

Ninon  de  Lenclos,  a  beautiful 
Parisian,  rich,  spirituelle,  and  an  atheist, 
who  abandoned  herself  to  epicurean  in- 
dulgence, and  preserved  her  charms  to  a 
very  advanced  age.  Ninon  de  Lenclos 
renounced  marriage,  and  had  numberless 
lovers.  Her  house  was  the  rendezvous 
of  all  the  most  illustrious  persons  of  the 
period,  as  Moli^re,  St.  Evremont,  Fonte- 
nelle,  Voltaire,  and  so  on  (1615-1705). 

Some  never  grow 
Ugly;  for  Instance,  Ninon  de  Lenclos. 

Byron  :  Don  yuan,  v.  98  (i?ao). 

Niobe  {Ne^-o-by],  the  beau-ideal  of 
grief.  After  losing  her  twelve  children, 
she  was  changed  into  a  stone,  from  which 
ran  water. 

•.•  The  group  of  "Niobe  and  her 
Children  in  Florence,"  discovered  at 
Rome  in  1583,  was  the  work  either  of 
Praxit'el6s  or  Scopas. 

She  followed  my  poor  father's  body, 
Like  Niob6,  all  tears. 

Shakespeare :  Hamlet,  act  1.  sc.  2  (1596). 

Niolie  of  Nations  ( The).  Rome  is 
so  called  by  Byron. — Childe  Harold,  iv. 
79  {1817). 

Nipha'tes  (3  syl. ),  a  mountain  on  the 
borders  of  Mesopotamia.  It  was  on  this 
mountain  that  Satan  lighted  when  he 
came  from  the  sun  to  visit  our  earth. 

.  .  .  toward  the  coast  of  earth  beneath, 
Down  from  the  ecliptic,  sped  with  hoped  success  .  .  . 
Nor  stayed  till  on  Niphates'  top  he  lights. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  iii.  739,  etc.  (1665). 

Nipper  {Susan),  generally  called 
"  Spitfire,"  from  her  snappish  disposition. 
She  was  the  nurse  of  Florence  Bombay, 
to  whom  she  was  much  attached.  Susan 
Nipper  married  Mr.  Toots  (after  he  had 
got  over  his  infatuation  for  Florence). 

Susan  Nipper  says,  "  I  may  wish  to  take  a  voyage  to 
Chaney,  but  I  mayn't  know  how  to  leave  the  London 
Docks." — Dickens  :  Dombey  and  Son  (1846). 

Nippotate  (4  syl.),  "  a  live  lion 
stuffed  with  straw,"  exhibited  in  a  raree- 
show.  So  called  from  the  body  of  a  tame 
hedgehog  exhibited  by  Old  Harry,  a 
notorious  character  in  London  at  the 
beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century  (died 
1710). 


Of  monsters  stranger  than  can  he  expressed. 
There's  Nippotatd  lies  amongst  the  rest. 

Sutton  NicholU. 

Niqnee  \Ne-kay'\,  the  sister  of  Anas- 
terax,  with  whom  she  lived  in  incest. 
The  fairy  Zorphee  was  her  godmother, 
and  enchanted  her,  in  order  to  break  off 
this  connection. —  Vasco  de  Lobeira  : 
Amadis  de  Gaul  (thirteenth  century). 

Nisroch  {Nh'-rok'],  "  of  principalities 
the  prince."  A  god  of  the  Assyrians. 
In  the  book  of  Kings  the  "  Seventy  "  call 
him  "  Meserach,"  and  in  Isaiah  "  Nasa- 
rach."  Joseph.us  calls  him  "  Arask^s." 
One  of  the  rebel  angels  in  Milton's 
Paradise  Lost. 

Sense  of  pleasure  we  may  well 
Spare  out  of  life,  perhaps,  and  not  repine. 
But  live  content,  which  is  the  calmest  life  j 
But  pain  is  perfect  misery,  the  worst 
Of  evils,  and,  excessive,  overturns 
All  patience. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  vi.  459,  etc.  (1665). 

Nirva'na,  elemental  ens,  abstract 
existence,  that  is  existence  stripped  of 
will,  passion,  pleasure,  pain,  etc.  Life  is 
not  nirvana,  because  life  is  a  compound  ; 
and  death  is  not  nirvana,  but  death  is  the 
cessation  of  existence. 

NisTis  and  Eury'alns,  an  episode 
in  Virgil's  Ain'eid.  They  were  two  young 
Trojans  who  accompanied  yEneas  from 
Troy,  and  won  great  distinction  in  the 
war  with  Turnus.  They  entered  the 
enemy's  camp  at  dead  of  night,  but,  being 
detected  by  the  Rutulians,  Eury'alns  was 
slain,  and  Nisus  (trying  to  save  his  friend) 
perished  also  (bk.  ix.). 

(This  is  given  as  an  example  of  friend- 
ship, q.v.) 

Nit,  one  of  the  attendants  of  queen 
Mab. 

Hop,  and  Mop,  and  Drap  so  clear. 


Pip,  and  Trip,  and  Skip,  that  were 
"'  ■     heir  I 
spec 
Fib,  and  Tib,  and  Pinck,  and  Pin, 


To  Mab  their  sovereign  dear- 
Her  special  maids  of  honour. 


Tick,  and  Quick,  and  Jill,  and  Jin, 

Tit,  and  .\it,  and  Wap,  and  Win— 

The  train  that  wait  upon  her. 

Drayton :  Nymphidia  (1563-1631). 

Nixon  {ChristaPj,  agent  to  Mr. 
Edward  Redgauntlet  the  Jacobite. — Sir 
W.   Scott:    Redgauntlet    (time,    George 

Nixon  [Martha),  the  old  nurse  of  the 
earl  of  Oxford.— 5?>  IV.  Scott:  Anne  of 
Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

No  Cross  no  Crown,  a  discourse 
by  W.  Penn,  written  in  prison  (1669). 
(See  Prison  Literature.) 

No  One  {Ccesar  or).    Julius    Caesar 


NO  SONG  NO  SUPPER. 

said,  "Aut  Caesar  aut  nuUuS."  And 
again,  "  I  would  sooner  be  first  in  a 
village  than  second  at  Rome," 

Milton  makes  Satan  say,  ' '  Better  to 
reign  in  hell  than  serve  in  heaven." 

Jonathan  Wild  used  to  say,  "  I'd  rather 
stand  on  the  top  of  a  dunghill  than  at  the 
bottom  of  a  hill  in  paradise." 

Tennyson  says,  "All  in  all  or  not  at 
all." — Idylls  ("  Vivien  "). 

"Six  thrice  or  three  dice"  (aces  were 
called  dice,  and  did  not  count). 

No  Song  no  Supper,  a  musical 
drama  by  Prince  Hoare,  F.S.A.  (1790). 
Crop  the  farmer  has  married  a  second 
wife  called  Dorothy,  who  has  an  amiable 
weakness  for  a  rascally  lawyer  named 
Endless.  During  the  absence  of  her 
husband,  Dorothy  provides  a  supper  for 
Endless,  consisting  of  roast  lamb  and  a 
cake  ;  but  just  as  the  lawyer  sits  down  to 
it,  Crop,  with  Margaretla,  knocks  at  the 
door.  Endless  is  concealed  in  a  sack,  and 
the  supper  is  carried  away.  Presently, 
Robin  the  sweetheart  of  Margaretta 
arrives,  and  Crop  regrets  there  is  nothing 
but  bread  and  cheese  to  offer  him.  Mar- 
garetta now  volunteers  a  song,  the  first 
verse  of  which  tells  Crop  there  is  roast 
lamb  in  the  house,  which  is  accordingly 
produced  ;  the  second  verse  tells  him 
there  is  a  cake,  which  is  produced  also ; 
and  the  third  verse  tells  him  that  Endless 
is  concealed  in  a  sack.  Had  there  been 
no  song  there  would  have  been  no  supper, 
but  the  song  produced  the  roast  lamb  and 
new  cake. 

No  Thoroughfare,  a  Christmas 
tale  by  Dickens  and  Collins,  in  All  the. 
Year  Round  {xZd-j).  Dramatized  by  the 
authors. 

Noah's  Flood,  a  poem  by  Drayton 
(1627). 

Noah's  Raven.  (For  a  remarkable 
parallel,  see  Raven.) 

Noah's  Wife,  WMla  (3  syl),  who 
endeavoured  to  persuade  the  people  that 
her  husband  was  distraught. 

The  wife  of  Noah  \_lVdXla\  and  the  wife  of  Lot 
[lVdhela\  were  both  unbelievers  .  ,  .  and  deceived 
their  husbands  ,  .  .  and  it  shall  be  said  to  them  at  the 
last  day,  "  Enter  ye  into  hell  fire." — Sale  :  Al  Kordn, 
Ixvi. 

Nobhs,  the  horse  of  "Dr.  Dove  of 
Doncaster. " — Southey  :  The  Doctor  (1834). 

Noble  [The),  Charles  III.  of  Navarre 
(1361,  1387-1425). 

Soliman,  Tclielibi,  the  Turk  (died 
1410). 


758  NON  MI  RICORDO. 

• .  •  Khosrou  or  Chosroes  I.  was  called 
"  The  Noble  Soul  "  (*,  531-579). 

Noctes  (2  syl. ),  a  series  of  seventy-one 
hypothetical  conversations  contributed  to 
Blackwood^ s  Magazine  between  1822  and 
1835.  About  half  were  by  professor 
Wilson.  The  conversations  were  supposed 
to  take  place  in  the  ' '  blue  parlour "  of 
an  inn,  kept  by  one  Ambrose,  and  hence 
were  called  A'bt/ej  Ambrosiance. 

Nodel,  the  lion,  in  the  beast-epic 
called  Reynard  the  Fox.  Nodel,  the  lion, 
represents  the  regal  element  of  Germany  ; 
Isengrin,  the  wolf,  represents  the  baronial 
element ;  and  Reynard,  the  fox,  the 
Church  element  (1498). 

Noel  [Eusebe),  schoolmaster  of  Bout 
du  Monde.  "His  clothes  are  old  and 
worn,  and  his  manner  vacant  "  (act  i.  2). — 
Stirling:  The  Gold- Mine  or  Miller  of 
Grenoble  (1854), 

Noggs  [Newman),  Ralph  Nickleby's 
clerk.  A  tall  man  of  middle  age,  with 
two  goggle  eyes  (one  of  which  was  fixed), 
a  rubicund  nose,  a  cadaverous  lace,  and 
a  suit  of  clothes  decidedly  the  worse  for 
wear.  He  had  the  gift  of  distorting  and 
cracking  his  finger-joints.  This  kind- 
hearted,  dilapidated  fellow  "kept  his 
hunter  and  hounds  once, "  but  ran  through 
his  fortune.  He  discovered  a  plot  of  old 
Ralph,  which  he  confided  to  the  Cheeryble 
brothers,  who  frustrated  it  and  then  pro- 
vided for  Newman. — Dickens:  Nicholas 
Nickleby  (1838). 

Ncko'mis,  mother  of  Weno'nah,  and 
grandmother  of  Hiawatha.  Nikomis  was 
the  daughter  of  the  Moon.  While  she 
was  swinging  one  day,  some  of  her  com- 
panions, out  of  jealousy,  cut  the  ropes, 
arid  she  fell  to  earth  in  a  meadow.  The 
same  night  her  first  child,  a  daughter, 
was  born,  and  was  named  Wenonah. 

There  among  the  ferns  ana  mosses  ,  .  . 
Fair  Noltoniis  bore  a  daughter, 
And  she  called  her  name  Wenonah. 

Longfellow  ;  Hiawatha,  ill,  (1855). 

Non  Mi  Ricordo,  the  usual  reply 
of  the  Italian  courier  and  other  Itahan 
witnesses  when  on  examination  at  the  trial 
of  queen  Charlotte  (the  wife  of  George 
IV,),  in  1820, 

The  Italian  witnesses  often  created  amusement, 
when  under  examination,  by  the  frequent  answer, 
"Non  mi  ricordo."— Cassell's  History  0/  England. 
VII.  iv,  16  (1863). 

IF  "  Lord  Flint,"  in  Such  Things  Are, 
by  Mrs.  Inchbald  (1786),  when  asked  a 
question  he  wished  to  evade,  used  to  reply. 


NONACRIS'  STREAM. 


7'?9NORNA  OF  THE  FITFUL  HEAD. 


"  My  people  know,  no  doubt,  but  I  cannot 
recollect," 

If  "  Pierre  Choppard,"  in  The  Courier 
of  Lyons,  by  Edward  Stirling  {1852),  when 
asked  an  ugly  question,  always  answered, 
"I'll  ask  my  wife,  my  memory's  so 
slippery." 

H  The  North  American  society  called 
the  "  Know  Nothings,"  founded  in  1853, 
used  to  reply  to  every  question  about 
themselves,  "  I  know  nothing  about  it." 

Nona'cris'  Stream,  the  river  Styx, 
in  Arcadia.  Cassander  says  he  has  in 
a  phial  some  of  this  "  horrid  spring,"  one 
drop  ;of  which,  mixed  with  wine,  would 
act  as  a  deadly  poison.  To  this  Polyper- 
chon  replies — 

I  know  its  power,  for  I  hayc  seen  it  tried. 
Pains  of  all  sorts  thro'  every  nerve  and  artery 
At  once  it  scatters.— bums  at  once  and  freezes,— 
Til!,  by  extremity  of  torture  forced, 
The  soul  consents  to  leave  her  joyless  home. 

Lu:  Alexandtr  the  Great,  iv.  i  (1678). 

Nonentity  {Dr.\  a  metaphysician, 
and  thought  by  most  people  to  be  a  pro- 
found scholar.  He  generally  spreads  him- 
self before  the  fire,  sucks  his  pipe,  talks 
little,  drinks  much,  and  is  reckoned  very 
good  company.  You  may  know  him  by 
his  long  grey  wig,  and  the  blue  handker- 
chief round  his  neck. 

Dr.  Nonentity.  I  am  told,  writes  indexes  to  perfec- 
tion, makes  essays,  and  reviews  any  work  with  a 
tfngla  day's  warning.— Go/<ir»»jVA .-  A  Citixcn  ((f  the 
}V(nrli,  xxix.  (1759). 

Nones  and  Ides  (each  i  syl.). 

On  March  the  7th,  Tune,  July, 
October,  too,  the  Nones  you  spy; 
Except  in  these,  those  Nones  appear 
On  the  sth  day  of  all  the  year. 
If  to  the  Nones  you  add  an  8. 
Of  all  the  Ides  you'll  find  the  date. 

E.  C.  B. 

Hence  we  have  the  15th  for  the  Ides  of 
March,  June,  July,  and  October  ;  and  the 
13th  for  every  other  month. 

Nongtongpa-w,  a  comic  ballad  by 
Charles  Dibdin  (1745-1814). 

Nonsense  (Foote' s farrago  of).  (See 
Panjandrum.) 

Norbert  {Fa/Aer),  Pierre  Parisot  Nor- 
bert,  the  French  missionary  (1697-1769). 

Norfolk  Street  (Strand),  with 
Arundel,  Surrey,  and  Howard  Streets, 
occupy  the  site  of  the  house  and  grounds 
of  the  Howards  (earls  of  Arundel  and 
Surrey). 

Norland  {Lord),  father  oflady  Eleanor 
Irwin,  and  guardian  of  lady  Ramble  (Miss 
Maria  Wooburn).  He  disinherited  his 
daughter  for  marrying  against  his  will, 


and  left  her  to  starve  ;  but  subsequently 
he  relented,  and  relieved  her  wants  and 
those  of  her  young  husband. — Mrs.  Inch- 
bald:  Every  One  has  His  Fault  (1794). 

Norma,  a  vestal  who  had  been 
seduced,  and  discovers  her  paramour 
trying  to  seduce  a  sister  vestal.  In  de- 
spair, che  contemplates  the  murder  of 
her  base-born  children. — Bejlini  : :Norma 
(1831) ;  libretto  by  Romani. 

Norman,  forester  of  sir  William 
Ashton  lord-keeper  of  Scotland.  —  Sir 
W.  Scott :  Bride  of  Lammermoor  (time, 
William  III.). 

Norman,  a  "sea-captain,"  in  love 
with  Violet  the  ward  of  lady  Arundel. 
It  turns  out  that  this  Norman  is  her 
ladyship's  son  by  her  first  husband,  and 
heir  to  the  title  and  estates  ;  but  lady 
Arundel,  having  married  a  second  hus- 
band, had  a  son  named  Percy,  whom  she 
wished  to  make  her  heir.  Norman's 
father  was  murdered,  and  Norman,  who 
was  born  three  days  afterwards,  was 
brought  up  by  Onslow,  a  village  priest. 
At  the  age  of  14  he  went  to  sea,  and 
became  captain  of  a  man-of  war.  Ten 
years  later,  he  returned  to  Arundel,  and 
though  at  first  his  mother  ignored  him, 
and  Percy  flouted  him,  his  noble  and 
generous  conduct  disarmed  hostility,  and 
he  not  only  reconciled  his  half-brother, 
but  won  his  mother's  affection,  and 
married  Violet  his  heart's  "sweet  sweet- 
ing."—Z^r</  Lytton;  The  Sea-Captain 
(1839). 

Norman-nan-Ord  or  Norman  of 
the  Hammer,  one  of  the  eight  sons  of 
Torquil  of  the  Oak.— ^«>  W.  Scott:  Fair 
Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Normandy  [The  Gem  of),  Emma, 
daughter  of  Richard  I.  (died  1052). 

Noma  of  the  Fitful  Head,  "  The 

Reimkennar."  Her  real  name  was  Ulla 
Troil,  but  after  her  seduction  by  Basil 
Mertoun  (Vaughan),  and  the  birth  of  a 
son  named  Clement  Cleveland  (the  future 
pirate),  she  changed  her  name.  Towards 
the  end  of  the  novel.  Noma  gradually 
recovered  her  senses.  She  was  the  aunt 
of  Minna  and  Brenda  Troil. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  The  Pirate  (time,  William  III.). 

• .  •  She  thought  that  Mordaunt  Mertoun 
was  her  son,  but  her  son  was  really  Cleve- 
land the  pirate.  Basil  Mertoun,  the 
natural  father  of  Cleveland,  afterwards 
luarried,  and  Mordaimt  was  the  son  of 


NORRIS. 

this  marriage.    (For  Noma's  mistake,  see 
ch,  xxxiii. ;  for  the  explanation,  seech,  xli.) 

[One]  cannot  fail  to  trace  in  Noma — the  rictim  of 
remorse  and  insanity,  and  the  dupe  of  her  own 
imposture,  her  mind  too  flooded  with  all  the  wild 
literature  and  extravagant  superstitions  of  the  north — 
something  distinct  from  the  Dumfriesshire  gipsy, 
whose  pretensions  to  supernatural  powers  are  not 
beyond  those  of  a  Norwood  prophetess. — The  Pirate 
(introduction,  1821). 

Norris,.  a  family  to  whom  Martin 
Chuzzlewit  was  introduced  while  he  was 
in  America.  They  were  friends  of  Mr. 
Bevan,  rabid  abolitionists,  and  yet  hanker- 
ing after  titles  as  the  gilt  of  the  ginger- 
bread of  life. — Dickens:  Martin  Chuzzle- 
wit (1844). 

Norris  (Black),  a  dark,  surly  man 
and  a  wrecker.  He  wanted  to  marry 
Marian,  "the  daughter"  of  Robert  (also 
a  wrecker)  ;  but  Marian  was  betrothed  to 
Edward,  a  young  sailor.  Robert,  being 
taken  up  for  murder,  was  condemned  to 
death ;  but  Norris  told  Marian  he  would 
save  his  life  if  she  would  promise  to 
marry  him.  Marian  consented,  but  was 
saved  by  the  arrest  of  Black  Norris  for 
murder. — Knowles  :  The  Daughter  {xZj,€). 

North,  {Christopher),  pseudonym  of 
John  Wilson,  professor  of  moral  philo- 
sophy, Edinburgh.  He  contributed  to 
Blackwood! s  Magazine  thirty-nine  of  the 
"  Noctes  Ambrosianae."     {1785-1854.) 

ITortll  [Lord),  one  of  the  judges  in 
the  State  trial  of  Geoffrey  Peveril,  Julian, 
and  the  dwarf,  for  being  concerned  in  the 
popish  plot. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Peveril  of 
the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Nortli  Britain,  Scotland. 

The  North  Britain,  a  radical  periodical, 
conducted  by  John  Wilkes.  The  cele- 
brated number  of  this  serial  v/as  No.  45, 
published  April  23,  1763,  in  which  the 
ministers  are  charged  "  with  putting  a  he 
in  the  king's  mouth." 

Northampton,  a  contraction  of 
North- Avon-town  (Northavonton),  the 
town  on  the  north  of  the  Avon  (Nen). 
As  Drayton  says,  ' '  Nen  was  Avon  called. " 
—Polyolbion,  xxiii.  (1622). 

Northamptonsliire  Poet  {The), 
John  Clare  (1793-1864). 

Nmrthern  Farmer  {The),  two 
poems  in  Yorkshire  dialect  by  Tennyson. 
One  is  called  "  Old  Style,"  and  the  other 
"  New  Style."  In  the  latter  the  tramp  of 
the  horse  sounds  like  "property,  property, 
property  1 


760 


NORVAU 

Northern  Harlot  ( The),  Elizabeth 
Petrowna,  empress  of  Russia  :  also  called 
"  The  Infamous  "  (1709-1761). 

Northern  Waggoner,  Ursa  Major 
or  Charles's  waggon,  a  corruption  of  the 
churls  waggon.  It  contains  seven  large 
stars,  designated  by  the  Greek  letters, 
a,  /3,  Y,  h,  e,  C.  r\.  The  first  four  form  the 
waggon  and  the  rest  the  pole  or  shaft. 
The  driver  of  the  team  is  Bootes. 

By  this  the  northern  wagoner  has  set 

His  sevenfold  team  behind  the  steadfast  star  [the/afc- 

siar] 
That  was  in  ocean  waves  yet  never  wet, 
But  firm  is  fixed,  and  sendeth  light  from  far 
To  all  that  on  the  wide  deep  wandering  are. 

Spenser :  Fairie  Queerie,  I.  U.  i  (1590). 

Norombe'ga,  a  province  of  North 
America. 

Now  from  the  north 
Of  Norurabega  and  the  Samoed  shore  .  .  . 
Boreas  and  C.Tecias,  and  Argestes  loud. 
And  Thrascias  rend  the  woods,  and  seas  upturn. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  x.  69s  (1665). 

("Samoed  shore,"  the  shore  con- 
tiguous to  the  frozen  ocean;  "Boreas," 
north  wind  ;  "  Caecias,"  north-west  wind ; 
"Argestes,"  north-east  wind;  "Thras- 
cias," wind  from  Thrace.) 

Norval  {Old),  a  shepherd,  who  brings 
up  lady  Randolph's  son  (Douglas)  as  his 
own.  He  was  hidden  and  exposed  at 
birth  in  a  basket,  because  sir  Malcolm 
hated  the  child,  which  was  the  offspring 
of  Douglas  and  his  daughter,  who  after- 
wards married  lord  Randolph.  The  child, 
being  found  by  old  Norval,  was  brought 
up  as  his  own ;  but  the  old  man  dis- 
covered that  the  foundling  was  "sir 
Malcolm's  heir  and  Douglas's  son." 
When  18  years  old,  the  foster-son  saved 
the  life  of  lord  Randolph,  Lady  Ran- 
dolph took  great  interest  in  the  young 
man,  and  when  old  Norval  told  her  his 
tale,  she  instantly  perceived  that  the 
young  hero  was  in  fact  her  own  son. 

Pathos  rendered  the  voice  of  William  Bensley  [1738- 
1817]  in  "  Old  Norval "  rugged  as  well  as  repulsive  ;  and 
he  never,  as  to  his  feet,  either  stood  or  wallced  with  the 
character  of  age.  His  helpless  action  had  a  character 
of  restrained  vigour ;  he  implored  pity  in  the  noisy 
shout  of  defiance.— ^oaaT^M. 

Young  Norval,  the  infant  exposed,  and 
brought  up  by  the  old  shepherd  as  his 
own  son.  He  turned  out  to  be  sir  Mal- 
colm's heir.  His  mother  was  lady  Ran- 
dolph, and  his  father  lord  Douglas,  her 
first  husband.  Young  Norval,  having 
saved  the  life  of  lord  Randolph,  was 
given  by  him  a  commission  in  the  army. 
Glenalvon,  the  heir-presumptive  of  lord 
Randolph,  hated  the  new  favourite,  and 
persuaded  his  lordship  that  the  yoimg 


NORWAY. 


761 


NOUMAN. 


man  was  too  familiar  with  lady  Randolph. 
Being  waylaid,  Nerval  was  attacked,  slew 
Glenalvon,  but  was  in  turn  slain  by  lord 
Randolph.  After  the  death  of  Norval, 
lord  Randolph  discovered  that  he  had 
killed  the  son  of  his  wife  by  a  former 
marriage.  The  mother,  in  her  distrac- 
tion, threw  herself  headlong  from  a  lofty 
precipice,  and  lord  Randolph  went  to  the 
war  then  raging  between  Denmark  and 
Scotland. — Home  :  Douglas  (1757). 

(This  was  a  favourite  character  with 
John  Kemble,  1757-1823.) 

Henry  Johnston  selected  "  Young  Norval "  for  his 
maiden  part.  His  youthful  form  and  handsome  ex- 
{jressive  countenance  won  for  him  universal  approba- 
tion. Previously  tlie  young  shepherd  had  been 
dressed  in  the  trews  and  Scotch  jacket;  but  when 
Tohnston  appeared  in  full  Higtiland  costume,  kilt, 
Dreast  plate,  shield,  claymore,  and  bonnet,  the  whole 
house  rose  tn  masse,  and  such  a  reception  was  never 
witnessed  within  the  walls  of  a  provincial  theatre 
before. — Donaldson  :  KecoiUctions. 

Norway  (The  Fair  Maid  of),  Mar- 
garet, granddaughter  of  Alexander  III. 
of  Scotland.  She  died  (1290)  of  sea- 
sickness on  her  passage  from  Norway  to 
Scotland.  Her  father  was  Eric  II.  king 
of  Norway,  and  her  mother  was  Margaret 
only  daughter  of  Alexander  III. 

Nor-wynn  {William  and  Henry). 
(See  Nature  and  Art,  p.  746.) 

Nose  {Golden),  Tycho  Brah6,  the 
Danish  astronomer.  Having  lost  his  nose 
in  a  duel  with  one  Passberg,  he  adopted 
a  golden  one,  and  attached  it  to  his  face 
by  a  cement  which  he  carried  about  with 
him. 

That  eminent  man  who  had  a  golden  nose,  Tycho 
Erahe,  lost  his  nose  in  a  duel,  and  a  golden  one  was 
supplied,  which  gave  him  the  appearance  of  a  wizard. 
—Marryat :  Jutland  and  the  Danish  Isles,  305. 

Nosebag  {Mrs.),  wife  of  a  lieutenant 
in  the  dragoons.  She  is  the  inquisitive 
travelling  companion  of  Waverley  when 
he  travels  by  stage  to  London. — Sir  VV. 
Scott :   Waverley  (time,  George  II. ). 

Nosey  {Play  up) !  This  exclamation 
was  common  in  our  theatres  in  the  days 
of  Macklin,  etc.  M.  Nozay  was  the 
leader  of  the  orchestra  in  Covent  Garden 
Theatre. 

•.•  Some  persons  affirm  that  "Old 
Nosey "  was  Cervetto,  the  violoncello 
player  at  Drury  Lane  (17S3),  and  say 
that  he  was  so  called  from  his  long  nose. 

Napoleon  III.  was  nicknamed  Grosbec 
(••Nosey"). 

Nosnot-Bocai  \Bo'-ky\  prince  of 
purgatory. 

Sir,  I  last  night  received  command 
To  see  you  out  of  Fairy-land 
Iftto  the  realm  of  Nosnot-Bocai 

King :  Orj^hcus  and  Eurydice. 


Nostradamus  {Michael),  an  as- 
trologer of  the  sixteenth  century,  who 
published  an  annual  Almanac  and  a  Re- 
cueil  of  Prophecies,  in  verse  (1503-1566). 

Nostradamus  of  Portugal,  Gon- 
9alo  Annes  Bandarra,  a  poet-cobbler, 
whose  career  was  stopped,  in  1556,  by  the 
Inquisition. 

Notes  and  Queries,  a  weekly 
periodical  for  hterary  criticism  and  in- 
formation ;  started  by  W.  J.  Thorns,  in 

1849. 

Nottingliam  {The  countess  of),  a 
quondam  sweetheart  of  the  earl  of  Essex, 
and  his  worst  enemy  when  she  heard  that 
he  had  married  the  countess  of  Rutland. 
The  queen  sent  her  to  the  Tower  to  ask 
Essex  if  he  had  no  petition  to  make,  and 
the  earl  requested  her  to  take  back  a  ring, 
which  the  queen  had  given  him  as  a  pledge 
of  mercy  in  time  of  need.  As  the  coun- 
tess out  of  jealousy  forbore  to  deliver  it, 
the  earl  was  executed. — H.  Jones:  The 
Earl  of  Essex  (1745). 

Nottingham    Lambs   (The),    the 

Nottingham  roughs. 

Nottingham  Poet  {The).  Philip 
James  Bailey,  the  author  of  Festus,  etc. 
(1816-        ). 

No'tus,  the  south  wind ;  Afer  is  the 
south-west  wind. 

Notus  and  Afer,  black  with  thundrous  clouds. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  x.  702  /X665). 

Noukhail,  the  angel  of  day  and 
night. 

The  day  and  night  are  trusted  to  my  care.  I  hold 
the  day  in  my  right  hand,  antj  the  night  in  my  left ; 
and  I  maintain  the  just  equilibrium  between  them,  for 
if  either  were  to  overbalance  the  other,  the  universe 
would  either  be  consumed  by  the  heat  of  the  sun,  or 
would  perish  with  the  cold  of  darkness. — Cotntt  de 
Caylus  :  Oriental  Tales  ("  History  of  Abdal  Motallab," 

Nouman  {Sidi),  an  Arab  who  married 
Amind,  a  very  beautiful  woman,  who  ate 
her  rice  with  a  bodkin.  Sidi,  wishing  to 
know  how  his  wife  could  support  life  and 
health  without  more  food  than  she  par- 
took of  in  his  presence,  watched  her 
narrowly,  and  discovered  that  she  was  a 
ghoul,  who  went  by  stealth  every  night 
and  feasted  on  the  fresh-buried  dead. 
When  Sidi  made  this  discovery,  Aminfi 
changed  him  into  a  dog.  After  he  was 
restored  to  his  normal  shape,  he  changed 
AminS  into  a  mare,  which  every  day  he 
rode  almost  to  death. — Arabian  Nights 
("  History  of  Sidi  Nouman  "). 

Your  majesty  knows  that  ghouls  of  either  sex  are 
demons  which  wander  about  the  fields.  They  com- 
monly inhabit  ruinous  buildings,  whence  they  issue 


NOUREDDIN. 

suddenly  on  unwary  travellers,  whom  they  kill  and 
devour.  If  they  fail  to  meet  with  travellers,  they  go 
by  night  into  burying-grounds,  and  dig  up  dead 
bodies,  on  which  they  feed. — History  of  Sidi  Non- 
man. 

Noureddin,  son  of  Khacan  (vizier 
of  Zinebi  king  of  Balsora).  He  got 
possession  of  the  "beautiful  Persian" 
purchased  for  the  king.  At  his  father's 
death  he  soon  squandered  away  his  patri- 
mony in  the  wildest  extravagance,  and 
fled  with  his  beautiful  slave  to  Bagdad. 
Here  he  encountered  Haroun-al-Raschid 
in  disguise,  and  so  pleased  the  caliph, 
that  he  was  placed  in  the  number  of 
those  courtiers  most  intimate  with  his 
majesty,  who  also  bestowed  on  him  so 
plentiful  a  fortune,  that  he  lived  with  the 
"beautiful  Persian"  in  affluence  all  the 
rest  of  his  life. — Arabian  Nights  ("  Nour- 
eddin and  the  Beautiful  Persian  "). 

Nour'eddin'  Ali,  younger  son  of 
the  vizier  of  Egypt.  "  He  was  possessed 
of  as  much  merit  as  can  fall  to  the  lot  of 
man."  Having  quarrelled  with  his  elder 
brother,  he  travelled  to  Baso'ra,  where  he 
married  the  vizier's  daughter,  and  suc- 
ceeded his  father-in-law  in  office.  A  son 
was  born  to  him  in  due  time,  and  on  the 
very  same  day  the  wife  of  his  elder 
brother  had  a  daughter.  Noureddin 
died  when  his  son  was  barely  twenty  and 
unmarried. — Arabian  Nights  ("Nour- 
eddin Ali,"  etc.). 

Nourgfehan's  Bracelet.  Nourge- 
han  emperor  of  the  Moguls  had  a  brace- 
let which  had  the  property  of  discovering 
poison,  even  at  a  considerable  distance. 
When  poison  was  anywhere  near  the 
wearer,  the  stones  of  the  bracelet  seemed 
agitated,  and  the  agitation  increased  as 
the  poison  approached  them. — Comte  de 
Caylus:  Oriental  Tales  ("The  Four 
Talismans,"  1743). 

Nonr'jaliad,  a  sleeper,  like  Rip 
van  Winkle,  Epimen'idSs,  etc.  (See 
Sleepers.)  A  romance  by  Mrs.  Sheri- 
dan (1767), 

Nourjeliam  ["light  of  the  world"\ 
So  the  sultana  Nourmahal'  was  subse- 
quently cQ\\Qd.— Moore :  Lalla  -Rookh 
("  The  Light  of  the  Haram,"  1817). 

Nonr-jehan,  the  widow  of  Shere 
Afgun.  Her  name  was  "  Mher  ul  Nissa  " 
{^he  sun  of  women).  Selim  slew  Shere 
Afgun,  in  order  to  obtain  possession  of 
Nour-jehan,  as  David  morally  slew  Uriah 
the  Hittite  in  order  to  make  Bathsheba 
his  wife.     In  both  cases  the  woman  was 


76a 


NOUROUNNIHAR. 


but  too  willing  to  pander  to  royal  lust. — 
Percy:  Anecdotes,  p.  246. 

Nounuahal'  [The  sultana),  i.e. 
"  Light  of  the  Haram,"  afterwards  called 
Nourjeham  {"  light  of  the  world  ").  She 
was  for  a  season  estranged  from  the  sul- 
tan, till  he  gave  a  grand  banquet,  at  which 
she  appeared  in  disguise  as  a  lute-player 
and  singer.  The  sultan  was  so  enchanted 
with  her  performance,  that  he  exclaimed, 
"  If  Nourmahal  had  so  played  and  sung, 
I  could  forgive  her  all ;  "  whereupon  the 
sultana  threw  off  her  mask,  and  Selim 
"caught  her  to  his  heart." — Moore: 
Lalla  Rookh  ("  The  Light  of  the  Haram," 
1817). 

Nourou'ihar,  daughter  of  the  emir 
Fakreddin ;  a  laughing,  beautiful  girl, 
full  of  fun  and  pretty  mischief,  dotingly 
fond  of  Gulchenrouz,  her  cousin,  a  boy  of 
13.  She  married  the  caliph  Vathek,  with 
whom  she  descended  into  the  abyss  of 
Eblis,  whence  she  never  after  returned  to 
the  light  of  day. 

The  trick  she  played  Bababalouk  was 
this  :  Vathek  the  caliph  was  on  a  visit  to 
Fakreddin  the  emir',  and  Bababalouk  his 
chief  eunuch  intruded  into  the  bath-room, 
where  Nouronihar  and  her  damsels  were 
bathing.  Nouronihar  induced  the  old 
eunuch  to  rest  himself  awhile  on  the 
swing,  when  the  girls  set  it  going  with 
all  their  might.  The  cords  broke,  the 
eunuch  fell  into  the  bath,  the  girls  made 
off  with  their  lamps,  and  left  the  meddle- 
some old  fool  to  flounder  about  till 
morning,  when  assistance  came,  but  not 
before  he  was  half  ^ea.6.,—Beckford : 
Vathek  (1784). 

Xourouu'nihar,  niece  of  a  sultan 
of  India  who  had  three  sons  all  in  love 
with  her.  The  sultan  said  he  would  give 
her  to  him  who,  in  twelve  months,  gave 
him  the  most  valuable  present.  The 
three  princes  met  in  a  certain  inn  at  the 
expiration  of  the  time,  when  one  prince 
looked  through  a  tube,  which  showed 
Nourounnihar  at  the  point  of  death; 
another  of  the  brothers  transported  all 
three  instantaneously  on  a  magic  carpet  to 
the  princess's  chamber ;  and  the  third 
brother  gave  her  an  apple  to  smell  of, 
which  effected  an  instant  cure  of  any 
malady.  It  was  impossible  to  decide 
which  of  these  presents  was  the  most 
valuable  ;  so  the  sultan  said  that  that  son 
should  have  her  who  shot  an  arrow  to 
the  greatest  distance.  The  eldest  (Hous- 
sain)  shot  first ;  Ali  overshot  the  arrow 


NOVEL. 


763 


of  bis  elder  brother ;  but  that  of  the 
youngest  brother  (Ahmed)  could  nowhere 
be  foi  nd  {the  fairy  Pari-Banou  had  con-^ 
veyed  it  beyond  recovery).  So  the  award 
w;is  given  to  AH. — Arabian  Nights 
("  Ahmed  and  Pari-Banou  "). 

Novel  {Falfur  of  the  English).  Henry 
Fielding  is  so  called  by  sir  W.  Scott 
{1707-1754). 

Novels  by  Eminent   Hands,  a 

series  of  parodies  by  Thackeray. 
Amongst  the  parodies  are  those  on 
Fenimore  Cooper,  Disraeli  (Beacons- 
field),  Mrs.  Gore,  James,  Lever,  lord 
Lytton,  etc. 

November  or  Blot-monath,  i.e. 
"  blood  month,"  meaning  the  month  in 
which  oxen,  sheep,  and  swine  were 
slaughtered,  and  afterwards  salted  down 
for  winter  use.  Some  idea  may  be  formed 
of  the  enormous  stores  provided,  from 
the  fact  that  the  elder  Spencer,  in  1327, 
when  the  season  was  over,  had  a  surplus, 
in  May,  of  "  80  salted  beeves,  500  bacons, 
and  600  muttons."  In  Chichester  the 
October  fair  is  called  "  Slo-fair,"  i.e. 
the  fair  when  beasts  were  sold  for  the 
slaughter  of  Blot-monath  (Old  English, 
sUan  sldh,  "  to  slaughter"). 

Noven'dial  Ashes,  the  ashes  of 
the  dead  just  consigned,  or  about  to  be 
consigned,  to  the  grave.  The  Romans 
kept  the  body  seven  days,  burnt  it  on 
the  eighth,  and  buried  the  ashes  on  the 
ninth. 

A  Noven'dial  holiday,  nine  days  set 
apart  by  the  Romans,  in  expiation  of  a 
shower  of  stones. 

Noven'siles  (4  syl.),  the  nine  Sabine 
gods  :  viz.  Hercules,  Romulus,  Escu- 
lapius,  Bacchus,  .^Eneas,  Vesta,  Santa, 
Fortuna,  and  FidSs  or  Faith.  (See  NlNE 
Gods  of  the  Etruscans.) 

Novit  {Mr.  Nichil),  the  lawyer  of  the 
old  laird  of  Dumbiedilies. — Sir  W.  Scoit  : 
Heart  of  Midlothian  (time,  George  H.). 

Novius,  the  usurer,  famous  for  the 
loudness  of  his  voice. 

...  at  hie  si  plaustra  ducenta 
Concurrantque  foro  tria  funera  ma^rna  sonabit 
Cornui  quod  vincatque  tubas. 

Horace :  Satires,  I.  vi. 
These  people  seem  to  be  of  the  race  of  Novius,  that 
Roman  banker,    whose  voice    exceeded  the  noise  of 
carmen. — Lesa^e :  Gil  Bias,  vii.  13  (1735). 

Now -now  [Old  Anthony),  an  itine- 
rant fiddler.  The  character  is  a  skit 
on  Anthony  Munday,  the  dramatist. — 
CJuttle:  Kindhearf  s  Dream  (1592). 


NUMBERS. 

Nuath  (a  syl.),  father  of  Lathmon 
and  Oith'ona  {q.v.). — Ossian  :  Oithona. 

Nubbles  (A/'rj.),  a  poor  widow  woman, 
who  was  much  given  to  going  to  Little 
Bethel. 

Christopher  or  Kit  Nubbles,  her  son,  the 
servant  in  attendance  on  little  Nell,  whom 
he  adored.  After  the  death  of  little  Nell, 
Kit  married  Barbara,  a  fellow-servant. — 
Dickens  :  The  Old  Curiosity  Shop  (1840). 

Nudio'si,  small  stones,  which  pre- 
vent the  sight  of  those  who  carry  them 
about  their  person  from  waxing  dim. 
They  will  even  restore  the  sight  after  it 
is  lost  or  impaired.  The  more  these 
stones  are  gazed  on,  the  keener  will  be 
the  gazer's  vision.  Prester  John,  in  his 
letter  to  Manuel  Comne'nus  emperor  of 
Constantinople,  says  they  are  found  in 
his  country. 

Nugg'et.    The  largest  ever  found — 

1.  The  Sarah  Sands  nugget,  found  at 
Ballarat.  It  weighed  130  lbs.  troy  or 
1560  ozs.  This,  at  ;^4  per  ounce,  would 
be  worth  ^^6240. 

2.  The  Blanche  Darkly  nugget,  dug  up 
at  Kingower.  It  weighed  145  lbs.,  and 
was  worth  ^^6960. 

3.  The  Welcome  nugget,  found  at  Bal- 
larat. It  weighed  184  lbs. ,  and  was  sold 
for  f^  10,000.  This  was  the  largest  ever 
found. 

• .  •  The  first  nugget  was  discovered  in 
New  South  Wales,  in  185 1 ;  the  next  in 
Victoria,  in  1852.  The  former  of  these 
two  weighed  a  hundredweight,  and  was 
purchased  of  a  shepherd  for  /^lo. 

Nulla  Fides  Fronti. 

There  is  no  art 
To  find  the  mind's  construction  in  the  face. 
Shakespeare  :  Macbeth,  act  i.  sc.  4  (1606). 

Number  Nip,  the  name  of  the 
gnome  king  of  the  Giant  Mountains. — 
Musceus  :  Popular  Tales  (1782). 

(Musaeus  was  a  German,  uncle  of 
Kotzebue,  died  1788.) 

Numbers  ( The  Book  of).  An  English 
translation  of  the  Greek  title  of  the  fourth 
book  of  the  Old  Testament.  It  is  called 
by  Jews  In  the  Wilderness.  As  the  first 
six  words  are  like  those  of  Leviticus, 
the  next  three  are  taken  instead.  It 
tells  us  the  number  of  persons  in 
each  of  the  twelve  tribes,  both  at  the 
beginning  and  at  the  end  of  their  sojourn 
in  the  wilderness  (chs.  i.-iv.  and  xxvi.). 
It  also  tells  us  how  the  people  were  pro- 
vided with  food,  and  how  they  were 
punished  for  disobedience. 


NUMBERS. 


764 


NUTSHELL 


Leviticus  begins,  '*  And  the  Lord  called  unto 
Moses."  Nutnbirs  begins,  "And  the  Lord  spake 
unto  Moses  in  the  wilderness." 

Numbers.  The  symbolism  of  the 
first  thirteen  numbers — 

1  is  that  sacred  Unity,  before  the  world  began ; 

2  is  the  mystic  union  of  Christ  both  God  and  man ; 
i  is  the  Holy  Trinity — a  perfect  Three-in-one ; 

4  are  the  evangelists  of  God's  incarnate  Son ; 

5  are  the  wounds  of  Christ— in  hands,  and  feet,  and 

side; 

6  the  days  when  heaven  was  made,  the  earth,  and  aU 

beside ; 
God  rested  on  the  7th  day,  and  so  from  work  should 

we; 
And  7  words  the  Saviour  spake  from  the  "  accursed 

tree." 
Bare  the  Beatitudes ;  the  heavenly  orders  9 ; 

10  the    commandments  given  to    man,  writ  by  the 

hand  Divine  ; 

11  were  the  faithful  left,  after  the  traitor's  fall ; 

13  was  the  college  all  complete  ;  and  13  with  St.  PauL 
E.  C.  S. 

Nun,  the  fish  on  which  the  faithful 
feed  in  paradise.  The  lobes  of  its  liver 
will  suffice  for  70,000  men.  The  ox 
provided  for  them  is  called  Balam. 

Ntin's  Priest's  Tale  ( The),  the  tale 
of  the  cock  and  the  fox.  One  day,  dan 
Russell,  the  fox,  came  into  the  poultry- 
yard,  and  told  Master  Chanteclere  lie 
could  not  resist  the  pleasure  of  hearing 
him  sing,  for  his  voice  was  so  divinely 
ravishing.  The  coclc,  pleased  with  this 
flattery,  shut  his  eyes,  and  began  to  crow 
most  lustily ;  whereupon  dan  Russell 
seized  him  by  the  throat,  and  ran  off  with 
him.  When  they  got  to  the  wood,  the 
cock  said  to  the  fox,  "  I  would  recom- 
mend you  to  eat  me  at  once,  for  I  think 
I  can  hear  your  pursuers."  "I  am  going 
to  do  so,"  said  the  fox ;  but  when  he 
opened  his  mouth  to  reply,  off  flew  the 
cock  into  a  tree,  and  while  the  fox  was 
deliberating  how  he  might  regain  his 
prey,  up  came  the  farmer  and  his  men 
with  scythes,  flails,  and  pitchforks,  with 
which  they  despatched  the  fox  without 
mercy.  —  Chaucer:  Canterbury  Tales 
{1388). 

(This  fable  is  one  of  those  by  Marie 
of  France,  called  Don  Coc  and  Don 
Werpil.) 

The  Second  Nun's  Tale.  This  is  the 
tale  about  Maxime  and  the  martyrs 
Valirian  and  TiburcS.  The  prefect  or- 
dered Maxime  (2  syl.)  to  put  Valirian 
and  TiburcS  to  death,  because  they 
refused  to  worship  the  image  of  Jupiter  ; 
but  Maxime  showed  kindness  to  the  two 
Christians,  took  them  home,  became  con- 
verted, and  was  baptized.  When  Valirian 
and  TiburcS  were  put  to  death,  Maxime 
declared  that  he  saw  angels  come  and 
carry  them  up  to  heaven,  whereupon  the 
prefect  caused  him  to  be  beaten  to  death 


with  whips  of  lead.  —  Chaucer:  Canter- 
bury Tales  (1388). 
*    (This  tale  is  very  similar  to  that  of  St. 

Cecilia  in  the  Legenda  Aurea.     See  also 

Acts  xvi.  25-34. ) 

Nupkins,  mayor  of  Ipswich,  a  man 
who  has  a  most  excellent  opinion  of 
himself,  but  who,  in  all  magisterial 
matters,  really  depends  almost  entirely 
on  Jinks,  his  half-starved  clerk. — 
Dickens  :  The  Pickwick  Papers  {1836). 

Nush'ka  \i.e.  ''look/"\  the  cry  of 
young  men  and  maidens  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indian  tribes  when  they  find  a  red 
ear  of  maize,  the  symbol  of  wedlock. 

And  whene'er  some  lucky  maiden 
Found  a  red  ear  in  the  husking,  ... 
"Nushka !  "  cried  they  altogether; 
"  Nushka  I  "  you  shall  have  a  sweetheart, 
You  shall  have  a  handsome  husband  1 " 

Longfellow:  Hiawatha,  xiii.  (1855). 

Nut-Brown  Maid  {The),  the  maid 
wooed  by  the  "banished  man."  The 
"  banished  man '  describes  to  her  the 
hardships  she  would  have  to  undergo  if 
she  married  him  ;  but  finding  that  she 
accounted  these  hardships  as  nothing 
compared  with  his  love,  he  revealed 
himself  to  be  an  earl's  son,  with  large 
hereditary  estates  in  Westmoreland,  and 
he  married  her. — Percy:  Reliques,  series 
ii.  bk.  i.  6. 

(This  ballad  is  based  on  the  legendary 
history  of  lord  Henry  Chfford,  called 
"  The  Shepherd  Lord."  It  was  modern- 
ized by  Prior,  who  called  his  version  of 
the  story  Henry  and  Ettima.  The  oldest 
form  of  the  ballad  extant  is  contained  in 
Arnolde's  Chronicle,  1502.) 

Nutshell  {The  Iliad  in  a).  George 
P.  Marsh  tells  us  he  had  seen  the  whole 
Kordn  in  Arabic  inscribed  on  a  piece  of 
parchment  four  inches  wide  and  half  an 
inch  in  diameter.  In  any  photographer's 
shop  may  be  seen  a  page  of  the  Times 
newspaper  reduced  to  about  an  inch  long, 
and  three-quarters  of  an  inch  in  breadth, 
or  even  to  smaller  dimensions.  Charles 
Toppan,  of  New  York,  engraved  on  a 
plate  one-eighth  of  an  inch  square  12,000 
letters.  The  //ta^ contains  501,930  letters, 
and  would,  therefore,  require  forty-two 
such  plates,  both  sides  being  used.  Huet, 
bishop  of  Avranches,  wTote  eighty  verses 
of  the  Iliad  on  a  space  equal  to  that  occu- 
pied by  a  single  hne  of  this  dictionary. 
Thus  written,  2000  lines  more  than  the 
entire  Iliad  might  be  contained  in  one 
page.  The  Toppan  engraving  would  re- 
quire only  one  of  these  columns  for  the 
entire  Iliad. 


NYM. 


So  that  when  Pliny  [Nahiral  History, 
vii.  2i)  says  the  whole  Iliad  was  written 
on  a  parchmeht  which  might  be  put  into 
a  nutshell,  we  can  credit  the  possibility, 
as  by  the  Toppan  process,  the  entire  Iliad 
might  be  engraved  on  less  than  half  a 
column  of  this  dictionary,  provided  both 
sides  were  used.     See  Iliad,  p.  519.) 

Nym,  corporal  in  the  army  under 
captain  sir  John  Falstaff,  introduced  in 
Tke  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor  and  in 
Henry  V.,  but  not  in  Henry  IV.  It 
seems  that  heutenant  Peto  had  died,  and 
given  a  step  to  the  officers  under  him. 
Thus  ensign  Pistol  becomes  lieutenant, 
corporal  Bardolph  becomes  ensign,  and 
Nym  takes  the  place  of  Bardolph.  He 
is  an  arrant  rogue,  and  both  he  and 
Bardolph  are  hanged  [Henry  V.).  The 
word  means  "  to  pilfer." 

It  would  be  difficult  to  give  any  other  reply  save  that 
of  corporal  Nym— it  was  the  author's  humour  or 
caprice.— 5»y  W.  Scott. 

Nympliid'ia,  a  mock-heroic  by  Dray- 
ton. The  fairy  Pigwiggen  is  so  gallant 
to  queen  Mab  as  to  arouse  the  jealousy 
of  king  Oberon.  One  day,  coming  home 
and  finding  his  queen  absent,  Oberon 
vows  vengeance  on  the  gallant,  and  sends 
Puck  to  ascertain  the  whereabouts  of 
Mab  and  Pigwiggen,  In  the  mean  time, 
Nymphidia  gives  the  queen  warning,  and 
the  queen,  with  all  her  maids  of  honour, 
creep  into  a  hollow  nut  for  concealment. 
Puck,  coming  up,  sets  foot  in  the  en- 
chanted circle  which  Nymphidia  had 
charmed,  and,  after  stumbling  about  for 
a  time,  tumbles  into  a  ditch.  Pigwiggen 
seconded  by  Tomalin,  encounters  Oberon 
seconded  by  Tom  Thum,  and  the  fight 
is  "  both  fast  and  furious."  Queen  Mab, 
in  alarm,  craves  the  interference  of  Pro- 
serpine, who  first  envelopes  the  com- 
batants in  a  thick  smoke,  which  compels 
them  to  desist;  and  then  gives  them  a 
draught  "to  assuage  their  thirst."  The 
draught  was  from  the  river  Lethfi ;  and 
immediately  the  combatants  had  tasted 
it,  they  forgot  not  only  the  cause  of  the 
quarrel,  but  even  that  they  had  quarrelled 
at  all. — Drayton  :  Nymphidia  (1593). 

Nysa,  daughter  of  Sileno  and  My 'sis, 
and  sister  of  l3aphn6.  Justice  Mi'das  is 
in  love  with  her ;  but  she  loves  Apollo, 
her  father's  guest. —A'c««  O'Hara:  Midas 
(1764). 

Nys*,    Doto,    and    Neri'ne,   the 

three  nereids  who  went  before  the  fleet  of 
Vasco  de  Gama.  When  the  treacherous 
pilot  steered  the  ship  of  Vasco  towards  a 


765  OAKLY. 

sunken  rock,  these  three  sea-nymphs 
lifted  up  the  prow  and  turned  it  round. — 
Camoins:  Lusiad,  ii.  (1569}. 


o. 


O  [Our  Lady  of).  The  Virgin  Mary 
is  so  called  in  some  old  Roman  rituals, 
from  the  ejaculation  at  the  beginning  of 
the  seven  anthems  preceding  the  Mag- 
nificat,  as  :  "  O  when  will  the  day  ar- 
rive .  .  .  ?"  "  O  when  shall  I  see  .  .  .  ?" 
"  O  when  .  .  .  ?  "  and  so  on. 

Oak.  The  Romans  gave  a  crown  of 
oak  leaves  to  him  who  saved  the  life  of  a 
citizen. 

To  a  cruel  war  I  sent  him ;  from  whence  he  returned, 
his  brows  bound  with  oak. —5Aa*«J/<ar<.-C#rwA»/»«x, 
act  i.  sc.  3  (1609). 

Oak  [Byron).  On  his  first  arrival  at 
Newstead  Abbey,  in  1798,  Byron  planted 
an  oak  in  the  garden,  and  cherished  the 
fancy  that  as  the  tree  flourished  so  would 
he.  When  he  revisited  the  spot  some 
years  later  he  found  the  young  tree  choked 
with  weeds  and  nearly  destroyed.  The 
sight  called  forth  the  poem  To  an  Oak  at 
Newstead  (1807).  When  colonel  Wild- 
man  took  possession,  it  narrowly  escaped 
being  cut  down  ;  but  ultimately  it  grew 
into  a  fine  tree,  and  became  known  as 
the  Byron  Oak. 

Oakly  [Major),  brother  to  Mr.  Oakly, 
and  uncle  to  Charles.  He  assists  lus 
brother  in  curing  his  "jealous  wife." 

Mr.  Oakly,  husband  of  the  "jealous 
wife."  A  very  amiable  man,  but  de- 
ficient in  that  strength  of  mind  which  is 
needed  to  cure  the  idiosyncrasy  of  his 
wife  ;  so  he  obtains  the  assistance  of  his 
brother,  the  major. 

Mrs.  Oakly,  "  the  jealous  wife"  of  Mr. 
Oakly.  A  woman  of  such  suspicious 
temper,  that  every  remark  of  her  husband 
is  distorted  into  a  proof  of  his  infidelity. 
She  watches  him  like  a  tiger,  and  makes 
both  her  own  and  her  husband's  life 
utterly  wretched. 

Charles  Oakly,  nephew  of  the  major. 
A  fine,  noble-spirited  young  fellow,  who 
would  never  stand  by  and  see  a  woman 
insulted  ;  but  a  desperate  debauchee  and 
drunkard.      He   aspires   to   the   love   of 


OATES. 


7^ 


OBERMANN. 


Harriot  Russet,  whose  influence  over  hira 
is  sufficiently  powerful  to  reclaim  him.— 
Colman:  The  Jealous  Wi/e  {1761). 

Oates  {Br.  Titus),  the  champion  of 
the  popish  ^\oX.—Sir  W.  Scott:  Pevcril 
of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Forth  came  the  notorious  Dr.  Oates,  rustling  In  the 
full  silken  canonicals  of  priesthood,  for  .  .  .  be 
affected  no  small  dignity  of  exterior  decoration  and 
deportment.  .  .  .  His  exterior  was  portentous.  A 
fleece  of  white  periwig  showed  a  most  uncouth  visage, 
of  great  length,  having  the  mouth  .  .  .  placed  in  the 
very  centre  of  the  countenance,  and  exhibiting  to  the 
astonished  spectator  as  much  cliin  below  as  there  was 
nose  and  brow  above  it.  His  pronunciation  was  after 
a  conceited  fashion  of  his  own,  in  which  he  accented 
the  vowels  in  a  manner  altogether  peculiar  to  himself. 
-Ch.  ilL 

Oaths    {Strange).     (See    Isabella, 
P-  530.) 
Oaths  used  by  Men  of  Note  1— 

(i)  Angus  (earl  ef),  when  incensed,  used  to  say. 
By  the  misht  of  God  I  but  at  other  times  his  oath  was, 
By  St.  Bride  of  Douglas  l—Godscro/t,  275. 

(2)  Bayard  (The  Chevalier),  By  God's  Htly-dayl 

(3)  CHARLE5  II.  of  England,  Odsjishl  a  corrup- 
tion of  "  God's  flesh." 

(4)  Charles  VIII.  of  France,  By  GocTs  light  I 

(5)  Edward  the  Confessor,  By  God  and  His 

Mother  I 

(6)  Elizabeth,  By  God  t  God's  death  I  God^s 
tvounds  I  softened  afterwards  into  Zounds  I  and 
Zouterkins  I 

(7)  Francois  I.,  On  the -word  qf  a  gentleman  I 

<8)  Henri  IV.,  Ventre  Saint  Gris  I 

Ventre  Saint  Gris  I  are  you  dumb,  man  ! — Stanley 
Wey>nan  :  A  Minister  0/  France  (1895)  ("  V.  The 
Lost  Cipher  "). 

(9)  Henry  II.  of  England,  By  the  death  0/  our 
Lord! 

(10)  Henry  III.,  when  he  confirmed  Magna 
Charta,  On  the  •word  0/  a  gentleman,  a  king,  and  a 
knight! 

(11)  HENRY  v.,  By'r  Lady  I 

(12)  Henry  VIII.,  By  Cod's  wounds  I 

(13)  James  I.,  On  my  soul ! 

(14)  JOHN  (King),  By  God's  tooth  I  By  the  light  of 
cur  Lady's  brow  t  Sir  W.  Scott,  in  Ivanhoe  (ch.  xiii.f, 
makes  him  swear.  By  the  bones  of  St.  Becket  I 

(15)  Joseph,  viceroy  of  Egypt,  By  the  life  qf 
Pharaoh  ! 

/16)  LOUIS  "X-l.,  By  Goi s  Basttr  t  (Pasque  DIeuI) 
and  Mother  of  God  I 

I17)  Louis  XIL,  The  devil  taJtt  me  I  (Diable 
m'emporte  !) 

(18I  Otto  I.  of  Germany,  By  my  beard  I 

(19)  PERROT  (John),  a  natural  son  of  Henry  VIII., 
was  the  first  to  employ  the  profane  oath  of  GoSi 
wounds  I  afterwards  softened  mto  Zounds  I 

(20)  PHILIP  II.  of  Spain,  By  the  soul  of  my  father  I 
(Charies  V.). 

(21)  Richard  I.,  Mcrt  d*  m«  vUl  and  Despar 
dieux  I 

(22)  RICHARD  II.,  By  St.  John  I  (i.e.  the  Baptist) 
and  God  of  Paradise  ! 

(23)  RICHARD  ill..  By  my  George  and  Garter  I 

(24)  Simon  de  MONTFORT,  the  greatp.Uriot  inthe 
reign  of  Henry  III.,  By  the  arm  of  St.  James  I 

(25)  William  the  Conqueror.  By  the  s/Un- 
dour  of  God  I 

(26)  William  Rufus,  Par  sante  voult  de 
Lucques  I  ("  By  the  holy  face  of  Lucca  1 "  or  "  By 
Lucca's  holy  face  1  "•).  Lucca  was  a  great  crucifix  in 
Lucca  Cathedral.— ^ /iff/  Butler  :  Lives  of  the  Saints 

April  2i),  p.  494.  col.  i.     (See  LUCCA,  p.  635.) 

(27)  WINIFRED  (SU)  or  Boniface,  By  St.  Ptttf't 
tomb  I 

^  In  the  reign  of  Charles  XL,  fancy 
oaths  were  in  fashion.  |For  specimens, 
see  FOPPINGTON,  p.  381.) 


^  The  most  common  oaths  of  the 
ancient  Romans  were  By  Herculis/  (Me- 
hercule!);  Roman  women,  By  Castor  I 
and  both  men  and  women,  By  Pollux  I 

Viri  per  Herculem,  mulieres  per  Castorem,  utrique 
per  Pollucem,  jurare  io\iXx.—Aulu*  Gellius :  Nodes 
Attica,  ii.  6. 

N.B. — In  the  early  part  of  the  nine- 
teenth century,  oaths  were  exceedingly 
common,  both  among  men  and  women  ; 
they  were  rarely  heard  in  good  society 
towards  the  close  of  the  century. 

Obad'don,  the  angel  of  death.  This 
is  not  the  same  angel  as  Abbad'ona,  one 
of  the  fallen  angels  and  once  the  friend 
of  Ab'diel  (bk.  vi.). 

My  name  is  Ephod  Obaddon  or  Sevenfold  Revenge. 
1  am  an  angel  of  destruction.  It  was  I  who  destroyed 
the  first-born  of  Egypt.  It  was  I  who  slew  the  army 
of  Sennacherib.— AT/o/j/'oc/i  ;  The  Messiah,  liii.  (1771). 

Obadi'ah,  a  household  servant,  in 
Sterne's  novel  of  Tristram  Shandy  (1759). 

There  is  an  Obadiah  in  Fielding's  Tom 
Jones. 

Obadiah,  clerk  to  justice  Day.  A 
nincompoop,  fond  of  drinking,  but  with 
just  a  shade  more  brains  than  Abel  Day, 
who  is  "  a  thorough  ass  "  (act  i.  so.  i). — 
Knight:  The  Honest  Thieves  (died  1820). 

•.'  This  farce  is  a  mere  richauffi  of 
The  Committee  (1670),  a  comedy  by  the 
Hon.  sir  R.  Howard,  the  names  and 
much  of  the  conversation  being  identical. 
Colonel  Blunt  is  called  in  the  farce 
"  captain  Manly." 

Every  playgoer  must  have  seen  Munden  [1758-1833] 
In  "Obadiah,"  in  The  Committee  or  Honest  Thieves ; 
if  not,  they  are  to  be  pitied.— Afrj.  C.  Mathews: 
Tea-Table  Talk. 

Munden  was  one  night  playing  "Obadiah,"  and 
Jack  Johnstone,  as  "  Teagoe,"  was  plying  him  with 
liquor  from  a  black  bottle.  The  grimaces  of  Munden 
were  so  irresistibly  comical,  that  not  only  did  the 
house  shriek  with  laughter,  but  Johnstone  himself  was 
too  convulsed  to  proceed.  When  "Obadiah"  was 
borne  off,  he  shouted,  "  Where's  the  villain  that  filled 
that  bottle?  Lamp  oil  1  lamp  oil  I  every  drop  of  itl" 
The  fact  is,  the  property-man  had  given  the  Dottle  of 
lamp  oil  instead  of  the  bottle  filled  with  sherry  and 
water.  Johnstone  asked  Munden  why  he  had  not 
given  him  a  hint  of  the  mistake,  and  Munden  replied, 
"  There  was  such  a  glorious  roar  at  the  faces  I  made, 
that  I  had  not  the  heart  to  spoil  '\X," —Theatrical 
Anecdotes. 

Obadiah  Prim,  a  canting,  knavish 
hypocrite;  one  of  the  four  guardians  of 
Anne  Lovely  the  heiress.  Colonel  Feign- 
well  personates  Simon  Pure,  and  obtains 
the  quaker's  consent  to  his  marriage  with 
Anne  Lovely. — Mrs.  Centlivre:  A  Bold 
Stroke  for  a  Wife  {X717). 

Obermann,  the  impersonation  of 
high  moral  worth  without  talent,  and 
the  tortures  endured  by  the  consciousness 
of  this  defect. — Etienne  Pivert  de  Sen'- 
ancour:  Obermann  (1804). 


OBERON. 


767 


OCNUS. 


Oberon,  king  of  the  fairies.  He 
quarrelled  with  his  wife  Titania  about  a 
"changeling"  which  Ob6ron  wanted  for 
a  page,  but  Titania  refused  to  give  up. 
Oberon,  in  revenge,  anointed  her  eyes  in 
sleep  with  the  extract  of  "  Love  in  Idle- 
ness," the  effect  of  which  was  to  make 
the  sleeper  in  love  with  the  first  object 
beheld  on  waking.  Titania  happened 
to  see  a  country  bumpkin  whom  Puck 
had  dressed  up  with  an  ass's  head. 
Oberon  came  upon  her  while  she  was 
fondling  the  clown,  sprinkled  on  her  an 
antidote,  and  she  was  so  ashamed  of  her 
folly  that  she  readily  consented  to  give 
up  the  boy  to  her  spouse  for  his  page. — 
Shakespeare  :  Midsummer  Nights  Dream 
(1592). 

Oberon  the  Pay,  king  of  Moramur, 
a  humpty  dwarf,  three  feet  high,  of 
angelic  face.  He  told  sir  Huon  that 
the  Lady  of  the  Hidden  Isle  {Cephalonia) 
married  Neptanebus  king  of  Egypt,  by 
whom  she  had  a  son  named  Alexander 
•*  the  Great."  Seven  hundred  years  later 
she  had  another  son,  Oberon,  by  Julius 
Caesar,  who  stopped  in  Cephalonia  on 
his  way  to  Thessaly.  At  the  birth  of 
Oberon,  the  fairies  bestowed  their  gifts 
on  him.  One  was  insight  into  men's 
thoughts,  and  another  was  the  power  of 
transporting  himself  instantaneously  to 
any  place.  At  death,  he  made  Huon  his 
successor,  and  was  borne  to  paradise.— 
Huon  de  Bordeaux  (a  romance). 

Oberthal  [Count),  lord  of  Dordrecht, 
near  the  Meuse.  When  Bertha,  one  of 
his  vassals,  asked  permission  to  marry 
John  of  Leyden,  the  count  withheld  his 
consent,  as  he  designed  to  make  Bertha 
his  mistress.  This  drove  John  into  re- 
bellion, and  he  joined  the  anabaptists. 
The  count  was  taken  prisoner  by  Gio'na, 
a  discarded  servant,  but  was  liberated  by 
John.  When  John  was  crowned  prophet- 
king,  the  count  entered  the  banquet-hall 
to  arrest  him,  and  perished  with  him  in 
the  flames  of  the  burning  palace. — Meyer- 
beer: Le  Prophite  [o^&vdi,  1849). 

Obi.  Among  the  negroes  of  the  West 
Indies,  ' '  Obi  "  is  the  name  of  a  magical 
power,  supposed  to  affect  men  with  all 
the  curses  of  an  "evil  eye." 

Obi- Woman  {An),  an  African  sor- 
ceress, a  worshipper  of  Murabo  Jumbo. 

Obi'dab,  a  young  man  who  meets 
with  various  adventures  and  misfortunes 
allegorical  of  human  life. — Dr.  Johnson: 
Tht  Rambler  (1750-52). 


Obid'icnt,  the  fiend  of  lust,  and  one 
of  the  five  which  possessed  "  poor  Tom." 
— Shakespeare:  King  Lear,  act  iv.  sc.  i 
(1605). 

O'Brallagban  {Sir  Callaghan),  "a 
wild  Irish  soldier  in  the  Prussian  army. 
His  military  humour  makes  one  fancy  he 
was  not  only  born  in  a  siege,  but  that 
Bellona  had  been  his  nurse.  Mars  his 
schoolmaster,  and  the  Furies  his  play- 
fellows" (act  i.  i).  He  is  the  successful 
suitor  of  Charlotte  Goodchild. — Macklin  : 
Love  d-la-Mode  (1759). 

O'Brien,  the  Irish  lieutenant  under 
captain  Savage.  — Marryat :  Peter  Simple 
(1833). 

Observant  Priars,  those  friars  who 
observe  the  rule  of  St.  Francis— to  abjure 
books,  land,  house,  and  chapel;  to  Uve 
on  alms,  dress  in  rags,  feed  on  scraps, 
and  sleep  anywhere. 

Obsid'ian  Stone,  the  lapis  Obsidia'- 
nus  of  Pliny  [Nat.  Hist.,  xxxvi.  67  and 
xxxvii.  76).  A  black  diaphanous  stone, 
discovered  by  Obsidius  in  Ethiopia. 

For  with  Obsidian  stone  'twas  chiefly  lined. 

Davcnant :  Gondibert,  ii.  6  (died  1668). 

Obstinate,  an  inhabitant  of  the  City 
of  Destruction,  who  advised  Christian  to 
return  to  his  family,  and  not  run  on  a  wild- 
goose  chase, — Bunyan  :  Pilgrim's  Pro- 
gress^ i.  (1678), 

Obstinate  as  a  Breton,  a  French 
proverbial  phrase. 

Occasion,  the  mother  of  Furor ;  an 
ugly,  wrinkled  old  hag,  lame  of  one  foot, 
Her  head  was  bald  behind,  but  in  front 
she  had  a  few  hoary  locks.  Sir  Guyon 
seized  her,  gagged  her,  and  bound  her. — 
Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  ii.  4  (1590). 

Oce'ana,  an  ideal  republic,  on  the 
plan  of  Plato's  Atlantis.  It  represents 
the  author's  notion  of  a  model  common- 
wealth.— Harrington  :  Oceana  (1656). 

Ochiltree  [Old  Edie),  a  king's  bedes- 
man or  blue-gown.  Edie  is  a  garrulous, 
kind-hearted,  wandering  beggar,  who 
assures  Mr.  Lovel  that  the  supposed 
ruins  of  a  Roman  camp  are  no  such  thing. 
The  old  bedesman  delighted  "  to  daunder 
down  the  burnsides  and  green  shaws." 
He  is  a  well-drawn  character. — Sir  IV. 
Scott:  The  Antiquary  (time,  George 
HI.). 

Ocnns  ( The  Rope  of),  profitless  labour. 
Ocnus  is  represented  as  twisting  with 
vinwearied  diligence  a  rope,  which  an  ass 


O'CONNELL'S  TAIU 

eats  as  fast  as  it  is  made.  The  allegory 
signifies  that  Ocnus  worked  hard  to  earn 
money,  which  his  wife  spent  by  her  ex- 
travagance. 

O'Conuell'B  Tail,  the  nickname 
given  to  the  party  of  the  Irish  agitator 
Daniel  O'Connell  (1775-1847),  after  the 
passing  of  the  Reform  Bill  of  1832. 

Octa,  a  mountain  from  which  the 
Latin  poets  say  the  sun  rises. 

Octave  (2  syl.),  the  son  of  Argante 
(2  syl.).  During  the  absence  of  his 
father,  Octave  fell  in  love  with  Hya- 
cinthe  daughter  of  G^ronte,  and  married 
her,  supposing  her  to  be  the  daughter  of 
signior  Pandolphe  of  Tarentum.  His 
father  wanted  him  to  marry  the  daughter 
of  his  friend  G^ronte,  but  Octave  would 
not  listen  to  it.  It  turned  out,  however, 
that  the  daughter  of  Pandolphe  and  the 
daughter  of  G^ronte  were  one  and  the 
same  person,  for  G^ronte  had  'assiuned 
the  name  of  Pandolphe  while  he  lived  in 
Tarentum,  and  his  wife  and  daughter 
stayed  behind  after  the  father  went  to 
live  at  Naples. — MolUre:  Les  Fourberies 
de  Scapin  (1671). 

(In  the  EngUsh  version,  called  The 
Cheats  of  Scapin,  by  Thomas  Otway, 
Octave  is  called  "  Octa vian,"  Argante  is 
called  "Thrifty,"  Hyacinthe  is  called 
"  Clara,"  and  G^ronte  is  "  Gripe.") 

Octavia,  wife  of  Mark  Antony, 
Caesar's  sister. — Dryden  :  All  for  Love 
(1678). 

Octavian.,  the  lover  of  FloranthS. 
He  goes  mad  because  he  fancies  that 
Floranthg  loves  another ;  but  Roque,  a 
blunt,  kind-hearted  old  man,  assures  him 
that  dona  Floranthfe  is  true  to  him,  and 
induces  him  to  return  home. — Colman: 
The  Mountaineers  (1793). 

Octavian,  the  English  form  of  "Oc- 
tave "  {2  syl. ),  in  Otway's  Cheats  of  Scapin, 
(See  Octave.) 

Octa'vio,  the  supposed  husband  of 
Jacintha.  This  Jacintha  was  at  one 
time  contracted  to  don  Henrique,  but 
Violante  (4  syl.)  passed  for  don  Hen- 
rique's wife. — Fletcher  :  The  Spanish 
Curate  (1622). 

Octavio,  the  betrothed  of  donna 
"Clara. — Jephson:  Two  Strings  to  your 
Bow  (1792). 

Octer,  a  sea-captain  in  the  reign  of 
king  Alfred,  who  traversed  the  Norwegian 


768  O'DONOHUE'S  WHITE  HORSES. 

mountains,  and  sailed  to  the  Dwina  in 
the  north  of  Russia, 

The  Saxon  swayinj  all,  in  Alfred's  powerful  reign, 
Our  EneUsh  Octer  put  a  fleet  to  sea  again. 

Drayttn  :  Ptiyoiiion,  xix.  (1622). 

O'Cntter  {Captain),  a  ridiculous  Irish 
captain,  befriended  by  lady  Freelove  and 
lord  Trinket.  He  speaks  with  a  great 
brogue,  and  interlards  his  speech  with 
sea  terms.— Colman :  The  Jealous  Wife 
(1761). 

Oc'ypus,  son  of  Podalirius  and 
Astasia,  noted  for  his  strength,  agility, 
and  beauty,  Ocypus  used  to  jeer  at  the 
gout,  and  the  goddess  of  that  disease 
caused  him  to  suffer  from  it  for  ever. — 
Lucian. 

Oda,  the  dormitory  of  the  sultan's 
seraglio. 

It  was  a  spacious  chamber  (Oda  is 

The  Turkish  title),  and  ranged  round  the  wall 

Were  couches. 

Byron  :  Don  Juan,  vi.  51  (1824). 

Odalisque,  in  Turkey,  one  of  the 
female  slaves  in  the  sultan's  harem  {odalik, 
Arabic,  "a  chamber  companion,"  oda, 
**a  chamber"). 

He  went  forth  with  the  lovely  odalisques. 

Byron :  Don  yuan,  vi.  29  (1824). 

Odd  Numbers.  Among  the  Chinese, 
heaven  is  odd,  earth  is  even;  heaven  is 
round,  earth  is  square.  The  numbers 
i«  3.  Si  7.  9.  belong  io yang  ("heaven"); 
but  2,  4,  6,  8,  10,  belong  io ytn  ("earth"). 
— Rev.  Mr.  Edkins. 

Ode  {Prince  of  the),  Pierre  de  Ronsard 
(1524-1585). 

Odoar,  the  venerable  abbot  of  St. 
Felix,  who  sheltered  king  Roderick  after 
his  dethronement. — Southey  :  Roderick, 
Last  of  the  Goths,  iv.  (1814). 

•.*  Southey  sometimes  makes  the  word 
Odoar'  [O'.dor'^,  and  sometimes  O'doar 

Odoar*.  the  venerable  abbot,  sat  (2  syl.).  .  .  , 
Odoar'  and  Urban  eyed  him  while  he  spake.  ... 
The  lady  Adosinda,  O'doar  cried  (3  sy/.).  .  .  . 
Tell  him  in  O'doar's  name  the  hour  is  come  I 

O'Doli'erty  (Sir  Morgan),  a  pseu- 
donym of  VV.  Maginn,  LL.D.,  in  Black- 
woods  Magazine  (1819-1842). 

O'Douohue's     Wliite     Horses. 

The  boatmen  of  Killarney  so  call  those 
waves  which,  on  a  windy  day,  come 
crested  with  loam.  The  spirit  of 
O'Donohue  is  supposed  to  glide  over  the 
lake  of  Killarney  every  May-day  on  his 
favourite  white  horse,  to  the  sound  of 
vinearthly  music. 


ODORICO. 


769 


ODYSSEY. 


Odori'co,  a  Biscavan,  to  whom  Zer- 
bi'no  commits  Isabelkx.  He  proves  a 
traitor,  and  tries  to  defile  her,  but  is 
interrupted  in  his  base  endeavour. 
Almonio  defies  him  to  single  combat, 
and  he  is  delivered  bound  to  Zerbino, 
who  condemns  him,  in  punishment,  to 
attend  on  Gabrina  for  twelve  months,  as 
her  'squire.  He  accepts  the  charge,  but 
hangs  Gabrina  on  an  elm,  and  is  himself 
hung  by  Almonio  to  the  same  tree. — 
Ariosto :  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Odour  of  Sanctity.    To  die  "in 

the  odour  of  sanctity"  did  not  mean 
simply  in  "good  repute."  It  was  a 
prevalent  notion  that  the  dead  body  of 
a  saint  positively  emitted  a  sweet- 
smelling  savour,  and  the  dead  body  of 
the  unbaptized  an  offensive  smell.  When 
good  persons  die,  catholic  priests  attend, 
and  use  incense  freely,  which  naturally 
adds  a  sweet  savour  to  the  body. 

Then  he  smote  off  his  head  ;  and  therewithal!  came 
a  stench  out  of  the  body  when  tlie  soul  departed,  so 
that  there  might  nobody  abide  the  savour.  So  was 
the  corpse  had  away  ancl  buried  in  a  wood,  because 
he  was  a  panini.  .  .  .  Then  the  haughty  prince  said 
unto  sir  Paliinedes,  "  Here  have  ye  seen  this  day  a 
great  miracle  by  sir  Corsabrin,  what  savour  there  was 
when  the  soul  departed  from  the  body,  therefore  we 
require  you  for  to  take  the  holy  baptism  upon  you 
[t/iat  ■when  you  die,  you  may  die  in  the  cdcur  of 
sanctity,  and  not,  like  sir  Corsabrin,  in  thedisadour 
e/the  unbaptiztdy'—SirT.  Malory:  History  of  Prince 
Arthur,  ii.  133  (1470). 

When  sir  Bors  and  his  fellows  came  to  sir  Launce- 
lot's  bed,  they  found  him  stark  dead.  .  .  .  and  the 
sweetest  savour  about  him  tliat  ever  they  smelled. 
[  This  -was  the  odour  0/  sanctity.}— History  0/  Princt 
Artiiur,  iii.  175. 

•.•In  Shakespeare's  Pericles  Prince 
of  Tyre,  Antiochus  and  his  daughter, 
whose  wickedness  abounded,  were  killed 
by  lightning,  and  the  poet  says — 

A  fire  from  heaven  came,  and  shrivell'd  up 
Their  bodies,  e'en  to  loathing ;  for  they  so  stunk 
That  all  those  eyes  ador'd  them  ere  their  fall 
Scoru  now  their  hand  should  give  them  buriaL 

Act  ii.  sc  4. 

Odours  for  Pood.  Plutarch,  Pliny, 
and  divers  other  ancients  tell  us  of  a 
nation  in  India  that  lived  only  upon 
pleasing  odours.  Democ'ritos  hved  for 
several  days  together  on  the  mere  effluvia 
of  hot  bread. — Dr.  Wilkins  (1614-1672). 

O'Dowd,  the  hero  of  a  play  adapted 
by  Boucicault,  in  1880,  from  the  French 
Les  crochets  du  Pere  Martin,  by  Gorman 
and  Grange  (1850),  from  which  John 
Oxeiiford  also  drew  his  Porter's  Knot. 
The  O'Dowd  is  an  old  Irishman  who 
having  by  hard  work  scraped  together 
a  fortune,  the  whole  of  which  he  destined 
for  his  only  son,  finds  that  by  educating 
that  son  above  his  station  he  has  ruined 


him.  To  screen  the  youth  from  dis- 
honour and  infamy,  he  yields  up  all  his 
savings,  and  begins  again  with  a  fish- 
barrow  to  earn  his  daily  bread. 

•.•  In  Oxenford's  version  the  man 
begins  again  as  a  porter. 

In  Thackeray's  Vanity  Fair  there  is 
an  Irishwoman  called  Mrs.  O'Dowd. 

O'Dowd  [Cornelius),  the  pseudonym 
of  Charles  James  Lever,  in  Blackwood s 
Magazine  {1809-1872). 

Odyssey.  Homer's  epic,  recording 
the  adventures  of  Odysseus  [Ulysses)  in 
his  voyage  home  from  Troy. 

Book  I.  The  poem  opeus  in  the  island 
of  Calypso,  with  a  complaint  against 
Neptune  and  Calypso  for  preventing  the 
return  of  Odysseus  (3  syl.)  to  Ithaca. 

II.  Telemachos,  the  son  of  Odysseus, 
starts  in  search  of  his  father,  accom- 
panied by  Pallas  in  the  guise  of  Mentor. 

III.  He  goes  to  Pylos,  to  consult  old 
Nestor,  and 

IV.  Is  sent  by  him  to  Sparta,  where 
he  is  told  by  Menelaos  that  Odysseus  is 
detained  in  tlie  island  of  Calypso. 

V.  In  the  mean  time,  Odysseus  leaves 
the  island,  and,  being  shipwrecked,  is  cast 
on  the  shore  of  Phaeacia, 

VI.  Where  Nausicaa,  the  king's 
daughter,  finds  him  asleep,  and 

VII.  Takes  him  to  the  court  of  her 
father  Alcinoos,  who 

VIII.  Entertains  him  hospitably. 

IX.  At  a  banquet,  Odysseus  relates  his 
adventures  since  he  started  from  Troy. 
Tells  about  the  Lotus-eaters  and  the 
Cyclops,  with  his  adventures  in  the  cave 
of  Polyphemos.     He  tells  how 

X.  The  wind-god  gave  him  the  winds 
in  a  bag.  In  the  island  of  Circd,  he  says, 
his  crew  were  changed  to  swine,  but 
Mercury  gave  him  a  herb  called  moly, 
which  disenchanted  them. 

XI.  He  tells  the  king  how  he  de- 
scended into  hadfis  ; 

XII.  Gives  an  account  of  the  syrens  ; 
of  Scylla  and  Charybdis  ;  and  of  his  being 
cast  on  the  island  of  Calypso. 

XIII.  Alcinoos  gives  Odysseus  a  ship 
which  conveys  him  to  Ithiica,  where  he 
as<^umes  the  disguise  of  a  beggar, 

XIV.  And  is  lodged  in  the  house  of 
Eumoeos,  a  faithful  old  domestic. 

XV.  Telemachos,  having  returned  to 
Ithaca,  is  lodged  in  the  same  house, 

XVI.  And  becomes  known  to  his 
father. 

XVII.  Odysseus  goes  to  his  palace,  is 
recognized  by  his  dog  Argos  ;  but 

2  c 


CEAGRIAN  HARPIST. 


770 


OG. 


XVIII.  The  beggar  Iros  insults  him, 
and  Odysseus  breaks  his  jaw-bone, 

XIX.  While  bathing,  the  returned 
monarch  is  recognized  by  a  scar  on  his 
leg; 

XX.  And  when  he  enters  his  palace, 
becomes  an  eye-witness  to  the  disorders 
of  the  court,  and  to  the  way  in  which 

XXI.  PenelopS  is  pestei-ed  by  suitors. 
To  excuse  herself,  PenelopS  tells  her 
suitors  he  only  shall  be  her  husband  who 
can  bend  Odysseus's  bow.  None  can  do 
so  but  the  stranger,  who  bends  it  with 
ease.  Concealment  is  no  longer  possible 
or  desirable ; 

XXII.  He  falls  on  the  suitors  hip  and 
thigh ; 

XXIII.  Is  recognized  by  his  wife  ; 

XXIV.  Visits  his  old  father  Laertfis ; 
and  the  poem  ends. 

(For  English  translations  in  verse,  see 
under  Homer.) 

Tht  German  Odyssey.  The  Kudrun,  in 
three  parts,  called  The  Hagen,  The 
Hilde  {2  syl.),  and  The  Hedel. 

QSa'grian  Harpist  {The),  Orpheus 
son  of  OSa'gros  and  Cal'liSpS, 

.  .  .  can  no  lesse. 
Tame  the  fierce  walkers  of  the  wildernesse, 
Than  that  CEagrian  harpist,  for  whose  lay 
Tigers  with  hunger  pined  and  left  their  prey. 
Brown  :  Britannia's  Pastorals,  v.  (1613). 

(E'dipos  (in  Latin  (Edipus),  son  of 
Laius  and  Jocasta.  The  most  mournful 
tale  of  classic  story. 

(This  tale  has  furnished  the  subject- 
matter  of  several  tragedies.  In  Greek 
we  have  CEdipus  Tyrannus  and  CEdipus 
at  Colonus,  by  Soph'oclfis.  In  French, 
CEdipe,  by  Corneille  (1659) ;  (Edipe,  by 
Voltaire  (1718) ;  CEdipe  chex  Admite,  by 
J.  F.  Ducis  (1778) ;  CEdipe  J^oisLud  CEdipe 
d  Colone,  by  Ch^nier;  etc.  In  English, 
CEdipus,  by  Dryden  and  Lee.) 

(Eno'ne  (3  syl.),  a  nymph  of  mount 
Ida,  who  had  the  gift  of  prophecy,  and 
told  her  husband,  Paris,  that  his  voyage 
to  Greece  would  involve  him  and  his 
country  (Troy)  in  ruin.  When  the  dead 
body  of  old  Priam's  son  was  laid  at  her 
feet,  she  stabbed  herself. 

Hither  came  at  noon 
Mournful  CEnone,  wandering  forlorn 
Of  Paris,  once  her  plaj^mate  on  the  hills  [/da]. 
Tennyson  :  (Enone  (1892). 

(Kalkbrenner,  in  1804,  made  this  the 
subject  of  an  opera. ) 

N.B.— Ovid,  in  his  Hero'ides  (4  syl), 
has  an  hypothetical  letter,  in  verse,  sup- 
posed to  be  written  by  CEnone  to  Paris, 
dissuading  him  from  going  to  Troy,  and 


upbraiding  him  for  his  love  of  Helen  the 
wife  of  Menelaos. 

(Eno'pian,  father  of  Mer'opg,  to 
whom  the  giant  Orion  made  advances. 
CEnopian,  unwilling  to  give  his  daughter 
to  him,  put  out  the  giant's  eyes  in  a 
drunken  fit. 

Orion  .  .  . 
Reeled  as  of  vore  beside  the  sea. 
When  blinded  by  fEnopion. 
Longfellow  :  The  Occultation  o/  Orion. 

CBte'an  Kniglit  {The).  Her'culfis  is 
so  called,  because  he  burnt  himself  to 
death  on  mount  CEta  or  CEtaea,  in 
Thessaly. 

So  also  did  that  great  CEtean  knight 
For  his  love's  sake  his  lion's  skin  undight. 

SJ>enser:  Faii-ic  Queene,  v.  8  (159$). 

Offa,  king  of  Mercia,  was  the  son  of 
Thingferth,  and  the  eleventh  in  descent 
from  Woden.  Thus  :  Woden,  (i)  his  son 
Wihtlasg,  (2)  his  son  Wasrmund,  (3)  Offa 
I.,  (4)  Angeltheow,  (5)  Eomser,  (6)  Icel, 
(7)  Pybba,  (8)  Osmod,  (9)  Enwulf,  (10) 
Thingferth,  (11)  Offa,  whose  son  was 
Egfert  who  died  within  a  year  of  his 
father.  His  daughter,  Eadburga,  married 
Be;  trie  king  of  the  West  Saxons ;  and 
after  the  death  of  her  husband,  she  went 
to  the  court  of  king  Charlemagne.  Offa 
reigned  thirty-nine  years  (755-794). 

Offa's  Dyke,  a  dyke  from  Beachley 
to  Flintshire,  repaired  by  Offa  king  of 
Mercia,  and  used  as  a  rough  boundary  of 
his  territory.     Asser,  however,  says — 

There  was  in  Mercia  (A.D.  855)  a  certain  valiant  king 
who  was  feared  \>y  all  the  kings  and  neighbouring 
states  around.     His  name  was  Offa.     He  it  was  who 
had  tlie  great  rampart  made  from  sea  to  sea  between 
Britain  and  Mercia.— Z.i/%  0/  Al/red  (ninth  century). 
Offa,  ...  to  keep  the  Britons  back. 
Cast  up  that  mighty  mound  of  eighty  miles  in  length, 
Athwart  from  sea  to  sea. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  Ix.  (1613}. 

O'Flaherty  [Dennis),  called  "major 
O'Flaherty."  A  soldier,  says  he,  is  "no 
livery  for  a  knave,"  and  Ireland  is  "not 
the  country  of  dishonour."  The  major 
pays  court  to  old  lady  Rusport,  but  when 
he  detects  her  dishonest  purposes  in  brib- 
ing her  lawyer  to  make  away  with  sir 
Oliver's  will,  and  cheating  Charles  Dudley 
of  his  fortune,  he  not  only  abandons  his 
suit,  but  exposes  her  dishonesty. — Cum- 
berland: The  West  Indian  (1771). 

0&,  king  of  Dasan.  Thus  saith  the 
rabbis — 

The  height  of  his  stature  was  23,053  cubits  {nearly 
six  miles].  He  used  to  drink  water  from  the  clouds, 
and  toast  fish  bv  holding  them  before  tlie  orb  of  th« 
sun.  He  askecl  Noah  to  take  him  mto  the  ark,  but 
Noah  would  not.  When  the  ilood  was  at  its  deepest 
it  did  not  reach  to  the  kiiees  of  this  giant.     Og  Uvea 


OGDOISTES. 


771 


|M0  years,  and  then  he  was  slain  by  the  hand  of 

Moses. 

Moses  was  himself  ten  cubits  In  stature  [/i/teen 
fetl\  and  he  took  a  spear  ten  cubits  long,  and  threw  it 
ten  cubits  high,  and  yet  it  only  reached  the  heel  of  Og. 
.  .  .  When  dead,  his  body  reached  as  far  as  the  river 
Nile,  in  Egypt. 

Og's  motlier  was  Enac,  a  daughter  of  Adam.  Her 
fingers  were  two  cubits  long  \pne  yarii\,  and  on  each 
finger  sh«  had  two  sharp  nails.  She  was  devoured  by 
wild  beasts. — Maracci. 

In  the  satire  o{  Absalom  and  Achitophel, 
by  Dryden  and  Tate,  Thomas  Shad  well, 
who  was  a  very  large  man,  is  called 
"Og." 

Og  from  a  treason-tavern  rolling  home 
Round  as  a  globe.  .  .  . 
With  all  this  bulk  there's  nothing  lost  in  Og, 
For  every  inch,  that  is  not  fool,  is  rogue. 

Pt.  it  458.  etc. 

Ogdoistes  {4  syl-)  or  Ogdoists,  the 
eight  heretical  writers  which  St.  Jerome 
so  vigorously  assailed  (345-420);  viz.  (i) 
the  Montanists,  {2)  Helvetius,  (3)  Jovinian, 
(4)  Rufinus,  (s)  the  Origenists,  (6)  the 
Luciferians,  (7)  Vigilantius,  and  (8) 
Pelagius. 

Ogriev  the  Dane,  one  of  the  paladins 
of  the  Charlemagne  epoch.  When  100 
years  old,  Morgue  the  fay  took  him  to  the 
island  of  Av'alon,  "  hard  by  the  terrestrial 
paradise  ; "  gave  him  a  ring  which  restored 
him  to  ripe  manhood,  a  crown  which 
made  him  forget  his  past  life,  and  intro- 
duced him  to  king  Arthur.  Two  hundred 
years  afterwards,  she  sent  him  to  defend 
France  from  the  paynims,  who  had 
invaded  it  ;  and,  having  routed  the 
invaders,  he  returned  to  Avalon  again. — 
Ogier  le  Danois  (a  romance). 

In  a  pack  of  French  cards,  Ogier  the 
Dane  is  knave  of  spades.  His  exploits 
are  related  in  the  Chansons  de  Geste;  he  is 
introduced  by  Ariosto  in  Orlando  Furioso, 
and  by  Morris  in  his  Earthly  Paradise 
{"August"). 

Ogier' s  Swords,  Curtana  {"  the  cutter  ") 
and  Sauvagine. 

Ogier's  Horse,  Papillon. 

Og[le  {Miss),  friend  of  Mrs.  Racket. 
She  is  very  jealous  of  young  girls,  and 
even  of  Mrs.  Racket,  because  she  was 
some  six  years  her  junior. — Mrs.  Cowley: 
The  Belle's  Stratagem  {1780). 

O'gleby  {Lord),  an  old  fop,  vain  to 
excess,  but  good-natured  withal,  and 
quite  the  slave  of  maidens  young  and  fair. 
At  the  age  of  70,  his  lordship  fancied 
himself  an  Adonis,  notwithstanding  his 
qualms  and  his  rheumatism.  He  required 
a  great  deal  of  "  brushing,  oiling,  screw- 
ing, and  winding  up  before  he  appeared 
In  public,"  but,  when  fully  made  up,  was 


OITHONA. 

game  for  the  part  of  "  lover,  rake,  or  fine 
gentleman."  Lord  Ogleby  made  his  bow 
to  Fanny  Sterling,  and  promised  to  make 
her  a  countess  ;  but  the  young  lady  had 
been  privately  married  to  Lovewell  for 
four  months. — Colman  and  Garrick:  The 
Clandestine  Marriage  (1766). 

No  one  could  deliver  such  a  dialogue  as  is  found  In 
"  lord  Ogleby  "  and  in  "  sir  Peter  Teazle  "  [School  for 
Scandal,  Sheridan]  with  such  point  as  Thomas  King 
[1730-1805].— /.«>*  0/ Sheridan. 

O'gri,  giants  who  fed  on  human  flesh. 

O'G-roat  {John),  with  his  two  brothers, 
Malcolm  and  Gavin,  settled  in  Caithness 
in  the  reign  of  James  IV.  The  families 
lived  together  in  harmony  for  a  time,  and 
met  once  a  year  at  John's  house.  On  one 
occasion  a  dispute  arose  about  precedency 
— who  was  to  take  the  head  of  the  table, 
and  who  was  to  go  out  first.  The  old 
man  said  he  would  settle  the  question  at 
the  next  annual  muster ;  accordingly  he 
made  as  many  doors  to  his  house  as  there 
were  families,  and  placed  his  guests  at  a 
round  table. 

(The  legend  is  sometimes  told  some- 
what differently.  See  JOHN  O'GkoaTi 
P-  552.) 

O'Hara  Family  {Tales  of  the),  byi- 
John    and    Michael    Branim    (1825-26). 
They  are  tales  of  rebellion,  violent  passion, 
turbulence,  and  crime. 

Oigr  M'Combicli  {Robin)  or  M'Gre- 
gor,  a  Highland  drover,  who  quarrels 
with  Harry  Wakefield  an  English  drover, 
about  a  pasture-field,  and  stabs  him. 
Being  tried  at  Carlisle  for  murder,  Robin 
is  condemned  to  death. — Sir  IV.  Scott: 
The  Two  Drovers  (time,  George  III.). 

Oil  on  Troubled  Waters.  (See 
Dictionary  of  Phrase  and  Fable,  p.  911.) 

Oina-Moml,  daughter  of  Mai- Orchol 
king  of  Fuarfed  (a  Scandinavian  island). 
Ton-Thormod  asked  her  in  marriage, 
and,  being  refused  by  the  father,  made 
war  upon  him.  Fingal  sent  his  son 
Ossian  to  the  aid  of  Mal-Orchol,  and  he 
took  Ton-Thormod  prisoner.  The  king 
now  offered  Ossian  his  daughter  to  wife, 
but  the  warrior-bard  discovered  that  the 
lady  had  given  her  heart  toTon-Thormod ; 
whereupon  he  resigned  his  claim,  and 
brought  about  a  happy  reconciliation. — 
Ossian  :  Oina-Morul. 

Oith'ona,  daughter  of  Nuath,  be- 
trothed to  Gaul  son  of  Morni,  and  the 
day  of  their  marriage  was  fixed  ;  but 
before  the  time  arrived,  Fingal  sent  for 


O.  K. 

Gaul  to  aid  him  in  an  expedition  against 
the  Britons,  Gaul  promised  Oithona,  if 
he  survived,  to  return  by  a  certain  day. 
Lathmon,  the  brother  of  Oithona,  w^as 
called  away  from  home  at  the  same  time, 
to  attend  his  father  on  an  expedition  ;  so 
the  damsel  was  left  alone  in  Dunlathmon. 
It  was  now  that  Dunrommath  lord  of 
Uthal  (one  of  the  Orkneys)  came  and 
carried  her  off  by  force  to  Trom'athon,  a 
desert  island,  where  he  concealed  her  in 
a  cave.  Gaul  returned  on  the  day  ap- 
pointed, heard  of  the  rape,  sailed  for 
Trom'athon,  and  found  the  lady,  who 
told  him  her  tale  of  woe  ;  but  scarcely 
had  she  ended  when  Dunrommath  entered 
the  cave  with  his  followers.  Gaul  in- 
stantly fell  on  him,  and  slew  him.  While 
the  battle  was  raging,  Oithona,  arrayed 
as  a  warrior,  rushed  into  the  thickest  of 
the  fight,  and  was  slain.  When  Gaul  had 
cut  off  the  head  of  Dunrommath,  he  saw 
what  he  thought  a  youth  dying  of  a 
wound,  and,  taking  off  the  helmet,  per- 
ceived it  was  Oithona.  She  died,  and 
Gaul  returned  disconsolate  to  Dunlath- 
mon. — Ossian  :  Oithona. 

O.  E.,  all  correct. 

"  You  are  quite  safe  now,  and  we  shall  be  off  in  a 
minute,"  says  Harry.  "The  door  is  locked,  and  the 
gfuard  O.  K." — Buxton  :  Jennie  of  the  Prince's,  iii. 

302. 

Okba,  one  of  the  sorcerers  in  the  caves 
of  Dom-Daniel  "under  the  roots  of  the 
ocean."  It  was  decreed  by  fate  that  one 
of  the  race  of  Hodei'rah  (3  syl.)  would 
be  fatal  to  the  sorcerers  ;  so  Okba  was 
sent  forth  to  kill  the  whole  race  both 
root  and  branch.  He  succeeded  in  cutting 
off  eight  of  them,  but  Thal'aba  contrived 
to  escape,  Abdaldar  was  sent  to  hunt 
down  the  survivor,  but  was  himself  killed 
by  a  simoom. 

"  Curse  on  thee,  Okba  I  "  Khawla  cried.  . .  . 
"  Okba,  wert  thou  weak  of  heart  % 
Okba,  wert  thou  blind  of  eye  ? 
Thy  fate  and  ours  were  on  the  lot.  .  .  . 
1  hou  hast  let  slip  the  reins  of  Destiny. 
Curse  thee,  curse  thee,  Okba  I  " 
Sotithey  :  Thalaba  the  Destroyer,  U.  7  (1797). 

O'Eean  [Lieutenant),  a  quondam 
admirer  of  Mrs,  Margaret  Bertram  of 
Singleside. — Sir  W.  Scott :  Guy  Manner- 
ing  (time,  George  II.). 

Olave,  brother  of  Noma,  and  grand- 
father of  Minna  and  Brenda  Troil. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  Tfu  Pirate  (time,  William 
III.). 

Old  Age  restored  to  Youth.   The 

following  means  are  efficacious  : — 

ThQ /on f aine  de  jouvence,  "  cui  fit  rajo- 


772 


OLD  ENGLISH  BARON. 


venir  la  gent ;  "  the  water  of  life  (f.v.) ; 
the  fountain  of  Bi'mini ;  the  river  of 
juvescence  at  the  foot  of  Olympus  ;  the 
dancing  water,  presented  by  prince  Chery 
to  Fairstar ;  the  water  of  the  river  Sy- 
baris  [q.v. ) ;  the  broth  of  Medea.  (See 
Medea's  Kettle,  p.  691.) 
(For  instances,  see  Youth  Restored.) 

Old  Armchair  (The),  a  poem  by 
Eliza  Cook  (1840). 

Old  Bag's.  John  Scott,  lord  Eldon ', 
so  called  because  he  carried  home  with 
him  in  sundry  bags  the  cases  pending  his 
judgment  (1751-1838). 

Old  Bona  Pide  (2  syl.).  Louis  XIV. 
(1638,  1643-1715). 

Old  Court  Suburb  [T/ie),  an  his- 
torical account  of  Kensington  and  its 
celebrities  by  Leigh  Hunt  (1855), 

Old  Curiosity  Shop  {T/ie),  a  tale 
by  C.  Dickens  (1840).  An  old  man, 
having  run  through  his  fortune,  opened 
a  curiosity  shop  in  order  to  earn  a  hving, 
and  brought  up  a  granddaughter  named 
Nell  [Trent],  14  years  of  age.  The  child 
was  the  darling  of  the  old  man ;  but, 
deluding  himself  with  the  hope  of  making 
a  fortune  by  gambling,  he  lost  everything, 
and  went  forth,  with  the  child,  a  beggar. 
Their  wanderings  and  adventures  are 
recounted  till  they  reach  a  quiet  country 
village,  where  the  old  clergyman  gives 
them  a  cottage  to  live  in.  Here  Nell  soon 
dies,  and  the  grandfather  is  found  dead 
upon  her  grave.  The  main  character 
next  to  NeU  is  that  of  a  lad  named  Kit 
[Nubbles],  employed  in  the  curiosity 
shop,  who  adored  Nell  as  "an  angel." 
This  boy  gets  into  the  service  of  Mr. 
Garland,  a  genial,  benevolent,  well-to-do 
man,  in  the  suburbs  of  London ;  but 
Quilp  hates  the  lad,  and  induces  Brass, 
a  solicitor  of  Bevis  Marks,  to  put  a  ^^5 
bank-note  in  the  boy's  hat,  and  then 
accuse  him  of  theft.  Kit  is  tried,  and 
condemned  to  transportation,  but  the 
villainy  being  exposed  by  a  girl-of-all- 
work  nicknamed  "The  Marchioness," 
Kit  is  liberated  and  restored  to  his  place ; 
and  Quilp  is  drowned. 

Old  Cutty  Soames  (i  syl.),  the 
fairy  of  the  mine. 

Old  Ebony,  a  punning  synonym  of 
Black-wood,  editor  of  Blackwood s  Maga- 
zine (1777-1834). 

Old  English  Baron  [The),  a  tale 
by  Clara  Reeve  (1777). 


OLD  FOX. 


773 


OLD  MORTALI'IY. 


Old  Pox  {Tke),  marshal  SouU ;  so 
called  from  his  strategic  abilities  and 
never-failing  resources  (1769-1851). 

Old  Gib.  [yH],  Gibraltar  Rock. 

Old  Glory,  sir  Francis  Burdett ;  so 
called  by  the  radicals,  because  at  one 
time  he  was  their  leader.  In  his  latter 
years  sir  Francis  joined  the  tories  {1770- 
1844). 

Old  Grog,  admiral  Edward  Vernon  ; 
so  called  from  his  wearing  a  grogram 
coat  in  foul  weather  {1684-1757). 

Old  Harry,  the  devil.  The  Hebrew 
s^irim  ("  hairy  ones  ")  is  translated 
"  devils  "  in  Lev.  xvii.  7,  probably  mean- 
ing ' '  he-goats. " 

Old  Hickory.  General  Andrew 
Johnson  was  so  called  in  1813.  He  was 
first  called  "Tough,"  then  "Tough  as 
Hickory,"  then  "  Hickory,"  and  lastly 
"  Old  Hickory." 

Old  Humplirey,  the  pseudonym 
of  George  Mogridge  of  London  (died 
1854). 

Old  Lady  of  Threadneedle 
Street,  a  cant-name  for  the  Bank  of 
England. 

Old  Maid  ( The),  a  farce  by  Murphy 
(1761).  Miss  Harlow  is  the  "  old  maid," 
aged  45,  living  with  her  brother  and  his 
bride  a  beautiful  young  woman  of  23. 
A  young  man  of  fortune,  having  seen 
them  at  Ranelagh,  falls  in  love  with  the 
younger  lady  ;  and,  inquiring  their  names, 
is  told  they  are  "  Mrs.  and  Miss  Harlow." 
He  takes  it  for  granted  that  the  elder 
lady  is  the  mother,  and  the  younger  the 
daughter ;  so  asks  permission  to  pay  his 
addresses  to  "Miss  Harlow."  The  re- 
quest is  granted,  but  it  turns  out  that  the 
young  man  meant  Mrs.  Harlow,  and  the 
worst  of  the  matter  is,  that  the  elder 
spinster  was  engaged  to  be  married  to 
captain  Cape,  but  turned  him  off  for  the 
younger  man.  When  the  mistake  was 
discovered,  the  old  maid  was  left,  hke  the 
last  rose  of  summer,  to  "  pine  on  the 
stem,"  for  neither  felt  inclined  to  pluck 
and  wear  the  flower. 

Old  Maid(^«),  the  signature  adopted 
by  Miss  Phillipps  (1841). 

Old  Maids,  a  comedy  by  S.  Knbwles 
(1841).  The  "old  maids"  are  lady 
Blanche  and  lady  Anne,  two  young  ladies 
who  resolve  to  die  old  maids.  Their 
resolutions,   howe\er,  are  but   ropes   of 


sand,  for  lady  Blanche  falls  in  love  with 
colonel  Blount,  and  lady  Anne  with  sir 
Philip  Brilliant. 

Old  Man  (Jn),  sir  Francis  Bond 
Head,  bart.,  published  his  Bubbles  from 
the  Brunnen  of  Nassau  under  this  signa- 
ture {1793-1875). 

Old  Man  Eloquent  {The),  Isoc'- 
ratfis  the  orator.  The  defeat  of  the 
Athenians  at  Cheronse'a  had  such  an  effect 
on  his  spirits,  that  he  languished  and 
died  within  four  days,  in  the  99th  year  of 
his  age, 

.  .  .  that  dishonest  victory 
At  Cheronaea,  fatal  to  liberty, 
Killed  with  report  that  Old  Man  Eloquent. 

Milton  :  Sontiet,  Ix. 

Old  Man  of  Hoy  [The),  a  tall  pillar 
of  old  red  conglomerate  in  the  island  of 
Hoy.  The  softer  parts  have  been  washed 
away  by  the  action  of  the  waves. 

Old    Man    of     tlie     Mountain, 

Hassan-ben  Sabah,  sheik  al  Jebal ;  also 
called  subah  of  Nishapour,  the  founder 
of  the  band  (1090).  Two  letters  are 
inserted  in  Rymer's  Fasdera  by  Dr.  Adam 
Clarke,  the  editor,  said  to  be  written  by 
this  sheik. 

•.•  Aloaddin,  "prince  of  the  Assas- 
sins" (thirteenth  century). 

Old  Man  of  the  Sea  ( The),  a  mon- 
ster which  contrived  to  get  on  the  back  of 
Sinbad  the  sailor,  and  refused  to  dis- 
mount. Sinbad  at  length  made  him 
drunk,  and  then  shook  him  off. — Arabian 
Nights  ("  Sinbad  the  Sailor,"  fifth 
voyage). 

Old  Man  of  the  Sea  [The),  Phorcus. 
He  had  three  daughters,  with  only  one 
eye  and  one  tooth  between  'em. — Greek 

Mythology. 

Old  Manor-House  (The),  a  novel 
by  Charlotte  Smith.  Mrs.  Rayland  is  the 
lady  of  the  manor;  but  Orlando  and 
Moniraia  are  the  hero  and  heroine  (1793). 

Old  Moll,  the  beautiful  daughter  of 
John  Overie  or  Audery  (contracted  into 
Overs)  a  miserly  ferryman.  "Old 
Moll  "  is  a  standing  toast  with  the  parish 
officers  of  St.  Mary  Overs. 

Old  Mortality,  one  of  the  best  of 
Scott's  novels  (1816).  Morton  is  the  best 
of  his  young  heroes,  and  serves  as  an  ex- 
cellent foil  to  the  fanatical  and  gloomy 
Burley.  The  two  classes  of  actors,  viz. 
the  brave  and  dissolute  cavaliers,  and 
the  resolute  oppressed  covenanters,  aro 


OLD  MORTALITY. 

drawn  in  bold  relief.  The  most  striking 
incidents  are  the  terrible  encounter  with 
Burley  in  his  rocky  fastness  ;  the  dejection 
and  anxiety  of  Morton  on  his  return  from 
Holland  ;  and  the  rural  comfort  of  Cuddie 
Headrigg's  cottage  on  the  banks  of  the 
Clyde,  with  its  thin  blue  smoke  among 
the  trees,  "showing  that  the  evening 
meal  was  being  made  ready," 

Old  Mortality  always  appeared  to  me  the  "  Mar- 
mion"  of  Scott's  aoxcis.— Chambers :  English 
Literature,  ii.  587. 

Old  Mortality,  an  itinerant  anti- 
quary, whose  craze  is  to  clean  the  moss 
from  gravestones,  and  keep  their  letters 
and  effigies  in  good  condition. — Sir  IV. 
Scott:  Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles  IL). 

•.  •  The  prototype  of  "  Old  Mortality  " 
was  Robert  Patterson. 

Old  Noll,  Oliver  Cromwell  (1599- 
1658). 

Old  NolFs  Fiddler,  sir  Roger  Le- 
strange,  who  played  the  bass-viol  at  the 
musical  parties  held  at  John  Kingston's 
house,  where  Oliver  Cromwell  was  a  con- 
stant guest. 

Old  Rowley,  Charles  IL  ;  so  called 
from  his  favourite  race-horse  (1630,  1660- 
1685). 

N.B. — A  portion  of  Newmarket  race- 
course is  still  called  "  Rowley  mile." 

Old  Stone,  Henry  Stone,  statuary 
and  painter  (died  1653). 

Old  Tom,  cordial  gin.  So  called 
from  Tom  Chamberlain  (one  of  the  firm 
of  Messrs.  Hodges'  gin  distillery),  who 
first  concocted  it. 

Oldboy  {Colonel),  a  manly  retired 
officer,  fond  of  his  glass,  and  not  averse 
to  a  little  spice  of  the  Lothario  spirit. 

Lady  Mary  Oldboy,  daughter  of  lord 
Jessamy  and  wife  of  the  colonel.  A 
sickly  nonentity,  "ever  complaining,  ever 
having  something  the  matter  with  her 
head,  back,  or  legs."  Afraid  of  the 
slightest  breath  of  wind,  jarred  by  a  loud 
voice,  and  incapable  of  the  least  exertion. 

Diana  Oldboy,  daughter  of  the  colonel 
She  marries  Harman. 

Jessamy  Oldboy,  son  of  the  colonel  and 
lady  Mary.  An  insufferable  prig.  —Bicker- 
staff:  Lionel  and  Clarissa  (1768). 

Oldbnck  (Jonathan),  the  antiquary, 
devoted  to  the  study  and  accumulation 
of  old  coins  and  medals,  etc.  He  is 
sarcastic,  irritable,  and  a  woman-hater  ; 
but  kind-hearted,  faithful  to  his  friends, 
and  a  humorist. — Sir  W.  Scott:  The 
Antiquary  (time.  George  III.). 


774  OLIMPIA. 

An  excellent  temper,  with  a  slight  degree  of  subadd 
humour  ;  learning,  wit,  and  drollery,  the  more  poigrnant 
that  they  were  a  little  marked  by  the  peculiarities  of  an 
old  bachelor ;  a  soundness  of  thought,  rendered  more 
forcible  by  an  occasional  quaintness  of  expression,— 
these  were  tlie  qualities  in  which  the  creature  of  my 
imagination  resembled  my  benevolent  and  excellent 
old  friend.— 5t>  IV.  SceU. 

The  merit  of  The  Antijuary  as  a  nore!  rests  on  the 
Inimitable  delineation  of  Oldbuck,  that  model  of  black- 
letter  and  Roman-camp  antiquaries,  whose  oddities 
and  conversation  are  rich  and  racy  as  any  of  the  old 
crusted  port  that  John  of  the  Gimel  might  have  held  in 
his  monastic  cellars.— CA<»»t*<rj  ;  English  Literature, 
it  58«. 

Oldcastle  {Sir  John),  a  drama  by 
Anthony  Munday  (1600).  This  play 
appeared  with  the  name  of  Shakespeare 
on  the  title-page. 

Oldcastle  {Humphrey),  the  assumed 
name  of  Henry  St.  John,  viscount  Bohng- 
broke  (1678-1751). 

Oldham  {Sir  John),  in  the  Nabob  by 
Foote  (1772).  A  local  squire,  whose  ances- 
tors had  for  ages  controlled  their  family 
borough,  opposed  by  sir  Matthew  Mite, 
who  had  risen  from  the  ranks. 

Lady  Oldham,  his  wife. 

Oldstyle  {Jonathan),  a  name  assumed 
by  Washington  Irving  ( 1785-1859). 

Oldworth,  of  Oldworth  Oaks,  a 
wealthy  squire,  liberally  educated,  very 
hospitable,  benevolent,  humorous,  and 
whimsical.  He  brings  up  Maria  "the 
maid  of  the  Oaks  "  as  his  ward,  but  she 
is  his  daughter  and  an  heiress. — Bur- 
goyne  :  The  Maid  of  the  Oaks  (1779). 

Olifant,  the  horn  of  Roland  or  Or- 
lando. This  horn  and  the  sword  "  Du- 
rinda'na"  were  buried  with  the  hero. 
Turpin  tells  us  in  his  Chronicle  that 
Charlemagne  heard  the  blare  of  this  horn 
at  the  distance  of  eight  miles. 

Olifant  {Basil),  a  kinsman  of  lady 
Margaret  Bellenden,  of  the  Tower  of 
Tillietudlem.— 5z>  W.  Scott :  Old  Mor- 
tality (time,  Charles  II.). 

Olifannt  {Lord  Nigel),  of  Glenvar- 
loch.  On  going  to  court  to  present  a 
petition  to  king  James  I, ,  he  aroused  the 
dislike  of  the  duke  of  Buckingham.  Lord 
Dalgarno  gave  him  the  cut  direct,  and 
Nigel  struck  him,  but  was  obliged  to  seek 
refuge  in  Alsatia.  After  various  adven- 
tures, he  married  Margaret  Ramsay,  the 
watchmaker's  daughter,  and  obtained  the 
title-deeds  of  his  estates. — Sir  IV.  Scott: 
The  Fortunes  0/ Nigel  {time,  James  I.). 

Olim'pia,  the  wife  of  Bireno,  uncom- 
promising in  love,  and  relentless  in  hate. 
^Ariosto:  Orlando  Furioso  {i^i6\. 


OLIMPIA.  775 

Olim'pia,  a  proud  Roman  lady  of 
high  rank.  When  Rome  was  sacked  by 
Bourbon,  she  flew  for  refuge  tp  the  high 
altar  of  St.  Peter's,  where  the  clung  to  a 
golden  cross.  On  the  advance  of  certain 
soldiers  in  the  army  of  Bourbon  to  seize 
her,  she  cast  the  huge  cross  from  its 
stand,  and  as  it  fell  it  crushed  to  death 
the  foremost  soldier.  Others  then  at- 
tempted to  seize  her,  when  Arnold  dis- 
persed them  and  rescued  the  lady  ;  but 
the  proud  beauty  would  not  allow  the  foe 
of  her  country  to  touch  her,  and  flung 
herself  from  the  high  altar  on  to  the  pave- 
ment. Apparently  lifeless,  she  was  borne 
off;  but  whether  she  recovered  or  not  we 
are  not  informed,  a^  the  drama  was  never 
finished, — Byron:  The  Deformed  Trans- 
forfned  {1821). 

Oliudo,  the  lover  of  Sophronia.  Ala- 
dine  king  of  Jerusalem,  at  the  advice 
of  his  magicians,  stole  an  image  of  the 
Virgin,  and  set  it  up  as  a  palladium  in 
the  chief  mosque.  During  the  night  it 
was  carried  off,  and  the  king,  unable  to 
discover  the  thief,  ordered  all  his  Christian 
subjects  to  be  put  to  death.  To  prevent 
this  massacre,  Sophronia  delivered  up 
herself  as  the  perpetrator  of  the  deed, 
and  Olindo,  hearing  thereof,  went  to  the 
king  and  declared  Sophronia  innocent,  as 
he  himself  had  stolen  the  image.  The 
king  commanded  both  to  be  put  to  death, 
but  by  the  intercession  of  Clorinda  they 
were  both  set  free. — Tasso  :  Jerusalem 
Delivered,  ii.  (1575). 

Oliphant  or  OUypliant,  the  twin- 
brother  of  Argan't^  the  giantess.  Their 
father  was  Typhseus,  and  their  mother 
Earth. — Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  ill.  7, 
II  (1590). 

Olive,  emblem  of  peace.  In  Greece 
and  Rome,  those  who  desir.ed  peace  used 
to  carry  an  olive  branch  in  their  hand 
(see  Gen.  viii.  11). 

Peace  sitting  under  her  olive,  and  slurring  the  days 
gone  by. 

Tennyson:  Maud,  I.  i.  9  (1855). 

Olive  Tree  {The),  emblem  of  Athens, 
in  memory  of  the  famous  dispute  between 
Minerva  (the  patron  goddess  of  Athens) 
and  Neptune.  Both  deities  wished  to 
found  a  city  on  the  same  spot ;  and  re- 
ferred the  matter  to  Jove.  The  king  of 
gods  and  men  decreed  that  the  privilege 
should  be  granted  to  whichever  would 
bestow  the  most  useful  gift  on  the  future 
inhabitants.  Neptune  struck  the  earth 
with  his  trident,  and  forth  came  a  war- 
horse;  Minerva  produced  an  olive  tree, 


OLIVER  TWIST. 


emblem  of  peace;    and  Jcve  gave  the 
verdict  in  favoiu:  of  Minerva. 

Oliver,  the  elder  son  of  sir  Rowland 
de  Boys  [Bwor],  left  in  charge  of  his 
younger  brother  Orlando,  whom  he  hated 
and  tried  indirectly  to  murder.  Orlando, 
finding  it  impossible  to  live  in  his 
brother's  house,  fled  to  the  forest  of 
Arden,  where  he  joined  the  society  of 
the  banished  duke.  One  morning,  he 
saw  a  man  sleeping,  and  a  serpent  and 
honess  bent  on  making  him  their  prey. 
He  slew  both  the  serpent  and  the  lioness, 
and  then  found  that  the  sleeper  was  his 
brother  Oliver.  Oliver's  disposition  from 
this  moment  underwent  a  complete 
change,  and  he  loved  his  brother  as  much 
as  he  had  before  hated  him.  In  the 
forest,  the  two  brothers  met  Rosahnd 
and  Celia.  The  former,  who  was  the 
daughter  of  the  banished  duke,  married 
Orlando ;  and  the  latter,  who  was  the 
daughter  of  the  usurping  duke,  married 
Ohver. — Shakespeare:  As  You  Like  It 
(1598). 

Oliver  and  Rowland  (or  Roland), 
the  two  chief  paladins  of  Charlemagne. 
Shakespeare  makes  the  duke  of  Alenfon 
say — 

Froissart,  a  countryman  of  ours,  records, 
England  all  Olivers  and  Rowlands  bred 
During  the  time  Edward  the  Third  did  reign. 
Shakespeare :  i  Henry  VI.  act  L  sc  a  (1596). 

Oliver's  Horse,  Ferrant  d'Espagne. 
Oliver  s  Sword,  Haute-claire. 

Oliver  le  Dain  or  Oliver  le  Diable, 
court  barber,  and  favourite  minister  of 
Louis  XI.  Introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott 
in  Quentin  Durward  -and  Anne  of  Geier- 
stein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Oliver  Twist,  a  novel  by  C.  Dickens 
(1838).  Ohver  was  born  in  a  parish  work- 
house, and  his  mother  died  soon  after  his 
birth.  When  he  was  9  years  old  he  was 
deputed  by  the  workhouse  boys  to  go 
and  ask  the  master  for  a  little  more  gruel. 
This  was  thought  by  Mr.  Bumble,  the 
parish  beadle,  so  great  an  offence,  that 
the  board  of  directors  gave  Mr.  Sower- 
berry,  the  coffin-maker,  ^^5  to  take  him 
off  their  hands.  Mrs,  Sowerberry,  her 
servant  Charlotte,  and  Noah  Claypole 
behaved  to  him  so  insolently  and  cruelly 
that  he  ran  away  to  London,  seventy  miles 
off,  and  there  fell  into  the  hands  of  John 
Dawkins  (the  Artful  Dodger),  who  intro- 
duced him  to  Fagin,  a  Jew,  who  kept  a 
gang  of  pickpockets,  thieves,  and  house- 
brewers.     Going  out  under  the  charge 


OLIVIA. 

of  two  boys,  he  saw  them  pick  the 
pocket  of  Mr.  Brownlow  and  run  away, 
A  hue  and  cry  arose  ;  Oliver  ran  in  the 
opposite  direction,  was  caught,  and  taken 
before  Mr.  Fang  the  magistrate,  but 
fainted  in  the  dock.  Mr.  Brownlow  had 
compassion  on  him,  took  him  to  his 
house,  and  treated  him  so  kindly  that 
Ohver  was  most  grateful  and  attached. 
One  day  Mr.  Brownlow  sent  him  on  an 
errand,  to  return  a  parcel  of  books  and 
pay  a  small  bill ;  he  was  seen  by  some  of 
Fagin's  gang  and  taken  to  the  Jew's  den. 
Some  time  rolled  on,  when  Bill  Sikes 
planned  to  break  into  Mrs.  Maylie's 
mansion  at  Chertsey,  and  Oliver  was  sent 
to  get  through  a  small  lattice  and  open 
the  front  door.  Instead  of  doing  so,  he 
alarmed  the  house,  and  one  of  the  men- 
servants,  firing  a  gun,  wounded  him  in 
the  arm.  Sikes  drew  him  up,  and,  run- 
ning off,  left  him  in  a  ditch.  Next  day, 
faint  with  fright,  fatigue,  and  loss  of 
blood,  he  applied  at  the  mansion  for 
relief,  was  taken  in,  and  most  tenderly 
treated  by  Mrs.  Maylie  and  her  "  niece  " 
Rose.  Ultimately  it  was  discovered  that 
Rose  was  his  own  sister.  He  came  into  a 
small  property  left  by  his  father;  and 
when  Rose  married  the  son  of  Mrs.  May- 
lie,  Mr.  Brownlow  adopted  Oliver  as  his 
heir. 

OLIVIA,  a  rich  countess,  whose  love 
was  sought  by  Orsino  duke  of  Illyria; 
but,  having  lost  her  brother,  Olivia  lived 
for  a  time  in  entire  seclusion,  and  in  no 
wise  reciprocated  the  duke's  love;  in 
Qonsequence  of  which  Viola  nicknamed 
her  "  Fair  Cruelty."  Strange  as  it  may 
seem,  Olivia  fell  desperately  in  love  with 
Viola,  who  was  dressed  as  the  duke's 
page,  and  sent  her  a  ring.  Mistaking 
Sebastian  (Viola's  brother)  for  Viola,  she 
married  him  out  of  hand. — Shakespeare  : 
Twelfth  Night  {1614). 

Never  were  Shakespeare's  words  more  finely  g^iven 
than  by  Miss  M.  Tree  [1802-1862]  in  the  speech  to 
••  Olivia,"  beginning,  "  Make  me  a  willow  cabin  at  thy 
Z».tit."—Tal/ourd  (1831). 

Oliv'ia,  a  female  Tartuffe  (2  syl. ),  and 
consummate  hypocrite  of  most  unblushing 
effrontery. —  Wycherly:  Tlie  Plain  Dealer 
(1677). 

(The  due  de  Montausier  was  the  proto- 
type of  Wycherly's  "Mr.  Manly"  the 
"plain  dealer,"  and  of  Moli^re's  "Mi- 
santhrope.") 

Oliv'ia,  daughter  of  sir  James  Wood- 
Ville,  left  in  charge  of  a  mercenary 
wretch,  who,  to  secure  to   himself  her 


776 


OLIVIA  DE  ZUNIGA. 


fortune,  shut  her  up  in  a  convent  in  Paris. 
She  was  rescued  by  Leontine  Croaker, 
brought  to  England,  and  became  his 
bride. — Goldsmith:  The  Good-natured 
Man  (1768). 

Oliv'ia,  the  tool  of  Ludovlco.  She 
loved  Vicentio,  but  Vicentio  was  plighted 
to  Evadne  sister  of  Colonna.  Ludovico 
induced  Evadne  to  substitute  the  king's 
miniature  for  that  of  Vicentio,  which  she 
was  accustomed  to  wear.  When  Vicentio 
returned,  and  found  Evadne  with  the 
king's  miniature,  he  believed  what  Ludo- 
vico had  told  him,  that  she  was  the  king's 
wanton,  and  he  cast  her  off.  Olivia  re- 
pented of  her  duplicity,  and  explained  it 
all  to  Vicentio,  whereby  a  reconciliation 
took  place,  and  Vicentio  married  his 
troth-plighted  lady  "  more  sinned  against 
than  sinning." — Shiel:  Evadne  or  The 
Statue  (1820). 

Olivia,  "the  rose  of  Aragon,"  was 
the  daughter  of  Ruphi'no,  a  peasant,  and 
bride  of  prince  Alonzo  of  Aragon.  The 
king  refused  to  recognize  the  marriage, 
and,  sending  his  son  to  the  army,  com- 
pelled the  cortez  to  pass  an  act  of  divorce. 
This  brought  to  a  head  a  general  revolt. 
The  king  was  dethroned,  and  Almagro 
made  regent.  Almagro  tried  to  make 
Olivia  marry  him  ;  ordered  her  father 
to  the  rack,  and  her  brother  to  death. 
Meanwhile  the  prince  returned  at  the  head 
of  his  army,  made  himself  master  of  the 
city,  put  down  the  revolt,  and  had  his 
marriage  duly  recognized.  As  for 
Almagro,  he  took  poison  and  died. — 
Knowles  :  The  Rose  of  Aragon  (1842). 

Olivia  [Primrose],  the  elder  daugh- 
ter of  the  vicar  of  Wakefield.  She  was  a 
sort  of  HebS  in  beauty,  open,  sprightly, 
and  commanding.  Ohvia  Primrose 
"wished  for  many  lovers,"  and  eloped 
with  squire  Thornhill.  Her  father  went 
in  search  of  her,  and,  on  his  return  home- 
ward, stopped  at  a  roadside  inn,  called 
the  Harrow,  and  there  found  her  turned 
out  of  the  house  by  the  landlady.  It  was 
ultimately  discovered  that  she  was  legally 
married  to  the  squire. — Goldsmith:  Vicar 
of  Wakefield  (1765). 

Olivia  de  Zunigfa,  daughter  of  don 
Caesar.  She  fixed  her  heart  on  having 
Julio  de  Melessina  for  her  husband,  and 
so  behaved  to  all  other  suitors  as  to  drive 
them  away.  Thus  to  don  Garcia  slie 
pretended  to  be  a  termagant ;  to  don 
Vincentio,  who  was  music  mad,  she  pro- 
fessed to  love  a  Jew's-harp  above  every 


OLLA. 


777 


ONE  SIDE. 


other  instrument.  At  last  Julio  appeared, 
and  her  "bold  stroke"  obtained  as  its 
reward  ' '  the  husband  of  her  choice. " — 
Mrs.  Cowley:  A  Bold  Stroke  for  a  Hus- 
band (1782). 

OUa,  bard  of  Cairbar.  These  bards 
acted  as  heralds. — Ossian. 

Ollapod  {Comet),  at  the  Galen's 
Head.  An  eccentric  country  apothecary, 
"  a  jumble  of  physic  and  shooting."  Dr. 
Ollapod  is  very  fond  of  "  wit,"  and  when 
he  has  said  what  he  thinks  a  smart  thing, 
he  calls  attention  to  it,  with  ' '  He  !  he  1 
he  I  "  and  some  such  expression  as  "  Do 
you  take,  good  sir  ?  do  you  take  ?  "  But 
when  another  says  a  smart  thing,  he 
titters,  and  cries,  "That's  well!  that's 
very  well  1  Thank  you,  good  sir,  I  owe 
you  one  I  "  He  is  a  regular  rattle-pate  ; 
details  all  the  scandal  of  the  village ; 
boasts  of  his  achievements  or  misadven- 
tures ;  is  very  mercenary,  and  wholly 
without  principle. — Colman:  The  Poor 
Gentleman  (1802). 

(This  character  is  evidently  a  copy 
of  Dibdin's  ' '  doctor  Pother "  in  The 
Farmer's  Wife,  1780,) 

Oriomand,  an  enchanter,  who  per- 
suaded Ahu'bal,  the  rebellious  brother  of 
Misnar  sultan  of  Delhi,  to  try  by  bribery 
to  corrupt  the  troops  of  the  sultan.  By 
an  unlimited  supply  of  gold,  he  soon 
made  himself  master  of  the  southern  pro- 
vinces, and  Misnar  marched  to  give  him 
battle.  Ollomand,  with  5000  men,  went 
in  advance  and  concealed  his  company  in 
a  forest ;  but  Misnar,  apprized  thereof  by 
spies,  set  fire  to  the  forest,  and  Ollo- 
mand was  shot  by  the  discharge  of  his 
own  cannons,  fired  spontaneously  by  the 
flames  :  "  For  enchantment  has  no  power 
except  over  those  who  are  first  deceived 
by  the  enchanter." — Sir  C.  Morell  [J. 
Ridley]:  Tales  of  the  Genii  {"The  En- 
chanter's Tale,"  vi.,  1751). 

Olney  Doctrine  [The),  an  exten- 
sion of  the  "Monroe  Doctrine;"  ex- 
pounded in  1895  in  the  United  States ; 
that  "No  European  Power  has  a  right 
to  intervene  forcibly  in  the  affairs  of  the 
New  World  ;  and  that  the  United  States, 
owing  to  its  superior  size  and  power,  is 
the  natural  protector  and  champion  of 
a// American  nations ;  and  that  permanent 
political  union  between  a  European  and 
American  State  is  unnatural  and  inex- 
pedient" Mr.  Olney  was  secretary  of 
state  when  Mr.  Cleveland  was  president. 

How  does  tbU  kppl]'  to  Canada  and  BritisU  Columbia  t 


Olney  Hymns,  by  Cowper  and  the 
Rev.  J.  Newton.  Cowper  and  Newton 
lived  adjoining,  at  Olney,  Bucks  (1779). 

Olof  {Sir),  a  bridegroom  who  rode 
late  to  collect  guests  to  his  wedding.  On 
his  ride,  the  daughter  of  the  erl-king  met 
him,  and  offered  him  a  pair  of  gold  spurs, 
a  silk  doublet,  and  gold,  if  he  would  dance 
with  her ;  when  he  refused,  she  struck  him 
"with  an  elf-stroke."  On  the  morrow, 
when  the  bridal  party  were  assembled, 
sir  Olof  was  found  dead  in  a  wood. — A 
Danish  Legend  (Herder). 

Olympia,  countess  of  Holland  and 
wife  of  Bire'no.  Being  deserted  by 
Bireno,  she  was  bound  naked  to  a  rock  by 
pirates,  but  was  delivered  by  Orlando, 
who  took  her  to  Ireland,  where  she  mar- 
ried king  Oberto  (bks.  iv.,  v.). — Ariosto: 
Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Olym'pia,  sister  to  the  great-duke  of 
Muscovia.  — Beaumont  and  Fletcher  :  The 
Loyal  Subject  (1618). 

Olympus,  of  Greece,  was  on  the 
confines  of  Macedonia  and  Thessaly. 
Here  the  court  of  Jupiter  was  held. 

Olympus,  in  the  dominions  of  Prester 
John,  was  "three  days'  journey  from 
paradise."  A  corrupt  form  of  Alumbo, 
the  same  as  Colombo,  in  Ceylon. 

Omar  Khayyam,  the  Persian 
astronomer  -  poet  of  Nishapur.  Full 
name,  Ghiyath-ud-Din  Abu-1-Fath  Omar 
ibn  Ibrahim-al-Khayyami.  Born  in  nth 
century.  He  wrote  ten  works,  the  chief 
being  The  Rubaiydt.  This  was  trans- 
lated by  Edward  Fitzgerald  (1857),  who 
did  not  give  a  literal  translation,  but 
represented  the  poet's  thoughts  upon  the 
subjects  touched  on. 

Omawhaws  \Om'-a-waius\  or  Om'- 
alias,  an  Indian  tribe  of  Dacota  (United 
States). 

Ombre  lia,  the  rival  of  Smilinda  for 
the  love  of  Sharper;  "strong  as  the 
footman,  as  the  master  sweet." — Pope: 
Eclogues  ("The  Basset  Table,"  1715). 

Omnipresence  of  tlie  Deity  ( The)^ 
a  poem  by  Robert  Montgomery  (1823). 

Omnitim  [Jacob),  the  name  assumed 
by  Matthew  J.  Higgins  in  the  TiTnes. 

One  Side.  All  on  one  side,  like  the 
Bridgenorth  election.  Bridgenorth  was  a 
pocket  borough  of  the  Apley  family. 


ONE  THING  AT  A  TIME.        778  ORACLE  OF  THE  HOLY  BOTTLE. 


One  Thingf  at  a  Time.    This  was 

De  Witt's  great  maxim  {Spectator). 

O'Neal  [Shan),  leader  of  the  Irish 
insurgents  in  1567.  Shan  O'Neal  was 
notorious  for  profligacy. 

Onei'za  (3  syl.),  daughter  of  Moath 
a  well-to-do  Bedouin,  in  love  with 
Thal'aba  "  the  destroyer "  of  sor- 
cerers. Thalaba,  being  raised  to  the  office 
of  vizier,  married  Oneiza,  but  she  died 
on  the  bridal  n\gh.i.—Soutkey :  Thabala 
the  Destroyer,  ii.,  vii.  {1797). 

Oneyda  Warrior  {The),  Outalissl 
(q.v.). — Campbell:  Gertrude  of  Wyoming 
(1809). 

Only  {The),  Johann  Paul  Friedricb 
Richter,  called  by  the  Germans  Der  Ein- 
xige,  from  the  unique  character  of  his 

writings. 

Not  without  reason  have  his  panegryrists  named  Mm 
Jean  Paul  der  Einzige,  "  Jean  Paul  the  Only,"  ...  for 
surely,  in  the  whole  circle  of  literature,  we  look  in  vain 
for  his  parallel— Car/y/^. 

IF  The  Italians  caW  Bernardo  Accolti, 
an  Italian  poet  of  the  sixteenth  century, 
"  Aretino  the  Only,"  or  L Unico  Aretino. 

Open,  Ses'ame  I  (3  syl. ),  the  magic 
words  which  caused  the  cave  door  of  the 
"  forty  thieves  "  to  open  of  itself.  "  Shut, 
Sesame  I  "  were  the  words  which  caused 
it  to  shut.  Sesame  is  a  grain,  and  hence 
Cassim,  when  he  forgot  the  word,  cried, 
"Open,  Wheat  I"  "Open,  Rye!"  "Open, 
Barley  I  "  but  the  door  obeyed  no  sound 
but  "  Open,  SesamS  !  " — Arabian  Nights 
("  Ali  Baba,  or  the  Forty  Thieves  "). 

Opening  a  handkerchief.  In  which  he  had  a  sample 
of  sesam^,  he  showed  it  me,  and  inquired  how  much  a 
large  measure  of  the  grain  was  worth.  ...  I  told  him 
that,  according-  to  the  present  price,  it  would  be  worth 
one  hundred  drachms  of  vXyKt.— Arabian  Nights 
("  The  Christian  Merchant's  Story  "). 

Ophelia,  the  young,  beautiful,  and 
pious  daughter  of  Polo'nius  lord  chamber- 
lain to  the  king  of  Denmark.  Hamlet 
fell  in  love  with  her,  but,  finding  marriage 
inconsistent  with  his  views  of  vengeance 
against  "his  murderous,  adulterous,  and 
usurping  uncle,"  he  affected  madness; 
and  Ophelia  was  so  wrought  upon  by  his 
strange  behaviour  to  her,  that  her  intellect 
gave  way.  In  an  attempt  to  gather 
flowers  from  a  brook,  the  branch  of  a  tree 
she  was  holding  snapped,  and,  falling 
into  the  water,  she  was  drowned. — Shake- 
speart.:  Hamlet  {i^cjb). 
-  (Tate  Wilkinson,  speaking  of  Mrs. 
Gibber  (Dr.  Arne's  daughter,  1710-1766), 
says,  "  Her  features,  figure,  and  singing, 
made  her  the  best  'Ophelia'  that  ever 
appeared  either  before  or  since.") 


Opliiuclms  {Of-i-u'-kus],  the  con- 
stellation Serpentarius.  Ophiuchus  is  a 
man  who  holds  a  serpent  (Greek,  ophis) 
in  his  hands.  The  constellation  is  situated 
to  the  south  of  Hercules ;  and  the  prin- 
cipal star,  called  "  Ras  Alhague,"  is  in 
the  man's  head.  {Ras  Alhague  is  from 
the  Arabic,  rds-al-hawwd,  "the  serpent- 
charmer's  head.") 

Satan  stood 
Unterrified,  and  like  a  comet  burned, 
That  fires  the  length  of  Ophiuchus  huge 
In  the  Arctic  sky. 

Milton  :  Parodist  Lost,  ii.  709,  etc  (1665). 

Ophin'sa,  island  of  serpents  near 
Crete  ;  called  by  the  Romans  Colubra^ria. 
The  inhabitants  were  obliged  to  quit  it, 
because  the  snakes  were  so  abundant. 
Milton  refers  to  it  in  Paradise  Lost,  x. 
528  (1665). 

Opium-Eater  ( The  English), Thomas 
de  Quincey,  who  published  Confessions  of 
an  English  Opium-Eater  (1785-1859). 

O.  P.  Q.,  Robert  Merry  (1755-1798) ; 
object  of  Gifford's  satire  in  the  Baviad 
and  Mt^viad ;  and  of  Byron's  in  his 
English  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers. 
He  married  Miss  Brunton,  the  actress. 

And  Merry's  metaphors  appear  anew. 

Chained  to  the  signature  of  O.  P.  Q. 

BiyroH :  English  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers  (1809). 

Opus  Magnus,  by  Roger  Bacon  ;  de- 
dicated to  pope  Clement  IV.  (1267). 

Opus  Minus,  by  the  same  author 
(posthumous). 

Opus  Tertium,  by  the  same  author 
(posthumous). 

(Roger  Bacon  lived  1914-1292.) 

Oracle  ( To  Work  the),  to  raise  money 
by  some  dodge.  The  ' '  Oracle "  was  a 
factory  established  at  Reading,  by  John 
Kendrick,  in  1624.  It  was  designed  for 
returned  convicts  and  any  one  out  of 
employment.  So  when  a  workman  "  had 
no  work  to  do,"  he  would  say,  "  I  must 
go  and  work  the  Oracle,"  i.e.  I  must  go  to 
the  Oracle  for  work.  (See  Equivokes, 
P-  327.) 

Oracle  of  tlie  Church  {The),  St. 
Bernard  (1091-1153). 

Oracle  of  the  Holy  Bottle  {The), 
an  oracle  sought  for  by  Rabelais,  to  solve 
the  knotty  point  "  whether  Panurge  (a 
syl.)  should  marry  or  not."  The  question 
had  been  put  to  sibyl  and  poet,  monk  and 
fool,  philosopher  and  witch,  but  none 
could  answer  it.  The  oracle  was  ulti- 
mately found  in  Lantern-land. 

•,•  This,  of  course,  is  a  satire  on  the 


ORACLE  OF  THE  SIEVE,  ETC.     779 


OREADES. 


celibacy  of  the  clergy  and  the  withhold- 
ing of  the  cup  from  the  laity.  Shall  the 
clergy  marry  or  not  ? — that  was  the  moot 
point;  and  the  "  Bottle  of  Tent  Wine," 
or  the  clergy,  who  kept  the  bottle  to 
themselves,  alone  could  solve  it.  The 
oracle  and  priestess  of  the  bottle  were 
called  Bacduc  {Hehrcvf  for  "bottle"). — 
Rabelais:  Panta^ ruel,  iv.,  v.  (1545). 

Oi>acle  of  the  Sieve  and  Shears 

[The),  a  method  of  divination  known  to 
the  Greeks.  The  modus  operandi  in  the 
Middle  Ages  was  as  follows  : — The  points 
of  a  pair  of  shears  were  stuck  in  the  rim 
of  a  sieve,  and  two  persons  supported  the 
shears  with  their  finger-tips.  A  verse  of 
the  Bible  was  then  read  aloud,  and  while 
the  names  of  persons  suspected  were  called 
over.ithe  sieve  was  supposed  to  turn  when 
the  right  name  was  suggested.  (See  Key 
AND  Bible,  p.  565.) 

Searching  for  things  lost  with  a  sieve  and  sheais.— 
Ben  yonstnf  The  AUhtmist,  L  i  (1610). 

Oracle  of  Truth,  the  magnet. 

And  by  the  oracle  of  truth  below, 
The  wondrous  magnet,  guides  the  wayward  prow. 
Falconer  :  The  Shipwreck,  ii.  2  (1756}. 

Oracles.    (See  Equivokes,  p.  327. ) 

Orange  {Prince  of),  a  title  given  to 
the  heir-apparent  of  the  king  of  Holland. 
"Orange"  is  a  petty  principality  in  the 
territory  of  Avignon,  in  the  possession  of 
the  Nassau  family. 

Orania,  the  lady-love  of  Am'adis  of 
Gaul. — Lobeira  :  Amadis  of  Gaul  (four- 
teenth century). 

Orator  Henley,  the  Rev.  John 
Henley,  who  for  about  thirty  years  de- 
livered lectures  on  theological,  political, 
and  literary  subjects  (1692-1756). 

•.•  Hogarth  has  introduced  him  into 
several  of  his  pictures ;  and  Pope  says  of 
him — 


Irabround  with  native  bronze,  lo  1  Henley  standi 
Tuning  his  voice,  and  balancing  his  hands. 
How  fluent  nonsense  tricides  from  his  tongue  1 


How  sweet  the  periods,  neither  said  nor  sung  I .  •  . 
Oh,  great  restorer  of  the  good  old  stage. 
Preacher  at  once  and  zany  of  thy  age  1 
Oh,  worthy  thou  of  Egypt's  wise  abodes ; 
A  derent  priest  wliere  monkeys  were  the  gods  1 
Pope  ;  The  DunHaa,  UL  igg,  etc.  (1742). 

Orator  Hxint,  the  great  demagogue 
in  the  time  of  the  Wellington  and  Peel 
administrations.  Henry  Hunt,  M.P.,  used 
to  wear  a  grey  hat,  and  these  hats  were 
for  the  time  a  badge  of  democratic  prin- 
ciples, and  called  "radical  hats"  {1773- 
1835). 

Orbaneja,  the  painter  of  Ube'da, 
who  painted  so  preposterously  that  be 


inscribed  under  his  objects  what  he  meant 
them  for. 

Orbaneja  would  paint  a  coclc  so  wretchedly  designed, 
that  he  was  obliged  to  inscribe  under  it,  "  This  is  • 
codL."— Cervantes  :  Don  Quixote,  II.  L  3  (1615). 

Orbilius,  the  schoolmaster  who  taught 
Horace.  The  poet  calls  him  ' '  the  flogger  " 
{plagosus). — Ep.,  ii.  71. 

• .  •  The  Orbilian  Stick  is  a  birch  rod 
or  cane. 

Ordeal  {A  Fiery),  a  sharp  trial  or 
test.  In  England  there  were  anciently 
two  ordeals — one  of  water  and  the  other 
of  fire.  The  water  ordeal  was  for  the 
laity,  and  the  fire  ordeal  for  the  nobility. 
If  a  noble  was  accused  of  a  crime,  he  or 
his  deputy  was  tried  by  ordeal  thus  :  He 
had  either  to  hold  in  his  hand  a  piece  of 
red-hot  iron,  or  had  to  walk  blindfold  and 
barefoot  over  nine  red-hot  ploughshares 
laid  lengthwise  at  unequal  distances.  If 
he  passed  the  ordeal  unhurt,  he  was  de- 
clared innocent ;  if  not,  he  was  accounted 
guilty.  This  method  of  punishment  arose 
from  the  notion  that  "  God  would  defend 
the  right,"  even  by  miracle,  if  needs  be. 

Ordella,  the  wife  of  Thierry  king  of 
France,  in  the  tragedy  of  Thierry  and 
Theodoret,  by  J.  Fletcher. 

Fletcher's  "  Ordella  "  and  Ford's  "  Calantha  "  (q.v.) 

Ordigfale,  the  otter,  in  the  beast-epic 
of  Reynard  the  Fox,  i.  (1498). 

Ordovi'ces  {4  syl),  people  of  Ordo- 
vicia,  that  is,  Flintshire,  Denbighshire, 
Merionethshire,  Montgomeryshire,  Car* 
narvonshire,  and  Anglesey.  (In  Latin 
the  i  is  short :  Ordovices. ) 

The  Ordovices  now  which  North  Wales  people  be. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xvL  (1613). 

Or'dovies  (3  syl.),  the  inhabitants  of 
North  Wales.  (In  Latin  North  Wales  is 
called  Ordovic'ia.) 

Beneath  his  [Agricola's]  fatal  sword  the  Ordovles  to  fall 
(lohabiting  the  west),  those  people  last  of  all 
.  .  .  withstood. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  viiL  (i6ia). 

Or'ead  (3  syl'),  a  mountain-nymph. 
Tennyson  calls  "Maud"  an  oread,  be* 
cause  her  hall  and  garden  were  on  a  hiij. 

I  see  my  Oread  coming  down. 

Maud,  I.  ivL  X  (i8ss) 

Oread.    Echo  is  so  called. 

Ore'ades  (4  syl.)  or  O'reads  (3  syl.), 
mountain-nymphs. 
Ye  Cambrian  [  IVelsh]  shepherds  then,  whom  these  our 

mountains  please. 
And  ye  our  fellow-nymphs,  ye  light  Oread^s, 

Drayton  ;  Polygliian,  ix.  (1612 


ORELIO. 

Orel'io,  the  favourite  horse  of  king 
Roderick  the  last  of  the  Goths. 

'Twas  Orelio 
On  which  he  rode,  Roderick's  own  battle-horse, 
Who  from  his  master's  hand  was  wont  to  feed 
And  with  a  glad  docility  obey 
His  voice  familiar. 

Southey:  Roderick,  etc.,  xxv.  (1814). 

Ores'tes  (3  syl.'),  son  of  Agamemnon, 
betrothed  to  Hermi'on6  (4  tyl.)  daughter 
of  Menela'os  (4  syl. )  king  of  Sparta.  At 
the  downfall  of  Troy,  Menelaos  promised 
Hermionfi  in  marriage  to  Pyrrhos  king 
of  Epiros,  but  Pyrrhos  fell  in  love  with 
Androm'ach6  the  widow  of  Hector,  and 
his  captive.  An  embassy,  led  by  Orestes, 
was  sent  to  Epiros,  to  demand  that  the 
son  of  Andromache  should  be  put  to 
death,  lest  as  he  grew  up  he  might  seek 
to  avenge  his  father's  death.  Pyrrhos 
refused  to  comply.  In  this  embassage, 
Orestes  met  Hermionfi  again,  and  found 
her  pride  and  jealousy  roused  to  fury  by 
th»shght  offered  her.  She  goaded  Orestfis 
to  avenge  her  insults,  and  the  ambassadors 
fell  on  Pyrrhos  and  murdered  him.  Her- 
mionS,  when  she  saw  the  dead  body  of 
the  king  borne  along,  stabbed  herself, 
and  Orestes  went  raving  mad. — Philips: 
Tlie  Distressed  Mother  (171 2). 

AU  the  parts  in  which  I  ever  saw  \1V.  C.  Macready\ 
mch  as  "Orestes,"  "Mirandola,"  "William  Tell," 
"Rob  Roy,"  and  "Claude  Melnotte,"  he  certainly  had 
made  his  own. — Rev.  F.  Young  :  Life  of  CM.  Young. 

Orfeo  and  Heuro'dis,  the  tale  of 
Orpheus  and  Eurydlc6,  with  the  Gothic 
machinery  of  elves  and  fairies. 

(Gluck  has  an  opera  called  Orfeo ;  the 
libretto,  by  Calzabigi,  based  on  a  dramatic 
piece  by  Poliziano,  1764.) 

Orgfari'ta,  "  the  orphan  of  the  Frozen 
Sea,"  and  heroine  of  the  drama.  (See 
Martha,  p.  63o. ) — Stirling:  The  Orphan 
of  the  Frozen  Sea  (1856). 

Or'g'ilus,  the  betrothed  lover  of 
Penthe'a,  by  the  consent  of  her  father ; 
but  at  the  death  of  her  father,  her  brother 
Ith'oclSs  compelled  her  to  marry  Bass'an^s, 
whom  she  hated.  IthoclSs  was  about  to 
marry  the  princess  of  Sparta,  but  a  little 
before  the  event  was  to  take  place,  Pen- 
thea  starved  herself  to  death,  and  Orgilus 
was  condemned  to  death  for  murdering 
lihocl^s.—Ford:  The  Broken  Heart  {163$). 

Orgfog'lio  [Or-gole'-yo],  a  hideous 
giain,  as  tall  as  three  men,  son  of  Earth 
and  Wind.  Finding  the  Red  Cross 
Knight  at  the  fountain  of  Idleness,  he 
beats  him  with  a  club,  and  makes  him 
his  slave.  Una  informs  Arthur  of  it,  and 
Arthur  liberates  the  knight  and  slays  the 


780 


ORIANA- 


giant  {/^ev.  xiii.  5,  7,  with  Dan.  vii.  21, 
22). — Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  i.  (1590). 

'.•  Arthur  first  cut  off  Orgoglio's  left 
arm,  i.e.  Bohemia  was  cut  off  first  from 
the  Church  of  Rome ;  then  he  cut  off  the 
giant's  right  leg,  i.e.  England. 

Orgfon,  brother-in-law  of  Tartuffe 
(2  syl.).  His  credulity  and  faith  in 
Tartuffe,  like  that  of  his  mother,  can 
scarcely  be  shaken  even  by  the  evidence 
of  his  senses.  He  hopes  against  hope, 
and  fights  every  inch  of  ground  in  defence 
of  the  religious  hypocrite. — Molitre: 
Tartuffe  (1664). 

Ol^IA'NA,  daughter  of  Lisuarte  king 
of  England,  and  spouse  of  Am'adis  of 
Gaul  (bk.  ii.  6).  The  general  plot  of  this 
series  of  romances  bears  on  this  marriage, 
and  tells  of  the  thousand  and  one  obstacles 
from  rivals,  giants,  sorcerers,  and  so  on, 
which  had  to  be  overcome  before  the 
consummation  could  be  effected.  It  is 
in  this  unity  of  plot  that  the  Amadis 
series  differs  from  its  predecessors — the 
Arthurian  romances,  and  those  of  the 
paladins  of  Charlemagne,  which  are  de- 
tached adventures,  each  complete  in  itself, 
and  not  bearing  to  any  common  focus. — 
Amadis  de  Gaul  (fourteenth  century). 

If  Queen  Elizabeth  is  called  "  the  peer- 
less Oriana,"  especially  in  the  madrigals 
entitled  The  Triumphs  of  Oriana  (1601). 
Ben  Jonson  applies  the  name  to  the  queen 
of  James  I.  {Oriens  Anna). 

Oria'na,  the  nursling  of  a  lioness, 
with  whom  Esplandian  fell  in  love,  and 
for  whom  he  underwent  all  his  perils  and 
exploits.  She  was  the  gentlest,  fairest, 
and  most  faithful  of  her  sex. — Lobeira: 
Am'adis  of  Gaul  (fourteenth  century). 

Orian'a,  the  fair,  brilliant,  and  witty 
"  chaser  "  of  the  "  wild  goose  "  Mirabel, 
to  whom  she  is  betrothed,  and  whose  wife 
she  ultimately  becomes. — Fletcher:  The 
Wild-goose  Chase  (1652). 

B  Orian'a,  the  ward  of  old  Mirabel,  and 
bound  by  contract  to  her  guardian's  son 
whom  she  loves.  Young  Mirabel  shilly- 
shallies, till  he  gets  into  trouble  with 
Lamorce  (2  syl. ),  and  is  in  danger  of  being 
murdered,  when  Oriana,  dressed-  as  a 
page,  rescues  him.  He  then  declares  that 
his  "  inconstancy  has  had  a  lesson,"  and 
he  marries  the  lady. — Farquhar :  The 
Inconstant  (1702). 

Orian'a,  in  Tennyson's  ballad  so 
called,  "  stood  on  the  castle  wall,"  to  see 
her  spouse,  a  Norland  chief,  fight.     A 


ORIANDE. 


781 


ORION. 


foeman  went  between  ' '  the  chief  and  the 
wall,"  and  discharged  an  arrow,  which, 
glancing  aside,  pierced  the  lady's  heart 
and  killed  her.  The  ballad  is  the  lamen- 
tation of  the  chief  on  the  death  of  his 
bride  (1830). 

O'riande  (3  syL),  a  fay  who  hved 
at  Rosefleur,  and  brought  up  Maugis 
d'Aygremont.  When  her  protigi  grew 
up,  she  loved  him,  "  d'un  si  grand  amour, 
qu'elle  doute  fort  qu'il  ne  se  departe 
d'avecques  elle." — Romance  de  Maugis 
dCAygremont  et  de  Vivian  son  Frire. 

O'riel,  a  fairy,  whose  empire  lay  along 
the  banks  of  the  Thames,  when  king 
Oberon  held  his  court  in  Kensington 
Gardens.  —  Tickell :  Kensington  Gardens 
(1686-1740). 

Oriental  Tales,  by  le  comte  de 
Caylus  (1740) :  French.  There  is  an 
English  version. 

Oriflainine,  the  banner  of  St.  Denis. 
When  the  counts  of  Vexin  became 
possessed  of  the  abbey,  the  banner  passed 
into-  their  hands ;  and  when,  in  1082, 
Philippe  I.  united  Vexin  to  the  crown, 
the  oriflamme  or  sacred  banner  belonged 
to  France.  In  11 19  it  was  first  used  as  a 
national  banner.  It  consists  of  a  crimson 
silk  flag,  mounted  on  a  gilt  staff  (^un 
glaive  tout  dorioii  est  atachii  une  bantere 
vermeille).  The  loose  end  is  cut  into 
three  wavy  Vandykes,  to  represent  tongues 
of  flame,  and  a  silk  tassel  is  hung  at  each 
cleft.  In  war  the  display  of  this  standard 
indicates  that  no  quarter  will  be  given. 
The  English  standard  of  no  quarter  was 
the  "  burning  dragon." 

•.'  Raoul  de  Presle  says  the  oriflamme 
was  used  in  the  time  of  Charlemagne, 
being  the  gift  of  the  patriarch  of  Jerusa- 
lem. We  are  told  that  all  infidels  were 
blinded  who  looked  on  it  Froissart  says 
it  was  displayed  at  the  battle  of  Rosbecq, 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  VI.,  and  "no 
sooner  was  it  unfurled,  than  the  fog 
cleared  away,  and  the  sun  shone  on  the 
French  alone." 

I  have  not  reared  the  Oriflamme  of  death. 
,  .  .  me  it  behoves 
To  spare  the  fallen  foe. 
Stuthey :  yoan  of  Arc,  viii.  621,  etc.  {1837). 

Orlgfilla,  the  lady-love  of  Gryphon 
brother  of  Aquilant.  But  the  faithless  fair 
one  took  up  with  Martano,  a  most  im- 
pudent boaster  and  a  coward.  Being  at 
Damascus  during  a  tournament  in  which 
Gryphon  was  the  victor,  Martano  stole 
the  armour  of  Gryphon,  arrayed  himself 
In  it,  took  the  prizes,  and  then  decamped 


with  the  lady,  Aquilant  happened  to  seo 
them,  bound  them,  and  took  them  back 
to  Damascus,  where  Martano  was  hanged, 
and  the  lady  kept  in  bondage  for  the 
judgment  of  Lucina. — Ariosto:  Orlando 
Furioso  {1516). 

Origin  of  Species  [The),  by 
"  Means  of  Natural  Selection,"  by 
Charles  R.  Darwin  (1859).  The  object 
is  to  show  the  preservation  of  the 
strongest  in  the  struggle  of  Ufe.  Those 
animals  die  off  which  are  unable  to  bear 
up  against  this  struggle,  and  those  ani- 
mals continue  their  species  which  are 
best  able  to  overcome  the  difficulties  of 
the  battle  of  life.  From  birth  there  is  in 
many  cases  a  considerable  difference,  and 
if  this  difference  is  perpetuated  it  consti- 
tutes a  species. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  such  an  animal  as  the 
fox  owes  its  species  to  the  dog  and  some  other  animal. 
Many  of  the  bird  tribe  are  manifestly  cross-breeds. 

Orillo,  a  magician  and  robber,  who 
lived  at  the  mouth  of  the  Nile.  He  was 
the  son  of  an  imp  and  fairy.  When  any 
one  of  his  limbs  was  lopped  off,  he  had  the 
power  of  restoring  it ;  and  when  his  head 
was  cut  off,  he  could  take  it  up  and 
replace  it.  When  Astolpho  encoimtered 
this  magician,  he  was  informed  that  his 
life  lay  in  one  particular  hair ;  so  instead 
of  seeking  to  maim  him,  he  cut  off  the 
magic  hair,  and  the  magician  fell  lifeless 
at  his  feet. — Ariosto:  Orlando  Furioso 
{15x6). 

Orin^  "the  incomparable,"  Mrs. 
Katherine  Phihpps,  who  hved  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  II,  and  died  of  small- 
pox. 

• .  •  Her  praises  were  sung  by  Cowley, 
Dryden,  and  others. 

We  allowed  you  beauty,  and  we  did  submit  .  ,  . 
Ah,  cruel  sex,  will  you  depose  us  too  in  witt 
Orinda  does  in  that  too  reign. 

CowUy  :  On  Orinda's  Potttis  (1647). 

O'riole  (3  syl^.  In  America,  the 
"  Baltimore  bird  "  is  often  so  called  ;  but 
the  oriole  is  of  the  thrush  family,  and  the 
Baltimore  bird  is  a  starling.  Its  nest  is 
a  pendulous  cylindrical  pouch,  some  six 
inches  long,  usually  suspended  from  two 
twigs  at  the  extremity  of  a  branch,  and 
therefore  liable  to  swing  backwards  and 
forwards  by  the  force  of  the  wind.  Hence 
Longfellow  compares  a  child's  swing  to 
an  oriole's  nest — 

.  .  .  like  an  oriole's  nest, 
From  which  the  laugfhing-  birds  have  taken  wing; 
By  thee  abandoned  haii^  thy  vacant  swing. 

Len£/elloiu  :  To  a  ChiUL. 

OZbZ'Olfl',  a  giant  of  great  beauty,  and 


ORION. 

a  famous  hunter,  who  cleared  the  island  of 
Chios  of  wild  beasts.  While  in  the  island, 
Orion  fell  in  love  with  Mer5pS,  daughter 
of  king  CEnop'ion  ;  but  one  day,  in  a 
drunken  fit,  having  offered  her  violence, 
the  king  put  out  the  giant's  eyes  and 
drove  him  from  the  island.  Orion  was 
told  if  he  would  travel  eastwards,  and 
expose  his  sockets  to  the  rising  sun,  he 
would  recover  his  sight.  Guided  by  the 
sound  of  a  Cyclops'  hammer,  he  reached 
Lemnos,  where  Vulcan  gave  him  a  guide 
to  the  abode  of  the  sun.  In  due  time  his 
sight  returned  to  him,  and  at  death  he 
was  made  a  constellation.  The  hon's 
skin  was  an  emblem  of  the  wild  beasts 
which  he  slew  in  Chios,  and  the  club 
was  the  instrument  he  employed  for  the 
purpose. 

He  [Orion] 
Reeled  as  of  yore  beside  the  sea, 

When,  blinded  by  CEnopion, 
He  sought  the  blacksmith  at  the  forge, 
And,  climbing  up  the  mountain  gorge, 
Fixed  his  blank  eyes  upon  the  sun. 
LongJeUvw  :   The  Occultation  of  Orion. 

Orion  and  the  Blacksmith.  The 
reference  is  to  the  blacksmith  mentioned 
•n  the  preceding  article,  whom  Orion  took 
on  his  back  to  act  as  guide  to  the  place 
Avhere  the  rising  sun  might  be  best  seen. 

Orion's  Dogs  were  ArctophSnus  ("  the 
bear-killer")  and  PtoophSgos  ("the 
glutton  of  Ptoon, "  in  Boeotia). 

Orion's  Wife,  Sid^ 

Ori'on.    After  Orion  has  set  in  the 

•tj^'SX,  Auriga  (the Charioteer)  and  Gem'ini 
(Castor  and  Pollux)  are  still*  visible. 
Hence  Tennyson  says — 

.  .  .  the  Charioteer 
And  starry  Gemini  hang  like  glorious  crowns 
Over  Orion's  grave  low  down  in  the  west. 

Maud,  III.  vi.  i  (1853). 

Ori'on,  a  seraph,  the  guardian  angel 
of  Simon  FQt&r.—Klopstock :  The  Mes- 
siah, iii.  (1748). 

Ori'on,  an  "epic"  poem,  by  Richard  H. 
Home,  price  one  farthing  (1843).  Several 
editions  were  sold.  Of  course  the  price 
was  a  satire  on  the  present  day's  estima- 
tion of  modern  poetry. 

Orith'yia  or  Orith'ya,  daughter  of 
Erectheus,  carried  off  by  Boreas  to 
Thrace. 

Such  dalliance  as  alone  the  North  wind  hath  with  her, 
Oiithya  not  enjoyed,  from  II  io]  Thrace  when  he  her 

took. 
And  in  hi^  safly  plumes  the  trembling  virgin  shook. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  x.  (1612). 

•.■•  Phineas  Fletcher  calls  the  word 
"  Orithy'a" — 

None  knew  mild  zephyrs  from  cold  Eurus'  mouth. 
Nor  Orithya"s  lover  s  violence  [North  ■unn(i\. 

Fletcher:  PurpU  Island,  i.  (1633). 


78a  ORLANDO. 

ORLANDO,  the  younger  son  of  sir 
Rowland  de  Boys  [Bwor],  At  the  death 
of  his  father,  he  was  left  under  the  care 
of  his  elder  brother  Oliver,  who  was 
charged  to  treat  him  well ;  but  Oliver 
hated  him,  wholly  neglected  his  educa- 
tion, and  even  tried  by  many  indirect 
means  to  kill  him.  At  length  Orlando 
fled  to  the  forest  of  Arden ',  where  he  met 
Rosalind  and  Celia  in  disguise.  They 
had  met  before  at  a  wrestling-match, 
when  Orlando  and  Rosalind  fell  in  love 
with  each  other.  The  acquaintance  was 
renewed  in  the  forest,  and  ere  many  days 
had  passed  the  two  ladies  resumed  their 
proper  characters,  and  both  were  married, 
Rosalind  to  Orlando,  and  Celia  to  OUver 
the  elder  brother. — Shakesj>eare :  As  You 
Lik*  It  (1598). 

Orlando  (in  French  Roland,  q.v.), 
one  of  the  paladins  of  Charlemagne, 
whose  nephew  he  was.  Orlando  was 
confiding  and  loyal,  of  great  stature,  and 
possessed  unusual  strength.  He  accom- 
panied his  uncle  into  Spain,  but  on  his 
return  was  waylaid  in  the  valley  of 
RoncesvallSs  (in  the  Pyrenees)  by  the 
traitor  Ganelon,  and  perished  with  all 
his  army,  A.D.  778.  His  adventures  are 
related  in  Turpin's  Chronique ;  in  the 
Chanson  de  Roland,  attributed  to  Th^- 
roulde.  He  is  the  hero  of  Bojardo's  epic, 
Orlando  Innamorato ;  and  of  Ariosto's 
continuation,  called  Orlando  Furioso 
("Orlando  mad").  Robert  Greene,  in 
1594,  produced  a  drama  which  he  called 
The  History  of  Orlando.  Rhode's  farce 
of  Bombastes  Furioso  (1790)  is  a  burlesque 
of  Ariosto's  Orlando  Furioso. 

Orlando's  Ivory  Horn,  Ohfant,  once  the 
property  of  Alexander  the  Great.  Its 
bray  could  be  heard  for  twenty  miles. 

Orlando's  Horse,  Brigliadoro  ("golden 
bridle  "). 

Orlando's  Sword,  Durinda'na  or  Duran- 
dana,  which  once  belonged  to  Hector,  is 
"  preserved  at  Rocamadour,  in  France  ; 
and  his  spear  is  still  shown  in  the  cathe- 
dral of  Pa' via,  in  Italy." 

Orlando  was  of  middling  stature,  broad-shouldered, 
crooked-legged,  brown-visaged,  red-bearded,  and  had 
much  hair  on  his  body.  He  talked  but  little,  and  had 
a  very  surly  aspect,  although  he  was  perfectly  good- 
humoured. — Cervantes  ;  Don  Quixote,  11.  i.  i  (1615). 

Orlando's  Vulnerable  Part.  Orlando 
was  invulnerable  except  in  the  sole  of  his 
foot,  and  even  there  nothing  could  wound 
him  but  the  point  of  a  large  pin  ;  so  that 
when  Bernardo  del  Carpio  assailed  him 
at  RoncesvallSs,  he  took  him  in  his  arms 
and  squeezed  him  to  death,  in  imitation 


ORLANDO.  783 

of  Hercules,  who  squeezed  to  death  the 
giant  Antse'us  (3  syL). — Cervantes:  Don 
Quixote,  II.  ii.  13  (1615). 

Orlando,  the  hero  of  Mrs.  Smith's 
novel,  The  Old  Manor  House  (1793). 
"Handsome,  generous,  brave,  and 
ardent."  He  falls  in  love  with  the 
heroine  Monimia,  and  ultimately  marries 
her, 

Orlando,  the  hero  of  Ariosto's  poem. 
(See  below.)  He  is  intended  to  be  a 
model  knight,  high-minded,  generous, 
compassionate,  and  valiant."  He  falls 
in  love  with  Angelica.     (See  below.) 

Orlando  Purioso,  a  continuation 
of  Bojardo's  story,  with  the  same  hero. 
Bojardo  leaves  Orlando  in  love  with 
Angelica,  whom  he  fetched  from  Cathay 
and  brought  to  Paris.  Here,  says  Ariosto, 
Rinaldo  fell  in  love  with  her,  and,  to 
prevent  mischief,  the  king  placed  the 
coquette  under  the  charge  of  Namus .  But 
she  contrived  to  escape  her  keeper,  and 
fled  to  the  island  of  Ebuda,  where  Rogero 
found  her  exposed  to  a  sea-monster,  and 
hberated  her.  In  the  mean  time,  Orlando 
went  in  search  of  his  lady,  was  decoyed 
into  the  enchanted  castle  of  AtlantSs,  but 
was  liberated  by  Angelica,  who  again  suc- 
ceeded in  effecting  her  escape  to  Paris. 
Here  she  arrived  just  after  a  great  battle 
between  the  Christians  and  pagans  ;  and, 
finding  Medora  a  Moor  wounded,  took 
care  of  him,  fell  in  love  with  him,  and 
eloped  with  him  to  Cathay.  When  Or- 
lando found  himself  jilted,  he  was  driven 
mad  with  jealousy  and  rage,  or  rather  his 
wits  were  taken  from  him  for  three  months 
by  way  of  punishment,  and  deposited  in 
the  moon.  Astolpho  went  to  the  moon 
in  Elijah's  chariot,  and  St.  John  gave  him 
"  the  lost  wits  "  in  an  urn.  On  reaching 
France,  Astolpho  bound  the  madman, 
then,  holding  the  urn  to  his  nose,  the 
wits  returned  to  their  nidus,  and  the  hero 
was  himself  again.  After  this,  the  siege 
was  continued,  and  the  Christians  were 
wholly  successful.  (See  Orlando  In- 
NAMORATO.)— v4nW(7  /  Orlando  Furioso 
(1516). 

*.•  This  romance  in  verse  extends  to 
forty-six  cantos.  Hoole,  in  his  transla- 
tion (1783),  compressed  the  forty-six 
cantos  into  twenty-four  books;  but  the 
original  number  has  been  retained  by 
Harrington  in  1591 ;  by  Croker  in  1755  ; 
and  by  Rose  in  1823.  The  adventures  of 
Orlando,  under  the  French  form  "Ro- 
land,"   are    related    by    Turpin    in    his 


ORLICK. 

Chronicle,    and    by    Th^roulde    in    his 
Chanson  de  Roland. 

' .'  The  true  hero  of  Ariosto's  romance 
is  Rogero,  and  not  Orlando.  It  is  with 
Rogero's  victory  over  Rodomont  that  the 
poem  ends.     The  concluding  lines  are — 

Then  at  full  stretch  he  \Rozerd\  raised  his  arm  above 
The  furious  Rodomont,  and  the  weapon  drove 
Thrice  in  his  gaping:  throat— so  ends  the  strife. 
And  leaves  secure  Rogero's  fame  and  life. 

Orlando  Innamora'to,  or  Orlando 
in  Love,  in  three  books,  by  count  Bojardo 
of  Scandiano,  in  Italy  (1495).  Bojardo 
supposes  Charlemagne  to  be  warring 
against  the  Saracens  in  France,  under  the 
walls  of  Paris.  He  represents  the  city  as 
besieged  by  two  infidel  hosts — one  under 
Agramantfi  emperor  of  Africa,  and  the 
other  under  Gradasso  king  of  Serica'na. 
His  hero  is  Orlando,  whom  he  supposes 
(though  married  at  the  time  to  Aldabella) 
to  be  in  love  with  Angehca,  a  fascinating 
coquette  from  Cathay,  whom  Orlando 
had  brought  to  France.     (See  ORLANDO 

FURIOSO.) 

(Bojardo's  poem  was  incomplete,  and 
in  1531  three  more  books  were  added  by 
Agostini  ;  and  the  whole  was  remodelled 
by  Berni.  Tofte,  in  1598,  produced  an 
English  version.  Berni  of  Tuscany,  in 
1538,  published  a  burlesque  in  verse  on 
the  same  subject. ) 

Orleans,  a  most  passionate  innamo- 
rato,  in  love  with  Agripy'nar. — Dekker: 
Old  Fortunatus  1600). 

Orleans  talks"  pure  Biron  and  Romeo  ;  "  he  Is  almost 
as  poetical  as  they,  quite  as  philosophical,  only  a  little 
madder. — Lamb. 

("Biron,"  in  Shakespeare's  Love's 
Labour* s  lj}st ;  "Rojneo,"  in  his  Romeo 

and  Juliet.) 

Orleans  [Gaston  duke  of),  brother  of 
Louis  XIII.  He  heads  a  conspiracy  to 
assassinate  Richelieu  and  dethrone  the 
king.  If  the  plot  had  been  successful, 
Gaston  was  to  have  been  made  regent; 
but  the  conspiracy  was  discovered,  and 
the  duke  was  thwarted  in  his  ambitious 
plans. — Lord  Lytton:  Richelieu  (1839). 

Orleans  [Louis  due  <f ),  to  whom  the 
princess  Joan  (daughter  of  Louis  XI. )  is 
affianced. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Quentin  Dur- 
ward  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Orlick  [Dolge),  usually  called  "Old 
Orlick,"  though  not  above  five  and 
twenty,  journeyman  to  Joe  Gargery, 
blacksmith.  Obstinate,  morose,  broad- 
shouldered,  loose-Umbed,  swarthy,  of 
g^eat  strength,  never  in  a  hurry,  and 
always  slouching.     Being  jealous  of  Pip, 


ORLOFF  DIAMOND. 


784 


ORPHAN  OF  CHINA. 


he  allured  him  to  a  cave  in  th€  marshes, 
bound  him  to  a  ladder,  and  was  about 
to  shoot  him,  when,  being  alarmed  by 
approaching  steps,  he  fled.  Subsequently 
he  broke  into  Mr.  Pumblechook's  house, 
was  arrested,  and  confined  in  the  county 
jail.  This  surly,  ill-conditioned  brute 
was  in  love  with  Biddy,  but  Biddy  married 
Joe  Gargery. — Dickens:  Great  Expecta- 
tions {i860). 

Orloif  Diamond  {The),  the  third 
largest  cut  diamond  in  the  world,  set  in 
the  top  of  the  Russian  sceptre.  The 
weight  of  this  magnificent  diamond  is  194 
carats,  and  its  size  is  that  of  a  pigeon's 
&%%.  It  was  once  one  of  the  eyes  of  the 
idol  Sheringham,  in  the  temple  of 
Brahma  ;  came  into  the  hands  of  the 
shah  Nadir  ;  was  stolen  by  a  French 
grenadier  and  sold  to  an  English  sea- 
captain  for  /aoco  ;  the  captain  sold  it  to 
a  Jew  for  £12,000 ;  it  next  passed  into 
the  hands  of  Shafras ;  and  in  1775 
Catherine  II.  of  Russia  gave  for  it 
^90,000.     (See  Diamonds,  p.  277.) 

Or'mandine  (3  syL),  the  necro- 
mancer who  threw  St.  David  into  an 
enchanted  sleep  for  seven  years,  from 
which  he  was  reclaimed  by  St.  George. — 
R.  jfohfison:  The  Seven  Champions  of 
Christendom,  i.  9  (1617). 

Orme  [Victor),  a  poor  gentleman  in 
love  with  Elsie. —  Wybert  Reeve  :  Parted. 

Ormond  [The  duke  of),  a  privy 
councillor  of  Charles  II. — Sir  W.  Scott : 
Peverilofthe  Peak  |time,  Charles  II.). 

(Maria  Edgewortn  published,  in  1817, 
two  novels  together,  one  called  Har- 
rington and  che  other  Ormond.  The 
title  Harrington  and  Ormond  is  mis- 
leading.) 

Ormston  [Jock),  a  sheriffs  officer  at 
Fairport. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  The  Antiquary 
(time,  George  III.). 

Ormus  (  Wealth  of),  diamonds.  The 
island  Ormus,  in  the  Persian  Gulf,  is  a 
mart  for  these  precious  stones. 

High  on  a  throne  of  royal  state,  which  fax 
Outshone  the  wealth  of  Ormus. 

MiUon  :  Paradise  Lost,  iL  x  (1665). 

Omithol'ogy  [The  father  of), 
George  Eki wards  (1693-1773). 

Orojua'ses  (4  syl.),  the  principle  of 
good  iu  Persian  mythology.  Same  as 
Vezad  [q.v.). 

Oroouda'tes  (5  syl.),  only  son  of  a 
Scythian  king,   whose    love   for    Statira 


(widow  of  Alexander  the  Great)  led  him 
into  numerous  dangers  and  difficulties, 
which,  however,  he  surmounted. — La 
Calprentde  :  Cassandra  (a  romance). 

Oroono'ko  [Prince),  son  and  heir  of 
the  king  of  Angola,  and  general  of  the 
forces.  He  was  decoyed  by  captain 
Driver  aboard  his  ship;  his  suite  of 
twenty  men  were  made  drunk  with  rum  ; 
the  ship  weighed  anchor ;  and  the  prince, 
with  all  his  men,  were  sold  as  slaves  in 
one  of  the  West  Indian  Islands.  Here 
Oroonoko  met  Imoin'da  (3  syl.),  his 
wife,  from  whom  he  had  been  separated, 
and  who  he  thought  was  dead.  He 
headed  a  rising  of  the  slaves,  and  the 
lieutenant-governor  tried  to  seduce  Imoin- 
da.  The  result  was  that  Imoinda  killed 
herself,  and  Oroonoko  (3  syl.)  slew  first 
the  lieutenant-governor  and  then  himself. 
Mrs.  Aphra  Behn  became  acquainted 
with  the  prince  at  Surinam,  and  made 
the  story  of  his  hfe  the  basis  of  a  novel, 
which  Thomas  Southern  dramatized 
(1696). 

Jack  Bannister  [1760-1836]  began  his  career  in  trag-edy. 
.  .  .  Garrick  .  .  asked  him  what  character  he  wished 
to  play  next.  "  Why,"  said  Bannister,  "  I  was  thinking- 
of  '  Oroonoko.'  "  Eh,  eh  1 "  exclaimed  David,  staring 
at  Bannister,  who  was  very  thin ;  "  you  will  look  as 
much  like  '  Oroonoko '  as  a  chimney-sweeper  in  con- 
sumption,"— Campbell, 

Orozem'bo,  a  brave  and  dauntless  old 
Peruvian.  When  captured  and  brought 
before  the  Spanish  invaders,  Orozembo 
openly  defied  them,  and  refused  to  give 
any  answer  to  their  questions  (act  L  i). 
— Sheridan:  Pitarro  (altered  from  Kot- 
zebue,  1799). 

Orpas,  once  archbishop  of  Seville. 
At  the  overthrow  of  the  Gothic  kingdom 
in  Spain,  Orpas  joined  the  Moors  'and 
turned  Moslem.  Of  all  the  i-enegades 
"the  foulest  and  the  falsest  wretch  was 
he  that  e'er  renounced  his  baptism."  He 
wished  to  marry  Florinda,  daughter  of 
count  Julian,  in  order  to  secure  "her 
wide  domains ; "  but  Florinda  loathed 
him.  In  the  Moorish  council,  Orpas  ad- 
vised Abulcacem  to  cut  off  count  Julian, 
"  whose  power  but  served  him  for  fresh 
treachery,  false  to  Roderick  first,  and  to 
the  caliph  now."  This  advice  was  acted 
on;  but  as  the  villain  left  the  tent, 
Abulcacem  muttered  to  himself,  "  Look 
for  a  hke  reward  thyself;  that  restless 
head  of  wickedness  in  the  gprave  will 
brood  no  treason." — Southey:  Roderick, 
etc.,  XX.,  xxii.  (1814). 

Orphan  of  China  ( The),  a  drama  by 


ORPHAN  OF  THE  FROZEN  SEA.  785 


ORSINI. 


Murphy.  Zaphimri,  the  sole  survivor  of 
the  royal  race  of  China,  was  committed 
in  infancy  to  Zamti  the  mandarin,  that 
he  might  escape  from  the  hand  of  Ti'- 
murkan',  the  Tartar  conqueror.  Zamti 
brought  up  Zaphimri  as  his  son,  and  sent 
Hamet,  his  real  son,  to  Corea,  where  he 
was  placed  under  the  charge  of  Morat. 
Twenty  years  afterwards,  Hamet  led  a 
band  of  insurgents  against  Timurkan, 
was  seized,  and  ordered  to  be  put  to 
death  under  the  notion  that  he  was  "  the 
orphan  of  China."  Zaphimri,  hearing 
thereof,  went  to  the  Tartar  and  declared 
that  he,  not  Hamet,  was  the  real  prince ; 
whereupon  Timurkan  ordered  Zamti  and 
his  wife  MandanS,  with  Hamet  and  Za- 
phimri, to  be  seized.  Zamti  and  Man- 
dan6  were  ordered  to  the  torture,  to  wring 
from  them  the  truth.  In  the  interim,  a 
party  of  insurgent  Chinese  rushed  into 
the  palace,  killed  the  king,  and  estab- 
lished "the  orphan  of  China"  on  the 
throne  of  his  fathers  {1759). 

Orphan    of    the    Frozen    Sea, 

Martha,  the  daughter  of  Ralph  de 
Lascours  (captain  of  the  Uran'ia)  and 
his  wife  Louise.  The  crew  having  re- 
belled, the  three,  with  their  servant 
Bar'abas,  were  cast  adrift  in  a  boat, 
which  ran  on  an  iceberg  in  the  Frozen 
Sea.  Ralph  thought  it  was  a  small  island, 
but  the  iceberg  broke  up,  both  Ralph 
and  his  wife  were  drowned,  but  Barabas 
and  Martha  escaped.  Martha  was  taken 
by  an  Indian  tribe,  which  brought  her  up 
and  named  her  Orgari'ta  ("withered 
wheat  "),  from  her  white  complexion.  In 
Mexico  she  met  with  her  sister  Diana 
and  her  grandmother  Mme.  de  Theringe 
(2  syl.),  and  probably  married  Horace  de 
Brienne. — Stirling  :  Orphan  of  the  Frozen 
Sea  (1856). 

Orphan  of  the  Temple,  Marie 
Th6r6se  Charlotte  duchesse  d'Angou- 
Ifirae,  daughter  of  Louis  XVI.  ;  so  called 
from  the  Temple,  where  she  was  im- 
prisoned. She  was  called  "The  Modern 
Antig'onfe"  by  her  uncle  Louis  XVIU. 

Orphens.     (For  a  parallel  fable,  see 
Wainamoinen.) 
^  Odin  was  an  Orpheus  and  Ari'on. 

Odin  was  eminently  skilled  in  music,  and  could  sing 
airs  so  tender  and  melodious  that  the  rocks  would  ex- 
pand with  delight ;  while  the  spirits  of  inferior  regions 
would  stand  motionless  around  him,  attracted  by  the 
sweetness  of  his  strains.— CrwrA^cn  and  VVhealon : 
Seandinavia,  voL  L  p.  8i. 

Orpheus  and  Eurydice  (4  jj/.). 
Cluck's  best  opera  [Orfeo).     Libretto  by 


Calzabigi,  who  also  wrote  for  Gliick  the 
libretto  of  Alceste  (1767).  King  pro- 
duced an  English  version  of  Orpheus 
and  Eurydice. 

• .  •  The  tale  is  introduced  by  Pope  in 
his  St.  Cecilia's  Ode. 

Of  Orpheus  now  no  more  let  poets  tell, 
To  bright  Cecilia  greater  power  is  give*  s 

His  numbers  raised  a  shade  from  hell. 
Hers  lift  the  soul  to  heaven. 

Pofe  :  St.  Cecilia's  Day  (1709). 

Orpheus  of  Highwaymen,  John 
Gay,  author  of  The  Beggar's  Opera  (i588- 
1732). 

Orpheus  of  the  Green  Isle  ( The), 
Furlough  O'Carolan,  poet  and  musician 
(1670-1738). 

Or'raca  [Queen),  wife  of  Aifonso  II. 
The  legend  says  that  five  friars  of  Mo- 
rocco went  to  her,  and  said,  "  Three  things 
we  prophesy  to  you:  (i)  we  five  shall 
all  suffer  martyrdom  ;  (2)  our  bodies  will 
be  brought  to  Coimbra ;  and  (3)  which- 
ever sees  our  relics  first,  you  or  the  king, 
will  die  the  same  day."  When  their 
bodies  were  brought  to  Coimbra,  the  king 
told  queen  Orraca  she  must  join  the  pro- 
cession with  him.  She  pleaded  illness,  but 
Aifonso  replied  the  relics  would  cure  her ; 
so  they  started  on  their  journey.  As  they 
were  going,  the  queen  told  the  king  to 
speed  on  l^fore,  as  she  could  not  travel 
so  fast ;  so  he  speeded  on  with  his  retinue, 
and  started  a  boar  on  the  road.  ' '  Follow 
him  I "  cried  the  king,  and  they  went 
after  the  boar  and  killed  it.  In  the  mean 
time,  the  queen  reached  the  procession, 
fully  expecting  her  husband  had  joined 
it  long  ago ;  but,  lo  I  she  beheld  him 
riding  up  with  great  speed.  That  night 
the  king  was  aroused  at  midnight  with 
the  intelligence  that  the  queen  was  dead. 
— Southey :  Queen  Orraca  (1838);  Fran- 
cisco Manoel  da  Esperanfa:  Historia 
Serafica  (eighteenth  century). 

Orrock  (Puggie),  a  sheriff's  officer  at 
Fairport.— 5»>  W.Scott:  The  Antiquary 
(time,  George  III. ). 

Orsin,  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  rabble 
rout  that  attacked  Hudibras  at  the  bear- 
baiting. — S.  Butler:  Hudibras  (1663). 

(The  prototype  of  this  rabble  leader 
was  Joshua  Gosling,  who  kept  the  Pari* 
Bear-Garden,  in  Southwark.) 

Orsi'ni  [Maffio),  a  young  Italian 
nobleman,  whose  life  was  saved  by 
Genna'ro  at  the  battle  of  Rim'ini.  Orsini 
became  the  fast  friend  of  Gennaro,  but 
both  were  poisoned  by  the  princess  N^'- 


ORSINO. 

ronf  at  a  banquet. — Donizetti:  Lucrezia 
di  Borgia  (opera,  1834). 

Orsi'uo,  duke  of  Illyria,  who  sought 
the  love  of  Olivia  a  rich  countess  ;  but 
Olivia  gave  no  encouragement  to  his 
suit,  and  the  duke  moped  and  pined, 
leaving  manly  sports  for  music  and  other 
effeminate  employments.  Viola  entered 
the  duke's  service  as  a  page,  and  soon 
became  a  great  favourite.  When  Olivia 
married  Sebastian  (Viola's  brother),  and 
the  sex  of  Viola  became  known,  the  duke 
married  her  and  made  her  duchess  of 
\\\yx\2u— Shakespeare :  Twelfth  Night 
(1614). 

Orson,  twin-brother  of  Valentine, 
and  son  of  Bellisant.  The  twin-brothers 
were  bom  in  a  wood  near  Orleans,  and 
Orson  was  carried  off  by  a  bear,  which 
suckled  him  with  its  cubs.  When  he 
grew  up.  he  became  the  terror  of  France, 
and  was  called  ' '  The  Wild  Man  of  the 
Forest."  Ultimately,  he  was  reclaimed 
by  his  brother  Valentine,  overthrew  the 
Green  Knight,  and  married  Fezon  daugh- 
ter of  the  duke  of  Savary,  in  Aquitaine. — 
Valentine  and  Orson  (fifteenth  century). 

Orson  and  Ellen.  Young  Orson 
was  a  comely  young  farmer  from  Taun- 
ton, stout  as  an  oak,  and  very  fond  of 
the  lasses,  but  he  hated  matrimony,  and 
used  to  say,  "  The  man  who  can  buy  milk 
is  a  fool  to  keep  a  cow."  While  still  a 
lad,  Orson  made  love  to  Ellen,  a  rustic 
maiden ;  but,  in  the  fickleness  of  youth, 
forsook  her  for  a  richer  lass,  and  Ellen 
left  the  village,  wandered  far  away,  and 
became  waiting-maid  to  old  Boniface 
the  innkeeper.  One  day,  Orson  hap- 
pened to  stop  at  this  very  inn,  and  Ellen 
waited  on  him.  Five  years  had  passed 
since  they  had  seen  each  other,  and  at 
first  neither  knew  the  other.  When,  how- 
ever, the  facts  were  known,  Orson  made 
Ellen  his  wife,  and  their  marriage  feast 
was  given  by  Boniface  himself. — Peter 
Pindar  [Dr.  Wolcot] :  Orson  and  Ellen 
(1809). 

Ortellias  [Abraham),  a  Dutch  geo- 
grapher, who  published,  in  1570,  his 
Theatrum  Orbis  Terrce  or  Universal 
Geography  (1527-1598). 

I  more  could  tell  to  proTC  the  place  our  own. 
Than  by  his  spacious  maps  are  by  Ortellius  shown. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  vl.  (1612). 

Orthodoxy.  When  lord  Sandwich 
said  "  he  did  not  know  the  difference 
between  orthodoxy  and  heterodoxy," 
Warburton  bishop  of  Gloucester  replied, 


786 


OSBORNE. 


"  Orthodoxy,  my  lord,  is  my  doxy,  and 
heterodoxy  is  another  man's  doxy." 

Orthodoxy  ( The  Father  of),  Athana- 
sius  (296-373). 

Orthrus,  the  two-headed  dog  of 
Euryt'ion  the  herdsman  of  Geryon'eo. 
It  was  the  progeny  of  Typha'on  and 
Echidna. 

With  his  two-headed  dog^e  that  Orthrus  hisrht, 
Orthrus  begotten  by  great  Typhaon 
And  foule  Echidna  in  the  house  of  Night. 

Spenser  :  Fairie  Queene,  v.  10,  10  (1596). 

Ortwine  (2  syl.),  knight  of  Metz, 
sister's  son  of  sir  Hagan  of  Trony,  a 
Burgundian.  —  The  Nibelungen  Lied 
(eleventh  century). 

Or'ville  (Lord),  the  amiable  and 
devoted  lover  of  Evelina,  whom  he  ulti- 
mately marries.  He  is  represented  as 
"handsome,  gallant,  polite,  and  ardent, 
— he  dressed  handsomely,"  and  was 
altogether  irresistible. — Miss  Burney  : 
Evelina  (1778). 

Osbaldistone  [Mr.),  a  London  mer- 
chant. 

Frank  Osbaldistone,  his  son,  in  love 
with  Diana  Vernon,  whom  he  marries. 

Sir  Hildebrand  Osbaldistone,  of  Os- 
baldistone Hall,  uncle  of  Frank,  his 
heir. 

His  Sons  were:  Percival,  "the  sot;" 
Thorncliff,  "the  bully;"  John,  "the 
gamekeeper;"  Richard,  "the  horse- 
jockey;"  Wilfred,  "the  fool;**  and 
Rashleigh,  "the  scholar,"  a  perfidious 
villain,  killed  by  Rob  Roy.— 5/r  W. 
Scott:  Rob  Roy  (time,  George  I.). 

{Rob  Roy  Macgregor  was  dramatized  by 
Pocock. ) 

Osborne  [Mr.),  a  hard,  money- 
loving,  purse-proud,  wealthy  London 
mrerchant,  whose  only  gospel  was  that 
"according  to  Mammon."  He  was  a 
widower,  and  his  heart  of  hearts  was 
to  see  his  son,  captain  George,  marry  a 
rich  mulatto.  While  his  neighbour 
Sedley  was  prosperous,  old  Osborne  en- 
couraged the  love-making  of  George  and 
Miss  Sedley ;  but  when  old  Sedley 
failed,  and  George  dared  to  marry  the 
bankrupt's  daughter,  to  whom  he  was 
engaged,  the  old  merchant  disinherited 
him.  Captain  George  fell  on  the  field  of  ' ' 
Waterloo,  but  the  heart  of  old  Osborne 
would  not  relent,  and  he  allowed  the 
widow  to  starve  in  abject  poverty.  He 
adopted,  however,  the  widow's  son, 
George,  and  brought  him  up  in  absurd 


OSCAR. 


787 


OSIRIS. 


luxury  and  indulgence.  A  more  de- 
testable cad  than  old  Osborne  cannot  be 
imagined. 

Maria  and  Jane  Osborne,  daughters  of 
the  merchant,  and  of  the  same  mould. 
Maria  married  Frederick  Bullock,  a 
banker's  son. 

Captain  George  Osborne,  son  of  the 
merchant  ;  selfish,  vain,  extravagant,  and 
self-indulgent.  He  was  engaged  to 
Amelia  Sedley  while  her  father  was  in 
prosperity,  and  captain  Dobbin  induced 
him  to  marry  her  after  the  father  was 
made  a  bankrupt.  Happily,  George  fell 
on  the  field  of  Waterloo,  or  one  would 
never  vouch  for  his  conjugal  fidelity.— 
Thackeray:   Vanity  Fair  (1848}. 

Oscar,  son  of  Ossian  and  grandson  of 
FingaL  He  was  engaged  to  Malvi'na, 
daughter  of  Toscar,  but  before  the  day  of 
marriage  arrived,  he  was  slain  in  Ulster, 
fighting  against  Cairbar,  who  had  treacher- 
ously invited  him  to  a  banquet  and  then 
slew  him,  a.d.  296.  Oscar  is  repre- 
sented as  most  brave,  warm-hearted,  and 
impetuous,  most  submissive  to  his  father, 
tender  to  Malvina,  and  a  universal 
favourite. 

"  O  Oscar,"*  said  Flngfal,  "  bend  the  strong  in  arm, 
but  spare  the  feeble  hand.  Be  thou  a  stream  of  many 
tides  against  the  foes  of  thy  people,  but  like  the  gralo 
that  moves  the  grass  to  those  who  aslc  thine  aid.  .  .  . 
Never  search  for  battle,  nor  shun  it  when  it  comes."— 
Ossian  :  Finj^al,  iii. 

Cairbar  shrinks  before  Oscar's  sword.  He  creeps  In 
darkness  behind  a  stone.  He  lifts  the  spear  in  secret ; 
he  pierces  Oscar's  side.  Oscar  falls  forward  on  his 
shield  ;  his  knee  sustains  the  chief,  but  still  the  spear  is 
in  his  hand.  See  I  gloomy  Cairbar  falls.  The  steel 
pierced  his  forehead,  and  divided  bis  red  hair  behind. 
He  lay  like  a  shattered  rock  .  .  .  but  never  more  shall 
Oscar  arise.— Oj«a«  .•  Tetnora,  I. 

Oscar  Roused  from  Sleep.  "  Caolt 
took  up  a  huge  stone  and  hurled  it  on  the 
hero's  head.  The  hill  for  three  miles 
roimd  shook  with  the  reverberation  of  the 
blow,  and  the  stone,  rebounding,  rolled 
out  of  sight.  Whereon  Oscar  awoke,  and 
told  Caolt  to  reserve  his  blows  for  his 
enemies." 

Gun  thoe  Caoilte  a  chlach,  nach  g^n, 
Agus  a  n  aighai'  chiean  gun  bhuail ; 
Tri  mil  an  tulloch  gun  chri. 

Gaelic  Romances. 

Oscar  of  Alva,  the  hero  and  title  of 
a  poem  by  lord  Byron.  Oscar  and  Allan 
were  the  sons  of  Angus  a  Scottish  chieftain. 
Both  equally  brave,  Oscar  "owned  a 
hero's  soul,"  while  Allan  was  self-con- 
tained and  of  smooth  words.  When 
grown  to  man's  estate.  Mora,  "  Glenal- 
von's  blue-eyed  daughter,"  arrived  as 
Oscar's  bride ;  but  on  the  nuptial  day 
Oscai  could  not  be  found.    They  searched 


everywhere,  and  for  three  years  they 
waited,  hoping  his  return,  without  avail. 
Arrangements  were  then  made  for  the 
marriage  of  Mora  and  Allan.  At  the 
festivities  appeared  a  stranger  chief,  in  a 
dark  robe  and  a  "plume  of  gcry  red," 
who  invited  the  guests  to  drink  to  the 
memory  of  the  departed  Oscar.  All 
present  complied  excepting  Allan,  who 
turned  a  ghastly  hue,  dashed  the  goblet  to 
the  ground,  while  a  voice  was  heard  pro- 
claiming him  the  murderer  of  his  brother; 
the  feast  broke  up  in  the  midst  of  a 
terrific  thunderstorm,  and  Allan  died. 

The  catastrophe  of  this  tale  was  sug- 
gested by  the  story  of  "Jeronyme  and 
Lorenzo"  in  vol.i.  of  Schiller's  Armenian, 
or  the  Ghost  Seer.  It  also  bears  some 
resemblance  to  a  scene  in  the  third  act  of 
Macbeth. 

Os'ewald  {^syl.),  the  reeve,  of  "the 
carpenteres  craft,"  an  old  man. — Chaucer: 
Canterbury  Tales  (1388). 

Ose"Way  {Dame),  the  ewe,  in  the 
beast-epic  of  Reynard  the  Fox  (1498). 

O'Shanter  [Tarn),  a  farmer,  who. 
returning  home  from  Ayr  very  late  and 
well  soaked  with  liquor,  had  to  pass  the 
kirk  of  Alloway.  Seeing  it  was  illumi- 
nated, he  peeped  in,  and  saw  there  the 
witches  and  devils  dancing,  while  old 
Clootie  was  blowing  the  bagpipes.  Tam 
got  so  excited  that  he  roared  out  to  one 
of  the  dancers,  "  Weel  done.  Cutty  Sark  ! 
Weel  done  1 "  In  a  moment  all  was  dark. 
Tam  now  spurred  his  "grey  mare  Meg" 
to  the  top  of  her  speed,  while  all  the 
fiends  chased  after  him.  The  river  Doon 
was  near,  and  Tam  just  reached  the 
middle  of  the  bridge  when  one  of  the 
witches,  whom  he  called  Cutty  Sark, 
touched  him  ;  but  it  was  too  late — he  had 
passed  the  middle  of  the  stream,  and  was 
out  of  the  power  of  the  crew.  Not  so 
his  mare's  tall — that  had  not  yet  passed 
the  mag^c  line,  and  Cutty  Sark,  clinging 
thereto,  dragged  it  off  with  an  infernal 
wrench. — Burns:  Tam  O'Shanter. 

Osi'ris,  judge  of  the  dead,  brother 
and  husband  of  Isis.  Osiris  is  identical 
with  Adonis  and  Thammuz.  All  three 
represent  the  sun,  six  months  above 
the  equator,  and  six  months  below  it. 
Adonis  passed  six  months  with  Aphro- 
dite in  heaven,  and  six  months  with 
Perseph3n6  in  hell.  So  Osiris  in  heaven 
was  the  beloved  of  Isis  ;  but  in  the  land 
of  darkness  was  embraced  by  Nepthys. 


osiRia 

Osi'ris,  the  sun ;  Isis,  the  moon. 

They  [the  priests\  wore  rich  mitres  shaped  like  the 

moon, 
To  show  that  Isis  doth  the  moon  portend, 
Like  as  Osiris  signifies  the  sun. 

Sfenser :  Faerie  Queene,  v.  7  (1596). 

Osi'ris,  the  personification  of  that  part 
of  man  which  survives  death,  and  (accord- 
ing to  Egyptian  mythology)  is  absorbed 
in  deity.  Also  "the  sacrifice  by  whom 
we  are  justified  "  {p.  37),  metaphorically 
the  grave. 

Now  he's  an  Osiris  .  .  .  but  an  hour  ago  he  was  an 
everyday  mortal  like  you  or  me. — H.  Rider  Haggard  : 
Cleopatra,  ch.  iL 

Some  few  were  wanting,  having  been  gathered  to 
Osiris. — Ch.  t. 

Osman,  sultan  of  the  East,  the  great 
conqueror  of  the  Christians,  a  man  of 
most  magnanimous  mind  and  of  noble 
generosity.  He  loved  Zara,  a  young 
Christian  captive,  and  was  by  her  beloved 
with  equal  ardour  and  sincerity.  Zara 
was  the  daughter  of  Lusignan  d'Outremer, 
a  Christian  king  of  Jerusalem ;  she  was 
taken  prisoner  by  Osman's  father,  with 
her  elder  brother  Nerestan,  then  four 
years  old.  After  twenty  years'  captivity, 
Nerestan  was  sent  to  France  for  ransom, 
and  on  his  return  presented  himself  before 
the  sultan,  who  fancied  he  perceived  a 
sort  of  intimacy  between  the  young  man 
and  Zara,  which  excited  his  suspicion 
and  jealousy.  A  letter,  begging  that 
Zara  would  meet  him  in  a  "secret 
passage"  of  the  seraglio,  fell  into  the 
sultan's  hands,  and  confirmed  his  sus- 
picions. Zara  went  to  the  rendezvous, 
where  Osman  met  her  and  stabbed  her  to 
the  heart.  Nerestan  was  soon  brought 
before  him,  and  told  him  he  had  mur- 
dered his  sister,  and  all  he  wanted  of  her 
was  to  tell  her  of  the  death  of  her  father, 
and  to  bring  her  his  dying  benediction. 
Stung  with  remorse,  Osman  Uberated  all 
his  Christian  captives,  and  then  stabbed 
himself. — Aaron  Hill :  Zara  {1735). 

(This  tragedy  is  an  English  adaptation 
of  Voltaire's  Zaire,  1733. ) 

Osman d,  a  necromancer  who,  by 
enchantment,  raised  up  an  army  to  resist 
the  Christians.  Six  of  the  champions 
were  enchanted  by  Osmand,  but  St. 
George  restored  them.  Osmand  tore  off 
his  hair  in  which  lay  his  spirit  of 
enchantment,  bit  his  tongue  in  two,  em- 
bowelled  himself,  cut  off  his  arms,  and 
died. — R.  Johnson  :  Seven  Champions  oj 
Christendom,  i.  19  (1617). 

Osmond,  an  old  Varangian  guard-— 


7S8  OSSEO. 

Sir   IV.  Scott:    Count  Robert  of  Paru 
(time,  Rufus). 

Osmyn,  alias  Alphonso,  son  of 
Anselmo  king  of  Valentia,  and  husband 
of  Alme'ria  daughter  of  Manuel  king  of 
Grana'da.  Supposed  to  have  been  lost  at 
sea,  but  in  reality  cast  on  the  African 
coast,  and  tended  by  queen  Zara,  who 
falls  in  love  with  him.  Both  are  taken 
captive  by  Manuel,  and  brought  to 
Granada.  Here  Manuel  falls  in  love 
with  Zara,  but  Zara  retains  her  passionate 
love  for  Alphonso.  Alphonso  makes  his 
escape,  returns  at  the  head  of  an  army  to 
Granada,  finds  both  the  king  and  Zara 
dead,  but  Almeria  being  still  alive  be- 
comes his  acknowledged  bride. — Con- 
greve  :  The  Mourning  Bride  (1697), 

("Osman  "  was  one  of  John  Kemble's 
characters,  Mrs.  Siddons  taking  the  r6le 
of  "Zara.") 

Osnaburghs,  the  cloths  so  called  ; 
a  corruption  of  Osnabriick,  in  Hanover, 
where  these  coarse  linens  were  first  pro- 
duced. 

Osprey.  When  fish  see  the  osprey, 
the  legend  says,  they  are  so  fascinated 
that  they  "swoon,"  and,  turning  on  their 
backs,  yield  themselves  an  easy  prey  to 
the  bird.  Rattlesnakes  exercise  the  same 
fascination  over  birds. 

The  osprey  .  .  .  the  fish  no  sooner  do  espy, 

But  .  .  ,  turning  their  bellies  up,  as  tho'  their  death 

they  saw, 
They  at  his  pleasure  lie,  to  stuff  his  gluttonous  maw. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xxv.  (1622). 

Osrick,  a  court  fop,  contemptible  for 
his  affectation  and  finical  dandyism.  He 
is  made  umpire  by  king  Claudius,  when 
Laertes  and  Hamlet  "  play  "  with  rapiers 
in  "friendly"  combat. — Shakespeare. 
Hamlet  (1596). 

Osse'o,  son  of  the  Evening  Star,  whose 
wife  was  O'weenee.  In  the  Northland 
there  were  once  ten  sisters  of  surpassing 
beauty ;  nine  married  beautiful  young 
husbands,  but  the  youngest,  named 
Ovveenee,  fixed  her  affections  on  Osseo, 
ly,"  bu 
11  bein£ 
invited  to  a  feast,  the  nine  set  upon  their 
youngest  sister,  taunting  her  for  having 
married  Osseo ;  but  forthwith  Osseo 
leaped  into  a  fallen  oak,  and  was  trans- 
formed to  a  most  handsome  young  man, 
his  wife  to  a  very  old  woman,  "  wrinkled 
and  ugly,"  but  his  love  changed  not. 
Soon  another  change  occurred  :  Oweenee 
resumed  her  former  beauty,  and  all  the 


who  was    "old,    poor,   and    ugly,"    but 
"most    beautiful    within."      All    being 


OSSIAN. 


789 


OTRANTO. 


sisters  and  their  husbands  were  changed 
to  birds,  who  were  kept  in  cages  about 
Osseo's  wigwam.  In  due  time  a  son  was 
born,  and  one  day  he  shot  an  arrow  at 
one  of  the  caged  birds,  and  forthwith  the 
nine,  with  their  husbands,  were  changed 
to  pygmies. 

From  the  story  of  Osseo 

Let  [us]  learn  the  fate  of  jesters. 

L.ongfell<rw :  Hiawatha,  xii.  (1855). 

Ossian,  the  warrior-bard.  He  was 
son  of  Fingal  (king  of  Morven)  and  his 
first  wife  Ros-crana  (daughter  of  Cormac 
king  of  Ireland). 

His  wife  was  Evlr-Allen,  daughter  of 
Branno  (a  native  of  Ireland) ;  and  his  soa 
was  Oscar. 

Ostrich,  [The]  is  said,  in  fable,  not  to 
brood  over  her  eggs,  but  to  hatch  them  by 
gazing  on  them  intently.  Both  birds  are 
employed,  for  if  the  gaze  is  suspended 
for  only  one  moment,  the  eggs  are  addled. 
—  Vanslebe. 

(This  is  an  emblem  of  the  ever- 
watchful  eye  of  Providence.) 

Such  a  look  .  .  . 
The  mother  ostrich  fixes  on  her  egg, 
Till  that  intense  affection 
Kindles  its  light  of  life. 
Soitthey:  Thalaba  the  Destroyer,  iii.  24  (1797). 

Ostrich  Egg*.  Captain  F.  Burnaby 
saw  an  ostrich  egg  hung  by  a  silver  chain 
from  the  ceiling  of  the  principal  mosque 
of  Sivas,  and  was  told  it  was  a  warning 
to  evil-doers. 

The  ostrich  always  looks  at  the  eg-gs  she  lays,  and 
breaks  those  that  are  bad.  So  God  will  break  evil- 
doers  as  the  ostrich  her  worthless  eggs. — Burnaby: 
On  Horseback  throush  Asia  Minor,  xxix.  (1877). 

Oswald,  steward  to  Goneril  daugh- 
ter of  king  Lear. — Shakespeare  :  King 
Lear  (1605). 

Oswald,  the  cup-bearer  to  Cedric  the 
Saxon,  of  Rotherwood. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Jvanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Oswald  (Prince),  being  jealous  of 
Gondibert,  his  rival  for  the  love  of 
Rhodalind  (the  heiress  of  Aribert  king 
of  Lombardy),  headed  a  faction  against 
him.  A  battle  was  imminent,  but  it  was 
determined  to  decide  the  quarrel  by  four 
combatants  on  each  side.  In  this  com- 
bat, Oswald  was  slain  by  Gondibert, — 
Davenant:  Gondibert,  i.  (died  1668). 

Othello,  the  Moor,  commander  of 
the  Venetian  army.  lago  was  his  ensign 
or  ancient.  Desdemona,  the  daughter  of 
Brabantio  the  senator,  fell  in  love  with 
tiie  Moor,  and  he  married  her ;  but  lago, 
by  his  artful  villainy,  insinuated  to  him 
•uch  a  tissue  of  circumstantial  evidence 


of  Desdemona's  love  for  Cassio,  that, 
Othello's  jealousy  being  aroused,  he 
smothered  her  with  a  pillow,  and  then 
killed  himself. — Shakespeare  :  Othelio 
(1611). 

The  fiery  openness  of  Othello,  magnanimous,  jfufle- 
less,  and  credulous,  boundless  in  his  confidence,  ardent 
in  his  affection,  inflexible  in  his  resolution,  and  obdurate 
In  his  revenge.  .  .  .  The  gradual  progress  which  lago 
makes  in  the  Moor's  conviction,  and  the  circumstances 
which  be  employs  to  inflame  him,  are  so  artfully 
natural . . .  that  we  cannot  but  pity  him.— Dr.  yohnson. 

(The  story  of  this  tragedy  is  taken  from 
the  novelletti  of  Giovanni  Giraldi  Cinthio, 
who  died  1573.) 

•.•  Addison  says  of  Thomas  Betterton 
(1635-1710),  "The  wonderful  agony 
which  he  appeared  in  when  he  examined 
the  circumstance  of  the  handkerchief  in 
the  part  of  '  Othello,'  and  the  mixture 
of  love  that  intruded  on  his  mind  at  the 
innocent  answers  of  '  Desdemona,'  .  .  . 
were  the  perfection  of  acting."  Donald- 
son, in  his  Recollections,  says  that  Spran- 
ger  Barry  (17x9-1777)  was  the  beau-ideal 
of  an  "Othello;"  and  C.  Leslie,  in  his 
Autobiography,  says  the  same  of  Edmund 
Kean  (1787-1833). 

In  my  opinion,  from  the  Insinuation  of  lago  that 
Cassio  played  false  to  the  close  of  tlie  play,  Edmund 
Kean's  acting  was  perfection. 

Otho,  the  lord  at  whose  board  count 
Lara  was  recognized  by  sir  Ezzelin.  A 
duel  was  arranged  for  the  next  day,  and 
the  contending  parties  were  to  meet  in 
lord  Otho's  hall.  When  the  time  of 
meeting  arrived,  Lara  presented  himself, 
but  no  sir  Ezzelin  put  in  his  appearance  ; 
whereupon  Otho,  vouching  for  the 
knight's  honour,  fought  with  the  count, 
and  was  wounded.  On  recovering  from 
his  wound,  lord  Otho  became  the  invete- 
rate enemy  of  Lara,  and  accused  him 
openly  of  having  made  away  with  sir 
Ezzelin.  Lara  made  himself  very  popular, 
and  headed  a  rebellion  ;  but  lord  Otho 
opposed  the  rebels.and  shot  him. — Byron: 
Lara  (1814). 

(Keats,  in  conjunction  with  Brown, 
wrote  a  tragedy  called  Otho  the  Greats 
but  it  was  never  acted,  1795-1820.) 

Otnit,  a  legendary  emperor  of  Lom- 
bardy, who  gains  the  daughter  of  the 
soldan  for  wife,  by  the  help  of  Elberich 
the  dwarf.— ZA-f  Heldenbuch  (twelfth 
century).     (See  Gunther,  p.  458.) 

Otranto  [Ernest  of),  page  of  the  prince 
of  Otranto.— 5?>  W.  Scott:  Count  Robert 
0/ Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Otranto  {The  Castle  of),  a  romance 
by  Horace  Walpole  (1769). 


OTRIGGER. 

O'Trigger  (Sir  Lucius),  a  fortune- 
hunting  Irishman,  ready  to  fight  every 
one,  on  any  matter,  at  any  time. — 
SJuridan  :  The  Rivals  {1775). 

"Sir  Lucius  O'Trigger,"  "Callaghan  O'Brallaghan," 
"major  O'Flaherty,  "Teaeuc,"  and  "Dennis  Brul- 
gruddery,"  were  portrayed  by  Jaclc  Jolinstone  [1730- 
1838]  in  most  exquisite  colours.— 7"A*  New  Monthly 
Magazine  (1839). 

("  Callaghan  O'Brallaghan,"  in  Love 
i-/fl-M?dfe(Macklin);  "major O'Flaherty," 
in  The  West  Indian  (Cumberland) ; 
"Teague,"  in  The  Committee  (Hon,  sir 
R.  Howard) ;  "  Dennis  Brulgruddery," 
in  Colman's  John  Bull.) 

Otta'vio  {Don),  the  lover  of  donna 
Anna,  whom  he  was  about  to  make  his 
wife,  when  don  Giovanni  seduced  her 
and  killed  her  father  (the  commandant 
of  the  city)  in  a  duel. — Mozart s  Don 
Giovanni  (opera,  1787). 

Otterbourne  or  Otterbume  ( The 
Battle  of),  a  ballad  between  Henry  lord 
Percy  (Hotspur)  and  James  earl  Douglas 
of  Scotland  (1388),  by  Richard  Shea'.e. 
Douglas  had  made  a  raid  on  England, 
advancing  as  far  as  Newcastle,  but  was 
driven  back  by  Hotspur.  A  battle  en- 
sued at  Otterburne,  in  which  Douglas 
^as  slain,  and  Hotspur  with  his  brotiier 
was  taken  prisoner. — Froissart:  Chronicle 
(fourteenth  century). 

The  *'  Battle  of  Otterburne "  should  not  be  con- 
founded with  "Chevy  Chase,"  which  is  quite  another 
aifair,  and  arose  from  quite  another  cause.  In  the 
tKjrder-Iands  those  on  one  side  could  not  go  hunting 
on  the  other  side  without  permission;  Percy,  out  o:' 
braTado,  went  hunting  on  the  Scotch  side,  and 
Douglas  resisted.  This  is  the  short  and  long  of  the 
more  modern  ballad. 

Otto,  duke  of  Normandy,  the  victim 
of  Rollo  called  "The  Bloody  Brother." 
— Beaumont  and^Fletcher:  The  Bloody 
Brother  (1639). 

(Beaumont  died  1616.) 

Ot'uel  (Sir),  a  haughty  and  pre- 
sumptuous Saracen,  miraculously  con- 
verted. He  was  a  nephew  of  Ferragus 
or  Ferracute,  and  married  a  daughter  of 
Charlemagne.  The  romance  was  ia 
verse,  but  only  fragments  remain. 

Ouida,  an  infantine  corruption  of 
Louisa.  Her  full  name  is  Louise  de  la 
Ram^e,  authoress  of  Under  Two  Flags 
{1867),  and  many  other  novels. 

Our  Boys,  a  comedy  by  H.  J.  Byron 
(i8;8).  (It  had  a  marvellous  run  of 
four  years  and  three  months.) 

Onr  Muttial  Friend.  (See  Mu- 
tual Friend,  p.  740.) 

Oaran'a'bad,  a  monster  represented 


790 


OVERIE. 


as  a  fierce  flying  hydra.  It  belongs  to 
the  same  class  as  (i)  the  Rakshe,  whose 
ordinary  food  was  serpents  and  dragons ; 
(2)  the  Soham,  which  had  the  head  of  a 
horse,  four  eyes,  and  the  body  of  a  fiery 
dragon ;  (3)  the  Syl,  a  basilisk,  with 
human  face,  but  so  terrible  that  no  eye 
could  look  on  it  and  live  ;  (4)  the  Ejder. 
— Richardson's  Dictionary  ("Persian  and 
Arabic"). 

In  his  hand,  which  thunder  had  blasted,  he  \F.bHs\ 
swayed  the  iron  sceptre  that  causes  the  monster  Oura. 
nabad,  the  afrits,  and  all  the  powers  of  the  abyss  to 
U^m\)\^.—Beckford :  Vathek  (\ii&i. 

Outalissi,  eagle  of  the  Indian  tribe 
of  Oney'da,  the  death-enemies  of  the 
Hurons.  When  the  Hurons  attacked  the 
fort  under  the  command  of  Waldegrave 
(2  syl.),  a  general  massacre  was  made,  in 
which  Waldegrave  and  his  wife  were 
slain.  But  Mrs.  Waldegrave,  before  she 
died,  committed  her  boy  Henry  to  the 
charge  of  Outalissi,  and  told  him  to  place 
the  child  in  the  hands  of  Albert  of  Wy'- 
oming,  her  friend.  This  Outalissi  did. 
After  a  lapse  of  fifteen  years,  one  Brandt, 
at  the  head  of  a  mixed  army  of  British 
and  Indians,  attacked  Oneyda,  and  a 
general  massacre  was  made;  but  Outa- 
lissi, wounded,  escaped  to  Wyoming, 
just  in  time  to  give  warning  of  the 
approach  of  Brandt.  Scarcely  was  this 
done,  when  Brandt  arrived.  Albert  and 
his  daughter  Gertrude  were  both  shot, 
and  the  whole  settlement  was  extirpated. 
— Campbell:  Gertrude  of  Wyoming (i8og). 

Outis  (Greek  for  "nobody"),  a 
name  assumed  by  Odysseus  (Ulysses)  in 
the  cave  of  Polypheme  (3  syl.).  When 
the  monster  roared  with  pain  from  the 
loss  of  his  eye,  his  brother  giants  de- 
manded who  was  hurting  him.  "  Outis  " 
(Noiody)  thundered  out  Polypheme,  and 
his  companions  never  came  to  his  help.— 
Homer:  Odyssey. 

Outranx  (Lance),  park-keeper  to  sir 
Geoffrey  PeveriL — Sir  W.  Scott :  Peveril 
of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Overdees  (Rowley),  a  highwayman. 
— 5i>  W.  Scott:  Guy  Mannering  (time, 
George  II.). 

O'verdo  (Justice),  in  Ben  Jonson's 
Bartholomew  Fair  (16 14). 

Overdone  (Mistress),  a  bawd.  — • 
Shakespeare:  Measure  for  Measure  (1603). 

Overie  (John),  a  ferryman,  who  used 
to  ferry  passengers  from  South wark  to 
the  City,  and  accumulated  a  considerable 
hoard  of  money  by  his  savings.    On  one 


791 


OVERREACH. 

occn?ion,  to  save  the  expense  of  board, 
he  simulated  death,  expecting  his  ser- 
vants would  fast  till  he  was  buried  ;  but 
they  broke  into  his  larder  and  cellar,  and 
held  riot.  Wlien  the  old  miser  could 
bear  it  no  longer,  he  st:irted  up,  and  be- 
laboured his  servants  right  and  left  ;  but 
one  of  them  struck  the  old  man  with  an 
oar,  and  killed  him. 

Mary  Overie,  the  beautiful  daughter  of 
the  ferryman.  Her  lover,  hastening  to 
town,  was  thrown  from  his  horse,  and 
died.  She  then  became  a  nun,  and 
founded  the  church  of  St.  Mary  Overy  on 
the  site  of  her  father's  house. 

Overreach  {Sir  Giles),  Wellborn's 
uncle.  An  unscrupulous,  hard-hearted 
rascal,  grasping  and  proud.  He  ruined 
the  estates  both  of  Wellborn  and  All- 
worth,  and  by  overreaching  grew  enor- 
mously rich.  His  ambition  was  to  sea 
his  daughter  Margaret  marry  a  peer; 
but  the  overreacher  was  overreached. 
Thinking  Wellborn  was  about  to  marry 
the  rich  dowager  AUworth,  he  not  only 
paid  all  his  debts,  but  supplied  his  pre- 
sent wants  most  liberally,  under  the 
delusion  "  if  she  prove  his,  all  that  is  hers 
is  mine."  Having  thus  done,  he  finds 
that  lady  Allworth  does  not  marry  Well- 
bom  but  lord  Lovell.  In  regard  to 
Margaret,  fancying  she  was  sure  to  marry 
lord  Lovell,  he  gives  his  full  consent  to 
her  marriage  ;  but  finds  she  returns  from 
church  not  lady  Lovell  but  Mrs.  All- 
worth. — Massinger:  A  New  Way  to  Pay 
Old  Debts  (1628). 

(Tiie  prototype  of  "sir  Giles  Over- 
reach "  was  sir  Giles  Mompesson,  a  usiu-er 
outlawed  for  his  misdeeds.) 

When  Kemble  played  -  sir  Giles  Overreach,"  he  was 
anxious  to  represent  the  part  as  Henderson  [1747-1785] 
had  done  it,  and  wrote  to  Mrs.  Inchbald  to  know  "  what 
kind  of  a  hat  Mr.  Henderson  wore  ;  what  kind  of  wig, 
cravat,  rufiles,  clothes,  stockings  with  or  without  clocks, 
square  or  round-toed  shoes.  1  shall  be  uneasy  if  I  have 
not  an  idea  of  his  dress,  even  to  the  shape  of  his 
buckles  and  what  rings  he  wore  on  his  hands.  Morose- 
ness  and  cruelty  seem  the  groundwork  of  this  monstrous 
figure  ;  but  I  am  at  a  loss  to  know  whether,  in  copying 
it,  I  should  draw  the  lices  that  express  his  courtesy  to 
lord  Lovel  \_sic\  with  an  exaggerated  strength  or 
not.  .  .  ."  Mrs.  Inchbald's  answer  is  unfortunately 
lost.— W.  C.  Russell:  Representative  Actors. 

I  saw  K  emble  play  "  sir  Giles  Overreach  "  last  night  { 
but  he  came  not  within  a  hundred  miles  of  G.  F.  Cooke 
[1756-1812],  whose  terrible  visage,  and  short,  abrupt 
utterance,  gave  a  reality  to  that  atrocious  character. 
Kemble  was  too  handsome,  too  plausible,  and  too 
smooth.— 5«y  W.  Scott. 

Overton  {Colonel),  one  of  Cromwell's 
officers.— 5tV  W.  Scolt:  Woodstock  {time, 
Commonwealth). 

Ovid,  a  Latin  poet  in  the  time  of 
Augustus.  He  wrote  the  poetical  fables 
called  Metamorphoses,  but  he  is  far  more 


OWEN. 

often  identified  as  the  model  of  elegiac 
poetry  (B.C.  43-18). 

The  French  Ovid,  Du  Bellay;  also 
called  "The  Father  of  Grace  and  Ele- 
gance "  (1524-1560). 

Ovid  and  Corinna.  Corinna  was 
Julia,  daughter  of  Augustus  the  em- 
peror, and  the  paramour  of  Ovid.  She 
was  noted  for  her  beauty,  talent,  and 
licentiousness.  Some  say  Corinna  was 
Li  via  the  wife  of  Augustus. — Amor.,  L  5. 

So  was  her  heavenly  body  comely  raised 

On  two  faire  columnes ;  those  that  Ovid  praised 

In  Julia's  borrowed  name. 

Ovo.  Ab  ovo  usque  ad  mala  ("  from 
the  &Z?,  to  the  apple  "),  from  the  beginning 
to  the  end  of  a  feast  or  meal.  The 
Romans  began  their  entertainments  with 
eggs,  and  ended  with  fruits. — Horace: 
1  Satires,  iii.  6  ;  Cicero:  Fam.,  ix.  20. 

Ow'ain  [Sir),  the  Irish  knight  of  king 

Stephen's  court,  who  passed  through  St. 
Patrick's  purgatory  by  way  of  penance. 
— Henry  of  Salirey :  The  Descent  of 
Cwain  (1153). 

O'weenee,  the  youngest  of  ten  sis- 
ters, all  of  surpassing  beauty.  She 
married  Os3eo,  who  was  "old,  poor,  and 
ugly,"  but  "  most  beautiful  within."  (See 
OssEO,  p.  788.) — Longfellow:  Hiawatha, 
XXX.  (1855). 

Owen  [Sam),^ooTCv  of  Darsie  Latimer, 
i.e.  sir  Arthur  Darsie  Redgauntlet. — Sir 
W.  Scott.'  Redgauntlet  (time,  George 
III.). 

Owen,  confidential  clerk  of  Mr,  Os- 
baldistone,  senior.— .SzV  W.  Scott:  Rob 
Roy  (time,  George  I. ).    - 

Owen  {Sir)  passed  in  dream  through 
St.  Patrick's  purgatory.  He  passed  the 
convent  gate,  and  the  warden  placed  him 
in  a  coffin.  When  the  priests  had  sung 
over  him  the  service  of  the  dead,  they 
placed  the  coffin  in  a  cave,  and  sir  Owen 
made  his  descent.  He  came  first  to  an 
ice  desert,  and  received  three  warnings 
to  retreat,  but  the  warrings  were  not 
heeded,  and  a  mountain  of  ice  fell  on 
him.  "  Lord,  Thou  canst  save  1  "  he  cried 
as  the  ice  fell,  and  the  solid  mountain  be- 
came like  dust,  and  did  sir  Owen  no  harm. 
He  next  came  to  a  lake  of  fire,  and  a 
demon  pushed  him  in.  "  Lord,  Thou 
canst  save  I  "  he  cried,  and  angels  carried 
him  to  paradise.  He  woke  with  ecstasy, 
and  found  himself  lying  before  the  cavern's 
mouth. — Southey  :  St.  Patrick's  Purga- 
tory (from  the  Fabliaux  of  Mon.  le 
Grand), 


OWEN  MEREDITH. 


792 


OZAIR. 


Owen  Meredith,  Robert  Bulwer 
Lytton,  afterwards  lord  Lytton,  son  of 
the  poet  and  novelist  (1831-1891). 

Owl  {The),  sacred  to  Minerva,  was 
the  emblem  of  Athens. 

Owls  h«ot  in  B  b  and  G  b  ,  or  in  F  g  and  A  ^  .— 
Xev.  G.  tVkite  :  Natural  History  e/Selborne,  xlv.  (1789). 

Owl  a  Baker's  Dang-hter  [The). 
Our  Lord  once  went  into  a  baker's  shop 
to  ask  for  bread.  The  mistress  instantly 
put  a  cake  in  the  oven  for  Him,  but  the 
daughter,  thinking  it  to  be  too  large, 
reduced  it  to  half  the  size.  The  dough, 
however,  swelled  to  an  enormous  bulk, 
and  the  daughter  cried  out,  ' '  Heugh  ! 
heugh  I  heugh  1 "  and  was  transformed 
into  an  owl. 

Well,  God  'ield  you  I  They  say  the  owl  was  a  bakers 
daxi^\.t.x.— Shakespeare  :  Hamlet  (1596). 

Owl-glass.  (See  Eulenspiegel,  p. 
343-) 

Own  Times  [My).  Burnet,  bishop 
of  Salisbury,  published,  in  1724,  a  work 
called  History  of  My  Own  Times.  It  is 
chit-chatty,  but  one-sided.  He  was  a 
strong  anti-Jacobite,  and  intimate  with 
William  III.,  whose  accession  to  the 
throne  he  strenuously  defended.  Of 
course,  the  Jacobites  violently  attacked 
the  booL 

Ox  ( The  Dumb),  St.  Thomas  Aqui'nas ; 
so  named  by  his  fellow-students  on  ac- 
count of  his  taciturnity  (1224-1274). 

To  gather  in  piles  the  pitiful  chaff 

That  old  Peter  Lombard  thrashed  with  his  brain. 

To  have  it  caught  up  and  tossed  again 

On  the  horns  of  the  Dumb  Ox  of  Cologne. 

LongfeU<rw  :  The  Golden  Legend, 
Am  ox  once  spoke   as  learned    men    deliver. — y. 
Fletcher:  Rule  a  IVi/e  and  Have  a  tVi/e,  iiu  i  (1640). 

St.  Thomas  was  also  called  "The 
Great  Sicilian  Ox." — Alban  Butler:  Lives 
of  the  Saints. 

We  call  him  the  "  Dumb  Ox,"  but  he  will  give  on« 
day  such  a  bellow  as  shall  be  heard  from  one  end  of  tho 
world  to  the  otYicr.— Alban  Butler  (Albertus). 

Oz.  The  black  ox  hath  trod  on  his  foot, 
he  has  married  and  is  hen-pecked  ;  cala- 
mity has  befallen  him.  The  black  ox  was 
sacrificed  to  the  infernals,  and  was  con- 
sequently held  accursed.  When  Tusser 
says  the  best  way  to  thrive  is  to  get 
married,  the  objector  says — 

Why,  then,  do  folk  this  proverb  put, 
••  The  black  ox  near  trod  on  thy  foot," 
If  that  way  were  to  thrive? 

Wiving  and  Thriving,  Ml.  (1557). 
Tb«  black  oxe  had  not  trode  on  his  or  her  foote ; 
But  ere  his  branch  of  blesse  could  reach  any  roote. 
The  flowers  so  faded,  that  in  fifteen  weekes 
A  man  might  copy  the  change  in  the  cheekes 
Both  of  the  poore  wretch  and  his  wife. 

Heywood  (1646). 


Oxford  (yc?A«  earl  of),  an  exiled  Lan- 
castrian. He  appears  with  his  son  Arthur 
as  a  travelling  merchant,  under  the  name 
of  Philipson. 

• .  •  The  son  of  the  merchant  Philipson 
is  sir  Arthur  de  Vere. 

The  countess  of  Oxford,  wife  of  the 
earl. — Sir  IV.  Scott :  Anne  of  Geier stein 
(time,  Edward  IV.). 

Oxford  ( The  young  earl  of),  in  the 
court  of  queen  Elizabeth. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Kenilworth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Oxford    Blues    {The),    the    Royal 
Horse  Guards. 
Oxford  University  Boat  Crew. 

Colours :  dark  blue. 

Oxford  Sausage  [The),  a  col- 
lection of  scraps  and  anecdotes  con- 
nected with  Oxford,  by  J.  Warton 
(1764). 

Oxford  University,  said  to  have 
been  founded  by  king  Alfred,  in  886. 

.  .  .  religious  Alfred  .  .  . 
Renowned  Oxford  5uilt  to  Apollo's  learned  brood; 
And  on  the  hallowed  bank  of  Isis'  goodly  flood. 
Worthy  the  glorious  arts,  didgorgeous  bowers  provide. 
Drayton;  Polyolbion,  xL  (1613). 

Oyster.  Pistol  says,  "The  world's 
mine  oyster,  which  I  with  sword  will 
open."  He  alludes  to  the  proverb,  "  The 
mayor  of  Northampton  opens  oysters  with 
his  dagger,"  for,  Northampton  being  some 
eighty  miles  from  the  sea,  oysters  were 
so  stale  before  they  reached  the  town 
(before  railroads  or  even  coaches  were 
known),  that  the  "mayor"  would  be 
loth  to  bring  them  near  his  nose. 

Oysters.  Those  most  esteemed  by 
the  Romans  were  the  oysters  of  Cyzicum, 
in  Bithynia,  and  of  Lucrlnum,  in  Apulia, 
upon  the  Adriatic  Sea,  The  best  in 
Britain  used  to  be  the  oysters  of  Walfleet, 
near  Colchester. 

Think  you  our  oysters  hero  unworthy  of  your  praise  t 
Pure  Walfleet  ...  as  excellent  as  those  .  .  . 
The  Cyzic  shells,  or  those  on  the  Lucrinian  coast. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xix.  (i6«a). 

(The  oysters  most  esteemed  by  Eng- 
lishmen are  the  Whitstable,  which  fetch 
a  fabulous  price.  Colchester  oysters 
[natives)  in  1878  were  sold  at  4J.  a  dozen. 
Stiffkey  (called  Stu-ky)  oysters,  were  at 
one  time  very  highly  esteemed.  Stiffkey 
is  near  Wells,  in  Norfolk.) 

Ozair  (2  syl.),  a  prophet.  One  day, 
riding  on  an  ass  by  the  ruins  of  Jerusa- 
lem, after  its  destruction  by  the  Chal- 
deans, he  doubted  in  his  mind  whether 
God    could    raise    the    city    up   again. 


p. 


793 


PACIFIC. 


Whereupon  God  caused  him  to  die,  and 
he  remained  dead  a  hundred  years,  but 
was  then  restored  to  life.  He  found  the 
basket  of  figs  and  cruse  of  wine  as  fresh 
as  when  he  died,  but  his  ass  was  a  mass 
of  bones.  While  he  still  looked,  the  dry 
bones  came  together,  received  life,  and 
the  resuscitated  ass  began  to  bray ; 
whereupon  the  prophet  no  longer 
doubted  the  power  of  God  to  raise  up 
Jerusalem  from  its  ruins. — A I  Kordn,  w. 
(Sale's  notes). 

(This   legend   is  based   on    Neh.    iL 
xa-aa) 


P. 


P.  Placentius  the  dominican  wrote  a 
poem  of  253  Latin  hexameters,  called 
Pugna  Porcorum  per  P.  Porcium  poeiajn, 
every  word  of  which  begins  with  the 
letter  /  (died  1548).     It  begins  thus — 

Plaudite,  Porcelli,  porcorum  pigra  propago 
Progreditur  .  .  .  etc. 


^  There  are  three  rather  celebrated 
poems,  every  word  of  which  begins 
with  c. 

(i)  Henry  Harder,  for  example,  wrote 
100  Latin  hexameter  verses  on  the  contest 
of  Cats  and  Dogs.  Its  title  is,  Canem 
cum  Catis  certdmen  carmini  composltum 
currente  calamo  C.  Catulli  Caninii. 

The  first  line  of  this  poem  is  as 
follows : — 

Cattorum  canlinus  certamina  clara  canumque. 
Conu,  chant  Cois  collie  conquering  Cato's  cat. 
E.  C.  S, 

(2)  Hucbald's  poem  in  honour  of 
Charles  le  Chauve  contains  more  than 
100  Latin  hexameters.  The  last  two 
lines  are — 

Conveniet  claras  daustris  componere  cannas 
Completur  Claris  carmen  cantabile  Calvis. 

(3)  Hamconius  wrote  a  similar  poem 
on  the  Controversy  of  Catholics  and 
Calvinists.  The  title  is,  Certdmen  Catho- 
licum  cum  Calvinistis. 

%  In  the  Materia  more  Magistr'alis 
every  word  begins  with  m. 

^  The  following  distich  on  cardinal 
Wolsey  is  excellent : — 

Begot  bv  butchers,  but  by  bigots  bred, 
How  high  his  honour  holds  his  haughty  head. 

%  Tusser  has  a  poem  of  twelve  hnes 


in  rhyme,  every  word  of  which  begfins 
with  /.  The  subject  is  on  Thrift.  (See 
T.)    Tusser  died  1850. 

The  best-known  alliterative  poem  in 
English  is  the  following  : — 

An  Austrian  army,  awfully  arrayed, 


Bravely  by  battery  besieged  Belgrade. 
Cossack  commanders,  cannonading,  com 
Dealing  destruction's  devastating  doom ; 


For  fame,  for  fortune,  forming  furious  fray. 

Gaunt  gunners  gfrapple,  giving  gashes  good ; 

Heaves  high  his  head  heroic  hardiliood. 

Ibraham,  Islam,  Ismael,  imjis  in  ill. 

Jostle  John,  Jarovlitz,  Jem,  Joe,  Jack,  Jill ; 

Kick  kindling  Kutusoff,  kings'  kmsmen  kill ; 

Labour  low  levels  loftiest,  longest  lines ; 

Men  march  'mid  moles,  'mid  mounds,  'mid  murderous 

mines. 
Now  nightfall's  nigh,  now  needful  nature  nods. 
Opposed,  opposing,  overcoming  odds. 
Poor  peasants,  partly  purchased,  partly  pressed. 
Quite  quaking,  "  Quarter  I  Quarter  !"  quickly  quest. 
Reason  returns,  recalls  redundant  rage. 
Sees  sinking  soldiers,  softens  signiors  sage. 
Truce,  Turkey,  truce  I  truce,  treacherous  Tartar  train ! 
Unwise,  unjust,  unmerciful  Lfkrainel 
Vanish,  vile  vengeance !  vanish,  victory  vain  ! 
Wisdom  wails  war — wails  warring  words.     What  were 
Xerxes,  Xantippe,  Ximen6s,  Xavier? 
Yet  Yassy's  youth,  ye  yield  your  youthful  yest. 
Zealously,  zanies,  zealously,  zeal's  zest. 
From  H.  Souihsatc  :  Many  Theughis  on  Many  Things. 

N.B. — This  aUiterative  poem  is  at- 
tributed to  Alaric  Watts  (1820) ;  but  is 
generally  assigned  to  the  Rev.  B 
Poulter,  prebendary  of  Winchester. 

%  There  is  another  beginning — 

About  an  age  ago,  as  all  agree. 
Beauteous  Belinda,  brewing  best  Bohea, 

and  so  on,  by  no  means  difhcult. 

P's  i^The  Five),  WiUiam  Oxberry, 
printer,   poet,  publisher,    publican,   and 

player  (1784-1824). 

P's  \{Four).  (See  Play  called  the 
Four  P's,  p.  853.) 

PaccMarotto  {Giacomo)  was  a 
painter  of  Siena.  His  story  is  to  be 
found  in  the  Commentary  on  the  Life  of 
Sodoma,  by  the  editors  of  Vasari ; 
Florence,  1855. 

Browning  has  a  poem  called  Pac- 
chiarotto,  and  how  he  worked  in  Dis- 
temper. 

Pache  {J.  Nicolas),  a  Swiss  by  birth. 
He  was  minister  of  war  in  1792,  and 
maire  de  Paris  1793.  Pache  hated  the 
Girondists,  and  at  the  fall  of  Danton  was 
imprisoned.  After  his  liberation,  he 
retired  to  Thym-le-Moutiers  (in  the 
Ardennes),  and  died  in  obscurity  (1740- 
1823). 

Swiss  Pache  sits  sleek-headed,  frugal,  the  wonder  of 
his  own  ally  for  humility  of  mind.  ...  Sit  there.  Tar- 
tuffe,  till  wanted.— Car/y/^. 

Pacific  {The),  Amadeus  VIII.  count 
of  Savoy  (1383,  139X-1439,  abdicated 
and  died  145 1). 


PACOLET. 

Frederick    III.   emperor  of   Germany 
(1415,  1440-1493). 
Olaus  III.  of  Norway  (♦,  1030-1093). 

Fac'olet,  a  dwarf,  "full  of  great 
sense  and  subtle  ingenuity."  He  had  an 
enchanted  horse,  made  of  wood,  with 
which  he  carried  off  Valentine,  Orson, 
and  Clerimond  from  the  dungeon  of 
FerrSgus.  This  horse  is  often  alluded  ta 
"  To  ride  Pacolet's  horse  "  is  a  phrase  for 
going  very  fast. —  Valentine  and  Orson 
(fifteenth  century). 

Fac'olet,  a  familiar  spirit — Steele: 
The  Toiler  (1709). 

Fac'olet  or  Nick  Strumpfer,  the 
dwarf  servant  of  Noma  "of  the  Fitful 
Head."— 5i>  W.  ScoU :  The  Pirate 
(time,  WiUiam  III.). 

Facomo  [St. ),  an  Egyptian,  who  lived 
in  the  fourth  century.  It  is  said  that  he 
could  walk  among  serpents  unhurt ;  and 
when  he  had  occasion  to  cross  the  Nile, 
he  was  carried  on  the  back  of  a  crocodile. 

The  hermit  fell  on  his  knees  before  an  image  of  St. 
Pacomo,  which  was  glued  to  the  va.]L—Lesa^e :  Gil 
Bias,  iv.  9  (1724). 

Facto'lus  (now  called  Bagouly),  a 
river  of  Lydia,  in  Asia  Minor,  which  was 
said  to  flow  over  golden  sand. 

Fad'alon,  the  Hindtt  hell,  tmder  the 
earth.  It  has  eight  gates,  each  of  which 
is  guarded  by  a  gigantic  deity.  Described 
by  Southey,  in  cantos  xxiL,  xxiii.  of  The 
Curse  of  Kehama  (1809). 

Faddington  [Harry),  one  of  Mac- 
heath's  gang  of  thieves.  Peachura  de- 
scribes him  as  a  "  poor,  petty-laiceny 
rascal,  without  the  least  genius.  That 
fellow,"  he  says,  "  though  he  were  to  live 
for  six  months,  would  never  come  to  the 
gallows  with  credit"  (act  i.  1). — Gay: 
The  Beggar's  Opera  (1727). 

Faddington  Pair,  a  public  execu- 
tion. Tyburn  is  in  the  parish  of  Pad- 
dington.  Public  executions  were  aboUshed 
in  1868. 

Faddy,  an  Irishman.  A  corruption 
of  Padhrig,  Irish  for  Patrick. 

Fadlock  {The),  a  comic  opera  by 
Bickerstaff.  Don  Diego  (2  syL),  a 
wealthy  lord  of  60,  saw  a  country  maiden 
named  Leonora,  to  whom  he  took  a  fancy, 
and  arranged  with  the  parents  to  take 
her  home  with  him  and  place  her  under 
the  charge  of  a  duenna  for  three  months, 
to  see  if  her  temper  was  as  sweet  as  her 
face   was  pretty ;   and  thep  either   "  to 


794 


PAGE. 


return  her  to  them  spotless,  or  make  her 
his  lawful  wife."  At  the  expiration  of 
the  time,  the  don  went  to  arrange  with 
the  parents  for  the  wedding,  and  locked 
up  his  house,  giving  the  keys  to  Ursula 
the  duenna.  To  make  surance  doubly 
sure,  he  put  a  padlock  on  the  outer  door, 
and  took  the  key  with  him.  Leander, 
a  young  student  smitten  with  the  damsel, 
laughed  at  locksmiths  and  duennas  ;  and, 
having  gained  admission  into  the  house, 
was  detected  by  don  Diego,  who  returned 
unexpectedly.  The  old  don,  being  a  maa 
of  sense,  at  once  perceived  that  Leander 
was  a  more  suitable  bridegroom  than  him- 
self, so  he  not  only  sanctioned  the  alliance, 
but  gave  Leonora  a  handsome  wedding 
dowry  (1768). 

FsBan,  the  physician  of  the  immortaK 
Fsea'na,  daughter  of  Corflambo,  "fair 
as  ever  yet  saw  living  eye,"  but  "too 
loose  of  hfe  and  eke  too  hght."  Pseana 
fell  in  love  with  Amlas,  a  captive  in  her 
father's  dungeon  ;  but  Amias  had  no  heart 
to  give  away.  When  Placldas  was  brought 
captive  before  Paeana,  she  mistook  hira 
for  Amias,  and  married  him.  The  poet 
adds,  that  she  thenceforth  so  reformed  her 
ways  "  that  all  men  much  admired  the 
change,  and  spake  her  praise." — Spenser: 
Faerie  Queene,  iv.  9  (1596). 

Fagan,  a  fay  who  loved  the  princess 
Imis  ;  but  Imis  rejected  his  suit,  as  she 
loved  her  cousin  Philax.  Pagan,  out  of 
revenge,  shut  them  up  in  a  superb  crystal 
palace,  which  contained  every  delight 
except  that  of  leaving  it.  In  the  course 
of  a  few  years,  Imis  and  Philax  longed 
as  much  for  a  separation  as,  at  one  time, 
they  had  wished  to  be  imited. — Cofn/esse 
D'Aulnoy:  Fairy  Tales  ("  Palace  of  Re- 
venge," 1682),  (See  Perdrix,  Perduix, 
TOUjouRs  Perdrix  !) 

Fage  {Mr.),  a  gentleman  living  at 
Windsor.  When  sir  John  Falstaff  made 
love  to  Mrs.  Page,  Page  himself  assumed 
the  name  of  Brook,  to  outwit  the  knight. 
Sir  John  told  the  supposed  Brook  his 
whole  "course  of  wooing,"  and  how 
nicely  he  was  bamboozling  the  husband. 
On  one  occasion,  he  says,  "  I  was  carried 
out  in  a  buck-basket  of  dirty  linen  before 
the  very  eyes  of  Page,  and  the  deluded 
husband  did  not  know  it."  Of  course, 
sir  John  is  thoroughly  outwitted  and 
played  upon,  being  made  the  butt  of  the 
whole  village. 

Mrs.  Page,  wife  of  Mr.  Page,  of  Wind- 
sor,    When  sir  John  Falstaff  made  love 


PAGE. 

to  her,  she  joined  with  Mrs.  Ford  to  dupe 
him  and  punish  him. 

Annt  Page,  daughter  of  the  above,  in 
love  with  Fenton.  Slender  calls  her 
••  the  sweet  Anne  Page." 

William  Pagg.Anne's  brother,  a  school- 
boy,—5A<zyt«/^ar«.-  AJerry  Wives  of 
Windsor  {1596). 

Faee  {Sir  Francis),  called  "The 
Hanging  Judge  "  (1661-1741). 

Slander  and  poison  dread  from  Delia's  rage ; 
Hard  words  or  hanging  if  your  judge  be  Page. 
Pofe. 

Paget  [The  Lady),  one  of  the  ladies 
of  the  bedchamber  in  queen  Elizabeth's 
court.— 5zr  W.  Scott:  Kenilworth  {time, 
Elizabeth). 

Painted  Chamber  [The),  an  apart- 
ment in  the  old  Royal  Palace  of  West- 
minster, the  walls  of  which  were  painted 
chiefly  with  battle-scenes,  in  six  bands, 
somewhat  similar  to  the  Bayeaux  tapestry 
{q.v.,  p.  98). 

Painted  Miscliief,  playing  cards. 

There  are  plenty  of  ways  of  gambliiigr  .  .  .  without 
recourse  to  the  "painted  mischief,"  which  was  not  in- 
rented  for  the  benefit  of  king  Charles  VI.  of  France.— 
Daily  News,  March  8,  1879. 

Painter  of  Kattire.  Remi  Belleau, 
one  of  the  Pleiad  poets  (1528-1577). 

{The  Shepheardes  Calendar,  by  Spen- 
ser. It  is  largely  borrowed  from  Belleau's 
Song  of  April. ) 

Painter  of  the  Graces,  Andrea 
Appiani  {1754-1817). 

Painters  [Prince  of).  Parrhasios  and 
ApellSs  are  both  so  called  {fourth  century 
B.  C. ). 

'  Painters,  Cliaracteristics  of 
some— 

(i)  ANGELICO  [Fro)  :  fl  Beato,  or  the  blessed 
painter  :  angels,  saints.  Saviour  and  Virgin ;  grouping 
and  draping  fuU  of  grace,  even  of  splendour.  Rich 
gold  ornaments  and  backgrounds,  and  gay  delicate 
flowers  "  like  spring  flowers."  Drawing  often  defec- 
tive, from  the  want  of  human  knowledge.  The  faces 
of  his  heavenly  beings  are  full  of  serenity,  and  of  a 
perfect  radiance  of  expression  (1387-1455)-  (See  ANA- 
CHRONISMS, p.  40) 

(2)  Angelo  (Michael),  painter,  sculptor,  architect, 
engineer,  poet,  and  musician.  His  power  lay  in  the 
mastery  of^  form  and  the  display  of  the  human  figure. 
The  sibyls  painted  on  the  ceiling  or  the  Sistine 
Chapel  are  most  characteristic  of  Michael  Angelo. 
"  They  exactly  fitted  his  standard  of  art,  not  always 
sympathetic  nor  comprehensible  to  the  average  human 
mind,  of  which  the^rawrf  in  form  and  the  abstract  in 
vcfression  were  the  first  and  last  conditions."— /.arfj" 
Bastlake  :  History  o/our  Lord.  He  is  the  ^schylos 
of  painters  (1475-1564).    (See  ERRORS,  p.  331.) 

(3)  BoniCELLI  (Sandro  Filipepi,  called  Botti- 
ttUi] :  "  vehement  and  impetuous,  full  of  passion  and 
poetry,  seeking  to  express  movement."  The  most 
dramatic  painter  of  his  school  (1447-1515).— 5araA 
Tytler:  "The  Old  Masters,  etc. 

(4I  CaRRACCI  :  eclectic  artists,  who  picked  out  and 
pieced  together  parts  taken  from  Correggio,  Raphael, 
Titian,  and  other  great  artists.  If  Michael  Angelo  is 
the  .^schylos  of  artists,  and  Raphael  the  Sophocles, 
the  Carracci  may  be  called  the  Huripid£s  of  painten. 


795  PAINTERS'  CHARACTERISTICS. 

I  know  not  why  tn  England  the  name  is  spelt  with  only 
one  r. 

(5)  CORREGCIO  (Anttnit  Alltfri)  :  wonderful 
foreshortenines.  magnificent  lijfht  and  shade.  Pictures 
arc  full  of  motion  and  stir.  He  is  said  to  have  delighted 
"  in  the  buoyance  of  childish  glee,  the  bliss  of  earthly, 
the  fervour  of  heavenly  love."  Chiaro-scuro  so  perfect 
that  "  you  seem  to  look  through  Correggio's  shadows, 
and  to  see  beyond  them  the  genuine  texture  of  tho 
ticsii"  {Mrs.  yameson).     (1494-1534.) 

(6)  CUYP  (Albert),  the  Dutch  Claude:  landscapes 
which  show  the  painter's  love  of  nature.  Skies  with 
their  "clearness  and  coolness,"  and  the  "expression 
of  yellow  sunlight "  (1605 ;  JaU  «r  dtath  uncertain, 
■bout  1638).  ,      . 

(7)  David:  noted  for  his  stiff,  dry,  pedantic, 
•'  highly  classic  "  style,  according  to  the  interpretation 
cf  the  phrase  by  the  French  in  the  first  Revolution 
(174S-1825). 

(8)  Dolce  (CarU):  famous  for  his  Madonnas, 
which  are  aU  finished  with  most  extraordinary  delicacy 
(1616-1686). 

(9)  GUIDO  (Reni):  student  in  the  Carracci  schooL 
His  characteristic  was  a  refined  sense  of  beauty,  which 
had  a  tendency  to  develop  into  "  empty  grace  "  with- 
out soul  (1575-1642). 

(10)  Holbein  (l/ans):  characterized  by  the  living 
truthfulness  of  his  likenesses,  and  the  "inimitable 
bloom "  imparted  to  his  pictures,  which  he  "  touched 
till  not  a  touch  became  discernible."  He  used  a 
peculiar  green  for  the  backgrounds  of  his  larger 
portraits,  a  blue  background  for  his  miniatures  (1494 

(11)  LORRAINK  {Claudt  GeUe).  He  was  fond  of 
painting  scenes  on  the  Tiber  and  in  the  Roman 
Campagna.  His  landscapes  are  suffused  with  a  golden 
haze,  so  that  the  expression  "a  mellow"  or  a  "sunny 
Claude  "  is  used  in  relation  to  his  wot*  (1600-1682). 

ji2t  MURILLO  (BartolonU  Estdvan).  A  great 
religious  painter,  eminently  Spanish  ;  his  Virgins  are 
dark-eyed  and  olive-compfexioned  ;  the  Holy  Child  is 
a  Spanish  babe  (i6i«-i682). 

(13)  OMMEGANCK  :  sheep  (1775-1826). 

(14)  Perugino  (Pietro)  :  "  At  his  best  he  had 
luminous  colour,  grace,  softness,  and  enthusiastic 
earnestness."  "His  defects  were  monotony  and  for- 
mality." He  had  some  tiresome  affectations  and 
mannerisms,  which  are  found  in  his  upturned  heads, 
etc.— Sarah  Tytler:  The  Old  Masters,  etc.  (1446-1524.)  • 

«  (15)  POUSSIN  (Nicholas) :  famous  for  his  classic 
style.  Reynolds  says,  "No  works  of  any  modern 
have  so  much  the  air  of  antique  painting  as  those  of 
Poussin "  (1593-1665).  ,  .        ^ 

(16)  PoussiN  (Grzs/ar):  a  landscape  painter,  the 
rery  opposite  of  Claude  Lorraine.  He  seems  to  have 
drawn  his  inspiration  from  Hervey's  Meditations 
amonjT  the  Tombs,  Blair's  Grave,  Young's  M>A/ 
7'hou^hts,    and  Burton's  Anatomy  0/  Melancholy. 

(17)  Raphael.  The  Sophocles  of  painters.  The 
head  of  the  Roman  school.  He  painted  the  loveliest 
Madonnas  and  Child  Christs :  his  portraits  are 
perfect.  Angelo's  figures  are  all  gigantesque  and 
ideal  like  those  of  .^schylos;  Raphael's  are  perfect 
human  beingrs  (1483-1520). 

(18)  Rembrandt  (Van  Rhyn) :  his  character- 
istics are  fire-light,  camp-light,  and  torch-light  scenes, 
with  the  deep  black  shadows  bdonging  to  these 
artificial  lights  (1606-1669). 

(19)  REYNOLDS :  a  portrait-painter.  He  presents 
his  portraits  in  bal  masqu/,  not  always  suggestive 
either  of  the  rank  or  character  of  the  person  repre- 
sented. There  is  about  the  same  analogy  between 
Watteau  and  Reynolds  as  between  Claude  Lorraine 
and  Caspar  Poussin  (1723-1792).  (See  ERRORS,  p.  331.) 

(20)  Rosa  (Salvator)  :  dark,  inscrutable  pictures, 
relieved  by  dabs  of  the  palette-knife.  He  is  fond  of 
savage  scenery,  broken  rocks,  wild  caverns,  blasted 
heaths,  and  so  on  (1615-1673). 

(21)  RUBENS  (Peter  Paul).  According  to  sir 
Joshua  Reynolds,  Rubens  was  "  perhaps  the  greatest 
master  in  the  mechanical  part  of  the  art,  the  best 
vorkman  tvith  his  tools  that  ever  exercised  a 
pencil."  His  excellence  lay  in  his  execution  and 
wonderful  colouring.  His  choice  of  subjects  from 
Grecian  mythology  was  very  characteristic  of  him. 
He  was  renowned  for  the  beauty  and  grace  of  hia 
paintings  of  children  (1577-1640). 


PAINTERS  TRUE  TO  NATURE.    796 

(as)  Steen  O/aM) :  ^reat  as  a  s-enre  painter.  He 
generally  painted  tavern  scenes;  the  motifs  fre- 
quently eating,  drinking,  card-playing,  etc.  (1626- 
X679). 

(23)  Tintoretto  (//),  i.e.  the  little  dyer;  real 
name,  Jacopo  Robusti.  He  was  called  "II  Furioso" 
from  the  rapidity  and  recklessness  of  his  manner  of 
painting.  His  contemporaries  said  of  him  that  he 
"  used  three  pencils — one  ^^old,  one  silver,  one  lead." 
His  magnificent  painting  was  often  spoilt  by  the 
inequality  of  his  slovenly,  careless  work  (1512-1394). 
(See  ERRORS,  p.  331-) 

'  (24)  Titian  :  the  greatest  painter  of  the  Venetian 
school  A  glorious  colourist,  great  as  a  landscape, 
and  magnificent  as  a  portrait,  painter.  He  was  noted 
for  his  broad  shades  of  divers  gradations  (1477-1566). 

(25)  TURNER  (R.  A.) :  his  special  characteristic  is 
scenes  in  a  mist  (1775-1851). 

(26)  Veronese  {Pau/)  -.  the  most  magnificent  of 
the  Venetian  painters;  in  fact,  magnificence  is  his 
great  characteristic.  He  painted  all  his  sacred  and 
historical  scenes  as  if  they  had  happened  in  his  own 
dav  and  city,  giving  even  the  humblest  the  pomp  and 
splendour  which  was  the  fashion  of  that  time  (1530- 
1588).    (See  ERRORS,  p.  331.) 

(27)  Watteau  {Antoine)  -.  noted  for  his  J?les 
ralantes,  fancy-ball  costumes,  charming  groups  of 
ladies  in  sacques,  and  cavaliers  in  lace  cravats  and 
flowing  hats.  His  exquisite  fans  were  a  great  charac- 
teristic (1684-1721). 

The  colouring  of  Titian,  the  expression  of  Rubens, 
the  grace  of  Raphael,  the  purity  of  Domenichino,  the 
correggioscity  of  Correggio,  the  learning  of  Poussin, 
the  airs  of  Guido,  the  taste  of  the  Carrachi  [sic\  the 
grand  contour  of  Angelo,  .  .  .  the  brilliant  truth  of  a 
Watteau,  the  touching  grace  of  a  Reynolds. — Sierne. 

I  hare  found  Sarah  Tytler's  book,  TAe  Old  Masters 
and  their  Pictures,  very  helpful  in  preparing  this 
Ust. 

Painters  True  to  Nature. 

(i)  A  Bee.  Quintin  Matsys,  the  Dutch 
painter,  painted  a  bee  so  well  that  the 
artist  Mandyn  thought  it  a  real  bee,  and 
proceeded  to  brush  it  away  with  his 
handkerchief  (1450-1529). 

(2)  A   Cow.     Myron  carved  a  cow  so* 
true  to  nature  that  bulls  mistook  it  for  a 
living  animal  (b.c.  431).      (See  Gibbon, 
vol.  ii.  p.  92.) 

(3)  A  Curtain.  Parrhasios  painted  a 
curtain  so  admirably  that  even  Zeuxis, 
the  artist,  mistook  it  for  real  drapery 
(B.C.  400). 

(4)  A  Fly.  George  Alexander  Stevens 
says,  in  his  Lectures  on  Heads — 

I  have  heard  of  a  connoisseur  who  was  one  day  in  an 
auction-room  wliere  there  was  an  inimitable  piece  of 
painting  of  fruits  and  flowers.  The  connoisseur  would 
not  give  his  opinion  of  the  picture  till  he  had  first  ex- 
amined the  catalogue ;  and  finding  it  was  done  by  an 
Englishman,  he  pulled  out  his  eye-glass.  "  Oh,  sir," 
says  he,  "  tliose  English  fellows  have  no  more  idea  of 
genius  than  a  Dutch  skipper  has  of  dancing  a  cotillion. 
The  dog  has  spoiled  a  fine  piece  of  canvas  ;  he  is  worse 
than  a  Harp  Alley  sign-post  dauber.  There's  no  keep- 
ing, no  perspective,  no  foreground.  Why,  there  now, 
the  fellow  has  actually  attempted  to  paint  a  fly  upon 
that  rosebud.    Why,  it  is  no  more  like  a  fly  than  I  am 

like ; "  but,  as  he  approached  his  finger  to  the 

picture,  the  fly  flew  away  (1772). 


(5^  Grapes.  Zeuxis  (2  syl.\  a  Grecian 
painter,  painted  some  grapes  so  well  that 
birds  came  and  pecked  at  them,  thinking 
them  real  grapes  (b.c.  400). 

(6)  A  Horse.  ApellSs  painted  Alex- 
ander's horse  Bucephalos  so  true  to  life 
that  some  mares  came  up  to  the  canvas 


PALAMEDES. 

neighing,  tinder  the  supposition  that  it 
was  a  real  animal  (about  B.C.  334). 

jj)  A  Man.  Velasquez  painted  a  Spa- 
nish admiral  so  true  to  life  that  when 
king  Felipe  IV.  entered  the  studio,  he 
mistook  the  painting  for  the  man,  and 
began  reproving  the  supposed  officer  for 
neglecting  his  duty,  in  wasting  his  time 
in  the  studio,  when  he  ought  to  have  been 
with  his  fleet  (1590-1660). 

IF  Accidental  effects  in  painting. 

Apellgs,  being  at  a  loss  to  paint  the 
foam  of  Alexander's  horse,  dashed  his 
brush  at  the  picture  in  a  fit  of  annoyance, 
and  did  by  accident  what  his  skill  had 
failed  to  do  (about  B.C.  334). 

*.  •  The  same  tale  is  told  of  Protog'enSs, 
who  dashed  his  brush  at  a  picture,  and 
thus  produced  "  the  foam  of  a  dog's 
mouth,"  which  he  had  long  been  trying 
in  vain  to  represent  (about  B.C.  332). 

Faix  des  Dames  {La\  the  treaty  of 
peace  concluded  at  Cambray  in  1529, 
between  Franfois  I.  of  France  and  Karl 
V.  emperor  of  Germany.  So  called  be- 
cause it  was  mainly  negotiated  by  Louise 
of  Savoy  (mother  of  the  French  king) 
and  Margaret  the  emperor's  aunt. 

Palace  of  Art  {The\,  an  allegorical 
poem  by  Tennyson  (1830). 

Its  object  is  to  show  that  dwelling  even  in  the  palace 
of  art  will  not  render  happiness,  or  that  love  of  art  will 
not  alone  suffice  to  make  man  happy. 

Paladore,  a  Briton  in  the  service  of 
the  king  of  Lombardy.  One  day,  in  a 
boar-hunt,  the  boar  turned  on  the  princess 
Sophia,  and,  having  gored  her  horse  to 
death,  was  about  to  attack  the  lady,  but 
was  slain  by  the  young  Briton.  Between 
these  two  young  people  a  strong  attach- 
ment sprang  up ;  but  the  duke  Bire'no, 
by  an  artifice  of  false  imp)ersonation,  in- 
duced Paladore  to  believe  that  the  princess 
was  a  wanton,  and  had  the  audacity  to 
accuse  her  as  such  to  the  senate.  In 
Lombardy,  the  punishment  for  this  offence 
was  death,  and  the  princess  was  ordered 
to  execution.  Paladore,  having  learned 
the  truth,  accused  the  duke  of  villainy. 
They  fought,  and  Bireno  fell.  The  prin- 
cess, being  cleared  of  the  charge,  married 
Paladore. — JepJison  :  The  Law  of  Lom- 
bardy (1779). 

Palame'des  (4  syl.),  son  of  Nauplios, 
was,  according  to  Suidas,  the  inventor  of 
dice.     (See  Alea,  p.  22.) 

Tabula  nomen  ludi ;  hanc  Palaraed^s  ad  Graed  eior- 
citus  delectationem  magna  eruditione  atque  ingenio 
mvenit.  Tabula  eniniest  inundus  terrestris,  duodena- 
rius  nuraerus  est  Zodiacus,  ipsa  vero  area  et  septem  in 
ea  graiia  sunt  septem  stellse  planetarum.  Turris  est 
altitudo  coeli,  ex  qua  omnibus  bona  et  mala  repea- 
Avcaxxtx.— Suidas  (Wolfs  trans.}. 


PALAMEDES. 


7^1 


Palame'des  {Sir)  or  sir  Falamede 

{3  syL),  a  Saracen,  who  adored  Isolde  the 
wife  of  king  Mark  of  Cornwall.  S.f 
Tristrem  also  loved  the  same  lady,  who 
was  his  aunt.  The  two  "  lovers  "  fought, 
and  sir  Palamedes,  being  overcome,  was 
compelled  to  turn  Christian.  He  was 
baptized,  and  sir  Tristrem  stood  his 
sponsor  at  the  font. — Thomas  of  Ercel- 
doune  (called  "The  Rhymer"):  Sir 
Tristrem  (thirteenth  century). 

Palame'des  of  Lombardy,  one  of 

the  allies  of  the  Christian  army  in  the 
first  crusade.  He  was  shot  by  Corinda 
with  an  arrow  (bk.  xi.). — Tasso  :  Jerur- 
salem  Delivered  (X575). 

Paramon  and  Arcite  (2  syl,\  two 
young  Theban  knights,  who  fell  into  the 
hands  of  duke  Theseus  (2  syl. ),  and  were 
by  him  confined  in  a  dungeon  at  Athens. 
Here  they  saw  the  duke's  sister-in-law 
Emily,  with  whom  both  fell  in  love. 
When  released  from  captivity,  the  two 
knights  told  the  duj^e  their  tale  of  love ; 
and  the  duke  promised  that  whichever 
proved  the  victor  in  single  combat  should 
have  Emily  for  his  prize.  Arcite  prayed 
to  Mars  "for  victory,"  and  Palamon  to 
Venus  that  he  might  "obtain  the  lady," 
and  both  their  prayers  were  granted. 
Arcite  won  the  victory,  according  to  his 
prayer,  but,  being  thrown  from  his  horse, 
died;  so  Palamon,  after  all,  "won  the 
lady,"  though  he  did  not  win  the  battle, 
— Chaucer:  Canterbury  Tales  ("The 
Knight's  Tale,"  1388). 

This  tale  is  taken  from  the  Le  Teseide 
of  Boccaccio. 

%  The  Black  Horse,  a  drama  by  Joha 
Fletcher,  is  the  same  tale. 

(Richard  Edwards,  in  1566,  produced 
a  comedy  called  Palamon  and  Arcyte. 
Dry  den  has  modernized  Chaucer's  tale.) 

Pale  [The)  or  The  English  Pale, 
a  part  of  Ireland,  including  Dublin, 
Meath,  Carlow,  Kilkenny,  and  Louth. 

Pale  Paces.  So  the  American 
Indians  call  the  European  settlers- 

Pale'mon,  son  of  a  rich  merchant. 
He  fell  in  love  with  Anna,  daughter  of 
Albert  master  of  one  of  his  father's  ships. 
The  purse-proud  merchant,  indignant  at 
this,  tried  every  means  to  induce  his  son 
to  abandon  such  a  "  mean  connection," 
but  without  avail ;  so  at  last  he  sent  him 
in  the  Britannia  (Albert's  ship)  "  in 
charge  of  the  merchandise."  The  ship 
was    wrecked    near    cape    Colonna,    in 


PALINODE. 

Attica ;  and  although  PaJgmon  escaped, 
his  ribs  were  so  broken  that  he  died 
almost  as  soon  as  he  reached  the  shore. 

A  gallant  youth,  Palemon  was  his  name, 
Charged  with  the  commerce  hither  also  came ; 
A  father's  stern  resentment  doomed  to  prove. 
He  came,  the  victim  of  unhappy  love. 

Falconer:  The  Shipv/rtck,  I.  a  (1756). 

Pale'mon  and  Lavinia,  a  poetic 
version  of  Boaz  and  Ruth.  "  "The  lovely 
young  Lavinia "  went  to  glean  in  the 
fields  of  young  Palemon  "  the  pride  of 
swains ;  "  and  Palemon,  falling  in  love 
with  the  beautiful  gleaner,  both  wooed 
and  won  her. — Thomson  :  The  Seasons 
("  Autumn,"  1730). 

Pales  (2  syl.),  god  of  shepherds  and 
their  fiocks. — Roman  Mythology. 

Pomona  lores  the  orchard  ; 
And  Liber  loves  the  vine  ; 
And  Pales  loves  the  straw-built  shed. 
Warm  with  the  breath  of  kine. 
tiacaulay  :  Lays  <i/ Ancient  Rome  ("  Prophecy 
of  Capys,"  1842). 

Parinode  (3  ry/.),  a  shepherd  in 
Spenser's  Eclogues.  In  eel.  v.  Palinode 
represents  the  catholic  priest.  He  invites 
Piers  (who  represents  the  protestant 
clergy)  to  join  in  the  fun  and  pleasures 
of  May.  Piers  then  warns  the  young 
man  of  the  vanities  of  the  world,  and 
tells  him  of  the  great  degeneracy  of 
pastoral  life — at  one  time  simple  and 
frugal,  but  now  discontented  and  licen- 
tious. He  concludes  with  the  fable  of 
the  kid  and  her  dam. 

The/able  is  this  :  A  mother-goat,  going 
abroad  for  the  day,  told  her  kid  to  keep 
at  home,  and  not  to  open  the  door  to 
strangers.  She  had  not  been  gone  long, 
when  up  came  a  fox,  with  head  bound 
from  "  headache,"  and  foot  bound  from 
"gout,"  and  carrying  a  ped  of  trinkets. 
The  fox  told  the  kid  a  most  piteous  tale, 
and  showed  her  a  little  mirror.  The  kid, 
out  of  pity  and  vanity,  opened  the  door  ; 
but  while  stooping  over  the  ped  to  pick 
up  a  little  bell,  the  fox  clapped  down  the 
lid,  and  carried  her  off. 

IT  In  eel.  vii.  Palinode  is  referred  to  by 
the  shepherd  Thomalin  as  "  lording  it 
over  God's  heritage,"  feeding  the  sheep 
with  chaff,  and  keeping  for  himself  the 
grains. — Spenser:  Shepheardes  Calendar 
(1572). 

Palinode  (3  syl.),  a  poem  in  recanta- 
tion of  a  calumny.  Stesich'oros  wrote  a 
bitter  satire  against  Helen,  for  which  her 
brothers.  Castor  and  Pollux,  plucked  out 
his  eyes.    When,  however,  the  poet  re- 


PALINURUa 


798     PALMYRA  OF  THE  DECCAN. 


canted,   his  sight  was  restored  to  him 
again. 

The  bard  who  libelled  Helen  In  his  songf. 
Recanted  after,  and  redressed  the  wrong 

Ovid:  Arte/ Love,  ffl. 

Horace's  i  Odes,  xvi.  is  a  palinode. 
Samuel  Butler  has  a  palinode,  in  which 
he  recanted  what  he  said  in  a  previous 
poem  of  the  Hon.  Edward  Howard.  Dr. 
Watts  recanted  in  a  poem  the  praise  he 
had  previously  bestowed  on  queen  Anne. 

Falinn'rus,  the  pilot  of  ^Ene'as. 
Palinurus,  sleeping  at  the  helm,  fell  into 
the  sea,  and  was  drowned.  The  name 
is  employed  as  a  generic  word  for  a 
steersman  or  pilot,  and  sometimes  for  & 
chief  minister. 

More  had  she  spoke,  but  yawned.    All  nature  nods .  .  . 
E'en  Palinurus  nodded  at  the  helm. 

Popt:  The  Dunciad,  It.  614  (1742). 

Falisse  [La),  a  sort  of  M.  Prud- 
homme  ;  a  pompous  utterer  of  truisms 
and  moral  platitudes. 

Palla'dio  {Andrea),  the  Italian  clas- 
sical architect  (1518-1580). 

The  English  Palladia,  Inigo  Jones 
(1573-1653). 

Falla'dixiiii. 

{i)  0/  Ceylon,  the  delida  or  tooth  of 
Buddha,  preserved  in  the  Malegawa 
temple  at  Kandy.  Natives  guard  it  with 
g^eat  jealousy,  from  a  belief  that  who- 
ever possesses  it  acquires  the  right  to 
govern  Ceylon.  When,  in  1815,  the 
English  obtained  possession  of  the  tooth, 
the  Ceylonese  submitted  to  them  without 
resistance. 

(2)  Of  Eden  Hall,  a  drinking-glass,  I'n 
the  possession  of  sir  Christopher  Mus- 
grave,  bart.,  of  Edenhall,  Cumberland. 

(3)  Of  Jerusalem,  Aladine  king  of 
Jerusalem  stole  an  image  of  the  Virgin, 
and  set  it  up  in  a  mosque,  that  she  might 
no  longer  protect  the  Christians,  but 
become  the  palladium  of  Jerusalem.  The 
image  was  rescued  by  Sophronia,  and  the 
citv  taken  by  the  crusaders. 

(4)  Of  Meg'ara,  a  golden  hair  of  king 
Nisus.  Scylla  promised  to  deliver  the 
city  into  the  hands  of  Minos,  and  cut  off 
the  talismanic  lock  of  her  father's  head 
while  he  was  asleep. 

(5)  Of  Rome,  the  ancil^  or  sacred  buckler 
which  Numa  said  fell  from  heaven,  and 
was  guarded  by  priests  called  Salii. 
iEneas  also  introduced  '•  Venus  "  as  a 
palladium. 

(6)  Of  Scotland,  the  great  stone  of 
Scone,  near  Perth,  which  was  removed 
by  Edward  I.   to  Westminster,  and  is 


still  there,  preserved  in  the  coronation 

chair. 

(7)  Of  Troy,  a  colossal  wooden  statue 
of  Pallas  Minerva,  which  "  fell  from 
heaven."  It  was  carried  off  by  Ulysses 
and  Diomede,  by  whom  the  city  was 
taken  and  burned  to  the  ground. 

Pallet,  a  painter,  "without  any 
reverence  for  the  courtesies  of  hfe."  In 
Smollett's  novel  of  Peregrine  Pickle 
(1751). 

The  absurdities  of  Pallet  are  painted 
an  inch  thick,  and  by  no  human  pos- 
sibility could  such  an  accumulation  of 
comic  disasters  have  befallen  the  cha- 
racters of  the  tale. 

Palm  Sunday  [Sad),  March  29, 1461, 
the  day  of  the  battle  of  Towton,  the 
most  fatal  of  any  domestic  war  ever 
fought.  It  is  said  that  37,000  English- 
men fell  on  this  day. 

Whose  banks  received  the  Vlood  of  many  thousand  men 
On  "sad  Pahn  Sunday"  siain,  that  Towton  field  we 

caU  .  .  . 
The  bloodiest  field  betwixt  the  White  Rose  and  the  Red. 
Drayton:  Polyolbion,  xxviii.  (1622). 

Palmer  {RoundelT),  earl  of  Selbome, 
of  Mixbury,  in  Oxfordshire  (1812-1894). 
His  Memorials  {part  !.),  1896,  were  edited 
by  lady  Sophia  Palmer. 

Pal'merin  of  England,  the  hero 

and  title  of  a  romance  in  chivalry.  There 
is  also  an  inferior  one  entitled  Palmerin 
de  Oliva. 

The  next  two  boots  were  PaJtnerin  de  OFtva  and 
Palmerin  0/ England.  "  The  former,"  said  the  cut6, 
"shall  be  torn  in  pieces  and  burnt  to  the  last  ember; 
but  Palmerin  o/England  shall  be  preserved  as  a  reliaue 
of  antiquity,  and  placed  in  such  a  chest  as  Alexander 
found  among-st  the  spoils  of  Darius,  and  in  vkAich  he 
kept  the  writmgs  of  Homer.  This  same  book  is  valuable 
for  two  things :  first,  for  its  own  especial  excellency,  and 
next,  because  it  is  the  production  of  a  Portuguese 
monarch,  famous  for  his  literary  talents.  The  adven- 
tures of  the  castle  of  Miraguarda  therein  are  finely 
Imagined,  the  style  of  composition  is  natural  and  ele- 
gant, and  the  utmost  decorum  is  preserved  throughout" 
—Cervantes  :  Don  Quixote,  I.  i.  6  (1605). 

Palmi'ra,  daughter  of  Alcanor  chief 
of  Mecca.  She  and  her  brother  Zaphna 
were  taken  captives  in  infancy,  and 
brought  up  by  Mahomet.  As  they  grew 
in  years,  they  fell  in  love  with  each  other, 
not  knowing  their  relationship  ;  but  when 
Mahomet  laid  siege  to  Mecca,  Zaphna 
was  appointed  to  assassinate  Alcanor,  and 
was  himself  afterwards  killed  by  poison. 
Mahomet  then  proposed  marriage  to 
Palmira,  but  to  prevent  such  an  alliance, 
she  killed  herself.— James  Miller: 
Mahomet  the  Impostor  {1740). 

Palmyra  of  the  Deccan,  Bijapur, 
in  the  Poonah  district. 


'  PALMYRENE. 

Palmyra  of  the  North,  St.  Petersburg. 

Fal'myrene  {The),  Zenobia  queen 
of  Palmyra,  who  claimed  the  title  of 
*'  Queen  of  the  East."  She  was  defeated 
by  Aurelian,  and  taken  prisoner  (a.D. 
273).  Longinus  lived  at  her  court,  and 
was  put  to  death  on  the  capture  of 
Zenobia. 

The  Palmyrene  that  fought  Aurelian. 

Tennyson  :  Tht  Princess,  iL  (1847). 

Fal'omides  {Sir),  son  and  heir  of 
sir  Astlabor.  His  brothers  were  sir  Safire 
and  sir  Segwar'idfis.  He  is  always  called 
the  Saracen,  meaning  "  unchristened." 
Next  to  the  three  great  knights  (sir  Laun- 
celot,  sir  Tristram,  and  sir  Lamorake),  he 
was  the  strongest  and  bravest  of  the 
fellowship  of  the  Round  Table.  Like  sir 
Tristram,  he  was  in  love  with  La  Belle 
Isond  wife  of  king  Mark  of  Cornwall ;  but 
the  lady  favoured  the  love  of  sir  Tristram, 
and  only  despised  that  of  the  Saracen 
knight  After  his  combat  with  sir  Tris- 
tram, sir  Palomides  consented  to  be  bap- 
tized by  the  bishop  of  Carlisle  (pt.  iil  28). 

He  was  well  made,  cleanly,  and  bigly,  and  neither  too 
young  nor  too  old.  And  though  he  was  not  christened, 
yet  he  believed  in  the  best  manners,  and  was  faithful 
and  true  to  his  promise,  and  also  well  conditioned.  He 
made  a  vow  that  he  would  never  be  christened  unto 
the  time  that  he  achieved  the  beast  Glatisaint.  .  .  . 
And  also  he  avowed  never  to  take  full  Christendom 
unto  the  time  that  he  had  done  seven  battles  within 
the  lists.— J/a/ory  .•  History  o/  Prince  Arthur,  iL  149 
(1470)- 

Fam,  Henry  John  Temple,  viscount 
Palmerston  (1784-1865).  Knave  of  clubs 
is  called  "  Pam  "  in  the  game  of  "  loo." 

Fam'ela.  Lady  Edward  Fitzgerald  is 
so  called  {♦-1831). 

Fam'ela  [Andrews],  a  simple,  un- 
sophistical  country  girl,  the  daughter  of 
two  aged  parents,  and  maidservant  of  a 
rich  young  squire,  called  B,  who  tries  to 
seduce  her.  She  resists  every  temptation, 
and  at  length  marries  the  young  squire  and 
reforms  him.  Pamela  is  very  pure  and 
modest,  bears  her  afflictions  with  much 
meekness,  and  is  a  model  of  maidenly 
prudence  and  rectitude.  The  story  is  told 
in  a  series  of  letters  which  Pamela  sends 
to  her  parents.  — Richardson  :  Pamela  or 
Virtue  Rewarded  ( 1740). 

The  pure  and  modest  character  of  the  English 
maiden  [Patnela]  is  so  well  maintained,  .  .  .  her  sorrows 
and  afflictions  are  borne  with  so  much  meekness  ;  her 
little  intervals  of  hope  .  .  .  break  in  on  her  troubles  so 
much  like  the  specks  of  blue  sky  through  a  cloudy 
atmosphere,— that  the  whole  recollection  is  soothing, 
tranquillizing,  and  doubtless  edifying.— 5«>  IV.  Scott. 

Pamela  is  a  work  of  much  humbler  pretensions  than 
Clarissa  Uarlowt, . .  A  sunple  country  girl,  whom  bef 


799 


PANACEAS. 


master  attempts  to  seduce,  and  afterwards  marries. . .  . 
Tlie  wardrobe  of  poor  Pamela,  her  gown  of  sad-coloured 
stuff,  and  her  round-eared  caps;  her  various  attempts 
at  escape,  and  the  conveyance  of  her  letters ;  the  hateful 
character  of  Mrs.  Jewkes,  and  the  fluctuating  passions 
of  her  master  before  the  better  part  of  his  nature  obtain* 
ascendancy,— these  are  all  touched  with  the  hand  of  a 
msiS.ter.—Chamiers:  English  Literature,  ii.  i6l, 

•.'  Pope  calls  the  word  "  Pamela"— 

The  gods,  to  curse  Pamela  with  her  prayers. 
Gave  the  gilt  coach  and  dappled  Flanders  marea. 
The  shining  robes,  rich  jewels,  beds  of  state. 
And,  to  complete  her  bliss,  a  fool  for  mate. 
She  glares  in  balls,  front  boxes,  and  the  ring, 
A  vam,  unquiet,  glittering,  wretched  thing  ; 
Pride,  pomp,  and  state,  but  reach  her  outward  part.* 
She  sighs,  and  is  no  duchess  at  her  heart. 

Epistles  ("  To  Mrs.  Blount,  with  the  work 
of  Voiture,"  1709). 

Fami'na  and   Tami'no,  the  two 

lovers  who  were  guided  by  ' '  the  magic 
flute"  through  all  worldly  dangers  to 
the  knowledge  of  divine  truth  (or  the 
mysteries  of  Isis). — Mozart :  Die  Zauber- 
flote  (1790). 

Famphlet  {Mr.),  a  penny-a-liner. 
His  great  wish  was  "  to  be  taken  up  for 
sedition."  He  writes  on  both  sides,  for, 
as  he  says,  he  has  "  two  hands,  ambo 
dexter. " 

"  Time  has  been,"  he  say^  "  when  I  could  turn  a 
penny  by  an  earthquake,  or  live  upon  a  jail  distemper, 
or  dine  upon  a  bloody  murder ;  but  now  that's  all  over 
— nothing  will  do  now  but  roasting  a  minister,  or  telling 
the  people  they  are  ruined.  The  people  of  England 
are  never  so  happy  as  when  you  tell  them  they  ara 
imvied."—Mur/>hy :  The  UphoUUrer,  iL  i  (1758). 

FAN,  Nature  personified,  especially 
the  vital  crescent  power  of  nature. 

Universal  Pan, 
Knit  with  the  Graces  and  the  Hours  in  < 
Led  on  the  eternal  spring. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  iy.  a66,  etc.  (1665). 

Fan,  in  Spenser's  ecL  iv.,  is  Henry 
Vni.,  and  "Syrinx"  is  Anne  Boleyn. 
In  eel.  V.  "  Pan  "  stands  for  Jesus  Christ 
in  one  passage,  and  for  God  the  Father 
in  another.  —  Spenser:  Shepheardts 
Calendar  (1572). 

Fan  {The  Dead),  a  poem  by  Mrs. 
Browning  (1844),  founded  on  the  legend 
that  when  Christ  died  on  the  cross  a  cry 
swept  across  the  sea  that  "  Great  Pan  is 
dead  1 " 

Fan  (7:4tf  Great),  Fran9ois  M.  A.  de 
Voltaire;  also  called  "The  Dictator  of 
Letters"  (1694-1778). 

Fanaceas. 

(i)  AhmeSs  apple,  nt  the  apple  of  Samarcand.  (Sea 

p.  16.) 

(2)  Aladdin's  ring  was  a  preservative  against  all  the 
ills  that  flesh  is  heir  to.    (See  p.  la) 

(3I  Balsam  0/ Furabras  (The).    (See  p.  85.) 

(4)  Panthera's  borne  (y.f.). 

(5)  Unguent  0/  Prometheus  {The)  rendered  Uie 
body  invulnerable. 


PANCASTE.  800 

IT  Thetis  dipped  Achilles  in  the  river 
Styx,  and  every  part  of  his  body  which 
the  water  touched  was  rendered  invulner- 
able. (See  Achilles'  Heel,  p.  5 ;  Pri- 
AMUS,  p.  870.) 

•••  Then  there  were  the  Youth  Re- 
storers ;  the  healers  of  wounds,  such  as 
Achilles'  spear,  and  the  spear  of  Tele- 
phus  (see  Spear),  Gilbert's  sword  and 
cere-cloth  (see  Gilbert,  p.  422)  (see  Old 
Age  Restored  to  Youth,  772);  and 
many  others. 

Faucaste  (3  syl.)  or  Campaspe,  one 
of  the  concubines  of  Alexander  the  Great. 
Apell6s  fell  in  love  with  her  while  he 
was  employed  iu  painting  the  king  of 
Macedon,  and  Alexander,  out  of  regard 
to  the  artist,  gave  her  to  him  for  a  wife. 
Apell^s  selected  for  his  "Venus  Rising 
from  the  Sea  "  (usually  called  ' '  Venus 
Anadyom6n6")  this  beautiful  Athenian 
woman,  together  with  Phryn6  another 
courtezan. 

(Phryn6  was  also  the  academy  figure 
for  the  '  •  Cnidian  Venus  "  of  Praxitfiles. ) 

Fancha  Tantra,  a  collection  of 
Hindfi  fables  (sixth  century  B.C.). 

Fancks,  a  quick,  short,  eager,  dark 
man,  with  too  much  "way."  He  dressed 
in  black  and  rusty  iron  grey ;  had  jet- 
black  beads  for  eyes,  a  scrubby  little 
black  chin,  wiry  black  hair  striking  out 
from  his  head  in  prongs  like  hair-pins, 
and  a  complexion  that  was  very  dingy  by 
nature,  or  very  dirty  by  art,  or  a  com- 
pound of  both.  He  had  dirty  hands,  and 
dirty,  broken  nails,  and  looked  as  if  he 
had  been  in  the  coals.  He  snorted  and 
sniffed,  and  puffed  and  blew,  and  was 
generally  in  a  perspiration.  It  was  Mr. 
Pancks  who  "  moled  out  "  the  secret  that 
Mr.  Dorrit,  imprisoned  for  debt  in  the 
Marshalsea  prison,  was  heir-at-law  to  a 
great  estate,  which  had  long  lain  un- 
claimed, and  was  extremely  rich  (ch. 
XXXV.).  Mr.  Pancks  also  induced  Clen- 
nam  to  invest  in  Merdle's  bank  shares, 
and  demonstrated  by  figures  the  profit 
he  would  realize ;  but,  the  bank  being  a 
bubble,  the  shares  were  worthless. — 
Dickens  :  Little  Dorrit  (1857). 

Fancrace,  a  doctor  of  the  Aristotelian 
school.  He  maintained  that  it  was  im- 
proper to  speak  of  the  ''form  of  a  hat," 
because  form  "est  la  disposition  ex- 
t^rieure  des  corps  qui  sont  animus  ;  "  and 
therefore  we  should  say  the  "figure  of  a 
hat,"  because  figure  "est  la  disposition 
ext^rieure  des  corps  qui  sont  inanim^s." 
And  becauie  his  adversary    could  not 


PANDOLF. 


agree,  he  called  him  "  un  ignorant,  un 
ignorantissime,  ignorantifiant,  et  igno- 
rantifi^"  (sc.  s\\\.).  —  Moli'^re :  Le 
Mariage  Ford  (1664). 

Fancras  ( The  earl  of),  one  of  the 
skilful  companions  of  Barlow  the  famous 
archer  ;  another  was  called  "  the  marquis 
of  Islington  ; "  while  Barlow  himself  was 
mirthfully  created  by  Henry  VIII.  "  duke 
of  Shoreditch." 

Fancras  {St.),  patron  saint  of  chil- 
dren, martyred  by  Diocletian  at  the  age 
of  14  (a.d.  304). 

Fan'darus,  the  Lycian,  one  of  the 
allies  of  Priam  in  the  Trojan  war.  He  is 
drawn  under  two  widely  different  charac- 
ters :  In  classic  story  he  is  depicted  as  an 
admirable  archer,  slain  by  Diomed,  and 
honotired  as  a  hero-god  in  his  own 
country  ;  but  in  mediaeval  romance  he  is 
represented  as  a  despicable  pimp,  inso- 
much that  the  word  pander  is  derived 
from  his  name.  Chaucer  in  his  Trotlus 
and  Cresseide,  and  Shakespeare  in  his 
drama  of  Troilus  and  Cressida,  represent 
him  as  procuring  for  Troilus  the  good 
graces  of  Cressid,  and  in  Much  Ado  about 
Nothing,  it  is  said  that  Troilus  "  was  the 
first  employer  of  pandars. " 

Let  all  pitiful  goers-between  be  called  to  the  world's 
end  after  my  name ;  call  them  all  "  Pandars."  Let  all 
constant  men  be  "  TroTluses,"  all  false  women  "Cres- 
sids."—ShaiiesJ>earc:  Troilus  and  Cressida,  act  iii. 
sc.  2  (160a). 

Fandemo'nium,  "the  high  capital 
of  Satan  and  his  peers."  Here  the  infernal 
parliament  was  held,  and  to  this  council 
Satan  summoned  the  fallen  angels  to 
consult  with  him  upon  the  best  method 
of  encompassing  the  "fall  of  man." 
Satan  ultimately  undertook  to  visit  the 
new  world ;  and,  in  the  disguise  of  a 
serpent,  he  tempted  Eve  to  eat  of  the 
forbidden  bvdi.— Milton  :  Paradise  Lost 
ii.  (1665). 

Faudi'on,  king  of  Athens,  father  of 
Procnfi  and  Philome'la. 

None  take  pity  on  thy  pain ; 
Senseless  trees,  they  cannot  hear  thee  ; 
Ruthless  bears,  they  will  not  cheer  thee ; 
King  Pandion  he  is  dead  ; 
All  thy  friends  are  lapped  in  lead. 
Bamfield:  Address  to  the  Nightingale  (1594). 

Faudolf  [Sir  Harry),  the  teller  of 
whole  strings  of  stories,  which  he  re- 
peats at  every  gathering.  He  has  also  a 
stock  oLbon-mots.  "Madam,"  said  he, 
' '  I  have  lost  by  you  to-day. "  "  How  so, 
sir  Harry?"  replies  the  lady.  "Why, 
madam,"  rejoins  the  baronet,  "  I  have 
lost  an  excellent  appetite. "     ' '  This  is  the 


PANDOLFE. 


8oi 


PANTAGRUEU 


thirty-third  time  that  sir  Harry  hath  been 
t^us  arch." 

We  are  constantly,  after  supper,  entertained  with  the 
Glastonbury  Thorn.  When  we  have  wondered  at  that 
•  little,  "  Father," saith  the  son,  "let  us  have  the  Spirit 
in  the  Wood."  After  that,  "  Now  tell  us  how  you 
served  the  robber."  "  Alack  1 "  saith  sir  Harry,  with  a 
sniile,  "  I  have  almost  forgotten  that ;  but  it  is  a  pleasant 
conceit,  to  be  sure ;  "  andacconlingly  he  tells  that  and 
twenty  more  in  the  same  order  over  and  over  a^ain.— 
Stttlt. 

Fandolfe  {2  syl.).  father  of  I-^lie.— 
Moliire:  L Etourdi  {1653). 

Pando'ra,  the  "all-gifted  woman." 
So  called  because  all  the  gods  bestowed 
some  gift  on  her  to  enhance  her  charms. 
Jove  sent  her  to  Prometheus  for  a  wife, 
but  Hermes  gave  her  in  marriage  to  his 
brother  Epime'theus  (4  jy/.).  It  is  said 
that  Pandora  enticed  the  curiosity  of 
Epimetheus  to  open  a  box  in  her  pos- 
session, from  which  flew  out  all  the  ills 
that  flesh  is  heir  to.  Luckily  the  Ud  was 
closed  in  time  to  prevent  the  escape  of 
Hope. 

More  lovely  than  Pandora,  whom  the  gods 
Endowed  with  all  their  gifts,  ...  to  the  unwiser  son 
Of  Japhet  brought  by  HermSs,  she  insnared 
Mankind  with  her  fair  looks,  to  be  avenged 
On  him  \_Prometheus\  wlio  had  stole  Jove's  ....  fire. 
Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  iv.  714,  etc.  (1665). 

("  Unwiser  son "  is  a  Latinism,  and 
means  "not  so  wise  as  he  should  have 
been  ;  "  so  audacior,  timidior,  vehemen- 
tior,  iracundior,  etc.) 

Fandosto  or  The  Triumph  of  Time, 
a  tale  by  Robert  Greene  (1588),  the 
quarry  of  the  plot  of  The  Winter  s  Tale 
by  Shakespeare. 

F^el  {The\  by  J.  Kemble,  is  a 
modified  version  of  Bickerstaff' s  comedy 
'Tis  Well  'tis  no  Worse.  It  contains  the 
popular  quotation — 

Perhaps  it  was  right  to  dissemble  your  lore; 
But  why  do  you  kick  me  downstairs? 

Fangloss  {Dr.  Peter),  an  LL.D.  and 
A.S.S.  He  began  life  as  a  muffin-maker 
in  Milk  Alley.  Daniel  Dowlas,  when  he 
was  raised  from  the  chandler's  shop  in 
Gosport  to  the  peerage,  employed  the 
doctor  "to  larn  him  to  talk  English;" 
and  subsequently  made  him  tutor  to  his 
son  Dick,  with  a  salary  of  ;^3oo  a  year. 
Dr.  Fangloss  was  a  hterary  prig  of 
ponderous  pomposity.  He  talked  of  a 
"locomotive  morning,"  of  one's  "  spon- 
sorial  and  patronymic  appellations,"  and 
so  on  ;  was  especially  fond  of  quotations, 
to  all  of  which  he  appended  the  author, 
as  "  Lend  me  your  ears, — Shakespeare. 
Hem  !  "  or  "  Verbum  sat, — Horace. 
Hem  I "    He  also  indulged  in  an  affected 


"  He  !  he  1  "—Caiman :  The  Heir-ai-Law 

(1797)- 

N.B.— A.S.S.  stands  for  Artium 
Societatis  Socius  { ' '  Fellow  of  the  Society 
of  Arts  "). 

Fang^loBS,  an  optimist  philosopher. 
(The  word  means  "All  Tongue.") — 
Voltaire:  Candide. 

Fanjanx,  a  male  idol  of  the  Oroungou 
tribes  of  Africa ;  his  wife  is  Aleka,  and  his 
priests  are  called  panjans.  Panjam  is 
the  special  protector  of  kings  and  govern- 
ments. 

Fanjandnun  ( The  Grand),  any  vil- 
lage potentate  or  Brummagem  magnate. 
The  word  occurs  in  Foote's  farrago  of 
nonsense,  which  he  wrote  to  test  the 
memory  of  old  Macklin,  who  said  in  a 
lecture  "he  had  brought  his  own  memory 
to  such  perfection  that  he  could  learn 
anything  by  rote  on  once  hearing  it." 

He  was  the  Great  Panjandrum  of  the  place.— /"iVv* 
gcrald. 

• .  •  The  squire  of  a  village  is  the  Grand 
Panjandrum,  and  the  small  gentry  the 
Picninnies,  Joblillies,  and  Garyulies. 

Foote's  nonsense  lines  are  these — 

So  she  went  into  the  garden  to  cut  a  cabbage  leaf  to 
make  an  apple  pie  ;  and  at  the  same  time  a  great  she- 
bear,  coming  up  the  street,  pops  its  head  into  the  shop. 
"  What !  no  soap?"  So  he  died,  and  she  very  impru- 
dently married  the  barber  ;  and  there  were  present  the 
Picninnies,  and  the  Joblillies,  and  the  Garyulies,  and  the 
Grand  Panjandrum  himself,  with  the  little  round  button 
at  top,  and  they  all  fell  to  playing  the  game  of  catch  as 

:an,  till  the  gunpowder  ran  o 

—Foett:  The  Qua 
(1854). 


boots. — Footc:  The  Quarterly  Review,  xcv.  5x6,  517 


Fau'ope  (3  syl.),  one  of  the  nereids. 
Her  "sisters"  are  the  sea-nymphs. 
PanopS  was  invoked  by  sailors  in  storms. 

Sleek  Panope  with  all  her  sisters  plaj  ed. 

Milton  :  Lycidas,  95  (1638). 

Fantagr'rner,  king  of  the  Dipsodes 
(2  syl.),  son  of  Gargantua,  and  last  of 
the  race  of  giants.  His  mother  Badebec 
died  in  giving  him  birth.  His  paternal 
grandfather  was  named  Grangousier. 
Pantagruel  was  a  lineal  descendant  of 
Fierabtas,  the  Titans,  Goliath,  Poly- 
pheme  (3  syl.),  and  all  the  other  giants 
traceable  to  Chalbrook,  who  lived  in 
that  extraordinary  period  noted  for  its 
"  week  of  three  Thursdays."  The  word 
is  a  hybrid,  compounded  of  the  Greek 
panta  ("all")  and  the  Hagarene  word 
gruel  ("  thirsty  ").  His  immortal  achieve- 
ment was  his  "  quest  of  the  oracle  of  the 
Holy  Bottle." — Rabelais:  Gargantua  and 
Pantagruel,  ii.  (1533). 

(The  romance,  originally  written  in 
French,  was  translated  into  English  by 
Urquhurt  and  Motteux  in  1653.) 


PANTAGRUEL'S  COURSE,  ETC.    8oa 


PAN  URGE. 


Pantaff'mel's  Course  of  Study. 

PantagrueTs  father,  Gargantua,  said  in  a 
letter  to  his  son — 

"I  Intend  and  insist  that  ^ou  learn  a!!  lan^a^ei 
perfectly  ;  first  of  all  Greek,  in  Quintilian's  method ; 
then  Latin,  then  Hebrew,  then  Arabic  and  Chaldee.  I 
wish  you  to  form  your  «tylo  of  Greek  on  the  model  of 
Plato,  and  of  Latin  on  that  of  Cicero.  Let  there  be  no 
history  you  have  not  at  your  fingers'  ends,  and  study 
thoroughly  cosmography  and  geography.  Of  liberal 
arts,  such  as  geometry,  mathematics,  and  music,  I  gave 
you  a  taste  when  not  above  five  years  old,  and  I  would 
have  you  now  master  them  fully.  Study  astronomy, 
but  not  divination  and  judicial  astrology,  which  I  con- 
sider mere  vanities.  As  for  civil  law,  I  would  hay* 
thee  know  thediztsis  by  heart.  You  should  also  hava 
a  perfect  knowledge  oi  the  works  of  Nature,  so  that 
there  is  no  sea,  river,  or  smallest  stream,  which  you  do 
not  know  for  what  fish  it  is  noted,  whence  it  proceeds, 
and  whither  it  directs  its  course  ;  all  fowls  of  the  air, 
all  shrubs  and  trees  whether  forest  or  orchard,  all  herbs 
and  flowers,  all  metals  and  stones,  should  be  mastered 
by  you.  Fail  not  at  the  same  time  most  carefully  to 
peruse  the  Talmudists  and  Cabalists,  and  be  sure  by 
frequent  anatomies  to  gain  a  perfect  knowledge  of 
that  other  world  called  the  microcosm,  which  is  man. 
Master  all  these  in  your  young  days,  and  let  nothing 
be  superficial ;  as  you  grow  into  manhood  you  must 
learn  chivalry,  warfare,  and  field  manoeuvres." — 
Rabelais:  Pantasrutlt  ii.  8  (1533). 

Fautagf'ruel's  Tongue.  It  formed 
shelter  for  a  whole  army.  His  throat 
and  mouth  contained  whole  cities. 

Then  did  they  [the  army]  put  themselves  In  close 
order,  and  stood  as  near  to  each  other  as  they  could, 
and  Pantagruel  put  out  his  tongue  half-way,  and  covered 
them  all,  as  a  hen  doth  her  chickens.— JZaielais  : 
Panta£rnel,  ii.  32  (1533). 

Pantagrruelian  Lawsuit  [The). 
This  was  between  lord  Busqueue  and 
lord  Suckfist,  who  pleaded  their  own 
cases.  The  writs,  etc.,  were  as  much 
as  four  asses  could  carry.  After  the 
plaintiff  and  defendant  had  stated  their 
cases,  Pantagruel  gave  judgment,  and 
the  two  suitors  were  both  satisfied,  for  no 
one  understood  a  word  of  the  pleadings, 
or  the  tenor  of  the  verdict. — Rabelais: 
Pantagruel,  ii.  (1533). 

Fantag-rue'lion,  a  herb  (hemp), 
symbolical  of  persecution.  Rabelais 
says  Pantag'ruel'  was  the  inventor  of  a  cer- 
tain use  for  which  this  herb  served.  It  was, 
he  says,  exceedingly  hateful  to  felons,  who 
detested  it  as  much  as  strangle-weed. 

The  figure  and  shape  of  the  leaves  of  pantagruelion 
are  not  much  unlike  those  of  the  ash  tree  or  the  agri- 
mony ;  indeed,  the  herb  is  so  like  the  eupatorio  that 
many  herbalists  have  called  it  the  domestic  eupatorio, 
and  sometimes  the  eupatorio  is  called  the  wild panta- 
eruclion.— Rabelais  :  Pantagruel,  etc.,  iii.  49  (1545). 

Pantaloon.  In  the  Italian  comedy,  // 
Pantalo'ne  is  a  thin,  emaciated  old  man, 
and  the  only  character  that  acts  in  slippers. 

The  sixth  age  shifts 
Into  the  lean  and  slippered  Pantaloon. 
Shakespeare  :  As  Yen  Like  It,  act  ii.  sc.  7  (1600). 

Pantliea,  the  heroine  of  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher's  King  and  No  King.  An 
innocent  creature  enough,  but  only  milk- 
and-water  {1619). 


Panther  [The],  symbol  of  pleasure. 
When  Dantg  began  the  ascent  of  fame, 
this  beast  met  him,  and  tried  to  stop  him. 

Scarce  the  ascent 
Begfan,  when  lo !  a  panther,  nimble,  light. 
And  covered  with  a  speckled  skin,  appeared, 
.  .  .  and  strove  to  check  my  onward  going. 

Dante :  Nell,  i.  (1300). 

Panther  { Th^  Spoiled),  the  Church  of 
England.  The  "  milk-white  hind  "  is  the 
Church  of  Rome. 


The  panther,  sure  the  noblest  next  the  hind. 
The  fairest  creature  of  the  spotted  kind ; 
Oh,  could  her  inborn  stains  be  washed  away. 


She  were  too  good  to  be  a  beast  of  prey. 
Dryden  ;  The  Hind  and  the  Panther,  L  (1687). 

Pan'thera,  a  hypothetical  beast 
which  lived  "in  the  East."  Reynard 
affirmed  that  he  sent  her  majesty,  the 
lioness,  a  comb  made  of  panthera  bone, 
"more  lustrous  than  the  rathbow,  more 
odoriferous  than  any  perfume,  a  charm 
against  every  ill,  and  a  universal  panacea." 
—Reynard  the  Fox  {1498).  (See  PANA- 
CEAS, p.  799.) 

Panthino,  servant  of  Anthonio  (the 
father  of  Protheus,  one  of  the  two  heroes 
of  the  play). — Shakespeare  :  Two  Gentle- 
men of  Verona  (1594). 

Panton,  a  celebrated  punster  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  II. 

And  Panton  waging  harmless  war  with  words. 

Dryden  ;  MacFUcinoe  (1682). 

Pantschatantra,  a  collection  of 
Sanskrit  fables. 

Panurge,  a  young  man,  handsome 
and  of  good  stature,  but  in  very  ragged 
apparel  when  Pantag'ruel'  first  met  him 
on  the  road  leading  from  Charenton 
Bridge.  Pantagp-uel,  pleased  wifli  his 
person  and  moved  with  pity  at  his  dis- 
tress, accosted  him,  when  Panurge  replied, 
first  in  German,  then  in  Arabic,  then  in 
Italian,  then  in  Biscayan,  then  in  Bas- 
Breton,  then  in  Low  Dutch,  then  in 
Spanish.  Finding  that  Pantagruel  knew 
none  of  these  languages,  Panurge  tried 
Danish,  Hebrew,  Greek,  Latin,  with  no 
better  success.  "  Friend,"  said  the 
prince,  "  can  you  speak  French  ?  " 
"Right  well,"  answered  Panurge,  "for 
I  was  born  in  Touraine,  the  garden  of 
France."  Pantagruel  then  asked  him  if 
he  would  join  his  suite,  which  Panurge 
most  gladly  consented  to  do,  and  became 
the  fast  friend  of  Pantagruel.  His  great 
forte  was  practical  jokes.  Rabelais 
describes  him  as  of  middle  stature,  with 
an  aquiline  nose,  very  handsome,  and 
always  moneyless.  Pantagruel  made  him 
governor  of  Salmygondin. — Rabelais: 
Pantag'ruel,  iii.  2  (1545). 


PANYER'S  ALLEY. 


803 


PARADINE, 


Pamirge  throiigfhout  Is  the  iravovpyta  ("the  wis- 
dom "),  i.e.  the  cunning'  of  the  human  animal— the 
understanding',  as  the  faculty  of  means  to  purposes 
■without  ultimate  ends,  in  tlie  most  comprehensive 
sense,  and  including  art,  sensuous  fancy,  and  all  tb« 
passions  of  the  understanding'.— Co/^ri'o'/*. 

Panyer's  Alley  (London).  So  called 
from  a  stone  built  into  the  wall  of  one 
of  the  houses.  The  stone,  on  which  is 
rudely  chiselled  a  pannier  surmounted  by 
a  boy,  contains  this  distich — 

When  you  have  soug-ht  the  city  round. 
Yet  stiU  this  is  the  highest  ground. 

Fanza  {Sancko),  of  Adzpetia,  the 
'squire  of  don  Quixote  de  la  Mancha ; 
"a  little  squat  fellow,  with  a  tun  belly 
and  spindle  shanks"  (pt.  L  ii.  i).  He 
rides  an  ass  named  Dapple.  His  sound 
common  sense  is  an  excellent  foil  to  the 
knight's  craze.  Sancho  is  very  fond  of 
eating  and  drinking;  and  is  perpetually 
asking  the  knight  when  he  is  to  be  put  in 
possession  of  the  promised  island.  Ha 
salts  his  speech  with  most  pertinent 
proverbs,  and  even  with  wit  of  a  racy, 
though  sometimes  of  a  somewhat  vulgar 
savour. — Cervantes:  Don  Quixote  (1605). 

•.'  The  wife  of  Sancho  is  called  "Joan 
Panza"  in  pt.  L,  and  "Teresa  Panza" 
in  pt.  n.  "  My  father's  name,"  she  says 
to  Sancho,  "  was  Cascajo,  and  I,  by  being 
your  wife,  am  now  called  Teresa  Panza, 
though  by  right  I  should  be  called  Teresa 
Cascajo  "  (pt.  IL  i.  5). 

Paolo  (3  syL),  the  brother  of  count 
Guido  Franceschi'ni.  Paolo  advised  him 
to  marry  an  heiress,  in  order  to  repair  his 
fortune. 

...  a  shre-wd  younger  poorer  brother  yet, 
The  Abate  Paolo,  a  regular  priest. 
R.  Br<rwning:  Tht  Ring  and  the  Book,  ii.  290. 

Paper  King*  ( The),  John  Law,  pro- 
jector of  the  South  Sea  bubble  (1671- 
1729)- 

The  basis  of  I-atr's  project  was  the  idea  that  paper 
money  may  be  multiplied  to  any  extent,  provided 
there  be  security  in  fixed  stock. — Rich. 

Papliian  Mixup,  a  certain  pHe  of 
the  lips,  considered  needful  for  "the 
highly  genteel."  Lady  Emily  told  Miss 
Alscrip  "the  heiress  "  that  it  was  acquired 
by  placing  one's  self  before  a  looking- 
glass,  and  repeating  continually  the  words 
"nimini  pimini  ;  "  "when  the  lips  cannot 
fail  to  take  the  right  plie." — Burgoyne  : 
The  Heiress,  iii.  2  (1781). 

(C.  Dickens  has  made  Mrs.  General 
tell  Amy  Dorrit  that  the  pretty  plie  is 
given  to  the  lips  by  pronouncing  the 
words,  "  papa,  potatoes,  poultry,  prunes, 
and  prism.") 


PapilloU,  a  broken-down  critic,  who 
earned  four  shillings  a  week  for  reviews 
of  translations  "without  knowing  one 
syllable  of  the  original,"  and  of  "books 
which  he  had  never  read."  He  thei> 
turned  French  valet,  and  got  well  paid. 
He  then  fell  into  the  service  of  Jack 
Wilding,  and  was  valey,  French  marquis, 
or  anything  else  to  suit  the  whims  of  that 
young  scapegrace.  —  F<?<?/tf  .•  Tht  Liar 
(1761). 

Papimauy,  the  kingdom  of  the 
Papimans.  Any  priest-ridden  country, 
as  Spain,  Papiman  is  compounded  of 
two  Greek  words,  papa  mania  ("pope- 
madness"). — Rabelais:  Pantag'ruel,  iv, 
45  (1545). 

Papy'ra,  goddess  of  printing  and 
literature ;  so  called  from  papyrus,  a 
substance  once  used  for  books,  before 
the  invention  of  paper. 

Till  to  astonished  realms  Papyra  taught 
To  paint  in  mystic  colours  sound  and  thought. 
With  Wisdom's  voice  to  print  the  page  sublime, 
And  mark  in  adamant  the  steps  of  Time. 

Darwin:  Loves  o/ the  Plants,  ii.  (1781). 

Pa'c[uin,  Pekin,  a  royal  city  of  China. 
Milton  says,  "  Paquin  [the  throne]  of 
Sinaean  kings." — Paradise  Lost,  xi.  390 
(1665). 

Paracelsus  is  said  to  have  kept  a 
small  devil  prisoner  in  the  pommel  of  his 
sword.  He  favoured  for  medicines 
metallic  substances,  while  Galen  preferred 
herbs.  His  full  name  was  Philippus 
Aure'olus  Theophrastus  Paracelsus,  but 
his  family  name  was  Bombastus  (1493- 
1541)- 

Paracelsus,  at  the  age  of  20,  thinks 
knowledge  the  summum  bonum,  and  at 
the  advice  of  his  two  friends,  Festus  and 
Michal,  retires  to  a  seat  of  learning  in 
quest  thereof.  Eight  years  later,  being 
dissatisfied,  he  falls  in  with  Aprile,  an 
Italian  poet,  and  resolves  to  seek  the 
su7nmum  bonum  in  love.  Again  he  fails, 
and,  when  dying  in  a  cell  in  the  hospital 
of  St.  Sebastion,  deserted  by  all  but 
Festus,  he  declares  the  summum  bonum 
to  be,  love  and  power.  "To  see  good 
in  evil,  and  a  hope  in  ill-success." — R. 
Browning :  Paracelsus, 

Par'adiue  (3  syl.),  son  of  Astolpho, 
and  brother  of  Dargonet,  both  rivals  for 
the  love  of  Laura.  In  the  combat  pro- 
voked by  prince  Oswald  against  Gondibert, 
which  was  decided  by  four  combatants 
on  each  side,  Hugo  "the  Little"  slevir 
both  the  hr oihQxs.— Dave?iant :  Gondibert^ 
i.  (died  1668). 


PABADISAICA. 


804 


PARADISE  LOST. 


Faradisa'ica  \^' the  fruit  of  para- 
dise"].  So  the  banana  is  called.  The 
Mohammedans  aver  that  the  "forbidden 
fruit "  was  the  banana  or  Indian  fig,  and 
cite  in  confirmation  of  this  opinion  that 
our  first  parents  used  fig  leaves  for  their 
covering  after  their  fall. 

Paradise,  in  thirty-three  cantos,  by 
DantS  (131 1 ).  Paradise  is  separated 
from  Purgatory  by  the  river  Lethg  ;  and 
DantS  was  conducted  through  nine  of 
the  spheres  by  Beatrice,  who  left  him  in 
the  sphere  of  ' '  unbodied  light,"  under  the 
charge  of  St.  Bernard  (canto  xxxi.). 
The  entire  region  is  divided  into  ten 
spheres,  each  of  which  is  appropriated 
to  its  proper  order.  The  first  seven 
spheres  are  the  seven  planets,  viz.  (i) 
the  Moon  for  angels,  (2)  Mercury  for 
archangels,  (3)  Venus  for  virtues,  (4)  the 
Sun  for  powers,  (5)  Mars  for  principalities, 
(6)  Jupiter  for  dominions,  (7)  Saturn  for 
thrones.  The  eighth  sphere  is  that  of 
the  fixed  stars  for  the  cherubim ;  the 
ninth  is  the  frimum  mobile  for  the 
seraphim  ;  and  the  tenth  is  theempyre'an 
for  the  Virgin  Mary  and  the  triune  deity. 
Beatrice,  with  Rachel,  Sarah,  Judith, 
Rebecca,  and  Ruth,  St.  Augustin,  St. 
Francis,  St.  Benedict,  and  others,  were 
enthroned  in  Venus  the  sphere  of  the 
virtues.  The  empyrean,  he  says,  is  a 
sphere  of  "unbodied  light,"  "bright 
effluence  of  bright  essence,  uncreate." 
This  is  what  the  Jews  called  "the  heaven 
of  the  heavens." 

Paradise  was  placed,  in  the  legendary 
maps  of  the  Middle  Ages,  in  Ceylon  ; 
but  Mahomet  placed  it  "in  the  seventh 
heaven."  The  Arabs  have  a  tradition 
that  when  our  first  parents  were  cast  out 
of  the  garden,  Adam  fell  in  the  isle  of 
Ceylon,  and  Eve  in  Joddah  (the  port  of 
Mecca). — Al  Koran,  ii. 

Paradise  of  Central  Africa,  Fatiko. — 
Baker :  Exploration  of  the  Nile  Sotirces 
(1866). 

Paradise  of  Bohemia,  the  district  round 
Leitmeritz. 

The  Dutch  Paradise,  the  province  of 
Gelderland,  in  South  Holland. 

The  Po7'tuguese  Paradise,  Cintra,  north- 
west of  Lisbon. 

Paradise  of  Fools  [Limius  Fatu- 
orum),  the  hmbo  of  all  vanities,  idiots, 
madmen,  and  those  of  mature  age  not 
accountable  for  their  ill  deeds. 

Then  might  ye  see 
Cowls,  hoods,  and  habits,  with  their  wearers,  tost 
And  fluttered  into  rags ;  then  relics,  beads. 


Indulgfences,  dispenses,  pardons,  bulls. 
The  sport  of  winds  :  all  these,  upwhirled  aloft. 
Fly  .  .  .  into  a  limbo  large  and  broad,  since  called 
"  The  Paradise  of  Fools." 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  iii.  489  (1665). 

Paradise  and  the  Pe'ri.  A  peri 
was  told  she  would  be  admitted  into 
heaven  if  she  would  bring  thither  the 
gift  most  acceptable  to  the  Almighty. 
She  first  brought  a  drop  of  a  young 
patriot's  blood,  shed  on  his  country's 
behalf;  but  the  gates  would  not  open 
for  such  an  offering.  She  next  took 
thither  the  last  sigh  of  a  damsel  who  had 
died  nursing  her  betrothed,  who  had 
been  stricken  by  the  plagiie ;  but  the 
gates  would  not  open  for  such  an  offer- 
ing. She  then  carried  up  the  repentant 
tear  of  an  old  man  converted  by  the 
prayers  of  a  little  child.  All  heaven 
rejoiced,  the  gates  were  flung  open,  and 
the  peri  was  received  with  a  joyous  wel- 
come.— Moore:  Lalla  Rookh  ("Second 
Tale,"  1817). 

Paradise  Lost.  Satan  and  his 
crew,  still  suffering  from  their  violent 
expulsion  out  of  heaven,  are  roused  by 
Satan's  telling  them  about  a  "new  cre- 
ation ;  "  and  he  calls  a  general  council 
to  deliberate  upon  their  future  operations 
(bk.  i.).  The  council  meet  in  the  Pan- 
demonium hall,  and  it  is  resolved  that 
Satan  shall  go  on  a  voyage  of  discovery 
to  this  "new  world"  (bk.  ii.).  The 
Almighty  sees  Satan,  and  confers  with 
His  Son  about  man.  He  foretells  the 
Fall,  and  arranges  the  scheme  of  man's 
redemption.  Meantime,  Satan  enters  the 
orb  of  the  sun,  and  there  learns  the  route 
to  the  "  new  world  "  (bk.  iii. ).  On  enter- 
ing Paradise,  he  overhears  Adam  and 
Eve  talking  of  the  one  prohibition  (bk. 
iv. ).  Raphael  is  now  sent  down  to  warn 
Adam  of  his  danger,  and  he  tells  him 
who  Satan  is  (bk.  v. ) ;  describes  the  war 
in  heaven,  and  the  expulsion  of  the  rebel 
angels  (bk.  vi.).  The  angel  visitant  goes 
on  to  tell  Adam  why  and  how  this  world 
was  made  (bk.  vii. ) ;  and  Adam  tells 
Raphael  of  his  own  experience  (bk.  viii.). 
After  the  departure  of  Raphael,  Satan 
enters  into  a  serpent,  and,  seeing  Eve 
alone,  speaks  to  her.  Eve  is  astonished 
to  hear  the  serpent  talk,  but  is  informed 
that  it  had  tasted  of  "  the  tree  of  know- 
ledge," and  had  become  instantlyendowed 
with  both  speech  and  wisdom.  Curiosity 
induces  Eve  to  taste  the  same  fruit,  and 
she  persuades  Adam  to  taste  it  also 
(bk.  ix. ).  Satan  now  returns  to  hell,  to 
tell  of  his  success  (bk.  x.).      Michael  is 


PARADISE  REGAINED. 


80s 


PARDALO. 


sent  to  expel  Adam  and  Eve  from  the 
garden  (bk.  xi.) ;  and  the  poem  concludes 
with  the  expulsion,  and  Eve's  lamentation 
(bk.  x\\.).— Milton  {i66s). 

(Paiudise  Lost  was  first  published  by 
Matthias  Walker  of  St.  Dunstan's.  He 
gave  for  it  ^^5  down  ;  on  the  sale  of 
1300  copies,  he  gave  another  ;^5.  On 
the  next  two  impressions,  he  gave  other 
like  sums.  For  the  four  editions,  he 
therefore  paid  £-20.  The  agreement  be- 
tween Walker  and  Milton  is  preserved  in 
the  British  Museum.) 

'.•It  must  be  remembered  that  the 
wages  of  an  ordinary  workman  was  at 
the  time  about  3^.  a  day,  and  we  now 
give  35.  ;  so  that  the  price  given  was  equal 
to  about  £iSo.  according  to  the  present 
value  of  money.  Goldsmith  tells  us  that 
the  clergyman  of  his  "  deserted  village  " 
was  "passing  rich"  with  £efi  a  year  =s 
^500  present  value  of  money. 

Paradise  Regained,  in  four  books. 
The  subject  is  the  Temptation.  Eve, 
being  tempted,  lost  paradise ;  Christ, 
being  tempted,  regained  \X. 

Book  I.  Satan  presents  himself  as  an 
old  peasant ;  and,  entering  into  conversa- 
tion with  Jesus,  advises  him  to  satisfy 
His  hunger  by  miraculously  converting 
stones  into  bread.  Jesus  gives  the  tempter 
to  know  that  He  recognizes  him,  and 
refuses  to  follow  his  suggestion. 

II.  Satan  reports  progress  to  his  minis- 
ters, and  asks  advice.  He  returns  to  the 
wilderness,  and  offers  Jesus  wealth,  as 
the  means  of  acquiring  power,  but  the 
suggestion  is  again  rejected. 

III.  Satan  shows  Jesus  several  of  the 
kingdoms  of  Asia,  and  points  out  to 
Him  their  military  power.  He  advises 
Him  to  seek  alliance  with  the  Parthians, 
and  promises  his  aid.  He  says  by  such 
alliance  He  might  shake  off  the  Roman 
yoke,  and  raise  the  kingdom  of  David 
to  a  first-class  power.  Jesus  rejects  the 
counsel,  and  tells  the  tempter  that  the 
Jews  were  for  the  present  under  a  cloud 
for  their  sins,  but  that  the  time  would 
come  when  God  would  put  forth  His  hand 
on  their  behalf. 

IV.  Satan  shows  Jesus  Rome,  with  all 
its  greatness,  and  says,  "I  can  easily 
dethrone  Tiberius,  and  seat  Thee  on  the 
imperial  throne."  He  then  shows  Him 
Athens,  and  says,  "  I  will  make  Thee 
master  of  their  wisdom  and  high  state 
of  civilization,  if  Thou  wilt  fall  down 
and  worship  me."  "Get  thee  behind 
Me,  Satan  !  "  was  the  indignant  answer  ; 


and  Satan,  finding  all  his  endeavourt 
useless,  tells  Jesus  of  the  sufferings 
prepared  for  Him,  takes  Him  back  to 
the  wilderness,  and  leaves  Him  there  ; 
but  angels  come  and  minister  unto  Him. 
— Millon  (1671). 

Paraguay  [A  Tale  of),  by  Southey, 
in  four  cantos,  Spenserian  metre  (1814). 
The  small-pox,  having  broken  out 
amongst  the  Guaranis,  carried  off  the 
whole  tribe  except  Quiara  and  his  wife 
Monngma,  who  then  migrated  from  the 
fata)  spot  to  the  Mondai  woods.  Here 
a  son  (Yeriiti)  and  afterwards  a  daughter 
(Mooma)  were  born  ;  but  before  the  birth 
of  the  latter,  the  father  was  eaten  by  a 
jaguar.  When  the  children  were  of  a 
youthful  age,  a  Jesuit  priest  indixced  the 
three  to  come  and  live  at  St.  JoSchin  (3 
syl. ) ;  so  they  left  the  wild  woods  for  a  city 
life.  Here,  in  a  few  months,  the  mother 
flagged  and  died.  The  daughter  next 
drooped,  and  soon  followed  her  mother  to 
the  grave.  The  son,  now  the  only  re- 
maining one  of  the  entire  race,  begged  to 
be  baptized,  received  the  rite,  cried,  ' '  Ye 
are  come  for  me  1  I  am  ready  ; "  and 
died  also. 

Parallel.  "  None  but  itself  can  be 
its  parallel,"  from  The  Double  Falsehood, 
iii.  I,  by  Theobald  (1721).  Massinger,  in 
The  Duke  of  Milan,  iv.  3  (1662),  makes 
Sforza  say  of  Marelia — 

Her  g-oodness  does  disdain  comparison. 
And,  but  herself,  admits  no  parallel. 

It  had  been  previously  said  of  John 
Lilburn — 

None  but  himself  himself  can  parallel. 

Anagram  on  John  Lilburn  (1658). 

Pare  aux  Cerfs  \^'  the  deer  park  "], 
a  mansion  in  Versailles,  to  which  girls 
were  inveigled  for  the  licentious  pleasure 
of  Louis  XV.     An  Alsatia. 

Boulogpne  may  be  proud  of  being  the^/arr  axix  cer/i 
to  those  whom  remorseless  greed  drives  from  their 
island  homes. — Saturday  Review. 

Par'ciuus,  a  young  prince  in  love 
with  his  cousin  Irolit'a,  but  beloved  by 
Az'ira.  The  fairy  Danamo  was  Azira's 
mother,  and  resplved  to  make  Irolita 
marry  the  fairy  Brutus  ,  but  Parcinus, 
aided  by  the  fairy  Favourable,  surmounted 
all  obstacles,  married  Irolita,  and  made 
Brutus  marry  Azira. 

Parcinus  had  a  noble  air,  a  delicate  shape,  a  fine  head 
of  hair  admirably  white.  .  .  .  He  did  everything  well, 
danced  and  sang  to  perfection,  and  gained  all  the 
prizes  at  tournaments,  whenever  he  contended  for 
ihtm.—Comtesse  D'Aulney  :  Fairy  Ta&j  (" Perfect 
Love,"  1682). 

Par'dalo,  the  demon-steed  given  to 
Iniguex  Guerra  by  his  gobelin  mothei. 


PARDIGGLE. 


806 


PARIS  IN  FRANCE. 


that  he  might  ride  to  Toledo  and  liberate 
his  father,  don  Diego  Lopez  lord  of  Biscay, 
who  had  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the 
Moors, — Spanish  Story. 

Par'digg"!©  {Mrs.),  a  formidable 
lady,  who  conveyed  to  one  the  idea  ' '  of 
wanting  a  great  deal  of  room."  She 
devoted  herself  to  good  works  done  in 
the  most  offensive  and  disagreeable 
manner,  and  made  her  family  of  small 
boys  contribute  all  their  pocket  money  to 
the  cause  of  missions. — Dickens  :  Bleak 
House  (1853). 

Pardoner's  Tale  { The),  in  Chaucer's 
Canterbury  Tales,  is  "  Death  and  the 
Rioters,"  Three  rioters  agree  to  hunt 
down  Death,  and  kill  him.  An  old  man 
ilirects  them  to  a  tree  in  a  lane,  where, 
as  he  said,  he  had  just  left  him.  On 
reaching  the  spot,  they  find  a  rich  treasure, 
and  cast  lots  to  decide  who  is  to  go  and 
buy  food.  The  lot  falls  on  the  youngest, 
and  the  other  two,  during  his  absence, 
agree  to  kill  him  on  his  return.  The 
rascal  sent  to  buy  food  poisons  the  wine, 
in  order  to  secure  to  himself  the  whole 
treasure.  Now  comes  the  catastrophe  : 
The  two  set  on  the  third  and  slay  him, 
but  die  soon  after  of  the  poisoned  wine ; 
so  the  three  rioters  find  death  under  the 
tree,  as  the  old  man  said,  paltering  in  a 
double  sense  (1388). 

Parian  Chronicle,  a  register  of 
the  chief  events  in  the  history  of  ancient 
Greece  for  1318  years,  beginning  with 
the  reign  of  Cecrops  and  ending  with 
the  archonship  of  Diognetus.  It  is  one 
of  the  Arundelian  Marbles,  and  was 
found  in  the  island  of  Faros. 

Parian  Verse,  ill-natured  satire  ; 
so  called  from  Archil'ochus,  a  native  of 
Faros. 

Pari-Ba'noTl,  a  fairy  who  gave  prince 
Ahmed  a  tent,  which  would  fold  into  so 
small  a  compass  that  a  lady  might  carry 
it  about  as  a  toy  ;  but,  when  spread,  it 
would  cover  a  whole  army. — Arabian 
Nights  ("Prince  Ahmed  and  Pari- 
Banou"). 

Paridel  is  a  name  employed  in  the 
Dunciad  for  an  idle  hbertine, — rich, 
young,  and  at  leisure.  The  model  is  sir 
Paridel,  in  the  Faerie  Queene. 

Thee,  too,  my  Paridel,  she  marked  thee  there. 
Stretched  on  the  rack  of  a  too-easy  chair, 
And  heard  thy  everlasting  yawn  confess 
The  pains  and  penalties  of  idleness. 

Pope  :  The  Dunciad,  iv.  341  (1742). 

Par'idel  [Sir),  descendant  of  Paris, 
Paris's  son  Parius  settled  in  Paros,  and 


left  his  kingdom  to  his  son  Par'idas,  from 
whom  Paridel  descended.  Having  gained 
the  hospitality  of  Malbecco,  sir  Paridel 
eloped  with  his  wife  Dame  Hel'inore  (3 
syl. ),  but  soon  quitted  her,  leaving  her  to 
go  whither  she  would.  "  So  had  he  served 
many  another  one  "  (bk.  iii.  lo).  In  bk. 
iv.  I  sir  Paridel  is  discomfited  by  sir 
Scudamore. — Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  iii. 
10  ;  iv.  I  (1590,  1596). 

("Sir  Paridel"  is  meant  for  Charles 
Nevil,  sixth  and  last  of  the  Nevils  earls 
of  Westmoreland.  He  joined  the  Nor- 
thumberland rebellion  of  1569  for  the 
restoration  of  Mary  queen  of  Scots  ;  and, 
when  the  plot  failed,  made  his  escape  to 
the  Continent,  where  he  lived  in  poverty 
and  obscurity.  The  earl  was  quite  a 
Lothario,  whose  delight  was  to  win  the 
love  of  women,  and  then  to  abandon 
them.) 

PARIS,  a  son  of  Priam  and  Hectiba, 
noted  for  his  beauty.  He  married  CEnong, 
daughter  of  Cebren  the  river-god.  Sub- 
sequently, during  a  visit  to  Menelaos 
king  of  Sparta,  he  eloped  with  queen 
Helen,  and  this  brought  about  the  Trojan 
war.  Being  wounded  by  an  arrow  from 
the  bow  of  Philoctetfis,  he  sent  for  his 
wife,  who  hastened  to  him  with  remedies ; 
but  it  was  too  late — he  died  of  his  wound, 
and  CEnonS  hung  herself. — Homer  :  Iliad. 

Paris  was  appointed  to  decide  which 
of  the  three  goddesses  (Juno,  Pallas,  or 
Minerva)  was  the  fairest  fair,  and  to  which 
should  be  awarded  the  golden  apple 
thrown  "to  the  most  beautiful."  The 
three  goddesses  tried  by  bribes  to  obtain 
the  verdict :  Juno  promised  him  dominion 
if  he  would  decide  in  her  favour  ;  Minerva 
promised  him  wisdom  ;  but  Venus  said 
she  would  find  him  the  most  beautiful  of 
women  for  wife,  if  he  allotted  to  her  the 
apple.     Paris  handed  the  apple  to  Venus. 

Not  Cytherea  from  a  fairer  swain 
Received  her  apple  on  the  Trojan  plain. 

Falconer:  The  Shi/'wreck,\.,z(ijei5). 

Paris,  a  young  nobleman,  kinsman  of 
prince  Es'calus  of  Verona,  and  the  un- 
successful suitor  of  his  cousin  Juliet. — 
Shakespeare:  Romeo  and  Juliet  (1598). 

Paris  {Notre  Dame  de),  by  Victoi 
Hugo  (1831).  (See  Esmeralda  and 
Quasimodo.) 

Paris  in  Prance.  The  French  say, 
//  n'y  a  que  Paris  {"There  is  but  one  city 
in  the  world  worth  seeing,  and  that  i« 
Paris  ").  The  Neapolitans  have  a  similar 
phrase,  Voir  Naples  et  mourir. 


PARIS  GARDEN. 

The  Paris  of  Japan,  Osaka,  south-west 
of  Miako. — Gibson  :  Gallery  o/Geo^rathv, 
926(1872).  •'       ^    ^^' 

Little  Paris.  Brussels  is  so  called.  So 
is  the  "  Galleria  Vittorio  Emanuele  "  of 
Milan,  on  account  of  its  brilliant  shops, 
its  numerous  caf^s,  and  its  general  gaiety. 

Paris  Garden,  a  bear-garden  on  the 
south  bank  of  the  Thames  ;  so  called  from 
Robert  de  Paris,  whose  house  and  garden 
were  there  in  the  time  of  Richard  II. 

Do  you  take  the  court  for  Paris  Garden t—5Aa>fe. 
if  cart :  Henry  VIIJ.  act  v.  sc  4  (i6oi). 

Farisiua,  wife  of  Azo  chief  of  Fer- 
rara.  She  had  been  betrothed  before  her 
marriage  to  Hugo,  a  natural  son  of  Azo, 
and  after  Azo  took  her  for  his  bride,  the 
attachment  of  Parisina  and  Hugo  con- 
tinued, and  had  freer  scope  for  indul- 
gence. One  night,  Azo  heard  Parisina  in 
sleep  confess  her  love  for  Hugo,  where- 
upon he  had  his  son  beheaded,  and, 
though  he  spared  the  life  of  Parisina,  no 
one  ever  knew  what  became  of  her. — 
Byron  :  Parisina  (1816}. 

•.  •  Such  is  Byron's  version ;  but  history 
says  Niccolo  III.  of  Ferrara  (Byron's 
"Azo ")  had  for  his  second  wife  Parisina 
Malatesta,  who  showed  great  aversion  to 
Ugo,  a  natural  son  of  Niccolo,  whom  he 
greatly  loved.  One  day,  with  the  hope 
of  lessening  this  strong  aversion,  he  sent 
Ugo  to  escort  her  on  a  journey,  and  the 
two  fell  in  love  with  each  other.  After 
their  return,  the  affection  of  Parisina  and 
Ugo  continued  unabated,  and  a  servant 
named  Zoe'se  (3  syl.)  having  told  the 
marquis  of  their  criminal  intimacy,  he 
had  the  two  guilty  ones  brought  to  open 
trial.  They  were  both  condemned  to 
death,  Ugo  was  beheaded  first,  then 
Parisina.  Some  time  after,  Niccolo  mar- 
ried a  third  wife,  and  had  several  chil- 
dren.—/^/-^^  ;  History  of  Ferrara. 

Parisli  Register  ^^The),  a  poem  by 
Crabbe,  in  heroic  metre,  including  the 
story  of  Phoebe  Dawson  (1807). 

Parisian  Weddingf  {The).  The 
reference  is  to  the  massacre  of  St.  Bar- 
tholomew, which  took  place  during  the 
wedding  festivities  of  Henri  of  Navarre 
and  Marguerite  of  France. 

Charles  IX.,  although  it  was  not  possible  for  him  to 
recall  to  hfe  the  countless  victims  of  the  Paris  Wed- 
ding, was  ready  to  explain  those  murders  to  every  un- 
prejudiced XDi'a^.—AfotUy.  Dutch  Republic,  iiL  9. 

Parisme'nos,  the  hero  of  the  second 
part  of  Parismus  {q.v.).  This  part  con- 
tains the-  adventurous  travels  of  Paris- 
tueaos,  his  deeds  of  chivalry,  and  love 


807 


PARLEY. 


for  the  princess  Angelica,  "the  Lady  of 
the  Golden  Tower.  "—/^?tfr</.-  Parismenos 
(1598). 

jParis'mns,  a  valiant  and  renowned 
prince  of  Bohemia,  the  hero  of  a  romance 
so  called.  This  "history"  contains  an 
account  of  his  battles  against  the  Per- 
sians, his  love  for  Laurana  daughter  of 
the  king  of  Thessaly,  and  his  strange 
adventures  in  the  Desolate  Island.  The 
second  part  contains  the  exploits  and 
love  affairs  of  Parisme'nos.  --  Foord: 
Parismus  (1598). 

Pariza'de  (4  syl.),  daughter  of 
Khrosrou-schah  sultan  of  Persia,  and 
sister  of  Bahman  and  Perviz.  These 
three,  in  infancy,  were  sent  adrift,  each 
at  the  time  of  birth,  through  the  jealousy 
of  their  two  maternal  aunts,  who  went  to 
nurse  the  sultana  in  her  confinement ;  but 
they  were  drawn  out  of  the  canal  by  the 
superintendent  of  the  sultan's  gardens, 
who  brought  them  up.  ParizadS  rivalled 
her  brothers  in  horsemanship,  archery, 
running,  and  literature.  One  day,  a 
devotee  who  had  been  kindly  entreated 
by  Parizadg,  told  her  the  house  she  lived 
in  wanted  three  things  to  make  it  per- 
fect :  (i)  the  talking  bird,  (2)  the  singing 
tree,  and  {3)  the  gold-coloured  wafer. 
Her  two  brothers  went  to  obtain  these 
treasures,  but  failed.  Parizadd  then  went, 
and  succeeded.  The  sultan  paid  them  a 
visit,  and  the  talking  bird  revealed  to 
him  the  story  of  their  birth  and  bringing 
up.  When  the  sultan  heard  the  infamous 
tale,  he  commanded  the  two  sisters  to  be 
put  to  death  ;  and  Parizadg,  with  her  two 
brothers,  were  then  proclaimed  the  lawful 
children  of  the  su\idL.n.— Arabian  Nights 
("  The  Two  Sisters,"  the  last  story). 

H  The  story  of  Chery  and  Fairstar, 
by  the  comtesse  D'Aulnoy,  is  an  imita- 
tion of  this  tale ;  and  introduces  the 
•'green  bird,"  the  "  singing  apple,"  and 
the  "  dancing  water." 

Parley  {Peter),  Samuel  Griswold 
Goodrich,  an  American.  Above  seven 
millions  of  his  books  were  in  circulation 
m  1859  (1793-1860). 

•.•  Several  piracies  of  this  popular 
name  have  appeared.  Thus,  S.  Kettell  of 
America  pirated  the  name  in  order  to  sell 
under  false  colours ;  Darton  and  Co,  issued 
a  Peter  Parley's^««Ka/(i84i-i855);  Sira- 
kins,  a  Peter  Parley's  Life  of  Paul  (1845) ; 
Bogue,  a  Peter  Parley's  Visit  to  Lotidon, 
etc.  (1844) ;  Tegg,  several  works  under 
the  same  name  ;  Hodson,  a  Peter  Parley's 


PARLEYINGS,  ETC. 


808 


PARSON  ADAMS. 


Bible  Geography  (iS^g) ;  Clements,  a  Peter 
Farley's  Child's  First  Step  (1839).  None 
of  which  works  were  by  Goodrich,  the 
real  "  Peter  Parley." 

(William  Martin  was  the  writer  of 
Darton's  "  Peter  Parley  series."  George 
Mogridge  wrote  several  tales  under  the 
name  of  Peter  Parley.  How  far  such 
"false  pretences"  are  justifiable,  public 
opinion  must  decide. ) 

Farleyiugs  with  Certain  People 
of  Importance  in  their  Way.    A 

series  of  poems  by  Robert  Browning 
(1887).  The  "people"  are  Bernard  de 
Mandeville,  Daniel  Bartoli,  Christopher 
Smart,  George  Bubb  Dodington,  Francis 
Furini,  Gerard  de  Lairesse,  and  Charles 
Avison.  The  poems  are  introduced  by  a 
prologue,  "Apollo  and  the  Fates,"  and 
concluded  by  "  A  Dialogue  between  John 
Fust  and  his  Friends." 

Parliament  [The  Black),  a  parlia- 
ment held  by  Henry  VHI.  in  Bridewell. 

(For  Addled  parliament,  Barebone's 
parliament,  the  Devil's  parliament,  the 
Drunken  parliament,  the  Good  parlia- 
ment, the  Long  parliament,  the  Mad 
parliament,  the  Pensioner  parliament, 
the  Rump  parliament,  the  Running  par- 
liament, the  Unmerciful  parliament,  the 
Useless  parliament,  the  Wonder-making 
parliament,  the  parliament  of  Dunces, 
etc. ,  see  Dictionary  of  Phrase  and  Fable, 
p.  943) 

Parliament  of  Bees  {The),  an 
aSegorical  masque  in  rhyme.  The  cha- 
racters are  all  bees  with  suitable  names.— 
John  Day  (1640). 

Parnassus  (in  Greek  Pamassos), 
the  highest  part  of  a  range  of  mountains 
north  of  Delphi,  in  Greece,  chief  seat  of 
Apollo  and  the  Muses.  Called  by  poets 
"double-headed,"  from  its  two  highest 
summits,  Tithot^ea  and  Lycoria.  On  Ly- 
corea  was  the  Corycian  cave,  and  hence  the 
Muses  are  called  the  Corycian  nymphs- 

Conquer  the  severe  ascent 
Of  high  Parnassus. 
jtktnsUle:  PUasurti  0/ Imagination,  I.  (i744). 

The  Parnassus  of  Japan,  Fusiyama 
("rich  scholar's  peak"). — Gibson  t 
Gallery  of  Geography,  921  (1872). 

Pamelle  {Mme. ),  the  mother  of  Men. 
Orgon  and  an  ultra-admirer  of  Tartuffe, 
whom  she  looks  on  as  a  saint.  In  the 
adaptation  of  Molifere's  comedy  by  Isaac 
Bickerstaff,  Mme.  Parnelle  is  called  "  old 
lady  Lambert ; "  her  son ,  "sir  John  Lam- 
bert;"  and  Tartuffe,  "Dr.  Cantwell."— 


Moliire :  Tartuffe  (1664) ;  Bickerstaff. 
The  Hypocrite  (1768). 

{The  Nonjuror,  by  Cibber  (1706), 
was  the  quarry  of  BickerstafTs  play.) 

Parody  {Father  of),  Hippo'nax  erf 
Ephesus  (sixth  century  B.C.). 

Parol'les  (3  syl.),  a  boastful, 
cowardly  follower  of  Bertram  count  of 
Rousillon.  His  utterances  are  racy 
enough,  but  our  contempt  for  the  man 
smothers  our  mirth,  and  we  cannot  laugh. 
In  one  scene  the  bully  is  taken  blindfold 
among  his  old  acquaintances,  who  he 
is  led  to  suppose  are  his  enemies,  and  he 
vilifies  their  characters  to  their  faces  in 
most  admired  foolery.  —  Shakespeare  : 
Airs  Well  that  Ends  Well{iS9^)- 

He  [Dr.  Parr]  was  a  mere  Farolles  in  a  pedaffog^e's 
vig.—Ncctes  Ambrosiana. 

IT  For  similar  tongue-doughty  heroes, 
see  Basilisco,  Bessus,  Bluff,  Bobadil, 

BOROUGHCLIFF,  BRAZEN,  FLASH,  PIS- 
TOL, Pyrgo  Polinices,  Scaramouch, 
Thraso,  Vincent  de  la  Rosa,  etc. 

Parpaillons  [King  of  the),  the  father 
of  Gargamelle  "a  jolly  pug  and  well- 
mouthed  wench."  Gargamelle  (3  syl.) 
married  Grangousier  "  in  the  vigour  of 
his  age,"  and  she  became  mother  of  Gar- 
ga.n\.\xa..— Rabelais:  Gargantua,  i.  3(1533). 

Vaxv{Old).  Thomas  Parr,  we  are  told, 
lived  in  the  reign  of  ten  sovereigns.  He 
married  his  second  wife  when  he  was  120 
years  old,  and  had  a  child  by  her.  He 
was  a  husbandman,  born  at  Salop,  in 
1483,  and  died  1635,  aged  153,  (See 
Longevity.  ) 

Parricide  {The  Beautiful),  Beatrice 
Cenci,  who  is  said  to  have  murdered  her 
father  for  the  incestuous  brutality  with 
which  he  had  treated  her  (died  1599). 

(Shelley  has  a  tragedy  on  the  subject, 
called  The  Cenci,  1819.) 

Parsley  Peel,  the  first  sir  Robert 
Peel.  So  called  from  the  great  quantity 
of  printed  calico  with  the  parsley-leaf  pat- 
tern manufactured  by  him  (1750-1830). 

Parson  Adams,  a  simple-minded 
country  clergyman  of  the  eighteenth 
century.  At  the  age  of  50  he  was  pro- 
vided with  a  handsome  income  of  ^'23  a 
year  (nearly  /"300  of  our  money). — Field' 
i^^'  Joseph  Andrews  [17/^7). 

' .  •  Timothy  Burrell,  Esq. ,  in  1715,  be- 
queathed to  his  nephew  llmothy  the 
sum  of  ;^2o  a  year,  to  be  paid  during  his 
residence  at  the  university,  and  to  be 
continued  to  him  till  he  obtained  some 


PARSON  BALWHIDDER.  809 

preferment*  worth  at  least  ^^30  a  year. — 
Sussex  ArcheBological  Collections,  iii.  172, 
IT  Goldsmith  says  the  clergyman  of  his 
"deserted  village"  was  "passing"  or 
exceedingly  rich,  for  he  had  1^40  a  year 
(equal  to  ;^5oo  now).  In  Norway  and 
Sweden,  to  this  day,  the  clergy  are  paid 
from  £20  to  ;^4o  a  year  ;  in  France,  ,^40 
is  the  usual  stipend  of  the  working  clergy. 

Parson  Balwhidder.     (See  Bal- 

WHIDDER,  p.  86.) 

IF  Of  St.  Yves  it  is  said  (1251-1303) — 

n  distribuait,  avec  une  sainte  profusion,  aux  pauvres, 
les  revenus  de  son  Wn^fice  et  ceux  de  son  patrinione 
qui  itaient  de  £(x>  de  rente,  alors  une  somme  tr6s 
notable,  particuljferement  en  Basse  Bretagne. — Dotrt 
Lobineau  :  Lives  o/tht  Saints  of  Great  Britain, 

Parson  Bate,  a  stalwart,  choleric, 
sporting  parson,  editor  of  the  Morning 
Post  in  the  latter  half  of  the  eighteenth 
century.  Afterwards  sir  Henry  Bate 
Dudley,  bart. 

When  Mr  Henry  Bate  Dudley  was  appointed  an  Irish 
dean,  a  young  lady  of  Dublin  said,  "  (Jch  1  how  I  long 
to  se«  our  dane  1  They  say  ...  he  fights  like  an 
angel." — Cassell s  Magazine  ("  London  Legends,"  iii.). 

Parson  BlattergTcowl.  (See  Blat- 

TKRGROWL,  p.   126.) 

Parson  Lot,  a  name  under  which 
Charles  Kingsley  published  his  Cheap 
Clothes  and  Nasty  (1850). 

Parson  lluno  (^),  a  simple-minded 
clergyman,  wholly  unacquainted  with  the 
world;  a  Dr.  Primrose,  in  fact.  It  is  a 
Russian  household  phrase,  having  its 
origin  in  the  singular  simplicity  of  the 
Lutheran  clergy  of  the  Isle  of  Runo. 

Parson  Trulliber,  a  fat  clergyman, 
slothful,  ignorant,  and  intensely  bigoted. 
— Fielding  :  Joseph  Andrews  (1742). 

(See  also  Boanerges,  Chadbrand, 
Dale,  etc.) 

Parson's  Tale  {The),  one  of  the 
two  tales  in  prose  in  Chaucer's  Canterbury 
Tales.  A  kind  of  Bunyan's  Pilgrim's 
Progress,  comparing  the  life  of  a  Christian 
to  a  journey  from  earth  to  heaven. 

(The  other  prose  tale  is  that  of  the 
host,  and  called  "  Melibeus"  or  "  Melibe," 
q.v.) 

Parsons  (Walter),  the  giant  porter- 
of  king  James  I.  (died  1622). — Fuller: 
Worthies  (1622). 

Parsons'  Kaiser  {The),  Karl  IV. 
of  Germany,  who  was  set  up  by  pope 
Clement  VI.,  while  Ludwig  IV.  was  still 
on  the  throne.  The  Germans  called  the 
pope's /ro/^/,  " pfaffen  kaiser." 


PARTLET. 

Parthe'nia,  the  mistress  of  Argaius. 
— Sir  P.  Sidney:  Arcadia  (1580). 

Partlien'ia,  Maidenly  Chastity  per- 
sonified. Parthenia  is  sister  of  Agnei'a 
(3  -y^-)  or  wifely  chastity,  the  spouse  of 
Encra  t6s  or  temperance.  Her  attendant 
is  Er'ythre  or  modesty.  (Greek,  par- 
thenia, "maidenhood.") — Phineas  Flet- 
cher: The  Purple  Island,  x.  (1633). 

Parthen'ope  (4  syL),  one  of  the 
three  syrens.  She  was  buried  at  Naples. 
Naples  itself  was  anciently  called  Par- 
thenopg,  a  name  changed  to  Neap'olis 
("  the  new  city  ")  by  a  colony  of  Cumaeans. 

lenope's  dear  tomb. 
Milton :  Comus,  879  (1634). 
Loitering  by  the  sea 
That  laves  the  passionate  shores  ofsoft  Parthenopi. 
Lord  Lytton  :  Ode,  iii.  2  (1839). 

(The  three  syrens  were  Parthen'opd, 
Ligea,  and  Leucos'ianot  Leucoth'ea,  q.v.), 

Parthen'ope  (4  syL),  the  damsel  be- 
loved by  prince  Volscius.  —  Duke  of 
Buckingham  :  The  Rehearsal  (1671). 

Parthen'ope  of  Naples.  San- 
nazaro  the  Neapolitan  poet,  called  "  The 
Christian  Virgil."  Most  of  his  poems 
were  published  under  the  assumed  name 
oi  Actius  Sincerus  (1458-1530). 

At  last  the  Muses     .  .  scattered  .  .  . 

Their  blooming  wreaths  from  fair  Valclusa's  bowers 

iPetrarch] 
To  Amo  [Dant/z.-aA  Boccaccio'] .  .  .  and  the  shore 
Of  soft  Parthenope. 

Akenside  :  Pleasures  o/ Imagination,  ii.  (1744). 

Parthenope'an  Republic,  Naples 
(1799)- 

Partington  {Mrs.)  an  old  lady  of 
amusing  affectations  and  ridiculous  blun- 
ders of  speech.  Sheridan's  "  Mrs.  Mala- 
prop  "  and  Smollett's  "  Tabitha  Bramble" 
are  similar  characters. — B.  P.  Shillaber 
(an  American  humorist). 

I  do  not  mean  to  be  disrespectful ;  but  the  attempt 
of  the  lords  to  stop  the  progress  of  reform  reminds  me 
very  forcibly  of  the  great  storm  of  Sidraouth,  and  the 
conduct  of  the  excellent  Mrs.  Partington  on  that 
occasion.  In  the  winter  of  1824,  there  set  in  a  great 
flood  upon  tliat  town  ;  the  tide  rose  to  an  incredible 
height ;  the  waves  rushed  in  upon  the  houses ;  and 
everything  was  threatened  with  destruction.  In  the 
midst  of  this  sublime  storm,  Dame  Partington,  who 
lived  upon  the  beach,  was  seen  at  the  door  of  her  house 
with  mop  and  pattens,  trundling  her  mop,  squeezing 
out  the  sea-water,  and  vigorously  pushing  away  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.  The  Atlantic  was  roused ;  Mrs. 
Partington's  spirit  was  up ;  but  I  need  not  tell  you  that 
the  contest  was  unequal.  The  Atlantic  beat  Mrs.  Part- 
ington. She  was  excellent  at  a  slop  or  puddle,  but 
should  never  have  meddled  with  a  tempest. — Sydjtey 
Smith  :  Speech  at  Taunton  (1831). 

Partlet,  the  hen,  in  "The  Nun's 
Priest's  Tale,"  and  in  the  famous  beast- 
epic  oi  Reynard  the  Fox  (1498). — Chaucer: 
Canterbury  Tales  (1388). 

Sister  Partlet  with  her  hooded  head. 


PARTRIDGE.  8m 

the  cloistered  community  of  nuns;  the 
Roman  Catholic  clergy  being  the  "  barn- 
door fowls." — Dryden  :  Hind  and  Pan- 
ther (1687). 

Partridge.  Talus  was  changed  into 
a  partridge. 

Partridge,  cobbler,  quack,  astrolo- 
ger, and  almanac-maker.  He  died  1708. 
Dean  Swift  wrote  an  elegy  on  him. 

Here,  five  feet  deep,  lies  on  his  back, 
A  cobler,  starmon|:er,  and  quack. 
Who,  to  the  stars  in  pure  good  will. 
Does  to  his  best  look  upward  still. 
Weep,  all  >rou  customers  that  use 
His  pills,  his  almanacs,  or  shoes. 

Partridge,  the  attendant  of  Tom 
Jones,  as  Strap  is  of  Smollett's  "  Roderick 
Random."  Faithful,  shrewd,  and  of 
child-like  simplicity.  He  is  half  barber 
and  half  schoolmaster.  His  excitement 
in  the  play-house  when  he  went  to  see 
Garrick  in  "  Hamlet "  is  charming.— 
Fielding:  The  History  of  Tom  Jones 
(1749). 

The  humour  of  Smollett,  althougrh  gfenuine  and 
hearty,  is  coarse  and  vulgar.  He  was  superficial  where 
Fieldmg  showed  deep  insight ;  but  he  had  a  rude  con- 
ception of  generosity,  of  which  Fielding  seems  in- 
capable. It  is  owing  to  this  that  "Strap"  is  superior 
to  "Partridge."— //a^/x«.-  Comic  Writers. 

Partridge's  Day  {Saint),  September 
I,  the  first  day  of  partridge  shooting. 
So  August  xa  is  called  "St.  Grouse's 
Day." 

Parvenne.  One  of  the  O'Neals, 
being  told  that  Barrett  of  Castlemone  had 
only  been  400  years  in  Ireland,  replied, 
"  I  hate  the  upstart,  which  can  only  look 
back  to  yesterday." 

Parvis  {"victorious"),  surname  of 
Khosrou  II.  of  Persia.  He  kept  15,000 
female  musicians,  6000  household  officers, 
20,500  saddle-mules,  960  elephants,  200 
slaves  to  scatter  perfumes  when  he  went 
abroad,  and  1000  sekabers  to  water  the 
roads  before  him.  His  horse,  Shibdiz, 
was  called  "  the  Persian  Bucephalus." 

•.•  The  reigns  of  Khosrou  I.  and  II. 
were  the  golden  period  of  Persian  history. 

Parzival,  the  hero  of  a  metrical 
romance,  by  Wolfram  von  Eschenbach 
(twelfth  century).  Parzival  was  brought 
up  by  a  widowed  mother  in  solitude,  but 
when  grown  to  manhood,  two  wandering 
knights  persuaded  him  to  go  to  the  court 
of  king  Arthur.  His  mother,  hoping  to 
deter  him,  consented  to  his  going  if  he 
would  wear  the  dress  of  a  common  jester. 
This  he  did,  but  soon  achieved  such  noble 
deeds  that  Arthur  made  him  a  knight  of 
the  Round  Table,    Sir  Parzival  went  in 


PASSE-LOURDAUD. 


quest  of  the  holy  graal,  whicl^  was  kept 
in  a  magnificent  castle  called  Graalburg, 
in  Spain,  built  by  the  royal  priest  Titurel. 
He  reached  the  castle,  but,  having  neg- 
lected certain  conditions,  was  shut  out, 
and,  on  his  return  to  court,  the  priestess 
of  Graal-burg  insisted  on  his  being  ex- 
pelled the  court  and  degraded  from 
knighthood.  Parzival  then  led  a  new  life 
of  abstinence  and  self-abnegation,  and  a 
wise  hermit  became  his  instructor.  At 
length  he  reached  such  a  state  of  purity 
and  sanctity  that  the  priestess  of  Graal- 
burg declared  him  worthy  to  become  lord 
of  the  castle,  having  been  "  made  perfect 
by  suffering  "  {Rev.  vii.  14 ;  Heb.  ii.  10). 

•.•  This,  of  course,  is  an  allegory  of  a 
Christian  giving  up  everything  in  order  to 
be  admitted  a  priest  and  king  in  the 
city  of  God,  and  becoming  a  fool  in  order 
to  learn  true  wisdom  (see  i  Cor.  iii.  18). 

Pascal.  Frederick  von  Hardenberg 
("Novalis")  (1770-1801)  is  so  called  by 
Carlyle. 

Pasqnin,  a  Roman  cobbler  in  the 
latter  half  of  the  fifteenth  century,  whose 
shop  stood  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the 
Braschi  palace  near  the  Piazza  Navoni. 
He  was  noted  for  his  caustic  remarks  and 
bitter  sayings.  After  his  death,  a  muti- 
lated statue  near  the  shop  was  called  by 
his  name,  and  made  the  repository  of  all 
the  bitter  epigrams  and  satirical  verses 
of   the  city;    hence  called  pasquinades 

Sir  Archy  M 'Sarcasm— the  common  Pasquin  of  th« 
town. — Macklin  :  Love  d-la-Mode,  i.  i  (1779). 

Passamonte  {Gines  de),  the  galley- 
slave  set  free  by  don  Quixote.  He  re- 
turned the  favour  by  stealing  Sancho's 
wallet  and  ass.  Subsequently  he  re- 
appeared as  a  puppet-showman. — Cer- 
vantes :  Don  Quixote  (1605-15). 

Passatore  {It),  a  title  assumed  by 
Belli'no,  an  Italian  bandit  chief,  who 
died  1851. 

Passebrewell,  the  name  of  sir  Tris- 
tram's horse. — History  of  Prince  Arthur, 
ii.  68. 

Passe-Lourdaud  (3  syl.),  a  great 
rock  near  Poitiers,  where  there  is  a  very 
narrow  hole  on  the  edge  of  a  precipice, 
through  which  the  university  freshmen 
are  made  to  pass  to  "  matriculate  "  them. 
(Passe-Lourdaud  means  "  lubber-pass.") 

IT  The  same  is  done  at  Mantua,  where 
the  freshmen  are  made  to  pass  under  the 
arch  of  St,  Longlnus. 


PASSELYON. 


8ti 


PATCa 


Fasselyon,  a  young  foundling 
brought  up  by  Morgan  la  F^e.  He  was 
detected  in  an  intrigue  with  Morgan's 
daughter.  The  adventures  of  this  amorous 
youth  are  related  in  the  romance  called 
Perceforest,  iii. 

Fasse-tyme  of  Plesure,  an  alle- 
gorical poem  in  forty-six  capitulos  and 
in  seven-line  stanzas,  by  Stephen  Hawes 
(1515).  The  poet  supposes  that  while 
Graunde  Amoure  was  walking  in  a 
meadow,  he  encountered  Fame,  "en- 
ujroned  with  tongues  of  fyre,"  who  told 
hmi  about  La  bell  Pucell,  a  ladye  fair, 
living  in  the  Tower  of  Musike ;  and  then 
departed,  leaving  him  under  the  charge 
of  Gouernaunce  and  Grace  who  conducted 
him  to  the  Tower  of  Doctrine.  Coun- 
tenaunce,  the  portress,  showed  him  over 
the  tower,  and  lady  Science  sent  him  to 
Gramer.  Afterwards  he  was  sent  to 
Logyke,  Rethorike,  Inuention,  Aris- 
metrike,  and  Musike.  In  the  Tower  of 
Musike  he  met  La  bell  Pucell,  pleaded 
his  love,  and  was  kindly  entreated  ;  but 
they  were  obliged  to  part  for  the  time 
being,  while  Graunde  Amoure  continued 
his  "  passe-tyme  of  plesure."  On  quitting 
La  bell  Pucell,  he  went  to  Geometrye, 
and  then  to  Dame  Astronomy.  Then, 
leaving  the  Tower  of  Science,  he  entered 
that  of  Chyualry.  Here  Mynerue  intro- 
duced him  to  kyng  Melyzyus,  after  which 
he  went  to  the  temple  of  Venus,  who  sent 
a  letter  on  his  behalf  to  La  bell  Pucell. 
Meanwhile,  the  giant  False  Report  (or 
Godfrey  Gobilyue)  met  him,  and  put  him 
to  great  distress  in  the  house  of  Correc- 
tion ;  but  Perceueraunce  at  length  con- 
ducted him  to  the  manour-house  of  Dame 
Comfort.  After  sundry  trials,  Graunde 
Amoure  married  La  bell  Pucell,  and, 
after  many  a  long  day  of  happiness  and 
love,  he  was  arrested  by  Age,  who  took 
him  before  Policye  and  Auarice.  Death, 
in  time,  came  for  him,  and  Remem- 
braunce  wrote  his  epitaph. 

Faston  Letters,  letters  chiefly 
written  to  or  by  the  Paston  family,  ffi 
Norfolk.  Charles  Knight  calls  them  "  an 
invaluable  record  of  the  social  customs 
of  the  fifteenth  century."  Two  volumes 
appeared  in  1787,  entitled  Original  Letters 
Written  During  the  Reigns  of  Henry 
VI.,  Edward  IV.,  and  Richard  III.,  by 
Various  Persons  of  Rank.  Three  extra 
volumes  were  subsequently  printed. 

(Some  doubt  has  been  raised  respect- 
ing the  authenticity  of  these  letters.) 


Faster  Pi' do  (//),  a  pastoral  by 
Giovanni  Battista  Guari'ni  of  Ferrara 
(1585). 

Fastoral  Romance  [The  Father 
of),  Honors  d'Urf6  (1567-1625). 

Fastorella,  the  fair  shepherdess  (bk. 
vi.  9),  beloved  by  Corydon,  but  "  neither 
for  him  nor  any  other  did  she  care  a 
whit."  She  was  a  foundling,  brought  up 
by  the  shepherd  Melibee.  When  sir 
Calidore  (3  ryl.)  was  the  shepherd's 
guest,  he  fell  in  love  with  the  fair  found- 
hng,  who  returned  his  love.  During  the 
absence  of  sir  Calidore  in  a  hunting 
expedition,  Pastorella,  with  Melibee  and 
Corydon,  were  carried  off  by  brigands. 
Melibee  was  killed,  Corydon  effected  his 
escape,  and  Pastorella  was  wounded. 
Sir  Calidore  went  to  rescue  his  shepher- 
dess, killed  the  brigand  chief,  and  brought 
back  the  captive  in  safety  (bk.  vi.  11). 
He  took  her  to  Belgard  Castle,  and  it 
turned  out  that  the  beautiful  foundling 
was  the  daughter  of  lady  Claribel  and  sir 
Bellamour  (bk.  vi.  12). — Spenser:  Faerie 
Queene,  vi.  9-12  (1596). 

•.•  "  Pastorella"  is  meant  for  Frances 
Walsingham,  daughter  of  sir  Francis 
Walsingham,  whom  sir  Philip  Sidney 
("  sir  Calidore  ")  married.  After  Sidney's 
death,  the  widow  married  the  earl  of 
Essex  (the  queen's  favourite).  Sir  Philip 
being  the  author  of  a  romance  called 
Arcadia,  suggested  to  the  poet  the  name 
Pastorella. 

Fatag'o'nians.  This  word  means 
"large  foot,"  from  ,the  Spanish  patagds 
("a  large,  clumsy  foot ").  The  Spaniards 
so  called  the  natives  of  this  part  of  South 
America,  from  the  unusual  size  of  the 
human  foot-prints  in  the  sand.  It  ap- 
pears that  these  foot-prints  were  due  to  a 
large  clumsy  shoe  worn  by  the  natives, 
and  were  not  the  impressions  of  naked 
feet. 

Fatajul}a,  a  city  of  the  Az'tecaa, 
south  of  Missouri,  utterly  destroyed  by 
earthquake  and  overwhelmed. 

The  tempest  is  abroad.    Fierce  from  the  north 
A  wind  uptears  the  lake,  whose  lowest  depths 
Rock,  while  convulsions  shake  the  solid  earth. 
Where  is  Patambat  .  .  .  The  mighty  lake 
Hath  burst  its  bounds,  and  yon  wide  valley  roari^ 
A  troubled  sea,  before  the  rolling  storm. 

Soutkey  :  Aladoc  (1805). 

Fatch,  the  clever,  intriguing  waiting- 
woman  of  Isabinda  daughter  of  sir 
Jealous  Traffick.  As  she  was  handing  a 
love-letter  in  cipher  to  her  mistress,  she 
let  it  fall,  and  sir  Jealous  picked  it  up. 


PATCH. 


8za 


PATRICK. 


He  could  not  read  it,  but  insisted  on 
knowing  what  it  meant.  * '  Oh, ' '  cried  the 
ready  wit,  "  it  is  a  charm  for  the  tooth- 
ache I  "  and  the  suspicion  of  sir  Jealous 
was  diverted  (act  iv.  2). — Mrs.  Centlivre  : 
The  Busy  Body  [1709). 

Patch.  {Clause),  king  of  the  beggars. 
He  died  in  1730,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Bampfylde  Moore  Carew. 

Fatche  (i  syl.),  cardinal  Wolsey's 
jester.  When  the  cardinal  felt  his  favour 
giving  way,  he  sent  Patche  as  a  gift  to 
the  king,  and  Henry  VHI.  considered  the 
gift  a  most  acceptable  one. 

We  call  one  Patche  or  Cowlson,  whom  we  see  to  do 
a  thing  foolishly,  because  these  two  in  their  time  were 
notable  fools. — IVilson  :  Art  of  Rhetoriqut  (1553). 

Patched-up  Peace  [The\  a  treaty 
of  peace  between  the  due  d'Orl6ans  and 
John  of  Burgundy  (1409). 

If  Sometimes  the  treaty  between 
Charles  IX.  and  the  huguenots,  concluded 
at  Longjumeau  in  1568,  is  so  called  {La 
Paix  Fourrie). 

Patelin  (2  syl.),  the  hero  of  an 
ancient  French  comedy.  He  contrives 
to  obtain  on  credit  six  ells  of  cloth  from 
William  Josseaume,  by  artfully  praising 
the  tradesman's  father.  Any  subtle, 
crafty  fellow,  who  entices  by  flattery  and 
insinuating  arts,  is  called  a  Patelin. — 
Blanchet :  L Avocat  Patelin  (1459-1519). 

On  lul  attribue,  mais  4  tort,  la  farce  de  V Avocat 
Patelin,  qui  est  plus  ancienne  que  lui. — Bouillet: 
Dictionary  Universel  d  Histoire,  tU.  (article 
".Blanchet "). 

-  Consider,  sir,  I  pray  you,  how  the  noble  Patelin, 
having  a  mind  to  extol  to  the  third  heavens  the  father 
of  William  Josseaume,  said  no  more  than  this:  he  did 
lend  his  goods  freely  to  those  who  were  desirous  of 
Wiixa.— Rabelais  :  Pantag'ruel,  iii.  4  (1545)- 

(D.  A.  de  Brueys  reproduced  this 
comedy  in  1706.) 

Pater  Patrtim.  St.  Gregory  of 
Nyssa  is  so  called  by  the  council  of  Nice 
(332-395). 

Pater  son  {Pate),  serving-boy  to 
Brvce  Snailsfoot  the  pedlar. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  The  Pirate  (time,  William  III.). 

Pathfinder  {The),  Natty  Bumppo; 
also  called  "The  Deerslayer,"  "The 
Hawk-eye,"  and  "The  Trapper." — 
Fenimore  Cooper  (five  novels  called  The 
Pathfinder,  The  Pioneers,  The  Deerslayer, 
The  Last  of  the  Mohicans,  and  The 
Prairie). 

Pathfinder  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains {The),  major-general  John  Charles 
Fremont,  who  conducted  four  exploring 


expeditions  across  the  Rocky  Mountains 
in  1842. 
Patient   Griselda  or  Grisildis, 

the  wife  of  Wautier  marquis  of  Salucfis. 
Boccaccio  says  she  was  a  poor  country 
lass,  who  became  the  wife  of  Gualtiere 
marquis  of  Saluzzo.  She  was  robbed  of 
her  children  by  her  husband,  reduced  to 
abject  poverty,  divorced,  and  commanded 
to  assist  in  the  marriage  of  her  husband 
with  another  woman  ;  but  she  bore  every 
affront  patiently,  and  without  complaint. 
— Chaucer:  Canterbury  Tales  ("The 
Clerk's  Tale,"  1388);  Boccaccio:  De- 
camej-on,  x.  10  (1352). 

(The  tale  is  allegorical  of  that  text, 
•'The  Lord  gave,  and  the  Lord  hatb 
taken  away  ;  blessed  be  the  name  of  the 
Lord,"  Job  i.  21.) 

N.B. — A  comedy  called  Patient  Griz- 
xell  was  written  by  Chettle  and  Dekker  in 
1603. 

Patin,  brother  of  the  emperor  of 
Rome.  He  fights  with  Am'adis  of  Gaul, 
and  has  his  horse  killed  under  him. — 
Vasco  de  Lobeira  :  Amadis  of  Gaul  (thir- 
teenth century). 

Patison,  sir  Thomas  More's  licensed 
jester.  Hans  Holbein  has  introduced 
this  jester  in  his  famous  picture  of  the 
lord  chancellor. 

Patriarch  of  Dorch.ester,  John 
White  of  Dorchester,  a  puritan  divine 
(1574-1648). 

Patriarchs  {The  Last  of  the).  So 
Christopher  Casby  of  Bleeding-heart 
Yard  was  called.  "So  grey,  so  slow,  so 
quiet,  so  impassionate,  so  very  bumpy  in 
the  head,  that  patriarch  was  the  word  for 
him,"  Painters  implored  him  to  be  a 
model  for  some  patriarch  they  designed 
to  paint.  Philanthropists  looked  on  him 
as  famous  capital  for  a  platform.  He 
had  once  been  town  agent  in  the  Circum- 
locution Office,  and  was  well-to-do. 

His  face  had  a  bloom  on  it  like  ripe  wall-fruit,  and 
his  blue  eyes  seemed  to  be  the  eyes  of  wisdom  and 
virtue.  His  whole  face  teemed  with  the  look  of  be- 
nignity. Nobody  could  say  where  the  wisdom  was,  or 
where  the  virtue  was,  or  where  the  benignity  was,  but 
they  seemed  to  be  somewhere  about  him.  ,  .  .  He 
wore  a  long  wide-skirted  bottle-green  coat,  and  a 
bottle-green  pair  of  trousers,  and  a  bottle-green  waist- 
coat. The  patriarchs  were  not  dressed  in  bottle-green 
broadcloth,  and  yet  his  clothes  looked  patriarchaL— 
Dickens  :  Little  Durrit  (1857). 

Patrick,  an  old  domestic  at  Shaw's 
Castle.— 5tV  W.  Scott :  St.  Ronans  Well 
(time,  George  III.). 

Patrick  {St.),  the  tutelar  saint  of 
Ireland.     Born    at    Kirk   Patrick,   near 


[ 


PATRICK. 

Dumbarton.  His  baptismal  name  was 
"Succeath"  (  'valour  in  war")  changed 
by  Milcho,  to  whom  he  was  sold  as  a 
slave,  into  "Cotharig"  (four  families  or 
four  masters,  to  whom  he  had  been  sold). 
It  was  pope  Celestine  who  changed  the 
name  to  "  Patricius,"  when  he  sent  him 
to  convert  the  Irish, 

N.B. — Certainly  the  most  marvellous 
of  all  the  miracles  ascribed  to  the  saints  is 
that  recorded  of  St,  Patrick.  ' '  He  swam 
across  the  Shannon  with  his  head  in  his 
mouth  ! " 

SL  Patrick  and  king  GNeil.  One  day, 
the  saint  set  the  end  of  his  crozier  on 
the  foot  of  O'Neil  king  of  Ulster,  and, 
leaning  heavily  on  it,  hurt  the  king's  foot 
severely ;  but  the  royal  convert  showed 
no  indication  of  pain  or  annoyance 
whatsover. 

H  A  similar  anecdote  is  told  of  St. 
Areed,  who  went  to  show  the  king  of 
Abyssinia  a  musical  instrument  which  he 
had  invented.  His  majesty  rested  the 
head  of  his  spear  on  the  saint's  foot,  and 
leaned  with  both  his  hands  on  the  spear 
while  he  listened  to  the  music.  St,  Areed, 
though  his  great  toe  was  severely  pierced, 
showed  no  sign  of  pain,  but  went  on  play- 
ing as  if  nothing  was  the  matter. 

St.  Patrick  and  the  Serpent.  St. 
Patrick  cleared  Ireland  of  vermin.  One 
old  serpent  resisted,  but  St,  Patrick 
overcame  it  by  cunning.  He  made  a 
box,  and  invited  the  serpent  to  enter  in. 
The  serpent  insisted  it  was  too  small ; 
and  so  high  the  contention  grew  that  the 
serpent  got  into  the  box  to  prove  that 
he  was  right,  whereupon  St,  Patrick 
slammed  down  the  lid,  and  cast  the  box 
into  the  sea, 

*|[  This  tradition  is  marvellously  like 
an  incident  of  the  Arabian  Nights  Enter- 
tainments. A  fisherman  had  drawn  up  a 
box  or  vase  in  his  net,  and  on  breaking 
it  open  a  genius  issued  therefrom,  and 
threatened  the  fisherman  with  immediate 
destruction  because  he  had  been  enclosed 
so  long  Said  the  fisherman  to  the  genius, 
'*  I  wish  to  know  whether  you  really 
were  in  that  vase."  "I  certainly  was," 
answered  the  genius.  "  I  cannot  believe 
it,"  replied  the  fisherman,  "  for  the  vase 
could  not  contain  even  one  of  your  feet," 
Then  the  genius,  to  prove  his  assertion, 
changed  into  smoke,  and  entered  into  the 
vase,  saying,  "Now,  incredulous  fisher- 
man, dost  thou  believe  me?"  But  the 
fisherman  clapped  the  leaden  cover  on 
the  vase,  and  told  the  genius  he  was  about 
to  throw  the  box  into  the  sea,  and  that  he 


813  PATRON. 

would  build  a  house  on  the  spot  to  warn 
others  not  to  fish  up  so  wicked  a  genius. 
— Arabian  Nights  f "  The  Fisherman," 
one  of  the  early  tales). 

(St.  Patrick,  I  suspect,  had  read  the 
Arabian  Nights,  and  stole  a  leaf  from  the 
fisherman's  book. ) 

If  For  other  similar  tales,  see  ViRGli. 
THE  Enchanter. 

St.  Patrick  a  Gentleman. 

Oh,  St.  Patrick  was  a  gintleman. 
Who  came  of  dacent  people,  .  .  . 

(This  song  was  written  by  Messrs. 
Bennet  and  Toleken,  of  Cork,  and  was 
first  sung  by  them  at  a  masquerade  in 
1814.  It  was  afterwards  lengthened  for 
Webbe,  the  comedian,  who  made  it 
popular.) 

St.  Patricks  Purgatory,  lough  Derg, 
in  Ireland,  At  the  end  of  the  fifteenth 
century,  the  purgatory  of  lough  Derg 
was  destroyed,  by  order  of  the  pope,  on 
St,  Patrick's  Day,  1497, 

(Calderon  has  a  drama  entitled  The 
Purgatory  of  St.  Patrick,  1600- 168 1,) 

Patriot  "KX-xi^  [The),  Henry  St,  John 
viscount  Bolingbroke  (1678-1751),  He 
hired  Mallet  to  traduce  Pope  after  his 
decease,  because  the  poet  refused  to  give 
up  certain  copies  of  a  work  which  the 
statesman  wished  to  have  destroyed. 

Write  as  if  St.  John's  soul  could  still  inspire, 

And  do  from  hate  what  Mallet  did  for  hire. 

Byron  :  English  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers  (1809). 

Patriot  of  Humanity.  Henry 
Grattan  (1750-1820)  is  so  called  by 
Byron.  (See  Don  Juan,  preface  to  canto 
vi,,  etc,  1824,) 

Patron  {The),  a  farce  by  S,  Foote 
(1764).  The  patron  is  sir  Thomas  Lofty, 
called  by  his  friends,  "sharp-judging 
Adriel,  the  Muse's  friend,  himself  a 
Muse,"  but  by  those  who  loved  him  less, 
"  the  modern  Midas."  Books  without 
number  were  dedicated  to  him,  and  the 
writers  addressed  him  as  the  "  British 
Pollio,  Atticus,  the  Maacenas  of  England, 
protector  of  arts,  paragon  of  poets,  arbiter 
of  taste,  and  sworn  appraiser  of  Apollo 
and  the  Muses, "  The  plot  is  very  simple : 
Sir  Thomas  Lofty  has  written  a  play 
called  Robinson  Crusoe,  and  gets  Richard 
Bever  to  stand  godfather  to  it.  The 
play  is  damned  past  redemption,  and,  to 
soothe  Bever,  sir  Thomas  allows  him  to 
marry  his  niece  Juliet, 

•.  •  Horace  Walpole.  earl  of  Oxford,  is 
the  original  of  "  sir  Thomas  Lofty  " 
(1717-1797). 


PATRONAGE.  814 

Patronage,  a  novel  by  Maria  Edge- 
worth  (18 1 2). 

Fatten,  according  to  Gay,  is  so  called 
from  Patty,  the  pretty  daughter  of  a 
Lincolnsliire  farmer,  with  whom  the 
village  blacksmith  fell  in  love.  To  save 
her  from  wet  feet  when  she  went  to  milk 
tlie  cows,  he  mounted  her  clogs  on  a 
cleat  of  iron  in  the  form  of  a  ring. 

The  patten  now  supports  each  frugfal  dame, 
Which  from  the  blue-eyed  Patty  takes  its  name. 
Guy:  Trivia,  i.  (1712). 

(Of  course,  the  word  is  the  French 
patin,  "a  skate  or  high-heeled  shoe," 
from  the  Greek,  patein,  "to  walk,") 

Pattieson  {Mr.  Peter),  in  the  intro- 
duction of  The  Heart  of  Midlothian,  by  sir 
W.  Scott ;  and  again  in  the  introduction 
of  The  Bride  of  Lammernioor.  He  is  a 
hypothetical  assistant  teacher  at  Gander- 
cieuch,  and  the  feigned  author  of  The 
Tales  of  My  Landlord,  which  sir  Walter 
Scott  pretends  were  published  by  Jede- 
diah  Cleishbotham,  after  the  death  of 
Pattieson. 

Patty,  "  the  maid  of  fhe  mill," 
daughter  of  Fairfield  the  miller.  She 
was  brought  up  by  the  mother  of  lord 
Aimworth,  and  was  promised  by  her 
father  in  marriage  to  Farmer  Giles  ;  but 
she  refused  to  marry  him,  and  became 
the  bride  of  lord  Aimworth,  Patty  was 
very  clever,  very  pretty,  very  ingenuous, 
and  loved  his  lordship  to  adoration. — 
Dickerstaff:  The  Maid  of  the  Mill 
<I76S). 

Pattypan  {Mrs.),  a  widow  who 
keeps  lodgings,  and  makes  love  to  Tim 
Tartlet,  to  whom  she  is  ultimately  en- 
gaged. 

By  all  accounts,  she  is  just  as  loving  now  as  she  was 
thirty  years  ago.— Co**  ;  The  First  Floor,  i.  2  (1756- 
1818). 

Patnllo  {Mrs.),  waiting-woman  to 
lady  Ashton.— 5?>  W.  Scott:  BHde  of 
Lammermoor  (time,  William  III.). 

Pan-Puk-Keewis,  a  cunning  mis- 
chief-maker, who  taught  the  North 
American  Indians  the  game  of  hazard, 
and  stripped  them  by  his  winnings  of 
all  their  possessions.  In  a  mad  freak, 
Pau-Puk-Keewis  entered  the  wigwam  of 
Hiawatha,  and  threw  everything  into 
confusion  ;  so  Hiawatha  resolved  to  slay 
him,  Pau-Puk-Keewis,  taking  to  flight, 
prayed  the  beavers  to  make  him  a  beaver 
ten  times  their  own  size.  This  they  did  : 
but  when  the  other  beavers  made  their 
escape  at  the  arrival  of  Hiawatha,  Pau- 


PAUL. 

Puk-Keewis  was  hindered  from  getting 
away  by  his  great  size  ;  and  Hiawatha 
slew  him.  His  spirit,  escaping,  flew 
upwards,  and  prayed  the  storm-fools  to 
make  him  a  "brant  "  ten  times  their  own 
size.  This  was  done,  and  he  was  told 
never  to  look  downwards,  or  he  would 
lose  his  life.  When  Hiawatha  arrived, 
the  "brant"  could  not  forbear  looking 
at  him  ;  and  immediately  he  fell  to  earth, 
and  Hiawatha  transformed  him  into  an 
eagle. 

Now  in  winter,  when  the  snowflakes 

Whirl  in  eddies  round  the  lodges.  .  .  , 

"  There,"  they  cry,  "  comes  Pau-Puk-Keewis ; 

He  is  dancing  thro'  the  village, 

He  is  gathering  in  his  harvest." 

Longfellow:  Hiawatha,  ivii.  (1855). 

PATJIi,  fhe  love-child  of  Margaret,  who 
retired  to  port  Louis,  in  the  Mauritius, 
to  bury  herself,  and  bring  up  her  only 
child.  Hither  came  Mme.  de  la  Tour,  a 
widow,  and  was  confined  of  a  daughter, 
whom  she  named  Virginia,  Between 
these  neighbours  a  mutual  friendship 
arose,  and  the  two  children  became  play- 
mates. As  they  grew  in  years,  their 
fondness  for  each  other  developed  into 
love.  When  Virginia  was  15,  her 
mother's  aunt  adopted  her,  and  begged 
she  might  be  sent  to  France  to  finish 
her  education.  She  was  above  two  years 
in  France  ;  and  as  she  refused  to  marr) 
a  count  of  the  "aunt's"  providing,  shi; 
was  disinherited,  and  sent  back  to  her 
mother.  When  within  a  cable's  length 
of  the  island,  a  hurricane  dashed  the 
ship  to  pieces,  and  the  dead  body  of 
Virginia  was  thrown  upon  the  shore. 
Paul  drooped  from  grief,  and  within  two 
months  followed  her  to  the  gfrave. — 
Bernardin  de  St.  Pierre :  Paul  et  Vir- 
gine  (1788). 

(In  Cobb's  dramatic  version,  Paul's 
mother  (Margaret)  is  made  a  faithful 
domestic  of  Virginia's  parents.  Virginia's 
mother  dies,  and  commits  her  infant 
daughter  to  the  care  of  Dominique,  a 
faithful  old  negro  servant ;  and  Paul  and 
Virginia  are  brought  up  in  the  belief  that 
they  are  brother  and  sister.  When  Vir- 
ginia is  15  years  old,  her  aunt  Leonora 
de  Guzman  adopts  her,  and  sends  don 
Antonio  de  Guardes  to  bring  her  to  Spain, 
and  make  her  his  bride.  She  is  taken  by 
force  on  board  ship  ;  but  scarcely  has  the 
ship  started,  when  a  hurricane  dashes  it 
on  rocks,  and  it  is  wrecked.  Alhambra, 
a  runaway  slave,  whom  Paul  and  Virginia 
hxd  befriended,  rescues  Virginia,  who  is 
brought  to  shore  and  married  to  Paul  j 
but  Antonio  is  drowned. 


PAUL.  8iS 

Ta.vX(Faiher),  Paul  Sarpi  {1552-1628). 

Fanl  (5/.).  The  very  sword  which 
cut  off  the  head  of  this  apostle  is  pre- 
served at  the  convent  of  La  Lisla,  near 
Toledo,  in  Spain.  If  any  one  doubts 
the  fact,  he  may,  for  a  gratuity,  see  a 
"  copper  sword,  twenty-five  inches  long, 
and  three  and  a  half  broad,  on  one  side 
pf  which  is  the  word  MUCRO  ('  a  sword '), 
and  on  the  other  PAULUS  .  .  .  capite." 
Can  anything  be  more  convincing  ? 

Paul  {Tkg  Second  Sf.),  St.  Remi  or 
Remigius,  "The  Great  Apostle  of  the 
French. "  He  was  made  bishop  of  Rheims 
when  only  22  years  old.  It  was  St.  Remi 
who  baptized  Clovis,  and  told  him  that 
henceforth  he  must  worship  what  he 
hitherto  had  hated,  and  abjure  what  he 
had  hitherto  adored  (439-535)- 

(The  cruse  employed  by  St.   Remi  in 
■  the  baptism  of  Clovis  was  used  through 
the  French  monarchy  in  the  anointing  of 
all  the  kings.) 

Fanl  and  Virginia,  in  French,  by 
St.  Pierre,  1788.  (See  Paul.)  There  is 
an  English  version  of  this  very  pretty 
story. 
Patil  at  Damascus.  (See  Saul  . . .) 
Paul  Pry,  an  idle,  inquisitive, 
meddlesome  fellow,  who  has  no  occupa- 
tion of  his  own,  and  is  for  ever  poking 
his  nose  into  other  people's  affairs.  He 
always  comes  in  with  the  apology,  "  I 
hope  I  don't  intrude."— PcJo/tf  /  Paul  Pry 
{1825). 

•.'  Thomas  Hill,  familiarly  called 
"Tommy  Hill,"  was  the  original  of  this 
character,  and  also  of  "  Gilbert  Gurney," 
by  Theodore  Hook.  Planch6  says  of 
Thomas  Hill— 

His  ipecialitd  v^s  the  accurate  Information  he  could 
Impart  on  all  the  petty  details  of  the  domestic  economy 
of  bis  friends,  the  contents  of  their  wardrobes,  their 
pantries,  the  number  of  pots  of  preserve  in  their  store- 
closets,  and  of  the  table-napkins  in  their  linen-presses, 
the  dates  of  their  births  and  marriages,  the  amounts 
of  their  tradesmen's  bills,  and  whether  paid  weekly  or 
quarterly.  He  had  been  on  the  press,  and  was  con- 
nected with  the  Morning  Chronicle,  He  used  to 
drive  Matthews  crazy  by  ferreting  out  his  whereabouts 
when  he  left  London,  and  popping  the  Information  in 
some  ^3.^T.— Recollections,  L  131,  133. 

Paul's  Pig'eons.  So  the  boys  of  St. 
Paul's  School,  London,  used  to  be  called. 

Paul's  Walkers,  loungers  who  fre- 
quented the  middle  of  St.  Paul's  in  the 
time  of  the  Commonwealth,  as  they  did 
Bond  Street  during  the  regency.  (See 
Ben  Jonson's  Every  Man  out  of  Hii 
Humour\xs(j()),  and  Harrison  Ainsworth's 
Old  St,  Paurs,  1843.) 


PAULINUS. 

Pauletti  {The  lady  Erminia),  ward 
of  Master  George  Heriot  the  king's  gold- 
smith.—5x>  W.  Scott:  The  Fortunes  of 
Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Pauli'na,  the  noble-spirited  wife  of 
Antig'onus  a  Sicilian  lord,  and  the  kind 
friend  of  queen  Hermi'onS.  When  Her- 
mionfi  gave  birth  in  prison  to  a  daughter, 
Paulina  undertook  to  present  it  to  king 
LeontSs,  hoping  that  his  heart  would  be 
softened  at  the  sight  of  his  infant 
daughter;  but  he  commanded  the  child 
to  be  cast  out  on  a  desert  shore,  and  left 
there  to  perish.  The  child  was  drifted 
to  the  "  coast  "  of  Bohemia,  and  brought 
up  by  a  shepherd,  who  called  it  Perdlta. 
Florizel,  the  son  of  king  Polix5n6s,  fell 
in  love  with  her,  and  fled  with  her  to 
Sicily,  to  escape  the  vengeance  of  the 
angry  king.  The  fugitives  being  intro- 
duced to  LeontSs,  it  was  soon  discovered 
that  Perdita  was  the  king's  daughter,  and 
Polixenes  consented  to  the  union  he  had 
before  forbidden.  Paulina  now  invited 
LeontSs  and  the  rest  to  inspect  a  famous 
statue  of  Hermionfi,  and  the  statue 
turned  out  to  be  the  living  queen  Yl&x- 
saM— Shakespeare :  The  Winter's  Tale 
(1604). 

Paulina  Is  derer,  generous,  strong-minded,  and 
warm-hearted,  fearless  In  asserting  the  truth,  firm  in 
her  sense  of  right,  enthusiastic  in  all  her  affections, 
quick  in  thought,  resolute  in  word,  and  energetic  in 
action,  but  heedless,  hot-tempered.  Impatient,  loud, 
bold,  Toluble,  and  turbulent  of  tongue.— ^r». 
^Fameson. 

Pauline,  "The  Beauty  of  Lyons," 
daughter  of  Mon.  Deschappelles,  a  Ly- 
onese  merchant;  "as  pretty  as  Venus 
and  as  proud  as  Juno."  (For  the  rest, 
see  Melnotte,  p.  695.)— Z^r^  Lytton  : 
The  Lady  of  Lyons  (1838). 

Pauline  {Mademoiselle)  or  MoNi^A 
Paula,  the  attendant  of  lady  Erminia 
Pauletti  the  goldsmith's  ward.— 5ir  W. 
Scott:  The  Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time,  James 
I.)- 

Pauli'nus  of  York  christened  10,000 
men,  besides  women  and  their  children, 
in  one  single  day  in  the  Swale.  (Al- 
together some  50,000  souls,  i.e.  104  every 
minute,  6250  every  hour,  supposing  he 
worked  eight  hours  without  stopping.) 

When  the  Saxons  first  received  the  Christian  faith, 
Paulinas  of  old  York,  the  zealous  bishop  then. 
In  Swale's  abundant  stream  christened  ten  thousand 

men. 
With  women  and  their  babes,  a  number  more  beside. 
Upon  one  happy  day. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xxviii.  {lim). 


PAUPIAH. 


8i6 


PEACE  OF  ANTALCIDAS. 


Panpiali,  the  Hindft  steward  of  the 
british  governor  of  Madras. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  The  Surgeon's  Daughter  (time, 
George  II.). 

Fausa'nias  {The  British),  William 
Camden  (1551-1623).  Sometimes  called 
♦'the  British  Strabo." 

Panvre  JaccLnes.  When  Marie 
Antoinette  had  her  artificial  Swiss  village 
in  the  "  Little  Trianon,"  a  Swiss  girl  was 
brought  over  to  heighten  the  illusion. 
She  was  observed  to  pine,  and  was  heard 
to  sigh  out,  pauvre  Jacques  !  This  little 
romance  pleased  the  queen,  who  sent  for 
Jacques,  and  gave  the  pair  a  wedding 
portion ;  while  the  marchioness  de  Tra- 
vanet  wrote  the  song  galled  Pauvre 
Jacques  which  created  at  the  time  quite 
a  sensation.  The  first  and  last  verses 
ran  thus — 

Pauvre  Jacques,  quand  j'etais  prfes  de  tol, 

Je  ne  sentais  pas  ma  mis^re; 
Mais  ^  present  que  tu  vis  loin  de  moi, 

Je  manque  de  tout  sur  la  terre. 
Poor  Jack,  while  I  was  near  to  thee, 

Tho'  poor,  my  bliss  was  unalloyed ; 
But  now  thou  dwell'st  so  far  from  me. 

The  world  appears  a  lonesome  void. 

E.  C.  B. 

Fa'via  [Battle  of).  Fran9ois  I.  of 
France  is  said  to  have  written  to  his 
mother  these  words  after  the  loss  of  this 
battle,  "  Madame,  tout  est  perdu  hors 
J'honneur ; "  but  what  he  really  wrote 
was,  "Madame  .  .  .  de  toutes  choses 
ne  m'est  demeur^  pas  que  I'honneur  et  la 
vie.' 

And  with  a  noble  siege  revolted  Pavia  took. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xviii.  (1613). 

Payilion     of    prince    Ahmed. 

This  pavilion  was  so  small  that  it  might 
be  held  and  covered  by  the  hand,  and 
yet  so  large  when  pitched  that  a  whole 
army  could  encamp  beneath  it.  Its  size, 
however,  was  elastic,  being  always  pro- 
portionate to  the  army  to  be  covered  by 
it. — Arabian  Nights  ("  Ahmed  and  Pari- 
Banou  "). 

Pavilion  {Meinheer  Hermann),  the 

syndic  at  Li^ge  \Le-aje\ 

Mother  Mabel  Pavilion,  wife  of  mein- 
heer  Hermann. 

Trudchen  or  Gertrude  Pavilion,  their 
daughter,  betrothed  to  Hans  Glover. — 
Sir  IV.  Scott :  Queniin  Durward  (time, 
Edward  IV.). 

Pawkins  {Major),  a  huge,  heavy 
man,  "one  of  the  most  remarkable  of 
the  age."     He  was  a  great  politician  and 


great  patriot,  but  generally  under  a  cloud, 
wholly  owing  to  his  distinguished  genius 
for  bold  speculations,  not  to  say  "  swind- 
ling schemes."  His  creed  was  "  to  run  a 
moist  pen  slick  through  everything,  and 
start  afresh." — Dickens  :  Martin  Chuzzle- 
wit  (1844). 

Pawnbrokers'  Balls.  Every  one 
knows  that  these  balls  are  the  arms  of 
the  Medici  family,  but  it  is  not  so  well 
known  that  they  refer  to  an  exploit  of 
Averardo  de  Medici,  a  commander  under 
Charlemagne.  This  bold  warrior  slew 
the  giant  Mugello,  whose  club  he  bore  as 
a  trophy.  This  mace  or  club  had  three 
iron  balls,  which  the  family  adopted  as 
their  device. — Roscoe  :  Life  of  Lorenzo  de 
Medici  (1796). 

Fayuim  Harper  {The),  referred  to 
by  Tennyson  in  the  Last  Tournament, 
was  Orpheus. 

Swine,  goats,  rams,  and  geese 
Trooped  round  a  paynim  harper  once,  .  .  . 
Then  were  swine,  goats,  asses,  geese 
The  wiser  fools,  seeing  the  paynim  bard 
Had  such  a  mastery  of  his  mystery 
That  he  could  harp  his  wife  up  out  of  hell. 

Tennyson  ;  The  Last  Tournament  (1859). 

Peace  {Prince  of),  don  Manuel  Godoy, 
born  at  Badajoz.  So  called  because  he 
concluded  the  "  peace  of  Basle  "  between 
the  French  and  Spanish  nations  in  1795 
(1767-1851). 

The  Father  of  Peace,  Andrea  Doria 
(1469-1560). 

Peace  {The  Perpetual),  a  peace  con- 
cluded between  England  and  Scotland, 
a  few  years  after  the  battle  of  Flodden 
Field  (January  24,  1502). 

Peace  {The  Surest  Way  to).  Fox, 
afterwards  bishop  of  Hereford,  said  to 
Henry  VIII.,  The  surest  way  to  peace  is 
a  constant  preparation  for  war.  The 
Romans  had  the  axiom.  Si  vis  pacem, 
para  bellum.  It  was  said  of  Edgar,  sur- 
named  "the  Peaceful,"  king  of  England, 
that  he  preserved  peace  in  those  turbulent 
times  "by  being  always  prepared  for 
war  "  (reigned  959-975). 

Peace  at  any  Price.  M^zeray 
says  of  Louis  XII.,  that  he  had  such 
detestation  of  war,  that  he  rather  chose 
to  lose  his  duchy  of  MKlan  than  burden 
his  subjects  with  a  war-tax. — Histoire  de 
France  (1643). 

Peace  of  Antal'cidas,  the  peace 
concluded  by  Antalcidas  the  Spartan  and 
Artaxerxes  (B.C.  387). 


PEACE  OF  GOD. 


817 


PECKSNIFF. 


Peace  of  God,  a  peace  enforced  by 
the  clergy  on  the  barons  of  Christendom, 
to  prevent  the  perpetual  feuds  between 
baron  and  baron  (1035). 

Peace  to  the  Souls.  (See  Morna, 
p.  727.) 

Peacli'iiin,  a  pimp,  patron  of  a  gang 
of  thieves,  and  receiver  of  their  stolen 
goods.  His  house  is  the  resort  of  thieves, 
pickpockets,  and  villains  of  all  sorts.  He 
betrays  his  comrades  when  it  is  for  his 
own  benefit,  and  even  procures  the  arrest 
of  captain  Macheath. 

The  quarrel  between  Peachura  and  Lockit  was  an 
allusion  to  a  personal  collision  between  Walpole  and 
his  colleague  lord  Townsend.— ^.  Chambers:  Enslish 
Literature,  i.  571. 

Mrs.  Peachum,  wife  of  Peachum.  She 
recommends  her  daughter  Polly  to  be 
"  somewhat  nice  in  her  deviations  from 
Tirtue." 

Polly  Peachum,  daughter  of  Peachum. 
(See  Polly.)— Gaj'.-  The  Beggar's  Opera 
(1727). 

Peacock's  Feather  Unlucky  [A). 
The  peacock's  feather  is  the  emblem  of 
an  evil  eye,  an  ever-vigilant  false  friend  or 
traitor.  The  tale  is  this  :  Argus  was  the 
chief  minister  of  Osiris  king  of  Egypt. 
When  the  king  started  on  his  Indian 
expedition,  he  left  queen  Isis  regent,  with 
Argus  for  her  chief  adviser.  Argus,  with 
his  hundred  eyes  (or  rather  secret  spies), 
soon  made  himself  powerful,  shut  up  the 
queen-regent  in  a  strong  castle,  and  pro- 
claimed himself  king.  Mercury  marched 
against  him,  took  him  prisoner,  and  cut 
off  his  head.  Whereupon,  Juno  metamor- 
phosed him  into  a  peacock,  and  set  his 
hundred  eyes  in  his  tail. 

Pearl.  It  is  said  that  Cleopatra 
swallowed  a  pearl  of  more  value  than  the 
whole  of  the  banquet  she  had  provided 
in  honour  of  Antony.  This  she  did  when 
she  drank  to  his  health. 

H  The  same  sort  of  extravagant  folly  is 
told  of  ^sopus  son  of  Clodius  ^sopus 
the  actor. — Horace:  a  Satires,  iii.  vers. 

239- 

5  A  similar  act  of  vanity  and  folly  is 
ascribed  to  sir  Thomas  Gresham,  when 
queen  Elizabeth  dined  at  the  City  banquet, 
after  her  visit  to  the  Royal  Exchange. 

Here  ;^  15,000  at  one  clap  goes 

Instead  of  sugar ;  Gresham  drinks  the  pearl 

Unto  his  queen  and  mistress. 

Heywood. 

Pearl  of  Ireland  {The),  St.  Bridget 
or  Brigette  (1302- 1373). 


Pearl  of  the  Antilles  { The),  Cuba, 
which  belongs  to  Spain. 

Pearson  (Captain  Gilbert),  officer  in 
attendance  on  Cromwell.— 5ir  W.  Scott: 
Woodstock  (time.  Commonwealth). 

Peasant-Bard  (TA.?),  Robert  Burns 
(/759  -1796). 
'  Peasant-Boy  Philosopher  ( The), 

James  Ferguson  (1710-1776). 

Peasant-Painter     of     Sweden, 

Horberg.     His  chief  paintings  are  altar- 
pieces. 

The  altar-piece  painted  by  HOrberg. 
LongftUo-w  :  The  Children  t/the  LtrtCs  Snfiftr, 

Peasant-Poet  of  Northampton- 
shire, John  Clare  (1793-1864). 

Peasant  of  the  Danube  {The), 
Louis  Legendre,  a  member  of  the  French 
National  Convention  (1755-1797) ;  called 
in  French  Le  Paysan  du  Danube,  from 
his  "  Eloquence  sauvage." 

Peasants'  War  {The),  a  revolt  of 
the  German  peasantry  in  Swabia  and 
Franconia,  and  subsequently  in  Saxony, 
Thuringia,  and  Alsace,  occasioned  by  the 
oppression  of  the  nobles  and  the  clergy 
(1500-1525). 

Peaseblossom,  a  fairy  in  Shake- 
speare's Midsummer  Night's  Dream. 
Other  of  the  fairies  are  Cobweb,  Moth, 
and  Mustardseed  (1592). 

Peau  de  Chag-rin,  a  story  by 
Balzac.  The  hero  becomes  possessed  of 
a  magical  wild  ass's  skin,  which  yielded 
him  the  means  of  gfratifying  every  wish ; 
but  for  every  wish  thus  gratified  the  skin 
shrank  somewhat,  and  at  last  vanished, 
having  been  wished  entirely  away.  The 
hero  died  at  the  moment  the  skin  disap- 
peared. I-.ife  is  a  peau  d'ane,  for  every 
vital  act  diminishes  its  force,  and  when 
all  its  force  is  gone,  life  is  spent  (1834). 

Peckover,  the  butcher,  and  leader 
of  the  "Blue  Lambs."— T^j^*  Taylor: 
The  Contested  Election  (i860). 

Niver  a  j'int  of  meat  distributed  among  the  poor  of 
the  borough ;  and  me  that  has  known  an  election 
make  a  ditfercnce  of  a  score  of  bullocks  in  a  month. 
Oh,  it  is  mean  1  it  is  mean  1 

Peck'sniff,  "architect  and  land  sur- 
veyor," at  Salisbury.  He  talks  homilies 
even  in  drunkenness,  prates  about  the 
beauty  of  charity  and  the  duty  of  forgive- 
ness, but  is  altogether  a  canting  humbug. 
Ultimately  he  is  so  reduced  in  position 
that  he  becomes  "  a  drunken,  begging, 
squalid,  letter-writing  man,"  out  at 
elbows,  and  almost  shoeless.     Pecksniff's 


PEDANT. 


8i8 


PEELER 


speciality  was  the  ' '  sleek,  smiling,  crawl- 
ing abomination  of  hypocrisy." 

if  ever  man  combined  within  himself  all  the  mild 
aualities  •{  th«  lamb  with  a  considerable  touch  of  the 
dove,  and  not  a  dash  of  the  crocodile,  or  the  least 
possible  suggestion  of  the  very  mildest  seasoning  of  tne 
serpent,  that  nwin  was  Mr.  Pecksniff,  "  the  messenger 
of  peace."— Ch.  iv. 

Charity  and  Mercy  Pecksniff,  the  two 
daughters  of  the  "architect  and  land, 
surveyor."  Charity  is  thin,  ill-natured, 
and  a  shrew,  eventually  jilted  by  a  weak 
young  man,  who  really  loves  her  sister. 
Mercy  Pecksniff,  usually  called  "  Merry," 
is  pretty  and  true-hearted.  Though  flip- 
pant and  foolish  as  a  girl,  she  becomes 
greatly  toned  down  by  the  troubles  of  lier 
married  life. — Dickens  :  Martin  Chuzzle- 
wit  (1843). 

Pedant,  an  old  fellow  set  up  to  per- 
sonate  Vincentio  in  Shakespeare's  comedy 
called  The  Taming  of  the  Shrew  (1695). 

Fedliugtou  [Little),  an  imaginary 
borough  in  which   quackery,   cant,   hy- 

?Dcrisy,    and    humbug    abound.      John 
oole  wrote,   in    1839,    a    satire    called 
Little  Pedlington  and  the  Pedlingtonians. 

F^dre  {Don),  a  Sicilian  nobleman, 
who  has  a  Greek  slave  of  great  beauty 
named  Isidore  (3  syl.).  This  slave  is 
loved  by  Adraste  (2  syl.),  a  French 
gentleman,  who  gains  access  to  the  house 
under  the  guise  of  a  portrait-painter. 
(For  the  rest,  see  Adraste,  p.  10.) 
— Moliire :  Le  Sicilien  ou  L' Amour 
Peintre  (1667). 

Fedrillo,  the  tutor  of  don  Juan. 
After  the  shipwreck,  the  men  in  the  boat, 
being  wholly  without  provisions,  cast  lots 
to  know  which  should  be  killed  as  food 
for  the  rest,  and  the  lot  fell  on  Pedrillo, 
but  those  who  feasted  on  him  most 
ravenously  went  mad. 

His  tutor,  the  licentiate  Pedrillo, 
Who  several  languages  did  understand. 
Byron  :  Don  Juan,  ii.  25  ;  see  76-79  (iSiy), 

PE'DBO,  "the  pilgrim,"  a  noble 
gentleman,  servant  to  Alinda  (daughter  of 
lord  Alphonso). — Fletcher:  The  Pilgrim 
(1621). 

Fedro  {Don),  prince  of  Aragon. — 
Shakespeare :  Much  Ado  about  Nothing 
(1600). 

Fedro  {DofC\,  father  of   Leonora. — 

Jephson :  Two  Strings  to  your  Bow  (1792). 

Fedro  {Don),  a  Portuguese  nobleman, 
father  of  donna  Violante. — Centlivre  : 
The  Wonder  (1714). 

Fedro  {Dr.),  whose  full  name  was  Dr. 
Pedro  Rezio  de  Aguero,  court  physician 


in  the  island  of  Barataria.  He  carried  a 
whalebone  rod  in  his  hand,  and  whenever 
any  dish  of  food  was  set  before  Sancho 
Panza  the  governor,  he  touched  it  with 
his  wand,  that  it  might  be  instantly  re- 
moved, as  unfit  for  the  governor  to  eat. 
Partridges  were  "forbidden  by  Hippoc'- 
ratds,"  oUa  podridas  were  "most  per- 
nicious," rabbits  were  "a  sharp-haired 
diet,"  veal  might  not  be  touched,  but  "a 
few  wafers  and  a  thin  slice  or  two  of 
quince  "  might  not  be  harmful. 

The  governor,  being  served  with  some  beef  hashed 
with  onions,  .  .  .  fell  to  with  more  avidity  than  if  he 
had  been  set  down  to  Milan  godwits,  Roman  phea- 
sants, Sorrento  veal,  Moron  partridges,  or  green 
geese  of  Lavajos;  and  turning  to  Dr.  Pedro,  he  said, 
"  Look  you,  signor  doctor,  I  want  no  dainties,  .  .  . 
for  I  have  been  always  used  to  beef,  bacon,  pork, 
turnips,  and  ovCxon^."— Cervantes :  Don  QuixoU,  II. 
iii.  10,  12  (1615). 

Dr.  Sangrado  seems  to  be  copied  in 
some  measure  from  this  character.  His 
panacea  was  hot  water  and  stewed  apples. 
— Lesage:  Gil  Bias  {171  $-3$)- 

Dr.  Hancock  (a  real  character)  pre- 
scribed cold  water  and  stewed  prunes. 

Feebles  {Peter),  the  pauper  litigant. 
He  is  vain,  litigious,  hard-hearted,  and 
credulous ;  a  liar,  a  drunkard,  and  a 
pauper.  His  "ganging  plea"  is  Ho- 
garthian  comic— Sir  W.  Scott:  Red- 
gauntlet  (time,  George  IIL). 

Feecher  {Miss),  a  schoolmistress,  in 
the  flat  country  where  Kent  and  Surrey 
meet.  "Small,  shining,  neat  methodical, 
and  buxom  was  Miss  Peecher ;  cherry- 
cheeked  and  tuneful  of  voice.  A  little 
pincushion,  a  little  hussif,  a  little  book, 
a  little  work-box,  a  little  set  of  tables  and 
weights  and  measures,  and  a  little  woman, 
all  in  one.  She  could  write  a  little  essay 
on  any  subject  exactly  a  slate  long,  and 
strictly  according  to  rule.  If  Mr.  Bradley 
Headstone  had  proposed  marriage  to  her, 
she  would  certainly  have  replied  '  yes, ' 
for  she  loved  him  ;"  but  Mr.  Headstone 
did  not  love  Miss  Peecher — he  loved  Lizzie 
Hexam,  and  had  no  love  to  spare  for  any 
other  woman. — Dickens:  Our  Mutual 
Friend,  ii.  i  (1864). 

Feel  -  the  -  Causeway  {Old),  h 
smuggler. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Redgauntlei 
(time,  George  III.). 

Feeler  {Sir),  any  crop  which  greatly 
impoverishes  the  ground.  To  peel  is  to 
impoverish  soil,  as  "oats,  rye,  barley, 
and  grey  wheat,"  but  not  peas  (xxxiii.  51). 

WTieat  doth  not  well. 
Nor  after  sir  Peeler  he  loveth  to  dwell. 

Tusser :  Five  Hiotdred  Points  o/Goti 
Jiusbandry,  xviiL  12  (1557). 


PEELERS, 

Feelers,  the  constabulary  of  Ireland, 
appointed  under  the  Peace  Preservation 
Act  of  1814,  proposed  by  sir  Robert  Peel. 
The  name  was  subsequently  given  to  the 
new  police  of  England,  who  are  also  called 
"  Bobbies"  from  sir  Robert  Peel. 

Feelites  (2  syl.),  those  who  re- 
mained faithful  to  sir  Robert  Peel  on 
the  second  reading  of  the  Corn  Law 
Bill.  In  1846  about  two-fifths  of  the 
Tory  party  revolted,  and  248  of  thera 
voted  against  sir  Robert  on  the  second 
reading  of  the  Corn  Law  Bill.  Of  these 
revolters  80,  under  the  leadership  of  lord 
George  Bentinck  and  Benjamin  Disraeli, 
joined  the  Liberals,  defeated  the  Irish 
Coercion  Bill,  and  turned  out  the  Govern- 
ment. Between  1847-18^52  those  who 
followed  Peel  were  called  Peelites;  but  in 
1852,  under  the  coalition  Government 
the  name  disappeared. 

Peep-o'-Day  Boys,  Irish  insurgents 
of  1784,  who  prowled  about  at  daybreak, 
searching  for  arms. 

Peeping-  Tom  of  Coventry. 
(See  GoDivA,  p.  432.) 

Peerage  of  tlie  Saint^V     In  the 

preamble  of  the  statutes  instituting  the 
Order  of  St.  Michael,  founded  by  Louis 
XI.  in  1469,  the  archangel  is  styled  "my 
lord,"  and  created  a  knight.  The  apostles 
had  been  already  ennobled  and  knighted. 
We  read  of  "the  earl  Peter,"  "count 
Paul,"  "the  baron  Stephen,"  and  so  on. 
Thus,  in  the  introduction  of  a  sermon 
upon  St.  Stephen's  Day,  we  have  these 
lines — 

Entendes  toutes  a  chest  sermon, 

Et  clair  et  lai  tules  environ ; 

Contes  vous  vueil  lela  pation 

De  St.  Estieul  lo  baron. 
The  apostles  were  gentlemen  of  bloude,  and  manya 
•f  them  descended  from  that  worthy  conqueror  Judas 
Mackabeus,  though,  through  the  tract  of  time  and 
persecution  of  wars,  poverty  oppressed  the  kindred, 
and  they  were  constrayned  to  servile'works.  Christ 
was  also  a  gentleman  on  the  mother's  side,  and  might. 
If  He  had  esteemed  of  the  vayne  glorye  of  this  world, 
have  borne  coat  armour.— 77k  BUtxon  of  Gentrii 
(quarto). 

Peerce  (i  syl.),  a  generic  name  for  a 
farmer  or  ploughman.  Piers  the  plow- 
man is  the  name  assumed  by  Robert  or 
William  Langland,  in  a  historico-satirical 
poem  so  called. 

And  yet,  my  priests,  pray  you  to  God  for  Peerce  .  .  . 
And  if  you  have  a  "pater  noster  "  spare. 
Then  shal  you  pray  tor  saylers. 

Gascoignt  :   The  Steele  Glas  (diid  1577). 

Peery  {Paul),  landlord  of  the  Ship, 
t)over. 

Mrs,  Peery,  Paul's  wife. — Colman  : 
Ways  and  Means  (1788). 


819 


PEGASUS. 


Peery  bin  gle  {yokn).  a  carrier, 
"lumbering,  slow,  and  honest;  heavy, 
but  light  of  spirit ;  rough  upon  the  sur- 
face, but  gentle  at  the  core ;  dull  without, 
but  quick  within  ;  stolid,  but  so  good. 
O  mother  Nature,  give  thy  children 
the  true  poetry  of  heart  that  hid  itself 
in  this  poor  carrier's  breast,  and  we  can 
bear  to  have  them  talking  prose  all  their 
life  long  ! " 

Mrs.  [Mary]  Peerybingle,  called  by  her 
husband  "Dot."  She  was  a  little  chubby, 
cheery,  young  wife,  very  fond  of  her 
husband,  and  very  proud  of  her  baby ; 
a  good  housewife,  who  delighted  in 
making  the  house  snug  and  cozy  for 
John,  when  he  came  home  after  his  day's 
work.  She  called  him  "a  dear  old 
darling  of  a  dunce,"  or  "  her  httle 
goosie."  She  sheltered  Edward  Plummer 
in  her  cottage  for  a  time,  and  thereby 
placed  herself  under  a  cloud  ;  but  the 
marriage  of  Edward  with  May  Fielding 
cleared  up  the  mystery,  and  John  loved 
his  little  Dot  more  fondly  than  ever. — 
Dickens:  The  Cricket  on  the  Hearth 
(1845). 

Pegf,  sister  of  John  Bull ;  meant  for 
the  Presbyterian  Church.  Peter  is  the 
Catholic  party.  Martin  [Luther]  the 
Lutheran  party,  and  John  [Calvinj  the 
Calvinistic  party. 

What  think  you  of  my  sister  Peg  [Scotland],  that 
faints  at  the  sound  of  an  organ,  and  yet  will  dance  and 
frisk  at  the  noise  of  a  bagpipe  J—ZJr.  Arbuthnot: 
History  of  John  Bull  (1712). 

Peg.  Drink  to  your  peg.  King  Edgar 
ordered  that  "pegs  should  be  fastened 
into  drinking-horns  at  stated  distances, 
and  whoever  drank  beyond  his  peg  at  one 
draught  should  be  obnoxious  to  a  severe 
punishment." 

I  had  lately  a  peg-tankard  in  my  hand.  It  had  on 
the  inside  a  row  of  eight  pins,  one  above  another, 
from  bottom  to  top.  It  held  two  quarts,  so  that  there 
was  a  gill  of  liquor  between  peg  and  peg.  Whoever 
drank  short  of  his  pin  or  beyond  it,  was  obliged  to 
drink  to  the  next,  and  so  on  till  the  tankard  was 
drained  to  the  bottom. — Sharpt :  History  0/  the 
Kin£^s  of  England. 

Peg-a-Ramsey,  the  heroine  of  an 
old  song.  Percy  says  it  was  an  indecent 
ballad.  Shakespeare  alludes  to  it  in  his 
Twelfth  Night,  act  ii.  sc.  3  (1614). 

James  I.  had  been  much  struck  with  the  beauty  and 
embarrassment  of  the  pretty  Peg-a-Ramsey,  as  he 
called  her.— 5»r  IV.  Scott. 

Peg'asns,  the  winged  horse  of  the 
Muses.  It  was  caught  by  Bellerophon, 
who  mounted  thereon,  and  destroyed  the 
Chimaera  ;  but  when  he  attempted  to 
ascend  to  heaven,  he  was  thrown  from 
the  horse,  and  Pegasus  mounted  alone  to 


PEGG. 


PELICAN  ISLAND. 


the  skies,  where  it  became  the  constella- 
tion of  the  same  name. 

To  break  Pegasus  s  neck,  to  write  halting 
poetry. 

Some,  free  from  rhsrme  or  reason,  rule  or  check. 
Break  Priscian's  head,  and  Pegasus's  neck. 

Pope:  The  Duttciad,  iii.  i6i  (1728). 

N.B. — To  "  break /*m«(2«' J  head  "  is 
to  write  bad  grammar.  Priscian  was  a 
great  grammarian  of  the  fifth  century. 

Fegfg  [Katharine],  one  of  the  mistresses 
of  Charles  II.  She  was  the  daughter  of 
Thomas  Pegg,  Esq.,  of  Yeldersey,  in 
Derbyshire. 

Pegfgfot'ty  [Clara],  servant-girl  of 
Mrs.  Copperfield,  and  the  faithful  old 
nurse  of  David  Copperfield.  Her  name 
"  Clara "  was  tabooed,  because  it  was 
the  name  of  Mrs.  Copperfield.  Clara 
Peggotty  married  Barkis  the  carrier. 

Being  very  plump,  whenever  she  made  any  little 
exertion  after  she  was  dressed,  some  of  the  buttons  on 
»he  back  of  her  gown  flew  off.— Ch.  ii. 

Danel  Peggotty,  brother  of  David 
Copperfield's  nurse.  Dan'el  was  a  Yar- 
mouth fisherman.  His  nephew  Ham 
Peggotty,  and  his  brother-in-law's  child 
"little  Em'ly,"  lived  with  him.  Dan'el 
himself  was  a  bachelor,  and  a  Mrs.  Gum- 
midge  (widow  of  his  late  partner)  kept 
house  for  him.  Dan'el  Peggotty  was  most 
tender-hearted,  and  loved  little  Em'ly 
dearly. 

Ham  Peggotty,  nephew  of  Dan'el  Peg- 
gotty of  Yarmouth,  and  son  of  Joe, 
Dan'el's  brother.  Ham  was  in  love  with 
little  Em'ly,  daughter  of  Tom  (Dan's 
brother-in-law)  ;  but  Steerforth  stepped 
in  between  them,  and  stole  Em'ly  away. 
Ham  Peggotty  is  represented  as  the  very 
beau-ideal  of  an  uneducated,  simple- 
minded,  honest,  and  warm-hearted  fisher- 
man. He  was  drowned  in  his  attempt  to 
rescue  Steerforth  from  the  sea. 

Em'ly  Peggotty,  daughter  of  Dan's 
brother-in-law  Tom.  She  was  engaged 
to  Ham  Peggotty ;  but  being  fascinated 
with  Steerforth,  ran  off  with  him.  She 
was  afterwards  reclaimed,  and  emigrated 
to  Australia  with  Dan'el  and  Mrs.  Gum- 
midge. — Dickens :  David  Copperfield 
(1849). 

Peggfy,  grandchild  of  the  old  widow 
Maclure  a  covenanter. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Pegfgy,  the  laundry-maid  of  colonel 
Mannering  at  Woodburne.— 5?>  W. 
Scott:  Guy  Mannering  [time,  George  II.). 

Pefffify  [Thrift],  the  orphan  daugh- 


ter of  sir  Thomas  Thrift  of  Hampshire, 
and  the  ward  of  Moody,  who  brings  her 
up  in  perfect  seclusion  in  the  country. 
(For  the  rest  of  the  tale,  see  Moody  ) — 
The  Country  Girl  (Garrick,  altered  from 
Wycherly's  Country  Wife,  1675). 

Mrs.  Jordan  [1762-1816]  made  her  first  appearance  in 
London  at  Drury  Lane  in  1785.  The  character  she 
selected  was  "  Peggy,"  her  success  was  immediate,  her 
salary  doubled,  and  she  was  allowed  two  benefits.— 
W.  C.  Russell:  Representative  Actors. 

Fegfler  [Mrs.],  mother  of  Josiah 
Bounderby,  Esq. ,  banker  and  mill-owner, 
called  "The  Bully  of  Humility."  The 
son  allows  the  old  woman  ^^30  a  year  to 
keep  out  of  sight. — Dickens:  Hard  Timet 
{1854). 

Fek'uali,  the  attendant  of  princess 
Nekayah,  of  the  "happy  valley."  She 
accompanied  the  princess  in  her  wander- 
ings, but  refused  to  enter  the  great 
pyramid.  While  the  princess  was  ex- 
ploring the  chambers,  Pekuah  was  carried 
off  by  some  Arabs  ;  but  was  afterwards 
ransomed  for  200  ounces  of  gold. — Dr. 
Johnson:  Rasselas  (1759). 

Pelay'o  [Prince],  son  of  Favil'a, 
founder  of  the  Spanish  monarchy  after 
the  overthrow  of  Roderick  last  of  the 
Gotliic  kings.  Prince  Pelayo  united,  in 
his  own  person,  the  royal  lines  of  Spain 
and  of  the  Goths. 

In  him  the  old  Iberian  blood, 
Of  royal  and  remotest  ancestry 
From  undisputed  source,  flowed  undefiled  .  •  . 
He,  too,  of  Chindasuintho's  regal  line 
Sole  remnant  now,  drew  after  him  the  lore 
Of  all  true  Goths. 

Southey:  Roderick,  etc.,  viii.  (1814). 

Felhau,  the  hero  of  a  novel  by  lord 
Lytton,  entitled  Pelham  or  The  Adven- 
tures of  a  Gentleman  (1828). 

FeUxam  [M.],  one  of  the  many  aliases 
of  sir  R.  Phillips,  under  which  he  pub- 
lished The  Parent's  and  Tutors  First 
Catechism.  In  the  preface  he  calls  the 
writer  authoress.  Some  of  his  other 
names  are  Rev.  David  Blair,  Rev.  C.  C. 
Clarke,  Rev.  J.  Goldsmith. 

Fe'lian  Spear  [The],  the  lance  of 
Achillas  which  wounded  and  cured  Te'- 
lephos.  So  called  from  Peleus  the  father 
of  Achillas. 

Such  was  the  cure  the  Arcadian  hero  found — 
The  Pelian  spear  that  wounded,  made  him  sound. 
Ovid:  Remedy  of  Love. 

Felicaix  Island  [The],  a  poem  in 
blank  verse,  extending  over  nine  cantos, 
by  James  Montgomery  (1827). 

Canto  L    Disembodied  soul,  with  vital  imagination, 
longing  for  companionship. 
Canto  iL    The  first  era  of  creation,  the  period  oj 


PELIDES. 


821 


PELOBATE& 


fehes,  when  the  coral  built  reefs  which  became  dry 
lands. 

Canto  iii.  The  third  period  of  creation  saw  the 
reefs  made  fertile  with  all  the  variety  of  the  vegetable 
world  ;  then  came  insects  innumerKble,  reptiles,  and 
lastly  monsters.  A  cataplasm  swept  over  the  earth, 
«nd  every  plant  and  animal  was  destroyed. 

Canto  IV.  Surviving  germs  of  the  preceding  world 
resuscitate  and  fill  the  earth  with  vegetables  of  smaller 
gro\vth,  flowers,  insects,  reptiles;  and  pelicans  domi- 
oaje  both  seas  and  land. 

Canto  v.  Coral  reefs  increase  in  number  and  in 
fjze.  The  period  was  the  Age  of  Birds,  chiefly 
amphibious,  but  still  the  pelican  ruled  supreme,  and 
lived  out  its  hundred  years. 

Canto  vi.  Animals  of  all  sorts  increase.  The 
dreamer  is  then  transferred  to  a  spot  where  he  sees 
man  ;  but  it  is  man  in  his  most  savage  state,  cannibal 
man,  untutored  and  savage.  He  tyrannizes  over 
woman,  as  the  weaker  vessel,  but  in  his  lowest  state 
retains  one  spark  of  deity— love. 

Canto  vii.  Man  dies,  and  what  becomes  of  him? 
No  particle  remains  to  tell  us,  but  we  feel  assured 
there  is  a  rest.^ind  everlasting  rest,  especially  for  those 
who  lived  j^et  knew  no  sin. 

Canto  viii.  God  has  given  man  intelligence  to  enjoy 
■nd  improve  his  condition  ;  conscience  to  rebuke  him 
for  wrong-doing ;  a  revelation  to  lead  him  into  truth, 
and  a  redeemer  to  ransom  him ;  but,  alas !  one  looks 
abroad,  and  the  question  arises,  "  Lord  God,  why 
hast  Thou  made  all  men  in  vain?  " 

Canto  ix.  Nothing  on  earth  can  satisfy  man's 
aspirations.  Heaven  and  earth  may  pass  away,  but 
that  which  thinks  within  us  can  never  cease  to  be. 

Peli'des  (3  syl.),  Achillas,  son  of 
Peleus  (2  syl. ),  chief  of  the  Greek  warriors 
at  the  siege  of  Troy. — Homer  :  Iliad. 

When,  like  Peiides,  bold  beyond  control. 
Homer  raised  high  to  heaven  the  loud  impetuous  son^. 
Beattie:  The  Minstrel  (1773-4). 

Feliou  ["mud-sprung"],  one  of  the 
frog  chieftains. 

A  spear  at  Pelion,  Troglodytes  cast 
The  missive  spear  within  the  bosom  past 
Death's  sable  shades  the  fainting  frog  surround. 
And  life's  red  tide  runs  ebbing  from  the  wound. 

Parnell:  Battle  of  the  Frogs  and  Mice,  iii. 
(about  1712). 

Pell  (Solomon),  an  attorney  in  the 
Insolvent  Debtors'  Court.  He  has  the 
^ery  highest  opinions  of  his  own  merits, 
and  by  his  aid  Tony  Weller  contrives  to 
get  his  son  Sam  sent  to  the  Fleet  for  debt, 
that  he  may  be  near  Mr.  Pickwick  to 
protect  and  wait  upou  him. — Dickens; 
The  Pickwick  Papers  (1836). 

Felleas  {Sir),  lord  of  many  isles,  and 
noted  for  his  great  muscular  strength. 
He  fell  in  love  with  lady  Ettard,  but  the 
lady  did  not  return  his  love.  Sir  Gaw'ain 
promised  to  advocate  his  cause  with  the 
lady,  but  played  him  false.  Sir  Felleas 
caught  them  in  unseemly  dalliance  with 
each  other,  but  forbore  to  kill  th«m. 
By  the  power  of  enchantment,  the  lady 
was  made  to  dote  on  sir  Pelleas  ;  but  the 
knight  would  have  nothing  to  say  to  her, 
so  she  pined  and  died.  After  the  lady 
Ettard  played  him  false,  the  Damsel  of 
the  Lake  "rejoiced  him,  and  they  loved 
together  during  their  whole  lives'." — Sir 


T.  Malory  :  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i. 

79-82  (1470). 

N.B.— Sir  Pelleas  must  not  be  con- 
founded with  sir  Pelles  (q.v.). 

(One  of  the  Idylls  of  lord  Tennyson  is 
called  '*  Pelleas  and  Etarre.") 

Fellegrin,  the  pseudonym  of  De  la 
Motte  Fouqu6  (1777-1843). 

Pelles  {Sir),  of  Corbin  Castle,  "king 
of  the  foragn  land  and  nigh  cousin  of 
Joseph  of  Arimathy."  He  was  father  of 
sir  Eliazar,  and  of  the  lady  Elaine  who 
fell  in  love  with  sir  Launcelot,  by  whom 
she  became  the  mother  of  sir  Galahad 
' '  who  achieved  the  quest  of  the  holy 
graal."  This  Elaine  was  not  the  "lily 
maid  of  Astolat." 

While  sir  Launcelot  was  visiting  king 
Pelles,  a  glimpse  of  the  holy  graal  was 
vouchsafed  them — 

For  when  they  went  into  the  castle  to  take  their 
repast  .  .  there  came  a  dove  to  the  window,  and  in 
her  bill  was  a  little  censer  of  gold,  and  there  withall 
was  such  a  savour  as  though  all  the  spicery  of  the 
world  had  been  there  .  .  .  and  a  damsel,  passing  fair, 
bare  a  vessel  of  gold  between  her  hands,  and  thereto 
the  king  kneeled  devoutly  and  said  his  prayers.  ,  .  . 
"Oh  mercy  1"  said  sir  Launcelot,  "what  may  this 
mean?"  .  .  .  "This,"  said  the  king,  "is  the  holy 
Sancgreall  which  ye  have  seen."— i:t>  T,  Malory: 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,  iii.  2  (1470). 

Pellinore  {Sir),  one  of  the  knights 
of  the  Round  Table,  and  called  the 
"Knight  of  the  Stranger  Beast."  Sir 
Pellinore  slew  king  Lot  of  Orkeney,  but 
was  himself  slain  ten  years  afterwards  by 
sir  Gawaine  one  of  Lot's  sons  (pt.  i.  35). 
Sir  Pellinore  (3  syl.)  had,  by  the  wife  of 
Aries  the  cowherd,  a  son  named  sir  Tor, 
who  was  the  first  knight  of  the  Round 
Table  created  by  king  Arthur  (pt.  i.  47, 
48) ;  one  daughter,  Elein,  by  the  Lady  of 
Rule  (pt.  iii.  10) ;  and  three  sons  in  lawful 
wedlock :  viz.  sir  Aglouale  (sometimes 
called  Aglavale,  probably  a  clerical  error), 
sir  Lamorake  Dornar  (also  called  sir 
Lamorake  de  Galis),  and  sir  Percivale  de 
Galis  (pt.  ii.  108).  The  widow  succeeded 
to  the  throne  (pt.  iii.  xo).—Sir  T.  Malory: 
History  of  Prince  Arthur  {x^jo). 

Milton  calls  the  name  "Pellenore"  (2 
syl.).  In  fact  each  of  the  names  in  the 
last  line  of  the  following  quotation  is  a 
dissyllable :  Laace-lot',  or  Pelle-as,  or 
Pelle-nore. 

Fair  damsels,  met  In  forests  wide 
By  knights  of  Logres  or  of  Lyones, 
Lancelot,  or  Pelleas,  or  Pellenore. 

Milton 

Pelob'ates  (4  syl.),  one  of  the  frog 
champions.  The  word  means  "  mud- 
wader."  In  the  battle  he  flings  a  heap 
of  mud  against  Psycarpax  the  Hector 


PELOPS'  SHOULDER. 

of  the  mice,  and  half  blinds  him ;  but 
the  warrior  mouse  heaves  a  stone  "  whose 
bulk  would  need  ten  degenerate  mice  of 
modern  days  to  lift,"  and  the  mass,  falling 
on  the  "  mud-wader,"  breaks  his  leg. — 
Parnell :  Battle  of  the  Frogs  and  Mice, 
iii.  (about  1712). 

Pel 'ops'  Shoulder,  ivory.  The 
tale  is  that  Demeter  ate  the  shoulder  of 
Pclops  when  it  was  served  up  by  Tan'- 
talos  for  food.  The  gods  restored  Pelops 
to  life  by  putting  the  dismembered  body 
into  a  caldron,  but  found  that  it  lacked  a 
shoulder ;  whereupon  Demeter  supplied 
him  with  an  ivory  shoulder,  and  all  his 
descendants  bore  this  distinctive  mark. 

N.B.— It  will  be  remembered  that 
Pythag'oras  had  2i  golden  thigh. 

Your  forehead  high. 
And  smooth  as  Pelops'  shoulder. 
J.  Fletcher  :  The  Faithful  Shepherdess,  ii.  i  (1610). 

Pelo'rus,  Sicily ;  strictly  speaking, 
the  north-east  promontory  of  that  island, 
called  Capo  di  Fero,  from  a  pharos  or 
lighthouse  to  Poseidon,  which  once  stood 
there. 

So  reels  Pelo'rus  with  convulsive  throes. 
When  in  his  veins  the  burning  earthqtiake  glows  ; 
Hoarse  thro'  his  entrails  roars  th'  infernal  flame. 
And  central  thunders  rend  his  groaning  frame. 

Falconer  :  The  Shipwreck,  ii.  4  (1756). 

Pelos,  father  of  Physigna'thos  king 
of  the  frogs.  The  word  means  "mud." 
— Parnell :  Battle  of  the  Frogs  and  Mice 
(about  1712). 

Pembroke  {The  earl  of),  uncle  to 
sir  Aymer  de  Valence.— 5/r  IV.  Scott: 
Castle  Dangerous  (time,  Henry  I.). 

Pembro'ke  {The  Rev.  Mr.),  chaplain 
at  Waver  ley  Honour. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Waverley  (time,  George  H.). 

Pen,  Philemon  Holland,  translator- 
general  of  the  classics.  Of  him  was  the 
epigram  written — 

Holland,  with  his  translations  doth  so  fill  us. 
He  will  not  let  Suetonius  be  Tranqutllus. 

(The  point  of  which  is,  of  course,  that 
the  name  of  the  Roman  historian  was  C. 
Suetonius  Tranquillus.) 

iVlany  of  these  translations  were  written 
from  beginning  to  end  with  one  pen,  and 
hence  he  himself  wrote — 

With  one  sole  pen  I  writ  this  book. 

Made  of  a  grey  goose-quill ; 
A  pen  it  was  when  it  I  took, 

And  a  pen  I  leave  it  still. 

Pen  Mightier  than  the  Sword. 

(See  Journalists,  p.  555.) 

Pencilling-  by  the  Way,  gossips 
about  men  and  pkces  of  note,  by  N,  P. 


823 


PENELOPE'S  WER 


Willis  (1835).     (See   People   I  have 
Met.) 

Pejidennis,  a  novel  by  Thackeray 
(1849),  in  which  much  of  his  own  history 
and  experience  is  recorded  with  a  nove- 
list's licence.  The  hero,  Arthur  Penden- 
nis,  reappears  in  X.hQ  Adventures  of  Philip, 
and  is  represented  as  telling  the  story  of 
The  Newcomes.  Arthur  Pendennis  stands 
in  relation  to  Thackeray  as  David  Copper' 
field  does  to  Charles  Dickens. 

Arthur  Pendennis,  a  young  man  of 
ardent  feelings  and  lively  intellect,  but 
self-conceited  and  selfish.  He  has  a 
keen  sense  of  honour,  and  a  capacity  for 
loving,  but  altogether  he  is  not  an  at- 
tractive character. 

Laura  Pendennis.  This  is  one  of  the 
best  of  Thackeray's  characters. 

Major  Pendennis,  a  tuft-hunter,  who 
fawns  on  his  patrons  for  the  sake  of 
wedging  himself  into  their  society. — 
Thackeray:  The  History  of  Pendennis 
(^8jo). 

In  this  novel  "Clavering"  is  Ottery  St.  Mary,  in 
Devonshire,  where  Thackeray  spent  his  holidays 
between  1825  and  1828;  "Chatteris"  is  Exeter;  and 
"  Bagmouth  "  is  Sidmouth. 

Pendrag-'on,  probably  a  title  mean- 
ing "chief  leader  in  war."  Dragon  is 
Welsh  for  a  "  leader  in  war,"  and  pen  for 
"  head  "  or  "  chief."  The  title  was  given 
to  Uther,  brother  of  Constans,  and  father 
of  prince  Arthur.  Like  the  word  "  Pha- 
raoh," it  is  used  as  a  proper  name  with- 
out the  article.— (;^<7^r<?j/.-  Chronicle,  vi. 
(1142). 

Once  I  read 
That  stout  Pendragon  in  his  litter,  sick. 
Came  to  the  field  and  vanquished  his  foes. 
Shakespeare  :  i  Henry  l^J.  act  iii.  sc.  2  (1589). 

Penel'ope's  Web,  a  work  that 
never  progresses.  Penelop6,  the  wife  of 
Ulysses,  being  importunated  by  several 
suitors  during  her  husband's  long  ab- 
sence, made  reply  that  she  could  not 
marry  again,  even  if  Ulysses  were  dead, 
till  she  had  finished  weaving  a  shroud 
for  her  aged  father-in-law.  Every  night 
she  unravelled  what  she  had  woven 
during  the  day,  and  thus  the  shroud 
made  no  progress  towards  completion.— 
Greek  Mythology.  (See  VortiGERN's 
Tower.) 

(The  French  say  of  a  work  "never 
ending,  still  beginning,"  c'est  fouvragedi 
Pi7ii!ope.) 

Ovid,  in  his  tJeroTdes  (4  syl.),  has  an  hypothetJcHS 
letter  supposed  to  have  been  written  by  Penelope  (i 
syl.)  to  IJlysscs,  telling  him  that  the  Greeks  hai| 
returned  from  Troy,  and  imploring  hira  to  hasten 
home.  She  tells  him  how  weary  she  is  at  his  long 
absence,  and  at  being  so  pestered  for  her  hand  aa3 
kingdom. 


PENELOPHON. 


833 


Fenel'oplion,  the  beggar  maid  loved 
by  king  Cophetua.  Shakespeare  calls 
the  name  i^nelophon  in  Loves  Labour s 
Lost,  act  iv.  sc.  i  (1594).— P^-rcy ;  Re- 
liques,  1.  ii.  6  {1765). 

Fenelva  ( The  Exploits  and  Adven- 
tures of),  part  of  the  series  called  Le 
Roman  des  Romans,  pertaining  to  "  Am'- 
adis  of  Gaul."  This  part  was  added  by 
an  anonymous  Portuguese  (fifteenth  cen- 
tury). 

"Benfe^Xh-er  [Lady  Penelope),  the  lady 
patroness  at  the  Spa.— ^'/r  W.  Scott:  St. 
Ronans  Well  (time,  George  III.). 

Pengrwem  {The  Torch  of),  prince 
Gwenwyn  of  Powys-land. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
The  Betrothed  (time,  Henry  II.). 

Fengfwinion  [Mr.),  from  Cornwall ; 
a  Jacobite  conspirator  with  Mr.  Red- 
gauntlet.— 5zV  W.  Scott:  Redgauntlet 
(time,  George  III. ). 

PeninsTilar  War  [The),  the  war 
carried  on  by  sir  Arthur  Wellesley 
against  Napoleon  in  Portugal  and  Spain 
(1808-1814). 

(Southey  wrote  a  History  of  the  Penin- 
sular War,  1822-32.) 

Penitents  of  Love  [Fraternity  of 
the),  an  institution  established  in  Langue- 
doc  in  the  thirteenth  century,  consisting 
of  knights  and  esquires,  dames  and 
damsels,  whose  object  was  to  prove  the 
excess  of  their  love  by  bearing,  with 
invincible  constancy,  the  extremes  of 
heat  and  cold.  They  passed  the  greater 
part  of  the  day  abroad,  wandering  about 
from  castle  to  castle,  wherever  they  were 
summoned  by  the  inviolable  duties  of 
love  and  gallantry  ;  so  that  many  of  these 
devotees  perished  by  the  inclemency  of 
the  weather,  and  received  the  crown  of 
martyrdom  to  their  profession.  See 
Warton:  History  of  English  Poetry 
(1781). 

Pen  lake  [Richard),  a  cheerful  man, 
both  frank  and  free,  but  married  to 
Rebecca  a  terrible  shrew.  Rebecca 
knew  if  she  once  sat  in  St.  Michael's 
chair  (on  St.  Michael's  Mount,  in  Corn- 
wall), that  she  would  rule  her  husband 
ever  after;  so  she  was  very  desirous  of 
going  to  the  mount.  It  so  happened  that 
Richard  fell  sick,  and  both  vowed  to 
give  six  marks  to  St.  Michael  if  he  re- 
covered. Richard  did  recover,  and  they 
Visited  the  shrine  ;  but  while  Richard 
was  making  the  offering,  Rebecca  ran  to 
seat  herself  in  St.  Michael's  chair.     No 


PENTAPOLIN. 

sooner,  however,  had  she  done  so,  than 
she  fell  from  the  chair,  and  was  killed  in 
the  fall. — Southey:  St.  Michcul's  Chair[a. 
ballad,  1798). 

Penniless  ( The).  Kaiser  Maximilian 
I.  (1459,  1493-1519)  was  called  in  Italian 
Massimilliano  Pochidanario. 

Walter  the  Penniless,  Gautier  sans 
avoir  of  Burgundy,  joint  leader  of  the 
First  Crusade  with  Peter  the  Hermit, 
in  1096. 

Sir  Walter  Scott,  writing  to  his  son,  offered  to  pfiva 
him  ^20  if  he  could  tell  him  who  Walter  the  Penniless 
was,  and  where  he  marched  to. 

Penny  [Jock),  a  highwayman. — Sir 
W.Scott:  Guy Mannering [time,  George 
II.). 

Penrnddock  [Roderick],  a  "philo- 
sopher," or  rather  a  recluse,  who  spent 
his  time  in  reading.  By  nature  gentle, 
kind-hearted,  and  generous,  but  soured 
by  wrongs.  Woodville,  his  trusted 
friend,  although  he  knew  that  Arabella 
was  betrothed  to  Roderick,  induced  her 
father  to  give  her  to  him,  because  he  was 
the  richer  man ;  and  Roderick's  life  was 
blasted.  Woodville  had  a  son,  who  re- 
duced himself  to  positive  indigence  by 
gambhng,  and  sir  George  Penruddock 
was  the  chief  creditor.  Sir  George  dying, 
all  his  property  came  to  his  cousin  Rode- 
rick, who  now  had  ample  means  to  glut 
his  revenge  on  his  treacherous  friend  ;  but 
his  heart  softened.  First,  he  settled  all 
"  the  obligations,  bonds,  and  mortgages, 
covering  the  whole  Woodville  property," 
on  Henry  Woodville,  that  he  might  marry 
Emily  Tempest ;  and  next,  he  restored  to 
Mrs.  Woodville  "  her  settlement,  which, 
in  her  husband's  desperate  necessity,  she 
had  resigned  to  him ;  "  lastly,  he  sold 
all  his  own  estates,  and  retired  again  to 
a  country  cottage  to  his  books  and  soh- 
tude.— Cumberland :  The  Wheel  of  For- 
tune (1779)- 

Who  has  seen  J.  Kemble  [1757-1823]  in  "Penrud- 
dock," and  not  shed  tears  from  the  deepest  sources! 
His  tenderly  putting  away  the  son  of  his  treacherous 
friend,  .  .  .  examining  his  countenance,  and  then  ex- 
claiming, in  a  voice  which  developed  a  thousand 
mysterious  feelings,  "  You  are  very  like  your  mother ; " 
was  sufficient  to  stamp  his  excellence  m  the  pathetic 
line  of  acting.— iV/rj.  R.  Trench  :  Remains  (1822). 

Pentap'olin,  "  with  the  naked  arm," 
king  of  the  Garaman'teans,  who  always 
went  to  battle  with  his  right  arm  bare. 
Alifanfaron  emperor  of  Trap'oban  wished 
to  marry  his  daughter,  but,  being  re- 
fused, resolved  to  urge  his  suit  by  the 
sword.  When  don  Quixote  saw  two 
flocks  of  sheep  coming  along  the  road 
in  opposite  directions,   he  told  Sancha 


PENIECOTE  VIVANTE.  824 

Panza  they  were  the  armies  of  these  two 
puissant  monarchs  met  in  array  against 
each  other. — Cervantes:  Don  Quixote,  I. 
iii.  4  (1605). 

Pentecote  Vivante  {La),  cardinal 
Mezzofanti,  who  was  the  master  of  fifty 
or  fifty-eight  languages  (1774-1849). 

Fenthe'a,  sister  of  Ith'ocl6s,  be- 
trothed to  Or'gilus  by  the  consent  of  her 
father.  At  the  death  of  her  father, 
IthoclSs  compelled  her  to  marry  Bass'- 
anes  whom  she  hated,  and  she  starved 
herself  to  death.— i^9r^ ;  The  Broken 
Heart  (1633). 

Feuthesile'a,  queen  of  the  Amazons, 
slain  by  Achilles.  S.  Butler  calls  the 
name  "  Penthes'il^." 

And  laid  about  in  fight  more  busily 
Than  th'  Amazonian  dame  Penthesile. 

5.  Butler  :  Hudihras. 

Pen'theus  (3  syl.),  a  king  of  Thebes, 
who  tried  to  abolish  the  orgies  of 
Bacchus,  but  was  driven  mad  by  the 
offended  god.  In  his  madness  he  climbed 
into  a  tree  to  witness  the  rites,  and  being 
descried  was  torn  to  pieces  by  the  Bac- 
chantes. 

As  when  wild  Pentheus,  g^rown  mad  with  fear, 

Whole  troops  of  hellish  hags  about  him  spies. 

Gilts  Fletcher  :  Christ's  Triumph  over  Death  (1610). 

Pen'theus  (2  syl.),  king  of  Thebes, 
resisted  the  introduction  of  the  worship 
of  Dyoni'sos  {Bacchus)  into  his  kingdom, 
in  consequence  of  which  the  Bacchantes 
pulled  his  palace  to  the  ground ;  and 
Pentheus,  driven  from  the  throne,  was  torn 
to  pieces  on  mount  Cithseron  by  his  own 
mother  and  her  two  sisters. 

He  the  fate  \may  sing\ 
Of  sober  Pentheus. 

Akenside  :  Hymn  to  the  Naiads  (1767). 

Pentweazel  [Alderman),  a  rich  City 
merchant  of  Blowbladder  Street.  He  is 
wholly  submissive  to  his  wife,  whom  he 
always  addresses  as  "  Chuck." 

Mrs.  Pentweazel,  the  alderman's  wife, 
very  ignorant,  very  vain,  and  very  con- 
ceitedly humble.  She  was  a  Griskin  by 
birth,  and  "  all  her  family  by  the 
mother's  side  were  famous  for  their 
eyes."  She  had  an  aunt  among  the 
beauties  of  Windsor,  "  a  perdigious  fine 
woman.  She  had  but  one  eye,  but  that 
war.  a  piercer,  and  got  her  three  husbands. 
We  was  called  the  gimlet  family."  Mrs. 
Pentweazel  says  her  first  likeness  was 
done  after  "Venus  de  Medicis  the  sister 
of  Mary  de  Medicis." 

Stikey  Pentweazel,    daughter    of  the 


PEPYS'S  DIARY. 

alderman,  recently  married  to  Mr.  Deputy 
Dripping  of  Candlewick  Yard. 

Caret  Pentweazel,  a  schoolboy,  who  had 
been  under  Dr.  Jerks,  near  Doncaster,  for 
two  years  and  a  quarter,  and  had  learnt 
all  As  in  Prcesenti  by  heart.  The  terms  of 
this  school  were  ;^io  a  year  for  food, 
books,  board,  clothes,  and  tuition. — 
Foote:  Taste  {\j si)- 

Peon'ia  or  PsBon'ia,  Macedonia ;  so 
called  from  Paeon  son  of  Endymion. 

Made  Macedon  first  stoop,  then  Thessaly  and  Thrace ; 
His  soldiers  there  enriched  with  all  Peonia's  spoil. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  viii.  (1612). 

People  [Man  of  the),  Charles  James 
Fox  {1749-1806). 

People  I  have  Met,  sketches  by 
N.  P.  Willis  (1850).  (See  Pencillings 
BY  THE  Way.  ) 

Pepin  (  William),  a  White  friar  and 
most  famous  preacher  at  the  beginning 
of  the  sixteenth  century.  His  sermons, 
in  eight  volumes  quarto,  formed  the 
grand  repertory  of  the  preachers  of  those 
times. 

Qui  nescit  Pepinare,  nescit  prsedicare.— P«7*<r*. 

Pepper  Gate,  a  gate  on  the  east 
side  of  the  city  of  Chester.  It  is  said 
that  the  daughter  of  the  mayor  eloped, 
and  the  mayor  ordered  the  gate  to  be 
closed.  Hence  the  proverb.  When  your 
daughter  is  stolen,  close  Pepper  Gate;  or, 
in  other  words,  Lock  the  stable  door  when 
the  steed  is  stolen. — Albert  Smith  :  Chris- 
topher Tadpole,  1. 

Pepperpot  [Sir  Peter),  a  West 
Indian  epicure,  immensely  rich,  con- 
ceited, and  irritable. — Foote;  The  Patron 
{1764). 

Peppers.  (See  White  Horse  of 
THE  Peppers.) 

Peps  {Dr.  Parker),  a  court  physician 
who  attended  the  first  Mrs.  Dombey  (fti 
her  death-bed.  Dr.  Peps  always  gave  his 
patients  (by  mistake,  of  course)  a  title, 
to  impress  them  with  the  idea  that  his 
practice  was  exclusively  confined  to  the 
upper  ten  thousand. — Dickens:  Dombey 
and  Son  (1846). 

Pepys's  Diary.  Pepys  died  in  1703, 
but  his  Diary  was  not  published  till  1825. 
It  is  in  shorthand,  and  is  a  record  of  his 
personal  doings  and  sayings  from  Janu- 
ary, 1600,  to  May,  1669. 

Lord  Jeffrey  says  :  He  [Pepys]  finds  time  to  go  to 
every  play,  to  every  execution,  to  every  procession, 
fire,  concert,  riot,  trial,  review,  city  feast,  and  picture 
gallery,  that  he  can  hear  of.   Nay,  there  seems  scarcely 


PERCEFOREST. 


82s 


PERDITA. 


to  have  been  a  school  examinntion,  a  wedding-, 
christening,  charity  sermon,  bull-baitiiig',  philosophical 
meeting,  or  private  merry-making  in  his  neighbour- 
hood, at  which  he  is  not  sure  to  make  his  appearance. 
.  .  .  He  is  the  first  to  hear  all  the  court  scandal  and 
all  tha  public  news,  to  observe  the  changes  of  fashion 
and  the  downfall  of  parties, — to  pick  up  funny  gossip 
and  to  detail  philosophical  intelligence,— to  criticize 
every  new  house  and  carriage  that  is  built, — every  new 
book  or  new  beauty  that  appears,— every  measure  the 
king  adopts,  and  every  mistress  be  discards. 

Ferceforest  (King),  the  hero  of  a 
prose  romance  "in  Greek."  The  MS, 
js  said  to  have  been  found  by  count 
William  of  Hainault  in  a  cabinet  at 
"Burtimer"  Abbey,  on  the  Humber ; 
and  in  the  same  cabinet  was  deposited  a 
crown,  which  the  count  sent  to  king 
Edward.  The  MS.  was  turned  into 
Latin  by  St.  Landelain,  and  thence  into 
French  under  the  title  of  La  Tres  Elegante 
Delicieux  Melliflue  et  Tres  Plaisante 
Hystoire  du  Tres  Noble  Roy  Perceforest 
(printed  at  Paris  in  1528). 

(Of  course,  this  pretended  discovery  is 
only  an  invention.  An  analysis  of  the 
romance  is  given  in  Dunlop's  History  of 
Fiction.) 

• .'  He  was  called  "Perceforest"  be- 
cause he  dared  to  pierce,  almost  alone, 
an  enchanted  forest,  where  women  and 
children  were  most  evilly  entreated, 
Charles  IX.  of  France  was  especially 
fond  of  this  romance. 

Perch.,  messenger  in  the  house  of 
Mr.  Dombey,  merchant,  whom  he  adored, 
and  plainly  showed  by  his  manner  to  the 
great  man:  "You  are  the  hght  of  my 
eyes,"  "You  are  the  breath  of  my  soul." 
— Dickens  :  Dombey  and  Son  (1846). 

Ferche  Notary  [A),  a  lawyer  who 
sets  people  together  by  the  ears,  one  who 
makes  more  quarrels  than  contracts.  The 
French  proverb  is,  Notaire  du  Perche, 
qui  passe  plus  d' ichalliers  que  de  contrat. 

Le  Perche,  qui  se  trouve  partagi  entre  les  d^parte- 
mcnts  de  I'Orne  et  d'Eureet-Loir,  est  un  contrie  fort 
boisde,  dans  laquelle  la  plupart  des  champs  sent 
e%tour4s  de  haies,  dans  lesquelles  sont  minagees 
certaines  ouvertures  propres  ^  donner  passage  aux 
pietons  seulement,  et  que  Ton  nomme  ichallicn, 
^Hilaire  U  Gai. 

Ferciuet,  a  fairy  prince,  in  love  with 
Graciosa.  The  prince  succeeds  in  thwart- 
ing the  malicious  designs  of  Grognon,  the 
step-mother  of  the  lovely  princess. — 
Percinet  and  Graciosa  (a  fairy  tale). 

Fercival  (Sir),  the  third  son  of  sir 
PelUnore  king  of  Wales.  His  brothers 
were  sir  Aglavale  and  sir  Lamorake 
Dornar,  usually  called  sir  Lamorakei  de 
Gahs  (Wales).  Sir  Tor  was  his  half- 
brother.  Sir  Percival  caught  a  sight  of 
the  holy  graal  after  his  combat  with  sir 


Ector  de  Maris  (brother  of  sir  Launcelol), 
and  both  were  miraculously  healed  by  it 
Crdtien  de  Troyes  wrote  the  Roman  de 
Perceval  (before  1200),  and  Menessier 
produced  the  same  story  in  a  metrical 
form     (See  Parzival,  p.  8io.) 

Sir  Percivale  had  a  glimmering  of  the  Sancgre.ill  and 
of  the  maiden  that  bare  it,  for  he  was  perfect  and  clean. 
And  forthwith  they  were  both  as  whole  of  limb  and  hide 
as  ever  they  were  in  their  life  days.  "  Oh  mercy  I 
said  sir  Percivale,  "  what  may  this  mean  ?  "  .  .  .  "I 
wot  well,"  said  sir  Ector.  . .  "  it  is  the  holy  vessel, 
wherein  is  a  part  of  the  holy  blood  of  our  blessed 
Saviour;  but  it  may  not  be  seen  but  by  a  perlecl 
man.  ' — Pt.  iii.  14. 

• .  •  Sir  Percival  was  with  sir  Bors  and 
sir  Galahad  when  the  visible  Saviour 
went  into  the  consecrated  wafer  which 
was  given  them  by  the  bishop.  This  is 
called  the  achievement  of  the  quest  of 
the  holy  graal  (pt.  iii.  loi,  \OQ).—Sir 
T.  Malory:  History  of  Prince  Arthur 
(1470). 

Fercy  Anecdotes  (The),  nominally 
by  Sholto  and  Reuben  Percy,  but  really 
by  J.  C.  Robinson  and  Thomas  Byerley 
(iBzo-iSaa). 

Fercy  Arundel  lord  Ashdale,  son  of 
lady  Arundel  by  her  second  husband.  A 
hot,  fiery  youth,  proud  and  overbearing. 
When  grown  to  manhood,  a  "  sea- 
captain,"  named  Norman,  made  love  to 
Violet,  lord  Ashdale's  cousin.  The 
young  "Hotspur"  was  indignant  and 
somewhat  jealous,  but  discovered  that 
Norman  was  the  son  of  lady  Arundel  by 
her  first  husband,  and  the  heir  to  the 
title  and  estates.  In  the  end,  Norman 
agreed  to  divide  the  property  equally, 
but  claimed  Violet  for  his  bride. — Lord 
Lytton  :  The  Sea-Captain  (1839). 

The  derivation  of  Percy  from  Pierce-eye  is.  of  course, 
philologically  worthless.  The  legend  that  the  founder 
of  the  race  lost  an  eye  in  a  sally  has  not  one  iota  of 
truth  for  its  support.  The  incident  was  oiade  up  to 
support  a  false  etymology. 

Fer'dita,  the  daughter  of  the  queen 
HermionS,  born  in  prison.  Her  father, 
king  Leontfis,  commanded  the  infant  to  be 
cast  on  a  desert  shore,  and  left  to  perish 
there.  Being  put  to  sea,  the  vessel  was 
driven  by  a  storm  to  the  "coast"  of 
Bohemia,  and  the  infant  child  was 
brought  up  by  a  shepherd,  who  called  its 
name  Perdlta.  Flor'izel,  the  son  of  the 
Bohemian  king,  fell  in  love  with  Perdita, 
and  courted  her  under  the  assumed  name 
of  Doricl6s  ;  but  the  king,  having  tracked 
his  son  to  the  shepherd's  hut,  told  Perdita 
that  if  she  did  not  at  once  discontinue 
this  foolery,  he  would  command  her  and 
the  shepherd  too  to   be  put   to  death. 


PERDITA. 


82(3 


PEREGRINE. 


Florizel  and  Perdita  now  fled  from 
Bohemia  to  Sicily,  and  being  introduced 
to  the  king,  it  was  soon  discovered  that 
Perdita  was  Leontes's  daughter.  The 
Bohemian  king,  having  tracked  his  son 
to  Sicily,  arrived  just  in  time  to  hear  the 
news,  and  gave  his  joyful  consent  to  the 
union  which  he  had  before  forbidden. — 
Shakespeare:  The  Winters  Ta/e  {1604). 

Fer'dita,  Mrs.  Mary  Robinson  (bom 
Darby),  the  victim  of  George  IV.  while 
prince  of  Wales.  She  first  attracted  his 
notice  while  acting  the  part  of"  Perdita," 
and  the  prince  called  himself  "  Flori- 
zel."  George  prince  of  Wales  settled  a 
pension  for  life  on  her,  ;^5oo  a  year  for 
herself,  and  j^2oo  a  year  for  her  daughter. 
She  caught  cold  one  winter,  and,  losing 
the  use  of  her  limbs,  could  neither  walk 
nor  stand  (1758-1799,  not  1800  as  is  given 
usually). 

She  was  unquestionably  very  beautiful,  but  more  so 
in  the  face  than  in  the  figure ;  and  she  had  a  remark- 
able facility  in  adapting  her  deportment  to  dress.  .  .  . 
To-day  she  was  n/aysanne  with  a  straw  hat  tied  at  the 
back  of  her  head  .  .  .  yesterday_  she  had  been  the 
dressed  belle  of  Hyde  Park,  trimmed,'  powdered, 
patched,  painted  to  the  utmost  power  of  rouge  and 
white  lead ;  to-morrow  she  would  be  the  cravated 
Amazon  of  the  riding-house  ;  but  be  she  what  she  might, 
the  hats  of  the  fashionable  promenaders  swept  the 
ground  as  she  passed.  When  she  rode  forth  in  her 
high  phaeton,  three  candidates  and  her  husband  were 
outriders. — Mrs.  Hawkins  :  Memoirs  (1800). 

FerdriZy  tonjours  Ferdriz !  Wal- 

pole  tells  us  that  the  confessor  of  one  of 
the  French  kings,  having  reproved  the 
monarch  for  his  conjugal  infidelities,  was 
asked  what  dish  he  hked  best.  The  con- 
fessor replied,  "  Partridges  ;  "and  the  king 
had  partridges  served  to  him  every  day, 
till  the  confessor  got  quite  sick  of  them. 
"  Perdrix,  toujours  perdrix  !  "  he  would 
exclaim,  as  the  dish  was  set  before  him. 
After  a  time,  the  king  visited  him,  and 
hoped  his  favourite  dish  had  been  sup- 
plied him.  "  Mais  oui,"  he  replied, 
"  toujours  perdrix,  toujours  perdrix  !  " 
*' Ah,  ah  I"  said  the  amorous  monarch, 
"and  one  mistress  is  all  very  well,  but 
not  perdrix,  toujours  perdrix  I"  (See 
Notes  and  Queries,  337,  October  23,  1869. ) 

The  story  is  at  least  as  old  as  the  Cent 
Nouvelles  Nouvelles,  compiled  between 
1450-1461,  for  the  amusement  of  the 
dauphin  of  France,  afterwards  Louis  XI. 
{Notes  and  Queries,  November  27,  1869.) 

• .  •  Farquhar  parodies  the  French  ex- 
pression into,  "  Soup  for  breakfast,  soup 
for  dinner,  soup  for  supper,  and  soup  for 
breakfast  again." — Farquhar:  The  Incon- 
itant,  iv.  2  {1702). 

Fere  Duchesne  (Z>),  Jacques  Ren6 


Hubert ;  so  called  from  the  Pire  Duchesne, 
a  newspaper  of  which  he  was  the  editor 
(1755-1794)- 

Feread  {Sir),  the  Black  Knight  of 
the  Black  Lands.  Called  by  Tennyson, 
"  Night  "  or  "  Nox. "  He  was  one  of  the 
four  brothers  who  kept  the  passages  to 
Castle  Perilous,  and  was  overthrown  by 
sir  Gareth. — Sir  T.  Malory:  History  of 
Prince  Arthur,  i.  126  (1470)  ;  Tennyson  : 
Idylls  ("  Garetla  and  Lynette  "). 

Feredar  {Sir],  son  of  Evrawc,  called 
"sir  Peredur  of  the  Long  Spear,"  one  of 
the  knights  of  the  Round  Table,  He  was 
for  many  years  called  "The  Dumb 
Youth,"  from  a  vow  he  made  to  speak  to 
no  Christian  till  Angharad  of  the  Golden 
Hand  loved  him  better  than  she  loved 
any  other  man.  His  great  achievements 
were  :  (i)  the  conquest  of  the  Black  Op- 
pressor, who  oppressed  every  one  and  did 
justice  to  no  one  ;  (2)  kiUing  the  Addanc 
of  the  Lake,  a  monster  that  devoured 
daily  some  of  the  sons  of  the  king  of 
Tortures  :  this  exploit  he  was  enabled  to 
achieve  by  means  of  a  stone  which  kept 
him  invisible  ;  (3)  slaying  the  three  hun- 
dred heroes  privileged  to  sit  round  the 
countess  of  the  Achievements  :  on  the 
death  of  these  men,  the  seat  next  the 
countess  was  freely  given  to  him  ;  (4)  the 
achievement  of  the  Mount  of  Mourning, 
where  was  a  serpent  with  a  stone  in  its 
tail  which  would  give  inexhaustible 
wealth  to  its  possessor :  sir  Peredur  killed 
the  serpent,  but  gave  the  stone  to  his 
companion,  earl  Etlym  of  the  east  coun- 
try. These  exploits  over,  sir  Peredur 
lived  fourteen  years  with  the  empress 
Cristinobyl  the  Great. 

•  .•  Sir  Peredur  is  the  Welsh  name  for 
sir  Perceval  of  Wales. — The  Mabinogion 
(from  the  Red  Book  of  Hergest,  twelfth 
century). 

Fer'eifrine  (3  syl),  a  sentimental 
prig,  who  talks  by  the  book.  At  the  age 
of  15,  he  runs  away  from  home,  and  Job 
Thornberry  lends  him  ten  guineas,  "  the 
first  earnings  of  his  trade  as  a  brazier." 
After  thirty  years'  absence.  Peregrine  re- 
turns, just  as  the  old  brazier  is  made  a 
bankrupt  "through  the  treachery  of  a 
friend."  He  tells  the  bankrupt  that  his 
loan  of  ten  guineas  has  by  honest  trade 
grown  to  10,000,  and  these  he  returns  to 
Thornberry  as  his  own  by  right.  It  turns 
out  that  Peregrine  is  the  eldest  brother  0/ 
sir  Simon  Rochdale,  J. P.,  and  when  sir 
Simon  refuses  justice  to  the  old  brazieft 


PEREGRINE  PICKLE. 


827      PERICLES  PRINCE  OF  TYRE. 


Peregrine  asserts  his  right  to  the  estate, 
etc.  At  the  same  time,  he  hears  that  the 
ship  he  thought  was  wrecked  has  come 
safe  into  port,  and  has  thus  brought  him 
;^ioo,ooo. — Colman  :  John  Bull  (1805). 

Peregrrine  Fickle,  the  hero  of  a 
novel  entitled  The  Adventures  of  Pere- 
grine Pickle,  by  Smollett  (1751).  Peregrine 
Pickle  is  a  savage,  ungrateful  spendthrift, 
fond  of  practical  jokes,  and  suffering  with 
evil  temper  the  misfortunes  brought  about 
by  his  own  wilfulness. 

"The  Memoirs  of  a  I.arly  of  Quality "  included  ta 
this  novel  are  those  of  Isily  Vane,  whose  gallantries 
were  matters  of  common  talk. 

Peregri'ntis  Proteus,  a  cynic  phi- 
losopher, born  at  Parium,  on  the  Helles- 
pont. After  a  youth  spent  in  debauchery 
and  crimes,  he  turned  Christian  ;  and,  to 
obliterate  the  memory  of  his  youthful  ill 
practices,  divided  his  inheritance  among 
the  people.  Ultimately  he  burned  him- 
self to  death  in  public  at  the  Olympic 
games,  a.d.  165.  Lucan  has  held  up  this 
immolation  to  ridicule  in  his  Death  of 
Peregrinus. 

(C.  M.  Wieland  has  an  historic  romance 
in  German  entitled  Peregrinus  Proteus, 
1733-1813-) 

Fer'es  {GiJ),  a  canon,  and  the  eldest 
brother  of  Gil  Bias's  mother.  Gil  was 
a  Httle  punchy  man,  three  feet  and  a  half 
high,  with  his  head  sunk  between  his 
shoulders.  He  lived  well,  and  brought 
up  his  nephew  and  godchild  Gil  Bias. 
"In  so  doing,  Pergs  taught  himself  also 
to  read  his  breviary  without  stumbling." 
He  was  the  most  illiterate  canon  of  the 
whole  chapter. — Lesage :  Gil  Bias,  L 
(1715)- 

Perez  {Michael),  the  "copper  cap- 
tain." A  brave  Spanish  soldier,  duped 
into  marrying  Estifania,  a  servant  of 
intrigue,  who  passed  herself  off  as  a  lady 
of  property.  Being  reduced  to  great  ex- 
tremities, Estifania  pawned  the  clothes 
and  valuables  of  her  husband  ;  but  these 
"  valuables"  were  but  of  little  worth — a 
jewel  which  sparkled  as  the  "  light  of  a 
dark  lanthorn,"  a  "chain  of  whitings' 
eyes"  for  pearls,  and  as  for  his  clothes, 
she  tauntingly  says  to  her  husband — 

Put  these  and  them  [his  Jewels]  on,  and  you're  a  man 

of  copper, 
A  copper,  copper  captain. 

Fletcher :  Rule  a  Wife  and  Have  a  Wife  (1640). 

Perfidious  Albion.    Great  Britain 

was  so  called  by  Napoleon  I. 

Peri,  plu.  Peris,  gentle,  fairy-like 
beings  of  Eastern   mythology,   offspring 


of  the  fallen  ange.'s,  and  constituting  a 
race  of  beings  between  angels  and  men. 
They  direct  with  a  wand  the  pure-minded 
the  way  to  heaven,  and  dwell  in  Shadu'- 
kiam'  and  Am'bre-abad,  two  cities  subject 
to  Eblis.  (See  Paradise  and  thb 
Peri,  p.  804.) 

Are  the  peries  coming  down  from  their  spheres? 
Bedford:  Vathek  (1786). 

Pe'ricliole,  the  heroine  of  Offenbach's 
comic  operetta.  She  is  a  street  singer  of 
Lima,  in  Peru. 

Perichole  [La),  the  chhre  amie  of  the 
late  viceroy  of  Peru.  She  was  a  foreigner, 
and  gave  great  offence  by  calling,  in  her 
bad  Spanish,  the  creole  ladies  pericholas, 
which  means  "flaunting  and  bedizened 
creatures."  They,  in  retaliation,  nick- 
named the  favourite  La  Perichole. 

Pericles,  the  Athenian  who  raised 
himself  to  royal  supremacy  (died  B.C. 
429).  On  his  death-bed  he  overheard  his 
friends  recalling  his  various  merits,  and 
told  them  they  had  forgotten  his  greatest 
of  all :  "  that  he  had  caused  no  Athenian 
through  his  administration  to  put  on 
mourning,"  i.e.  he  had  caused  no  one  to 
be  put  to  death. 

Peri'cles  was  a  famous  man  of  warre  .  ,  . 

Yet  at  his  death  he  rather  did  rejoice 

In  clemencie.  .  .  ,  "  Be  still,  'quoth  he,  "you  grave 

Athenians" 
(Who  whispered  and  told  his  valiant  acts) ; 
"  You  have  forgot  my  greatest  glorie  got : 
For  yet  by  me  nor  mine  occasion 
Was  never  sene  a  mourning  garment  worn." 

Gascoigne  :  The  Steele  Glas  (died  1577). 

Per'icles     prince    of    Tyre,    a 

voluntary  exile,  in  order  to  avert  the 
calamities  which  Anti'oehus  emperor 
of  Greece  vowed  against  the  Tyrians. 
Pericles,  in  his  wanderings,  first  came  to 
Tarsus,  which  he  relieved  from  famine, 
but  was  obliged  to  quit  the  city  to  avoid 
the  persecution  of  Antiochus.  He  was  then 
shipwrecked,  and  cast  on  the  shore  of 
Pentap'olis,  where  he  distinguished  him- 
self in  the  public  games,  and  being  in- 
troduced to  the  king,  fell  in  love  with 
the  princess  Thai's'a  and  married  her. 
At  the  death  of  Antiochus,  he  returned  to 
Tyre  ;  but  his  wife,  supposed  to  be  dead 
in  giving  birth  to  a  daughter  (Marina), 
was  thrown  into  the  sea.  Pericles  en- 
trusted his  infant  child  to  Cleon  (governor 
of  Tarsus)  and  his  wife  Dionysia,  who 
brought  her  up  excellently  well.  But 
when  she  became  a  young  woman, 
Dionysia  employed  a  man  to  murder  her, 
and  when  Pericles  came  to  see  her,  he 
was  shown  a  splendid  sepulchre  which 
had  been  raised  to  her  honour.     On  his 


PERICLES  AND  ASPASIA.  828 

return  home,  the  ship  stopped  at  Metaling, 
and  Marina  was  introduced  to  Pericles  to 
divert  his  melancholy.  She  told  him  the 
tale  of  her  life,  and  he  discovered  that 
she  was  his  daughter.  Marina  was  now 
betrothed  to  Lysim'achus  governor  of 
Metaling ;  and  the  party,  going  to  the 
shrine  of  Diana  of  Ephesus  to  return 
thanks  to  the  goddess,  discovered  the 
priestess  to  be  Thaisa.  the  wife  of  Pericles 
and  mother  of  Marina. — Shakespeare  : 
Pericles  Prince  of  Tyre  (1608). 

(This  is  the  story  of  Ismene  and 
Ismenias,  by  Eustathius.  The  tale  was 
known  to  Go  war  by  the  translation  of 
Godfrey  Viterbo.  It  is  from  the  Gesia 
Romanorum,  clii.) 

IT  Appolonius  of  Tyre,  a  British  romance, 
is  a  similar  story. 

Pericles  and  Aspasia,  in  connected 
letters  by  Walter  Savage  Landor  (1836). 

(The  Rev.  George  Croly  wrote  a  poem 
of  the  same  title,  1780-1860.) 

Perigfort  [Cardinal).  Previous  to  the 
battle  of  Poitiers,  he  endeavoured  to 
negotiate  terms  with  the  French  king,  but 
the  only  terms  he  could  obtain,  he  tellt 
prince  Edward,  were — 

That  to  the  castles,  towns,  and  plunder  ta'cn. 
And  offered  now  by  you  to  be  restored, 
Your  royal  person  with  a  hundred  knights 
Are  to  be  added  prisoners  at  discretion. 
Shirley:  Edward  the  Black  Prince,  iv.  2  (i64(4. 

Per'igfot  (the  /  pronounced  so  as  to 
rhyme  with  not),  a  shepherd  in  love  with 
Am'oret ;  but  the  shepherdess  Amarillis 
also  loves  him,  and,  by  the  aid  of  the 
Sullen  Shepherd,  gets  transformed  into 
the  exact  likeness  of  the  modest  Amoret. 
By  her  wanton  conduct,  she  disgusts 
Perigot,  who  casts  her  off;  and  by  and 
by,  meeting  Amoret,  whom  he  believes  to 
be  the  same  person,  rejects  her  with 
scorn,  and  even  wounds  her  with  intent 
to  kill.  Ultimately  the  truth  is  discovered 
by  Cor'in,  "  the  faithful  shepherdess," 
and  the  lovers,  being  reconciled,  are 
married  to  each  other. — y.  Fletcher:  The 
Faithful  Shepherdess  (1610). 

Periklym'enos,  son  of  Neleus  (2 
syL).  He  had  the  power  of  changing  his 
form  into  a  bird,  beast,  reptile,  or  insect. 
As  a  bee,  he  perched  on  the  chariot  of 
Heraklfis  {Hercules),  and  was  killed. 

Peril'los,  of  Athens,  made  a  brazen 
bull  for  Phal'aris  tyrant  of  Agrigentum, 
intended  for  the  execution  of  criminals. 
They  were  to  be  shut  up  in  the  bull, 
which  was  then  to  be  heated  red  hot  ;  and 
the  cries  of  the  victims  enclosed  were  so 


PERIWINKLE. 


reverberated  as  to  resemble  the  roaring^i 
of  a  gigantic  bull.  Phalaris  made  the 
first  experiment  by  shutting  up  the 
inventor  himself  in  his  own  buU. 

What's  a  protector? 
A  tragic  actor,  Caesar  in  a  clown ; 
He's  a  brass  farthing  stamped  with  a  crown  ; 
A  bladder  blown  with  other  breaths  puffed  full. 
Not  a  Perilius,  but  Perrilus'  bull. 
Cleveland  :  A  Definition  »/a  Prelector  (died  1659). 

Perilcas  Castle.  The  castle  of 
lord  Douglas  was  so  called  in  the  reign 
of  Edward  I.,  because  the  good  lord 
Douglas  destroyed  several  English  garri- 
sons stationed  there,  and  vowed  to  be 
revenged  on  any  one  who  dared  to  take 
possession  of  it.  Sir  W.  Scott  calls  it 
' '  Castle  Dangerous "  in  his  novel  so 
entitled. 

^  In  the  story  of  Gareth  and  Linet, 
the  castle  in  which  Liongs  was  held 
prisoner  by  sir  Ironside  the  Red  Knight 
of  the  Red  Lands,  was  called  Castle 
Perilous.  The  passages  thereto  were  held 
by  four  knights,  all  of  whom  sir  Gareth 
overthrew  ;  lastly  sir  Gareth  conquered 
sir  Ironside,  liberated  the  lady,  and  mar- 
ried her. — Sir  T.  Malory  :  History  (^ 
Prince  Arthur,  i.  120-153  (i47o)' 

Ferimo'nes  [Sir),  the  Red  Knight, 
one  of  the  four  brothers  who  kept  the 
passages  to  Castle  Perilous.  He  was 
overthrown  by  sir  Gareth.  Tennyson  calls 
him  "Noonday  Sun"  or  "  Meridies." — 
Sir  T.  Malory:  History  of  Prince  Arthur, 
i.  129  (1470) ;  Tennyson  :  Idylls  ("  Gareth 
and  Lynette"). 

Per'ion,  king  of  Gaul,  father  of 
Am'adis  of  Gaul.  His  "exploits  and 
adventures ''  form  part  of  the  series  called 
Le  Roman  des  Romans,  This  part  was 
added  by  Juan  Diaz  (fifteenth  century). 

(It  is  generally  thought  that  "Gaul" 
in  this  romance  is  the  same  as  Galis,  that 
is,  "Wales.") 

Perissa,  the  personification  of  ex- 
travagance, step-sister  of  Elissa  [mean- 
ness) and  of  Medi'na  [the  golden  mean)  ; 
but  they  never  agreed  in  any  single  thing. 
Perissa's  suitor  is  sir  Huddibras,  a  man 
"more  huge  in  strength  than  wise  in 
works."  (Greek, /<fr?jjf J,  "extravagant," 
perissotes,  "excess.") — Spenser:  Faerie 
Queene,  ii.  2  (1590). 

Per'i-winkle  [Mr.),  one  of  the  four 
guardians  of  Anne  Lovely  the  heiress. 
He  is  a  "  silly,  half-witted  virtuoso, 
positive  and  surly ;  fond  of  everything 
antique  and  foreign  ;  and  wears  clothes 
of  the  fashion  of  the  last  century.     Mr. 


PERKER. 


829 


PERSEUS. 


Periwinkle  dotes  upon  travellers,  and 
believes  more  of  sir  John  Mandeville 
than  of  the  Bible"  (act  i.  i).  Colonel 
Feignwell,  to  obtain  his  consent  to  his 
marriao[e  with  Mr.  Periwinkle's  ward, 
disguised  himself  as  an  Egyptian,  and 
passed  himself  off  as  a  great  traveller. 
His  dress,  he  said,  "belonged  to  the 
famous  Claudius  Ptolemeus,  who  lived 
in  the  year  135."  One  of  his  curiosities 
was  folujlosboio,  "  part  of  those  waves 
which  bore  Cleopatra's  vessel,  when  she 
went  to  meet  Antony."  Another  was  the 
moras  musphonon,  or  girdle  of  invisibility. 
His  trick,  however,  miscarried,  and  he 
then  passed  himself  off  as  Pillage,  the 
steward  of  Periwinkle's  father;  and  ob- 
tained Periwinkle's  signature  to  the 
marriage  by  a  fluke. — Mrs.  Centlivre:  A 
Bold  Stroke  for  a  Wife  (1717). 

Ferker  (A/n),  the  lawyer  employed 
for  the  defence  in  the  famous  suit  of 
"  Bardell  v.  Pickwick"  for  breach  of 
promise. — Dickens  :  The  Pickwick  Papers 
(1836). 

Ferkin  Warbeck,  an  historic  play 
or  "chronicle  history,"  by  John  Ford 
(1635). 

Ferkins's  Ball  {Mrs.\  a  Christmas 
story  by  Thackeray  (1847). 

Fernelle  {Madame),  mother  of 
Orgon  ;  a  regular  vixen,  who  interrupts 
every  one,  without  waiting  to  hear  what 
was  to  have  been  said  to  her. — Moliere  : 
Tartuffe  (1664). 

Feronella,  a  pretty  countr>'  lass,  who 
changes  places  with  an  old  decrepit  queen. 
Peronella  rejoices  for  a  time  in  the  idola- 
try paid  to  her  rank,  but  gladly  resumes 
her  beauty,  youth,  and  rags. — A  Fairy 
Tale. 

Ferrette  and  Her   Milk-Fail. 

Perrette,  carrying  her  milk-pail  well 
poised  upon  her  head,  began  to  speculate 
on  its  value.  She  would  sell  the  milk 
and  buy  eggs ;  she  would  set  the  eggs 
and  rear  chickens ;  the  chickens  she 
would  sell  and  buy  a  pig  ;  this  she  would 
fatten  and  change  for  a  cow  and  calf,  and 
would  it  not  be  delightful  to  see  the  little 
calf  skip  and  play  ?  So  saying,  she  gave 
a  skip,  let  the  milk-pail  fall,  and  all  the 
milk  ran  to  waste.  "  Le  lait  tombe. 
Adieu,  veau,  veche,  cochon,  couv^e,'* 
and  poor  Perrette  "  va  s'excuser  \  son 
mari,  en  grand  danger  d'etre  batue." 


uel  esprit  ne  bat  la  campagnet 
ui  ne  fait  chateau  en  Espagne  ? 


Picrochote  \q.v.\  Pyrrhus.  la  laJtIfere,  enfin  tous. 
Autant  les  sages  que  les  fous.  ... 
Quelque  accident  fait-il  que  je  rentre  en  mol-meme  ; 
Je  suis  Gros-Jean  comme  devant. 

La/ontaint :  FabUs  ("  La  Laitlfere  at  le 
Pot  au  L.ait,"  1668). 

IF  Dodsley  has  this  fable,  and  makes 
his  milkmaid  speculate  on  the  gown  she 
would  buy  with  her  money.  It  should 
be  green,  and  all  the  young  fellows  would 
ask  her  to  dance,  but  she  would  toss  her 
head  at  them  all— but  ah  !  in  tossing  her 
head  she  tossed  over  her  milk-pail. 

H  Echephron,  an  old  soldier,  related 
this  fable  to  the  advisers  of  king  Picro- 
chole,  when  they  persuaded  the  king  to 
go  to  war :  A  shoemaker  bought  a 
ha'p'orth  of  milk ;  this  he  intended  to 
make  into  butter,  and  with  the  money 
thus  obtained  he  would  buy  a  cow.  The 
-COW  in  due  time  would  have  a  calf,  the 
calf  was  to  be  sold,  and'the  man  when  he 
became  a  nabob  would  marry  a  princess  ; 
only  the  jug  fell,  the  milk  was  spilt,  and 
the  dreamer  went  supperless  to  bed. — 
Rabelais:  Gargantua,  i.  33  (1533). 

IT  In  a  similar  day-dream,  Alnaschar 
invested  all  his  money  in  a  basket  of 
glassware,  which  he  intended  to  sell,  and 
buy  other  wares,  till  by  barter  he  became 
a  princely  merchant,  when  he  should 
marry  the  vizier's  daughter.  Being 
offended  with  his  wife,  he  became  so 
excited  that  he  kicked  out  his  foot, 
smashed  all  his  wares,  and  became 
penniless. — Arabian  Nights  ("  The  Bar- 
ber's Fifth  Brother"). 

Ferrin,  a  peasant,  the  son  of  Thibaut. 
— Molitre:  Le  Midecin  Malgri  Lui 
(1666). 

Fersaunt  of  India  [Sir),  the  Blue 
Knight,  called  by  Tennyson  "Morning 
Star  "  or  "  PhosphSrus."  One  of  the  four 
brothers  who  kept  the  passages  to  Castle 
Perilous.  Overthrown  by  sir  .Gareth. — 
Sir  T.  Malory  :  History  of  Prince  Arihur, 
i.  131  (1470) ;  Tennyson  :  Idylls  {"  GsitQih. 
and  Lynette"). 

*.•  It  is  manifestly  a  blunder  to  call 
the  Blue  Knight  "  xVIorning  Star"  and 
the  Green  Knight  "  Evening  Star."  The 
old  romance  makes  the  combat  with  the 
"Green  Knight"  at  dawn,  and  with  the 
"Blue  Knight"  at  sunset.  The  error 
arose  from  not  bearing  in  mind  that  our 
forefathers  began  the  day  with  the  pre- 
ceding eve,  and  ended  it  at  sunset. 

Fersens  {^Per-suce'l,  a  famous  Argive 
hero,  whose  exploits  resemble  those  of 
Hercules,  and  hence  he  was  called  "The 
Argive  Hercules." 


PERSIAN  CREED. 

The  best  work  of  Benvenuto  Cellini  is 
a  bronze  statue  of  Perseus,  in  the  Loggia 
del  Lanzi,  of  Florence. 

Perseus' s  Horse,  a  ship.  Perseus,  having 
cut  off  Medusa's  head,  made  the  ship  Pe- 
gase,  the  swiftest  ship  hitherto  known,  and 
generally  called  "  Perseus's  flying  horse." 

The  thick-ribbed  bark  thro'  liquid  mountains  cut  .  .  . 

Like  Perseus'  horse. 

Shakespeare :  Treilus  and  Cressida,  act  1.  sc.  3  (1603). 

Persian  Creed  [The).  Zoroaster 
supposes  there  are  two  gods  or  spirit- 
principles — one  good  and  the  other  evil. 
The  good  is  Yezad,  and  the  evil  Ahriman. 

Les  mages  reconnaissaient  deux  principes,  un  bon 
et  un  mauvais :  le  premier,  auteur  de  tout  bien  ;  et 
I'autre,  auteur  de  tout  mal.  ...  lis  nommaient  le  bon 
principe  "Yezad"  ou  "  Yezdam,"  ce  que  les  Grecs, 
ont  traduit  par  Orotnaxes  ;  et  le  mauvais  "  Ahriman," 
enGrec  Arimannis.—Noil :  Diet,  de  ia  Fable,  article 
"Arimane." 

And  that  same  .  .  .  doctrine  of  the  Persian 
Of  the  two  principles,  but  leaves  behind 
As  many  doubts  as  any  other  doctrine. 

Byr»n  :  Don  Juan,  xiii.  41  (1824). 

Persian  Letters,  or,  according  to 
the  proper  title,  "  Letters  from  a  Persian 
in  England  to  his  Friend  in  Ispahan,"  by 
lord  Lyttelton  (1735). 

Persian  Tales,  translated  from  the 
French  by  Ambrose  Philips  (1709). 

Perth  [The  Fair  Maid  of),  Catharine 
or  Katie  Glover,  "  universally  acknow- 
ledged to  be  the  most  beautiful  young 
woman  of  the  city  or  its  vicinity." 
Catharine  was  the  daughter  of  Simon 
Glover  (the  glover  of  Perth),  and 
married  Henry  Smith  the  armourer. — 
Sir  W.  Scott :  Fair  Maid  of  Perth  [i\mQ, 
Henry  IV.). 

{For  the  plot  of  the  novel,  see  Fair 
Maid,  p.  352.) 

Pertinax    [Sir).      (See    MacSyco 

PHANT.) 

Pertolope  [Sir),  the  Green  Knight. 
One  of  the  four  brothers  who  kept  the 
passages  to  Castle  Perilous.  He  was 
overthrown  by  sir  Gareth.  Tennyson 
calls  him  "Evening  Star"  or  "Hes- 
perus."— Sir  T.  Malory:  History  of 
Prince  Arthur,  i.  127  (1470) ;  Tennyson  : 
Idylls  ("  Gareth  and  Lynette  "). 

•  .*  It  is  evidently  a  blunder  to  call  the 
Green  Knight  "Evening  Star"  and  the 
Blue  Knight  "  Morning  Star."  In  the 
original  tale  the  combat  with  the  ' '  Green 
Knight "  was  at  dawn,  and  with  the 
"Blue  Knight"  at  sunset.  The  error 
arose  from  not  recollecting  that  day  began 
in  olden  times  with  the  preceding  eve, 
Rnd  ended  at  sunset. 


830 


PETAUD. 


Porviz  [Prince),  son  of  the  sultan 
Khrosrou-schar  of  Persia.  At  birth  he 
was  taken  away  by  the  sultana's  sisters, 
and  set  adrift  on  a  canal,  but  was  rescued 
and  brought  up  by  the  superintendent  of 
the  sultan's  gardens.  When  grown  to 
manhood,  "  the  talking  bird  "  told  the 
sultan  that  Perviz  was  his  son,  and  the 
young  prince,  with  his  brother  and 
sister,  were  restored  to  their  rank  and 
position  in  the  empire  of  Persia.  — > 
Arabian  Nights  ("The  Two  Sisters," 
the  last  tale). 

Prince  Perviz* s  String  of  Pearls. 
When  prince  Perviz  went  on  his  exploits, 
he  gave  his  sister  Parizadg  a  string  of 
pearls,  saying,  "So  long  as  these  pearls 
move  readily  on  the  string,  you  will  know 
that  I  am  alive  and  well ;  but  if  they 
stick  fast  and  will  not  move,  it  will 
signify  that  I  am  ^&z.di."— Arabian  Nights 
(' '  The  Two  Sisters,"  the  last  tale). 

IT  Birtha's  emerald  ring,  and  prince 
Bahman's  knife  gave  similar  warnings. 
(See  BiRTHA  and  Bahman.) 

Pescec'ola,  the  famous  swimmer 
drowned  in  the  pool  of  Charybdis.  The 
tale  tells  us  how  Pescecola  dived  once 
into  the  pool  and  came  up  safe  ;  but  king 
Frederick  then  threw  into  the  pool  a 
golden  cup,  which  Pescecola  dived  for, 
and  was  never  seen  again. — Schiller  :  The 
Diver  (1781). 

Pest  [Mr.),  a  bnrrister.— -SjV  W. 
Scott:  Redgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Pet,  a  fair  girl  with  rich  brown  hair 
hanging  free  in  natural  ringlets.  A 
lovely  girl,  with  a  free,  frank  face,  and 
most  wonderful  eyes — so  large,  so  soft,  so 
bright,  and  set  to  perfection  in  her  kind, 
good  face.  She  was  round,  and  fresh, 
and  dimpled,  and  spoilt,  most  charmingly 
timid,  most  bewitchingly  self-willed.  She 
was  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Meagles,  and 
married  Henry  Gowan. — Dickens:  Little 
Dorrit  (1857). 

Petaud  [King),  a  king  whose  sub- 
jects are  all  his  equals  ;  all  talkers  and  no 
hearers,  all  masters  and  no  subjects. 

Petand  [King),  king  of  the  beggars. 
(Latin,  peto,  "  I  beg.") 

"  It  is  an  old  sayingf."  replied  the  abbi  Huet,  "  T6- 

taud  being  derived  from  the  Latin /f/o,  'I  beg.'" 

Asylum  Christi,  ii. 

The  court  of  king  Petaud,  a  disorderly 
assembly,  a  place  of  utter  confusion,  a 
bear-garden. 

On  h'y  respecte  rien,  chacun  y  parle  haut, 
Et  c'est  tout  justement  la  cour  du  roi  Pitaud. 

Moliire  :  Tarluffe,  \.  i  (i6£4). 


PETELLA. 


831 


PETERBOROUGH. 


La  cour  du  roi  Pitaud,  0 Jj  chacun  est  maltre.— French 
Proverb. 

Fetella,  the  waiting-woman  of  Rosa- 
lura  and  Lillia-Bianca,  the  two  daughters 
oiNax\\.o\&i.— Fletcher:  The  Wild-goose 
Chase  {16^2). 

Feter,  the  stupid  son  of  Solomon 
butler  of  the  count  Wintersen,  He  gro- 
tesquely parrots  in  an  abridged  form 
whatever  his  father  says.  Thus :  Sol. 
"  We  are  acquainted  with  the  reverence 
due  to  exalted  personages."  Pet.  "  Yes, 
we  are  acquainted  with  exalted  person- 
ages." Again:  Sol.  "Extremely  sorry 
it  is  not  in  my  power  to  entertain  your 
lordship."  P^/.  "  Extremely  sorry."  Sol. 
"Your  lordship's  most  obedient,  humble, 
and  devoted  servant."  Fet.  "  Devoted 
servant." — B.  Thompson  :  The  Stranger 
(1797). 

Peter,  the  pseudonym  of  John  Gibson 
Lockhart,  in  a  work  entitled  Peter  s 
Letters  to  his  Kinsfolk  (1819). 

Peter  {Lord),  the  pope  of  Rome. — 
Swift:  Tale  of  a  Tub  [1704,)',  and  Dr. 
Arbuthnot's  History  of  John  Bull  {171 3). 

Peter  Boats,  fishing-boats  on  the 
Thames  and  Medway.  So  named  from 
St.  Peter,  the  patron  saint  of  fishermen. 
The  keys  of  St.  Peter  form  a  part  of  the 
armorial  bearings  of  the  Fishmongers' 
Company. — Smyth :  Sailors  Word-book. 

Peter  Botte,  a  steep,  almost  per- 
pendicular "  mountain  "  in  the  Mauritius, 
more  than  2800  feet  in  height.  It  is  so 
called  from  Peter  Botte,  a  Dutch  sailor, 
who  scaled  it  and  fixed  a  flag  on  its  sum- 
mit, but  lost  his  life  in  coming  down. 

Peter  Paragrraph.  In  Foote's 
comedy  The  Orators.  It  is  a  caricature 
of  George  Faulkner,  who  (like  Foote)  was 
lame,  Faulkner  was  proprietor  of  the 
Dublin  Journal,  and  published  Swift's 
works.  He  lived  in  Parliament  Street, 
Dublin. 

The  word  is  sometimes  spelt  Faulkener. 

Peter  Parley,  the  assumed  name  of 
Samuel  G.  Goodrich.     (See  Parley.  ) 

Peter  Peebles,  a  litigious,  hard- 
hearted drunkard,  noted  for  his  lawsuit. 
—Sir  W.  Scott:  Redgauntkt  (time, 
George  III.). 

Peter  Pindar,  the  pseudonym  of 
Dr.  John  Wolcot,  of  Dodbroke,  Devon- 
shire (1738-1819). 

Peter  Plymley's   Letters,  attri- 


buted to  the  Rev.  Sydney  Smith  {1769- 
1845). 

Peter  Porcupine,  William  Cobbett, 
when  he  was  a  tory.  He  brought  out 
Peter  Porcupine's  Gazette,  The  Porcupine 
Papers,  etc.  (1762-1835). 

Peter  Simple,  a  sea-story,  by  captain 
Marryat  (1834). 

Peter  Wilkins,  the  hero  of  a  tsde 
of  adventures,  by  Robert  Pultock,  of 
Clifford's  Inn.  His  "flying  women" 
(gawreys)  suggested  to  Southey  the 
"  glendoveer"  in  The  Curse  of  Kehama. 

Peter  of  Provence  and  the 
Fair  Magalo'na,  the  chief  characters 
of  a  French  romance  so  called.  Peter 
comes  into  possession  of  Merlin's  wooden 
horse. 

Peter    the    Great    of    Egypt, 

Mehemet  Ali  (1768-1848). 

Peter  the  Hermit,  a  gentleman  of 
Amiens,  who  renounced  the  military  life 
for  the  religious.  He  preached  up  the 
first  crusade,  and  put  himself  at  the  head 
of  100,000  men,  all  of  whom,  except  a 
few  stragglers,  perished  at  Nicea, 

(He  is  introduced  by  Tasso  in  Jerusalem 
Delivered  (1575)  ;  and  by  sir  W.  Scott  in 
Count  Robert  of  Paris,  a  novel  laid  in  the 
time  of  Rufus.  A  statue  was  erected  to 
hira  at  Amiens  in  1854.) 

Peter  the  Wild  Boy.  (See  Wild 
Boy.) 

Peter's  Gate  [St.],  the  gate  of  pur- 
gatory, guarded  by  an  angel  stationed 
there  by  St.  Peter.  Virgil  conducted 
Dantg  through  hell  and  purgatory  ;  and 
Beatrice  was  his  guide  through  the 
planetary  spheres.  Dantfi  says  to  the 
Mantuan  bard — 

.  .  .  lead  me, 
That  I  St.  Peter's  gate  may  view  .  .  . 
Onward  he  \,yirgil\  moved,  I  close  his  steps  pursued. 
Dante  :  Hell,  L  (1300). 

Peter's  Letters  to  his  Kinsfolk. 

Sketches  of  Scotch  society,  by  Lockhart 
(1819). 

Peterborough,  in  Northampton- 
shire ;  so  called  from  Peada  (son  of 
Pendar  king  of  Mercia),  who  founded 
here  a  monastery  in  the  seventh  century. 
In  1541  the  monastery  (then  a  mitred 
abbey)  was  converted  by  Henry  VIII. 
into  a  cathedral  and  bishop's  see.  Before 
Peada's  time,  Peterborough  was  a  village 
called  Medhamsted.  —  Drayton  :  Foly- 
olbion,  xxiii.  (1622). 


PETERLOO. 

Feterloo  ( The  Field  of),  an  attack  of 
the  military  on  a  reform  meeting  held  in 
St.  Peter's  Field,  at  Manchester,  August 
i6,  1819.  Of  course  the  word  is  a  skit  on 
that  of  "Waterloo." 

Peterson,  a  Swede,  who  deserts  from 
Gustavus  Vasa  to  Christian  II.  king  of 
Denmark.  —  Brooke  :  Gustavus  Vasa 
(1730)- 

Petit  Andre,  the  executioner. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  Quentin  Durward  (time, 
Edward  IV.). 

Petit  Perroquet,  a  king's  gardener, 
with  whom  the  king's  daughter  fell  in 
love.  It  so  happened  that  a  prince  was 
courting  the  lady,  and,  being  jsalous  of 
Petit  Perroquet,  said  to  the  king  that  the 
young  man  boasted  he  could  bring  hither 
Tartaro's  horse.  Now,  Tartaro  was  a 
huge  giant  and  a  cannibal.  Petit  Perro- 
quet, however,  made  himself  master  of 
the  horse.  The  prince  next  told  the  king 
that  the  young  gardener  boasted  he  could 
get  possession  of  the  giant's  diamond. 
This  he  also  contrived  to  obtain.  The 
prince  then  told  the  king  that  the  young 
man  boasted  he  could  bring  hither  the 
giant  himself;  and  the  way  he  accom- 
plished the  feat  was  to  cover  himself  first 
with  honey,  and  then  with  feathers  and 
horns.  Thus  disguised,  he  told  the  giant 
to  get  into  the  coach  he  was  driving,  and 
he  drove  him  to  the  king's  court,  and  then 
married  the  princess. —^^i/.  W.  Webster: 
Basque  Legends  {\Ztj), 

Pe'to,  lieutenant  of  "  captain "  sir 
John  FalstafTs  regiment.  Pistol  was  his 
ensign  or  ancient,  and  Bardolph  his  cox- 
Y>ora.\.— Shakespeare ;  i  and  2  Henry  IV. 
(1597-8). 

PetO'w'ker  [Miss  Henrietta),  of  the 
Theatre  Royal,  Drury  Lane.  She  mar- 
ries Mr.  Lillyvick,  the  collector  of  water- 
rates,  but  elopes  with  an  officer.— 
Dickens:  Nicholas  Nickleby  {1838). 

V^^x^XKiii.  [The  English).  Sir  Philip 
Sidney  (1554-1586)  is  so  called  by  sir 
Walter  Raleigh. 

Petrarcli  and  Lanra.  Laura  was 
a  lady  of  Avignon,  the  wife  of  Hugues 
de  Sade,  nie  Laura  de  Noves,  the  mistress 
of  the  poet  Petrarch.  (See  Laura  and 
Petrarch,  p.  597.) 

Petrarch,  of  Spain,  Garcilaso  de 
la  Vega,  born  at  Toledo  (1530-1568,  or 
according  to  others,  1503-1536). 


83a 


PETULANT. 


Petrified  City  [The),  Ishmonie,  in 
Upper  Egypt.  So  called  from  the  num- 
ber of  statues  seen  there,  and  tradi- 
tionally said  to  be  men,  women,  children, 
and  dumb  animals  turned  into  stone. — 
Kircher  :  Mundus  Subtcrraneus  (1664). 

Petro'nius  (C  or  T.),  a  kind  of 
Roman  ' '  beau  Brummell  in  the  court 
of  Nero.  He  was  a  great  voluptuary  and 
profligate,  whom  Nero  appointed  Arbiter 
EleganticB,  and  considered  nothing  comme 
il  faut  till  it  had  received  the  sanction 
of  this  dictator-in-chief  of  the  imperial 
pleasures.  Tigellinus  accused  him  of 
treason,  and  Petronius  committed  suicide 
by  opening  his  veins  (a.d,  66). 

Behold  the  new  Petronius  of  the  day, 

The  arbiter  of  pleasure  and  of  play. 

Byron  :  English  Bards  and  ScoUh  Re-vieivers  (1809). 

Petruccio  =  Pe-truch'-e-o,  governor 
of  Bologna.  —  Fletcher :  The  Chances 
(1620). 

Petm'chio,  a  gentleman  of  Vero'na, 
who  undertakes  to  tame  the  haughty 
Katharina,  called  "the  Shrew."  He 
marries  her,  and  without  the  least  per- 
sonal chastisement  reduces  her  to  lamb- 
like submission.  Being  a  fine  compound 
of  bodily  and  mental  vigour,  with  plenty 
of  wit,  spirit,  and  good-nature,  he  rules 
his  subordinates  dictatorially,  and  shows 
he  v/ill  have  his  own  way,  whatever  the 
consequences. — Shakespeare :  Taming  cf 
the  Shrew  (1594). 

(C.  Leslie  says  Henry  Woodward 
(1717-1777)  was  the  best  "  Petruchio," 
"Copper  Captain,"  "captain  Flash," 
and  "  Bobadil.") 

IF  John  Fletcher  wrote  a  comedy 
called  The  Tatner  Tamed,  in  which 
Petruchio  is  supposed  to  marry  a  second 
wife,  by  whom  he  is  hen-pecked  (1647). 

Petticoat  Lane,  Whitechapel.  It 
was  previously  called  "  Hog  Lane,"  and 
is  now  called  "  Middlesex  Street." 

Petty  Cury,  in  Cambridge,  is  rot 
petit  icurie,  but  "  parva  cokeria  ;  "  petit 
curary,  from  curare,  "  to  cook  or  cure 
meat." 

Pet'ulant,  an  "  odd  sort  of  smafl 
wit,"  "  without  manners  or  breeding." 
In  controversy  he  would  bluntly  contra- 
dict, and  he  never  spoke  the  trutlu 
When  in  his  "  club,"  in  order  to  be 
thought  a  man  of  intrigue,  he  would  steal 
out  quietly,  and  then  in  disguise  return 
and  call  for  himself,  or  leave  a  letter  for 
himself.  He  not  unfrequently  mistook 
impudence  and  malice  for  wit ;  and  he 


PEU-A-PEU. 

looked  upon  a  modest  blush  in  w:>man  as 
a  mark  of  "  guilt  or  ill-breeding." — Con- 
greve:  The  Way  of  the  World  {1700). 

Peu-^-Pen.  So  George  IV.  called 
prince  Leopold.  Stein,  speaking  of  the 
prince's  vacillating  conduct  in  reference 
to  the  throne  of  Greece,  says  of  him, 
"He  has  no  colour,"  i.e.  no  fixed  plan 
of  his  own,  but  is  blown  about  by  every 
wind. 

Feveril  ( William),  natural  son  of 
William  the  Conqueror,  and  ancestor  of 
Peveril  of  the  Peak. 

Sir  Geoffrey  Peveril,  a  cavalier,  called 
"  Peveril  of  the  Peak." 

Lady  Margaret  Peveril,  wife  of  sir 
Geoffrey. 

Julian  Peveril,  son  of  sir  Geoffrey ;  in 
love  with  Alice  Bridgenorth.  He  was 
named  by  the  author  after  Julian  Young, 
son  of  the  famous  actor. — Sir  W.  Scott  : 
Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  H.). 

"Whom  is  he  called  after?"  said  Scott.  "It  is  a 
fancy  name,"  said  Young:  "in  memoriam  of  his 
mother,  Julia  Ann."  "  Well,  it  is  a  capital  name  for  a 
novel,  I  must  say,"  he  replied.  In  the  very  next  novel 
by  the  author  o£  WavcrUy,  the  hero's  name  is  "Ju- 
lian." I  allude,  of  course,  to  Peveril  of  the  Peak.— 
J.  Youns ;  Memoin,  19. 

Peveril  of  the  Peak,  the  longest 
of  all  sir  W.  Scott's  novels,  and  the  most 
heavy  (1823).  It  contains  108  characters, 
besides  courtiers,  officers,  etc. 

•.'  The  hero  of  this  novel  is  Julian 
Peveril  a  cavalier,  and  the  heroine  is 
Alice  Bridgenorth,  daughter  of  major 
Bridgenorth  a  Roundhead.  And  the 
main  subject  of  the  novel  is  the  "  Popish 
Plot."  Of  course  the  hero  and  heroine 
marry. 

The  novel  is  crowded  with  well-known 
historic  characters;  amongst  them  are 
Charles  II.,  his  brother  James  duke  of 
York,  prince  Rupert,  Antony  Cooper 
earl  of  Shrewsbury,  lord  Rochester, 
George  Villiers  duke  of  Buckingham, 
sir  Edmondbury  Godfrey,  Hudson  the 
dwarf,  colonel  Blood,  Titus  Gates,  Settle 
the  poet,  etc. 

Amongst  the  women  are  the  widow  of 
Charl^  I.,  the  wife  of  Charles  II.,  with 
his  mistresses,  Nell  Gwynne  and  Louise 
Querouaille,  etc. 

Phsedra,  daughter  of  Minos,  and 
second  wife  of  Theseus.     (See  Phedre.  ) 

(E.  Smith  wrote  a  tragedy  called 
Phcsdra  and  Hippolytus  (1708) ;  Racine 
wrote  a  famous  tragedy  called  Phedre 
in  1677 ;  and  Pradon  a  tragedy  called 
PlUdre  et  Hippolyte  in  1677.) 


833 


PHANTOM  SHIP. 


Phaedra,  waiting-woman  of  Alcme'na 
(wife  of  Amphit'ryon).  A  type  of  venality 
of  the  lowest  and  grossest  kind.  Phcedra 
is  betrothed  to  judge  Gripus,  a  stupid  ' 
magistrate,  ready  to  sell  justice  to  the 
highest  bidder.  Neither  Phaedra  nor 
Gripus  forms  any  part  of  the  dramatis 
personcB  of  Moli^re's  Amphitryon  (i668). 
— Dry  den:  Amphitryon  (1690). 

Phasdria,  the  impersonation  of 
wantonness.  She  is  handmaid  of  the 
enchantress  Acrasia,  and  sails  about  Idle 
Lake  in  a  gondola.  Seeing  sir  Guyon, 
she  ferries  him  across  the  lake  to  the 
floating  island,  where  he  is  set  upon  by 
Cymoch'les.  Phaedria  interposes,  and 
ferries  sir  Guyon  (the  knight  Tem- 
perance) over  the  lake  again. — Spenser: 
Faerie  Queene,  ii,  (1590). 

Phsedrus's  Pables,  in  Latin,  about 
A.D.  25.  Translated  into  English  verse 
by  Christopher  Smart,  in  1765. 

Pha'eton  (3  jy/.).  son  of  Helios  and, 
Clymeng.  He  obtained  leave  to  drive  his 
father's  sun-car  for  one  day,  but  was 
overthrown,  and  nearly  set  the  world  on 
fire.  Jove  or  Zeus  (i  syl.)  struck  him. 
with  a  thunderbolt  for  his  presumption, 
and  cast  him  into  the  river  Po. 

Phal'aris,  tyrant  of  Agrigentum,  in 
Sicily.  (For  the  tale  of  the  "Brazen 
Bull,"  see  Perillos,  p.  828.) 

Letters  of  Phalaris,  certain  apocryphal 
letters  ascribed  to  Phalaris  the  tyrant, 
and  published  at  Oxford,  in  1718,  by 
Charles  Boyle.  There  was  an  edition  in 
1777  by  Walckenaer  ;  another  in  1823  by 
G.  H.  Schsefer,  with  notes  by  Boyle  and 
others.  Bentley  maintained  that  the 
letters  were  forgeries,  and  no  doubt  he 
was  right. 

Phaleg,  James  Forbes,  a  Scotchman, 
who  had  been  travelling  tutor  to  the 
family  of  the  duke  of  Ormond  ;  and  was 
accused  of  repaying  his  patron's  favours 
by  a  scandalous  intrigue. — Absalom  and 
Achitophel  by  Dry  den  and  Tate. 

Here  Phaleg,  the  lay  Hebronite  \Scotchvtan\  is  come, 
'Cause,  like  the  rest,  he  could  not  live  at  home.  .  .  . 
Slim  Phaleg  ...  at  the  table  fed. 
Returned  the  grateful  product  to  the  bed. 

Part  ii.  329-3S0  (1682). 

Phallas,  the  horse  of  Heraclius. 
(Greek,  phalios,  "a  grey  horse.") 

Phantom  Ship  {The),  Carlmilkan 
or  Carmilhan,  the  phantom  ship  on  which 
the  kobold  of  the  Cape  sits,  when  he 
appears  to  doomed  vessels.       2  e 


PHAON. 


834 


PHARAOHS. 


.  .  .  that  phantom  ship,  whose  form 
Shoots  like  a  meteor  thro'  the  storm  .  .  • 
And  well  the  doomed  spectators  know 
'Tis  harbinger  of  wreck  and  jvoe. 

Sir  fV.  Scott :  Rokcby,  u.  11  (1812). 

Fha'ou,  a  young  man  who  loved 
Claribel,  but,  being  told  that  she  was 
unfaithful  to  him,  watched  her.  He  saw, 
as  he  thought,  Claribel  holding  an  assig- 
nation with  some  one  he  supposed  to  be  a 
groom.  Returning  home,  he  encountered 
Claribel  herself,  and  "  with  wrathful! 
hand  he  slew  her  innocent. "  On  the  trial 
for  murder,  "the  lady"  was  proved  to 
be  Claribel's  servant.  Phaon  would  have 
slain  her  also,  but  while  he  was  in  pvur- 
suit  of  her  he  was  attacked  by  Furor. — 
Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  ii.  4,  28,  etc 
.(i5c,o). 

U  Shakespeare's  Much  Ada  about - 
Nothing  is  a  similar  story.  Both  are 
taken  from  a  novel  by  Belleforest,  copied 
from  one  by  Bandello.  Ariosto,  in  his 
Orlando  Furioso,  has  introduced  a  similar 
story  (bk.  v.),  and  Turbervil's  Geneura  is 
the  same  tale. 

Fharamoud,  king  of  the  Franks, 
who  visited,  incognito,  the  court  of  king 
Arthur,  to  obtain  by  his  exploits  a  place 
among  the  knights  of  the  Round  Table. 
He  was  the  son  of  Marcomir,  and  father 
of  Clodion. 

(Calprenede  has  an  heroic  romance  so 
called,  which  (like  his  Cleopatra  and 
Cassandra)  is  o.  Roman  de  Longue  Haleine, 
I6i2-i665. ) 

Fhar'amond,  prince  of  Spain,  in  the 
drama  called  Philaster  or  Love  Lies  a- 
bleeding,  by  Beaumont  (?)  and  Fletcher 
(date  uncertain,  probably  about  1662). 

Beaumont  died  1616. 

Fliaraoli,  the  titular  name  of  all  the 
Egyptian  kings  till  the  time  of  Solomon, 
as  the  Roman  emperors  took  the  titular 
name  of  Caesar.  After  Solomon's  time, 
the  titular  name  Pharaoh  never  occurs 
alone,  but  only  as  a  forename :  as  Pharaoh 
Necho,  Pharaoh  Hophra,  Pharaoh  Shi- 
shak.  After  the  division  of  Alexander's 
kingdom,  the  kings  of  Egypt  were  all 
called  Ptolemy,  generally  with  some  dis- 
tinctive aftername,  as  Ptolemy  Phila- 
delphos,  Ptolemy  Euergetigs,  Ptolemy 
Philopator,  etc—Selden:  Titles  of  Honour, 
V.  50  (1614). 
,  (i)  FharaoliS  before  Solomon  (men- 
tioned in  the  Old  Testament) — 

I,  Pharaoh  eontemponary  with  Abraham 
(G<?«.  xii.  15).  I  think  this  was  Osirtesen 
L  (dynasty  xii.). 


2.  The  good  Pharaoh  who  advanced 
Joseph  {Gen.  xii.).  I  think  this  was 
Apophis  (one  of  the  Hyksos). 

3.  The  Pharaoh  who  ' '  knew  not  Joseph '' 
{Exod.  i.  8).  I  think  this  was  Amen'- 
ophis  I.  (dynasty  xviii. ).  There  seem  to 
have  been  great  political  changes  even 
before  Joseph's  death :  evidently  his  power 
was  considerably  less,  and  the  honoured 
strangers  in  Goshen  were  apparently 
beginning  to  feel  the  effects  of  the  change, 
for  Joseph  comforts  them  with  the  promise 
that  they  shall  surely  be  "  visited  "  {Gen. 
1. 24),  and  begs  them  to  take  his  bones  with 
them  when  they  are  brought  up  out  of 
the  land — no  grand  funeral  would  be  his. 

4.  The  Pharaoh  at  the  flight  of  Moses, 
I  think,  was  Thothmes  H. 

5.  The  Pharaoh  drowned  in  the  Red  Sea. 
As  this  was  at  least  eighty  years  after 
the  persecutions  began,  most  probably 
this  was  another  king.  Some  say  it  was 
Menephthes  son  of  Ram'eses  H.,  but  it 
seems  quite  impossible  to  reconcile  the 
account  in  Exodus  with  any  extant  his- 
torical account  of  Egypt  {Exod.  xiv.  28). 
(?)  Was  it  Thothmes  H.  ? 

6.  The  Pharaoh  who  protected  Hadad 
(i  Kings  xi.  19). 

7.  The  Pharaoh  whose  daughter 
Solomon  married  (i  Kings  iii.  i ;  ix.  16). 
I  think  this  was  Psusennes  1.  (dynasty 
xxi.). 

(2)  Fharaohs  after  Solomon's  time 
(mentioned  in  the  Old  Testament) — 

1.  Pharaoh  Shishak,  who  warred  against 
Rehoboam  (i  Kings  xiv.  25,  26 ;  2  Chron. 
xii.  2). 

2.  The  Pharaoh  called  "So"  king  of 
Egypt,  with  whom  Hoshea  made  an  alli- 
ance (2  Kings  xvii.  4), 

3.  The  Pharaoh  who  made  a  league 
with  Hezekiah  against  Sennacherib.  He 
is  called  Tirhakah  (2  Kings  xviii.  21; 
xix.  9). 

4.  Pharaoh  Necho,  who  warred  against 
Josiah  (2  Kings  xxiii.  29,  etc.). 

5.  Pharaoh  Hophra,  the  ally  of  Zede- 
kiah.  Said  to  be  Pharaoh  Apries,  who 
was  strangled,   B.C.  569-525   {Jer.  xliv. 

30)- 

(Bunsen's  solution  of  the  Egyptian 
dynasties  cannot  possibly  be  correct. ) 

(3)  Fharaohs  noted  in  romance — 

1.  Cheops  or  Suphis  I.,  who  built  the 
great  pyramid  (dynasty  iv.). 

2.  Cephrenfis  or  Suphis  H.  his  brother, 
who  built  the  second  pyramid. 

3.  Mencher^,  his  successor,  who  built 


PHARAOH'S  DAUGHTER. 

the  most  beautiful,  though  not  the  largest, 
of  the  pyramids. 

4.  Memnon  or  A-menophis  IH.,  whose 
musical  statue  is  so  celebrated  (dynasty 
xviii.), 

5.  Sethos  I.  the  Great,  whose  tomb 
was  discovered  by  Belzoni  (dynasty  xix. ), 

6.  Sethos  II.,  called  "Proteus,"  who 
detained  Helen  and  Paris  in  Egypt  (dy- 
nasty xix. ). 

7.  Phuoris  or  Thuoris,  who  sent  aid  to 
Priam  in  the  siege  of  Troy, 

8.  Rampsinitus  or  Rameses  Neter,  the 
miser,  mentioned  by  Herodotos  (dynasty 

XX.). 

9.  Osorthon  IV.  (or  Osorkon),  the 
Egyptian  Hercules  (dynasty  xxiii. ). 

Fharaoli's  Daughter.  The  daugh- 
ter of  Pharaoh  who  brought  up  Moses 
was,  according  to  the  Talmud,  Bathia. 
{Biihiah,  see  i  Chron.  iv.  18.)  Josephus 
says  her  name  was  Thumuthia. 

Bathia,  the  daughter  of  Pharaoh,  came  attended  by 
her  maidens,  and  entering  the  water  she  chanced  to 
see  the  box  of  bulrushes,  and,  pitying  the  infant,  she 
rescued  him  from  death.— TA*  Talmud,  vL 

Fharaoli's  Wife,  Asia  daughter  of 
Mozahem.  Her  husband  cruelly  tor- 
mented her  because  she  believed  in  Moses. 
He  fastened  her  hands  and  feet  to  four 
stakes,  and  laid  a  millstone  on  her  as  she 
lay  in  the  hot  sun  with  her  face  upwards ; 
but  angels  shaded  off  the  sun  with  their 
wings,  and  God  took  her,  without  dying, 
into  paradise.— 5a/tf.'  Al  Kordn,  Ixvi. 
note. 

Among  women,  four  have  been  perfect :  Asia,  wife 
of  Pharaoh  ;  Mary,  daughter  of  Imrin ;  Khadijah, 
daughter  of  Khowailed,  Mahomet's  first  wife  ;  and 
Feltima.Mahomet'sdaughter.— Attributed  to  Mahomet. 

*.*  There  is  considerable  doubt  re- 
specting the  Pharaoh  meant — whether  the 
Pharaoh  whose  daughter  adopted  Moses, 
or  the  Pharaoh  who  was  drowned  in  the 
Red  Sea.  The  tale  suits  the  latter  king 
far  better  than  it  does  the  first. 

Fhariau  Fields,  Egypt ;  so  called 
from  Pharos,  an  island  on  the  Egyptian 
coast,  noted  for  its  lighthouse. 

And  passed  from  Pharian  fields  to  Canaan  land. 
Milton  :  Psalm  cxiv.  (1623). 

Fharsa'lia  (The),  a  Latin  historic 
poem  in  ten  books,  by  Lucan,  the  subject 
being  the  fall  and  death  of  Pompey.  It 
opens  with  the  passage  of  Caesar  across 
the  Rubicon.  This  river  formed  the 
boundary  of  his  province,  and  his  crossing 
it  was  virtually  a  declaration  of  war  (bk. 
i.).  Pompey  is  appointed  by  the  senate 
general  of  the  army  to  oppose  him  (bk, 
v.);  Caesar  retreats  to  Thessaly  ;  Pompey 


835  PHARSALIA. 

follows  (bk.  vi.),  and  both  prepare  for 
war,  Pompey,  being  routed  in  the  battle 
of  Pharsaha,  flees  (bk.  vii.),  and,  seeking 
protection  in  Egypt,  is  met  by  Achillas 
the  Egyptian  general,  who  murders  him, 
cuts  off  his  head,  and  casts  his  body  into 
the  sea  (bk.  viii.).  Cato  leads  the  residue 
of  Pompey's  army  to  Cyrenfi,  in  Africa 
(bk,  ix.);  and  Caesar,  in  pursuit  of 
Pompey,  landing  at  Alexandria,  is  hos- 
pitably entertained  by  Cleopatra  (bk. 
X.).  While  here,  he  tarries  in  luxurious 
dalliance,  the  palace  is  besieged  by 
Egyptians,  and  Caesar  with  difficulty 
escapes  to  Pharos.  He  is  closely  pursued, 
hemmed  in  on  all  sides,  and  leaps  into 
the  sea.  With  his  imperial  robe  held 
between  his  teeth,  his  commentaries  in 
his  left  hand,  and  his  sword  in  his  right, 
he  buffets  with  the  waves,  A  thousand 
javelins  are  hurled  at  him,  but  touch  him 
not.  He  swims  for  empire,  he  swims  for 
life  ;  'tis  Caesar  and  his  fortunes  that  the 
waves  bear  on.  He  reaches  his  fleet,  and 
is  received  by  his  soldiers  with  thundering 
applause.  The  stars  in  their  courses 
fought  for  Caesar,  The  sea-gods  were 
with  him,  and  Egypt  with  her  host  was  a 
by-word  and  a  scorn, 

•,•  Bk,  ix,  contains  the  account  of  the 
African  serpents,  by  far  the  most  cele- 
brated passage  of  the  whole  poem.  The 
following  is  a  pretty  close  translation  of 
the  serpents  themselves.  It  would  occupy 
too  much  room  to  give  their  onslaught 
also : — 

Here  all  the  serpent  deadly  brood  appears  j 
First  the  dull  Asp  its  swellmg  neck  uprears ; 
The  huge  Hemor'rhSis,  vampire  of  the  blood ; 
Chersy'ders,  too,  that  poison'field  and  flood ; 
The  Water-serpent,  tyrant  of  the  lake ; 
The  hooded  Cobra  ;  and  the  Plantain  snake ; 
Here  with  distended  jaws  the  Prester  strays ; 
And  Seps,  whose  bite  both  flesh  and  bone  decays ; 
The  Ampliisbaena  with  its  double  head, 
One  on  the  neck,  and  one  of  tail  instead  ; 
The  horned  Cerastes ;  and  the  Hamniodyte, 
Whose  sandy  hue  might  balk  the  keenest  sight; 
A  feverish  thirst  betrays  the  Dipsas"  sting ; 
The  Scytaia,  its  slough  that  casts  in  spring; 
The  Natrix  liere  the  crystal  stream  pollutes ; 
Swift  thro'  the  air  the  venomed  Javelin  shoots; 
Here  the  Pareas,  moving  on  its  tail,  '  j 

Marks  in  the  sand  its  progress  by  its  trail ; 
The  speckled  Cenchris  darts  its  devious  way,    '  ' 
Its  skm  with  spots  as  Theban  marble  gay  ; 
The  hissing  Sibna ;  and  Basilisk, 
With  whom  no  living  thing  its  life  would  risk. 
Where'er  it  moves  none  else  would  dare  remain. 
Tyrant  alike  and  terror  of  the  plain, 

B.C.B. 

Amphisbana,  one  that  walks  both  ways  {Greek, 
amphis  baino). 

Chersyder,  one  that  lives  on  land  or  in  water  (Greek. 
chersos  hudor). 

Dipsas,  one  that  provokes  thirst  (Greek,  dipsa), 

Natrix,  the  swimmer  (Latin,  ttato). 

Prester,  one  that  bums  you  [GreeV.pritho), 

Seps,  one  that  provokes  thirst  (Greek,  si^t). 

Sibila,  the  bisser  (Latin,  sibilo). 


PHEASANT. 

(In  this  battle  Pompey  had  45,000 
legionaries,  7000  horse,  and  a  large 
number  of  auxiliaries.  Caesar  had  22,000 
legionaries,  and  1000  horse.  Pompey's 
battle  cry  was,  Hercules  invictus  !  That 
of  Caesar  was,  Venus  victrix  I  Caesar 
won  the  battle. ) 

Translations  of  the  Pharsalia — 
Gorge,  in  1614,  translated  bk.  i.  into  English  verse. 
Marlowe  translated  the  Pharsalia  into  blank  verse 
in  1600  ;  and  this  translation  abounds  in  grand  lines. 
May,  in  1627-1633,  made  a  translation. 
ROWE,  in  1728,  published  an  excellent  translation. 

Flxeasant.  So  called  from  Phasis,  a 
stream  of  the  Black  Sea. 

There  was  formerly  at  the  fort  of  Poti  a  preserve  of 
pheasants,  which  birds  derive  their  European  name 
from  the  river  Phasis  (the  present  Rion). — Monteilh. 

Fhebe  (2  sylX  a  shepherdess  beloved 
by  the  shepherd  Silvius.  While  Rosalind 
was  in  boy's  clothes,  Phebe  fell  in  love 
with  the  stranger,  and  made  a  proposal 
of  marriage  ;  but  when  Rosalind  appeared 
in  her  true  character,  and  gave  her  hand 
to  Orlando,  Phebe  was  content  to  accept 
her  old  love  Silvius. — Shakespeare:  As 
You  Like  It  {1600). 

Phedre  (or  Ph.«:dra),  daughter  of 
Minos  king  of  Crete,  and  wife  of  The- 
seus. She  conceived  a  criminal  love  for 
Hippolytos  her  step-son,  and,  being  re- 
pulsed by  him,  accused  him  to  her  hus- 
band of  attempting  to  dishonour  her. 
Hippolytos  was  put  to  death,  and  Phasdra, 
wrung  with  remorse,  strangled  herself. 

(This  has  been  made  the  subject  of  tra- 
gedy by  Eurip'id^s  in  Greek,  Sen'eca  in 
Latin,  Racine  in  French  (1677).  "Phedre" 
was  the  great  part  of  Mile.  Rachel ;  she 
first  appeared  in  this  character  in  1838. ) 

N.B. — Pradon,  under  the  patronage  of 
the  duchesse  de  IBouillon  and  the  due  de 
Nevers,  produced,  in  1677,  his  tragedy  of 
Phidre  in  opposition  to  that  of  Racine. 
The  duke  even  tried  to  hiss  down  Racine's 
play,  but  the  public  judgment  was  more 
powerful  than  the  duke ;  and  while  it 
pronounced  decidedly  for  Racine's  chef 
dceuvre,  it  had  no  tolerance  for  Pradon's 
production. 

Fhelis  "the  Fair,"  wife  of  sir  Guy 
earl  of  Warwick.     Also  spelt  Felice. 

Phidias  {The  French),  (i)  Jean 
Goujon  ;  also  called  "  The  Correggio  of 
Sculptors."  He  was  slain  in  the  St. 
Bartholomew  Massacre  (1510-1572).  (2) 
J.  B.  Pigalle  (1714-1785). 

Pllil  [Little),  the  lad  of  John  Davies 
the  old  fisherman. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Red- 
gauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 


836  PHILIP. 

Philaminte  (3  syl.),  wife  of  Chry- 
sale  the  bourgeois,  and  mother  of  Ar- 
mande,  Henriette,  Ariste,  and  B^lise. — 
Moliere  :  Les  Femmes  Savantes  (1672). 

Pliilan'der,  of  Holland,  was  a  guest 
at  the  house  of  Arge'o  baron  of  Servia, 
and  the  baron's  wife  Gabri'na  fell  in  love 
with  him.  (For  the  rest  of  the  tale,  see 
Gabrina,  p.  3gg.)—Ariosto:  Orlando 
Furioso  (1516). 

Pliilan'der,  a  male  coquet ;  so  called 
from  Philander  the  Dutch  knight,  who 
coquetted  with  Gabrina.  To  ' '  philander  " 
is  to  wanton  or  make  hcentious  love  to  a 
woman. 

Yes,  I'll  baste  you  tog-ether,  you  and  your  Philander. 
—Congrcvc:  The  IVayo/the  IVorld  (ijoo). 

Fhilan'der,  prince  of  Cyprus,  pas- 
sionately in  love  with  the  princess  Ero'ta. 
— Fletcher:  The  Laws  of  Candy  (1647). 

PMlanthropist  [The),  John  How- 
ard (1726-1790). 

Philario,  an  Italian,  at  whose  bouse 
Posthu'mus  made  his  silly  wager  with 
lachimo.  (See  ^OSTHVUUS.)  —  Shake- 
speare: Cymbeline  [160s). 

Pliila'rio,  an  Italian  improvisatore, 
who  remained  faithful  to  Fazio  even  in 
disgrace. — Dean  Milma?i :  Fazio  (1815}. 

Philaster  [Prince),  heir  to  the  crown 
of  Messi'na.  Euphra'sia,  who  was  in 
love  with  Philaster,  disguised  herself  as 
a  boy,  and,  assuming  for  the  nonce  the 
name  of  Bellario,  entered  the  prince's 
service.  Philaster,  who  was  in  love  with 
the  princess  Arethu'sa,  transferred  Bel- 
lario to  her  service,  and  then  grew  jealous 
of  Arethusa's  love  for  the  young  page. — 
Fletcher:  Philaster  or  Love  Lies  a-bleed- 
in^  (?  1622). 

(There  is  considerable  resemblance  be- 
tween Euphrasia  and  "Viola"  in  Twelfth 
Night,  by  Shakespeare,  1614. ) 

Philax,  cousin  of  the  princess  Imis. 
(For  the  tale,  see  Imis,  p.  520.) — Comtesse 
D'Aulnoy  :  Fairy  Tales  ("  Palace  of  Re- 
venge," 1682). 

Phile'inoii  (3  syl.),  an  aged  rustic, 
who,  with  his  wife  Baucis,  hospitably  re- 
ceived Jupiter  and  Mercury,  after  every 
one  else  had  refused  to  receive  them. 
(For  the  rest,  see  Baucis,  p.  g-j.)-— Greek 
Mythology. 

Philinte  (2  syl.),  friend  of  Alceste 
(2  syl. ). — Molitre:  Le  Misanthrope  (1666). 

PHILIP,  father  of  William  Swidger. 


PHILIP.  837 

His  favourite  expression  was,  "  Lord, 
keep  my  memory  green.  I  am  87." — 
Dickens:  The  Haunted  Man  (1848). 

Fh.ilip,  the  butler  of  Mr.  Peregrine 
Lovel ;  a  hypocritical,  rascally  servant, 
who  pretends  to  be  most  careful  of  his 
master's  property,  but  who  in  reality 
wastes  it  most  recklessly,  and  enriches 
himself  with  it  most  unblushingly.  Being 
found  out,  he  is  summarily  dismissed. — 
Townley:  High  Life  Below  Stairs  (1759). 

Plxilip  {Father),  sacristan  of  St. 
Mary's.— 5"?>  W.  Scott:  The  Monastery 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Philip  {Adventures  of)  "on  his  way 
through  the  world,  showing  who  robbed 
him,  who  helped  him,  and  who  passed 
him  by."  On  the  lines  of  Gil  Bias. — 
Thackeray  {i860). 

Philip  Augustus,  king  of  France, 
introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott  in  The  Talis- 
man (time,  Richard  I.). 

Philip  II.  of  Spain,  a  name  hated 
by  the  English,  was  not  an  immoral  man, 
but  a  very  bigoted  one.  He  had  no 
personal  doubt  that  the  religious  views 
of  the  catholics  were  right,  and  those  of 
Protestants  were  wrong ;  and  he  acted 
on  the  principle,  "  Do  I  not  hate  them, 
O  Lord,  that  hate  Thee  ?  .  .  .  Yea,  I  hate 
them  with  a  perfect  hatred,  and  treat 
them  as  mine  enemies "  {Ps.  cxxxix. 
21,  22).  It  is  not  true  that  he  died  in 
agony  of  mind,  for  his  end  was  peace. 

Philip  Nye,  brought  up  for  the 
Anglican  Church ;  but  he  became  a 
presbyterian,  and  afterwards  an  indepen- 
dent. He  was  noted  for  the  cut  of  his 
beard. 

This  reverend  brother,  like  a  goat. 
Did  wear  a  tail  upon  his  throat. 
But  set  in  such  a  curious  frame. 
As  if  'twere  wrought  in  tUograin, 
And  cut  so  even,  as  if 't  had  beeo 
Drawn  with  a  pen  upon  his  chin. 
5.  Butler:  On  Philip  Nye's  Thankssivins  Beard  (1652). 

Philip  Quarl,  a  castaway  sailor, 
who  becomes  a  hermit.  His  "man 
Friday"  is  a  chimpanzee. — Philip  Quarl 
(1727). 

Philip  Wakeham,  in  love  with 
Maggie  Tulliver  ;  but  the  connection  was 
broken  off  by  the  parents  of  the  two 
parties. — George  Eliot  {Mrs.  J.  W.  Cross) : 
The  Mill  on  the  Floss  (i860). 

Philip's  Pour  Daughters.     We 

are  told,  in  Acts  xxi.  9,  that  Philip  the 
deacon  or  evangelist  had  four  daughters 
which  did  prophesy. 


PHILLIS. 

Helen,  the  mother  of  great  Constantino, 
Nor  yet  St.  Philip's  daughters  were  like  theeCT'oonc  o/ 
Arc\ 

Shaktsftare  :  x  Henry  IV.  act  i.  sc.  2  (1589). 

Philippe,  a  parched  and  haggard 
wretch.  Though  infirm  and  bent  beneath 
a  pile  of  years,  yet  was  he  shrewd  and 
cunning,  greedy  of  gold,  malicious,  and 
was  looked  on  by  the  common  people  as 
an  imp  of  darkness.  It  was  this  old 
villain  who  told  Thancmar  that  the  pro- 
vost of  Bruges  was  the  son  of  a  serf  on 
Thancmar's  estates. — Knowles  :  The  Pro- 
vost of  Bruges  (1836). 

Philippe  Egfalite  {4  syl.).  Louis 
Philippe  due  d'Orl^ans  (1747-1793). 

Philipson  {The  elder),  John  earl  of 
Oxford,  an  exiled  Lancastrian,  who  goes 
to  France  disguised  as  a  merchant. 

Arthur  Philipson,  sir  Arthur  de  Vere, 
son  of  the  earl  of  Oxford,  whom  he 
accompanies  to  the  court  of  king  Ren6 
of  Provence. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Anne  of 
Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Philisides  (3  syl. ),  sir  Philip  Sidney 
(1554-1586). 

N.B.— The  accent  is  sometimes  on  the 
first  syllable,  and  sometimes  on  the 
second:  as — 

It  was  the  harp  of  Phil'isides,  now  dead  .  ,  . 
And  now  in  heaven  a  sign  it  doth  appear. 
The  Harp  well  known  beside  the  Northern  Bear. 
Spenser;  The  Ruins  of  Tiine  (1591). 

But  bishop  Hall  writes — 

He  knew  the  grace  of  that  new  elegance 

That  sweet  Philis'ides  fetched  of  late  from  France. 

•.'  Phililp]  Sid[ney],  with  the  Greek 
termination,  makes  Phili-sides. 

Philistines,  the  Vulgar  rich,  the 
pretentiously  genteel  not  in  "  society," 
the  social  snobs,  distinguished  for  their 
much  jewellery  and  loud  finery. 

Demonstrative  and  offensive  whiskers,  which  are  tlie 
special  inheritance  of  the  British  Philistines. — Mrs. 
Oiiphant:  Phoebe,  Junr.,  i.  2. 

During  the  aesthetic  craze,  Philistine 
was  the  name  given  to  those  who  were  not 
in  sympathy  with  the  new  ideas. 

The  Philistine  or  the  Proletarian  still  finds  un- 
diluted satisfaction  in  the  old  and  oldest  forms  of  art 
and  poetry,  if  he  knows  himself  unwatched  by  the 
scornful  eye  of  the  votary  of  fashion. — Max  Nordaii  : 
Degeneration,  p.  7. 

Phillips  {Jessie),  the  title  and  chief 
character  of  a  novel  by  Mrs.  Trollope, 
the  object  being  an  attack  on  the  new 
poor-law  system  (1843). 

Phillis,  a  drama  written  in  Spanish 
by  Lupercio  Leonardo  of  Argensola.— 
Cervantes:  Don  Quixote  (1605-15). 


PHILLIS. 
PMllis,  a  pastoral  name  for  a  maiden. 

Where  Corydon  and  Thyrsis,  met, 
Are  at  their  savoury  dinner  set, 
Of  herbs  and  other  country  messes, 
Which  the  aeat-han  iad  Phillis  dressM. 

Milttn :  VAlU^rt  (i«38). 

Fllillis,  "  the  Exigent,"  asked 
"  Damon  thirty  sheep  for  a  kiss ;  "  next 
day,  she  promised  him  ' '  thirty  kisses  for 
a  sheep  ;  "  the  third  day,  she  would  have 
given  "thirty  sheep  for  a  kiss  ;  "  and  the 
fourth  day,  Damon  bestowed  his  kisses 
for  nothing  on  Lizette. — Dufresny  :  La 
Coquette  de  Village  {1715). 

Fhilo,  a  Pharisee,  one  of  the  Jewish 
sanhedrim,  who  hated  Caiaphas  the  high 
priest  for  being  a  Sadducee,  Philo  made 
a  vow  in  the  judgment-hall,  that  he 
would  take  no  rest  till  Jesus  was  numbered 
with  the  dead.  In  bk.  xiii.  he  commits 
suicide,  and  his  soul  is  carried  to  hell  by 
Obaddon  the  angel  of  death. — Kloptock: 
The  Messiah,  iv.  (1771). 

Fhiloclea,  that  is,  lady  Penelopg 
Devereux,  with  whom  sir  Philip  Sidney 
was  in  love.  The  lady  married  another, 
and  sir  Philip  transferred  his  affections  to 
Frances  Walsingham,  eldest  daughter  of 
sir  Francis  Walsingham. 

Fhilocte'tes  (4  syl.),  one  of  the 
Argonauts,  who  was  wounded  in  the 
foot  while  on  his  way  to  Troy.  An 
oracle  declared  to  the  Greeks  that  Troy 
could  not  be  taken  "without  the  arrows 
of  Hercules,"  and  as  Herculfis  at  death 
had  given  them  to  Philoctet6s,  the  Greek 
chiefs  sent  for  him,  and  he  repaired  to 
Troy  in  the  tenth  and  last  year  of  the 
siege. 

All  dogs  have  their  day,  even  rabid  ones.  Sorrowful, 
Incurable  Philoctetes  Marat,  without  whom  Troy  cannot 
be  \a.\ievi.—Carlyle. 

Fhilosuel,  daughter  of  Pandion  king 
of  Attica.  She  was  converted  into  a 
nightingale. 

And  the  mute  Silence  hist  alon^, 
'Less  Philomel  will  deign  a  song 
In  her  sweetest,  saddest  plight. 
Smoothing  the  rugged  brow  of  night.  .  .  , 
Sweet  bird,  that  shunn'st  the  noise  of  folly. 
Most  musical,  most  melancholy. 

Milton  :  U  PcKseroso  {1638). 

Fhilopolimar  chides  ( Philo-polU- 
mark'-i-dees),  the  braggart  in  Plautus. 

Fliilosopher  {The).  Marcus  Aure- 
lius  Antoninus,  the  Roman  emperor,  was 
so  called  by  Justin  Martyr  (121,  i6i-i8o). 

Leo  VI.  emperor  of  the  East  (866, 
886-911). 

Porphyry,  the  Neoplatonist  (223-304). 

Alfred  or  Alured,  surnamed  "  Angli- 
cus,"  was  also  called  "  The  Philosopher  " 
(died  i27oi. 


838 


PHILOSTRATE. 


Fhilosoplier  Frince  ( The).  Frede- 
rick II.  of  Prussia  was  so  called  by  Voltaire 
(1712,  1740-1786). 

The  Philosopher  of  China,  Confucius 
(B.C.  551-479)- 

The  Philosopher  of  Ferney,  Voltaire, 
who  lived  at  Ferney,  near  Geneva,  for  the 
last  twenty  years  of  his  hfe  (1694-1778). 

The  Philosopher  of  Malmesbury, 
Thomas  Hobbes,  author  of  Leviathan. 
He  was  born  at  Malmesbury  (1588-1679). 

The  Philosopher  of  Persia,  Abou  Ebn 
Sina  of  Shiraz  (died  1037). 

The  Philosopher  of  Sans  Souci,  Frede- 
rick the  Great  of  Prussia  (1712,  1740- 
1786). 

*,'  Frederick  elector  of  Saxony  was 
called  "  The  Wise  "  (1463,  1544-1554). 

The  Philosopher  of  Wimbledon,  John 
Home  Tooke,  author  of  the  Diversions  of 
Purley.  He  hved  at  Wimbledon,  near 
London  (1736-1812). 

(For  the  philosophers  of  the  different 
Greek  sects,  as  the  Cynic,  Cyrenaic, 
Eleac,  Eleatic,  Epicurean,  Heraclitian, 
Ionic,  Italic,  Megaric,  Peripatetic,  Sceptic, 
Socratic,  Stoic,  etc.,  see  Dictionary  of 
Phrase  and  Fable,  p.  971.) 

FMlosoplier'g  Stone  {The),  a  red 
powder  of  amalgam,  to  drive  off  the 
impurities  of  baser  metals.  The  word 
stone,  in  this  expression,  does  not  mean 
the  mineral  so  called,  but  the  substratum 
or  article  employed  to  produce  a  certain 
effect.    (See  Elixir  Vit^,  p.  320.) 

Fhilosophers  ( The  Five  English) : 

ii)  Roger  Bacon,  author  of  Opus  Majus 
1214-1292)  ;  (2}  sir  Francis  Bacon, 
author  of  Novum  Organum  (1561-1626)  ; 
(3|  the  Hon.  Robert  Boyle  (1627-1691) ; 
(4)  John  Locke,  author  of  a  treatise  on 
the  Human  Understanding  and  Innate 
Ideas  (1632-1704) ;  (5)  sir  Isaac  Newton, 
author  oi  Princip'ia  (1642-1727). 

Fhilosophy  {The  Father  of),  (i) 
Albrecht  von  Haller  of  Berne  (1708-1777). 
(2)  Roger  Bacon  is  also  so  called  (1214- 
1292). 

The  Father  of  Inductive  Philosophy, 
Francis  Bacon  lord  Verulam  (1561-1626). 

The  Father  of  Roman  Philosophy, 
Cicero  the  orator  (b.c.  100-43). 

The  Nursing  Mother  of  Philosophy, 
Mme.  de  Boufflers  was  so  called  by 
Marie  Antoinette. 

Fhil'Dstrate  (3  syl.),  master  of  the 
revels  to  Theseus  (2  syl. )  king  of  Athens. 
— Shakespeare  :  Midsummer  Night' 3 
Dream  (1592). 


PHILOTAS. 


839 


PHOCYAS. 


FMlo'tas,  son  of  Parmenio,  and 
commander  of  the  Macedonian  cavalry. 
He  was  charged  with  plotting  against 
Alexander  the  Great.  Being  put  to  the 
rack,  he  confessed  his  guilt,  and  was 
stoned  to  death. 

The  king  may  doom  me  to  a  thousand  tortures, 
Ply  me  with  fire,  and  rack  me  like  Philotas, 
Ere  I  will  stoop  to  idolize  his  pride. 

Lee:  Alexander  the  Great,  I.  i  (1678). 

Philot'ime  (4  syl,  "  love  of  glory  "), 
daughter  of  Mammon,  whom  the  money- 
god  offers  to  sir  Guyon  for  a  wife ;  but 
the  knight  declines  the  honour,  saying 
he  is  bound  by  love-vows  to  another. — 
Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  ii.  7  (1590), 

FMlot'iuius,  Ambition  personified. 
{Greek, pAilo-limos,  "ambitious,  covetous 
of  honour.")— PA/w^a J  Fletcher:  The 
Purple  Island,  viii.  (1633). 

Fhilotimus,  steward  of  the  house 
in  the  suite  of  Gargantua. — Rabelais: 
Gargantua,  i.  18  (1533). 

Fhiloz'eiios,  an  epicure  who  wished 
he  had  the  neck  of  a  crane,  that  he  might 
enjoy  the  taste  of  his  food  longer  before 
swallowing  it. — Aristotle:  Ethics,  iii.  10. 

PWlpot  [senior),  an  avaricious  old 
hunks,  and  father  of  George  Phil  pot. 
The  old  City  merchant  cannot  speak  a 
sentence  without  bringing  in  something 
about  money.  "  He  wears  square-toed 
shoes  with  little  tiny  buckles,  a  brown 
coat  with  small  brass  buttons.  .  .  .  His 
face  is  all  shrivelled  and  pinched  with 
care,  and  he  shakes  his  head  like  a 
mandarin  upon  a  chimney-piece"  (act 
i.  I). 

When  I  was  very  young,  I  performed  the  part  of 
"Old  Philpot,"  at  Brighton,  with  great  success,  and 
next  evening  I  was  introduced  into  a  club-room  full  of 
company.  On  hearing  my  name  announced,  one  of  the 
gentlemen  laid  down  his  pipe,  and,  taking  up  his  glass, 
said,  "  Here's  to  your  health,  young  gentleman,  and  to 
your  father's  too.  I  had  the  pleasure  of  seemg  him 
hst  night  in  the  part  of '  Philpot, 'and  a  very  nice  clever 
old  gentleman  he  is.  I  hope,  young  sir,  you  may  one 
day  be  as  good  an  actor  as  your  worthy  father."— 
Munden. 

George  Philpot.  The  profligate  son  of 
old  Philpot,  destined  for  Maria  Wilding, 
but  the  betrothal  is  broken  off,  and  Maria 
'  ;  marries  Beaufort.  George  wants  to  pass 
4  for  a  dashing  young  blade,  but  is  made 
the  dupe  of  every  one,  "Bubbled  at 
play ;  duped  by  a  girl  to  whom  he  paid 
his  addresses ;  cudgelled  by  a  rake  ; 
laughed  at  by  his  cronies;  snubbed  by 
his  father ;  and  despised  by  every  one." 
—Murphy:  The  Citizen  (1757  or  1761). 

PMltra,  a  lady  of  large  fortune,  be- 
trothed  to   Bracldas;    but,    seeing   the 


fortune  of  Amidas  daily  increasing,  and 
that  of  Bracidas  getting  smaller  and 
smaller,  she  forsook  the  declining  fortune 
of  her  first  lover,  and  attached  herself  to 
the  more  prosperous  younger  brother. — 
Spenser :  Faerie  Queene,  v.  4  {1596). 

Fhinens  [FV-nuce],  a  blind  sooth- 
sayer, who  was  tormented  by  the  harpies. 
Whenever  a  meal  was  set  before  him,  the 
harpies  came  and  carried  it  off.  The 
Argonauts  delivered  him  from  these  pests 
in  return  for  his  information  respecting 
the  route  they  were  to  take  in  order  to 
obtain   the    golden   fleece.     (See  TiRE- 

SIAS.) 

Tire»as  and  Phineus,  prophets  old. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  iii.  36  (1665). 

FMz,  the  pseudonym  of  Hablot  K. 
Browne,  who  illustrated  the  Pickwick 
Papers  (1836),  Nicholas  Nickleby,  and 
most  of  Charles  Dickens's  works  of  fiction. 
He  also  illustrated  the  Abbotsford  edition 
of  the  Waverley  Novels. 

Fhleg'ethon  (3  syl. ),  one  of  the  five 
rivers  of  hell.  The  word  means  the 
"river  of  liquid  fire."  (Greek,  phlego, 
"  to  burn.")  The  other  rivers  are  Styx, 
Ach'eron,  Cocy'tus,  and  Le'thg.  (See 
Styx.) 

Fierce  Phlegethon, 
Whose  waves  of  torrent  fire  inflame  with  rage. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  ii.  580  (1663), 

FMes^'rian  Size,  gigantic.  Phlegra 
or  the  Phlegrse'an  plain,  in  Macedon,  is 
where  the  giants  attacked  the  gods,  and 
were  defeated  by  Heresies.  Drayton 
makes  the  diphthong  cs  a  short  / — 

Whose  only;  love  surprised  those  of  the  Phlegrian  size. 
The  Titanois,  that  once  against  high  heaven  durst  rise. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  vi  (1612). 

Fhobbs.  Captain  and  Mrs.  Phobbs, 
with  Mrs.  major  Phobbs  a  widow,  sister- 
in-law  to  the  captain,  in  Lend  Me  Five 
Shillings,  by  J.  M,  Morton. 

Fho'cion,  husband  of  Euphra'sia 
"  the  Grecian  daughter." — Murphy  :  The 
Grecian  Daughter  (1772). 

Fho'cyas,  general  of  the  Syrian  army 

in  the  siege  of  Damascus.  Phocyas  was 
in  love  with  Eudo'cia,  daughter  of  Eu'- 
menes  the  governor,  but  when  he  asked 
the  governor's  consent,  Eumengs  sternly 
refused  to  give  it.  After  gaining  several 
battles,  Phocyas  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  Arabs,  and  consented  to  join  their 
army  to  revenge  himself  on  Eumenfis. 
The  Arabs  triumphed,  and  Eudocia  was 
taken  captive,  but  she  refused  to  wed  a 
traitor.     Ultimately,  Phocyas  died,  and 


PHCEBUS. 

Eudocfa  entered  a  convent. — Hugkes : 
Siege  of  Damascus  (1720). 

Phoebus,  the  sun-god.  Phoebe  (2 
syl.),  the  moon-goddess. — Greek  Mytho- 
logy. 

Phoebus' s  Son.  Pha'gton  obtained  per- 
mission of  his  father  to  drive  the  sun-car 
for  one  day,  but,  unable  to  guide  the 
horses,  they  left  their  usual  track,  the  car 
was  overturned,  and  both  heaven  and 
earth  were  threatened  with  destruction. 
Jupiter  struck  Phaeton  with  his  thunder- 
bolt, and  he  fell  headlong  into  the  Po. 

.  .  .  like  Phoebus'  fayrest  child, 
That  did  presume  his  father's  fiery  wayne, 
And  flaming  mouths  of  steeds  unwonted  wilde, 
Thro'  highest  heaven  with  weaker  hand  to  rayne ;  .  .  . 
He  leaves  the  welkin  way  most  beaten  playne, 
And,  wrapt  with  whirling  wheels,  inflames  the  skyen 
With  fire  not  made  to  bume,  but  fayrely  for  to  shyne. 
Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  i.  4,  10  (1590). 

Phoebus.  Gaston  de  Foix  was  so 
called,  from  his  great  beauty  (1488-1512). 

Phoebus  [Captain),  the  betrothed  of 
Fleur  de  Marie.  He  also  entertains  a 
base  love  for  Esmeralda,  the  beautiful 
gipsy  ^x\.— Victor  Hugo:  Notre  Dame 
de  Paris  (1831). 

Phoenix  ( The)  is  said  to  live  500  (or 
1000)  years,  when  it  makes  a  nest  of 
spices,  burns  itself  to  ashes,  and  comes 
forth  with  renewed  life  for  another  simi- 
lar period.  There  never  was  but  one 
phoenix. 

The  bird  of  Arabye  .  .  .  Can  never  dye, 

And  yet  there  is  none,  But  only  one, 

A  phenix.  .  .  .  I'linni  showeth  al  In  his  Story  Natural, 

What  he  doth  finde  Of  the  phenix  kinde. 

Skelton  :  Philip  Sparoiu  (time,  Henry  VIII.). 

Phoenix  Theatre  {The),  now  called 
Drury  Lane, 

Phoenix  Tree,  the  rasin,  an  Arabian 
tree.  Floro  says,  "  There  never  was  but 
one,  and  upon  it  the  phoenix  sits." — 
Dictionary  (1598). 

'.'  Pliny  thinks  the  tree  on  which  the 
phoenix  was  supposed  to  perch  is  the 
date  tree  (called  in  Greek  phoinix),  adding 
that  "  the  bird  died  with  the  tree,  and 
revived  of  itself  as  the  tree  revived." — 
Nat.  Hist.,  xiii.  4. 

Now  I  will  believe 
That  there  are  unicorns  ;  that  in  Arabia 
There  is  one  tree,  the  phoenix'  throne ;  one  phoenix 
At  this  hour  reigning  there. 

Shakespeare:  The  Tempest,  act  iii.  sc.  3  (1609). 

Phorcns,  "  the  old  man  of  the  sea." 
He  had  three  daughters,  with  only  one 
eye  and  one  tooth  between  'em. — Greek 
Mythology. 

This  is  not  "the  old  man  of  the  sea" 
mentioned  in  the  Arabian  Nights  {"  Sin- 
bad  the  sailor  "), 


840 


PHYLLIS. 


Phor'mio,  a  parasite,  who  is  "all 
things  to  all  men." — Terence:  Phormio. 

Phosphor,  the  light-bringer  or  morn- 
ing star ;  also  called  Hesperus,  and  by 
Homer  and  Hesiod  Heds-phoros. 

Bright  Phosphor,  fresher  for  the  night. 
Sweet  Hesper-Phosphor,  double  name. 

Tennyson  :  In  Mentoriam,  cxxi.  (1850). 

Fhos'phorus,  a  knight  called  by 
Tennyson  "  Morning  Star,"  but,  in  the 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,  "  sir  Persaunt 
of  India  or  the  Blue  Knight."  One  of 
the  four  brothers  who  kept  the  passages 
to  Castle  Perilous. — Tennyson  :  Idylls 
of  the  King  ("Gareth  and  Lynette"); 
sir  T.  Malory:  History  of  Prince  Arthur, 
i.  131  {1470). 

*.•  It  is  evidently  a  blunder  to  call  the 
Blue  Knight  "Morning  Star"  and  the 
Green  Knight  "Evening  Star."  In  the 
old  romance,  the  combat  with  the  "  Green 
Knight "  is  at  dawn,  and  with  the  "  Blue 
Knight "  at  nightfall.  The  error  arose 
from  not  bearing  in  mind  that  our  fore- 
fathers began  the  day  with  the  preceding 
eve,  and  ended  it  at  sunset. 

Phraortes  {3  syl.),  a  Greek  admiral. 
— Sir  W.  Scott :  Count  Robert  of  Paris 
(time,  Rufus). 

Phrat,  the  Eu-phrat-es,  now  called 
Forat  or  Frat. 

Phry'ne  (2  syl.),  an  Athenian  cour- 
tezan of  surpassing  beauty.  Apell^s's 
celebrated  picture  of  "  Venus  Anadyo- 
mgn^ "  was  drawn  from  PhrynS,  who 
entered  the  sea  with  hair  dishevelled  for 
a  model.  The  "  Cnidian  Venus"  of 
PraxitSlfis  was  also  taken  from  the  same 
model. 

(Some  say  CampaspS  was  the  academy 
figure  of  the  "Venus  Anadyomenfi." 
Pope  has  a  poem  called  Phryne.) 

Phunky  {Mr.),  serjeant  Snubbins's 
junior  in  the  defence  of  Pickwick,  in  the 
suit  of  Mrs.  Bardell  v.  Pickwick. — 
Dickens:  Pickwick  Papers  (1836). 

Phyllis,  a  Thracian  who  fell  in  love 
with  Demoph'oon.  After  some  months 
of  mutual  affection,  Demophoon  was 
obliged  to  sail  for  Athens,  but  promised 
to  return  within  a  month.  When  a 
month  had  elapsed,  and  Demophoon  did 
not  put  in  an  appearance,  Phyllis  so 
mourned  for  him  that  she  was  changed 
into  an  almond  tree,  hence  called  by  the 
Greeks  Phylia.  In  time,  Demophoon 
returned,  and,  being  told  the  fate  of 
Phyllis,  ran  to  embrace  the  tree,  which, 


841 


PHYLLISw 

tnough  bare  and  leafless  at  the  time,  was 
instantly  covered  with  leaves,  hence  called 
Phylla  by  the  Greeks. 

Let  Demophoon  tell 
Why  Phyllis  by  a  fate  untimely  feU. 

OvU:  Ar/o/Love.U. 

Phyllis,  a  country  girl  in  Virgil's 
third  and  fifth  Eclogues.  Hence,  a  rustic 
maiden.     Also  spelt  Phillis  (g.v.). 

Phyllis,  in  Spenser's  eclogue  Colin 
Clout's  Come  Home  Again,  is  lady  Carey, 
wife  of  sir  George  Carey  (afterwards  lord 
Hunsdon,  1596).  Lady  Carey  was  Eliza- 
beth, the  second  of  the  six  daughters  of 
sir  John  Spenser  of  Althorpe,  ancestor  of 
the  noble  houses  of  Spenser  and  Marl- 
borough. 

No  less  praiseworthy  are  the  sisters  three, 
The  honour  of  the  noble  family 
Of  which  I  meanest  boast  myself  to  be,  .  .  • 
Phyllis,  Chary  His,  and  sweet  Amaryllis: 
Phyllis  the  fair  is  eldest  of  tlie  three. 
Spinser:  Colin  Cloufs  Come  Hotnt  Again  (1594). 

Phyllis  and  Brunetta,  rival  beau- 
ties. Phyllis  procured  for  a  certain 
festival  some  marvellous  fabric  of  gold 
brocade  in  order  to  eclipse  her  rival ;  but 
Brunetta  dressed  the  slave  who  bore  her 
train  in  a  robe  of  the  same  material  and 
cut  in  precisely  the  same  fashion,  while 
she  herself  wore  simple  black.  Phyllis 
died  of  mortification. — The  Spectator 
(1711,  1712,  1714). 

Phynnodderee,  a  Manx  spirit,  simi- 
lar to  the  Scotch  brownie.  Phynnodderee 
is  an  outlawed  fairy  who  absented  him- 
self from  Fairy-court  on  the  great  levie 
day  of  the  harvest  moon.  Instead  of 
paying  his  respects  to  king  Oberon,  he 
remained  in  the  glen  of  Rushen,  dancing 
with  a  pretty  Manx  maid  whom  he  was 
courting. 

Physic  a  Parce  is  [His),  Sir  John 
Hill  began  his  career  as  an  apothecary 
in  St.  Martin's  Lane,  London ;  became 
author,  and  amongst  other  things  wrote 
farces.     Garrick  said  of  him — 

For  physic  and  farces,  his  equal  there  scarce  iSJ 
His  farces  are  physic,  his  physic  a  farce  is. 

Physician  [The  Beloved),  St.  Luke 
the  evangelist  [Col.  iv.  14). 

Physician  or  Pool.  Plutarch,  in  his 
treatise  On  the  Preservation  of  Health, 
tells  us  that  Tiberius  used  to  say,  "  A 
man  is  his  own  physician  or  a  fool  at 
forty." 

Physicians  {The  prince  of),  Avi- 
cenna  the  Arabian  (980-1037). 

Physigna'thos,  king  of  the  frogs. 


PICCOLINO. 

and  son  of  Pelus  ("mud").  Being 
wounded  in  the  battle  of  the  frogs  and 
mice  by  Troxartas  the  mouse  king,  he 
flees  ingloriously  to  a  pool,  "and,  half  in 
anguish  of  the  flight,  expires  "  (bk.  iii. 
112).     The  word  means  "puffed  chaps." 

Great  Physignathos  I  from  Pelus'  race. 

Begot  in  fair  Hydromed^'s  embrace. 

Pameli :  Battle  o/the  Frogs  and  Mice,  i.  i  (about  1712). 

Physiology  {The  Father  of),  Albert 
von  Haller  (1708-1777). 

Pibrac  {Seigneur  de),  poet  and  diplo- 
matist, author  of  Cinquante  Quatrains 
(1574).  Gorgibus  bids  his  daughter 
study  Pibrac  instead  of  trashy  novels  and 
poetry. 

LIsez-moi,  comme  il  faut,  au  lieu  de  ces  somettes, 
Les  Quatrains  de  Pibrac,  et  les  doctes  Tablettts 
Du  conseiller  Matthieu  ;  I'ouvrage  est  de  valeur,  .  ,  . 
Lm  Guide  det  f^keurs  est  encore  un  bon  livre. 

Moliire  :  Sganarelle,  i.  i  (1660). 

(Pierre  Matthieu,  poet  and  historian, 
wrote  Quatrains  de  la  Vaniti  du  Monde, 
1629. ) 

Pibroch.  It  is  remarkable  how  com- 
mon the  error  is  of  mistaking  this  word, 
which  is  the  name  of  a  kind  of  air, 
generally  martial,  for  the  instrument  on 
which  it  is  played,  namely,  the  bag-pipe. 
Even  lord  Byron  falls  into  it  in  his  poem 
Oscar  of  Alva — 

It  is  not  war  their  aid  demands, 
Tha  fibroch  plays  the  song  of  peace. 

Oscaro/Alz<e.i:A. 

Picanninies  (4  syl. ),  little  children  ; 
the  small  fry  of  a  village.  —  West  Indian 
Negroes. 

There  were  at  the  marriage  the  picanninies  and  the 
Joblillies,  but  not  the  Grand  Panjandrum.— Kowjf*. 

Picaresco  School  {The),  romances 
of  roguery ;  called  in  Spanish  Gusto 
Picaresco.  Gil  Bias  is  one  of  this  school 
of  novels. 

Pic'atrix,  the  pseudonym  of  a  Span- 
ish monk ;  author  of  a  book  on  demono- 
logy. 

When  I  was  a  student,  .  .  .  that  same  Rev.  Picatrlx 
.  .  .  was  wont  to  tell  us  that  devils  did  naturally  fear  the 
briijht  flashes  of  swords  as  much  as  he  feared  the 
splendour  of  the  sun. — Rabelais  ;  Pantag'ruel,  iii.  93 
(IS4S)- 

Piccolino,    an     opera     by    Mons. 

Guiraud  (1875) ;  libretto  by  MM.  Sardou 
and  Nuittier.  "rhis  opera  was  first  intro- 
duced to  an  Enghsh  audience  in  1879. 
The  tale  is  this  :  Marthe,  an  orphan  girl 
adopted  by  a  Swiss  pastor,  is  in  love  with 
Fr^d^ric  Auvray,  a  young  artist,  who 
"  loved  and  left  his  love."  Marthe  plods 
through  the  snow  from  Switzerland  to 
Rome  to  find  her  young  artist,  but,  for 


PICKEL-HERRINGE. 


842  PICROCHOLE'S  COUNSELLORS. 


greater  security,  puts  on  boy's  clothes, 
and  assumes  the  name  of  Piccolino.  She 
sees  Fr^d^ric,  who  knows  her  not ;  but, 
struck  with  her  beauty,  makes  a  drawing 
of  her.  Marthe  discovers  that  the  faith- 
less Fr^d^ric  is  paying  his  addresses  to 
Elena  (sister  of  the  duke  Strozzi).  She 
tells  the  lady  her  love-tale  ;  and  Fr^d^ric, 
deserted  by  Elena,  forbids  Piccolino 
(Marthe)  to  come  into  his  presence  again. 
The  poor  Swiss  wanderer  throws  herself 
into  the  Tiber,  but  is  rescued.  Fr^d^ric 
repents,  and  the  curtain  falls  on  a  recon- 
ciliation and  approaching  marriage. 

Fickel-Herringfe  (5  syl),  a  popular 
name  among  the  Dutch  for  a  buffoon  ;  a 
corruption  of  pickle-hdrin  ("a  hairy 
sprite "),  arlswering  to  Ben  Jonson's 
Puck-hairy. 

Fickle  {Peregrine),  a  savage,  un- 
grateful spendthrift,  fond  of  practical 
jokes.  He  delighted  in  tormenting  others, 
but  bore  with  ill  temper  the  misfortunes 
which  resulted  from  his  own  wilfulness. 
His  ingratitude  to  his  uncle,  and  his 
arrogance  to  Hatchway  and  Pipes,  are 
simply  hateful. — Smollett  :  The  Adven.' 
iures  of  Peregrine  Pickle  (1751). 

Fickle  the  Spy,  so  scandalously 
mixed  up  with  the  history  of  "  Bonnie 
prince  Charles,"  was'  Alastair  Ruadh 
McDonnell,  heir  to  the  chieftainship  of 
Glengarry.  Charles  Edward  (the  young 
Pretender)  trusted  this  Scotch  Judas  to 
the  very  last. — Andrew  Lang:  Pickle  the 
Spy  (1896). 

Fictwick  {Samuel),  the  chief  cha- 
racter of  The  Pickwick  Papers,  a  novel 
by  C.  Dickens.  He  is  general  chairman 
of  the  Pickwick  Club.  A  most  ver- 
dant, benevolent,  elderly  gentleman,  who, 
as  member  of  a  club  instituted  "for  the 
purpose  of  investigating  the  source  of 
the  Hampstead  ponds,"  travels  about 
with  three  members  of  the  club,  to  whom 
he  acts  as  guardian  and  adviser.  The 
adventures  they  encounter  form  the  sub- 
ject of  the  Posthumous  Papers  of  the 
Pickwick  Club  (1836). 

(The  original  of  Seymour's  picture  of 
"  Pickwick"  was  a  Mr.  John  Foster  {not 
the  biographer  of  Dickens,  but  a  friend 
of  Mr.  Chapman's  the  publisher).  He 
lived  at  Richmond,  and  was  "a  fat  old 
beau,"  noted  for  his  "drab  tights  and 
black  gaiters.") 

Fickwick  Club  {The  Posthumous 
Papers  of  the),  the  title  of  the  novel  gene- 
rally called  the  "  Pickwick  Papers,"  by 


Dickens  (1836).  Mr.  Seymour  was  re- 
tained to  illustrate  the  papers,  and  after 
his  death  H.  K.  Browne,  who  assumed 
the  name  of  Phiz.  The  first  five  monthly 
parts  were  a  decided  failure,  but  on  the 
introduction  of  Sam  Weller  the  sale  rose 
twentyfold,  and  the  publishers  sent 
Dickens  ;,^SOo  on  the  publication  of  the 
twelfth  number,  and  at  the  close  of  the 
novel  they  sent  him  a  further  sum  of 
^^3000  over  and  above  his  stipulated 
agreement. 

(Moncrieff  dramatized  the  novel  under 
the  title  of  Sam  Weller  or  The  Pick- 
wickians.  In  this  version  Mrs.  Bardell 
is  the  wife  of  Alfred  Jingle,  and  therefore 
her  charge  against  Pickwick  involved  her 
in  a  charge  of  bigamy,  while  Messrs. 
Dodson  and  Fogg  are  sent  to  Newgate 
for  conspiracy. ) 

Fickwickiau    Sense    {In    a),    an 

insult  whitewashed.  Mr.  Pickwick  ac- 
cused Mr.  Blotton  of  acting  in  "a  vile 
and  calumnious  manner ; "  whereupon 
Mr.  Blotton  retorted  by  calling  Mr. 
Pickwick  "a  humbug."  But  it  finally 
was  made  to  appear  that  both  had  used 
the  offensive  words  only  in  a  parlia- 
mentary sense,  and  that  each  entertained 
for  the  other  "  the  highest  regard  and 
esteem."  So  the  difficulty  was  easily 
adjusted,  and  both  were  satisfied. 

Lawyers  and  politicians  daily  abuse  each  other  In  a 
Pickwickian  sense.— ^owrfifcA. 

Fic'rochole,  king  of  Lem^,  noted  for 
his  choleric  temper,  his  thirst  for  empire, 
and  his  vast  but  ill-digested  projects.— 
Rabelais:  Gargantua,  i.  (1533). 

(Supposed  to  be  a  satire  on  Charles  V, 
of  Spain.) 

The  rustics  of  Utopia  one  day  asked  the  cake-bakers 
of  LernS  to  sell  them  some  cakes.  A  quarrel  ensued, 
and  king  Picrochole  marched  with  all  his  army  against 
Utopia,  to  extirpate  the  insolent  inhabitants.— Bk.  i.  33. 

Ficrochole's  Counsellors.     The 

duke  of  Smalltrash,  the  earl  of  Swash- 
buckler, and  captain  Durtaille,  advised 
king  Picrochole  to  leave  a  small  garrison 
at  home,  and,  dividing  his  army  into 
two  parts,  to  send  one  south  and  the 
other  north.  The  former  was  to  take 
Portugal,  Spain,  Italy,  Germany  (but 
was  to  spare  the  life  of  Barbarossa),  to 
take  the  islands  of  the  Mediterranean, 
the  Morea,  the  Holy  Land,  and  all 
Lesser  Asia.  The  northern  army  was  to 
take  Belgium,  Denmark,  Prussia,  Poland, 
Russia,  Norway,  Sweden,  sail  across  the 
Sandy  Sea,  and  meet  the  other  half  at 
Constantinople,  when  king  Picrochole 
was  to  divide  the  nations  amongst  his 


PICTS. 

great  captains.  Exhephron  said  he  had 
heard  about  a  pitcher  of  millc  which  was 
to  make  its  possessor  a  nabob,  and  give 
him  for  wife  a  sultan's  daughter ;  only 
the  poor  fellow  broke  his  pitcher,  and 
had  to  go  supperless  to  bed.  (See  Boba- 
DIL.p.  T.-^-^.)— Rabelais :  Pantag'ruel,  i.  33 
(1533)- 

A  shoemaker  bought  a  ha'p'orth  of  milk  ;  with  this 
he  intended  to  make  butter,  the  butter  was  to  buy  a 
cow,  tho  cow  was  to  have  a  calf,  the  calf  was  to  be  sold, 
and  the  man  to  become  a  nabob  ;  only  the  poor 
dreamer  cracked  the  jug,  spilt  the  milk,  and  had  to  go 
supperless  to  h^d.—Faniae'ruel,  i.  33. 

Ficts,  the  Caledonians  or  inhabitants 
of  Albin,  i.e.  Northern  Scotland.  The 
Scots  came  from  Scotia,  north  of  Ire- 
land, and  established  themselves  under 
Kenneth  M'Alpin  in  8^3. 

(The  etymology  of  "Picts"  from  the 
Latin /iV^i  ("painted  men"),  is  about 
equal  to  Stevens's  etymology  of  the  word 
"brethren"  from  tabernacle,  "because 
we  breathe  therein.") 

Picture  {The),  a  drama  by  Mas- 
singer  (1629).  The  story  of  this  play 
(like  that  of  the  Twelfth  Night,  by 
Shakespeare)  is  taken  from  the  novel- 
letti  of  Bandello  of  Piedmont,  who  died 
1555. 

Pi'cns,  a  soothsayer  and  augur  ;  hus- 
band of  Canens.  In  his  prophetic  art 
he  made  use  of  a  woodpecker  (j>icus),  a 
prophetic  bird  sacred  to  Mars.  Circ6  fell 
in  love  with  him,  and,  as  he  did  not  re- 
spond to  her  advances,  changed  him  into 
a  woodpecker,  whereby  he  still  retained 
his  prophetic  power. 

"There  is  Picus,"said  Maryx.  "What  a  strange 
thins:  is  tradition  1  Perhaps  it  was  in  this  very  forest 
that  Circe,  gathering  her  herbs,  saw  the  bold  friend  of 
Mars  on  his  fiery  courser,  and  tried  to  bewitch  him, 
and,  failing,  metamorphosed  him  so.  What,  I  wonder, 
ever  first  wedded  that  story  to  the  woodpecker  J"— 
Ouida:  Ariadnf,  i.  11. 

Pied  Horses.  Motassem  had 
130,000  pied  horses,  which  he  employed 
to  carry  earth  to  the  plain  of  Catoul  ; 
and  having  raised  a  mound  of  sufficient 
height  to  command  a  view  of  the  whole 
neighbourhood,  he  built  thereon  the  royal 
city  of  Samarah'.  — Khondemyr  :  Khelassat 
al  Akhbar  (1495). 

The  Hill  of  the  Pied  Horses,  the  site  of 
the  palace  of  Alkoremmi,  built  by  Mo- 
tassem, and  enlarged  by  Vathek. 

Pied  Piper  of  Hameln  (or  Hame- 
lin),  in  Westphalia,  a  piper  named 
Bunting,  from  his  dress.  He  undertook, 
for  a  certain  sum  of  money,  to  free  the 
town  of  Hamelin,  in  Brunswick,  of  the 
rats  which  infested  it ;  but  when  he  had 


843        PIED  PIPER  OF  HAMELN. 

drowned  all  the  rats  in  the  river  Weser, 
the  townsmen  refused  to  pay  the  sum 
agreed  upon.  The  piper,  in  revenge, 
collected  together  all  the  children  of 
Hameln,  and  enticed  them  by  his  piping 
into  a  cavern  in  the  side  of  the  mountain 
Koppenberg,  which  instantly  closed 
upon  them,  and  130  went  down  alive  into 
the  pit  (June  26,  1284).  The  street  through 
which  Bunting  conducted  his  victims  was 
Bungen,  and  from  that  day  to  this  no 
music  is  ever  allowed  to  be  played  in  this 
particular  street. —  Verstegan  :  Restitution 
of  Decayed  Intelligence  (1634). 

(Robert  Browning  has  a  poem  entitled 
The  Pied  Piper,  which  he  wrote  for  little 
Willie  Macready,  and  did  not  mean  to 
publish. ) 

N.B. — Erichius,  in  his  Exodus  Hame- 
lensis,  maintains  the  truth  of  this  legend  ; 
but  Martin  Schoock,  in  his  Fabula  Hame- 
hensis,  contends  that  it  is  a  mere  myth. 

"  Don't  forget  to  pay  the  piper  "  is  still 
a  household  expression  in  common  use. 

IT  A  similar  tale  is  told  of  the  fiddler 
of  Brandenberg.  The  children  were  led 
to  the  Marienberg,  which  opened  upon 
them  and  swallowed  them  up. 

U  When  Lorch  was  infested  with  ants, 
a  hermit  led  the  multitudinous  insects  by 
his  pipe  into  a  lake,  where  they  perished. 
As  the  inhabitants  refused  to  pay  the 
stipulated  price,  he  led  their  pigs  the 
same  dance,  and  they,  too,  perished  in 
the  lake. 

Next  year,  a  charcoal-burner  cleared 
the  same  place  of  crickets  ;  and  when 
the  price  agreed  upon  was  withheld,  he 
led  the  sheep  of  the  inhabitants  into  the 
lake. 

The  third  year  came  a  plague  of  rats, 
which  an  old  man  of  the  mountain  piped 
away  and  destroyed.  Being  refused  his 
reward,  he  piped  the  children  of  Lorch 
into  the  Tannenberg. 

IT  About  200  years  ago,  the  people 
of  Ispahan  were  tormented  with  rais, 
when  a  little  dwarf  named  Giouf,  not 
above  two  feet  high,  promised,  on  the 
payment  of  a  certain  sum  of  money,  to 
free  the  city  of  all  its  vermin  in  an  hour. 
The  terms  were  agreed  to,  and  Giouf,  by 
tabor  and  pipe,  attracted  every  rat  and 
mouse  to  follow  him  to  the  river  Zen- 
derou,  where  they  were  all  drowned. 
When  the  dwarf  demanded  payment, 
the  people  gave  him  several  bad  coins, 
which  they  refused  to  change.  Next  day, 
they  saw  with  horror  an  old  black  woman, 
fifty  feet  high,  standing  in  the  market- 
place with  a  whip  in  her  hand.     She  was 


PIERIA. 


844 


PIETRO. 


the  genie  Merjjian  Banou,  the  mother  of 
the  dwarf.  For  four  days  she  strangled 
daily  fifteen  of  the  principal  women,  and 
on  the  fifth  day  led  forty  others  to  a 
magic  tower,  into  which  she  drove  them, 
and  they  were  never  after  seen  by  mortal 
eye. — Gueulette:  Chinese  Tales  i^"  History 
of  Prince  Kader-Bilah,"  1723). 

'.•  The  syrens  of  classic  story  had,  by 
their  weird  spirit-music,  a  similar  irre- 
sistible influence. 

<See  Curious  Myths  o/the  Middle  Agti.'S 

(Weird  music  is  called  Alpleich  or 
Elfenseigen.) 

Pieria,  a  mountainous  slip  of  land  in 
Thessaly.  A  portion  of  the  Mountains 
is  called  Pigrus  or  the  Pierian  Moun- 
tain, the  seat  of  the  Muses. 

Ah  !  will  they  leave  Pieria's  happy  shore. 
To  ploug-h  the  tide  where  wintry  tempests  roart 
Falconer:  The  Ship-wreck  (1756). 

Pierre  \Peer\  a  blunt,  bold,  out- 
spoken man,  who  heads  a  conspiracy  to 
murder  the  Venetian  senators,  and  induces 
Jaffier  to  join  the  gang.  Jaffier  (in  order 
to  save  his  wife's  father,  Priuli)  reveals 
the  plot,  under  promise  of  free  pardon  ; 
but  the  senators  break  their  pledge,  and 
order  the  conspirators  to  torture  and  death. 
Jafifier,  being  free,  because  he  had  turned 
"king's  evidence,"  stabs  Pierre  to  prevent 
his  being  broken  on  the  wheel,  and  then 
kills  himself. — Otway:  Venice  Preserved 
(1682). 

John  Kemble  [1757-1823!  could  not  play  "sir  Per- 
tinax  "  like  Cooke,  nor  could  Cooke  play  "  Pierre  "  like 
Kemble. — C.  R.  Leslie  :  A  utobiography. 

Charles  M.  Young's  "  Pierre,"  if  not  so  lofty,  is  more 
natural  and  soldierly  than  Kemble's. — New  Monthly 
Magazine  (1822). 

Macready's  "Pierre  "was  occasionally  too  familiar, 
and  now  and  then  too  loud  ;  but  it  had  beauties  of  the 
highest  order,  of  which  I  chiefly  remember  his  passion- 
ate taunt  of  the  gang  of  conspirators,  and  his  silent 
reproach  to  "Jaffier"  by  holding  up  his  manacled 
hands,  and  lookmg  upon  the  poor  traitor  with  stedfast 
sorrow  [1793-1873J.— 7a//(7j<ra?. 

Pierre,  a  very  inquisitive  servant  of 
M.  Darlemont,  who  long  suspects  his 
master  has  played  falsely  with  his  ward 
Julio  count  of  Harancour. — Holcroft :  The 
Deaf  and  Dumb  (1785). 

Pierre  Alphonse  {Rabbi  Moise 
Sephardi),  a  Spanish  Jew  converted  to 
Christianity  in  1062. 

All  stories  that  recorded  are 
By  Pierre  Alfonse  he  knew  by  heart. 
Longfellow  :  The  Wayside  Inn  (prelude). 

Pierre  du  Coigfnet  or  Coigueres, 

an  advocate-general  in  the  reign  of  Phi- 
lippe de  Valois,  who  stoutly  opposed  the 
encroachments  of  the  Church.  The 
monks,    in    revenge,    nicknamed    those 


grotesque  figures  in  stone  (called  "  gar- 
goyles"), pierres  du  coignet.  At  Notre 
Dame  de  Paris  there  were  at  one  time 
gargoyles  used  for  extinguishing  torches, 
and  the  smoke  added  not  a  little  to  their 
ugliness. 

You  may  associate  them  with  Master  Pierre  du 
Coignet,  . .  .  which  perform  the  office  of  extinguishers. 
— Rabelais:  Gargantua  and  Pantag'ruel  (iS33-4S). 

Pierrot  \P^-er-ro\  a  character  in 
French  pantomime,  representing  a  man 
in  stature  and  a  child  in  mind.  He  is 
generally  the  tallest  and  thinnest  man  in 
the  company,  and  appears  with  his  face 
and  hair  thickly  covered  with  flour.  He 
wears  a  white  gown,  with  very  long 
sleeves,  and  a  row  of  big  buttons  down 
the  front.  The  word  means  "Little 
Peter." 

Piers  and  Palinode,  two  shepherds 
in  Spenser's  fifth  eclogue,  representing 
the  protestant  and  the  catholic  priest. 

Piers  or  Percy  again  appears  in  eel.  x. 
with  Cuddy,  a  poetic  shepherd.  This 
noble  eclogue  has  for  its  subject  "poetry." 
Cuddy  complains  that  poetry  has  no 
patronage  or  encouragement,  although  it 
comes  by  inspiration.  He  says  no  one 
would  be  so  qualified  as  Colin  to  sing 
divine  poetry,  if  his  mind  were  not  so 
depressed  by  disappointed  love. — Spen- 
ser:  The  Shepheardes  Calendar  (1579). 

Piers  Plowman  {The  Vision  of),  9. 
satirical  poem  divided  into  twenty  parts. 
The  vision  is  supposed  to  have  been  seen 
while  the  plowman  was  sleeping  in  the 
Malvern  Hills.  First  published  in  1550 ; 
but  the  author,  William  Langland,  a 
secular  priest,  lived  1332-1400.  The 
poem  is  not  in  rhymes,  nor  yet  in  heroic 
blank  verse  like  Shakespeare's  plays,  but 
in  alliterative  verse  containing  from  ten 
to  twelve  syllables,  with  a  pause  at  the 
fifth  or  sixth  foot.  He  preceded  Chaucer, 
who  wrote  in  rhymes. 

(The  Malvern  Hills  form  a  boundary  between  'Wot' 
cestershire,  Monmouthshire,  and  Herefordshire.) 

N.B. — Anglo-Saxon  alliterative  poetry 
does  not  require  every  word  of  a  line  to 
begin  with  the  same  letter,  but  that  three 
words  in  two  short  lines  (or  one  long  line) 
should  do  so.  Two  words  in  the  former 
part  and  one  in  the  latter,  as — 

Mercy  hight  that  Afaid  ||  a  ^eek  thing  withal  .  ,  , 
Her  5ister  at  it  5eemed  ||  came  5oothly  walking 
When  these  ^1/aidens  Met  i  Mercy  and  Truth. 

From  Piers  Ploiuman. 

But  by  no  means  was  this  method  strictly 
observed. 

Pie'tro  (2  syl.),  the  putative  father  of 


PIETRO  OF  ABANO. 


84s     PILGRIM  TO  COMPOSTELLA. 


Pompilia.  This  paternity  was  a  fraud, 
perpetrated,  unknown  to  Pietro,  by 
Violante  his  wife,  "  partly  to  please  old 
Pietro,"  partly  to  oust  the  heirs  of  certain 
property  which  would  otherwise  fall  to 
them. — R.  Brozvning :  The  Ring  and  the 
Book,  ii.  575  {1868-69). 

Pietro  of  Abano,  the  greatest 
Italian  philosopher  and  physician  of  the 
thirteenth  century.  He  was  an  astrologer, 
and  was  persecuted  as  a  wizard-  Abano 
is  a  village  near  Padua. 

Browning  has  a  poem  called  Pietro  of 
Abano  (1880). 

Fig.  Phaedrus  tells  a  tale  of  a  popular 
actor  who  imitated  the  squeak  of  a  pig. 
A  peasant  said  to  the  audience  that  he 
would  himself  next  night  challenge  and 
beat  the  actor.  When  the  night  arrived, 
the  audience  unanimously  gave  judgment 
in  favour  of  the  actor,  saying  that  his 
squeak  was  by  far  the  better  imitation  ; 
but  the  peasant  presented  to  them  a  real 
pig,  and  said,  "  Behold,  what  excellent 
judges  are  ye  1  " 

IT  This  is  similar  to  the  judgment  of 
the  connoisseur  who  said,  "Why,  the 
fellow  has  actually  attempted  to  paint  a 
fly  on  that  rosebud,  but  it  is  no  more  like 

a  fly  than  I  am   like ;  "  but,    as  he 

approached  his  finger  to  the  picture,  the 
fly  flew  away. — Stevens  :  The  Connoisseur 
{1754). 

Figal  [Mons.  de),  the  dancing-master 
who  teaches  Alice  Bridgenorth. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles 
II.). 

Figfeon  and  Dove  {The).  Prince 
Constantio  was  changed  into  a  pigeon 
and  the  princess  Constantia  into  a  dove, 
because  they  loved,  but  were  always 
crossed  in  love.  Constantio  found  that 
Constantia  was  sold  by  his  mother  for  a 
slave,  and  in  order  to  follow  her  he  was 
converted  into  a  pigeon.  Constantia  was 
seized  by  a  giant,  and  in  order  to  escape 
him  was  changed  into  a  dove.  Cupid 
then  took  them  to  Paphos,  and  they 
became  "examples  of  a  tender  and  sin- 
cere passion  ;  and  ever  since  have  been 
the  emblems  of  love  and  constancy." — • 
Comtesse  D' Aulnoy :  Fairy  Tales  {"  The 
Pigeon  and  Dove,"  1682). 

Pigmy,  a  dwarf.     (See  Pygmy.) 

Figott  Diamond  [The),  brought 
from  India  by  lord  Pigott.  It  weighs 
82J  carats.  In  1818  it  came  into  the 
hands  of  Messrs.  Rundell  and  Bridge. 


Figrogrom'itus,  a  name  alluded  to 
by  sir  Andrew  Ague-cheek. 

In  sooth  thou  wast  in  very  g:racious  fooling  last  night 
when  thou  spokest  of  Pigrogroraitus,  of  the  Vapiaii 
passing  the  equinoctial  of  Queubus.  'Twas  very  good, 
i'  faXth.—Shakespeare :  Twelfth  Night,  act  ii.  sc  3 
(1614). 

Pigwig'gen,  a  fairy  knight,  whose 
amours  with  queen  Mab,  and  furious 
combat  with  Oberon,  form  the  subject  of 
Drayton's  Nymphidia  (1593). 

Pike.  The  best  pike  in  the  world  are 
obtained  from  the  Wyth'am,  in  that 
division  of  Lincolnshire  called  Kesteven 
(in  the  west). 

Y«t  for  my  dainty  pike  I  \lVythani)  am  without  com- 
pare. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xxv.  (1633). 

Pike  [Gideon],  valet  to  old  major 
Bellenden.  — 5?y  W.  Scott:  Old  Mortality 
(time,  Charles  II.). 

Fila'tus  [Mount),  in  Switzerland. 
The  legend  is  that  Pontius  Pilate,  being 
banished  to  Gaul  by  the  emperor  Tibe- 
rius, wandered  to  this  mount,  and  flung 
himself  into  a  black  lake  at  the  summit 
of  the  hill,  being  unable  to  endure  the 
torture  of  conscience  for  having  given  up 
the  Lord  to  crucifixion. 

Of  course  there  is  no  historical  value  in  this  tradition. 
Pilaitis  means  "  capped  "  [with  snow],  but  the  siini> 
Urity  of  the  two  words  gave  rise  to  the  tradition. 

Pilcrow,  a  mark  in  printing,  to 
attract  attention,  made  thus  IT  or  1^" 

In  husbandry  matters,  where  pilcrow  ye  find. 
That  verse  appertaineth  to  husbandry  kind. 
Turner  :  Five  Hundred  Points  of  Good  Husbandry 
(ISS7)- 

Filgfrim  Pathers.  They  were  102 
puritans  (English,  Scotch,  and  Dutch), 
who  went,  in  December,  1620,  in  a  ship 
called  the  Mayflower,  to  North  America, 
and  colonized  Maine,  New  Hampshire, 
Vermont,  Massachusetts,  and  Connecti- 
cut. These  states  they  called  "  New 
England."  New  Plymouth  (near  Boston) 
was  the  second  colony  planted  by  the 
English  in  the  New  World. 

Men  in  the  middle  of  life,  austere  and  grare  in  depoit- 

ment  .  .  . 
God  had  sifted  three  kingdoms  to  find  the  wheat  for 

this  planting. 
LongfelloTu :  Courtship  0/ Miles  Standish,  iv.  (1858). 

Pilgrim— Palmer.  Pilgrims  had 
dwellings,  palmers  had  none.  Pilgrims 
went  at  their  own  charge,  palmers  pro- 
fessed willing  poverty  and  lived  on 
charity.  Pilgrims  might  return  to  a 
secular  life,  palmers  could  not.  Pilgrims 
might  hold  titles  and  follow  trades, 
palmers  were  wholly  "  religious  "  men. 

Pilgrim  to  Compostella.    Some 


PILGRIMS  AND  THE  PEAS.        846 


PILOT. 


pilgrims  on  their  way  to  Compostella 
stopped  at  a  hospice  in  La  Calzada.  The 
daughter  of  the  innkeeper  solicited  a 
young  Frenchman  to  spend  the  night  with 
her,  but  he  refused  ;  so  she  put  in  his 
wallet  a  silver  cup,  and  when  he  was  on 
the  road,  she  accused  him  to  the  alcaydS 
of  theft.  As  the  property  was  found  in 
his  possession,  the  alcayd^  ordered  him 
to  be  hung.  His  parents  went  on  their 
way  to  Compostella,  and  returned  after 
eight  days,  but  what  was  their  amaze- 
ment to  find  their  son  alive  on  the  gibbet 
and  uninjured.  They  went  instantly  to 
tell  the  alcayde;  but  the  magistrate 
replied,  "Woman,  you  are  mad!  I 
would  just  as  soon  believe  these  pullets, 
which  I  am  about  to  eat,  are  alive,  as  that 
a  man  who  has  been  gibbeted  eight  days 
is  not  dead."  No  sooner  had  he  spoken 
than  the  two  pullets  actually  rose  up 
alive.  The  alcaydfi  was  frightened  out 
of  his  wits,  and  was  about  to  rush  out  of 
doors,  when  the  heads  and  feathers  of  the 
birds  came  scampering  in  to  complete  the 
resuscitation.  The  cock  and  hen  were 
taken  in  grand  procession  to  St.  James's 
Church  of  Compostella,  where  they  Uved 
seven  years,  and  the  hen  hatched  two 
eggs,  a  cock  and  a  hen,  which  lived  just 
seven  years  and  did  the  same.  This  has 
continued  to  this  day,  and  pilgrims 
receive  feathers  from  these  birds  as  holy 
relics  ;  but  no  matter  how  many  feathers 
are  g^ven  away,  the  plumage  of  the 
sacred  fowls  is  never  deficient. 

Galium  capiunt  et  gallinam,  et  in  eccleslam  trans- 
ferunt  magna  solemnitate.  Quae  ibi  clausae  res  admir- 
abiles  et  Dei  potentiam  testificantes  observantur,  ubi 
septennio  vivunt ;  hunc  enim  terminum  Deus  illus 
instituit  ;  et  in  fine  septennii  antequara  moriantur, 
puUum  relinquunt  et  pullam  sui  colons  et  magnitudinis ; 
et  hoc  fit  in  ea  ecclesia  quolibet  septennio.  Magiiae 
quoque  admirationis  est,  quod  omnes  per  banc  urbem 
transeuntes  peregrini,  qui  sunt  innumerabiles,  galli 
hujus  et  galiinse  plumam  capiunt,  et  nunquam  illis 
plumae  deficiunt.  Hac  EGO  Testor,  propterea  quod 
ViDI  et  inteTiai.— Lucius  M.  Siculus  :  Rerujn  His- 
panUarum  Scriptorcs,  ii.  805. 

•.•  This  legend  is  also  seriously  related 
by  bishop  Patrick,  Parable  of  the  PilgHms, 
XXXV.  430-4.  Udal  ap  Rhys  repeats  it  in 
his  Tour  through  Spain  and  Portugal, 
35-8.  It  is  inserted  in  the  Acta  Sancto- 
rum, vi.  45.  Pope  Calixtus  II.  mentions 
it  among  the  miracles  of  Santiago.  Mgr. 
Guerin,  the  pope's  chamberlain,  inserts 
it  in  his  Petits  Bollandists,  as  un- 
doubtedly true ;  and  Lucius  M.  Siculus 
(See  above)  says,  "Hac  Ego  Testor, 
propterea  quod  Vmi  et  interfui." — His- 
tory of  Spanish  Authors,  ii.  805. 

Filgrrims  and  tlie  Feas.     Two 


pilgrims,  for  penance,  had  to  walk  to  the 
Holy  Land  with  peas  in  their  shoes. 
One  accomplished  the  journey  without 
difficulty,  but  the  other  was  well-nigh 
crippled.  The  latter  asked  the  former 
why  he  was  so  nimble,  and  he  replied,  "  I 
boiled  my  peas." — Peter  Pindar  [Dr. 
Wolcot](i782). 

Pilgrims  of  the  Rhine  {The),  a 
novel  by  lord  Lytton  {1834). 

Pilgrim's  Progress  ( The),  by  John 
Bunyan  (pt.  i.,  1678;  pt.  ii.,  1684). 
This  is  supposed  to  be  a  dream,  and  to 
allegorize  the  life  of  a  Christian  from 
his  conversion  to  his  death.  His  doubts 
are  giants,  his  sins  a  bundle  or  pack,  his 
Bible  a  chart,  his  minister  Evangelist,  his 
conversion  a  flight  from  the  City  of  De- 
struction, his  struggle  with  besetting  sins  a 
fight  with  Apollyon,  his  death  a  toilsome 
passage  over  a  deep  stream,  and  so  on. 

The  second  part  is  Christiana  and  her 
family  led  by  Greatheart  through  the 
same  road,  to  join  Christian,  who  had 
gone  before. 

Pilgrims'  Songs;  or,  "Songs  of 
the  Goings-up,"  Psalms  written  from  the 
recollection  of  the  going  up  from  Babylon 
to  Jerusalem,  when,  full  of  joy,  the  cara- 
vans returned  with  Zerubbabel  after  the 
Captivity.  They  were  afterwards  collected 
into  one  volume,  and  were  then  intended 
for  the  use  of  the  pilgrims  who  went  up 
from  all  parts  of  the  Holy  Land  to  keep 
the  yearly  festivals  in  the  second  temple. 

Pillar  of  the  Doctors  [La  Colonne 
des  DocteursX   William   de    Champeaux 

(*-II2l). 

Pillars  of  Hercules  ( The),  CalpS 
and  Abyla,  two  mountains,  one  in  Europe 
and  the  other  in  Africa.  Calpg  is  now 
called  "The  Rock  of  Gibraltar,"  and 
Abyla  is  called  "The  Apes'  Hill"  or 
"  mount  Hacho." 

Pills     to    Purge    Melancholy. 

Another  title  is  "  Laugh  and  be  Fat,"  a 
collection  of  sonnets  by  D'Urfey  (17 19). 

Pilot  {The),  an  important  character 
and  the  title  of  a  nautical  burletta  by  E. 
Fitzball,  based  on  the  novel  so  called  by 
J.  Fenimore  Cooper  of  New  York  (1823). 
"  The  pilot "  turns  out  to  be  the  brother 
of  colonel  Howard  of  America.  He 
happened  to  be  in  the  same  vessel  which 
was  taking  out  the  colonel's  wife  and  only 
son.  The  vessel  was  wrecked,  but  ' '  the 
pilot"  (whose  name  was  John  Howard) 
saved  the  infant  boy,  and  sent  him  to 


PILOT. 

England  to  be  brought  up,  under  tha 
name  of  Barnstable.  When  young  Barn- 
stable was  a  lieutenant  in  the  British 
navy,  colonel  Howard  seized  him  as  a 
spy,  and  commanded  him  to  be  hung 
to  the  yardarm  of  an  American  frigate 
called  the  Alacrity.  At  this  crisis  "  the 
pilot "  informed  the  colonel  that  Barn- 
stable was  his  own  son,  and  the  father  ar- 
rived just  in  time  to  save  him  from  death. 

Pilot  that  Weathered  the  Storm 

[The),  William  Pitt  (1759-1806).  The 
"  storm  "  referred  to  was  the  European 
disturbance  created  by  Napoleon  Buona- 
parte. There  was  a  silver  medal  cast 
in  the  Pitt  Club,  on  the  obverse  side  of 
which  was  the  motto  given  above,  and 
below  it  was  the  date  of  Pitt's  birth.  On 
the  reverse  is  "Warrington  Pitt  Club, 
MDCCCXIV." 

Pilpay',  the  Indian  ^sop.  His  com- 
pilation was  in  Sanskrit,  and  entitled 
Pantschatantra  (fourth  century  B.C.). 

It  was  rumoured  he  could  say  .  .  . 
All  the  "  Fables  "  of  Pilpay. 
LonsfclloTo  :  The  Wayside  Inn  (prelude). 

Filuxn'nus,  the  patron  god  of  bakers 
and  millers,  because  he  was  the  first 
person  who  ever  ground  corn. 

Then  there  was  Pilumnus,  who  was  the  first  to  make 
cheese,  and  became  the  god  of  bakers.— Owi/a  .• 
Ariadnf,  i.  40. 

Pimperlimpimp  [Powder),  a  worth- 
less nostrum,  used  by  quacks  and  sor- 
cerers. Swift  uses  the  word  in  his  Tale 
of  a  Tub  (1704). 

This  famous  doctor  [Sherlock']  plays  the  Merry 
Andrew  with  the  world,  and,  like  the  powder  "Pimper 
le  Pimp,"  turns  up  what  trump  the  knave  of  clubs  calls 
for.— .^  Dialogue  between  Dr.  Sherlock  .  .  .  and  Dr. 
Oates  (1690). 

Pinabello,  son  of  Anselmo  (king  of 
Maganza).  Marphi'sa  overthrew  him, 
and  told  him  he  could  not  wipe  out  the 
disgrace  till  he  had  unhorsed  a  thousand 
dames  and  a  thousand  knights.  Pinabello 
was  slain  by  Brad'amant. — Ariosto : 
Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Pinac,  the  lively  spirited  fellow- 
traveller  of  Mirabel  "the  wild  goose." 
He  is  in  love  with  the  sprightly  Lillia- 
Bianca,  a  daughter  of  Nantolet. — Fletcher: 
The  Wild-goose  Chase  (1652). 

Pinch,  a  schoolmaster  and  conjurer, 
who  tries  to  exorcise  Antipb'olus  (act  iv. 
sc.  4). — Shakespeare:  Comedy  of  Errors 
(1593). 

Pinch  [Tom],  clerk  to  Mr.  Pecksniff 
"  architect  and  land  surveyor."  Simple 
as  a  child,  green  as  a  salad,  and  honest 


847         FINDER  OF  WAKEFIELD. 

as  truth  itself.  Very  fond  of  story-books, 
but  far  more  so  of  the  organ.  It  was  the 
seventh  heaven  to  him  to  pull  out  the 
stops  for  the  organist's  assistant  at  Salis- 
bury Cathedral ;  but  when  allowed,  after 
service,  to  finger  the  notes  himself,  he 
lived  in  a  dream-land  of  unmitigated 
happiness.  Being  dismissed  from  Peck- 
sniffs oflSce,  Torn  was  appointed  librarian 
to  the  Temple  library,  and  his  new 
catalogue  was  a  perfect  model  of  pen- 
manship. 

Ruth  Pinch,  a  true-hearted,  pretty  girl, 
who  adores  her  brother  Tom,  and  is  the 
sunshine  of  his  existence.  She  marries 
John  Westlock.  —  Dickens  :  Martin 
Chuzzlewit  (1844). 

Pinchbeck  [Lady),  with  whom  don 
Juan  placed  Leila  to  be  brought  up. 

Olden  she  was — but  had  been  very  young ; 
Virtuous  she  was— and  had  been,  I  believe  .  .  . 
She  merely  now  was  amiable  and  witty. 

Byron  :  Don  yuan,  xii.  43,  47  (1824). 

Pinchwife  [Mr. ),  the  town  husband 
of  a  raw  country  girl,  wholly  unpractised 
in  the  ways  of  the  world,  and  whom  he 
watches  with  ceaseless  anxiety. 

Lady  Drogheda  .  .  .  watched  her  town  husband  as 
assiduously  as  Mr.  Pinchwife  watched  his  country  wife. 
— Macaulay. 

Mrs.  Pinchwife,  the  counterpart  of 
Moli^re's  "Agnes,"  in  his  comedy  en- 
titled Licole  des  Femmes.  Mrs.  Pinch- 
wife is  a  young  woman  wholly  unsophisti- 
cated in  affairs  of  the  heart.—  Wycherly  : 
The  Country  Wife  (1675). 

(Garrick  altered  Wycherly's  comedy  to 
The  Country  Girl.) 

Pindar  [Peter),  the  pseudonym  of  Dr. 
John  Walcot  (17^-1819). 

Pindar,  the  Theban  poet,  whose 
lyrics  in  irregular  verse  have  furnished  the 
word  "pindaric"  (B.C.  518-442). 

The  British  Pindar,  Thomas  Gray 
(1716-1771).  On  his  monument  in  West- 
minster Abbey  is  inscribed  these  lines — 

No  more  the  Grecian  muse  unrivalled  reigns  ; 

To  Britain  let  the  nations  homage  pay : 
She  felt  a  Homer's  fire  in  Milton's  strains, 

A  Pindar's  rapture  in  the  lyre  of  Gray. 

The  French  Pindar,  (i)  Jean  Dorat 
1 1507-1588 J ;  (2)  Ponce  Denis  Lebrun 
(1729-1807). 

The  Italian  Pindar,  Gabrielb  Chia- 
brera  (1552-1637). 

Pindar  of  England  ( The).  Cowley 
was  preposterously  called  by  the  duke  of 
Buckingham,  "  The  Pindar,  Horace,  and 
Virgil  of  England."  Posterity  has  not  en- 
dorsed this  absurd  eulogium  (1618-1667). 

Pinder  of  Wakefield  ( 7:4^),  George- 


PINDORUS  AND  ARIDEUS.       848 

a-Green,  pinner  of  the  town  of  Wake- 
field, that  is,  keeper  of  the  public  pound 
for  the  confinement  of  estrays. — The 
History  of  George-a-Green,  Pinder  of  the 
Town  of  Wakefield  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Findo'rus  and  Aride'us,  the  two 
heralds  of  the  Christian  army  in  the 
siege  of  Jerusalem. — Tasso  :  Jerusalem 
Delivered  [xS7S)- 

Fine-Bender  ( The),  Sinis,  the  Corin- 
thian robber,  who  used  to  fasten  his 
victims  to  two  pine  trees  bent  towards 
the  earth,  and  leave  them  to  be  torn  to 
pieces  by  the  rebound. 

Finkerton  [Miss),  a  most  majestic 
lady,  tall  as  a  grenadier,  and  most  proper. 
Miss  Pinkerton  kept  an  academy  for 
young  ladies  on  Chiswick  Mall.  She  was 
"  the  Semiramis  of  Hammersmith,  the 
friend  of  Dr.  Johnson,  and  the  corre- 
spondent of  Mrs.  Chapone."  This  very 
distinguished  lady  "  had  a  Roman  nose, 
and  wore  a  solemn  turban."  Amelia 
Sedley  was  educated  at  her  academy,  and 
Rebecca  Sharp  was  a  pupil  teacher  there. 
—  Thackeray:   Vanity  Fair,  i.  (1848). 

Finnit  ( Orson),  keeper  of  the  bears. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  jtenilzvorth  [time,  Eliza- 
beth). 

Finto  [Ferdinand  Mendez),  a  Portu- 
guese traveller,  v/hose  "voyages"  were 
at  one  time  wholly  discredited,  but  have 
since  been  verified  (1509-1583). 

Ferdinand  Mendez  Pinto  was  but  a  type  of  thee,  thou 
liar  of  the  first  magnitude. — Congreve  :  Love  for  Love 

(1695). 

Pious  { The),  Ernst  I.  founder  of  the 
house  of  Gotha  (1601-1674). 

Robert,  son  of  Hugues  Capet  (971, 
996-1031). 

Eric  IX.  of  Sweden  (*,  1155-1161). 

Pip,  the  hero  of  Dickens's  novel  called 
Great  Expectations.  His  family  name 
was  Pirrip,  and  his  Christian  name 
Philip.  He  was  enriched  by  a  convict 
named  Abel  Magwitch  ;  and  was  brought 
up  by  Joe  Gargery  a  blacksmith,  whose 
wife  was  a  woman  of  thunder  and  light- 
ning, storm  and  tempest.  Magwitch, 
having  made  his  escape  to  Australia, 
became  a  sheep  farmer,  grew  very  rich, 
and  deposited  ;^5oo  a  year  with  Mr. 
Jaggers,  a  lawyer,  for  the  education  of 
Pip  and  to  make  a  gentleman  of  him. 
Magwitch  returned  to  England,  was 
captured,  and  died  in  jaiL  All  his  property 
being  confiscated,  Pip  was  reduced  to 
poverty,  and  had  to  earn  his  living  as  a 
clerk.     His  friend  Herbert  Pocket  used 


PIPER. 

to  call  him  "  Handel,"  because  Handel 
wrote  the  Harmonious  Blacksmith,  — 
Dickens:  Great  Expectations  (i86o). 

Fipchiu  [Mrs.),  an  exceedingly  "well- 
connected  lady,"  living  at  Brighton,  where 
she  kept  an  establishment  for  the  training 
of  children.  Her  ' '  respectability  "  chiefly 
consisted  in  the  circumstance  of  her 
husband  having  broken  his  heart  in 
pumping  water  out  of  some  Peruvian 
mines  (that  is,  in  having  invested  in  these 
mines,  and  being  let  in).  Mrs.  Pipchin 
was  an  ill-favoured  old  woman,  with 
mottled  cheeks  and  grey  eyes.  She  was 
given  to  buttered  toast  and  sweetbreads, 
but  kept  her  children  on  the  plainest 
fare. — Dickens:  Dombey  and  Son  (1846). 

Pipe  ( The  Queen's),  the  dock  kiln  in 
the  centre  of  the  great  east  vault  of  the 
wine-cellars  of  the  London  docks.  This 
is  the  place  where  useless  and  damaged 
goods  that  have  not  paid  duty  are  burnt. 

Pipe  and  Dance.  As  you  pipe  I 
must  dance,  I  must  accommodate  myself 
to  your  wishes.  To  "pipe  another  dance  " 
is  to  change  one's  bearing,  to  put  out  of 
favour.  J.  Skelton  speaking  of  the  clergy, 
says  their  pride  no  man  could  tolerate, 
for  they  "would  rule  king  and  kayser," 
and  "  bryng  all  to  nought  ;  "  but,  if  kings 
and  nobles,  instead  of  wasting  their  time 
on  hunting  and  hawking,  would  attend 
to  politics,  he  says — 

They  would  pype  you  another  daunce. 

Spenser:  Colyn  Clout  (1460-1589). 

Piper  ( Tom),  one  of  the  characters  in 
a  morris-dance. 

So  have  I  seen 
Tom  Piper  stand  upon  our  village  g^eeo. 
Backed  with  the  May-pole. 

W.  Browne  :  Shepherd's  Pipe  (1614). 

Piper  [Paddy  the),  an  Irish  piper, 
supposed  to  have  been  eaten  by  a  cow. 
Going  along  one  night  during  the 
"  troubles,"  he  knocked  his  head  against 
the  body  of  a  dead  man  dangling  from 
a  tree.  The  sight  of  the  "  iligant  "  boots 
was  too  great  a  temptation  ;  and  as  they 
refused  to  come  off  without  the  legs, 
Paddy  took  them  too,  and  sought  shelter 
for  the  night  in  a  cowshed.  The  moon 
rose,  and  Paddy,  mistaking  the  moon- 
light for  the  dawn,  started  for  the  fair, 
having  drawn  on  the  boots  and  left  the 
"legs"  behind.  At  daybreak,  some  of 
the  piper's  friends  went  in  search  of  him, 
and  found,  to  their  horror,  that  the  cow, 
as  they  supposed,  had  devoiu-ed  him 
(with  the  exception  of  his  legs) — clothes, 
bags,  and  all.    They  were  horror-struck, 


PIPER  OF  HAMELIN. 


849 


PISISTRATOa 


and  of  course  the  cow  was  condemned  to 
be  sold  ;  but  while  driving  her  to  the 
fair,  they  were  attracted  by  the  strains 
of  a  piper  coming  towards  them.  The 
cow  startled,  made  a  bolt,  with  a  view, 
as  it  was  supposed,  of  making  a  meal  on 
another  piper.  "  Help,  help  ! "  they 
shouted ;  when  Paddy  himself  ran  to 
their  aid.  The  mystery  was  soon  ex- 
plained over  a  drop  of  the  "  cratur,"  and 
the  cow  was  taken  home  again. — Lover: 
Legends  and  Stories  of  Ireland  (1834). 

Piper  of  Haznelin.  (See  Pied 
Piper  of  Hameln,  p.  843.) 

Piperman,  the  factotum  of  Chalomel 
chemist  and  druggist.  He  was  "so 
handy  "  that  he  was  never  at  his  post ; 
and  being  "so  handy,"  he  took  ten  times 
the  trouble  of  doing  anything  that  another 
would  need  to  bestow.  For  the  self- 
same reason,  he  stumbled  and  blundered 
about,  muddled  and  marred  everything  he 
touched,  and  being  a  Jack-of-all-trades 
was  master  of  none. 

There  has  been  an  accident  because  I  am  so  handy. 
I  went  to  the  dairy  at  a  bound,  came  back  at  another, 
and  fell  down  in  the  open  street,  where  I  spilt  the  milk. 
I  tried  to  bale  it  up— no  g-o.  Then  I  ran  back  or  ran 
home,  I  forget  which,  and  left  the  money  somewhere  ; 
and  then,  in  fact,  I  have  been  four  times  to  and  fro, 
becausa  I  am  so  handy. — IFart:  Pipcrtnan's  Prtdica' 
vunt. 

Pipes  {Tom),  a  retired  boatswain's 
mate,  living  with  commodore  Trunnion  to 
keep  the  servants  in  order.  Tom  Pipes  is 
noted  for  his  taciturnity. — Smollett :  Tht 
Adventures  of  Peregrine  Pickle  {1751). 

(The  incident  of  Tom  Pipes  concealing 
in  his  shoe  his  master's  letter  to  Emilia, 
was  suggested  by  Ovid — 

Cum  possit  solea  chartas  celare  ligfatas, 
Et  vincto  blandas  sub  pede  ferre  notas. 

Ovid:  Art 0/ Love.) 

Pippa  Passes,  a  dramatic  poem  by 
R.  Browning  (1841).  Pippa  is  a  poor 
child,  at  work  all  the  year  round,  except 
one  day,  in  the  silk-mills  at  Asolo,  ia 
Italy.  Her  one  holiday  is  New  Year's 
Da};,  and  the  drama  hinges  on  her  chance 
appearance  "at  critical  moments  in  the 
spiritual  life-history  of  the  leading  cha- 
racters in  the  play."  Just  at  the  supreme 
moment,  Pippa  passes,  singing  some 
refrain,  and  her  voice  alters  the  destinies 
of  the  men  and  women  to  whom  she  is 
unknown.  Unconsciously,  her  own  des- 
tiny is  altered  in  the  end  by  her  last 
song  (see  note  at  beginning,  vol.  i.). 
The  leading  feature  of  Browning's  teach- 
ing lies  in  the  refrain  of  Pippa's  first  song — 

"God's  in  His  heaven — 

All's  right  with  the  world;! " 
Rebtrt  Browning  :  Pi/pa  Passes  (1841). 


Pirate  [The),  a  novel  by  sir  W.  Scott 
(1821).  In  this  novel  we  are  introduced 
to  the  wild  sea  scenery  of  the  Shetlands  ; 
the  primitive  manners  of  the  old  udaller 
Magnus  Troil,  and  his  fair  daughters 
Minna  and  Brenda :  lovely  pictures, 
drawn  with  nice  discrimination,  and  most 
interesting. 

(A  udaller  is  one  who  holds  his  lands 
on  allodial  tenure.) 

Piruer  [John),  a  fisherman  at  Old  St. 
Ronan's. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  St.  Ronan's 
I^^//(time,  George  III.). 

Pisa.  The  banner  of  Pisa  is  a  cross 
on  a  crimson  field.  It  is  said  to  have 
been  brought  from  heaven  by  Michael 
the  archangel,  and  delivered  to  St. 
Efeso,  the  patron  saint  of  Pisa. 

Pisanio,  servant  of  Posthu'mus. 
Being  sent  to  murder  Imogen  the  wife  of 
Posthumus,  he  persuades  her  to  escape  to 
Milford  Haven  in  boy's  clothes,  and  sends 
a  bloody  napkin  to  Posthumus,  to  make 
him  believe  that  she  has  been  murdered. 
Ultimately,  Imogen  becomes  reconciled 
to  her  husband.  (See  Posthumus.) — 
Shakespeare:  Cymbeline  {x6o$). 

Pisis'tratos  of  Athens,  being  asked 
by  his  wife  to  punish  with  death  a  young 
man  who  had  dared  to  kiss  their  daughter, 
replied,  "  How  shall  we  requite  those  who 
wish  us  evil,  if  we  condemn  to  death  those 
who  love  us  ?  "  This  anecdote  is  referred 
to  by  Dant6,  in  his  Purgatory,  xv. — 
Valerius  Maximus  :  Memorable  Acts  and 
Sayings,  v. 

Pisis'tratos  and  His  T-wo  Sons. 
The  history  of  Pisistratos  and  his  two 
?ons  is  repeated  in  that  of  Cosmo  de 
Medici  of  Florence  and  his  two  grand- 
sons. It  is  difficult  to  find  a  more  striking 
parallel,  whether  we  regard  the  characters 
or  the  incidents  of  the  two  families. 

• .  •  Pisistratos  was  a  great  favourite  of 
the  Athenian  populace ;  so  was  Cosmo  de 
Medici  with  the  populace  of  Florence. 
Pisistratos  was  banished,  but,  being  re- 
called by  the  people,  was  raised  to  sove- 
reign power  in  the  republic  of  Athens ; 
so  Cosmo  was  banished,  but,  being  re- 
called by  the  people,  was  raised  to  supreme 
power  in  the  republic  of  Florence.  Pisis- 
tratos was  just  and  merciful,  a  great 
patron  of  literature,  and  spent  large  suras 
of  money  in  beautifying  his  city  (Athens) 
with  architecture ;  the  same  may  be  said 
of  Cosmo  de  Medici.  To  Pisistratos  we 
owe  the  poems  of  Homer  in  a  connected 
form  ;  and  to  Cosmo  we  owe  the  best 


PISO'S  NOTION  OF  JUSTICE.       850 


literature  of  Europe,  for  he  spent  fortunes 
in  the  copying  of  valuable  MSS.  The  two 
sons  of  Pisistratos  were  Hipparchos  and 
Hippias ;  and  the  two  grandsons  of 
Cosmo  were  Guiliano  and  Lorenzo.  Two 
of  the  most  honoured  citizens  of  Athens 
(Harmodios  and  AristogTton)  conspired 
against  the  sons  of  Pisistratos— Hippar- 
chos was  assassinated,  but  Hippias  es- 
caped ;  so  Francesco  Pazzi  and  the 
archbishop  of  Pisa  conspired  against 
the  grandsons  of  Cosmo— Guiliano  was 
assassinated,  but  Lorenzo  escaped.  In 
both  cases  it  was  the  elder  brother  who 
fell,  and  the  younger  who  escaped. 
Hippias  quelled  the  tumult,  and  suc- 
ceeded in  placing  himself  at  the  head  of 
Athens  ;  so  did  Lorenzo  in  Florence. 

Fiso's  Notion  of  Justice.  Seneca 
tells  us  that  Piso  condemned  a  man  to 
death  for  murder  on  circumstantial 
evidence ;  but  on  going  to  execution  the 
man  supposed  to  be  dead  exclaimed, 
"  Hold  !  I  am  the  man  supposed  to  have 
been  killed."  The  centurion  sent  back 
the  prisoner  to  Piso,  and  explained  the 
reason  why.  Whereupon  Piso  con- 
demned all  three  to  death,  saying,  "  Fiat 
justitia  I  I  condemn  the  prisoner  to 
death,  because  sentence  of  death  has 
been  passed  upon  him  ;  the  centurion,  for 
disobeying  orders  ;  and  the  man  supposed 
to  have  been  murdered,  because  he  is  the 
cause  of  death  to  the  other  two." 

(The  tale  is  told  of  others  besides  Piso. ) 
Pistol,  in  The  Merry  Wives  of  Wind- 
sor and  the  two  parts  of  Henry  IV.,  is 
the  ancient  or  ensign  of  captain  sir  John 
Falstaff.  Peto  is  his  lieutenant,  and  Bar- 
dolph  his  corporal.  Peto  being  removed 
(probably  killed),  we  find  in  Henry  V. 
that  Pistol  is  lieutenant,  Bardolph  is 
ancient,  and  Nym  is  corporal.  Pistol  is 
also  introduced  as  married  to  Mistress 
Nell  Quickly,  hostess  of  the  tavern  in 
Eastcheap.  Both  Pistol  and  his  wife  die 
before  the  play  is  over  ;  so  does  sir  John 
Falstaff;  Bardolph  and  Nym  are  both 
hanged.  Pistol  is  a  model  bully, 
wholly  unprincipled,  utterly  despicable ; 
but  he  treated  his  wife  kindly,  and  she 
was  certainly  fond  of  him. — Shakespeare. 

His  IPtsiors]  courage  is  boasting,  his  learning 
ignorance,  liis  ability  weakness,  and  his  end  beggary. 
—/?/•.  Lodge. 

'.'  His  end  was  not  "beggary;"  as 
host  of  the  tavern  in  Eastcheap,  he  seems 
much  more  respectable,  and  better  off 
than  before.  Theophilus  Gibber  (1703- 
1758)  was  the  best  actor  of  this  part. 


PIXIE-STOOLS. 

Fistris,  the  sea-monster  sent  to  de- 
vour Androm'eda,  It  had  a  dragon's  head 
and  a  fish's  tail.  — A  ratus  :  Commentaries. 

Fithyriau  \Pi-thirry-an\  a  pagan  cf  i 
Antioch.  He  had  one  daughter,  named  I 
Mara'na,  who  was  a  Christian.  A  young 
dragon  of  most  formidable  character  in- 
fested the  city  of  Antioch,  and  demanded 
a  virgin  to  be  sent  out  daily  for  its  meal. 
The  Antioch'eans  cast  lots  for  the  first 
victim,  and  the  lot  fell  on  Marana,  who 
was  led  forth  in  grand  procession  as  the 
victim  of  the  dragon.  Pithyrian,  in  dis- 
traction, rushed  into  a  Christian  church, 
and  fell  before  an  image  which  attracted 
his  attention,  at  the  base  of  which  was 
the  real  arm  of  a  .saint.  The  sacristan 
handed  the  holy  relic  to  Pithyrian,  who 
kissed  it,  and  then  restored  it  to  the 
sacristan  ;  but  the  servitor  did  not  observe 
that  a  thumb  was  missing.  Off  ran 
Pithyrian  with  the  thumb,  and  joined  his 
daughter.  On  came  the  dragon,  with  tail 
erect,  wings  extended,  and  mouth  wide 
open,  when  Pithyrian  threw  into  the 
gaping  jaws  the  ' '  sacred  thumb. "  Down 
fell  the  tail,  the  wings  drooped,  the  jaws 
were  locked,  and  up  rose  the  dragon  into 
the  air  to  the  height  of  three  miles,  when 
it  blew  up  into  a  myriad  pieces.  So  the 
lady  was  rescued,  Antioch  delivered  ;  and 
the  relic,  minus  a  thumb,  testifies  the  fact 
of  this  wonderful  miracle. — Southey : 
The  Young  Dragon  (Spanish  legend). 

Fitt  Bridgfe.  Blackfriars  Bridge, 
London,  was  so  called  by  Robert  Mylne, 
its  architect  ;  but  the  public  would  not 
accept  the  name. 

Fitt  Club  {The\  the  club  of  the 
supporters  of  W.  Pitt,  the  great  states- 
man ;  all  members  of  parliament  or  of 
the  Upper  House.  There  was  also  a  Fox 
Club  for  those  of  the  policy  of  Mr.  Fox. 
The  present  Carlton  Club  is  a  con- 
servative club,  like  the  Pitt  Club. 

Fitt  Diamond  [The),  the  sixth 
largest  cut  diamond  in  tlie  world.  It 
weighed  410  carats  uncut,  and  136I  carats 
cut.  It  once  belonged  to  Mr.  Pitt,  grand- 
father of  the  famous  earl  of  Chatham. 
The  duke  of  Orleans,  regent  of  France, 
bought  it  for  ;^i3S,ooo,  whence  it  is  often 
called  "The  Regent."  The  French  re- 
public sold  it  to  Treskon,  a  merchant  of 
Berlin.  Napoleon  I.  bought  it  to  ornament 
his  sword.  It  now  belongs  to  the  king  of 
Prussia.    (See  Diamonds,  p.  277.) 

Fizie-Stools,    toad-stools    for    the 


PIZARRO. 


851 


fairies  to  sit  on,  when  they  are  tired  of 
dancing  in  the  fairy-ring. 

Fizarro,  a  Spanish  adventurer,  who 
made  war  on  Atah'ba  inca  of  Peru. 
Elvi'ra,  mistress  of  Pizarro,  vainly  en- 
deavoured to  soften  his  cruel  heart.  Be- 
fore the  battle,  Alonzo  the  husband  of 
Cora  confided  his  wife  and  child  to 
RoUa,  the  beloved  friend  of  the  inca. 
The  Peruvians  were  on  the  point  of 
being  routed,  when  RoUa  came  to  the 
rescue,  and  redeemed  the  day ;  but  Alonzo 
was  made  a  prisoner  of  war.  RoUa, 
thinking  Alonzo  to  be  dead,  proposed  to 
Cora;  but  she  declined  his  suit,  and 
having  heard  that  her  husband  had  fallen 
into  the  hands  of  the  Spaniards,  she  im- 
plored Rolla  to  set  him  free.  Accordingly, 
he  entered  the  prison  where  Alonzo  was 
confined,  and  changed  clothes  with  him, 
but  Elvira  liberated  him  on  condition  that 
he  would  kill  Pizarro.  Rolla  found  his 
enemy  sleeping  in  his  tent,  spared  his 
life,  and  made  him  his  friend.  The 
infant  child  of  Cora  being  lost,  Rolla 
recovered  it,  and  was  so  severely  wounded 
in  this  heroic  act  that  he  died.  Pizarro 
was  slain  in  combat  by  Alonzo ;  Elvira 
retired  to  a  convent ;  and  the  play  ends 
with  a  grand  funeral  march,  in  which  the 
dead  body  of  Rolla  is  borne  to  the  tomb. 
— Sheridan:  Pizarro  {i8i^). 

The  sentiments  of  loyalty  uttered  by  "  Rolla  "  had  so 
good  an  effect,  that  when  the  duke  of  Queensberry 
asked  why  the  stocks  had  fallen,  a  stock-jobber  re- 
plied, "  Because  they  have  left  off  playing  Pizarro  at 
Drury  Lane." — Sheridan's  Metnoirs. 

(Sheridan's  drama  of  Pizarro  is  taken 
from  that  of  Kotzebue,  but  there  are 
several  alterations  :  Thus  Sheridan  makes 
Pizarro  killed  by  Alonzo,  which  is  a 
departure  from  both  Kotzebue  and  also 
historic  truth.  Pizarro  lived  to  conquer 
Peru,  and  was  assassinated  in  his  palace  at 
Lima  by  the  son  of  his  friend  Almagro.) 

Fizarro,  "  the  ready  tool  of  fell  Velas- 
quez'crimes. " — Jephson :  Braganza  (1775). 

Fizarro,  the  governor  of  the  State 
prison  in  which  Fernando  Florestan  was 
confined.  Fernando's  young  wife,  in 
boy's  attire,  and  under  the  name  of 
Fidelio,  became  the  servant  of  Pizarro, 
who,  resolving  to  murder  Fernando,  sent 
Fidelio  and  Rocco  (the  jailer)  to  dig  his 
grave.  Pizarro  was  just  about  to  deal 
the  fatal  blow,  when  the  minister  of  state 
arrived,  and  commanded  the  prisoner  to 
be  set  ixQQ.— Beethoven:  Fidelio  (1791). 

Flace  [Lord),  noted  for  his  corrupt 
briberies.     His  fellow-candidate  is  colonel 


PLAGUE  OF  LONDON. 

Promise.  Their  opponents  are  Harry 
I'oxchase  and  squire  Tankard. — Fielding: 
Pasquin  (1736). 

Flace'bo,  one  of  the  brothers  of 
January  the  old  baron  of  Lombardy. 
When  January  held  a  family  conclave  to 
know  whether  he  should  marry,  Placebo 
told  him  "to  please  himself,  and  do  as 
he  liked." — Chaucer:  Canterbury  Tales 
("The  Merchant's  Tale,"  1388). 

Flacid  [Mr.),  a  hen-pecked  husband, 
who  is  roused  at  last  to  be  somewhat 
more  manly,  but  could  never  be  better 
than  "a  boiled  rabbit  without  oyster 
sauce."    (See  Pliant,  p.  854.) 

Mrs.  Placid,  the  lady  paramount  of  the 
house,  who  looked  quite  aghast  if  her 
husband  expressed  a  wish  of  his  own,  or 
attempted  to  do  an  independent  act. — 
Inchbald :  Every  One  has  His  Fault 
(1794). 

Flac'idas,  the  exact  fac-simile  of  his 
friend  Amias.  Having  heard  of  his 
friend's  captivity,  he  went  to  release 
him,  and  being  detected  in  the  garden, 
was  mistaken  by  Corflambo's  dwarf  for 
Amias.  The  dwarf  went  and  told  Paea'na 
(the  daughter  of  Corflambo,  "  fair  as  ever 
yet  saw  living  eye,  but  too  loose  of  life 
and  eke  of  love  too  light ").  Placidas 
was  seized  and  brought  before  the  lady, 
who  loved  Amias,  but  her  love  was  not 
requited.  When  Placidas  stood  before 
her,  she  thought  he  was  Amias,  and 
great  was  her  delight  to  find  her  love 
returned.  She  married  Placidas,  re- 
formed her  ways,  "and  all  men  much 
admired  the  change,  and  spake  her 
praise." — Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  iv.  8, 
9  (1596). 

Flagiary  [Sir  Fretful),  a  play- 
wright, whose  dramas  were  mere  plagiar- 
isms from  "  the  refuse  of  obscure 
volumes."  He  pretended  to  be  rather 
pleased  with  criticism,  but  was  sorely 
irritated  thereby. 

(Richard  Cumberland  (1732-18 11), 
noted  for  his  vanity  and  irritability, 
was  the  model  of  this  character.— 
Sheridan:  The  Critic,  i.  i,  1779.) 

'  Herrick,  who  had  no  occasion  to  steal,  has  taken  this 
iinape  from  Suckling',  and  spoilt  it  in  the  theft.  Like 
sir  Fretful  Plagiary,  Herrick  had  not  skill  to  steal  with 
taste.— ^.  Chatnberi:  Enj^lish  Littrature,  i.  134. 

William  Parsons  [1736-1795]  was  the  original  "sir 
Fretful  Plagiary,"  and   from  his  delineation  most   of 


Flagfue  of  London  (1665).    68,586 
persons    died    thereof.     Defoe    wrote    a 


PLAIDS  ET  GIEUX  SOUS  L'ORMEL.  852 

Journal  of  the  Plague  of  London  {1722). 
As  this  was  fifty-seven  years  after  the 
plague,  and  Defoe  was  born  in  1661,  of 
course  he  can  scarcely  be  considered  an 
eye-witness,  but  his  description  is  most 
vivid  and  lifelike. 

Plaids  et  Gietiz  sons  I'Ormel, 

a  society  formed  by  the  troubadours  of 
Picardy  in  the  latter  half  of  the  twelfth 
century.  It  consisted  of  knights  and 
ladies  of  the  highest  rank,  exercised  and 
approved  in  courtesy.  The  society  as- 
sumed an  absolute  judicial  power  in 
matters  of  the  most  delicate  nature ; 
trying,  with  the  most  consummate  cere- 
mony, all  causes  in  love  brought  before 
their  tribunals. 

IF  This  was  similar  to  the  "  Court  of 
Love,"  established  about  the  same  time 
by  the  troubadours  of  Provence, — Uni- 
versal Magazine  (March,  1792), 

Plain  [The),  the  level  floor  of  the 
National  Convention  of  France,  occupied 
by  the  Girondists  or  moderate  repub- 
licans. The  red  republicans  occupied 
the  higher  seats,  called  "  the  mountain," 

Plain  and  Perspicuous  Doctor 

{The),  Walter  Burleigh  (1275-1357). 

Plain  Dealer  [The),  a  comedy  by 
William  Wycherly  (1677), 

The  countess  of  Drogheda  .  . .  inquired  for  the /"/<«■« 
Dealer.  "Madam,"  said  Mr.  Fairbeard,  .  .  .  "there 
he  is,"  pushing  Mr.  Wycherly  towards  her. — Cibber : 
Lives  o/the  Poets,  iii.  232. 

(Wycherly  married  the  countess  in  i68a 
She  died  soon  afterwards,  leaving  him  the 
whole  of  her  fortune. ) 

Plain  Speaker  [The),  Hazlitt's 
opinions  on  certain  "books,  men,  and 
things  "  (1826). 

Planet  of  Love.  Venus  is  so  called 
by  Tennvson,  in  his  Maud,  i.  :xxii,  2 
(x85S). 

Plantag-enet  {Lady  Edith),  a  kins- 
woman of  Richard  I,  She  marries  the 
prince  royal  of  Scotland  (called  sir 
Kenneth  knight  of  the  Leopard  or 
David  earl  of  Huntingdon). — Sir  IV. 
Scott:  The  Talisman  [time,  Richsird  I.). 

Plantain  or  Planta'go,  the  favour- 
ite food  of  asses.  It  is  very  astringent, 
and  excellent  for  cuts  and  open  sores. 
Plantain  leaves  bruised,  and  rubbed  on 
the  part  affected,  will  instantly  relieve 
the  pain  and  reduce  the  swelling  occa- 
sioned by  the  bite  or  sting,  of  insects. 
The   Highlanders    ascribe    great  virtues 


PLATONIC  BODIES. 

to  the  plantain,  which  they  call  slan-lus 
("the  healing  plant"). — Lightfoot. 

The  hermit  gathers .  .  .  plantane  for  a  sore. 

Drayton :  Polyollnon,  xiii.  (1613). 

Plato.  The  mistress  of  this  philo- 
sopher was  Archianassa ;  of  Aristotle, 
HepyUis ;  and  of  Epicurus,  Leontium, 
(See  Lovers,  p.  633. ) 

The  English  Plato,  the  Rev,  John 
Norris  (1657-1711), 

The  German  Plato,  Friedrich  Heinrich 
Jacobi  (1743-1819), 

The  Jewish  Plato,  Philo  Judseus  (fl. 
A.D.  20-40). 

The  Puritan  Plato,  John  Howe  (1630- 
1706). 

Plato  and  the  Bees.  It  is  said 
that  when  Plato  was  an  infant,  bees 
settled  on  his  lips  while  he  was  asleep, 
indicating  that  he  would  become  famous 
for  his  "honeyed  words."  The  same 
story  is  told  of  SophoclSs,  St.  Chrysostom, 
and  others. 

And  as  when  Plato  did  i'  the  cradle  thrive, 

Bees  to  his  lips  brought  honey  from  the  hive ; 

So  to  tliis  hoylDor'idon]  they  came— I  know  not  whether 

They  brought  or  from  his  lips  did  honey  gather. 

Browne  :  Britannia's  Pastorals,  ii.  (1613). 

Plato  and  Homer.  Plato  greatly 
admired  Homer,  but  excluded  him  from 
his  ideal  republic. 

Plato,  'tis  true,  great  Homer  doth  commend. 
Yet  from  his  common-weal  did  him  exile. 
Brooke  :  Inquisition  upon  Fame,  etc.  (1554-1628). 

Plato  despised  Poets. 

Plato,  anticipating  the  Reviewers, 

From  his  "republic  "  banished  without  pity 

The  poets. 

Longfellow  :  The  Poets  Tale. 

Plato  of  the  Eighteenth  Cen- 
tury, Voltaire  (1694-1778). 

The  sage  Plato  of  the  eighteenth  century. — Carlyle: 
Frederick  II.  of  Prussia,  vol.  ii.  p.  597. 

Plato's  Republic,  in  Greek  prose. 
It  is  not  so  much  a  political  treatise,  as 
an  ideal  of  perfect  men  living  in  a  perfect 
state.  It  may  be  called  an  ideal  of  social 
life.  It  has  been  well  translated  by 
Davies  and  Vaughan  (1866), 

Plato's  Yeai*,  25,000  Julian  years. 

Cut  out  more  work  than  can  be  done 
In  Plato's  year. 

6'.  Butler:  Hudibras,  iii.  i  (1678). 

Platonic  Bodies,  the  five  regular 
geometrical  solids  described  by  Plato, 
all  of  which  are  bounded  by  like,  equal, 
and  regular  planes.  The  four-sided,  the 
six-sided,  the  eight-sided,  the  twelve- 
sided,  and  the  twenty-sided  ;  or  the  tetra- 
hedron, hexahedron  or  cube,  octahedron, 
dodecahedron,  and  icosahedron. 


PLATONIC  LOVE.  853 

Platonic  Love,  the  innocent  friend- 
ship of  opposite  sexes,  wholly  divested  of 
all  animal  or  amorous  passion. 

The  noblest  kind  of  love  is  love  platonical. 

Byron  :  Don  "jfuan,  ix.  76  (1834). 

Platonic  Puritan  {The),  John 
Howe,  the  puritan  divine  (1630-1706). 

Plausible  [Counsellor]  and  Serjeant 
Eitherside,  two  pleaders  in  The  Man  of 
the  World,  by  C.  Macklin  {1764). 

Play  called  the  Pour  P's  ( The), 
by  John  Hey  wood  {1569).  It  is  a  con- 
tention as  to  which  of  the  four  can  tell  the 
g^reatest  lie,  and  the  Palmer  (who  asserted 
that  he  never  saw  a  woman  out  of  temper) 
wins  the  prize.  The  other  three  P's  are 
the  Pardoner,  the  Poticary,  and  the 
Pedlar. 

Pleasant  {Mrs.),  in  The  Parson's 
Wedding,  by  Tom  Killigrew  (1664). 

Pleasure  {A  New). 

'Tis  said  that  Xerxes  offered  a  reward 
To  those  who  could  invent  him  a  new  pleasure. 
Byron  :  Don  yuan,  I  io8  (1819). 

Pleasures  of  Hope,  a  poem  in  two 
parts,  by  Thomas  Campbell  (1799).  It 
opens  with  a  comparison  between  the 
beauty  of  scenery  and  the  ideal  enchant- 
ments of  fancy  in  which  hope  is  never 
absent,  but  sustains  the  seaman  on  his 
watch,  the  soldier  on  his  march,  and 
Bjrron  in  his  perilous  adventures.  He 
goes  on  to  descant  on  the  hope  of  a 
mother,  the  hope  of  a  prisoner,  the  hope 
of  the  wanderer,  the  grand  hope  of  the 
patriot,  the  hope  of  regenerating  un- 
civilized nations,  extending  liberty,  and 
ameliorating  the  condition  of  the  poor. 
Pt.  ii.  speaks  of  the  hope  of  love,  and  the 
hope  of  a  future  state,  concluding  with 
the  episode  of  Conrad  and  Ellenore. 
Conrad  was  a  felon,  transported  to  New 
South  Wales,  but,  though  "a  martyr  to 
his  crimes,  was  true  to  his  daughter.' 

But  not,  my  child,  with  life's  precarious  fire. 
The  immortal  ties  of  Nature  shall  expire ; 
These  shnll  resist  the  triumph  of  decay. 
When  time  is  o'er,  and  worlds  have  passed  away. 
Cold  in  the  dust  this  perished  heart  may  lie. 
But  that  which  warmed  it  once  shall  never  die- 
That  spark,  unburied  in  its  mortal  frame. 
With  living  light,  eternal,  and  the  same, 
Shall  beam  on  Joy's  interminable  years, 
*  ^'      Unveiled  by  darkness,  unassuaged  by  tears. 

Pt.  H. 

Pleasures    of    Imagination,    a 

poem  in  three  books,  by  Akenside  (1744), 
AH  the  pleasures  of  imagination  arise 
from  the  perception  of  greatness,  wonder- 
fulness,  or  beauty,  (i)  The  beauty  of 
greatness — witness  the  pleasure  of  moun- 


PLEIADS. 

tain  scenery,  of  astronomy,  of  infinity. 

(2)  The  pleasure  of  what  is  wonderful — 
witness  the  delight  of  novelty,  of  the 
revelations  of  science,  of  tales  of  fancy, 

(3)  The  pleasure  of  beauty,  which  is 
always  connected  with  truth — the  beauty 
of  colour,  shape,  and  so  on,  in  natural 
objects ;  the  beauty  of  mind  and  the 
moral  faculties.  Bk.  ii.  contemplates 
accidental  pleasures  arising  from  con- 
trivance and  design,  emotion  and  passion, 
such  as  sorrow,  pity,  terror,  and  indigna- 
tion. Bk.  iii.  denounces  morbid  imagina- 
tion as  the  parent  of  vice ;  and  contrasts 
with  it  the  delights  of  a  well-trained 
imagination. 

(The  first  book  is  by  far  the  best.  Aken- 
side recast  his  poem  in  maturer  life,  but 
no  one  thinks  he  improved  it  by  so  doing. 
The  first  or  original  cast  is  the  only  one 
read,  and  parts  of  the  first  book  are  well 
known  and  much  admired.) 

Pleasures  of  Melancholy  [The), 
a  poem  by  Warton  (1745). 

Pleasures  of  Memory,  a  poem  in 
two  parts,  by  Samuel  Rogers  (1793).  The 
first  part  is  restricted  to  the  pleasure  of 
memory  afforded  by  the  five  senses,  as 
that  arising  from  visiting  celebrated 
places,  and  that  afforded  by  pictures. 
Pt.  ii.  goes  into  the  pleasures  of  the 
mind,  as  imagination,  and  memory  of  past 
griefs  and  dangers.  The  poem  concludes 
with  the  supposition  that  in  the  life  to 
come  this  faculty  will  be  greatly  en- 
larged. The  episode  is  this  :  Florio,  a 
young  sportsman,  accidentally  met  Julia 
in  a  grot,  and  followed,  her  home,  when 
her  father,  a  rich  squire,  welcomed  him 
as  his  guest,  and  talked  with  delight  of 
his  younger  days  when  hawk  and  hound 
were  his  joy  of  joys.  Florio  took  Julia 
for  a  sail  on  the  lake,  but  the  vessel  was 
capsized,  and,  though  Julia  was  saved 
from  the  water,  she  died  on  being  brought 
to  shore.  It  was  Florio's  delight  to  haunt 
the  places  which  Julia  frequented — 

Her  charm  around  the  enchantress  Memory  threw, 

A  charm  that  soothes  the  mind  and  sweetens  too. 

Pt.  a. 

Pleiads  [The),  a  cluster  of  seven 
stars  in  the  constellation  Taurus,  and 
applied  to  a  cluster  of  seven  celebrated 
contemporaries.  The  stars  were  the 
seven  daughters  of  Atlas  :  Mala,  Electra, 
Tayg^te  (4  syl.),  Aster6pS,  Mer6p6, 
Alcy6n^,  and  Celeno. 

The  Pleiad  of  Alexandria  consisted  of 
Callimachos,  Apollonios  Rhodios,  Ara- 
tos,    Homer    the    Younger,   Lycophron, 


PLEONECTES. 

Nicander,  and  Theocritos.  All  of  Alex- 
andria, in  the  time  of  Ptolemy  Phila- 
delphos. 

The  Pleiad  of  Charlemagne  consisted 
of  Alcuin,  called  "  Alblnus  ;  "  Angilbert, 
called  "Homer;"  Adelard,  called 
"Augustine;"  Riculfe,  called  "  Da- 
maetas  ;  "  Varnefrid  ;  Eginhard  ;  and 
Charlemagne  himself,  who  was  called 
"David." 

The  First  French  Pleiad  (sixteenth  cen- 
tury) :  Ronsard,  Joachim  du  Bellay, 
Antoine  de  Baif,  Remi-Belleau,  Jodelle, 
Ponthus  de  Thiard,  and  the  seventh  is 
either  Dorat  or  Amadis  de  Jamyn.  All 
under  Henri  HI, 

The  Second  French  Pleiad  (seventeenth 
century) :  Rapin,  Commire,  Larue,  San- 
teuil,  Manage,  Dup^rier,  and  Petit. 

We  have  also  our  English  clusters. 
There  were  those  born  in  the  second  half 
of  the  sixteenth  century:  Spenser  (1553), 
Drayton  (1563),  Shakespeare  and  Marlowe 
1564),  Ben  Jonson  (1574),  Fletcher 
1576),  Massinger  (1585),  Beaumont 
Fletcher's  colleague)  and  Ford  (1586). 
"esides  these,  there  were  Tusser  (1515)1 
Raleigh  (1552),  sir  Philip  Sidney  (1554), 
Phineas  Fletcher  (1584),  Herbert  (1593), 
and  several  others. 

Another  cluster  came  a  century  later : 
Prior  (1664),  Swift  (1667),  Addison  and 
Congreve  (1672),  Rowe  (1673),  Farqu- 
har  (1678),  Young  (1684),  Gay  and  Pope 
(i688),  Macklin  (1690),  etc. 

The  following  were  born  in  the  latter 
half  of  the  eighteenth  century  :  Sheridan 
(1751),  Crabbe  (1754),  Burns  (1759), 
Rogers  (1763),  Wordsworth  (1770),  Scott 
(1771),  Coleridge  (1772),  Southey  (1774), 
Campbell  (1777),  Moore  (1779),  Byron 
(1788),  Shelley  and  Keble  (1792),  and 
Keats  (1796). 

Butler  (1600),  Milton  (1608),  and  Dry- 
den  (1630)  came  between  the  first  and 
second  clusters.  Thomson  (1700),  Gray 
(1717),  Collins  (1720),  Akenside  (1721), 
Goldsmith  (1728),  and  Cowper  (1731), 
between  the  second  and  the  third. 

Fleonec'tes  (4  syl.),  Covetousness 
personified  in  The  Pu7-ple  Island,  by 
Phineas  Fletcher  (1633).  "  His  gold  his 
god"  ...  he  "much  fears  to  keep, 
much  more  to  lose  his  lusting."  Fully 
described  in  canto  viii.  (Greek,  pleo- 
nektis,  "covetous.") 

Pleydell  {Mr.  Paulus),  an  advocate 
in  Edinburgh,  shrewd  and  witty.  He 
was  at  one  time  the  sheriff  at  Elian- 
gowan. 


854  PLON-PLON. 

Mr.  counsellor  Pleydell  was  a  lively,  sharp-looking 
gentleman,  with  a  professional  shrewdness  in  his  eye, 
and,  generally  speaking,  a  professional  formality  in  his 
manner ;  but  this  he  could  slip  ofTon  a  Saturday  evening, 
when  ...  he  joined  in  the  ancient  pastime  of  High 
Jinks.— 5j>  JV.  Scott :  Guy  Mannerinsr,  xxxbc  (time, 
George  II.). 

Pliable,  one  of  Christian's  neigh- 
bours, who  accompanied  him  as  far  as 
the  "Slough  of  Despond,"  and  then 
turned  ha.ck.—Bunyan  :  Pilgrim's  Pro- 
gress, i.  (1678). 

Pliant  [Sir  Paul),  a  hen-pecked 
husband,  who  dares  not  even  touch  a 
letter  addressed  to  himself  till  my  lady 
has  read  it  first.  His  perpetual  oath  is 
"  Gadsbud  1  "  He  is  such  a  dolt  that  he 
would  not  believe  his  own  eyes  and  ears, 
if  they  bore  testimony  against  his  wife's 
fidelity  and  continency.  (See  Placid, 
p.  831.) 

Samuel  Foote  [1721-1777]  attempted  the  part  of  "  sir 
Paul  Pliant,"  but  nothing  could  be  worse.  However, 
the  people  laughed  heartily,  and  that  he  thought  was 
a  full  approbation  of  his  grotesque  performance.— 
Davits. 

Lady  Pliant,  second  wife  of  sir  Paul. 
"  She's  handsome,  and  knows  it  ;  is  very 
silly,  and  thinks  herself  wise  ;  has  a 
choleric  old  husband  "  very  fond  of  her, 
but  whom  she  rules  with  spirit,  and  snubs 
"afore  folk."  My  lady  says,  "If  one 
has  once  sworn,  it  is  most  unchristian, 
inhuman,  and  obscene  that  one  should 
break  it."  Her  conduct  with  Mr.  Care- 
less is  most  reprehensible. — Congreve  : 
The  Double  Dealer  (1694). 

Those  who  remember  the  "  lady  Pliant  "  of  Margaret 
Woffington  [1718-1760]  will  recollect  with  pleasure  her 
whimsical  discovery  of  passion,  and  her  awkwardly  as- 
sumed prudery.— iUaz-jM. 

Pliny,  a  Roman,  author  of  Historia 
Naturalis,  A.D.  jj.  It  embraces  astro- 
nomy, meteorology,  geography,  mine- 
ralogy, zoology,  botany,  inventions,  insti- 
tutions, the  fine  arts.  It  is  divided  into 
37  books. 

(English  versions  by  Dr.  Holland  in 
1601  ;  by  Bostock  in  1828 ;  by  Riley  (in 
Bohn's  series),  1855-57.) 

The  German  Pliny,  or  ' '  Modern 
Pliny,"  Konrad  von  Gesner  of  Zurich, 
who  wrote  Historia  Animalium,  etc. 
(1516-1565). 

The  Pliny  of  the  East,  Zakarija  ibn 
Muhammed,  surnamed  "  Kazwini,"  from 
Kazwln,  the  place  of  his  birth.  He  is  so 
called  by  De  Sacy  (1200-1283). 

Plon-Plon,  prince  Napoleon  Joseph 
Charles  Bonaparte,  son  of  Jerome  Bona- 
parte by  his  second  wife  (the  princess 
Frederica    Catherine    of   Wurtemberg). 


PLORNISH. 


8SS 


Plon-Plon  is  a  euphonic  corruption  of 
Craint-Plomh  ("  fear-bullet  "),a  nickname 
given  to  the  prince  in  the  Crimean  war 
(1854-6). 

Flomisli,  plasterer,  Bleeding-heart 
Yard.  He  was  a  smooth-cheeked,  fresh- 
coloured,  sandy-whiskered  man  of  30. 
Long  in  the  legs,  yielding  at  the  knees, 
foolish  in  the  face,  flannel-jacketed  and 
lime-whitened.  He  generally  chimed  in 
conversation  by  echoing  the  words  of  the 
person  speaking.  Thus,  if  Mrs.  Plornish 
said  to  a  visitor,  "Miss  Dorrit  dursn't 
let  him  know  ; "  he  would  chime  in, 
"Dursn't  let  him  know."  "Me  and 
Plornish  says,  '  Ho  !  Miss  Dorrit ; '  " 
Plornish  repeated  after  his  wife,  "  Ho  1 
Miss  Dorrit."  "Can  you  employ  Miss 
Dorrit  ?  "  Plornish  repeated  as  an  echo, 
"Employ  Miss  Dorrit?"  (See  Peter, 
p.  831.) 

Mrs.  Plornish,  the  plasterer  s  wife.  A 
young  woman,  somewhat  slatternly  in 
herself  and  her  belongings,  and  dragged 
by  care  and  poverty  already  into  wrinkles. 
She  generally  began  her  sentences  with, 
"Well,  not  to  deceive  you."  Thus  :  "  Is 
Mr.  Plornish  at  home  ?  "  "  Well,  sir,  not 
to  deceive  you,  he's  gone  to  look  for  a 
job."  "Well,  not  to  deceive  you, 
ma'am,  I'll  take  Jt  kindly  of  you." — 
Dickens:  Little  Dorrit  {x^si)- 

Plotting  Parlour  (r^4  At  Whit- 
tington,  near  Scarsdale,  in  Derbyshire,  is 
a  farm-house  where  the  earl  of  Devon- 
shire (Cavendish),  the  earl  of  Danby 
(Osborne),  and  Baron  Delamer  (Booth) 
concerted  the  Revolution.  The  room  in 
which  they  met  is  called  "  The  Plotting 
Parlour." 

Where  Scarsdale's  cliffs  the  swelling  pastures  bound, 
.  .  .  there  let  the  farmer  hail 
The  sacred  orchard  which  embowers  his  gate, 
And  shew  to  strangers,  passing  down  the  vale, 
Where  Cav'ndish,  Booth,  and  Osborne  sate 
When,  bursting  from  their  country's  chain,  .  ,  . 
They  planned  for  freedom  this  her  noblest  reign. 
Akenside:  Ode,  XVIII.  v.  3  (1767). 

PlotweLl  {Mrs.),  in  Mrs.  Centlivre's 
drama  The  Beau's  Duel  (1703). 

Plousina,  called  Heb6,  endowed  by 
the  fairy  Anguilletta  with  the  gifts  of 
wit,  beauty,  and  wealth.  HebS  still  felt 
she  lacked  something,  and  the  fairy  told 
her  it  was  love.  Presently  came  to  her 
father's  court  a  young  prince  named 
Atimir.  The  two  fell  in  love  with  each 
other,  and  the  day  of  their  marriage 
was  fixed.  In  the  interval  Atimir  fell 
in  love  with  Heb6's  elder  sister  Iberia; 
and  Heb6,  in  her  grief,  was  sent  to  the 


PLUMMER. 

Peaceable  Island,  where  she  fell  in  love 
with  the  ruling  prince,  and  married 
him.  After  a  time,  Atimir  and  Iberia, 
with  Heb6  and  her  husband,  met  at  the 
palace  of  the  ladies'  father,  when  the 
love  between  Atimir  and  Heb6  re- 
vived. A  duel  was  fought  between  the 
young  princes,  in  which  Atimir  was  slain, 
and  the  prince  of  the  Peaceable  Islands 
was  severely  wounded.  Heb6,  coming 
up,  threw  herself  on  Atimir's  sword,  and 
the  dead  bodies  of  Atimir  and  Hebfi 
were  transformed  into  two  trees  called 
"charms." — Comtesse  D'Aulnoy:  Fairy 
Tales  ("  Anguilletta,"  1682). 

Plowman  {Piers),  the  dreamer,  who, 
falling  asleep  on  the  Malvern  Hills, 
Worcestershire,  saw  in  a  vision  pictures 
of  the  corruptions  of  society,  and  par- 
ticularly of  the  avarice  and  wantonness 
of  the  clergy.  This  supposed  vision  is 
formed  into  a  poetical  satire  of  great 
vigour,  fancy,  and  humour.  It  is  divided 
into  twenty  parts,  each  part  being  called 
a  passus  or  separate  vision, —  William 
[or  Robert]  Langland:  The  Vision  oj 
Piers  Plowman  {1362). 

Plnmdamas  {Mr.  Peter),  grocer.— 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Heart  of  Midlothian  (time, 
George  II.). 

Plume  {Captain),  a  gentleman  and 
an  officer.  He  is  in  love  with  Sylvia  a 
wealthy  heiress  ;  and,  when  he  marries 
her,  gives  up  his  commission. — Farquhar: 
The  Recruiting  Officer  (1705). 

Plume  {Sir),  in  Pope's  Rape  of  the 
Lock,  is  the  photograph  of  Thomas  Coke, 
vice-chamberlain  in  the  reign  of  queen 
Anne  (1712). 

Sir  Plume  of  amber  snuff-box  justly  vafa, 
And  the  nice  conduct  of  a  clouded  cane. 

Raft  o/tke  Lock. 

Plummer  {Caleb),  a  little  old  toy- 
maker,  in  the  employ  of  Gruff  and 
Tackleton,  toy  merchants.  He  was 
spare,  grey-haired,  and  very  poor.  It 
was  his  pride  "to  go  as  close  to  Natur* 
in  his  toys  as  he  could  for  the  money." 
Caleb  Plummer  had  a  blind  daughter, 
who  assisted  him  in  toy-making,  and 
whom  he  brought  up  under  the  belief 
that  he  himself  was  young,  handsome, 
and  well  off,  and  that  the  house  they 
lived  in  was  sumptuously  furnished  and 
quite  magnificent.  Every  calamity  he 
smoothed  over,  every  unkind  remark  of 
their  snarling  employer  he  called  a  merry 
jest ;  so  that  the  poor  blind  girl  lived  in  a 
castle  of  the  air,  "a  bright  little  world 


PLURALITY  OF  WORLDS. 

of  her  own."  When  merry  or  puzzled, 
Caleb  used  to  sing  something  about  "a 
sparkling  bowl." 

It  would  have  gladdened  the  heart  of  that  inimitable 
cieation  of  Charles  Dickens,  "Caleb  Plummer."— 
Lord  W.  Lennox:  CtlebritUs,  iL 

Bertha  Plummer,  the  blind  daughter  of 
the  toy-maker,  who  fancied  her  poor  old 
father  was  a  young  fop,  that  the  sack  he 
threw  across  his  shoulders  was  a  hand- 
some blue  great-coat,  and  that  their 
wooden  house  was  a  palace.  She  was  in 
love  with  Tackleton,  the  toy  merchant, 
whom  she  thought  to  be  a  handsome 
young  prince ;  and  when  she  heard  that 
he  was  about  to  marry  May  Fielding,  she 
drooped  and  was  like  to  die.  She  was 
then  disillusioned,  heard  the  real  facts, 
and  said  at  first,  "Why,  oh,  why  did  you 
deceive  me  thus  ?  Why  did  you  fill  my 
heart  so  full,  and  then  come  like  death, 
and  tear  away  the  objects  of  my  love  ?  " 
However  her  love  for  her  father  was  not 
lessened,  and  she  declared  after  a  time  that 
the  knowledge  of  the  truth  was  "sight 
restored."  "It  is  my  sight,"  she  cried. 
"  Hitherto  I  have  been  blind,  but  now 
my  eyes  are  open.  I  never  knew  my 
father  before,  and  might  have  died  with- 
out ever  having  known  him  truly." 

Edward  Plummer,  son  of  the  toy- 
maker,  and  brother  of  the  blind  girl. 
He  was  engaged  from  boyhood  to  May 
Fielding,  went  to  South  America,  and 
returned  to  marry  her;  but,  hearing  of 
her  engagement  to  Tackleton  the  toy 
merchant,  he  assumed  the  disguise  of  a 
deaf  old  man,  to  ascertain  whether  she 
loved  Tackleton  or  not.  Being  satisfied 
that  her  heart  was  still  his  own,  he  married 
her,  and  Tackleton  made  them  a  present 
of  the  wedding-cake  which  he  had 
ordered  for  himself. — Dickens :  The 
Cricket  on  the  Hearth  (1845). 

Plurality  of  Worlds  [The),  an 
essay  by  Dr.  Whewell  (1853).  Dr. 
Whewell  maintains  that  our  world  is 
the  only  one  inhabited  by  sentient  beings 
like  ourselves.  Dr.  Brewster,  in  his 
treatise  More  Worlds  than  One  (1854), 
took  the  other  side. 

(The  arguments  on  both  sides  axe  briefly  stated  in 
my  Theology  in  Science.) 

Flush  (yohn),  any  gorgeous  footman 
conspicuous  for  his  plush  breeches  and 
rainbuw  colours. 

Flutarch  ( The  Modern),  Vayer,  born 
at  Paris.  His  name  in  full  was  Francis 
Vayer  de  la  Mothe  {1586-1672). 

FlutarcJti's    Parallel    iiives,   in 


856  POCKET. 

Greek  prose  (about  A.D,  110-113),  ^^^^ 
been   translated   into    English   prose   by 
North,     1579  ;     Langhorn,     1771,     etc. 
Shakespeare  used  North's  translation. 
Pluto,  the  god  of  had^s. 

Brothers,  be  of  good  cheer,  for  this  night  we  shall 
sup  with  Pluto.— Leonidas :  To  the  Thrte  Hundred 
at  Thermofyla. 

Plutus,  the  god  of  wealth.— C/a^j/V 
Mythology. 

Within  a  heart,  dearer  than  Plutus  mine. 
Shakespeare ;  Julius  Ccesar,  act  iv.  sc.  3  (1607). 

Plymouth  Cloak  (A),  a  cane,  a 
cudgel.  So  called,  says  Ray,  "because 
we  use  a  staff  in  cuerpo,  but  not  when  we 
wear  a  cloak." 

Wellborn.  How,  dog  I    (Raising  his  cudgel.) 

Tap-well.  Advance  your  Plymouth  cloali. 
There  dwells,  and  within  call,  if  it  please  your  worship, 
A  potent  monarch,  called  the  constable, 
That  doth  command  a  citadel,  called  the  stocks. 
Massinger  :  A  New  IVay  to  Pay  Old  Debts,  L  i  (1628). 

Po  [Tom),  a  ghost.  (Welsh,  bo,  "a 
hobgoblin.") 

He  now  would  pass  for  spirit  Po. 

5.  BtitUr:  Hudibras,  iii.  i  (1678). 

Pocahontas,  daughter  of  Powhatan, 
an  Indian  chief  of  Virginia,  who  rescued 
captain  John  Smith  when  her  father  was 
on  the  point  of  killing  him.  She  subse- 
quently married  John  Rolfe,  and  was 
baptized  under  the  name  of  Rebecca 
(1595-1617). — Old  and  New  London,  ii. 
481  (1875). 

Pochet  [Madame),  the  French  "  Mrs. 
Gamp." — Henri  Monnier. 

Pochi  Dana'ri  \^' the  pennyless"]. 
So  the  Italians  call  Maximilian  I.  emperor 
of  Germany  (1459,  1493-1519). 

Pocket  [Mr.  Matthew),  a  real  scholar, 
educated  at  Harrow,  and  an  honour-man 
at  Cambridge,  but,  having  married  young, 
he  had  to  take  up  the  calling  of  "grinder" 
and  literary  fag  for  a  living.  Mr.  Pocket, 
when  annoyed,  used  to  run  his  two  hands 
into  his  hair,  and  seemed  as  if  he  intended 
to  lift  himself  by  it.  His  house  was  a 
hopeless  muddle,  the  best  meals  and  chief 
expense  being  in  the  kitchen.  Pip  was 
placed  under  his  charge. 

Mrs.  Pocket  [Belinda},  daughter  of  a 
City  knight,  brought  up  to  be  an  orna- 
mental nonentity,  helpless,  shiftless,  and 
useless.  She  was  the  mother  of  eight 
children,  whom  she  allowed  to  "  tumble 
up  "  as  best  they  co:ald,  under  the  charge 
of  her  maid  Flopson.  Her  husband,  who 
was  a  poor  gentleman,  found  life  a  very 
uphill  work. 

Herbert  Pocket,  son  of  Mr.   Matthew 


PODGERS.                         857  POETS  OF  ENGLAND. 

Pocket,  and  an  insurer  of  ships.    He  was  Poet   [The  Quaker),  Bernard  Barton 

a  frank,  ea«y  young  man,  lithe  and  brisk,  (1784-1849). 

but   not  muscular.     There  was  nothing 

mean  or  secretive  about  him.     He  was  Poet  Sire  of  Italy,  Alighieri  Dant6 

wonderfully  hopeful,   but  had   not    the  (1265-1321). 

stuff  to  push  his  way  into  wealth.     He  i»^^4.  e        -u      t  u     tn    j 

was  tall,  slim,  and  pale;  had  a  languor  ^  ™*  f^^'^^\  ,]?^l  ^P^^^  ^""^  ^° 

which  showed  itself  even  in  his  briskness ;  ""f^^  ^^  ^^\  ^^'^  f  Rochester,  on  account 

was  most  amiable,  cheerful,   and  com-  of  his  corpulence  (1631-1701). 

municative.     He  called  Pip   "  Handel,"  Poet  of  Prance  (The),  Pierre  Ron- 

because  he  had  been  a  blacksmith,  and  sard  (1524-1585). 

Handel    composed   a   piece    of    music 

entitled    The   Harmonious   Blacksmith.  Poet  of  Poets,  Percy  Bysshe  Shelley 

Pip  helped  him  to  a  partnership  in  an  (1792-1822). 

agency  business;  and  when  Pip  lost  his  -d^^*  „x.  +-i,^  t»^««  ♦!,„  t>^„  r-^,„-. 

"expectations,"    Herbert   gave   him   a  Poet  of  the  Poor,  the  Rev.  George 

clerkship.  Crabbe  (1754-1832). 

iS'araA/'(?<;-fef/,  sister  of  Matthew  Pocket,  Poets  [Lives  of  the),  by  Dr.  Johnson 

ahttle  dry,  brown,  corrugated  old  v.'oman,  {1779-81). 
with  a  small  face  that  might  have  been 

made  of  walnut-shell,  and  a  large  mouth  "Bo^t^  [The  prince  of).   Edmund  Spen- 

like  a  cat's  without  the  whiskers.— i:'zV-^f«j.-  ser  is  so  called  on  his  monument  in  West- 

Great  Expectations  (i860).  minster  Abbey  (i5S3-iS98). 

Prince  of  Spanish  Poets,  Garcilaso  de 

Podgers    {The),    Uckspittles    of   the  la  Vega  ;  so  called  by  Cervantes  (1503- 

gxe&i.—Hollingshead:   The  Birthplace  of  X536). 
Podgers. 

^   ,           ,       .  Poets  Laureate,  by  letters  patent— 

Podsnap  (A/r.),  "  a  too,  too  smiling  attoinud 

large  man  with  a  fatal  freshness  on  him."  (i)  ben  tokson i6^^» 

Mr.  Podsnap  has  "two  little  light-coloured  ja)  sir  w.  davrnant 1638* 

wiry  wings,  one  on  either  side  of  his  else  g  Sias  shIdweli:'    W   \\     itw' 

bald  head,  looking  as  like  his  hair-brushes  js)  nahum  tate    1692 

as    his     hair  "       On    hi<?    fnrf>h<»aH    arc  <*  Nicholas  Rowe      i7i3« 

as    nis    nair.        un    nis    loreneaa    are  j^j  Laurence  eusden      ..   ..     1718 

generally    "httle    red   beads,"    and    he  8)  colleycibber      1730 

wears  «'a  large  allowance  of  crumpled  (S  ^i^o"il^sSvH"A\"o"N^^°..    \\     J^g 

shirt-collar  up  behind.  (h)  henry  James  pye        ..    ..     1790 

Mrs.  Podsnap,  '•  a  fine  woman  for  pro-  H  ^°?^,Y„Tol"DiyvoRTH    V.     tl 

fessor  Owen  :  quantity  of  bone,  neck  and  (14)  Alfred  Tennyson  iLord)  . .     i8so» 

nostrils  like  a  rocking-horse,    hard   fea-  (15)  Alfred  Austin      1896 

tures,  and  majestic  head-dress  in  which  .t^'e'i'?  but  tWrd-rkt^ts^'^^"'  """^  ^*''°"  "'^''^ 

Podsnap  has  hung  golden  offerings."  Those  marked  with  a  •  Were  buried  in  Westminstei 

Georgiana    Podsnap,    daughter    of    the  Abbey.^^And  Davenant  is  one  of  the  five.    "Proh 

above;  called  by  her  father  "the  young 

person."    She  is  a  harmless,  inoffensive  Poets   of  England  (not  alive  in 

girl,  "  always  trying  to  hide  her  elbows."  1896). 

Georgiana  adores  Mrs.  Lammle,  and  when  Addison,  Akenside,  Beaumont,  Robert 

Mr.    Lammle  tries    to    marry    the    girl  Browning,   Elizabeth  Barrett  Browning, 

to  Mr.  Fledgeby,  Mrs.  Lammle  induces  Burns,       Butler,       Byron,       Campbell, 

Mr,  Twemlow  to  speak  to  the  father  and  Chatterton,  Chaucer,  Collins,  Congreve, 

warn  him  against  the  connection.  Cowley,     Cowper,     Crabbe,     Drayton, 

It  may  not  be  so  in  the  gospel  according  to  Pod-  Dryden,  Fletcher,  Ford  Gay.  Goldsmith, 

snappery.  ...  but  it  has  been  the  truth  since  the  Gray,     Lee,     Mrs.     Hemans,    Herbert, 

Ka/TAS!8^4) ''"^*' '^'''^  Herrick,     Hogg,     Hood,    Ben    Jonson, 

Keats,  Keble,  Macaulay,  Marlowe, 
Poem  in  Marble  {A),  the  Taj,  a  Marvel,  Massinger,  Milton,  Mont- 
mausoleum  of  white  marble,  raised  in  gomery,  Moore,  William  Morris,  Parnell, 
Agra  by  shah  Jehan.  to  his  favourite  Pope,  Prior,  Rogers.  Rowe,  Scott, 
shahrina  Moomtaz-i-Mahul,  who  died  in  Shakespeare,  Shelley,  Shenstone.  Sheri- 
childbirth  of  her  eighth  child.  It  is  dan,  Southey.  Spenser,  Tennyson,  Thom- 
also  called  "The  Marble  Queen  of  son,  Waller,  Wordsworth,  Young.  With 
Sorrow."  many  others  less  generally  known. 


POETS  OF  LICENTIOUS  VERSES.  858 

Poets  of  Licentious  Verses,  Ele- 
phantis,  a  poetess  spoken  of  by  Martial, 
Epigrammata,  xii.  43. 

Anthony  Caraccio  of  Italy  (1630-1702). 

Pietro  Aretino,  an  Italian  of  Arezzo 
(1492-1557). 

Poets'  Corner,  in  the  south  transept 
of  Westminster  Abbey.  No  one  knows 
who  christened  the  corner  thus.  With 
poets  are  divines,  philosophers,  actors, 
novelists,  architects,  and  critics.  It  would 
have  been  a  glorious  thing  indeed  if  the 
corner  had  been  set  apart  for  England's 
poets.  But  alas !  the  deans  of  West- 
minster have  made  a  market  of  the  wall, 
and  hence,  as  a  memorial  of  British 
poets,  it  is  almost  a  caricature.  Where 
is  the  record  of  Byron,  Ford,  Hemans, 
Keats,  Keble,  Marlowe,  Massinger, 
Pope,  Shelley  ?  Where  of  E.  B,  Browning, 
Burns,  Chatterton,  Collins,  Congreve, 
Cowper,  Crabbe,  Gower,  Herbert, 
Herrick,  Hood,  Marvel,  T.  Moore,  Scott, 
Shenstone,  Southey,  and  Waller  ? 

The  "corner"  contains  a  bust,  statue, 
tablet,  or  monument  to  Chaucer  (1400), 
Dryden  (1700),  Milton  {1674),  Shake- 
speare {1616),  and  Spenser  (1598) ;  Addi- 
son, Beaumont,  (none  to  Fletcher),  S. 
Butler,  Campbell,  Cowley,  Cumberland, 
Drayton,  Gay,  Gray,  Goldsmith,  Ben  Jon- 
son,  Macaulay,  Prior  (a  most  preposterous 
affair),  Rowe,  Sheridan,  Thomson,  and 
Wordsworth.  And  also  to  such  miser- 
able poetasters  as  Davenant  ("Oh  I  rare 
sir  William  Davenant ! "),  Mason,  and 
ShadweU.  Truly,  our  Valhalla  is  almost 
a  satire  on  our  taste  and  judgment. 

N.B. — Dryden's  monument  was  erected 
by  Sheffield  duke  of  Buckingham.  Words- 
worth's statue  was  erected  by  a  public 
subscription. 


Poetry  {The  Father  of),  Orpheus  (2 
syl. )  of  Thrace. 

The  Father  of  Dutch  Poetry,  Jakob 
Maerlant ;  also  called  ' '  The  Father  of 
Flemish  Poetry"  (1235-1300). 

The  Father  of  English  Poetry,  Geoffrey 
Chaucer  (1328-1400). 

The  Father  of  Epic  Poetry,  Homer. 

He  compares  Richardson  to  Homer,  and  predicts 
for  his  memory  the  same  honours  which  are  rendered 
to  the  Father  of  Epic  Poetry.— 5i>  IV.  Scott. 

Th^  Father  of  German  Poetry,  Martin 
Opitz  of  Silesia  (1597-1639). 

Poetry  —  Prose.  Pope  advised 
Wycherly  "to  convert  his  poetry  into 
prose." 


POISONERS. 

Po'gfram  [Elijah),  one  of  the  "  master 
minds"  of  America,  and  a  member  of 
congress.  He  was  possessed  with  the 
idea  that  there  was  a  settled  opposition 
in  the  British  mind  against  the  institu- 
tions of  his  "free  enlightened  country." 
— Dickens  :  Martin  Chuzzlewit  (1844). 

Poinder  [George),  a  city  officer. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  Heart  of  Midlothian  (time, 
George  II.). 


Poins,  a  companion  of  sir  John  Fal- 
staff. — Shakespeare:  i  and  2  Henry  IV. 
(1597.  1598). 

The  chronicles  of  that  day  contain  accounts  of  many 
a  mad  prank  which  \_lord  IVarivicM,  Addison's  step- 
son] played  .  .  .  [liMe]  the  lawless  freaJcs  of  the  madcap 
prince  and  Poins. —  Thackeray, 

Poison.  It  is  said  that  Mithridat^s 
VI.,  surnaipied  "  the  Great,"  had  so  forti- 
fied his  constitution,  that  poisons  had  no 
baneful  effect  on  him  (B.C.  131,  120-63). 

Poison  -  Detectors.  Opal  turns 
pale  and  Venetian  glass  shivers  at  the 
approach  of  poison.  Peacocks  ruffle  their 
feathers  at  the  sight  of  poison  ;  and  if 
poison  is  put  into  a  Uquid  contained  in  a 
cup  of  rhinoceros's  horn,  the  liquid  will 
effervesce.  No  one  could  pass  with 
poison  the  horn  gate  of  GundofOrus. 
Nourgehan  had  a  bracelet,  the  stones  of 
which  seemed  agitated  when  poison  ap- 
proached the  wearer.  Aladdin's  ring 
was  a  perservative  against  every  evil. 
The  sign  of  the  cross  in  the  Middle  Ages 
was  looked  upon  as  a  poison-detector. 
(See  Warning-Givers.) 

Poison  of  Eha'ibar.  By  this  is 
meant  the  poison  put  into  a  leg  of  mutton 
by  Zainab,  a  Jewess,  to  kill  Mahomet 
while  he  was  in  the  citadel  of  Khalbar. 
Mahomet  partook  of  the  mutton,  and 
suffered  from  the  poison  all  through  life. 

Poisoners  [Secret). 

1.  Of  Ancient  Rome  :  Locusta,  em- 
ployed by  Agrippi'na  to  poison  her 
husband  the  emperor  Claudius.  Nero 
employed  the  same  woman  to  poison 
Britannicus  and  others. 

2.  Of  English  History:  the  countess 
of  Somerset,  who  poisoned  sir  Thomas 
Overbury  in  the  Tower  of  London.  She 
also  poisoned  others. 

Villiers  duke  of  Buckingham,  it  is  said, 
poisoned  king  James  I. 

3.  Of  Fr<mce:  Lavoisin  and  Lavigo- 
reux,  French  midwives  and  fortuoe- 
tellers. 


POLEXANDRE. 


POLLY. 


Catharine  de  Medicis  is  said  to  have 
poisoned  the  mother  of  Henry  IV.  with 
a  pair  of  wedding-gloves,  and  several 
others  with  poisoned  fans. 

The  marquise  de  Brinvilliers,  a  young 
profligate  Frenchwoman,  was  taught  the 
art  of  secret  poisoning  by  Sainte-Croix, 
who  learnt  it  in  Italy. —  World  of  Won- 
ders, vii,  203, 

4.  0/  Germany  :  Anna  Zwanziger,  sen- 
tenced to  death  at  Bamberg  in  181 1. 
Her  career  is  related  in  lady  Duff- 
Gordon's  translation  of  Feuerbach's 
Criminal  Trials. 

5.  Of  Italy  :  Pope  Alexander  VI.  and 
his  children  Caesar  and  Lucrezia  [Borgia] 
were  noted  poisoners  ;  so  were  Hierony- 
ma  Spara  and  Tofa'ua. 

Folezan'dre,  an  heroic  romance  by 
GomberviUe  (1632). 

Policy  {Mrs.),  housekeeper  at  Holy- 
rood  Palace.  She  appears  in  the  intro- 
duction.— Sir  W.  Scott:  Fair  Maid  of 
Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Fol'idore  (3  syl. ),  father  of  Val^re. — 
Mo  Hire  i  Le  Dipit  Amoureux  (1654). 

Folinesso,  duke  of  Albany,  who 
falsely  accused  Geneura  of  incontinency, 
and  was  slain  in  single  combat  by  Ario- 
dantfis. — Ariosto  :  Orlando  Furioso 
{1516). 

Polisli  Jew  [The),  also  called  The 
Bells,  a  melodrama  by  J.  R.  Ware, 
brought  prominently  into  note  by  the 
acting  of  [sir]  Henry  Irving  at  the  Lyceum. 
Matthias,  a  miller  in  a  small  German  town, 
is  visited  on  Christmas  Eve  by  a  Polish 
Jew,  who  comes  through  the  snow  in  a 
sledge.  After  rest  and  refreshment,  he 
leaves  for  Nantzig,  "four  leagues  off." 
Matthias  follows  him,  kills  him  with  an 
axe,  and  burns  the  body  in  a  lime-kiln. 
He  then  pays  his  debts,  becomes  a  pros- 
perous and  respected  man,  and  is  made 
burgomaster.  On  the  wedding  night  of 
his  only  child,  Annette,  he  dies  of  apo- 
plexy, of  which  he  had  ample  warning  by 
the  constant  sound  of  sledge-bells  in  his 
ears.  In  his  dream  he  supposes  himself 
put  into  a  mesmeric  sleep  in  open  court, 
when  he  confesses  everything  and  is 
condemned  (1874). 

Polizene,  the  name  assumed  by 
Madelon  Gorgibus,  a  shopkeeper's  daugh- 
ter, as  far  more  romantic  and  genteel 
than  her  baptismal  name.  Her  cousin 
Cathos  called  herself  Aminte  (2  syl.). 


"  A-t-on  Jamais  parM,"  asks  Madelon,  "  dans  le  beat 
style,  de  Cathos  ni  de  Madelon?  et  ne m'avouerez-vouj 
pas  que  ce  seroit  asser  dun  de  ces  noms  pour  dicriei 
le  plus  beau  roman  du  inonde." 

"  II  est  vrai,"says  Cathos  to  Madelon's  father,  "et 
le  nom  de  Polix6ne  .  . .  et  celui  d'Aininte  .  . .  ont  une 
grace  dont  il  faut  que  vous  demeuriez  d'accord."— 
Aloliire:  Les  Pr/cieuses  Ridicules,  s  (i6S9). 

Poliz'enes  (4  syl.),  king  of  Bo- 
hemia, schoolfellow  and  old  companion 
of  LeontSs  king  of  Sicily.  While  on  a 
visit  to  the  Sicilian  king,  Leontfis  grew 
jealous  of  him,  and  commanded  Camillo 
to  poison  him  ;  but  Camillo  only  warned 
him  of  his  danger,  and  fled  with  him  to 
Bohemia.  (For  the  rest  of  the  tale,  see 
Perdita,  p.  825.) — Shakespeare:  The 
Winter's  Tale  (1604).  * 

Poll  Pineapple,  the  bumboat 
woman,  once  sailed  in  seaman's  clothes 
with  lieutenant  Belaye'  (2  syl.),  in  the 
Hot  Cross-Bun.  Jack  tars  generally  greet 
each  other  with  "  Messmate,  hoi  what 
cheer?"  but  the  greeting  on  the  Hot 
Cross-Bun  was  always,  "  How  do  you  do, 
my  dear  ?  "  and  never  was  any  oath  more 
naughty  than  "Dear  me!"  One  day, 
lieutenant  Belaye  came  on  board  and  said 
to  his  crew,  "  Here,  messmates,  is  my 
wife,  for  I  have  just  come  from  church." 
Whereupon  they  all  fainted  ;  and  it  was 
found  that  the  crew  consisted  of  young 
women  only,  who  had  dressed  like  sailors 
to  follow  the  fate  of  lieutenant  Belaye. — 
Gilbert:  The  Bab  Ballads  ("The  Bum- 
boat  Woman's  Story  "). 

PoUente  (3  syl.),  a  Saracen,  lord  of 
the  Perilous  Bridge.  When  his  groom 
GuiEor  demands  "  the  passage-penny  " 
of  sir  Artegal,  the  knight  gives  him  a 
"stunning  blow,"  saying,  "  Lo  1  knave, 
there's  my  hire ; "  and  the  groom  falls 
down  dead.  PoUentS  then  comes  rushing 
up  at  full  speed,  and  both  he  and  sir 
Artegal  fall  into  the  river,  fighting  most 
desperately.  At  length  sir  Artegal  pre- 
vails, and  the  dead  body  of  the  Saracen 
is  carried  down  "  the  blood-stained 
stream." — Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  v.  a 
(1596). 

(Upton  conjectures  that  "  Pollente  is 
intended  for  Charles  IX.  of  France,  and 
his  groom  ' '  Guizor  "  (he  says)  means  the 
duke  of  Guise,  noted  for  the  part  he  took 
in  the  St.  Bartholomew  Massacre.) 

Polly,  daughter  of  Peachum.  A 
pretty  girl,  who  really  loved  captain 
Macheath,  married  him,  and  remained 
faithful  even  when  he  disclaimed  her. 
When  the  reprieve  arrived,  * '  the  captain  " 
confessed  his  marriage,  and  vowed  to 


POLONIUS. 


860 


POLYDORE. 


abide  by  Polly  for  the  rest  of  his  life. — 
Gay  :  The  Beggar's  Opera  (1727). 

N.B. — This  character  has  led  to  the 
peerage  three  actresses :  Miss  Fenton 
[duchess  of  Bolton),  Miss  Bolton  {lady 
Thurlow),  and  Miss  Stephens  {countess  of 
Essex). 

Mrs.  C.  Mathews  says  of  Miss  Fenton — 

Both  by  singing  and  acting,  the  impression  she  made 
in  "  Polly  "  was  most  powerful.  .  .  .  Not  a  print-shop 
or  fan-shop  but  exhibited  her  handsome  figure  in  her 
"Polly's"  costume,  which  possessed  all  the  charac- 
teristic simplicity  of  the  modern  quakeress,  without 
one  meretricious  ornament. 

Folo'nius,  a  garrulous  old  chamber- 
lain of  Denmark,  and  father  of  Laer'tfis 
ancJ  Ophelia ;  conceited,  politic,  and  a 
courtier.  Polonius  conceals  himself,  to 
overhear  what  Hamlet  says  to  his  mother  ; 
and,  making  some  unavoidable  noise, 
startles  the  prince,  who,  thinking  it  is 
the  king  concealed,  rushes  blindly  on 
the  intruder,  and  kills  him  ;  but  finds  too 
late  he  has  killed  the  chamberlain,  and 
not  Claudius  as  he  hoped  and  expected. 
— Shakespeare:  //a w/^/ (1596). 

Polonius  is  a  man  bred  in  courts,  exercised  in  busi- 
ness, stored  with  observations,  confident  of  his  know- 
ledge, proud  of  his  eloquence,  and  declining  to  dotage. 
— Dr.  yo/tnson. 

(Polonius  was  the  great  part  of  William 
Mynitt,  1710-1763. ) 

Soon  after  Munden  retired  from  the  stage,  an 
admirer  met  him  in  Covent  Garden.  It  was  a  wet 
day,  and  each  carried  an  umbrella.  The  gentleman's 
was  an  expensive  silk  one,  and  Joe's  an  old  gingham. 
"  So  you  have  left  the  stage,  .  .  .  and  '  Polonius,' 
•Jemmy  Jumps,'  'Old  Domton,' and  a  dozen  others 
have  left  the  world  with  you  t  I  wish  you'd  give  me 
some  trifle  by  way  of  memorial,  Munden  I"  "  Trifle, 
sir?  I'  faith,  sir,  I've  got  nothing.  But  hold,  yes, 
egad,  suppose  we  exchange  umbrellas." — Theairical 
Anecdotes. 

Pol'wartn  {A lick),  one  of  Waverley's 
servants. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Waverley  {lime, 
George  II. ). 

Poly-chron'icoii,  one  of  those 
tedious  chronicles  running  back  to 
"creation,"  to  a.d.  1342.  It  is  sub- 
divided into  seven  books,  by  Ralph 
Higden,  who  died  in  1363. 

Polycle'tos  (in  Latin,  Polycletus),  a 
statuary  of  Sicyon,  who  drew  up  a  canon 
of  the  proportions  of  the  several  parts  of 
the  human  body  :  as,  twice  roimd  the 
thumb  is  once  round  the  wrist ;  twice 
round  the  wrist  is  once  round  the  neck  ; 
twice  round  the  neck  is  once  round  the 
waist  ;  once  round  the  fist  is  the  length 
of  the  foot ;  the  two  arms  extended  is 
the  height  of  the  body  ;  six  times  the 
length  of  the  foot,  or  eighteen  thumbs,  is 
also  the  height  of  the  body. 


Again,  the  thumb,  the  longest  toe, 
and  the  nose  should  all  be  of  the  same 
length.  The  index  finger  should  mea- 
sure the  breadth  of  the  hand  and  foot, 
and  twice  the  breadth  should  give  the 
length.  The  hand,  the  foot,  and  the 
face  should  all  be  the  same  length.  The 
nose  should  be  one-third  of  the  face  ; 
and,  of  course,  the  thumbs  should  be 
one-third  the  length  of  the  hand.  Gerard 
de  Lairesse  has  given  the  exact  measure- 
ments of  every  part  of  the  human  figure, 
according  to  the  famous  statues  of  *'  An- 
tinous,"  "Apollo  Belvidere,"  "  Herculfis," 
and  "  Venus  de  Medici." 

Folycrates  (4  syl.),  tyrant  of  Samos. 
He  was  so  fortunate  in  everything,  that 
Am'asis  king  of  Egypt  advised  him  to 
part  with  something  he  highly  prized. 
Whereupon  PolycratSs  threw  into  the 
sea  an  engraved  gem  of  extraordinary 
value.  A  few  days  afterwards,  a  fish 
was  presented  to  the  tyrant,  in  which  this 
very  gem  was  found.  Amasis  now  re- 
nounced all  friendship  with  him,  as  a 
man  doomed  by  the  gods  ;  and  not  long 
after  this,  a  satrap,  having  entrapped  the 
too  fortunate  despot,  put  him  to  death  by 
crucifixion.  (See  Fish  and  the  Ring, 
P-  370.)— Herodotus,  iii.  40. 

Folyd'amas,  a  Thessalian  athlete  oi 
enormous  strength.  He  is  said  to  have 
killed  an  angry  lion,  to  have  held  by  the 
heels  a  raging  bull  and  thrown  it  help- 
less at  his  feet,  to  have  stopped  a  chariot 
in  full  career,  etc.  One  day,  he  attempted 
to  sustain  a  falling  rock,  but  was  killed 
and  buried  by  the  huge  mass. 

IF  Milo  carried  a  bull,  four  years  old, 
on  his  shoulders  through  the  stadium  at 
Olympia;  he  also  arrested  a  chariot  in 
full  career.  One  day,  tearing  asunder  a 
pine  tree,  the  two  parts,  rebounding, 
caught  his  hands  and  held  him  fast ;  in 
which  state  he  was  devoured  by  wolves. 

FOLTDORE  (3  syl.),  the  name  by 
which  Belarius  called  prince  Guiderius, 
while  he  lived  in  a  cave  in  the  Welsh 
mountains.  His  brother,  prince  ArvirS- 
gus,  went  by  the  name  of  CadwaL — 
Shakespeare  :  Cymbeline  (1605). 

Fol'ydore  (3  syl.),  brother  of  general 
Memnon,  beloved  by  the  princess  Calis 
sister  of  Astorax  king  of  Paphos, — Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher:  The  Mad  Lover 
(i6i8). 

(Beaumont  died  1616.) 

Forydore  {Lord),  son  of  lord  Acasto, 


POLYDORE. 


86i 


POLYPHEME. 


and  Castalio's  younger  brother.  He 
entertained  a  base  passion  for  his  father's 
ward Monimia  "the  orphan,"  and,  making 
use  of  the  signal  ("  three  soft  taps  upon 
the  chamber  door")  to  be  used  by  Castaho, 
to  whom  she  was  privately  married,  in- 
dulged his  wanton  love,  Monimia  sup- 
posing him  to  be  her  husband.  When, 
next  day,  he  discovered  that  Monimia 
was  actually  married  to  Castalio,  he  was 
horrified,  and  provoked  a  quarrel  with  his 
brother ;  but  as  soon  as  Castalio  drew  his 
sword,  he  ran  upon  it  and  was  killed. — 
Otway  :  The  Orphan  (1680). 

Pol'ydore  (3  jy/. ),  a  comrade  of  Ernest 
of  Otranto  (page  of  prince  Tancred). — Sir 
IV.  Scott :  Count  Robert  of  Paris  (time, 
Rufus). 

Polygflot  {Ignatius),  the  master  of 
seventeen  languages,  and  tutor  of  Charles 
Eustace  (aged  24).  Very  learned,  very 
ignorant  of  human  life ;  most  strict  as  a 
disciplinarian,  but  tender-hearted  as  a 
girl.  His  pupil  has  married  clandestinely, 
but  Polyglot  offers  himself  voluntarily  to 
be  the  scapegoat  of  the  young  couple, 
and  he  brings  them  off  triumphantly. — 
Poole  :  The  Scapegoat. 

Polygflot  {A  Walking),  cardinal 
Mezzofanti,  who  knew  fifty-eight  different 
languages  (1774-1849). 

Polyglot  Bible  [The),  by  Walton,  in 
six  large  folio  volumes,  in  nine  languages 
(1654-1657). 

A  gigantic  work,  both  to  compile  and  print.  The 
Gospels  are  given  in  six  languages.  The  books  of  the 
Old  Testament  are  not  aU.in  the  same  number  of 
versions,  and  no  single  book  is  in  all  the  nine.  Walton's 
Polyglot  is  not  a  translation  of  the  several  languages, 
but  each  language  is  printed  in  its  own  character,  and 
eight  are  accompanied  with  a  Latin  translation,  viz.  the 
Hebrew  [version],  Samaritan,  Chaldee,  Syriac,  Arabic, 
Ethiopic,  Persian,  and  Greek ;  the  ninth  is  the  Latin 
Tension  itself.  Origen  (220-250)  published  an  Hexapla, 
but  all  his  six  versions  were  in  the  Greek  character. 

•,  •  There  are  other  polyglots  besides  Walton's,  as 
(1)  the  Complutensian,  printed  at  Complutum  (1502- 
15x7)  ;  (2)  the  Antwerp  (1569-1572) ;  (3)  the  Parisian 
(1526-1545) ;  all  therefore  published  before  Walton's 
great  work  (1654-1657). 

(Polyglot  is  from  two  Greek  words  pola  £lotta, 
"many  tongjues.") 

Polyolbion  (the  "greatly  blessed"), 
by  Michael  Drayton,  in  thirty  parts, 
called  "songs."  It  is  a  topographical 
description  of  England.  Song  i.  The 
landing  of  Brute.  Song  ii.  Dorsetshire, 
and  the  adventures  of  sir  Bevis  of  South- 
ampton. Song  iii.  Somerset.  Song  iv. 
Contention  of  the  rivers  of  England  and 
Wales  respecting  Lundy — to  which 
country  did  it  belong  ?  .  Song  v.  Sabrina, 
as  arbiter,  decides  that  it  is  "  allied  alike 
both  to  England  and  Wales;"  MerUn, 


and  Milford  Haven.  Song  vL  The  salmon 
and  beavor  of  Twy  ;  the  tale  of  Sabrina  ; 
thedruids  and  bards.  Song  vii.  Hereford. 
Song  viii.  Conquest  of  Britain  by  the 
Romans  and  by  the  Saxons.  Song  ix. 
Wales.  Song  x.  Merlin's  prophecies ; 
Winifred's  well ;  defence  of  the  "  tale  of 
Brute"  (1612).  Song  xi.  Cheshire;  the 
religious  Saxon  kings.  Song  xii.  Shrop- 
shire and  Staffordshire  ;  the  Saxon  warrior 
kings  ;  and  Guy  of  Warwick.  Song  xiii. 
Warwick ;  Guy  of  Warwick  concluded. 
Song  xiv.  Gloucestershire.  Song  xv.  The 
marriage  of  Isis  and  Thame.  Song  xvi. 
The  Roman  roads  and  Saxon  kingdoms. 
Song  xvii.  Surrey  and  Sussex;  the 
sovereigns  of  England  from  William  to 
Elizabeth.  Song  xviii.  Kent ;  England's 
great  generals  and  sea-captains  (1613). 
Song  xix.  Essex  and  Suffolk ;  English 
navigators.  Song  xx.  Norfolk.  Song  xxi, 
Cambridge  and  Ely.  Song  xxii.  Bucking- 
hamshire, and  England's  intestine  battles. 
Song  xxiii.  Northamptonshire.  Song 
xxiv.  Rutlandshire  ;  and  the  British 
saints.  Song  xxv.  Lincolnshire.  Song 
xxvi.  Nottinghamshire,  Leicestershire, 
Derbyshire ;  with  the  story  of  Robin 
Hood.  Song  xxvii.  Lancashire  and  the 
Isle  of  Man.  Song  xxviii.  Yorkshire. 
Song  xxix.  Northumberland.  Song  xxx. 
Cumberland  (1622). 

Porypheme  (3  syl.),  a  gigantic 
Cyclops  of  Sicily,  who  fed  on  human 
flesh.  When  Ulysses,  on  his  return  from 
Troy,  was  driven  to  this  island,  he  and 
twelve  of  his  companions  were  seized 
by  Polypheme,  and  confined  in  his  cave, 
that  he  might  devour  two  daily  for  his 
dinner.  Ulysses  made  the  giant  drunk, 
and,  when  he  lay  down  to  sleep,  bored 
out  his  one  eye.  Roused  by  the  pain, 
the  monster  tried  to  catch  his  tormentors  ; 
but  Ulysses  and  his  surviving  companions 
made  their  escape  by  clinging  to  the 
bellies  of  the  sheep  and  rams  when  they 
were  let  out  to  pasture  {Odyssey,  ix.). 

U  There  is  a  Basque  legend  told  of  the 
giant  Tartaro,  who  caught  a  young  man- 
in  his  snares,  and  confined  him  in  his 
cave  for  dessert.  When,  however,  Tar- 
taro fell  asleep,  the  young  man  made 
the  giant's  spit  red  hot,  bored  out  his  one 
eye,  and  then  made  his  escape  by  fixing 
the  bell  of  the  bell-ram  round  his  neck, 
and  a  sheep-skin  over  his  back.  Tartaro 
seized  the  skin,  and  the  man,  leaving  it 
behind,  made  off. 

^  A  very  similar  adventure  forms  the 
tale   of  Sinbad's   third  voyage,  in    the 


POLYPHEME  AND  GALATEA.      863 


POMPOSUS. 


Arabian  Nights.  He  was  shipwrecked 
on  a  strange  island,  and  entered,  with 
his  companions,  a  sort  of  palace.  At 
nightfall,  a  one-eyed  giant  entered,  and 
ate  one  of  them  for  supper,  and  another 
for  breakfast  next  morning.  This  went 
on  for  a  day  or  two,  when  Sinbad  bored 
out  the  giant's  one  eye  with  a  charred 
olive  stake.  The  giant  tried  in  vain  to 
catch  his  tormentors,  but  they  ran  to 
their  rafts  ;  and  Sinbad,  with  two  others, 
contrived  to  escape. 

N.B. — Homer  was  translated  into  Syriac 
by  Theophilus  Edessenes  in  the  caliphate 
of  Hdrun-ur-Rdshid  (a.d.  786-809). 

Folypheme  and  Galatea.  Poly- 
pheme  loved  Galatea  the  sea-nymph  ;  but 
Galatea  had  fixed  her  affections  on  Acis, 
a  Sicilian  shepherd.  The  giant,  in  his 
jealousy,  hurled  a  huge  rock  at  his  rival, 
and  crushed  him  to  death. 

(The  tale  of  Polypheme  is  from  Ho- 
mer's Odyssey,  ix.  It  is  also  given 
by  Ovid  in  his  Metamorphoses,  xiv. 
Euripides  introduces  the  monster  in  his 
Cyclops;  and  the  tragedy  of  Acis  and 
Galatea  is  the  subject  of  Handel's  famous 
opera  so  called. ) 

In  Greek  the  monster  is  called  PolufMmos,  and  in 
Latin  Polyfhimus. 

Folyplie'mtis  of  Literature,  Dr. 

Samuel  Johnson  (1709-1784). 

Polypho'nua  ["  big- voiced"],  the 
Kapaneus  and  most  boastful  of  the  frog 
heroes.  He  was  slain  by  the  mouse 
Artophagus  ("the  bread-nibbler "). 

But  great  Artophagus  avenged  the  slain,  .  ,  , 

And  Polyphonus  dies,  a  frog  renowned 

Fox  boastful  speech  and  turbulence  of  sound. 

Parnell:  BattU  of  the  Fro£s  and  Mice,  iiU 
(about  1712). 

Folyphrasticoutiuoiuimeg'alou- 
dulation. 

Why  not  wind  up  the  famous  ministerial  declaration 
with  "  Konx  Ompax,'  or  that  difficult  expression, 
"  polyphrasticontinomimegalondulation  "I — The  Star. 

Polypo'dium  \_"  many-foot  "\  allud- 
ing to  its  root  furnished  with  numerous 
fibres.  Polypodium  used  to  be  greatly 
celebrated  for  its  effect  on  tape-worm, 
and  for  rheum. 

The  hermit 
Uer«&ndsuponanoakrheum-pure:ingpolypode(3J>'/.}. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbiott,  xUL  (1613). 

Folyz'ena,  a  magnanimous  and  most 
noble  woman,  wife  of  Charles  Emmanuel 
king  of  Sardinia  (who  succeeded  to  the 
crown  in  1730). — R.  Browning:  King 
Victor  and  King  Charles, 

Poinbod'ita,hocus-pocus-land.  When 
any  one  tells   an  incredible   story,  we 


might  say  to  him,  "  Perhaps  you  are  a 
native  of  Pombodita,  where  elephants  are 
driven  through  the  eyes  of  needles." 

Cum  aliquis  incredibilia  narrat,  respondent,  "  Forte 
ex  Pombodita  tu  es,  ubi  tiaducunt  elephantem  per 
foramen  acus." — Pelt :  Syno/sis  Criticorum. 

It  may  bo  that  thou  art  of  Pumbeditha,  where  they 
can  bring  an  elephant  through  the  eye  of  a  needle.— 
Ligrht/oot  (A  Jewish  Proverb).  (See  Luke  xviii.  18-25 ; 
Mark  x.  22.) 

Pomegranate  Seed.  When  Per- 
seph'ong  was  in  hadfis,  whither  Pluto 
had  carried  her,  the  god,  foreknowing 
that  Jupiter  would  demand  her  release, 
gathered  a  pomegranate,  and  said  to  her, 
'•'  Love,  eat  with  me  this  parting  day  of 
the  pomegranate  seed ;  "  and  she  ate. 
Demeter,  in  the  mean  time,  implored 
Zeus  {Jupiter)  to  demand  Persephone's 
release  ;  and  the  king  of  Olympus  pro- 
mised she  should  be  set  at  liberty,  if  she 
had  not  eaten  anything  during  her  deten- 
tion in  hadSs.  As,  however,  she  had 
eaten  pomegranate  seeds,  her  return  was 
impossible. 

Low  laughs  the  dark  king  on  his  throne— 
"  I  gave  her  of  pomegranate  seeds  "... 
And  chant  the  maids  of  Enna  still — 
"  O  fateful  flower  beside  the  rill. 
The  daffodil,  the  daffodil."    (See  DAFFODIL.) 
Jean  Ingelow  :  Ptrse^h*ne, 

Pompeii  ( The  Last  Days  of),  an  his- 
torical novel  by  lord  Lytton  (1834). 

Pompey,  a  clown  ;  servant  to  Mrs. 
Overdone  (a  bawd). — Shakespeare :  Mea- 
sure for  Measure  (1603). 

Pompey  the  Great  was  killed  by 
Achillas  and  Septiraius,  the  moment  the 
Egyptian  fishing-bgat  reached  the  coast. 
Plutarch  tells  us  they  threw  his  head  into 
the  sea.  Others  say  his  head  was  sent 
to  Caesar,  who  turned  from  it  with  horror, 
and  shed  a  flood  of  tears.  Shakespeare 
makes  him  killed  by  *'  savage  islanders" 
(2  Henry  VI.  act  iv.  sc.  i,  1598). 

Pompil'ia,  a  foundling,  the  putative^ 
daughter  of  Pietro  (2  syl.).  She  married* 
count  Guido  Franceschini,  who  treated 
her  so  brutally  that  she  made  her  escape 
under  the  protection  of  a  young  priest 
named  Caponsacchi.  Pompilia  subse- 
quently gave  birth  to  a  son,  but  was  slain 
by  her  husband.  For  Pompilia's  character, 
see  the  magnificent  speech  of  the  pope 
(bk.  X.  1000). 

.  .  .  first  of  the  first, 
Such  I  (pronounce  Pompilia,  then  as  now 
Perfect  in  whiteness. 

R,  Browning  :  The  Ring  and  th*  Soot, 
X.,  "  The  pope,"  1000. 

Fomposas.    (See  Probus.) 


j  PONCE  DE  LEON.  863 

I        Fonce  de  Leon,  the  navigator  who 
i      went  in  search  of  the  Fontaine  de  Jou- 
vence,  "cur  fit  rajovenir  la  gent."     He 
sailed  in  two  ships  on  this   "voyage  of 
discoveries,"  in  the  sixteenth  century. 

Like  Ponce  de  Ldon,  he  wants  to  go  off  to  the 


which  was  fabled  to  give  a  man  back  his  youth.— 
y&a,  130. 

Pond  of  the  Prophet  {The),  a  well 
of  life,  from  which  all  the  blessed  will 
drink  before  they  enter  paradise.  The 
water  is  whiter  than  milk,  and  more 
fragrant  than  musk. 

Po'nent  Wind(rAf),  the  west  wind, 
or  wind  from  the  sunset.  Lev'ant  is  the 
east  wind,  or  wind  from  the  sunrise. 

Forth  rush  the  Levant  and  the  Ponent  winds. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  x.  704  (1665). 

Pong^O,  a  cross  between  "  a  land-tiger 
and  a  sea-shark."  This  terrible  monster 
devastated  Sicily,  but  was  slain  by  the 
three  sons  of  St.  George. — R.  Johnson: 
The  Seven  Champions,  etc.  (1617). 

Ponoc'rates  (4  syl.),  the  tutor  of 
Gargantua. — Rabelais:  Gargantua  (1533). 

Pons  Asino'nun  f"  the  asses' 
bridge "],  the  fifth  proposition  bk.  i.  of 
'Euaxd'sElemenis,  too  difficult  for  "asses  " 
or  stupid  boys  to  get  over. 

A  most  improper  term.  It  is  the  asses'  trap,  not 
their  bridge.  Their  "stone  of  stumbling  and  rock  of 
offence." 

Pontius   Pilate's   Body-Guard, 

the  ist  Foot  Regiment.  In  Picardy  the 
French  officers  wanted  to  make  out  that 
they  were  the  seniors ;  and,  to  carry  their 
point,  vaunted  that  they  were  on  duty 
on  the  night  of  the  Crucifixion.  The 
colonel  of  the  ist  Foot  replied,  "If  we 
had  been  on  guard,  we  should  not  have 
slept  at  our  posts  "  (see  Matt,  xxviii.  13). 

Pontoys  [Stephen),  a  veteran  in  sir 
Hugo  de  Lacy's  troop. — Sir  IV.  Scott: 
The  Betrothed  (time,  Henry  II.). 

Pony  (il/r.  Garlands),  Whisker  (^.f.). 

Poole  ( I  syl.),  in  Dorsetshire  ;  once  "  a 
young  and  lusty  sea-born  lass,"  courted 
by  great  Albion,  who  had  by  her  three 
children,  Brunksey,  Fursey,  and  [St.] 
Hellen.  Thetis  was  indignant  that  one 
of  her  virgin  train  should  be  guilty  of  such 
indiscretion  ;  and,  to  protect  his  children 
from  her  fury,  Albion  placed  them  in  the 
bosom  of  Poole,  and  then  threw  his  arms 
around  them. — Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  iL 
{1612). 

Poor  [Father  of  the),  Bernard  Gilpin 
(1517-1583). 


POPE-FIG-LANDS. 

Poor  G-entleman  [The),  a  comedy 
by  George  Colman  the  younger  (1802). 
"The  poor  gentleman"  is  lieut(*nant 
Worthington,  discharged  from  the  army 
on  half- pay,  because  his  arm  had  been 
crushed  by  a  shell  in  storming  Gibraltar. 
On  his  half-pay  he  had  to  support  himself, 
his  daughter  Emily,  an  old  corporal,  and 
a  maiden  sister-in-law.  Having  put  his 
name  to  a  bill  for  ^^500,  his  friend  died 
without  effecting  an  insurance,  and  the 
lieutenant  was  called  upon  for  payment. 
Imprisonment  would  have  followed  if  sir 
Robert  Bramble  had  not  most  generously 
paid  the  money.  With  this  piece  ol  good 
fortune  came  another — the  marriage  ot 
his  daughter  Emily  to  Frederick  Bramble, 
nephew  and  heir  of  the  rich  baronet. 

Poor  Jack,  a  popular  sea-song  by 
Charles  Dibdin  (1790).  The  last  two 
lines  are — 

There's  a  sweet  little  cherub  that  sits  up  alott. 
To  keep  watch  o'er  the  life  of  poor  Jack. 

Poor  John,  a  hake  dried  and  salted. 

'Tis  well  thou  art  not  fish  ;  if  thou  hadst  [been\,  thou 
hadst  been  poor  John. — Shakespeare:  Romeo  and 
Jtiliet,  act  i.  sc.  i  (1597). 

Poor  Relations,  a  humourous 
essay  by  C.  Lamb  [Essays  of  Elia,  1823). 

Poor  Richard,  the  pseudonym  of 
Benjamin  Franklin,  under  which  he 
issued  a  series  of  almanacs,  which  he 
made  the  medium  of  teaching  thrift, 
temperance,  order,  cleanliness,  chastity, 
forgiveness,  and  so  on.  The  maxims  or 
precepts  of  these  almanacs  generally  end 
with  the  words,  "as  poor  Richard  says" 
(begun  in  1732). 

Poor  Robin,  the'  pseudonym  of 
Robert  Herrick  the  poet,  under  which  he 
issued  a  series  of  ahnanacs  (begun  in 
1661). 

Poor  as  Lazarus,  that  is,  the  beggar 
Lazarus,  in  the  parable  of  Div6s  and 
Lazarus  [Luke  xvi.  19-31). 

Pope  ( To  drink  like  a).  Benedict  XII. 
was  an  enormous  eater,  and  such  a  huge 
wine-drinker  that  he  gave  rise  to  the 
Bacchanalian  expression,  Bibamus  papa* 
liter. 

Pope  Changing  Eis  Name.  Peter 
Hogsmouth,  or,  as  he  is  sometimes  called, 
Peter  di  Porca,  was  the  first  pope  to 
change  his  name.  He  called  himself 
Sergius  II.  (844-847).  Some  say  he 
thought  it  arrogant  to  be  called  Peter  II. 

Pope-Pig-lands,  protestant  coun- 
tries.    The  Gaillardets,  being  shown  the 


POPE-FIGS. 

pope  s  image,  said,  "A  fig  for  the  pope  !  " 
whereupon  their  whole  island  was  put  to 
the  5word,  and  the  name  changed  to 
Pope-fig-land,  the  people  being  called 
*•  Pope-figs." — Rabelais:  Pantag^ruel,  iv. 
45  (1545)- 

(The  allusion  is  to  the  kingdom  of 
Navarre,  once  protestant ;  but  in  1512  it 
was  subjected  to  Ferdinand  the  CathoHc. ) 

Fope-Pigs,  protestants.  The  name 
was  given  to  the  Gaillardets,  for  saying, 
"  A  fig  for  the  pope  !  " 

They  were  made  tributaries  and  slaves  to  the 
Papimans  for  saying,  *'  A  fig  for  the  pope's  image  1 " 
and  never  after  did  the  poor  wretches  prosper,  but 
every  year  the  devil  was  at  their  doors,  and  they  were 
plagued  with  hail,  storms,  famine,  and  all  maimer  of 
woes  in  punishment  of  this  sin  of  their  forefathers.— 
Rabelais:  Pantag>ruel,  iv.  45  (iS4S)- 

Pope  Joan,  between  Leo  IV.  and 
Benedict  III.,  and  called  John  [VIII.]. 
The  subject  of  this  scandalous  story  was 
an  English  girl,  educated  at  Cologne, 
who  left  her  home  in  man's  disguise  with 
her  lover  (the  monk  Folda),  and  went  to 
Athens,  where  she  studied  law.  She 
afterwards  went  to  Rome  and  studied 
theology,  in  which  she  gained  so  high  a 
reputation  that,  at  the  death  of  Leo  IV., 
she  was  chosen  his  successor.  Her  sex 
was  discovered  by  the  birth  of  a  child 
while  she  was  going  to  the  Lateran 
Basilica,  between  the  Coliseum  and  the 
church  of  St.  Clement.  Pope  J  oan  died, 
and  was  buried,  without  honours,  after  a 
pontificate  of  two  years  and  five  months 
(853-855). — Marianus  Scotus  (who  died 
1086). 

The  story  is  given  most  fully  by 
Martinus  Polonus,  confessor  to  Gregory 
X.,  and  the  tale  was  generally  believed 
till  the  Reformation.  There  is  a  German 
miracle-play  on  the  subject,  called  The 
Canonization  of  Pope  Joan  ( 1480) .  David 
Blondel,  a  Calvinist  divine,  has  written  a 
book  to  confute  the  tale. 

The  following  note  contains  the  chief 
points  of  interest : — 

(i)  Argument  in/ri;^of  the  allegation — 

Anastasius  the  librarian  is  the  first  to 
mention  such  a  pope,  a.d.  886,  or  thirty 
years  after  the  death  of  Joan. 

Marianus  Scotus,  in  his  Chronicle,  says 
she  reigned  two  years  five  months  and 
four  days  (853-855).     Scotus  died  1086. 

Sigebert  de  Gemblours,  in  his  Chronicle, 
repeats  the  same  story  (1112). 

Otto  of  Freisingen  and  Gotfrid  of  Vi- 
terbo  both  mention  her  in  their  histories. 

Martin  Polonus  gives  a  very  full  ac- 
count of  the  matter.  He  says  she  went 
by  the  name  of  John  Anglus,  and  was 


864  POPES. 

born  at  Metz,  of  English  parents.  While 
she  was  pope,  she  was  prematurely  de- 
livered of  a  child  in  the  street  "  between 
the  Coliseum  and  St.  Clement's  Church." 

William  Ocham  alludes  to  the  story. 

Thomas  de  Elmham  repeats  it  (1422). 

John  Huss  tells  us  her  baptismal  name 
was  not  Joan  but  Agnes. 

Others  insist  that  her  name  was  Gil- 
berta. 

In  the  Annalis  Augustani  (1135)  we 
are  told  her  papal  name  was  John  VIII., 
and  that  she  it  was  who  consecrated 
Louis  II.  of  France. 

Arguments  in  favour  of  the  allegation 
are  given  by  Spanheim,  Exercit.  de  Papa 
Fczmina,  ii.  577  ;  in  Lenfant,  Histoire  de 
la  Papesse  Jeanne. 

(2)  Arguments  against  the  allegation 
are  given  by  AUatius  or  Allatus,  Confutatio 
Fabulce  de  Johanna  Papissa ;  and  in 
Lequien,  Ortens  Christianus,  iii.  777. 

(3)  Arguments  on  both  sides  are  given 
in  Cunningham's  translation  of  Geiseler  : 
Lehrbuch,  ii.  21,  22  ;  and  in  La  Bayle's 
Dictionnaire,  iii.  (article  "Papisse"). 

*.'  Gibbon  says,  "Two  protestants, 
Blondel  and  Bayle,  have  annihilated  the 
female  pope;  but  the  expression  is  cer- 
tainly too  strong,  and  even  Mosheim  is 
more  than  half  inclined  to  believe  "there 
really  was  such  a  person." 

Pope  Joan,  the  game  so  called,  once 
very  popular  in  England,  and  often  played 
as  a  children's  game  in  the  first  quarter 
of  the  nineteenth  century.  In  the  privy 
purse's  expenses  of  Henry  VIII.  it  is 
called  Pope  Ju'ly's  \yulius's\  Game,  and 
supposed  to  represent  the  courtship  and 
marriage  of  Henry  VIII.  and  Anne 
Boleyn.  The  point  called  "stops"  is 
the  interference  of  the  pope  and  his 
agents  to  prevent  the  marriage.  The 
other  points  are  called  "  intrigue," 
"  matrimony,"  and  "  pope." 

Pope    of    Philosopliy,    Aristotle 

(B.C.    384-322). 

Pope  of  the   Ku^enots  {The), 

Plessis  Mornay  (1549-1623). 

Popes  {Titles  assumed  by).  "Uni- 
versal Bishop,"  prior  to  Gregory  the 
Great.  Gregory  the  Great  adopted  the 
style  of  "  Servus  Servorum  "  (591). 

Martin  IV.  was  addressed  as  "the 
lamb  of  God  which  taketh  away  the  sins 
of  the  world,"  to  which  was  added, 
"  Grant  us  thy  peace  I  "  (1281). 

Leo  X.  was  styled,  by  the  council  of 
Lateran,  "Divine  Majesty,"  "Husband 


POPISH  PLOT. 


865 


PORREX, 


of  the  Church,"  "  Prince  of  the  Apostles," 
"The  Key  of  all  the  Universe,"  "The 
Pastor,  the  Physician,  and  a  God  pos- 
sessed of  all  power  both  in  heaven  and 
on  earth  "  (15 13). 

Paul  V.  styled  himself  ' '  Monarch  of 
Christendom,"  "  Supporter  of  the  Papal 
Omnipotence,"  "Vice-God,"  "  Lord  God 
the  Pope"  (1605). 

Others,  after  Paul,  "Master  of  the 
World,"  "  Pope  the  Universal  Father," 
"Judge  in  the  place  of  God,"  "Vice- 
gerent of  the  Most  High."  —  Brady: 
Clavis  Calendaria,  247(1839). 

The  pope  assumes  supreme  dominion,  not  only  OTer 
spiritual  but  also  over  temporal  affairs,  styling  himself 
"Head  of  the  Catholic  or  Universal  Church,  Sole 
Arbiter  of  its  Rights,  and  Sovereign  Father  of  all  the 
Kinps  of  the  Earth."  From  these  titles,  he  wears  a 
triple  crown— one  as  high  priest,  one  as  emperor,  and 
the  third  as  king.  He  also  bears  keys,  to  denote  his 
privilege  of  opening  the  gates  of  heaven  to  all  true 
believers,— ^r<M?y,  250,  251. 

N.B. — For  the  first  five  centuries  the 
bishops  of  Rome  wore  a  bonnet,  like 
other  ecclesiastics.  Pope  Hormisdas 
placed  on  his  bonnet  the  crown  sent  him 
by  Clovis ;  Boniface  VIII.  added  a  second 
crown  during  his  struggles  with  Philip 
the  Fair ;  and  John  XXII.  assumed  the 
third  crown. 

Popisli  Plot,  a  supposed  Roman 
Catholic  conspiracy  to  massacre  the  pro- 
testants,  burn  London,  and  murder  the 
king  (Charles  II. ).  This  fiction  was  con- 
cocted by  one  Titus  Oates,  who  made  a 
"  good  thing  "  by  his  schemes ;  but  being 
at  last  foimd  out,  was  pilloried,  whipped, 
and  imprisoned  (1678-79). 

Poppy  [Ned),  a  prosy  old  anecdote- 
teller,  with  a  marvellous  tendency  to 
digression.     (See  Aircastle,  p.  17.) 

Ned  knew  exactly  what  parties  had  for  dinner,  .  .  . 
in  what  ditch  his  bay  horse  had  his  sprain,  .  .  .  and  how 
his  man  John— no,  it  was  William — started  a  hare, . .  . 
so  that  he  never  got  to  the  end  of  his  tale. — Steele. 

Population  [An  Essay  on  the  Prin- 
ciple^), by  Maltbus  (1803).  The  object 
is  to  show  that  the  increase  of  food  cannot 
keep  pace  with  the  present  increase  of 
population,  and  therefore  that  every  ob- 
stacle should  be  thrown  in  the  way  of 
matrimony,  especially  in  the  lower  strata 
of  society ;  but  if  they  persist  in  marrying, 
leave  them  entirely  alone  without  parish 
relief. 

No  doubt  there  is  a  limit  to  the  production  of  food, 
but  theoretically  no  limit  to  population  ;  but  we  are  as 
yet  a  long  way  off  the  fatal  Ime.  Canada  alone  might 
find  room  for  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  British  Isles, 
and  be  the  better  for  it. 

Porch,  {The).  The  Stoics  were  so 
called,   because  their  founder   gave  his 


lectures  In  the  Athenian  stoa  or  porch 
called  "  Pce'cil6." 

The  successors  of  Socrltts  formed  .  .  .  the  Academjr, 
tbe  Porch,  the  Garden. — SeeUy  :  Ecce  Homo. 

(George  Herbert  has  a  poem  called 
The  Church  Porch  (six-line  stanzas).  It 
may  be  considered  introductory  to  his 
poem  entitled  The  Church,  in  sapphic 
verse  and  sundry  other  metres. ) 

Porcius,  son  of  Cato  of  Ut!ca  (in 
Africa),  and  brother  of  Marcus.  Both 
brothers  were  in  love  with  Lucia ;  but 
the  hot-headed,  impulsive  Marcus,  being 
slain  in  battle,  the  sage  and  temperate 
Porcius  was  without  a  rival — Addison: 
Cato  (1713). 

When  Sheridan  reproduced  Catc,  Wignell,  who  acted 
"  Porcius,"  omitted  the  prologue,  and  began  at  once 
with  the  lines,  "  The  dawn  is  overcast,  the  morning 
lowers  .  .  ."  "  The  prologue  1  the  prologue  1 "  shouted 
tlie  audience ;  and  Wignell  went  on  in  the  same  ton*, 
as  if  continuing  his  speech — 

Ladies  and  gentlemen,  there  has  not  been 
A  prologue  spoken  to  this  play  for  years—— 
And  heavily  m  clouds  brings  on  the  day. 
The  great,  the  important  day,  big  with  the  fate 
Of  Cato  and  of  Rome. 

History  of  the  Stag*. 

Porcupine  {Peter).  William  Cob- 
bett,  the  politician,  published  The  Rush- 
light under  this  pseudonym  in  1800. 

Pornei'us  (3  iyl.).  Fornication  per- 
sonified ;  one  of  the  four  sons  of  Anag'« 
nus  {inchastity),  his  brothers  being 
Mae'chus  {adultery),  Acath'arus,  and  Asel - 
g^s  {lasciviousness).  He  began  the  battle 
of  Mansoul  by  encountering  Parthen'ia 
{maidenly  chastity),  but  "  the  martial 
maid  "  slew  him  with  her  spear.  (Greek, 
porneia,  "fornication.") 

In  maids  his  joy;  now  by  a  maid  defcd, 
His  life  he  lost  and  all  his  former  pride. 
With  women  would  he  live,  now  by  a  woman  died. 
P.  Fletcher:  The  Purfle  Island,  xi.  (1633). 

Porphyrins,  in  Dryden's  drama  of 
Tyrannic  Love  (1669). 

Valeria,  daughter  of  Maximin,  having  killed  herself 
for  the  love  of  Porphyirus,  was  on  one  occasion  being 
carried  off  by  the  bearers,  when  she  started  up  and 
boxed  one  of  the  bearers  on  the  ears,  saying  to  him— 

Hold  1  are  you  mad,  you  damned  confounded  dog  I 

I  am  to  rise  and  speak  the  epilogue. 

.  W.  C.  Russell:  Represenic.Hve  Actors,  ^*fh 

Porphyro-Genitus  ["  horn  in  the 
Porphyra"\  the  title  given  to  the  kings 
of  the  Eastern  empire,  from  the  apart- 
ments called  Porphyra,  set  apart  for  the 
empresses  during  confinement. 

There  he  found  Irene,  the  empress,  in  travail,  in  a 
house  anciently  appointed  for  the  empresses  during 
childbirth.  They  call  that  house  "Porjjhyra,"  whence 
the  name  of  the  Porphyro-geniti  came  into  the  world. 
—See  Selden  ;  Titles  0/ Honour,  v.  61  (1614). 

Porrex,  younger  son  of  Gorboduc  a, 
legendary  king  of  Britain.     He  drove  his 
2  F 


PORSENA. 


866 


POSTHUMUS* 


efider  brother  Ferrex  from  the  kingdom, 
and,  when  Ferrex  returned  with  a  large 
army,  defeated  and  slew  him.  Porrex 
was  murdered  while  "  slumbering  on  his 
careful  bed,"  by  his  own  mother,  who 
"  stabbed  him  to  the  heart  with  a  knife." 
— Norton  and  Sackville  :  Gorboduc  {1561- 
62). 

For'sena,  a  legendary  king  of  Etruria, 
who  made  war  on  Rome  to  restore 
Tarquin  to  the  throne. 

Lord  Macaulay  has  made  this  the  sub- 
ject of  one  of  his  Lays  of  Ancient  Rome 
.{1842). 

Fort'amour,  Cupid's  sheriff's  officer, 
who  summoned  offending  lovers  to 
"  Love's  Judgment  -  Hall."  —  Spenser  : 
.Faerie  Queene,  vi.  7  (1596). 

Porteous  [Captain  John),  an  officer 
of  the  city  guard.  He  was  hanged  by  the 
mob  {1736). 

Mrs.  Porteous,  wife  of  the  captain. — 
Sir  W.  Scott :  The  Heart  of  Midlothian 
(time,  George  II.). 

Portia,  the  wife  of  Pontius  Pilate. 

Portia,  wife  of  Marcus  Brutus. 
Valerius  Maximus  says,  "  Slie,  being 
determined  to  kill  herself,  took  hot  burn- 
ing coals  into  her  mouth,  and  kept  her 
lips  closed  till  she  was  suffocated  by  the 
smoke." 

With  this  she  \Poriid\  fell  distract. 
And,  her  attendants  absent,  swallowed  fire. 
Shakespeart :  yulim  Casar,  act  iv.  sc.  3  (1607). 

Por'tia,  a  rich  heiress,  in  love  with 
Bassa'nio  ;  but  her  choice  of  a  husband 
was  restricted  by  her  father's  will  to  the 
following  condition  :  Her  suitors  were  to 
select  from  three  caskets,  one  of  gold, 
one  of  silver,  and  one  of  lead,  and  he 
who  selected  the  casket  which  contained 
'Portia's  picture  was  to  claim  her  as  his 
■wife.  Bassanio  chose  the  lead,  and  being 
successful,  became  the  espoused  husband. 
It  so  happened  that  Bassanio  had  bor- 
rowed 3000  ducats,  and  Anthonio,  a 
Venetian  merchant,  was  his  security. 
The  money  was  borrowed  of  Shylock,  a 
Jew,  on  these  conditions  :  If  the  loan 
was  repaid  within  three  months,  only  the 
principal  would  be  required  ;  if  not,  the 
Jew  should  be  at  liberty  to  claim  a  pound 
of  flesh  from  Anthonio's  body.  The  loan 
was  not  repaid,  and  the  Jew  demanded 
the  forfeiture.  Portia,  in  the  dress  of  a 
law  doctor,  conducted  the  defence,  and 
saved  Anthonio  by  reminding  the  Jew 
that  a  pound  of  flesh  gave  him  no  drop  of 


blood,  and  that  he  must  cut  neither  mors 
nor  less  than  an  exact  pound,  otherwise 
his  life  would  be  forfeit.  As  it  would 
be  plainly  impossible  to  fulfil  these 
conditions,  the  Jew  gave  up  his  claim, 
and  Anthonio  was  saved. — Shakespeare  : 
Merchant  of  Venice  [q.v.)  (1598). 

Portland  Place  ( London).  So  called 
from  WiUiam  Bentinck,  second  duke  of 
Portland,  who  married  Margaret,  only 
child  of  Edward  second  earl  of  Oxford 
and  Mortimer.  From  these  came  Mar- 
garet Street,  Bentinck  Street,  Duke  Street, 
Duchess  Street,  and  Portland  Place. 

Portman  Square  (London).  So 
called  from  William  Henry  Portman, 
owner  of  the  estate  in  which  the  Square 
and  Orchard  Street  stand. 

Portsmouth  [The  duchess  of),  "La 
Belle  Louise  de  Querouaille,"  one  of  the 
mistresses  of  Charles  11. — Sir  W.  Scott  : 
Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Portugfuese  Cid  {The),  Nunei 
Alvarez  Pereira  ( 1360- 1 431). 

Portuguese  Horace  ( The),  Antonio 
Ferreira  (i  528-1569). 

Portuguese  Mars  [The),  Alfonso 
de  Albuquerque  (1453-1515). 

Portuguese  Nostradamus  [The), 
Gon9alo  Annes  Bandarra,  a  poet-cobbler 
(died  1556).  His  writings  were  sup- 
pressed by  the  Inquisition. 

Possuut,  quia  Posse  Videutur. 

Fail  not  to  will,  and  you  will  not  fail  — 
Virgil:  ^neid,  v.  231, 

Postage.  Design  for  the  penny 
postage  envelope.  It  was  Mulready  who 
made  this  ridiculous  design  for  the  penny 
postage  envelopes,  but  happily  it  had  ^ 
very  brief  period  of  existence.  In  1896 
the  lord  mayor  of  London  issued  his 
invitation  for  the  banquet  given  on  the 
9th  November  on  cards  of  similar  cha- 
racter, but,  if  possible,  in  still  worse  taste 
than  the  Mulready  envelopes  [q.v.). 

Posthu'mus  [Leonatus]  married 
Imogen,  daughter  of  Cymbeline  king  of 
Britain,  and  was  banished  the  kingdom 
for  life.  He  went  to  Italy,  and  there,  in 
the  house  of  Philario,  bet  a  diamond  ring 
with  lachimo  that  nothing  could  seduce 
the  fidelity  of  Imogen.  (For  the  rest  of 
the  tale,  see  Iachimo,  p.  s^^-)— Shake- 
speare: Cymbeline  (1605). 


POTAGE. 


867 


PRAGMATIC  SANCTION. 


Potagfe  (yean),  the  French  Jack 
Pudding;  similar  to  the  Italian  "  Maca- 
roni," the  Dutch  "  Pickel-herringe,"  and 
the  German  "  Hanswurst."  Clumsy, 
gormandizing  clowns,  fond  of  practical 
jokes,  especially  such  as  stealing  eatables 
and  drinkables. 

Tothev {Doctor),  an  apothecary,  "city 
registrar,  and  walking  story-book."  He. 
had  a  story  ^  propos  of  every  remark 
made  and  of  every  incident ;  but  as  he 
mixed  two  or  three  together,  his  stories 
were  pointless  and  quite  unintelligible. 
"  I  know  a  monstrous  good  story  on  that 
point.  He!  he  1  he ! ''^  "I'll  tell  you  a 
famotis  i^ood  story  about  that,  you  must 
kncr,  iiQl  he!  he!  .  ,  ."  "  I  could 
have  told  a  capital  story,  but  there  was 
no  one  to  listen  to  it.  He !  he  I  he  I " 
This  is  the  style  of  his  chattering  .  .  . 
"  speaking  professionally — for  anatomy, 
chemistry,  pharmacy,  phlebotomy,  oxy- 
gen, hydrogen,  caloric,  carbonic,  atmo- 
spheric, galvanic.  Ha  1  ha  !  ha  !  Can  tell 
you  a  prodigiously  laughable  story  on 
the  subject.  Went  last  summer  to  a 
watering-place — lady  of  fashion—  feel 
pulse — not  lady,  but  lap-dog — talk  Latin 
— prescribe  galvanism — out  jumped  Pom- 
pey  plump  into  a  batter  pudding,  and  lay 
like  a  tode  in  a  hole.  Ha  !  ha  !  ha  I  " — 
Dibdin:  The  Farmer  i  Wi/e  {1780). 

(Colman's  "OUapod"  {1802)  was  evi- 
dently copied  from  Dibden's  "  doctor 
Pother."    See  AiRCASTLE,  p.  17.) 

Potiphar's  Wife,  Zoleikha  or  Zu- 
leika  ;  but  some  call  her  Rail. — Sale:  Al 
Koran,  xii.  note. 

Pott  (^fr.),  the  librarian  at  the  Spa. 
Mrs.   Pott,   the  librarian's  wife. — Sir 
W.    Scott:    St.    Ronan's    Well   (time, 
George  III.). 

Potteries  [Father  of  the),  Josiah 
Wedgewood  (1730-1795). 

Pounce  [Mr.  Peter),  in  The  Adven- 
tures of  Joseph  Andrews,  by  Fielding 
{1742). 

Potmdtezt  [Peter),  an  "indulged 
pastor"  in  the  covenanters'  army. — Sir 
W.  Scott :  Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles 
II.). 

Pourceanirnac  \Poor-sone-yak\  the 
hero  of  a  comedy  so  called.  He  is  a 
pompous  country  gentleman,  who  comes 
to  Paris  to  marry  Julie,  daughter  of 
Oront^  [\syl.)\  but  Julie  loves   Erasta 


(2  syl.),  and  this  young  man  plays  off  so 
many  tricks,  and  devises  so  many  mysti- 
fications upon  M.  de  Pourceaugnac,  that 
he  is  fain  to  give  up  his  suit. — Moliire: 
M.  de  Pourceaugnac  (16^9). 

Pou  Sto,  the  means  of  doing. 
Archimedes  said,  "Give  me  pou  sto  ('a 
place  to  stand  on  '),  and  I  could  move  the 
world." 

Whc _ 

May  move  the  world 

Poussin,  an  eminent  French  land- 
scape painter  (1594-1665). 

The  British  Poussin,  Richard  Cooper 
(*-i8o6). 

Caspar  Poussin.  So  Gaspar  Dughet^ 
the  French  painter,  is  called  (1613- 
1675)- 

Powell  [Mary),  the  pseudonym  of 
Mrs.  Richard  Rathbone. 

Powlieid  [Lazarus),  the  old  sexton  in 
Douglas.— 5zV  W.  Scoit :  Castle  Dan- 
gerous (time,  Henry  I.). 

Poyning's  Law,  a  statute  to  estab- 
lish the  English  jurisdiction  in  Ireland. 
The  parliament  that  passed  it  was  sum- 
moned in  the  reign  of  Henry  VII,  by  sir 
Edward  Poynings,  governor  of  Ireland 
(1495)- 

Poyser  [Mrs.),  a  capital  character  in 
the  novel  called  Adam  Bede,  by  George 
Eliot  (Mrs.  J.  W.  Cross,  1859).  Her 
shrewd  proverbial  observations  are  in- 
imitable. 

P.  P.,  "Clerk  of  the  Parish,"  the 
feigned  signature  of  Dr.  Arbuthnot,  sub- 
scribed to  a  volume  of  Memoirs  in  ridicule 
of  Burnet's  History  of  My  Own  Times. 

In  Ireland  P.P.  often  stands  for  Parish. 
Priest. 

Those  who  were  placed  around  the  dinner-table  hacf 
those  feelingrs  of  awe  with  which  P.  P.,  Clerk  of  tkt 
Parish,  was  oppressed,  when  he  first  uplifted  the 
psalm  in  presence  of .  . .  the  wise  Mr.  justice  Freeman, 
the  good  lady  Jones,  and  the  great  sir  Thomas  Truby. 
^Sir  IV.  Scott. 

Pragmatic  Sanction.    The  word' 

pragmaticus  means  "relating  to  state 
affairs,"  and  the  word  sanctio  means  "  an 
ordinance  "  or  "  decree."  The  four  most 
famous  statutes  so  called  are — 

( I )  The  Pragmatic  Sanction  of  Si.  Lou  ii 
(1268),  which  forbade  the  court  of  Rome 
to  levy  taxes  or  collect  subscriptions  in 
France  without  the  express  permission  of 
the  king.  It  also  gave  permission  in 
certain  cases  of  French  subjects  appeal- 
ing from  the  ecclesiastical  to  the  civil 
couits  of  the  realm. 


PRAISE  INDEED. 


868 


P.  R.  B. 


(a)  The  Pragmatic  Sanction  o/Bourges, 
passed  by  Charles  VII.  of  France  in 
1438.  By  this  ordinance,  the  power  of 
the  pope  in  France  was  limited  and 
defined.  The  authority  of  the  National 
Council  was  declared  superior  to  that  of 
the  pope.  The  French  clergy  were  for- 
bidden to  appeal  to  Rome  on  any  point 
affecting  the  secular  condition  of  the 
nation;  and  the  Roman  pontiff  was 
wholly  forbidden  to  appropriate  to  him- 
self any  vacant  living,  or  to  appoint  to 
anv  bishopric  or  parish  church  in  France. 

(3)  The  Pragmatic  Sanction  of  kaiser 
Karl  VI.  of  Germany  (in  1713),  which 
settled  the  empire  on  his  daughter,  the 
archduchess  Maria  Theresa,  wife  of 
Fran9ois  de  Loraine.  Maria  Theresa 
..vscended  the  throne  in  1740,  and  a 
European  war  was  the  result. 

(4)  The  Pragmatic  Sanction  of  Charles 
III.  of  Spain  (1767).  This  was  to  sup- 
press the  Jesuits  of  Spain, 

N.B. — What  is  meant  emphatically  by 
The  Pragmatic  Sanction  is  the  third  of 
these  ordinances,  viz,  settling  the  line 
of  succession  in  Germany  on  the  house 
of  Austria. 

Praise  indeed.  "  Approbation  from 
sir  Hubert  Stanley  is  praise  indeed." — 
Morton  :  Cure  for  the  Heartache,  act  L  2 
(1811). 

Framnian  Mixture  {The),  any  in- 
toxicating draught.  The  "  mixture  "  was 
made  from  the  Framnian  grape.  Circ6 
gave  Ulysses  "Framnian  wine"  impreg- 
nated with  drugs,  in  order  to  prevent  his 
escape  from  the  island. 

And  for  my  drink  prepared 
The  Framnian  mixture  in  a  golden  cup, 
Impregn^atingr  (on  my  destruction  bent) 
With  noxious  herbs  the  draught. 

Homer  :  Odyssey,  x.  (Cowper's  trans,). 

Frasildo,  a  Babylonish  nobleman, 
who  falls  in  love  with  Tisbi'na  wife  of 
his  friend  Iroldo.  He  is  overheard  by 
Tisbina  threatening  to  kill  himself,  and, 
in  order  to  divert  him  from  his  guilty 
passion,  she  promises  to  return  his  love 
on  condition  of  his  performing  certain 
adventures  which  she  thinks  to  be  im- 
possible. However,  Frasildo  performs 
them  all,  and  then  Tisbina  and  Iroldo, 
finding  no  excuse,  take  poison  to  avoid 
the  alternative.  Frasildo  resolves  to  do 
the  same,  but  is  told  by  the  apothecary 
that  the  ' '  poison  "  he  had  supplied  was 
a_  harmless  drink.  Frasildo  tells  his 
friend,   Iroldo    quits    the    country,   and 


Tisbina  marries  Frasildo.  Time  passes  i 
on,  and  Frasildo  hears  that  his  friend's 
life  is  in  danger,  whereupon  he  starts 
forth  to  rescue  him  at  the  hazard  of  his 
own  life. — Bojardo  :  Innamorato  Orlando 
(1495)- 

Prasu'tagtis     or     Prsesu'tag'us, 

husband  of  Bonduica  or  Boadicea  queen 
of  the  Iceni. — Richard  of  Circencester : 
History,  xxx,  (foiu-teenth  century). 
Me.  the  wife  of  rich  Prasutagus ;   me,  the  lover  of 

Iit)erty, — 
Mc  they  seized,  and  me  they  tortured  1 

Tennyson  :  Boadicea. 

Prate 'fast  {Peter),  who  "in  all  his 
life  spake  no  word  in  waste,"  His  wife 
was  Maude,  and  his  eldest  son  Sym  Sadie 
Gander,  who  married  Betres  (daughter  of 
Davy  Dronken  Nole  of  Kent  and  his  wife 
Al'yson), — Hawes  :  The  Passe-tyme  of 
Plesure,  xxix.  (1515). 

Prattle  {Mr.),  medical  practitioner, 
a  voluble  gossip,  who  retails  all  the  news 
and  scandal  of  the  neighbourhood.  He 
knows  everybody,  everybody's  affairs, 
and  everybody's  intentions.  —  Colman, 
senior  :  The  Deuce  is  in  Him  (1762). 

Prazitelus,  in  Greville's  book  of 
Maxims,  is  meant  for  lord  Chatham, 

Prayer.  Every  Mohammedan  must 
pray  five  times  a  day — at  sunset,  at 
nightfall,  at  daybreak,  at  noon,  and  at 
Asr  or  evensong  (about  three  o'clock), 

Praying'-Wlieels.  The  "Praying- 
wheel"  used  by  Buddhists  is  either  a 
small  hand  cylinder,  or  a  larger  ontr 
suspended  to  the  ceiling  or  sides  of  a 
chapel,  and  pushed  round  by  each  person 
as  he  enters.  Some  have  been  observed 
in  Thibet  so  arranged  as  to  be  revolved  by 
the  wind.  The  prayer-formula  (printed 
in  fine  characters)  is  wound  round  the 
axis  of  the  wheel  from  left  to  right,  and 
when  the  wheel  is  set  in  motion,  the 
writing  passes  in  front  of  the  person  or 
persons  pushing  the  wheel.  It  was  used 
originally  (like  the  Jewish  Urim  and 
Thummim)  to  divine  answers  to  prayers, 
but  afterwards  for  prayer  itself.  The 
hand  praying-wheels  are  little  cylinders 
of  copper,  with  Om  Alain  Palim  om 
engraved  round— containing  rolls  of  the 
usual  prayers.  They  are  held  in  the 
hands  and  turned  like  a  child's  rattle. 

P.  R.  B.,  the  signature  of  the  Pre- 
Raphaelite  Brotherhood. 


PRE-ADAMITE  KINGS. 


869 


PRECOCIOUS  GENIUS. 


Pre-Adamite  King's,  Soliman 
Raad,  Soliman  Daki,  and  Soliman  di 
(iian  ben  Gian.  The  last-named,  having 
chained  up  the  dives  (i  syl.)  in  the  dark 
caverns  of  Kaf,  became  so  presumptuous 
as  to  dispute  the  Supreme  Power.  All 
these  kings  maintained  great  state  [be- 
fore the  existence  of  that  contemptible 
being  denominated  by  us  "  the  father  of 
mankind  "]  ;  but  none  can  be  compared 
with  the  eminence  of  Soliman  ben 
Daoud. 

Pre-Adamite  Throne  {The).  It 
was  Vathek's  ambition  to  gain  the  pre- 
Adamite  throne.  After  long  search,  he 
was  shown  it  at  last  in  the  abyss  of 
Eblis ;  but,  being  there,  return  was  im- 
possible, and  he  remained  a  prisoner 
without  hope  for  ever. 

They  reached  at  length  the  hall  [Arg-eni]  of  great 
extent,  and  covered  with  a  lofty  dome.  ...  A  funereal 
p^loom  prevailed  over  it.  Here,  upon  two  beds  of 
incorruptible  cedar,  lay  recumbent  the  fleshless  forms 
of  the  pre- Adamite  kings,  who  had  once  been  monarchs 
of  the  whole  earth.  ...  At  their  feet  were  inscribed 
the  events  of  their  several  reigns,  their  power,  their 
pride,  and  their  crimes.  {This  was  the  fre- Adamite 
throne,  the  ambition  of  the  caliph  VathekA— Beck- 
ford:  Vathefc  (1784). 

Pre-Raphaelite       Brotherhood 

{The).  In  1850  or  thereabouts  a  circle 
of  young  men,  inspired  by  Ford  Madox 
Brown,  and  led  by  Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti 
(artists),  determined  to  band  themselves 
together,  and  made  the  following  resolu- 
tion, to  use  the  words  of  Ruskin :  "  That 
as  far  as  in  them  Hes,  they  will  draw 
either  what  they  see,  or  what  they  sup- 
pose might  have  been  the  actual  facts  of 
the  scene  they  desire  to  represent,  irre- 
spective of  any  conventional  rules  of 
picture  -  making. "  They  chose  their 
name  ' '  because  all  artists  did  this  before 
Raphael's  time,  and  after  Raphael's  time 
did  not  this,  but  sought  to  paint  fair 
pictures  rather  than  represent  stern 
facts"  {Arrows  of  the  Chace,  p,  89). 
Amongst  the  Pre-Raphaelites  were 
Woolner,  Holman  Hunt,  Millais, 
Collins,  John  Lewis,  etc.  In  1850  a 
short-lived  periodical  called  the  Germ 
appeared  under  the  editorship  of  William 
Michael  Rossetti,  brother  of  the  artist, 
in  which  the  virtues  and  failings  of  the 
Pre-Raphaelite  school  were  displayed. 
In  1854  Holman  Hunt  exhibited  his 
picture  "The  Light  of  the  World," 
and  Ruskin  wrote  a  letter  to  the  Times 
(May  5,  1854)  respecting  this,  "  the  prin- 
cipal Pre-Raphaelite  picture  in  the  Royal 
Academy  this  year."  He  describes  how 
he  stood  by  the   picture   for   one  hour, 


watching  the  passers-by:  "few  stopped 
to  look,  and  those  who  did  almost  in- 
variably with  some  contemptuous  ex- 
pression, founded  on  what  appeared  to 
them  the  absurdity  of  representing  the 
Saviour  with  a  lantern  in  His  hand " 
{Arrozvs  of  the  Chace,  p.  98).  The  whole 
description  of  the  picture  is  worth  a 
careful  study,  and  is  interesting  to  look 
back  upon  to-day,  when  we  remember 
that  the  engraving  or  photograph  of 
Holman  Hunt's  "  Light  of  the  World" 
is  to  be  found  treasured  in  many 
homes. 

Burne-Jones,  although  not  one  of  the 
Pre-Raphaelites,  has  been  decidedly  in- 
fluenced by  their  teaching. 

Preacher  {The),  Solomon,  the  son  of 
David,  author  of  The  Preacher  (i.e.  Ec^r 
clesiastes). 

Thus  said  the  Preacher,  "Nought  beneath  the  sun 
Is  new ; "  yet  still  from  change  to  change  we  run. 
Byron. 

The  Glorious  Preacher,  St.  Chrys'os- 
tom  (347-407).  The  name  means  ' '  Golden 
Mouth." 

The  Little  Preacher,  Samuel  de  Ma- 
rets,  protestant  controversialist  (1599- 
1663). 

The  Unfair  Preacher.  Dr.  Isaac 
Barrow  was  so  called  by  Charles  II., 
because  his  sermons  were  so  exhaustive 
that  they  left  nothing  more  to  be  said  on 
the  subject,  which  was  "unfair"  to  those 
who  came  after  him. 

Preachers  {The  king  of),  Louis 
Bourdaloue  (1632-1704). 

Precienses  Ridicules  {Les),  a 
comedy  by  Moli^re,  in  ridicule  of  the 
" pricieuses,"  as  they  were  styled,  forming 
the  coterie  of  the  Hotel  de  Rambouillet 
in  the  seventeenth  century.  The  soiries 
held  in  this  hotel  were  a  great  improve- 
ment on  the  licentious  assemblies  of  the 
period ;  but  many  imitators  made  the 
thing  ridiculous,  because  they  lacked 
the  same  presiding  talent  and  good  taste 
(1659).  (For  the  rest,  see  Cathos,  p. 
188.) 

Preciosa,  a  gipsy  girl,  the  heroine  of 
Longfellow's  Spanish  Student  (1843). 
She  is  threatened  with  the  vengeance  of 
the  Inquisition. 

Precocious  Genius. 

(i)  JoHANN  Philip  Bar.\tier,  a  Ger- 
man, at  the  age  of  five  years,  knew  Greek, 
Latin,  and  French,  besides  his  native 
German.     At  nine  he  knew  Hebrew  and 


PRESS.5US. 

Chaldaic,  and  could  translate  German 
into  Latin.  At  thirteen  he  could  translate 
Hebrew  into  French,  or  French  into 
Hebrew  (1721-1740), 

The  life  of  this  boy  was  written  by  Formey.  His 
name  is  enrolled  in  all  biographical  dictionaries. 

(2)  Christian  Henry  Heinecken, 
at  one  year  old,  knew  the  chief  events  of 
the  Pentateuch  1 !  at  thirteen  months  he 
knew  the  history  of  the  Old  Testament !  1 
at  fourteen  months  he  knew  the  history 
of  the  New  Testament  1  !  at  two  and  a 
half  years  he  could  answer  any  ordinary 
question  of  history  or  geography  ;  and  at 
three  years  old  knew  French  and  Latin 
as  well  as  his  native  German  (1721- 
1725)- 

The  life  of  this  boy  was  written  by  Schoeneich,  his 
teacher.  His  name  is  duly  noticed  in  biographical 
dictionaries. 

(3)  Jean  Louis  Elizabeth  de  Mont- 
CHALM  knew  his  letters  when  a  child  in 
arms ;  when  thirty  months  old  he  knew 
both  small  letters  and  capitals ;  at  three 
years  of  age  he  could  read  fluently  Latin 
and  French,  either  in  print  or  manuscript ; 
at  four  he  could  translate  Latin  ;  at  five 
he  could  translate  the  most  difficult  Latin 
authors  ;  at  six  he  could  read  Greek  and 
Hebrew,  was  good  at  arithmetic,  history, 
geography,  and  metallurgy.  In  four 
weeks  he  learnt  to  write  correctly  and 
fluently.  At  the  age  of  seven  he  had 
read  all  the  chief  poets,  orators,  historians, 
philosophers,  grammarians,  etc.  ;  but 
the  poor  fellow  died  before  he  was  eight. 
— Dictionnaire  d Education  (1819). 

(4)  Ennius  Viscont  read  Greek  and 
Latin,  as  well  as  Italian  (his  own 
language),  before  he  was  four  years  old. 
He  lived  to  the  age  of  6j,  and  died  in 
1818. 

PressSBUS  ["eafer  of  garlic"\  the 
youngest  of  the  frog  chieftains. 

Then  pious  ardour  young  Pressaeus  brings, 
Betwixt  the  fortunes  of  contending  kings; 
Lank,  harmless  frog  1  with  forces  hardly  grown. 
He  darts  the  reed  in  combats  not  his  own, 
Which,  faintly  tinkling  on  Troxartas*  shield, 
Hangs  at  the  point,  and  drops  upon  the  field. 
Pamell:  Battle  of  the  Frogs  and  Mice,  iii.  (about  1712). 

Frest,  a  nickname  given  by  Swift  to 
the  duchess  of  Shrewsbury,  who  was  a 
foreigner. 

Prester  John,  a  corruption  oiBelul 
Gian,  meaning  "precious  stone."  Gian 
(pronounced  zjon)  has  been  corrupted 
into  John,  and  Belul  translated  into 
"  precious  ;  "  in  Latin  Johannes  preciosus 


870  PRESTER  JOHN. 

("  precious  John"),  corrupted  into  "  Pres 
by ter  Joannes."  The  kings  of  Ethiopia 
or  Abyssinia,  from  a  gemmed  ring  given 
to  queen  Saba,  whose  son  by  Solomon 
was  king  of  Ethiopia,  and  was  called 
Melech  with  the  "precious  stone,"  or 
Melech  Gian  Belul. 

^thiopes  regem  suum,  quem  nos  rulgo  "Prete 
Gianni "  corrupte  dicimus,  quatuorappellant  nominibus, 
quorum  nrimum  est  "  Belul  Gian,'  hoc  est  lapis  pre- 
ciosus.  Ductum  est  autem  hoc  nomcn  ab  annulo 
Salomonis,  quem  ille  filio  ex  regina  Saba,  ut  putant 
genit»,  dono  dedisse,  quove  omnes  postea  reges  usos  * 
fuisse  describitur.  .  .  .  Cum  vero  eum  coronant,  ap- 
pellant "  Neghuz."  Postremo  cum  vertice  capitis  m 
coronae  modum  abraso,  ungitur  a  patriarcha,  vocant 
"  Masih,"  hoc  est  unctutn.  H.-ec  autem  regiae  digni- 
tntis  nomina  omnibus  communia  sunt. — Quoted  by 
Scklen,  from  a  little  annal  of  the  Ethiopian  kings 
(1552),  in  his  Titles  0/ Honour,  v.  65  (1614). 

• .  •  As  this  title  was  like  the  Egyptian 
Pharaoh,  and  belonged  to  whole  lines  of 
kings,  it  will  explain  the  enormous 
diversity  of  time  allotted  by  different 
writers  to  "  Prester  John." 

Marco  Polo  says  that  Prester  John  was 
slain  in  battle  by  Jenghiz  Khan  ;  and 
Gregory  Bar-Hebraeus  says, "  God  forsook 
him  because  he  had  taken  to  himself  a 
wife  of  the  Zinish  nation,  called  Quara- 
khata." 

Bishop  Jordanus,  in  his  description  of 
the  world,  sets  down  Abyssinia  as  the 
kingdom  of  Prester  John.  Abyssinia 
used  to  be  called  "  Middle  India." 

Otto  of  Freisingen  is  the  first  author  to 
mention  him.  This  Otto  wrote  a  chro- 
nicle to  the  date  1156.  He  says  that 
John  was  of  the  family  of  the  Magi,  and 
ruled  over  the  country  of  these  Wise  Men. 
Otto  tells  us  that  Prester  John  had  "a 
sceptre  of  emeralds." 

MaimonTdes,  about  the  same  time 
(twelfth  century),  mentions  him,  but  calls 
him  "  Preste-Cuan. " 

Before  1241  a  letter  was  addressed  by 
"  Prester  John  "  to  Manuel  Comnenus 
emperor  of  Constantinople.  It  is  pre- 
served in  the  Chronicle  of  Albericus 
Trium  Fontium,  who  gives  for  its  date 
1 165. 

Mandeville  calls  Prester  John  a  lineal 
descendant  of  Ogier  the  Dane.  He  tells 
us  that  Ogier,  with  fifteen  others,  pene- 
trated into  the  north  of  India,  and 
divided  the  land  amongst  his  followers. 
John  was  made  sovereign  of  Teneduc, 
and  was  called  "Prester"  because  he 
converted  the  natives  to  the  Christian 
faith. 

Another  tradition  says  that  Prester 
John  had  seventy  kings  for  his  vassals, 
and  was  seen  by  his  subjects  only  three 
times  in  a  year. 


PRESTON. 


871 


In  Orlando  Furioso,  Frester  John  is 
called  by  his  subjects  "Senapus  king  of 
Ethiopia."  He  was  blind,  and,  though  the 
richest  monarch  of  the  world,  he  pined 
with  famine,  because  harpies  flew  off 
with  his  food,  by  way  of  punishment  for 
wanting  to  add  paradise  to  his  empire. 
The  plague,  says  the  poet,  was  to  cease 
"when  a  stranger  appeared  on  a  flying 
griffin."  This  stranger  was  Astolpho, 
who  drove  the  harpies  to  Cocy'tus. 
Prester  John,  in  return  for  this  service, 
sent  100,000  Nubians  to  the  aid  of 
Charlemagne.  Astolpho  supplied  this 
contingent  with  horses  by  throwing 
stones  into  the  air,  and  made  transport- 
ships  to  convey  them  to  France  by  casting 
leaves  into  the  sea.  After  the  death  of 
Agramant,  the  Nubians  were  sent  home, 
and  then  the  horses  became  stones  again, 
and  the  ships  became  leaves  (bks.  xvii.- 
xix.). 

Preston  {Christopher),  established  the 
bear-garden  at  Hockley-in-the-Hole,  in 
the  time  of  Charles  II.  He  was  killed  in 
1709,  by  one  of  his  own  bears. 

Where  I'd  as  good  oppose 
Myself  to  Preston  and  his  mastiffs  loose. 
Oldham:  The  Third  Satire  0/  Juvenal  (\t<3Z-^(^A)- 

Pretender  {The  Young),  prince 
Charles  Edward  Stuart,  son  of  James 
Francis  Edward  Stuart  (called  ' '  The  Old 
Pretender  ").  James  Francis  was  the  son 
of  James  II.,  and  Charles  Edward  was 
that    king's    grandson. — Sir  W.   Scott: 

Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 

■  *.  •  Charles  Edward  was  defeated  at 
CuUoden  in  1746,  and  escaped  to  the 
Continent. 

God  bless  the  king — I  mean  the  "  Faith's  Defender ;  " 
God  bless — no  harm  in  blessing— the  I'retender. 
Who  that  Pretender  is,  and  who  is  Icing, 
God  bless  us  all  I  that's  quite  another  thing. 

Ascribed  by  sir  W.  Scott  to  John 
Byrom  (in  Kedsaitntlet). 

(The  mistress  of  Charles  Edward  Stuart 
was  Miss  Walkingshaw.) 

Prettyman  {Prince),  in  love  with 
Cloris.  He  is  sometimes  a  fisherman 
and  sometimes  a  prince. — Duke  of  Buck- 
ingham :  The  Rehearsal  (1671). 

("Prince  Prettyman"  is  said  to  be  a 
parody  on  "  Leonidas  "  in  Dryden's  Mar- 
riage "a- la  Mode.) 

Pri'amus  {Sir),  a  knight  of  the 
Round  Table.  He  possessed  a  phial,  full 
of  four  waters  that  came  from  paradise. 
These  waters  instantly  healed  any  wounds 
which  were  touched  by  them. 


PRIG. 

"  My  father,"  says  sir  Priamus,  "  is  lineally  descended 
of  Alexander  and  of  Hector  by  right  line.  Duke  Josu4 
and  Machaboeus  were  of  our  hneage.  I  am  right 
inheritor  of  Alexandria,  and  Affrike,  of  all  the  out 
isles." 

And  Priamus  took  from  his  page  a  phial,  full  of  four 
waters  that  came  out  of  paradise;  and  with  certain  balm 
"nointed  he  their  wounds,  and  washed  them  with  that 
water,  and  within  an  hour  after,  they  were  both  as 
whole  as  ever  the^  were.— SiV  T.  Malory:  History  (^ 
Prince  Arthur,  i.  97  (1470). 

Price  {Matilda),  a  miller's  daughter  ; 
a  pretty,  coquettish  young  woman,  who 
marries  John  Browdie,  a  hearty  York- 
shire corn-factor. — Dickens  :  Nicholas 
Nickleby  (1838). 

Pride.  "  Fly  pride,  says  the  peacock," 
proverbial  for  pride.  —  Shakespeare  : 
Comedy  of  Errors,  act  iv.  sc.  3  (1593). 

Pride  {Sir),  first  a  drayman,  then  a 
colonel  in  the  parliamentary  army. — -S. 
Butler:  Hudibras  (1663-78). 

Pride  and  Prejudice,  a  novel  of 
domestic  life  by  Jane  Austin  (1812). 

Pride  of  Humility.  AntisthSnSs, 
the  Cynic,  affected  a  very  ragged  coat  ; 
but  Socr2,tSs  said  to  him,  "  Antisthgnes, 
I  can  see  your  vanity  peering  through  the 
holes  of  your  coat." 

Pride's  Purge,  a  violent  invasion  of 
parliamentary  rights  by  colonel  Pride,  in 
1649.  At  the  head  of  two  regiments  of 
soldiers  he  surrounded  the  House  of 
Commons,  seized  forty-one  of  the  mem- 
bers, and  shut  out  160  others.  None 
were  allowed  into  the  House  but  those 
most  friendly  to  Cromwell.  This  fag- 
end  went  by  the  name  of  "  the  Rump." 

Prid-win  or  Priwen,  prince  Arthur's 
shield. 

Arthur  placed  a  golden  helmet  upon  his  head,  on 
which  was  engraven  the  figure  of  a  dragon  ;  and  on  his 
shoulder?  his  shield  called  Priwen,  upon  which  the 
picture  of  the  blessed  Mary,  mother  of  God,  was 
painted  ;  then  girding  on  his  Calibum,  which  was  an 
excellent  sword,  made  in  the  isle  of  Avallon  ;  he  took 
in  his  right  hand  his  lance  Ron,  which  was  hard,  broad, 
and  fit  for  slaughter. — Geoffrey  :  British  History,  ix.  4 
(1 142). 

Priest  of  Nature,  sir  Isaac  Newton 
(1647-1727), 

Lo  1  Newton,  priest  of  nature,  shines  afar, 
Scans  the  wide  world,  and  numbers  every  star. 
Campbell:  Pleasures  of  Hope,  L  (1799). 

Prig,  a  knavish  beggar. — Fletcher: 
The  Beggars'  Bush  (1622). 

Prig  {Betsey),  an  old  monthly  nurse, 
"  the  frequent  pardner  "  of  Mrs.  Gamp ; 
equally  ignorant,  equally  vulgar,  equally 
selfish,  and  brutal  to  her  patients. 


PRIMER. 

"Betsey,"  said  Mrs.  Gamp,  filling  her  own  glass,  and 
passing  the  teapot  [o/^2«],  "I  will  now  propoge  a 
toast :  •  My  frequent  pardner  Betsey  Prig.'"  "  Which, 
altering  the  name  to  Sairah  Gamp,  I  drink,"  said  Mrs. 
Prig,  "with  love  and  tenderness,"— Diciens :  Martin 
Chuzzlewit,  xlix.  (1843). 

Prinx'er  [Peter],  a  pedantic  country 
schoolmaster,  who  believes  himself  to  be 
the  wisest  of  pedagogues. — Foote:  The 
Mayor  of  Garratt  (1763). 

Primitive  Pathers  [The),  The 
five  apostolic  fathers  contemporary  with 
the  apostles  (viz.  Clement  of  Rome, 
Barnabas,  Hermas,  Ignatius,  and  Poly- 
\:arp),  and  the  nine  following,  who  all 
iived  in  the  first  three  centuries :  Justin, 
rheoph'ilusof  Antioch,  Irenasus,  Clement 
of  Alexandria,  Cyprian  of  Carthage, 
Orlgen,  Gregory  "Thaumatur'gus,"  Dio- 
nysius  of  Alexandria,  and  TertuUian. 

(For  the  "  Fathers  "  of  the  fourth  and 
fifth  centuries,  see  Greek  Church, 
p.  447;  Latin  Church,  p.  594.) 

Primrose  [The  Rev.  Dr.  Charles), 
a  clergyman,  rich  in  heavenly  wisdom, 
but  poor  indeed  in  all  worldly  knowledge. 
Amiable,  charitable,  devout,  but  not  with- 
out his  literary  vanity,  especially  on  the 
Whistonian  theory  about  second  mar- 
riages. One  admires  his  virtuous  indig- 
nation against  the  "washes,"  which  he 
deliberately  demolished  with  the  poker. 
In  his  prosperity,  his  chief  "adventures 
were  by  the  fireside,  and  all  his  migrations 
were  from  the  blue  bed  to  the  brown." 

Mrs.  {DeboraH]  Primrose,  the  doctor's 
wife,  full  of  motherly  vanity,  and  desirous 
to  appear  genteel.  She  could  read  with- 
out much  spelling,  prided  herself  on  her 
housewifery,  especially  on  her  gooseberry 
wine,  and  was  really  proud  of  her  ex- 
cellent husband. 

(She  was  painted  as  "  Venus,"  and  the 
vicar,  in  gown  and  bands,  was  presenting 
to  her  his  book  on  "second  marriages," 
but  when  complete  the  picture  was  found 
to  be  too  large  for  the  house.) 

George  Primrose,  son  of  the  vicar.  He 
went  to  Amsterdam  to  teach  the  Dutch 
Enghsh,  but  never  once  called  to  mind 
that  he  himself  must  know  something  of 
Dutch  before  this  could  be  done.  He 
becomes  captain  Primrose,  and  marries 
Miss  Wilmot,  an  heiress. 

(Goldsmith  himself  went  to  teach  the 
French  English  under  the  same  circum- 
stances, ) 

Moses  Primrose,  younger  son  of  the 
vicar,  noted  for  his  greenness  and  pe- 
dantry. Being  sent  to  sell  a  good  horse 
at  a  fair,  he   bartered  it  for  a  grosi  of 


87a 


PRINCE  OF  LIFE. 


green  spectacles  with  copper  rims  and 
shagreen  cases,  of  no  more  value  than 
Hodge's  razors  (ch.  xii.). 

Olivia  Primrose,  the  eldest  daughter  of 
the  doctor.  Pretty,  enthusiastic,  a  sort 
of  Hebe  in  beauty.  "She  wished  for 
many  lovers,"  and  eloped  with  squire 
Thornhill.  Her  father  found  her  at  a 
roadside  inn,  called  the  Harrow,  where 
she  was  on  the  point  of  being  turned  out 
of  the  house.  Subsequently,  she  was  found 
to  be  legally  married  to  the  squire. 

Sophia  Primrose,  the  second  daughter 
of  Dr.  Primrose.  She  was  ' '  soft,  modest, 
and  alluring."  Not  like  her  sister, 
desirous  of  winning  all,  but  fixing  her 
whole  heart  upon  one.  Being  thrown 
from  her  horse  into  a  deep  stream,  she 
was  rescued  by  Mr.  Burchell  [alias  sir 
William  Thornhill),  and  being  abducted, 
was  again  rescued  by  him.  She  married 
him  at  last. — Goldsmith:  Vicar  of  Wake- 
field (1766). 

(Sir  William  was  the  uncle  of  squire 
Thornhill,  ch.  xxiii.) 

Primum  Mo'bile  [The),  a  sphere 
supposed  at  one  time  to  revolve  in  twenty- 
four  hours  from  east  to  west,  carrying 
with  it  the  planets  and  fixed  stars. 

Here  is  the  gfoal  whence  motion  on  his  race 
Starts ;  motionless  the  centre,  and  the  rest 
All  moved  around.  Except  the  soul  divine, 
Place  in  this  heaven  hath  none  .  .  . 


Dante:  Paradise,  xxviL  (1311J. 

Prince  of  Alchemy,  Rudolph  II. 
kaiser  of  Germany  ;  also  called  ' '  The 
German  Trismegistus "  (1552,  1576- 
1612). 

Prince  of  Angfels,  Michael. 

So  spake  the  prince  of  angels.    To  whom  thus 
The  Adversary  [i.e.  Satan], 

Miiton  :  Paradise  Lest,  vi.  281  (1665). 

Prince     of    Celestial    Armies, 

Michael  the  archangel. 

Go,  Michael,  of  celestial  armies  prince. 

Milton:  Paradise  Lost,  vi.  44  (i66s>. 

Prince  of  Darkness,  Satan  [Eph. 
vi.  12).    (See  Darkness,  p.  261.) 

Whom  thus  the  prince  of  darkness  answered  glad ! 
"  Fair  daughter. 

High  proof  ye  now  have  given  to  be  the  race 
Of  Satan  (I  glory  in  the  name)." 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost.  x.  383  (1665). 

Prince  of  Hell,  Satan. 

And  with  them  comes  a  third  of  regal  port, 
But  faded  splendour  wan  ;  w'lo  by  his  gait 
And  fierce  demeanour  seems  the  prince  of  Hell. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  iv.  868  (1665)1 

Prince  of  Life,  a  title  given  to 
Christ  [Acts  iii.  15). 


PRINCE  OF  PEACE.  873 

Prince  of  Peace,  a  title  given  to  the 
Messiah  {Isa.  ix.  6). 

Prince  of  Peace,  don  Manuel 
Godoy  of  Badajoz.  So  called  because 
he  concluded  the  "peace  of  Basle"  in 
1795  between  France  and  Spain  (1767- 
1851). 

Prince  of  the  Air,  Satan. 

...  Je^s  Son  of  Mary,  second  Eve, 

Saw  Satan  fall,  like  li^htmn£^,  down  from  hearen, 

Prince  of  the  air. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lest,  x.  183  (1665). 

Prince  of  the  Devils,  Satan  [Matt. 
xii.  24). 

Prince  of  the  Eingfs  of  the 
Earth,  a  title  given  to  Christ  [Rev.  i.  5). 

Prince  of  the  Power  of  the 
Air,  Satan  [Eph.  ii.  2). 

Prince  of  the  Vegetable  King- 
dom. The  palm  tree  is  so  called  by 
Linnaeus. 

Prince  of  this  World,  Satan  {John 
idv.  30). 

Prince's  Peers,  a  term  of  contempt 
applied  to  peers  of  low  birth.  The  phrase 
arose  in  the  reign  of  Charles  VII.  of 
France,  when  his  son  Louis  (afterwards 
Louis  XL)  created  a  host  of  riff-raff  peers, 
such  as  tradesmen,farmers,andmechanics, 
in  order  to  degrade  the  aristocracy,  and 
thus  weaken  its  influence  in  the  state. 

Princes.  It  was  prince  Bismarck  the 
German  chancellor  who  said  to  a  courtly 
attendant,  "  Let  princes  be  princes,  and 
mind  your  own  business." 

Princess  ( The),  a  poem  by  Tennyson 
1 1847),  especially  noted  for  the  songs 
introduced.     One  of  the  songs  begins — 

Home  they  brought  her  warrior  dead. 

Printed  Books.  The  first  book  pro- 
duced in  England  was  printed  in  England 
in  1477,  by  William  Caxton,  in  the 
Almonry  at  Westminster,  and  was  en- 
titled The  Dictes  and  Sayings  of  the  Phi- 
losophers. 

•.'  The  Rev.  T.  Wilson  says,  "The 
press  at  Oxford  existed  ten  years  before 
there  was  any  press  in  Europe,  except 
those  of  Haarlem  and  Mentz."  The 
person  who  set  up  the  Oxford  press  was 
Corsellis,  and  his  first  printed  book  bore 
the  date  of  1468,  The  colophon  of  it  runs 
thus  :  "  Explicit  exposicio  Sancti  Jeronimi 
in  simbolo  apostolorura  ad  papam  laure- 
cium.  Impressa  Oxonii  Et  finita  Anno 
Domini   Nfcccclxviij.,   xvij.   die   Decem- 


PRISCIAN. 


bris."  The  book  is  a  small  quarto  of 
forty-two  leaves,  and  was  first  noticed 
in  1664  by  Richard  Atkins,  in  his  Origin 
and  Growth  of  Printing.  Dr.  Conyers 
Middleton,  in  1735,  charged  Atkins  with 
forgery.  In  1812  S.  W.  Singer  defended 
the  book.  Dr.  Cotton  took  the  subject 
up  in  his  Typographical  Gazetteer  (first 
and  second  series). 

Prior  [Matthew).  The  monument  to 
this  poet  m  Westminster  Abbey  was  by 
Rysbrack  ;  executed  by  order  of  Louis 
XIV. 

Prioress's  Tale  [Tlie),  the  seven- 
teenth of  Chaucer's  Canterbury  Tales, 
similar  to  that  of  "  H  ugh  of  Lincoln  "  {q.v, ). 
A  Uttle  boy  was  constantly  singing  the 
Alma  redemptoris,  and  the  Jews,  having 
captured  him  on  his  way  to  school,  killed 
him  and  cast  his  dead  body  into  a  well. 
His  mother,  anxious  at  his  absence,  went 
in  search  of  him,  and  coming  to  the  well 
heard  her  son's  voice  singing  the  Alma 
redemptoris.  She  told  the  provost,  who  had 
the  Jews  executed.  The  child  was  drawn 
up,  still  repeating  the  same  words,  and 
being  asked  why  he  did  so,  replied,  "he 
could  never  die  till  his  tongue  was  cut 
out."  The  abbot  cut  out  the  tongue,  the 
child  instantly  gave  up  the  ghost,  and  the 
body  was  buried  in  a  marble  tomb. 

Yet  spake  this  child,  when  spreint  was  the  holy  water. 
And  sang  O  Alma  redemptoris  mater. 

(Wordsworth  has  modernized  this  tale. ) 

Priory  (Lord),  an  old-fashioned 
husband,  who  actually  thinks  that  a  wife 
should  "love,  honour,  ,and  obey"  her 
husband  ;  nay,  more,  that  "  forsaking  all 
others,  she  should  cleave  to  him  so  long 
as  they  both  should  live," 

Lady  Priory,  an  old-fashioned  wife, 
but  young  and  beautiful.  She  was, 
however,  so  very  old-fashioned  that  she 
went  to  bed  at  ten  and  rose  at  six ;  dressed 
in  a  cap  and  gown  of  her  own  making ; 
respected  and  loved  her  husband ;  dis- 
couraged flirtation ;  and  when  assailed  by 
any  improper  advances,  instead  of  show- 
ing temper  or  conceited  airs,  quietly  and 
tranquilly  seated  herself  to  some  modest 
household  duty  till  the  assailant  felt  the 
irresistible  power  of  modesty  and  virtue. 
— Mrs.  Inchbald:  Wives  as  They  Were 
and  Maids  as  They  Are  (1797). 

Priscian,  a  great  grammarian  of  the 
fifth  century.  The  Latin  phrase,  Di- 
minuire  Prisciani caput  {"  to  break  Pris- 
cian's  head"l,  means  to  "violate  the  rules 
of  g,rammar.      (See  Pegasus,  p.  819,) 


PRISCILUL 


874 


PRISONER  OF  CHILLON. 


Come,  free  from  rhyme  or  reascn,  rule  or  check. 
Break  Priscian's  head,  and  Pegasus's  neck. 

Pojit:  The  Dunciad,  iii.  161  (1728). 
Quakers  (that,  like  to  lanterns,  bear 
Their  light  within  them)  will  not  swear ;  .  .  • 
And  hold  no  sin  so  deeply  red 
As  tliat  of  breaking  Priscian's  head. 

S.  Butler:  Hudibras,  II.  ii.  219,  etc.  (1664). 

Friscilla,  daughter  of  a  noble  lord. 
She  fell  in  love  with  sir  Aladine,  a  poor 
knight. — Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  vi.  i 
(1596). 

Friscilla,  the  beautiful  puritan  in  love 
with  John  Alden,  Wlien  Miles  Standish, 
a  bluff  soldier  in  the  middle  of  life, 
wished  to  marry  her,  he  asked  John 
Alden  to  go  and  plead  his  cause;  but  the 
puritan  maiden  replied  archly,  "Why 
don't  you  speak  for  yourself,  John  ? " 
Soon  after  this,  Standish  being  killed,  as 
it  was  supposed  by  a  poisoned  arrow, 
John  did  speak  for  himself,  and  Friscilla 
listened  to  his  seduction. — Longfellow: 
The  Courtship  gf  Miles  Siandish{i^s'^). 

Prison    Life     Endeared.      The 

following  are  examples  of  prisoners  who, 
from  long  habit,  have  grown  attached  to 
prison  life : — 

(i)  CoMTE  DE  LoRGEwas  confined  for 
thirty  years  in  the  Bastile,  and  when 
liberated  (July  14,  1789)  declared  that 
freedom  had  no  joys  for  him.  After 
imploring  in  vain  to  be  allowed  to  return 
to  his  dungeon,  he  lingered  for  six  weeks 
and  pined  to  death. 

{2)  Goldsmith  says,  when  Chinvang  the 
Chaste  ascended  the  throne  of  China,  he 
commanded  the  prisons  to  be  thrown 
open.  Among  the  prisoners  was  a  vener- 
able man  of  85  years  of  age,  who  im- 
plored that  he  might  be  suffered  to  return 
to  his  cell.  For  sixty-three  years  he  had 
lived  in  its  gloom  and  solitude,  which  he 
preferred  to  the  glare  of  the  sun  and  the 
bustle  of  a  city. — A  Citizen  0/ the  World, 
Ixxiii.  (1759). 

{3)  Mr.  Cogan  once  visited  a  prisoner 
of  state  in  the  King's  Bench  prison,  who 
told  him  he  had  grown  to  like  the  sub- 
dued light  and  extreme  solitude  of  his 
cell ;  he  even  liked  the  spots  and  patches 
on  the  wall,  the  hardness  of  his  bed,  the 
regularity,  and  the  freedom  from  all  the 
cares  and  worries  of  active  life.  He  did 
not  wish  to  be  released,  and  felt  sure  he 
should  never  be  so  happy  in  any  other 
place. 

(4)  A  woman  of  Leyden,  on  the  expira- 
tion of  a  long  imprisonment,  applied  for 
permission  to  retiu-n  to  her  cell,  and 
ndded,  if  the  request  were  refused  as  a 


favour,  she  would  commit  some  offence 
which  would  give  her  a  title  to  her  old 
quarters. 

(5)  A  prisoner  condemned  to  death  had 
his  sentence  commuted  for  seven  years' 
close  confinement  on  a  bed  of  nails.  After 
the  expiration  of  five  years,  he  declared, 
if  ever  he  were  released,  he  should  adopt 
from  choice  what  habit  had  rendered  so 
agreeable  to  him. 

Prison  Literature. 

(i)  Bacon  [Rofrer),  imprisonod  in  1268,  in  France,  by 
order  of  pope  Nicholas  IV.,  wrote  during  his  confine- 
ment his  treatise  on  The  Means  of  Avoiding  the 
Injirniities  0/  Old  Age. 

(2)  BUNYAN  wrote  his  Grace  Abounding  {166^,  and 
Pt.  I.  of  his  Pilgrim's  Progress  in  Bedford  Gaol  (1660- 
1672). 

(3)  COEBETT  carried  on  his  Political  Register  In 
prison  (1810-12). 

(4)  Co^rBE  (IVilliam)  wrote  his  journal  0/  Dr. 
Syntax  during  his  twenty  years'  imprisonment  in  the 
King's  Bench  (1743-182S). 

(5)  Cooper  (Thomas)  wrote  in  Stafford  Gaol  his 
Purgatory  0/  SuiUdes  and  iVise  Satvs  and  Modern 
Itistances. 

(6j  Dhfoh  wrote  in  prison  his  Review  (1704  and 
1713)- 

(7)  DODD  {Dr.)  wrote  in  prison  his  Prison  Thoughts 
(1815). 

(8)  Gray  (Sir  Thomas)  wrote  his  fascinating  Scala- 
cronica  when  prisoner  of  war  in  Edinburgh  Castle  ia 
I3S5- 

(9)  Laj.'GLEY  [Gilbert)  wrote  In  Maidstone  Gaol  his 
Life  and  Adventures  (1740). 

(10)  Lovelace  (Richard)  wrote  some  beautiful 
poems  to  "  Divine  Altliea"  (Lucy  Sacheverel)  while  in 
prison  for  presenting  to  the  Long  Parliament  a 
petition  on  behalf  of  Charles  II. 

(11)  Montgomery  (Jatnes),  in  r794-S,  wrote  his 
Prison  A  tniisements  while  confined  in  York  Castle 
for  publishing  a  ballad  on  the  "  Demolition  of  the 
Bastile." 

(12)  NUGENIUS  \jCaius  Libius)  wrote  an  historical 
novel  called  The  Oppressed  Captive,  in  the  Fleet 
(1787)- 

(13)  O'Brien  (PfUliam)  wrote  the  main  part  of  his 


novel,  IVhen  -we  were  Boys,  while  imprisoned  for  ia- 
iting  to  Irish  rebellion.    Published  in  1890. 
(14)  Pain  (Thomas)  wrote  the  first  part  of  his  Agt 


citing  to  Irish  rebellion. 
i^  V Km  (Thomas)  y, 
of  Reascn  while  imprisoned  in  Paris  by  command  of 
Robespierre,  in  1794-5. 
(15)  Penn  (IVilliatn)  wrote  his  No  Cross  1 


Crown 


lobespierre,  in  1794-5 
(is)  Penn  (IVHUatn, 
while  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  at  the  instigation  of  the 
bishop  of  London  (1644-1718),  for  publishing  his  book 
The  Sandy  Foundation  Shaken. 

(16)  Raleigh  (Sir  IValter)  wrote  his  History  of 
the  World  (down  to  B.C.  170),  and  many  otlier  works, 
wliile  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  by  James  I.  on  a  most 
ridiculous  charge  (1552-1618). 

(17)  SMOLLETT,  while  in  prison  (1759),  wrote  The 
Adventures  of  Launcelot  Greaves. 

(18)  Taylor  (Robert)  composed  his  DeviVs  Pulpit 
in  Oakham  Gaol. 

(19)  THOMAS  (F.),  while  confined  in  a  dungeon  in 
Morocco,  composed  his  Sufferings  of  Christ  (fifteenth 
century). 

(20)  VOLTAIRE  wrote  two  cantos  of  his  Henriade 
In  the  Bastille,  and  revised  his  tragedy  of  (Edipe. 

(21)  Wither  (Geon^e)  wrote  liis  eclogues  in  prison, 
(See  SHEPHEARDS  HUNTING.) 

(22)  WOLLETT  composed  his  Black  Divarf  in 
prison. 

(Many  more  names  might  l>e  added,  but  space 
forbids.) 

Prisoner  of  CMllon,  Franfois  de 
Bonnivard,  a  Frenchman  who  resided  at 
Geneva,  and  made  himself  obnoxious  to 
Charles  III.  due  de  Savoie,  who  incar- 
cerated him  for  six  years  in  a  dungeo* 


PRISONER  OF  STATE. 

of  the  Chateau  de  Chillon,  at  tht  «;ast 
end  of  the  lake  of  Geneva.  The  prisoner 
was  ultimately  released  by  the  Bernese, 
who  were  at  war  with  Savoy. 

• .  •  Byron  has  founded  on  this  incident 
his.  poem  entitled  The  Prisoner  of  Chillon, 
but  has  added  two  brothers,  whom  he 
supposes  to  be  imprisoned  with  Fran9ois, 
and  who  died  of  hunger,  suffering,  and 
confinement.  In  fact,  the  poet  mixes  up 
Dante's  tale  about  count  Ugolino  with 
that  of  Fran9ois  de  Bonnivard,  and  has 
produced  a  powerful  and  affecting  story, 
but  it  is  not  historic. 

Prisoner  of  State  { The),  Ernest  de 
Fridberg.  E.  Stirling  has  a  drama  so 
called.  (For  the  plot,  see  Ernest  de 
Fridberg,  p.  330.) 

Fritcliard  {  William),  commander  of 
H.M.  sloop  the  Shark.— Sir  W.  Scott: 
Guy  Mannering  (time  George  11. ).  :^ 

Priu'li,  a  senator  of  Venice,  of  un- 
bending pride.  His  daughter  had  been 
saved  f  om  the  Adriatic  by  Juffier,  and 
gratitude  led  to  love.  As  it  was  quite 
hojseless  to  expect  Priuli  to  consent  to 
the  match,  Belvidera  eloped  in  the  night, 
and  married  Jaffier,  Priuli  now  dis- 
carded them  both.  Jaffier  joined  Pierre's 
conspiracy  to  murder  the  Venetian  sena- 
tors, but,  in  order  to  save  his  father-in- 
law,  revealed  to  him  the  plot  under  the 
promise  of  a  general  free  pardon.  The 
promise  was  broken,  and  all  the  con- 
spirators except  Jaffier  were  condemned 
to  death  by  torture.  Jaffier  stabbed  Pierre, 
to  save  him  from  the  wheel,  and  then 
killed  himself.  Belvidera  went  mad  and 
died.  Priuli  lived  on,  a  broken-down  old 
man,  sick  of  life,  and  begging  to  be  left 
alone  in  some  "place  that's  fit  for  mourn- 
ing ;  "  there  all  leave  me — 

Sparine  no  tears  when  you  this  tale  relate, 
But  bid  all  cruel  fathers  dread  my  fate. 
Otway:  Venice  Preserved,  v.  the  end  (1682). 

Privolvans,  the  antagonists  of  the 
Subvolvans. 

These  silly,  ranting  Privolvans 
Have  every  summer  their  campaigns. 
And  muster  like  the  warlike  sons 
Of  Rawhead  and  of  Bloody -bones. 
S.  ButUr:  Tht  EUphant  in  the  Moon,  v.  85  (1754). 

Proa,  a  Malay  skiff  of  great  swiftness, 
much  used  by  pirates  in  the  Eastern 
Archipelago,  and  called  X^n&Jlying  proa. 

The  proa  darted  like  a  shooting  star. 

Byron  :  The  Island,  iv.  3  (1819). 

Probe  (i  jry/.),  a  priggish  surgeon, 
who    magnifies    mole-hill   ailments   into 


875 


PROCRIS. 


mountain  maladies,  in  order  to  enhance 
his  skill  and  increase  his  charges.  Thus, 
when  lord  Foppington  received  a  small 
flesh-wound  in  the  arm  from  a  foil,  Probe 
drew  a  long  face,  frightened  his  lordship 
greatly,  and  pretended  the  consequences 
might  be  serious ;  but  when  lord  Fop- 
pington promised  him  ^^500  for  a  cure, 
he  set  his  patient  on  his  legs  the  next 
day. — SheHdan:  A  Trip  to  Scarborough 
(1777). 

Probns  and  Pompostis,  names 
which  frequently  occur  in  the  earlier 
poems  of  lord  Byron,  are  meant  respec- 
tively for  Dr.  Drury  and  Dr.  Butler,  suc- 
cessive headmasters  of  Harrow  School. 
Byron  was  a  great  admirer  of  the  former, 
but  had  at  first  a  great  dislike  to  the 
latter,  who  was  appointed  while  Byron 
was  a  pupil.  The  poet,  however,  became 
reconciled  to  Dr.  Butler  before  his  de- 
parture for  Greece,  in  1809. 

Procession  of  the  Black 
Breeches.  This  is  the  heading  of  a 
chapter  in  vol.  ii.  of  Carlyle's  French 
Revolution.  The  chapter  contains  a 
description  of  the  mob  procession,  headed 
by  Santerre  carrying  a  pair  of  black 
breeches  on  a  pole.  The  mob  forced  its 
way  into  the  Tuileries  on  June  30,  1792, 
and  presented  the  king  with  a  bonnet 
rouge  and  a  tricolor  cockade. 

Pro'cida  {John  of),  a  tragedy  by  S. 
Knowles  (1840).  John  of  Procida  was 
an  Italian  gentleman  of  the  thirteenth 
century,  a  skilful  physician,  high  in 
favour  with  king  Fernando  II.,  Conrad, 
Manfred,  and  Conrad'irte.  The  French 
invaded  the  island,  put  the  last  two 
monarch s  to  the  sword,  usurped  the 
sovereignty,  and  made  Charles  d'Anjou 
king.  The  cruelty,  licentiousness,  and 
extortion  of  the  French  being  quite  un- 
bearable, provoked  a  general  rising  of 
the  Sicilians,  and  in  one  night  {the  Sicilian 
Vespers,  March  30,  1282)  every  French- 
man, Frenchwoman,  and  French  child 
in  the  whole  island  were  ruthlessly 
butchered.  ProcKda  lost  his  only  son  Fer- 
nando, who  had  just  married  Isoline  (3 
syl. )  the  daughter  of  the  French  governor 
of  Messina.  Isoline  died  broken-hearted, 
and  her  father,  the  governor,  was  amongst 
the  slain.  The  crown  was  given  to  John 
of  Procida. 

Procris,  the  wife  of  CephJllos.  Out 
of  jealousy,  she  crept  into  a  wood  to 
act  as  a  spy  upon  her  husband.  Cephalos, 
hearing  something  move,  discharged  an 


PROCRUSTES. 


876 


PROPHET. 


nrrow  in  the  direction  of  the  rustling, 
thinking  it  to  be  caused  by  some  wild 
beast,  and  shot  Procris.  Jupiter,  in  pity, 
turned  her  into  a  star. — Greek  and  Latin 
Mythology. 

Tke  unerring  dart  of  Procris.  Diana 
gave  Procris  a  dart  which  never  missed 
its  aim,  and  after  being  discharged  re- 
turned back  to  the  shooter. 

Frociras'tes  {3  syl),  a  highwayman 
of  Attica,  who  used  to  place  travellers  on 
a  bed  ;  if  they  were  too  short  he  stretched 
them  out  till  they  fitted  it,  if  too  long  he 
lopped  off  the  redundant  part.— Gr^tf/4 
Mythology. 

Critic,  more  cruel  than  Procrustes  old, 

Who  to  his  iron  bed  by  torture  fits 

Their  nobler  parts,  the  souls  of  suffering  wits. 

Mallet:  Verbal  Criticism  (1734). 

Proctor's  Dog's  or  Bull-dogs,  the  two 
"runners"  or  officials  who  accompany 
a  university  proctor  in  his  rounds,  to  give 
chase  to  recalcitrant  gownsmen. 

And  he  had  breathed  the  proctor's  dogs  \Tuas  a  mem- 
ber of  Oxford  or  Cambridge  University]. 

Tennyson  :  prologue  of  The  Princess  (1830). 

Prodig-al  [The),  Albert  VI.  duke  of 
Austria  (1418,  1439-1463). 

Prodigy  of  Prance  [The).  Guil- 
laume  Bud6  was  so  called  by  Erasmus 
(1467-1540). 

Prodig-y  of  Learning  [The). 
Samuel  Hahnemann,  the  German,  was 
so  called  by  J.  P.  Richter  (1755-1843). 

Professor  ( The),  a  novel  by  Charlotte 
Bront6,  who  adopted  the  pseudonym  of 
Currer  Bell.  The  novel  was  published  in 
1856. 

Profitless    Toil.     (See    Rope   of 

OCNUS.) 

Profound  [The),  Richard  Middleton, 
an  English  scholastic  divine  (*-i304). 

Profound  Doctor  [The),  Thomas 
Bradwardine,  a  schoolman.  Also  called 
"  The  Solid  Doctor  "  (*-i349), 

iEgidius  de  Columna,  a  Sicilian  school- 
man, was  called  "The  Most  Profound 
Doctor  "  (*-i3i6). 

Progne  {2  syl.),  daughter  of  Pandion, 
and  sister  of  Philomela.  Progn^  was 
changed  into  a  swallow,  and  Philomela 
into  a  nightingale. — Greek  Mythology. 

As  Progne  or  as  Philomela  mourns  .  .  . 
So  Bradamant  laments  her  absent  knight. 

Ariosto  :  Orlando  Furioso,  xxiii.  (1516). 

Progress  of  Poesy  [The),  a  pin- 


daric   ode  by   Gray  (1757).     It  stops  at 
Dryden. 

Prome'thean  Unguent  { The), 
made  from  the  extract  of  a  herb  on 
which  some  of  the  blood  of  Prometheus 
(3  syl.)  had  fallen.  Medea  gave  Jason 
some  of  this  unguent,  which  rendered  his 
body  proof  against  fire  and  warlike 
instruments. 

Prome'theus  (3  syl. )  taught  man  the 
use  of  fire,  and  instructed  him  in  archi- 
tecture, astronomy,  mathematics,  writing, 
rearing  cattle,  navigation,  medicine,  the 
art  of  prophecy,  working  metal,  and, 
indeed,  every  art  known  to  man.  The 
word  means  "forethought,"  and  fore- 
thought is  the  father  of  invention.  The 
tale  is  that  he  made  man  of  clay,  and, 
in  order  to  endow  his  clay  with  life,  stole 
fire  from  heaven  and  brought  it  to  earth 
in  a  hollow  tube.  Zeus,  in  punishment, 
chained  him  to  a  rock,  and  sent  an  eagle 
to  consume  his  liver  daily  ;  during  the 
night  it  grew  again,  and  thus  his  torment 
was  ceaseless,  till  Hercules  shot  the 
eagle,  and  unchained  the  captive. 

Learn  the  while,  in  brief. 
That  all  arts  came  to  mortals  from  Prometheus. 
Mrs.  Browning:  Prometheus  Bound  (1850). 
Truth  shall  restore  the  light  by  Nature  given. 
And,  like  Prometheus,  bring  the  fire  from  heaven. 
Campbell:  Pleasures  of  Hope,  i.  (1799/. 

(Percy  B.  Shelley  has  a  classical  drama 
entitled  Prometheus  Unbound,  1819.) 

Promise  [Colonel).  (See  Place, 
Lord,  p.  ^$i.)—Fieldi?ig:  Pasquin  (1736). 

Promised  Land  [The),  Canaan  or 
Palestine.  So  called  because  God  pro- 
mised to  give  it  to  Abraham,  Isaac,  and 
Jacob. — Gen.  xii.  7  ;  xxvi.  3  ;  xxviii.  13. 

Prompt,  the  servant  of  Mr.  and 
Miss  Blandish. — Bur^oyne  :  The  Heiress 
(1871). 

Pronouns.  It  was  of  Henry  Mos- 
sop,  tragedian  (1729-1773).  that  Churchill 
wrote  the  two  lines — 

In  monosyllables  his  thunders  roll- 
He,  she,  it,  and  we,  ye,  they,  fright  the  soul  j 

because  Mossop  was  fond  of  emphasizing 
his  pronouns  and  little  words. 

Prophesy.  (See  Equivokes,  p.  327. ) 

Prophet  [The),  Mahomet  (560-632).  ' 

The  Mohammedans  entertained  an  inconceivable 
veneration  for  their  prophet.  .  .  .  Whenever  he  made 
his  ablutions,  they  ran  and  caught  the  water  he  had 
used  ;  and  when  he  spat,  hcked  up  the  spittle  with 
superstitious  eagerness.— W  bidfeda :  Vita  Moham.,  Ss 
(thirteenth  century). 


PROPHET  ELM. 

Prophet  Elm,  an  elm  growing  in 
Credenhill  Court,  belonging  to  the  Eckley 
family.  It  is  so  called  because  one  of 
the  branches  is  said  to  snap  off  and  thus 
announce  an  approaching  death  in  the 
family. 

Froplietess  [The),  Aye'shah,  the 
second  and  beloved  wife  of  Mahomet.  It 
does  not  mean  that  she  prophesied,  but, 
like  Sultana,  it  is  simply  a  title  of 
honour.  He  was  the  Prophet,  and  she 
the  Propheta  or  Madam  Prophet. 

Prose  [Father  of  English),  Wycliffe 
(1324-1384). 

The  Father  of  Greek  Prose,  Herodotos 
(b.c.  484-408). 

The  Father  of  Italian  Prose,  Boccaccio 
(1313-1375)- 

Pros'erpine  (3  syL),  called  Prose r'- 
fina  in  Latin,  and  "  Proser'pin  "  by  Mil- 
ton, was  daughter  of  Ce'res.  She  went  to 
the  fields  of  Enna  to  amuse  herself  by 
gathering  asphodels,  and,  being  tired,  fell 
asleep.  Dis,  the  god  of  hell,  then  carried 
her  off,  and  made  her  queen  of  the  in- 
fernal regions.  CerSs  wandered  for  nine 
days  over  the  world  disconsolate,  looking 
for  her  daughter,  when  Hec'ate  (2  syl.) 
told  her  she  had  heard  the  girl's  cries, 
but  knew  not  who  had  carried  her  off. 
Both  now  went  to  Olympus,  when  the 
sun-god  told  them  the  true  state  of  the 
case. 

N.B. — This  is  an  allegory  of  seed- 
corn. 

Not  that  fair  field 
Of  Enna,  where  Proser'pin,  gatherinpf  flowers. 
Herself  a  fairer  flower,  hy  g-loomy  Dis 
Was  gathered — which  cost  Ceres  all  that  pain 
To  seek  her  thro'  the  world. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  iv.  268  (1665). 

Prosperity  Ensured.  (See  Ring- 
Fairy.  ) 

Prosperity  Robinson,  Frederick 
Robinson,  afterwards  viscount  Goderich 
and  earl  of  Ripon,  chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequer in  1823.  So  called  by  Cobbett, 
from  his  boasting  about  the  prosperity  of 
the  country  just  a  little  before  the  great 
commercial  crisis  of  1825. 

Pros'pero,  the  banished  duke  of 
Milan,  and  father  of  Miranda.  He  was 
deposed  by  his  brother  Anthonio,  who 
sent  him  to  sea  with  Miranda  in  a 
"rotten  carcass  of  a  boat,"  which  was 
borne  to  a  desert  island.  Here  Prospero 
practised  magic.  He  liberated  Ariel 
from  the  rift  of  a  pine  tree,  where  the 
witch  Syc'orax  had  confined  him  for 
twelve   years,  and  was   served   by  that 


877 


PROTESTANT  POPE. 


bright  spirit  with  true  gratitude.  The 
only  other  inhabitant  of  the  island  was 
Caliban  the  witch's  "welp."  After  a 
residence  in  the  island  of  sixteen  years, 
Prospero  raised  a  tempest  by  magic,  to 
cause  the  shipwreck  of  the  usurping  duke 
and  of  Ferdinand  his  brother's  son. 
Ferdinand  fell  in  love  with  his  cousin 
Miranda,  and  eventually  married  her. — 
Shakespeare  :  The  Tempest  [\6og). 

He  [sir  IK  Scatf]  waves  his  wand  more  potent  than 
that  of  Prospero,  and  the  shadows  of  tlie  olden  time 
appear  before  lis,  and  we  absolutely  believe  in  thei* 
reaniniation.— £«i;j'f.  Brit,  (article  "Romance"). 
Still  they  kept  limping  to  and  fro, 
Like  Ariels  round  old  Prospero, 
Saying,  "  Dear  master,  let  us  go." 
But  still  the  old  man  answered,  "  No  !  " 

Thomas  Moore  :  A  Vision. 

Pross  [Miss),  a  red-haired,  ungainly 
creature,  who  lived  with  Lucie  Manette, 
and  dearly  loved  her.  Miss  Pross, 
although  very  eccentric,  was  most  faith- 
ful and  unselfish. 

Her  character  (dissociated  from  stature)  was  short- 
ness. ...  It  was  characteristic  of  this  lady  that  when- 
ever her  original  proposition  was  questioned,  she 
exaggerated  xl.—DUkens  ;  A  TaU  of  Two  CitUs,  ii.  t 
(1859). 

Protectionists,  the  name  originally 
given  to  that  section  of  the  conservative 
party  which  opposed  the  repeal  of  the 
corn  laws,  and  which  separated  from  sir 
Robert  Peel  in  1846.  Lord  George 
Dentin  ck  was  the  head  of  the  party  from 
1846  till  his  death  in  1848.  The  name 
has  since  undergone  modification. 

Proterius  of  Cappadocia,  father  of 
Cyra.     (See  Sinner  Saved.) 

Protesila'os,  husband  of  Laodamla. 
Being  slain  at  the  siege  of  Troy,  the 
dead  body  was  sent  home  to  his  wife, 
who  prayed  that  she  might  talk  with  him 
again,  if  only  for  three  hours.  Her 
prayer  was  granted,  but  when  Protesilaos 
returned  to  dealh,  Laodamia  died  also. — 
Greek  Mythology. 

(In  F^nelon's  TiUmaque,*'  Protesilaos" 
is  meant  for  Louvois,  the  French  rainistei 
of  state. ) 

Protestant  Duke  [The),  James 
duke  of  Monmouth,  a  love-child  of 
Charles  II.  So  called  because  he  re- 
nounced the  Catholic  faith,  in  which  he 
had  been  brought  up,  and  became  a  pro- 
testant  (1619-1685). 

Protestant  Pope  [The),  Gian  Vin- 
cenzo  Ganganelli,  pope  Clement  XIV.  So 
called  from  his  enlightened  policy,  and 
for  his  bull  suppressing  the  Jesuits  (1705, 
1769-1774). 


PROTEUS. 

Proteus  [Pro-iuce],  a  sea-god,  who 
resided  in  the  Carpathian  Sea.  He  had 
the  power  of  changing  his  form  at  will. 
Being  a  prophet  also,  Milton  calls  him 
"  the  Carpathian  w,iz3.td."— Greek  Mytho- 
logy. 

By  hoary  Nereus'  wrinkled  look, 
And  the  Carpathian  wizard's  hook  [.»-  triden(\. 
Milton :  Comus  (1634). 

IT  Periklym'enos,  son  of  Neleus  {a 
jry/. ),  had  the  power  of  changing  his  form 
into  a  bird,  beast,  reptile,  or  insect.  As 
a  bee,  he  perched  on  the  chariot  of 
Heraklt^s  {Hcrculh),  and  was  killed. 

^  Aristogiton,  from  being  dipped  in 
the  Achelous  (4  syl. ).  received  the  power 
of  changing  his  form  at  WiW.—F^/ielon: 
Tilimaque,  xx.  (1700). 

II  The  GENII,  both  good  and  bad,  of 
Eastern  mythology  had  the  power  of 
-changing  their  form  instantaneously.  This 
is  powerfully  illustrated  by  the  combat  be- 
tween the  Queen  of  Beauty  and  the  son 
of  Eblis.  The  genius  first  appeared  as 
an  enormous  lion,  but  tlie  Queen  of 
Beauty  plucked  out  a  hair,  which  became 
a  scythe,  with  which  she  cut  the  lion  in 
pieces.  The  head  of  the  Hon  now  became 
a  scorpion,  and  the  princess  changed  her- 
self into  a  serpent ;  but  the  scorpion  in- 
stantly made  itself  an  eagle,  and  went 
in  pursuit  of  the  serpent.  The  serpent, 
however,  being  vigilant,  assumed  the 
form  of  a  white  cat ;  the  eagle  in  an 
instant  changed  to  a  wolf,  and  the 
cat,  being  hard  pressed,  changed  into  a 
worm ;  the  wolf  changed  to  a  cock,  and 
ran  to  pick  up  the  worm,  which,  how- 
ever, became  a  fish  before  the  cock  could 
pick  it  up.  Not  to  be  outwittted,  the 
cock  transformed  itself  into  a  pike  to 
devour  the  fish,  but  the  fish  changed  into 
a  fire,  and  the  son  of  Eblis  was  burnt  to 
ashes  before  he  could  make  another 
change. — Arabian  Nights  ("  The  Second 
Calender  "). 

Protens  or  Protheus,  one  of  the  two 

gentlemen  of  Verona.  He  is  in  love  with 
Julia.  His  servant  is  Launce,  and  his 
father  Anthonio  or  Antonio.  The  other 
gentleman  is  called  Valentine,  and  his 
lady-love  is  Silvia. — Shakespeare :  T/ie 
Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona  (1594) 

(Shakespeare  calls  the  word  Pro'-te-us. 
Malon3,  Dr.  Johnson,  etc.,  retain  the  A  in 
both  names,  but  the  Globe  edition  omits 
it  from  them. ) 

Prote vangelon  [ ' '  first  evangelist "], 
a  Gospel  falsHy  attributed  to  St.   James 


878  PROVIS. 

the  Less,  first  bishop  of  Jerusalem ;  it  is  | 

noted  for  its  minute  details  of  the  Virgin  ! 

and  Jesus  Christ,     Said  to  be   the  pro-  i 

duction    of   L.   Carlnus  of   the  second  j 

century.  i 

First  of  all  we  shall  rehearse  ...  I 

The  nativity  of  our  Lord,  I 

As  written  m  the  old  record  ! 

Ot  the  Pri/ieva>i£i/on. 
Ltng/elloTV  :  The  Golden  Legend  (xiii). 

Protocol  [Mr.  Peter),  the  attorney  in 
Edinburgh  employed  by  Mrs.  Margaret 
Bertram   of  Singleside. — Sir   W.   Scott :         \ 
Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  H.). 

Protosebastos  [The)  or  Sebasto- 
CRATOR,  the  highest  state  officer  in 
Greece.  —Sir  W.  Scott:  Count  Robert  qf 
Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Protospathaire  [The),  or  general 
of  Alexius  Comnenus  emperor  of  Greece, 
His  name  is  Nicanor. — Sir  IV.  Scott: 
Count  Robert  of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Proud  {The).  Tarquin  H.  of  Rome 
was  called  Superbus  (reigned  B.C.  535- 
516,  died  496). 

Otho  IV.  kaiser  of  Germany  was  called 
"  The  Proud"  (1175,  1209-1218). 

Proud  Duke  [The),  Charles  Sey- 
mour duke  of  Somerset.  His  children 
were  not  allowed  to  sit  in  his  presence ; 
and  he  spoke  to  his  servants  by  signs 
only  (*-i748). 

Proudfute  (Oliver),  the  boasting 
bonnet-maker  at  Perth, 

Magdalen  or  Maudie  Proudfute, 
Oliver's  widow. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  Fair 
Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.  I 

Prout  [Father),  the  pseudonym  of 
Francis  Mahoney,  a  humorous  writer  in 
Fraser's  Magazine,  etc.  (1805-1866). 

Proverbial  Philosophy.  Thoughts 
in  a  sort  of  verse,  once  very  popular,  by 
Martin  Tupper,  in  three  series  (1838, 
1842,  1867). 

Proverbs  [The  Book  of),  one  of  the 
poetical  books  of  the  Old  Testament, 
which  may  conveniently  be  subdivided 
into  five  parts — 

X.  The  introduction  (chs.  l.-lx.). 

a.  The  proverbs  of  Solomon  (chs.  x.-xxiv.).   (See  ch. 


X.  I) 

3.  ProTerbs  compiled  in  the  reign  of  Hezekiah  (chs. 
xxv.-xxiv.).    (See  ch.  xxv.  i.) 

4.  The  words  of  Agar  (ch.  xxx.). 

5.  The  words  to  king  Lemuel  by  his  mother  (ch. 
xxxi.). 

Provis,  the  name  assumed  by  Abel 
Magwitch,  Pip's  benefactor.  He  was  a  con- 
vict, who  had  made  a  fortune,  and  whose 


PROVOKED  HUSBAND.  879 

chief  desire  was  to  make  Pip  a  genlleman. 
—Dickens:  Great  Expectations  (i860). 

Provoked  Husband  [The),  a 
comedy  by  Gibber  and  Vanbrugh.  The 
"provoked  husband"  is  lord  Townly, 
justly  annoyed  at  the  conduct  of  his 
young  wife,  who  wholly  neglects  her 
husband  and  her  home  duties  for  a  life 
of  gambling  and  dissipation.  The  hus- 
band, seeing  no  hope  of  amendment, 
resolves  on  a  separate  maintenance  ;  but 
then  the  lady's  eyes  are  opened— she 
promises  amendment,  and  is  forgiven. 

(This  comedy  was  Vanbrugh's  Journey 
to  London,  left  unfinished  at  his  death. 
Gibber  took  it,  completed  it,  and  brought 
it  out  under  the  title  of  The  Provoked 
Husband,  1728.) 

Provoked  Wife  [The),  lady  Brute, 
the  wife  of  sir  John  Brute,  who,  by  his 
ill  manners,  brutality,  and  neglect,  is 
"provoked"  to  intrigue  with  one  Con- 
stant. The  intrigue  is  not  of  a  very 
serious  nature,  since  it  is  always  inter- 
rupted before  it  makes  head.  At  the 
conclusion,  sir  John  says — 

Surly  I  may  be,  stubborn  I  am  not. 
For  I  have  both  forgiven  and  forgot. 

Sir  y.  Vanbrugh  (1697). 

Provost  of  Bruges  ( The),  a  tragedy 
based  on  "The  Serf,"  in  Leitch  Ritchie's 
Romance  of  History.  Published  anony- 
mously in  1836;  the  author  is  S. 
Knovvles.      (For    the    plot,     see    Ber- 

TULPHE,  p.  115.) 

Prowler    {Hugh),    any   vagrant   or 

highwayman. 

For  fear  of  Hugh  Prowler,  get  home  with  the  rest. 

Tusser:  Five  Hundred  Points  a/ Good 
Husbandry,  xxxiiL  25  (1557). 

Prudence  {Mistress),  the  lady  at- 
tendant on  Violet  ward  of  lady  Arundel. 
When  Norman  "  the  sea-captain  "  made 
love  to  Violet,  Mistress  Prudence  remon- 
strated, "What  will  the  countess  say  if  I 
allow  myself  to  see  a  stranger  speaking  to 
her  ward?"  Norman  clapped  a  guinea 
on  her  left  eye,  and  asked,  "What  see 
vou  now?"  "Why,  nothing  with  my 
left  eye,"  she  answered,  "but  the  right 
has  still  a  morbid  sensibility."  "  Poor 
thing  I  "  said  Norman  ;  "  this  golden 
ointment  soon  will  cure  it.  What  see 
you  now,  my  Prudence  ? "  "  Not  a 
soul,"  she  said. — Lord  Lytton  :  The  Sea- 
Captain  (1839). 

Prudens,  the  wife  of  Melibeus  in 
Chaucer's  Canterbury  Tales  ("The 
Host's  Tale,"  in  prose,  1388). 


PRY. 

Prudes  for  proctors  ;  dowas^ers  for 
deans.  —  Tennyson;  prologue  of  The  Prin- 
cess (1830). 

Prudhomme  {Joseph),  "pupil  of 
Brard  and  Saint-Omer/'caligraphist  and 
sworn  expert  in  the  courts  of  law.  Joseph 
Piudiiomme  is  the  synthesis  of  bourgeois 
imbecility ;  radiant,  serene,  and  self- 
satisfied  ;  letting  fall  from  his  fat  lips 
"  one  weak,  washy,  everlasting  flood"  of 
peurile  aphorisms  and  inane  circumlocu- 
tions. He  says,  "The  car  of  the  state 
floats  on  a  precipice."  "This  sword  is 
the  proudest  day  of  my  life."— Henri 
Monnier:  Grandeur  et  Dicadence  de 
Joseph  Prudhomme  (1852). 


No  creation  of  modem  fiction  ever  embodied  a  phase 

such  original  power  as  that  of 

M.  Joseph  Prudhomme."  ..."  Podsnap,"  his  English 


of  national  character  with  such  original  power  as  that  of 


paraUel,  is  more  self-contained,  more  ponderous  and 
less  polite.  .  .  In  1857  Monnier  turned  his  piece  into 
a  bulky  volume,  entitled  Vie  et  Opinions  de  M.  Joseph 
Prudhomme. 

Prue  {Miss),  a  schoolgirl  still  under 
the  charge  of  a  nurse,  very  precocious 
and  very  injudiciously  brought  up.  Miss 
Prue  is  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Foresight  a 
mad  astrologer,  and  Mrs.  Foresight  a 
frail  nonentity. — Congreve  :  Love  for  Love 
(1695). 

The  love-scene  between  Jack  Bannister  [1760-1836], 
as  "  Tattle,"  and  "  Miss  Prue,"  when  this  latter  part 
was  acted  by  Mrs.  Jordan,  was  probably  never  sur- 
passed in  rich  natural  comedy. — F.  Reynolds. 

Prunes  and  Prisms,  the  words 
which  give  the  lip  the  right  pUe  of  the 
highly  aristocratic  mouth,  as  Mrs.  General 
tells  Amy  Dorrit. 

'"Papa  gives  a  pretty  form  to  the  lips.  'Papa, 
•  potatoes,  '  poultry,  '  prunes  and  prisms.'  You  will 
find  it  serviceable  if  you  say  to  yourself  on  entering  a 
room, '  Papa,  potatoes,  poultry,  prunes,  and  prisms.'  "— 
Dickens  :  Little  Dorrit  (1855). 

IF  General  Burgoyne,  in  The  Heiress, 
makes  lady  Emily  tell  Miss  Alscrip  that 
the  magic  words  are  "nimini  pimini ; " 
and  that  if  she  will  stand  before  her 
mirror  and  pronounce  these  words  re- 
peatedly, she  cannot  fail  to  give  her  lips 
that  happy  plie  which  is  known  as  the 
"Paphian  mimp." — The  Heiress,  iii.  2 
(1781). 

Pru'sio,  king  of  Alvarecchia,  slain 
by  Zerbi'no. — Ariosto:  Orlando  Furiosi 
(1516). 

Pi'y  {Paul),  one  of  those  idle, 
meddling  fellows,  who,  having  no  em- 
ployment of  their  own,  are  perpetually 
interfering  in  the  affairs  of  other  people. 
—Poole :  Paul  Pry  (1825). 


PRYDWEN. 


PSYCARPAX. 


Prydwen  or  Pridwin  (^.v.),  called 
in  the  MaHnogion  the  ship  of  king 
Arthur.  It  was  also  the  name  of  his 
shield.  Taliessin  speaks  of  it  as  a  ship, 
and  Robert  of  Gloucester  calls  it  a  shield. 

Hys  sseld  that  het  Prydwen. 

Myd  ys  suerd  he  was  ygurd,  that  so  strong  was  and 

kene ; 
Calyboume  yt  was  ycluped,  nas  nour  no  such  ye  wene. 
In  ys  right  hond  ys  lance  he  nom,  that  ycluped  was  Ron. 
I.  174- 

Pr3nm6  {Hester),  in  Hawthorne's 
novel  entitled  The  Scarlet  Letter  (1850). 

Psalmauazar  [George).  (See  under 
Forgers,  etc.,  p.  385.) 

Psalmist  [The).  King  David  is 
called  "The  Sweet  Psalmist  of  Israel" 
(2  Sam.  xxiii.  i). 

Psalms.  One  hundred  and  fifty 
pieces  of  poetry  composed  by  different 
persons  and  collected  together  in  the  Old 
Testament. 

In  the  Septuagint  the  whole  collection 
is  styled  *a\/uot  (Psalms),  songs  sung  to 
a  musical  accompaniment.  In  the  New 
Testament  the  Psalter  is  called  B//3\ot 
*aX/xaw,  "  the  Book  of  Psalms  "  [Luke  xx. 
42 ;  Acts  i.  20). 

The  Psalms  are  divided  into  five 
books. 

The  first  book  consists,  with  two  or  three  exceptions, 
of  Psalms  of  David  ;  the  second,  of  a  series  of  Psalms 
by  the  sons  of  Korah,  and  another  series  by  David ; 
the  third,  of  two  nunor  collections,  one  supposed  to 
be  by  Asaph,  and  the  other  by  the  sons  of  Korah. 
In  the  fifth  we  have  one  group  of  "  Pilgrim  songs  " 
(p.  846),  and  another  group  of  "  Hallelujah  Psalms," 
each  of  them  manifestly,  in  the  first  instance,  distinct 
hymn-books  or  ]iturgies.—Peroii/fu:  Tht  Psalms, 
rol.  L  p.  74. 

Perowne  thinks  that  the  Psalms  now 
classed  in  the  first  book  were  nearly  all 
written  by  David,  and  were  probably 
collected  by  Solomon,  who  would  naturally 
provide  for  the  preservation  of  his  father's 
poetry.  The  next  collection  was  not 
completed  till  the  time  of  Hezekiah, 
Probably  we  owe  the  preservation  of 
many  of  the  Psalms  attributed  to  David, 
and  grouped  in  the  second  book,  to  "  the 
men  of  Hezekiah."  In  the  time  of  Ezra 
and  Nehemiah  the  Psalter  was  enriched 
by  a  large  number  of  songs  written  during 
and  after  the  Exile.  The  fourth  and 
fifth  books  are  due,  in  the  main,  to  this 
periof'  ;  but  now  and  then  we  find  an 
earlier  psalm,  probably  some  relic  of 
the  ancient  psalmody  of  Israel,  not 
hitherto  classed  in  any  collection,  and, 
perhaps,  preserved  by  oral  repetition 
from  father  to  son. 


The  most  ancient  songs,  those  of  David  and  ot 
David's  time,  are  chiefly  contained  in  Pss.  i-xli.  In 
xliii.— Ixxxix.  mainly  those  of  the  middle  period  of 
Hebrew  poetry.  In  xc— cl.  by  far  the  majority  are 
of  the  later  date,  composed  during  or  after  the 
Babylonish  ciptisity.— Perowne  :  Psalms,  vol.  i.  p.  79 

The  following  psalms  are  supposed  to 
refer  to  incidents  in  the  life  of  David : — 

Ps.  lix.  Saul  watching  to  slay  David  (i  Sam.  xir.  ii). 
CxiiL  David  hiding  in  the  cave  of  Adullam  (a  Sam 
XX.  I,  2). 
xxxiy.  David's  flight  from  Ahimelech  (x  Satn.  xxi. 
i-io). 
Ivi.  David  at  Gath  feigning  madness  (i  Sam.  xxi. 

10-15). 
IxiL  David  in  the  wilderness  of  Judah  (i  Sam.  xxiL  5). 
liL  Doeg  informing  against  David  (i  Sam.  xxii. 

9.  10). 
Ur.  The  men  of  Ziph   informing  against  David 

(i  Sam.  xxiii.  19,  20). 
Ivii  David  hiding  in  the  cave  from  Saul  {i  Sam^. 

xxiv.). 
cxlii.  David's  prayer  at  the  time. 
cv.,cvi.  The  psalms  sung  when  the  ark  was  brought 
back  from  the  house  of  Obed-edom  (i  Chron. 
xvi.  7-34). 
be  On  the  victory  gained  In  the  valley  of  Salt 

(2  5a»».  viii.  13). 
li.  After  Nathan's  reproof  (2  Sam.  xii.  1-15). 
til  David  after  his  flight  from  Jerusalem  (2  Sam. 

XV.  14-37)- 
viL  David's   trust   in    God  in  his  deep  affliction 

(2  Sam.  xvi.). 
It.  David's   bitter   grief  at    Absalom's   conduct 
(2  Sam.  xvi.). 
jcviii.  David's  psalm  of  thanksgiving  when  all  his 

enemies  had  been  subdued  (2  Sam.  xxii.), 
xrx.  After  the  plague  was  stayed. 

N.B. — For  two  of  these  we  have  the 
Bible  authority :  2  Sam.  xxii,  and  2 
Chron.  xvi.  7.  Ps.  xc.  is  ascribed  to 
Moses.  The  Pss.  cxx,  to  cxxxiv.  are 
called  "Songs  of  Degrees,"  and  were 
sung  by  the  Jews  on  their  march  home 
from  Babylon ;  subsequently  they  were 
used  by  the  priests  as  they  went  up  to  the 
temple  for  their  daily  service.  Pss. 
cxlvi.  to  cl.  were  probably  composed  for 
the  dedication  of  the  restored  temple. 
Ps.  be.  refers  to  the  victory  of  Joab 
over  the  Edomites  (2  Sam.  vii.  13). 
(See  Sabbath-day  Psalms  and  Halle- 
lujah Psalms,  Pilgrims'  Songs.) 

Psalter  of  Tarah  or  Tara,  a 
volume  in  which  the  early  kings  of 
Ireland  inserted  all  historic  events  and 
enactments.  It  began  in  the  reign  of 
OUam  Fodlah,  of  the  family  of  Ir,  B.C, 
900,  and  was  read  to  the  assembled 
princes  when  they  met  in  the  convention 
which  assembled  in  the  great  hall  of  that 
splendid  palace.  Also  called  Taras 
Psaltery. 

Their  tribe,  they  said,  their  high  degree, 
Was  sung  in  Tara's  Psaltery. 

Campbell:  Of  Connor's  Child. 

Pschent  {The).  (See  Egypt,  p.  316.) 

PsTcarpax  {i.e.  '* granary-thief"), 
son  of  Troxartas  king  of  the  mice.      The 


PSYCHE. 


88i 


PUCELLE. 


frog  king  cffered  to  carry  the  young 
Psycarpax  over  a  lake ;  but  a  water- 
hydra  made  its  appearance,  and  the  frog 
king,  to  save  himself,  dived  under  water, 
whereby  the  mouse  prince  lost  his  life. 
This  catastrophe  brought  about  the  fatal 
Battle  of  the  Frogs  and  Mice.  Translated 
from  the  Greek  into  English  verse  by 
Parnell  (1679-1717). 

Psyche  {Si'-kel,  a  most  beautiful 
maiden,  with  whom  Cupid  fell  in  love. 
The  god  told  her  she  was  never  to  seek 
to  know  who  he  was  ;  but  PsychS  could 
not  resist  the  curiosity  of  looking  at  him 
as  he  lay  asleep.  A  drop  of  the  hot  oil 
from  Psyche's  lamp,  falling  on  the  love- 
god,  woke  him,  and  he  instantly  took  to 
flight.  Psychg  now  wandered  from  place 
to  place,  persecuted  by  Venus  ;  but  after 
enduring  ineffable  troubles,  Cupid  came 
at  last  to  her  rescue,  married  her,  and 
bestowed  on  her  immortality. 

(This  exquisite  allegory  is  from  the 
Golden  Ass  of  Apuleios.  Lafontaine  has 
turned  it  into  French  verse.  M.  Laprade 
(born  1812)  has  rendered  it  into  French 
most  exquisitely.  The  English  version, 
by  Mrs.  Tighe  (1805),  in  six  cantos,  is 
simply  unreadable. ) 

*,•  The  story  of  Cupid  and  Psychfi  is 
an  allegory,  meaning  that  romances  of 
love,  like  castles  in  the  air,  are  exquisite 
till  we  look  at  them  as  realities,  when 
they  instantly  vanish,  and  leave  only  dis- 
appointment and  vexation  behind. 

Ptah,  the  Creator,  in  Egyptian  my- 
thology. "Amen "  is  the  Egyptian  god- 
head. 

Hath  not  Ptah,  the  Creator,  fashioned  the  form  to 
fit  the  imperial  garbt— ^.  Kider  Ha^i^ard  :  CUo/atra, 
ch.  ii. 

O  Amen,  god  of  gods,  who  hast  been  from  tlie 
beginning  ...  the  self-begot,  who  shall  be  to  all 
eternity,  .  .  .  listen  unto  me.— /f.  Hider  Hansard : 
Cleopatra,  ch.  iii. 

Ptemog'lyplms  [" bacon-scooper"\ 
one  of  the  mouse  chieftains. — Parnell: 
Battle  of  the  Frogs  and  Mice,  iii.  (about 
1712). 

Pteruopli'agus  ["  bacon-eater"\  one 
of  the  mouse  chief  tans. 

But  dire  Ptemophagus  divides  his  way 
Thro'  breaking  ranks,  and  leads  the  dreadful  day. 
No  nibbling  prince  excelled  in  fierceness  more,— 
His  parents  led  him  on  the  savage  boar. 
Parnell:  BattUo/the  Frogs  and  Mice,  iiL(about  171a). 

Pternotract as  [' '  bacon-gnawer  "], 
father  of  "  the  meal-licker,"  LycomllS 
(wife  of  Troxartas,  "the  bread-eater"). 
Psycarpas,  the  king  of  the  mice,  was  son 


of  LycomilS,  and  grandson  of  Pterno- 
tractas. — Parnell :  Battle  of  the  Frogs  and 
Mice,  i.  (about  1712). 

Ptolemean  System  {The).  King 
Alfonso,  speaking  of  this  system,  said, 
if  he  had  been  consulted  at  the  creation 
of  the  world,  he  would  have  spared  the 
Maker  of  it  many  absurdities. 

I  settle  all  these  things  by  intuition  .  »  . 
Like  king  Alfonso. 

Byron:  yision  o/yudtrment  (1819). 

Ptolemy's  Crreat  Book  was  called 
the  Almagest  ^Arabic,  al,  "  the,"  ma- 
jisti,  "greatest  '),  meaning  the  chief  book 
of  astronomy  on  the  geometric  system. 
It  was  written  in  the  second  century  of 
our  era,  and  was  the  standard  work  for 
fourteen  centuries,  when  Ptolemy  was 
superseded  by  Copernicus,  who  pointed 
out  the  difference  between  real  motion 
and  apparent  motion  ;  and  that  the  earth 
is  a  mere  planet. 

Travelling  in  a  railway  carriage,  the  hedges  and 
houses  seem  to  be  running  the  opposite  way  to  our- 
selves, and  the  carriage  seems  to  l>e  motionless. 

Public  Good  {The  League  of  the),  a 
league  between  the  dukes  of  Burgundy, 
Brittany,  and  other  French  prince* 
against  Louis  XI. 

Public'ola,  of  the  Despatch   news- 
aper,    was  the  assumed   name   of  Mr. 
illiams,  a  vigorous  political  writer. 

Publius,  the  surviving  son  of  Horatius 
after  the  combat  between  the  three  Hora- 
tian  brothers  against  the  three  Curiatii  of 
Alba.  He  entertained  the  Roman  notion 
that  • '  a  patriot's  soul  can  feel  no  ties  but 
duty,  and  know  no  voipe  of  kindred  "  if 
it  conflicts  with  his  country's  weal.  His 
sister  was  engaged  to  Caius  Curiatius, 
one  of  the  three  Alban  champions  ;  and 
when  she  reproved  him  for  "  murdering  " 
her  betrothed,  he  slew  her,  for  he  loved 
Rome  more  than  he  loved  friend,  sister, 
brother,  or  the  sacred  name  of  father.— 
Whitehead:  The  Roman  Father  (1741). 

Pucel.  La  belPucel  lived  in  the  tower 
of  "  Musyke."  Graunde  Amoure,  sent 
thither  by  Fame  to  be  instructed  by  the 
seven  ladies  of  science,  fell  in  love  with 
her,  and  ultimately  married  her.  After 
his  death,  Remembraunce  wrote  his 
"epitaphyon  his  gra.ue."—I/awes :  The 
Passetyme  (^  Plesure  (1506,  printed 
1515)- 

Pucelle  {La),  a  surname  given  to 
Joan  of  Arc  the  "Maid  of  Orleans** 
(1410-1431). 


^ 


PUCK. 


882 


PUMPKIN. 


Puck,  generally  called  Hobgoblin. 
Same  as  Robin  Goodfellow.  Shakespeare, 
in  Midsummer  Night's  Dream,  represents 
hira  as  "a  very  Shetlander  ationg  the 
gossamer-winged,  dainty-limbed  fairies, 
strong  enough  to  knock  all  their  heads 
together ;  a  rough,  knurly-limbed,  fawn- 
faced,  shock-pated,  mischievous  little 
urchin." 

He  [Oberoti]  meeteth  Puck,  which  most  men  call 
Hobgoblin,  and  on  him  doth  fall, 
With  words  from  frenzy  spoken. 
Hoh !  hohl"  quoth  Hob;  "God  save  your  grace  .  .  ." 
Drayton  :  Nympkidia  (1593). 

Pudding  {Jack),  a  gormandizing 
clown.  In  French  he  is  called  Jean 
Potage ;  in  Dutch,  Picket- Herringe  ;  in 
Italian  Macaroni;  in  German,  John 
Sausage  (Hanswurst). 

Puddle-Dock  Hill,  St.  Andrew's 
Hill,  Blackfriars,  leading  down  to  Puddle 
Wharf,  Ireland  Yard. 

PUPP,  servant  of  captain  Loveit,  and 
husband  of  Tag  of  whom  he  stands  in 
awe. — Garrick  :  Miss  in  Her  7V^«j  (1753). 

Puif  {Mr. ),  a  man  who  had  tried  his 
hand  on  everything  to  get  a  living,  and 
at  last  resorts  to  criticism.  He  says  of 
himself,  "I  am  a  practitioner  in  pane- 
gyric, or  to  speak  more  plainly,  a  pro- 
fessor of  the  art  of  puffing." 

"  I  open,"  sajrs  Puff,  "with  a  clock  striking,  to  beget 
an  awful  attention  in  the  audience ;  it  also  marks  the 
time,  which  is  four  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and  saves  a 
description  of  the  rising  sun,  and  a  great  deal  about 
gilding  the  eastern  hemisphere." — Sheridan:  The 
Critic,  \.  I  (1779). 

"  God  forbid,"  says  Mr.  Puff,  "  that,  ina  free  country, 
all  the  fine  words  in  the  language  should  be  engrossed 
by  the  higher  characters  of  the  piece." — Sir  IV.  Scott : 
The  Drama. 

PufF,  publisher.     He  says — 

"  Paneg^fric  and  praise  !  and  what  will  that  do  with 
the  public  J  Why,  who  will  give  money  to  be  told  that 
Mr.  Such-a-one  is  a  wiser  and  better  man  than  himself? 
No,  no  1  'tis  quite  and  clean  out  of  nature.  A  good 
sousing  satire,  now,  well  pawdered  with  personal 
pepper,  and  seasoned  with  the  spirit  of  party,  that 
demolishes  a  conspicuous  character,  and  sinks  him 
below  our  own  level, — there,  there,  we  are  pleased ; 
there  we  chuckle  and  grin,  and  toss  the  half-crowns  on 
the  co\xi\t.Qt."—Fcote  :  The  Patron  (1764). 

Puff  {Mr.  Parienopex),  a  sayer  of 
smart  things,  which  he  fathers  on  his 
valet  Booby,  his  monkey,  or  his  parrot. — 
Disraeli  (lord  Beaconsfield) :  Vivian  Grey 
(1826-7). 

Pugf ,  a  mischievous  little  goblin,  called 
"  Puok  "  by  Shakespeare. — Ben  Jonson  : 
The  Devil  is  an  Ass  (1616). 

Pugfgie  Orrock,  a  sheriff  s'officer  at 
Fair  port. — Sir  W.  Scoti  :  The  Antiquary 
(time,  George  III.). 


Pugna  Porco'rum  {i.e.  "battle  oj 
the  pigs"),  a  poem  extending  to  several 
hundred  lines,  in  which  every  word 
begins  with  the  letter  /.     (See  P,  p.  793. ) 

Pul'ci  (Z.),  poet  of  Florence  (1432- 
1487),  author  of  the  heroi-comic  poem 
called  Morgante  Maggiori,  a  mixture  of 
the  bizarre,  the  serious,  and  the  comic, 
in  ridicule  of  the  romances  of  chivalry. 
This  Don  Juan  class  of  poetry  has  since 
been  called  Bemesque,  from  Francesco 
Berni  of  Tuscany,  who  greatly  excelled 
in  it, 

Pulci  was  sire  of  the  half-serious  rhyme, 
Who  sang  when  chivalry  was  more  quixotic. 
And  revelled  in  the  fancies  of  the  time. 
True    knights,    chaste    dames,    huge    giants,    kings 
despotic. 

Byron  :  Von  jfuan,  iv.  6  (1820). 

Pulia'no,  leader  of  the  Nasamo'ni. 
He  was  slain  by  Rinaldo. — Ariosto  :  Or- 
lando Furioso  (1516). 

Pumblechook,  uncle  to  Joe  Gargery 
the  blacksmith.  He  was  a  well-to-do 
corn-chandler,  and  drove  his  own  chaise- 
cart.  A  hard-breathing,  middle-aged, 
slow  man  was  uncle  Pumblechook,  with 
fishy  eyes  and  sandy  hair  inquisitively  on 
end.  He  called  Pip,  in  his  facetious  way, 
"  six-pen'orth  of  ha'pence;"  but  when 
Pip  came  into  his  fortune,  Mr.  Pumble- 
chook was  the  most  servile  of  the  servile, 
and  ended  almost  every  sentence  with, 
"  May  I,  Mr.  Pip?"  i.e.  have  the  honour 
of  shaking  hands  with  you  again. — 
Dickens:  Great  Expectations {xZbo). 

Pumpernickel  {His  Transparency), 
a  nickname  by  which  the  Tim^s  satirized 
the  minor  German  princes. 

Some  ninety  men  and  ten  drummers  constitute  their 
whole  embattled  host  on  the  parade-ground  before 
their  palace ;  and  their  whole  revenue  is  supplied  by  a 
percentage  on  the  tax  levied  on  strangers  at  the 
Pumpernickel  kursaal.— ri/TM'J,  July  18,  1866. 

Pumpkin  {Sir  Gilbert),  a  country 
gentleman  plagued  with  a  ward  (Miss 
Kitty  Sprightly)  and  a  set  of  servants  all 
stage  mad.  He  entertains  captain  Charles 
Stanley  and  captain  Harry  Stukely  at 
Strawberry  Hall ;  Stanley,  under  cover 
of  acting,  makes  love  to  Kitty  (an  heiress), 
elopes  with  her,  and  marries  her. 

Miss  Bridget  Pumpkin,  sister  of  sir 
Gilbert  of  Strawberry  Hall.  A  Mrs. 
Malaprop.  She  says,  "  The  Greeks,  the 
Romans,  and  the  Irish  are  barbarian 
nations  who  had  plays  ;  "  but  sir  Gilbert 
says,  "they  were  all  Jacobites."  She 
speaks  of  "  taking  a  degree  at  our  prin- 
cipal adversity ;  "  asks  "  if  the  Muses  are 
a  family  living  at  Oxford,"  if  so,  she  tells 
captain  Stukely,  she  will  be  delighted  to 


PUN. 


PURGATORY. 


"  see  them  at  Strawberry  Hall,  with  any 
other  of  his  friends."  Miss  Pumpkin 
hates  "  play-acting,"  but  docs  not  object 
to  love-making. — Jackman:  All  the 
World's  a  Stage  {1777). 

Fun.  He  who  would  make  a  pun 
would  pick  a  pocket,  generally  a5cribed 
to  Dr.  Johnson  (1709-1784) ;  but  by  Moy 
Thomas  to  Dr.  Donne  (i  573-1631). 

W.  H.  Pym,  in  IVine  *nd  irulnuts,  toI.  ii.  p.  »77, 
says,  "  It  is  well  known  that  John  Dennis  (1557-1734) 
execrated  a  pun.  He  said,  *  He  that  would  make  a 
pun  would  not  scruple  to  pick  a  pocket.'  If  Moy 
Thomas  is  right.  Dr.  Donne  has  the  pre-eminence  ; 
but  puns  with  lads  and  lasses,  like  riddles,  sharpen 
their  wits,  and  sometimes  contain  wit  creditable  to 
mature  age." 

Puncli,  derived  from  the  Latin  Mitni, 
through  the  Italian  P ullicinella.  It  was 
originally  intended  as  a  characteristic 
representation.  The  tale  is  this  :  Punch, 
in  a  fit  of  jealousy,  strangles  his  infant 
child,  when  Judy  flies  to  her  revenge. 
With  a  bludgeon  she  belabours  her 
husband,  till  he  becomes  so  exasperated 
that  he  snatches  the  bludgeon  from  her, 
knocks  her  brains  out,  and  flings  the 
dead  body  into  the  street.  Here  it 
attracts  the  notice  of  a  police-officer,  who 
enters  the  house,  and  Punch  flies  to  save 
his  life.  He  is,  however,  arrested  by  an 
officer  of  the  Inquisition,  and  is  shut  up 
in  prison,  from  which  he  escapes  by  a 
golden  key.  The  rest  of  the  allegory 
shows  the  triumph  of  Punch  over  slander 
in  the  shape  of  a  dog,  disease  in  the 
guise  of  a  doctor,  death,  and  the  devil. 

•.•  Pa/z^a/oM^  was  a  Venetian  merchant; 
Dottore,  a  Bolognese  physician ;  Spa- 
viento,  a  Neapolitan  braggadocio  ;  Pulli- 
cinella,  a  wag  of  Apulia ;  Giangurgolo 
and  Coviello,  two  clowns  of  Calabria ; 
Gelsomino,  a  Roman  beau ;  Beltrame,  a 
Milanese  simpleton ;  Brighella,  a  Ferrarese 
pimp  ;  and  Arlecchino,  a  blundering  ser- 
vant of  Bergamo.  Each  was  clad  in  an 
appropriate  dress,  had  a  characteristic 
mask,  and  spoke  the  dialect  of  the  place 
he  represented. 

Besides  these,  there  were  Amorosos  or 
Innamoratos,  with  their  servettas  or 
waiting-maids,  as  Smeralditia,  Colom- 
bina,  Spilletta,  etc.,  who  spoke  Tuscan. 
—  Walker:  On  the  Revival  of  the  Drama 
in  Italy,  249. 

Ptmclx,  the  periodical,  started  in  1841. 
The  first  cover  was  designed  by  A.  S. 
Kenning  ;  the  present  one  by  R.  Doyle. 

Pure  (Simon),  a  Pennsylvanian 
quaker.  Being  about  to  visit  London 
to  attend   the  quarterly  meeting  of  his 


k 


sect,  he  brings  with  him  a  letter  of  intro- 
duction to  Obadiah  Prim,  a  rigid,  stem 
quaker,  and  the  guardian  of  Anne  Lovely, 
an  heiress  worth  ;^  30, 000.  Colonel 
Feignwell,  availing  himself  of  this  letter 
of  introduction,  passes  himself  off  as 
Simon  Pure,  and  gets  established  as  the 
accepted  suitor  of  the  heiress.  Presently 
the  real  Simon  Pure  makes  his  appear- 
ance, and  is  treated  as  an  impostor  and 
swindler.  The  colonel  hastens  on  the 
marriage  arrangements,  and  has  no  sooner 
completed  them,  than  Master  Simon  re- 
appears, with  witnesses  to  prove  his 
identity ;  but  it  is  too  late,  and  colonel 
FeignwfcU  freely  acknowledges  the  "  bold 
stroke  he  has  made  for  a  wife." — Airs. 
Centlivre :  A   Bold  Stroke  for  a   Wife 

Purefoy  [Master),  former  tutor  of 
Dr.  Anthony  Rochecliffe  the  plotting 
royalist. — Sir  W.Scott:  Woodstock  [time. 
Commonwealth). 

Purgatory,  by  DantS,  in  thirty-three 
cantos  (1308).  Having  emerged  from 
hell,  Dantfi  saw  in  the  southern  hemi- 
sphere four  stars,  "  ne'er  seen  before,  save 
by  our  first  parents."  The  stars  were 
symbolical  of  the  four  cardinal  virtues 
(prudence,  justice,  fortitude,  and  tem- 
perance). Turning  round,  he  observed 
old  Cato,  who  said  that  a  dame  from 
heaven  had  sent  him  to  prepare  the 
Tuscan  poet  for  passing  through  Pur- 
gatory. Accordingly,  with  a  slender  reed 
old  Cato  girded  him,  and  from  his  face 
he  washed  "all  sordid  stain,"  restoring 
to  it  "that  hue  which  the  dun  shades 
of  hell  had  covered  -and  concealed " 
(canto  i.).  Dant6  then  followed  his  guide 
Virgil  to  a  huge  mountain  in  mid-ocean 
antipodal  to  Judaea,  and  began  the  ascent. 
A  party  of  spirits  were  ferried  over  at  the 
same  time  by  an  angel,  amongst  whom 
was  Casella,  a  musician,  one  of  Dantfi's 
friends.  The  mountain,  he  tells  us,  is 
divided  into  terraces,  and  terminates  in 
Earthly  Paradise,  which  is  separated 
from  it  by  two  rivers — LethS  and  Eu'noe 
(3  syl.).  The  first  eight  cantos  are  occu- 
pied by  the  ascent,  and  then  they  come 
to  the  gate  of  Purgatory.  This  gate  is 
approached  by  three  stairs  (faith,  peni- 
tence, and  piety) ;  the  first  stair  is  trans- 
parent white  marble,  as  clear  as  crystal ; 
the  second  is  black  and  cracked  ;  and  the 
third  is  of  blood-red  porphyry  (canto  ix.). 
The  porter  marked  on  Dante's  forehead 
seven  P's  {peccata,  "sins"),  and  told 
him  he  would  lose  one  at  every  stage. 


PURGON. 


PYGMALION. 


till  he  reached  the  river  which  divided 
Purgatory  from  Paradise.  Virgil  con- 
tinued his  guide  till  they  came  to  Lethd, 
when  he  left  him  during  sleep  (canto  xxx. ). 
Dantfi  was  then  dragged  through  the 
river  LethS,  drank  of  the  waters  of 
EunSe,  and  met  Beatrice,  who  conducted 
him  till  he  arrived  at  the  "sphere  of 
unbodied  light,"  when  she  resigned  her 
office  to  St.  Bernard. 

Furg'on,  one  of  the  doctors  in 
Moli^re's  comedy  of  Le  Malade  Imagi- 
naire.  When  the  patient's  brother  inter- 
fered, and  sent  the  apothecary  away  with 
his  clysters,  Dr.  Purgon  got '  into  a 
towering  rage,  and  threatened  to  leave 
the  house  and  never  more  to  visit  it.  He 
then  said  to  the  patient,  "Que  vous 
tombiez  dans  la  bradypepsie  .  .  .  de  la 
bradypepsie  dans  la  dyspepsie  .  .  .  de  la 
dyspepsie  dans  I'apepsie  .  .  ,  de  I'apepsie 
dans  la  lienteiie  .  .  .  de  la  lienterie  dans 
la  dyssenterie  .  .  .  de  la  dyssenterie  dans 
I'hydropisie  .  .  .  et  I'hydropisie  dans  la 
privation  de  la  vie." 

Votre  M.  Purgon,  . .  .  c'est  un  homme  tout  midecin 
depuis  la  tite  jusqu'  aux  pieds ;  un  homme  qui  croit  k 
ses  rigfles  plus  qu'  4  toutes  les  demonstrations  des 
matWrnatiques,  et  qui  croirait  du  crime  ^  les  vouloir 
examiner ;  qui  ne  voir  rien  d'obscur  dans  la  m^decine, 
rien  de  douteux,  rien  do  difficile  ;  et  qui,  avec  une  im- 
petuosity de  prevention,  une  roideur  de  confiance,  une 


brutalite  de  sens  commun  et  de  raison,  donne  au 
travers  des  purgations  et  des  saignies,  et  ne  balance 
aucune  chose. — MoHire  ;  Le  Malade  Imaginaire,  iiu 
3(1673). 

Furita'ni  (/),  *'  the  puritan,"  that  is 
Elvi'ra,  daughter  of  lord  Walton  also  a 
puritan,  affianced  to  hx'Wixo  [lord  Arthur 
Talbot)  a  cavalier.  On  the  day  of 
espousals,  Arturo  aids  Enrichetta  {Hen- 
rietta, widow  of  Charles  I.)  to  escape; 
and  Elvira,  supposing  that  he  is  eloping, 
loses  her  reason.  On  his  return,  Arturo 
explains  the  fact  to  Elvira,  and  they  vow 
nothing  on  earth  shall  part  them  more. 
This  vow  is  but  just  made,  when  Arturo 
is  arrested  for  treason,  and  led  off  to 
execution.  At  this  crisis,  a  herald  an- 
nounces the  defeat  of  the  Stuarts,  and 
Cromwell  pardons  all  political  offenders  ; 
whereupon  Arturo  is  released,  and  marries 
Elvira. — Bellini:  I  Puritani  (an  opera, 

1834). 

(The  libretto  of  this  opera  is  by  C. 
Pepoli.) 

Parley  [Diversions  of),  a  work  on  the 
analysis  and  etymology  of  English  words, 
by  John  Home,  the  son  of  a  poulterer  in 
London.  In  1782  he  assumed  the  name 
of  Tooke,  from  Mr.  Tooke  of  Purley,  in 
Surrey,  with  whom  he  often  stayed,  and 


who  left  him  ^^8000  (vol.  i.,  1785 ;  vol.  ii., 
1805). 

Ptirple  Island  [The),  the  human 
body.  It  is  the  name  of  a  poem  in 
twelve  cantos,  by  Phineas  Fletcher  (1663). 
Canto  i.  Introduction.  Cantos  ii.-v.  An 
anatomical  description  of  the  human 
body,  considered  as  an  island  kingdom. 
Canto  vi.  The  "  intellectual  man."  Canto 
vii.  The  "natural  man,"  with  its  affec- 
tions and  lusts.  Canto  viii.  The  world, 
the  flesh,  and  the  devil,  as  the  enemies 
of  man.  Cantos  ix.,  x.  The  friends  of 
man  who  enable  him  to  overcome  these 
enemies.  Cantos  xi.,  xii.  The  battle  of 
"  Mansoul,"  the  triumph,  and  the  mar- 
riage of  Eclecta.  The  whole  is  supposed 
to  be  sung  to  shepherds  by  Thirsil  a 
shepherd. 

Fusil'lus,  Feeble-mindedness  per- 
sonified;  "a  weak,  distrustful  heart." 
Fully  described  in  canto  viii.  of  The 
Purple  Island.  (Latin,  pusillus,  "  pusil- 
.animous.  ) 

Fuss  in  Boots,  from  Charles  Per- 
rault's  tale  Le  Chat  Botti  ( 1697).  Perrault 
borrowed  the  tale  from  the  Nights  of 
Straparola  an  Italian.  Straparola's  Nights 
were  translated  into  French  in  1585,  and 
Perrault's  Contes  de  F6es  were  published 
in  1697.  Ludwig  Tieck,  the  German 
novelist,  reproduced  the  same  tale  in  his 
Volksmdrchen  (1795),  called  in  German 
Der  Gestiefelte  Kater.  The  cat  is  mar- 
vellously accomplished,  and  by  ready  wit 
or  ingenious  tricks  secures  a  fortune  and 
royal  wife  for  his  master,  a  penniless 
young  miller,  who  passes  under  the  name 
of  the  marquis  de  Car'abas.  In  the 
Italian  tale,  puss  is  called  "  Constantine's 
cat." 

Putrid  Plain  [The),  the  battle-field 
of  Aix,  in  Provence,  where  Marius  over- 
threw the  Teutons,  B.C.  102. 

Pwyll's  Bag  [Prince),  a  bag  that  it 
was  impossible  to  fill. 


Come  thou  in  hy  thyself,  clad  in  ragged  garments, 
nd  holding  a  bag  in  thy  hand,  and  ask  notlung  but  a 
bagful  of  food,  and  I  will  cause  that  if  all  the  meat  and 


liquor  that  are  in  these  seven  cantreves  were  put  into 
it,  it  would  be  no  fuller  than  before.  — 7"<4«  MabinogioM 
("  Pwyll  Prince  of  Dyved,"  twelfth  century). 

Pygmalion,  the  statuary  of  Cyprus. 
He  resolved  never  to  marry,  but  became 
enamoured  of  his  own  ivory  statue,  which 
Venus  endowed  with  Ufe,  and  the  statuary 
married. 

(Morris  has  a  poem  on  the  subject  in 
his  Earthly  Paradiie  ("August"),   and 


PYGMY.  88s 

Gilbert  a  comedy.  la  Gilbert's  comedy, 
Pygmalion  provokes  the  jealousy  of  his 
wife  Cynisca  by  his  love  for  the  statue, 
and  she  calls  down  blindness  on  him. 
Afterwards  they  become  reconciled,  Pyg- 
malion's sight  is  restored,  and  the  Galatea 
becomes  a  statue  again.) 

Fall  in  loue  with  these, 
As  did  Pygmalion  with  his  carvid  tree. 
Brooke  :  Treatie  ok  Human  Learning  (1554-1636). 

(Lord  Brooke  calls  the  statue  "  a  carved 
tree."  There  is  a  vegetable  ivory,  no 
doubt  one  of  the  palm  species,  and  there 
is  the  ebon  tree,  the  wood  of  which  is  black 
as  jet.  The  former  could  not  be  known 
to  Pygmalion,  but  the  latter  might,  as 
Virgil  speaks  of  it  in  his  Georgics,  ii.  117, 
"India  nigrum  fert  ebenum."  Probably 
lord  Brooke  blundered  from  the  resem- 
blance between  ebor  {"  ivory  ")  and  ebon, 
in  Latin  "ebenum.") 

Pygfmy,  a  dwarf.  The  pygmies  were 
a  nation  of  dwarfs,  always  at  war  with 
the  cranes  of  Scythia.  They  were  not 
above  a  foot  high,  and  lived  somewhere 
at  the  "end  of  the  earth" — either  in 
Thrace,  Ethiopia,  India,  or  the  Upper 
Nile.  The  pygmy  women  were  mothers 
at  the  age  of  three,  and  old  women  at 
eight.  I'heir  houses  were  built  of  egg- 
shells. They  cut  down  a  blade  of  wheat 
with  an  axe  and  hatchet,  as  we  fell  huge 
forest  trees. 

One  day,  they  resolved  to  attack  Her- 
cules in  his  sleep,  and  went  to  work  as  in 
a  siege.  An  army  attacked  each  hand, 
and  the  archers  attacked  the  feet.  Her- 
cules awoke,  and  with  the  paw  of  his  lion- 
skin  overwhelmed  the  whole  host,  and 
carried  them  captive  to  king  Eurystheus. 

T[  Swift  has  availed  himself  of  this  fable 
in  Gulliver's  Travels  ("  Lilliput,"  1726). 

Schweinfurth,  it  is  said,  met  the  Akkers  (pygmies)  in 
the  Mombuttu  country. 

Dr.  Ludwig  Wolf  and  Wissman,  who  recently  ex- 
plored the  Sankuru,  also  came  upon  a  nation  of 
pygmies,  not  exceeding  1-4  metre  in  height.  These 
dwarfs  are  called  "  Batua,"  and  their  chief  employ- 
ment is  the  manufacture  of  palm  oil.  The  main  height 
of  these  httle  folk  is  1-3  metre. 

Stanley  came  upon  pygmies  in  his  African  explora- 
tion. He  saw  the  first  specimen  at  an  Arab  settlement 
near  the  Amiri  Falls — a  woman  thirty-three  inches  in 
height.  The  pygmies  are  said  to  be  thickly  scattered 
north  of  the  Sturi,  from  the  Ngaiyu  eastward. 
—Stanley  :  Darkest  Africa,  pp.  197,  198. 

Pyke  and  Pluck  {Messrs.),  the 
tools  and  toadies  of  sir  Mulberry  Hawk. 
They  laugh  at  all  his  jokes,  snub  all  who 
attempt  to  rival  their  patron,  and  are 
ready  to  swear  to  anything  sir  Mulberry 
wishes  to  be  confirmed.  —  Dickens : 
Nicholas  Nickkhy  (1838). 


PYRAMOS. 

Fylades  and  Orestes,  inseparable 
friends.  Pyladds  was  a  nephew  of  king 
Agamemnon,  and  Orestfis  was  Aga- 
memnon's son.  The  two  cousins  con- 
tracted a  friendship  which  has  become 
proverbial.  Subsequently,  Pyladfis  mar- 
ried OrestSs's  sister  Elecira. 

(Lagrange-Chancel  has  a  French  drama 
entitled  Oreste  et  Pylade  (1695).  Voltaire 
also  [Oreste,  1750).  The  two  characters 
are  introduced  into  a  host  of  plays, 
Greek,  Italian,  French,  and  English. 
See  Andromache,  p.  43.) 

Pyrac'mon,  one  of  Vulcan's  work- 
men in  the  smithy  of  mount  Etna.  (Greek, 
pHr  akmSn,  "  fire  anvil") 

Far  passing  Bronteus  or  Pyracmon  great. 
The  which  in  Lipari  do  day  and  night 
Frame  thunderbolts  for  Jove. 

Sftnscr:  Fairie  Queent,  iv.  S  (1596). 

Pyramid.  According  to  Diodo'rus 
Sic'ulus  [Hist.,  i.)  and  Phny  [Nat.  Hist., 
xxxvi.  12),  there  were  360,000  men  em- 
ployed for  nearly  twenty  years  upon  one 
of  the  pyramids. 

The  largest  pyramid  was  built  by 
Cheops  or  Suphis,  the  next  largest  by 
Cephrenfis  or  Sen-Suphis,  and  the  third 
by  Mencherfis  last  king  of  the  fourth 
Egyptian  dynasty,  said  to  have  lived 
before  the  birth  of  Abraham. 

(Respecting  the  third  pyramid,  there  is 
a  tradition  that  it  was  built  by  Rhod6pis 
or  Rhodop6,  the  Greek  courtezan. 
Rhodopis  means  the  "  rosy-cheeked,") 

The  Rhodopfi  that  built  the  pyramid. 

Tennyson  :  The  Princess,  ii.  (1830)1 

Pyramid  of  Mexico.  This  pyramid 
is  said  to  have  been  built  in  the  reign  of 
Montezuma  emperor  of  Mexico  (1466- 
1520).  Its  base  is  double  the  size  of 
Cheops's  pyramid,  that  is,  1423  feet  each 
side,  but  its  height  does  not  exceed  164 
feet.  It  stands  west  of  Puebla,  faces  the 
four  cardinal  points,  was  used  as  a 
mausoleum,  and  is  usually  called  "The 
Pyramid  of  Cholula." 

Pyr'amos  (in  Latin,  Pyramus),  the 
lover  of  Thisbe.  Supposing  ThisbS  had 
been  torn  to  pieces  by  a  lion,  Pyramos 
stabs  himself  "under  a  mulberry  tree  " 
in  his  unutterable  grief.  ThisbS  finds  tlie 
dead  body,  and  kills  herself  on  the  same 
spot.  Ever  since  then  the  juice  of  mul- 
berries has  been  blood-stained. — Greek 
Mythology. 

(Shakespeare  has  introduced  a  burlesque 
or  this  pretty  love  story  in  his  Midsummer 
Night's  Dream;  but  Ovid  has  told  the 
tale  beautifully.) 


PYRENI. 


QUACKS. 


Pyro'ni,  the  Pyrenees. 

Who  [Henry  V.]  by  his  conquering  sword  should  all 

the  land  surprise, 
Which  'twixt  the  Penmenmaur  and  the  Pyreni  lies. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  iv.  (1613). 

(Penmenmaur,  a  hill  in  Caernarvon- 
shire. ) 

Pyrgo  Polini'ces,  an  extravagant 
blusterer.  (The  word  means  "tower  and 
town  taker.") — Plautus:  Miles  Gloriosus. 

If  the  modem  reader  knows  nothing  of  Pyrgo 
Polinicds  and  Thraso,  Pistol  and  Paroll^s;  if  he  is  shut 
out  from  Nephelo-Coccygia,  he  may  take  refuge  in 
Lilliput.  —Macaulay. 

','  "Thraso,"  a  bully  in  Terence 
{JThe  Eunuch);   "Pistol,"  in  the  Merry 

Wives  of  Windsor  and  2  Henry  I V,  ; 
"ParoU^s,"    in   AlFs    Well    that  Ends 

Well;  "Nephelo-Coccygia"  or  cloud 
cuckoo-town,  in  Aristophanes  [The 
Birds);  and  "Lilliput,"  in  Swift  [Gul- 
liver's Travels). 

Py'rocles  (3  syl.)  and  his  brother 
Cy'moclds  (3  syl.),  sons  of  Acra'tSs  [in- 
continence). The  two  brothers  are  about 
to  strip  sir  Guyon,  when  prince  Arthur 
comes  up  and  slays  both  of  them.— 
Spenser :  Faerie  Queene,  ii.  8  (1590). 

Pyrocles  and  Mnsidoms,  heroes 
whose  exploits  are  told  by  sir  Philip 
Sidney  in  his  Arcadia  (1581). 

Pjrr'rlio,  the  founder  of  the  sceptics 
or  Pyrrhonian  school  of  philosophy.  He 
was  a  native  of  Elis,  in  Peloponne'sus, 
and  died  at  the  age  of  90  (b.c.  285). 

It  is  a  pleasant  voyage,  perhaps,  to  float. 
Like  Pyrrho,  on  a  sea  of  speculation. 

Byron:  Don  Juan,  \x.  i8  (1824). 

("Pyrrhonism"  means  absolute  and 
unlimited  infidelity.) 

Pythag-'oras,  the  Greek  philosopher, 
who  is  said  to  have  invented  the  lyre 
from  hearing  the  sounds  produced  by  a 
blacksmith  hammering  iron  on  his  anvil. 
(See  Dictionary  of  Phrase  and  Fable,  p. 
Z022.) 

As  great  Pythagoras  of  yore, 
Standing  beside  the  blacksmith's  door. 
And  hearing  tlie  hammers,  as  he  smote 
The  anvils  with  a  different  note  .  .  . 
.  .  .  formed  the  seven-chorded  lyre. 

Lon^/elloiv  :  To  a  Child. 

(Handel  wrote  an  "air  with  variations  " 
which  he  called  The  Harmonious  Black- 
smith, said  to  have  been  suggested  by  the 
sounds  proceeding  from  a  smithy,  where 
he  heard  the  village  blacksmiths  swinging 
their  heavy  sledges  "with  measured  beat 
and  slow.") 

Pyth'ias,  a  Syracusian  soldier,  noted 


for  his  friendship  for  Damon.  When 
Damon  was  condemned  to  death  by 
Dionysius  the  new-made  king  of  Syra- 
cuse, Pythias  obtained  for  him  a  respite 
of  six  hours,  to  go  and  bid  farewell  to 
his  wife  and  child.  The  condition  of  this 
respite  was  that  Pythias  should  be  bound, 
and  even  executed,  if  Damon  did  not 
return  at  the  hour  appointed.  Damon 
returned  in  due  time,  and  Dionysius  was 
so  struck  with  this  proof  of  friendship, 
that  he  not  only  pardoned  Damon,  but 
even  begged  to  be  ranked  among  his 
friends.  The  day  of  execution  was  the 
day  that  Pythias  was  to  have  been  married 
to  C2i\An\.\it.— Damon  and  Pythias,  a 
drama  by  R.  Edwards  (1571),  and  another 
by  John  Banim  in  1825. 

Python,  a  huge  serpent  engendered 
from  the  mud  of  the  deluge,  and  slain 
by  Apollo.  In  other  words,  pytho  is  the 
miasma  or  mist  from  the  evaporation  of 
the  overflow,  dried  up  by  the  sun. 
(Greek,  puthesthai,  "to  rot;"  because 
the  serpent  was  left  to  rot  in  the  sun.) 


Q 


Q  [Old),  the  earl  of  March,  afterwards 
duke  of  Queensberry,  at  the  close  of  the 
eighteenth  and  the  beginning  of  the 
nineteenth  centuries. 

Quacks  [Noted). 

(i)  Booker  [John),  astrologer,  etc. 
(1601-1667). 

(2)  Bossy  [Dr.),  a  German  by  birth. 
He  was  well  known  in  the  beginning  of 
the  nineteenth  century  in  Covent  Garden, 
and  in  other  parts  of  London. 

(3)  Brodum  (eighteenth  century).  His 
"nervous  cordial"  consisted  of  gentian 
root  infused  in  gin.  Subsequently  a 
little  bark  was  added. 

(4)  Cagliostro,  the  prince  of  quacks. 
His  proper  name  was  Joseph  Balsamo, 
and  his  father  was  Pietro  Balsamo  of 
Palermo.  He  married  Lorenza,  the 
daughter  of  a  girdle-maker  of  Rome, 
called  himself  '  the  count  Alessandro  di 
Cagliostro,"  and  his  wife  "  the  countess 
Seraphina  di  Cagliostro. "  He  professed 
to  heal  every  disease,  to  abolish  wrinkles, 
to  predict  future  events,  and  was  a  great 


QUACKS. 


QUACKS. 


mesmerist.  He  styled  himself  "Grand 
Cophta,  Prophet,  and  Thaumaturge." 
His  "  Egyptian  pills"  sold  largely  at  3ar. 
a  box  (1743-1795).  One  of  the  famous 
novels  of  A.  Dumas  is  Joseph  Bahama 
(1845). 

He  had  a  flat,  snub  face;  dew-lapped,  flat -nosed, 
greasy,  and  sensual.  A  forehead  impudent,  and  two 
eyes  which  turned  up  most  seraphically  languishing. 
It  was  a  model  face  for  a  quack.— Car/y& ;  Lift  0/ 
Cagliostro. 

(5)  Cask  {Dr.  John),  of  Lime  Regis, 
Dorsetshire.  His  name  was  Latinized 
into  Caseus,  and  hence  he  was  sometimes 
called  Dr.  Cheese.  He  was  born  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  II.,  and  died  in  that  of 
Anne.  Dr.  Case  was  the  author  of  the 
Angelic  Guide,  a  kind  of  ZadkiePs  Alma- 
nac, and  over  his  door  was  placed  this 
couplet — 

Within  this  place 

Lives  Dr.  Case. 
Legions  of  quacks  shall  join  us  in  this  place. 
From  great  Kirleus  down  to  Dr.  Case. 

Garth  :  Dispensary,  iil.  (1699). 

(6)  Franks  {Dr.  Timothy),  who  lived 
in  Old  Bailey,  was  the  rival  of  Dr.  Rock, 
Franks  was  a  very  tall  man,  while  his 
rival  was  short  and  stout  (1692-1763). 

Dr.  Franks,  F.O.G.H.,  calls  his  rival  "  Dumplin* 
Dick."  .  .  .  Sure  the  world  is  wide  enough  for  two  great 
personages.  Men  of  science  should  leave  controversy 
to  the  little  world,  .  .  .  and  then  we  might  see  Rock 
and  Franks  walking  together  hand-in-hand,  smiling 
onward  to  immortaWty.— Go idsmiih:  A  Citixenof  tht 
World,  Ixviii.  (1759). 

(7)  Graham  {Dr.),  of  the  Temple  of 
Health,  first  in  the  Adelphi,  then  in  Pall 
Mall.  He  sold  his  "elixir  of  life"  for 
^1000  a  bottle,  was  noted  for  his  mud 
baths,  and  for  his  "  celestial  bed,"  which 
assured  a  beautiful  progeny.  He  died 
poor  in  1784. 

(8)  Grant  {Dr.),  first  a  tinker,  then 
a  baptist  preacher  in  Southwark,  then 
oculist  to  queen  Anne. 

Her  majesty  sure  was  in  a  surprise. 

Or  elsie  was  very  short-sighted, 
When  a  tinker  was  sworn  to  look  after  her  eyes, 

And  the  mountebank  tailor  was  knighted. 

Grub  Street  Journal. 

(The  "mountebank  tailor"  was  Dr. 
Read  ;  see  below.  | 

(9)  Hancock  \Dr.),  whose  panacea 
was  cold  water  and  stewed  prunes. 

\  Dr.  Sangrado  prescribed  hot  water 
and  stewed  apples. — Lesage:  Gil  Bias,  ii. 

2  (1715)- 

U  Dr.  Rezio  of  Barataria  would  allow 
Sancho  Panza  to  eat  only  "  a  few  wafers, 
and  a  thin  slice  or  two  of  quince." — Cer- 
vantes :  Don  Quixote,  II.  iii.  10(1615). 

(10)  Hannes  {Dr.),  knighted  by  queen 
Anne.     He  was  born  in  Oxfordshire. 


The  queen,  like  heaven,  shines  equally  on  all. 

Her  favours  now  without  distinction  f;ill. 

Great  Read,  and  slender  Hannes,  both  knighted,  show 

That  none  their  honours  shall  to  merit  owe. 

A  Political  Squib  o/the  Period. 

(11)  Katerfelto  {Dr.),  the  influenza 
doctor.  He  was  a  tall  man,  dressed  in 
a  black  gown  and  square  cap ;  and 
was  originally  a  common  soldier  in  the 
Prussian  service.  In  1782  he  exhibited 
in  London  his  solar  microscope,  and 
created  immense  excitement  by  showing 
the  infusoria  of  muddy  water,  etc.  Dr. 
Katerfelto  used  to  say  that  he  was  the 
greatest  philosopher  since  the  time  of  sir 
Isaac  Newton. 


And  Katerfelto  with  his  hair  on  end. 
At  his  own  wonders,  wondering  for  his  bread. 
Cowper:  The  Task  ("  The  Winter  Evening,"  178a). 

(12)  Lilly  (  William),  astrologer,  born 
at  Diseworth,  in  Leicestershire  (1602- 
1681). 

(13)  Long  {St.  John),  bom  at  New- 
castle, began  life  as  an  artist ;  but  after- 
wards set  up  as  a  curer  of  consumption, 
rheumatism,  and  gout.  His  profession 
brought  him  wealth,  and  he  lived  in 
Harley  Street,  Cavendish  Square.  St. 
John  Long  died  of  rapid  consumption 
(1798-1834). 

(14)  Mapp  {Mrs.)^  bone-setter.  She 
was  born  at  Epsom,  and  at  one  time  was 
very  rich  ;  but  she  died  in  great  poverty 
at  her  lodgings  in  Seven  Dials,  1737. 

(Hogarth  has  introduced  her  in  his 
heraldic  picture,  "The  Undertakers' 
Arms."  She  is  the  middle  of  the  three 
figures  at  the  top,  and  is  holding  a  bone 
in  her  hand. ) 

(15)  Moore  {Mr.  John),  of  the  Pestle 
and  Mortar,  Abchurch  Lane,  immor- 
talized by  his  "  worm-powder,"  and  called 
the  "  Worm- Doctor  "  (died  1733). 

Vain  is  thy  art,  thy  powder  vain. 
Since  worms  shall  eat  e'en  thee. 

Pope :  To  Mr.  jfohn  Moore  (1733). 

fi6)  Morison  {Dr.),  famous  for  his 
pills  (consisting  of  a.loes  and  cream  of 
tartar,  equal  parts).  Professor  Holloway, 
Dr.  Morison,  Rowland  maker  of  hair  oil 
and  tooth-powder,  and  Pear  maker  of 
"  Pear's  soap,"  were  the  greatest  adver- 
tisers of  the  nineteenth  century. 

(17)  Nostradamus  (il/^VAa*?/),  a  physi- 
cian and  astrologer,  bom  December  14, 
1503,  at  St.  Remy,in  Provence.  Hetookhis 
doctor's  degree  at  Montpelier,  after  which 
he  practised  at  various  places,  particularly 
Aix  and  Lyons,  where  he  was  successful 
in  the  cure  of  a  pestilential  disease.  He 
pretended  to  the  gift  of  prophecy,  and  one 
of  his  prognostications  bore  so  remarkable 


QUACKa 


QUAINT. 


an  allusion  to  the  death  of  Henry  II., 
that  Nostradamus  received  many  pre- 
sents, and  was  appointed  physician  to 
the  court.  He  died  July  2,  1566.  His 
Centuries  of  Prophecies  have  been  pub- 
lished in  English. 

(18)  Partridge,  cobbler,  astrologer, 
almanac-maker,  and  quack  (died  1708). 

Weep,  all  you  customers  who  use 
His  pills,  his  almanacs,  or  shoes. 

Szui/t:  Elezy,  etc. 

{19)  READ(5/r  William),  a  tailor,  who 
set  up  for  oculist,  and  was  knighted  by 
queen  Anne.  This  quack  was  employed 
both  by  queen  Anne  and  George  I.  Sir 
William  could  not  read.  He  professed 
to  cure  wens,  wry-necks,  and  hare-lips 
(died  17 1 5). 

.  .  .  none  their  honours  shall  to  merit  owe- 
That  popish  doctrine  is  exploded  quite, 
Or  Ralph  had  been  no  duke,  and  Read  no  knight ; 
That  none  may  virtue  or  their  learning  plead, 
This  hath  no^race,  and  that  can  hardly  read. 

A  Political  Squib  of  the  Period. 

(The  "Ralph"  referred  to  is  Ralph 
Montagu,  son  of  Edward  Montagu, 
created  viscount  in  1682,  and  duke  of 
Montagu  in  1705.     He  died  1709.) 

(20)  Rock  {Dr.  Richard)  professed  to 
cure  every  disease,  at  any  stage  thereof. 
According  to  his  bills,  "  Be  your  disorder 
never  so  far  gone,  I  can  cure  you."  He 
was  short  in  stature  and  fat,  always  wore 
a  white  three-tailed  wig,  nicely  combed 
and  frizzed  upon  each  cheek,  carried  a 

cane,  and  waddled  in  his  gait  (eighteenth 
century). 

Dr.  Rock,  F.U.N.,  never  wore  a  hat.  He  is  usually 
drawn  at  the  top  of  his  own  bills  sitting  in  an  armchair, 
holding  a  little  bottle  between  his  finger  and  thumb, 
and  surrounded  with  rotten  teeth,  nippers,  pills,  and 
mSi&pots.— Goldsmith  :  A  Citinen  of  the  World,  IxviiL 

(21)  Smith  {Dr.),  who  went  about  the 
country  in  the  eighteenth  century  in  his 
coach  with  four  outriders.  He  dressed  in 
black  velvet,  and  cured  any  disease  for 
sixpence.  "  His  amusements  on  thestaga 
were  well  worth  the  sixpence  which  he 
charged  for  his  box  of  pills." 

As  I  was  sitting  at  the  George  inn,  I  saw  a  coach  with 
six  bay  horses,  a  calash  and  four,  a  chaise  and  four, 
«nter  the  inn,  in  yellow  livery  turned  up  with  red ;  and 
four  gentlemen  on  horseback,  in  blue,  trimmed  with 
silver.  As  yellow  is  the  colour  given  by  the  dukes  in 
England,  I  went  out  to  see  what  duke  it  was,  but  there 
was  no  coronet  on  the  coach,  only  a  plain  coat-of-arms, 
with  the  motto  ARGENTO  LABORAT  FABER  [Smith 


vorks/br  money].     Upon  inquiry,  I  found  this  ^and 
equipage  belonged  to  a  mountebank  : 
A  Tour  through  England  (1723). 


:  named  Smith.— 


(22)  Solomon  {Dr.),  eighteenth  century. 
His  "  anti-impetigines  "  was  simply  a  so- 
lution of  bichloride  of  mercury  coloured. 

(23)  Taylor  {Dr.  Chevalier  John). 
He  called  himself  "  Opthalminator,  Pon- 
tificial,  Imperial,  and  Royal"    It  is  said 


that  five  of  his  horses  were  blind  from 
experiments  tried  by  him  on  their  eyes 
(died  1767). 

(Hogarth  has  introduced  Dr.  Taylor  in 
his  "  Undertakers'  Arms."  He  is  one  of 
the  three  figures  at  the  top,  to  the  left 
hand  of  the  spectator. ) 

(24)  Thornhill  (Z)/-.  Benjamin),  "the 
seventh  son  of  a  seventh  son,"  and  the 
"  servant  of  his  majesty  king  George  II." 
His  advertisement  as  such  appeared  in 
the  Evening  Post,  August  6,  1717. 

(25)  Unborn  Doctor  {The),  of  Moor- 
fields.  Not  being  born  a  doctor,  he 
called  himself  "The  Un-born  Doctor." 

(26)  Walker  {Dr.),  one  of  the  three 
great  quacks  of  the  eighteenth  century,  the 
others  being  Dr.  Rock  and  Dr.  Timothy 
Franks.  Dr.  Walker  had  an  abhorrence 
of  quacks,  and  was  for  ever  cautioning 
the  public  not  to  trust  them,  but  come  at 
once  to  him,  adding,  ' '  there  is  not  such 
another  medicine  in  the  world  as  mine." 

Not  for  himself  but  for  his  country  he  prepares  his 
grallipot,  and  seals  up  his  precious  drops  for  any  country 
or  any  town,  so  great  is  his  zeal  and  philanthropy.— 
Goldsmith  :  A  Citizen  of  the  World,  Ixviii.  (1759). 

(27)  Ward  {Dr.),  a  footman,  famous 
for  his  "friars'  balsam."  He  was  called 
in  to  prescribe  to  George  II.,  and  died 
1761.  Dr.  Ward  had  a  claret  stain  on 
his  left  cheek,  and  in  Hogarth's  famous 
picture,  "The  Undertakers'  Arms,"  the 
cheek  is  marked  gules.  He  occupies  the 
right-hand  side  of  the  spectator,  and 
forms  one  of  the  triumvirate  ;  the  others 
being  Dr.  Taylor  and  Mrs.  Mapp. 

H  Dr.  Kirleus  and  Dr.  Tom  Saffold  are 
also  known  names. 

Quackleben  [Dr.  Quentin),  "the 
man  of  medicine,'  one  of  the  committee 
at  theSpa.— 5?>  W.  Scott:  St.  Ronan's 
H^^//(time,  George  III.). 

S Quadroon.  Zambo  is  the  issue  of  an 
ian  and  a  Negro  ;  Mulatto,  of  a 
Whiteman  and  a  Negress  ;  Terzeron,  of 
a  Whiteman  and  a  Mulatto  woman ; 
Quadroon,  of  a  Terzeron  and  a  White. 

QliSiUit  {Timothy),  servant  of  gover- 
nor Heartall.  Timothy  is  "an  odd  fish, 
that  loves  to  swim  in  troubled  waters." 
He  says,  "I  never  laugh  at  the  governor's 
good  humours,  nor  frown  at  his  infirmities. 
I  always  keep  a  sober,  steady  phiz,  fixed 
as  the  gentleman's  on  horseback  at  Char- 
ing Cross  ;  and,  in  his  worst  of  humours, 
when  all  is  fire  and  faggots  with  him,  if 
I  turn  round  and  coolly  say,  '  Lord,  sir, 
has  anything  ruffled  you?'  he'll  burst 
out  into  an  immoderate  fit  of  laughter, 


QUAKER  POET. 


889 


QUEEN  OF  SONG. 


nnd  exclaim,  '  Curse  that  inflexible  face 
of  thine  1  Though  you  never  suffer  a 
smile  to  mantle  on  it,  it  is  a  figure  of  fun 
to  the  rest  of  the  world.'  " — Cherry  :  The 
'-'  Idler's  Daughter  {iZo^). 

Quaker  Poet  ( The),  Bernard  Barton 
(1784-1849)  ;  and  J.  G.  Whittier,  an 
American  (1808-1892), 

Quale  [Mr.],  a  philanthropist,  noted 
for  his  bald,  shining  forehead.  Mrs. 
Jellyby  hopes  her  daughter  Caddy  will 
become  Quale's  wife. — Dickens  :  Bleak 
House  (1852). 

Quarll  [Philip),  a  sort  of  Robinson 
Crusoe,  who  had  a  chimpanzee  for  his 
"  man  Friday."  The  story  consists  of  the 
adventures  and  sufferings  of  an  English 
hermit  named  Philip  Quarll  {1727). 

Quasimodo,  the  Hunchback  of 
Notre  Dame.  Quasimodo,  the  ringer 
of  Notre  Dame,  hunchbacked,  bowlegged, 
and  one-eyed.  He  was  found,  when  a 
baby,  by  Claude  Frollo,  the  archdeacon 
of  Joas,  on  Quasimodo  Sunday,  Frollo 
adopted  the  miserable,  misshapen  child, 
and  baptized  it  by  the  name  of  Quasimodo. 
One  day  Esmeralda,  the  beautiful  gipsy 
dancing-girl,  crossed  the  hunchback's 
path,  and  he  loved  her  as  she  spoke 
kindly  to  him.  He  saved  her  when  she 
was  about  to  be  executed  for  witchcraft, 
and  hid  her  in  Notre  Dame,  where  she 
lived  till  Claude  Frollo,  who  entertained 
a  base  passion  for  her,  enticed  her  away. 
Sh*e  did  not  return  his  love ;  he  left  her 
to  the  mercy  of  the  people,  and  she  was 
hanged  for  a  witch.  Quasimodo  threw 
Frollo  over  the  battlements  of  Notre 
Dame,  and  disappeared.  Two  years  after, 
the  skeleton  of  his  body  was  found  in  the 
cave  of  Montfau9on,  clasping  the  skeleton 
of  Esmeralda,  and  it  was  inferred  that  he 
crept  into  the  cave  where  the  body  was 
thrown,  and  lay  down  by  her  to  die.  The 
tale  takes  place  about  the  year  1482. — 
Victor  Hugo:  Notre  Dame  de  Paris 
(1831). 

QuAtre  Filz  A3rm.ou  [Les),  the  four 
sons  of  the  duke  of  Dordona  (Dordogne). 
Their  names  are  Rinaldo,  Guicciardo, 
Alardo,  and  Ricciardetto  [i.e.  Renaud, 
Guiscard,  Alard,  and  Richard),  and  their 
adventures  form  the  subject  of  an  old 
French  romance  by  Huon  de  Villeneuve 
(twelfth  century). 

Quaver,  a  singing-master,  who  says, 
•'  If  it  were  not  for  singing-masters,  men 
and  women  might  as  well  have  been  born 


dumb."  He  courts  Lucy  by  promising 
to  give  her  singing  lessons. — Fielding: 
The  Virgin  Unmasked  (about  1740). 

Queen  {The  Starred  Ethiop),  Cassi- 
opea,  wife  of  Cepheus  (2  syl.)  king  of 
Ethiopia.  (See  Cassiopea,  p.  184.) — 
Milton:  II Penseroso,  19  (1638). 

The  White  Queen,  Mary  queen  cf 
Scots,  La  Reine  Blanche;  so  called  by 
the  French,  because  she  dressed  in  white 
as  mourning  for  her  husband. 

Queen  Dick,  Richard  Cromwell 
(1626,  1658-1660,  died  1712). 

It  happened  in  the  reign  of  queen  Dick, 
i.e.  never,  on  the  Greek  kalends.  This 
does  not  refer  to  Richard  Cromwell,  but 
to  queen  "  Outis."  There  never  was  a 
queen  Dick,  except  by  way  of  joke. 

Queen  Mary,  an  historic  drama  by 
lord  Tennyson  (1875).  It  introduces  her 
love  for  Philip  of  Spain,  her  marriage,  and 
her  hopeless  yearning  for  a  son  who 
might  inherit  the  crown  of  Great  Britain 
and  of  Spain. 

(Victor  Hugo  wrote  a  tragedy  called 
Mary  Tudor,  in  1833  ;  Aubrey  de  Vere,  in 
1847  ;  and  Miss  Dickenson,  in  1876.) 

Queen  Sarah,  Sarah  Jennings 
duchess  of  Marlborough  (1660-1744). 

Queen  Anne  only  reig^ned,  while  queen  Sarah 
governed.— 7>»»/»/«  Bar,  208. 

Queen  Square  Hermit  [The), 
Jeremy  Bentham,  i.  Queen  Square, 
London  (1748-1832). 

Queen  Victoria's  Name  is  Alexan- 
drina  Victoria  Guelph.  Prince  Albert's 
name  was  Francis  Augustus  Charles 
Emanuel  Busici.  The  family  name  of 
prince  Albert  was  Wetter ;  if,  therefore, 
the  queen  took  her  husband's  family  name, 
she  would  be  Mrs.  Wetter. 

Queen  of  Hearts,  Elizabeth  Stuart 
daughter  of  James  I.,  the  unfortunate 
queen  of  Bohemia  (1596-1662). 

Queen  of  Heaven,  AstartS  ("the 
moon").  Horace  calls  the  moon  "the 
two-horned  queen  of  the  stars." 

N.B. — Some  speak  of  the  Virgin  Mary 
as  "  the  queen  of  heaven." 

Queen  of  Queens.  Cleopatra  was 
so  called  by  Mark  Antony  (B.C.  69-30). 

Queen  of  Song*,  Angelica  Catala'ni ; 
also  called  "The  Italian  Nightingale'* 
(1782-1849). 

IF  The  Swedish  Nightingale  was  Jenny 
Lind  (Mrs.  Goldschmidt)  (1821-1886). 


QUEEN  OF  SORROW. 

Queen  of  Sorrow  [The  Marble), 
the  mausoleum  built  by  shah  Jehan  to  his 
favourite  wife  Moomtaz-i-Mahul. 

Queen  of  Tears,  Mary  of  Mo'dena, 
second  wife  of  James  II.  of  England 
(1658-X718). 

Her  eyes  became  eternal  fountains  of  sorrow  for  that 
•rrown  her  own  ill  policy  contributed  to  lose. — Noble  : 
Memoirs,  etc.  (1784). 

Queen  of  the  Antilles  [An-teel], 
Cuba. 

Queen  of  tlie  East,  Zenobia  queen 
of  Palmy'ra  (*,  266-273). 

Queen  of  the  Eastern  Archi- 
pelago, the  island  of  Java. 

Queen     of      the      Mississippi 
Valley,  St.  Louis  of  Missouri. 
Queen  of  the  North,  Edinburgh. 
Queen  of  the  Sciences,  theology. 
Queen  of  the  Sea,  ancient  Tyre. 

Queen  of  the  South,  Maqueda  or 
Balkis  queen  of  Sheba  or  Saba. 


The  queen  of  the  south  . .  .  came  from  the  uttermost 
parts  of  the  earth  to  hear  the  wisdom  of  Solomon.— 
AlatL  xii.  42 ;  see  also  i  Kings  x.  i. 

(According  to  tradition,  the  queen  of 
the  south  had  a  son  by  Solomon  named 
Melech,  who  reigned  in  Ethiopia  or 
Abyssinia,  and  added  to  his  name  the 
words  Belul  Gian  ("precious  stone"), 
alluding  to  a  ring  given  to  him  by  Solo- 
mon. Belul  Gian  translated  into  Latin 
hecPime  preiiosus  yoannes,  which  got  cor- 
rupted into  Prester  John  {presbyter  Jo- 
hannes), and  has  given  rise  to  the  fables 
of  this  "mythical  king  of  Ethiopia.") 

Queen  of  the  Swords.  Minna 
Troil  was  so  called,  because  the  gentle- 
men, formed  into  two  lines,  held  their 
swords  so  as  to  form  an  arch  or  roof 
under  which  Minna  led  the  ladies  of  the 
party. — Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Pirate  {time, 
William  III.). 

(In  1877  W.  Q.  Orchardson,  R.A., 
exhibited  a  picture  in  illustration  of  this 
incident. ) 

Queens  {Four  daughters).  Raymond 
Berenger  count  of  Provence  had  four 
daughters,  all  of  whom  married  kings  : 
Margaret  married  Louis  IX.  of  France ; 
Eleanor  married  Henry  III.  of  England  ; 
Sancha  married  Henry's  brother  Richard 
king  of  the  Romans  ;  and  Beatrice  mar- 
ried Charles  I.  of  Naples  and  Sicily. 

Four  daughters  were  there  bom 
To  Raymond  Ber'enger,  and  every  one 
Became  a  (^ueen. 

Dante:  Paradise,  W.  (1311). 


890  QUESTING  BEAST. 

Queerummania,  the  realm  of  Chro- 
nonhotonthologos.  —  Carey  :  Chronon- 
hotonthologos  (1734). 

Quentin  [Black),  groom  of  sir  John 
Ramorny.  — ,5z>  W.  Scott:  Fair  Maid  of 
Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Quentin  Durward,  a  novel  by  sir 

W.  Scott  (1823).     A  story  of  French  his-  I 

tory.     The  delineations  of  Louis  XI.  and  ; 

Charles  the  Bold  of  Burgundy  will  stand  i 

comparison  with  any  in  the  whole  range  1 

of  fiction  or  history  (time,  Louis  XL).  ' 

In  this  novel  are  introduced    Louis    XI.   and  his  i 

Scottish  Guards,  Oliver  le  Dane  and  Tristan  I'Hermite,  ; 

Cardinal  Balue,  De  la  Marck  (the  "  wild  boar  of  Ar-  ; 

dennes "),  Charles  the  Bold,  Philip  des  Comines,  Le 
Glorieux  (the  court  jester},  and  other  well-known 
historic  characters. 

The  tale  is  as  follows  :  Quentin  Dur- 
ward first  sees  the  countess  Isabelle  at  a 
turret-window,  while  taking  breakfast 
with  the  king.  Soon  after  this  he  is  en- 
rolled by  his  uncle  in  the  Scottish  Guards, 
and  saves  the  life  of  the  king  from  the 
attack  of  a  wild  boar.  The  king,  with  a 
small  retinue,  visits  the  duke  of  Burgundy, 
who  charges  him  with  the  murder  of  the 
bishop  of  Li^ge.  Matters  look  ominous, 
but  ultimately  the  duke  and  king  are  re- 
conciled. The  countess  Isabelle  rejects 
the  suit  of  the  duke  of  Orleans,  and 
marries  Quentin  Durward,  whose  wounds 
she  had  dressed  when  he  had  been 
attacked  by  De  la  Marck  and  the  count 
de  Dunois,  and  by  whom  she  had  been 
conducted  to  Li6ge  (1823;  in  English 
history,  time,  Edward  IV.). 

Quern-Biter,  the  sword  of  Haco  I. 
of  Norway. 

Quern-biter  of  Hacon  the  Good 
Wherewith  at  a  stroke  he  hewed 
The  millstone  thro  and  thro". 

Longfellow. 

Quemo  [Camillo)  of  Apulia  was  in- 
troduced to  pope  Leo  X.  as  a  buffoon,  but 
was  promoted  to  the  laurel.  This  laureate 
was  called  the  "Antichrist  of  Wit." 

Rome  in  her  capitol  saw  Quemo  sit. 
Throned  on  seven  hills,  the  antichrist  of  wit. 

Po^e :  The  Dunciad,  ii.  (1728). 

Querpo  [Shrill),  in  Garth's  Dii- 
pensary,  is  meant  for  Dr.  Howe. 

To  this  design  shrill  Querpo  did  agree, 
A  zealous  member  ofthe  faculty. 
His  sire's  pretended  pious  steps  he  treads, 
And  where  the  doctor  failf,  the  saint  succeeds. 
Dispensary,  iv.  (1699). 

Questing  Beast  [The),  a  monster 
called  Glatisaunt,  that  made  a  noise  called 
questing,  "like  thirty  couple  of  hounds 
giving  quest  "  or  cry.  King  Pellinore  (3 
syl.)  followed  the  beast  for  twelve  months 


QUEUBUa 


891 


QUIDNUNC 


(pt.  t.  17),  and  after  his  death  sir  Palo- 
mid&s  gave  it  chase. 

The  questing  beast  had  in  shape  and  head  liVe  a 
serpent's  head,  and  a  body  like  a  hbard,  buttocks  like 
a  lion,  and  footed  like  a  hart ;  and  in  his  body  there 
was  such  a  noise  as  it  had  been  the  noise  of  thirty 
couple  of  hounds  questing,  and  such  a  noise  that 
beast  made  wheresoever  h«  went  ;  and  this  beast 
evermore  sir  Palomides  followed. — .S'tV  T.  Maltry: 
History  »f  Prince  Arthur,  L  17  ;  ii.  53  (1470). 

QueuTjus  ( The  Equinoctial  of),  a  line 
in  the  "unknown  sea,"  passed  by  the 
Vapians  on  the  Greek  kalends  of  the 
Olympiad  era  B.C.  777,  according  to 
the  authority  of  Quinapalus  [q.v.). — 
Shakespeare  :  Twelfth  Night,  act  ii.  sc.  3 
(1614). 

Qniara  and  Mon'nema,  mair  and 
wife ;  the  only  persons  who  escaped  the 
ravages  of  the  small-pox  plague  which 
carried  off  all  the  rest  of  the  Guara'ni 
race,  in  Paraguay.  They  left  the  fatal 
spot,  settled  in  the  Mondai  woods,  had 
one  son  Yeruti  and  one  daughter  Mooma ; 
but  Quiara  was  killed  by  a  jaguar  before 
the  latter  was  born. — Southey  :  A  Tale  of 
Paraguay  (1814).  (See  MoNNEMA,  p. 
720 ;  and  Mooma,  p.  723,) 

Quick  [Abet),  clerk  to  Surplus  the 
lawyer. — Morton:  A  Regular  Fix. 

Quick  {John),  called  "The  Retired 
Diocletian  of  Islington  "  {1748-1831). 

Little  Quick,  the  retired  Diocletian  of  Islington,  with 
kis  squeak  like  a  Bart'lemew  fiddle. — Ch.  Matthews. 

Quicken  Trees  { The  Fairy  Palace 
of  the).  This  is  one  of  a  type  of  story 
very  common  in  Gaelic  romantic  litera- 
ture. One  or  more  of  the  heroes  are 
entrapped  by  some  enchanter  and  held 
under  a  spell  in  castle,  cave,  or  dungeon, 
until,  after  a  series  of  adventures,  they 
are  released  by  the  bravery  or  mother-wit 
of  their  companions.  Erin  had  been 
invaded  by  Colga  king  of  Lechlann 
(Denmark).  Colga  had  been  slain,  and 
his  army  defeated  by  Finn  and  the  Feni. 
The  young  prince  Midac  was  spared,  and 
was  brouglit  up  by  Finn.  Arrived  at 
man's  estate,  he  set  up  a  princely  estab- 
lishment in  Erin,  the  while  meditating 
revenge.  He  secured  the  assistance  of 
his  father's  allies,  as  well  as  the  services 
of  "  the  king  of  the  world  "  (the  Roman 
power) ;  and  when  his  plans  were  ready 
he  invited  Finn  and  his  heroes  to  a  ban- 
quet. The  king  and  most  of  the  chiefs 
accepted,  and  soon  found  themselves 
spell-bound  in  the  Fairy  Palace  of  the 
Quicken  Trees.  Some  few,  however,  were 
absent,  hunting,  amongst  them  Ossian 
the  warrior-bard  and  the  brave  Dermat 


O'Dyna  [q.v.).  On  their  return  from 
the  chase  they  discovered  the  evil  plight 
of  their  friends,  courageously  guarded 
them  while  under  the  charm,  slew  Midac 
and  the  enchanters,  broke  the  spell, 
called  together  the  Feni,  and  a  terrible 
battle  was  fought,  in  which  the  mercen- 
aries were  completely  routed. 

(The  quicken  tree  or  quickbeam  is  the 
mountain  ash  or  rowan  tree;  Gaelic, 
caerthainn.  Many  mystic  virtues  were 
anciently  attributed  to  this  tree. ) 

Quickly  [Mistress),  servant-of-all- 
work  to  Dr.  Caius  a  French  physician. 
She  says,  "I  wash,  wring,  brew,  bake, 
scour,  dress  meat  and  drink,  make  the 
beds,  and  do  all  myself."  She  is  the  go- 
between  of  three  suitors  for  "sweet 
Anne  Page,"  and  with  perfect  disinte- 
restedness wishes  all  three  to  succeed,  and 
does  her  best  to  forward  the  suit  of  all 
three,  "  but  speciously  of  Master  Fenton." 
— Shakespeare  :  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor 
(1601). 

Quickly  [Mistress  Nell),  hostess  of 
a  tavern  in  East-cheap,  frequented  by 
Harry  prince  of  Wales,  sir  John  Falstaff, 
and  all  their  disreputable  crew.  In 
Henry  V.  Mistress  Quickly  is  represented 
as  having  married  Pistol  the  "  lieutenant 
of  captain  sir  John's  army."  All  three  die 
before  the  end  of  the  play.  Her  descrip- 
tion of  sir  John  Falstaff' s  death  [Henry 
V.  act  ii.  sc.  3)  is  very  graphic  and  true 
to  nature.  In  2  Henry  IV.  Mistress 
Quickly  arrests  sir  John  for  debt,  but, 
immediately  she  hears  of  his  commission, 
is  quite  willing  to  dismiss  the  bailiffs, 
and  trust  "  the  honey  sweet  "  old  knight 
again  to  any  amount. — Shakespeare:  1 
and  2  Henry  I V.  and  Henry  V. 

Quid  [Mr. ),  the  tobacconist,  a  relative 
of  Mrs.  Margaret  Bertram. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Guy Mannering [time,  George II.). 

Quid  Rides,  the  motto  of  Jacob 
Brandon,  tobacco-broker,  who  lived  at 
the  close  of  the  eighteenth  century.  U 
was  suggested  by  Harry  Calendon -.cil 
Lloyd's  coffee-house.  k- 

[Quid  Rides  (Latin)  means  "Why  do 
you  laugh?"  Quid  rides,  i.e.  "the 
tobacconist  rides.") 

(yxLidnUTlC  [Abraham),  of  St.  Martin's- 
in-tne-Fields,  an  upholsterer  by  trade, 
but  bankrupt.  His  head  "  runs  only  on 
schemes  for  paying  off  the  National 
Debt,  the  balance  of  power,  the  affairs 


QUIDNUNCS. 

of  Rirope,  and  the  political  news  of  the 
day." 

The  prototype  of  this  town  politician  was  the  father 
of  Dr.  Ame  (see  The  TatUr,  No.  155). 

Harriet  Quidnunc,  his  daughter, 
rescued  by  Belmour  from  the  flames  of  a 
burning  house,  and  adored  by  him. 

John  Quidnunc,  under  the  assumed 
name  of  Rovewell,  having  married  a  rich 
planter's  widow,  returns  to  England,  pays 
his  father's  debts,  and  gfives  his  sister  to 
Mr.  Belmour  for  ^Mq.— Murphy :  The 
Upholsterer  (1758). 

Quidnuncs,  a  name  given  to  the 
ancient  members  of  certain  political  clubs, 
who  were  constantly  inquiring,  "  Quid- 
nunc ?    What  news  ?  " 

This  the  Great  Mother  dearer  held  than  all 
The  clubs  of  Quidnuncs,  or  her  own  Guildhall. 
Pope  :  The  Dunciad,  L  269  (1728). 

Qiiidnunkis,  a  monkey  which 
clipibed  higher  than  its  neighbours,  and 
fell  into  a  river.  For  a  few  moments  the 
monkey  race  stood  panic-struck,  but  the 
stream  flowed  on,  and  in  a  minute  or 
two  the  monkeys  continued  their  gambols 
as  if  nothing  had  happened, — Gay:  The 
Quidnunkis  (a  fable,  1726). 

• .  •  The  object  of  -this  fable  is  to  show 
that  no  one  is  of  sufficient  importance  to 
stop  the  general  current  of  events  or 
cause  a  gap  in  nature.  Even  kings  and 
kaisers  die,  having  climbed,  hke  Quid- 
nunkis, somewhat  higher  than  their  kin, 
but  when  they  fall  into  the  stream  Flat- 
tery scrawls  Hie  jacet  on  a  stone,  but  no 
one  misses  them. 

Qnildrive  (2  syl. ),  clerk  to  old  Phil- 
pot  "the  citizen." — Murphy:  The  Citizen 
<i76i). 

Qnilp  [Daniel),  a  hideous  dwarf, 
cunning,  maUcious,  and  a  perfect  master 
in  tormenting.  Of  hard,  forbidding  fea- 
tures, with  head  and  face  large  enough 
for  a  giant.  His  black  eyes  were  restless, 
sly,  and  cunning ;  his  mouth  and  chin 
bristly  with  a  coarse,  hard  beard  ;  his 
face  never  clean,  but  always  distorted 
with  a  ghastly  grin,  which  showed  the 
few  discoloured  fangs  that  supplied  the 
place  of  teeth.  His  dress  consisted  of  a 
large  high-crowned  hat,  a  worn-out  dark 
suit,  a  pair  of  most  capacious  shoes,  and 
a  huge  crumpled  dirty  white  neck-cloth, 
SucL  hair  as  he  had  was  a  grizzled  black, 
cut  short  but  hanging  about  his  ears  in 
fringes.  His  hands  were  coarse  and 
dirty  ;  his  finger-nails  crooked,  long,  and 
yellow.  He  lived  on  Tower  Hill,  collected 
rents,  advanced  money  to  seamen,  and 


892    QUINTESSENCE  OF  HEAVEN. 

kept  a  sort  of  wharf,  containing  rusty 
anchors,  huge  iron  rings,  piles  of  rotten 
wood,  and  sheets  of  old  copper,  calling 
himself  a  ship-breaker.  He  was  on  the 
point  of  being  arrested  for  felony,  when 
he  was  drowned. 

He  ate  hard  eggrs,  shell  and  all,  for  his  breakfast, 
devoured  gigantic  prawns  with  their  heads  and  tails  on, 
chewed  tobacco  and  water-cresses  at  the  same  time, 
drank  scaldmg  hot  tea  without  winking,  bit  his  fork 
and  spoon  till  they  bent  again,  and  performed  so  many 
horrifymg  acts,  that  one  might  doubt  if  he  were  indeed 
human.— Ch.  v. 

Mrs.  Quilp  (Betsy),  wife  of  the  dwarf, 
a  loving,  young,  timid,  obedient,  and 
pretty  blue-eyed  little  woman,  treated 
like  a  dog  by  her  diabolical  husband, 
whom  she  really  loved  but  more  greatly 
feared.— Dickens :  The  Old  Curiosity 
Shop  (1840). 

Qninap'alus,  the  Mrs.  Harris  of 
"authorities  in  citations."  If  any  one 
quotes  from  an  hypothetical  author,  he 
gives  Quinapalus  as  his  authority. 

What  says  Quinapalus :  "  Better  a  witty  fool  than  a 
foolish  wit.  '—Shakespeare  :  T-welfth  Ni^kt,  act  i.  sc.  ? 
(1614). 

Quinbns  Plestrin  ["/^  man- 
mountain  "].  So  the  Lilliputians  called 
Gulliver  (ch.  W.).— Swift :  Gulliver's 
Travels  ("  Voyage  to  Lilliput,"  1726). 

Quince  [Peter),  a  carpenter,  who 
undertakes  the  management  of  the  play 
called  "  Pyramus  and  Thisbg,"  in  Mid- 
summer Night's  Dream.  He  speaks  of 
"  laughable  tragedy,"  "  lamentable 
comedy,"  "  tragical  mirth,"  and  so  on. — 
Shakespeare  :  Midsummer  Nighfs  Dream 
(1592). 

Quino'nes  [Suero  de),  in  the  reign  of 
Juan  II.  He,  with  nine  other  cavaliers, 
held  the  bridge  of  Orbigo  against  all 
comers  for  thirty-six  days,  and  in  that 
time  they  overthrew  seventy-eight  knights 
of  Spain  and  France. 

Quintano'na,  the  duenna  of  queen 
Gui never  or  Ginebra. — Cervantes:  Don 
Quixote,  II.  ii.  6  (1615). 

Quintessence  [Queen),  sovereign  of 
Ent616chie,  the  country  of  speculative 
science  visited  by  Pantag'ruel  and  his 
companions  in  their  search  for  "  the 
oracle  of  the  Holy  Bottle." — Rabelais: 
Pantag'ruel,  v.  19  (1545). 

Quintessence  of  Heaven.  Be- 
sides the  four  elements  of  earth,  Aristotle 
imagined  a  fifth  element,  out  of  which 
the  stars  and  other  ethereal  bodies  were 
formed.  The  motion  of  this  "  quint- 
essence," he  said,  was  orbicular. 


QUINTIQUINIESTRA. 

.  .  .  this  ethereal  "  quintessence  of  heaven  " 
Flew  upward,  spirited  with  various  forms, 
That  rolled  orbicular,  and  turned  to  stars 
Numberless. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  UL  716,  etc.  (1663). 

Qnin'tiqninies'tra  [Queen],  a  much- 
dreaded,  fighting  giantess.  It  was  one 
of  the  romances  in  don  Quixote's  hbrary 
condemned  by  the  priest  and  barber  of 
the  village  to  be  burnt. — Cervantes  :  Don 
Quixote,  I.  (1605). 

Quintns  Pixlein  \Fix-line\  the  title 
and  chief  character  of  a  romance  by  Jean 
Paul  Friedrich  Richter  (1796). 

Fnmda,  like  Quintus  Fixlein,  had  perennial  fireproof 
joys,  namely,  employments.— Car/y/r. 

Qniri'ntis,  Mars. 

Now,  by  our  sire  Quirlnus, 

It  was  a  goodly  sight 
To  see  the  thirty  standards 
Swept  down  the  tide  of  flight. 
Uacaulay  ;  Lays  0/ Ancient  Rome  ("  Battle  of  the 
Lake  Regillus,"  xxxvi.,  1842). 

Quitam  [Mr.],  the  lawyer  at  the 
Black  Bear  inn  at  Darlington. — Sir  IV. 
Scott:  Rob  Roy  (time,  George  I.). 

(The  first  two  words  in  an  action  on 
a  penal  statute  are  Qui  tarn.  Thus,  Qui 
tarn  pro  domina  regina,  quam  pro  seipso, 
sequitur. ) 

Qtlixa'da  [Gutierre),  lord  of  Villa- 
garcia.  Don  Quixote  calls  himself  a 
descendant  of  this  brave  knight. — Cer- 
vantes: Don  Quixote,  I.  (1605). 

Quiz'ote  [Don],  a  gaunt  country 
gentleman  of  La  Mancha,  about  50  years 
of  age,  gentle  and  dignified,  learned  and 
high-minded ;  with  strong  imagination 
perverted  by  romance  and  crazed  with 
ideas  of  chivalry.  He  is  the  hero  of  a 
Spanish  romance  by  Cervantes.  Don 
Qui.xote  feels  himself  called  on  to  become 
a  knight-errant,  to  defend  the  oppressed 
and  succour  the  injured.  He  engages  for 
his  'squire  Sancho  Panza,  a  middle-aged, 
ignorant  rustic,  selfish  but  full  of  good 
sense,  a  gourmand  but  attached  to  his 
master,  shrewd  but  credulous.  The 
knight  goes  forth  on  his  adventures, 
thinks  wind-mills  to  be  giants,  Jlocks  of 
sheep  to  be  armies,  inns  to  be  castles,  and 
galley-slaves  oppressed  gentlemen ;  but 
the  'squire  sees  them  in  their  true  light. 
Ultimately,  the  knight  is  restored  to  his 
right  mind,  and  dies  like  a  peaceful 
Christian.  The  object  of  this  romance 
was  to  laugh  down  the  romances  of 
chivalry  of  the  Middle  Ages. 

(Quixote  means  "  armour  for  the 
thighs,"  but  Quixada  means  "lantern 
jaws."  Don  Quixote's  favourite  author 
was  Feliciano  de  Sylva ;  his  model  knight 


893  R. 

was  Am'adis  de  Gaul.  The  romance  is 
in  two  parts,  of  four  books  each.  Pt.  I. 
was  published  in  1605,  and  pt.  11.  in 
1615.) 

(The  prototype  of  the  knight  was  the 
duke  of  Lerma, ) 

Don  Quixote  is  a  tall,  meagre,  lantern-Jawed,  hawk- 
nosed,  long-limbed,  grizzle-haired  mnn,  with  a  pair  of 
large  black  whiskers,  and  he  styles  himself  "  The 
Knight  of  the  Woeful  Countenance.  —C^rwiw^M  .•  Don 
Quixote,  11.  i.  I4(i6is). 

Don  Quixote's  Horse,  Rosinantd  (4  syl.), 
all  skin  and  bone. 

The  Female  Quixote  or  Adventures  of 
Arabella,  a  novel  by  Mrs.  Lennox  (1752). 

The  Quixote  of  the  North,  Charles  XI L 
of  Sweden  ;  sometimes  called  "  The 
Madman  "  (1682,  1697-1718). 

Quodliug  ( The  Rev.  Mr.),  chaplain  to 
the  duke  of  Buckingham. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  H.). 

"  Why,"  said  the  duke, "  I  had  caused  my  little  Quod- 
ling  to  go  through  his  oration  thus :  '  Vvhatever  evil 
reports  had  passed  current  during  the  lifetime  of  the 
worthy  matron  whom  they  had  restored  to  dust  that 
day,  even  Malice  herself  could  not  deny  that  she  was 
born  well,  married  well,  lived  well,  and  died  well ; 
since  she  was  born  at  Shad-well,  married  to  Cresswell, 
lived  in  Camberwell,  and  died  m  Bridewell.' " — Peveril 
o/the  Peak,  xliv.  (1823). 

(Some  give  Clcrkenwell  instead  of 
"  Camberwell.") 

Quos  IlgfO — ,  a  threat  intended  but 
withheld  ;  a  sentence  broken  off.  E61us, 
angry  with  the  winds  and  storms  which 
had  thrown  the  sea  into  commotion  with- 
out his  sanction,  was  going  to  say  he 
would  punish  them  severely  for  this  act 
of  insubordination  ;    but  having  uttered 

the  first  two  words,  "  Whom  I ,"  he 

says  no  more,  but  proceeds  to  the  busi- 
ness in  hand. —  Virgil :  ^neid,  i. 

"  Next  Monday,"  said  he,  "  you  will  be  a '  substance, 

and  then ;  "  with  which  quos  ego  he  went  to  the 

next  hoy.— Dasent :  Haifa  Life  (1850). 

Qtio'tem  (Caleb),  a  parish  clerk  or 
Jack-of-all-trades. — Colman  :  The  Review 
or  The  Wags  of  Windsor  (1798). 

I  resolved,  like  Caleb  Quotem,  to  have  a  place  at  tha 
tevievr.—IVasAin^ton  Irving. 


R.    Neither  Demosthgnfis  nor  Aristotle 
could  pronounce  the  letter  r. 

It  [rogues'],  vagabonds,  etc.,  who  were 
branded  on  the  left  shoulder  with   this 

letter. 


RAB  AND  HIS  FRIENDS. 

They  .  .  .  may  be  bumed  with  a  hot  burning  iron 
of  the  breadth  of  a  shilling,  with  a  great  Roman  R  on 
the  left  shoulder,  which  letter  shall  remain  as  the  marlc 
of  a  Togus.—Prynne  :  Histrio-mastix  or  Tht  Players' 
Scourge. 

If  I  escape  the  halter  with  the  letter  R 
Printed  upon  it. 
Massing^er:  A  New  Way  tc  Pay  Old  Debts,  Iv.  2  (1625). 

Kab  and  his  Friends.    Rab  is  a 

dog  fond  of  his  master  and  mistress,  and 
most  faithful  to  them.  The  story  is  con- 
tained in  Dr.  John  Brown's  Horcz  Sub- 
secivcE  (1858-60). 

Ra'b'agfas,  an  advocate  and  editor  of 
a  journal  called  the  Carmagnole.  At  the 
same  office  was  published  another  radical 
paper,  called  the  Crapaud  Volant.  Rab- 
agas  lived  in  the  kingdom  of  Monaco, 
and  was  a  demagogue  leader  of  the 
deepest  red  ;  but  was  won  over  to  the 
king's  party  by  the  tact  of  an  American 
lady,  who  got  him  an  invitation  to  dine 
at  the  palace,  and  made  him  chief  minis- 
ter of  state.  From  this  moment  he  be- 
came the  most  strenuous  opponent  of  the 
"  liberal  "  party.  —  Sardou  :  Rabagas 
{1872). 

Rabbi  Abron  of  Trent,  a  fictitious 
sage  and  most  wonderful  linguist.  "  He 
knew  the  nature  of  all  manner  of  herbs, 
beasts,  and  minerals." — Reynard  the  Fox, 
xii,  (1498). 

Rabbits.  Those  rabbits  have  more 
nature  in  them  than  you  commonly  find 
in  rabbits ;  i.e.  my  production  is  better 
than  the  production  of  other  men.  This 
was  said  by  a  conceited  artist. — Foster: 
Life  of  Dickens,  ii.  367. 

Rabelais  ( The  English).  Dean  Swift 
was  so  called  by  Voltaire  (1667-1745). 

Sterne  (1713-1768)  and  Thomas  Amory 
(1699-1788)  have  also  been  so  called. 

The  Modern  Rabelais,  William  Ma- 
ginn  (1794-1842). 

Rabelais  of  Crermany,  J.  Fischart, 
called  "  Mentzer"  (1550-1614). 

Rabelais's  Poison.  Rabelais,  being 
at  a  great  distance  from  Paris,  and  with- 
out money  to  pay  his  hotel  bill  or  his 
fare,  made  up  three  small  packets  of 
brick-dust.  One  he  labelled  "  Poison 
for  the  king,"  another  "  Poison  for  mon- 
sieur," and  the  third  "  Poison  for  the 
dauphin."  The  landlord  instantly  in- 
formed against  this  "poisoner,"  and  the 
secretary  of  state  removed  him  at  once  to 
Paris.  When,  however,  the  joke  was 
found  out,  it  ended  only  in  a  laugh, — 
Spectator  1^''  Art  of  Growing  Rich  "). 


894 


RACINE  OF  ITALY. 


(Baker  fathers  this  trick  on  Tarleton, 
the  famous  clown. — Biographia  Drama- 
tica,  article  "  Tarleton.  ) 

Rab'ican  or  Rabica'no,  the  horse 

of  Astolpho.  Its  sire  was  Wind  and  its 
dam  Fire.  It  fed  on  human  food.  The 
word  means  "short  tail." — Ariosto:  Or- 
lando Furioso  (1516). 

(Argalia's  horse  is  called  by  the  same 
name  in  Orlando  Innamorato,  1495.) 

Rabisson,  a  vagabond  tinker  and 
knife-grinder.  He  was  the  only  person 
who  knew  about  "  the  gold-mine  "  left  to 
the  "  miller  of  Grenoble."  Rabisson  was 
murdered  for  his  secret  by  Eusebe  Noel 
the  schoolmaster  of  Bout  des  Monde.— 
Stirling:  The  Gold- Mine  or  Miller  of 
Grenoble  (1854). 

Rab'sheka  (in  the  Bible  Rab- 
EHAKEH),  in  the  satire  of  Absalom  and 
Achitophel,  by  Dryden  and  Tate,  is  meant 
for  sir  Thomas  Player  (2  Kings  xviii. ). 

Next  him  let  railing  Rabsheka  have  place- 
So  full  of  zeal,  he  has  no  need  of  grace. 

Pt.  ii.  297,  298  (1682). 

Raby  {Aurora),  a  rich  young  English 
orphan,  catholic  in  religion,  of  virgin 
modesty,  "a  rose  with  all  its  sweetest 
leaves  yet  folded."  Sh3  was  staying  in 
the  house  of  lord  and  lady  Amundeville 
during  the  parliamentary  vacation.  Here 
don  Juan,  "as  Russian  envoy,"  was  also 
a  guest,  with  several  others.  Aurora 
Raby  is  introduced  in  canto  xv.,  and 
crops  up  here  and  there  in  the  two  re- 
maining cantos ;  but,  as  the  tale  was 
never  finished,  it  is  not  possible  to  divine 
what  part  the  beautiful  and  innocent  girl 
was  designed  by  the  poet  to  play.  Pro- 
bably don  Juan,  having  sown  his  "wild 
oats,"  might  become  a  not  unfit  match 
for  the  beautiful  orphan. — Byron:  Don 
Juan  (1824). 

Raby  ( The  Rose  of).    (See  Rose.  ) 

Racbael,  a  servant-girl  at  lady 
Peveril's  of  the  Peak.— 5z>  W.  Scott: 
Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time.  Charles  II.), 

Rachel  (2  jry/.),  one  of  the  "hands" 
in  Bounderby's  mill  at  Coketown.  She 
loved  Stephen  Blackpool,  and  was  greatly 
beloved  by  him  in  return ;  but  Stephen 
was  married  to  a  worthless  drunkard. 
After  the  death  of  Stephen,  Rachel 
watched  over  the  good-for-nothing  young 
widow,  and  befriended  her. — Dickens: 
Hard  Times  (1854), 

Racine  of  Italy  {The),  Metastasio 
(1698-1782). 


RACINE  OF  MUSIC. 

Racine  of  Music  [The],  Antonio 
Gaspare  Sacchini  of  Naples  (1735-1786). 

Racine's  Monkey,  J.  E.  de  Cam- 

pestron,  called  Le  Singe  de  Racine. 

Racket  [Sir  Charles),  a  young  man 
of  fashion,  who  has  married  the  daughter 
of  a  wealthy  London  merchant.  In  the 
third  week  of  the  honeymoon,  sir  Charles 
paid  his  father-in-law  a  visit,  and  quar- 
relled with  his  bride  about  a  game  of 
whist.  The  lady  affirmed  that  sir  Charles 
ought  to  have  played  a  diamond  instead 
of  a  club.  Sir  Charles  grew  furious,  and 
resolved  upon  a  divorce  ;  but  the  quarrel 
was  adjusted,  and  sir  Charles  ends  by 
saying,  "You  may  be  as  wrong  as  you 
please,  but  I'll  be  ciirsed  if  I  ever  endea- 
vour to  set  you  right  again." 

Lady  Racket,  wife  of  sir  Charles,  and 
elder  daughter  of  Mr.  T>rngg&i.— Mur- 
phy:  Three  Weeks  after  Marriage  {1776). 

Racket  (PF/i/tnr),  a  sprightly,  good- 
natured  widow  and  woman  of  fashion. 

A  coquette,  a  wit,  and  a  fine  lady.— JJ/rj.  CowUy  : 
The  Belle's  Stratagem,  ii.  i  (1780). 

The  "  Widow  Racket "  was  one  of  Mrs.  Pope  s  best 
parts.  Her  usual  manner  of  expressine  piquant  care- 
lessness consisted  iu  tossing  her  head  from  right  to 
left,  and  striking  the  pahn  of  one  hand  with  the  back 
of  the  other  [1740-1797].— ya»»^.f  Smith. 

Rackrent  {Sir  Condy),  in  Miss  Edge- 
worth's  novel  of  Castle  Rackrent  (1802). 

Raddle  {Mrs.),  keeper  of  the  lodgings 
occupied  by  Bob  Sawyer.  The  young 
medical  practitioner  invited  Mr.  Pickwick 
and  his  three  friends  to  a  convivial  meet- 
ing ;  but  the  termagant  Mrs.  Raddle 
brought  the  meeting  to  an  untimely  end. 
—Dickens  :  The  Pickwick  Papers  {1836). 

Rad'egonde  {St.)  or  St.  Radegund, 
queen  of  France  (born  519,  died  587).  She 
was  the  daughter  of  Bertaire  king  of 
Thuringia,  and  brought  up  a  pagan. 
King  Clotaire  I.  taught  her  the  Christian 
religion,  and  married  her  in  538  ;  but  six 
years  later  she  entered  a  nunnery,  and 
lived  in  the  greatest  austerity. 

There  thou  must  walk  In  greatest  gravity. 
And  seem  as  saintlike  as  St.  Radegund. 

Spenser  :  Mother  IIubbercTs  Tale  (1591). 

Radignmd  or  Radegone,  the  proud 
queen  of  the  Amazons.  Being  rejected 
by  Bellodant  "  the  Bold,"  she  revenged 
herself  by  degrading  every  man  who  fell 
into  her  power,  by  dressing  them  like 
women,  giving  them  women's  work  to 
do,  such  as  spinning,  carding,  sewing, 
etc.,  and  feeding  them  on  bread  and 
water    to   effeminate    them    (canto    4). 


895 


RAINE. 


WliCn  she  overthrew  sir  Artegal  in  single 
combat,  she  imposed  on  him  the  condition 
of  dressing  in  "woman's  weeds,"  with  a 
white  apron,  and  to  spend  his  time  in 
spinning  flax,  instead  of  in  deeds  of  arms. 
Radigund  fell  in  love  with  the  captive 
knight,  and  sent  Clarinda  as  a  go-between ; 
but  Clarinda  tried  to  win  him  for  herself, 
and  told  the  queen  he  was  inexorable 
(canto  5).  At  length  Britomart  arrived, 
cut  off  Radigund's  head,  and  liberated 
the  captive  knight  (canto  7). — Spenser: 
Faerie  Queene,  v.  4-7  (1596). 

Ragf  and  Pamish  ( The),  the  Army 
and  Navy  Club ;  so  christened  by  capt. 
William  Duff,  23rd  Fusihers. 

Coming  In  to  supper  late  one  night,  the  refreshment 
obtainable  appeared  so  meagre  that  he  nicknamed 
the  club  the  "Rag  and  Famish."— .Ra^A  NerviU : 
Piccadilly  to  Pall  Mall,  p.  235. 

Ragged  Regiment  ( The),  the  wan 
figures  in  Westminster  Abbey,  in  a  gal- 
lery over  Islip's  Chapel. 

Ragnarok,  the  last  days  of  the 
world,    or  the   twiHght  of   the   gods, — 

Scandinavian  Mythology. 

Railway  King  {The),  George  Hud- 
son of  Yorkshire,  chairman  of  the  North 
Midland  Company.  In  one  day  he 
cleared  by  speculation  _;|/^ioo,ooo.  It  was 
the  Rev.  Sydney  Smith  who  gave  Hudson 
the  title  of  "  Railway  King"  (1800-1S71). 

Rain.  In  India  the  rain-god  is 
imagined  to  pour  down  showers  from  a 
sieve.  The  Mandan  Indian  used  to  call 
down  rain  by  a  rattle. 

The  Peruvians  suppose  there  is  a 
celestial  princess  who  holds  a  rain-vase, 
and  that  thunder  is  the  noise  made  by  her 
brother  striking  the  vase. 

The  Polynesians  suppose  that  rain 
comes  from  the  angry  stars  stoning  the  sun. 

The  Burmese  say  they  can  pull  down 
the  rain  by  tugging  a  rope. 

In  New  Caledonia  there  is  a  regular 
college  of  rain-priests  ;  and  in  Moffat's 
time,  the  rain-makers  of  South  Africa  were 
held  in  higher  honour  than  the  kings. 

In  Alaska  the  storm-spirit  is  pro- 
pitiated by  offerings  of  tobacco. 

Weather-witches  were  at  one  time  sup- 
posed to  reside  in  Norway  and  other 
countries.  And  at  one  time  the  Fin- 
landers  drove  a  profitable  trade  by  selling 
wind.     (See  MoNT  St.  Michel,  p.  720.) 

Raine  {Old  Roger),  the  tapster,  near 
the  abode  of  sir  Geoffrey  Peveril. 

Daine Raine,  old  Roger's  widow;  after- 
wards   Dame    Chamberlain.  —  Sir    W* 


RAINY-DAY  SMITH. 

Scott:  Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles 
II.). 

Rainy-Day  Smith,  John  Thomas 
Smith,  the  antiquary  (1766-1833). 

Raj  all  of  Mattan  (Borneo)  has  a 
diamond  which  weighs  367  carats.  The 
largest  cut  diamond  in  the  world.  It  is 
considered  to  be  a  palladium.  (See 
Diamonds,  p.  277.) 

Rake  {Lord),  a  nobleman  of  the  old 
school,  fond  of  debauch,  street  rows, 
knocking  down  Charhes,  and  seeing  his 
guests  drunk.  His  chief  boon  com- 
panions are  sir  John  Brute  and  colonel 
BnWy.  —  Vanbrugh:  The  Provoked  Wife 
(1697). 

Rakeland  (Lord),  a  libertine,  who 
makes  love  to  married  women,  but  takes 
care  to  keep  himself  free  from  the  bonds 
of  matrimony.  —  Mrs.  Inchbald:  The 
Wedding  Day  (1790). 

Rak'she  (2  syl.),  a  monster,  which 
hved  on  serpents  and  dragons,  (See 
OURANABAD,  p.  790.) 

Raleigh  [Sir  Walter),  introduced  by 
sir  W.  Scott  in  Kenilworth.  The  tradition 
of  sir  Walter  laying  down  his  cloak  on  a 
miry  spot  for  the  queen  to  step  on,  and 
the  queen  commanding  him  to  wear  the 
*•  muddy  cloak  till  her  pleasure  should 
be  fiu-ther  known,"  is  mentioned  in 
ch.  XV.  (1821). 

IT  The  following  is  a  parallel  instance 
of  instinctive  politeness  : — 

A  lady  on  her  way  to  risit  a  sick  man,  came  to  a 
puddle.  A  little  boy,  who  saw  tlie  difficulty  she  was 
in,  stepped  into  the  mud,  and,  throwing^  off  his  wooden 
shoes.  Jumped  over  the  plash.  The  lady  cried  out, 
"  Little  boy,  you  have  left  your  shoes  behind  you." 
"  Yes,  ma'am,  he  replied  ;  "  they  are  for  you  to  wallc 
on." — Tem^U  Bar,  cxxxiii.  ("  Politeness,"  a  true 
itory). 

Raleigfh  {Sir  Walter).  Jealous  of 
the  earl  of  Essex,  he  plots  with  lord 
Burleigh  to  compass  his  death. — H, 
Jones:  The  Earl  of  Essex  (1745). 

RALPH,  abbot  of  St.  Augustine's, 
expended  ;,^43,ooo  on  the  repast  given  at 
his  installation. 

IT  It  was  no  unusual  thing  for  powerful 
barons  to  provide  30,000  dishes  at  a 
wedding  breakfast.  The  coronation  din- 
ner of  Edward  III.  cost  _^40,ooo,  equal  to 
half  a  million  of  money  now.  The  duke 
of  Clarence  at  his  marriage  entertained 
xooo  guests,  and  furnished  his  table  with 
36,  courses.  Archbishop  Neville  had 
1000  egrettes  served  at  one  banquet,  and 
the  whole  species  seems  to  have  been 
extirpated. 


896  RALPH. 

IT  After  this  it  will  be  by  no  means  diffi- 
cult to  understand  why  Apicius  despaired 
of  beiQg  able  to  make  two  ends  meet, 
when  he  had  reduced  his  enormous  for- 
tune to  ;^8o,ooo,  and  therefore  hanged 
himself. 

N.  B. — After  the  winter  of  1327  was  over, 
the  elder  Spencer  had  left  of  the  stores 
laid  in  by  him  the  preceding  November 
and  salted  down,  "80  salted  beeves,  500 
bacons,  and  600  muttons." 

Ralph,  son  of  Fairfield  the  miller. 
An  outlandish,  ignorant  booby,  jealous  of 
his  sister  Patty,  because  she  "  could  paint 
picturs  and  strum  on  the  harpsicols."  He 
was  in  love  with  Fanny  the  gipsy,  for 
which  "  feyther  "  was  angry  with  him ; 
but  "what  argufies  feyther's  anger?" 
However,  he  treated  Fanny  like  a  brute, 
and  she  said  of  him,  "  He  has  a  heart  as 
hard  as  a  parish  officer.  I  don't  doubt 
but  he  would  stand  by  and  see  me 
whipped."  When  his  sister  married  lord 
Aimworth,  Ralph  said — 

Captain  Ralph  my  lord  will  dub  me. 

Soon  111  mount  a  huge  cockade  ; 
Mounseer  shall  powder,  queue,  and  club  me,— 

'Gad  1  I'll  be  a  roaring  blade. 
If  Fan  should  offer  then  to  snub  m«. 

When  in  scarlet  I'm  arrayed  ; 
Or  my  feyther  'temp  to  drub  me— 

Let  him  frown,  but  who's  afraid! 

BicUrstaff:  The  Maid  q/tke  Mill  (1647). 

Ralph,  or  Ralpho,  the  'squire  of 
Hudibras. — Fully  described  in  bk  i.  457- 
644. — S.  Butler:  Hudibras  {166^-7^). 

(The  prototype  of  "  Ralph  "  was  Isaac 
Robinson,  a  zealous  butcher  in  Moorfields. 
Ralph  represents  the  independent  party, 
and  Hudibras  the  presbyterian. ) 

*.*  In  regard  to  the  pronunciation  of 
this  name,  which  in  1878  was  the  subject 
of  a  long  controversy  in  Notes  and 
Queries,  Butler  says — 

a  squire  he  had  whose  name  was  Ralph. 
That  in  th'  adventure  went  his  half;  .  ,  . 
And  when  we  can,  with  metre  safe. 
We'll  call  him  Ralpho,  or  plain  Ra'ph. 

Bk.  L  4S& 

Ralph  {Rough),  the  helper  of  Lance 
Outram  park-keeper  at  sir  Geoffrey 
Peveril's  of  the  Peak.— 6'/r  W.  Scott: 
Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Ralph  {James),  an  American  who 
came  to  London  and  published  a  poem 
entitled  Night  (1725). 

Silence,  ye  wolves  1  while  Ralph  to  Cynthia  howls. 
Making  night  hideous  ;  answer  him,  ye  owls. 

Po^e  :  The  Dunciad,  iii.  165  I1738). 

Ralph  [de  Lascours],  captain  of 
the  Uran'ia,  husband  of  Louise  de  Las- 
cours. Ralph  is  the  father  of  Diana  and 
Martha   alien    Orgari'ta.      (See    tinder 


RALPH  ROISTER  DOISTER. 


897 


RANDOLPH. 


Martha,  p.  6^o.)— Stirling :  Orphan  of 
the  Frozen  Sea  (1856). 

Ralph     Roister     Doister,     by 

Nicholas  Udall,  the  first  English  comedy, 
about  1534.  It  contains  nine  male  and 
four  female  characters.  Ralph  is  a  vain, 
thoughtless,  blustering  fellow,  who  is  in 
pursuit  of  a  rich  widow  named  Custance, 
but  he  is  baffled  in  his  intention. 

Ram  Alley,  in  Fleet  Street,  London, 
Now  called  Hare  Place.  It  was  part  of 
the  Sanctuary. 

Ramble  {Sir  Roberf),  a  man  of 
gallantry,  who  treats  his  wife  with  such 
supreme  indifference  that  she  returns  to 
her  guardian,  lord  Norland,  and  resumes 
her  maiden  name  of  Maria  Wooburn. 
Subsequently,  however,  she  returns  to 
her  husband. 

Mrs.  Ramble,  wife  of  sir  Robert,  and 
ward  of  lord  Norland. — Mrs.  Inchbald: 
Every  One  has  His  Fault  {1794). 

Ram,bler  {The),  a  periodical  pub- 
lished twice  a  week  by  Dr.  Johnson 
(1750-52). 

Ram.'iel  {3  syl.),  one  of  the  "atheist 
crew  "  o'erthrown  by  Ab'diel.  (The  word 
means,  according  to  Hume,  "  one  who 
exalts  himself  against  God.") — Milton: 
Paradise  Lost,  vi.  371  (1665). 

Ram.inagfo'bris.  Lafontaine,  in  his 
fables,  gives  this  name  to  a  cat.  Rabe- 
lais, in  his  Panta^ruel,  iii.  21,  satirizes 
under  the  same  name  Guillaume  Cr6tin, 
a  poet. 

Rami'rez,  a  Spanish  monk,  and 
father  confessor  to  don  Juan  duke  of  Bra- 
ganza.  He  promised  Velasquez,  that  when 
he  absolved  the  duke  at  bed-time,  he  would 
give  him  a  poisoned  wafer  prepared  by 
the  Carmelite  Castruccio.  This  he  was 
about  to  do,  when  he  was  interrupted, 
and  the  breaking  out  of  the  rebellion 
saved  the  duke  from  any  similar  attempt. 
— JeJ>hson  :  Braganza  (1775). 

Ram.i'i*0  {King)  married  Aldonza, 
who,  being  faithless,  eloped  with  Alboa- 
zar  the  Moorish  king  of  Gaya.  Ra- 
miro  came  disguised  as  a  traveller  to 
Alboazar's  castle,  and  asked  a  damsel  for 
a  draught  of  water,  and  when  he  lifted 
the  pitcher  to  his  mouth,  he  dropped  in 
it  his  betrothal  ring,  which  Aldonza  saw 
and  recognized.  She  told  the  damsel  to 
bring  the  stranger  to  her  apartment. 
Scarce  had  he  arrived  there  when  the 
Moorish  king  entered,  and  Ramiro  hid 


himself  in  an  alcove.  ' '  What  would  you 
do  to  Ramiro,"  asked  Aldonza,  "if  he 
were  in  your  power ? "  "I  would  hew 
him  limb  from  hmb,"  said  the  Moor. 
"  Then  lo  !  Alboazar,  he  is  now  skulking 
in  that  alcove."  Ramiro  was  now 
dragged  forth,  and  the  Moor  said,  "  How 
would  you  act  if  our  lots  were  reverse^  ?  " 
Ramiro  replied,  "  I  would  feast  you  well, 
and  send  for  my  chief  princes  and 
counsellors,  and  set  you  before  them, 
and  bid  you  blow  your  horn  till  you  died." 
"  Then  be  it  so,"  said  the  Moor.  But 
when  Ramiro  blew  his  horn,  his  "  merry 
men "  rushed  into  the  castle,  and  the 
Moorish  king,  with  Aldonza  and  all  their 
children,  princes,  and  counsellors,  were 
put  to  the  sword. — Southey :  Ramiro  (a 
ballad  from  the  Portuguese,  1804). 

Ramomy  {Sir  John),  a  voluptuary, 
master  of  the  horse  to  prince  Robert  of 
Scotland.— 5?>  W.  Scott:  Fair  Maid  oj 
Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Ramsay  {David),  the  old  watch- 
maker near  Temple  Bar. 

Margaret  Ramsay,  David's  daughter. 
She  marries  lord  Nigel. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Ram.sbottom  {Mrs.),  a  vile  speller 
of  the  language.  Theodore  Hook's  pseu 
donym  in  the  John  Bull  newspaper  (1829). 

(Winifred  Jenkins,  the  maid  of  Miss 
Tabitha  Bramble  (in  Smollett's  Humphrey 
Clinker,  1770),  rivals  Mrs.  Ramsbottom 
in  bad  spelling. ) 

Randal,  the  boatman  at  Lochleven 
Castle.— 5i>  W.  Scott:  The  Abbot  (time» 
Elizabeth). 

Randolph  {Lord),  a  Scotch  noble- 
man, whose  life  was  saved  by  young  Nor- 
val.  For  this  service  his  lordship  gave 
the  youth  a  commission ;  but  Glenalvon 
the  heir-presumptive  hated  the  new  fa- 
vourite, and  persuaded  lord  Randolph 
that  Norval  was  too  familiar  with  his  lady. 
Accordingly,  Glenalvon  and  lord  Ran- 
dolph waylaid  the  lad,  who  being  attacked 
slew  Glenalvon  in  self-defence,  but  was 
himself  slain  by  lord  Randolph.  When 
the  lad  was  killed,  lord  Randolph  learned 
that  "Norval"  was  the  son  of  lady 
Randolph  by  lord  Douglas  her  former 
husband.  He  was  greatly  vexed,  and 
went  to  the  war  then  raging  between 
Scotland  and  Denmark,  to  drown  his 
sorrow  by  activity  and  danger. 

Lady  Randolph,  daughter  of  sir  Mal- 
colm, was  privately  married  to  lord 
2  G 


RANDOM. 

Douglas,  and  when  lier  first  boy  was 
born  she  hid  him  in  a  basket,  because 
there  was  a  family  feud  between  Malcolm 
and  Douglas.  Soon  after  this,  Douglas 
was  slain  in  battle,  and  the  widow 
married  lord  Randolph.  The  babe  was 
found  by  old  Nerval  a  shepherd,  who 
brought  him  up  as  his  own  son.  When 
i8  years  old,  the  lad  saved  the  life  of 
lord  Randolph,  and  was  given  a  commis- 
sion in  the  army.  Lady  Randolph, 
hearing  of  the  incident,  discovered  that 
young  Norval  was  her  own  son  Douglas. 
When  lord  Randolph,  who  had  slain 
Norval,  went  to  the  wars  to  drive  away 
care,  lady  Randolph,  in  her  distraction, 
cast  herself  headlong  from  a  steep 
precipice. — Home:  Douglas  (1757). 

The  voice  of  Mrs.  Crawford  [i 734-1801],  when  thrown 
out  by  the  vehemeuce  of  strong  feeling,  seemed  to 
wither  up  the  hearer ;  it  was  a  flaming  arrow,  a 
lighting  of  passion.  Such  was  the  effect  of  her  almost 
shriek  to  old  Norval,  "  Was  he  alive  ?  "  It  was  like  an 
electric  shock,  which  drove  the  blood  back  to  the 
heart,  and  produced  a  shudder  of  terror  through  the 
crowded  theatre.— .Scaa^^M  ;  Li/c  0/ KtmbU. 

Kandom,  a  man  of  fortune  with  a 
scapegrace  son.  He  is  pale  and  puffy, 
with  gout  and  a  tearing  cough.  Random 
goes  to  France  to  recruit  his  health,  and 
on  his  return  to  England  gets  arrested 
for  debt  in  mistake  for  his  son.  He 
raves  and  rages,  threatens  and  vows  ven- 
geance, but  finds  his  son  on  the  point  of 
marrying  a  daughter  of  sir  David  Dunder 
of  Dunder  Hall,  and  forgets  his  evils  in 
contemplation  of  this  most  desirable 
alliance. — Colman  :  Ways  and  Means 
(1788). 

Random  {Roderick),  a  young  Scotch 
scapegrace  in  quest  of  fortune.  At  one 
time  he  revels  in  prosperity,  at  another 
he  is  in  utter  destitution.  Roderick  is 
led  into  different  countries  (whose  pecu- 
liarities are  described),  and  falls  into  the 
society  of  wits,  sharpers,  courtiers,  and 
harlots.  Occasionally  lavish,  he  is  essen- 
tially mean  ;  with  a  dash  of  humour,  he 
is  contemptibly  revengeful ;  and,  though 
generous-minded  when  the  whim  jumps 
with  his  wishes,  he  is  thoroughly  selfish. 
His  treatment  of  Strap  is  revolting  to 
a  generous  mind.  Strap  lends  him 
money  in  his  necessity,  but  the  heartless 
Roderick  wastes  the  loan,  treats  Strap 
as  a  mere  servant,  fleeces  him  at  dice, 
and  3uffs  him  when  the  game  is  adverse. 
-^Smollett :  Roderick  Random  (1748). 

Rangier,  the  madcap  cousin  of 
Clarinda,  and  the  leading  character  in 
Hoadly's  Suspcious  Husbajid  (1747). 


98  RAPHAEL. 

Ran'tipole  (3  syl),  or  Ratipole,  a 

madcap.  One  of  the  nicknames  gi>fen  to 
Napoleon  III.  (See  Napoleon  HI.,  p. 
744-) 

Dick,  be  a  little  rantipolish. 

Cohnan  :  Heir-at-LuTv,  L  a  (1797). 

Raoul  [Rawl],  the  old  huntsman  of 
sir  Raymond  Berenger.— .S/r  W.  Scott: 
The  Betrothed  (time,  Henry  H.). 

Raoul  di  Nangis  [Sir),  the  hugue- 
not in  love  with  Valentina  (daughter  of 
the  comte  de  St.  Bris,  governor  of  the 
Louvre).  Sir  Raoul  is  offered  the  hand 
of  Valentina  in  marriage,  but  rejects  it 
because  he  fancies  she  is  betrothed  to  the 
comte  de  Nevers.  Nevers  being  slain 
in  the  Bartholomew  Massacre,  Raoul 
marries  Valentina,  but  scarcely  is  the 
ceremony  over  when  both  are  shot  by  the 
musketeers  under  the  command  of  St. 
Bris. — Meyerbeer:  Les Huguenots  (opera, 

Rape  of  the  Lock  [The),  a  poem  in 
five  cantos,  in  rhyming  heroic  lines,  by 
Pope  (1711  and  1714).  The  subject  is  a 
lock  of  Belinda's  hair  surreptitiously  cut 
off  by  baron  Plume,  at  a  card-party  given 
at  Windsor  Court.  Belinda  indignantly 
demanded  back  the  ringlet,  but  after  a 
fruitless  charge  it  was  affirmed  that,  like 
Berenice's  hair,  it  had  been  transported 
to  heaven,  and  henceforth  shall  ' '  midst 
the  stars  inscribe  Belinda's  name." 

Raphael  (2  or  3  syl.),  called  by 
Milton  "The  Sociable  Spirit,"  and  "The 
Affable  Archangel."  In  the  book  of  Tobit 
it  was  Raphael  who  travelled  with  Tobias 
into  Media  and  back  again  ;  and  it  is  the 
same  angel  that  holds  discourse  with 
Adam  through  two  books  of  Paradise 
Lost,  V.  and  vi.  (1665). 

Raphael,  the  guardian  angel  of  Tohn 
the  Beloved.  -^ 

•.'  Longfellow  calls  Raphael  "The 
Angel  of  the  Sun,"  and  says  that  he 
brings  to  man  "  the  gift  oii2:\\h." —Golden 
Z.^^.e«^("  Miracle-Play,"  iii.,  1851). 

The  Flemish  Raphael,  Frans  Floris. 
His  chief  works  are  "St.  Luke  at  his 
Easel,"  and  the  "Descent  of  the  Fallen 
Angels,"  both  in  Antwerp  Cathedral 
(1520-1570). 

The  French  Raphael,  Eustace  Lesueur 
(1617-1655). 

The  Raphael  of  Cats,  Godefroi  Mind, 
a  Swiss  painter,  famous  for  his  cats  (1768- 
1814). 

The  Raphael  of  Holland,  Martin  vaa 
Heraskerck  (1498-1574), 


RAPHAEL'S  ENCHANTER. 


899 


RATTLIN. 


The  Raphael  of  Music,  Mozart  {1756- 
1791). 

Raphael's  Enchanter,  Giulia 
Fornarina,  a  baker's  wife.  Her  likeness 
appears  in  several  of  his  paintings.  (See 
Lovers,  p.  633.) 

Rapier  [The),  was  introduced  by 
Rowland  York  in  1587. 

He  {^Rowland  York'\  was  a  Londoner,  famous  among 
the  cutters  in  his  time  for  briiiijing:  in  a  new  kind  oi 
fight— to  run  the  point  of  a  rapier  into  a  man's  body 
.  .  .  before  that  time  the  use  was  with  little  bucklers, 
and  with  broadswords  to  strike  and  never  thrust,  and 
it  was  accounted  unmanly  to  strike  under  the  girdle.— 
CarUton:  Thankful  Retmnibrance  (1625). 

Rare  Ben.  Ben  Jonson,  the  drama- 
tist, was  so  called  by  Shakespeare  {1574- 
1637). 

Raredrench  {Master),  apothecary. 
—Sir  W.  Scott:  Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time, 
James  L). 

Rascal,  worthless,  lean.  A  rascal 
deer  is  a  lean,  poor  stag.  Brutus  calls 
money  "rascal  counters,"  i.e.  contemp- 
tible, ignoble  coin. 

When  Marcus  Brutus  gfrows  so  covetous, 
To  lock  such  rascal  counters  from  his  friends, 
Be  ready,  gods,  with  all  your  thunderbolts  ; 
Dash  him  to  pieces  1 
Shakespeare :  Julius  Casar,  act  iv.  sc.  3  (1607). 

Rashleigh  Oshaldistone,  called 
"the  scholar,"  an  hypocritical  and 
accomplished  villain,  killed  by  Rob  Roy. 
—Sir  W.  Scott:  Rob  Roy  (time,  George 
L). 

•.  •  Surely  never  gentleman  was  plagued 
with  such  a  family  as  sir  Hildebrand 
Osbaldistone  of  Osbaldistone  Hall,  (i) 
Percival,  "the  sot ;  "  (2)  Thorncliff,  "  the 
bully;"  (3)  John,  "the  gamekeeper;" 
■4)    Richard,    "the    horse-jockey;"   (5) 

ilfred,  "  the  fool ;  "  (6)  Rashleigh,  "  the 
scholar  and  knave." 

Ras'selas,  prince  of  Abyssinia,  fourth 
son  of  the  emperor.  According  to  the 
custom  of  the  country,  he  was  confined 
in  a  private  paradise,  with  the  rest  of  the 
royal  family.  This  paradise  was  in  the 
valley  of  Amhara,  surrounded  by  high 
mountains.  It  had  only  one  entrance, 
which  was  by  a  cavern  under  a  rock 
concealed  by  woods,  and  closed  by  iron 
gates.  The  prince,  having  made  his 
escape  with  his  sister  Nekayah  and  Imlac 
the  poet,  wandered  about  to  find  out 
what  condition  or  rank  of  life  was  the 
most  happy.  After  careful  investigation, 
he  found  no  lot  without  its  drawbacks, 
and  resolved  to  return  to  the  "happy 
valley." — Dr.  Johnson:  Rasselas  [ijs^. 

The  mad  astronomer,  who  imagined  that  he  possessed 
the  r^fulation  of  the  weather  and  the  distnbution  of 


^ 


the  seasons.  Is  an  original  character  in  romance ;  and 
the  "happy  valley,'  in  which  Rasselas  resides,  is 
sketched  with  poetic  feeling.—  Young. 

Rat  destroys  a  -whole  Province 

[A).  One  of  the  richest  provinces  of 
Holland  was  once  inundated  by  a  hole 
made  in  the  dykes  by  a  single  water-rat 

("  How  great  a  fire  a  little  spark  kind- 
leth  ! ") 

Rat  without  a  Tail.  Witches 
could  assume  any  animal  form,  but  the 
tail  was  ever  wanting.  Thus,  a  cat  with- 
out a  tail,  a  rat  without  a  tail,  a  dog 
without  a  tail,  were  witch-forms.  (See 
Macbeth,  act  i.  sc.  3,) 

Rats  [Devoured  hy).  Archbishop 
Hatto,  count  Graaf,  bishop  Widerolf  of 
Strasburg,  bishop  Adolph  of  Cologne,  and 
Freiherr  von  Guttingen,  were  all  devoured 
by  rats.     (See  Hatto,  p.  474. ) 

Ratcli£fe  [James),  a  notorious  thief. 
— Sir  W.  Scott:  Heart  of  Midlothian 
(time,  George  H.). 

Ratclifife  [Mr.  Hubert),  a  friend  of 
sir  Edward  Manley  "the  Black  Dwarf." — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Black  Dwar/ (time, 
Anne). 

Ratcliffe  [Mrs.),  the  widow  of  "  don 
Carlos"  who  rescued  Sheva  at  Cadiz 
from  an  auto  da  fe. 

Charles  Ralcliffe,  clerk  of  sir  Stephen 
Bertram,  discharged  because  he  had  a 
pretty  sister,  and  sir  Stephen  had  a 
young  son.  Charles  supported  his 
widowed  mother  and  his  sister  by  his 
earnings.  He  rescued  Sheva,  the  Jew, 
from  a  howling  London  mob,  and  was 
left  the  heir  of  the  old  man's  property. 

Miss  [Eliza"]  Ratcliffe,  sister  of  Charles, 
clandestinely  married  to  Charles  Bertram, 
and  given  ^  10, 000  by  the  Jew  to  reconcile 
sir  Stephen  Bertram  to  the  alliance.  She 
was  handsome,  virtuous,  and  elegant, 
mild,  modest,  and  gentle. — Cumberland : 
The  Jew  (1776). 

Rath'mor,  chief  of  Clutha  [the 
Clyde),  and  father  of  Calthon  and  Colmar. 
Dunthalmo  lord  of  Teutha  "came  in  his 
pride  against  him,"  and  was  overcome, 
whereupon  his  anger  rose,  and  he  went 
by  night  with  his  warriors,  and  slew 
Rathmor  in  his  own  halls,  where  his 
feasts  had  so  often  been  spread  for 
strangers. — Ossian  :  Calthon  and  Colmal. 

Rattlin  [Jack),  a  famous  naval  cha- 
racter in  Smollett's  Roderick  Random. 
Tom  Bowling  is  in  the  same  novel 
(1749)- 


RATTLIN  THE  REEFER. 


900 


RAVENSWOOD. 


Rattliu  tlie  Reefer,  published  in 
the  works  of  captain  Marryat,  was  by 
Edward  Howard. 

On  the  29th  Septemt)er,  at  Sydney,  New  South 
Wales,  captain  Frederick  Howard,  R.N.,  youngest 
son  of  the  late  Edward  Howard,  author  01  Ratilin 
the  Reefer.— Tinus,  November  10,  1892. 

IRattray  [Sir  Runnion),  of  Runna- 
guUion  ;  the  duelling  friend  of  sir  Mungo 
Malagrowther. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Fortunes 
■of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.), 

Rancocan'ti,  the  buffo  of  a  troupe 
of  singers  going  to  act  in  Sicily.  The 
whole  were  captured  by  Lambro  the 
pirate,  and  sold  in  Turkey  for  slaves. 

'Twould  not  become  myself  to  dwell  upon 

My  own  merits,  and,  tho'  youn^,  I  see,  sir,  you  \Pon 

ynan'\ 
Have  g-ot  a  travelled  air,  which  speaks  you  one 
To  whom  the  opera  is  by  no  means  new. 
You've  heard  of  Raucocantit    I'm  that  man  .  ,  , 
You  was  [jiV]  not  last  year  at  the  fair  of  Lugo, 
But  next,  when  I'm  engaged  to  sing  there,— do  go. 
Byron  :  Don  yuan,  iv.  88  (1820). 

RAVEN,  emblem  of  Denmark,  and 
standard  of  the  Danes.  Necromantic 
powers  are  ascribed  to  it.  Asser  says, 
in  his  Life  of  Alfred,  If  the  Danes 
were  destined  to  gain  a  victory,  "a  live 
crow  would  appear  flying  on  tlie  middle 
of  the  unfurled  flag;  but  if  they  were 
doomed  to  be  defeated,  the  flag  would 
hang  down  motionless ;  "  and  this,  he 
continues,  "was  often  proved  to  be  so." 

• .  •  The  raven  banner  was  called  Lan- 
deyda  ("the  desolation  of  the  country"), 
and  its  device  was  woven  by  the  daughters 
of  Regner  Lodbrok. 

...  we  have  shattered  back 
The  hugest  wave  from  Norseland  ever  yet 
Surged  on  us,  and  our  battle-axes  broken 
The  Raven's  wing,  and  dumbed  the  carrion  croak 
From  the  gray  sea  for  ever. 

Tennyson  :  Harold,  iv.  3  (1875). 

Ra'veu  [The),  a  poem  by  Poe  (1831). 

Raven  [Barnabys),  Grip,  a  large  bird, 
of  most  impish  disposition.  Its  usual 
phrases  were :  ' '  I'm  a  devil !  "  "  Never  say 
die  1 "  "  Polly,  put  the  kettle  on ! "  He  also 
uttered  a  cluck  like  cork-drawing,  a 
barking  like  a  dog,  and  a  crowing  like  a 
cock.  Barnaby  Rudge  used  to  carry  it 
about  in  a  basket  at  his  back.  The  bird 
drooped  while  it  was  in  jail  with  his 
master,  but  after  Barnaby's  reprieve 

It  soon  recovered  its  good  looks,  and  became  as 
glossy  and  sleek  as  ever  .  .  .  but  for  a  whole  year  it 
■never  indulged  in  any  other  sound  than  a  grave  and 
decorous  croak.  .  .  .  One  bright  summer  morning 
...  .he  bird  advanced  with  fantastic  steps  to  the 
door  of  the  Maypole,  and  thei^  cried,  "  I'm  a  devil  I" 
three  or  four  times  with  extraordinary  rapture,  .  .  . 
and  from  that  time  constantly  practised  and  improved 
himself  in  the  vulgeir  tongue. — Dickens:  Barnaby 
Rud^e,  ii.  (1841). 

Raven  {NoaKs).    It  is  said  that  Noah, 


at  the  end  of  forty  days,  "sent  forth  a 
raven,  which  went  to  and  fro  [the  ark]  till 
the  waters  [of  the  Flood]  were  dried  up 
from  the  earth "  (Gen.  viii.  7).  It  is 
usually  said  that  the  raven  fed  on  the 
dead  bodies,  and  thus  supplied  itself  with 
daily  food.  But  before  the  mariner's 
compass  was  invented,  the  sea-kings  and 
others  employed  ravens  to  ascertain  if 
land  was  in  sight.  If  not,  the  raven 
returned  to  the  ship,  but  if  it  saw  land  it 
did  not  return. 

Floco,  leaving  Hietlandia,  took  certayn  ravens  unto 
him,  and  when  he  thought  lie  had  sayled  a  great  way, 
he  sent  forth  one  raven,  which,  flying  aloft,  went  back 
again  to  Hietlandia.  .  .  .  Whereupon  Floco  per- 
ceived he  was  nearer  to  Hietlandia  than  to  any  other 
countaye,  and  therefore  courageously  going  forward, 
he  sent  forth  another  raven,  which,  because  it  could 
see  no  land  ...  lit  upon  the  ship  again.  Lastly,  he 
sent  forth  a  third  raven  .  .  .  which  through  the  sharp- 
ness of  her  sight,  having  discerned  land,  flew  tliithcr, 
and  Floco,  following,  beheld  the  eastern  side  of  the 
\%\a.ViA.—Arngrim  jfonas  ("Floco's  Journey  from 
SheUand  to  Iceland  ''j. 

Ravens  of  Owain  [The).  Owain 
had  in  his  army  300  ravens,  who  were 
irresistible.  It  is  thought  that  these 
ravens  were  warriors  who  bore  this  device 
on  their  shields. 

A  man  who  caused  the  birds  to  flv  upon  the  host, 
Like  the  ravens  of  Owain  eager  for  prev. 
Bleddynt  Vardd  :  Myvyrian  A  rchaio'logy ,  i.  365. 

Ravens  once  White.  One  day, 
a  raven  told  Apollo  that  Coro'nis,  a 
Thessalian  nymph  whom  he  passionately 
loved,  was  faithless.  Apollo,  in  his  rage, 
shot  the  nymph,  but  hated  the  raven, 
and  "  bade  him  prate  in  white  plumes 
nevermore." — Ovid:  Metamorphoses,  ii. 

Ravenspurn,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Humber,  where  Henry  IV.  landed,  in 
1399,  to  depose  Richard  II.  It  no 
longer  exists,  having  been  wholly  en- 
gulfed by  the  sea,  but  no  record  exists 
of  the  date  of  this  catastrophe. 

Ra'venstone  or  Ra'benstein,  the 

stone  gibbet  of  Germany.  So  called 
from  the  ravens  which  perch  on  it. 

Do  you  think 
111  honour  you  so  much  as  save  your  throat 
From  the  ravenstone,  by  choking  you  myself! 
Byron  :  ll^erner,  ii.  2  (1822). 

Ravenswood  {Allan  lord  of),  a 
decayed  Scotch  nobleman  of  the  royalist 
party. 

Master  Edgar  Ravenswood,  the  son  of 
Allan.  In  love  with  Lucy  Ashton, 
daughter  of  sir  William  Ashton  lord- 
keeper  of  Scotland.  The  lovers  plight 
their  troth  at  the  "  Mermaid's  Fountain," 
but  Lucy  is  compelled  to  marry  Frank 
Hayston  laird  of  Bucklaw.  The  bride, 
in  a  fit  of  insanity,  attempts  to  murder 


RAWHEAD  AND  BLOODY-BONES.  901 

the  bridegroom,  and  dies  in  convulsions. 
Biicklaw  recovers,  and  goes  abroad. 
Colonel  Ashton  appoints  a  hostile  meet- 
ing with  Edgar  ;  but  young  Ravenswood, 
on  his  way  to  the  place  appointed,  is  lost 
in  the  quicksands  of  Kelpies  Flow,  in 
accordance  with  an  ancient  prophecy. — 
Sir  I'V.  Scott:  Bride  of  Lammermoor 
(time,  William  III.). 

(In  Donizetti's  opera  of  Lucia  di  Lam- 
mermoor, Bucklaw  dies  of  the  wound 
inflicted  by  the  bride,  and  Edgar,  heart- 
broken, comes  on  the  stage  and  kills 
himself.) 

The  catastrophe  in  the  Bride  of  Lammermoor,  where 
^Ed^ar]  Ravenswood  is  swallowed  up  by  a  quicksand, 
IS  singularly  grand  in  romance,  but  would  be  in- 
admissible in  a  drama. — Encyc.  Brit.  (article 
'*  Romance  "). 

Rawhead    and     Bloody-Bones, 

two  bogies  or  bugbears,  generally  coupled 
together.  In  some  cases  the  phrase  is 
employed  to  designate  one  and  the 
same  "shadowy  sprite." 

Servants  awe  children  ...  by  telling  them  of  Raw- 
head  and  Bloody-bones. — Locke. 

Biayland  [Mrs.),  the  domineering 
lady  of  the  Old  Manor-House,  by  Char- 
lotte Smith  (1749-1806). 


Biayxnond,  count  of  Toulouse,  the 
Nestor  of  the  crusaders.  He  slays 
Aladine  king  of  Jerusalem,  and  plants 
the  Christian  standard  on  the  tower  of 
David. — Tasso  :  Jerusalem  Delivered, 
XX.  (1516). 

(Introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott  in  Count 
Hobert  of  Paris,  a  novel  of  the  period  of 
Rufus.) 

Raymond  [Sir  Charles),  a  country 
gentleman,  the  friend  and  neighbour  of 
sir  Robert  Belmont. 

Colonel  Raymond,  son  of  sir  Charles, 
in  love  with  Rosetta  Belmont.  Being 
diffident  and  modest,  Rosetta  delights  in 
tormenting  him,  and  he  is  jealous  even  of 
William  Faddle  "  a  fellow  made  up  of 
knavery,  noise,  and  impudence." 

Harriet  Raymond,  daughter  of  sir 
Charles,  whose  mother  died  in  giving 
her  birth.  She  was  committed  to  the  care 
of  a  governante,  who  changed  her  name 
to  FideUa,  wrote  to  sir  Charles  to  say 
that  she  was  dead,  and  sold  her  at 
the  age  of  12  to  a  villain  named  Villard. 
Charles  Belmont,  hearing  her  cries  of 
distress,  rescued  her  and  took  her  home. 
The  governante  at  death  confessed  the 
truth,  and  Charles  Belmont  married  her. 
-^Edw.  Moore:  The  Foundling  {1^4,^). 


REASON. 

Raz'eka,  the  giver  of  food,  one  of  the 
four  gods  of  the  Adites  (2  syl. ). 

We  called  on  Razcka  for  food. 
Southey :  Thalaba  the  Destroyer,  \.  24  {1797). 

Riazor,  a  barber  who  could  "think 
of  nothing  but  poor  old  England."  He 
was  the  friend  and  neighbour  of  Quid- 
nunc the  upholsterer,  who  was  equally 
crazy  about  the  political  state  of  the 
nation,  and  the  affairs  of  Europe  in 
general  —  Murphy  :  The  Upholsterer 
(1758). 

Razor  {To  cut  blocks  with  a),  i.e.  to 
crush  a  fly  on  a  wheel.  Oliver  Goldsmith 
said  of  Edward  Burke,  the  statesman — 

Too  deep  for  his  hearers,  he  went  on  refining, 

And  thought  of  convincing,  while  they  thought  of 

dining ; 
Tho'  equal  to  all  things,  to  all  things  unfit : 
Too  nice  for  a  statesman,  too  proud  for  a  wit ; 
For  a  patriot  too  cool ;  for  a  drudge  disobedient ; 
And  too  fond  of  the  right  to  pursue  the  expedient. 
In  short,  'twas  his  fate,  unemployed  or  in  place,  sir. 
To  eat  mutton  cold,  and  cut  blocks  with  a  razor. 

Retalialiofi  (1774). 

The  National  Razor.  The  guillotine 
was  so  called  in  the  first  French  Revo- 
lution. 

Read  {Sir  William),  a  tailor,  who  set 
up  for  oculist,  and  was  knighted  by 
queen  Anne.  This  quack  was  employed 
both  by  queen  Anne  and  George  I.  Sir 
William  could  not  read.  He  professed 
to  cure  wens,  wry-necks,  and  hare-lips 
(died  1715). 

None  shall  their  rise  to  merit  owe — 
That  popish  doctrine  is  exploded  quite, 
Or  Ralph  had  been  no  duke,  and  Read  no  knight. 
A  Political  Squib  of  the  Period. 

'.•  The  "  Ralph  "  referred  to  is  Ralph 
Montagu,  created  viscount  in  1682,  and 
duke  of  Montagu  in  1705  (died  1709). 

Ready  -  to  -  Halt,  a  pilgrim  who 
journeyed  to  the  Celestial  City  on 
crutches.  He  joined  Mr.  Greatheart's 
party,  and  was  carried  to  heaven  in  a 
chariot  of  fire. — Bunyan  :  Pilgrim's 
Progress,  ii.  (1684). 

Real  Life  in  London,  or  "The 
Rambles  and  Adventures  of  Rob  Tallyho, 
Esq.,  and  his  cousin,  the  honourable  Tom 
Dashall,  through  the  Metropolis,"  by 
Pierce  Egan  (1821-22).  (See  Life  in 
London  (1824),  p.  612.) 

Reason  ( The  goddess  of),  in  the  French 
Revolution,  some  say,  was  the  wife  of 
Momoro  the  printer ;  Lamartine  says  it 
was  Mile.  Malliard,  an  actress  ;  Michelet 
says  it  was  Mile.  Aubray.  Probably  the 
foolery  was  repeated  by  different  parties 


REASON. 

at  different  times — apparently  thrice  at 
least. 

Chaumette,  assisted  by  LaTs,  an  actor  of  the  Opera, 
had  arranged  the  fitt  of  December  20,  1793.  Mile. 
Malliard,  an  actress,  brilliant  with  youth  and  talent, 
played  the  part  of  the  goddess.  She  was  borne  in  a 
palanquin,  the  canopy  of  which  was  formed  of  oak 
branches.  Women  in  white,  with  tri-coloured  sashes, 
preceded  her.  Att'red  with  theatrical  buskins,  a 
Phrygian  cap,  and  a  blue  chlamys  over  a  transparent 
tunic,  she  was  taken  to  the  foot  of  the  altar,  and  seated 
there.  Behind  hei  burnt  an  immense  torch,  symboliz- 
ing "the  flame  of  philosophy,"  the  true  light  of  the 
world.  Chaumette,  taking  a  censer  in  his  hands,  fell 
on  his  knees  to  the  goddess,  and  offered  incense,  and 
the  whole  concluded  with  dancing  and  song. — M.  de 
Laviarline. 

Reason  {The  Age  of),  by  Thomas 
Paine  (1792-96). 

(It  was  answered  by  Watson,  bishop 
of  Llandaff,  in  1796. ) 

Bieasonableness  of  Cliristiauity 

{The),  by  John  Locke  (1695). 

Rebecca,  leader  of  the  Rebeccaites, 
a  band  of  Welsh  rioters,  who  in  1843 
made  a  raid  upon  toll-gates.  The  captain 
and  his  guard  disguised  themselves  in 
female  attire. 

•.•  This  name  arose  from  a  gross 
perversion  of  a  text  in  Scripture,  "And 
they  blessed  Rebekah,  and  said  unto  her, 
...  let  thy  seed  possess  the  gate  of  those 
which  hate  them  "  [Gen.  xxiv.  60). 

Rebecca,  daughter  of  Isaac  the  Jew ; 
meek,  modest,  and  high-minded.  She 
loves  Ivanhoe,  who  has  shown  great  kind- 
ness to  her  and  to  her  father ;  and  when 
Ivanhoe  marries  Rowena,  both  Rebecca 
and  her  father  leave  England  for  a 
foreign  land. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Ivanhoe 
(time,  Richard  I.). 

Rebecca  {Mistress),  the  favourite 
waiting-maid  of  Mrs.  Margaret  Bertram 
of  Singleside. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Guy  Man- 
nering  (time,  George  II.). 

Rebecca  and  Rowena,  "a  romance 
upon  a  romance,"  i.e.  a  satirical  romance 
on  Scott's  romance  of  Ivanhoe;  by  Thack- 
eray (1850). 

Rebellion  and  Civil  Wars  in 
England  {History  of  the),  by  Edward 
Hyde,  earl  of  Clarendon  (1702). 

(Bishop  Sprat  and  dean  Aldrich  added 
a  continuation  in  1826.) 

Record,  noted  for  his  superlatives, 
"  most  presumptuous,"  "  most  auda- 
cious," "most  impatient,"  as — 

Oh,  you  will,  most  audacious.  . .  .  Look  at  him,  most 
Inquisitive.  .  .  .  Under  lock  and  key,  most  noble.  .  .  . 
I  will,  most  dignified.— 5.  Birch:  The  Adopitd  Child. 

Recruiting  Officer  ( The),  a  comedy 
by  G.  Farquhar  {1705).    The  "  recruiting 


902  RED  CROSS  KNIGHT. 

officer"  is  sergeant  Kite,  his  superior 
officer  is  captain  Plume,  and  the  recruit 
is  Sylvia,  who  assumes  the  military  dress 
of  her  brother  and  the  name  of  Jack 
Wilful,  alias  Pinch.  Her  father,  justice 
Balance,  allows  the  name  to  pass  the 
muster,  and  when  the  trick  is  discovered, 
to  prevent  scandal,  the  justice  gives  her 
in  marriage  to  the  captain. 

Red  Book  of  Hergest  {The\  a 

collection  of  children's  tales  in  Welsh  ;  so 
called  from  the  name  of  the  place  where 
it  was  discovered.  Each  tale  is  called 
in  Welsh  a  mabinogi,  and  the  entire  col- 
lection is  the  Mabinogion  (from  mab, 
"a  child").  The  tales  relate  chiefly  to 
Arthur  and  the  early  British  kings.  A 
translation  in  three  vols.,  with  notes, 
was  published  by  lady  Charlotte  Guest 
(1838-49). 

Red-Cap  {Mother),  an  old  nurse  at 
the  Hungerford  Stairs.— 5z>  W.  Scott: 
Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Red-Cap  {Mother).  Madame  Bufflon 
was  so  called,  because  her  bonnet  was 
deeply  coloured  with  her  own  blood  in  a 
street  fight  at  the  outbreak  of  the  French 
Revolution . — Melville. 

Red-Cotton  Nigbfc-Cap  Country, 

or  "Turf  and  Towers;"  a  poem  by 
R.  Browning  (1873).  A  real-life  drama 
enacted  partly  in  Paris,  partly  in  Nor- 
mandy. The  story  is  as  follows  :  Ldonce 
Miranda  was  son  and  heir  to  a  wealthy 
Spanish  jeweller  in  the  Place  Venddme. 
He  fell  in  love  with  an  adventuress,  Clara 
Mulhausen,  retired  with  her  from  Paris, 
and  took  up  his  abode  at  Clairvaux  in  an 
old  priory.  His  mother  died  from  grief  at 
her  son's  wrong-doing,  and  Miranda  at 
first  tried  to  abjure  Clara;  but,  his  love 
being  too  strong,  he  lived  with  her  again. 
At  last,  tired  of  life,  he  threw  himself  from 
the  top  of  his  Belvedere  and  was  killed. 
The  title  of  the  book  arose  as  follows  :  The 
volume  is  dedicated  to  Miss  Thackeray. 
She  and  Browning  met  at  St.  Aubyn,  and 
she  called  the  place,  for  a  joke,  "  White- 
Cotton  Night-Cap  Country,"  from  its 
sleepy  appearance  and  the  white  cap 
universally  worn.  Mr.  Browning  called 
his  story,  Red-Cotton,  etc.,  from  the 
tragedy  of  Clairvaux. 

(The  real  names  of  the  characters  are 
found  in  Mrs.  Sutherland  Orr's  Handbook 
to  Browning,  p.  261.) 

Red  Cross  Enight  {The)  repre- 
sents St  George  the  patron  saint  of  Engr- 


RED  FLAG. 


903 


RED  PIPE. 


land.  His  adventures,  which  occupy 
bk.  i.  of  Spenser's  Faerie  Queene,  sym- 
bolize the  struggles  and  ultimate  victory 
of  holiness  over  sin  (or  protestantism  over 
popery).  Una  comes  on  a  white  ass  to 
the  court  of  Gloriana,  and  craves  that  one 
of  the  knights  would  undertake  to  slay 
the  dragon  which  kept  her  father  and 
mother  prisoners.  The  Red  Cross  Knight, 
arrayed  in  all  the  armour  of  God  {Eph. 
vi.  1 1 -17),  undertakes  the  adventure,  and 
goes,  accompanied  for  a:  time  with  Una  ; 
but,  deluded  by  Archimago,  he  quits  the 
lady,  and  the  two  meet  with  numerous 
adventures.  At  last,  the  knight,  having 
slain  the  dragon,  marries  Una  ;  and  thus 
hohness  is  allied  to  truth  (1590). 

Red  Flag  {A)  signified  war  in  the 
Roman  empire  ;  and  when  displayed  on 
the  capitol  it  was  a  call  for  assembhng 
the  military  for  active  service. 

Red  Hair.  Judas  was  represented  in 
ancient  paintings  with  red  hair  and  red 
beard. 

His  very  hair  is  of  the  dissembling  colour, 
Something  browner  than  Judas's. 
Shakespeare  :  As  You  Like  U,  act  iv.  so.  4  (ifioo). 

Red  Hand  of  Ulster. 

Calverley  of  Calverley,  Yorkshire. 
Walter  Calverley,  Esq.,  in  1605,  mur- 
dered two  of  his  children,  and  attempted 
to  murder  his  wife  and  a  child  "  at 
nurse."  This  became  the  subject  of  The 
Yorkshire  Tragedy.  In  consequence  of 
these  murders,  the  family  is  required  to 
wear  "  the  bloody  hand." 

IF  The  Holt  family,  of  Lancashire,  has 
a  similar  tradition  connected  with  their 
coat  armour. 

Red  Horse  {Vale  of  the),  in  War- 
wickshire ;  so  called  from  a  horse  cut  in 
a  hill  of  reddish  soil,  "a  witness  of  that 
day  we  won  upon  the  Danes. " 

White  horse  is  .  .  .  exalted  to  the  skies ; 

But  Red  horse  of  you  all  conteuinfed  only  lies. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xiii.  {1613). 

Red  Knight  {The),  sir  Perimo'nSs, 
one  of  the  four  brothers  who  kept  the 
passages  leading  to  Castle  Perilous.  In 
the  allegory  of  Gareth,  this  knight  repre- 
sents noon,  and  was  the  third  brother. 
Night,  the  eldest  born,  was  slain  by  sir 
Gareth ;  the  Green  Knigln,  which  repre- 
sents the  young  day-spring,  was  over- 
come, but  not  slain ;  and  the  Red  Knight, 
being  overcome,  was  spared  also.  The 
reason  is  this  :  darkness  is  slain,  but 
dawn  is  only  overcome  by  the  stronger 
light  of  noon,  and  noon  decays  into  the 


evening  twilight.  Tennyson,  in  his 
Gareth  and  l.ynette,  calls  sir  Perimon6s 
"Meridies"  or  "Noonday  Sun."  The 
Latin  name  is  not  consistent  with  a 
British  \.a\&.—Sir  T.  Malory:  History  0/ 
Prince  Arthur,  i.  129(1470);  Tennyson: 
Idylls. 

Red  Eniglit  of  the  Red  Lands 

{The),  sir  Ironside.  "He  had  the 
strength  of  seven  men,  and  every  day  his 
strength  went  on  increasing  till  noon." 
This  knight  kept  the  lady  LionSs  captive 
in  Castle  Perilous.  In  the  allegory  of 
sir  Gareth,  sir  Ironside  represents  death, 
and  the  captive  lady  "the  Bride"  or 
Church  triumphant.  Sir  Gareth  combats 
with  Night,  Morn,  Noon,  and  Evening, 
or  fights  the  fight  of  faith,  and  then  over- 
comes the  last  enemy,  which  is  death, 
when  he  marries  the  lady  or  is  received 
into  the  Church  which  is  "the  Lamb's 
Bride."  Tennyson,  in  his  Gareth  and 
Lynette,  makes  the  combat  with  the  Red 
Knight  ("Mors"  or  "Death")  to  be  a 
single  stroke  ;  but  the  History  says  that 
it  endured  from  morn  to  noon,  and  from 
noon  to  night — in  fact,  that  man's  whole 
life  is  a  contest  with  moral  and  physical 
death.— -SzV  T.  Malory  :  History  of 
Prince  Arthur,  i.  134-137  (1470)  ;  Tenny- 
son :  Idylls  ("  Gareth  and  Lynette  "). 

Red  Laud  {The).  Westphalia  was 
so  called  by  the  members  of  the  Vehm- 
gericht. 

Originally,  none  but  an  inhabitant  of  the  Red  Land 
.  ,  .  could  be  admitted  a  member  of  the  Wissende  \pr 
secret  tribunal\.— Chambers  :  Encyclopcedia,  iv.  281. 

Red-Lattice  Phrases,  ale-house 
talk.  Red  lattices  or  chequers  were 
ordinary  ale-house  signs. — Shakespeare: 
Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,  act  ii.  sc.  4 
(1596). 

The  chequers  were  the  arms  of  Fitzwarren,  the  head 
of  which  house,  in  the  days  of  the  Henrys,  was  invested 
with  the  power  of  licensing  the  establishments  of 
vintners  and  publicans.  Houses  licensed  notified  the 
same  by  displaying  the  Fitzwarren  arms.— 7't>/«j,  April 
29,  1869. 

Red  Pipe.  The  Great  Spirit  long 
ago  called  the  Indians  together,  and, 
standing  on  the  red  pipe-stone  rock, 
broke  off  a  piece,  which  he  made  into  a 
pipe,  and  smoked,  letting  the  smoke 
exhale  to  the  four  quarters.  He  then 
told  the  Indians  that  the  red  pipe-stone 
was  their  flesh,  and  they  must  use  the 
red  pipe  when  they  made  peace  ;  and  that 
when  they  smoked  it  the  war-club  and 
scalping-knife  must  not  be  touched. 
Having  so  spoken,  the  Great  Spirit  was 


RED  RIDING-HOOD. 


904 


REDLAW. 


received  up  into  the  clouds. — American- 
Indian  Mythology. 

The  red  pipe  h:is  blown  its  fumes  of  peace  and  war 
to  the  remotest  corners  of  the  continent.  It  visited 
every  warrior,  and  passed  through  its  reddened  stem 
the  irrevocable  oath  of  war  and  desolation.  Here,  too, 
the  peace-breathing  calumet  was  born,  and  fringed 
with  eagle's  quills,  which  had  shed  its  thrilling  fumes 
over  the  land,  and  soothed  the  fury  of  the  relentless 
savage.— C«;/i«.-  LctUrson  .  . .  the  North  AmeHcans, 
ii.  160. 

Red  Riding-Hood  {Little),  a  child 
with  a  red  cloak,  who  goes  to  carry  cakes 
to  her  grandmother.  A  wolf  placed  itself 
in  the  grandmother's  bed,  and  when  the 
child  remarked  upon  the  size  of  its  eyes, 
ears,  and  nose,  replied  it  was  the  better 
to  see,  hear,  and  smell  the  little  grand- 
child. "  But,  grandmamma,"  said  the 
child,  "what  a  great  mouth  you  have 
got !  "  "  The  better  to  eat  you  up,"  was 
the  reply,  and  the  child  was  devoured  by 
the  wolf. 

_  (This  nursery  tale  is,  with  slight  varia- 
tions, common  to  Sweden,  Germany,  and 
France.  In  Charles  Perrault's  Co7ites  des 
F^es  [16^7)  it  is  called  "  Le  Petit  Chaperon 
Rouge.") 

Red  Sea  {The).  So  called  by  the 
Greeks  and  Romans.  Perhaps  because 
it  was  the  sea  of  Edom  ("  the  red  man  ") ; 
perhaps  because  the  shore  is  a  red  sand  ; 
perhaps  because  the  waters  are  reddened 
by  red  sea-weeds  or  a  red  bottom.  The 
Hebrews  called  it  "The  Weedy  Sea" 
{ Yam-Suph). 

The  Rede  Sea  is  not  more  rede  than  any  other  sea, 
but  in  some  places  thereof  is  the  gravelle  rede,  and 
therefore  men  clepen  it  the  Rede  ^ca^—MandevilU  : 
Travels  (1499). 

Red  Swan  {The).  Odjibwa,  hearing 
a  strange  noise,  saw  in  the  lake  a  most 
beautiful  red  swan.  Pulling  his  bow,  he 
took  dehberate  aim,  without  effect.  He 
shot  every  arrow  from  his  quiver  with 
the  same  result ;  then,  fetching  from  his 
father's  medicine-sack  three  poisoned 
arrows,  he  shot  them  also  at  the  bird. 
The  last  of  the  three  arrows  passed 
through  the  swan's  neck,  whereupon  the 
bird  rose  into  the  air,  and  sailed  away 
towards  the  setting  sun. —  Schoolcraft: 
Algic  Researches,  ii.  9  (1839). 

Redgfauntlet-,  a  story,  told  in  a  series 
of  letters,  about  a  conspiracy  formed 
by  sir  Edward  Hugh  Redgauntlet,  on 
behalf  of  the  "  Young  Pretender  "  Charles 
Edward,  then  above  40  years  of  age. 
The  conspirators  insist  that  the  prince 
should  dismiss  his  mistress.  Miss  Walk- 
ingshaw ;  and,  as  he  refuses  to  comply 
with  this  demand,   they  abandon   their 


enterprise.  Just  as  a  brig  is  prepared  for 
the  prince's  departure  from  the  island, 
colonel  Campbell  arrives  with  the  mili- 
tary. He  connives,  however,  at  the  affair, 
the  conspirators  disperse,  the  prince  em- 
barks, and  Redgauntlet  becomes  the 
prior  of  a  monastery  abroad.  This  is 
one  of  the  inferior  novels,  but  is  redeemed 
by  the  character  of  Peter  Peebles. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  Redgauntlet  {x^'z^). 

Redgauntlet  embodies  a  great  deal  of  Scott's  owi> 
personal  history  and  experience. — Chambers:  English 
Literature,  ii.  589. 

Sir  Alberick  Redgauntlet,  an  ancestor 
of  the  family. 

Sir  Edward  Redgauntlet,  son  of  sir 
Alberick  ;  killed  by  his  father's  horse. 

Sir  Robert  Redgauntlet,  an  old  tory, 
mentioned  in  Wandering  Willie's  tale. 

Sir  John  Redgauntlet,  son  and  suc- 
cessor of  sir  Robert,  mentioned  in  Wan- 
dering Willie's  tale. 

Sir  Redwald  Redgauntlet,  son  of  sir 
John. 

Sir  Henry  Darsie  Redgauntlet,  son  of 
sir  Redwald. 

Lady  Henry  Darsie  Redgauntlet,  wife 
of  sir  Henry  Darsie. 

Sir  Arthur  Darste  Redgauntlet,  alias 
Darsie  Latimer,  son  of  sir  Henry  and 
lady  Darsie. 

Miss  Lilias  Redgauntlet,  alias  Green- 
mantle,  sister  of  sir  Arthur.  She  marries 
Allan  Fairford. 

Sir  Edward  Hugh  Redgauntlet,  the 
Jacobite  conspirator.  He  is  uncle  to 
Darsie  Latimer,  and  is  called  "  Laird  of 
the  Lochs,"  alias  "Mr.  Herries  of  Bir- 
renswark,"  alias  "  Master  Ingoldsby." — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Redgauntlet  {time,  George 
IIL). 

Redi  {Francis),  an  Italian  physician 
and  lyric  poet.  He  was  first  physician 
to  the  grand-duke  of  Tuscany  (1626- 
1698). 

Even  Redi,  the'  he  chanted 
Bacchus  in  the  Tuscan  valleys, 

Never  drank  the  wine  he  vaunted 
In  his  dithyrambic  sallies. 

Longfellow  :  Drinking  Song. 

Redlaw  {Mr.),  the  "haunted  man." 
He  is  a  professor  of  chemistry,  who  bar- 
gained with  the  spirit  which  haunted  him 
to  leave  him,  on  condition  of  his  impart- 
ing to  others  his  own  idiosyncrasies. 
From  this  moment  the  chemist  carried 
with  him  the  infection  of  sullenness. 
On  Christmas  Day  the  infection  ceased, 
Redlaw  lost  his  morbid  feelings,  and  all 
who  suffered  by  his  infection,  being 
healed,   were   restored    to    love,    mirth, 


REDMAIN.  905 

benevolence,    and    gratitude. — Dickens: 
The  Haunted  Man  (1848), 

Rediuain  {Sir  Magnus),  governor  of 
the  town  of  Berwick  (fifteenth  century). 

He  was  remarkable  for  his  long  red  beard,  and  was 
therefore  called  by  the  English  "  Slagnus  Red-beard," 
but  by  the  Scotch,  in  derision,  "  Magnus  Red-mane," 
as  if  bis  beard  had  been  a  )xoi%s-ma.ne.—Godscro/t,  178. 

Redmond  O'Neale,  Rokeby's  page, 
beloved  by  Rokeby's  daughter  Matilda, 
whom  he  marries.  He  turns  out  to  be 
Mortham's  son  and  heir. — Sir  W.  Scott : 
Rokeby  (1812). 

Tieece  {Captain),  R.N.,  of  the  Mantel- 
piece ;  adored  by  all  his  crew.  They  had 
feather-beds,  warm  slippers,  hot-water 
cans,  brown  Windsor  soap,  and  a  valet  to 
every  four,  for  captain  Reece  said,  "  It  is 
my  duty  to  make  my  men  happy,  and  I 
will."  Captain  Reece  had  a  daughter,  ten 
female  cousins,  a  niece,  and  a  ma,  six 
sisters,  and  an  aunt  or  two,  and,  at  the 
suggestion  of  William  Lee  the  coxswain, 
married  these  ladies  to  his  crew — "It  is 
my  duty  to  make  my  men  happy,  and  I 
will"  Last  of  all,  captain  Reece  married 
the  widowed  mother  of  his  coxswain,  and 
they  were  all  married  on  one  day — ' '  It 
was  their  duty,  and  they  did  it." — Gilbert : 
The  Bab  Ballads  ("Captain  Reece, 
R.N."). 

Reeve's  Tale  {The).  Symond  Sym- 
kyn,  a  miller  of  Trompington,  near 
Cambridge,  used  to  serve  "Soler  Hall 
College,"  but  was  an  arrant  thief.  Two 
scholars,  Aleyn  and  John,  undertook  to 
see  that  a  sack  of  corn  sent  to  be  ground 
was  not  tampered  with  ;  so  one  stood  by 
the  hopper,  and  one  by  the  trough  which 
received  the  flour.  In  the  mean  time,  the 
miller  let  their  horse  loose,  and,  when  the 
young  men  went  to  fetch  it,  purloined 
half  a  bushel  of  the  flour,  substituting 
meal  instead.  It  was  so  late  before  the 
horse  could  be  caught,  that  the  miller 
offered  the  two  scholars  a  "  shakedown" 
in  his  own  chamber,  but  when  they  were 
in  bed  he  began  to  belabour  them  un- 
mercifully. A  scuffle  ensued,  in  which 
the  miller,  being  tripped  up,  fell  upon  his 
■wife.  His  wife,  roused  from  her  sleep, 
seized  a  stick,  and  mistaking  the  bald 
pate  of  her  husband  for  the  night-cap  of 
one  of  the  young  men,  banged  it  so 
lustily  that  the  man  was  almost  stunned 
with  the  blows.  In  the  mean  time,  the 
two  scholars  made  off  without  payment, 
taking  with  them  the  sack  and  also  the 
dialf-bushel  of  flour  which  had  been  made 


REGILLUS. 

into  c^Vts.— Chaucer :  Canterbury  Tales 
(1388). 

H  Boccaccio  has  a  similar  story  in 
his  Decameron.  It  is  also  the  subject  of 
a  fabliau  entitled  De  Gombert  et  des 
Deux  Clers.  Chaucer  borrowed  his  story 
from  a  fabliau  given  by  Thomas  Wright 
in  his  Anecdota  Liter  aria,  15. 

Reformado  Captain,  an  officer 
shelved  or  degraded  because  his  troops 
have  been  greatly  reduced. 

Reformation  ( The).  It  was  noticed 
in  the  early  Lollards,  and  was  radiant  in 
the  works  of  Wycliffe. 

It  was  present  in  the  pulpit  of  Pierre 
de  Bruys,  in  the  pages  of  Arnoldo  da 
Brescia,  in  the  cell  of  Roger  Bacon. 

It  was  active  in  the  field  with  Peter 
Revel,  in  the  castle  of  lord  Cobham,  iu 
the  pulpit  with  John  Huss,  in  the  camp 
with  John  Ziska,  in  the  class-room  of 
Pico  di  Mirandola,  in  the  observatory 
of  Abraham  Zacuto,  and  the  college  of 
Antonio  di  Lebrija,  before  father  Martin 
was  born. 

Re^an,  second  daughter  of  king 
Lear,  and  wife  of  the  duke  of  Cornwall. 
Having  received  the  half  of  her  father's 
kingdom  under  profession  of  unbounded 
love,  she  refused  to  entertain  him  with 
his  suite.  On  the  death  of  her  husband, 
she  designed  to  marry  Edmund  natural 
son  of  the  earl  of  Gloster,  and  was 
poisoned  by  her  elder  sister  Goneril  out 
of  jealousy.  Regan,  like  Goneril,  is 
proverbial  for  "filial  ingratitude." — 
Shakespeare :  King  Lear  ( 1 605) . 

Regent  Diamond  ( The).  So  called 
from  the  regent  duke  of  Orleans.  This 
diamond,  the  property  of  France,  at  first 
set  in  the  crown,  and  then  in  the  sword 
of  state,  was  purchased  in  India  by  a 
governor  of  Madras,  of  whom  the  regent 
bought  it  for  ^^80,000. 

Regillus  {The  Battle  of  the  Lake). 
Regillus  Lacus  is  about  twenty  miles 
east  of  Rome,  between  Gabii  (north)  and 
Lavicum  (south).  The  Romans  had  ex- 
pelled Tarquin  the  Proud  from  the  throne, 
because  of  the  most  scandalous  conduct 
of  his  son  Sextus,  who  had  violated 
Lucretia,  and  abused  her  hospitality. 
Thirty  combined  cities  of  Latium,  with 
Sabines  and  Volscians,  took  the  part  of 
Tarquin,  and  marched  towards  Rome. 
The  Romans  met  the  allied  army  at  the 
lake  Regillus,  and  here,  on  July  15,  B.C. 
499,  they  won  the  great  battle  which  con- 


REGIMEN  OF  THE  SCHOOL,  ETC.  906  REJECTED  ADDRESSES. 


finned  their  republican  constitution,  and 
in  which  Tarquin,  with  his  sons  Sextus 
and  Titus,  was  slain.  While  victory 
was  still  doubtful,  Castor  and  Pollux,  on 
their  white  horses,  appeared  to  the  Roman 
dictator,  and  fought  for  the  Romans,  The 
victory  was  complete,  and  ever  after  the 
Romans  observed  the  anniversary  of  this 
battle  with  a  grand  procession  and  sacrifice. 
The  procession  started  from  the  temple 
of  Mars  outside  the  city  walls,  entered  by 
the  Porta  Capena,  traversed  the  chief 
Streets  of  Rome,  marched  past  the  temple 
of  Vesta  in  the  forum,  and  then  to  the 
opposite  side  of  the  great  "  square,"  where 
they  had  built  a  temple  to  Castor  and 
Pollux  r»j  'latitude  for  the  aid  rendered 
by  them  in  this  battle.  Here  offerings 
were  made,  and  sacrifice  was  offered  to 
the  Great  Twin-Brothers,  the  sons  of 
Leda.  Macaulay  has  a  lay  called  The 
Battle  of  the  Lake  Regillus. 

Where,  by  the  lake  Regillus, 
Under  the  Porcian  height. 
All  in  the  land  of  Tusculuin, 
Was  fought  the  glorious  fight. 
Macaulay  :  Lays  of  Ancient  Rome  (1842). 

^  A  very  parallel  case  occurs  in  the  life 
of  Mahomet.  The  Koreishites  had  armed 
to  put  down  "  the  prophet ;  "  but  Ma- 
homet met  them  in  arms,  and  on  January 
13,  624,  won  the  famous  battle  of  Bedr. 
In  the  Kordn  (ch,  iii.),  he  tells  us  that 
the  angel  Gabriel,  on  his  horse  Haiziim, 
appeared  on  the  field  with  3000  "  angels," 
and  won  the  battle  for  him. 

1[  In  the  conquest  of  Mexico,  we  are  told 
that  St,  James  appeared  on  his  grey  horse 
at  the  head  of  the  Castilian  adventurers, 
and  led  them  on  to  victory.  Bernal  Diaz, 
who  was  in  the  battle,  saw  the  grey  horse, 
but  fancies  the  rider  was  Francesco  de 
Morla,  though,  he  confesses,  "it  might  be 
the  glorious  apostle  St.  James  "  for  aught 
he  knew, 

Hegfimen  of  tlie  School  of  Sa- 
lerno, a  collection  of  precepts  in  Latin 
verse,  written  by  John  of  Milan,  a  poet 
of  the  eleventh  century,  for  Robert  duke 
of  Normandy, 

A  volume  universally  known 

As  the  "  Regimen  of  the  School  of  Salem." 

LongfelloTv:  Thi  Golden  Legend  (i&e,^). 

Xle^ion  of  Death.  {Marovsthullt], 
Thurr,  near  Delhi,  fatal,  from  some  at- 
mospheric influence,  especially  about  sun- 
set, 

Hiegfno  [The],  Naples. 

Are  our  wiser  heads  leaning  towards  an  alliance  with 
the  pope  and  the  Regno?— <;«o/r<  Eliot  (Mrs.  J,  W. 
Cross). 


Iteg''llliig,  a  Roman  general  who 
conquered  the  Carthaginians  {b,C.  256), 
and  compelled  them  to  sue  for  peace. 
While  negotiations  were  going  on,  the 
Carthaginians,  joined  by  Xanthippos  the 
Lacedemonian,  attacked  the  Romans  at 
Tunis,  and  beat  them,  taking  Regulus 
prisoner.  In  250  the  captive  was  sent  to 
Rome  to  make  terms  of  peace  and  demand 
exchange  of  prisoners ;  but  he  used  all 
his  influence  with  the  senate  to  dissuade 
them  from  coming  to  terms  with  their 
foe.  On  his  return  to  captivity,  the 
Carthaginians  cut  off  his  eyelashes  and 
exposed  him  to  the  burning  sun,  then 
placed  him  in  a  barrel  armed  with  nails, 
which  was  rolled  up  and  down  a  hill  till 
the  man  was  dead. 

(This  subject  has  furnished  Pradon 
and  Dorat  with  tragedies  [French),  and 
Metastasio  the  Italian  poet  with  an  opera 
called  Regolo  (1740),  "  Regulus"  was  a 
favourite  part  of  the  French  actor  Fran- 
cois J,  Talma. ) 

Rehearsal  ( The),  a  farce  by  George 
Villiers  duke  of  Buckingham  (1671),  It 
was  designed  for  a  satire  on  the  rhyming 
plays  of  the  time.  The  chief  character, 
Bayes  (i  syl.),  is  meant  for  Dryden, 

The  name  of  George  Villiers,  duke  of  Buckingham, 
demands  cordial  mention  by  every  writer  on  the  stage. 
He  lived  in  an  age  when  plays  were  chiefly  written  in 
rhyme,  which  served  as  a  vehicle  for  foaming  senti- 
ment clouded  by  hyperbolS.  ,  ,  ,  The  dramas  of  Lee 
and  Settle  .  .  ,  are  made  up  of  blatant  couplets  that 
emptily  thundered  through  five  long  acts.  To  explode 
an  unnatural  custom  by  ridiculing  it,  was  Bucking- 
ham's design  in  The  Rehearsal,  but  in  doing  this  the 
gratification  of  private  dislike  was  a  greater  stimulus 
than  thewish  to  promotethe  public  good.— ^-',  C.Rus- 
sell:  Representative  Actors. 

Reichel  [Colonel),  in  Charles  XII., 
by  J,  R,  Planch^  (1826), 

Reign  of  Terror  [The),  a  term 
applied  to  a  period  of  anarchy,  blood- 
shed, and  confiscation  in  the  French 
Revolution,  It  began  after  the  fall  of  the 
Girondists  (May  31,  1793),  and  extended 
to  the  overthrow  of  Robespierre  and  his 
accomplices  (July  27,  1794),  During  this 
short  time  thousands  of  persons  were  put 
to  death. 

Rejected  Addresses,  parodies  on 
Wordsworth,  Cobbett,  Southey,  Scott, 
Coleridge,  Crabbe,  Byron,  Theodore 
Hook,  etc. ,  by  James  and  Horace  Smith  ; 
the  copyright  after  the  sixteenth  edition 
was  purchased  by  John  Murray,  in  1819, 
for  ;^i3i.  The  directors  of  Drury  Lane 
Theatre  had  offered  a  premium  for  the 
best  poetical  address  to  be  spoken  at 
the  opening  of  the  new  building,  and  the 


REJUVENESCENCE. 

brothers  Smith  conceived  the  idea  of 
publishing  a  number  of  poems  supposed 
to  have  been  written  for  the  occasion  and 
rejected  by  the  directors  (1812). 

"  I  do  not  see  why  they  should  have  been  rejected," 
said  a  Leicestershire  clergyman,  "for  1  think  some  of 
them  are  very  good."— y^anus  Smith. 

Rejuvenescence.  (See  Youth  Re- 
storers.) 

Reksh,  sir  Rustam's  horse. 

Relapse  {The),  a  comedy  by  Van- 
brugh  (1697).  Reduced  to  three  acts, 
and  adapted  to  more  modern  times  by 
Sheridan,  under  the  title  of  A  Trip  to 
Scarborough  (1777). 

Rel'dresal,  principal  secretary  for 
private  affairs  in  the  court  of  Lilliput, 
and  great  friend  of  GuUiver.  When  it 
was  proposed  to  put  the  Man-mountain 
to  death  forhigh  treason,  Reldresal  moved, 
as  an  amendment,  that  the  ' '  traitor  should 
have  both  his  eyes  put  out,  and  be  suffered 
to  live  that  he  might  serve  the  nation." — 
Swift:  Gullivers  Travels  ("Voyage  to 
Lilliput,"  1726). 

•.•  Probably  the  dean  had  the  Bible 
story  of  Samson  and  the  Philistines  in 
his  thoughts. 

Relics  {Sacred).  The  most  famous 
are  the  following  : — 

(i)  COAU  Doe  of  the  coals  that  roasted  St.  Law- 
rence. 

(2)  Face.  The  face  of  a  seraph,  with  only  part  of 
the  nose.    (See  below,  "  Snout.  ") 

(3)  Finger,  a  finger  of  St.  Andrew;  one  of  John 
the  Baptist ;  one  of  the  Holy  Ghost;  and  the  thumb  of 
St.  Thomas. 

(4)  Handkerchiefs  (Tzw),  with  impressions  of  the 
face  of  Christ:  one  sent  by  our  Lord  Himself,  as  a 
present  to  Aebarus  prince  of  Edessa ;  and  the  other 

fiven  to  St.  Veronica,  as  the  "  Man  of  sorrows  "  was  on 
lis  way  to  execution.    The  woman  had  lent  it  to  Jesus 
to  wipe  His  brow  with,  and  when  He  returned  it  aa 
impression  of  His  face  was  photographed  thereon. 
<S)  Head.    Two  heads  of  John  the  Baptist. 

(6)  Hem.  The  hem  of  our  Lord's  garment  which 
the  woman  with  the  issue  of  blood  touched;  and  the 
hem  of  Joseph's  gannent. 

(7)  Lock  of  hair,  a  lock  of  the  hair  with  which 
Mary  Magdalene  wiped  the  Saviour's  feet. 

(8)  Nail.  One  ot  the  nails  used  in  the  Crucifixion, 
set  m  the  "  iron  crown  of  Lombardy." 

(9)  Phial  of  sweat.  A  phial  of  the  sweat  of  St. 
Michael,  when  he  contended  with  Satan. 

(10)  Rays  of  a  Star.  Some  of  the  rays  of  the 
guidmg  star  which  appeared  to  the  Wise  Men  of  the 


the  W^ord  made  flesh. 

(12)  ROD.    Moses'  rod. 

(13)  Seamless  Coat.     The  seamless  coat  of  otw 
Lord,  for  which  lots  were  cast  at  the  Crucifixion. 

(14)  Slippers.    A  pair  of  slippers  worn  by  Enoch 
before  the  Flood. 

(15)  SNOUT.    The  "  snout  "  of  a  seraph,  supposed  to 
have  belonged  to  the  face  (see  above). 

(16)  Spoon.    The  pap-dish  and  spoon  used  by  the 
Virgin  Mary  for  the  child  Jesus. 

(17)  SWORD  AND  Shield.    The  short  sword  of  St. 
Michael,  and  his  square  buckler  lined  with  red  velvet. 

(xS)  TEAR.    The  tear  shed  by  Jesus  over  the  grave 


907 REMEMBER  THOU  ART  MORTAL! 


of  Lazarus.  It  was  given  by  an  angel  to  Mary  Magda- 
Icne. 

(19)  TOOTH.    A  tooth  of  our  Lord  Himself. 

(20)  Water-pot.  One  of  the  water-pots  used  at 
the  marriage  at  Cana,  in  Galilee. 

This  list  is  taken  from  Brady's  Ctavis  CcUtndarta, 
840  (1839). 

It  appears  by  the  confessions  of  the  Inquisition  that 
Instances  of  failure  have  occurred  ;  but  the  sacred  relics 
have  ahvays  recovered  their  virtue  (as  Galbert,  a  monk 
of  Marchiennes  informs  us)  "  after  tliey  have  been 
flogged  with  rods."— i?ra<fy,  241. 

IF  In  the  Hotel  de  Cluny,  Paris,  I  was 
shown  a  ring  which  I  was  assured  con- 
tained part  of  one  of  the  thorns  of  the 
"crown  of  thorns." 

Religio  Laici,  a  poem  by  Dryden. 
He  says  that  at  one  time  the  clergy  traded 
on  the  ignorance  of  the  people,  but  that 
now  the  Bible  is  well  known  and  well 
abused  (1682). 

So,  all  we  make  of  Heaven's  discovered  will 
Is  not  to  have  it,  or  to  use  it  ilL 

(In  this  poem  Dryden  stood  fast  to  the 
Church  of  England.  In  the  Hind  and 
the  Panther  (1687),  the  Hind— 

Without  unspotted,  innocent  within, 

[Which]  feared  no  danger,  for  she  knew  no  sin— 

is  the  Church  of  Rome.  Sir  Thomas 
Brown  wrote  a  prose  treatise  called  Re- 
Hgio  Medici,  in  defence  of  the  Reformed 
Religion. ) 

Reliques  of  Ancient  English 
Poetry,  consisting  of  ballads,  songs, 
etc.,  of  our  early  poets,  by  Thomas  Percy 
(1765).     A  capital  book. 

Reloza,  the  clock  town.  (From  the 
Spanish  relax,  "a  clock.") 

It  would  be  an  excellent  joke,  indeed,  if  the  natives 
of  Reloxa  were  to  slay  every  one  who  only  asked  them 
what  o'clock  it  v3S.—Cervanies :  Don  QuLxote,  II.  ii.8 
(161S). 

Remember  Tliou  art  Mortal ! 

When  a  Roman  conqueror  entered  the 
city  in  triumph,  a  slave  was  placed  in 
the  chariot  to  whisper  from  time  to  time 
into  the  ear  of  the  conqueror,  "  Remem- 
ber thou  art  a  man  !  " 

If  Vespasian,  the  Roman  emperor,  had 
a  slave  who  said  to  him  daily,  as  he  left 
his  chamber,  "Remember  thou  art  a 
man ! " 

IT  In  the  ancient  Eg)'ptian  banquets  it 
was  cvistomary  during  the  feast  to  draw  a 
mummy  in  a  car  round  the  banquet-hall, 
while  one  uttered  aloud,  "  To  this  estate 
you  must  come  at  last  1 " 

IT  When  the  sultan  of  Serendib  {i.e. 
Ceylon)  went  abroad,  his  vizier  cried 
aloud,  "This  is  the  great  monarch,  the 
tremendous  sultan  of  the  Indies  .  .  . 
greater  than  Solima  or  the  grand  Mihr- 
ag6  I  "    An  officer  behind  the  monarch 


REMOIS. 

then  exclaimed,  "This  monarch,  though 
so  great  and  powerful,  must  die,  must 
die,  must  die ! " — Arabian  Nights  {"  Sin- 
bad,"  sixth  voyage). 

Remois  (2  syl. ),  the  people  of  Rheims, 
in  France. 

Remond,  a  shepherd  in  Britannia's 
Pastorals,  by  William  Browne  (1613). 

Remond,  young  Remond,  that  full  well  could  sing, 

And  tune  his  pipe  at  Pan's  birth  carolling ; 

Who,  for  his  nimble  leaping-,  sweetest  layes, 

A  laurell  garland  wore  on  holidayes ; 

In  framing  of  whose  hand  dame  Nature  swore, 

There  never  was  his  like,  nor  should  be  more. 

Pastoral,  \. 

Bem'ora,  a  little  fish,  which  fastens 
itself  on  the  keel  of  a  ship,  and  impedes 
its  progress. 

The  shippe  is  as  insensible  of  the  living  as  of  the 
dead  ;  as  the  living  make  it  not  goe  the  faster,  so  the 
dead  make  it  not  goe  the  slower,  for  the  dead  are  no 
Rhemoras  \sicl  to  alter  the  course  of  her  passage. — 
Helpe  to  Afemory,  etc.,  56  (1630). 

A  goodly  ship  with  banners  bravely  dight. 

And  flag  on  her  top-gallant  I  espied.  .  .  . 

All  suddenly  there  clove  unto  her  keel 

A  little  fish  that  men  call  Remora, 

Which  stopped  her  course  and  held  her  by  the  heel. 

That  wind  nor  tide  could  move  her  thence  away. 
Spenser  :  Sonnets  (1591). 

Bem'ores,  birds  which  retard  the 
execution  of  a  project. 

"  Remores  "  aves  in  auspicio  dicuntur  quae  acturum 
aliquid  remorari  zomp^MwvX.—Festzts:  De  Vtrborum 
Significatione. 

Re'naud,  one  of  the  paladins  of 
Charlemagne,  always  described  with  the 
properties  of  a  borderer,  valiant,  alert, 
ingenious,  rapacious,  and  unscrupulous. 
Better  known  in  the  Italian  form  Rinaldo 
(g.v.). 

Renault,  a  Frenchman,  and  one  of 
the  chief  conspirators  in  which  Pierre 
was  concerned.  When  Jaffier  joined  the 
conspiracy,  he  gave  his  wife  Belvide'ra  a 
surety  of  his  fidelity,  and  a  dagger  to  be 
used  against  him  if  he  proved  unfaithful. 
Renault  attempted  the  honour  of  the 
lady,  and  Jaffier  took  her  back  in  order 
to  protect  her  from  such  insults.  The 
old  villain  died  on  the  wheel,  and  no  one 

fiitied  him.  —  Otway  :  Venice  Preserved 
1682). 

Rene,  the  old  king  of  Provence,  father 
of  queen  Margaret  of  Anjou  (wife  of 
Henry  VI.  of  England).  He  was  fond 
of  the  chase  and  tilt,  poetry  and  music. 
Thiebault  says  he  gave  in  largesses  to 
knights-errant  and  minstrels  more  than 
he  received  in  revenue  (ch.  xxix. ).  — Sir  IV. 
Scott :  Anne  of  Geierstein  (time,  Edward 
IV.). 

Rene  (2  syl. ),  the  hero  and  title  of  a 


908 


RESTLESS. 


romance  by  Chateaubriand  (1801).  It 
was  designed  for  an  episode  to  his  GSnie 
du  Christianisme  (1802).  Ren6  is  a  man 
of  social  inaction,  conscious  of  possessing 
a  superior  genius ;  but  his  pride  produces 
in  him  a  morbid  bitterness  of  spirit. 

Rene  [Leblanc],  notary  public  of 
Grand  Pr6,  in  Acadia  [Nmja  Scotia). 
Bent  with  age,  but  with  long  yellow  hair 
flowing  over  his  shoulders.  He  was  the 
father  of  twenty  children,  and  had  a 
hundred  grandchildren.  When  Acadia 
was  ceded  by  the  French  to  England, 
George  II.  confiscated  the  goods  of  the 
simple  colonists,  and  drove  them  into 
exile.  Ren6  went  to  Pennsylvania,  where 
he  died  and  was  buried. — Longfellow: 
Evangeline  (1849). 

Rentowel  {Mr.  yabesh),  a  covenant- 
ing preacher.— ^zV  W.  Scott:  Waverley 
(time,  George  II.). 

With  the  vehemence  of  some  pulpit-drumming  Gowk- 
thrapple  IWaverUyl  or  "  precious  "  Mr.  labesh  Ren- 
towel.—Ca>-/yjfe. 

Renzo  and  Lucia,  the  hero  and 
heroine  of  an  Italian  novel  by  Alessando 
Manzoni,  entitled  The  Betrothed  Lover 
("Promessi  Sposi ").  This  novel  con- 
tains an  account  of  the  Bread  Riot  and 
plague  of  Milan.  Cardinal  Borro'meo  is, 
of  course,  introduced.  There  is  an  Eng- 
lish translation  (1827). 

Representative  Men,  in  a  series 
of  lectures   by  R.  W.   Emerson  (1849); 

Plato  (of  a  philosopher). 
Sivedenborg  (of  a  mystic). 
Montaii^ne  (of  a  sceptic). 
Shakespeare  (of  a  poet). 
Napoleon  (of  a  man  of  the  worid). 
Goethe  (of  a  writer). 

Republican  Queen  {The),  Sophie 
Charlotte,  wife  of  Frederick  I.  of  Prussia. 

Resolute  {The),  John  Florio,  philo- 
logist. He  was  the  tutor  of  prince  Henry 
(1545-1625). 

(This  "Florio"  was  the  prototype  of 
Shakespeare's  "  Holofern^s.") 

Resolute  Doctor  ( 7:^^),  John  Bacon- 
thorp  (*-i346). 

•.•  Guillaume  Durandus  de  St.  Pour- 
9ain  was  called  "The  Most  Resolute 
Doctor  "  (1267-1332). 

Restless  {Sir  John),  the  suspicious 
husband  of  a  suspicious  wife.  Both  are 
made  wretched  by  their  imaginings  of  the 
other's  infidelity,  but  neither  has  the 
slightest  ground  for  such  suspicion. 

Lady  Restless,  wife  of  sir  John.      As 


RETALIATION. 


909 


REVOLT  OF  ISL.AM. 


she  has  a  fixed  idea  that  her  husband  is 
inconstant,  she  is  always  asking  the  ser- 
vants, "Where  is  sir  John?"  "  Is  sir 
iohn  returned?"  "Which  way  did  sir 
ohn  go  ?  "  "  Has  sir  John  received  any 
etters?"  "  Who  has  called?"  etc.  ;  and, 
whatever  the  answer,  it  is  to  her  a  con- 
firmation of  her  surmises. — Murphy:  All 
in  t lie  Wrong  (1761). 

Retaliation,  a  trial  of  wit,  mainly 
between  Garrick  and  Goldsmith. 

Garrick,  in  1774,  wrote  in  the  form  of 
an  epitaph — 

Here  lies  poor  Goldsmith,  for  shortness  called  Noll, 
Who  wrote  like  an  angel,  but  talked  like  poor  Poll. 

To  this  Goldsmith  replied,  and  called 
Garrick 

...  a  salad  ;  for  in  him  we  see 

Oil,  vinegar,  sugar,  and  saltness  agree. 

(In  Goldsmith's  retaliating  verses, 
several  other  persons  are  introduced,  as 
Burke,  Cumberland,  Macpherson,  Rey- 
nolds, and  some  others.) 

Kieturn  of  tlie  Druses  (The),  a 
tragedy  by  R.  Browning  {1848).  The 
love  of  Aneal  is  divided  between  adora- 
tion for  the  Hakeem,  and  her  love  for 
Djabal  whom  she  believes  to  be  the 
incarnate  God.     (See  Druses,  p.  302.) 

Reuben  Dixon,  a  village  school- 
master of  "  ragged  lads." 

'Mid  noise,  and  dirt,  and  stench,  and  play,  and  prate, 
He  calmly  cuts  the  pen  or  views  the  slate. 

Crabbe  :  Borough,  xxiv.  (1810). 

Reuben  and  Seth,  servants  of 
Nathan  ben  Israel,  the  Jew  at  Ashby,  a 
friend  of  Isaac  and  Rebecca. — Sir  W. 
Scott :  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I. ). 

Reullu'ra  {i.e.  ^'  beautiful  star"),  the 
wife  of  Aodh,  one  of  the  Culdees  or 
primitive  clergy  of  Scotland,  who  preached 
the  gospel  of  God  in  lo'na,  an  island 
south  of  Staffa.  Here  Ulvfa'gre  the  Dane 
landed,  and,  having  put  all  who  opposed 
him  to  death,  seized  Aodh,  bound  him 
in  iron,  carried  him  to  the  church,  and 
demanded  where  the  treasures  were  con- 
cealed. Just  then  appeared  a  mysterious 
figure  all  in  white,  who  first  unbound 
Aodh,  and  then,  taking  the  Dane  by  the 
arm,  led  him  up  to  the  statue  of  St. 
Columb,  which  immediately  fell  and 
crushed  him  to  death.  Then  turning  to 
the  Norsemen,  the  same  mysterious  figure 
told  them  to  "  go  back,  and  take  the 
bones  of  their  chief  with  them  ;  "  adding, 
whoever  lifted  hand  in  the  island  again 
should  be  a  paralytic  for  life.  The  ' '  saint " 
then    transported    the    remnant   of   the 


islanders  to  Ireland ;  but  when  search 
was  made  for  Reullura,  her  body  was  in 
the  sea,  and  her  soul  in  heaven. — Camp- 
bell: Reullura. 

Reutha'mir,  the  principal  man  of 
Balclutha  a  town  belonging  to  the  Britons 
on  the  river  Clyde.  His  daughter  Moina 
married  Clessammor  (Fingal's  uncle  on 
the  mother's  side).  Reuthamir  was  killed 
by  Comhal  (Fingal's  father)  when  he 
attacked  Balclutha  and  burned  it  to  the 
ground. — Ossian  :  Carthon. 

Rev'eller  [Lady),  cousin  of  Valeria 
the  blue-stocking.  Lady  Reveller  is  very 
fond  of  play,  but  ultimately  gives  it  up, 
and  is  united  to  lord  Worthy. — Mrs, 
Centlivre:  The  Basset  Table  [1706). 

Revenge  [The),  the  ship  under  the 
command  of  sir  Richard  Grenville,  an- 
chored at  Flores,  in  the  Azores,  when  a 
fleet  of  fifty-three  Spanish  ships  hove  in 
sight.     (See  Grenville,  p.  449.) 

Revenge  ( The  Palace  of),  a  palace  of 
crystal,  provided  with  everything  agree- 
able to  life,  except  the  means  of  going 
out  of  it.    (See  Philax,  p.  836.) 

Revenge  (T'Aif),  a  tragedy  by  Young 
(1721).  The  hero  is  the  Moor  Zanga,  who, 
being  captured  by  the  Spaniards,  is  con- 
demned to  slavery  by  don  Alonzo,  and  in 
revenge  excites  the  don  to  jealousy  which 
brings  about  his  ruin. 

Ravenous  a  nos  Moutons,  let  us 

return  to  the  matter  in  hand.  The  phrase 
comes  from  an  old  French  comedy  of  the 
fifteenth  century,  entitled  L'Avocat  Pate- 
lin,  by  Blanchet.  A  clothier,  giving 
evidence  against  a  shepherd  who  had 
stolen  some  sheep,  is  for  ever  running 
from  the  subject  to  talk  about  some  cloth 
of  which  Patelin,  his  lawyer,  had  de- 
frauded him.  The  judge  from  time  to 
time  pulls  him  up,  by  saying,  "Well, 
well!  and  about  the  sheep?"  "What 
about  the  sheep?"  (See  Patelin,  p. 
812.) 

Revolt  of  Islam  [The),  a  poem  of 
twelve  cantos,  in  Spenserian  metre,  by 
Percy  B.  Shelley  (1817) ;  the  object  of 
the  story  is  to  kindle  the  love  of  political 
and  religious  liberty.  The  hero  and 
heroine  are  Laon  and  Cythna  ;  the  tyrant 
is  Othman,  who  is  dethroned,  but  by  the 
aid  of  foreign  mercenaries  regains  his 
crown,  and  commands  Laon  to  be  burnt 
alive.  The  story  says  that  Cythna  was 
an  orphan  brought  up  with  Laon,  fronj 


REVOLUTIONARY  SONGS. 


9x0 


RHADAMANTH. 


whom  she  imbibed  republican  principles, 
and  vowed  to  devote  her  life  to  the  cause. 
When  she  was  quite  young,  the  tyrant 
sent  some  of  his  guards  to  bring  her  to 
the  harem.  Laon  resisted,  and  slew  several 
ol  them,  for  which  he  was  seized,  laden 
with  chains,  and  cast  into  prison  ;  but  ere 
long  a  friend  liberated  him,  and,  putting 
to  sea,  the  boat  landed  him  where  Cythna 
had  been  taken.  Here  he  heard  of  the 
great  work  which  Cythna  was  effecting, 
and  in  due  time  they  met,  and  lived  to- 
gether till  Othman  commanded  Laon  to 
be  seized  and  burnt  to  death.  Scarcely 
had  he  been  bound  to  the  stake,  when 
Cythna  came  on  horseback  and  induced 
the  guards  to  bind  her  to  the  stake  like- 
wise ;  so  both  were  burnt  to  death  and 
taken  to  paradise. 

Revolutionary   Song's.     By    far 

the  most  popular  were — 

(ij  La  Marseillaise,  both  words  and 
music  by  Rouget  de  Lisle  (1792). 

(2)  Veillons  au  Salut  de  I  Empire,  by 
Adolphe  S.  Boy  (1791).  Music  iby  Da- 
layra.  Very  strange  that  men  whose 
whole  purpose  was  to  destroy  the  empire, 
should  go  about  singing,  "  Let  us  guard 
it!" 

(3)  Qa  Ira,  written  to  the  tune  of  Le 
Carillon  National,  in  1789,  while  prepa- 
rations were  being  made  for  the  Fete  de 
la  Federation.  It  was  a  great  favourite 
with  Marie  Antoinette,  who  was  for  ever 
"strumming  the  tune  on  her  harpsi- 
chord." 

(4)  Chant  du  Dipart,  by  Marie  Joseph 
de  Ch^nier  (1794).  Music  by  M^huL 
This  was  the  most  popular  next  to  the 
Marseillaise. 

(5)  La  Carmagnole.  "Madame  Veto 
avait  promis  de  faire  ^gorger  tout 
Paris  ..."  (1792).  Probably  so  called 
from  Carmagnole,  in  Piedmont.  The 
burden  of  this  dancing  song  is — 

Dansons  la  Carmagnole, 
Vive  le  son !  Vive  le  son ! 

Dansons  la  Carmagnole, 
Vive  le  son  du  canon  I 

(6)  Le  Vengeur,  a  cock-and-bull  story, 
in  verse,  about  a  ship  so  called.  Lord 
Howe  took  six  of  the  French  ships,  June 
I,  1794;  butZ^  Vengeur  was  sunk  by  the 
crew  that  it  might  not  fall  into  the  hands 
of  the  English,  and  went  down  while  the 
crew  shouted,  "Vive  la  R^publique  1" 
There  is  as  much  truth  in  this  story  as  in 
David's  picture  of  Napoleon  ' '  Crossing 
the  Alps."    (See  Vengeur.) 

In  the  second  Revolution  we  have — 
(i)  La  Parisienne,  called  "The  Mar' 


seillaise  of  1830,"  by  Casirair  Delavigne, 

the  same  year.  '  i 

(2)  La  France  a  V Horreur  du  Servage, 
by  Casimir  Delavigne  (1843). 

(3)  La  Champ  de  Bataille,  by  Emile 
Debreaux  (about  1830). 

(The  chief  political  songs  of  B^ranger 
are  :  Adieuxde  Marie  Stuart,  La  Cocarde 
Blanche,  Jacques,  La  Ddesse,  Alarquis  de 
Carabas,  Z*  Sacre  de  Charles  le  Simple, 
Le  Senateur,  Le  Vieux  Caporal,  and  Le 
Vilain.) 

Zlewcastle  {Old  John),  a  Jedburgh 
smuggler,  and  one  of  the  Jacobite  con- 
spirators with  the  laird  of  EUiei^law. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Black  Dwarf  {i\mQ, 
Anne). 

Reynaldo,  a  servant  to  Polonius.— 

Shakespeare  :  Hamlet  (1596). 

Reynard  the  Pox,  the  hero  of  the 
beast-epic  so  called.  This  prose  poem  is 
a  satire  on  the  state  of  Germany  in  the 
Middle  Ages.  Reynard  represents  the 
Church  ;  Isengrin  the  wolf  (his  uncle) 
typifies  the  baronial  element ;  and  Nodel 
the  lion  stands  for  the  regal  power.  The 
plot  turns  on  the  struggle  for  supremacy 
between  Reynard  and  Isengrin.  Reynard 
uses  all  his  endeavours  to  victimize  every 
one,  especially  his  uncle  Isengrin,  and 
generally  succeeds.  — Reineche  Fuchs 
(thier-epos,  1498),  by  H.  von  Alkmaar, 

Reynardine  (3  syl.),  eldest  son  of 
Reynard  the  fox.  He  assumed  the  names 
of  Dr.  Pedanto  and  Crabron. — Reynard 
the  Fox,  by  H.  von  Alkmaar  (1498). 

Reynold  of   Montalbon,  one  of 

Charlemagne's  paladins. 

Reynolds  (Sir  Joshua)  is  thus  de- 
scribed by  Goldsmith — 

Here  Reynolds  is  laid ;  and,  to  tell  you  my  mind, 

He  has  not  left  a  wiser  or  better  behind. 

His  pencil  was  striking,  resistless,  and  grand  ; 

His  manners  were  gentle,  complying,  and  bland.  ... 

To  coxcombs  averse,  yet  most  civilly  steering. 

When  they  judged  without  skill,  he  was  still  hard  of 

hearing ; 
When  they  talked  of  their  Raphaels,  Corregios  [sie\ 

and  stuff. 
He  shifted  his  trumpet,  and  only  took  snuff. 

Retaliation  (1774). 

N.B. — Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  was  hard 
of  hearing,  and  used  an  ear-trumpet. 

Rez'io [Dr.)  (See  Pedro,  Z?r.,  p.  8i8.) 
— Cervantes:  Don  Quixote,\l.iii.io[i6Tt^). 

Rlxadamanth,  a  justice  of  the  peace 
in  Somerville's  Hobbinolla,  a  burlesque 
poem  in  blank  verse  (1740). 

Good  Rhadamanth,  to  every  wanton  down 
Severe,  indulgent  to  himself  alone. 


RHADAMANTHUS. 


9" 


RHIANNON'S  BIRDS. 


Rhadamau'tlxus,  son  of  Jupiter  and 
Euro'pa.     He    reigned    in   the   Cycladfis 
with  such   impartiality,  that  at  death  he 
was  made  one  of  the  judges  of  the  infernal 
^v-regions. 

H^  And  if  departed  souls  must  rise  again,  .  .  . 

^K  And  bide  the  judgment  of  reward  or  pain  ;  .  .  . 

^F   :  Then  Rhadamanthus  and  stem  Minos  were 

B'   '  True  types  of  justice  while  they  livid  here. 
■pi  Lord  Broo/ke  :  Afonarchie,  i.  {i554-i6aB). 

Rhampsini'tos,  king  of  Egypt, 
usually  called  Ram'es^s  III.,  the  richest 
of  the  Egyptian  monarchs,  who  amassed 
72  millions  sterling,  which  he  secured  in 
a  treasury  of  stone.  By  an  artifice  of 
the  builder,  he  was  robbed  every  night. — 
Herodotos,  ii.  121. 

^  A  parallel  tale  is  told  of  Hyrieus 
\Hy-ri-uce\  of  Hyrla.  His  two  architects, 
Trophonios  and  Agamedfes  (brothers), 
built  his  treasure-vaults,  but  left  one  stone 
removable  at  pleasure.  After  great  loss 
of  treasure,  Hyrieus  spread  a  net,  in 
which  Agame'dfis  was  caught.  To  pre- 
vent recognition,  Trophonios  cut  off  his 
brother's  head. — Pausanias  :  Itinerary  of 
Greece,  ix.  37,  3. 

IT  A  similar  tale  is  told  of  the  treasure- 
vaults  of  Auggas  king  of  Elis. 

Rha'sis  or  Mohammed  Aboubekr  ibn 
Zakaria  el  Razi,  a  noted  Arabian  physi- 
cian. He  wrote  a  treatise  on  small-pox 
and  measles,  with  some  200  other  treatises 
(850-923). 

Well,  error  has  no  end ; 
And  Rhcisis  is  a  sage. 

R.  Brovjning :  Paracelsus,  iii. 

Rhea's  Child.  Jupiter  is  so  called 
by  Pindar.  He  dethroned  his  father 
Saturn. 

The  child 
Of  Rhea  drove  hira  {Saturn\  from  the  upper  sky. 
Akenside  :  Hyrnn  to  the  Naiads  (1767). 

Rheims  {The  Jackdaw  of).  The 
cardinal-archbishop  of  Rheims  made  a 
grand  feast,  to  which  he  invited  all  the 
joblillies  of  the  neighbourhood.  There 
were  abbots  and  prelates,  knights  and 
squires,  and  all  who  delighted  to  honour 
the  grand  panjandrum  of  Rheims.  The 
feast  over,  water  was  served,  and  his  lord- 
ship's grace,  drawing  off  his  turquoise  ring, 
laid  it  beside  his  plate,  dipped  his  fingers 
into  the  golden  bowl,  and  wiped  them 
on  his  napkin  ;  but  when  he  looked  to  put 
on  his  ring,  it  was  nowhere  to  be  found. 
It  was  evidently  gone.  The  floor  was 
searched,  the  plates  and  dishes  lifted  up, 
the  mugs  and  chalices,  every  possible  and 
impossible  place  was  poked  into,  but 
without  avail.  The  ring  must  have  been 
Stolen.     His  grace  was  furious,  and,  in 


dignified  indignation,  calling  for  bell, 
book,  and  candle,  banned  the  thief,  both 
body  and  soul,  this  hfe  and  for  ever.  It 
was  a  terrible  curse,  but  none  of  the 
guests  seemed  the  worse  for  it — except, 
indeed,  the  jackdaw.  The  poor  bird  was 
a  pitiable  object,  his  head  lobbed  down, 
his  wings  draggled  on  the  floor,  his 
feathers  were  all  ruffled,  and  with  a  ghost 
of  a  caw  be  prayed  the  company  to 
follow  him  ;  when  lo  !  there  was  the  ring, 
hidden  in  some  sly  corner  by  the  jack- 
daw as  a  clever  practical  joke.  His 
lordship's  grace  smiled  benignantly,  and 
instantly  removed  the  curse ;  when  lo ! 
as  if  by  magic,  the  bird  became  fat  and 
sleek  again,  perky  and  impudent,  wag- 
ging his  tail,  winking  his  eye,  and  cock- 
ing his  head  on  one  side;  then  up  he 
hopped  to  his  old  place  on  the  cardinal's 
chair.  Never  after  this  did  he  indulge  in 
thievish  tricks,  but  became  so  devout,  so 
constant  at  feast  and  chapel,  so  well- 
behaved  at  matins  and  vespers,  that  when 
he  died  he  died  in  the  odour  of  sanctity, 
,  and  was  canonized,  his  name  being 
changed  to  that  of  Jim  Crow. — Barhain  : 
Ingoldsby  Legends  ( ' '  Jackdaw  of  Rheims,*' 
1837). 

Rhene  (i  syl.),  the  Rhine,  the  Latin 
Rhe'nus. — Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  i.  353 
(1665), 

Rhesus  was  on  his  march  to  aid  the 
Trojans  in  their  siege,  and  had  nearly 
reached  Troy,  when  he  was  attacked  in 
the  night  by  Ulysses  and  Diomed.  In 
this  surprise  Rhesus  and  all  his  army  were 
cut  to  pieces. — Homer:  Iliad,  x, 

^  A  very  parallel  case  is  that  of  Sweno 
the  Dane,  who  was  marching  to  join 
Godfrey  and  the  crusaders,  when  he  was 
attacked  in  the  night  by  Solyman,  and 
both  Sweno  and  his  army  perished. — 
Tasso  :  Jerusalem  Delivered  (1575). 

Rhetoric  of  a  Silver  Pee  ( The). 

He  will  reverse  the  watchman  s  harsh  decree. 
Moved  by  the  rhetoric  of  a  silver  fee. 

Gay  :  Trivia.,  iii.  317  (1712). 

Rhianuon's  Birds.  The  notes  of 
these  birds  were  so  sweet  that  warriors 
remained  spell-bound  for  eighty  years 
together,  listening  to  them.  These  birds 
are  often  alluded  to  by  the  Welsh  bards. 
(Rhiannon  was  the  wife  of  prince  Pwyll. ) 
—  The  Mabinogion,  363  (twelfth  century). 

IF  The  snow-white  bird  which  the  monk 
Felix  listened  to  sang  so  enchantingly 
that  he  was  spell-bound  for  a  hundred 
years,  listening  to  it. — Longfellow:  Golden 
Legend. 


RHINE. 

Rhine  { The  Irish).  The  Blackwater 
IS  so  called  from  its  scenery. 

Rhinnon  Rhiu  Barnawd's 
Bottles  had  the  virtue  of  keeping  sweet 
whatever  liquor  was  put  in  them. — The 
Mabinogion  ("  Kilhwch  and  Olwen," 
twelfth  century). 

Rhinoceros.  The  horn  of  the  rhi- 
noceros being  "cut  through  the  middle 
from  one  extremity  to  the  other,  on  it  will 
be  seen  several  white  lines  representing 
human  figures." — Arabian  Nights  ("Sin- 
bad's  Second  Voyage"), 

Rhinoceros- Horn  a  Poison- Detector.  If 
poison  is  put  into  a  vessel  made  of  a 
rhinoceros's  horn,  the  liquid  contained 
therein  will  effervesce. 

Rhinoceros  and  Elephant.  The  rhino- 
ceros with  its  horn  gores  the  elephant 
under  the  belly ;  but  blood  running  into 
the  rhinoceros'  eyes,  blinds  it,  and  it  be- 
comes an  easy  prey  to  the  roc, — Arabian 
Nights  ("  Sinbad's  Second  Voyage"), 

Rhodalind,  daughter  of  Aribert  king 
of  Lombardy,  in  love  with  duke  Gondi- 
bert ;  but  Gondibert  preferred  Birtha,  a 
country  girl,  daughter  of  the  sage  As- 
trigon.  While  the  duke  is  whispering 
sweet  love-notes  to  Birtha,  a  page  comes 
post-haste  to  announce  to  him  that  the 
king  has  proclaimed  him  his  heir,  and  is 
about  to  give  him  his  daughter  in  mar- 
riage. The  duke  gives  Birtha  an  emerald 
ring,  and  says  if  he  is  false  to  her  the 
emerald  will  lose  its  lustre  ;  then  hastens 
to  court  in  obedience  to  the  king's  sum- 
mons. Here  the  tale  breaks  off,  and 
was  never  finished. — Sir  IV.  Davenant : 
Gondibert  (1605-1668). 

Rhodian  Venus  {The).  This  was 
the  "Venus"  of  Protog'en6s  mentioned 
by  Pliny  in  his  Natural  History,  xxxv.  10, 

When  first  the  Rhodian's  mimic  art  arrayed 
The  Queen  of  Beauty  in  her  Cyprian  shade, 
The  happy  master  mingled  in  his  piece 
Each  look  that  charmed  him  in  the  fair  of  Greece. 
Campbell:  Pleasures  0/ Hope,  ii.  (1709). 

• ,  •  Prior  (1664-1721)  refers  to  the  same 
painting  in  his  fable  of  Protogenes  and 
Apelles — 

I  hope,  sir,  you  intend  to  stay 

To  see  our  Venus ;  'tis  the  piece 

The  most  renowned  throughout  all  Greece. 

Rhod'ope  (3  syl. )  or  Rhod'opis,  a 

celebrated  Greek  courtezan,  who  after- 
wards married  Psammetichus  king  of 
Egypt.  It  is  said  that  she  built  the  third 
pyramid. — Pliny  :  Nat.  Hist.,  xxxvi,  12, 

A  statelier  pyramis  to  her  111  rear, 
Than  Rhodope's. 
Shakespeare  :  i  Henty  VI.  act  L  sc.  6  (1589). 


9X3 


RIBEMONT. 


Rhomhus,  a  schoolmaster  who  speaks 
"a  leash  of  languages  at  once,"  puzzling 
himself  and  his  hearers  with  a  jargon  like 
that  of  "  HolofernSs  "  in  Shakespeare's 
Love's  Labour's  Lost  (1594). — Sidney: 
Pastoral  Entertain ment\ie^^7). 

Rhombtis,  a  spinning-wheel  or  rolling 
instrument,  used  by  the  Roman  witches 
for  fetching  the  moon  out  of  heaven. 

Quae  nunc  Thessalico  lunam  deducere  rhombo 
[sciet\. — Martial :  Epigrams,  ix.  30. 

Rhone  of  Christian  Eloquence 

[The),  St,  Hilary  (300-367). 

Rhone  of  Latin  Eloquence  ( The). 
St.  Hilary  is  so  called  by  St.  Jerome 
(300-367). 

Rhongomyant,  the  lance  of  king 
Arthur.  —  The  Mabinogion  ("Kilhwch 
and  Olwen,"  twelfth  century). 

Rhuddlan.    (See  Statute.) 

Rhymes  for  the  Road,  by  Thomas 
Moore  (1820).  "  Extracted  from  the 
journal  of  a  travelling  member  of  the 
Pocurante  Society."     In  eight  extracts— 

(i)  I.ake  Geneva ;  (2)  Fall  of  Venice ;  (3)  Lord  B 's 

Memoirs;  (4)  The  Ubiquitous  Englisli;  (5)  Florence; 
(6)  Conspiracy  of  Rienzi ;  (7)  Mary  Magdalen ;  and 
(8)  Rousseau. 

Rhyming*  to  Death.    In  i  Henry 

VL  act  i.  sc.  I,  Thomas  Beaufort  duke 
of  Exeter,  speaking  about  the  death  of 
Henry  V.,  says,  "Must  we  think  that 
the  subtle-witted  French  conjurors  and 
sorcerers,  out  of  fear  of  him,  'by  magic 
verses  have  contrived  his  end '  ?  "  The 
notion  of  killing  by  incantation  was  at 
one  time  very  common. 

Irishmen  .  .  .  will  not  stick  to  affirrae  that  they  can 
lime  either  man  or  l^east  to  A^^^.—Rezinald  Scot: 
Discoverie  of  PVitchcraft  (1564). 

Ribbon.  The  yellow  ribbon,  in 
France,  indicates  that  the  wearer  has 
won  a  mddaille  miliiaire  (instituted  by 
Napoleon  HI.  as  a  minor  decoration  of 
the  Legion  of  Honour). 

N.  B. — The  red  ribbon  marks  a 
chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honour.  A 
rosette  indicates  a  higher  grade  than  that 
of  chevalier. 

Ribbonism,  the  name  given  to  the 
principles  of  a  secret  society  in  Ireland, 
organized  about  1820,  to  retaliate  on 
landlords  any  injuries  done  to  their 
tenants.  Many  agrarian  murders  were 
(1858-71)  attributed  to  the  ribbonmen. 

Ribemont  (3  syl.),  the  bravest  and 
noblest  of  the  French  host  in  the  battle 
of  Poitiers.  He  alone  dares  confess  that 
the  English  are  a  brave  people.  In  the 
battle  he  is  slain  by  lord  Audley. — Shir- 
ley :  Edward  the  Blcuk  Prince  ( 1640). 


RIBEMONT. 


913 


Ribemout  (Count),  in  TA^  Siege  of 
Calais,  by  Colraan. 

Riccabocca  {Dr.\  an  eccentricity  in 
lord  Lytton's  My  Novel.  Though  a  cynic 
he  is  tender-hearted,  and  though  a  sage 
is  most  simple-minded.  He  loves  his 
pipe,  carries  a  red  umbrella,  and  is  ever 
ready  with  his  Machiavellian  proverbs 
(1853)- 

Riccar'do,  commander  of  Plymouth 
fortress  ;  a  puritan  to  whom  lord  Walton 
has  promised  his  daughter  Elvira  in 
marriage.  Riccardo  learns  that  the  lady 
is  in  love  with  Arthur  Talbot,  and  when 
Arthur  is  taken  prisoner  by  Cromwell's 
soldiers,  Riccardo  promises  to  use  his 
efforts  to  obtain  his  pardon.  This, 
however,  is  not  needful,  for  Cromwell, 
feeling  quite  secure  of  his  position, 
orders  all  the  captives  of  war  to  be 
released.  Riccardo  is  the  Italian  form 
of  sir  Richard  Forth. — Bellini  :  J  Puri- 
tani  (opera,  1834). 

Ricciardetto,  son  of  Aymon,  and 
brother  of  Bradamante. — Ariosto :  Or- 
lando Furioso  (1516). 

Rice.  Eating  rice  with  m.  bodkin. 
Amin6,  the  beautiful  wife  of  Sidi  Nouman, 
ate  rice  with  a  bodkin,  but  she  was  a 
ghoul.    (See  Amine,  p.  37.) 

RICHARD,  a  fine,  honest  lad,  by 
trade  a  smith.  He  marries  on  New  Year's 
Day,  Meg,  the  daughter  of  Toby  Veck. — 
Dickens  :  The  Chimes  (1844). 

Richard  (Squire),  eldest  son  of  sir 
Francis  Wronghead  of  Bumper  Hall.  A 
country  bumpkin,  wholly  ignorant  of  the 
world  and  of  hterature. —  Vanbrugh  and 
Cibber  :  The  Provoked  Husband  (1727). 

Robert  Wetherilt  [1708-1745]  came  to  Drury  Lane  a 
boy,  where  he  showed  his  rising  genius  in  the  part  of 
"squire  Richard." — Chetwood:  History  o/the  Stasc. 

Richard  (Po<7r).    (See  under  Poor.  ] 

Richard  {Prince),  eldest  son  of  king 
Henry  U.—Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Betrothed 
(time,  Henry  H.). 

Richard  "Cceur  de  Lion,"  intro- 
duced in  two  novels  by  sir  W.  Scott  ( The 
Talisman  and  Ivanhoe).  In  the  latter  he 
first  appears  as  "The  Black  Knight,"  at 
the  tournament,  and  is  called  Le  Noir 
Fainiantox  "The  Black  Sluggard  ;  "  also 
"The  Knight  of  the  Fetter-lock." 

Richard  a  Name  of  Terror.  The  name 
of  Richard  I.,  like  that  of  Attila,  Bona- 
parte, Corvlnus,  Narses,  Sebastian,  Tal- 


RICHELIEU. 

bot,  Tamerlane,  and  other  great  con- 
querors, was  at  one  time  employed  in 
terrorem  to  disobedient  children.  (See 
Names  of  Terror,  p.  743.) 

His  tremendous  name  was  employed  by  the  Syrian 
mothers  to  silence  their  infants ;  and  if  a  horse  sud- 
denly started  from  the  way,  his  rider  was  wont  to  ex- 
claim, "  Dost  thou  think  king  Richard  is  in  the  bush  \  ' 
—Gibbon:  Decline  and  Fall  q/ the  Roman  Empire, 
xi.  146  (1776-88). 

The  Daughters  of  Richard  I.  When 
Richard  was  in  France,  Fulco  a  priest 
told  him  he  ought  to  beware  how  he 
bestowed  his  daughters  in  marriage.  "  I 
have  no  daughters,"  said  the  king. 
"Nay,  nay,"  replied  Fulco,  "all  the 
world  knows  that  you  have  three — Pride, 
Covetousness,  and  Lechery."  "  If  these 
are  my  daughters,"  said  the  king,  "I 
know  well  how  to  bestow  them  where 
they  will  be  well  cherished.  My  eldest 
I  give  to  the  Knights  Templars ;  my 
second  to  the  monks;  and  my  third,  I 
cannot  bestow  better  than  on  yourself, 
for  I  am  sure  she  will  never  be  divorced 
nor  neglected." — Milles :  True  Nobility 
(1610). 

The  Horse  of  Richard  /.,  Fennel. 


The  Troubadour  of  Richard  /.,  Ber- 
trand  de  Born. 

Richard  II.'s  Horse,  Roan  Bar- 
bary. — Shakespeare:  Richard  II.  act  v. 
sc.  5  (1597)- 

Richard  III.,  a  tragedy  by  Shake- 
speare (1597).  At  one  time,  parts  of 
Rowe's  tragedy  of  Jane  Shore  were 
woven  in  the  acting  edition,  and  John 
Kemble  introduced  other  clap-traps  from 
Colley  Cibber.  The  best  actors  of  this 
part  were  David  Garrick  (1716-1779), 
Henry  Mossop  (1729-1773),  and  Edmund 
Kean  (1787-1833). 

Richard  III.  was  only  19  years  old  at  the  opening  of 
Shakespeare's  play.— 5Aaro>»  Turner. 

The  Horse  of  Richard  III.,  White 
Surrey. — Shakespeare:  Richard  III.  act 
V.  sc.  3  (1597)., 

Richard's  himself  again  !  These  words 
were  interpolated  by  John  Kemble  from 
Colley  Cibber. 

Richelieu  {Armand),  cardinal  and 
chief  minister  of  France.  The  duke  of 
Orleans  (the  king's  brother),  the  count  de 
Baradas  (the  king's  favourite),  and  other 
noblemen  conspired  to  assassinate  Riche- 
lieu, dethrone  Louis  XIII.,  and  make 
Gaston  duke  of  Orleans  the  regent.  The 
plot  was  revealed    to    the  cardinal  by 


RICHLAND. 

Marion  de  Lorme,  in  whose  house  the 
conspirators  met.  I'he  conspirators  were 
arrested,  and  several  of  them  put  to 
death,  but  Gaston  duke  of  Orleans  turned 
king's  evidence  and  was  pardoned. — 
LordLytton:  Richelieu  [iB2,9)- 

_  Richland  [Miss],  intended  for  Leon- 
tine  Croaker,  but  she  gives  her  hand  in 
marriage  to  Mr.  Honey  wood,  "  the  good- 
natured  man,"  who  promises  to  abandon 
his  quixotic  benevolence,  and  to  make  it 
his  study  in  future  "to  reserve  his  pity 
for  real  distress,  his  friendship  for  true 
merit,  and  his  love  for  her  who  first 
taught  him  what  it  is  to  be  happy," — 
Goldsmith:  The  Good-natured  Man 
(1768). 

Riclimond  ( The  duchess  of),  wife  of 
Charles  Stuart,  in  the  court  of  Charles  H. 
The  line  became  extinct,  and  the  title 
was  given  to  the  Lennox  family. — Sir 
VV.  Scott:  Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time, 
Charles  H.). 

Richmond  [The  earl  of),  Henry  of 
Lancaster. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  Anne  of 
Geier stein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Richmond  Hill  [The  Lass  of),  Miss 
r  Anson,  of  Hill  House,  Richmond,  York- 
shire. Words  by  M'Nally ;  music  by 
James  Hook,  who  married  the  young 
lady. 

The  Lass  of  Richmond  Hill  is  one  of  the  sweetest 

l-iallads  in  the  language.— yc)A«  Bull. 

Rickets  [Mabel),  the  old  nurse  of 
Frank  Osbaldistone.— 5?>  W.  Scott:  Rob 
Roy  (time,  George  I.). 

Riderhood  [Rogue),  the  villain  in 
Dickens's  novel  of  Our  Mutual  Friend 
(1864). 

Rides  on  .the  Tempest  and 
Directs  the  Storm.  Joseph  Addison, 
speaking  of  the  duke  of  Marlborough  and 
his  famous  victories,  says  that  he  inspired 
the  faintingsquadrons.andstood  unmoved 
in  the  shock  of  battle — 

So  when  an  angel  by  divine  command, 
With  rising  tempests  shakes  a  guilty  land. 
Such  as  of  late  o'er  pale  Britannia  past. 
Calm  and  serene  he  drives  the  furious  blast ; 
And,  pleased  th'  Almighty's  orders  to  perform. 
Rides  on  the  tempest  and  directs  the  storm. 

The  Campaign  (1705). 

N.B. — ^The  "tempest"  referred  to  by 
Addison  in  these  lines  is  that  called  "The 
Great  Storm,"  November  26-7,  1703,  the 
most  terrible  on  record.  The  loss  of 
property  in  London  alone  exceeded  two 
millions  sterling.  Above  8000  persons 
were    drowned,     12    men-of-war    were 


914  RIGAUD.  I 

wrecked,  17,000  trees  in  Kent  alone  were  j 

uprooted,  Eddystone  lighthouse  was  de-  i 

stroyed,  15,000  sheep  were  blown  into  the  , 

sea,  and  the  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells  j 

with  his  wife  were  killed  in  bed  in  their  I 

palace  in  Somersetshire.  | 

"BASlzvlQ  [Father  of).     Francois  Ra-  | 

belais  is  so  styled  by  sir  William  Temple  | 

{1495-1553)-  I 

Ridolphus,    one    of    the   band    of  i 

adventurers  that  joined   the    crusaders.  I 
He   was  slain  by  Argant^s  (bk.  vii.). — 
Tasso  :  Jerusalem  Delivered  (1575). 

Rienzi  [Nicolo  Gabrlni)  or  COLA  Dl 
RiENZi,  last  of  the  tribunes,  who  assumed 
the  name  of ' '  Tribune  of  Liberty,  Peace, 
and  Justice  "  (1313-1354). 

(Cola  di  Rienzi  is  the  hero  of  a  novel  by 
lord  Bulwer  Lytton,  entitled  Rienzi,  or 
the  Last  of  the  Tribunes,  iQ^g.)  j 

Rienzi,  an  opera  by  Wagner  (1841).  [ 
It  opens  with  a  number  of  the  Orsini 
breaking  into  Rienzi's  house,  in  order  to 
abduct  his  sister  Iren6  ;  but  in  this  they 
are  foiled  by  the  arrival  of  the  Colonna 
and  his  followers.  The  outrage  provokes 
a  general  insurrection,  and  Rienzi  is  ap-  ' 
pointed  leader.  The  nobles  are  worsted, 
and  Rienzi  becomes  a  senator ;  but  the 
aristocracy  hate  him,  and  Paolo  Orsini 
seeks  to  assassinate  him,  but  without 
success.  By  the  machinations  of  the 
German  emperor  and  the  Colonna,  Rienzi 
is  excommunicated  and  deserted  by  all 
his  adherents.  He  is  ultimately  fired  on 
by  the  populace  and  killed  on  the  steps  of 
the  capitoL  The  libretto  is  by  J.  P. 
Jackson. 

(Mary  Russell  Mitford  produced  a 
tragedy  called  Rienzi  in  1828. ) 

The  English  Rienzi,  William  with  the 
Long  Beard,  alias  Fitzosbert  (*-ii96). 

Riga'ad  [Mons.),  a  Belgian,  35  years 
of  age,  confined  in  a  villainous  prison  at 
Marseilles  for  murdering  his  wife.  He 
had  a  hooked  nose,  handsome  after  its 
kind  but  too  high  between  the  eyes,  and 
his  eyes,  though  sharp,  were  too  near  to 
one  another.  He  was,  however,  a  large, 
tall  man,  with  thin  lips,  and  a  goodly 
quantity  of  dry  hair  shot  with  red.  When 
he  spoke,  his  moustache  went  up  under 
his  nose,  and  his  nose  came  down  over 
his  moustache.  After  his  liberation  from 
prison,  he  first  took  the  name  of  Lagnier, 
and  then  of  Blandois,  his  name  being 
Rigaud  Lagnier  Blandois. — Dickens: 
Little  Dorrit  [x%S7)' 


RIGDUM-fUNNIDOS. 

Riffdum-Fimiiidos,  a  courtier  in 
the  palace  of  kingChrononhotonthologos. 
After  the  death^of  the  king,  the  widowed 
queen  is  advised  to  marry  again,  and 
Rigdum-Funnidos  is  proposed  to  her 
as  "  a  very  proper  man."  At  this  Aldi- 
borontephoscophornio  takes  umbrage,  and 
the  queen  says,  "  Well,  gentlemen,  to 
make  matters  easy,  I'll  have  you  both." — 
H.  Carey :  Chrononhotonthologos  ( 1734). 

N.B.— John  Ballantyne,  the  publisher, 
was  so  called  by  sir  W.  Scott.  He  was 
"a  quick,  active,  intrepid  httle  fellow, 
full  of  fun  and  merriment  .  .  .  all  over 
quaintness  and  humorous  mimicry." 

Rig-ht-Hitting  Brand,  one  of  the 

companions  of  Robin  Hood,  mentioned 
by  Mundy. 

Rightful  Heir  ( The),  the  play  called 
the  Sea-Captain  re-christened,  by  lord 
Lytton  (1868). 

Rights  of  Man  {The),  by  Thomas 
Paine  (1791-2).  It  was  written  in  answer 
to  Burke's  attack  on  the  French  Revolu- 
tion. 

Rigmarole,  a  confused  series  of 
statements ;  an  incoherent  story.  The  word 
was  suggested  by  the  Rageman  or  Rig- 
man  Rolls,  which  were  statements  of  the 
value  of  the  benefices  of  Scotland  re- 
turned by  the  Scotch  clergy.  Rageman 
or  Rigman  was  a  legate  of  Scotland,  em- 
ployed to  collect  an  account  of  Scotch 
benefices,  that  they  might  be  taxed  at 
Rome  according  to  their  value. 

Subsequently  the  term  was  applied  to 
four  great  rolls  of  parchment  recording 
the  acts  of  fealty  and  homage  done  by 
the  Scotch  nobility  to  Edward  I.  in  1296. 
These  four  rolls  consisted  of  thirty-four 
pieces  sewed  together.  The  originals 
have  perished,  but  a  record  of  them  is 
preserved  in  the  Rolls  House,  Chancery 
Lane. 

Rig'olette  (3  syl.),  a  grisette  and 
courtezan. — Sue  :  Mysteries  of  Paris 
(1842-3). 

Rigoletto,  an  opera,  describing  the 
agony  of  a  father  obliged  to  witness  the 
prostitution  of  his  own  daughter. —  Verdi: 
Rigoletto  (1852). 

(The  libretto  of  this  opera  is  borrowed 
from  Victor  Hugo's  drama  Le  Roi 
s' Amuse.) 

Rimegap  {Joe),  one  of  the  miners  of 
m  Geoffrey   Peveril  of  the  Peak. — Sir 


915      RINALDO  OF  MONTALBAN. 

W.  Scott:  Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time, 
Charles  II, ). 

Rimini  {Francesca  di),  a  woman  of 
extraordinary  beauty,  daughter  of  a  sig- 
nore  of  Ravenna.  She  was  married  to 
Lanciotto  Malatesta  signore  of  Rimini, 
a  man  of  great  bravery,  but  deformed. 
His  brother  Paolo  was  extremely  hand- 
some, and  with  him  Francesca  fell  in 
love.  Lanciotto,  detecting  them  in 
criminal    intercourse,    killed  them  both 

(i8.^9). 

(This  tale  forms  one  of  the  episodes  of 
Dantfi's  Inferno.  It  is  the  subject  of  a 
tragedy  called  Francesca  di  Rimini,  by 
Silvio  PeUico  (1819)  ;  and  Leigh  Hunt, 
about  the  same  time,  published  his  Story 
of  Rimini,  in  verse.) 

Rimmon,  seventh  in  order  of  the 
hierarchy  of  hell:  (i)  Satan,  (2)  Beelze- 
bub, (3)  Moloch,  (4)  Chemos,  (5)  Tham- 
muz,  (6)  Dagon,  (7)  Rimmon  whose  chief 
temple  was  at  Damascus  (2  Kings  v.  18). 


Him  [Da£^ofi]  followed  Rimmon,  whose  delightful  seat 
Was  fair  Damascus  on  the  fertile  banks 
Of  Al'bana  and  Pharphar,  lucid  streams. 

Milion ;  Paradise  Lost,  i.  467,  etc.  (1665). 

Rinaldo,  son  of  the  fourth  marquis 
d'EstS,  cousin  of  Orlando,  and  nephew 
of  Charlemagne.  He  was  the  rival  of 
Orlando  in  his  love  for  Angelica,  but 
Angelica  detested  him.  Rinaldo  brought 
an  auxiliary  force  of  English  and  Scotch 
to  Charlemagne,  which  "Silence"  con- 
ducted safely  into  Paris. — Ariosto  :  Or- 
lando Furioso  (1516). 

Rinaldo,  the  Achillas  of  the  Christian 
army  in  the  siege  of  Jerusalem.  He  was 
the  son  of  Bertoldo  and  Sophia,  but  was 
brought  up  by  Matilda.  Rinaldo  joined 
the  crusaders  at  the  age  of  15.  Being 
summoned  to  a  public  trial  for  the  death 
of  Gernando,  he  went  into  voluntary  exile. 
—  Tasso  :  Jerusalem  Delivered  (1575). 

(Pulci  introduces  the  same  character 
in  his  bernesque  poem  entitled  Morganti 
Maggiore,  which  holds  up  to  ridicule  the 
romances  of  chivalry. ) 

Rinaldo,  steward  to  the  countess  of 
RovLSiWon.— Shakespeare  :  Alfs  Well  that 
Ends  Well{iS9^). 

Rinaldo  of  Montalban,  a  knight 
who  had  the  "  honour  "  of  being  a  public 
plunderer.  His  great  exploit  was  stealing 
the  golden  idol  of  Mahomet. 

In  this  same  Mirror  »f  Knighthood  we  meet  with 
Rinaldo  de  Montalban  and  his  companions,  with  tlie 
twelve  peers  of  France,  and  Turpin  the  historian.  .  .  . 
Rinaldo  had  a  broad  face,  and  a  pair  of  large  rolling 


RING. 

eyes;  his  complexion  was  ruddy,  and  his  disposition 
choleric.  He  was,  besides,  naturally  profligate,  and 
a  great  encourager  of  ya.STa.nts.— Cervantes :  Don 
Quixote,  I.  L  I,  6  (1605). 

Ringf  {A  Fairy).  Whoever  lives  in  a 
house  built  over  a  fairy-ring  shall  wonder- 
fully prosper  in  everything. — Athenian 
Oracle,  i.  307. 

Ring  [Corcuds),  composed  of  six 
different  metals.  It  ensured  the  wearer 
success  in  any  undertaking  in  which  he 
chose  to  embark. 

"  While  you  have  it  on  your  finger,"said  the  old  man, 
*  misfortune  shall  fly  from  your  house,  and  nobody 
shall  be  able  to  hurt  you  ;  but  one  condition  is  attached 
to  the  gift,  which  is  this :  when  you  have  chosen  for 
yourself  a  wife,  you  must  remain  faithful  to  her  as  long 


9x6 


RING  POSIES. 


as  she  lives.  The  moment  you  neglect  her  for  another, 
you  will  lose  the  Tmg."~G7ieuMte :  Chinese  Tales 
("Corcud  and  his  Four  Sons,"  1723). 

Dame  LiOnes's  Ring,  a  ring  given  by 
Dame  LionSs  to  sir  Gareth  during  a 
tournament. 

"That  ring,"  said  Dame  Lion^s,  "increaseth  my 
beauty  much  more  than  it  is  of  itself;  and  this  is  the 
virtue  of  my  ring :  that  which  is  green  it  will  turn  to 
red,  and  that  which  is  red  it  will  turn  green ;  that  which 
is  blue  it  will  turn  white,  and  that  which  is  white  it  will 
turn  blue  ;  and  so  with  all  other  colours.  Also,  whoever 
beareth  my  ring  can  never  lose  blood." — Sir  T. 
Malory;  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  146  (1470). 

LunetHs  Ring.  This  ring  rendered  the 
wearer  invisible.  Luned  or  Lynet  gave  it 
to  Owain,  one  of  king  Arthur's  knights. 
Consequently,  when  men  were  sent  to  kill 
him  he  was  nowhere  to  be  found,  for  he 
was  invisible. 

'^  ake  this  ring,  and  put  it  on  thy  finger,  with  the  stone 
Inside  thy  hand  ;  and  close  thy  hand  upon  the  stone ; 
and  as  long  as  thou  concealest  it,  it  will  conceal  thee. — 
The  Mabinosion  ("  Lady  of  the  Fountain,"  twelfth 
century). 

The  Steel  Ring  made  by  Seidel-Beckir. 
This  ring  enabled  the  wearer  to  read  the 
secrets  of  another's  heart. — Comte  de 
Caylus :  Oriental  Tales  ("The  Four 
Talismans,"  1743). 

The  Talking  Ring,  a  ring  given  by 
Tartaro,  the  Basque  Cyclops,  to  a  girl 
whom  he  wished  to  marry.  Immediately 
she  put  it  on,  it  kept  incessantly  saying, 
"  You  there,  and  I  here ;  "  so,  in  order 
to  get  rid  of  the  nuisance,  she  cut  oiif  her 
finger  and  threw  both  ring  and  finger 
into  a  pond. —  IVedster:  Basque  Legends, 
4  (1876). 

If  The  same  story  appears  in  Campbell's 
Popular  Tales  of  the  West  Highlands,  i. 
Ill,  and  in  Grimm's  tale  of  The  Robber 
and  His  Sons.  When  the  robber  put  on 
the  ring,  it  incessantly  cried  out,  "  Here  I 
am  ;'  so  he  bit  off  his  finger,  and  threw 
it  from  him. 

Reynards  Ring,  a  ring  which  Reynard 
pretended  he  had  sent  to  king  Lion.  It 
had  (he  said)  three  gems — one  red,  which 


gave  light  in  darkness ;  one  white,  which 
cured  all  blains  and  sprains,  aches  and 
pains,  whether  from  woi»nds,  fever,  or 
indigestion  ;  and  one  green,  which  would 
guard  the  king  from  every  ill,  both  in 
peace  and  war. — Heinrich  von  Alkmaar: 
Reynard  the  Fox  (1498). 

The  Virgin's  Wedding  Ring,  kept  in 
the  Duomo  of  Perugia,  under  fourteen 
locks. 

Ring  Posies. 

AEI  (Greek  for  "  always  "). 

A  heart  content  Can  ne'er  repent. 

All  for  all. 

All  I  refuse.  And  thee  I  choose. 

Bear  and  forbear. 

Beyond  this  hfe.  Love  me,  dear  wife. 

De  bon  cor.     (Sixteenth  century ;  found  at  York.> 

Death  never  parts  Such  loving  hearts. 

Dieu  vous  garde. 

En  bon  an.    (Fifteenth  century ;  H.  EUman,  Esq.) 

En  bon  foye. 

Endless  my  love,  As  this  shall  prove. 

For  ever  and  for  aye. 

God  alone  Made  us  two  one. 

God  did  decree  This  unity. 

God  tend  me  well  to  keep.    (The  ring  given  by  Henry 

VIII.  toAnneofCleves.) 
Got  bwar  uns  beid  In  Lieb  und  Leid  ("  With  clasped 

hands,"  etc.). 
Heart  and  hand  At  thy  command. 
I  have  obtained  Whom  God  ordained. 
In  love  abide,  Till  death  divide. 
In  loving  thee  I  love  myself. 
In  thee,  my  choice,  I  do  rejoice. 
In  unity  Let's  live  and  die. 
Joined  in  one  By  God  alone. 
Joy  be  with  you;  or,  in  French,  Joye  sans  cesse. 
Le  cuer  de  moy.    (Fifteenth  century.    With  Virgin  and 

Child.) 
Let  love  increase. 
Let  reason  rule. 
Let  vs  loue  Like  turtle-doue. 
Liue  to  loue,  loue  to  hue. 
Live  happy. 
Loue  for  loue. 

Love  alway.  By  night  and  day. 
Love  and  respect  I  do  expect. 
Love  is  heaven,  and  heaven  is  lore. 
Love  me,  and  leave  me  not. 
May  God  above  Increase  our  love. 
May  you  live  long. 
Mizpah  [i.e.  ■watch-tower\ 
Mutual  forbearance. 
My  heart  and  I,  Until  I  die. 
My  wille  were.      (Gold  signet-ring,  with  a  cradle  as 

device.) 
Never  newe.    ( Alianour,  wife  of  the  duke  of  Somerset.) 
No  gift  can  show  The  love  I  owe. 
Not  two,  but  one.  Till  life  is  gone. 
Post  spinas  palma. 
Pray  to  love,  and  love  to  pray. 
Quod  Deus  coniunsit  homo  non  separet.     (Sixteenth 

century  ;  G.  H.  Gower,  Esq.) 
Silence  ends  strife  With  man  and  wife. 
Tecta  lege,  lecta  lege.    (Ring  of  Matthew  Paris ;  found 

at  Hereford.) 
Till  death  us  depart.     (Margaret,  wife  of  the  earl  of 

Shrewsbury.) 
Till  my  life's  ende.    (Elizabeth,  wife  of  lord  Latymer.) 
To  enjoy  is  to  obey. 

Tout  pur  vous.     (Fifteenth  century,  with  St.  Chris- 
topher.) 
Treu  und  fest. 
True  love  Will  ne'er  remove. 
Truth  trieth  troth. 
We  join  our  love  In  God  above. 
Wedlock,  'tis  said.  In  heaven  is  made. 
Whear  this  i  giue,  i  wish  to  liue. 
When  this  you  see.  Remember  nie. 
Where  hearts  agree,  There  God  will  bei. 
Yours  in  heart. 


RING  AND  THE  BOOK. 


917 


Rin^  and  the  Book  {The),  a  dra- 
matic monologue  (1868-69),  by  Robert 
Browning,  founded  on  a  cause  cilebre  of 
Italian  history. 

The  case  was  this  :  There  lived  in  Rome, 
in  the  year  1679,  Pietro  and  V^iolante 
Comparini,  an  elderly  couple,  who,  in 
spite  of  a  fair  income,  were  considerably 
in  debt.  One  expedient  suggested  itself  : 
they  must  have  a  child,  and  so  enable 
themselves  to  draw  on  their  capital,  now 
tied  up  for  an  unknown  heir-at-law. 
Violante,  unknown  to  her  husband, 
secured  the  infant  of  a  disreputable 
woman,  and  became  to  all  appearance 
the  mother  of  a  girl,  Francesco  Pompilia. 
There  was  also  in  Rome  an  impoverished 
noble,  count  Guido  Franceschini,  of 
Arezzo — he  belonged  to  the  minor  ranks 
of  the  clergy,  and  had  spent  years  hoping 
for  preferment.  His  only  chance  of 
building  up  the  family  fortune  was  a  rich 
wife.  He  was  fifty  years  old,  short,  thin, 
pale,  and  with  a  projecting  nose.  He 
heard  of  Pompilia,  proposed  for  her  and 
was  accepted.  The  Comparini  were 
dazzled  at  the  accounts  of  his  wealth, 
whilst  Pompilia's  dowry  was  grossly 
exaggerated  to  him.  They  were  married, 
and  the  two  families  lived  together  at 
Arezzo,  The  arrangement  was  disastrous, 
and  aftera  fewmonths  Pietro  and  Violante 
were  glad  to  return  to  Rome.  After  some 
time  Violante  confessed  her  fraud,  and 
was  told  that  absolution  would  be  given 
her  if  she  restored  to  the  legal  heirs  the 
money  she  had  defrauded  them  of. 
Pompilia  was  the  chief  sufferer  ;  her  hus- 
band treated  her  with  great  cruelty,  and 
attacked  her  on  the  score  of  infidelity 
with  a  certain  canon  Giuseppe  Capon- 
sacchi,  whom  she  barely  knew.  She 
appealed  for  protection  against  her  hus- 
band to  the  archbishop  and  the  governor, 
but  in  vain.  She  found  she  was  about  to 
become  a  mother,  and  resolved  to  leave 
her  husband  and  go  to  Rome,  so  she 
placed  herself  under  the  protection  of 
Caponsacchi,  and  they  fled  towards  Rome. 
They  were  overtaken  and  arrested  at 
Castlenuovo,  and  were  conveyed  to  the 
New  Prisons  in  Rome,  where  they  were 
tried  on  the  charge  of  adultery.  Being 
found  guilty,  a  mere  nominal  punishment 
was  inflicted  on  them,  and,  in  considera- 
tion of  her  state,  Pompilia  was  allowed  to 
be  removed  to  the  home  of  the  Comparini, 
where  she  gave  birth  to  a  son.  Count 
Guido  hired  four  ruffians,  proceeded  to 
the  house  with  them,  and  there  murdered 
Pietro,  Violante,  and  Pompilia.     He  was 


RING  OF  AMASIS. 

taken  red-handed  in  the  deed,  tried,  and 
executed. 

The  poem  is  a  series  of  dramatic  mo* 
nologues,  in  which  the  whole  of  the 
evidence  is  weighed  and  sifted.  So  ably 
is  it  done,  that  one  moment  you  think 
Pompilia  guilty,  and  the  next  you  are 
sure  that  she  and  the  canon  are  innocent. 
The  pope  pronounces  the  final  judgment^ 
and  asserts  their  innocence.  He  names 
Pompilia  "perfect  in  whiteness,"  and 
calls  her  "  my  rose,  I  gather  for  the  breast 
of  God."     Of  Caponsacchi  he  says 

And  surely  not  so  very  much  apart. 
Need  I  place  thee,  my  warrior-priest. 

To  the  old  pope,  on  the  threshold  of 
another  world,  a  clear  vision  is  given, 
and  he  understands  the  chivalry  of  his 
warrior-priest  towards  the  forlorn  and 
suffering  Pompilia,  and  knows  that  Capon- 
sacchi has  shown  himself  possessed  of  the 
true  courage  which  does  not  shrink  frona 
temptation,  but  which  does  not  fall  under 
it.  The  name  is  explained  thus :  The 
book  is  a  parchment-covered  book  Brown- 
ing picked  up  in  a  square  in  Florence, 
the  Piazza  San  Lorenzo,  containing  the 
records  of  the  Franceschini  murder  case. 

The  story  .  ,  .  forms  a  circle  of  evidence  to  its 
one  central  truth  ;  and  this  circle  was  constructed  in 
the  manner  in  which  the  worker  in  Etruscan  gold 
prepares  the  ornament  circlet  which  will  be  worn  as  a 
ring-.  The  pure  metal  is  too  soft  to  bear  hammer  or 
file ;  it  must  be  mixed  with  alloy  to  pain  the  necessary 
power  of  resistance.  The  ring-  once  formed  and  em- 
bossed, the  alloy  is  disengaged,  and  a  pure  gold 
ornament  remains.— A/r*.  Orr  :  Handbook  to  Brovn^ 
ing. 

Browning's  material  was  inadequate 
for  his  purpose.  It  was  too  hard  and 
matter-of-fact,  so  he  supplied  the  alloy 
of  fancy,  and  wove  his  own  ideas  into  the 
dead  record. 

The  masterpiece  is  dedicated  to  his 
dead  wife,  in  the  magnificent  outburst  at 
the  end  of  the  first  book,  beginning — 

O  lyric  Love,  half-angel  and  half-bird. 
And  all  a  wo.ider  and  a  wild  desire. 

The  books  are  as  follows  : — 

I.  The  Ring  and  the  Book  (explains  the  namej. 

II.  Half  Rome  (sympathetic  to  the  count). 

III.  The  Other  Half  Rome  (against  the  count). 

IV.  Tertium  Quid  (thinks  that  both  sides  are  pro 
bably  right). 

V.  Count  Guido  Franceschini  (his  defence). 

VI.  Giuseppe  Caponsacchi. 

VII.  Pompilia. 

VIII.  Dominus  Hyacinthus  <Je  Archangelis  (pro- 
curator of  the  poor). 

IX.  Juris  Doctor  Johannes- Baptista  Bottinius  (publk 
prosecutor). 

X.  The  Pope. 

XI.  Guido  (note,  the  title  is  dropped). 

XII.  The  Book  and  the  Ring. 

Ring  of  Amasis  ( The),  the  same  as 
the  "  Ring  of  Polycrites  "  (4  syl.),  which 
he  flung  into  the  sea  to  propitiate  Nemesis 


RING  THE  BELLS  BACKWARDS.  918 

for  his  too  great  prosperity  ;  but  it  was 
brought  to  him  again  in  a  fish  provided 
for  his  dinner. — Herodotus,  iii.  40.  (See 
Fish  and  the  Ring,  p.  370.) 

(Robert  lord   Lytton  has  a  poem  so 
called,  1863.) 


RISINGHAk. 

On  the  deck  of  fame  that  died, 
With  the  gallant,  g'ood  Riou. 
CamJibeU:  Battle  of  the  Baltic  (i777-iS«4\. 

X&.  I.  P.,  i.e.  requiescat  in  face. 


Ring  tlie  Bells  Backwards  [To), 
to  ring  a  mufifled  peal,  to  lament.  Thus, 
John  Cleveland,  wishing  to  show  his  ab- 
norrence  of  the  Scotch,  says — 

How  I  Providence  1  and  yet  a  Scottish  crew  I  .  .  . 
Ring  the  bells  backwards.     I  am  all  on  fire ; 
Not  all  the  buckets  in  a  country  quire 
Shall  quench  my  rage. 

The  Rebel  Scot  (1613-1659). 

(See  Bells  tolled  Backwards,  p. 
107.) 

Ringdove  {The  Swarthy).  The  re- 
sponses of  the  oracle  of  Dodona,  in  Epiros, 
were  made  by  old  women  called  ' '  pi- 
geons," who  derived  their  answers  from 
the  cooing  of  certain  doves,  the  bubbling 
of  a  spring,  the  rustling  of  the  sacred  oak 
[or  beech\  and  the  tinkling  of  a  gong  or 
bell  hung  in  the  tree.  The  women  were 
called  pigeons  by  a  play  on  the  wordi peltce, 
which  means  "old  women"  as  well  as 
"  pigeons  ;  "  and  as  they  came  from  Libya 
they  were  swarthy. 

' . '  According  to  fable,  Zeus  gave  his 
daughter  Thebe  two  black  doves  endowed 
with  the  gift  of  human  speech  ;  one  of 
them  flew  into  Libya,  and  the  other  into 
Dodona.  The  former  gave  the  responses 
in  the  temple  of  Ammon,  and  the  latter 
In  the  oracle  of  Dodona. 

.  .  .  beech  or  lime. 
Or  that  Thessalian  growth 
In  which  the  swarthy  ringdove  sat, 
And  mystic  sentence  spoke. 

Tennyson. 

Ringhorse  [Sir  Robert),  a  magistrate 
at  Old  St.  Ronan's,— 5?V  W.  Scott:  St. 
Ronans  PFi?// (time,  George  III.). 

Ringwood,  a  young  Templar. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time, 
James  I.). 

Ringwood  [The  earl  of),  a  cynic  in 
Thackeray's  novel  called  The  Adventures 
<f  Philip  (1861). 

Rintherout  {Jenny),  a  servant  at 
Monkbarns  to  Mr.  Jonathan  Oldbuck  the 
antiquary. — Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Anti- 
quary {iimQ,  George  III.). 

Riou  {Captain),  called  by  Nelson 
"The  Gallant  and  the  Good  ;  "  fell  in  the 
battle  of  the  Baltic. 

Brave  hearts  !  to  Britain's  prid« 
Once  so  faithful  and  so  true. 


Rip  van  Winkle  slept  twenty  years 
in  the  Kaatskill  Mountains  of  North 
America.     (See  Winkle.) 

H  EpimenidSs  the  Gnostic  slept  for 
fifty-seven  years. 

IF  Nourjahad,  wife  of  the  Mogul  em- 
peror Geangir,  who  discovered  the  otto  of 
roses,  is  only  in  a  temporary  sleep. 

IF  Gyneth  slept  500  years,  by  the  en- 
chantment of  Merlin. 

IF  The  seven  sleepers  slept  for  250  years 
in  mount  Celion. 

*[F  St,  David  slept  for  seven  years.  (See 
Ormandine,  p.  784.) 

(The  following  are  not  dead,  but  only 
sleep  till  the  fulness  of  their  respective 
times  : — Elijah,  Endymion,  Merlin,  king 
Arthur,  Charlemagne,  Frederick  Barba- 
rossa  and  his  knights,  the  three  Tells, 
Desmond  of  Kilmallock,  Thomas  of 
Erceldoune,  Bobadil  el  Chico,  Brian 
Boroimhe,  Knez  Lazar,  king  Sebastian 
of  Portugal,  Olaf  Tryggvason,  the  French 
slain  in  the  Sicilian  Vespers,  and  a  few 
others.) 

Riquet  with  the  Tuft,  the  beau- 
ideal  of  ugliness,  but  with  the  power  of 
bestowing  wit  and  intelligence  on  the 
person  he  loved  best.  Riquet  fell  in  love 
with  a  most  beautiful  woman,  who  was 
as  stupid  as  Riquet  was  ugly,  but  she 
possessed  the  power  of  giving  beauty  to 
the  person  she  loved  best.  The  two 
married,  whereupon  Riquet  gave  his  bride 
wit,  and  she  bestowed  on  him  beauty. 
This,  of  course,  is  an  allegory.  Love  sees 
through  a  couleur  de  rose. — Perrault : 
Contes  des  /^^^j  ("  Riquet  k  la  Houppe," 
1697)., 

(This  tale  is  borrowed  from  the  Nights      I 
of  Straparola.     It  is  imitated   by  Mme. 
Villeneuve  in  her  Beauty  and  the  Beast.) 

Risingham  {Bertram),  the  vassal 
of  Philip  of  Mortham.  Oswald  Wycliffe 
induced  him  to  shoot  his  lord  at  Marston 
Moor ;  and  for  this  deed  the  vassal  de- 
manded all  the  gold  and  movables  of  his 
late  master.  Oswald,  being  a  villain,  tried 
to  outwit  Bertram,  and  even  to  murder 
him  ;  but  it  turned  out  that  Philip  of 
Mortham  was  not  killed,  neither  was 
Oswald  Wycliffe  his  heir,  for  Redmond 
O'Neale  (Rokeby's  page)  was  found  to 
be  the  son  and  heir  of  PhiHp  of  Mortham. 
^Sir  W.  Scott :  Rokeby  {xZx2). 


RITHO.  919 

RitlLO  or  Rythou,  a  giant  who  had 
made  himself  furs  of  the  beards  of  kings 
killed  by  him.  He  sent  to  king  Arthur 
to  meet  him  on  mount  Aravius,  or  else 
to  send  his  beard  to  him  without  delay. 
Arthur  met  him,  slew  him,  and  took  "fur" 
as  a  spoil.  Drayton  says  it  was  this 
Rython  who  carried  off  HelSna  the  niece 
of  duke  Heel ;  but  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth 
says  that  king  Arthur,  having  killed  the 
Spanish  giant,  told  his  army  "he  had 
found  none  so  great  in  strength  since  he 
killed  the  giant  Ritho  ;  "  by  which  it  seems 
that  the  Spanish  giant  and  Ritho  are 
different  persons,  although  it  must  be  con- 
fessed the  scope  of  the  chronicle  seems  to 
favour  their  identity. — Geoffrey  :  British 
History,  x.  3  (1142). 

As  how  great  Rython 's  self  he  [Arthur]  slew  .  .  . 
Who  ravished  Howell's  niece,  young  Helena  the  fair. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  iv.  (1612). 

Ritsouism,  malignant  and  insolent 
criticism.  So  called  from  Joseph  Ritson 
{1752-1803). 

Rit^on's  assertion  must  be  regarded  as  only  an  ex- 
ample of  that  peculiar  species  of  malignant  and  brutal 
Insolence  in  criticism,  which  ought  from  him  to  be 
denominated  "  Ritsonism."— ^ok^AO". 

Rival  Queens  {The),  Stati'ra  and 
Roxa'na.  btatira  was  the  daughter  of 
Darius,  and  wife  of  Alexander  the  Great. 
Roxana  was  the  daughter  of  Oxyartes  the 
Bactrian  ;  her,  also,  Alexander  married. 
Roxana  stabbed  Statira  and  killed  her. 
— Lee:  Alexander  the  Great  ox  The  Rival 
Queens  (1678).  (See  RoxANA  AND 
Statira,  p.  937.) 

Rivals  [The),  a  comedy  by  Sheridan 
(1775).  The  rivals  are  Bob  Acres  and 
ensign  Beverley  (alias  captain  Absolute), 
and  Lydia  Languish  is  the  lady  they 
contend  for.  Bob  Acres  tells  captain 
Absolute  that  ensign  Beverley  is  a  booby  ; 
and  if  he  could  find  him  out,  he'd  teach 
him  his  place.  He  sends  a  challenge  to 
the  unknown  by  sir  Lucius  O'Trigger, 
but  objects  to  forty  yards,  and  thinks 
thirty-eight  would  suffice.  When  he  finds 
that  ensign  Beverley  is  captain  Absolute, 
he  declines  to  quarrel  with  his  friend  ; 
and  when  his  second  calls  him  a  coward, 
he  fires  up  and  exclaims,  "  Coward ! 
Mind,  gentlemen,  he  calls  me  '  a  coward,' 
coward  by  my  valour  1  "  and  when  dared 
by  sir  Lucius,  he  replies,  "  I  don't  mind 
the  word  '  coward  ; '  '  coward  '  may  be 
said    in   a  joke ;    but    if  he  called    me 

'poltroon,'  ods  daggers  and  balls " 

"Well,  sir,  what  then?"     "Why,"  re- 
joined  Bob  Acres,  "  I  should  certainly 


ROAD  TO  RUIN. 

think  him  very  il'.-bred."     Of  course,  he 
resigns  all  claim  to  the  lady's  hand. 

One  day,  as  I  was  walking  with  my  customary  swagger, 
Says  a  fellow  to  me,  "  Pistol,  you're  a  coward,  though 

a  bragger." 
Now,  this  was  an  Indignity  no  gentleman  could  take. 

So  I  told  him  flat  and  plump,  "'you  lie— under  a  mis 
take,  sir." 

River  of  Juvenescence.  Prester 
John,  in  his  letter  to  Manuel  Comnenus 
emperor  of  Constantinople,  says  there  is 
a  spring  at  the  foot  of  mount  Olympus 
which  changes  its  flavour  hour  by  hour, 
both  night  and  day.  Wlioever  tastes 
thrice  of  its  waters  will  never  know 
fatigue  or  the  infirmities  of  age. 


River  of  Paradise,   St.    Bernard 

abbot  of  Clairvaux  (1091-1153). 

River  of  S-wans,  the  Poto'mac, 
United  States,  America. 

Rivers  ( The  king  of),  the  Tagus. 

Tagus  they  crossed,  where,  midland  on  his  way, 
The  king  of  rivers  rolls  his  stately  streams. 
Southey  :  Roderick,  the  Last  of  the  Goths,  xL  (1814). 

Rivers,  Arise  ...  In  this  Vaca- 
tion Exercise,  George  Rivers  (son  of  sir 
John  Rivers  of  Westerham,  in  Kent), 
with  nine  other  freshmen,  took  the  part 
of  the  ten  "  Predicaments,"  while  Milton 
himself  performed  the  part  of  "  Ens." 
Without  doubt,  the  pun  suggested  the 
idea — 

Rivers,  arise ;  whether  thou  be  the  son 

Of  utmost  Tweed,  or  Ouse,  or  gulphy  Don, 

Or  Trent,  who,  like  some  earthbom  giant,  spreads 

His  thirty  arms  along  the  indented  meads. 

Or  sullen  Mole  that  runneth  underneath, 

Or  Severn  swift,  guilty  of  maiden's  death, 

Or  rocky  Avon,  or  of  sedgy  Lee, 

Or  cooly  Tyne,  or  ancient  hallowed  Dee, 

Or  I^umber  loud  that  keeps  the  Scythian's  name, 

Or  Medway  smooth,  or  royal  towered  Thame. 

Milton  :  Vacation  Exercise  (1627). 

Ri-vulet  Controversy  {The),  a 
theological  controversy  with  the  Rev.  T. 
"Y.  Lynch,  who  died  in  1871.  He  was 
a  congregational  minister  of  neologian 
views,  expressed  in  a  volume  of  poems 
called  The  Rivulet,  and  published  in 
1853. 

Road  {The  Law  of  the). 

The  law  of  the  road  is  a  paradox  quite. 

In  riding  or  driving  along: 
If  you  go  to  the  left,  you  are  sure  to  go  right ; 

If  you  go  to  the  right,  you  go  wrong. 

Road  to  R-ain,  a  comedy  by  Thomas 
Holcroft  (1792).  Harry  Dornton  and 
his  friend  Jack  Milford  are  on  "  the  road 
to  ruin"  by  their  extravagance.  The 
former  brings   his   father  to  the  eve  of 


ROADS. 

bankruptcy ;  and  the  latter,  having  spent 
his  private  fortune,  is  cast  into  prison  for 
debt.  Sulky,  a  partner  in  the  bank, 
comes  forward  to  save  Mr.  Dornton  from 
ruin  ;  Harry  advances  ;/^6ooo  to  pay  his 
friend's  debts,  and  thus  saves  Milford 
from  ruin ;  and  the  father  restores  the 
money  advanced  by  Widow  Warren  to 
his  son,  to  save  Harry  from  the  ruin  of 
marrying  a  designing  widow  instead  of 
Sophia  Freelove,  her  innocent  and  charm- 
ing daughter. 

Roads  { The  king  of),  John  Loudon 
Macadam,  the  improver  of  roads  (i7;6- 
1836). 

(Of  course,  the  wit  consists  in  the  pun 
/Rhodes  and  Roads.) 

Roan  Barbary,  the  charger  of 
Richard  H.,  which  would  eat  from  his 
master's  hand. 

Oh,  how  it  yearned  my  heart,  when  I  beheld 
In  London  streets  that  coronation  day, 
When  Bolingbroke  rode  on  Roan  Barbary  1 
That  horse  that  thou  so  often  hast  bestrid ; 
That  horse  that  I  so  carefully  have  dressed  I 
Shakespeare  :  Richard  II.  act  v.  so.  5  (1597  . 

Roast  Pigr,  one  of  the  best  essays  of 
C.  Lamb  in  his  Essays  of  Elia. 

Rob  Roy,  published  in  1818,  excel- 
lent for  its  bold  sketches  of  Highland 
scenery.  The  character  of  Bailie  Nicol 
Jarvie  is  one  of  Scott's  happiest  concep- 
tions ;  and  the  carrying  of  him  to  the 
wild  mountains  among  outlaws  and  des- 
peradoes is  exquisitely  comic.  The  hero, 
Frank  Osbaldistone,  is  no  hero  at  all. 
Dramatized  by  L  Pocock, 

None  of  Scott's  novels  was  more  popular  than  Rob 
Roy,  yet,  as  a  story,  it  is  the  most  ill-concocted  and 
defective  of  the  whole  series.— Chambers :  English 
Literature,  ii.  587. 

Rob  Roy  M'G-regror,  i.e.  "Robert 
the  Red,"  whose  surname  was  MacGregor. 
He  was  an  outlaw,  who  assumed  the 
name  of  Campbell  in  1662.  He  may 
be  termed  the  Robin  Hood  of  Scotland. 
The  hero  of  the  novel  is  Frank  Osbal- 
distone, who  gets  into  divers  troubles, 
from  which  he  is  rescued  by  Rob  Roy. 
The  last  service  is  to  kill  Rashleigh  Osbal- 
distone, whereby  Frank's  great  enemy  is 
removed  ;  and  Frank  then  marries  Diana 
Vernon.— 5?>  W.  Scott:  Rod  Roy  [time, 
Georj^e  I. ). 

•Rather  beneath  the  middle  size  than  above  It,  his 
limbs  were  formed  upon  the  very  strongest  model  that 
is  consistent  with  agility.  .  .  .  Two  points  in  his  person 
interfered  with  the  rules  of  symmetry :  his  shoulders 
were  too  broad  .  .  .  and  his  arms  (though  round, 
sinewy,  and  strong)  were  so  very  long  as  to  be  rathef 
«  defomiity.— Ch.  xxiii 


920 


ROBERT. 


Rob  Tally-ho,  Esq.,  cousin  of  the 
Hon.  Tom  Dashall,  the  twc  blades  whose 
rambles  and  adventures  through  the 
metropolis  are  related  by  Pierce  Egfan 
(1821-2). 

Rob  the  Rambler,  the  comrade  of  j 
Willie  Steenson  the  blind  fiddler.— 5z>  ; 
W.    Scott:    Redgauntlet    (time,    George      ■ 

in.).  ^  ^       ; 

Robb  [Duncan),  the  grocei  near  ' 
Ellangowan.— ^?V  W.  Scott:  Guy  Man-  \ 
nering  (time,  George  IL).  j 

Robbex  [Alexander' s).  The  pirate 
who  told  Alexander  he  was  the  greater 
robber  of  the  two,  was  Diomldfis.  See 
Evenings  at  Home  ("  Alexander  and  the 
Robber  ").  The  tale  is  from  Cicero.  (See 
Gesta  Romanorum,  cxlvi.) 

Nam  quum  quaereretur  ex  eo,  quo  scelere  topulsus 
mare  haberet  infestum  uno  myoparone :  eodem,  iiiquit, 
quo  tu  orbem  terrae.— Z)<  Repub.,  iii.  14  sec.  24. 

Robber  [Edward  the).  Edward  IV. 
was  so  called  by  the  Scotch. 

Robert,  father  of  Marian.  He  had 
been  a  wrecker,  and  still  hankered  after 
the  old  occupation.  One  night,  a  storm 
arose,  and  Robert  went  to  the  coast  to  see 
what  would  fall  into  his  hands.  A  body 
was  washed  ashore,  and  he  rifled  it. 
Marian  followed,  with  the  hope  of  re- 
straining her  father,  and  saw  in  the  dusk 
some  one  strike  a  dagger  into  a  prostrate 
body.  She  thought  it  was  her  father, 
and  when  Robert  was  on  his  trial,  he  was 
condemned  to  death  on  his  daughter's 
evidence.  Black  Norris,  the,  real  mur- 
derer, told  her  he  would  save  her  father 
if  she  would  consent  to  be  his  wife  ;  she 
consented,  and  Robert  was  acquitted. 
On  the  wedding  day,  her  lover  Edward 
returned  to  claim  her  hand.  Black  Norris 
was  seized  as  a  murderer,  and  Marian 
was  saved.— A'wtjw/^j;  The  Dauphter 
(1836). 

Robert,  a  servant  of  sir  Arthur  War- 
dour  at  Knock winnock  Castle. — Sir  W. 
Scott :    The    Antiquary    (time,    George 

Robert  [Mons.),  a  neighbour  of 
Sganarelle.  Hearing  the  screams  of 
Mme.  Martine(Sganarelle'swife),  he  steps 
over  to  make  peace  between  them,  where- 
upon madame  calls  him  an  impertinent 
fool,  and  says,  if  she  chooses  to  be  beaten 
by  her  husband,  it  is  no  affair  of  his  ;  and 
Sganarelle  says,  "  Je  la  veux  battre,  si 
je  le  veux ;  et  ne  la  veux  pas  battre,  si 


ROBERT  MACAIRE. 

je  ne  le  veux  pas  ;  "  and  beats  M.  Robert 
again. — Mali  ire:  Le  Midecin  Malgri  Lui 
(i666). 

Robert  Macaire,  a  bluff,  free- 
living  libertine.  His  accomplice  is 
Bertrand,  a  simpleton  and  a  villain. — 
L'Auberge  des  Adreis,  by  Antier,  etc. 

There  is  a  melodrama  by  B.  Antier,  St.  Amand,  and 
Polyanthe  ;  a  continuation  by  Antier,  St.  Amand,  and 
Maurice  Alroy,  called  Robtrt  Macaire ;  and  subse- 
quently Daumier  published  drawings  or  sketches  of  it, 
which  he  caUed  Us  cent-etun  Robert  Macaire. 

Robert  Street,  Adelphi,  London. 
So  called  from  Robert  Adams,  the 
builder. 

Robert  duke  of  Albany,  brother 
of  Robert  III.  of  Scotland. —5i>  W. 
Scott:  Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry 
IV.). 

Robert     duke     of    Normandy 

sold  his  dominions  to  Rufus  for  10,000 
marks,  to  furnish  him  with  ready  money 
for  the  crusade.  He  joined  the  crusade 
at  the  head  of  1000  heavy-armed  horse 
and  1000  lig-lit-armed  Normans.  —  Tasso: 
Jerusalem  Delivered  (1575). 

Robert     earl    of    Huntingdon 

[The  downfall  of),  a  drama  by  Munday 
(i6oi).  Robin  Hood  is  made  to  die  in 
the  first  act,  and  king  John  falls  in  love 
with  his  widovy  Matilda,  a  daughter  of 
lord  Fitzwalter. 

(Davenport  wrote  a  tragedy  called  King 
John  and  Matilda  (1651),  which  covers 
the  same  ground.  Matilda  was  poisoned 
by  king  John.) 

N.B. — Maid  Marian  or  Matilda  is 
always  spoken  of  as  "  the  chaste  Matilda 
or  fair  maid  Marian. " 

Robert  III.  of  Scotland,  introduced 
by  sir  W.  Scott  in  the  Fair  Maid  of  Perth 
(time,  Henry  IV,). 

Robert  le  Diable,  son  of  Bertha 
and  Bertramo,  Bertha  was  the  daughter 
of  Robert  duke  of  Normandy,  and 
Bertramo  was  a  fiend  in  the  guise  of  a 
knight.  The  opera  shows  the  struggle 
in  Robert  between  the  virtue  inherited 
from  his  mother  and  the  vice  inherited 
from  his  father.  His  father  allures  him 
to  gamble  till  he  loses  everything,  and 
then  claims  his  soul,  but  his  foster-sister 
Alice  counterplots  the  fiend,  and  rescues 
Robert  by  reading  to  him  his  mother's 
will.  —  Meyerbeer :  Roberto  il  Diavolo 
(libretto  by  Scribe,  1831). 

(Robert  le  Diable  was  the  hero  of  an 
old  French  metrical  romance  (thirteenth 


92  T 


ROBIN. 

century).  This  romance  in  the  next 
century  was  thrown  into  prose.  There 
is  a  miracle-play  on  the  same  subject. ) 

Robert  of  Paris  [Count],  one  of  the 
crusading  princes.  The  chief  hero  of 
this  novel  is  Hereward  (3  syL),  one  of  the 
Varangian  guard  of  the  emperor  Alexius 
Comnenus.  He  and  the  count  fight  a 
single  combat  with  battle-axes  ;  after 
which  Hereward  enlists  under  the  count's 
banner,  and  marries  Bertha  also  called 
Agatha.— .S«>  W.  Scott:  Count  Robert  of 
Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Robert  the  Devil  or  Robert  the 
Magnificent,  Robert  I.  duke  of 
Normandy,  father  of  William  "the 
Conqueror  "  (*,  1028-1035). 

IT  Robert  Fran9ois  Damiens,  who  tried 
to  assassinate  Louis  XV.,  was  popularly 
so  called  (♦,  1714-1757). 

Roberts,  cash-keeper  of  Master 
George  Heriot  the  king's  goldsmith.— 
Sir  W.  Scott :  Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time, 
James  I.). 

Roberts  (.John),  a  smuggler. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  Redgauntlet  (time,  George 
IIL). 

Robespierre's  Weavers,  the  fish- 
fags  and  their  rabble  female  followers  of 
the  very  lowest  class,  partisans  of  Robe- 
spierre in  the  first  French  Revolution. 

ROBIN,  the  page  of  sir  John  Fal- 
staff. — Shakespeare:  Merry  Wives  of 
Windsor  (1601). 

Robin,  servant  of  captain  RovewelT, 

whom  he  helps  in  his  love  adventures 
with  Arethusa  daughter  of  Argus. — 
Carey:  Contrivances  [ijis). 

Robin,  brother-in-law  of  Farmer  Crop, 
of  Cornwall.  Having  lost  his  property 
through  the  villainy  of  lawyer  Endless,  he 
emigrates,  and  in  three  years  returns.  The 
ship  is  wrecked  off  the  coast  of  Corn- 
wall, and  Robin  saves  Frederick  the 
young  squire.  On  landing,  he  meets  his 
old  sweetheart  Margaretta  at  Crop's 
house,  and  the  acquaintance  is  renewed 
by  mutual  consent. — Hoare:  No  Song  no 
Supper  (1790). 

Robin,  a  young  gardener,  fond  of  the 
minor  theatres,  where  he  has  picked  up 
a  taste  for  sentimental  fustian,  but  all 
his  rhapsodies  bear  upon  his  trade. 
Thus,  when  Wilel  nina  asks  why  he 
wishes  to  dance  with  her,  he  replies — 


ROBIN. 

Ask  the  plants  why  they  love  a  shower ;  ask  the  sun- 
flower why  it  loves  the  sun  ;  ask  the  snowdrop  why  it  is 
white ;  ask  the  violet  why  it  is  blue  ;  ask  the  trees  why 
they  blossom;  the  cabbages  why  they  grow.  'Tis  all 
because  they  can't  help  it  ;  no  more  can  I  help  my  love 
for  you.— Dibdin  :  The  J-l^aUrman,  i.  (1774), 

Robin  [Old),  butler  to  old  Mr.  Ralph 
Morton  of  Milnwood. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Robin  Adair,  written  by  lady 
Caroline  Keppel,  daughter  of  the  second 
earl  of  Albemarle  ;  she  married  (after  the 
usual  unsmooth  run  of  true  love)  Robert 
Adair,  a  young  Irish  surgeon,  in  1758. 
The  air  was  the  old  Irish  tune  of  ' '  Eileen 
Aroon,"  which  her  lover  had  sung  to  her. 
Robin  Adair  left  a  son  who  became  the 
hon.  sir  Robert  Adair,  G.C.B. 

Robert  Adair  was  the  father  of  the  rijjht  hon.  sir 
Robert  Adair,  who  died  in  1855. 

Robin  Bluestring.  Sir  Robert 
Walpole  was  so  called,  in  allusion  to  his 
blue  ribbon  as  a  knight  of  the  Garter 
(1676-1745). 

Robin  Goodfellow,  another  name 
for  Puck.  The  ballad  so  called  is  at- 
tributed by  Peck  to  Ben  Jonson,  but  it 
is  not  among  his  collected  songs. 

Robin  Gray  [Auld).  The  words  of 
this  song  are  by  lady  Anne  Lindsay, 
daughter  of  the  earl  of  Balcarres ;  she 
was  afterwards  lady  Barnard.  The  song 
was  written  in  1772  to  an  old  Scotch  tune 
called  The  Bridegroom  Grat  when  the  Sun 
gaed  Down.    (See  Gray,  p.  445.) 

Robin  Hood  was  born  at  Locksley, 
in  Notts.,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  II.  (1160), 
His  real  name  was  Fitzooth,  and  it  is 
comnionly  said  that  he  was  the  earl  of 
Huntingdon.  Having  outrun  his  fortune, 
and  being  outlawed,  he  hved  as  a  free- 
booter in  Barnsdale  (Yorkshire),  Sher- 
wood (Notts.),  and  Plompton  Park  (Cum- 
berland). His  chief  companions  were 
Little  John  (whose  name  was  Nailor), 
William  Scadlock  (or  Scarlet),  George 
Green  the  pinder  (or  pound-keeper)  of 
Wakefield,  Much  a  miller's  son,  and 
Tuck  a  friar,  with  one  female  named 
Marian.  His  company  at  one  time  con- 
sisted of  a  hundred  archers.  He  was 
bled  to  death  in  his  old  age  by  a  relative, 
the  prioress  of  Kirkley's  Nunnery,  in 
Yorkshire,  November  i8,  1247,  aged  87 
years. 

• .  •  An  excellent  sketch  of  Robin  Hood 
is  giveu_  by  Drayton  in  his  Polyolbion, 
xxvi.  Sir  W.  Scott  introduces  him  in  two 
novels — Ivanhoe  and  The  Talisman,     In 


923 


ROBIN  HOOD. 


the  former  he  first  appears  as  Locksley 
the  archer,  at  the  tournament.  He  is  also 
called  "  Dickon  Bend-the-Bow."  Ritson, 
in  1791,  published  all  the  ballads,  songs, 
and  poems  extant  on  this  famous  outlaw  ; 
and  T.  L,  Peacock,  in  1822,  wrote  a 
romance  on  the  outlaw,  called  The  Maid 
Marian. 

(The  following  dramatic  pieces  have  the 
famous  outlaw  for  the  hero: — Robin 
Hood,  i.  (1597),  Munday;  Robin  Hood, 
ii.  (1598),  Chettle  ;  Robin  Hood  (1741), 
an  opera,  by  Dr.  Arne  and  Burney ; 
Robin  Hood  (1787),  an  opera,  by  O'Keefe, 
music  by  Shield ;  Robin  Hood,  by  Mac- 
nally,  before  1820.) 

N.B.— Major  tells  us  that  this  famous 
robber  took  away  the  goods  of  rich  men 
only ;  never  killed  any  person  except  in 
self-defence  ;  never  plundered  the  poor, 
but  charitably  fed  them  ;  and  adds,  "he 
was  most  humane  and  the  prince  of  all 
robbers." — BritannicB  Historia,  128 
(1740). 

Epitaph  of  Robin  Hood. 

Hear  undernead  dislaitl  stean 
Laiz  robert  earl  of  Huntingtun. 
Near  arcir  ver  az  hie  sa  geud. 
An  pipl  kauld  im  robin  heud. 
Sick  utlawz  az  hi  an  iz  men 
Vil  england  nivr  si  agen. 
Obiit  24  kai  dekembris,  1247. 

Ca/f  (dean  of  York). 

Hatton,  in  his  Churches  of  Yorkshire^ 
gives  the  epitaph  in  Kirkless  Church 
thus— 

Here  undernith  this  lact  [jic]  stean 
Lay  robert  earl  of  Huntingtloii. 
Ner  arcir  yer  az  his  sae  g'eud, 
An  piple  kauld  im  robin  Heud. 
Sich  outlaiiz  as  he  an  is  men 
Vil  england  niver  si  agin. 
Obiit  24  kal.  Dekembris,  1247. 

(There  is  no  such  date  as  24  kal.  of 
any  month.  Probably  14  is  meant, 
which  would  be  the  i8th  of  November, 
the  real  date. ) 

(The  abbot  of  St.  Mary's,  in  York,  and 
the  sheriff  of  Nottingham  were  his  betes 
nolres.  Munday  and  Chettle  wrote  a 
popular  play  in  1601,  entitled  The  Death 
of  Robert  Earl  of  HuJitingdon.) 

Robin  Hoods  Fat  Friar  was  friar 
Tuck. 

Robin  Hoods  Men,  outlaws,  free- 
booters. 

There  came  sodainly  twelve  men  all  appareled  in 
short  cotes  of  Kentish  Kendal  [^ru^w] .  .  .  every  one  of 
them  .  .  .  like  outlaws  or  Robyn  Hodes  m&n,—j/aU 
{Jo.  Ivi.  b). 

I.  Robin  Hood  in  Barnsdale  stood,  said 
to  a  person  who  is  not  speaking  to  the 
point.  This  is  the  only  hne  extant  of  a 
song  of  great  antiquity,  and  a  favourite 
in  the  law-courts. 


ROBIN  HOOD. 


923 


ROBINSON. 


marked,  •'  You  may  as  well  say  by  way  of  incluceme 
to  a  traverse,  '  Robin  Hood  in  Bamwood  stood.' ' 
Bitsh  T.  Ltakt. 

Mas  tout  un  come  il  ust  re[)!ic  "  Robin  Whood  In 
Rirnwood  stood,"  absque  hoc  q  def.  p.  commandement 
tit  John. — H'itham  v.  Barker. 

Robin  Hood  upon  Greendale  stood. 

State  Trials,  HI.  634. 

2.  Come,  turn  about,  Robin  Hood,  a 
challenge  in  defiance  of  exceeding  pluck. 

O  Love,  whose  power  and  might 

No  creature  ere  withstood, 
Thou  forcest  me  to  write. 

Come,  turn  about,  Robin  Hood. 

PVit  and  Drollery  (1661). 

3.  Many  talk  0/  Robin  Hood  that  never 
shot  in  his  bow,  many  prate  of  things  of 
which  they  have  no  practical  knowledge. 

Herein  our  author  hath  verified  the  proverb,  "  Talk- 
ing at  large  of  Robin  Hood,  in  whose  bow  he  never 
^tit."— Fuller  :  IVorthies,  315  (1662). 
Molti  parlan  di  Orlando 
Chi  non  viddero  mai  suo  brando. 

Italian  Proverb. 

4.  To  sell  Robin  Hood's  Pennyworths, 
sold  much  under  the  intrinsic  value.  As 
Robin  Hood  stole  his  goods,  he  sold  them 
at  almost  any  price.  It  is  said  that 
chapmen  bought  his  wares  most  eagerly. 

All  men  said  it  became  me  well. 
And  Robin  Hood's  pennyworths  I  did  sell. 
Randal-a-Barnaby. 

Robin  Hood  and  Guy  of  Gis- 
borne,  an  old  ballad,  date  unknown. 
It  says  that  Robin  Hood  and  Little  John, 
wandering  together  in  Sherwood  Forest, 
saw  a  man  standing  under  a  tree,  when 
Little  John  said  he  would  go  and  ask  his 
business.  Robin  Hood  thought  this  was 
an  affront,  and  threatened  to  break  his 
head,  whereupon  Little  John  parted  and 
went  to  Burnesdale.  Here  he  was  over- 
powered by  the  sheriffs  men  and  bound. 
Meantime  Robin  Hood  went  to  the 
stranger  and  asked  his  name  and  business. 
•'  I  am  Guy  of  Gisbome,"  said  he,  "and 
I  have  sworn  to  take  one  Robin  Hood 
captive."  "  I  am  Robin  Hood,"  said  the 
outlaw,  and  the  two  men  struggled  for 
the  mastery.  Ultimately,  Robin  Hood 
slew  the  stranger,  and  cut  off  his  head. 
He  then  changed  raiment,  and  blew  Guy's 
horn.  "  Ho  !  ho  ! "  said  the  sheriff,  "that 
is  Guy's  horn,  and  he  has  taken  the  out- 
law captive  ; "  so  he  hastened  to  the  spot, 
and  mistook  Robin  Hood  for  Guy  of 
Gisbome.  This  enabled  Robin  to  unbind 
Little  John  and  give  him  secretly  Guy's 
bow.  The  sheriff  saw  his  mistake  and 
fled,  but  Little  John  shot  him  in  the  back, 
and  he  fell  dead. — Percy:  Reliques,  series 
i.  bk.  i.  8. 

(Ritson  has  published  many  other 
ballads  about  Robin  Hood,  but  it  would 


occupy  too  much  space  to  give  their  gist 
even  in  the  briefest  manner.) 

Robin  Redbreast.  One  tradition 
is  that  the  robin  pecked  a  thorn  out  of 
the  crown  of  thorns  when  Christ  was  on 
His  way  to  Calvary,  and  the  blood  which 
issued  from  the  wound,  falling  on  the 
bird,  dyed  its  breast  red. 

Another  tradition  is  that  it  carries  in. 
its  bill  dew  to  those  shut  up  in  the 
burning  lake,  and  its  breast  is  red  from 
being  scorched  by  the  fire  of  Gehenna. 

He  brings  cool  dew  in  his  little  bill. 
And  lets  it  fall  on  the  souls  of  sin  ; 
You  can  see  the  mark  on  his  red  breast  sHll 


Robin  Redbreasts,  Bow  Street 
officers.     So  called  from  their  red  vests. 

Robin  Rong'hh.ead,  a  poor  cottager 
and  farm  labourer,  the  son  of  lord  Lack- 
wit.  On  the  death  of  his  lordship,  Robin 
Roughhead  comes  into  the  title  and 
estates.  This  brings  out  the  best 
qualities  of  his  heart — liberahty,  bene- 
volence, and  honesty.  He  marries  Dolly, 
to  whom  he  was  already  engaged,  and 
becomes  the  good  genius  of  the  peasantry 
on  his  estate. — AUingham  :  Fortune's 
Frolic  (1800). 

Robin  and  Makyne  (2  syl),  an 
old  Scotch  pastoral.  Robin  is  a  shep- 
herd, for  whom  Makyne  sighs,  but  he 
turns  a  deaf  ear  to  her,  and  she  goes 
home  to  weep.  In  time,  Robin  sighs  for 
Makyne,  but  she  replies,  "  He  who  wills 
not  when  he  may,  when  he  wills  he  shall 
have  nay." — Percy  :  Reliques,  etc.,  II. 

Robin  des  Bois,  a  mysterious  hunter 
in  the  forests  of  Germany. 

(The  name  occurs  in  one  of  Eugene 
Sue's  novels. ) 

Robin  of  Ba^shot,  alias  Gordon, 
alias  Bluff  Bob,  alias  Carbuncle,  alias  Bob 
Booty,  one  of  Macheath's  gang  of  thieves, 
and  a  favourite  of  Mrs.  Peachum's. — 
Gay :   The  Beggar's  Opera  (1727). 

Robins  [Zerubbabel),  in  Cromwell's 
troop.— 5?>  W.  Scott:  Woodstock  (time. 
Commonwealth). 

Robinson.  Be/ore  you  can  say.  Jack 
Robinson,  a  quotation  from  one  of  Hud- 
son's songs ;  a  tobacconist  who  lived  at 
98,  Shoe  Lane,  in  the  early  part  of  the 
nineteenth  century. 

(Probably  Hudson  only  adopted  the 
phrase.) 


ROBINSON  CRUSOE. 

Hobinson  Crn'soe  (2  syl.),  a  tale 
by  Daniel  Defoe.  Robinson  Crusoe  ran 
away  from  home,  and  went  to  sea. 
Being  wrecked,  he  led  for  many  years  a 
solitary  existence  on  an  uninhabited 
island  of  the  tropics,  and  relieved  the 
•weariness  of  life  by  numberless  con- 
trivances. At  length  he  met  a  human 
being,  a  young  Indian,  whom  he  saved 
from  death  on  a  Friday.  He  called  him 
his  "  man  Friday,"  and  made  him  his 
companion  and  servant. 

(Defoe  founded  this  story  on  the  adven- 
tures of  Alexander  Selkirk,  sailing-master 
©f  the  privateer  Cirque  Ports  Galley,  who 
was  left  by  captain  Stradling  on  the 
desolate  island  of  Juan  Fernandez  for 
four  years  and  four  months  (1704-1709), 
when  he  was  rescued  by  captain  Woodes 
Rogers  and  brought  to  England.) 

Robsart  [Amy),  countess  of  Leicester. 
She  was  betrothed  to  Edmund  Tressilian, 
When  the  earl  falls  into  disgrace  at  court 
for  marrying  Amy,  Richard  Varney, 
master  of  the  horse,  loosens  a  trap-door 
at  Cumnor  Place ;  and  Amy,  rushing 
forward  to  greet  her  husband,  falls  into 
the  abyss  and  is  killed. 

Sir  Hugh  Robsart,  of  Lidcote  Hall, 
father  of  Amy.— 5z>  W.  Scott:  Kenil- 
worth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

RiOC,  a  white  bird  of  enormous  size. 
Its  strength  is  such  that  it  will  lift  up 
an  elephant  from  the  ground  and  carry  it 
to  its  mountain  nest,  where  it  will  devour 
it.  In  the  Arabian  Nights  Entertain- 
ments it  was  a  roc  which  carried 
Sinbad  the  sailor  from  the  island  on 
which  he  had  been  deserted  by  his 
companions  ("  Second  Voyage'  ).  And  it 
was  a  roc  which  carried  Agib  from  the 
castle  grounds  of  the  ten  young  men  who 
had  lost  their  right  eyes  ("The  Third 
Calender's  Story").  Sinbad  says  one 
claw  of  the  roc  is  as  "  big  as  the  trunk 
of  a  large  tree,"  and  its  egg  is  "fifty  paces 
[150 /^^^J  in  circumference." 

Tf  The  "  rukh  "  of  Madagascar  lays  an 
«gg  equal  to  148  hen's  eggs. — Comptes 
Rendus,  etc.,  xxxii.  loi  (1851). 

Rocco,  the  jailer  sent  with  Fidelio 
{Leonora)  to  dig  the  grave  of  Fernando 
Florestan    (q.v.).  —  Beethoven :    Fidelio 

llocli'dale  {Sir  Simon),  of  the  manor- 
house.  He  is  a  J. P.,  but  refuses  to  give 
justice  to  Job  Thornberry  the  old  brazier, 
who  demands  that  his  son  Frank  Roch- 


924  ROCK  LIZARDS. 

dale  shall  marry  Mary  [Thornberry], 
whom  he  has  seduced.  At  this  crisis. 
Peregrine  appears,  and  tells  sir  Simon 
he  is  the  elder  brother,  and  as  such  i« 
heir  to  the  title  and  estates. 

Frank  Rochdale,  son  of  the  baronet, 
who  has  promised  to  marry  Mary  Thorn, 
berry,  but  sir  Simon  wants  him  to  marry 
lady  Caroline  Braymore,  who  has  ;i^400d 
a  year.     Lady  Caroline  marries  the  hon.   j 
Tom  Shuffleton,  and   Frank  makes  the  ' 
best  reparation  he  can  by  marrying  Mary,   j 
—Colman  :  John  Bull  (1805). 

Roclie's  Bird  {Sir  Boyle),  which  | 
was  "in  two  places  at  the  same  time."  , 
The  tale  is  that  sir  Boyle  Roche  said  in 
the  House  of  Commons,  "Mr.  Speaker, 
it  is  impossible  I  could  have  been  in  two 
places  at  once,  unless  I  were  a  bird." 
This  is  a  quotation  from  Jevon's  play, 
The  Devil  of  a  Wife  (seventeenth  cen- 
tury). 

Wife.  I  cannot  be  in  two  places  at  once. 

Husband  (Rowland).  Surely  no,  unless  thou  wert  a  bird. 

Presuming  that  the  duplicate  card  is  the  knave  of 
hearts,  you  may  make  a  remark  on  the  ubiquitous 
nature  of  certain  cards,  which,  like  sir  Boyle  Roche's 
bird,  are  in  two  places  aXonc&.— Drawing-room  Magic. 

BiOCliecliffe  [Dr.  Anthony),  formerly 
Joseph  Albany,  a  plotting  royalist. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  Woodstock  (time,  Common- 
wealth). 

Rochester  {The  earl  of),  the 
favourite  of  Charles  II.,  introduced  in 
high  feather  by  sir  W.  Scott  in  Woodstock, 
and  in  Peveril  of  the  Peak  in  disgrace. 

Rochester,  to  whom  Jane  Eyre  is 
eventually  married  — Charlotte  Bronti: 
Jane  Eyre  (1847). 

Rock  {Captain),  the  noted  Irish  chief- 
tain. Thom.  Moore  wrote  his  memoirs 
(1824). 

Rock  {Dr.  Richard),  a  famous 
quack,  who  professed  to  cure  every 
disease.  He  was  short  of  stature  and 
fat,  wore  a  white  three-tailed  wig, 
nicely  combed  and  frizzed  upon  each 
cheek,  carried  a  cane,  and  halted  in  his 
gait. 

Dr.  Rock,  F.U.N.,  never  wore  a  hat.  .  .  .  He  and  Dr. 

Franks  were  at  variance.  .  .  .  Rock  cautioned  the  world 
to  beware  of  bog-trotting-  quacks,  while  Franks  called 
his  rival  "Dumplin'  Dick."  Head  of  Confucius,  what 
profanation! — Goldsmith:  A  Citizen  of  the  JVor/d{i7S9}' 
Oh  1  when  his  nerves  had  once  received  a  shock. 
Sir  Isaac  Newton  might  have  gone  to  Rock. 

Crabbe  :  Borough  (tSio). 

Rock  Lizards,  natives  of  Gibraltar< 
born  in  the  town,  of  British  parent* 


ROCKET. 


92s 


RODMOND. 


Rocket.  He  rose  like  a  rocket,  and 
fell  like  the  stick.  Thomas  Paine  said 
this  of  Mr.  Burke. 

Rocnabad,  a  stream  near  the  city  of 
Schiraz,  noted  for  the  purity  of  its 
waters, 

"I  am  disgtisted  with  the  mountain  of  the  Four 
Fountains,"  Kiid  the  caliph  Omar  ben  Abdal-aziz;  "and 
am  resolved  to  go  and  drink  of  the  stream  of  Rocna- 
bad."—^«<r/t/&rar;  Vathek  (1784). 

Roderick,  the  thirty-fourth  and  last 
of  the  Gothic  kings  of  Spain,  son  of 
Theod'ofred  and  Rusilla.  Having  vio- 
lated Florinda,  daughter  of  count  Julian, 
he  was  driven  from  his  throne  by  the 
Moors,  and  assumed  the  garb  of  a  monk, 
with  the  name  of  "father  Maccabee." 
He  was  present  at  the  great  battle  of 
Covadonga,  in  which  the  Moors  were  cut 
to  pieces,  but  what  became  of  him  after- 
wards no  one  knows.  His  helm,  sword, 
and  cuirass  were  found,  so  was  his  steed. 
Several  generations  passed  away,  when, 
in  a  hermitage  near  Viseu,  a  tomb  was 
discovered,  "which  bore  in  ancient  cha- 
racters king  Roderick's  name  ;  "  but  im- 
agination must  fill  up  the  gap.  He  is 
spoken  of  as  most  popular. 

Time  has  been 
When  not  a  tongue  within  the  Pyrenees 
Dared  whisper  in  dispraise  of  Roderick's  name. 
Lest,  if  the  conscious  air  had  caught  the  sound, 
The  vengeance  of  the  honest  multitude 
Should  fall  upon  the  traitorous  head,  and  brand 
For  life-long  infamy  the  lying  lips. 

Soutkey:  Roderick,  etc.,  xv.  (18x4). 

Roderick's  Dog  was  called  Theron. 
Roderick's  Horse  was  Orel'io, 

Roderick  {The  Vision  of  don).  Rode- 
rick, the  last  of  the  Gothic  kings  of  Spain, 
descended  into  an  ancient  vault  near 
Toledo,  This  vault  was  similar  to  that 
in  Greece,  called  the  cave  of  Triphonios, 
where  was  an  oracle.  In  the  vault 
Roderick  saw  a  vision  of  Spanish  history 
from  his  own  xexgn  to  the  beginning  of 
the  nineteenth  century.  Period  I.  The 
invasion  of  the  Moors,  with  his  own 
defeat  and  death.  Period  II.  The  Augus- 
tine age  of  Spain,  and  their  conquests  in 
the  two  Indies.  Period  III.  The  oppres- 
sion of  Spain  by  Bonaparte,  and  its 
succour  by  British  aid. — Sir  iv.  Scott: 
The  Vision  of  Don  Roderick  (1811). 

Roderick  Dhn,  an  outlaw  and  chief 
of  a  banditti,  which  resolved  to  win  back 
the  spoil  of  the  "Saxon  spoiler."  Fitz- 
James,  a  Saxon,  met  him  and  knew  him 
not.  He  asked  the  Saxon  why  he  was 
roaming  unguarded  over  the  mountains, 


and  Fitz-James  replied  that  he  had 
sworn  to  combat  with  Roderick,  the 
rebel,  till  death  laid  one  of  them  pro- 
strate, "Have,  then,  thy  wish!"  ex- 
claimed the  stranger,  "for  I  am  Rode- 
rick Dhu."  As  he  spoke,  the  whole  place 
bristled  with  armed  men,  Fitz-]ames 
stood  with  his  back  against  a  rock,  and 
cried,  "Come  one,  come  all;  this  rock 
shall  fly  ere  I  budge  an  inch."  Sir 
Roderick,  charmed  with  his  daring, 
waved  his  hand,  and  all  the  band  disap- 
peared as  mysteriously  as  they  had  ap- 
peared. Sir  Roderick  then  bade  the  Saxon 
fight,  "For,"  said  he,  "that  party  will 
prove  victorious  which  first  slays  an 
enemy,"  "  Then,"  replied  Fitz-James, 
"thy  cause  is  hopeless,  for  Red  Murdock 
is  slain  already,"  They  fought,  how- 
ever, and  Roderick,  being  overcome,  was 
made  prisoner  (canto  v.). — Sir  IV.  Scott; 
The  Lady  of  the  Lake  (18 10). 

Roderick  Random.  (See  Random, 
p,  898,) 

Rod'erig"©  or  Roderi'go  (3  syl), 
a  Venetian  gentleman  in  love  with  Des- 
demona.  When  Desdemona  eloped  with 
Othello,  Roderigo  hated  the  ' '  noble 
Moor,"  and  la'go  took  advantage  of  this 
temper  for  his  own  base  ends, — Shake- 
speare :  Othello  {x6ii). 

Roderigo's  suspicious  credulity  and  impatient  sulv 
mission  to  the  cheats  which  he  sees  practised  on  him, 
and  which,  by  persuasion,  he  suffers  to  be  repeated, 
exhibit  a  strong  picture  of  a  weak  mind  betrayed  by 
unlawful  desires  to  a  false  friend.— Z)r.  yohnson. 

Rodliaver,  the  sweetheart  of  Zal,  a 
Persian,  Zal  being  about  to  scale  her 
bower,  she  let  down  her  long  tresses  to 
assist  him,  but  Zal  managed  to  fix  his 
crook  into  a  projecting  beam,  and  thus 
made  his  way  to  the  lady  of  his  devotion. 
— Champion:  Ferdosi. 

Rodilardus,  a  huge  cat,  which 
attacked  Panurge,  and  which  he  mistook 
for  "a  young  soft-chinned  devil."  The 
word  means  "gnaw-lard"  (Latin,  rodire 
lardum). — Rabelais:   PantagVuel,  iv.  67 

(1545)- 

He  saw  In  a  fine  painting  the  stories  of  the  most 
famous  cats :  as  Rodillardus  [«V]  hung  by  the  heels  in 
a  council  of  rats,  puss  in  boots,  the  marquis  de  Carabas, 
Whittington's  cat,  the  writing  cat,  the  cat  turned  woman, 
witches  in  the  shape  of  cats,  and  so  oxi.—Comtesse 
D'Aulnoy  :  Fairy  Tales  ("  The  White  Cat,"  i68a), 

("The  marquis  de  Carabas."  See 
Puss  IN  Boots,  p,  884.) 

Rodmond,  chief  mate  of  the  Bri- 
tannia, son  of  a  Northumbrian  engaged 
in  the  coal-trade ;  a  hardy,  weather-beaten 


RODOGUNE. 


936 


ROGERO. 


seaman,  uneducated,  "boisterous  of  man- 
ners," and  regardless  of  truth,  but  tender- 
hearted. He  was  drowned  when  the  ship 
struck  on  cape  Colonna,  the  most  southern 
point  of  Attica. 

Unskilled  to  ar^e,  in  dispute  yet  loud, 
Bold  without  caution,  without  honours  proud. 
In  art  unschooled,  each  veteran  rule  he  prized. 
And  all  improvement  haughtily  despised. 

Falconer  :  The  Shipwreck,  i.  (17S6). 

Ro'dogune,  Rhodogtine,  or  Xllio'- 
dogyne  (3  syl.),  daughter  of  Phraa'tfis 
king  of  Parthia.  She  married  Deme'trius 
Nica'nor  (the  husband  of  Cleopat'ra  queen 
of  Syria,  q.v.),  while  in  captivity. — Rowe : 
The  Royal  Convert  (1708). 

(P.  Corneille  has  a  tragedy  ott  the 
subject,  entitled  Rodogune,  1646. ) 

Rodolfo  (//  conte).  It  is  in  the  bed- 
chamber of  this  count  that  Ami'na  is 
discovered  the  night  before  her  espousal 
to  Elvino.  Ugly  suspicion  is  excited, 
but  the  count  assures  the  young  farmer 
that  Amina  walks  in  her  sleep.  While 
they  are  talking,  Amina  is  seen  to  get 
out  of  a  window  and  walk  along  a  narrow 
ledge  of  the  mill-roof  while  the  huge 
wheel  is  rapidly  revolving.  She  crosses 
a  crazy  bridge,  and  walks  into  the  very 
midst  of  the  spectators.  In  a  few  minutes 
she  awakes,  and  flies  to  the  arms  of  her 
lover. — Bellini:  La  Sonnambula  (opera, 
1831). 

Rodomont,  king  of  Sarza  or  Algiers. 
He  was  Ulien's  son,  and  called  the  "  Mars 
of  Africa,"  His  lady-love  was  Dor'alis 
princess  of  Grana'da,  but  she  eloped  with 
Mandricardo  king  of  Tartary.  At 
Rogero's  wedding,  Rodomont  accused 
him  of  being  a  renegade  and  traitor, 
whereupon  they  fought,  and  Rodomont 
was  slain. — Orlando  Innamorato  (1495) ; 
and  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Who  so  meek  ?  I'm  sure  I  quake  at  the  rery  thought 
of  him ;  why,  he's  as  fierce  as  Rodomont  \—Dryden  : 
Spanish  Fryar,  v.  2  (1680). 

(Rodomontade  [\syl.),  from  Rodomont, 
a  bragging  although  a  brave  knight. ) 

Htodri'gfO,  king  of  Spain,  conquered 
by  the  Moors.  He  saved  his  life  by 
flight,  and  wandered  to  GuadaletS,  where 
he  begged  food  of  a  shepherd,  and  gave 
him  in  recompense  his  royal  chain  and 
ring.  A  hermit  bade  him,  in  penance, 
retire  to  a  certain  tomb  full  of  snakes 
and  toads,  where,  after  three  days,  the 
hermit  found  him  unhurt ;  so,  going  to 
his  cell,  he  passed  the  night  in  prayer. 
Next  morning,  Rodrigo  cried  aloud  to  the 
hermit,  "  They  eat  me   now ;  I  feel  the 


adder's  bit'^."    So  his  sin  was  atoned  for, 
and  he  died. 

(This  Rodrigo  is  Roderick,  the  last  of 
the  Goths.) 

Rodri'gfo,  rival  of  Pe'dro  "the  pil- 
grim," and  captain  of  a  band  of  outlaws. 
— Fletcher:  The  Pilgrim  (1621). 

Rodri'g-o  de  Mondragfon  [Don), 
a  bully  and  tyrant,  the  self-constituted 
arbiter  of  all  disputes  in  a  tennis-court  of 

Valladolid. 

Don  Rodrigo  de  Mondragon  was  about  30  years  of 
ag-e,  of  an  ordinary  make,  but  lean  and  muscular;  he 
had  two  little  twinkling  eyes,  that  rolled  in  his  head 
and  threatened  everybody  he  looked  at;  a  very  flat 
nose,  placed  between  red  whiskers  that  curled  up  to 
his  very  temples  ;  and  a  manner  of  speaking  so  rough 
and  passionate  that  his  words  struck  terror  into  every- 
body.— Lesage :  Gil  Bias,  ii.  g  (1715). 

Eogfel  of  Greece  ( The  Exploits  and 
Adventures  of),  part  of  the  series  called 
Le  Roman  des  Romans,  pertaining  to 
"  Am'adis  of  Gaul."  This  part  was  added 
by  Feliciano  de  Silva. 

Rogr^r,  the  cook,  who  "cowde  roste, 
sethe,  broille,  and  frie,  make  mortreux, 
and  wel  bake  a  pye." — Chaucer  :  Canter- 
bury Tales  (1388). 

Roger  {Sir),  curate  to  "The Scornful 
Lady"  (no  name  given). — Beaumont  and 
Fletcher:  The  Scornful  Lady  (1616). 

(Beaumont  died  1616.) 

Roger  Bontemps,  the  personation 
of  contentment  with  his  station  in  life, 
and  of  the  buoyancy  of  good  hope. 
*'  There's  a  good  time  coming,  John." 

Vous  pauvres,  pleins  d'envife; 

Vous  rich,  desireux ; 
Vous  dont  le  char  d^vie 

Aprfes  un  cours  heureux; 
Vous  qui  perdrez  peut-Stre 

Des  litres  ^clatans ; 
Eh  I  gai  1  prenez  pour  mattrs 

Le  gros  Roger  Bontemps. 

B^ran^er  (1780-1856). 
Ye  poor,  with  envy  goaded  ; 

Ye  ricli,  for  more  who  long ; 
Ye  who  by  fortune  loaded 

Find  all  things  going  wrong; 
Ye  who  by  some  disaster 

See  all  your  cables  break ; 
From  henceforth  for  your  master 

Should  Roger  Bontemps  take. 

E.  C.  S. 

Roger  de  Coverley  {Sir),  an 
hypothetical  baronet  of  Coverley  or 
Cowley,  near  Oxford. — Addison  :  The 
Spectator  {ijij,  ijiz,  1714). 

(The  prototype  of  this  famous  character 
was  sir  John  Pakington,  seventh  baronet 
of  the  line. ) 

ROGE'RO,  brother  of  Marphi'sa  ; 
brought  up  by  Atlantis  a  magician. 
He    married  Brad'amant,  the   niece    of 


ROGERO.  927 

Charlemagne.  Rogero  was  converted  to 
Christianity,  and  baptized.  His  marriage 
with  Bradamant  and  his  election  to  the 
crown  of  Bulgaria,  conclude  the  poem. — 
Ariosio :  Orlando  Furioso  ( 1516). 

Who  more  brave  than  Rodoniont  t  who  more  cour- 
teous than  Koi^iot—CervanUs :  Uon  Quixote,  I.  L 
<i6o5). 

BiOgre'ro,  son  of  Roberto  Guiscardo 
the  Norman.  Slain  by  Tisaphernes.— 
Tasso  :  Jerusalem  Delivered,  xx.  {1575). 

Rosfe'ro  (3  syl. ),  a  gentleman  of  Sicilia. 
—Shakespeare :  The  Winter's  Tale  [160^). 

(This  is  one  of  those  characters  which 
appear  in  the  dramatis  personcB,  but  are 
never  introduced  in  the  play.  Rogero 
not  only  does  not  utter  a  word,  he  does 
not  even  enter  the  stage  all  through  the 
drama.  In  the  Globe  edition  his  name 
is  omitted.     See  Violenta.  ) 

Rogero,  in  The  Rovers,  a  tragedy 
contributed  by  Canning  to  the  Anti- 
Jacobin  Review  (1798-1821).  It  is  in 
ridicule  of  the  German  sentimental  drama. 
Rogero  sings  the  famous  song  of  the 
"  U — niversity  of  Gottingen."  When  he 
matriculated,  he  says — 

There  first  for  thee  my  passion  grew. 
Sweet,  sweet  Matilda  Pottengea; 

Thou  wast  the  daughter  of  my  tu- 
tor, law  professor  of  the  U- 
niversity  of  Gottingen, 

Rogfet,  the  pastoral  name  of  George 
Wither  in  the  four  "eglogues"  called 
The  Shepheard's  Hunting  (161 5).  The 
first  and  last  "  eglogues  "  are  dialogues 
between  Roget  and  Willy  his  young 
friend ;  in  the  second  pastoral  Cuddy  is 
introduced,  and  in  the  third  Alexis  makes 
a  fourth  character.  The  subject  of  the 
first  three  is  the  reason  of  Roget's  im- 
prisonment, which,  he  says,  is  a  hunt  that 
gave  great  offence.  This  hunt  is  in  reality 
a  satire  called  Abuses  Stript  and  Whipt. 
The  fourth  pastoral  has  for  its  subject 
Roget's  love  of  poetry. 

("  Willy  "  is  his  friend  William  Browne 
of  the  Inner  Temple  (two  years  his  junior), 
author  oi Britannia' s Pastorals.) 

Xtiolia,  the  camphor  tree.  "  The  juice 
of  the  camphor  is  made  to  run  out  from  a 
wound  at  the  top  of  the  tree,  and,  being 
received  in  a  vessel,  is  allowed  to  harden 
in  the  sun.— Arabian  Nights  ("  Sinbad's 
Second  Voyage  "). 

Roi  Fauade  ["  king  0/ slops  "],  Louis 
XVIII.  (1755.  1814-1824). 

Roister  Bolster  {Ralph),  a  vain, 
thoughtless,  blustering  fellow,  in  pursuit 


ROLAND. 

of  Custance  a  rich  widow,  but  baffled  In 
his  endeavour.  — 6^</a//.-  Ralph  Roister 
Bolster  (the  first  English  comedy,  1534). 

Rokeby,  a  poem  in  six  cantos,  by  sir 
Walter  Scott  (1813).  The  time  referred 
to  is  immediately  subsequent  to  the  battle 
of  Marston  Moor,  Yorkshire  (1644). 
Rokeby  is  a  mansion  near  Greta  Bridge, 
in  Yorkshire,  and  the  poem  abounds  in 
descriptions  of  the  estate. 

(The  tale  is  about  the  love  of  Wilfrid 
Wycliffe  for  Matilda,  heiress  of  the  knight 
of  Rokeby. ) 

Rokesmitlx  [John),  alias  John 
Harmon,  secretary  of  Mr.  Boffin.  He 
lodged  with  the  Wilfers,  and  ultimately 
married  Bella  Wilfer.  John  Rokesmith 
is  described  as  "a  dark  gentleman,  30 
at  the  utmost,  with  an  expressive,  one 
might  say  a  handsome,  face." — Dickens: 
Our  Mutual  Friend  (1864). 

(For  the  solution  of  the  mystery,  see 
vol.  I.  ii.  13.) 

Roland,  count  of  Mans  and  knight 
of  Blaives.  His  mother,  Berlha,  was 
Charlemagne's  sister.  Roland  is  repre- 
sented as  brave,  devotedly  loyal,  unsus- 
picious, and  somewhat  too  easily  imposed 
upon.  He  was  eight  feet  high,  and  had 
an  open  countenance.  In  Italian  romance 
he  is  called  Orlan'do.  He  was  slain  in 
the  valley  of  RoncesvallSs  as  he  was 
leading  the  rear  of  his  uncle's  army  from 
Spain  to  France.  Charlemagne  himself 
had  reached  St.  Jean  Pied  de  Port  at  the 
time,  heard  the  blast  of  his  nephew's 
horn,  and  knew  it  announced  treachery, 
but  was  unable  to  render  him  assistance 
(A.D.  778). 

(Roland  is  the  hero  of  Th^roulde's 
Chanson  de  Roland ;  of  Turpin's  Chro- 
«zVw«/of  Bojardo's  Orlando  Innatnordto  ; 
of  Ariosto's  Orlando  Furioso;  of  Pic- 
cini's  opera  called  Roland  (1778) ;  etc. ) 

Rolands  Horn,  Olivant  or  OUfant. 
It  was  won  from  the  giant  Jatraund,  and 
might  be  heard  at  the  distance  of  thirty 
miles.  Birds  fell  dead  at  its  blast,  and  the 
whole  Saracen  army  drew  back  in  terror 
when  they  heard  it.  So  loud  it  sounded, 
that  the  blast  reached  from  Roncesvalles 
to  St.  Jean  Pied  de  Port,  a  distance  of 
several  miles. 

Roland  lifts  Olifant  to  his  mouth  and  blows  It  with 
all  his  might.  The  mountains  around  are  lofty,  but 
high  above  them  the  sound  of  the  horn  arises  {at  the 
third  blast,  it  split  in  twain]. — Sons;-  of  Roland  (as 
sung  by  Taillefer,  at  the  battle  of  Hastings).  See 
Walton:  History  0/ Enj^lish  Poetry,  v.  i,  sect.  iii.  133 
I1781). 

Rolands    Horse,    Veillantif,    called   ia 


ROLAND. 


928 


ROLLIAD. 


Italian  Veglian' tino  ("the  little  vigilant 
one  "J. 

In  Italian  romance,  Orlando  has  another 
horse,  called  Brigliado'ro  ("  golden 
bridle"). 

Rolands  Spear.  Visitors  are  shown  a 
spear  in  the  cathedral  of  Pa'\ia,  which 
they  are  told  belonged  to  Roland. 

Rolands  Sword,  Duran'dal,  made  by 
the  fairies.  To  prevent  its  falling  into 
the  hands  of  the  enemy  when  Roland 
was  attacked  in  the  valley  of  Ronces- 
vallSs,  he  smote  a  rock  with  it,  and  it 
made  in  the  solid  rock  a  fissure  some 
300  feet  in  depth,  called  to  this  day  La 
Briche  de  Roland, 

Then  would  I  seek  the  Pyrenean  breach 

Which  Roland  clove  with  huge  two-handed  sway, 
.....  .  .       ^^^.  .. 


•.'A  sword  is  shown  at  Rocamadour, 
in  the  department  of  Lot  (France),  which 
visitors  are  assured  was  Roland's  Duran- 
dal.  But  the  romances  say  that  Roland, 
dying,  threw  his  sword  into  a  poisoned 
stream. 

Death  of  Roland.  There  is  a  tradition 
that  Roland  escaped  the  general  slaughter 
in  the  defile  of  Roncesvallgs,  and  died  of 
starvation  while  trying  to  make  his  way 
across  the  mountains.  —  John  de  la 
Bruiere  Champier :  De  Cibaria,  xvi.  5. 

Died  like  Roland,  died  of  thirst. 

Nonnulli  qui  de  Gallici?  rebus  historias  conscripserunt, 
non  dubitarunt  postcris  significare  Rolanduin  Caroli 
Ulius  niagni  sororis  filiiim,  virum  certe  bellica  gloria 
omnique  fortitudine  nobillissimum,  post  ingentem  His- 
panorum  caedem  prope  Py renasi  saltus  juga,  ubi ; 


ab  hoste  collocatae  fuerint,  siti  misernme  extinct 
Inde  nostri  intolerabili  siti  et  immiti  volentes  siguifi- 
care  se  torqueri,  facete  aiunt  "  Rolandi  morte  se- 
perire." — Chamfier:  De  Cibaria,  xvi.  5. 

Roland  [^The  Roman).  Sicinius  Den- 
tatus  is  so  called  by  Niebuhr.  He  is 
not  unfrequently  called  ' '  The  Roman 
Achillas  "  (put  to  death  B.C.  450). 

Roland  and  Oliver,  the  two  most 
famous  of  the  twelve  paladins  of  Charle- 
magne. To  give  a  "  Roland  for  an 
Oliver  "  is  to  give  tit  for  tat,  as  good  as 
you  received. 

Froissart,  a  countryman  of  ours  [fke  French],  records, 
England  all  Olivers  and  Rowlands  bred 
During-  the  time  Edward  the  Third  did  reign. 

Shakespeare  :  i  Henry  VI.  act  i.  sc.  2  (1589). 
Och  1  Mrs.  Mustardpot,  have  you  found  a  Rowland 
for  your  Oliver  at  last  %—T.  Knight. 

Roland  de  Vanx  {Sir),  baron  of 
Trierrnain,  who  wakes  Gyneth  from  her 
long  sleep  of  500  years,  and  marries  her. 
-^Sir  W.  Scott:  Bridal  of  Trierrnain 
(1813). 

Rolando  {^Signor),  a.  common  railer 


against  women,  but  brave,  of  a  "  happy 
wit  and  independent  spirit."  Rolando 
swore  to  marry  no  woman,  but  fell  in 
love  with  Zam'ora,  and  married  her, 
declaring  "she  was  no  woman  but  an 
angel." — Tobin  :  The  Honeymoon  (180^). 
(The  resemblance  between  Rolando 
and  Benedick  will  instantly  occur  to  the 
mind. ) 

Rolandseck  Tower,  opposite  the 
Drachenfels.  Roland  was  engaged  to 
Aude,  daughter  of  sir  Gerard  and  ladv 
Guibourg ;  but  the  lady,  being  told  that 
Roland  had  been  slain  by  Angoulaffre 
the  Saracen,  retired  to  a  convent.  The 
paladin  returned  home  full  of  glory, 
having  slain  the  Saracen.  When  he 
heard  that  his  lady-love  had  taken  the 
veil,  he  built  Rolandseck  Castle,  which 
overlooks  the  convent,  that  he  might  at 
least  see  the  lady  to  whom  he  could  never 
be  united.  After  the  death  of  Aude. 
Roland  "sought  the  battle-field  again, 
and  fell  at  RoncevaU.."— Campbell :  Th 
Brave  Roland. 

Roldan,  "El  encantado,"  Roldan 
made  invulnerable  by  enchantment.  The 
cleft  "  Roldan,"  in  the  summit  of  a  high 
mountain  in  the  kingdom  of  Valencia, 
was  so  called  because  it  was  made  by  a 
single  back-stroke  of  Roldan's  sword. 
The  character  is  in  two  Spanish  romances, 
authors  unknown— .fi^r^araJi?  del  Carpio 
and  Roncesvalles. 

This  book  IRinaldo  de  Montalban\  and  all  others 
written  on  French  matters,  shall  be  deposited  in  some 
dry  place  .  .  .  except  one  called  liernardo  del  Carpio, 
and  another  called  Roncivalles,  which  shall  certainly 
accompany  the  rest  on  the  hoa&t&.— Cervantes  :  Dom 
Quixote.  I.  i.  6  (1605). 

Rolla,  kinsman  of  the  inca  AtaliTja, 
and  the  idol  of  the  army.  "In  war  a 
tiger  chafed  by  the  hunters'  spears  ;  in 
peace  more  gentle  than  the  unweaned 
lamb "  (act  i.  i).  A  firm  friend  and 
most  generous  foe.  Rolla  is  wounded  in 
his  attempt  to  rescue  the  infant  child  of 
Alonzo  from  the  Spaniards,  and  dies. 
His  grand  funeral  procession  terminates 
the  drama. — Sheridan:  Pizarro  (altered 
from  Kotzbue,  1799). 

John  Kemble  and  two  friends  were  returning  to 
town  in  an  open  carriage  from  lord  Abercorn's,  and 
came  to  a  toUbar.  As  the  toil-keeper  and  his  daughter 
were  fumbling  for  change,  Kemble  cried  out,  in  the 
words  of  Rolla  to  the  army,  "  We  seek  no  change, 
and  least  of  all  such  change  as  they  would  brin?  us'" 
(act  ii.  2).— Rogers  :  Taiie  Talk  (1856). 

Rolliad   {The),  a   series  of  political 

satires,  the  first  of  which  was  devoted  to 
colonel  (lord)  Rollo  (1784).  Others 
satirized  the  poet  Tickell,  George  Ellis, 


ROLLO. 


929 


ROMANCE  OF  THE  ROSE. 


general  Burgoyne,  Brummel,  Boscawen, 
the  bishop  of  Ossory,  and  so  on. 

Hollo,  duke  of  Normandy,  called 
"The  Bloody  Brother."  He  caused  the 
death  of  his  brother  Otto,  and  slew 
several  others,  some  out  of  mere  wanton- 
ness.—i^/<f/<;Ai?r  .•  The  Bloody  Brother 
(1639)- 

Roman  {^The\  Jean  Dumont,  the 
French  painter,  Le  Romain  (1700-1781). 

Stephen  Picart,  the  French  engraver, 
Le  Romain  (1631-1721). 

Giulio  Pippi,  called  Giulio  Romano 
{1492-1546). 

Adrian  van  Roomen,  mathematician, 
Andridiius  Romanus  {1561-1615). 

Roman  Achilles,  Sicinius  Oenta- 
tus  (slain  B.C.  450). 

Roman  Bird  {The),  the  eagle,  the 
distinctive  ensign  of  the  Roman  legion. 

Roman  Brevity.  Caesar  imitated 
laconic  brevity  when  he  announced  to 
Amintius  his  victory  at  Zela,  in  Asia 
Minor,  over  Pharna'ces,  son  of  Mithri- 
datfis  :   Veni,  vidi,  vici. 

Poins.  I  will  Imitate  the  honourable  Roman  in 
^K\'\ty.—Shakesfeare:  a  Htnry  IV.  act  ii,  sc.  a  (1598). 

H  Sir  Charles  Napier  is  credited  with  a 
far  more  laconic  despatch  on  making 
himself  master  of  Scinde  in  1843.  Taking 
possession  of  Hyderabad,  and  outflank- 
ing Shere  Mohammed  by  a  series  of  most 
brilliant  manoeuvres,  he  is  said  to  have 
written  home  this  punning  despatch : 
Peccavi  ("I  have  sinned  "  [Scinde]). 

Roman  Daughter  (The).  Valerius 
Maximus  (v.  4)  tells  us  of  a  young  Roman 
lady  who  nourished  her  mother  in 
prison,  as  the  Grecian  daughter  {q.v.) 
nourished  her  father.  The  mother  was 
under  sentence  of  death,  but  the  jailer 
deferred  the  execution,  and  allowed  the 
daughter  to  visit  her,  but  searched  her 
to  see  that  she  carried  no  food  into  the 
prison.  (Pliny,  in  his  Natural  History, 
vii.  36,  repeats  the  story.  Festus  changes 
the  mother  into  the  father. ) 

Roman  Father  [The),  Horatius, 
father  of  the  Horatii  and  of  Horatia. 
The  story  of  the  tragedy  is  the  well- 
known  Roman  legend  about  the  Horatii 
and  Curiatii.  Horatius  rejoices  that  his 
three  sons  have  been  selected  to  represent 
Rome,  and  sinks  the  affection  of  the 
father  in  love  for  his  country.  Horatia 
is  the  betrothed  of  Caius  Curiatius,  but  is 
also  beloved  by  Valerius,  and  when  the 
Curiatii  are  selected  to  oppose  her  three 


brothers,  she  sends  Valerius  to  him  with 
a  scarf  to  induce  him  to  forego  the  fight. 
Caius  declines,  and  is  slain.  Horatia  is 
distracted ;  they  take  from  her  every 
instrument  of  death,  and  therefore  she 
resolves  to  provoke  her  surviving  brother, 
Publius,  to  kill  her.  Meeting  him  ir» 
his  triumph,  she  rebukes  him  for  murder- 
ing her  lover,  scoffs  at  his  "  patriotism," 
and  Publius  kills  her.  Horatius  now 
resigns  PubUus  to  execution  for  murder, 
but  the  king  and  Roman  people  rescue 
him. —  Whitehead  (1741). 

(Corneille  has  a  drama  on  the  same 
subject,  called  Horace  (1639),  the  basis  of 
Whitehead's  tragedy. ) 

Roman  des  Romans  [Le),  a 
series  of  prose  romances  connected  with 
Am'adis  of  Gaul,  So  called  by  Gilbert 
Saunier. 

Romans  [Last  of  the),   Rienzi    the 

tribune  (1310-1354). 

Charles  James  Fox  (1749-1806). 

Horace  Walpole,  Ultimus  Romanorum 
(1717-1797). 

Caius  Cassius  was  so  called  by  Brutus. 

The  last  of  all  the  Romans,  fare  thee  welH 
It  is  impossibl*  that  ever  Rome 
Should  breed  thy  fellow. 
Shakespeare :  yulius  Ccesar,  act  v.  sc.  3  (1607J. 

Romans  [Most  Learned  of  the),  Marcus 
Terentius  Varro  (b.C.  116-28). 

Romance  of  the  Forest  [The), 
the  best  of  Mrs.  Radcliffe's  tales  (1791). 

Romance  of  the  Rose,  a  poetical 
allegory,  begun  by  Guillaume  di  Lorris  in 
the  latter  part  of  the  thirteenth  century, 
and  continued  by  Jean  de  Meung  in  the 
former  half  of  the  fourteenth  century. 
The  poet  dreams  that  Dame  Idleness  con- 
ducts him  to  the  palace  of  Pleastire, 
where  he  meets  Love,  whose  attendant 
maidens  are  Sweet-looks,  Courtesy, 
Youth,  Joy,  and  Competence,  by  whom 
he  is  conducted  to  a  bed  of  roses.  He 
singles  out  one,  when  an  arrow  from  Love's 
bow  stretches  him  fainting  on  the  ground, 
and  he  is  carried  off.  When  he  comes  to 
himself,  he  resolves,  if  possible,  to  find  his 
rose,  and  Welcome  promises  to  aid  hira  ; 
Shyness,  Fear,  and  Slander  obstruct  hira, 
and  Reason  advises  hira  to  give  up  the 
quest.  Pity  and  Kindness  show  him  the 
object  of  his  search  ;  but  Jealousy  seizes 
Welcome,  and  locks  her  in  Fear  Castle. 
Here  the  original  poem  ends.  The  sequel, 
somewhat  longer  than  the  twenty-four 
books  of  Homer's  Iliad,  takes  up  the  tale 
from  this  point. 

2  11 


ROMANO. 

Roxna'uo,  the  old  monk  who  took 
pity  on  Roderick  in  his  flight  (viii. ), 
and  went  with  him  for  refuge  to  a  small 
hermitage  on  the  sea-coast,  where  they 
remained  for  twelve  months,  when  the 
old  monk  died. — Southey  :  Roderick,  the 
Last  of  the  Goths,  i,,  ii.  (1814). 

Boone  Does  [Do  as).  The  saying 
originated  with  St.  Ambrose  (fourth 
century).  It  arose  from  the  following 
diversity  in  the  observance  of  Saturday: 
The  Milanese  make  it  a  feast,  the  Romans 
a  fast.  St.  Ambrose,  being  asked  what 
should  be  done  in  such  a  case,  replied, 
"  In  matters  of  indifference,  it  is  better 
to  be  guided  by  the  general  usage.  When 
1  am  at  Milan,  I  do  not  fast  on  Saturdays, 
but  when  I  am  at  Rome,  I  do  as  they  do 
at  Rome." 

Rome  of  the  North..  Cologne  was 
so  called  (says  Hope)  in  the  Middle  Ages, 
from  its  wealth,  power,  and  ecclesiastical 
foundations. 

Rome  Saved  by  Geese.  When 
the  Gauls  invaded  Rome,  a  detachment 
in  single  file  scaled  the  hill  on  which  the 
Capitol  stood,  so  silently  that  the  fore- 
mast man  reached  the  summit  without 
being  challenged ;  but  while  striding 
over  the  rampart,  some  sacred  geese  were 
disturbed,  and  by  their  cackle  aroused 
the  guaid.  Marcus  Manlius  rushed  to 
the  wall,  and  hustled  the  Gaul  over,  thus 
saving  the  capitol. 

^i"  A  somewhat  parallel  case  occurred 
in  Ireland  in  the  battle  of  Glinsaly,  in 
Donegal.  A  party  of  the  Irish  would 
have  surprised  the  protestants  if  some 
wrens  had  not  disturbed  the  guards  by 
the  noise  they  made  in  hopping  about  the 
drums  and  pecking  on  the  parchment 
heads. — Aubrey  :  Miscellanies,  45. 

Ro'meo,  a  son  of  Mon'tague  (3  jy/.), 
in  love  with  Juliet  the  daughter  of 
Cap'ulet ;  but  between  the  houses  of  Mon- 
tague and  Capulet  there  existed  a  deadly 
feud.  As  the  families  were  irreconcilable, 
Juliet  took  a  sleeping  draught,  that  she 
might  get  away  from  her  parents  and  elope 
with  Romeo.  Romeo,  thinking  her  to  be 
dead,  killed  himself;  and  when  Juliet 
awoke  and  found  her  lover  dead,  she  also 
killed  herself. — Shakespeare:  Romeo  and 
Juliet  (1598). 

(i^ox  said  that  Barry's  "Romeo "was 
superior  to  Garrick's  (S.  Rogers,  Table 
Talk).  Fitzgerald  says  that  Barry  was 
the  superior  in  the  garden-scenes  and  in 
the  first  part  of  the  tomb,  but  Garrick 


930 


ROMULUS  AND  REMUS. 


in  the  scene  with  the  "  friar"  and  in  the 
dying  part.) 

Romeo  and  Juliet,  a  tragedy  by 
Shakespeare  (1598),  The  tale  is  taken 
from  Rhomeo  and  Julietta,  a  novel  by 
Boisteau  in  French,  borrowed  from  an 
Italian  story  by  Bandelio  (1554). 

'••  In  1562  Arthur  Brooke  produced  the 
same  tale  in  verse,  called  The  Tragicall 
History  of  Romeus  and  Juliet.  In  1567 
Painter  published  a  prose  translation  of 
Boisteau's  novel. 

RominagTobis,  used  in  French  for 
a  "cat."  Rabelais  tells  us  that  Panurge 
applied  to  Rominagrobis  to  tell  him 
whether  he  should  marry  or  let  it  alone, 
but  received  no  answer.  (Probably  pro- 
fessors wore  cats'  fur,  as  we  use  rabbits' 
fur  in  our  universities,  instead  of  ermine.) 
Our  word  "cat-gut,"  which  is  no  part  of  a 
cat,  shows  that  the  word  was  very  loosely 
used.  Similarly, "  puss"  means  a  cat,  hare, 
or  rabbit.  Thus  in  the  Hare  and  the 
Tortoise  we  have  the  line,  "  Poor  Puss 
[i^ar^],  whata  lesson  you've  taught  men  1 " 

Romola,  a  novel  of  Italian  life  by 
George  EHot  (Mrs.  J.  W.  Cross,  1863). 
(1858-1861).  Romola,  the  heroine, 
marries  Tito  Mel'ema,  a  Greek. 

Romp  {The),  a  comic  opera  altered 
from  BickerstaffsZ^'tf  in  the  City.  Pris- 
cilla  Tomboy  is  "  the  romp,"  and  the  plot 
is  given  under  that  name. 

A  splendid  portrait  of  Mrs.  Jordan,  in  her  character 
of  "The  Romp,"  hung  over  the  mantelpiece  in  the 
dming-room  \pf  Adolphus  IHUclaretuci—Lorii  i-y. 
Lennox  :  CeUbriiies,  etc.,  i.  n. 

Rom'uald  {St.).  The  Catalans  had  a 
great  reverence  for  a  hermit  so  called,  and, 
hearing  that  he  was  about  to  quit  their 
country,  called  together  a  parish  meeting, 
to  consult  how  they  might  best  retain  him 
amongst  them,  "  For,"  said  they,  "he 
will  certainly  be  consecrated,  and  his 
relics  will  bring  a  fortune  to  us."  So 
they  agreed  to  strangle  him ;  but  their 
intention  being  told  to  the  hermit,  he 
secretly  made  his  escape. — St.  Foix : 
Essais  Historiques  sur  Paris,  v.  163. 

(Southey  has  a  ballad  on  the  subject.) 

Romulus  {The  Second  and  Third), 
Camillus  and  MarTus.  Also  called  ' '  The 
Second  and  Third  Founders  of  Rome." 

Romulus  and  Remus,  the  twin 
sons  of  Silvia  a  vestal  virgin  and  the 
god  Mars.  The  infants  were  exposed  in 
a  cradle,  and  the  floods  carried  the  cradle 
to  the  foot  of  the  Palatine.     Here  a  wolf 


RON. 


|.. 

king's  shepherd,  took  them  to  his  wife, 
who  brought  them  up.  When  grown  to 
manhood,  they  slew  Amulius,  who  had 
caused  them  to  be  exposed. 

ir  The  Greek  legend  of  Tyro  is  in  many 
respects  similar.  This  Tyro  had  an 
amour  with  Poseidon  (as  Silvia  had  with 
Mars),  and  two  sons  were  born  in  both 
cases.  Tyro's  mother-in-law  confined  her 
in  a  dungeon,  and  exposed  the  two  infants 
(Pelias  and  Neleus)  in  a  boat  on  the  river 
Enipeus  (3  syl.).  Here  they  were  dis- 
covered and  brought  up  by  a  herdsman 
( Romulus  and  Remus  were  brought  up  by 
a  shepherd),  and  when  grown  to  man- 
hood, they  put  to  death  their  mother-in- 
law,  who  had  caused  them  to  be  exposed 
(as  Romulus  and  Remus  put  to  deatH 
their  great-uncle  Amulius). 

Ron,  the  ebony  spear  of  prince  Arthur. 

The  temper  of  his  sword,  the  tried  Excalibor, 

The  bigness  and  the  length  of  Rone  his  noble  spear. 

With  Pridvvin  his  great  shield. 

VraytoH :  Polyolbion,  Iv.  (1612). 

Ronald  [Lord),  in  love  with  lady 
Clare,  to  whom  he  gave  a  lily-white  doe. 
The  day  before  the  wedding,  nurse 
Alice  told  lady  Clare  she  was  not  ' '  lady 
Clare"  at  all,  but  her  own  child.  On 
hearing  this,  she  dressed  herself  as  a 
peasant  girl,  and  went  to  lord  Ronald  to 
release  him  from  his  engagement.  Lord 
Ronald  replied,  "  If  you  are  not  the 
heiress  born,  we  will  be  married  to- 
morrow, and  you  shall  still  be  lady 
Clare." — Tennyson  :  Lady  Clare. 

Roncesvalles  (4  syl.),  a  defile  in  the 
Pyrenees,  famous  for  the  disaster  which 
befell  Roland  and  his  army. 

Oh  for  a  blast  of  that  dread  horn 
On  Fontarabian  echoes  bonie  .  .  - 
When  Roland  brave  and  Oliver  .  .  , 
On  Roncesvallds  died. 

Scott:  MarmioH, 

(Sometimes  the  word  has  only  3  syl.,  as 
Ron-ce-valles  or  Ron-ce-val. ) 

Ed  Olever  des  Vassals 

Ki  morurent  en  Ronchevals. 

Lorris  :  Roman  dc  la  Ron,  H.  1. 13,  iji 
(thirteenth  century). 
And  the  dead  who,  deathless  all, 
Fell  at  famous  RoncevaL 

Rondib'ilis,  the  physician  consulted 
by  Panurge  on  the  knotty  question, 
' '  whether  he  ought  to  marry,  or  let  it 
alone." — Rabelais:  Paniag^ruel  (1545). 

N.B. — This  question,  which  Panurge 
was  perpetually  asking  every  one,  of 
course  refers  to  the  celibacy  of  the  clergy. 

Rondo  [The  Father  of  the),  Jean 
Baptiste  Davaux. 


931 


RORY  C*  THE  HILL. 


Rooden  Lane.    All  on  one  side,  like 

Rooden  Lane.  The  village  of  Rooden  or 
Roden,  in  Lancashire,  is  built  all  on  one 
side  of  the  road,  the  other  side  being  the 
high  wall  of  Heaton  Park,  the  residence 
of  the  earl  of  Wilton.  (See  Takeley 
Street.) 

Rope  of  Ocnus  [A),  profitless  labour. 
Ocnus  was  always  twisting  a  rope  with 
unwearied  diligence,  but  an  ass  ate  it  aS 
fast  as  it  was  twisted. 

(This  allegory  means  that  Ocnus  worked 
hard  to  earn  money,  which  his  wife 
squandered  by  her  extravagance. ) 

T  The  work  of  Penelopg's  web  was 
"never  ending,  still  beginning,"  because 
Penelopg  pulled  out  at  night  all  that  she 
had  spun  during  the  day.  Her  object 
was  to  defer  doing  what  she  abhorred  but 
knew  not  how  to  avoid. 

Rope-dancer  [The),  Yvo  de  Grent- 
mesnil,  the  crusader,  one  of  the  leaders  of 
Robert  duke  of  Normandy's  party  against 
Henry  L  of  England.  Yvo  was  one  of 
those  who  escaped  from  Antioch  when  it 
was  besieged.  He  was  let  down  over  the 
wall  by  a  rope,  and  to  this  the  sobriquet 
refers. 

Rope-maker  [The  Beautiful),  a 
soubriquet  of  Louise  Lab6  (1526-1565),  a 
poetess  who  wrote  in  three  languages, 
and  who  was  distinguished  for  her 
courage  at  the  siege  of  Perpignan. 

Rope-Walk  [Go?ie  into  the),  taken  up 
Old  Bailey  practice.  The  "  rope  "  refers 
to  the  hangman's  cord.  —  Barristers' 
Slang. 

Roper  [Margaret)  was  buried  with 
the  head  of  her  father,  sir  Thomas  More, 
between  her  hands. 

Her,  who  clasped  in  her  last  trance 
Her  murdered  father's  head. 

Tennyson. 

Roqne  (i  syl.),  a  blunt,  kind-hearted 
old  servitor  to  donna  Floranthg. — Cohnan: 
The  Mountaineers  (1793). 

Roque  Guinart,  a  freebooter,  whose 
real  name  was  Pedro  Rocha  Guinarda.  He 
is  introduced  by  Cervantes  in  Don  Quixote, 

Rory  O'More  (i  syl.),  a  novel  by 
Lover  (1836).  It  was  dramatized.  Lover 
wrote  a  ballad  on  the  same  subject. 

Rory  o'  the  Hill,  the  signature 
adopted  in  1880  by  the  writer  of  threaten- 
ing letters  to  Irish  landlords,  to  those  who 
paid  their  rents,  to  those  who  occupied 
the  farms  of  ejected  tenants,  etc.  These 
letters  were  written  under  the  authority  of 
the  "  Irish  Land  League." 


ROSA. 

(Like  the  Fenians,  the  Land  Leaguers 
wanted  to  sever  Ireland  from  the  British 
crown. ) 

Rosa,  a  village  beauty,  patronized  by 
lady  Dedlock.  She  marries  Mrs.  Rounce- 
well's  grandson. — Dickens:  Bleak  House 
(1852). 

Rosabelle  (3  syl),  the  lady's-maid  of 
lady  Geraldine.  Rosabelle  promised  to 
marry  L'Eclair,  the  orderly  of  chevalier 
Florian. — Ditnond:  Tlie  Foundling  0/  the 
Forest. 

Rosalind  {i.e.  Rose  Daniel),  the 
shepherd  lass  who  rejected  Colin  Clout  (the 
poet  Spenser)  for  Menalcas  (John  Florio 
the  lexicographer)  (1579).  Spenser  was  at 
the  time  in  his  twenty-sixth  year.  Being 
rejected  by  Rosalind,  he  did  not  marry  till 
he  was  nearly  41,  and  then  we  are  told  that 
Elizabeth  was  "  the  name  of  his  mother, 
queen,  and  wife"  [Sonnet,  74).  In  the 
Faerie  Queene,  "  the  country  lass  "  (Rosa- 
lind) is  introduced  dancingwith  theGraces, 
and  the  poet  says  she  is  worthy  to  be  the 
fourth  (bk.  vi.  10,  16).  In  1595  appeared 
the  Epithala'mion,  in  which  the  recent 
marriage  is  celebrated.— iS/^«j«r.-  Shep- 
heardes  Calendar,  i.,  vi.  (1579). 

N.B. — "  Rosalinde  "  is  an  anagram  for 
Rose  Daniel,  evidently  a  well-educated 
young  lady  of  the  north,  and  probably  the 
"  lady  Mirabella  "  of  the  Faerie  Queene, 
vi.  7,  8.  Spenser  calls  her  "  the  widow's 
daughter  of  the  glen  "  (eel.  iv.),  supposed 
to  be  either  Burnley  or  Colne,  near 
Hurstwood,  in  Yorkshire.  Eel.  i.  is  the 
plaint  of  Colin  for  the  loss  of  Rosalind. 
Eel.  vi.  is  a  dialogue  between  Colin  and 
Hobbinol  his  friend,  in  which  Colin 
laments,  and  Hobbinol  tries  to  comfort 
him.  Eel.  xii.  is  a  similar  lament  to  eel. 
i.  Rose  Daniel  married  John  Florio  the 
lexicographer,  the  "  Holofemfis  "  of 
Shakespeare. 

Ros'alind,  daughter  of  the  banished 
duke  who  went  to  live  in  the  forest  of 
Arden.  Rosalind  was  retained  in  her 
uncle's  court  as  the  companion  of  his 
daughter  Celia;  but  when  the  usurper 
banished  her,  Celia  resolved  to  be  her 
companion,  and  for  greater  security 
Rosalind  dressed  as  a  boy,  and  assumed 
the  name  of  Ganimed,  while  Celia  dressed 
as  a  peasant  girl,  and  assumed  the  name 
of  Aliena.  The  two  girls  went  to  the 
forest  of  Arden,  and  lodged  for  a  time  in 
a  hut ;  but  they  had  not  been  long  there 
when  Orlando  encountered  them.  Or- 
lando and  Rosalind  had  met  before  at  a 


93a 


ROSAMOND. 


wrestling  match,  and  the  acquaintance 
was  now  renewed  ;  Ganimed  resumed  her 
proper  apparel,  and  the  two  were  married 
with  the  sanction  of  the  A\ikz.— Shake- 
speare:  As  You  Like  It  (1598). 

Nor  shall  the  grriefs  of  Lear  be  alleviated,  or  the 

charms  and  wit  of  Rosalind  be  abated  by  time. Drakt  ■ 

Shahespeare  and  Nis  Times,  iL  554  (1817). 

Rosaline,  the  niece  of  Capulet,  with 
whom  Romeo  was  in  love  before  he  saw 
Juliet.  Mercutio  calls  her  "a  pale- 
hearted  wench,"  and  Romeo  says  she  did 
not  "grace  for  grace  and  love  for  love 
allow,"  like  ]n\\fii.— Shakespeare  :  Romeo 
and  Juliet  [ic^g'i). 

(Rosaline  is  frequently  mentioned  in 
the  first  act  of  the  play,  but  is  not  one 
of  the  dramatis  persona.) 

Rosaline,  a  lady  in  attendance  on  the 
princess  of  France.  A  sharp  wit  was 
wedded  to  her  will,  and  "  two  pitch 
balls  were  stuck  in  her  face  for  eyes." 
Rosaline  is  called  "a  merry,  nimble, 
stirring  spirit."  Biron,  a  lord  in  atten- 
dance on  Ferdinand  king  of  Navarre 
proposes  marriage  to  her,  but  she  replies — 

You  must  be  purged  first,  your  sins  are  racked  .  .  . 
Therefore  if  you  my  favour  mean  to  get, 
A  twelvemonth  shall  you  spend,  and  never  rest. 
But  seek  the  weary  beds  of  peopl*  sick. 

Shakespeare:  Love's  Labour's  Lost  (1594). 

Rosalu'ra,  the  airy  daughter  of 
Nantolet,  beloved  by  Belleur. — Fletcher: 
The  Wild-goose  Chase  (1652). 

Ros'amond  {The  Fair),  Jane  Clif- 
ford, daughter  of  Walter  lord  Clifford. 
The  lady  was  loved  not  wisely  but  too 
well  by  Henry  II.,  who  kept  her  for 
concealment  in  a  labyrinth  at  Woodstock. 
Queen  Eleanor  compelled  the  frail  fair 
one  to  swallow  poison  (1177). 

She  was  the  fayre  daughter  of  Walter  lord  Clifford 
.  .  .  Henry  made  for  her  a  house  of  wonderfull  working, 
so  that  no  man  or  woman  might  come  to  her.  This 
house  was  named  "  Labyrinthus,"  and  was  wrought 
like  unto  a  knot,  in  a  garden  called  a  maze.  But  the 
queen  came' to  her  by  a  clue  of  thredde,  and  so  dealt 
with  her  that  she  lived  not  long  after.  She  was  buried 
at  Godstow,  in  a  house  of  nunnes,  with  these  verses 
upon  her  tombe — 

Hie  Jacet  in  tumba  Rosa  mundl,  non  Rosa  munda; 

Non  redolet,  sed  olet,  quae  redolere  solet 

Here  Rose  the  graced,  not  Rose  the  chaste,  reposes  ; 

The  ttnell  that  rises  is  nc  snull  of  roses. 

E.  C.  B. 

N.B. — The  subject  has  been  a  great 
favourite  with  poets.     We  have — 

In  English:  (i)  The  tragedies  of- — 

Bancroft  or  Mountford,  1693  {Henry 
II.  .  .  .  with  the  Death  of  Rosamond). 

Daniel,  before  1619  ( The  Complaint  of 
Rosamond). 

Hawkins,  1749  {Henry  and  Rosamond). 

Korner,  1812  {Rosamond  the  Fair). 


ROSAMOND  VINCY. 


933 


ROSE. 


I 


Swinburne,  1861  (Rosamond). 
Tennyson,  1879  {^^air  Rosamond). 

(2)  7'Ae  operas  of— 

Addison,  1706 ;  Dr.  Arne,  1733  '>  ^.nd 
Barnett  {Rosamond  the  Fair),  1836. 

(3)  A  ^a//a^  by  Thomas  Deloney,  1612. 

(4)  A  poem  { The  Complaint  of  Rosa- 
monds by  S.  Daniel,  1594.  He  supposes 
that  tne  frail  fair  one  tells  her  pitiful  story 
from  the  lower  world. 

In  Italian:  Rosmonda,  1526,  by 
Rucellai. 

In  Spanish:  Rosmunda  (an  opera), 
1840,  by  Gil  y  Zarate, 

In  French:  Rosamondo  (a  poem)  by 
C.  Briffaut,  18 15. 

(Sir  Walter  Scott  has  introduced  the 
beautiful  soiled  dove  in  two  of  his  novels, 
viz.  The  Talisman  and  Woodstock.) 

Dryden  says  her  name  was  Jane — 

Jane  Clifford  was  her  name,  as  books  aver ; 
"  Fair  Rosamond  "  was  but  iier  nom  de  guerrt. 
We  rede  that  in  En?lande  was  a  kine  that  had  a 
concubyne  whose  name  was  Rose,  and  for  hir  grcate 
bewtye  he  cleped  hir  Rose  k  mounde  (Rosa  mundi), 
that  IS  to  say,  Rose  of  the  world,  for  him  thought  that 
she  passed  ai  wymen  in  bewtye.—^.  Pynson  (i493)p 
subsequently  printed  by  Wynken  de  Worde  in  1496. 

N.B. — The  Rosemonde  of  Alfieri  is 
quite  another  person.     (See  Rosemond.  ) 

Rosamond  Vincy,  in  Middlemarch, 
a  novel  by  George  Eliot  (Mrs.  J.  W. 
Cross),  who  is  eventually  married  to  Lyd- 
gate,  the  young  doctor  (1872). 

Rosa'na,  daughter  of  the  Armenian 
queen,  who  helped  St.  George  to  quench 
the  seven  lamps  of  the  knight  of  the 
Black  Castle. — R.  Johnson  :  The  Seven 
Champions  of  Christendom,  ii.  8,  9  (1617). 

BiOSciad  {The),  a  poetical  satire  in 
heroic  rhymes,  by  Churchill  (1761). 

BiOSoius  {Quintus),  the  greatest  of 
Roman  actors  (died  B.C.  62). 

What  scene  of  death  hath  Roscius  now  to  actt 
Shakespeare  :  3  Henry  VI.  act  v.  sc.  6  (1592). 

The  British  Roscius,  Thomas  Betterton 
(1635-1710),  and  David  Garrick  (1716- 
I779)- 

The  earl  of  Southampton  says  that  Richard  Burbage 
"  Is  famous  as  our  English  Roscius  "  (1566-1619). 

The  Irish  Roscius,  Spranger  Barry, 
"  The  Silver-Tongued  "  (1719-1777). 

The  Young  Roscius,  William  Henry 
West  Betty,  who  in  1803  made  his  ddbut 
in  London.  He  was  about  12  years  of 
age,  and  in  fifty-six  nights  realized 
j^34,ooo.     He  died,  aged  84,  in  1874. 

The  Roscius  of  France,  Michel  Boyron 
'or  Baron  (1653-1729). 
,'  Soscrana,  daughter  of  Cormac  king 


of  Ireland  (grandfather  of  that  Cormac 
murdered  by  Cairbar).  Roscra'na  is 
called  "the  blue-eyed  and  white-handed 
maid,"  and  was  "  like  a  spirit  of  heaveiv 
half  folded  in  the  skirt  of  a  cloud." 
Subsequently  she  was  the  wife  of  Fingal 
king  of  Morven,  and  mother  of  Ossian 
"king  of  bards." — Ossian:  Temora,  vi. 

N.B. — Cormac,  the  father  of  Roscrana» 
was  great-grandfather  of  that  Cormac 
who  was  reigning  when  Swaran  made  his 
invasion.  The  line  ran  thus  :  (i)  Cormac 
I.,  (2)  Cairbre  his  son,  (3)  Artho  his  son, 
(4)  Cormac  II.  father-in-law  of  Fingal. 

ROSE  [Maylie],  the  adopted 
daughter  of  Mrs.  Maylie  of  Chertsey 
mansion,  which  was  broken  into  by  Bill 
Sykes.  Rose,  at  the  time,  was  only  17 
years  of  age.  "Cast  in  so  slight  and 
exquisite  a  mould,  so  gentle  and  so  mild, 
so  pure  and  beautiful,  that  earth  seemed 
not  her  element."  She  was  intensely 
loved  by  Mrs.  Maylie's  son  Henry  ;  but 
she  rejected  his  proposal  till  the  mystery 
of  her  birth  was  cleared  up.  It  turned  out 
that  her  name  was  Rose  Fleming,  and  she 
was  Oliver  Twist's  aunt  Henry  Maylie 
took  orders,  retired  to  a  country  living,  and 
Rose  became  his  model  wife. — Dickens  : 
Oliver  Twist  {1838). 

Rose,  "  the  gardener's  daughter,"  a 
story  of  happy  first  love,  told  in  later 
years  by  an  old  man  who  had,  in  his 
younger  days,  trifled  with  the  passion  of 
love  ;  but,  like  St.  Augustin,  was  always 
"  loving  to  love  "  {amans  amdre),  and  was 
at  length  heart-smitten  with  Rose,  whom 
he  married.  (See  Alice,  p.  25.)— 
Tennyson :  The  Gardeners  Daughter. 

Rose  {Origin  of  the),  (i)  Sir  John. 
Mandeville  says  that  a  Jewish  maid  of 
Bethlehem  (whom  Southey  names  Zillah) 
was  beloved  by  one  Ham'uel  a  brutish 
sot.  Zillah  rejected  his  suit,  and  Hamuel, 
in  revenge,  accused  the  maiden  of  offences 
for  which  slie  was  condemned  to  be  burned 
alive.  When  brought  to  the  stake,  the 
flames  burnt  Hamuel  to  a  cinder,  but  did 
no  harm  to  Zillah.  There  she  stood,  in  a 
garden  of  roses,  for  the  brands  which  had 
been  kindled  became  red  roses,  and  those 
which  had  not  caught  fire  became  white 
ones.  These  are  the  first  roses  that  eves 
bloomed  on  earth  since  the  loss  of 
paradise. 

As  the  fyre  began  to  brenne  about  hire,  she  made 
her  preyeres  to  oure  Lord  .  .  .  and  anon  was  the  fayer 
quenched  and  oute,  and  brondes  that  weren  brennynge 
becomen  white  roseres  .  .  .  and  theise  werein  the 
first  roseres  that  ever  ony  man  saughe. — Sir  y, 
Maundevilte  :  yoiage  and  Traivaile. 


ROSE. 


934 


ROSEMOND. 


(2)  According  to  Mussulman  tradition, 
the  rose  is  thus  accounted  for:  When 
Mahomet  took  his  journey  to  heaven,  the 
sweat  which  fell  on  the  earth  from  the 
prophet's  forehead  produced  white  roses, 
and  that  which  fell  from  Al  Borak'  (the 
animal  he  rode)  produced /tf/Zow/  ones. 

(3)  A  Roman  legend  attributes  it  to  the 
blood  of  Venus,  wounded  by  the  dart  of 
Cupid. 

(4)  A  Moslem  tradition  attributes  it  to 
he  sweat  of  Mahomet.     (See  above.) 

(5)  Christian  tradition  attributes  it  to 
the  blood  of  the  first  martyr, 

(6)  An  unauthorized  legend  is  that  when 
the  Flood  ceased.  Love  threw  to  earth  a 
flower  to  show  Noah  that  the  righteous 
wrath  of  God  had  passed  away.  That 
flower  took  root  and  became  a  rose,  and 
ever  since  the  rose  has  been  made  the 
emblem  of  enduring  love. 

Th«  waters  ceased,  and  Love  threw  down  a  flower, 
To  show  the  wrath  hath  passed  of  God  above ; 

The  rose  took  root,  and  ever  from  that  hour 
Hath  been  the  emblem  of  abiding  love. 

E.  C  B. 

Rose.  On  mount  Cal'asay  (the  Indian 
Olympus)  is  a  table  on  which  lies  a  silver 
rose  that  contains  two  women,  as  bright 
and  fair  as  pearls  ;  one  is  called  Brigas'iri 
("  lady  of  the  mouth  "),  and  the  other  Ta- 
ras'iri  ("lady  of  the  tongue"),  because 
they  praise  God  without  ceasing.  In  the 
centre  of  the  rose  is  the  triangle  or  resi- 
dence of  God. — Baldaus. 

And  when  the  bell  hath  sounded, 
The  Rose  with  all  the  mysteries  it  surrounded, 
The  Bell,  the  Table,  and  mount  Calasay, 
The  holy  hill  itself  with  all  thereon  .  .  . 
Dissolves  away. 

Southiy  :  Curse  0/ Kehatna,  xix.  ii  (1809). 

Rose  [Couleur  de),  an  exaggerated 
notion  of  the  excellence  or  goodness  of 
something,  produced  by  hope,  love,  or 
some  other  favourable  influence.  Love, 
for  example,  sees  the  object  beloved 
through  a  medium  of  heart-joy,  which 
casts  a  halo  round  it,  and  invests  it  with 
a  roseate  hue,  as  if  seen  through  glass 
tinted  with  rose-pink.  Hence  the  lover 
says  of  Maud — 

Rosy  is  the  west,  rosy  is  the  south  ; 

Roses  arc  her  cheeks,  and  a  rose  her  mouth. 

Tennyson  :  Maud,  I.  xvii.  (1855). 

Rose  Dartle,  in  David  Copperfield,  a 
novel  by  Dickens  (1849). 

Rose  Mackenzie,  the  first  wife  of 
Clive  Newcome,  and  daughter  of  "The 
Old  Campaigner,"  i.e.  Mrs.  Mackenzie. 
-^Thackeray  ;  The  Newcomes  (1855). 

Rose  of  Arragfon  ( The),  a  drama 
by   S.    Knowles    (1842).    The   rose   is 


Olivia,  daughter  of  Ruphi'no  (a  peasant), 
married  to  prince  Alonzo  of  Aragon.  Tlie 
king  would  not  recognize  the  match,  but 
sent  his  son  to  the  army,  and  made  the 
cortez  pass  an  act  of  divorce.  A  revolt 
having  been  organized,  the  king  was  de- 
throned, and  Almagro  was  made  regent. 
Almagro  tried  to  marry  Olivia,  and  to 
murder  her  father  and  brother  ;  but  the 
prince,  returning  with  the  army,  made 
himself  master  of  the  city,  Almagro  died 
of  poison,  the  marriage  of  the  prince  and 
peasant  was  recognized,  the  revolt  was 
broken  up,  and  order  was  restored. 

Rose  of  Har'pocrate  (3  syl.). 
Cupid  gave  Harpocrate  a  rose,  to  bribe 
him  not  to  divulge  the  amours  of  his 
mother  Venus. 

Red  as  a  rose  of  Harpocrate. 

Mrs.  Browning :  IsobeCs  Child,  IB. 

Rose  of  Paradise.  The  roses  which 
grew  in  paradise  had  no  thorns.  "  Thorns 
and  thistles  "  were  unknown  on  earth  till 
after  the  Fall  [Gen.  iii.  18).  Both  St. 
Ambrose  and  St.  Basil  note  that  the  roses 
in  Eden  had  no  thorns,  and  Milton  says, 
in  Eden  bloomed  ' '  Flowers  of  all  hue, 
and  without  thorn  the  rose." — Paradise 
Lost,  iv.  256  (1665). 

Rose  of  Raby,  the  mother  of 
Richard  III.  This  was  Cecily,  daughter 
of  Ralph  de  Nevill  of  Raby,  first  earl 
of  Westmoreland.  Her  husband  was 
Richard  duke  of  York,  who  was  slain  at 
the  battle  of  Wakefield,  in  1460.  She 
died  1495. 

Rose  of  York,  the  heir  and  head  of 
the  York  faction. 

When  Warwick  perished,  Edmond  de  la  Pole 
became  the  Rose  of  York,  and  if  this  foolish  prince 
should  be  removed  by  death  .  .  .  his  young- and  clever 
brother  \_Richard\  would  be  raised  to  the  rank  of  Rose 
of  York- — W.  Hefworth  Dixon:  Two  Queens. 

Roses  (  War  of  the).  The  origin  of 
this  expression  is  thus  given  by  Shake- 
speare— 

Plant.    Let  him  that  is  a  true-bom  gentleman  .  .  . 
If  he  supposes  that  I  have  pleaded  truth, 
From  off  this  briar  pluck  a  white  rose  with  me. 

Somerset.  Let  him  that  is  no  coward,  nor  no  flatterer, 
But  dare  maintain  the  party  of  the  truth, 
Pluck  a  red  rose  from  off  this  thorn  with  me. 

Whereupon  Warwick  plucked  a  white 
rose  and  joined  the  Yorkists,  while  Suffolk 
plucked  a  red  one  and  joined  the  Lan- 
castrians.— Shakespeare:  i  Henry  VI.  act 
ii.  sc.  4  (1589). 

Rosemond,  daughter  of  Cunimond 
king  of  the  Gepidae.  She  was  compelled 
to  marry  Alboin  king  of  the  Lombards, 
who  put  her  father  to  death  A.D.  567. 


ROSENCRANTZ.  935 

Alboin  compelled  her  to  drink  from  the 
skull  of  her  own  fatlier,  and  Rosamond 
induced  Peride'us  (the  secretary  of  Hel- 
michild  her  lover)  to  murder  the  wretch 
(573).  She  then  married  Helmichild,  fled 
to  Ravenna,  and  sought  to  poison  her 
second  husband,  that  she  might  marry 
Longin  the  exarch  ;  but  Helmichild,  ap- 
prised of  her  intention,  forced  her  to 
drink  the  mixture  she  had  prepared  for 
him.  This  lady  is  the  heroine  of  Alfieri's 
tragedy  called  Roseinonde  (1749-1803). 
(See  Rosamond.  ) 

Ro'sencranta,  a  courtier  in  the 
court  of  Denmark,  willing  to  sell  or 
betray  his  friend  and  schoolfellow,  prince 
Hamlet,  to  please  a  king. — Shakespeare: 
Hamlet  (1595). 

Rosetta,  the  wicked  sister  of  Brunetta 
and  Blon'dina,  the  mothers  of  Chery  and 
Fairstar.  She  abetted  the  queen-mother 
in  her  wicked  designs  against  the  off- 
spring of  her  two  sisters,  but,  being  found 
out,  was  imprisoned  for  life. — Cotntesse 
D'Aulnoy .  Fairy  Tales  ("  Princess  Fair- 
star,"  1682). 

Rosetta,  a  bright,  laughing  little  co- 
quette, who  runs  away  from  home  because 
her  father  wants  her  to  marry  young 
Meadows  whom  she  has  never  seen.  She 
enters  the  service  of  justice  Woodcock. 
Now,  it  so  happens  that  sir  William 
Meadows  wishes  his  son  to  marry  Ro- 
setta,  whom  he  has  never  seen,  and  he 
also  runs  away  from  home,  and  under 
the  name  of  Thomas  becomes  gardener 
to  justice  Woodcock.  Rosetta  and  young 
Meadows  here  fall  in  love  with  each  other, 
and  the  wishes  of  the  two  fathers  are 
accomplished. — Bickerstaff:  Love  in  a 
Village  (1763). 

In  1786  Mrs.  Billington  made  her  d^ufm  "  Rosetta, 
at  once  dazzling  the  town  with  the  brilliancy  of  her 
vocalization  and  the  flush  of  her  hediaty.— Leslie. 

Rosetta  [Belmont],  daughter  of 
sir  Robert  Belmont.  Rosetta  is  high 
spirited,  witty,  confident,  and  of  good 
spirits.  "If  you  told  her  a  merry  story, 
she  would  sigh  ;  if  a  mournful  one,  she 
would  laugh.  For  yes  she  would  say 
'no,'  and  for  no,  '  yes.'"  She  is  in  love 
with  colonel  Raymond,  but  shows  her 
love  by  teasing  him,  and  colonel  Ray- 
mond is  afraid  of  the  capricious  beauty. — 
£.  Moore:  The  Foundling  [ijdfi). 

Rosiclear  and  Donzel  del  Phe- 

bo,  the  heroine  and  hero  of  the  Mirror 
of  Knighthood,  a  mediaeval  romance. 
Rosinau'te  (4  syl.),  the  steed  of  don 


ROSSE. 

Quixote.  The  name  implies  "  that  the 
horse  had  risen  from  a  mean  condition  to 
the  highest  honour  a  steed  could  achieve, 
for  it  was  once  a  cart-horse,  and  rose  to 
become  the  charger  of  a  knight- 
errant." — Cervantes  :  Don  Quixote,  1.  it 
I  (1605). 

Rosinante  was  admirably  drawn,  so  lean,  lank, 
meagre,  drooping,  sharp-backed,  and  raw-boued,  as  to 
excite  much  curiosity  and  mirth.— Pt.  I.  ii.  i. 

Rosiphele  {3  syl.),  princess  of  Ar- 
menia; of  surpassing  beauty,  but  in- 
sensible to  love.  She  is  made  to  submit 
to  the  yoke  of  Cupid  by  a  vision  which 
befell  her  on  a  May-day  ramble. — Gower: 
Con/ess  to  Amantis  (1393). 

Rosmonda,  a  tragedy  in  Italian,  by 
John  R.  Rucellai  (1525).  This  is  one  of 
the  first  regular  tragedies  of  modern 
times.  Sophonisba,  by  Trissino,  preceded 
it,  being  produced  in  1514  and  performed 
in  1515- 

Rosny  {Sabina),  the  younp-  wife  of 
lord  Sensitive.  "Of  noble  parents,  who 
perished  under  the  axe  in  France."  The 
young  orphan,  "  as  much  to  be  admired 
for  her  virtues  as  to  be  pitied  for  her 
misfortunes,"  fled  to  Padua,  where  she 
met  lord  Sensitive. — Cumberland  :  First 
Love  (1796). 

Ross,  a  Scotch  nobleman  who  tells 
Macduff  that  his  castle  has  been  besieged, 
and  his  wife  and  children  savagely  mur- 
dered by  Macbeth.  — Shakespeare  :  Macbeth 
{1606). 

Ross  (Lord),  an  officer  in  the  king's 
army  under  the  duke  of  Monmouth. — Sir 
W.  Scott :  Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles 
U.). 

Ross  {The  Man  of),  John  Kyrle  of 
Whitehouse,  in  Gloucestershire.  So 
called  because  he  resided  in  the  village 
of  Ross,  Herefordshire,  Kyrle  was  a 
man  of  unbounded  benevolence,  and 
beloved  by  all  who  knew  him. 

(Pope  celebrates  him  in  his  Moral 
Essays,  iii.,  1709.) 

Rosse  {2  syl.),  the  sword  which  the 
dwarf  Elberich  gave  to  Otwit  king  of 
Lombardy.  It  was  so  keen  that  it  left  no 
gap  where  it  cut. 

if  Balmung,  the  sword  forged  by  Wie- 
land  and  given  to  Siegfried,  was  so  keen 
that  it  clove  Amihas  in  two  without  his 
knowing  it ;  but  when  he  attempted  to 
move  he  fell  asunder. 

This  sword  to  thee  I  g^Jve ;  it  is  all  bright  of  hue. 

■Whatever  it  mav  cleave  no  gap  will  there  ensue. 

From  Ahuari  I  brought  it,  and  Rossi  is  its  name. 

Th<  Hcldenbuch, 


ROSTOCOSTOJAMBEDANESSE.     936 


ROUSTAM. 


Rostocostojambedanesse  [M.  N.), 
author  of  A/fer  Beef,  Mustard. — 
Rabelais:  Paniag'ruel,  ii.  7  (1533). 

Rotliinar,  chief  of  Tromlo.  He  at- 
tacked the  vassal  kingdom  of  Croma 
while  the  under-king  Crothar  was  blind 
with  age,  resolving  to  annex  it  to  his  own 
dominion.  Crothar's  son,  Fovar-Gormo, 
attacked  the  invader,  but  was  defeated 
and  slain.  Not  many  days  after,  Ossian 
(one  of  the  sons  of  Fingal)  arrived  with 
succours,  renewed  the  battle,  defeated 
the  victorious  army,  and  slew  the  invader. 
— Ossian  :  Croma. 

Rothsay  ( The  duke  of),  prince  Robert, 
eldest  son  of  Robert  III.  of  Scotland. 

Margaret  duchess  of  Rothsay. — Sir  IV. 
Scott:  Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry 
IV.). 

Ron  {The  Roman  de),  a  metrical  and 
mythical  history,  in  Norman-French,  of 
the  dukes  of  Normandy  from  RoUo 
downwards,  by  Robert  Wace  (author  of 
Le  Brut). 

(Rou',  that  is,  Roul,  the  same  as 
Rollo.) 

Rotibigfll6  {Julie  de),  the  heroine  and 
title  of  a  novel  by  Henry  Mackenzie 
(1783). 

Rougredragon  {Lady  Rachel),  the 
former  guardian  of  Lilias  Redgauntlet.— 
Sir  W.  Scott :  Redgauntlet  (time,  George 

in.). 

Rouncewell  {Mrs.),  housekeeper  at 
Chesney  Wold  to  lord  and  lady  Dedlock, 
to  wliom  she  is  most  faithfully  attached. 
^Dickens:  Bleak  House  {i^s^). 

Roimd  Table  {The),  a  table  made 
at  Carduel  by  Merlin  for  Uther  the  pen- 
dragon.  Uther  gave  it  to  king  Leode- 
graunce  of  Camelyard,  and  when  Arthur 
married  Guinever  (the  daughter  of  Leo- 
degraunce)  he  received  the  table  with  a 
hundred  knights  as  a  wedding  present 
(pt.  i.  45).  The  table  would  seat  150 
knights  (pt.  iii.  36),  and  each  seat  was 
appropriated.  One  of  them  was  called 
the  "Siege  Perilous,"  because  it  was 
fatal  for  any  one  to  sit  therein  except  the 
knight  who  was  destined  to  achieve  the 
holy  graal  (pt.  iii.  32).  King  Arthur  in- 
stituted an  order  of  knighthood  called 
•'the  knights  of  the  Round  Table,"  the 
chief  of  whom  were  sir  Launcelot,  sir 
Tristram,  and  sir  Lamerock  or  Lamorake. 
The  "Siege  Perilous"  was  i-eserved  for 
sir  Galahad,  the  son  of  sir  Launcelot  by 


Elaine. — Sit  T.  Malory  :  History  of 
Prince  Arthur  (1470). 

N.  B. — There  is  a  table  shown  at  Win- 
chester as  "Arthur's  Round  Table,"  but 
it  corresponds  in  no  respect  with  the 
Round  Table  described  in  the  History  of 
Prince  Arthur.  Round  tables  were  not 
unusual,  as  Dr.  Percy  has  shown,  with 
other  kings  in  the  times  of  chivalry. 
Thus,  the  king  of  Ireland,  father  of 
Christabelle,  had  his  "knights  of  the 
Round  Table."  (See  "Sir  Cauline,"  in 
Percy's  Reliques. ) 

IT  In  the  eighth  year  of  Edward  I., 
Roger  de  Mortimer  established  at  Kenil- 
worth  a  Round  Table  for  "the  en- 
couragement of  military  pastimes. "  Some 
seventy  years  later,  Edward  III.  had  his 
Round  Table  at  Windsor ;  it  was  200  feet 
in  diameter  !  I 

Round  Table  {The),  52  essays,  12 
by  Hunt  and  the  rest  by  Hazlitt  {177S- 
1830).  The  original  design  was  to  obtain 
essays  from  several  contributors. 

Harcourt's  Round  Table,  a  private 
political  conference  in  the  house  of  sir 
William  Harcourt  (January  14,  1887). 
Its  object  was,  if  possible,  to  reunite  the 
radical  party  broken  up  by  Mr.  Glad- 
stone's "  Home  Rule  Bill." 

This  sense  of  "  Round  Table  "  is  American,  and  is 
about  equal  to  the  French  cercle,  a  club  held  at  the 
private  house  of  one  of  the  members. 

Roundabout  Papers  {The),  a 
series  of  essays  by  Thackeray,  contri- 
buted to  the  Cornhill  Magazine. 

Rousseau  {Jean  Jacques)  used  to 
say  that  all  fables  which  ascribe  speech 
and  reason  to  dumb  animals  ought  to  be 
withheld  from  children,  as  being  only 
vehicles  of  deception. 

I  shall  not  ask  Jear  Jacques  Rousseau 
If  birds  confabulate  or  no ; 
'Tis  clear  that  they  were  cdways  aDle 
To  hold  discourse— at  least  in  fable. 
Cowper:  Pairing  Time  AnticipaUd  (1782;. 

In  the  eighteenth  century,  Jean  Jacques 
Rousseau  was  often  referred  to  by  the 
initials  J.  J. 

Roustam  or  Rostam,  the  Persian 
Hercules.  He  was  the  son  of  Zil,  and  a 
descendant  of  Djamshid.  At  one  time 
Roustan  killed  looo  Tartars  at  a  blow ; 
he  slew  dragons,  overcame  devils,  cap- 
tured cities,  and  performed  other  mar- 
vellous exploits.  This  mighty  man  of 
strength  fell  into  disgrace  for  refusing  to 
receive  the  doctrines  of  Zoroaster,  and 
died  by  the  hand  of  one  of  his  brothers 
named  Scheghad  (sixth  century  B.C.). 
(See  Rust  AM,  p.  942.) 


ROVER.  937 

Rover  {The),  Willmore,  a  dissolute 
voung  spark,  who  thinks  vice  "  is  naughty 
but  yet  nice."  The  hero  of  O'Keefe's 
comedy  called  Wild  Oats  (1798). 

(Mrs.  Behn  has  a  comedy  called  The 
Rover,  pt.  i,,  1677  ;  pt.  ii.,  1681.) 

William  Mountford  [1660-1692]  had  so  much  In  him 
of  the  agreeable,  that  when  he  played  "  The  Rover," 
it  was  remarked  by  many,  and  particularly  by  queen 
Mary,  tliat  it  was  dangerous  to  see  him  act— h«  made 
vice  so  alluring.— Z>i"*art»  .•  History  of  the  Sta^t. 

Rovers  [The),  a  satirical  tragedy  by 
George  Canning,  designed  to  ridicule  the 
German  drama  of  the  time,  and  published 
in  the  Anti-jacobin. 

Rovewell  [Captain),  in  love  with 
Arethusa  daughter  of  Argus.  The  lady's 
father  wanted  her  to  marry  squire  Cuckoo, 
who  had  a  large  estate ;  but  Arethusa 
contrived  to  have  her  own  way  and  marry 
captain  Rovewell,  who  turned  out  to  be 
the  son  of  Ned  Worthy,  who  gave  the 
bridegroom  _^3o,ooo. — Carey  :  Contri- 
vances (1715). 

Rowe  [Nicholas),  poet-laureate  (1673, 
1714-1718).  The  monument  in  West- 
minster Abbey  to  this  poet  was  by 
Rysbrack. 

Rowena  { The  lady),  of  Hargettstan- 
stede,  a  ward  of  Cedric  the  Saxon,  of 
Rotherwood.  She  marries  Ivanhoe. — Sir 
IV.  Scott:  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I,). 

Rowland  [Childe),  youngest  brother 
of  Helen.  Under  the  guidance  of  Merlin, 
he  undertook  to  bring  back  his  sister  from 
elf-land,  whither  the  fairies  had  carried 
her,  and  he  succeeded  in  his  periloxis  ex- 
ploit.— An  Ancient  Scotch  Ballad. 

' . '  Allusions  to  sir  Rowland  are  pretty 
numerous,  (See  Shakespeare:  King 
Lear,  act  iii.  sc.  4,  the  end  ;  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher:  The  Woman's  Prize.) 

A  mere  hobby-horse 
^*|  She  made  the  child  Rowland. 

^*'      (R.  Browning  has  a  poem  on  "Childe 
Roland  to  the  Dark  Tower  came.") 

Rowland  for  an  Oliver  [A).  (See 
Roland  and  Oliver,  p.  9-28.) 

Rowley,  one  of  the  retainers  of  Julia 
i,  Avenel    (2    syl.)—Sir    W.    Scott:    The 
Monastery  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Rowley  [Master),  formerly  steward 
of  Mr.  Surface,  senior,  the  friend  of 
Charles  Surface,  and  ihe^dus  Achates  of 
sir  Oliver  Surface  the  rich  uncle. — Sheri- 
dan :  School  for  Scandal  (1777). 

Rowley  [Thomas),  the  hypothetical 
priest  of  Bristol,  said  by  Chatterton  to 


ROYAL  MOTTOES. 

have  lived  in  the  reigns  of  Henry  VI. 
and  Edward  IV.,  and  to  have  written 
certain  poems,  of  which  Chatterton  him- 
self was  the  author. 

Rowley  Overdees,  a  highwayman. 
— Sir  W.  Scott:  Guy  Mannering  (time, 
George  H.). 

Roza'na,  daughter   of  OxyartSs  of 

Bactria,  and  wife  or  concubine  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great.  Proud,  imperious,  and 
relentless,  she  loved  Alexander  with  a 
madness  of  love ;  and,  being  jealous  of 
Statira,  daughter  of  king  Darius  and 
wife  of  Alexander,  she  stabbed  her  and 
slew  her. — Lee  :  Alexander  the  Great 
(1678). 

(Daniel  Defore  wrote  a  romance  called 
Roxana,  1724.) 

Roza'na  and  Stati'ra.    Dr.  Doran 

says  that  Peg  Woffington  (as  "  Roxana  "), 
jealous  of  Mrs.  Bellamy  (as  "Statira  ) 
because  she  was  better  dressed,  pulled 
her  to  the  floor  when  she  left  the  stage, 
and  pummelled  her  with  the  handle  of 
her  dagger,  screaming  as  she  did  so — 

Nor  he,  nor  heaven,  shall  shield  thee  from  my  Justice. 
Die,  sorceress,  die!  and  all  my  wrongs  die  with  thee  I 
Table  Traits. 
So  now  am  I  as  great  as  the  famed  Alexander ;  but 
my  dear  Statira  and  Roxana,  don't  exert  yourselves  so 
much  about  m^.—Mrs.  Centlivre:  The  IVonder,  iU. 
I  (1714)- 

IF  Campbell  tells  a  very  similar  story 
of  Mrs.  Barry  ("Roxana")  and  Miss 
Boutwell  ("Statira").  The  stage-man- 
ager had  given  to  Miss  Boutwell  a  lace 
veil,  and  Mrs.  Barry  out  of  jealousy 
actually  stabbed  her  rival  in  acting,  and 
the  dagger  went  a  quarter  of  an  inch 
through  the  stays  into  the  flesh. 

Royal  Collegfes.  There  are  three 
so  called  :  Westminster,  Trinity,  and 
Christ  Church.  But  King's  College  and 
Eton  are  sometimes  '■  called  ' '  Royal 
Colleges." 

The  collegiate  character  of  the  Institution  was  .  .  . 
kept  up  by  the  close  connexion  which  Elizabeth 
fostered  between  the  college  of  Westminster  and  the 
two  great  collegiate  houses  of  Christ  Church  and 
Trinity,  founded  or  refounded  by  her  father  at  Oxford 
and  Cambridge.  Together  they  formed  "the  throe 
Royal  Colleges." — Mctnarials  of  Westminster  Abbey, 
p.  419- 

Royal  Martyr,  Charles  I.,  who 
was  beheaded  January  30,  1649. 

Royal  Mottoes  or  Legends. 
Dleu  et  mon  droit,  Richard  L 
Hani  soil  qui  mal  y  pense,  Edward  IIL 
Semper  eadem,  Elizabeth  and  Anne. 
Je  maintiendrai,  William  III. 


ROYAL  STYL>E  OF  ADDRESS.      938 


RUBRICK. 


Royal  Style  of  Address. 

"My  Liege,"  the  usual  style  till  the 
Lancastrian  usurpation. 

"Your Grace,"  Henry  IV. 

"Your  Excellent  Grace,"  Henry  VI. 

"  Most  High  and  Mighty  Prince," 
Edward  IV. 

"  Your  Highness,"  Henry  VII. 

"Your  Majesty,"  Henry  VIII.  So 
addressed  in  1520  by  Fran9ois  I. 

"The  King's  Sacred  Majesty," 
James  I. 

"Your  most  Excellent  Majesty," 
Charles  II. 

"  Your  most  Gracious  Majesty,"  our 
present  style. 

Royal  Titles. 

William  I.  called  himself,  "Rex  Ang-lorum,  comes 
Normannorurn  et  Cinomanentium." 

William  II.  called  himself,  "  Rex  Anglorum,"  or 
"  Monarchicus  Britannise." 

Henry  I.  called  himself,  "  Rex  Anglorum  et  dux 
Nonnamiorum."  Subsequent  to  1106  we  find  "  Dei 
gratia  "  introduced  in  charters. 

Henry  II.  called  himself,  "  Rex  Anglorum,  et  dux 
Normannorurn  et  Aquitannorum,  et  comes  Andega- 
vorum;  "  or  "  Rex  Angliae,  dux  Normanniae  et  Aqui- 
tanise,  et  comes  Andegaviae." 

Richard  I.  began  his  charters  with,  "  Dei  gratia 
rex  Anglia:,  et  dux  Normaniae  et  Aquitanioe,  et  comes 
Andegaviaa." 

John  headed  his  charters  with,  "Johannes,  D.G. 
rex  Angliae,  dominus  Hibemiae,  dux  Normannias  et 
Aquitanire,  et  comes  Andegaviae."  Instead  of"  Hiber- 
niae,"  we  sometimes  find  "  Iberniae,"  and  sometimes 
"  Ybemiae." 

Henry  III.  followed  the  style  of  his  father  till  Octo- 
ber, 1259,  when  he  adopted  the  form,  "  D.G.  rex  Anglias, 
dominus  Hiberniae,  et  dux  Aquitanias," 

Edward  I.  adopted  the  latter  style.  So  did  ED- 
WARD II.  tUl  1326,  when  he  used  the  form,  "Rex 
Angliae  et  dominus  Hibemiae  "  Edward  I.  for  thirteen 
years  headed  his  charters  with,  "Edwardus,  Dei 
gratia  rex  Angliae,  dominus  Hibernae,  et  Dux  Aqui- 
taniae."  But  after  1337  the  form  ran  thus :  "  Edwardus 
D.G.  rex  Angliae  et  Franci£e,  dominus  Hibernaei,  et 
dux  Aquitaniae  ; "  and  sometimes  "  Franciae  "  stands 
before  "  Angliae." 

Richard  II.  began  thus:  "Richardus,  D.G.  rex 
Angliae  et  Franciae,  et  dominus  Hibemiae.' 

Henry  IV.  continued  the  same  style.  So  did 
Henry  v.  till  1420,  after  which  date  he  adopted  the 
form,  "  Henricus,  D.G.  rex  Angliae,  haeres  et  regens 
Franciae,  et  dominus  Hiberniae. " 

Henry  VI.  began,  "  Henricus,  D.G.  rex  Angliae  et 
Franciae,  et  dominus  Hiberniae." 

EDWARD  IV.,  Edward  v.,  RichardIII.,  Henry 
VII.,  continued  the  same  style. 

From  Henry  VIII.  (1521)  to  GEORGE  III.  (1800) 
the  royal  style  and  title  was,  " 'by  the  grace  of  God, 
of  Great  Britain,  France,  and  Ireland,  king.  Defender 
of  the  Faith." 

From  George  III.  (1800)  to  the  present  day  it  has 
been,  ""by  the  grace  of  God,  of  the  United  Kmgdora 
of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  king.  Defender  of  the 
Faith," 

(A  knowledge  of  these  styles  is  of 
immense  value  in  estabhshing  the  time 
of  royal  documents.  Richard  I.  was 
the  *irst  to  adopt  the  style,  "king  of 
England."  The  previous  kings  called 
themselves  "  king  of  the  Enghsh.") 

Roy's   Wife   of  Aldivalioch,  a 

Scotch   song  by  Mrs.   Grant  of  Carron 
(1745-1814). 


Ruacll,  the  isle  of  winds,  visited  by 
Pantag'ruel  and  his  companions  on  their 
way  to  the  oracle  of  the  Holy  Bottle. 
The  people  of  this  island  live  on  wind, 
such  as  flattery,  promises,  and  hope. 
The  poorer  sort  are  very  ill-fed,  but  the 
great  are  stuffed  with  huge  mill-draughts 
of  the  same  unsubstantial  puffs, — Rabe- 
lais: Pantag'ruel,  iv.  43  (1545).  i 

Rubaiyat  {The)  of  Omar  Khdyydm  | 

was    translated    by    Edward    Fitzgerald  i 

(1857).     The  oldest   known   manuscript,  ' 

which  is  in  the  Bodleian  Library,  Oxford,  | 

is  dated  from  Shiraz,  a.h.  865  (a.D.  1460).  | 
Ruba'i  means  quatrain. 

Rubens's  Women.  The  portrait 
of  Helena  Forman  or  Fourment,  his 
second  wife,  married  at  the  age  of  i6, 
is  introduced  in  several  of  his  historical 
pictures ;  but  the  painting  called  "  Rubens 
and  His  Wife,"  in  the  Munich  Gallery, 
contains  the  portrait  of  his  Jirst  wife, 
Isabella  Brandt,  of  Antwerp. 

Riilaezahl,  Number  Nip,  a  famous 
mountain-spirit  of  Germany,  correspond- 
ing to  our  Puck. 

Riibezahl  in  German  means  "counter  of  turnips," 
and  Nip  is  a  contraction  of  Tur-nip.  The  sobriquet  has 
reference  to  the  chief  adventure.  Some  say  Musaeus 
invented  the  legend  to  account  for  the  name. 

Rubi,  one  of  the  cherubs  or  spirits  of 
wisdom  who  was  with  Eve  in  paradise. 
He  loved  Liris,  who  was  young,  proud, 
and  most  eager  for  knowledge.  She 
asked  her  angel  lover  to  let  her  see  him 
in  his  full  glory  ;  so  Rubi  came  to  her  in 
his  cherubic  splendour.  Liris,  rushing 
into  his  arms,  was  burnt  to  ashes ;  and 
the  kiss  she  gave  him  became  a  brand 
upon  his  forehead,  which  shot  unceasing 
agony  into  his  brain. — Moore:  Loves  of 
the  Angels,  ii.  (1822). 

Ru'bicon,  a  small  river  which  sepa- 
rated ancient  Italy  from  Cisalpine  Gaul, 
the  province  allotted  to  Julius  Caesar. 
When  Cassar  crossed  this  river,  he  passed 
beyond  the  limits  of  his  own  province, 
and  became  an  invader  of  Italy. 

Rubicon  [Napoleons),  Moscow.  The 
invasion  of  Moscow  was  the  beginning  of 
Nfpoleon's  fall. 

Rubo'nax,  a  man  who  hanged  him- 
self from  mortification  and  annoyance  at 
some  verses  written  upon  him  by  a  poet. 
— Sidney  :  Defence  of  Poesie  (1595). 

Rubrick  [The  Rev.  Mr.),  chaplain 
to  the  baron  of  Bradwardine. — Sir  W, 
Scott:   Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 


RUBY. 


939 


RUDIGER. 


Ittlby  {Lady),  the  young  widow  of 
lord  Ruby.  Her  "first  love"  was 
Frederick  Mowbray,  and  when  a  widow 
she  married  him.  She  is  described  as 
"young,  blooming,  and  wealthy,  fresh 
and  fine  as  a  daisy." — Cumberland:  First 
Love  (1796). 

Rucellai  {John),  i.e.  Oricellarius, 
poet  (1475-1525),  son  of  Bernard  Rucellai 
of  Florence,  historian  and  diplomatist. 

As  hath  been  said  by  Rucellai. 
Lons/ellow :  The  IVaysiJe  Inn  (prelude,  1863). 

Ruchiel  (3  syl.),  in  the  old  Jewish 
angelology,  the  angel  who  ruled  the  air 
and  winds. 

RTidd3ntnane  {3  syl. ),  the  name  given 
by  sir  Guyon  to  the  babe  rescued  from 
Amavia,  who  had  stabbed  herself  in  grief 
at  the  death  of  her  husband.  So  called 
because — 

,  ,  .  In  her  streaming  blood  he  Ifhe  in/anfl  did  em- 
bay 
His  little  hands. 

Spenser:  Falrie  Queene,  li.  i,  3  (1590). 

Rudgfe  {Barnaby),  a  half  -  wittted 
young  man,  three  and  twenty  years  old ; 
rather  spare,  of  a  fair  height  and  strong 
make.  His  hair,  of  which  he  had  a 
great  profusion,  was  red,  and  hung  in 
disorder  about  his  face  and  shoulders. 
His  face  was  pale,  his  eyes  glassy  and 
protruding.  His  dress  was  green,  clum- 
sily trimmed  here  and  there  with  gaudy 
lace.  A  pair  of  tawdry  ruffles  dangled 
at  his  wrists,  while  his  throat  was  nearly 
bare.  His  hat  was  ornamented  with  a 
cluster  of  peacock's  feathers,  limp, 
broken,  and  trailing  down  his  back. 
Girded  to  his  side  was  the  steel  hilt  of  an 
old  sword,  without  blade  or  scabbard; 
and  a  few  knee-ribbons  completed  his 
attire.  He  had  a  large  raven,  named 
Grip,  which  he  carried  at  his  back  in  a 
basket,  a  most  knowing  imp,  which  used 
to  cry  out  in  a  hoarse  voice,  "  Halloa  !  " 
"  I'm  a  devil  !  "  "  Never  say  die  !  " 
"  Polly,  put  the  kettle  on  !  " 

Barnaby  joined  the  Gordon  rioters  for 
the  proud  pleasure  of  carrying  a  flag  and 
wearing  a  blue  bow.  He  was  arrested 
and  lodged  at  Newgate,  from  whence  he 
made  his  escape,  with  other  prisoners, 
when  the  jail  was  burnt  down  by  the 
rioters ;  but  both  he  and  his  father  and 
Hugh,  being  betrayed  by  Dennis  the 
hangman,  were  recaptured,  brought  to 
trial,  and  condemned  to  death,  but  by 
the  influence  of  Gabriel  Varden  the  lock- 
smith, the  poor  half-witted  lad  was  re- 
prieved, and  lived  the  rest  of  his  life  with 


his  mother  in  a  cottage  and  garden  ntax 
the  Maypole. 

Here  he  lived,  tending  the  poultry  and  the  cattle, 
working  in  a  garden  of  his  own,  and  helping  every  one. 
He  was  known  to  every  bird  and  beast  about  the  place, 
and  had  a  name  for  every  one.  Never  was  there  a 
lighter-hearted  husbandman,  a  creature  more  popular 
with  young  and  old,  a  blither  and  more  happy  soul 
than  Barnaby,— Ch.  ixxxii. 

Mr.  Rudge,  the  father  of  Barnaby, 
supposed  to  have  been  murdered  the 
same  night  as  Mr.  Haredale,  to  whom 
he  was  steward.  The  fact  is  that  Rudge 
himself  was  the  murderer  both  of  Mr. 
Haredale  and  also  of  his  faithful  servant, 
to  whom  the  crime  was  falsely  attributed. 
After  the  murder,  he  was  seen  by  many 
haunting  the  locality,  and  was  supposed 
to  be  a  ghost.  He  joined  the  Gordon 
rioters  when  they  attacked  and  burnt  to 
the  ground  the  house  of  Mr.  Haredale, 
the  son  of  the  murdered  man,  and,  being 
arrested  (ch.  hi.),  was  sent  to  Newgate, 
but  made  his  escape  with  the  other 
prisoners  when  it  was  burnt  down  by  the 
rioters.  Being  betrayed  by  Dennis,  he 
was  brought  to  trial  for  murder,  but  we 
are  not  told  if  he  was  executed  (ch.  Ixxiii. ). 
His  name  is  not  mentioned  again,  and 
probably  he  suffered  death. 

Mrs.  [Mary]  Rudge,  mother  of  Bar- 
naby, and  very  like  him,  "  but  where  in 
his  face  there  was  wildness  and  vacancy, 
in  hers  there  was  the  patient  composure 
of  long  effort  and  quiet  resignation." 
She  was  a  widow.  Her  husband  (steward 
at  the  Warren),  who  murdered  his  master 
Mr.  Haredale,  and  his  servant,  told  her 
of  his  deed  of  blood  a  little  before  the 
birth  of  Barnaby,  and  the  woman's  face 
ever  after  inspired  terror.  It  was 
thought  for  many  years  that  Rudge  had 
been  murdered  in  defending  his  master, 
and  Mrs.  Rudge  was  allowed  a  pension 
by  Mr.  Haredale,  son  and  heir  of  the 
murdered  man.  This  pension  she  sub- 
sequently refused  to  take.  After  the 
reprieve  of  Barnaby,  Mrs.  Rudge  lived 
with  him  in  a  cottage  near  the  Maypole, 
and  her  last  days  were  her  happiest. — 
Dickens  :  Barnaby  Rudge  (1841). 

Ru'digfer,  a  wealthy  Hun,  liegeman 
of  Etzel,  sent  to  conduct  Kriemhild  to 
Hungary.  When  Giinther  and  his  suite 
went  to  visit  Kriemhild,  Rudiger  enter- 
tained them  all  most  hospitably,  and 
gave  his  daughter  in  marriage  to  Giselher 
(Kriemhild's  brother).  In  the  broil  which 
ensued,  Rudiger  was  killed  fighting 
against  Gemot,  but  Gemot  dropped 
down  dead  at  the  same  moment,  "each 


RUDIGER. 

hy  the  other  slain." — Nibelungen  Lied 
(by  the  minnesingers,  1210), 

Ru'diger,  a  knight  who  came  to 
VValdhurst  in  a  boat  drawn  by  a  swan. 
Margaret  fell  in  love  with  him.  At  every 
tournament  he  bore  off  the  prize,  and  in 
everything  excelled  the  youths  about  him. 
Margaret  became  his  wife.  A  child  was 
born.  On  the  christening  day,  Rudiger 
carried  it  along  the  banks  of  the  Rhine, 
and  nothing  that  Margaret  said  could 
prevail  on  him  to  go  home.  Presently, 
the  swan  and  boat  came  in  sight,  and 
carried  all  three  to  a  desolate  place, 
where  was  a  deep  cavern.  Rudiger  got 
on  shore,  still  holding  the  babe,  and 
Margaret  followed.  They  reached  the 
cave,  two  giant  arms  clasped  Rudiger, 
Margaret  sprang  forward  and  seized  the 
infant,  but  Rudiger  was  never  seen  more. 
— Southey :  Rudiger  (a  ballad  from 
Thomas  Heywood's  notes). 

Ruflaans'  Hall.  West  Smithfield 
was  for  many  years  so  called,  because  of 
its  being  the  usual  rendezvous  for  duellists, 
pugilists,  and  other  "  ruffians." 

Rufus  (or  the  Red),  WilUam  II.  of 
England  (1056,  1087-1 100). 

Rug'by,  the  servant  of  Dr.  Caius. — 
Shakespeare  :  The  Merry  Wives  of  Wind- 
sor (1598-9)- 

Rug'g'  {Mr.\  a  lawyer  hving  at 
Pentonville.  A  red-haired  man,  who 
wore  a  hat  with  a  high  crown  and  narrow 
brim.  Mr.  Pancks  employed  him  to 
settle  the  business  pertaining  to  the  estate 
which  had  long  lain  unclaimed,  to  which 
Mr.  Dorrit  was  heir-at-law.  Mr.  Rugg 
delighted  in  legal  difficulties  as  much  as 
a  housewife  in  her  jams  and  preserves. — 
Dickens:  Little  Dorrit  (1857). 

Rugfgie'ro,  a  young  Saracen  knight, 
born  of  Christian  parents.  He  fell  in 
love  with  Bradamant  (sister  of  Rinaldo), 
whom  he  ultimately  married.  Ruggiero  is 
especially  noted  for  possessing  a  hippogriff 
or  winged  horse,  and  a  shield  of  such 
dazzling  splendour  that  it  blinded  those 
who  looked  on  it.  He  threw  away  this 
shield  into  a  well,  because  it  enabled  him 
to  win  victory  too  cheaply. — Orlando 
Innamorato  (1495),  and  Orlando  Furioso 
(1516). 

Rukenaw  [Dame),  the  ape's  wife,  in 
the  beast-epic  called  Reynard  the  Fox 
(1498). 

Rule  a  Wife  and  Have  a  Wife, 


940 


RUMPELSTILZCHEN. 


a  comedy  by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher 
(1640).  Donna  Margaritta,  a  lady  of 
great  wealth,  wishes  to  marry  in  order 
to  mask  her  intrigues,  and  seeks  for 
husband  a  man  without  spirit,  whom  she 
can  mould  to  her  will.  Leon,  the  brother 
of  Altea,  is  selected  as  the  "  softest  fool 
in  Spain,"  and  the  marriage  takes  place. 
After  marriage,  Leon  shows  himself 
firm,  courageous,  high-minded,  but  most 
affectionate.  He  "rules  his  wife"  and 
her  household  with  a  masterly  hand, 
wins  the  respect  of  every  one,  and  the 
wife,  wholly  reclaimed,  "  loves,  honours, 
and  obeys  "  him. 

(Beaumont  died  1616.) 

"  Rule  Britannia."  This  song  is  in 
the  masque  oi  Alfred,  by  James  Thomson 

fi74o| ;  afterwards  dramatized  by  Mallet 
1751)- 

Rulers  of  tlie  World  [Infants). 
Themistocles  said  his  infant  son 
Diophantos  ruled  his  mother,  his  mother 
ruled  him  (Themistocles),  he  (Themis- 
tocles) ruled  Athens,  and  Athens  ruled 
the  world. 

Diophantus,  Themistocles  his  Sonne,  would  often 
.  .  .  say  .  .  .  whatsoever  he  should  seeme  to  require 
of  the  Athenians  he  should  be  sure  to  obteine,  for, 
saithe  he,  "  Whatsoever  I  wil,  that  wil  my  motlier;  and 
wliat  my  mother  saith,  that  my  father  sootheth  ;  and 
wi-.at  my  father  desireth,  that  the  Athenians  wil  grant 
most  wiUingrly."— Z-^/y .-  Eu/hues  (1579). 

IT  Cato  used  to  say,  "  We  rule  all  other 
men  ;  our  wives  rule  us  ;  and  our  children 
rule  our  m\es."—Flutarch  :  Morals,  p. 
428  (1603). 

H  Dr.  Busby  said,  "  Tailors  [milliners] 
nile  the  world  ;  for  milliners  overrule  the 
wisest  women  ;  and  women  overrule  the 
wisest  men  ;  and  the  wisest  men  overrule 
the  world  ;  in  the  same  way  as  the  mayor's 
infant  son  is  the  chief  magistrate  of  the 
city. " 

The  mayor's  youngest  son  Jack  overrules  his  mother} 
and  Jack's  mother  overrules  the  mayor;  and  the  inayof 
overrules  the  iovin..—£arnabe  KicH  :  HoneiHe  ofthU 
Ase,  p.  18  (1616). 

Dr.  Keats  used  to  say  that  he  governed 
all  England  :  "  I  rule  the  Eton  boys  ;  the 
boys  rule  their  mothers  ;  their  mothers 
rule  their  husbands  ;  and  their  husbands 
rule  Great  Britain." 

Rumolt,  the  chief  cook  ol  prince 
Giinther  of  '2,\xxgMnAy.— Nibelungen  Lied, 
800  (i2io). 

Rumpelstilzchen  \_Rumple-stiltx- 
skin\  an  irritable,  deformed  dwarf.  He 
aided  a  miller's  daughter,  who  had  been 
enjoined  by  the  king  to  spin  straw  into 
gold;    and  the  condition  he  made  with 


RUN-ABOUT  RAID. 


941 


RUSSET. 


her  for  this  service  was  that  she  should 
give  him  for  wife  her  first  daughter. 
The  miller's  daughter  married  the  king, 
and  when  hei  first  daughter  was  born 
the  mother  grieved  so  bitterly  that  the 
dwarf  consented  to  absolve  her  of  her 
promise,  if,  within  three  days,  she  could 
find  out  his  name.  The  first  day  passed, 
but  the  secret  was  not  discovered  ;  the 
second  passed,  with  no  better  success ; 
but  on  the  third  day  some  of  the  queen's 
servants  heard  a  strange  voice  singing — 

Little  dreams  my  dainty  dame 
Kumpelstilzcben  is  my  name. 

The  queen,  being  told  thereof,  saved  her 
child,  and  the  dwarf  killed  himself  from 
rage. — German  Popular  Stories. 

Run-About  Raid  {The),  Murray's 
insurrection  against  lord  Darnley.  So 
called  from  the  hasty  and  incessant  man- 
ner in  which  the  conspirators  posted  from 
one  part  of  the  kingdom  to  another. 

Runa,  the  dog  of  Argon  and  Ruro, 
sons  of  Annir  king  of  Inis-Thona  an 
island  of  Scandinavia. — Ossian:  The  War 
of  Inis-Thona. 

Runners. 

(i)  Iphicles,  son  of  Phylakos  and  Kly- 
mSnS.  Hesiod  says  he  could  run  over 
ears  of  corn  without  bending  the  stems  ; 
and  Demaratos  says  that  he  could  run 
on  the  surface  of  the  sea. — Argonauts^ 
i,  60. 

(2)  Camilla  queen  of  the  Volsci  was  so 
swift  of  foot  that  she  could  run  over 
standing  corn  without  bending  the  ears, 
and  over  the  sea  without  wetting  her 
feet.  —  Virgil :  ^neid,  vii.  803  ;  xi.  433. 

Not  SO  when  swift  Camilla  scours  the  plain, 

Flies  o  er  th'  unbending  corn,  and  skims  along  the  main. 

Pajrc. 

(3)  LSdas,  the  swift  runner  of  king 
Alexander.  He  ran  so  fast  that  he  never 
left  a  foot-print  on  the  ground.  Lord 
Rosebery  gave  this  name  to  one  of  his 
horses. 

(4)  PhidippIdSs,  a  professional  courier, 
ran  from  Athens  to  Sparta  {150  miles)  in 
two  days. 

(5)  Theag6n6s,  a  native  of  Thasos,  was 
noted  for  his  swiftness  of  foot. 

(The  Greek  hemerodromos  would  run 
from  twenty  to  thirty-six  leagues  in  a 
day.) 

The  last  running  footman  of  England  died  (at  the 
ageof94)ini896.  His  name  was  Sam  Cliff.  His  general 
run  was  sixty  miles  a  day. 

Rnnnymede,  the  name  assumed  by 
Benj.  Disraeli  in  the  Times  (1805-1881). 


Rupert,  i.e.  major  Roselheim,  the 
betrothed  of  Meeta  "  the  maid  of  Marien- 
dorpt. " — Knowles  :  The  Maid  o/Marien- 
dorpt  (1838). 

Rupert  {Prince),  in  the  service  of 
Charles  II,  Introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott 
in  three  of  his  novels —  Woodstock,  Legend 
of  Montrose,  and  Peveril  of  the  Peak. 

Rupert  [Sir),  in  love  with  Catherine. 
— Knowles  :  Love  (1840). 

Rupert  of  Debate  ( The).  Edward 
Geoffrey  earl  of  Derby,  when  he  was  Mr, 
Stanley,  was  so  called  by  lord  Lytton 
in  New  Timon  (i  799-1 869). 

Rural  Sports,  a  georgic  in  two 
cantos,  by  Gay  (1711). 

Rush,  {Friar),  a  house-spirit,  sent 
from  the  infernal  regions  in  the  seven- 
teenth century  to  keep  the  monks  and 
friars  in  the  same  state  of  wickedness 
they  then  were. 

(The  legends  of  this  roistering  friar  are 
of  German  origin. ) 

•'  Bruder.Rausch  "  means  brother  Tij>pU. 

N.B. — Milton  confounds  "  Jack-o'- 
Lantern"  with  friar  Rush.  The  latter 
was  not  2.  field  bogie  at  all,  and  was  never 
called  "Jack."  Probably  Milton  meant 
"a  friar  with  a  rush-[light]."  Sir  Walter 
Scott  also  falls  into  the  same  error — 

Better  we  had  thro'  mire  and  bush 
Been  lanthern-led  by  friar  Rush. 

Marmion  (1808). 

Rusil'la,  mother  of  Roderick  the  last 
of  the  Goths,  and  wife  of  Theodofred 
rightful  heir  to  the  Spanish  throne. — 
Southey  :  Roderick,  etc.'{iZi^). 

Rusport  {Lady),  second  wife  of  sir 
Stephen  Rusport  a  City  knight,  and  step- 
mother of  Charlotte  Rusport,  Very 
proud,  very  mean,  very  dogmatical,  and 
very  vain.  Without  one  spark  of  gene- 
rosity or  loving  charily  in  her  compo- 
sition. She  bribes  her  lawyer  to  destroy 
a  will,  but  is  thwarted  in  her  dishonesty. 
Lady  Rusport  has  a  tendresse  for  major 
O'Flaherty  ;  but  the  major  discovers  the 
villainy  of  the  old  woman,  and  escapes 
from  this  Scylla. 

Charlotte  Rusport,  step-daughter  of 
lady  Rusport,  An  amiable,  ingenuous, 
animated,  handsome  girl,  in  love  with 
her  cousin  Charles  Dudley,  whom  she 
marries, — Cumberland  :  The  West  Indian 
{^77^)- 

Russet  {Mr.),  the  choleric  old  father 
of  Harriot,  on  whom   he  dotes.     He  is 


RUSSIAN  BYRON. 

so  self-willed  that  he  will  not  listen  to 
reason,  and  has  set  his  mind  on  his 
daughter  marrying  sir  Harry  Beagle. 
She  marries,  however,  Mr.  Oakly.  (See 
Harriot,  p.471.)— CV?//«a«.-  The  Jealous 
Wife  (176 1 ). 

Russian  Byron  {The\  Alexander 
Sergeivitch  Pushkin  {1799-1837). 

Russian  History  {The  Father  of), 
Nestor,  a  monk  of  Kiev.  His  Chronicle 
includes  the  years  between  862  and  11 16 
(twelfth  century). 

Russian  Murat  {The),  Michael 
Miloradowitch  (1770-1820). 

Rust  {Martin),  an  absurd  old  anti- 
quary. "He  likes  no  coins  but  those 
which  have  no  head  on  them."  He  took 
a  fancy  to  Juliet,  the  niece  of  sir  Thomas 
Lofty,  but  preferred  his  "  ^neas,  his 
precious  relic  of  Troy,"  to  the  living 
beauty ;  and  Juliet  preferred  Richard 
Bever  to  Mr.  Rust ;  so  matters  were 
soon  amicably  adjusted. — Foote:  The 
Patron  (1764). 

Rustam,  chief  of  the  Persian  mythi- 
cal heroes,  son  of  Zal  "the  Fair,"  king 
of  India,  and  regular  descendant  of  Ben- 
jamin the  beloved  son  of  Jacob  the 
patriarch.  He  delivered  king  Caicaus 
(4  syl.)  from  prison,  but  afterwards  fell 
into  disgrace  because  he  refused  to  em- 
brace the  religious  system  of  Zoroaster. 
Caicaus  sent  his  son  Asfendiar  (or  Is- 
fendiar)  to  convert  him,  and,  as  persua- 
sion availed  nothing,  the  logic  of  single 
combat  was  resorted  to.  The  fight  lasted 
two  days,  and  then  Rustam  discovered 
that  Asfendiar  bore  a  "charmed  life," 
proof  against  all  wounds.  The  valour  of 
these  two  heroes  is  proverbial,  and  the 
Persian  romances  are  full  of  their  deeds 
of  fight. 

Rustam^ s  Horse,  Reksh. — Chardin  : 
Travels  (1686-1711). 

(In  Matthew  Arnold's  poem  Sohrab  and 
Rustum,  Rustum  fights  with  Sohrab,  over- 
comes him,  and  finds  too  late  he  has  slain 
his  own  son. ) 

Rustam,  son  of  Tamur  king  of  Persia. 
He  had  a  trial  of  strength  with  Rustam 
son  of  Zal,  which  was  to  pull  away  from 
his  adversary  an  iron  ring.  The  combat 
was  never  decided,  for  Rustam  could  no 
more  conquer  Rustam  than  Roland  could 
overcome  Oliver.  —  Chardin  :  Travels 
{1686-1711). 

Rusticus's  Pig,  the  pig  on  which 


94a  RUTTERKIN. 

Rusticus    fed    daily,    but    which    never 
diminished.     (See  Schrimner.) 

Two  Christians,  travellingf  in  Poland,  .  .  .  came  to 
the  door  of  Rusticus,  a  heathen  peasant,  who  had 
killed  a  fat  hog  to  celebrate  the  birth  of  a  son.  The 
pilgrims,  being  invited  to  partake  of  the  feast,  pro- 
nounced a  blessing  on  what  was  left,  which  never 
diminished  in  size  or  -weiskt  from  that  moment, 
though  all  the  family  fed  on  it  freely  every  day.— 
Brady :  Clavis  Calendaria,  183. 

This,  of  course,  is  a  parallelism  to 
Elijah's  miracle  (i  Kin^s  xvii.  11-16). 

Rut  {Doctor),  in  The  Magnetic  Lady, 
by  Ben  Jonson  (1602). 

Ruth  {The  Book  of).  Ruth  was  a 
Moabitish  maiden,  whose  husband's 
father  was  a  Hebrew  driven  from  his 
native  land  by  a  famine.  She  afterwards 
married  Boaz  a  rich  farmer  of  Bethlehem, 
and  was  the  grandmother  of  king  David, 
and  so  in  the  line  of  Christ's  ancestry. 

Ruth.,  a  poem,  by  Hood  (1827)  ;  by 
sir  W,  S.  Maxwell  (1818-1875)  ;  by 
Wordsworth  (1799). 

Ruth,  the  friend  of  Arabella  an 
heiress,  and  ward  of  justice  Day.  Ruth 
also  is  an  orphan,  the  daughter  of  sir 
Basil  Thoroughgood,  who  died  when  she 
was  two  years  old,  leaving  justice  Day 
trustee.  Justice  Day  takes  the  estates, 
and  brings  up  Ruth  as  his  own  daughter. 
Colonel  Careless  is  her  accepted  am^  de 
cceur. — T.  Knight:  The  Honest  Thieves. 

Ruthven  {Lord),  one  of  the  embassy 
from  queen  Elizabeth  to  Mary  queen  of 
Scots.—Sir  VV.  Scott:  The  A ddot  {time, 
Elizabeth). 

Rutil'io,  a  merry  gentleman,  brother 
of  Arnoldo. — Fletcher:  The  Custom  of 
the  Country  (1647). 

Rutland  {The  countess  of),  wife  of 
the  earl  of  Essex,  whom  he  married  when 
he  started  for  Ireland.  The  queen  knew 
not  of  the  marriage,  and  was  heart- 
broken when  she  heard  of  it. — Jones: 
The  Earl  of  Essex  (1745). 

Rutland  {The  duchess  of),  of  the 
court  of  queen  Elizabeth. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Kenilworth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Rutledgfe  {Archie),  constable  at 
Osbaldistone  Hall— 5?>  W.  Scott:  Rob 
Roy  (time,  George  I.). 

Rutledge  {Job),  a  smuggler.— 5/r 
W.  Scott:  Redgauntlet  (time,  George 
III.). 

Rut'terJcin,  name  of  a  cat  the  spirit 
of  a  witch,  sent  at  one  time  to  torment 


RUYDERA.  943 

the  countess  of  Rutland  (sixteenth  cen- 
tury). 

Ruy'dera,  a  duenna  who  had  seven 
daugliteis  and  two  nieces.  They  were 
imprisoned  for  500  years  in  the  cavern 
of  Montesi'nos,  in  La  Mancha  of  Spain. 
Their  ceaseless  weeping  stirred  the  com- 
passion of  Merlin,  who  converted  them 
into  lakes  in  the  same  province. — Cer- 
vantes :  Don  Quixote,  II.  ii.  6  (1615). 

R.  V.  S.  V.  P.,  i.e.  ripondez  vife  s'il 

vous  plait. 

Ryence  [Sir),  king  of  Wales,  Ireland, 
and  many  of  tlie  isles.  When  Arthur 
first  mounted  the  throne,  king  Ryence,  in 
scorn,  sent  a  messenger  to  say  "  he  had 
purfled  a  mantle  with  the  beards  of  kings  ; 
but  the  mantle  lacked  one  more  beard  to 
complete  the  lining,  and  he  requested 
Arthur  to  send  his  beard  by  the  messenger, 
or  else  he  would  come  and  take  head  and 
beard  too."  Part  of  the  insolence  was  in 
this  :  Arthur  at  the  time  was  too  young  to 
have  a  beard  at  all ;  and  he  made  answer, 
' '  Tell  your  master,  my  beard  at  present 
is  all  too  young  for  purfling ;  but  I  have 
an  arm  quite  strong  enough  to  drag  him 
hither,  unless  he  comes  without  delay  to 
do  me  homage. "  By  the  advice  of  Merlin, 
the  two  brothers  Bahn  and  Balan  set  upon 
the  insolent  king,  on  his  way  to  lady  De 
Vauce,  overthrew  him,  slew  "more  than 
forty  of  his  men,  and  the  remnant  fled." 
King  Ryence  craved  for  mercy ;  "so  they 
laid  him  on  a  horse-litter,  and  sent  him 
captive  to  king  Arthur." — Sir  T.  Malory: 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  34,  34 
(1470). 

Ryinar  [Mr.  Robert),  poet  at  the  Spa. 
—Sir  IV.  Scott:  St.  Ronan' s  Well  [time, 
George  III.). 

Ryno,  youngest  of  the  sons  of  Fingal 
king  of  Morven.  He  fell  in  the  battle 
of  Lena  between  the  Norsemen  led  by 
Swaran  and  the  Irish  led  by  Fingal, 

"  Rest  1 "  said  Fingal ;  "  youngest  of  my  sons,  rest  I 
Rest,  O  Ryno,  on  Lena  I  We,  too,  shall  be  no  more. 
Warriors  must  one  day  fall," — Ossian  :  Fingal,  v. 

Ryparo^'rapher  of  Wits,  Rabe- 
lais (1495-1553),     

(Greek,  rw/(z;'OJ  ("  foul,  nasty  ).  Phny 
calls  Pydcus  the  painter  a  "  ryparo- 
grapher.") 

R3rfclxo]l,  a  giant  of  Brittany,  slain  by 
king  Arthur.     (See  RiTHO,  p.  918.) 

Rython,  the  mighty  griant,  slain, 
By  his  good  brand  relieved  Bretagne. 
Sir  Jr.  Scott    Bridal  0/ THermain,  ii.  ii  {1813). 


SABBATH-BREAKERS. 


S. 


S._  p.  Q.  R.  generally  stands  for 
Senatus  Populus-Que  Romanus.  But 
Bede  gives  several  other  sentences,  as— 

Salva  Populum  Quem  RedemistL 
Bono  Poltroni  Qucsti  Romani, 
Sancti  Pater,  Quid  Rides  t 


(Ans.  Rideo  quia  Papa  sutn.) 
salus  Papae,  Quies  Regni. 
Salvasti  Populum  Quem  Regis. 


Solidavit  Pace  Qiiietem  Regni. 

Salvavit  Pecavit  Qu«  Regnum. 

Stultus  Populus  Qiiarit  Romam. 
French  phrase :  Si  Peu  Que  Rien. 
En^'/ish  :  Seek  Peaceful  Quiet  Repose. 

It  would  afford  amusement  occasionally" 
on  along  evening  to  extend  this  list,  which 
might  easily  be  done. 

Saadior  Sadi,  the  Persian  poet,  called 
"  The  Nightingale  of  a  Thousand  Songs. " 
His  poems  are  The  Gulistan  or  "  Garden 
of  Roses,"  The  Bostan  or  "Garden  of 
Fruits,"  and  The  Pend-NAmeh,  a  moral 
poem.  Saadi  (i  184-1263)  was  one  of 
the  "  Four  Monarchs  of  Eloquence  "  (see 
p.  321). 

Saba  or  Zaba  ( The  queen  of),  called 
Balkis,  She  came  to  the  court  of  Solomon, 
and  had  by  him  a  son  named  Melech. 
The  queen  of  Ethiopia  or  Abyssinia  is 
sometimes  called  Maqueda. — Zaga  Zabo: 
Ap.  Damian.  a  Goes. 

The  Koran  (ch.  xxvii.)  tells  us  that 
Solomon  summoned  before  him  all  the 
birds  to  the  valley  of  ants,  but  the  lap- 
wing did  not  put  in  an  appearance. 
Solomon  was  angry,  and  was  about  to 
issue  an  order  of  death,  when  the  bird 
presented  itself,  saying,  "  I  come  from 
Saba,  where  I  found  a  queen  reigning  in 
great  magnificence,  but  she  and  her  sub- 
jects worship  the  sun,"  On  hearing  this, 
Solomon  sent  back  the  lapwing  to  Saba 
with  a  letter,  which  the  bird  was  to  drop 
at  the  foot  of  the  queen,  commanding  her 
to  come  at  once,  submit  herself  unto  him, 
and  accept  from  him  the  "  true  religion." 
So  she  came  in  great  state,  with  a  train 
of  500  slaves  of  each  sex,  bearing  500 
"bricks  of  solid  gold,"  a  crown,  and 
sundry  other  presents, 

Sabbath-Breakers.  The  fish  of 
the  Red  Sea  used  to  come  ashore  on  the 
eve  of  the  sabbath,  to  tempt  the  Jews  to 
violate  the  day  of  rest.  The  offenders  at 
length  became  so  numerous  that  David, 
to  deter  others,  turned  the  fish  into  apes. 
— Jallalo'ddin  :  Al  Zamakh. 


SABBATH-DAY  PSALM. 

Sabbath-day  Psalm  (The),  Ps. 
xcii.,  which  begins  with  the  words,  "  It 
is  a  good  thing  to  give  thanks  unto  the 
Lord." 

Sabellan  Songf,  incantation.  The 
Sabelli  or  Samnites  were  noted  for  their 
magical  arts  and  incantations. 

Sabine  { The).  Numa  the  Sabine  was 
taught  the  way  to  govern  by  Eggria,  one  of 
the  Camenae  (prophetic  nymphs  of  ancient 
Italy).  He  used  to  meet  her  in  a  grove, 
in  which  was  a  well,  afterwards  dedicated 
by  him  to  the  Camenae. 

Our  statues !  .  .  .  she 

That  taught  the  Sabine  how  to  rule. 

Tennyson  :  The  Princess,  iL  (1836). 

Sablonnifere  [La),  the  Tuileries. 
The  word  means  the  "sand-pit."  The 
tuileries  means  the  "tile-works."  Nico- 
las de  Neuville,  in  the  fifteenth  century, 
built  a  mansion  in  the  vicinity,  which  he 
called  the  "Hotel  des  Tuileries,"  and 
Fran9ois  I.  bought  the  property  for  his 
mother  in  1518. 

Sabra,  daughter  of  Ptolemy  king  of 
Egypt.  She  was  rescued  by  St.  George 
from  the  hands  of  a  giant,  and  ultimately 
-married  her  deliverer.  Sabra  had  three 
sons  at  a  birth :  Guy,  Alexander,  and 
David. 

Here  come  I,  St.  Georgfe,  the  valiant  man. 
With  naked  sword  and  spear  in  han', 
Who  fought  the  draj^on  and  brought  him  to  slaughter, 
And  won  fair  Sabra  thus,  the  king  of  Egypt's  daughter. 
Notes  and  Queries,  December  21,  1878. 

Sabreur  {Le  Beau),  Joachim  Mura 
(1767-181S). 

Sab'rin,  Sabre,  or  Sabri'na,  the 

Severn,  daughter  of  Locrine  (son  of  Brute) 
and  his  concubine  Estrildis.  His  queen 
Guendolen  vowed  vengeance,  and,  having 
assembled  an  army,  made  war  upon 
I>ocrine,  who  was  slain.  Guendolen  now 
assumed  the  government,  and  commanded 
Estrildis  and  Sabrin  to  be  cast  into  a 
river,  since  then  called  the  Severn. — 
Geoffrey:  British  History,  ii.  5  (1142). 

(An  exquisite  description  of  Sabine, 
sitting  in  state  as  a  queen,  is  given  in  the 
opening  of  song  v.  of  Drayton's  Poly- 
olbion  ;  and  the  tale  of  her  metamorphosis 
is  recorded  at  length  in  song  vi.  Milton 
in  Comus,  and  Fletcher  in  The  Faithful 
Shetherdess,  refer  to  the  transformation 
of  Sabrina  into  a  river.) 

Sabriniau  Sea  or  Severn  Sea,  i.e.  the 
Bristol  Channel.  Both  terms  occur  not 
unfrequently  in  Drayton's  Polyolbion. 


944  SACRED  ISLE. 

Saccliini  [Antonio  Maria  Gaipare), 
called  "  The  Racine  of  Music,"  con- 
temporary with  Gliick  and  Piccini  (1735- 

1786). 

I  composed  a  thing  to-day  to  all  the  gusto  of  Sacchinl 
and  the  sweetness  of  Gluclc— A/rj.  CowUy:  A  Bold 
Stroke  for  a  Husband. 

Sacbarissa.  So  Waller  calls  the  lady 
Dorothea  Sidney,  eldest  daughter  of  the 
earl  of  Leicester,  to  whose  hand  he 
aspired.  Sacharissa  married  the  earl  of 
Sunderland.     (Greek,  sakchar,  "  sugar.") 

Sacbente'g'es  (4  syl.),  instruments 
of  torture.  A  sharp  iron  collar  was  put 
round  the  victim's  throat,  and  as  he  could 
not  stir  without  cutting  himself,  he  could 
neither  sit,  lie,  nor  sleep. — Ingram: 
Saxon  Chronicle, 

Sack.  To  give  one  the  sack,  to  dismiss 
from  further  service.  At  one  time  manu- 
facturers who  employed  those  who  worked 
at  home  put  the  work  to  be  done  in  a  bag 
or  sack.  If  when  brought  back  the  work 
was  satisfactory,  the  bag  or  sack  was 
filled  again  with  materials  ;  if  not,  it  was 
laid  empty  on  the  counter,  and  this 
indicated  that  the  person  would  no  longer 
be  employed  by  the  firm. 

Sackbnt,  the  landlord  of  a  tavern,  in 
T>Irs.  CentlivTe's  comedy  A  Bold  Stroke 
for  a  Wife  (1717). 

Sackerson  or  Sacarson  and 
Harry  Hunkes  were  two  famous 
bears  exhibited  in  the  reign  of  queen 
Elizabeth  at  Paris  Garden,  Southwark. 

Publius,  a  student  of  the  common  law. 
To  Paris  Garden  doth  himself  witlidraw  ; 
Leaving  old  Ployden,  Dyer,  and  Broke  alone, 
To  see  old  Harry  Hunkes  and  Sacarson, 

Sir  John  Davies ;  Epigram  (about  1398). 

Sacred  Allegfories,  by  the  Rev. 
William  Adams,  who  died  1848. 

Sacred  Pish,  Greek,  ichthus  ("a 
fish  "),  is  compounded  of  the  initial  Greek 
letters:  IJesous]  CH[ri3tos],  THreouJ 
U[ios],  Sfoterj  ("Jesus  Christ,  God's 
Son,  Saviour  '  ).  Tennyson,  describing 
the  "  Lady  of  the  Lake,"  says — 

And  o'er  her  breast  floated  the  sacred  fish. 

Gareth  and  Lynette. 

Sacred  Isle  [The),  Ireland.  Also 
called  ' '  The  Holy  Isle,"  from  its  multitude 
of  saints. 

The  Sacred  Isle,  Scattery,  to  which  St. 
Senatus  retired,  and  vowed  no  woman 
should  set  foot  thereon. 

Oh,  haste  and  leave  this  sacred  Isle, 
Unholy  bark,  ere  morning  smile. 

Moore:  Irish  Melodies  ("St.  Senatus 
and  the  Lady,"  1814). 


SACRED  NINE. 


945 


SAFFRON  GOWN. 


The  Sacred  Isle,  Enhallow,  one  of  the 
Orkneys.  (Norse,  Eyinhalga,  "holy 
Ule.") 

The  Sacred  Isle,  the  peninsula  of 
mount  Athos  (Ottoman  empire).  This 
island  is  remarkable  for  being  exclusively  • 
inhabited  by  males.  Not  only  are 
females  of  the  human  race  excluded,  but 
cows  also,  mares,  sow-pigs,  hens,  ducks, 
and  females  of  all  the  animal  race.— 
Milner  :  Gallery  of  Geography,  666. 

Sacred  Nine  ( The),  the  Muses,  nine 
In  number. 

Fair  daughters  of  the  Sun,  the  Sacred  Nine, 
Here  wake  to  ecstasy  their  harps  divine. 

Falcontr :  The  Shipwreck,  iiu  3  (i7S6). 

Sacred  Songs,  by  T.  Moore  (1816). 

Sacred  War  ( The),  (i)  A  war  under- 
taken by  the  Amphictyonic  League  for  the 
defence  of  Delphi  against  the  Cirrhaeans 
{B.C.  595-587)- 

(2)  A  war  undertaken  by  the  Athenians 
for  the  purpose  of  restoring  Delphi  to  the 
Phocians  (b.c.  448-447). 

(3)  A  war  undertaken  by  Philip  of 
Macedon,  as  chief  of  the  Amphictyonic 
League,  for  the  purpose  of  wresting 
Delphi  from  the  Phocians  (B.C.  357). 

Sa'cripant  {ICing),  king  of  Circassia, 
and  a  lover  of  Angelica.  —  Bojardo : 
Orlando  Innamorato  (1495)  I  Ariosto: 
Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

With  the  same  stratagem,  Sacripant  had  his  steed 
stolen  from  under  him,  by  that  notorious  thief  Brunello, 
at  the  siege  ef  K\hnccti.— Cervantes :  Don  Quixote,  I. 
Ui.  9  (1605). 

(The  allusion  is  to  Sancho  Panza's  ass, 
which  was  stolen  from  under  him  by  the 
galley-slave  Gines  de  Passamonte.) 

Sa'cripant,  a  false,  noisy,  hectoring 
braggart ;  a  kind  of  Pistol  or  Bobadil.— 
Tasso:  Secchia  Rapita  (i.e.  "Rape of  the 
Bucket"). 

Sadali,'  the  sixteenth  night  of  the 
month  Bayaman. — Persian  Calendar. 

Sa'dak  and  Kalasra'de  (4  syl.). 
Sadak,  general  of  the  forces  of  Am'urath 
sultan  of  Turkey,  lived  with  KalasradS 
in  retirement,  and  their  home  life  was  so 
happy  that  it  aroused  the  jealousy  of  the 
sultan,  who  employed  emissaries  to  see 
fire  to  their  house,  carry  off  KalasradS  to 
the  seraglio,  and  seize  the  children. 
Sadak,  not  knowing  who  were  the  agents 
of  these  evils,  laid  his  complaint  before 
Amurath,  and  then  learnt  that  Kalasrade 
was  in  the  seraglio.  The  sultan  swore 
not  to  force  his  love  upon  her  till  she 
had  drowned  the  recollection  of  her  past 


life  by  a  draught  of  the  waters  of  oblivion. 
Sadak  was  sent  on  this  expedition.  On 
his  return,  Amurath  seized  the  goblet, 
and,  quaffing  its  contents,  found  "that 
the  waters  of  oblivion  were  the  waters 
of  death."  He  died,  and  Sadak  was 
made  sultan  in  his  stead. — y.  Ridley : 
Tales  of  the  Genii  ("Sadak  and  Kalas- 
radS,"  ix.,  1751). 

Sadaroubay.  So  Eve  is  called  in 
Indian  mythology. 

Sadder,  one  of  the  sacred  books  of 
the  Guebres  or  Parsis. 

Saddle  and  tlie  Oround. 

Between  the  saddle  and  the  ground, 
Mercy  he  sought,  and  mercy  found) 

Should  be— 

Betwixt  the  stirrup  and  the  ground, 
Mercy  I  asked,  mercy  I  found. 

It  is  quoted  in  Camden's  Remains.  "  A 
gentleman  fell  from  his  horse  and  broke 
his  neck.  Some  said  it  was  a  judgment 
on  his  evil  life,  but  a  friend,  caUing  to 
mind  the  epitaph  of  St.  Augustine, 
Misericordia  Domini  inter  pontem  et 
fontem,  wrote  the  distich  given  above." 

Saddletree  {Mr.  Bartoline),  the 
leirned  saddler. 

Mrs.  Saddletree,  the  wife  of  Bartoline. 
—Sir  W.  Scott:  Heart  of  Midlothian 
(time,  George  II.). 

Sadha-Sing,  the  mourner  of  the 
desert.— 5iV  W.  Scott:  TJie  Surgeon's 
Daughter  (time,  George  II.). 

SsbI.    (See  Haysel,  p.  476.) 

S»mnnd  Sigfusson,  surnamed 
"the  Wise,"  an  Icelandic  priest  and 
scald.  He  compiled  the  Elder  or  Rhyth- 
mical Edda,  often  called  Scemund s  Edda. 
This  compilation  contains  not  only  my- 
thological tales  and  moral  sentences,  but 
numerous  sagas  in  verse  or  heroic  lays, 
as  those  of  Volung  and  Helgfi,  of  Sigurd 
and  Brynhilda,  of  Folsungs  and  Nifiungs 
(pt.  ii.).  Probably  his  compilation  con- 
tained all  the  mythological,  heroic,  and 
legendary  lays  extant  at  the  period  in 
which  he  hved  (1054-1133). 

Safa,  in  Ai-abia,  the  hill  on  which 
Adam  and  Eve  came  together,  after 
having  been  parted  for  200  years,  during 
which  time  they  wandered  homeless  over 
the  face  of  the  earth. 

SaflFron  Gown.    (See  p.  335,  coL  2.) 

She  the  saffron  gown  will  never  wear, 

And  in  no  flower-strewn  couch  shall  she  be  laid. 

W^.  Morris :  Atalantas  Ract, 


SAGA.  946 

The  word  saffron  was  wholly  unknown 
in  the  Greek  or  Latin  language.  There 
is  the  Greek  word  saophron,  but  that 
was  a  girdle  worn  by  girls,  indicative  of 
chastity.  (Saffron  is  the  Arabic  zaphran, 
through  the  French  safran. ) 

Sag'a,  the  goddess  of  history. — Scan- 
dinavian Mythology. 

Sag'a  and  Edda.    The  Edda  is  the 

Bible  of  the  ancient  Scandinavians.  A 
saga  is  a  book  of  instruction,  generally 
but  not  always  in  the  form  of  a  tale,  like 
a  Welsh  "mabinogi."  In  the  Edda 
there  are  numerous  sagas.  As  our  Bible 
contains  the  history  of  the  Jews,  re- 
ligious songs,  moral  proverbs,  and  re- 
ligious stories,  so  the  Edda  contained 
the  history  of  Norway,  religious  songs,  a 
book  of  proverbs,  and  numerous  stories. 
The  original  Edda  was  compiled  and 
edited  by  Sasmund  Sigfusson,  an  Icelandic 
priest  and  scald,  in  the  eleventh  century. 
It  contains  twenty-eight  parts  or  books, 
all  of  which  are  in  verse. 

Two  hundred  years  later,  Snorro  Stur- 
leson  of  Iceland  abridged,  rearranged, 
and  reduced  to  prose  the  Edda,  giving 
the  various  parts  a  kind  of  dramatic 
form,  like  the  dialogues  of  Plato.  It 
then  became  needful  to  distinguish  these 
two  works  ;  so  the  old  poetical  compila- 
tion is  called  the  Elder  or  Rhythmical 
Edda,  and  sometimes  the  Scemud  Edda, 
while  the  more  modern  work  is  called 
the  Younger  or  Prose  Edda,  and  some- 
times the  Snorro  Edda.  The  Younger 
Edda  is,  however,  partly  original.  Pt. 
i.  is  the  old  Edda  reduced  to  prose,  but 
pt.  ii.  is  Sturleson's  own  collection.  This 
part  contains  "  The  Discoiu-se  of  Bragi  " 
(the  scald  of  the  gods)  on  the  origin  of 
poetry  ;  and  here,  too,  we  find  the  famous 
story  called  by  the  Germans  the  Nibelun- 
gen  Lied. 

Sa^as.  Besides  the  sagas  contained  in 
the  Eddas,  there  are  numerous  others. 
Indeed,  the  whole  saga  Hterature  extends 
over  200  volumes. 

I.  The  Edda  Sagas.  The  Edda  is 
divided  into  two  parts  and  twenty- 
eight  lays  or  poetical  sagas.  The  first 
part  relates  to  the  gods  and  heroes  of 
Scandinavia,  creation,  and  the  early  his- 
tory of  Norway.  The  Scandinavian 
"Books  of  Genesis  "are  the  "  Voluspa 
Siaga  "or  "  prophecy  of  Vola  "  (about  230 
verses),  "  Vafthrudner's  Saga,"  and 
"  Grimner'sSaga."  These  three  resemble 
the  Sibylline  books  of  ancient  Rome,  and 


SAGAS. 

gave  a  description  of  chaos,  the  forma- 
tion of  the  world,  the  creation  of  all 
animals  (including  dwarfs,  giants,  and 
fairies),  the  general  conflagration,  and 
the  renewal  of  the  world,  when,  like 
the  new  Jerusalem,  it  will  appear  all 
glorious,  and  there  shall  in  no  wise  enter 
therein  "anything  that  defileth,  neither 
whatsoever  worketh  abomination,  or 
maketh  a  lie." 

The  "  Book  of  Proverbs  "  in  the  Edda 
is  called  the  "  H^vamil  Saga,"  and  some- 
times "The  High  Song  of  Odin." 

The  "  Volsunga  Saga  "  is  a  collection  of 
lays  about  the  early  Teutonic  heroes. 

The  "  Saga  of  St.  Olaf  "  is  the  history 
of  this  Norwegian  king.  He  was  a  savage 
tyrant,  hated  by  his  subjects  ;  but  because 
he  aided  the  priests  in  forcing  Christianity 
on  his  subjects,  he  was  canonized. 

The  other  sagas  in  the  Edda  are  "The 
Song  of  Lodbrok  "  or  "  Lodbrog,"  "  Her- 
vara  Saga,"  the  "  Vilkina  Saga,"  the 
"  Blomsturvalla  Saga,"  the  "  Ynglinga 
Saga"  (all  relating  to  Norway),  the  "Joms- 
vikingia  Saga"  and  the  "  Knytlinga 
Saga"  (which  pertain  to  Denmark),  the 
''Sturlunga  Saga  "  and  the  "  Eryrbiggia 
Saga  "  (which  pertain  to  Iceland).  All  the 
above  were  compiled  and  edited  by  Sse- 
mund  Sigfusson,  and  are  in  verse ;  but 
Snorro  Sturleson  reduced  them  to  prose 
in  his  prose  version  of  the  old  Edda. 

II.  Sagas  not  in  the  Edda.  Snorro 
Sturleson,  at  the  close  of  the  twelfth 
century,  made  the  second  great  collec-? 
tion  of  chronicles  in  verse,  called  the 
Heimskringla  Saga,  or  the  book  of  the 
kings  of  Norway  from  the  remotest 
period  to  the  year  1177.  This  is  a  most  , 
valuable  record  of  the  laws,  customs,  and 
manners  of  the  ancient  Scandinavians. 
Samuel  Laing  published  his  English 
translation  of  it  in  1844. 

1.  The  Icelandic  Sagas.  Besides  the 
two  Icelandic  sagas  collected  by  Soemund 
Sigfusson,  numerous  others  were  sub- 
sequently embodied  in  the  Landama  Bok, 
set  on  foot  by  Ari  hinn  FrondS,  and  con- 
tinued by  various  hands. 

2.  Frithjof's  Saga  contains  the  life  and  \ 
adventures  of  Frithjof  of  Iceland,  who 
fell  in  love  with  Ingeborg,  the  beautiful 
wife  of  Hring  king  of  Norway.  On  the 
death  of  Hring  the  young  widow  mar- 
ried her  Icelandic  lover.  Frithjof  Hved 
in  the  eighth  century,  and  this  saga  was 
compiled  at  the  beginning  of  the  four- 
teenth century,  a  year  or  two  after  the 
Heimskringla.  It  is  very  interesting, 
because  Tegn^r,  the  Swedish  poet,  has 


SAGAMAN. 


947 


SAILOR  KING. 


selected  it  for  his  Idylls  (1825),  just  as 
Tennyson  has  taken  his  idyllic  stories 
from  the  Morte  cC Arthur  or  the  Welsh 
Mabinogion.  Tegndr's  Idylls  have  been 
translated  into  English  by  Latham  (1838), 
by    Stephens   {1841),    and    by    Blackley 

(1857)- 

3.  The  Swedish  Saga  or  lay  of  Swedish 
"  history  "  is  the  Ingvars  Saga. 

4.  The  Russian  Saga  or  lay  of  Russian 
legendary  history  is  the  Egmunds  Saga. 

5.  The  Folks  Sagas  are  stories  from  ro- 
mance. From  this  ancient  collection  we 
have  derived  our  nursery  tales  of  Jack 
and  the  Bean-Stalk,  Jack  the  Giant- Killer, 
the  Giant  who  smelt  the  Blood  of  an  Eng- 
lishman, Blue  Beard, Cinderella,  theLittle 
Old  Woman  cut  Shorter,  the  Pig  that 
wouldn't  go  crver  the  Bridge,  Puss  in 
Boots,  and  even  the  first  sketches  of 
Whittington  and  His  Cat,  and  Baron 
Munchausen.  (See  Dasent :  Tales  from 
Hie  Norse,  1859. ) 

6.  Sagas  of  Foreign  origin.  Besides 
the  rich  stores  of  original  tales,  several 
foreign  ones  have  been  imported  and 
translated  into  Norse,  such  as  Barlaham 
and  Josaphat,  by  Rudolf  of  Ems,  one  of 
the  German  minnesingers  (see  p,  90). 
On  the  other  hand,  the  minnesingers 
borrowed  from  the  Norse  sagas  their 
famous  story  embodied  in  the  Nibelungen 
Lied,  called  the  "  German  Iliad,"  which 
is  from  the  second  part  of  Snorro  Stur- 
leson's  Edda. 

Sagfaxnan,  a  narrator  of  Sagas.  These 
ancient  chroniclers  differed  from  scalds 
in  several  respects.  Scalds  were  min- 
strels, who  celebrated  in  verse  the  ex- 
ploits of  Hving  kings  or  national  heroes ; 
sagamen  were  tellers  of  legendaiy  stories, 
either  in  prose  or  verse,  like  Schehera- 
zade the  narrator  of  the  Arabian  Nights, 
the  mandarin  Fum-Hoam  the  teller  of 
the  Chinese  Tales,  Moradbak  the  teller 
of  the  Oriental  Tales,  Feriiraorz  who  told 
the  tales  to  Lalla  Rookh,  and  so  on. 
Again,  scalds  resided  at  court,  were 
attached  to  the  royal  suite,  and  followed 
the  king  in  all  his  expeditions  ;  but 
sagamen  were  free  and  unattached,  and 
told  their  tales  to  prince  or  peasant,  in 
lordly  hall  or  at  village  wake. 

Sagfam'ite  (4  syl.),  a  kind  of  soup  or 
tisan,  given  by  American  Indians  to  the 
sick. 

Our  virgins  fed  her  with  their  kindly  bowls 

Of  fever-balm  and  sweet  sag-amitd. 

Campbell :  Gertrude  of  li'yotning,  i.  19  {1809). 

Sagau  of  Jerusalem  ( The),  in  Dry- 


den's  Absalom  and  Achitophel,  is  mean 
for  Compton  bishop  of  London. 

.  .  .  the  Sagan  of  Jerusalem, 
Of  hopeful  soul,  and  noble  stem ; 
Him  in  the  Western  dome,  whose  weighty  sense 
Flows  in  fit  words  and  heavenly  eloquence. 

Pt.  i.  803-806. 

Sage  of  Concord  {The),  Ralph 
Waldo  Emerson,  of  Boston,  United 
States,  author  of  Literary  Ethics  (1838), 
Poems  (1846),  Representative  Men  (1850), 
English  Traits  (1856),  and  numerous 
other  works  (1803-1879). 

In  Mr.  Emerson  we  have  a  poet  and  a  profoundly  re- 
ligious man,  who  is  really  and  entirely  undaunted  by  thft 
discoveries  of  science,  past,  present,  or  prospective. 
In  his  case,  poetry,  with  the  joy  of  a  Bacchanal,  takes 
her  grraver  brother  science  by  the  hand,  and  cheers  him 
with  immortal  laughter.  By  Emerson  scientific  con- 
ceptions are  continually  transmuted  into  the  finer  fonns 
and  warmer  lines  of  an  ideal  world.— 7>«i;a//  Frag'- 
ments  0/  Science. 

No  one  who  has  conversed  with  the  Sage  of  Concord 
can  wonder  at  the  love  which  his  neiglibours  feel  for 
him,  or  the  reverence  with  which  he  is  regarded  by  the 
scholars  of  England  and  America. — Newspaper  Bio- 
graphical  Sketch,  May,  1879. 

Sag'e  of  Monticello  ( The),  Thomas 
Jefferson,  the  third  president  of  the 
United  States,  whose  country  seat  was 
at  Monticello. 

As  from  the  grave  where  Henry  sleeps. 
From  Vernon's  weeping  willow. 

And  from  the  grassy  pall  which  hides 
The  Sage  of  Monticello  .  .  . 

Virginia,  o'er  thy  land  of  slaves 
A  warning  vo:ce  is  swelling. 

iVhittier:  Voices  of  Freedom  (1836). 

Sage  of  Samos  {The),  PythagSras, 
a  native  of  Samos  (B.C.  584-506). 

Sages  ( The  Seven).  (See  SiiVEN  Wise 
Men  of  Greece,  p.  987.) 

Sag'ittary,  a  monster,  half  man  and 
half  beast,  described  as  "a  terrible  archer, 
which  neighs  like  a  horse,  and  with  eyes 
of  fire  which  strike  men  dead  like 
lightning."  Any  deadly  shot  is  a  sagit- 
Xs^cy.—Guido  delle  Colonna  (thirteenth 
century):  Historia  Troyana  Prosayce  Com- 
posita  (translated  by  Lydgate). 

The  dreadful  Sagittary, 
Appals  our  numbers. 
Shakespeare:  Troihis  and  Cressida  (1602). 

(See  also  Othello,  act  i.  sc.  i,  3.  The 
barrack  is  so  called  from  the  figure  of  an 
archer  over  the  door.) 

Sagramonr  le  De'sims,  a  knight 
of  the  Round  Table.  (See  Launcelot  du 
Lac  and  Morte d Arthur.) 

Saliira  {Al),  one  of  the  names  of 
hell.— 5a/^.-  A I  Koran,  Ixxix.  notes. 

Sailor  King  ( The),  William  IV.  of 
Great  Britain  (1765,  1830-1837). 


SAINT. 


Saint  ( The\,  Kang-he  of  China,  who 
assumed  the  name  of  Chin-tsou-jin  (1653, 
1661-1722). 

St.  Aldobrand,  the  noble  husband 
of  lady  Imogine,  murdered  by  count 
Bertram  her  quondam  lover. — Maturin: 
Bertram  (1816). 

St.  Alme  [Captain),  son  of  Darlemont 
a  merchant,  guardian  of  Julio  count  of 
Harancour.  He  pays  his  addresses  to 
Marianne  Franval,  to  whom  he  is  ulti- 
mately married.  Captain  St.  Alme  is 
generous,  high-spirited,  and  noble- 
minded.— ^i^/^r^/.'  The  Deaf  and  Dumb 
(1785). 

St.  Andre,  a  fashionable  dancing- 
master  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II. 

St  Andre's  feet  ne'er  kept  more  equal  time. 

Dryden  :  MacFUcknoe  (1682). 

St.  An'gelo  [Castle  of),  once  called 
tte  Moles  Adria'ni,  the  tomb  of  the 
emperor  Adrian,  a  structure  as  big  as  a 
village. 

St.  Asaph.  [The  dean  of),  in  the 
court  of  queen  Elizabeth. — Sir  IV.  Scott: 
Kenilworth  (1821). 

St.   Basil   Outwits   the   Devil. 

{See  Sinner  Saved,  p.  loio. ) 

St.  Bef  ana,  the  day  of  the  Epiphany 
(January  6).     (See  Befana,  p.  103.) 

St.  'Bo\.<i\-^\\.[The  prior  of).— Sir  W. 
Scott:  /vanhoe  [time,  Richard  I.). 

St.  Brandan  or  San  Bor'andan 

{The  Island  of),  a  flying  island,  some 
ninety  leagues  in  length,  west  of  the 
Canaries.  In  an  old  French  geographical 
chart  it  is  placed  5°  west  of  Ferro  Island, 
29"  N.  lat.  So  late  as  1721  Spain  sent 
an  expedition  in  quest  of  this  fabulous 
island.  The  Spaniards  believe  that  king 
Rodri'go  ("the  last  of  the  Goths")  made 
this  island  his  retreat.  The  Portuguese 
assign  it  to  St.  Sebastian.  The  poets  say 
it  was  rendered  inaccessible  to  man  by 
diabolical  magic.  Probably  it  owes  its 
existence  to  some  atmospheric  illusion, 
such  as  the  Fata  morgana. 

St.   Cecili,   Cecily,  or  Cecile  (2 

syL),  the  daughter  of  noble  Roman 
parents,  and  a  Christian.  She  married 
Valinan.  One  day,  she  told  her  husband 
she  had  ' '  an  aungel  .  .  .  that  with  gret 
love,  wher  so  I  wake  or  slepe,  is  redy  ay 
my  body  for  to  kepe."  Valirian  re- 
quested to  see  this  angel,  and  Cecile  told 


948  ST.  CHRISTOPHER. 

him  he  must  first  go  to  St.  Urban,  and, 
being  purged  by  him  "fro  synne,  than 
[then']  schul  ye  se  that  aungel. "  Valirian 
was  accordingly  "  cristened "  by  St. 
Urban,  returned  home,  and  found  the 
angel  with  two  crowns,  brought  direct 
from  paradise.  One  he  gave  to  Cecile 
and  one  to  Valirian,  saying  that  "  bothe 
with  the  palme  of  martirdom  schuUen 
come  unto  God's  blisful  feste."  Valirian 
suffered  martyrdom  first ;  then  Alma- 
chius,  the  Roman  prefect,  commanded 
his  officers  to  "  brenne  Cecile  in  a  bath  of 
flammfis  red."  She  remained  in  the  bath 
all  day  and  night,  yet  "sat  she  cold,  and 
felte  of  it  no  woe."  Then  smote  they  her 
three  strokes  upon  the  neck,  but  could 
not  smite  her  head  off.  She  lingered  on 
for  three  whole  days,  preaching  and 
teaching,  and  then  died.  St.  Urban 
buried  her  body  privately  by  night,  and 
her  house  he  converted  into  a  church, 
which  he  called  the  church  of  Cecily. — 
Chaucer:  Canterbury  Tales  ("  The  Second 
Nun's  Tale,"  1388). 

St.  Christopher,  a  native  of  Lycia, 
very  tall,  and  fearful  to  look  at.  He  was 
so  proud  of  his  strength  that  he  resolved 
to  serve  only  the  mightiest,  and  went  in 
search  of  a  worthy  master.  He  first 
entered  the  service  of  the  emperor ;  but 
one  day,  seeing  his  master  cross  himself 
for  fear  of  the  devil,  he  quitted  his  service 
for  that  of  Satan.  This  new  master  he 
found  was  thrown  into  alarm  at  the  sight 
of  a  cross  ;  so  he  quilted  him  also,  and 
went  in  search  of  the  Saviour.  One  day, 
near  a  ferry,  a  little  child  accosted  him, 
and  begged  the  giant  to  carry  him  across 
the  water.  Christopher  put  the  child  on 
his  back,  but  found  every  step  he  took 
that  the  child  grew  heavier  and  heavier, 
till  the  burden  was  more  than  he  could 
bear.  As  he  sank  beneath  his  load,  the 
child  told  the  giant  He  was  Christ,  and 
Christopher  resolved  to  serve  Christ  and 
Him  only.  He  died  three  days  afterwards, 
and  was  canonized.  The  Greek  and 
Latin  Churches  look  on  him  as  the  pro- 
tecting saint  against  floods,  fire,  and 
earthquake. —  Jamesde  Voragine:  Golden 
Legends,  100  (thirteenth  century). 

N.  B.— His  body  is  said  to  be  at  Valencia, 
in  Spain  ;  one  of  his  arms  at  Compostella ; 
a  jaw-bone  at  Astorga ;  a  shoulder  at  St, 
Peter's,  in  Rome  ;  and  a  tooth  and  rib  at 
Venice.  His  day  is  May  9  in  the  Greek 
Church,  and  July  25  in  the  Latin.  Of 
course,  "the  Christ-bearer"  is  an  alle- 
gory based  on  the  name  "  Christopher." 


ST.  CLARE. 


949 


ST.  NICHOLAS. 


The  gigantic  bones  called  his  relics  may 
serve  to  g^ve  reality  to  the  fable. 

(His  name  before  conversion  was  Of- 
fSrus,  but  after  he  carried  Christ  across 
the  ford,  it  was  called  Christ-Offerus, 
shortened  into  Christopher,  which  means 
"the  Christ-bearer.") 

St.  Clare  (AugusHn),  the  kind,  in- 
dulgent master  of  uncle  Tom.  He  was 
beloved  by  all  his  slaves. 

Miss  Evangeline  St.  Clare,  daughter  of 
Mr.  St.  Clare.  Evangeline  was  the  good 
angel  of  the  family,  and  was  adored  by 
uncle  Tom.    Her  death  is  touchingly  told. 

Miss  Ophelia  St.  Clare,  cousin  of  Au- 
gustin.  She  is  a  New  England  Puritan. 
— Mrs.  Beecher  Stowe:  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin 
(1852). 

St.  Clement's  Eve,  a  drama  by  sir 
Henry  Taylor  (1862).  The  heroine  is 
lolande,  who  tries  to  cure  the  king  by 
dipping  her  finger  in  the  sacred  contents 
of  a  vial,  but  fails,  because  she  is  in  love 
with  a  married  man,  and  the  cure  can  be 
effected  only  by  a  pure  virgin. 

St.  Distaff,  an  imaginary  saint,  to 
whom  January  7  or  Twelfth  Day  is  con- 
secrated. 

Partly  worke  and  partly  play 

You  must  on  St.  Distaff's  Day; 

Give  St.  Distaff  all  the  right. 

Then  give  Christmas  sport  good  night 

Wit  Asportin^  in  a  Pleasant  Grovi 
0/  New  Fancies  (1657). 

St.  Elmo's  Fires,  those  electric 
lights  seen  playing  about  the  masts  of 
ships  in  stormy  weather. 

And  sudden  bursting  on  their  raptured  sight, 
Appeared  the  splendour  of  St.  Elmo's  light. 

Ariosto  :  Orla7tdo  furioso,  ix.  (1516). 

IT  In  1696  M.  de  Forbes  saw  more  than 
thirty /f«jr  St.  Elvie  on  his  ship. 

\  .^neas  tells  Dido  that  these  electric 
lights  danced  about  the  head  of  his  son 
lalus  when  they  left  the  burning  city  of 
Troy. 

Ecce  levis  summo  de  vertice  visus  luli 
Fundere  lumen  apex,  tactuque  innoxia  molis 
Lambere  flamma  comas  et  circuni  tempora  pascl. 
Virgil:  ^neid,  iL  682-4. 
Lo  1  harmless  flames  upon  lulus'  head. 
While  we  embraced  the  boy,  from  heaven  were  shed. 
Played  in  his  hair  and  on  his  temples  fed. 

St.  Etienue.  There  are  sixty-nine 
places  in  France  so  called.  A  Paris 
newspaper  stated  that  the  "receiver  of 
St.  Etienne "  had  embezzled  ;^4ooo, 
whereupon  all  the  tax-gatherers  of  the 
sixty-nine  places  called  St.  Etienne 
brought  separate  actions  against  the 
paper,  and  the  editor  had  to  pay  each 
one  a  hundred  francs  damages,  besides  fine 
and  costs. — Standard,  February  24,  1879. 


St.  Filume'na  or  Filomena,  a  ne^ 
saint  of  the  Latin  Church.  Sabatelli  has 
a  picture  of  this  nineteenth-century  saint, 
representing  her  as  hovering  over  a  group 
of  sick  and  maimed,  who  are  healed  by 
her  intercession.  In  iSoa  a  grave  was 
found  in  the  cemetery  of  St.  Priscilla, 
and  near  it  three  tiles,  with  these  words, 
in  red  letters — 


LUMENA 

PAXTE 

CVMFI 


A  rearrangement  of  the  tiles  made  the 
inscription.  Pax  Te-CUM,  Fi-lumena. 
That  this  was  the  correct  rendering  is 
quite  certain,  for  the  virgin  martyr  her- 
self told  a  priest  and  a  nun  in  a  dream, 
that  she  was  Fi[lia]  Lumina,  the  daughter 
of  Lumina,  i.e.  the  daughter  of  the  Light 
of  the  world.  In  confirmation  of  this 
dream,  as  her  bones  were  carried  to 
Mugnano,  the  saint  repaired  her  own 
skeleton,  made  her  hair  grow,  and  per- 
formed so  many  miracles,  that  those  must 
indeed  be  hard  of  belief  who  can  doubt 
the  truth  of  the  story. 

St.  Georgfe  is  the  national  saint  of 
England,  in  consequence  of  the  miracu- 
lous assistance  rendered  by  him  to  the 
arms  of  the  Christians  under  Godfrey  de 
Bouillon  during  the  first  crusade. 

St.  George's  Sword,  Askelon. 

George  he  shaved  the  dragon's  beard. 
And  Askelon  was  his  razor. 

I'ercy  :  Reliques,  III.  iiL  15. 

St.  George  {Le  chevalier  de),  James 
Francis  Edward  Stuart,  called  "  The  Old 
(or  elder)  Pretender  "  (1688-1766). 

St.  Graal.    (See  Sangraal,  p.  959.) 

St.  John,  the  clergyman  in  love  with 
Jane  Eyre,  but  she  rejects  his  suit. — 
Charlotte  Bronti:  Jane  Eyre  (1847). 

St.  Le'on,  the  hero  of  a  novel  of  the 
same  name  by  W.  Goodwin  ( 1799).  St. 
Leon  becomes  possessed  of  the  "elixir of 
life,"  and  of  the  "  philosopher's  stone  ;" 
but  this  knowledge,  instead  of  bringing 
him  wealth  and  happiness,  is  the  source 
of  misery  and  endless  misfortunes. 

St.  Leon  is  designed  to  prove  that  the  happiness  of 
mankind  would  not  have  been  augmented  by  the  gift> 
of  immortal  youth  and  inexhaustible  riches. — En. 
cyclopadia  Britannica  (article  "  Romance  "). 

Saint  Manr,  one  of  the  attendants 
of  sir  Reginald  Front  de  Boeuf  (a  follower 
of  prince  John). — Sir  W.  Scott:  Ivanhoe 
(time,  Richard  I.). 

St.  Nicliolas,  the  patron  saint  of 
boys.     He  is  said  to  have  been  bishop  oi 


ST.  PATRICK'S  PURGATORY.      950 


SAINTS. 


Myra,  in  Lycia,  and  his  death  is  placed 
in  the  year  326. 

St.  Nicholas  is  said  to  have  supplied  three  maidens 
with  marriage  portions,  by  leaving  at  their  windows 
bags  of  money.  .  .  .  Another  legend  describes  the 
saint  as  having  restored  to  life  three  [?  two]  murdered 
children. —  Yoti^^e. 

St.   Patrick's  Purgfatoiry,  in  an 

islet  in  lough  Derg,  Ireland.  Here  the  saint 
made  a  cave,  through  which  was  an  en- 
trance into  purgatory ;  and  here  those 
who  liked  to  do  so  might  forestall  their 
purgatorial  punishments  while  they  were 
in  the  flesh.  This  was  made  the  subject 
of  a  romance  in  the  fourteenth  century, 
and  Calderon  dramatized  the  subject  in 
the  seventeenth  century. 

"Who  has  not  heard  ot  St.  Patrick's  Purgatory  .  .  . 
with  its  chapels  and  its  toll-houses  T  Thither  repair 
yearly  crowds  of  pious  pilgrims,  who  would  wash  away 
at  once  the  accumulated  sins  of  their  lives. — IVri^ht. 

(This  source  of  revenue  was  abolished 
by  order  of  the  pope,  on  St.  Patrick's 
Day,  1497.) 

St.  Peter's  Obelisk,  a  stone  pyramid 
of  enormous  size,  on  the  top  of  which 
is  an  urn  containing  the  relics  of  Julius 
Caesar, 

St.  Prieux,  the  amant  of  Julie,  in 
Rousseau's  novel  entitled  Julie  ou  La 
Neuvelle  HSloise  (1760). 

St.  Ronan's  "Well,  a  novel  by  sir  W. 
Scott  (1823).  An  inferior  work;  but  it 
contains  the  character  of  Meg  Dods,  of 
the  Clachan  or  Mowbray  Arms  inn  ;  one 
of  the  very  best  low  comic  characters  in 
the  whole  range  of  fiction. 

• .  •  The  tale  is  a  good  deal  involved, 
but  chiefly  concerns  Clara  Mowbray  of 
St.  Ronan's,  and  the  two  sons  of  the  earl 
of  Ethrington.  One  of  them  is  Frank 
Tyrrel,  the  son  of  his  wife,  but  said  to  be 
illegitimate.  The  other  is  Valentine 
[Bulmer],  the  child  of  Mrs.  Bulmer 
married  in  bigamy.  Clara  is  deceived 
into  a  private  marriage  with  Valentine, 
supposing  him  to  be  the  heir  of  the  title ; 
but  when  it  is  proved  that  Frank  Tyrrel 
is  not  illegitimate,  and  therefore  the  true 
heir,  Clara  dies,  and  Valentine  is  slain  in 
a  duel.  The  story  concludes  with  the 
marriage  of  Dr.  Quackleben  and  Mrs. 
Blower  a  shipowner's  widow. 

St.  Stephen's  Chapel,  properly 
the  House  of  Commons,  but  sometimes 
applied  to  the  two  Houses  of  Parliament. 
So  called  by  a  figure  of  speech  from  St, 
Stephen's  Chapel,  built  by  king  Stephen, 
rebuilt  by  Edward  II.  and  III.,  and 
finally    destroyed    by  fire  in  1834.    St, 


Stephen's  Chapel  was  fitted  up  for  the  use 
of  the  House  of  Commons  in  the  reign  of 
Edward  IV.  The  great  council  of  the 
nation  met  before  in  the  chapter-house  of 
the  abbey. 

St.  Swithin,  tutor  of  king  Alfred, 
and  bishop  of  Winchester.  The  monks 
wished  to  bury  him  in  the  chancel  of  the 
minster ;  but  the  bishop  had  directed 
that  his  body  should  be  interred  under 
the  open  vault  of  heaven.  Finding  the 
monks  resolved  to  disobey  his  injunction, 
he  sent  a  heavy  rain  on  July  15,  the  day 
assigned  to  the  funeral  ceremony,  in  con- 
sequence of  which  it  was  deferred  from 
day  to  day  for  forty  days.  The  monks 
then  bethought  them  of  the  saint's  in- 
junction, and  prepared  to  inter  the  body 
in  the  churchyard.  St.  Swithin  smiled 
his  approbation  by  sending  a  beautiful 
sunshiny  day,  in  which  all  the  robes  of 
the  hierarchy  might  be  displayed  without 
the  least  fear  of  being  injured  by  untimely 
and  untoward  showers. 

St.  Tammany,  the  patron  of  de- 
mocracy in  the  American  states.  His 
day  is  May  i.  Tammany  or  Tammenund 
lived  in  the  seventeenth  century.  He  was 
a  native  of  Delaware,  but  settled  on  the 
banks  of  the  Ohio.  He  was  a  chief  sachem 
of  his  tribe,  and  his  rule  was  discreet  and 
peaceful.  His  great  maxim  was,  "  Unite. 
In  peace  unite  for  mutual  happiness,  in 
war  for  mutual  defence." 

Saint's  Everlasting  RestfT^f), 

by  Richard  Baxter  (1649). 

Saints  [Island  of),  Ireland.  (See  IsLB 
OF  Saints,  p.  532.) 

Saints  [Royal). 

David  of  Scotland  (*,  1124-1153). 

Edward  the  Confessor  (1004,  1042- 
1066). 

Edward  the  Martyr  (961,  975-979). 

Eric  IX.  of  Sweden  (*,  1155-1161). 

Etheh-ed  I,  king  of  Wessex  (*,  866- 
871). 

Eugenius  1.  pope  (*,  654-657). 

Felix  I.  pope  (*,  269-274). 

Ferdinand  III.  of  Castile  and  Leon 
(1200,  1217-1252). 

Julius  I.  pope  (*,  337-352). 

Kftng-he,  second  of  the  Manchoo 
dynasty  of  China  (*,  1661-1722). 

Lawrence  Justiniani  patriarch  of  Venice 
(1380,  1451-1465). 

Leo  IX.  pope  (1002,  1049- 1054). 

Louis  IX.  of  France  (1215,  1226-1270). 

Olaus  II.  of  Norway  (992,  1000- 1030). 

Stephen  I.  of  Hungary  (979,  997-1038). 


SAINTS  FOR  DISEASES. 


951 


SAINTS.  LOCAU 


Saints. 

li)  For  diseases, 

(2)  Local  saints. 

(3)  Saints  [specialist). 

(4)  Saints  for  special  parts  of  the  bod7, 

(5)  Saints  for  dumb  animals. 

(i)  Saints  for  Diseases.  These 
saints  either  ward  off  ills  or  help  to  relieve 
them,  and  should  be  invoked  by  those 
who  trust  their  power  : — 

Ague.    St.  Pernel  and  St.  Petronella  cure. 

Bad  Dreams.    St.  Christopher  protects  from. 

Blear  Eves.    St.  Otilic  and  St.  Clare  cure. 

Blindness.    St.  Thomas  k  Becket  cures. 

Boils  and  BLAINS.  St  Rooke  and  St.  Cosmus 
cure. 

Chastity.    St.  Susan  protects. 

Children.  St.  Germayne.  But  unless  the  mothers 
bring  a  white  loaf  and  a  pot  of  good  ale,  sir  Thomas 
More  says,  "  he  wyll  not  once  loke  at  them  "  (p.  194). 

CHILDREN'S  Diseases  [All).  St.  Blaise  heals; 
and  all  cattle  diseases.  The  bread  consecrated  on  his 
day  (February  i)  and  called  "  The  Benediction  of  St. 
Blaise,"  should  have  been  tried  in  a  recent  cattle 
plasjue. 

Cholera.  Oola  Beebee  is  invoked  by  the  HindAs 
in  this  malady. 

CHOLIC.     St.  Erasmus  relieves. 

Dancing  Mania.    St.  Vitus  cures. 

Defilement.    St.  Susan  preserves  from. 

DISCOVERY  OF  Lost  goods.  St.  Ethelbert  acd 
St.  Elian. 

Diseases  generally.  St.  Rooke  or  St.  Roke, 
"because  he  had  a  sore;"  and  St.  Sebastian,  "because 
ba  was  martered  with  arrowes."— ^zV  T.  Moore,  p.  194. 

Doubts.     St.  Catherine  resolves. 

Dying.    St.  Barbara  relieves. 

Epilepsy.    St.  Valentine  cures  ;  St.  Cornelius. 

Fire.  St.  Agatha  protects  from  it,  but  St.  Florlan 
should  be  invoked  if  it  has  already  broken  out. 

Flood,  Fire,  and  Earthquake.  St.  Christopher 
saves  from. 

Gout.  St.  Wolfgang,  they  say,  is  of  more  service 
than  Blair's  pills. 

Gripes.     St.  Erasmus  cures. 

Idiocy.    St.  Cildas  is  the  guardian  ang'el  of  idiots. 

Infamy.     St.  Susan  protects  from. 

Infection.    St.  Roque  protects  fronv 

Leprosy.     St.  Lazarus  the  beggar. 

Madness.    St.  Dymphna  and  St.  Fillan  cure. 

Mich  and  Rats.  St.  Gertrude  and  St.  Huldrick 
ward  them  off.  When  phosphor  paste  fails,  St. 
Gertrude  might  be  tried,  at  any  rate  with  less  danger 
than  arsenic. 

Night  alarms.    St.  Christopher  protects  from. 

Palsy.    St.  Cornelius. 

Plague.  St.  Roch,  they  say,  in  this  case  is  better 
than  the  "good  bishop  of  Marseilles." 

Quenching  Fire.  St.  Florian  and  St.  Christopher 
should  not  be  forgotten  by  fire  insurance  companies. 

Quinsy.  St.  Blaise  will  cure  it  sooner  than  tartariaod 
antimony. 

Riches.  St.  Anne  and  St.  Vincent  help  those  who 
seek  it.    Gold-diggers  should  ask  them  for  nuggets. 

Scabs.    St.  Rooke  cures. 

Small-POX.  St.  Martin  of  Tours  may  be  tried  by 
those  objecting  to  vaccination.  In  Hindflstan,  Seetla 
wards  it  off. 

SORE  Throats.  St.  Blaise,  who  (when  he  was  put 
to  death)  prayed  if  any  person  suffering  from  a  sore 
throat  invoked  him,  that  he  might  be  God's  instrument 
to  effect  a  perfect  cure. — Simeon  Metaphrastts : 
Life  of  St.  Blaise. 

STORMS  AND  TEMPESTS.  St.  Barbara  (flourished 
235). 

Sudden  Death.     St.  Martin  saves  from. 

Temperance.  Father  Mathew  is  called  "The 
Apostle  of  Temperance  "  (1790-1856). 

Tooth-ACHE.  St.  Appolonia,  because  before  she 
was  burnt  alive,  all  her  teeth  were  pulled  out ;  St.  Blase. 

Vermin-destroyers.  St.  Gertrude  and  St 
Huldrick. 


WhaltH-BESTOWER.  St.  Anne ;  recommended  to 
the  sultan. 

(2)  Saints  {Local).  The  following 
are  the  p.atron  saints  of  the  cities,  nations, 
or  places  set  down  : — 

Aberdeen,  St  Nicholas  (died  34a).    His  day  b 

December  6. 

Abyssinia,  St  Frumentius  (died  360).  His  day  is 
October  27. 

Alexandria,  St  Mark,  who  founded  the  church 
there  (died  A.D.  52).     His  day  is  April  25. 

Alps  (The),  Felix  Neff  (1798-1829). 

AntioCH,  St.  Margaret  (died  275).  Her  day  is 
July  20. 

ARDENNES  {The),  St.  Hubert  (636-730).  He  is 
called  "  The  Apostle  of  the  Ardennes."  His  days  are 
May  30  and  November  3. 

ARMENIA,  St.  Gregory  of  Armenia  (256-331).  His 
day  is  September  30. 

Bath,  St.  David,  from  whose  benediction  the  waters 
of  Bath  received  their  w^armth  and  medicinal  qualities 
(480-544).     His  day  is  March  i. 

Beauvais,  St  Lucian  (died  290),  called  "The 
Apostle  of  Beauvais."     His  day  is  January  8. 

Belgium,  St  Boniface  (680-755).    His  day  is  June  5. 

Bohemia,  St  Wenccslaus  ;  St.  John  Nepomuk. 

Brussels,  the  Virgin  Mary;  St.  Gudule,  who  died 
712.     St.  Gudule's  Day  is  January  8. 

Cagliari  (in  Sardmia),  St.  Elisio  or  St  Ephesus. 

Cappadocia,  St  Matthias  (died  A.D.  62).  His  day 
Is  February  24. 

Carthage,  St  Perpetua  (died  903).  Her  day  is 
March  7. 


Corfu,  St  Spiridion  (fourth  century).  His  day  is 
December  14. 

Cremona,  St.  Margaret  (died  27s).  Her  day  is 
July  20. 

Denmark,  St.  Anscharius  (801-864),  whose  day  is 
February  3  ;  and  St.  Canute  (died  1086),  whose  day  is 
January  19. 

Dumfries,  St  Michael. 


England,  St.  George  (died  290).  St.  Bede  calls 
Gregory  the  Great  "  The  Apostle  of  England,"  but  St 
Augustinwas  "The  Apostle  of  the  English  People" 
(died  607).     St.  George's  Day  is  April  23. 

Ethiopia,  St  Frumentius  (died  360).  His  day  is 
October  27. 

FLANDERS,  St  Peter  (died  66).    His  day  is  June  29. 

Florence,  St  John  the  Baptist  (died  A.D.  32). 
His  days  are  June  24  and  August  20. 

Forests,  St.  Silvestor,  because  silva,  in  Latin,  mean; 
"a  wood."    His  day  is  June  20. 

Forts,  St  Barbara  (died  335).   Her  day  is  December  4. 

France,  St.  Denys  (died  272).  His  day  is  October  9. 
St.  Remi  is  called  "  The  Great  Apostle  of  the  French  " 
(439-53S)-    His  day  is  Octo^cr  x. 

FraNCONIA,  St  Kiliar  (died  689).    His  day  is  July  8. 

Friseland,  St.  Wilbrod  or  WiUibrod  (657-738), 
called  "The  Apostle  of  the  Frisians."  His  day  is 
November  7. 

Gaul,  St  Irenasus  (130-200),  whose  day  is  June  28 ; 
and  St  Martin  (316-397),  whose  day  is  November  11. 
St.  Denys  is  called  "  The  Apostle  of  the  Gauls." 

Genoa,  St  George  of  Cappadocia.  His  day  is 
April  23. 

Gentiles.  St.  Paul  was  "  The  Apostle  of  the 
Gentiles "  (died  A.D.  66).  His  days  are  January  25 
and  June  29. 

Georgia,  St.  Nino,  whose  day  is  September  16. 

Germany,  St  Boniface,  "  Apostle  of  the  Germans" 
(680-755),  whose  day  Is  June  5 ;  and  St  Martin  (316- 
397),  whose  day  is  November  ii.  (St  Boniface  was 
called  Winfred  till  Gregory  II.  changed  the  name.) 

Glasgow,  St.  Mungo,  also  called  Kentigem  (51^ 
6oi). 

Groves,  St.  Silvester,  because  silva,  in  Latin,  means 
"a  wood."    His  day  is  June  20. 

Highlanders,  St  Columb  (521-397).  H'ls  day  U 
Juneo. 

Hills,  St.  Barbara  (died  335).    Her  day  is  December  4. 

Holland,  the  Virgin  Mary.  Her  days  are :  her 
Nativity,  November  21;  Visitation,  July  a;  Coitception, 


SAINTS,  LOCAL. 


952 


SAINTS,  SPECIALIST. 


Deceml^er  8 ;  Purificatitn,  February  a ;  Assumption, 
August  15. 

HUNGARY,  St.  Louis;  Mary  of  Aquisgrana  (Aix-la- 
CkapelU) ;  and  St.  Anastasius  (died  628),  whose  day  is 
January  22. 

India,  St.  Bartolomrf  de  Las  Casas  (1474-1566) ;  the 
Rey.  J.  Eliot  (1603-1690) ;  and  Francis  Xavier  (1506- 

'   called  "T'      '         "      ' 

comber  3. 

IRELAND,  St.  Patrick  (37a-493)-  His  day  is  March 
17.  (Some  five  his  birth  387,  and  some  his  death 
4«5.) 

ITALY,  St.  Anthony  (251-336).    His  day  is  January  17. 

Lapland,  St.  Nicholas  (died  342).  His  day  is 
December  6. 

Lichfield,  St.  Chad,  who  lived  there  (died  672). 
His  day  is  March  2. 

LlEGH,  St  Albert  (died  1195).  His  day  is  Novem- 
ber 21. 

Lisbon,  St.  Vincent  (died  304).  His  translation  to 
Lisl>on  is  kept  September  15. 

LONDON,  St.  Paul,  whose  day  is  January  25 ;  and 
St.  Michael,  whose  day  is  September  29. 

Milan,  St.  Ambrose,  bishop  of  Milan  (374-397! 
bom  340). 

Moscow,  St.  Nicholas  (died  342).  His  day  b 
December  6. 

Mountains,  St.  Barbara  (died  335).  Her  day  is 
December  4. 

Naples,  St.  Januarius  (died  305),  whose  day  is 
September  19;  and  St.  Thomas  Aquinas  (1227-1274), 
whose  days  are  March  7  and  July  18. 

Netherlands,  St.  Amand  (589-679).  His  day  is 
February  6. 

North  (The),  St  Ansgar  (801-864),  and  Bernard 
Gilpin  (1517-1583). 

NORWAY,  St.  Anscharlus,  called  "The  Apostle  of 
the  North  "  (801-864),  whose  day  is  February  3 ;  and 
St.  Olaus  (992,  1000-1030),  called  also  St.  Ansgar. 

Oxford,  St.  Frideswide. 

Padua,  St.  Justina,  whose  day  Is  October  7 ;  and 
St.  Anthony  (1195-1231),  whose  day  is  June  13. 

Paris,  St.  Genevieve  (419-512).  Her  day  is  January  3. 

Peak  (The),  Derbyshire,  W.  Bagshaw  (1628-1702). 

PICTS  (The),  St.  Ninian  (fourth  century),  whose  day 
Is  September  16;  and  St.  Colurab  (521-597),  whose  day 
is  June  9. 

Pisa,  San  Ranieri  and  St.  Efeso. 

Poitiers,  St.  Hilary  (300-367).  His  day  is  January  14. 

Poland,  St.  Hedviga  (1174-124J),  whose  day  is 
October  15;  and  St.  Stanislaus  (died  1078),  whose  day 
is  May  7. 

PORTUGAL,   St.  Sebastian  (250-288).     His  day 
January  20. 

Prussia,  St.  Andrew,  whose  day  is  November  30; 
and  St.  Albert  (died  1195),  whose  day  is  November  21. 

ROCHESTER,  St.  Paulinus  (353-431).  His  day  is 
June  22. 

ROME,  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul.  Both  died  on  the 
same  day  of  the  month,  June  29.  The  old  tutelar  deity 
was  Mars. 

RUSSIA,  St.  Nicholas,  St.  Andrew,  St.  George,  and 
the  Virgin  Mary. 

SARAGOSSA,  St.  Vincent,  where  he  was  bom  (died 
304).     His  day  is  January  22. 

Sardinia,  Mary  the  Virgin.  Her  days  are :  Nativity, 
November  21;  Visitation,  ]\x\y  ^-t  Conception,  Decem- 
ber 8  ;  Purification,  February  2 ;  Assutnption, 
August  15. 

SCOTLAND,  St.  Andrew,  because  his  remains  were 
brought  by  Regulus  into  Fifeshire  in  368.  His  day  is 
November  30. 

Sebastia  (in  Armenia),  St.  Blaise  (died  316).  His 
day  is  Febmary  3. 

SICILY,  St.  Agatha,  where  she  was  bom  (died  251) . 
Her  day  is  Februarys.  The  old  tutelar  deity  was 
CerAs. 

Silesia,  St.  Hedviga,  also  called  Avoye  (1174-1243). 
His  day  is  October  15. 

Slaves  or  Slavi,  St.  Cyril,  called  "The  Apostle 
of  the  Slavi "  (died  868).     His  day  is  February  14. 

SPAIN,  St.  James  the  Greater  (died  A.D.  44).  His 
day  is  July  25. 

SWEDEN,  St.  Anscharius,  St.  John,  and  St.  Eric  IX. 
(reigned  1155-1161). 

SWITZERLAND,  St.  Gall  (died  646).  His  day  Is 
October  16. 

UNITED  STATES,  St.  Tammany. 


Valleys,  St.  Agatha  (died  251).  Her  day  is  Febm- 
ary  s- 

Venice,  St.  Mark,  who  was  buried  tliere.  His  day 
is  April  25.  St.  Pantaleon,  whose  day  is  July  27;  and 
St.  Lawrence  Justlniani  (1380-1465). 

Vienna,  St.  Stephen  (died  a.d.  34).  His  day  Is 
December  26. 

Vineyards,  St.  Urban  (died  230).    His  day  is  May  25. 

Wales,  St.  David,  uncle  of  king  Arthur  (died  544). 
His  day  is  March  i. 

Woods,  St.  Silvester,  because  silva,  in  Latin,  means 
"a  wood."    His  day  is  June  20. 

Yorkshire,  St.  Paulinus  (353-431)-  His  day  b 
June  22. 

(3)  Saints  '{S^eciaHst),  for  trades- 
men, children,  wives,  idiots,  students, 
etc.  :— 


Armourers,  St.  George  of  Cappadocia. 

ARTISTS  and  the  ARTS,  St.  Agatha  ;  but  St.  Luke 
is  the  patron  of  painters,  being  himself  one. 

Bakers,  St.  Winifred,  who  foUowed  the  trade. 

Barbers,  St.  Louis. 

Barren  Women.    St.  Margaret  befriends  them. 

Beggars,  St.  Giles.  Hence  the  outskirts  of  cities 
are  often  called  "St.  Giles." 

Bishops,  etc,  St.  Timothy  and  St.  Titus  (i  Tim.  iil 
I ;  Titits  i.  7). 

BLACKSMITHS.  St.  Peter,  because  he  bears  the 
keys  of  heaven. 

I5LIND  Folk,  St.  Thomas  k  Becket,  and  St.  Lucy 
who  was  deprived  of  her  eyes  by  Paschasius. 

Booksellers,  St.  John  Port  Latin. 

Brewers,  St.  Florian,  whose  day  is  May  4. 

BRIDES,  St.  Nicholas,  because  he  threw  three 
stockings,  filled  with  wedding  portions,  into  th.e 
chamber  window  of  three  virgins,  that  they  might 
marry  their  sweethearts,  and  not  live  a  life  of  sin  for 
the  sake  of  earning  a  living. 

BRUSH-MAKERS,  St.  Anthony  (251-356). 

BURGLARS,  St.  Dismas,  the  penitent  thiet 

Candle  and  Lamp  makers,  St.  Lucy  and  St. 
Lucian.    A  pun  upon  lux,  lucis  {"  light "). 

Cannoneers,  St.  Barbara,  because  she  is  generally 
represented  in  a  fort  or  tower. 

Captives,  St.  Barbara  and  St.  Leonard. 

Carpenters,  St.  Joseph,  who  was  a  carpenter. 

Carpet-weavers,  St.  Paul. 

Children,  St.  Felicitas  and  St.  Nicholas.  This 
latter  saint  restored  to  life  some  children,  murdered  by 
an  innkeeper  of  Myra  and  pickled  in  a  pork-tub. 

CLOTH-WEAVEKS,  St.  John. 

Cobblers,  St.  Crispin,  who  worked  at  the  trade. 

CRIPPLES,  St.  Giles,  because  he  refused  to  be  cured 
of  an  accidental  lameness,  that  he  might  mortify  his 
flesh. 

Dancers,  St.  Vitus,  whose  day  is  January  ao. 

Divines,  St.  Thomas  Aquinas. 

Doctors,  St.  Cosme,  who  was  a  surgeon  in  Cilicia 

Drunkards,  St.  Martin,  because  St.  Martin's  Day 
(November  11)  happened  to  be  tlie  day  of  the  Vinalia 
or  feast  of  Bacchus.     St.  Urban  protects. 

Dying,  St.  Barbara. 

Ferrymen,  St.  Christopher,  who  was  a  ferryman. 

Fishermen,  St.  Peter,  who  was  a  fisherman. 

Fools,  St.  Maturin,  because  the  Greek  word  rnatia 
or  >«a:// means  "folly." 

Free  Trade.  K.  Cobden  is  called  "  The  Apostle 
of  Free  Trade  "  (1804-1865). 

Freemen,  St.  John. 

FULLERS,  St.  Sever,  because  the  place  so  called,  on 
the  Adour,  is  or  was  famous  for  its  tanneries  and 
fuUeries. 

Goldsmiths,  St,  Eloy,  who  was  a  goldsmith. 

HATTERS,  St.  William,  the  son  of  a  hatter. 

Hog  and  SWINEHERDS,  St.  Anthony.  Pigs  unfit 
for  food  used  anciently  to  have  their  ears  slit,  but  one 
of  the  proctors  of  St  Anthony's  Hospital  once  tied  a 
bell  about  the  neck  of  a  pig  whose  fear  was  slit,  and  no 
one  ever  attempted  to  injure  it. 

HORSES.  Sir  Thomas  More  says,  "  St.  Loy  we  make 
a  horse  leche,  and  must  let  our  horse  rather  renne 
vnshod  and  marre  his  hoofe  than  to  shooe  him  on  his 
daye."— W7r*j,  194.    St.  Stephen's  Day  "  we  must  let 


SAINTS.  SPECIALIST. 


953 


tl  oui  horses  bloud  with  a  knife,  because  St.  Stephen 
was  killed  with  stones.' ' 

Housewives,  St  Osyth,  especially  to  prevent  their 
losing  the  keys,  and  to  help  them  in  nnding  those 
"tiny  tormentors;  "  St.  Martha,  the  sister  of  Lazarus. 

HUNTS.MEN,  St.  Hubert,  who  lived  in  the  Ardennes, 
a  famous  hunting  forest ;  and  St.  Eustace. 

Husbands.    (See  uncumber.) 

Idiots.  St.  Gildas  restoresthem  to  their  right  senses. 

Infants,  St.  Felicitas  and  St.  Nicholas. 

Infidels.  Voltaire  is  caUed  "  The  Apostle  i  f 
Infidels"  (1694-1778). 

Insane  folks,  St.  Dymphna. 

Keys.  St.  Osyth  is  invoked  by  women  who  have 
mislaid  their  keys. 

Lawyers,  St.  Yves  Helori  (in  Sicily),  *ho  was  called 
••The  Advocate  of  the  Poor,  because  he  was  always 
ready  to  defend  them  in  the  law-courts  gratuitously 
(1253-1303). 

LEARNED  MEN,  St.  Catharine,  noted  for  her 
learning,  and  for  converting  certain  philosophers  sent 
to  convmce  the  Christians  of  Alexandria  of  the  folly  of 
th«  Christian  faith. 

Locksmiths,  Sl  Peter,  because  he  holds  the  keys 
of  heaven. 

Madmen,  St  Dymphna  and  St  FUlan. 

Maidens,  the  Virgm  Mary. 

Mariners,  St.  Christopher,  who  was  a  ferryman ; 
and  St.  Nicholas,  who  was  once  in  danger  of  shipwreck, 
and  who,  on  one  occasion,  lulled  a  tempest  for  some 
pilgrims  on  their  way  to  the  Holy  Land. 

Mercers,  St.  Florian,  the  son  of  a  mercer. 

Millers,  St  Arnold,  the  son  of  a  miller. 

Miners,  St.  Barbara,  whose  day  is  November  25. 

Mothers,  the  Virgin  Mary ;  St.  Margaret,  for  those 
who  wish  to  be  so.  The  girdle  of  St.  Margaret,  in  St. 
Germain's,  is  placed  round  the  waist  of  those  who  wish 
to  be  mothers. 

Musicians,  St.  Cecilia,  who  was  an  excellent 
musician. 

Nailers,  St.  Cloud,  because  clou,  in  French,  means 
"a  nail." 

Netmakers,  St  James  and  St  John  (Matt.  Iv.  21). 

Nurses,  St.  Agatha. 

Painters,  St.  Luke,  who  was  a  painter. 

Parish  Clerks,  St  Nicholas. 

Parsons,  St.  Thomas  Aquinas,  doctor  of  theology 
at  Paris. 

Physicians,  St.  Cosme,  who  was  a  surgeon;  St. 
Luke  {Col.  iv.  14). 

Pilgrims,  St  Julian,  St.  Raphael,  St  James  of 
Compostella. 

PINMAKERS,  St.  Sebastian,  whose  body  was  as  full 
of  arrows  in  his  martyrdom  as  a  pincushion  is  of  pins. 

Poor  Folks,  St  Giles,  who  affected  indigence, 
thinking  "  poverty  and  suffering  "  a  service  acceptable 
to  God. 

Portrait-painters  and  photographers,  St 
Veronica,  who  had  a  handkerchief  with  the  face  of 
Jesus  photographed  on  it. 

Potters,  St  Gore,  who  was  a  potter. 

Prisoners,  St.  Sebastian  and  St  Leonard. 

Sages,  St.  Cosme,  St  Damian,  and  St  Catharine. 

Sailors,  St  Nicholas  and  St.  Christopher. 

Scholars,  St.  Catharine.     (See  "  Learned  Men.") 

School  Children,  St.  Nicholas  and  St.  Gregory. 

Scotch  Reformers.  Knox  is  "  The  Apostle  of 
the  Scotch  Reformers  "  (xso5-i572). 

Seamen,  St  Nicholas,  who  once  was  in  danger  of 
ihipwreck ;  and  St.  Christopher,  who  was  a  ferryman. 

Shepherds  and  their  Flocks,  St.  Windeline, 
who  kept  sheep,  like  David. 

Shoemakers,  St  Crispin,  who  made  shoes. 

Silversmiths,  St.  Eloy,  who  worked  in  gold  and 
silver. 

slaves,  St  CyriL  This  is  a  pun;  he  was  "The 
Apostle  of  the  Slavi." 

Soothsayers,  etc.,  St  Agabus  {Acts  xxL  lo). 

Spectacle-makers,  St  Fridolin,  whose  day  is 
March  6. 

Sportsmen,  St  Hubert  (See  above,  "Hunts- 
men.") 

Statuaries,  St.  Veronica.  (See  abore.  "  Portrait- 
painters.") 

Stonemasons,  St.  Peter  {yohn  i.  42). 

STUDENTS,StCatharine,noted  for  hergreat  learning. 

SURGEONS,  St  Cosme,  who  practised  medicine  m 
Cilicia  gratuitously  (died  3x0). 


SAKHRAT. 

SWEETHEARTS,  St  Valentine,  because  In  the 
Middle  Ages  ladies  held  their  "courts  of  love"  about 
this  time.     (See  VALENTINE.) 

Swineherds  and  Swine,  St.  Anthony. 

TAILORS,  St.  Goodman,  who  was  a  tailor. 

Tanners,  St.  Clement,  the  son  of  a  tanner. 

TA-X-COLLECTORS,  St.  Matthew  {Afatf.  ix.  9). 

Tentmakers,  St.  Paul  and  St.  Aquila,  who  wert 
tentmakers  (Acts  xviii.  3). 

Thieves  {against),  St.  Dismas,  the  penitent  thief. 
St.  Ethelbert,  St  Elian,  St.  Vincent,  i.nd  St  Vinden, 
who  caused  stolen  goods  to  be  restored. 

Ti.NNERS,  St  Pieran,  who  crossed  over  the  sea  to 
Ireland  on  a  millstone.  His  day  ought  to  be  Febru- 
ary 30. 

Travellers,  St  Raphael,  because  he  assumed 
the  guise  of  a  traveller  in  order  to  guide  Tobias  from 
Nineveh  to  Rag^s  {Tobit  v.). 

Upholsterers,  St  Paul. 

Vintners  and  Vineyards,  St  Urban, 

Virgins,  St  Winifred  and  St.  Nicholas. 

Weavers,  St.  Stephen. 

Wheelwrights,  St.  Boniface,  the  son  of  a  wheel- 
wright. 

Wicmakers,  St  Louis. 

Wise  Men,  St.  Cosme,  St  Damian,  and  St  Ca- 
tharine. 

WoolCOMBERS  and  STAPLERS,  St  Blaise,  who 
was  torn  to  pieces  by  "  combes  of  yren." 

(4)  Saints  for  Special  Farts  of 
the  Body— 

For  the  bel/y,  St  Erasmus ;  the  head,  St.  Otilia  ;  the 
neck,  St.  Blaise;  the  teeth,  St.  Appolonia  ;  the  thighs, 
St  Burgard,  St.  Roche,  St.  Quirlnus,  and  St  John; 
the  throat,  St.  Katharine  and  St.  Blaise. 

{5)  Saints  for  Dumb  Animals, 

or  for  defence  against  thera — 

For  dogs,  St.  Hugh ;  for  geese,  St.  Gallus ;  hogs,  St 
Antony ;  horses,  St  Loy  ;  kint,  St.  Loy  ;  against  mice, 
St.  Gertrude ;  against  rats,  St  Gwendelin, 

Saints'  Tragedy  ( The),  a  dramatic 
poem  by  Charles  Kingsley,  based  on  the 
story  of  Elizabeth  of  Hungary  (1846). 

Sakh.ar,  the  devil  who  stole  Solomon's 
signet.  The  tale  is  that  Solomon,  when 
he  washed,  entrusted  his  signet-ring  to 
his  favourite  concubine  Amlna.  Sakhar 
one  day  assumed  the  appearance  of  Solo- 
mon, got  possession  of  the  ring,  and  sat 
on  the  throne  as  the  king.  During  this 
usurpation,  Solomon  became  a  beggar, 
but  in  forty  days  Sakhar  flew  away,  and 
flung  the  signet-ring  into  the  sea.  It  was 
swallowed  by  a  fish,  the  fish  was  caught 
and  sold  to  Solomon,  the  ring  was  re- 
covered, and  Sakhar  was  thrown  into  the 
sea  of  Galilee  with  a  great  stone  round 
his  neck. — Jallaloddin:  Al  Zavtakh, 
{See  Fish  and  the  Ring,  p.  370.) 

Sakhrat  \Sak-rah^,  the  sicied  stone 
on  which  mount  YJS  rests.  Mount  KM 
is  a  circular  plain,  the  home  of  giants  and 
fairies.  Any  one  who  possesses  a  single 
grain  of  the  stone  Sakhrat  has  the  power 
of  working  miracles.  Its  colour  is 
emerald,  and  its  reflection  gives  the  blue 
tint  to  the  sky. — Mohammedan  Mytho- 
logy. 


5AKIA. 


954 


SALEH. 


Sa'kia,  the  dispenser  of  rain,  one  of 
the  four  gods  of  the  Adites  {2  syl.). 

Sakia,  we  invoked  for  rain  ; 
We  called  on  Razeka  for  food ; 
They  did  not  hear  our  prayers— they  could  not  hear 
ed  ■    ■ 


No  cloud  appeared  in  heaven, 
No  nightly  dews  came  down. 
Southey  :  Thalaba  the  Destroyer,  L  34  (1797). 

Sakunta'la,  daughter  of  Viswamita 
and  a  water-nymph,  abandoned  by  her 
parents,  and  brought  up  by  a  hermit. 
One  day,  king  Dushyanta  came  to  the 
hermitage,  and  persuaded  Sakuntala  to 
marry  him.  In  due  time  a  son  was 
born,  but  Dushyanta  left  his  bride  at  the 
hermitage.  When  the  boy  was  six  years 
old,  his  mother  took  him  to  the  king,  and 
Dushyanta  recognized  his  wife  by  a  ring 
which  he  had  given  her.  Sakuntala  was 
now  pubUcly  proclaimed  queen,  and  the 
boy  (whose  name  was  Bhirata)  became 
the  founder  of  the  glorious  race  of  the 
Bharatas. 

(This  story  forms  the  plot  of  the  famous 
drama  Sakuntala  by  K&lidasa,  well 
known  to  us  through  the  translation  of 
sir  W.  Jones.) 

Sakya-Muni,  the  founder  of  Bud- 
dhism. Sakya  is  the  family  name  of 
Siddhartha,  and  muni  means  "a  recluse." 
Buddha  ("  perfection")  is  a  title  given  to 
Siddhartha. 

Salacaca'bia  or  Salacacaby,  a 
soup  said  to  have  been  served  at  the 
table  of  Apicius. 

Bruise  in  a  mortar  parsley  seed,  dried  peneryal,  dried 
mint,  ginger,  green  coriander,  stoned  raisins,  honey, 
vinegar,  oil,  and  wine.  Put  them  into  a  cacabulum, 
with  three  crusts  of  Pycentine  bread,  the  flesh  of  a 
pullet,  vestine  cheese,  pine-kernels,  cucumbers,  and 
dried  onions  minced  small.  Pour  soup  over  the  whole, 
garnish  with  snow,  and  serve  up  in  the  cacabulum.— 
Kins:  The  Art  0/ Cookery. 

Sal'ace  (3  syl.)  or  Salacia,  wife  of 
Neptune,  and  mother  of  Triton. 

Triton,  who  boasts  his  high  Neptunian  race. 
Sprung  from  the  god  by  Solace's  embrace. 

Ca?noens  :  Lusiad,  vL  (1572). 

Salad  Days,  days  of  green  youth, 
while  the  blood  is  still  cool. 

[  Thase  ■were']  my  salad  days  I 

When  I  was  green  in  judgment,  cold  in  blood. 

Shakespeare  :  Antony  and  Cteo/atra,  act  L  sc.  5  (1608). 

Sal'adin,  the  soldan  of  the  East.  Sir 
W.  Scott  introduces  him  in  TAe  Talis- 
man, first  as  Sheerkohf  emir  of  Kurdi- 
stan, and  subsequently  as  Adonbeck  el 
Hakim'  the  physician. 

Salamanca,  the  reputed  home  of 
witchcraft  and  devilry  in  De  Lancre's 
time  (i6io). 

Salamanca  {TAe  Bachelor  of),  the 


title  and  hero  of  a  novel  by  Lesage.  The 
name  of  the  bachelor  is  don  Cherubim, 
who  is  placed  in  all  sorts  of  situations 
suitable  to  the  author's  vein  of  satire 
(1704). 

Salamander  (^).  Prester  John,  in 
his  letter  to  Manuel  Comnenus  emperor 
of  Constantinople,  describes  the  sala- 
mander as  a  worm,  and  says  it  makes 
cocoons  like  a  silkworm.  These  cocoons, 
being  unwound  by  the  ladies  of  the 
palace,  are  spun  into  dresses  for  the 
imperial  women.  The  dresses  are  washed 
in  flames,  and  not  in  water.  This,  of 
course,  is  asbestos. 

Sala'nio,  a  friend  to  Anthonio  and 
Bassanio. — Shakespeare:  Merchant  of 
Venice  {1598). 

Salari'no,  a  friend  to  Anthonio  and 
Bassanio. — Shakespeare:  Merchant  of 
Venice  {1598). 

SalatMel,  the  Wandering  Jew,  a 
romance  by  George  Croly  (1821). 

Salchichon,  a  huge  Itahan  sausage. 
Thomas  duke  of  Genoa,  a  boy  at  Harrow 
school,  put  forward  by  general  Prim  as 
an  ' '  inflated  candidate  "  for  the  Spanish 
throne,  was  nicknamed  "Salchichon"  by 
the  Spaniards. 

Sa'leh.  The  Tham6dites  (3  ^l.) 
proposed  that  Saleh  should,  by  miracle, 
prove  that  Jehovah  was  a  God  superior  to 
their  own.  Prince  Jonda  said  he  would 
believe  it,  if  Saleh  made  a  camel,  big 
with  young,  come  out  of  a  certain  rock 
which  he  pointed  out.  Sdleh  did  so,  and 
Jonda  was  converted. 

(The  Thamfidites  were  idolaters,  and 
Saieh  the  prophet  was  sent  to  bring  them 
back  to  the  worship  of  Jehovah. ) 

Sdleh's  Camel.  The  camel  thus  miracu- 
lously produced,  used  to  go  about  the 
town,  crying  aloud,  "  Ho  1  everyone  that 
wanteth  milk,  let  him  come,  and  I  will 
give  it  him." — Sale:  Al Koran,  vii.  notes. 
(See  Isa.  Iv.  i.) 

Saleh.,  son  of  Faras'chS  (3 syl.)  queen 
of  a  powerful  under-sea  empire.  His 
sister  was  Gulna'r6  (3  syl.)  empress  of 
Persia,  Saleh  asked  the  king  of  Saman- 
dal,  another  under-sea  emperor,  to  give 
his  daughter  Giauha'rS  in  marriage  to 
prince  Beder,  son  of  GulnarS ;  but  the 
proud,  passionate  despot  ordered  the 
prince's  head  to  be  cut  off  for  such  pre- 
sumptuous insolence.  However,  Saleh 
made   his   escape,    invaded    Samandal, 


SALEM.  955 

took  the  king  prisoner,  and  the  marriage 
between  Beder  and  the  princess  Giauhar6 
was  duly  celebrated. — Arabian  Nights 
{"  Beder  and  Giauhare  "). 

Salem,  a  young  seraph,  one  of  the 
two  tutelar  angels  of  the  Virgin  Mary  and 
of  John  the  Divine,  "  for  God  had  given 
to  John  two  tutelar  angels,  the  chief  of 
whom  was  Raph'ael,  one  of  the  most 
exalted  seraphs  of  the  hierarchy  of 
heaven." — Klopdock:  The  Messiah,  iii. 
(1748). 

Sal'emal,  the  preserver  in  sickness, 
one  of  the  four  gods  of  the  Adites  (2 
syl. ). — UHerbelot :  Bibliothique  Orientate 
{1697). 

Salern'  or  Saler'no,  in  Italy,  cele- 
brated for  its  school  of  medicine. 

Even  tne  doctors  of  Salem 

Send  me  back  word  they  can  discern 

No  cure  for  a  malady  like  this. 

LonsfeUoiu  :  The  Golden  Lesend  (1851)1, 

Salian  Franks.  So  called  from  the 
Isaia  or  Yssel,  in  Holland.  They  were  a 
branch  of  the  Sicambri  ;  hence  when 
Clovis  was  baptized  at  Rheims,  the  old 
prelate  addressed  him  as  "  Sigambrian," 
and  said  that  ' '  he  must  henceforth  set  at 
nought  what  he  had  hitherto  worshipped, 
and  worship  what  he  had  hitherto  set  at 
nought." 

Salisbury  [Earl  of),  William  Long- 
sword,  natural  son  of  Henry  H.  and 
Jane  CUfford  "The  Fair  Rosamond." 
— Shakespeare:  King  John  (1596);  sir 
W,  Scott :  The  Talisman  (time,  Richard 
L). 

Sallust  of  Prance  {The).  C^sar 
Vichard  (1639-1692)  was  so  called  by 
Voltaire. 

Sally  in  our  Alley,  a  ballad  in 
seven  stanzas,  by  Henry  Carey  (1737). 

Of  all  the  girls  that  are  so  smart 
There's  none  like  pretty  Sally; 

She  is  the  darling  of  my  heart, 
And  she  lives  in  our  alley. 

Sal'macis,  softness,  effeminacy. 
Salmicis  is  a  fountain  of  Caria,  near 
Halicarnassus,  which  rendered  soft  and 
effeminate  those  who  bathed  therein. 

Beneath  the  woman's  and  the  water's  kiss, 
Thy  moist  Unibs  melted  into  Salmacis  .  .  . 
And  all  the  boy's  breath  softened  into  sighs. 
SutKl/urne  :  HennaJihroditiiS. 

Salmigondin  or  "Salmygondin,"  a 
lordship  of  Dipsody,  given  by  Pantag'ruel 
to  Panurge  (2  syl. ),  Alcofribas,  who  had 
resided  six  months  in  the  giant's  mouth 
without  his  knowing  it,  was  made  castellan 


SALSABIL. 


of  the  castle. — Rabelais  :  Panta/ruel,  lU 
32  ;  iii.  2  (I533-4S). 

The  lordshiD  of  Salmygondin  was  worth  67  million 
pounds  sterling  per  annum  in  "  certain  rent, '  and  an 
annual  revenue  for  locusts  and  periwinkles,  varying 
from  j{,' 24,357  to  13  millions  in  a  good  year,  when  the 
exports  of  locusts  and  periwinkles  were  flourishing. 
Panurge,  however,  could  not  make  the  two  ends  meet. 
At  the  close  of  "  less  than  fourteen  days  "  he  liad  fore- 
stalled three  years'  rent  and  revenue,  and  had  to  apply 
to  Pantagruel  to  pay  his  debts. — Pantag'nul,  iii.  2. 

Salmo'neus  (3  syl.),  king  of  Elis, 
wishing  to  be  thought  a  god,  used  to 
imitate  thunder  and  lightning  by  driving 
his  chariot  over  a  brazen  bridge,  and 
darting  burning  torches  on  every  side. 
He  was  killed  by  Ughtning  for  his  im- 
piety and  folly. 

Salmoneus,  who  while  he  his  carroach  drave 

Over  the  brazen  bridge  of  Elis'  stream. 
And  did  witn  artihcial  thunder  brave 
Jove,  till  he  pierced  him  with  a  hghtning  beam. 
l^ora  Brooke :  Treatise  on  Monarchic,  vl. 
Xt  was  to  hi  the  hterary  Salmoneus  ol  the  political 
Jupiter.— /.orrf  Lytton. 

Sale,  a  rivulet  now  called  Xalon,  near 
Bilbilis,  in  Ceitiberia.  The  river  is  so 
exceedingly  cold  that  the  Spaniards  used 
to  plunge  their  swords  into  it  while  they 
were  hot  from  the  forge.  The  best 
Spanish  blades  owe  their  stubborn  temper 
to  the  icy  coldness  of  this  brook. 

Saevo  Bilbilin  optimam  metallo 

Et  ferro  Plateam  suo  sonantem, 

Quam  fluctu  tenui  sed  inquieto 

Armorum  Salo  temperator  ambit. 

Martial:  EpigratnmaUi. 
Prxcipua  his  quidem  ferri  materia,  sed  aqua  ipsa 
ferro  violentior;  quippe  teraperamento  ejus  ferrum 
acrius  redditur;  nee  uUum  apud  eos  telum  probatur 
quod  non  aut  in  Bilbili  fluvio  aut  Chalybe  tingatur. 
Unde  etiam  Chalybes  fiuvii  hujus  finitimi  appellati, 
ferroque  caeteris  praestare  dicuntur.— y?<.r//«  ;  Historia 
Philifpica,  xliv. 

Salome  and  the  Baptist.  When 
Salom6  dehvered  the  head  of  John  the 
Baptist  to  her  mother,  Herodias  pulled 
out  the  tongue  and  stabbed  it  with  her 
bodkin. 

\  When  the  head  of  Cicero  was  de- 
livered to  Marc  Antony,  his  wife  Fulvia 
pulled  out  the  tongue  and  stabbed  it 
repeatedly  with  her  bodkin. 

Salopia,  Shropshire. 

Admired  Salopia !  that  with  venial  pride 
Eyes  her  bright  form  in  Severn's  ambient  ware; 

Famed  for  her  loyal  cares  in  perils  tried, 
Her  daughters  lovely,  and  her  striplings  brave. 
Shenstone  :  The  Schoolmistress  (1758). 

Salsabil,  a  fountain  of  paradise,  the 
water  of  which  is  called  Zenjebil.  The 
word  Salsabil  means  "that  which  goes 
pleasantly  down  the  throat;"  and  Zen- 
jebil means  "ginger"  (which  the  Arabs 
mix  with  the  water  that  they  drink). 

God  shall  reward  the  righteous  with  a  garden,  and 
silk  garments.  They  shall  repose  on  couches.  Thejr 
shall  see  there  neither  sun  nor  moon  ...  the  fir'Ut 


SALT  RIVER. 

Uiereof  shall  hanz  low,  so  as  to  be  easily  gathered. 
The  bottles  shall  be  silver  shining  like  glass,  and  the 
wine  shall  be  mixed  with  the  water  Zenjebil,  a  fountain 
in  paradise  named  Salsabil.— 5a/e .-  Al  Kordn,  Ixxvi. 

Salt  River  {To  row  up),  to  go 
against  the  stream,  to  suffer  a  political 
defeat. 

There  is  a  small  stream  called  the  Salt  River  in  Ken- 
tucky,  noted  for  its  tortuous  course  and  numerous  bars. 
The  phrase  is  applied  to  one  who  has  the  task  of  pro- 
pelling the  boat  up  tlie  stream ;  but  in  political  slang  it 
IS  applied  to  those  who  are  "rowed  wp^—Inman. 

Salvage  Knight  {The),  sir  Arthe- 
gal,  called  Artegal  from  bk.  iv.  6.  The 
hero  of  bk.  v.  {Justice).— Spenser  :  Faerie 
Queene  {1596). 

Salva'tor  Rosa  {The  English),  John 
Hamilton  Mortimer  (1741-1779). 

Salvato're  (4  syl.),  Salva'tor  Rosa, 
an  Italian  painter,  especially  noted  for 
his  scenes  of  brigands,  etc.  (1615-1673). 

But,  ever  and  anon,  to  soothe  your  vision. 
Fatigued  with  these  hereditary  glories. 

There  rose  a  Carlo  Dolce  or  a  Titian, 
Or  wilder  group  of  savage  Salvatore's. 

Byron  :  Don  yuan,  xiii.  71  (1894). 

SAM,  a  gentleman,  the  friend  of 
Francis'co. — Fletclier  :  Mons.  Thomas 
{1619). 

Sam,  one  of  the  Know- Nothings  or 
Native  American  party.  One  of  "  Uncle 
Sam's  "  sons. 

Sam  {Dicky),  a  Liverpool  man. 

Sam  {Uncle),  the  United  States  of 
North  America,  or  rather  the  government 
of  the  states  personified.  So  called  from 
Samuel  Wilson,  uncle  of  Ebenezer  Wil- 
son. Ebenezer  was  inspector  of  Elbert 
Anderson's  store  on  the  Hudson,  and 
Samuel  superintended  the  workmen.  The 
stores  were  marked  E-A.  U-S.  ("  Elbert 
Anderson,  United  States  "),  but  the  work- 
men insisted  that  U  'S.  stood  for  ' '  Uncle 
Sam." — Mr,  Frost. 

Sam  Silverquill,  one  of  the  pri- 
soners at  Portanfeny.— 5»r  W.  Scott: 
Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  H.). 

Sam  Slick.    (See  Suck.) 

Sam  Weller.    (SeeWELLER.) 

Sa'm,ael  (3  syl.),  the  prince  of  demons, 
who,  in  the  guise  of  a  serpent,  tempted 
Eve  in  paradise.     (See  Samiel.) 

Samandal,  the  largest  and  most 
powerful  of  the  under-sea  empires.  The 
inhabitants  of  these  empires  live  under 
water  without  being  wetted  ;  transport 
themselves  instantaneously  from  place  to 
place ;   can  live  on  our  earth  or  in  the 


956 


SAMIAN  LETTER. 


Island  of  the  Moon  ;  are  great  sorcerers  ; 
and  speak  the  language  of  "Solomon's 
%Q.2X." —Arabian  Nights  ("  Beder  and 
GiauharS  "). 

Samarcand  Apple,  a  perfect  pa- 
nacea of  all  fjiseases.  It  was  bought  by 
prince  Ahmed,  and  was  instrumental  in 
restoring  Nouroun'nihar  to  perfect  health, 
although  at  the  very  point  of  death. 

In  fact,  sir,  there  is  no  disease,  however  painful  or 
dangerous,  whether  fever,  pleurisy,  plague,  or  any 
other  disorder,  but  it  will  instantly  cure ;  and  that  in 
the  easiest  possible  way :  it  is  simply  to  make  the  siclc 
person  smell  of  the  apple.— ^raWa«  m^hU  ("  Ahmed 
and  Pan-Banou  "). 

Sam'benites  \Sam^ -be-neetz\,  persons 
dressed  in  the  sambenfto,  a  yellow  coat 
without  sleeves,  having  devils  painted 
on  it.  _  The  sambenito  was  worn  by 
"heretics"  on  their  way  to  execution. 
(See  San  Benito.  ) 

And  blow  us  up  i'  the  open  streets, 
Disguised  in  rumps,  like  sambenites. 

S.  Butler:  Hudibras,  iii.  a  (1678^. 

Sam.bo,  any  male  of  the  negro  race. 

No  race  has  shown  such  capabilities  of  adaptation  to 
varymg  soil  and  circumstances  as  the  negro.  Alike  to 
them  the  snows  of  Canada,  the  rocky  land  of  New 
England  or  the  gorgeous  profusion  of  the  Southern 

States.     Sambo  and  Cuffey  expand  under  them  aU. 

Beecher  Slowe. 

Sam'eri  {Al),  the  proselyte  who  cast 
the  golden  calf  at  the  bidding  of  Aaron. 
After  he  had  made  it,  he  took  up  some 
dust  on  which  Gabriel's  horse  had  set  its 
feet,  threw  it  into  the  calfs  mouth,  and 
immediately  the  calf  became  animated 
and  began  to  low.  Al  BeidSwi  says  that 
Al  Sdmeri  was  not  really  a  proper  name, 
but  that  the  real  name  of  the  artificer  was 
Mfisa  ebn  Dhafar.  Selden  says  Al  S^- 
meri  means  "  the  keeper,"  and  that  Aaron 
was  so  called,  because  he  was  the  keeper 
or  ' '  guardian  of  the  people.  "—Selden  :  De 
DiisSyrts,  1.  4  (see  A I  Koran,  ii.  notes). 

Sa'mian  {The  Long-Haired),  Pytha- 
goras or  Budda  Ghooroos,  a  native  of 
Samos  (sixth  century  B.C.). 

Samlan  He'ra.  Hera  or  HerS,  wife 
of  Zeus,  was  born  at  Samos.  She  was 
worshipped  In  Egypt  as  well  as  in 
Greece. 

Samian  Letter  ( The),  the  letter  Y, 
used  by  Pythagoras  as  an  emblem  of  the 
path  of  virtue  and  of  vice.  Virtue  is  hke 
the  stem  of  the  letter.  Once  deviated 
from,  the  further  the  lines  are  extended 
the  wider  the  divergence  becomes. 

When  reason,  doubtful,  like  the  Samian  letter. 
Points  him  two  ways,  the  narrower  the  better. 
Pope :  The  Dunciad,  iv,  (1743), 
Ht  tibl  qua  Samios  diduxit  litera  ramos. 

Pertius  :  SaHr»x. 


SAMIAN  SAGE.  957 

Samian  Sage  (The),  Pythagoras, 
born  at  Samos  (sixth  century  B.C.), 

Tis  enough 
In  this  late  aije,  adventurous  to  have  touched 
Light  on  the  numbers  of  the  Samian  Satre. 

Thomson. 

Samias'a,  a  seraph,  in  love  with 
Aholiba'mah  the  granddaughter  of  Cain. 
When  the  Flood  came,  the  seraph  carried 
off  his  innamorata  to  another  planet. — 
Byron  :  Heaven  and  Earth  (1819). 

Sa'iniel,  the  Black  Huntsman  of  the 
Wolfs  Glen,  who  gave  to  Der  Freischiitz 
seven  balls,  six  of  which  were  to  hit 
whatever  the  marksman  aimed  at,  but 
the  seventh  was  to  be  at  the  disposal  of 
Samiel.  (See  "S^k^kisa..)— Weber :  Der 
FreischUiz  (Ubretto  by  Kmd,  1822). 

Samiel  Wind  ( The),  the  simoom. 

Burning  and  headlong  as  the  Samiel  wind. 

Aloore :  Lalla  Rookh,  i.  (1817). 

Samient,  the  female  ambassador  of 
queen  Mercilla  to  queen  Adicia  (wife  of 
the  soldan).  Adicia  treated  her  with 
great  contumely,  thrust  her  out  of  doors, 
and  induced  two  knights  to  insult  her ; 
but  sir  Artegal,  coming  up,  drove  at  one 
of  the  unmannerly  knights  with  such  fury 
as  to  knock  him  from  his  horse  and  break 
his  neck. — Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  v. 
(1596). 

(This  refers  to  the  treatment  of  the 
deputies  sent  by  the  states  of  Holland  to 
Spain  for  the  redress  of  grievances. 
Philip  ("  the  soldan  ")  detained  the 
deputies  as  prisoners,  disregarding  the 
sacred  rights  of  their  office  as  ambas- 
sadors.) 

Samite  (2  syl.),  a  very  rich  silk, 
sometimes  interwoven  with  gold  or  silver 
thread. 

...  an  arm 
Rose  up  from  the  bosom  of  the  lake. 
Clothed  in  white  samite. 

Tennyson  :  Mortt  d' Arthur  (1858). 

Sam'ma,  the  demoniac  that  John 
' '  the  Beloved  "  could  not  exorcise.  Jesus, 
coming  from  the  Mount  of  OUves,  re- 
buked Satan,  who  quitted  "the  pos- 
sessed," and  left  him  in  his  right  mind. — 
Klopstock:  The  Messiah,  \\.  (1748). 

Sam.'oed  Sliore  (The).  Samoi'eda 
is  a  province  of  MuscOvy,  contiguous  to 
the  Frozen  Sea. 

Now,  from  the  north 
Of  Norumbega,  and  tlie  Samoed  shore,  .  .  . 
Boreas  and  Caecias  .  .  .  rend  the  woods,   and    seas 
upturn. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  x.  695  (1665). 

SAMPSON,  one  of  Capulet's  ser- 


SAMUEU 

vants. — Shakespeare  :  Romeo  and  Juliet 
{1597). 

Sam.psoil,  a  foolish  advocate,  kios- 
man  of  judge  Vertaigne  (2  syl.).— Fletcher i 
The  Little  French  Lawyer  (1647). 

Sampson  {Dominie)  or  Abel  Samp- 
son, tutor  to  Harry  Bertram  son  of  the 
laird  of  EUangowan.  One  of  the  best 
creations  of  romance.  His  favourite  ex- 
clamation is  "  Prodigious  1 "  Dominie 
Sampson  is  very  learned,  simple,  and 
green.  Sir  Walter  describes  him  as  "a 
poor,  modest,  humble  scholar,  who  had 
won  his  way  through  the  classics,  but 
fallen  to  the  leeward  in  the  voyage  of 
life." — Sir  IV.  Scott:  Guy  Mannering 
(time,  George  H.). 

His  appearance  puritanical.  Ragged  black  clothes, 
blue  worsted  stocking^s,  pewter-headed  long  cane.— 
Gt4y  Mannerinz  (dramatized),  i.  a. 

Sampson  {George),  a  friend  of  the 
Wilfer  family.  He  adored  Bella  Wilfer, 
but  married  her  youngest  sister  Lavinia. 
— Dickens  :  Our  Mutual  Friend  (1864). 

Samson.    (See  Hercules,  p.  485. ) 
The  British  Samson,  Thomas  Topham 

(1710-1749).  ^        ,   ..       „ 

The  North  American  Indian  Samson, 

Kwasind. 

Samson  Ag'onistes  (4  syl.),  "Sam- 
son the  Combatant,"  a  sacred  drama  by 
Milton,  showing  Samson  blinded  and 
bound,  but  triumphant  pver  his  enemies, 
who  sent  for  him  to  make  sport  by  feats 
of  strength  on  the  feast  of  Dagon. 
Having  amused  the  multitude  for  a  time, 
he  was  allowed  to  rest  awhile  against 
the  "grand  stand,"  and,  twining  his  arms 
round  two  of  the  supporting  pillars,  he 
pulled  the  whole  edifice  down,  and  died 
himself  in  the  general  devastation  (1632). 

Samson's  Crown,  an  achievement 
of  great  renown,  which  costs  the  life  of 
the  doer  thereof.  Samson's  greatest  ex- 
ploit was  pulling  down  the  "  grand 
stand  "  occupied  by  the  chief  magnates 
of  Philistia  at  the  feast  of  Dagon.  By 
this  deed,  "he  slew  at  his  death  more 
than  [all]  they  which  he  slew  in  his  life." 
— "Jiidg.  xvi.  30. 

And  by  self-ruin  seek  a  Samson's  crown. 
Lord  Brooke:  Inquisition  upon  Fame,  etc.  (1554-1628). 

Samuel  (The  Books  of),  two  books 
which  carry  the  history  of  the  Hebrews 
from  Eli  (the  high  priest)  almost  to  the 
close  of  David's  reign,  about  140  years. 

Eli  40  years,  Samuel  judge  at  years,  .Saul  king  4* 
years,  David  king  40  years.  Originally  tlie  two  Books 
of  Samuel  were  called  Tht  First  Book  0/ Kings,  and 


SAN  BENITO.  958 

our  two  Books  of  Kings  were  then  called  The  Second 
Book  0/  Kings.  The  First  Hook  of  Samuel  records 
the  famous  fight  between  David  (the  stripling)  and 
Goliath  the  giant  ol  Gath. 

San  Ben'ito,  a  short  linen  dress,  with 
demons  painted  on  it,  worn  by  persons 
condemned  by  the  Inquisition.  (See 
Sambenites.) 

For  some  time  the  "traitor  Newman  "  was  solemnly 
paraded  in  inquisitorial  san  benito  before  the  en- 
Eghtened  public— Ka/«.-  Cekbritiis,  xxiL 

San  Bris  {Conie  di),  father  of  Valen- 
ti'na.  During  the  Bartholomew  slaughter, 
his  daughter  and  her  husband  (Raoul) 
were  both  shot  by  a  party  of  musketeers, 
under  the  count's  command.  — Meyerbeer  : 
Les  Huguenots  {opera,  1836). 

Sancha,  daughter  of  Garcias  king  of 
Navarre,  and  wife  of  Fernan  Gonsalez 
of  Castile.  Sancha  twice  saved  the  life 
of  her  husband:  (i)  when  he  was  cast 
into  a  dungeon  by  some  personal  enemies 
who  waylaid  him,  she  liberated  him  by 
bribing  the  jailer ;  and  (2)  when  he  was 
incarcerated  at  Leon,  she  effected  his 
escape  by  changing  clothes  with  him. 

H  The  countess  of  Nithsdale  effected 
the  escape  of  her  husband  from  the 
Tower,  in  1715,  by  changing  clothes  with 
him. 

%  The  countess  de  Lavalette,  in  1815, 
liberated  her  husband,  under  sentence  of 
death,  in  the  same  way;  but  the  terror 
she  suffered  so  affected  her  nervous 
system  that  she  lost  her  senses,  and  never 
afterwards  recovered  them. 

San'chez  II.  of  Castile  was  killed  at 
the  battle  of  Zamo'ra,  1065. 

It  was  when  brave  king  Sanche* 
Was  before  Zamora  slain. 

Longfellow:  The  Challenge, 

SancM'ca,  eldest  daughter  of  Sancho 
and  Teresa  Panza. — Cervantes  :  Don 
Quixote  {1605-15). 

Sancho  {Don),  a  rich  old  beau,  uncle 
to  Victoria.  "He  affects  the  misde- 
meanours of  a  youth,  hides  his  baldness 
with  amber  locks,  and  complains  of 
toothache,  to  make  people  believe  that 
his  teeth  are  not  false  ones."  Don 
Sancho  "loves  in  the  style  of  Roderigo 
I." — Airs.  Cowley  :  A  Bold  Stroke  for  a 
Husband  (1782). 

Sancho  Fanza,  the  'squire  of  don 
Quixote.  A  short,  pot-bellied  peasant, 
with  plenty  of  shrewdness  and  good 
common  sense.  He  rode  upon  an  ass 
which  he  dearly  loved,  and  was  noted 
k)r  his  proverbs. 

Sancho  Panza  s  Ass,  Dapple. 


SANCY  DIAMOND. 

Sancho  Panza' s  Island-City,  Barataria,       l1 
where  he  was  for  a  time  governor. 

Sancho  Panza' s  Wife,  Teresa  [Cascajo] 
(pt.  II.  i.  5) ;  Maria  or  Mary  [Gutierezl 
(pt.  II.  iv.  7) ;  Dame  Juana  [Gutierez] 
(pt.  I.  i.  7) ;  and  Joan  (pt.  I.  iv,  21). — 
Cervafites  :  Don  Quixote  (1605-15). 

(The  model  painting  of  Sancho  Panza 
is  by  Leslie;  it  is  called  "Sancho  and 
the  Duchess.") 

Sanchoni'athon  or  Sanchoni- 
ATHO.  Nine  books  ascribed  to  this 
author  were  published  at  Bremen  in 
1837.  The  original  was  said  to  have 
been  discovered  in  the  convent  of  St. 
Maria  de  Merinh^o,  by  colonel  Pereira, 
a  Portuguese ;  but  it  was  soon  ascer- 
tained that  no  such  convent  existed,  that 
there  was  no  colonel  of  the  name  of 
Pereira  in  the  Portuguese  service,  and 
that  the  paper  bore  the  water-mark  of 
the  Osnabriick  paper-mills.  (See  FOR- 
GERS, p.  386.) 

Sanct-Cyr  {Hugh  de),  the  seneschal 
of  king  Ren6,  at  Aix. — Sir  IV.  Scott: 
Anne  of  Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Sancy  Diamond  {The)  weighs  53^ 
carats,  and  belonged  to  Charles  "  the 
Bold"  of  Burgundy.  It  was  bought,  in 
1495,  by  Emmanuel  of  Portugal,  and 
was  sold,  in  1580,  by  don  Antonio  to  the 
sieur  de  Sancy,  in  whose  family  ii 
remained  for  a  century.  The  sieur 
deposited  it  with  Henri  IV.  as  a  security 
for  a  loan  of  money.  The  servant 
entrusted  with  it,  being  attacked  by 
robbers,  swallowed  it,  and  being  mur- 
dered, the  diamond  was  recovered  by 
Nicholas  de  Harlay.  We  next  hear  of 
it  in  the  possession  of  James  II.  of 
England,  who  carried  it  with  him  in  his 
flight,  in  1688.  Louis  XIV.  bought  it 
of  him  for  ^1/^25, 000.  It  was  sold  in  the 
Revolution ;  Napoleon  I.  rebought  it ;  in 
1825  it  was  sold  to  Paul  Demidofif  for 
;i^8o,ooo.  The  prince  sold  it,  in  1830,  to 
M.  Levrat,  administrator  of  the  Mining 
Society ;  but  as  Levrat  failed  in  his 
engagement,  the  diamond  became,  in 
1832,  the  subject  of  a  lawsuit,  which  was 
given  in  favour  of  the  prince.  We  next 
hear  of  it  in  Bombay ;  in  1867  it  was 
transmitted  to  England  by  the  firm  of 
Forbes  and  Co.  ;  in  1873  it  formed  part 
of  "  the  crown  necklace  "  worn  by  Mary 
of  Sachsen  Altenburg  on  her  marriage 
with  Albert  of  Prussia ;  in  1876,  in  the 
investiture  of  the  Star  of  India  by  the 
prince  of  Wales,  in  Calcutta,  Dr.  W.  H. 


SAND,  959 

Russell  tells  us  it  was  worn  as  a  pendant 
by  the  maharajah  of  Puttiala. 

N.B. — Streeter,  in  his  hook  oi  Precious 
Stones  and  Gems,  120  (1876),  tells  us  it 
belongs  to  the  czar  of  Russia,  but  if  Dr. 
Russell  is  correct,  it  must  have  been  sold 
to  the  maharajah. 

Sand  {George).  Her  birth-name  was 
Araantine  Lucile  Aurore  Dupin,  after- 
wards Dudevant  (1804-1877).  ("  Sand  " 
is  half  Sandeau  {Jules),  a  young  man 
who  assisted  her  in  bringing  out  some  of 
her  earlier  works.) 

Sand-Ba^.  Only  knights  were  al- 
lowed to  fight  with  lance  and  sword; 
meaner  men  used  an  ebon  staff,  to  one 
end  of  which  was  fastened  a  sand-bag. 

Engaged  with  money-bags,  as  bold 
As  men  with  sand-bags  did  of  old.  J 

S.  Butler:  Hudibras  (1663-78). 

San'dabar,  an  Arabian  writer,  about 
a  century  before  the  Christian  era,  famous 
for  his  Parables. 

It  was  rumoured  he  could  say 
The  Parables  of  Sandabar. 
Longfellow  :  The  Wayside  Inn  (prelude,  1863). 

Saudalphon,  one  of  the  three  angels 
who,  according  to  the  rabbinical  system 
of  angelology,  receive  the  prayers  of  the 
Israelites  and  weave  them  into  crowns. 

Sandalphon,  the  angel  of  prayer. 

Longfellow  :  Sandalphon. 

Sanden,  the  great  palace  of  king  Lion, 
in  the  beast-epic  of  Reynard  the  Fox 
(1498). 

Sandford  {Harry),  the  companion  of 
Tommy  Merton. — T.  Day:  History  of 
Sandford  and  Merton  (1783-9). 

Sandstone  {The  Old  Red),  a  geo- 
logical treatise  by  Hugh  Miller  (1841). 

San'glamore  (3  syl.),  the  sword  of 
Braggadochio. — Spenser:  Faerie  Queene, 
iii.  (1590). 

Sanglier  {Sir),  a  knight  who  insisted 
on  changing  wives  with  a  squire,  and 
when  the  lady  objected,  he  cut  off  her 
head,  and  rode  off  with  the  squire's  wife. 
Being  brought  before  sir  Artegal,  sir 
Sanglier  insisted  that  the  Uving  lady  was 
his  wife,  and  that  the  dead  woman  was 
the  squire's  wife.  Sir  Artegal  commanded 
that  the  living  and  dead  women  should 
both  be  cut  in  twain,  and  half  of  each  be 
given  to  the  two  litigants.  To  this  sir 
Sanglier  gladly  assented ;  but  the  squire 
objected,  declaring  it  would  be  far  better 
to  give  the  lady  to  the  knight  than  that  she 
should  suffer  death.  On  this,  sir  Artegal 
pronotinced  the  living  woman  to  be  the 


SANGRAAU 

squire's  wife,  and  the  dead  one  to  be  the 
knight's. — Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  v.  i 
(1596). 

("Sir  Sanglier"  is  meant  for  Shan 
O'Neil,  leader  of  the  Irish  insurgents  in 
1567.  Of  course,  this  judgment  is  bor- 
rowed from  that  of  Solomon,  i  Kings 
iii.  16-27.) 

Sangflier    des    Ardennes,   Guil- 

laume  de  la  Marck  {1446-1485). 

Sangfraal,  Sancgreal,  etc.,  gene- 
rally said  to  be  the  holy  plate  from  which 
Christ  ate  at  the  Last  Supper,  brought  to 
England  by  Joseph  of  Arimathy.  What- 
ever it  was,  it  appeared  to  king  Arthur 
and  his  150  knights  of  the  Round  Table, 
but  suddenly  vanished,  and  all  the 
knights  vowed  they  would  go  in  quest 
thereof.  Only  three,  sir  Bors,  sir  Perci- 
vale,  and  sir  Galahad,  found  it,  and  only 
sir  Galahad  touched  it,  but  he  soon  died, 
and  was  borne  by  angels  up  into  heaven. 
The  sangraal  of  Arthurian  romance  is 
"the  dish"  containing  Christ  transub- 
stantiated by  the  sacrament  of  the  Mass, 
and  made  visible  to  the  bodily  eye  of 
man.  This  will  appear  quite  obvious  to 
the  reader  by  the  following  extracts  : — 

Then  anon  they  heard  cracking  and  crying  of 
thunder.  ...  In  the  midst  of  the  blast  entered  a  sun- 
beam more  clear  lay  seven  times  than  the  day,  and  all 
they  were  alighted  of  the  grace  of  the  Holy  Ghost.  .  .  . 
Then  there  entered  into  the  hall  the  Holy  Grale  covered 
with  white  samite,  but  there  was  none  that  could  see 
It,  nor  who  bare  it,  but  the  whole  hail  was  full  filled 
with  good  odours,  and  every  knight  had  such  meat 
and  drink  as  he  best  loved  in  the  world,  and  when  the 
Holy  Grale  had  been  borne  through  the  hall,  then  the 
holy  vessel  departed  suddenly,  and  they  wist  not  where 
it  became. — Ch.  35. 

Then  looked  they  and  saw  a  man  come  out  of  the 
holy  vessel,  that  had  all  the  signs  of  the  passion  of 
Christ,  and  he  said  .  .  .  "  This  fs  the  holy  dish  wherein 
I  ate  the  lamb  on  Sher-Thursday,  and  now  hast  thou 
seen  it  .  .  .  yet  hast  thou  not  seen  it  so  openly  as  thou 
Shalt  see  it  m  the  city  of  Sarras  .  .  .  therefore  thou 
must  go  hence  and  bear  with  thee  this  holy  vessel,  for 
this  night  it  shall  depart  from  the  realm  of  Logris  .  .  . 
and  take  with  thee  ...  sir  Percivale  and  sir  Bors."— 
Ch.  101. 

So  departed  sir  Galahad,  and  sir  Percivale  and  sir 
Bors  with  him.  And  so  they  rode  three  days,  and 
came  to  a  river,  and  found  a  ship  .  .  .  and  when  on 
board,  they  found  in  the  midst  the  table  of  silver  and 
the  Sancgreall  covered  with  white  samite.  .  .  .  Then 
sir  Galahad  laid  him  down  and  slept  .  .  .  and  when  he 
woke  ...  he  saw  the  city  of  Sarras  (ch.  103I.  ...  At 
the  year's  end,  .  .  .  he  saw  before  him  the  holy  vessel, 
and  a  man  kneeling  upon  his  knees  in  the  likeness  of 
the  bishop,  which  haci  about  him  a  great  fellowshii 
angels,  as  it  had  been  Christ  Himself  .  .  .  and  wl 
he  came  to  the  sakering  of  the  Mass,  and  had  done, 
anon  he  called  sir  Galahad,  and  said  unto  him,  "Come 
forth,  .  .  .  and  thou  shalt  see  that  which  thou  hast 
much  desired  to  see"  .  .  .  and  he  beheld  spiritual 
things  .  .  .  (ch.  104).— S»y  T.  Malory:  History  0/ 
Prince  Arthur,  iiu  35,  loi,  104  (1470). 

N.B. — The  earliest  story  of  the  holy 
graal  was  in  verse  (a.d.  iioo),  author 
unknown. 

Chretien  de  Troyes  has  a  romance  in 


wship  of 
id  when 


SANGRADO. 


960 


SANSLOY. 


eight-syllable  verse  on  the  same  subject 
(1170). 

Guiot's  tale  of  Tifurel  founder  of 
Graal-burg,  and  Parzival  prince  thereof, 
belongs  to  the  twelfth  century. 

Wolfram  von  Eschenbach,  a  minne- 
singer, took  Guiot's  tale  as  the  foundation 
of  his  poem  (thirteenth  century). 

In  Titurel  the  Younger  the  subject  is 
very  fully  treated. 

Sir  T.  Malory  (in  pt.  iii.  of  the  History 
of  Prince  Ai'thur,  translated  in  1470  from 
the  French)  treats  the  subject  in  prose 
very  fully. 

R.  S.  Hawker  has  a  poem  on  the  San- 
graal,  but  it  was  never  completed. 

Tennyson  has  an  idyll  called  The  Holy 
Grail  {i8s8). 

Boisser^e  published,  in  1834,  at  Munich, 
a  work  On  the  Description  of  the  TempU 
of  the  Holy  Graal. 

San ^a 'do  {Doctor),  of  Valladolid. 
This  is  the  "  Sagredo  "  of  Espinel's  ro- 
mance called  Marcos  de  Obregon.  "  The 
doctor  was  a  tall,  meagre,  pale  man, 
who  had  kept  the  shears  of  Clotho 
employed  for  forty  years  at  least.  He 
had  a  very  solemn  appearance,  weighed 
his  discourse,  and  used  '  great  pomp  of 
words.'  His  reasonings  were  geometrical, 
and  his  opinions  his  own."  Dr.  San- 
grado  considered  that  blood  was  not 
needful  for  life,  and  that  hot  water  could 
not  be  administered  too  plentifully  into 
the  system.  Gil  Bias  became  his  servant 
and  pupil,  and  was  allowed  to  drink  any 
quantity  of  water,  but  to  eat  only  spar- 
ingly of  beans,  peas,  and  stewed  apples. 

Other  physicians  make  the  healing  art  consist  in  the 
knowledge  of  a  thousand  different  sciences,  but  I  go  a 
shorter  way  to  work,  and  spare  the  trouble  of  studying 
pharmacy,  anatomy,  botany,  and  physic.  Know,  then, 
that  all  which  is  required  is  to  bleed  the  patients 
copiously,  and  make  them  drink  warm  water.— Z.<jfl^<  ; 
Gil  Bias,  iL  2  (1715). 

l"  Dr.  Hancock  prescribed  cold  water 
and  stewed  prunes. 

IT  Dr.  Rezio  of  Barataria  allowed 
Sancho  Panza  to  eat  "a  few  wafers  and 
a  thin  slice  or  two  of  quince. " — Cervantes  : 
Don  Quixote,  H,  iii.  lo  (1615). 

Sanjak-Sherif,  the  banner  of  Ma- 
homet,    (See  p.  654.) 

Sansar,  the  icy  wind  of  death,  kept 
in  the  deepest  entrails  of  the  earth,  called 
in  Thalaba  "  Sarsar." 

She  passed  by  rapid  descents  known  only  to  Eblis, 
.  .  .  and  thus  penetrated  the  very  entrails  of  the  earth, 
where  breathes  the  Sansar  or  icy  wind  of  death.— 
Beckfard:  yaiJu*  (lyS^). 

Sansculottes  {3  syl.),  a  low,  riff-raff 
party  in  the  great  French  Revolution,  so 


shabby  in  dress  that  they  were  termed 
"the  trouser-less."  The  culotte  is  the 
breeches,  called  braeck  by  the  ancient 
Gauls,  and  hauts-de-chausses  in  the  reign 
of  Charles  IX. 

Sansculottisxn,  red  republicanism, 
or  the  revolutionary  platform  of  the  Sans- 
culottes. 

The  duke  of  Brunswick,  at  the  head  of  a  large  army. 
Invaded  France  to  restore  I^ouis  XVI.  to  the  throne, 
and  save  legitimacy  from  the  sacrilegious  hands  of 
sansculottism.— C  H.  Lewes :  Story  0/ Goethe's  Life. 

Literary  Sansculottism,  literature  of  a 
low  character,  like  that  of  the  "Minerva 
Press,"  the  "  Leipsic  Fair,"  "  HoUywell 
Street,"  "Grub  Street,"  and  so  on. 

Sansfoy,  a  "faithless  Saracen,"  who 
attacked  the  Red  Cross  Knight,  but  was 
slain  by  him.  "  He  cared  for  neither 
God  nor  man."  Sansfoy  personifies  in- 
fidelity. 

Sansfoy,  full  large  of  limb  and  every  Joint 
He  was,  and  cared  not  for  God  or  man  a  point. 
Spenser:  Fairie  Queene,  i.  a  (1590K 

Sansjoy,  brother  of  Sansfoy.  When 
he  came  to  the  court  of  LucifSra,  he 
noticed  the  shield  of  Sansfoy  on  the  arm 
of  the  Red  Cross  Knight,  and  his  rage 
was  so  great  that  he  was  with  difficulty 
restrained  from  running  on  the  champion 
there  and  then,  but  Lucifera  bade  him 
defer  the  combat  to  the  following  day. 
Next  day,  the  fight  began  ;  but  just  as  the 
Red  Cross  Knight  was  about  to  deal  his 
adversary  a  death-blow,  Sansjoy  was 
enveloped  in  a  thick  cloud,  and  carried 
off  in  the  chariot  of  Night  to  the  infernal 
regions,  where  ^Esculapius  healed  him  of 
his  wounds. — Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  i. 

4.  5(1590)- 

(The  reader  will  doubtless  call  to  mind 
the  combat  of  Menelaos  and  Paris,  and 
remember  how  the  Trojan  was  invested 
in  a  cloud  and  carried  off  by  Venus  under 
similar  circumstances. —  Homer:  Iliad, 
iii.) 

Sansloy  ["  superstition  "1,  the  brother 
of  Sansfoy  and  Sansjoy.  He  carried  off 
Una  to  the  wilderness,  but  when  the 
fauns  and  satyrs  came  to  her  rescue,  he 
saved  himself  by  flight. 

•.•  The  meaning  of  this  allegory  is 
this :  Una  {truth),  separated  from  St 
George  {holiness),  is  deceived  by  Hypo- 
crisy ;  and  immediately  truth  joins 
hypocrisy,  it  is  carried  away  by  supersti- 
tion. Spenser  says  the  "simplicity  of 
truth"  abides  with  the  common  people, 
especially  of  the  rural  districts,  after 
it  is  lost  to  towns  and  the  luxurious 
great.    The    historical    reference   is   to 


SANSONETTO.  961 

queen  Mary,  in  whose  reign  Una  [the 
Reformation)  was  carried  captive,  and 
religion,  being  mixed  up  with  hyprocisy, 
degenerated  into  superstition  ;  but  the 
rural  population  adhered  to  the  simplicity 
of  the  protestant  isS.'Ca..— Spenser :  Faerie 
Queene,  i.  a  {1590). 

Sausonetto,  a  Christian  regent  of 
Mecca,  vicegerent  of  Charlemagne. — 
Ariosto:  Orlando  Furioso  {1516). 

Sausueuna,  now  Saragassa  [q.v.). 

Santa  Casa,  the  house  occupied  by 
the  Virgin  Mary  at  her  conception,  and 
miraculously  removed,  in  1291,  from  Gali- 
lee to  Loretto  [q.vJ). 

Santa  Klaus  (i  syl),  the  Dutch 
name  of  St.  Nicholas,  the  patron  saint 
of  boys. 

In  Flanders  and  Holland,  the  children  put  out  their 
shoe  or  stocking  on  Christmas  Eve,  ia  the  confidence 
that  Santa  Klaus  or  Knecht  Globes  (as  they  call  hira) 
will  put  in  a  prize  for  good  conduct  before  morning.— 
Yongc. 

Santiago  \_Sent-yah' -g6\,  the  war-cry 
of  Spain ;  adopted  because  St.  James 
{Sant  lago)  rendered,  according  to  tradi- 
tion, signal  service  to  a  Christian  king  of 
Spain  in  a  battle  against  the  Moors. 

Santiago  for  Spain.  This  saint 
was  James,  son  of  Zebedee,  brother  of 
John.  He  was  beheaded,  and  caught  his 
head  in  his  hands  as  it  fell.  The  Jews 
were  astonished,  but  when  they  touched 
the  body  they  found  it  so  cold  that  their 
hands  and  arms  were  paralyzed.— /^ra«- 
cisco  Xavier  :  Aflales  de  Galicia  (1733). 

Santiago's  Head.  When  Santiago  went 
to  Spain  in  his  marble  ship,  he  had  no 
head  on  his  body.  The  passage  took 
seven  days,  and  the  ship  was  steered  by 
the  "  presiding  hand  of  Providence." — 
Espafla  Sagrada,  xx,  6. 

Santiago  had  two  heads.  One  of  bis 
heads  is  at  Braga,  and  one  at  Compostella. 

John  the  Baptist  had  half  a  dozen  heads  at  the  least, 
and  as  many  bodies,  all  capable  of  working  miracles. 

Santiago  leads  the  armies  of  Spain. 
Thirty-eight  instances  of  the  interference 
of  this  saint  are  gravely  set  down  as  facts 
in  the  Chronicles  of  Galicia,  and  this  is 
superadded:  "These  instances  are  well 
known,  but  I  hold  it  for  certain  that  the 
appearances  of  Santiago  in  our  victorious 
armies  have  been  much  more  numerous, 
and  in  fact  that  every  victory  obtained 
by  the  Spaniards  has  been  really  achieved 
by  this  great  captain."  Once,  when  the 
rider  on  the  white  horse  was  asked  in 
battle  who  he  was,  he  distinctly   made 


SARACEN. 

answer,  "  I  am  the  soldier  of  the  King  of 
kings,  and  my  name  is  James." — Don 
Miguel  Erce  Gimenez:  Armas  i  Triunfos 
del  Reino  de  Galicia,  648-9. 

The  true  name  of  this  saint  was  Jacobo.  .  .  .  W« 
have  first  shortened  Santo  Jacobo  into  Santo  ymc'o. 
We  clipped  it  again  into  Sant  Jaco.  and  by  changing 
the  y into  /  and  the  c  into  s,  we  get  Santlag:  In 
household  names  we  convert  lago  into  D'iago  or  LHaeo, 
which  we  soften  into  Diego. — Atnbrosio  de  Moraiet, 
Corcnica  General  de  Esfiana,  ix.  7,  sect.  2  (isSe). 


Santons,  a  body  of  religionists,  also 
called  Abdals,  who  pretended  to  be  in- 
spired with  the  most  enthusiastic  raptures 
of  divine  love.  They  were  regarded  by 
the  vulgar  as  saints. — Olearius  :  Reisebe- 
schreibu7ig,  i.  971  {1647). 

He  diverted  himself  with  the  number  of  calenders, 
santons,  and  dervises,  who  were  continually  corainc 
and  going,  but  especially  with  the  Brahmins,  faquirs, 
and  other  enthusiasts,  who  had  travelled  from  the 
heart  of  India,  and  halted  on  their  way  with  the  emir. 
-Beck ford :  l^aihek  (1784). 

Sapplii'ra,  a  female  liar. — Acts  v.  i. 

She  is  called  the  village  Sapphira. 

Crabbe. 

Sappho,  in  Pope's  Moral  Essays 
(epistle  ii.  lines  24-28),  is  meant  for  lady 
Mary  Wortley  Montagu. 

Pope  wrote  an  amatory  poem  which  he  entitled 
Sappho  t»  Phaon. 

The  English  Sappho,  Mrs.  Mary  D» 
Robinson  (1758-1800). 

The  French  Sappho,  Mile.  Scud^ri 
(1607-1701). 

The  Scotch  Sappho,  Catherine  Cock- 
burn  (1679-1749). 

Sappho  of  Toulouse,  Cl^mence  Isaure 
(2  syl!),  who  instituted,  in  1490,  Les  Jeux 
Floraux.  She  is  the  authoress  of  a 
beautiful  Ode  to  Spring  (1463-1513). 

Sapsknll,  a  raw  Yorkshire  tike,  son 
of  squire  SapskuU  of  Sapskull  Hall. 
Sir  Penurious  Muckworm  wishes  him  to 
marry  his  niece  and  ward  Arbella ;  but  as 
Arbella  loves  Gaylove  a  young  barrister, 
the  tike  is  played  upon  thus — Gaylove 
assumes  to  be  Muckworm,  and  his  lad 
Slango  dresses  up  as  a  woman  to  pass 
for  Arbella;  and  while  Sapskull  "  mar- 
ries" Slango,  Gaylove,  who  assumes  the 
dress  and  manners  of  the  Yorkshire  tike, 
marries  Arbella.  Of  course,  the  trick  is 
then  discovered,  and  Sapskull  returns  to 
the  home  of  his  father,  befooled  but  not 
married. — Carey:  The  Honest  Yorkshire- 
man  (1736). 

Saracen  [A),  in  Arthurian  romance, 
means  any  unbaptized  person,  regardless 
of  nationality.  Thus,  Priamus  of  Tus- 
cany is  called  a  Saracen  (pt.  i.  96,  67) ;  so 
is  sir  Palomides,  simply  because  he 
refused  to  be  baptized  till  he  had  done 
2  1 


SARAGOSSA. 

some  noble  deed  (pt.  ii. ). — Sir  T.  Malory: 
History  of  Prince  Arthur  {1470). 

Saragossa,  a  corruption  of  Caesarea 
Augusta.  The  city  was  rebuilt  by  Au- 
gustus, and  called  after  his  name.  Its 
former  name  was  Salduba  or  Saldyva. 

Sarag-ossa  ( The  Maid  of),  Augustina 
-Zaragossa  or  Saragoza.  When,  in  1808, 
the  city  was  invested  by  the  French,  she 
mounted  the  battery  in  the  place  of  her 
lover  who  had  been  shot.  Lord  Byron 
says,  when  he  was  at  Seville,  "  the  maid" 
used  to  walk  daily  on  the  prado,  decorated 
with  medals  and  orders,  by  command  of 
the  junta.  —  Soiithey  :  History  of  the 
Peninsular  H^ar  (1832). 

Her  lover  sink*— she  sheds  no  Ill-timed  tear; 

Her  chief  is  slain— she  fills  his  fatal  post  ; 
•Her  fellows  flee — she  checks  their  base  career ; 

The  foe  retires— she  heads  the  sallying  host 
...  the  flying  Gaul, 

Foiled  by  a  woman's  hand  before  a  battered  walL 
Byron  :  Chiide  Harold,  i.  56  (1809). 

Sardanapa'lus,  king  of  Nineveh 
and  Assyria,  noted  for  his  luxury  and 
voluptuousness.  ArbacSs  the  Mede 
conspired  against  him,  and  defeated  him ; 
whereupon  his  favourite  slave  Myrra 
induced  him  to  immolate  himself  on  a 
funeral  pile.  The  beautiful  slave,  having 
set  fire  to  the  pile,  jumped  into  the 
blazing  mass,  and  was  burnt  to  death 
with  the  king  her  master  (b.c.  817). — 
Byron  :  Sardanapalus  (1819). 

Sardanapa'lus  of  China  {The), 
Cheo-tsin,  who  shut  himself  up  in  his 
palace  with  his  queen,  and  then  set  fire  to 
the  building,  that  he  might  not  fall  into 
the  hands  of  Woo-wong  {b.c.  1154-1122). 

(Cheo-tsin  invented  the  chopsticks, 
and  Woo-wong  founded  the  Tchow 
dynasty.) 

Sardanapalus     of      Germany 

[The),  Wenceslas  VI.  (or  IV.)  king  of 
Bohemia  and  emperor  of  Germany  (1359, 
1378-1419). 

Sardoin  Herb  {The),  the  herha 
Sardon'ia  ;  so  called  from  Sardis,  in  Asia 
Minor.  It  is  so  acrid  as  to  produce  a 
convulsive  spasm  of  the  face  resembling 
a  grin.  Phineas  Fletcher  says  the  device 
on  the  shield  of  Flattery  is — 

The  Sardoin  herb  ...  the  word  [moiio}  "I  please  In 
killing." 

The  Pur/ie  Island,  viii.  (1633J. 

Sardonian    Smile    or    Ghrin,    a 

smile  of  contempt.  Byron  expresses  it 
when  he  says,  ' '  There  was  a  laughing 
devil  in  his  sneer. " 

But  when  the  villain  saw  her  so  afraid. 

He  'jjan  with  guileful  words  her  to  persuade 


962 


SATAN. 

To  banish  fear,  and  with  Sardonian  smile 
Laughing  at  her,  his  false  intent  to  shade. 

S/enser:  Faerie  Queent,  v.  9  (1596). 

Sarma'tia,  Poland,  the  country  of 
the  Sarmatae.  In  1795  Poland  was 
partitioned  between  Russia,  Prussia,  and 

Austria. 

Oh,  bloodiest  picture  in  the  book  of  Time  I 
Sarmatia  fell  unwept,  without  a  crime, 
Found  not  a  generous  friend,  a  pitying  foe, 
Strength  in  her  arms,  nor  mercy  in  her  woe. 

Campbell:  Pleasures  o/ Hope,  i.  (1799). 

Sar'ra  {Grain  of),   Tyrian  dye ;   so 
called  from  sarra  or  sar,  the  fish  whose 
blood    the  men  of   Tyre  used  in  their 
purple  dye. — Virgil:  Georgics,  ii.  506. 
A  military  vest  oi  purple  .  ,  . 
Livelier  than  .  .  .  the  grain 
Of  Sarra,  worn  by  kings  and  heroes  old 
In  tiiUe  of  truce. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  xl  243  (1665). 

Sarsar,  the  icy  wind  of  death,  called 
in  Vathek  "Sansar." 

The  Sarsar  from  its  womb  went  forth. 
The  icy  wind  of  death. 
Souihey  :  Thalaba  the  Destroyer,  I.  44  (1797). 

Sartor  Resartus,  "The  Life  and 
Opinions  of  Herr  Teufelsdrockh,"  in  three 
books,  by  Thomas  Carlyle  (1833-34). 

The  title  is  not  original,  but  the  book  is  a  philo- 
sophicEd  romance,  or  pretended  review  of  an  hypo- 
thetical German  work  on  dress,  which  gives  scope  to 
the  author  for  remarks  on  all  sorts  of  things.  The 
words  Sartor  Resarius  mean  The  Tailor  tailored, 
ox  Teufelsdrdckh  patched  by  Carlyle. 

Sassenach,  a  Saxon,  an  Englishman. 
(Welsh,  ,seasonig  adj.  and  saesoniad  noun. ) 

I  would,  if  I  thought  I'd  be  able  to  catch  some  of  the 
Sassenachs  in  London.— ^'ery  Far  West  Indeed. 

Satan,  according  to  the  Talmud,  was 
once  an  archangel  ;  but  was  cast  out  of 
heaven  with  one-third  of  the  celestial  host 
for  refusing  to  do  reverence  to  Adam. 

In  mediaeval  mythology,  Satan  holds 
the  fifth  rank  of  the  nine  demoniacal 
orders. 

Johan  Wier,  in  his  De  Prcestigiis 
Dcemonum  (1564),  makes  Beelzebub  the 
sovereign  of  hell,  and  Satan  leader  of 
the  opposition. 

In  legendary  lore,  Satan  is  drawn  with 
horns  and  a  tail,  saucer  oyes,  and  claws  ; 
but  Milton  makes  him  a  proud,  selfish, 
ambitious  chief,  of  gigantic  size,  beauti- 
ful, daring,  and  commanding.  Satan  de- 
clares his  opinion  that  "'tis  better  to 
reign  in  hell  than  serve  in  heaven." 

(Defoe  has  jmtten  a  Political  History 
of  the  Devil,  1726.) 

Satan,  according  to  Milton,  monarch 
of  hell.  His  chief  lords  are  Beelzebub, 
Moloch,  Chemos,  Thamnmz,  Dagon, 
Rimmon,  and  Belial.  His  stanckrd- 
bearer  is  Aziz'el. 


SATANIC  SCHOOU  963 

He  [Satan],  above  the  rest 
In  shape  and  gesture  proudly  eminent. 
Stood  like  a  tower.     His  form  had  not  yet  lost 
All  her  original  brightness ;  nor  appeared 
Less  than  archangel  ruined,  and  the  excess 
Of  glory  obscured  .  .  .  but  his  face 
Deep  scars  of  thunder  had  intrenched,  and  care 
Sat  on  his  faded  cheek  .  .  .  cruel  his  eye,  but  cast 
Signs  of  remorse. 

Aft/ion  :  Paradise  Lost,  I  589,  etc.  (1665). 

*.*  The  word  Satan  means  "  enemy  ;  " 
hence  Milton  says — 

To  whom  the  arch-enemy, 
.  ,  In  heaven  called  paradise. 

Paradise  Lost,  i.  81  (1665). 

(Robert  Montgomery,  in  1830,  published 
a  poem  called  Satan,  a  long  soliloquy  of 
five  or  six  thousand  lines  of  blank  verse, 
which  obtained  for  its  author  the 
sobriquet  of  "  Satan  Montgomery.") 

Satan  Is  made  to  talk  about  geography,  politics, 
newspapers,  fashionable  society,  theatres,  lord  Byron, 
and  even  Martin's  pictures. 

Satanic  School  [The],  a  class  of 
writers  in  the  earlier  part  of  the  nine- 
teenth century,  who  showed  a  scorn  for 
all  moral  rules,  and  the  generally  received 
dogmas  of  the  Christian  religion.  The 
most  eminent  English  writers  of  this 
school  were  Bulwer  (afterwards  lord 
Lytton),  Byron,  Moore,  and  P.  B.  Shelley. 
Of  French  writers  :  Paul  de  Kock,  Rous- 
seau, George  Sand,  and  Victor  Hugo. 

Immoral  writers  .  .  .  men  of  diseased  hearts  and 
depraved  imaginations,  who  (forming  a  system  of 
opmions  to  suit  their  own  unhappy  course  of  conduct) 
have  rebelled  against  the  holiest  ordinances  of  human 
society,  and  hating  revelation  which  they  try  in  vain 
to  disbelieve,  labour  to  make  others  as  miserable  as 
themselves  by  infecting  them  with  a  moral  virus  that 
eats  into  their  soul.  The  school  which  they  have  set 
up  may  properly  be  called  "The  Satanic  School." — 
Soulhey :  Vision  of  Judgment  (^tg1^.c^,  1822). 

Satire  {Father  of),  ArchilOchos  of 
Paros  (B.C.  seventh  century). 

Father  of  French  Satire,  Mathurin 
Regnier  (1573-1613)- 

Father  of  Roman  Satire,  Lucilius 
(B.C.  148-103). 

Satires  by  Pope  (1733-^738)-  His 
masterpieceSj  which  gained  him  the  name 
of  the  "  English  Horace." 

(The  Satires  of  Dr.  Donne  (1719),  and 
those  of  bishop  Hall  in  six  books,  three 
of  which  are  Toothless  Satires  and  three 
Biting  Satires,  are  pronounced  by  Pope 
to  be  the  best  in  the  language.) 

Satiro-mastix  or  The  Untrussing 
of  the  Humorous  Poet,  a  comedy  by 
Thomas  Dekker  (1602).  Ben  Jonson,  in 
1601,  had  attacked  Dekker  in  The 
Poetaster,  where  he  calls  himself 
"Horace,"  and  Dekker  "  Cris'pinus." 
Next  year  (1602)  Dekker  replied  with 
spirit  to  this  attack,  in  a  comedy  entitled 


SATYR. 

Satiro-mastix,  where   Jonson    is    called 
"  Horace,  junior." 

Satis  Honse,  the  abode  of  Miss 
Haversham,  in  Dickens's  Great  Expecta- 
tions. The  name  was  given  to  a  house 
near  Boley  Hill,  Rochester,  where  Richard 
Watts,  in  1573,  entertained  queen  Eliza- 
beth. When  the  host  apologized  for  the 
smallness  of  the  house,  the  queen  replied, 
Satis  (it  is  enough) ;  and  the  house  was  so 
called. 

Saturday,  a  fatal  day  to  the  follow- 
ing English  sovereigns  from  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Tudor  dynasty  : — 

Henry  VII.  died  Saturday,  April  21, 
1509. 

George  II.  died  Saturday,  October 
25,  1760. 

George  III.  died  Saturday,  Janiiary^ 
29,  1820,  but  of  his  fifteen  children  only 
three  died  on  a  Saturday. 

George  IV.  died  Saturday,  June  26, 
1830,  but  the  princess  Charlotte  died  on  a 
Tuesday. 

Prince  Albert  died  Saturday,  De- 
cember 14,  i86i.  The  duchess  of  Kent, 
the  duchess  of  Cambridge,  and  the 
princess  Alice  died  on  a  Saturday  also. 

•.'  William  III.  (March  8,  1702),  Anne 
(August  I,  1714),  and  George  I.  all  died 
on  a  Sunday ;  William  IV.  (June  20, 
1837)  on  a  Tuesday. 

Saturn,  son  of  Heaven  and  Earth. 
He  always  swallowed  his  children  imme- 
diately they  were  born,  till  his  wife 
Rhea,  not  liking  to  see  all  her  children 
perish,  concealed  from  him  the  birth  of 
Jupiter,  Neptune,  and  Pluto ;  and  gave 
her  husband  large  stones  instead,  which 
he  swallowed  without  knowing  the  dif- 
ference. 

Much  as  old  Saturn  ate  his  progeny ; 

For  when  his  pious  consort  gave  him  stones 

In  lieu  of  sons,  of  these  he  made  no  bones. 

Byron  :  Don  Juan,  xiv.  i  (1824). 

Satnm,  an  evil  and  malignant  planet. 

He  is  a  genius  full  of  gall,  an  author  bom  under  the 
planet  Saturn,  a  malicious  mortal,  whose  pleasure  con- 
sists in  hating  all  the  vrorld.—Lesage :  Gil  Bias,  v.  la 
(1724). 

The  children  bom  under  the  sayd  Satume  shall  be 
great  jangeleres  and  chyders  .  .  .  and  they  will  never 
forgyve  tyll  they  be  revenged  of  theyr  quarell.— 
Ptholomeus  :  Compost. 

Satyr.  T.  Woolner  calls  Charles  II. 
"Charles  the  Satyr." 

Next  flared  Charles  Satyr's  saturnalia 
Of  lady  nymphs.  . 

My  BeauHful  Lady. 

N.B. — The  most  famous  statue  of  the 
satyrs  is  that  by  PraxKtglfis  of  Athens,  in 
the  fourth  century. 


SATYRANE. 

Satyrane  [Sir),  a  blunt  but  noble 
knight,  who  helps  Una  to  escape  from  the 
fauns  and  satyrs.  — Spenser  :  Faerie  Queene, 
i.  (1590). 

And  passion,  erst  unknown,  could  gain 
The  breast  of  blunt  sir  Satyrane. 

Sir  W.  Scott. 

("  Sir  Satyrane"  is  meant  for  sir  John 
Perrot,  a  natural  son  of  Henry  VIII.,  and 
lord  deputy  of  Ireland  from  1583  to  1588. 
In  1590  he  was  imprisoned  in  the  Tower 
for  treason,  and  was  beheaded  in  1592.) 

Satyr'icon,  a  comic  romance  in  Latin, 
by  Petro'niusAr'biter,  in  the  first  century. 
Very  gross,  but  showing  great  power, 
beauty,  and  skill. 

Saul,  in  Dryden's  satire  of  Absalom 
and  Achitophel,  is  meant  for  Oliver 
Cromwell.  As  Saul  persecuted  David 
and  drove  him  from  Jerusalem,  so  Crom- 
well persecuted  Charles  II.  and  drove 
him  from  England. 

.  .  .  ere  Saul  they  chose, 
God  was  their  Icing,  and  God  they  durst  depose. 
Dryden  :  Pt.  i.  418,  419  (i68r). 

'.*  This  was  the  "divine  right"  of 
kings. 

(William  Sothern  published,  in  1807,  a 
poem  in  blank  verse  called  Saul.) 

Saul  of  Tarsus,  it  is  said  {Acts  ix. 
25),  when  he  fled  from  Damascus,  was  let 
down  over  the  wall  in  a  basket. 

IT  A  parallel  case  is  that  of  Carolstadt, 
the  image-breaker,  who,  in  1524,  would 
have  been  captured  at  Rotenbergh,  but  he 
made  his  escape  "by  being  let  down  by 
the  wall  of  the  town  in  a  basket."— 
Milman :  Ecclesiastical  History,  iv.  p. 
266. 

Saunders,  groom  of  sir  Geoffrey 
Peveril  of  the  Peak.— 5?V  W.  Scott: 
Peverilof  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Saunders  [Richard),  the  pseudonym 
of  Dr.  Franklin,  adopted  in  Poor  Richard' s 
Almanac,  begun  in  1732. 

Saunders  Sweepclean,  a  king's 
messenger  at  Knockwinnock  Castle. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Antiquary  (time, 
George  III.). 

Saunderson  [Saunders),  butler,  etc., 
to  Mr.  Cosmo  Comyne  Bradwardine 
baron  of  Bradwardine  and  TuUy  Veolan. 
— Sir  W.  Scott :   Waver  ley  (time,  George 

n.). 

Saurid,  king  of  Egypt,  say  the  Cop- 
tites  (2  syl.),  built  the  pyramids  300 
years  before  the  Flood  ;  and,  according  to 


964 


SAWNEY. 


the  same  authority,  the  following  inscrip- 
tion was  engraved  upon  one  of  them  : — 

I,  king  Saurid,  built  the  pyramids  .  .  .  and  finished 
them  in  six  years.  He  that  comes  after  me  .  .  .  let  hira 
destroy  them  in  600  if  he  can  ...  I  also  covered  them 
.  .  .  with  satin,  and  let  him  cover  them  with  matting. 
—Greaves:  Pyramidographia  (seventeenth  century) 

Saut  de  i'Allemand  [Le),  ••  du 
lit  a  la  table,  et  de  la  table  au  lit." 

Of  the  gods  I  but  ask 
That  my  life,  like  the  Leap  of  the  German,  may  be 
"  Du  lit  i  la  table,  de  la  table  au  lit." 
Moore  :  The  Fudge  Family  in  Paris,  viii.  (1818). 

Savagfe  [Captain),  a  naval  com- 
mander.— Marry  at:  Peter  Simple  (1833). 

Sav'il,  steward  to  the  elder  Loveless. 
— Beaumont  and  Fletcher :  The  Scornful 
Lady  (1616). 
(Beaumont  died  1616.) 

Savile  Row  (London).  So  called 
from  Dorothy  Savile  the  great  heiress, 
who  became,  by  marriage,  countess  of 
Burlington  and  Cork.  (See  CLIFFORD 
Street,  p.  219.) 

Sav'ille  (2  syl.),  the  friend  of  Dori- 
court.  He  saves  lady  Frances  Touch- 
wood from  Courtall,  and  frustrates  his 
infamous  designs  on  the  lady's  honour. — 
Mrs.  Cowley:  The  Belle's  Stratagem 
(1780). 

Saville  [Lord),  a  young  nobleman 
with  Chiffinch  (emissary  of  Charles  II.). 
—Sir  W.  Scott:  Peveril  of  the  Peak 
(time,  Charles  II.). 

Saviour  of  Rome.  C.  Marlus  was 
so  called  after  the  overthrow  of  the  Cimbri, 
July  30,  B.C.  loi. 

Saviour  of  the  Nations.    So  the 

duke  of  Wellington  was  termed  after  the 
overthrow  of  Bonaparte  (1769-1852). 

Oh,  Wellington  .  .  .  called  "  Saviour  of  the  Nations  I 
Byron  :  Don  Juan,  ix.  s  (1834). 

Savoy  ( The),  a  precinct  of  the  Strand 
(London),  in  which  the  Savoy  Palace 
stood.  So  called  from  Peter  earl  of 
Savoy,  uncle  of  queen  Eleanor  the  wife 
of  Henry  III.  Jean  le  Bon  of  France, 
when  captive  of  the  Black  Prince,  was 
lodged  in  the  Savoy  Palace  (1356-59). 
The  old  palace  was  burnt  down  by  the 
rebels  under  Wat  Tyler  in  1381.  Henry 
VII.  rebuilt  it  in  1505.  St.  Mary  le 
Savoy,  or  the  "Chapel  of  St.  John," 
still  stands  in  the  precinct. 

Sawney,  a  corruption  of  Sandie,  a 
contracted  form  of  Alexander.  Sawney 
means  a  Scotchman,  as  Taffy  [David]  a 
Welshman,  John  Bull  an  Englishman, 
cousin  Michael  a  German,  brother  Jona- 
than a  native  of  the  United  States  of 


SAW"7ER. 


9<5S 


SCALLOP-SHELL. 


North  America,  Micaire  a  Frenchman, 
Jean  Baptist  a  French  Canadian,  Colin 
Tampon  a  Swiss,  and  so  on. 

Saxryer  (Bo6),  a  dissipated,  strug- 
gling young  medical  practitioner,  who 
tries  to  establish  a  practice  at  Bristol, 
but  without  success.  Sam  Weller  calls 
him  "Mr.  Sawbones." — Dickens:  The 
Pickwick  Papers  (1836). 

Saxifrage  (3  syl).  So  called  from 
its  virtues  as  a  lithontriptic. 

So  saxifrage  Is  good,  and  hart's-tongue  for  the  stone, 
With  agrimony,  and  that  herb  we  call  St.  John. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xiii.  (1613). 

Saxon.  Hidgen  derives  this  word 
from  the  Latin  saxuvt,  "  a  stone."  Tliis 
reminds  one  of  Lloyd's  derivation  of 
"Ireland,"  "the  land  of  Ire,"  and  Du- 
cange's  "Saracen"  from  "  Sara  A,  Abra- 
ham's wife,"  Of  a  similar  character  are 
"  Albion  "  from  aI3:ts,  "white  ;  "  "  Picts  " 
from  pictus,  "  painted  ;  "  "  Devonshire  " 
from  Devon's  share;  "Isle  of  Wight" 
from  "  Wihtgar,  son  of  Cerdic ; " 
' '  Britain  "  from  Brutus,  a  descendant  of 
/Eneas  ;  "  Scotland  "  from  skoios,  "  dark- 
ness ; "  "  Gaul  "  (the  French)  from  gallus, 
"a  cock;"  "Dublin,"  from  dul^iu-in\ 
lin\teum\  "  questionable  linen,"  and 
so  on. 

(The  Greek  and  Latin  authors  invented 
individuals  as  name-founders  of  almost 
every  place.) 

Men  of  that  cowntree  ben  more  lyghter  and  stronger 
on  the  see  than  other  scommers  or  theeves  of  the  see 
.  .  .  and  ben  called  Saxones,  of  saxunt,  a  stone,  for 
they  ben  as  hard  as  stones. — Polycronicon,  i.  26 
('357). 

Saxon,  Drayton  says,  is  so  called  from 
an  instrument  of  war  called  by  the  Ger- 
mans handseax.  The  seax  was  a  short, 
crooked  sword. 

And  of  those  crooked  skalns  they  used  in  war  to  bear, 
Which  in  their  thundering  tongue  the  German's  hand- 

stax  name. 
They  Saxons  first  were  named. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  iv.  (1613). 

Saxon  Duke  [The),  mentioned  by 
Sam  Butler  in  his  Hudibras,  was  John 
Frederick  duke  of  Saxony,  of  whom 
Charles  V.  said,  "Never  saw  I  such  a 
swine  before." 

Say.  They  say.  Quhat  say  they  f  Let 
them  say.  This  motto  of  Mareschal 
College,  Aberdeen,  is  the  motto  of 
George  Keith,  its  founder. 

Say  and  Mean.  You  speak  like  a 
Laminak,  you  say  one  thing  and  mean 
another.  The  Basque  Laminaks 
("fairies")  always  say  exactly  the  con- 
trary to  what  they  mean. 


She  said  to  her,  "  I  must  go  from  home,  but  your 
work  is  in  the  kitchen ;  smash  the  pitcher,  break  all 
the  plates,  beat  the  children,  give  them  their  breakfast 
by  themselves,  smudge  their  faces,  and  rumple  well 
their  hair."  When  the  Lamihak  returned  home,  she 
asked  the  girl  which  she  preferred — a  bag  of  charcoal 
or  a  bag  of  gold,  a  beautiful  star  or  a  donkeys  tail? 
The  girl  made  answer,  "A  bag  of  charcoal  and  a 
donkey's  tail."  Whereupon  the  fairy  gave  her  a  bag 
of  gold  and  a  beautiful  i\.dLX.—lVebsttr :  Basque 
Legends,  53  (1876). 

Sboga  (Jean),  the  hero  of  a  romance 
by  C.  Nodier  (1818).  the  leader  of  a 
bandit,  in  the  spirit  of  lord  Byron's 
Corsair  and  Lara. 

Scadder  [General),  agent  in  the  office 
of  the  "Eden  Settlement."  His  pecu- 
liarity consisted  in  the  two  distinct  ex- 
pressions of  his  profile,  for  "  one  side 
seemed  to  be  listening  to  what  the  other 
side  was  doing." — Dickens  :  Martin 
Chuzzlewit  (1844). 

Scalds,  court  poets  and  chroniclers  of 
the  ancient  Scandinavians.  They  resided 
at  court,  were  attached  to  the  royal  suite, 
and  attended  the  king  in  all  his  wars. 
They  also  acted  as  ambassadors  between 
hostile  tribes,  and  their  persons  were  held 
sacred.  These  bards  celebrated  in  song 
the  gods,  the  kings  of  Norway,  and 
national  heroes.  Their  lays  or  vyses  were 
compiled  in  the  eleventh  century  by 
Saemund  Sigfusson,  a  priest  and  scald  of 
Iceland;  and  the  compilation  is  called 
the  Elder  or  Rhythmical  Edda. 

Scallop-Shell  [The).  Every  one 
knows  that  St.  James's  pilgrims  are  dis- 
tinguished by  scallop-shells,  but  it  is  a 
blunder  to  suppose  that  other  pilgrims 
are  privileged  to  wear  them.  Three  of 
the  popes  have,  by  their  bulls,  distinctly 
confirmed  this  right  to  the  Compostella 
pilgrim  alone  :  viz.  pope  Alexander  III., 
pope  Gregory  IX.,  and  pope  Clement  V. 

(Now,  the  escallop  or  scallop  is  a  shell- 
fish, like  an  oyster  or  large  cockle  ;  but 
Gwillim  tells  us,  what  ignorant  zoologists 
have  omitted  to  mention,  that  the  bivalve 
is  "  engendered  solely  of  dew  and  air. 
It  has  no  blood  at  all ;  yet  no  food  that 
man  eats  turns  so  soon  into  life-blood  as 
the  scallop." — Display  of  Heraldry,  171.) 

Scallop-shells  used  by  Pilgrims,  i'he 
reason  why  the  scallop-shell  is  used  by 
pilgrims  is  not  generally  known.  The 
legend  is  this :  When  the  marble  ship 
which  bore  the  headless  body  of  St. 
James  approached  Bouzas,  in  Portugal, 
it  happened  to  be  the  wedding  day  of 
the  chief  magnate  of  the  village ;  and 
while  the  bridal  party  were  at  sport,  the 
horse  of    the    bridegroom    became    un- 


SCALPING. 

manageable,  and  plunged  into  the  sea. 
The  ship  passed  over  the  horse  and  its 
rider,  and  pursued  its  onward  course, 
when,  to  the  amazement  of  all,  the  horse 
and  its  rider  emerged  from  the  water 
uninjured,  and  the  cloak  of  the  rider  was 
thickly  covered  with  scallop-shells.  All 
were  dumfounded,  and  knew  not  what  to 
make  of  these  marvels,  but  a  voice  from 
heaven  exclaimed,  "It  is  the  will  of  God 
that  all  who  henceforth  make  their  vows 
to  St.  James,  and  go  on  pilgrimage,  shall 
take  with  them  scallop-shells ;  and  all 
who  do  so  shall  be  remembered  in  the 
day  of  judgment."  On  hearing  this,  the 
lord  of  the  village,  with  the  bride  and 
bridegroom,  were  duly  baptized,  and 
Bouzas  became  a  Christian  Church. — 
Sanctoral  Portiigues  (copied  into  the 
Breviaries  of  Alcobaga  and  St.  Cucufaie). 

Cunctis  mare  cemenribus, 
Sed  a  profundo  ducitur; 
Natus  Regis  subniergitur, 
Totus  plenus  conchilibus. 

Hymn/or  St.  yamts  s  Day. 
In  s5g-ht  of  all  the  prince  went  down. 

Into  the  deep  sea  dells  ; 
In  sight  of  all  the  prince  emerged, 
Covered  with  scallop-shells. 

E.  C.  B. 

Scalpingf  [Rules for).  Tlie  Cheyennes, 
in  scalping,  remove  from  the  part  just 
over  the  left  ear,  a  piece  of  skin  not  larger 
than  a  silver  dollar.  The  Arrapahoes 
take  a  similar  piece  from  the  region  of 
the  right  ear.  Others  take  the  entire 
skin  from  the  crown  of  the  head,  the  fore- 
head, or  the  nape  of  the  neck.  The  Utes 
take  the  entire  scalp  from  ear  to  ear,  and 
from  the  forehead  to  the  nape  of  the 
neck. 

Scambister  [Erie),  the  old  butler  of 
Magnus  Troil  the  udaller  of  Zetland. — 
Sir  W.  Scott  :  The  Pirate  (time, 
William  III.). 

(A  udaller  is  one  who  holds  his  lands 
by  allodial  tenure.) 

Scandal,  a  male  character  in  Love  for 
Love,  by  Congreve  (1695). 

Scandal  {School  for),  a  comedy  by 
Sheridan  (1777). 

Scanderbeg.  So  George  Castriota,  an 
Albanian  hero,  was  called.  Amurath  II. 
gave  him  the  command  of  5000  men  ;  and 
such  was  his  daring  and  success,  that  he 
was  called  Skander  (Alexander).  In  the 
battle  of  Morava  (1443)  he  deserted 
Amurath,  and,  joining  the  Albanians, 
won  several  battles  over  the  Turks.  At 
the  instigation  of  Pius  II.  he  headed  a 
crusade  against  them,  but  died  of  a  fever, 


966 


SCAPING. 


before  Mahomet  II.  arrived  to  oppose 
him  (1404-1467). 

(Beg  or  Bey  is  Turkish  for  "  prince.") 

Scanderbe^^s  sword  needs  Scanderbe^ s 
arm.  Mahomet  II.  "the  Great"  re- 
quested to  see  the  scimitar  which  George 
Castriota  used  so  successfully  against  the 
Ottomans  in  1461.  Being  shown  it,  and 
wholly  unable  to  draw  it,  he  pronounced 
the  weapon  to  be  a  hoax,  but  received  for 
answer,  "  Scanderbeg's  sword  needs 
Scanderbeg's  arm  to  wield  it." 

IT  The  Greeks  had  a  similar  saying, 
"  None  but  Ulysses  can  draw  Ulysses's 
bow." 

IT  Robin  Hood's  bow  needed  Robin 
Hood's  arm  to  draw  it ;  and  hence  the 
proverb,  "  Many  talk  of  Robin  Hood 
that  never  shot  in  his  bow." 

Scandinavia,  Sweden  and  Norway ; 
or  Sweden,  Norway,  and  Denmark. 

Scapegoat  {The),  a  farce  by  John 
Poole,  Ignatius  Polyglot,  a  learned  pun- 
dit, master  of  seventeen  languages,  is  the 
tutor  of  Charles  Eustace,  aged  24  years. 
Charles  has  been  clandestinely  married 
for  four  years,  and  has  a  httle  son  named 
Frederick.  Circumstances  have  occurred 
which  render  the  concealment  of  this 
marriage  no  longer  decorous  or  possible, 
so  he  breaks  it  to  his  tutor,  and  conceals 
his  young  wife  for  the  nonce  in  Polyglot's 
private  room.  Here  she  is  detected  by 
the  housemaid,  Molly  Maggs,  who  tells 
her  master;  and  old  Eustace  says,  the 
only  reparation  a  man  can  make  in  such 
circumstances  is  to  marry  the  girl  at  once. 
"Just  so,"  says  the  tutor.  "  Your  son  is 
the  husband,  and  he  is  willing  at  once  to 
acknowledge  his  wife  and  infant  son." 

Scapin,  valet  of  L^andre  son  of 
seignior  G^ronte.  (See  Fourberies,  p. 
390. ) — Molitre  :  Les  Fourberies  de  Scapin 
(1671). 

J'ai,  sans  doute  re^u  du  de!  un  e^nie  assez  beau  pour 
toutes  les  fabriqiies  de  ces  gentilleses  d'esprit,  de  ces 
g-alanteries  inginieiises,  J»  qui  le  vulgaire  ignorant  donne 
le  nom  de  fourberies  ;  et  je  puis  dire,  sans  vanit^,  qu'on 
n'a  gutre  vu  d'homme  qui  fflt  plus  habile  cuvrier  de 
fessorts  et  dlntri^ues,  qui  ait  acquis  plus  degtorte  qu« 
moi  dans  ce  noble  metier. — Moliire:  Les  Fourberies 
de  Scapin,  i.  2  (1671). 

(Otway  has  made  an  English  version  of 
this  play,  called  The  Cheats  of  Scapin, 
in  which  L^andre  is  Anglicized  into 
"  Leander,"  G Bronte  is  called  "Gripe," 
and  his  friend  Argante  father  of  Zerbi- 
nette  is  called  "Thrifty"  father  of 
"Lucia.") 

Scapi'no,  the  cunning,  knavish  ser- 
vant   of   Gratiano    the  loquacious   and 


SCARAMOUCH.  9^7 

pedantic     Bolognese     doctor. — Italian 
Mask.  '    :- 

Scar'amouch,  a  braggart  and  fool, 
most  valiant  in  words,  but  constantly 
being  drubbed  by  Harlequin.  Scaranaouch 
is  a  common  character  in  Italian  farce, 
originally  meant  in  ridicule  of  the  Spanish 
don,  and  therefore  dressed  in  Spanish 
costume.  Our  clown  is  an  imbecile  old 
idiot,  and  wholly  unlike  the  dashing  pol- 
troon of  Italian  pantomime.  The  best 
"  Scaramouches "  that  ever  lived  were 
Tiberio  Fiurelli,  a  Neapolitan  (born  1608), 
and  Gandini  (eighteenth  century). 

Scarl)orougli  Warning  {A),  a 
warning  given  too  late  to  be  taken  advan- 
tage of.  Fuller  says  the  allusion  is  to 
an  event  which  occurred  in  1557,  when 
Thomas  Stafford  seized  upon  Scarborough 
Castle,  before  the  townsmen  had  any 
notice  of  his  approach.  Heywood  says  a 
' '  Scarborough  warning  "  resembles  what 
is  now  called  Lynch  law — punished  first, 
and  warned  afterwards.  Another  solution 
is  this  :  If  ships  passed  the  castle  without 
saluting  it  by  striking  sail,  it  was  custom- 
ary to  fire  into  them  a  shotted  gun,  by 
way  of  warning. 

Be  suSrly  seldom,  and  never  for  much  .  .  . 

Or  Scarborow  warning,  as  ill  I  believe, 

When  ("Sir,  I  arrest  ye")  gets  hold  of  thy  sleeve. 

Tusser  :  Five  Hundred  Points  of  Good 
Husbandry,  x.  28  (1557). 

Scarlet  {Will),  Scadlock,  or 
Scatlielocke,  one  of  the  companions 
of  Robin  Hood. 

"  Take  thy  good  bowe  in  thy  haude."  said  Robyn, 

"  Let  Moche  wend  with  the  \tkee\, 
And  so  shall  Wyllyara  Scathelocke, 
And  no  man  abyUe  with  ine.^ 

Ritson  :  Robin  Hood  Ballads,  I.  i  (1520). 
The  tinker  looking  him  about, 

Robin  his  horn  did  blow  ; 

Then  came  unto  him  little  John 

And  William  Scadlock  too. 

Dido,  ii.  7  (1656). 
And  there  of  him  they  made  a 
Good  yeoman  Robm  Hood, 
Scarlet  and  Little  John, 
And  Little  John,  hey  ho  1 

Ditto,  appendix  2  (1790). 

In  the  two  dramas  called  The  First  and 
Second  Parts  of  Robin  Hood,  by  Anthony 
Munday  and  Heivy  Chettle,  Scathlock  or 
Scadlock  is  called  the  brother  of  Will 
Scarlet. 

.  .  .  possible  that  VVarman  s  spite  .  .  .  doth  bunt  the 

lives 
Of  bonuie  Scarlet  aud  bis  brother  Scatlilock. 

Pt.  1.  (1597). 

Then  "enter  Warman,  with  Scarlet 
and  Scathlock  bounde,"  but  Warman  is 
banished,  and  the  brothers  are  liberated 
and  pardoned. 


SCHAHRIAH. 


Scarlet  Letter  ( Tfie),  a  romance  by 
N.  Hawthorne  (1850).  The  scarlet  letter 
is  A  (Adulteress)  and  is  a  badge  of  shame 
branded  on  the  heroine's  dress.  It  fur- 
nishes the  peg  on  which  the  story  hangs. 

Scarlet  Woman  {The),  popery  {Rev. 
xvii.  4). 

And  fuUninated 
Against  the  scarlet  woman  and  her  creed. 

Tennyson:  Sea  Dreams, 

Scathelocke  (2  syl.)  or  Scadlock, 

one  of  the  companions  of  Robin  Hood. 
Either  the  brother  of  Will  Scarlet  or 
another  spelling  of  the  name.  (See 
Scarlet.) 

Scavenger's  Daughter  {The),  an 
instrument  of  torture,  invented  by  sir 
WiUiam  Skevington,  lieutenant  of  the 
Tower  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  '*  Sca- 
venger "  is  a  corruption  of  Skevington. 

To  kiss  the  scavenger's  daughter,  to 
suffer  punishment  by  this  instrument  of 
torture  ;  to  be  beheaded  by  a  guillotine  or 
some  similar  instrument. 

Scazon,  plu.  Scazon'tes  (3  syl.),  a 
lame  iambic  metre,  the  last  being  a 
spondee  or  trochee  instead  of  an  iambus 
(Greek,  skazo,  "  to  halt,  to  hobble  "),  as— 

1.  Quicumque  regno  fidit,  et  magna  pOte^s. 

2.  0  Musa,  gressum  quae  volens  tratis  claudum. 

Or  in  English — 

I.  A  little  onward  lend  thy  guiding  hand. 

3.  He  unsuspicious  led  hiin ;  when  Saihson  .  .  . 

(i  is  the  usual  iambic  metre,  2  the  scazon. ) 

Sceaf  [Shee/],  one  of  the  ancestors  of 
Woden.  So  called  because  in  infancy  he 
was  laid  on  a  wheatsheaf,  and  cast  adrift 
in  a  boat ;  the  boat  stranded  on  the  shores 
of  Sleswig,and  the  infant,  being  considered 
a  gift  from  the  gods,  was  brought  up  for 
a  future  king. — Beowulf  {an  Anglo-Saxon 
epic,  sixth  century). 

Scenes  of  Clerical  Life,  a  series 
of  tales  by  George  Ehot  (Mrs.  J.  W. 
Cross,  1858). 

Scepticism  {Father  of  Modern), 
Pierre  Bayle  (1647-1706). 

Schacahac,  "  the  hare-lipped,"  a  man 
reduced  to  the  point  of  starvation,  invited 
to  a  feast  by  the  rich  Barmecide.  (For 
the  tale,  see  Barmeciide  Feast,  p.  90.) 
— Arabian  Nights  ("  The  Barber's  Sixth 
Brother").    (See  Shaccabac.) 

Schah'riah,   sultan  of  Persia.     His 

wife  being  unfaithful,  and  his  brother's 
wife  too,  Schahriah  imagined  that  no 
woman  was  virtuous.  He  resolved,  there- 
fore,  to  marry  a  fresh  wife  every  night. 


SCHAHZAMAN. 


968 


SCHOOL  FOR  WIVES. 


and  to  have  her  strangled  at  daybreak. 
Scheherazade,  the  vizier's  daughter,  mar- 
ried him  notwithstanding ;  and  contrived, 
an  hour  before  daybreak,  to  begin  a  story 
to  her  sister  in  the  sultan's  hearing,  always 
breaking  off  before  the  story  was  finished. 
The  sultan  got  interested  in  these  tales  ; 
and,  after  a  thousand  and  one  nights,  re- 
voked his  decree,  and  found  in  Schehera- 
zade a  faithful,  intelligent,  and  loving 
wife. — Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments. 

Scliah'zainan,  sultan  of  the  "  Island 
of  the  Children  of  Khal'edan,"  situate  in 
the  open  sea,  some  twenty  days'  sail  from 
the  coast  of  Persia.  This  sultan  had  a 
son,  an  only  child,  named  Camaral'za- 
man,  the  most  beautiful  of  mortals. 
Camaralzaman  married  Badoura  the  most 
beautiful  of  women,  the  only  daughter  of 
Gaiour  {2  syl.)  emperor  of  China. — 
A<rabian  Nights  ("  Camaralzaman  and 
Badoura  "). 

Schaibar  (2  syl. ),  brother  of  the  fairy 
Pari-Banou.  He  was  only  eighteen 
inches  in  height,  and  had  a  huge  hump 
both  before  and  behind.  His  beard, 
though  thirty  feet  long,  never  touched  the 
ground,  but  projected  forwards.  His 
moustaches  went  back  to  his  ears,  and 
his  little  pig's  eyes  were  buried  in  his 
enormous  head.  He  wore  a  conical  hat, 
and  carried  for  quarter-staff  an  iron  bar 
of  500  lbs.  weight  at  least. — Arabian 
Nights  ("Ahmed  and  Pari-Banou"). 

grdiamir  [The),  that  instrument  or 
agent  with  which  Solomon  wrought  the 
stones  of  the  temple,  being  forbidden  to 
use  any  metal  instrument  for  the  purpose. 
Some  say  the  Schamir'  was  a  worm  ;  some 
that  it  was  a  stone  ;  some  that  it  was  "  a 
creature  no  bigger  than  a  barleycorn, 
which  nothing  could  resist." 

Sclielierazade  [Sha-ha'-ra-zah'-de], 
the  hypothetical  relater  of  the  stories  in 
the  Arabian  Nights.  She  was  the  elder 
daughter  of  the  vizier  of  Persia.  (See 
above,  Schahriah.) 

Roused  like  the  sultana  ScheherazadI,  and  forced 
into  a  story. — Dickens  :  David  Copperfield  (1849). 

Schems'eddin  Mohammed,  elder 
son  of  the  vizier  of  Egypt,  and  brother  of 
Noureddin  Ali.  He  quarrelled  with  his 
brother  on  the  subject  of  their  two  child- 
ren's hypothetical  marriage  ;  but  the 
brothers  were  not  yet  married,  and 
children  "were  only  in  supposition." 
Noureddin  Ali  quitted  Cairo,  and  tra- 
velled to  Basora,  where  he  married  the 
vizier's  daughter,  and  on  the  very  same 


day  Schemseddin  married  the  daughter  ol 
one  of  the  chief  grandees  of  Cairo.  On 
one  and  the  same  day  a  daughter  was 
born  to  Schemseddin  and  a  son  to  his 
brother  Noureddin  Ali.  When  Schems- 
eddin's  daughter  was  20  years  old,  the 
sultan  asked  her  in  marriage,  but  the 
vizier  told  him  she  was  betrothed  to  his 
brother's  son,  Bed'reddin  Ali.  At  this 
reply,  the  sultan,  in  anger,  swore  she 
should  be  given  in  marriage  to  the 
"  ugliest  of  his  slaves,"  and  accordingly 
betrothed  her  to  Hunchback  a  groom,  both 
ugly  and  deformed.  By  a  fairy  trick, 
Bedreddin  Ali  was  substituted  for  the 
groom,  but  at  daybreak  was  conveyed  to 
Damascus.  Here  he  turned  pastry-cook, 
and  was  discovered  by  his  mother  by 
his  cheese-cakes.  Being  restored  to  his 
country  and  his  wife,  he  ended  his  life 
happily. — Arabian  Nights  ("  Noureddin 
Ali,"  etc.).  (See  Chekse-Cakes,  p.  199.) 

Schemsel'nihar,  the  favourite  sul- 
tana of  Haroun-al-Raschid  caliph  of 
Bagdad.  She  fell  in  love  with  Aboul- 
hassan  Ali  ebn  Becar  prince  of  Persia. 
From  the  first  moment  of  their  meeting 
they  began  to  pine  for  each  other,  and 
fell  sick.  Though  miles  apart,  they  died 
at  the  same  hour,  and  were  both  buried 
in  one  grave. — Arabian  Nights  {"  ^^,kiov\ 
hassan  and  Schemselnihar  "). 

Sclilemilil  [Peter),  the  hero  of  a 
popular  German  legend.  Peter  sells  his 
shadow  to  an  "old  man  in  grey,"  who 
meets  him  while  fretting  under  a  dis- 
appointment. The  name  is  a  household 
term  for  one  who  makes  a  desperate  and 
silly  bargain. — Chamisso  :  Peter  Schle- 
mihl  [1812). 

Scliolastic  [The),  Epipha'nius,  an 
Italian  scholar  (sixth  century). 

Scliolastic  Doctor  [The),  Anselm 
of  Laon  (1050-1117). 

Sclioley  [Lawrence),  servant  at 
Burgh-Westra.  His  father  is  Magnus 
Troil  the  udaller  of  Zetland.— 5z>  PV. 
Scott:  The  Pirate  (time,  William  III,). 

(Udaller  is  one  wh»  holds  land  by 
allodial  tenure.) 

Schonfelt,  lieutenant  of  sir  Archibald 
von  Hagenbach  a  German  noble. — Sir 
W.  Scott :  Anne  of  Geier stein  (time,  Ed- 
ward IV.). 

School  for  Scandal.  (See  Scan- 
dal, p.  966.) 

School    for    Wives    [Uicole    des 


SCHOOL  OF  HUSBANDS. 

Femmes,  "  training  for  wives"),  a  comedy 
by  Molifere  (1662).  Arnolphe  has  a 
crotchet  about  the  proper  training  of  girls 
to  make  good  wives,  and  tries  his  scheme 
upon  Agnes,  whom  he  adopts  from  a 
peasant's  cottage,  and  designs  in  due  time 
to  make  his  wife.  He  sends  her  from  early 
childhood  to  a  convent,  where  difference 
of  sex  and  the  conventions  of  society  are 
wholly  ignored.  When  removed  from 
the  convent,  she  treats  men  as  if  they 
were  school-girls,  kisses  them,  plays  with 
them,  and  treats  them  with  girlish 
familiarity.  The  consequence  is,  a  young 
man  named  Horace  falls  in  love  with 
her,  and  makes  her  his  wife,  but  Arnolphe 
loses  his  pains. 

Chacun  a  sa  mdthode 
En  femme,  comme  en  tout,  je  veux  suivrema  mode  .  • . 
Un  air  doux  et  pos6,  parmi  d'autres  enfants, 
M'inspira  de  Tamour  pour.elle  dfes  quatre  ans; 
Sa  mfere  se  trouvant  de  pauvret^  presde, 
De  la  lui  demander  il  me  vint  en  pens^e  ; 
Et  la  bonne  paysaime,  apprenant  mon  desire, 
A  s'dter  cette  charge  eut  beaucoup  de  plaisir. 


969 


SCIPIO. 


bans  un  petit  couvent,  loin  de  toute  pratique, 
clever  selon  ma  politique. 
Afoliire:  L'^coU  des  Femmes,  act  i.  i  (1663). 


School  of  Husbands  {Licole  des 
Maris, ' '  wives  trained  by  men" ),  a  comedy 
by  Moli^re  (1661),  Ariste  and  Sgana- 
relle,  two  brothers,  bring  up  L6onor  and 
Isabelle,  two  orphan  sisters,  according  to 
their  systems  for  making  them  in  time 
their  model  wives.  Sganarelle's  system 
was  to  make  the  women  dress  plainly, 
live  retired,  attend  to  domestic  duties, 
and  have  few  indulgences.  Ariste's 
system  was  to  give  the  woman  great 
liberty,  and  trust  to  her  honour.  Isabelle, 
brought  up  by  Sganarelle,  deceived  him 
and  married  another;  but  L6onor,  brought 
up  by  Ariste,  made  him  a  fond  and  faith- 
fi5  wife.     Sganarelle's  plan — 

J'entend  que  la  mlenne  vlve  a  ma  fantasie— 
Que  d'une  serge  honndte  elle  ait  son  v^tement, 
Et  ne  porte,  le  noir  gu'  aux  bons  jours  seulement  j 
Ou'  enferm^e  au  logis,  en  i)ersonne  bien  sage. 


ju  enfermee  au  logis,  en  i)ersonne  bien  sage 
iUe  s'applique  toute  aux  choses  du  manage, 
V  recoudre  mon  linge  aux  heures  de  loisir, 


u'  aux  discours  des  muguets  elle  ferme  I'oreille, 
sorte  jamais  sans  avoir  qui  la  veille. 


Ariste's  plan — 

Leur  sexe  aime  k  jouir  d'un  peu  de  liberty ; 
On  le  retient  fort  mal  par  tant  d'aust^rit* ; 
Et  les  soins  d^fiants,  les  verroux  et  les  grilles, 
Ne  font  pas  la  vertu  des  femmes  ni  des  nlles ; 
C'est  I'honneur  qui  les  doit  tenir  dans  le  devoir, 
Non  la  s6v6rit6  que  nous  leur  faisons  voir  .  .  . 
Je  trouve  que  le  coeur  est  ce  qu'il  faut  gagner. 

Moliire:  L'AoU  des  Maris,  act!.  2  (i66i). 

Schoolmen.  (For  a  list  of  the 
schoolmen  of  each  of  the  three  periods, 
see  Dictonary  of  Phrase  and  Fable,  mo. ) 

Schoolmistress  [The),  a  poem  in 
Spenserian  metre,  by  Shenstone  ( 1737  and 


1742).  The  "  schoolmistress"  was  Sarah 
Lloyd,  who  taught  the  poet  himself  in 
infancy.  She  lived  in  a  thatched  cottage, 
before  which  grew  a  birch  tree,  to  which 
allusion  is  made  in  the  poem. 

There  dwells,  in  lowly  shed,  and  mean  attire, 

A  matron  old,  whom  we  schoolmistress  name  .  .  . 

And  all  in  sight  doth  rise  a  birchen  tree. 

Stanzas  9.  3. 

Schreckenwald  [Ital),  steward  of 
count  Albert. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Anne  of 
Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Schrimner,  the  hog  which  is  daily 
roasted  and  eaten  in  Walhalla,  but  which 
becomes  entire  every  morning. — Scandi- 
navian Mythology.  (See  RuSTlCUS's 
Pig,  p.  942.) 

Schwanker  {Jonas),  jester  of  Leo- 
pold archduke  of  Austria. — Sir  VV. 
Scott:  The  Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Scian  Muse  ( The),  Simon'idgs,  bom 
at  Scia  or  Cea,  now  Zia,  one  of  the 
Cyclades. 

The  Scian  and  the  Telan  Muse  [Anacreon\  .  .  . 
Have  found  the  fame  your  shores  refuse. 
Byron:  Don  yuan,  iiL  ("The  Isles  of  Greece,"  iSao). 

Science  ( The  prince  ^,Tehuhe, ' '  The 
Aristotle  of  China  "  (died  A.D.  1200). 

Scio  (now  called  Chios),  one  of  the 
seven  cities  which  claimed  to  be  the 
birthplace  of  Homer.  Hence  he  is 
sometimes  called  "  Scio's  Blind  Old 
Bard."  The  seven  cities  referred  to 
make  an  hexameter  verse — 

Smyrna,  Chios,   Colophdn,  Salamis,   Rhodos,  Argos, 

Alhenae  ;  or 
Smyrna,    Chios,    Colophdn,    IthacA,    Pylos,    Argos, 

Athenae. 

Anti/iater  Sidonius  :  A  Greek  Epigram. 

Sciol'to  (3  syl.),  a  proud  Genoese 
nobleman,  the  father  of  Calista.  Calista 
was  the  bride  of  Altamont,  a  young  man 
proud  and  fond  of  her,  but  it  was  dis- 
covered on  the  wedding  day  that  she 
had  been  seduced  b^  Lothario.  This 
led  to  a  series  of  calamities  :  (i)  Lothario 
was  killed  in  a  duel  by  Altamont ;  (2) 
a  street  riot  was  created,  in  which  Sciolto 
received  his  death-wound ;  and  (3)  Ca- 
lista stabbed  herself. — Rowe :  The  Fair 
Penitent  (1703). 

(In  Italian,  Sciolto  forms  but  two 
syllables,  but  Rowe  has  made  it  three  in 
every  case.) 

Scipio  "  dismissed  the  Iberian  maid  " 
[Milton:  Paradise  Regained,  il.).  The 
poet  refers  to  the  tale  of  Scipio's  restoring 
a  captive  princess  to  her  lover  AUucius, 
and  giving  to  her,  as  a  wedding  present, 
the  money  of  her  ransom.  (See  Conti- 
nence, p.  232.) 


SCIPIO. 

During  his  command  in  Spain,  a  circumstance  oc- 
curred  which  contributed  more  to  his  fame  and  glory 
than  all  his  military  exploits.  At  the  taking  of  New 
Carthage,  a  lady  of  extraordinary  beauty  was  brought 
to  Scipio,  who  found  himself  greatly  affected  by  her 
charms.  Understanding,  however,  that  she  was  be- 
trothed to  a  Celtiberian  prince  named  Allucius,  he 
resolved  to  conquer  his  rising  passion,  and  sent  her  to 
her  lover  without  recompense.  A  silver  shield,  on 
which  this  interesting  event  is  depicted,  was  found  in 
the  river  Rhone  by  some  fishermen  in  the  seventeenth 
century. — Goldsmith:  History  »/  Ronu,  xiv.  3. 
(Whittaker's  Improved  edition  contains  a  facsimile  of 
the  shield  on  p.  215.) 

Scipio,  son  of  the  gipsy  woman  Cos- 
collna  and  the  soldier  Torribio  Scipio. 
Scipio  becomes  the  secretary  of  Gil  Bias, 
and  settles  down  with  him  at  "  the  castle 
ofLirias."  His  character  and  adventures 
are  very  similar  to  those  of  Gil  Bias  him- 
self, but  he  never  rises  to  the  same  level. 
Scipio  begins  by  being  a  rogue,  who 
pilfered  and  plundered  all  who  employed 
him,  but  in  the  service  of  Gil  Bias  he 
was  a  model  of  fidelity  and  integrity. — 
Lesage  :  Gil  Bias  (1715). 

Sciro'nian  Rocks,  between  Meg'ara 
and  Corinth.  So  called  because  the 
bones  of  Sciron.  the  robber  of  Attica, 
were  changed  into  these  rocks,  when 
Theseus  (2  syl.)  hurled  him  from  a  cliff 
into  the  sea.  It  was  from  these  rocks 
that  Ino  cast  herself  into  the  Corinthian 
bay. — Greek  Fable. 

Scirnm.  The  men  of  Scirum  used 
to  shoot  against  the  stars. 

Like  .  .  .  men  of  wit  bcreaven. 
Which  howle  and  shoote  against  the  lights  of  heaven. 
W.  Browne:  Britannia's  Pastorals,  iv.  (1613). 

ScobelllUU,  a  very  fruitful  land,  the 
inhabitants  of  which  were  changed  into 
beasts  by  the  vengeance  of  the  gods. 
The  drunkards  were  turned  into  swine, 
the  lechers  into  goats,  the  proud  into 
peacocks,  shrews  into  magpies,  gamblers 
into  asses,  musicians  into  song-birds,  the 
envious  into  dogs,  idle  women  into  milch 
cows,  jesters  into  monkeys,  dancers  into 
squirrels,  and  misers  into  moles. 

They  exceeded  cannibals  in  cruelty,  the  Persians  in 
pride,  the  Egyptians  in  luxury,  the  Cretans  in  lying, 
the  Germans  m  drunkenness,  and  al!  in  wickedness. — 
^trf/iyCR.  Johnson]:  The  Seven  Champions 0/ Chris- 
tendcm.  Hi.  10  (1617). 

Scog'au  (Henry),  M.A.,  a  poet  con- 
temporary with  Chaucer.  He  lived  in 
the  reigns  of  Richard  H.,  Henry  IV., 
and  probably  Henry  V.  Among  the 
gentry  who  had  letters  of  protection  to 
attend  Richard  II.  in  his  expedition  into 
Ireland,  in  1399,  is  "  Henricus  Scogan, 
Armiger." — Tyrwhitfs    Chaucer,    v.    15 

Scogan  J    What  was  he  f 
Oh,  a  fine  gentleman,  and  a  master  of  arts 


970  SCOGAN'S  JEST. 

Of  Henry  the  Fourth's  time,  that  made  disguises 
For  the  king's  sons,  and  writ  in  ballad  royd 
Daintily  well. 

Ben  yonson  :  Tht  Fortuiuite  Isles  (1626). 

Scogfan  (John),  the  favourite  jester 
and  buffoon  of  Edward  IV.  "  Scogan's 
jests  "  were  published  by  Andrew  Borde, 
a  physician  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII. 

The  same  sir  John  [Falstajg^  the  very  same.  I  saw 
him  break  Skogan's  head  at  the  court-gate,  when  he 
was  a  crack  not  thus  tCxz^i.— Shakespeare :  a  Henry 
IV.  act  iii.  »c.  2  (1598). 

N.  B.  —  Shakespeare  has  confounded 
Henry  Scogan,  M.A.,  the  poet,  who  lived 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  IV.,  with  John 
Scogan  the  jester,  who  lived  about  a 
century  later,  in  the  reign  of  Edward  IV. ; 
and,  of  course,  sir  John  Falstaff  could  not 
have  known  him  when  "he  was  a  mere 
crack." 

Scogfan's  Jest.  Scogan  and  some 
companions,  being  in  lack  of  money, 
agreed  to  the  following  trick  :  A  peasant, 
driving  sheep,  was  accosted  by  one  of  the 
accomplices,  who  laid  a  wager  that  his 
sheep  were  hogs,  and  agreed  to  abide  by 
the  decision  of  the  first  person  they  met. 
This,  of  course,  was  Scogan,  who  instantly 
gave  judgnient  against  the  herdsman. 

IT  A  similar  joke  is  related  in  the  Hito- 
padesa,  an  abridged  version  of  Pilpay's 
Fables.  In  this  case  the  "  peasant "  is 
represented  by  a  Brahmin  carrying  a 
goat,  and  the  joke  was  to  persuade  the 
Brahmin  that  he  was  carrying  a  dog. 
' '  How  is  this,  friend,"  says  one, "  that  you, 
a  Brahmin,  carry  on  your  back  such  an 
unclean  animal  as  a  dog?"  "  It  is  not  a 
dog,"  says  the  Brahmin,  "but  a  goat ;  " 
and  trudged  on.  Presently  another  made 
the  same  remark,  and  the  Brahmin,  be- 
ginning to  doubt,  took  down  the  goat  to 
look  at  it.  Convinced  that  the  creature 
was  really  a  goat,  he  went  on,  when 
presently  a  third  made  the  same  re- 
mark. The  Brahmin,  now  fully  persuaded 
that  his  eyes  were  befooling  him,  threw 
down  the  goat  and  went  away  without  it ; 
whereupon  the  three  companions  took 
possession  of  it  and  cooked  it. 

IT  In  Thyl  Eulenspiegel  we  have  a 
similar  hoax.  Eulenspiegel  sees  a  man 
with  a  piece  of  green  cloth,  which  he  re- 
solves to  obtain.  He  employs  two  con- 
federates, both  priests.  Says  Eulenspiegel 
to  the  man,  "  What  a  famous  piece  of 
blue  cloth  I  Where  did  you  get  it?" 
"Blue,  you  fool  I  why,  it  is  green." 
After  a  short  contention,  a  bet  is  made, 
and  tfie  question  in  dispute  is  referred  to 
the  first  comer.  This  was  a  confederate, 
and  he  at  once  decided  that  the  cloth  was 


SCONE. 


971  SCOTLAND  A  FIEF  OF  ENGLAND. 


blue.  "  You  are  both  in  the  same  boat," 
says  the  man,  "  which  I  will  prove  by  the 
priest  yonder."  The  question  being  put 
to  the  priest,  is  decided  against  the  man, 
and  the  three  rogues  divide  the  cloth 
amongst  them. 

IF  Another  version  is  in  novel  8  of  For- 
tini.  The  joke  was  that  certain  kids  he 
had  for  sale  were  capons.  {See  Dunlop  : 
History  of  Fiction,  viii.,  article  *'Ser 
Giovanni.") 

(Dr.  Andrew  Borde  published,  in  1626, 
a  collection  oi  faceiice  which  he  called 
"Scogan's  jests,"  after  Scogan,  the 
favourite  court  fool  of  Edward  IV.  See 
Miller,  Joe,  p.  706.) 

Scone  {Skoon]  Stone,  a  palladian 
stone.  The  tradition  is  that  it  was  the 
"  pillow  "  on  which  the  Patriarch  Jacob 
slept  at  Bethel  It  was  transported  to 
Egypt ;  Gathelus  (son  of  Cecrops  king 
of  Athens),  who  married  Scotia  (daughter 
of  the  pharaoh),  alarmed  at  the  fame  of 
Moses,  fled  to  Brigantia,  in  Spain,  carry- 
ing the  stone  with  him,  as  a  palladium  ; 
Simon  Brech  (the  favourite  son  of  Milo 
the  Scot)  carried  it  from  Brigantia  to 
Ireland.  1 1  was  afterwards  heaved  into  the 
sea  for  an  anchor  during  a  violent  storm, 
and  when  the  sea  lulled  it  was  set  on  the 
Hill  of  Tara  (Ireland),  and  became  the 
Liafail  or  "  stone  of  destiny,"  and  on  it 
Fergus  Eric  and  his  descendants  were 
crowned.  Fergus  (who  led  the  Dalriads 
to  Argyllshire,  and  became  the  founder  of 
the  Scottish  monarchy)  removed  it  to 
Dunstoffnage,  and  as  the  Scotch  migrated 
eastwards  they  carried  the  stone  with  them, 
and,  in  840,  set  it  up  in  Scone.  Here  it 
was  encased  in  a  wooden  chair  and 
placed  beside  a  cross  on  the  east  of  the 
"monastic  ceremony."  The  kings  of 
Scotland,  at  their  coronation,  were  seated 
on  this  chair  by  the  earls  of  Fife,  and  it 
was  made  the  Sedes  principalis  of  Scot- 
land, so  that  the  kings  of  Scotland  were 
called  "  the  kings  of  Scone,"  and  Perth 
was  their  capital.  Edward  I.: took  it  to 
London,  and  it  still  remains  in  West- 
minster Abbey,  where  it  forms  the  support 
of  Edward  the  Confessor's  chair,  the 
coronation  chair  of  the  British  monarchs. 

Ni  faUat  fatum,  Scoti,  quocunque  locatum 
Invenient  lapideni,  reg:iiare  tenentur  ibidem. 

Lardner :  History  of  Scotland,  L  67  (1832), 

Where  er  this  stone  Is  placed,  the  fates  decree, 
The  Scottish  race  shall  there  tlie  sovereigns  be. 

(Of  course,  the  "Scottish  race"  is 
the  dynasty  of  the  Stuarts  and  their 
successors.) 


Scotch  Guards,  in  the  service  of  the 
French  kings,  were  called  his  garde  du 
corps.  The  origin  of  the  guard  was  this  : 
When  St.  Louis  entered  upon  his  first 
crusade,  he  was  twice  saved  from  death 
by  the  valour  of  a  small  band  of  Scotch 
auxiliaries  under  the  commands  of  the 
earls  of  March  and  Dunbar,  Walter 
Stewart,  and  sir  David  Lindsay.  In 
gratitude  thereof,  it  was  resolved  that 
"  a  standing  guard  of  Scotchmen,  recom- 
mended by  the  king  of  Scotland,  should 
evermore  form  the  body-guard  of  the 
king  of  France."  This  decree  remained 
in  force  for  five  centuries. — Grant :  The 
Scottish  Cavalier,  xx. 

Sco'tia  Scotland;  sometimes  called 
"Scotia  Minor."  The  Venerable  Bede 
tells  us  that  Scotland  was  called  Cale- 
donia till  A.D.  258,  when  it  was  invaded 
by  a  tribe  from  Ireland,  and  its  name 
changed  to  Scotia. 

Scotia  Magna  or  Major,  Ireland. 

Scotland.  So  called,  according  to 
legend,  from  Scota  daughter  of  Pharaoh. 
What  gives  this  legend  especial  interest 
is,  that  when  Edward  I.  laid  claim  to  the 
country  as  a  fief  of  England,  he  pleaded 
that  Brute  the  British  king,  in  the  days 
of  Eli  and  Samuel,  had  conquered  it. 
The  Scotch,  in  their  defence,  pleaded 
their  independence  in  virtue  of  descent 
from  Scota  daughter  of  Pharaoh.  This 
is  not  fable,  but  sober  history. — Rymer : 
Fcedera,  I.  ii.  (1703). 

Scotland  Yard  (London).  So  called 
from  a  palace  which  stood  there  for  the 
reception  of  the  king  of  Scotland  when 
he  came  to  England  to  pay  homage  to 
his  over-lord  the  king  of  England. 

Scotland  a  Fief   of   England. 

When  Edward  I.  laid  claim  to  Scotland 
as  a  fief  of  the  English  crown,  his  great 
plea  was  that  it  was  awarded  to  Adelstan 
by  direct  miracle,  and,  therefore,  could 
never  be  alienated.  His  advocates  seri- 
ously read  from  The  Life  and  Miracles 
of  St.  John  of  Beverley  this  extract : 
Adelstan  went  to  drive  back  the  Scotch, 
who  had  crossed  the  border,  and,  on 
reaching  the  Tyne,  St.  John  of  Beverley 
appeared  to  him,  and  bade  him  cross  the 
river  at  daybreak.  Adelstan  obeyed,  and 
reduced  the  whole  kingdom  to  submission. 
On  reaching  Dunbar,  in  the  return  march, 
Adelstan  prayed  tliat  some  sign  might  be 
given,  to  testify  to  all  ages  that  God  Had 
delivered  the  kingdom  into  his  hands. 


SCOTLAND'S  SCOURGE. 

Whereupon  he  was  commanded  to  strike 
the  basaltic  rock  with  his  sword.  This 
did  he,  and  the  blade  sank  into  the  rock 
"as  if  it  had  been  butter,"  cleaving  it 
asunder  for  "an  ell  or  more."  As  the 
cleft  remains  to  the  present  hour,  in  testi- 
mony of  this  miracle,  why,  of  course,  cela 
va  sans  dire. — Rymer:  Fcedera,  I.  i,  771 
(1703). 

Scotland's  Scourge,  Edward  I. 
Scotdrum  Malleus  (1239,  1272-1307). 
His  son,  Edward  II.,  buried  him  in 
Westminster  Abbey,  where  his  tomb  is 
still  to  be  seen,  with  the  following  inscrip- 
tion : — 

Edwardus  Longus,  Scotorum  Malleus,  hie  est. 
(Our  Longshanks,  "Scotland's  Scourge,"  lies  here.) 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xvii.  (1613). 
So    Longshanks,    Scotland's  Scourge,  the  land  laid 
waste. 

Ditto,  xxix.  (1622). 

Scots  [scuite,  "a  wanderer,  a  rover  "], 
the  inhabitants  of  the  western  coast  of 
Scotland.  As  this  part  is  very  hilly  and 
barren,  it  is  unfit  for  tillage  ;  and  the  in- 
habitants used  to  live  a  roving  life  on  the 
produce  of  the  chase,  their  chief  employ- 
ment being  the  rearing  of  cattle. 

The  Caledonians  became  divided  into  two  distinct 
nations  .  .  .  those  on  the  western  coast  which  was  hilly 
and  barren,  and  those  towards  the  east  where  the  land 
is  fit  for  tillage.  ...  As  the  employment  of  the  former 
did  not  fix  them  to  one  place,  they  removed  from  one 
heath  to  another,  as  suited  best  with  their  convenience 
or  inclination,  and  were  called  by  their  neighbours 
Saiite,  or  the  "wandering  nation." — Dissertation  on 
the  Poems  o/Ossian. 

Scots  [The  Royal).  The  hundred 
cuirassiers,  called  hommes  des  armes, 
which  formed  the  body-guard  of  the 
French  king,  were  sent  to  Scotland  in 
1633  by  Louis  XIII.,  to  attend  the  coro- 
nation of  Charles  I.  at  Edinburgh.  On 
the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war,  eight  years 
afterwards,  these  cuirassiers  loyally  ad- 
tiered  to  the  crown,  and  received  the  title 
of  "  The  Royal  Scots."  At  the  downfall 
of  the  king,  the  hommes  des  armes  re- 
turned to  France. 

Scott  {Sir  Walter),  the  novelist  and 
poet  (1771-1832). 

The  Southern  Scott.  Ariosto  is  so 
called  by  lord  Byron. 

First  rose 
The  Tuscan  father's  "comedy  divine  "  [_Dantfl; 
Then,  not  unequal  to  the  Florentine, 
The  southern  Scott,  the  minstrel  who  called  forth 
A  new  creation  with  his  magic  line. 
And,  like  the  Ariosto  of  the  North  [sir  IV.  Scott\ 
Sang  ladye-love  and  war,  romance  and  knightly  worth. 
Byron  :  Childt  Harold,  iv.  40  (1817). 

(Dantg  was  born  at  Florence. ) 
The  Walter  Scott  of  Belgium,  Hendrick 
Conscience  {nineteenth  century). 


972 


SCOURGE  OF  GOD. 


The  Swiss  Walter  Scott,  2k)schokke 
(1771-1848). 

Scottish  Auacreon  [The).  Alex- 
ander Scot  is  so  called  by  Pinkerton. 

Scottish.  Boanerges  ( The),  Robert 
and  James  Haldane.  Robert  died  1842, 
aged  79,  and  James  1851. 

Scottish  Chiefs  [The),  a  novel  by 
Jane  Porter  (1810).  Robert  Bruce  and 
William  Wallace  are  introduced. 

Scottish  Hogarth  [The),  David 
Allen  (1744-1796). 

Scottish  Homer  { The),  William 
Wilkie,  author  of  an  epic  poem  in  rhyme 
entitled  The  Epigoniad  {1753). 

Scottish  Solomon  ( The),  James  VI. 
of  Scotland,  subsequently  called  James  I. 
of  England  (1566,  1603-1625). 

(The  French  Sully  more  aptly  called 
him  ' '  The  Wisest  Fool  in  Christen- 
dom.") j 

Scottish  Teniers  [The),  sir  David 
Wilkie  (1785-1841). 

Scottish  Theoc'ritos  [The),  Allan 
Ramsay  (1685-1758). 

Scotlis.  There  were  two  schoolmen  i 
of  this  name  :  (i)  John  Scotus  Erigena,  a 
native  of  Ireland,  who  died  886,  in  the 
reign  of  king  Alfred  ;  and  (2)  John  Duns 
Scotus,  a  Scotchman,  who  died  1308. 
Longfellow  confounds  these  two  in  his 
Golden  Legend  when  he  attributes  the 
Latin  version  of  St.  Dionysius  the  Area- 
pagite  to  the  latter  schoolman. 

And  done  into  Latin  by  that  Scottish  beast, 
Erigena  Johannes. 

Longjellow  :  The  Golden  Le^^eiid  (1851). 

Scourers,  a  class  of  dissolute  young 
men,  often  of  the  better  class,  who  in- 
fested the  streets  of  London  in  the  seven- 
teenth century,  and  thought  it  capital  fun 
to  break  windows,  upset  sedan-chairs, 
beat  quiet  citizens,  and  molest  young 
women.  These  young  blades  called  them- 
selves at  different  times,  Muns,  Hectors, 
Scourers,  Nickers,  Hawcubites,  and  Mo- 
hawks or  Mohocks. 

Scourge  of  Christians  (The), 
Noureddin-Mahmftd  of  Damascus  (nI6^- 
II 74). 

Scourge  cf  Godi  [The),  Attila  king 
of  the  Huns,  called  Flagellum  Dei  (*, 
434-453).  Genseric  king  of  the  Vandals 
was  called  Vtrga  Dei  {*,  reigned  429- 
477). 


SCOURGE  OF  PRINCES. 

Scoiu'&fe  of  Princes  (TAe),  Pietro 
Aretino  of  Arezzo,  a  merciless  satirist  of 
kings  and  princes,  but  very  obscene  and 
licentious.  He  called  himself,  "  Aretino 
the  Divine"  (1492-1557). 

Thus  Aretia  of  late  got  reputation 
By  scourging  kings,  as  Luciau  did  of  old 
By  scorning  gods. 
Brooke  :  inquisition  upon  Fanu  (1554-1628). 

H  Suidas  called  Lucian  "The  Blas- 
phemer ;  "  and  he  added  that  he  was 
torn  to  pieces  by  dogs  for  his  impiety. 
Some  of  his  works  attack  the  heathen 
philosophy  and  religion.  His  Jupiter 
Co«z//V/<;<^  shows  Jupiter  to  be  powerless, 
and  Jupiter  the  rragedian  shows  Jupiter 
and  the  other  gods  to  be  myths  (120- 
200). 

Scourgfe  of  Scotland,  Edward  I. 
Scotdru7n  Malleus  (1239,  1272-1307). 

Scrape-All,  a  soapy,  psalm-singing 
hypocrite,  who  combines  with  Cheatly  to 
supply  young  heirs  with  cash  at  most 
exorbitant  usury.  (SeeCHEATLY,  p.  199.) 
— Shadwell:  Squire  of  Alsatia  (1688). 

Scrape  on.  Gentlemen.  Hadrian 
went  once  to  the  public  baths,  and, 
seeing  an  old  soldier  scraping  himself 
with  a  potsherd  for  want  of  a  flesh-brush, 
sent  him  a  sum  of  money.  Next  day, 
the  bath  was  crowded  with  potsherd 
scrapers ;  but  the  emperor  said  when  he 
saw  them,  "Scrape  on,  gentlemen,  but 
you  will  not  scrape  an  acquaintance  with 
me." 

Scribble,  an  attorney's  clerk,  who 
tries  to  get  married  to  Polly  Honey- 
combe,  a  silly,  novel-struck  girl,  but  well 
off.  He  is  happily  foiled  in  his  scheme, 
and  Polly  is  saved  from  the  consequences 
of  a  most  unsuitable  match. — Colman  the 
Elder:  Polly  Honeycombe  {1760). 

Scrible'rus  {Cornelius),  father  of 
Martinus.  He  was  noted  for  his  pe- 
dantry, and  his  odd  whims  about  the 
education  of  his  son. 

Martinus  Scriblerus,  a  man  of  capacity, 
who  had  read  everything  ;  but  his  judg- 
ment was  worthless,  and  his  taste  per- 
verted.— ij)  Arbuthnot :  Memoirs  of  the 
Extraordinary  Life,  Works,  and  Dis- 
coveries of  Martinus  Scriblerus. 

N.B. — These  "memoirs"  were  in- 
tended to  be  the  first  instalment  of  a 
general  satire  on  the  false  taste  iji  litera- 
ture prevalent  in  the  time  of  Pope.  The 
only  parts  of  any  moment  that  were 
written  of  this  intended  series  were 
Pope's  Treatise  of  the  Bathos  or  Art  of 


973 


SCRIPTORES  TRES. 


Sinking  in  Poetry,  and  his  Memoirs  at 
P.  P.,  Clerk  of  this  Parish  (1727),  in 
ridicule  of  Dr.  Burnet's  History  of  His 
Own  Time.  The  Dunciad  is,  however, 
preceded  by  a  Prolegomena,  ascribed  to 
Martinus  Scriblerus,  and  contains  hia 
notes  and  illustrations  on  the  poem,  thus 
connecting  this  merciless  satire  with  the 
original  design. 

Scriever  {Jock),  the  apprentice  of 
Duncan  Macwheeble  (bailie  at  Tully 
Veolan  to  Mr.  Cosmo  Comyne  Bradwar- 
dine  baron  of  Bradwardine  and  Tully 
Veolan).— ^fo//.-  Waverley  {i\mt,  George 

Scriptores  Decern,  a  collection  of 
ten  ancient  chronicles  on  English  history, 
in  one  vol.  folio,  Lx>ndon,  1652,  edited 
by  Roger  Twysden  and  John  Selden. 
The  volume  contains  :  (i)  Simeon  Du- 
nelmensis  [Simeon  of  Durham],  Historia  ; 
(2)  Johannes  Hagustaldensis  [John  of 
Hexham  J,  Historia  Continuata ;  (3)  Ri- 
chardus  Hagustaldensis  [Richard  of 
Hexham],  De  Gestis  Regis  Stephani ;  (4). 
Ailredus  Rievallensis  [Ailred  of  Rievalj, 
Historia  (genealogy  of  the  kings) ;  (c) 
Radulphus  de  Diceto  [Ralph  of  DicetoJ, 
Abbreviationes  Chronicorum  and  Ymagt- 
nes  Historiarwn ;  (6)  Johannes  Bromp- 
ton,  Chronicon  :  (7)  Gervasius  Doroborn- 
ensis  [Gervase  of  Dover],  Chronica,  etc. 
(burning  and  repair  of  Dover  Church ; 
contentions  between  the  monks  of  Can- 
terbury and  archbishop  Baldwin ;  and 
lives  of  the  archbishops  of  Canterbury) ; 

(8)  Thomas  Stubbs  (a  dominican),  Chro- 
nica Pontifcum  ecc.  Eboraci  [i.e.  York]  ; 

(9)  Guilielmus  Thorn  Cantuariensis  [of 
Canterbury],  Chronica;  and  (10)  Henri- 
cus  Knighton  Leicestrensis  [of  Leicester], 
Chronica.  <The  last  three  are  chronicles 
of  "  pontiffs  '  or  archbishops.) 

Scriptores  Qninque,  better  known 
as  Scriptores  post  Bedam,  published  at 
Frankfurt,  1601,  in  one  vol.  folio,  and 
containing:  (i)  Willielm  Malmesburien- 
sis,  De  Gestis  Regum  Anglorum,  Historia 
Novellce,  and  De  Gestis  Pontifcum  An- 
glorum ;  (2)  Henry  Huntindoniensis, 
Historia ;  (3)  Roger  Hovedeni  [Hove- 
den],  Annates ;  (4)  Ethelwerd,  Chronica, 
and  (5)  Ingulphus  Croylandensis  [of  Croy- 
landj,  Historia. 

Scriptores  Tres,  three  "  hypo- 
thetical" writers  on  ancient  history, 
which  Dr.  Bertram  professed  to  have 
discovered  between  the  years  1747  and 
1757.    They  are  called  Richardus  Corin- 


SCRIPTORES  POST  BEDAM.        974 


SCRUPLE. 


ensis  [of  Cirencester],  De  Situ  Britan- 
nice;  Gildas  Badonlcus ;  and  Nennius 
Banchorensis  [of  Bangor].  J.  E.  Mayor, 
in  his  preface  to  Ricarai  de  Cirencestria 
Speculum  Historiale,  has  laid  bare  this 
literary  forgery.  (See  Forgers,  p,  386.) 
(The  title  of  Bertram's  book  is  Britan- 
nicarum  Gentium  Historice  Antiques, 
Scriptores  tres.  Gildas  was  called  ' '  Ba- 
donicus  "  because  he  was  born  on  the 
day  of  the  battle  of  Baden  or  Bath.) 

Scriptores  post  Bedam,  William 
of  Malmesbury,  Henry  of  Huntingdon, 
Roger  de  Hoveden,  Ethelwerd,  Ingul- 
phus  of  Croyland. 

Scripture.  Parson  Adams's  wife 
said  to  her  husband  that  in  her  opinion 
"  it  was  blasphemous  to  talk  of  Scriptures 
out  of  church." — Fielding:  Joseph  An- 
drews, 

A  great  impression  in  my  youth 
■Was  made  by  Mrs.  Adauis,  where  she  cries, 
"  That  Scriptures  oul  of  cliurch  are  blasphemous." 
Byroyt :.  Don  yuan,  xiii.  g6  (1824), 

Scrogfg^en,  a  poor  hack  author,  cele- 
brated by  Goldsmith  in  his  Description  of 
an  Authors  Bedchamber. 

Scrogg'eus  {Giles),  a  peasant,  who 
courted  Molly  Brown,  but  died  just 
before  the  wedding  day.  Molly  cried 
and  cried  for  him,  till  she  cried  herself 
asleep.  Fancying  that  she  saw  Giles 
Scroggens's  ghost  standing  at  her  bed- 
side, she  exclaimed  in  terror,  "  What  do 
you  want?"  "You  for  to  come  for  to 
go  along  with  me,"  replied  the  ghost. 
*'  I  ben't  dead,  you  fool !  "  said  Molly  ; 
but  the  ghost  rejoined,  "  Why,  that's  no 
rule."  Then,  clasping  her  round  the 
waist,  he  exclaimed,  "  Come,  come  with 
me,  ere  morning  beam,"  "I  won't  1  " 
shrieked  Molly,  and  woke  to  find  "  'twas 
nothing  but  a  dream," — A  Comic  Ballad. 

Scroggs  {Sir  William),  one  of  the 
judges. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Peveril  of  the 
Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Scrooge  {Ebenezer),  partner,  exe- 
cutor, and  heir  of  old  Jacob  Marley, 
stock-broker.  When  first  introduced,  he 
is  "a  squeezing,  grasping,  covetous  old 
hunks,  sharp  and  hard  as  a  flint ;  "  with- 
out one  particle  of  sympathy,  loving  no 
one,  and  by  none  beloved.  One  Christ- 
mas Day,  Ebenezer  Scrooge  sees  three 
ghosts :  The  Ghost  of  Christmas  Past ; 
the  Ghost  of  Christmas  Present  ;  and  the 
Ghost  of  Christmas  To-come.  The  first 
takes  him  back  to  his  young  life,  shows 
him  what  Christmas  was  to  him  when  a 


schoolboy,  and  when  he  was  an  appren- 
tice; reminds  him  of  his  courting  a 
young  girl,  whom  he  forsook  as  he  grew 
rich;  and  shows  him  that  sweetheart  of 
his  young  days  married  to  another,  and 
the  mother  of  a  happy  family.  The 
second  ghost  shows  him  the  joyous  home 
of  his  clerk  Bob  Cratchit,  who  has  nine 
people  to  keep  on  15^.  a  week,  and  yet 
could  find  wherewithal  to  make  merry  on 
this  day  ;  it  also  shows  him  the  family  of 
his  nephew,  and  of  others.  The  third 
ghost  shows  him  what  would  be  his  lot 
if  he  died  as  he  then  was,  the  prey  of 
harpies,  the  jest  of  his  friends  on  'Change, 
the  world's  uncared-for  waif.  These 
visions  wholly  change  his  nature,  and 
he  becomes  benevolent,  charitable,  and 
cheerful,  loving  all,  and  by  all  beloved. — 
Dickens:  A  Christmas  Carol  (in  five 
staves,  1843), 

Scrow,  the  clerk  of  lawyer  Glossin.— 
Sir  IV.  Scott:  Guy  Mannering  (time, 
George  H.). 

Scrub,  a  man-of-all-work  to  lady 
Bountiful.    He  describes  his  duties  thus— 

Of  a  Monday  I  drive  the  coach,  of  a  Tuesday  I  drive 
the  plough,  on  Wednesday  I  follow  the  hounds,  on 
Thursday  I  dun  the  tenants,  on  Friday  1  go  to  market, 
on  Saturday  I  draw  warrants,  and  on  Sunday  1  draw 
beer. — Farquhar:  The  Beaux'  Stratasem,m.  4(1707). 

One  day,  when  Weston  [1727-1776]  was  announced  to 

Slay  "  Scrub,"  he  sent  to  request  a  loan  of  money  from 
tarrick,  which  was  refused;  whereupon  Weston  did 
not  put  in  his  appearance  in  the  green-room.  So  Gar- 
rick  came  to  the  foot-lights  and  said,  "  Ladies  and 
gentlemen,  Mr.  Weston  being  taken  suddenly  ill,  he  is 
not  capable  of  appearing  before  you  this  evening,  and 
so  with  your  permission  1  will  perform  the  pjirt  of 
'  Scrub '  m  his  stead."  Weston,  who  was  in  the  gallery 
with  a  sham  bailiff,  now  hallooed  out,  "  I  am  here,  but 
the  bailiff  won't  let  me  come  1 "  The  audience  roared 
with  laughter,  clamoured  for  Weston,  insisted  he  should 
play  "Scrub,"  and  the  manager  was  obliged  to  advance 
the  loan  and  release  the  debtor,— .^irtV  0/  the  Public 
Journals  (1825). 

Scrubin'da,  the  lady  who  "  lived  by 
the  scouring  of  pots  in  Dyot  Street, 
Bloomsbury  Square." 

Oh,  was  I  a  auart,  pint,  or  gill. 

To  be  scrubbed  by  her  delicate  bands  i .  . , 
My  parlour  that's  next  to  the  sky 

I'd  quit,  her  blest  mansion  to  share; 
So  happy  to  live  and  to  die 

In  Dyot  Street,  Bloomsbury  Square. 

Rhodes  :  Bontbastes  Furioso  (1790). 

Scruple,  the  friend  of  Random.  He 
is  too  honest  for  a  rogue,  and  too  con- 
scientious for  a  rake.  At  Calais  he  met 
Harriet,  the  elder  daughter  of  sir  David 
Dunder  of  Dunder  Hall,  near  Dover,  and 
fell  in  love  with  her.  Scruple  subse- 
quently got  invited  to  Dundei'  Hall,  and 
was  told  that  his  Harriet  was  to  be 
married  next  day  to  lord  Snolt,  a 
stumpy,    "  gummy "  fogey  of  five  and 


SCUDAMOUR. 

forty.  Harriet  hated  the  idea,  and 
agreed  to  elope  with  Scruple ;  but  her 
father  discovered  by  accident  the  inten- 
tion, and  intercepted  it.  However,  to 
prevent  scandal,  he  gave  his  consent  to 
the  union,  and  discovered  that  Scruple, 
both  in  family  and  fortune,  was  quite 
suitable  for  a  son-in-law. — Colman  : 
Ways  and  Means  (1788). 

Scu'damour  {Sir),  the  knight  be- 
loved by  Am'oret  (whom  Britomart  de- 
livered from  Busyrane  the  enchanter), 
and  whom  she  ultimately  married.  He 
is  called  Scudamour  from  [e^cu  d amour 

f"  the  shield  of  love  "),  which  he  carried 
bk,  iv.  10).  This  shield  was  hung  by 
golden  bands  in  the  temple  of  Venus, 
and  under  it  was  written — 

Blessed  the  man  that  well  can  U5«  this  bliss ; 
Whoseever  be  the  shield,  faire  Amoret  be  his. 

Sir  Scudamour,  determined  to  win  the 
prize,  had  to  fight  with  twenty  combatants, 
overthrew  them  all,  and  the  shield  was  his. 
When  he  saw  Amoret  in  the  company  of 
Britomart  dressed  as  a  knight,  he  was 
racked  with  jealousy,  and  went  on  his 
wanderings,  accompanied  by  nurse  Glauc^ 
for  "his  'squire;"  but  somewhat  later, 
seeing  Britomart  without  her  helmet,  he 
felt  that  his  jealousy  was  groundless  (bk. 
iv.  6).  His  tale  is  told  by  himself  (bk. 
iv.  10). — Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  iii.,  iv. 
(1590-6). 

Sculpture  [Father  0/ French),  Jean 
toujon     (1510-1572). 
called  also  (1515-1590). 

Scyld,  the  king  of  Denmark  preceding 
Beowulf.  The  Anglo-Saxon  epic  poem 
called  Beowulf  (sixth  century)  begins 
with  the  death  of  Scyld. 

At  his  appointed  time,  Scyld  deceased,  very  decrepit, 
and  went  mto  the  peace  of  the  Lord.  They  .  .  .  bore 
him  to  the  sea-shore  as  he  himself  requested. . .  .  There 
on  the  beach  stood  the  ring-prowed  ship,  the  vehicle  of 
the  noble  .  .  .  ready  to  set  out.  They  laid  down  the  dear 
prince,  the  distributor  of  rings,  in  the  bosom  of  the  ship, 
the  mighty  one  beside  the  mast  .  .  .  they  set  up  a  golden 
ensign  high  overhead  ■  .  .  they  gave  him  to  the  deep. 
Sad  was  their  spirit,  mournful  their  mood. — Kemblt : 
BeowiUf(33\  Anglo-Saxon  poem,  1833). 

Scylla     and     CHarybdis.      The 

former  was  a  rock,  in  which  dwelt  Scylla, 
a  hideous  monster  encompassed  with  dogs 
and  wolves.  The  latter  was  a  whirlpool, 
into  which  Charybdis  was  metamor- 
phosed.— Classic  Fable. 

Scylla  and  Charybdis  of  Scot- 
land, the  "  Swalchie  whirlpool,"  and  the 
"  Merry  Men  of  Mey,"  a  bed  of  broken 
water  which  boils  like  a  witch's  caldron, 
on  the  south  side  of  the  Stroma  Channel. 


975 


SEA. 


("Merry  Men ;"  "men"  is  a  corruptioB 
of  main  in  this  phrase. ) 

Scjrtliian  [That  Brave),  Darius  the 
Persian,  According  to  Herod'otos,  all 
the  south-east  of  Europe  used  to  be  called 
Scythia,  and  Xenophon  calls  the  dwellers 
south  of  the  Caspian  Sea  "Scythians" 
also.  In  fact,  by  Scythia  was  meant  the 
south  of  Russia  and  west  of  Asia  ;  hence 
the  Hungarians,  a  Tartar  horde  settled 
on  the  east  coast  of  the  Caspian,  who,  in 
889,  crossed  into  Europe,  are  spoken  of 
as  "Scythians,"  and  lord  Brooke  calls 
the  Persians  "Scythians."  The  reference 
below  is  to  the  following  event  in  Persian 
history  :  The  death  of  Smerdis  was  kept 
for  a  time  a  profound  secret,  and  one  of 
the  officers  about  the  court  who  resembled 
him,  usurped  the  crown,  calling  himself 
brother  of  the  late  monarch.  Seven  of 
the  high  nobles  conspired  together,  and 
slew  the  usurper,  but  it  then  became  a 
question  to  which  of  the  seven  the  crown 
should  be  offered.  They  did  not  toss  for 
it,  but  they  did  much  the  same  thing. 
They  agreed  to  give  the  crown  to  him 
whose  horse  neighed  first.  Darius's  horse 
won,  and  thus  Darius  became  king  of  the 
Persian  empire. 

That  brave  Scythian, 
Who  found  more  sweetness  in  his  horse's  neighing 
Than  all  the  Phrygian,  Dorian,  Lydian  playing. 

Lord  Brooke  (1554-1628). 

N.B. — Marlowe  calls  Tamburlaine  of 
Tartary  "  a  Scythian." 

Vou  shall  hear  the  Scythian  Tamburlaine 
Threatening  the  world  with  high  astounding  terms. 
Marlowe  :  Tamburlaine  (prologue,  1587). 

Scythian's  Name  [The).  Humber 
or  Humbert  king  of, the  Huns  invaded 
England  during  the  reign  of  Locrin, 
some  1000  years  B.C.  In  his  flight,  he 
was  drowned  in  the  river  Abus,  which 
has  ever  since  been  called  the  Humber, 
after  "the  Scythian's  name." — Geoffrey: 
British  History,  ii.  2  (1142) ;  and  Milton: 
History  of  England. 

Or  Humber  loud  that  keeps  the  Scythian's  name. 
Milton  :  Vacation  Exercise  (1627). 

Sea  ( The  Great).  The  Mediterranean 
was  so  called  by  the  ancients. 

Sea  [The  Waterless).  Prester  John,  in 
his  letter  to  Manuel  Comnenus  emperoi 
of  Constantinople,  says  that  in  his  country 
there  is  a  "  waterless  sea,"  which  none 
have  ever  crossed.  It  consists  of  tumbling 
billows  of  sand,  never  at  rest,  and  contains 
fish  of  most  excellent  flavour.  » 

Three  days'  journey  from  the  coast  of 
the  Sand  Sea  is  a  mountain  whence  rolls 
down  a  "  waterless  river,"  consisting  of 


SEA-BORN  CITY. 

small  stones,  which  crumble  into  sand 
when  they  reach  the  "  sea." 

Near  the  Sand  Sea  is  a  fountain  called 
Mussel,  because  it  is  contained  In  a  basin 
like  a  mussel-shell.  This  is  a  test  foun- 
tain. Those  who  test  it,  strip  off  their 
clothes,  and,  if  true  and  leal,  the  water 
rises  three  times,  till  it  covers  their  head. 

Sea-Boru  City  ( The),  Venice. 

Sea-Captain  {The),  a  drama  by  lord 
Lytton  (1839).  Norman,  "the  sea-cap- 
tain," was  the  son  of  lady  Arundel  by  her 
first  husband,  who  was  murdered.  He 
was  born  three  days  after  his  father's 
murder,  and  was  brought  up  by  Onslow, 
a  village  priest.  At  14  he  went  to  sea, 
and  became  the  captain  of  a  man-of-war. 
Lady  Arundel  married  again,  and  had 
another  son  named  Percy.  She  wished 
to  ignore  Norman,  and  to  setde  the  title 
and  estates  on  Percy,  but  it  was  not  to  be. 
Norman  and  Percy  both  loved  Violet,  a 
ward  of  lady  Arundel.  Violet,  however, 
loved  Norman  only.  A  scheme  laid  to 
murder  Norman  failed  ;  at  the  end  Nor- 
man was  acknowledged  by  his  mother,  re- 
conciled to  his  brother,  and  married  Violet. 

Sea-Girt  Isle  ( The\  Great  Britain. 

Sea-Green  Robespierre.  So  Car- 
lyle  calls  Robespierre.  The  epithet  was 
borrowed  from  Shakespeare. 

Armando.  Of  what  complexion  was  Delilah? 
Moth,  Of  the  sea-water  green,  sir. 

Love's  Labour's  Lost,  act  L  sc.  2  (1594)- 

(Delilah  was  called  sea-green  because 
she  was  jealous,  and  Robespierre  was 
jealous  of  Danton.  The  whole  of  Carlyle's 
French  Revolution  is  in  imitation  of  the 
Renaissant  period,  the  worst  style  possible 
— neither  poetry  nor  prose.  It  is  well 
that  it  has  found  no  imitators. ) 

Sea-Eing's  Daugrhter  from  over 
the  Sea.  So  Tennyson  call  the  princess 
of  Wales,  in  his  WelcotnM  to  Alexandra 
(March  7,  1863). 

Sea  of  Sedgre  {The),  the  Red  Sea. 
This  sea  so  abounds  with  sedge  that  in  the 
Hebrew  Scriptures  it  is  called ' '  The  Weedy 
or  Sedgy  Sea."  Milton  refers  to  it ;  he  says 
the  rebel  angels  were  numberless  as  the 

.  .  .  scattered  sed^e 
Aflote,  when  the  fierce  winds  Orion  armed 
Hath  vexed  the  Red  Sea  coast. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  1.  304  (1665). 

Sea  of  Stars,  the  source  of  the  Yellow 
River,  in  Thibet ;  so  called  because  of  the 
tmusxoal  sparkle  of  the  waters. 

Like  a  sea  of  stars, 
Iho  hundred  sources  of  Hoangho  [the  Yellovi  River]. 
S»*ithey:  Thabala  the  Destroyer,  vl.  la  (1797). 


976  SEASONS. 

Seaforth  {The  earl  of),  a.  roy?i\\sX  in 
the  service  of  king  Charles  I. — Sir  W. 
Scott :  Legend  of  Montrose  (time,  Charles 
I.). 

Seasons  {The),  a  descriptive  poem  in 
blank  verse,  by  James  Thomson,  "  Win- 
ter" (1726),  "Summer "(1727),  "Spring" 
(1728),  "Autumn"  (1730).  "Winter" 
is  inscribed  to  the  earl  of  Wilming- 
ton;  "Summer"  to  Mr.  Doddington ; 
"Spring"  to  the  countess  of  Hereford  ; 
and  "  Autumn  "  to  Mr.  Onslow. 

(i)  In  "Winter,"  after  describing  the 
season,  the  poet  introduces  his  episode  of 
a  traveller  lost  in  a  snowstorm,  "the 
creeping  cold  lays  him  along  the  snow, 
a  stiffened  corse,"  of  wife,  of  children, 
and  of  friend  unseen.  The  whole  book 
contains  1069  lines. 

(2)  "Summer"  begins  with  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  season,  and  the  rural  pursuits 
of  haymaking  and  sheep-shearing ; 
passes  on  to  the  hot  noon,  when  "  nature 
pants,  and  every  stream  looks  languid." 
After  describing  the  tumultuous  character 
of  the  season  in  the  torrid  zone,  he  returns 
to  England,  and  describes  a  thunder- 
storm, in  which  Celadon  and  Amelia  are 
overtaken.  The  thunder  growls,  the 
lightnings  flash,  louder  and  louder  crashes 
the  aggravated  roar,  "  convulsing  heaven 
and  earth."  The  maiden,  terrified,  clings 
to  her  lover  for  protection.  "  Fear  not, 
sweet  innocence,"  he  says.  "  He  who 
involves  yon  skies  in  darkness  ever 
smiles  on  thee.  'Tis  safety  to  be  near 
thee,  sure,  and  thus  to  clasp  perfection." 
As  he  speaks  the  words,  a  flash  of  light- 
ning strikes  the  maid,  and  lays  her  a 
blackened  corpse  at  the  young  man's  feet. 
The  poem  concludes  with  the  more  peace- 
ful scenery  of  a  summer's  evening,  when 
the  story  of  Damon  and  Musidora  is 
introduced.  Damon  had  long  loved  the 
beautiful  Musidora,  but  met  with  scant 
encouragement.  One  summer's  evening, 
he  accidentally  came  upon  her  bathing, 
and  the  respectful  modesty  of  his  love  so 
won  upon  the  damsel  that  she  wrote 
upon  a  tree,  "  Damon,  the  time  may 
come  when  you  need  not  fly."  The 
whole  book  contains  1804  lines. 

(3)  In  "  Spring"  the  poet  describes  its 
general  features,  and  its  influence  on  the 
vegetable  and  animal  world.  He  de- 
scribes a  garden  with  its  haram  of  flowers, 
a  grove  with  its  orchestra  of  song-birds 
making  melody  in  their  love,  the  rough 
world  of  brutes  furious  and  fierce  with 
their  strong  desire,  and  lastly  man  tem- 


SE.\TONIAN  PRIZE. 

pered  by  its  infusive  influence.  The  book 
contains  1173  lines. 

(4)  In  "  Autumn"  we  are  taken  to  the 
harvest-field,  where  the  poet  introduces 
a  story  similar  to  that  of  Ruth  and  Boaz. 
His  Ruth  he  calls  "  Lavinia,"  and  his 
Boaz  "  Palemon."  He  then  describes 
partridge  and  pheasant  shooting,  hare 
and  fox  hunting,  all  of  which  he  con- 
demns. After  luxuriating  in  the  orchard 
and  vineyard,  he  speaks  of  the  emigration 
of  birds,  the  falling  of  the  sear  and  yellow 
leaf,  and  concludes  with  a  eulogy  of 
country  life.  The  whole  book  contains 
1371  lines. 

• .  •  It  is  much  to  be  regretted  that  the 
poet's  order  has  not  been  preserved.  The 
arrangement  of  the  seasons  into  Spring, 
Summer,  Autumn,  and  Winter,  is  un- 
natural, and  mars  the  harmony  of  the 
poet's  plan. 

Seatouian  Prize.  The  Rev.  Thomas 
Seaton,  Fellow  of  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge 
University,  bequeathed  the  rents  of  his 
Kishngbury  estate  for  a  yearly  prize  of 
jf4o  to  the  best  English  poem  on  a 
sacred  subject  announced  in  January,  and 
sent  in  on  or  before  September  29  follow- 
ing. 

Shall  hoary  Granta  call  her  sable  sons  .  .  . 
Shall  these  approach  the  Muse?    Ah,  no  I  she  flies. 
And  even  spurns  the  gfreat  Seatonian  prize. 
Byron  :  English  Bar(U  and  Scotch  Revictuers  (1809). 

Sebastes  of  Mytile'ne  (4  syL), 
the  assassin  in  the  "  Immortal  Guards." — 
Sir  W.  Scott :  Count  Robert  of  Paris 
(time,  Rufus). 

SEBASTIAN,  a  young  gentleman  of 
MessalinS,  brother  to  Viola.  They  were 
twins,  and  so  much  alike  that  they  could 
not  be  distinguished  except  by  their  dress. 
Sebastian  and  his  sister  being  shipwrecked, 
escaped  to  lUyria.  Here  Sebastian  was 
mistaken  for  his  sister  (who  had  assumed 
man's  apparel),  and  was  invited  by  the 
countess  Olivia  to  take  shelter  in  her 
house  from  a  street  broil.  Olivia  was  in 
love  with  Viola,  and  thinking  Sebastian 
to  be  the  object  of  her  love,  married  him. 
—Shakespeare:   Twelfth  Night  {x6x^). 

Sebastian,  brother  of  Alonso  king  of 
Naples,  in  The  Tempest  (1609). 

Sebastian,  father  of  Valentine  and 
Alice. — Fletcher:  Mons.  Thomas  (1619). 

Sebastian,  a  name  adopted  by  sir 
Henry  Ponsonby,  in  his  contributions  to 
Notes  and  Queries.     (Died  1894. ) 

Sebastian  (/?<?«),  king  of  Portugal,  is 


977 


SECRET  HILL. 


defeated  in  battle  and  taken  prisoner  by 
the  Moors  (1574).  He  is  saved  from 
death  by  Dorax  a  noble  Portuguese, 
then  a  renegade  in  the  court  of  the 
emperor  of  Barbary.  The  train  being 
dismissed,  Dorax  takes  off  his  turban, 
assumes  his  Portuguese  dress,  and  is 
recognized  as  Alonzo  of  Alcazar. — Dry- 
den:  Don  Sebastian  (1690). 

The  quarrel  and  reconciliation  of  Sebastian  and 
Dorax  {aliai  Alonxo  of  Alcazar]  Is  a  masterly  copy 
from  a  similar  scene  between  Brutus  and  Cassius  [«« 
Shakespeare's  Julius  Casar\. — R.  Chambers: 
English  Literature,  L  380. 

Don  Sebastian,  a  name  of  terror  to 
Moorish  children. 

Nor  shall  Sebastian's  formidable  name 
Be  longer  used  to  still  the  crying  babe. 

Dryden  :  Don  Sebastian  (169^. 

Sebastian  {Don),  or  "The  House  of 
Braganza,"  a  romance  by  Anna  Maria 
Porter  (1800), 

Sebastian  I.  of  Brazil,  who  fell  in 
the  battle  of  Alcazarquebir  in  1578.  The 
legend  is  that  he  is  not  dead,  but  is 
patiently  biding  the  fulness  of  time, 
when  he  will  return,  and  make  Brazil  the 
chief  kingdom  of  the  earth.     (See  Bar- 

BAROSSA,  p.  88.) 

The  same  is  said  of  Arthur,  Barbarossa 
£.1/.),  Bobadil,  Charlemagne,  Desmond, 

enry  the  Fowler,  Ogier,  Theodorick, 
and  some  others. 

In  fact,  in  parts  of  France  it  is  supposed  that 
Napoleon  will  come  again  to  restore  the  kingdom  to 
its  glory.  And  when  Louis  Napoleon  consulted  the 
plebiscite,  many  voted  in  his  favour,  under  the  notion 
Uiat  he  was  his  uncle. 

Sebastoc'rator  {Th^),  the  chief 
officer  of  state  in  the  empire  of  Greece. 
Same  as  Protosebastos.^ — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Count  Robert  of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Sebile  (a  syl.),  la  Dame  du  Lac,  in 
the  romance  called  Perceforest.  Her 
castle  was  surrounded  by  a  river,  on 
which  rested  so  thick  a  fog  that  no  one 
could  see  across  it.  Alexander  the 
Great  abode  with  her  a  fortnight  to  be 
cured  of  his  wounds,  and  king  Arthur 
was  the  result  of  this  amour  (vol.  i.  42). 

Second  Nxin's  Tale  {The),  in 
Chaucer's  Canterbury  Tales.  (For  the 
tale,  see  St,  Cecili,  p.  948. ) 

Secret  Hill  [The).  Ossian  said  to 
Oscar,  when  he  resigned  to  him  the 
command  of  the  morrow's  battle,  "  Be 
thine  the  secret  hill  to-night,"  referring 
to  the  Gaelic  custom  of  the  commander 
of  an  army  retiring  to  a  secret  hill  the 
night  before  a  battle,  to  hold  communion 


t 


SECRET  TRIBUNAL. 

with   the  ghosts   of  departed  heroes. — 
Ossian:  Cathlin  of  Clutha. 

Secret  Tribtmal  [,The),  the  count  oi 
the  Holy  Vehme.— 5i>  W.  Scott:  Anne 
of  Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Secrets.  The  Depository  of  the  Secrets 
of  all  the  World  was  the  inscription  over 
one  of  the  brazen  portals  of  Fakreddin's 
valley.  —Beckford  :   Vathek  ( 1 784). 

Secrets  ( The  Revealer  of).  (See  under 
Ring,  The  Steel  Ring,  p.  916.) 

Sede,  in  Voltaire's  tragedy  oi  Mahomet, 
was  the  character  in  which  Talma,  the 
great  French  tragedian,  made  his  d^but  in 
1787. 

Sedgfwick  {Doomsday),  William 
Sedgwick,  a  fanatical  "  prophet "  in  the 
Commonwealth,  who  pretended  that  it 
had  been  revealed  to  him  in  a  vision 
that  the  day  of  doom  was  at  hand. 

Sedillo,  the  licentiate  with  whom 
Gil  Bias  took  service  as  a  footman. 
Sedillo  was  a  gouty  old  gourmand  of  69. 
Being  ill,  he  sent  for  Dr.  Sangrado, 
who  took  from  him  six  porringers  of 
blood  every  day,  and  dosed  him  in- 
cessantly with  warm  water,  giving  him 
two  or  three  pints  at  a  time,  saying,  "  A 
patient  cannot  be  blooded  too  much  ;  for 
it  is  a  great  error  to  suppose  that  blood 
is  needful  for  the  preservation  of  life. 
Warm  water,"  he  maintained,  "  drunk  in 
abundance,  is  the  true  specific  in  all 
distempers."  When  the  licentiate  died 
under  this  treatment,  the  doctor  insisted 
it  was  because  his  patient  had  neither 
lost  blood  enough  nor  drunk  enough 
warm  water. — Lesage :  Gil  Bias,  ii.  i,  2 
(1715)- 

Sedley  {Mr.),  a  wealthy  London 
stock-broker,  brought  to  ruin  by  the 
fall  of  the  Fvmds  just  prior  to  the  battle 
of  Waterloo.  The  old  merchant  then 
tried  to  earn  a  meagre  pittance  by  selling 
wine,  coals,  or  lottery-tickets  by  com- 
mission, but  his  bad  wine  and  cheap 
coals  found  but  few  customers. 

Mrs.  Sedley,  wife  of  Mr.  Sedley.  A 
homely,  kind-hearted,  bonny,  motherly 
woman  in  her  prosperous  days,  but 
soured  by  adversity,  and  quick  to  take 
offence. 

Amelia  Sedley,  daughter  of  the  stock- 
Broker,  educated  at  Miss  Pinkerton's 
academy,  Chiswick  Mall,  and  engaged 
to  captain  George  Osborne,  son  of  a  rich 
London    merchant.      After  the   ruin  of 


978  SEICENTO. 

old  Sedley,  George  married  Amelia,  and 
was  disinherited  by  his  father.  He  was 
adored  by  his  young  wife,  but  fell  on 
the  field  of  Waterloo.  Amelia  then 
returned  to  her  father,  and  lived  in  great 
indigence,  but  captain  Dobbin  grreaily 
loved  her,  and  did  much  to  relieve  her 
worst  wants.  Captain  Dobbin  rose  in 
his  profession  to  the  rank  of  colonel,  and 
then  married  the  young  widow. 

Joseph  Sedley,  a  collector,  of  Boggley 
Wollah  ;  a  fat,  sensual,  conceited  dandy, 
vain,  shy,  and  vulgar.  "  His  excellency  " 
fled  from  Brussels  on  the  day  of  the  battle 
between  Napoleon  and  Wellington,  and 
returned  to  Calcutta,  where  he  bragged 
of  his  brave  deeds,  and  made  it  appear 
that  he  was  Wellington's  right  hand ; 
so  that  he  obtained  the  sobriquet  of 
"  Waterloo  Sedley."  He  again  returned 
to  England,  and  became  the  "  patron " 
of  Becky  Sharp  (then  Mrs.  Rawdon 
Crawley,  but  separated  from  her  hus- 
band). This  lady  proved  a  terrible 
dragon,  fleeced  him  of  all  his  money, 
and  in  six  months  he  died  under  very 
suspicious  circumstances.  —  Thackeray  : 
Vanity  Fair  (1848). 

Sedley  {Sir  Charles),  In  the  court  ot 
Charles  II.— Sir  IV.  Scott:  Woodstock 
(time,  Commonwealth). 

See,  the  Conquering  Hero 
Conies  !  This  song  stands  at  the  open- 
ing of  act  ii.  of  Alexander  the  Great,  a 
tragedy  by  N.  Lee  (1678). 

(Set  to  music  by  Handel,  and  intro- 
duced in  the  oratorio  oi  Judas  MaccabcBus, 
1743- ) 

Seelencooper  {Captain),  superin- 
tendent of  the  military  hospital  at  Ryde. 
— Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Surgeon's  Daughter 
(time,  George  II.). 

Seer  {The  Ploughkeepsie),  Andrew 
Jackson  Davis. 

Segfonti'ari,  inhabitants  of  parts  of 
Hampshire  and  Berkshire,  referred  to  in 
the  Commentaries  of  Cassar. 

Seicen'to  (3  syL),  the  sixteenth  and 
seventeenth  centuries  of  Italian  notables, 
the  period  of  bad  taste  and  degenerate 
art.  The  degraded  art  is  termed  Seicen- 
tista,  and  the  notables  of  the  period  the 
Seicentisti.  The  style  of  writing  was 
inflated  and  bombastic,  and  that  of  art 
was  what  is  termed  "  rococo."  The  chief 
poet  was  Marini  (1569-1615),  the  chief 
painter  Caravaggio  (1569-1609),  the  chief 


SEIDEL-BECKIR.  979 

sculptor  Bernini    (1593-1680),    and    the 
chief  architect  Borromini  (1599-1667). 

Seidel-Beckir,  the  most  famous  of 
all  talismanists.  He  made  three  of  ex- 
traordinary power  ;  viz.  a  little  golden 
fish,  which  would  fetch  from  the  sea 
whatever  was  desired  of  it  ;  a  poniard, 
which  rendered  the  person  who  bore  it 
invisible,  and  all  others  whom  he  wished 
to  be  so ;  and  a  steel  ring,  which  enabled 
the  wearer  to  read  the  secrets  of  another's 
heart. — Comtede  Caylus  :  Oriental  Tales 
("The  Four  Tahsmans,"  1743). 

Seine  (i  syl.),  put  for  Paris.  Tenny- 
son calls  the  red  republicanism  of  Paris, 
'*  The  red  fool- fury  of  the  Seine." 

Setting  the  Seine  on  fire.  The  Seine  is 
a  drag-net  as  well  as  a  river.  Hence 
drag-men  are  called  in  French  lespicheurs 
d  la  seine.  "  He'll  never  set  the  Thames 
on  fire  "  is  a  similar  pun,  a  temse  being  a 
sieve  for  sifting  flour,  as  well  as  the  river 
{French  tamis,  Itilian  tamiso,  "a  sieve," 
verb  ta7nisare,  "  to  sift"). 

Sejanus  (yE/ius),  a  minister  of 
Tiberius,  and  commander  of  the  praetorian 
guards.  His  affability  made  him  a  great 
favourite.  In  order  that  he  might  be 
the  foremost  man  of  Rome,  all  the 
children  and  grandchildren  of  the  em- 
peror were  put  to  death  under  sundry 
pretences.  Drusus,  the  son  of  Tiberius, 
then  fell  a  victim.  Sejanus  next  persuaded 
the  emperor  to  retue,  and  Tiberius  went 
to  Campania  ;  but  when  the  administra- 
tor assumed  the  title  of  emperor,  Tiberius, 
roused  from  his  lethargy,  accused  him  of 
treason.  The  senate  condemned  him  to 
be  strangled,  and  his  remains,  being 
treated  with  the  grossest  contumely,  were 
kicked  into  the  Tiber,  a.d.  31. 

(This  was  the  subject  of  Ben  Jonson's 
first  historical  play,  entitled  Sejanus, 
1603.) 

Sejjin  or  Sejn,  the  record  of  all 
evil  deeds,  whether  by  men  or  the  genii, 
kept  by  the  recording  angel.  It  also 
means  that  dungeon  beneath  the  seventh 
earth,  where  Eblis  and  his  companions 
are  confined. 

Verily,  the  register  of  the  deeds  of  the  wicked  is 
surely  in  Sejjin.— 5a/«;  Ai  Kordn,  Ixxxiii. 

Selbome  {Earl  of).  (See  Palmer, 
Roundell,  p.  798.) 

Selby  {Captain),  an  officer  in  the 
guards. — Sir  W.  Scott :  Peveril  of  the 
Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 


SELIM. 

Self-denying    Ordinance  {The), 

the  name  given  to  an  Act  passed  by  the 
Long  Parliament  (December  9,  1644),  by 
which  the  members  bound  themselves  not 
to  accept  certain  posts,  particularly  com- 
mands in  the  army. 

H  A  somewhat  similar  ordinance  was 
adopted  by  the  Melbourne  Parliament 
in  1858. 

IF  The  name  was  given  also  to  an 
arrangement  made  respecting  British 
naval  promotions  and  retirements  in  1870. 

SELIM,  son  of  Abdallah,  who  was 
murdered  by  his  brother  Giaffir  (pacha  of 
Aby'dos).  After  the  death  of  his  brother, 
Giaffir  (2  syl.)  took  Selim  under  his 
charge  and  brought  him  up,  but  treated 
him  with  considerable  cruelty.  Giaffir 
had  a  daughter  named  Zuleika  (3  syl.), 
with  whom  Selim  fell  in  love ;  but 
Zuleika  thought  he  was  her  brother.  As 
soon  as  Giaffir  discovered  the  attachment 
of  the  two  cousins,  he  informed  his 
daughter  that  he  intended  her  to  marry 
Osmyn  Bey;  but  Zuleika  eloped  with 
Selim,  the  pacha  pursued  after  them,  Selim 
was  shot,  Zuleika  killed  herself,  and 
Giaffir  was  left  childless  and  alone. — 
Byron  :  Bride  of  Abydos  (1813). 

Selim,  son  of  Acbar.  Jehanguire  was 
called  Selim  before  his  accession  to  the 
throne.  He  married  Nourmahal  the 
"  Light  of  the  Haram,"  but  a  coolness 
rose  up  between  them.  One  night,  Nour- 
mahal entered  the  sultan's  banquet-room 
as  a  lute-player,  and  so  charmed  young 
Selim  that  he  exclaimed,  "  If  Nourmahal 
had  so  sung,  I  could  have  forgiven  her  I  " 
It  was  enough.  Nourmahal  threw  off 
her  disguise,  and  became  reconciled  to 
her  husband.  —  Moore :  Lalla  Rookh 
("  Light  of  the  Haram,"  1817). 

Selim,  son  of  the  Moorish  king  of 
Algiers.  [Horush]  Barbarossa,  the  Greek 
renegade,  having  made  himself  master 
of  Algiers,  slew  the  reigning  king,  but 
Selim  escaped.  After  the  lapse  of  seven 
years,  he  returned,  under  the  assumed 
name  of  Achmet,  and  headed  an  uprising 
of  the  Moors.  The  insurgents  succeeded, 
Barbarossa  was  slain,  the  widowed  queen 
Zaphira  was  restored  to  her  husband's 
throne,  and  Selim  her  son  married  Irenfi 
the  daughter  of  Barbarossa. — J.  Brown : 
Barbarossa  (1742  or  1755). 

Selim,  friend  of  Etan  (the  supposed 
son  of  Zamti  the  mandarin). — Murphy  : 
J  he  Orphan  of  China  (1759). 


SELIMA. 

Serima,  daughter  of  Bajazet  sultan 
of  Turkey,  in  love  with  prince  Axalla, 
but  promised  by  her  father  in  marriage 
to  Omar.  When  Selima  refused  to  marry 
Omar,  Bajazet  would  have  slain  her ;  but 
Tamerlane  commanded  both  Bajazet  and 
Omar  to  be  seized.  So  every  obstacle 
was  removed  from  the  union  of  Selima 
and  Axalla..— J^owe:   Tamerlane  (1702). 

Serima,  one  of  the  six  Wise  Men  from 
the  East  led  by  the  guiding  star  to  Jesus. 
—Klopstock  :  The  Messiah,  v.  (1771). 

Se'lith,  one  of  the  two  guardian 
angels  of  the  Virgin  Mary  and  of  John 
Xh&YiWvas,— Klopstock:  The  Messiah,  ix. 
(1771). 

Sellock  {Cisly),  a  servant-girl  in  the 
service  of  lady  and  sir  Geoffrey  Peveril 
of  the  Peak.— -SiV  W.  Scott:  Peveril  of 
the  Peak  (time,  Charles  11. ). 

Selma,  the  royal  residence  of  Fingal, 
in  Morven  (north-west  coast  of  Scotland). 

Selma,  thy  halls  are  silent.  There  is  no  sound  in  the 
woods  of  Morven.— Ojjzaw;  Lathtnon. 

Selvagfgio,  the  father  of  sir  Industry, 
and  the  hero  of  Thomson's  Castle  of 
Indolence. 

In  Fairy-land  there  lived  a  knight  of  old, 

Of  feature  stern,  Selvag-gio  well  y-clept ; 
A  rough,  unpolished  maii,  robust  and  bold, 

But  wondrous  poor.    He  neither  sowed  nor  reaped ; 

Ne  stores  in  summer  for  cold  winter  heaped. 
In  hunting  all  his  clays  away  he  wore— 

Now  scorched  by  June,  now  in  November  steeped. 
Now  pinched  by  bitmg  January  sore, 
He  still  in  woods  pursued  the  libbard  and  the  boar. 
Thomson  ;  CastU  of  Indolence,  ii.  s  (1745). 

Sem'ele  (3  syl.),  ambitious  of  enjoy- 
ing Jupiter  in  all  his  glory,  perished 
from  the  sublime  effulgence  of  the  god. 
This  is  substantially  the  tale  of  the 
second  story  of  T.  Moore's  Loves  of  the 
Angels.  Liris  (^.2/.)  requested  her  angel 
lover  to  come  to  her  in  all  his  angelic 
brightness  ;  but  was  burnt  to  ashes  as  she 
fell  into  his  embrace. 

For  majesty  gives  nought  to  subjects,  .  .  . 
A  royal  smile,  a  guinea's  glorious  rays. 
Like  Simele,  would  kill  us  with  its  blaze. 

Peter  Pindar  [Ht.  Wolcot]:  Progress  of 
Admiration  (1809). 

Semi'da,  the  young  man,  the  only 
son  of  a  widow,  raised  from  the  dead  by 
Jesus,  as  he  was  being  carried  from  the 
walls  of  Nain.  He  was  deeply  in  love 
with  Cidli,  the  daughter  of  Jairus. 

He  was  in  the  bloom  of  life.  His  K«ir  hung  in  curls 
on  his  shoulders,  and  he  appeared  as  beautiful  as  David 
when.sitting  by  the  stream  of  Bethlehem, he  was  ravished 
at  the  voice  of  God.— Klopstock :  The  Messiah,  iv. 

Semir'amis,  queen  of  Assyria,  wife 
of  Ninus.      She  survived  her  husband, 


980 


SEMPRQNIUS. 


and  reigned.  The  glory  of  her  reiga 
stands  out  so  prominently  that  she  quite 
eclipses  all  the  monarchs  of  ancient 
Assyria.  After  a  reign  of  forty-two 
years,  she  resigned  the  crown  to  her  son 
Ninyas,  and  took  her  flight  to  heaven  in 
the  form  of  a  dove.  Semiramis  was  the 
daughter  of  Derc^to  the  fish-goddess 
and  a  Syrian  youth.  Being  exposed  in 
infancy,  she  was  brought  up  by  doves. 

Semiramis  of  tlie  North,  Mar- 
garet, daughter  of  Waldemar  III.  of 
Denmark.  At  the  death  of  her  father, 
she  succeeded  him  ;  by  the  death  of  her 
husband,  Haco  VIII.  king  of  Norway, 
she  succeeded  to  that  kingdom  also  ;  and 
having  conquered  Albert  of  Sweden,  she 
added  Sweden  to  her  empire.  Thus  was 
she  queen  of  Denmark,  Norway,  and 
Sweden  (1353-1412). 

Semiramis  of  the  North,  Catha- 
rine of  Russia,  a  powerful  and  ambitious 
sovereign ;  but  licentious,  sensual,  and 
very  immoral  (1729-1796). 

Semkail,  the  angel  of  the  winds  and 
waves. 

I  keep  the  winds  in  awe  with  the  hand  which  you  see 
ii.  the  air,  and  prevent  the  wind  Haidge  from  coming 
fo«!h.  If  I  gave  it  freedom,  it  would  reduce  the  universe 
to  powder.  With  my  other  hand  I  hinder  the  sea  from 
ovei  flowing,  without  which  precaution  it  would  cover 
the  face  of  the  whole  earth. — Comte  de  Caylus : 
Oriental  Tales  ("  History  of  Abdal  Motalleb,"  1743). 

Semo  {Son  oj),  Cuthullin  general  of 
the  Irish  tribes. 

Sempro'nius,  one  of  the  "friends" 
of  Timon  of  Athens,  and  "the  first  man 
that  e'er  received  a  gift  from  him." 
When  Timon  sent  to  borrow  a  sum  ot 
money  of  "his  friend,"  he  excused  him- 
self thus:  "As  Timon  did  not  think 
proper  to  apply  to  me  first,  but  asked 
others  before  he  sent  to  me,  I  consider 
his  present  apphcation  an  insult."  "  Go," 
said  he  to  the  servant,  "  and  tell  your 
master — 

Who  bates  mine  honour  shall  not  know  my  coin." 
Shakespeare :  Timon  0/  Athens,  act  iii.  so.  3  (1600). 

Sempro'nins,  a  treacherous  friend  of 
Cato  while  in  Utica.  Sempronius  tried 
to  mask  his  treason  by  excessive  zeal 
and  unmeasured  animosity  against  Cassar, 
with  whom  he  was  acting  in  alliance. 
He  loved  Marcia,  Cato's  daughter,  but 
his  love  was  not  honourable  love  ;  and 
when  he  attempted  to  carry  off  the  lady 
by  force,  he  was  slain  by  Juba  the 
Numidian  prince. — Addison  :  Cato  (1713). 

I'll  conceal 
Mvthoughts  in  passion,  'tis  the  surest  way. 
I'll  bellow  out  for  Rome  and  for  my  country. 


SEN  AN  us. 


981        SENTIMENTAL  JOURNEY. 


And  moiitli  at  Caesar  till  I  skake  the  senata. 
Your  cold  hypocrisy's  a  stale  device, 
A  worn-out  trick. 

ActL  X. 

Sena'nus  {SL),  the  saint  who  fled 
to  the  island  of  Scattery,  and  resolved 
that  no  woman  should  ever  step  upon  the 
isle.  An  angel  led  St.  Can'ara  to  the 
isle,  but  Senanus  refused  to  admit  her. — 
Moore:  Irish  Melodies  ("St.  Senanus 
and  the  Lady,"  1814). 

Sen'eca  ( The  Christian),  bishop  Hall 
of  Norwich  (1574-1656). 

Sene'ua  {3  syl.),  a  Welsh  maiden  in 
love  with  Car'adoc.  She  dressed  in  boy's 
clothes,  and,  under  the  assumed  name  of 
Mervyn,  became  the  page  of  the  princess 
Goervyl.  This  did  she  that  she  might 
follow  her  lover  to  America,  when  Madoc 
colonized  Caer-Madoc.  Senena  was 
promised  in  marriage  to  another;  but 
when  the  wedding-day  arrived  and  all  was 
ready,  the  bride  was  nowhere  to  be  found. 

.  .  .  she  doffed 
Her  bridal  robes,  and  dipt  her  golden  locks, 
And  put  on  boy's  attire,  thro"  wood  and  wild 
To  seek  her  own  true  love  ;  and  over  sea. 
Forsaking  all  for  him,  she  followed  him. 

Souihey  :  Madoc,  ii.  23  (1805). 

Sennac'herib,  called  by  the  Orien- 
tals king  Moussal. — D' Herbeloi :  Notes  to 
the  Koran  (seventeenth  century). 

(One  of  the  best  sacred  lyrics  in  the 
language  is  Byron's  Destruction  of  Senna- 
cherib's Army.) 

Seunaiaar,  a  very  skilful  architect 
who  built  at  Hirah,  for  N6man-al-A6uar 
king  of  Hirah,  a  most  magnificent  palace. 
In  order  that  he  might  not  build  another 
equal  or  superior  to  it  for  some  other 
monarch,  Noman  cast  him  headlong  from 
the  highest  tower  of  the  building. — 
D'Herbelot:  Bibliothtque  Orientale  (1697). 

^  A  parallel  tale  is  told  of  Neim'heid 
(2  syl.),  who  employed  four  architects  to 
build  for  him  a  palace  in  Ireland,  and 
then,  jealous  lest  they  should  build  one 
like  it  or  superior  to  it  for  another 
monarch,  he  bad  them  all  privately  put 
to  death.  —  O'Halloran  :  History  of 
Ireland. 

Sense  and  Sensiliility,  a  novel  by 
Jane  Austen  (iSii). 

Sensitive  {Lord),  a  young  nobleman 
of  amorous  proclivities,  who  marries 
Sablna  Rosny,  a  French  refugee,  in 
Padua,  but  leaves  her,  more  from  reck- 
lessness than  wickedness.  He  comes  to 
England  and  pays  court  to  lady  Ruby, 
a  rich  young  widow ;  but  lady  Ruby 
knows   of   his   marriage    to    the    young 


French  girl,  and  so  hints  at  it  that  his 
lordship,  who  is  no  hbertine,  and  has  a 
great  regard  for  his  honour,  sees  that  his 
marriage  is  known,  and  tells  lady  Ruby 
he  will  start  without  delay  to  Padua, 
and  bring  his  young  wife  home.  This, 
however,  was  not  needful,  as  Sabina  was 
at  the  time  the  guest  of  lady  Ruby.  She 
is  called  forth,  and  lord  Sensitive  openly 
avows  her  to  be  his  wife. — Cumberland  : 
First  Love  (1796). 

Sentimental  Journey  {The),  by 
Laurence  Sterne  (1768).  It  was  intended 
to  be  sentimental  sketches  of  a  tour 
through  Italy  in  1764,  but  he  died  soon 
after  completing  the  first  part.  The 
tourist  lands  at  Calais,  and  the  first 
incident  is  his  interview  with  a  poor 
monk  of  St.  Francis,  who  begged  alms 
for  his  convent.  Sterne  refused  to  give 
anything,  but  his  heart  smote  him  for  his 
churlishness  to  the  meek  old  man.  Frona 
Calais  he  goes  to  Montriul  (Montreuil- 
sur-Mer),  and  thence  to  Nampont,  near 
Cressy.  Here  occurred  the  incident,  which 
is  one  of  the  most  touching  of  all  the 
sentimental  sketches,  that  of  "The  Dead 
Ass."  His  next  stage  was  Amiens,  and 
thence  to  Paris.  While  looking  at  the 
Bastille,  he  heard  a  voice  crying,  "  I  can't 
get  out  1  I  can't  get  out  I  "  He  thought 
it  was  a  child,  but  it  was  only  a  caged 
starling.  This  led  him  to  reflect  on  the 
delights  of  liberty  and  the  miseries  of 
captivity.  Giving  reins  to  his  fancy,  he 
imaged  to  himself  a  prisoner  who  for 
thirty  years  had  been  confined  in  a  dun- 
geon, during  all  which  time  "he  had 
seen  no  sun,  no  moon,  nor  had  the  voice 
of  kinsman  breathed  through  his  lattice." 
Carried  away  by  his  feelings,  he  burst 
into  tears,  for  he  ' '  could  not  sustain  the 
picture  of  confinement  which  his  fancy 
had  drawn."  While  at  Paris,  our  tourist 
visited  Versailles,  and  introduces  an  in- 
cident which  he  had  witnessed  some  years 
previously  at  Rennes,  in  Brittany.  It 
was  that  of  a  marquis  reclaiming  his 
sword  and  "patent  of  nobihty."  Any 
nobleman  in  France  who  engaged  in 
trade,  forfeited  his  rank;  but  there  was 
a  law  in  Brittany  that  a  nobleman  of 
reduced  circumstances  might  deposit  his 
sword  temporarily  with  the  local  magis- 
tracy, and  if  better  times  dawned  upon 
him,  he  might  reclaim  it.  Sterne  was 
present  at  one  of  these  interesting  cere- 
monies. A  marquis  had  laid  down  his 
sword  to  mend  his  fortune  by  trade,  and 
after  a  successful  career  at  Marrinicio  for 


SENTINEL  AND  ST.  PAUL'S.       982 


SERBONIAN  BOG. 


twenty  years,  returned  home,  and  re- 
claimed it.  On  receiving  his  deposit  from 
the  president,  he  drew  it  slowly  from  the 
scabbard,  and,  observing  a  spot  of  rust 
near  the  point,  dropped  a  tear  on  it.  As 
he  wiped  the  blade  lovingly,  he  remarked, 
"  I  shall  find  some  other  way  to  get  it 
off."  Returning  to  Paris,  our  tourist 
starts  for  Italy ;  but  the  book  ends  with 
his  arrival  at  Moulines  (Moulins),  Some 
half  a  league  from  this  city  he  encountered 
Maria,  whose  pathetic  story  had  been 
told  him  by  Mr.  Shandy.  She  had  lost 
her  goat  when  Sterne  saw  her,  but  had 
instead  a  little  dog  named  Silvio,  led  by 
a  string.  She  was  sitting  under  a  poplar, 
playing  on  a  pipe  her  vespers  to  the 
Virgin.  Poor  Maria  had  been  crossed  in 
love,  or,  to  speak  more  strictly,  the  cur^ 
of  Moulines  had  forbidden  her  banns,  and 
the  maiden  lost  her  reason.  Her  story  is 
exquisitely  told,  and  Sterne  says,  "  Could 
the  traces  be  ever  worn  out  of  her  brain, 
and  those  of  Eliza  out  of  mine,  she  should 
not  only  eat  of  my  bread  and  drink  of  my 
cup,  but  Maria  should  he  in  my  bosom, 
and  be  unto  me  as  a  daughter." 

Sentinel  and  St.  Paul's  Clock 

( The).  The  sentinel  condemned  to  death 
by  court-martial  for  falling  asleep  on  his 
watch,  but  pardoned  because  he  affirmed 
that  he  heard  St,  Paul's  clock  strike 
thirteen  instead  of  twelve,  was  John 
Hatfield,  who  died  at  the  age  of  102, 
June,  1770. 

Sentry  [Captain),  one  of  the  members 
of  the  club  under  whose  auspices  the 
Spectator  was  professedly  issued. 

September  Massacre  (The),  the 
slaughter  of  loyalists  confined  in  the 
Abbaye.  This  massacre  took  place  in 
Paris  between  September  2  and  5,  1792, 
on  receipt  of  the  news  of  the  capture  of 
Verdun.  The  number  of  victims  was 
not  less  than  1200,  and  some  place  it  as 
high  as  4000. 

Un  nomme  Seftembrisseurs  ceux  qui  accomplirent 
les  tnassacTes.—Bouiilet:  Dictionnaire  UUtoriqite, 
etc.,  p.  1747. 

September  tlie  Third  was  Crom- 
well's day.  On  September  3,  1650,  he 
won  the  battle  of  Dunbar,  On  Sep- 
tember 3,  1651,  he  won  the  battle  of 
Worcester.  On  September  3,  1658,  he 
died. 

Serab,  the  Arabic  word  for  the  Fata 
morgana.  (See  Quintus  Curtius  :  De 
Rebus  Alexandri,  vii.) 

Tlic  Arabic  word  serdb  sij^nifies  thai  false  appear- 
ance which,  in  Eastern  countries,  is  often  seen  in  sandy 


plains  about  noon,  resembling  a  large  lalce  of  water  In 
motion.  It  is  occasioned  by  the  reverberation  of  the 
sunbeams.  It  sometimes  tempts  thirstj'  travellers  out 
of  their  way,  but  deceives  them  when  they  come  near, 
either  going  forward  or  quite  vanishing. — Sale:  Al 
Kordn,  xxiv.  notes. 

The  actions  of  unbelievers  are  like  the  serSb  o!  the 
plain  ;  he  who  is  tliirsty  takes  it  for  water,  and  finds  It 
deceit. — A I  Kordn. 

Seraphic  Doctor  {The),  St.  Bona- 
ventura,  placed  by  Dantd  among  the 
saints  of  his  Paradise  (1221-1274), 

Seraphic  Saint  [The),  St.  Francis 
d'Assisi  (i  182-1226). 

Of  all  the  saints,  St.  Francis  was  the  most  blameless 
and  gentle. — D^an  Mihnan. 

Seraphim  [The),  a  poem  by  Mrs. 
Browning  (1838).  A  mystical  Passion- 
play.  The  time  is  the  Crucifixion,  and 
the  angels  (except  the  two  seraphs,  Ador 
and  Zerah)  have  departed  to  the  earth. 
The  two  seraphs  are  supposed  to  be  out- 
side the  gate  of  heaven. 

Seraphina  Arthuret  {Miss),  a 
papist.  Her  sister  is  Miss  Angelica 
Arthuret,— .S/r  W.  Scott:  Redgauntlet 
(time,  George  III.). 

Serapion,  priest  of  Isis. — Dry  den  : 
All  for  Lffve  (1678). 

Sera'pis,  an  Egyptian  deity,  sym- 
bolizing the  Nile,  and  fertility  in  general. 

Seraskier'  (3  syl. ),  a  name  given  by 
the  Turks  to  a  general  of  division, 
generally  a  pacha  with  two  or  three 
tails.  (Persian,  seri  asker,  "  head  of  the 
army.") 

,  ,  ,  three  thousand  Moslems  perished  here. 
And  sixteen  bayonets  pierced  the  seraskier. 

Byron  :  Don  yuan,  viil  8i  (1824). 

Serb,  a  Servian  or  native  of  Servia. 

Serbo'nian  Bog  {The).  Serbon 
was  a  lake  a  thousand  miles  in  compass, 
between  mount  Ca'sius  and  the  city  of 
Damietta,  one  of  the  eastern  mouths  of 
the  Nile.  The  Serbonian  Bog  was  sur- 
rounded on  all  sides  by  hills  of  loose 
sand,  and  the  sand,  carried  into  it  by  high 
winds,  floated  on  the  surface,  and  looked 
like  a  sohd  mass.  Herodotos  {Greek 
History,  ii,  6)  tells  us  that  whole  armies, 
deceived  by  the  appearance,  have  been 
engulfed  in  the  bog. 

A  gulf  profound  as  that  Serbonian  Bog 
Betwixt  Damiata  (3  syl.)  and  mount  Casius  (rid. 
Where  armies  whole  have  sunk. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  iL  592,  etc.  (r66s). 

N.B.  — Diodorus    Siculus    {Bibliotheca 
Historia,  i.   30)  says,   "Many,    missing 
their  way,  have  been  swallowed  up  in  this    . 
bog,  together  with  whole  armies."     Dr. 
Smith  says,  "  When  Darius  Ochus  was 


SEREMENES. 

on  his  way  to  Egypt,  this  bog  was  the 
scene  of  at  least  a  partial  destruction  of 
the  Persian  army."  (See  also  Lucan : 
Pharsalia,  viii.  539  ;  Classical  Dictionary, 
article  "Serbonis  Lacus.") 

Sereme'nes  (4  syl.),  brother-in-law 
of  king  Sardanapalus,  to  whom  he  en- 
trusts his  signet-ring  to  put  down  the 
rebellion  headed  by  Arbac6s  the  Mede 
and  BelSsis  the  Chaldean  soothsayer. 
Scremenfis  was  slain  in  a  battle  with  the 
insurgents. — Byron :  Sardanapalus  {i8ig). 

Sere'na,  allured  by  the  mildness  of 
the  weather,  went  into  the  fields  to  gather 
wild  flowers  for  a  garland,  when  she  was 
attracted  by  the  Blatant  Beast,  who 
carried  her  off  in  its  mouth.  Her  cries 
attracted  to  the  spot  sir  Calidore,  who 
compelled  the  beast  to  drop  its  prey. — 
Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  vi.  3(1596). 

Serendib,  now  called  Ceylon.  When 
Adam  and  Eve  were  cast  down  from 
paradise,  Adam  fell  on  the  isle  of  Seren- 
dib, and  Eve  near  Joddah,  in  Arabia. 
After  the  lapse  of  200  years,  Adam  joined 
Eve,  and  lived  in  Ceylon. 

We  passed  several  Islands,  amongst  others  the  island 
of  Bells,  distant  about  ten  days'^  sail  from  that  of 
Serendib. —  ^raWan  Nights  ("  Siubad,"  sixth 
voyagr). 

• . '  A  print  of  Adam's  foot  is  shown  on 
Pico  de  Adam,  in  the  island  of  Seren- 
dib or  Ceylon.  According  to  the  Koran, 
the  garden  of  Eden  was  not  on  our  earth 
at  all,  but  in  the  seventh  heaven. — Ludo- 
vico  Marracci  :  A I  Koran,  24  (1698). 

Sergis  [Sii),  the  attendant  on  Irena. 
He  informs  sir  Artegal  that  Irena  is  the 
captive  of  Grantorto,  who  has  sworn  to 
take  her  life  within  ten  days,  unless  some 
knight  will  volunteer  to  be  her  champion, 
and  in  single  combat  prove  her  innocent 
of  the  crime  laid  to  her  charge. — Spenser  : 
Faerie  Queene,  v.  11  (1596). 

Sergfius,  a  Nestorian  monk,  said  to 
be  the  same  as  Boheira,  who  resided  at 
Bosra,  In  Syria.  This  monk,  we  are  told, 
helped  Mahomet  in  writing  the  Koran. 
Some  say  it  was  Said  or  Felix  Boheira. 

Boheira's  name.  In  the  books  of  Christians,  Is 
Sergius.— A/ajf<rf» ;  History,  34  (A.D.  956). 

Seriau  Worms,  silkworms  from 
Serlcum  (China),  the  country  of  the  Sergs  ; 
hence,  serlca  vestis,  "a  silk  dress." 

No  Serian  worms  he  knows,  that  with  their  thread 
Draw  out  their  silken  lives  ;  nor  silken  pride  ; 

His  lambs'  warm  fleece  well  fits  his  little  need. 
Not  in  that  proud  Sidonian  tincture  dyed. 

P.  Fletcher;  The  Purple  Island,  xU.  (1633). 


983 


SERPENT  D'ISABIT. 


Seri'na,  daughter  of  lord  Acasto, 
plighted  to  Chamont  (the  brother  of 
Monimia  "the  orphan  ").—0/wc;/.-  The 
Orphan  (1680). 

Seriswattee,  the  Janus  of  Hindft 
mythology. 

Sermons  by  Dr.  Isaac  Barrow  (1685). 
One  of  these  sermons  took  three  hours 
and  a  half  in  delivery. 

Charles  II.  called  Barrow  an  unfair  preacher, 
"because  he  so  exhausted  his  subject,  as  to  leave 
nothing  for  others  to  say. ' 

Serpent  {A),  emblem  of  the  tribe  of 
Dan.  In  the  old  church  at  Totness  is 
a  stone  pulpit  divided  into  compartments, 
containing  shields  decorated  with  the 
several  emblems  of  the  Jewish  tribes,  of 
which  this  is  one. 

Dan  shall  be  a  serpent  by  the  way,  an  adder  in  the 
path,  that  biteth  the  horse's  heels,  so  that  his  rider 
shall  fall  backward.^^^x.  xlix.  17. 

(For  Lucan's  list  of  African  Serpents, 
see  Pharsalia,  p.  835.) 

The  Serpent  and  Satan.  There  is  an 
Arabian  tradition  that  the  devil  begged 
all  the  animals,  one  after  another,  to 
carry  him  into  the  garden,  that  he  might 
speak  to  Adam  and  Eve,  but  they  all 
refused  except  the  serpent,  who  took  him 
between  two  of  its  teeth.  It  was  then 
the  most  beautiful  of  all  the  animals, 
and  walked  upon  legs  and  feet. — Masudi  : 
History,  22  (A.D.  956). 

The  Serpent's  Punishment.  The 
punishment  of  the  serpent  for  tempting 
Eve  was  this :  (i)  Michael  was  com- 
manded to  cut  off  its  legs ;  and  (2)  the 
serpent  was  doomed  to  feed  on  human 
excrements  ever  after. 

Y  llam6  [Dios'\  a  la  serpiente,  y  a  Michael,  aquel  que 
tiene  la  espada  de  Dios,  y  le  dixo  ;  Aquesta  sierpe  es 
acelerada,  echala  la  primera  del  parayso,  y  cortale  las 
piemas,  v  si  quisiere  caminar,  arrastrara  la  vida  por 
tierra.  Y  lUrafi  ^  Satanas,  el  qual  vino  riendo,  y  dixole  ; 
Porque  tu  »eproDo  has  engauado  a  aquestos,  y  los  has 
hecho  immundos?  Yo  quiero  que  toda  immundicia 
sujra,  y  de  todos  sus  hijos,  en  saliendo  de  sus  cuerpos 
entrc  por  tu  boca,  porque  en  verdad  ellos  haran 
penitencia,  y  tu  quedaras  harto  de  Immundicia.— 
Gospel  0/  Barnabas. 

Serpent  d'Isabit,  an  enormous 
monster,  whose  head  rested  on  the  top  of 
the  Pic  du  Midi  de  Bigorre,  its  body 
filled  the  whole  valley  of  Luz,  St. 
Sauveur,  and  Gfedres,  and  its  tail  was 
coiled  in  the  hollow  below  the  cirque  of 
Gavarnie.  It  fed  once  in  three  months, 
and  supplied  itself  by  making  a  very 
strong  inspiration  of  its  breath,  where- 
upon every  living  thing  around  was 
drawn  into  its  maw.  It  was  ultimately 
killed  by  making  a  huge  bonfire,  and 


SERPENT  STONE. 


984 


SEVEN  CHAMPIONS. 


waking  it  from  its  torpor,  when  it 
became  enraged,  and  drawing  a  deep 
breath,  drew  the  bonfire  into  its  maw, 
and  died  in  agony. — Rev.  W.  Webster  : 
A  Pyrenean  Legend  [i^yy). 

Serpent  Stone.     In  a  cam  on  the 

Mound  of  Mourning  was  a  serpent  which 
had  a  stone  on  the  tail,  and  "whoever 
held  this  stone  in  one  hand  would  have 
in  the  other  as  much  gold  as  heart  could 
desire." — The  Mabinogion  ("  Peredur," 
twelfth  century),  (See  FORTUNATUS,  p. 
387.) 

Serpents  of  North.  Africa.  (See 
Pharsalia,  p.  835.) 

Served  my  God.  Wolsey  said,  in 
his  fall  (1530),  "Had  I  but  served  my 
God  with  half  the  zeal  I  served  my  king. 
He  would  not  in  mine  age  have  left  me 
naked  to  mine  enemies." — Shakespeare: 
Henry  VIII.  act  iii.  sc.  2  (1601). 

H  Samrah,  when  he  was  deposed  from 
the  government  of  Basorah  by  the  caliph 
Moawiyah,  said,  "  If  I  had  served  God 
so  well  as  I  have  served  the  caliph,  He 
would  never  have  condemned  me  to  all 
eternity  "  (seventh  century). 

IF  Antonio  Perez,  the  favourite  of 
Philip  II.  of  Spain,  said  (1611),  "  Mon 
zele  etoit  si  grand  vers  ces  benignes 
puissances  [i.e.  Turing  qui  si  j'en  eusse 
eu  autant  pour  Dieu,  je  ne  double  point 
qu'il  ne  m'eut  deja  recompense  de  son 
paradis." 

IT  The  earl  of  GowRiE,  when  in  1584 
he  was  led  to  execution,  said,  "  If  I  had 
served  God  as  faithfully  as  I  have  done 
the  king  \James  VI.\  I  should  not  have 
come  to  this  end." — Spotswood :  History 
of  the  Church  of  Scotland,  pp.  332,  333 
<i6S3). 

Service  Tree.  A  wand  of  the 
service  tree  has  the  power  of  renewing 
die  virulence  of  an  exhausted  poison. 
—  Comtesse  d Aulnoy :  Fairy  Tales 
("Fiorina,"  1682). 

Ses'ame  (3  •?>'/•)•  ^^^  talismanic  word 
which  would  open  or  shut  the  door 
leading  into  the  cave  of  the  forty  thieves. 
In  order  to  open  it,  the  words  to  be 
uttered  were,  * '  Open,  Sesam6  I  "  and  in 
order  no  close  it,  "Shut,  Sesamg ! " 
Sesam6  is  a  plant  which  yields  an  oily 
grain,  and  hence,  when  Cassim  forgot 
the  word,  he  substituted  barley,  but  with- 
out effect. 

Mrs.  Habberfield,  coming  to  a  small  Iron  grating, 
exclianged  some  words  with  my  companions,  which 


produced  as  much  effect  as  the  ••  Open,  Sesam*  1 "  of 
nursery  renown.— /.(jrii  IV,  P.  Lennox:  CeUbrities.eU., 
1.53- 

Opening  a  handkerchief,  in  which  he  had  a  sample  ot 
sesamfi,  he  inquired  of  me  how  much  a  large  measure 
of  the  grain  was  worth  ...  I  told  him  that,  according 
to  the  present  price,  a  large  measure  was  woith  one 
hundred  drachms  of  silver  .  .  .  and  he  left  the  sesamS 
with  rae.— Arabian  NishU  ("The  Christian  Mer- 
chant's Story  "). 

Sesostris  {The  Modem),  Napoleon 
Bonaparte  (1769,  1804-1815,  1821). 

But  where  is  he,  the  modem,  mightier  far, 
Who,  bom  no  king,  made  monarchs  draw  his  car ; 
The  new  Sesostris  whose  unhcimessed  kiii^s. 
Freed  from  the  bit,  believe  themselves  with  wings. 
And  spurn  the  dust  o'er  which  they  crawled  of  late. 
Chained  to  the  chariot  of  the  chieftain's  state  J 

Byron  :  Age  of  Bronze  (1821). 

("Sesostris,"  in  F^nelon's  Tilimaque, 
is  meant  for  Louis  XIV.) 

Set'ebos,  a  deity  of  the  Patagonians. 

His  art  Is  of  such  power. 
It  would  control  my  dam's  god  Setebos. 

Shakespeare  :  The  Teuipest  (1609). 
The  giants,  when  they  found  themselves  fettered, 
roared  like  bulls,  and   cried   upon  SeteboS  to  help 
them.— £<&«  .•  History  0/  TravayU. 

Setb.,  a  servant  of  the  Jew  at  Ashby. 
Reuben  is  his  fellow-servant. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Ivanhoe  {time,  Richard  I.). 

Settle  {Elkana),  the  poet,  introduced 
by  sir  W.  Scott  in  Peveril  of  the  Peak 
(time,  Charles  II.). 

(Rochester  tried  to  raise  him  in  public 
estimation,  so  as  to  be  a  rival  to 
Dryden. ) 

Seven  Bishops  (r^).  (See  Bishops, 
p.  122.) 

Seven  in  the  Bible  is  a  mystic  number, 
probably  quite  indefinite.  We  say  "six 
or  seven,"  meaning  an  indefinite  number 
between  "  three  or  four "  and  "  a 
dozen  or  more." 

In  Brussels  it  plays  a  very  conspicuous 
part. 

There  are  seven  noble  families  springing  from 
seven  ancient  castles,  and  these  seven  supply  the 
stock  from  which  the  seven  senators  are  selected. 
The  seven  senators  form  the  upper  council  of  the 
city.  There  are  also  seven  great  squares  and  seven 
gates.  [This  refers  to  the  sixteenth  century.)— 
MoUey  :  The  Dutch  Republic,  pt  i.  i  (1856). 

Seven  Bodies  in  Alcbemy.     The 

Sun  is  gold,  the  Moon  silver,  Mars  iron, 
Mercury  quicksilver,  Satiun  lead,  Jupiter 
tin,  and  Venus  copper. 

The  bodies  seven,  eek,  lo  hem  heer  anoon: 
Sol  gold  is,  and  Luna  silver  we  threpe ; 
Mars  yren,  Mercurie  quyksilver  we  clepe ; 
Saturnus  leed,  and  Jubitur  is  tyn. 
And  Venus  ciper,  by  my  fader  kyn. 
Chaucer :  Canterbury  Tales  (prologue  to  "  The 
Chanounes  Yemanes  Tale,"  1388). 

Seven  Clianipions  of  Cbris- 
tendom    {The):   St.    George  for   Eng- 


SEVEN-HILLED  CITY. 


98s 


SEVEN  SLEEPERS. 


land ;  St.  Andrew  for  Scotland ;  St. 
Patrick  for  Ireland  ;  St.  David  for 
Wales ;  St.  Denys  tor  France ;  St.  James 
for  Spain  ;  and  St.  Antliony  for  Italy. 

(Richard  Johnson  wrote  The  Famous 
History  of  the  Seven  Champions  of 
Christendotn,  1617.) 

Seven -Hilled  City  {TheV  in 
Latin  Urbs  Septicollis ;  ancient  Kome, 
built  on  seven  hills,  surrounded  by 
Servius  TuUius  with  a  line  of  fortifi- 
cations. The  seven  hills  are  the  Palla- 
tlnus,  the  Capitollnus,  the  Quirinalis,  the 
Caelius,  the  Aventlnus,  the  Viminalis,  and 
the  Esquilinus. 

Seven  Lamps  of  Architecture, 

by  Ruskin  (1849).  The  seven  lamps  are 
Sacrifice,  Truth,  Power,  Beauty,  Life, 
Memory,  and  Obedience. 

Seven  Months'  War  {The),  (See 
Six  Months'  War,  p.  1012.) 

(The  first  half  consisted  of  a  series  of  battles  won  by 
the  king  of  Prussia;  the  second  half  consisted  of  a 
series  of  sieges,  ending  with  the  siege  of  Paris.  Sep- 
tember I,  after  the  battle  of  Sedan,  Napoleon  delivered 
his  sword  to  William  king  of  Prussia.  January  i8,  1871, 
William  was  declared  emperor  of  Germany.) 

Seven  Mortal  Sins  {The)  :  (i) 
pride,  (2)  wrath,  (3)  envy,  (4)  lust,  (5) 
gluttony,  (6)  avarice,  and  (7)  sloth.  (See 
Seven  Virtues,  p.  986.) 

Seven  Rienzi's  Number. 

October  7,  Rienzi's  foes  yielded  to  his  power. 
7  months  Rienzi  reigned  as  tribune. 
7  years  he  was  absent  in  exile. 

7  weeks  of  return  saw  him  without  an  enemy  (Oct.  7). 
7  was  the  nuniberof  the  crowns  the  Roman  convents 
and  Roman  council  awarded  him. 

Seven  Senses  {Thi).  According  to 
Ecclesiasticus,  they  are  seeing,  hearing, 
tasting,  feeling,  smelling,  understanding, 
and  speech.     (See  Five  Wits,  p.  371.) 

The  Lord  created  man  .  .  .  and  they  received  the 
use  of  the  five  operations  of  the  Lord,  and  in  the 
sixth  place  He  imparted  [/c]  them  understanding,  and 
in  the  seventh  speech,  an  interpreter  of  the  cogitations 
thereof. — Ecclus.  xvii.  5. 

Seven  Sisters  ( The).  The  window 
in  the  north  transept  of  York  Cathedral 
is  so  called  because  it  has  seven  tall 
lancets. 

The  Seven  Sisters,  seven  culverins 
cast  by  one  Borthwick. 

And  these  were  Borthwick's  "  Sisters  Seven," 
And  culverins  which  France  had  given- 
Ill-omened  gift.    The  guns  remain 
The  conqueror's  spoil  on  Flodden  plain. 

Sir  IV.  Scott:  Marmion,  iv.  (t8o8). 

(Wordsworth  has  a  ballad  called  "  The 
Seven  Sisters  "  named  Campbell.  While 
the  knight  their  father  was  away  in  the 
wars,  some  rovers  leaped  on  shore.  The 
seven  sisters  fled  in   fright,  and,  being 


pursued  by  the  rovers,  plunged  Into  a 
lake.  In  this  lake  are  seven  small  islets, 
and  the  fishers  say  that  on  these  islets  the 
seven  sisters  were  buried  by  fairy  hands. 
Wordsworth  has  also  a  pretty  lyric  of 
seventeen  stanzas,  called  "We  are 
Seven.") 

.  Seven  Sleepers  (rA-f).  The  tale  of 
these  sleepers  is  told  in  divers  manners. 
The  best  accounts  are  those  in  the  Kordn, 
xviii.,  entitled,  "The  Cave,  Revealed  at 
Mecca  ;  "  The  Golden  Legends,  by  Jacques 
de  Voragine  ;  the  De  Gloria  Martyrum, 
i.  9,  by  Gregory  of  Tours ;  and  the 
Oriental    Tales,    by    comte    de    Caylus 

(1743)- 

Names  of  the  Seven  Sleepers.  Gregory 
of  Tours  says  their  names  were :  Con- 
stantine,  Dionysius,  John,  Maximian, 
Malchus,  Maitinian  or  Marcian,  and 
Seraplon.  In  the  Oriental  Tales  the 
names  given  are  :  Jemlikha,  Mekchilinia, 
Mechlima,  Merlima,  Debermouch,  Char- 
nouch,  and  the  shepherd  Keschetiouch. 
Their  names  are  not  given  in  the  Kordn. 

N.B. — Al  Seyid,  a  Jacobite  Christian  of 
Najran,  says  the  sleepers  were  only  three, 
with  their  dog  ;  others  maintain  that  their 
number  was  _five,  besides  the  dog  ;  but 
Al  Beidawi,  who  is  followed  by  most 
authorities,  says  they  were  seven,  besides 
the  dog. 

• .  •  Duration  of  the  Sleep.  The  Kordn 
says  it  was  "300  years  and  nine  years 
over  ;  "  the  Oriental  Tales  say  309  years ; 
but  if  Gregory  of  Tours  is  followed,  the 
duration  of  the  sleep  was  barely  230 
years. 

The  Legend  of  the  Seven  Sleepers,  (i) 
According  to  Gregory  of  Tours,  they  were 
seven  noble  youths  of  Ephesus,  who  fled 
in  the  Decian  persecution  to  a  cave  in 
mount  Celion,  the  mouth  of  which  was 
blocked  up  with  stones.  After  230  years 
they  were  discovered,  and  awoke,  but 
died  within  a  few  days,  and  were  taken  in 
a  large  stone  coffin  to  Marseilles.  Visitors 
are  still  shown  in  St.  Victor's  Church  their 
reputed  stone  coffin. 

(If  there  is  any  truth  at  all  in  the  legend, 
it  amounts  to  this  :  In  a.d.  250  some 
youths  (three  or  seven)  suffered  martyr- 
dom under  the  emperor  Decius,  "  fell 
asleep  in  the  Lord,"  and  were  buried  in 
a  cave  of  mount  Celion.  In  479  (the 
reign  of  Theodosius)  their  bodies  were 
discovered,  and,  being  consecrated  as 
holy  relics,  were  removed  to  Marseilles.) 

(2)  According  to  the  Oriental  Tales, 
six    Grecian  youths  were  slaves  in   the 


SEVEN  SLEEPERS. 


986 


SEVEN  WISE  MASTERS. 


palace  of  Dakianos  (Decianus,  Decius). 
This  Dakianos  had  risen  from  low 
degrees  to  kingly  honours,  and  gave 
himself  out  to  be  a  god.  Jemlikha  was 
led  to  doubt  the  divinity  of  his  master, 
because  he  was  unable  to  keep  off  a  fly 
which  persistently  tormented  him,  and, 
being  roused  to  reflection,  came  to  the 
conclusion  that  there  must  be  a  god  to. 
whom  both  Dakianos  and  the  fly  were 
subject.  He  communicated  his  thoughts 
to  his  companions,  and  they  all  fled 
from  the  Ephesian  court  till  they  met  the 
shepherd  Keschetiouch,  whom  they  con- 
verted, and  who  showed  them  a  cave 
which  no  one  but  himself  knew  of. 
Here  they  fell  asleep,  and  Dakianos, 
haying  discovered  them,  commanded  the 
mouth  of  the  cave  to  be  closed  up. 
Here  the  sleepers  remained  309  years,  at 
the  expiration  of  which  time  they  all 
awoke,  but  died  a  few  hours  afterwards.) 

The  Dog  of  the  Seven  Sleepers.  In  the 
notes  of  the  Koran  by  Sale,  the  dog's 
name  is  Kratim,  Kratlmer,  or  Katmir. 
In  the  Oriental  Tales  it  is  Catnier,  which 
looks  like  a  clerical  blunder  for  Calmer, 
only  it  occurs  frequently.  It  is  one  of 
the  ten  animals  admitted  into  Mahomet's 
paradise.  The  Koran  tells  us  that  the 
dog  followed  the  seven  young  men  into 
the  cave,  but  they  tried  to  drive  him 
away,  and  even  broke  three  of  its  legs 
with  stones,  when  the  dog  said  to  them, 
**  I  love  those  who  love  God.  Sleep, 
masters,  and  I  will  keep  guard."  In  the 
Oriental  Tales  the  dog  is  made  to  say, 
"  You  go  to  seek  God,  but  am  not  I  also 
a  child  of  God?"  Hearing  this,  the 
young  men  were  so  astounded,  they  went 
immediately,  and  carried  the  dog  into 
the  cave. 

The  Place  of  Sepulture  of  the  Seven 
Sleepers.  Gregory  of  Tours  tells  us  that 
the  bodies  were  removed  from  mount 
Celion  in  a  stone  coflin  to  Marseilles.  The 
Koran  with  Sale's  notes  informs  us  they 
were  buried  in  the  cave,  and  a  chapel 
was  built  there  to  mark  the  site.  (See 
Sleeper.  ) 

The  Seven  Sleepers  turning  on  their 
sides.  William  of  Malmesbury  says  that 
Edward  the  Confessor,  in  his  mind's  eye, 
saw  the  seven  sleepers  turn  from  their 
right  sides  to  their  left,  and  (he  adds) 
whenever  they  turn  on  their  sides  it 
indicates  great  disasters  to  Christendom. 

Wo«,  woe  to  England  I    I  have  seen  a  vision  : 
The  seven  sleepers  in  the  cave  of  Ephesus 
Have  turned  from  right  to  left. 

Tennyson  :  Harold,  U  i. 

Seven SUe^evB,{The) ;  i.e.  the  seven 


sleepy  ones.  So  Noircarmes  and  his  six 
officers  were  nicknamed  in  the  siege  of 
Valenciennes,  in  1566,  on  account  of  the 
"  sleepiness"  with  which  they  at  first  con- 
ducted the  siege.  They  afterwards  roused 
themselves  <nd  became  terribly  in  earnest 
in  the  work  of  destruction. — Motley  :  The 
Dutch  Republic,  pt.  ii.  9  (1856). 
Seven  Sorrows  of  Mary  ( The) : 

(1)  Simeon's  prophecy,  (2)  the  flight  into 
Egypt,  (3)  Jesus  missed,  (4)  the  betrayal, 
(5)  the  crucifixion,  (6)  the  taking  down 
from  the  cross,  and  (7)  the  ascension. 
Her  Seven  Joys  were :  (i|  the  annuncia- 
tion, (2)  the  visitation,  (3)  the  nativity, 
(4)  the  adoration  of  the  Magi,  (5)  the  pre- 
sentation in  the  temple,  (6)  finding  the 
lost  Child,  and  {7)  the  assumption. 

Seven  Times  Christ  Spoke  on 
tlie  Cross:  (i)  "  Father,  forgive  them  ; 
for  they  know  not  what  they  do ; "  (2) 
"To-day  shalt  thou  be  with  Me  in  para- 
dise ; "  (3) ' '  Woman,  behold  thy  sonl '  etc. ; 
(4)  ' '  My  God,  My  God,  why  hast  Thou 
forsaken  Me?"  (5)  "I  thirst;"  (6) 
"  It  is  finished!"  (7)  ''Father,  into  Thy 
hands  I  commend  My  spirit." 

Seven  Towers  {The),  a  state  prison 
in  Constantinople,  near  the  sea  of  Mar- 
mora. It  stands  at  the  west  of  the 
Seraglio. 

But  then  thoy  never  came  to  "  the  Seven  Towers." 
Byron  :  Don  Juan,  v.  150  (1820), 

Seven    Virtues    [The) :     (i)  faith, 

(2)  hope,  (3)  charity,  (4)  prudence,  {5) 
justice,  (6)  fortitude,  and  (7)  temperance. 
The  first  three  are  called  ' '  the  holy 
virtues."  (See  Seven  Mortal  Sins,  p. 
985.) 

Seven  Weeks'  War  {The),  that  be- 
tween Austria  and  Prussia,  in  1866,  for 
the  supremacy  of  Germany.  The  war 
was  declared  by  Austria,  June  17,  and  the 
Peace  of  Presburg  (giving  Prussia  the 
victory)  was  signed  August  20. 

Seven  Wise  Masters.  Lucien 
the  son  of  Dolopathus  was  placed  under 
the  charge  of  Virgil,  and  was  tempted  in 
manhood  by  his  step-mother.  He  re- 
pelled her  advances,  and  she  accused  him 
to  the  king  of  taking  liberties  with  her. 
By  consulting  the  stars,  it  was  discovered 
that  if  he  could  tide  over  seven  days  his  life 
would  be  spared  ;  so  seven  wise  masters 
undertook  to  tell  the  king  a  tale  each,  ia 
illustration  of  rash  judgments.  When 
they  had  all  told  their  tales,  the  prince 
related,  under  the  disguise  of  a  tale,  the 
story  of  the  queen's  wantonness ;  where- 


SEVEN  WISE  MEN. 


987        SEVEN  AGAINST  THEBES. 


upon  Lucien  was  restored  to  favour,  and 
the  queen  was  put  to  death. — Sandabar  : 
Parables  (contemporary  with  king  Cou- 
rou). 

(John  Rolland  of  Dalkeith  has  rendered 
this  legend  into  Scotch  verse.  There  is 
an  Arabic  version  by  Nasr  Allah  (twelfth 
century),  borrowed  from  the  Indian  by 
Sandabar.  In  the  Hebrew  version  by 
rabbi  Joel  (1270),  the  legend  is  called 
Kalilah  and  Dimnah. ) 

Seven  Wise  Men  ( The). 

One  of  Plutarch's  brochures  in  the 
Moralia  te  entitled,  "The  Banquet  of  the 
Seven  Wise  Men,"  in  which  Periander  is 
made  to  give  an  account  of  a  contest  at 
Chalcis  between  Homer  and  Hesiod,  in 
which  the  latter  wins  the  prize,  and  re- 
ceives a  tripod,  on  which  he  caused  to  be 
engraved  this  inscription — 

This  Hesiod  vows  to  the  Heliconian  nine. 
In  Chalcis  won  from  Homer  the  divine. 

Seven  Wise  Men  of  Greece  [The), 
seven  Greeks  of  the  sixth  century  B.a, 
noted  for  their  maxims. 

(i)  Bias.  His  maxim  was,  "Most  men 
are  bad"  ("Tliere  is  none  ttiat  doeth 
good,    no,    not    one,"    Ps.  xiv.   3) :    oi 

irXe/ow  Kaxo\  (fl,  B.C.  550), 

(2)  Child.   " Consider  the  end  :"  Te'Xot 

opyv /uaitpou /3joi;  (fl.  B.C.  590). 

(3)  Cleobulos.  "Avoid  extremes" 
(the  golden   mean) :    'Ap«rrov  fxerpow  (fl. 

B.C.  580). 

(4)  Periander,  "  Nothing  is  impos- 
sible to  industry  "  (Patience  and  persever- 
ance overcome  mountains) :  m«\6tij  t6  jrai- 
(B.C.  665-585). 

(5)  PiTTAcos.  "Know  thy  oppor- 
tunity" (Seize  time  by  the  forelock):  Kaipdv 
yvwOi  (B.C.  652-569). 

(6)  Solon.  ' '  Know  thyself : "  TvaOi 
oeavTov  (B.C.  638-558). 

(7)  Thales  (2  sv/. ).  "  Suretyship  is  the 
forerunner  of  ruin  "  ("  He  that  hateth 
suretyship  is  sure,"  Prov.  xi.  15)  :  '£771/0, 

wdpa  i'arrt  (B.C.  636-546). 

First  Solon,  who  made  the  Athenian  laws ; 
Then  Chilo,  in  Sparta,  renowned  for  his  saws; 
In  Miletos  did  Thales  astronomy  teach; 
Bias  used  in  PrienS  his  morals  to  preach ; 
Cleobulos,  of  Lindos,  was  handsome  and  wise; 
Mityleni  '^inst  thraldom  saw  PittScos  rise ; 
Periander  is  said  to  have  gained,  thro'  his  court. 
The  honour  that  Myson,  the  Chenian,  ought. 

(It  is  Plato  who  says  that  Myson 
should  take  the  place  of  Periander  as  one 
of  the  Seven  Wise  Men. ) 

Seven  Wonders  of  Wales  (The) : 
(i)  Snowdon,  (2)  Pystyl  Rhaiadr  water- 
fall, (3)  St.  Winifred's  well,  (4)  Overton 


churchyard,  (5)  Gresford  church  bells, 
(6)  Wrexham  steeple  (?  tower),  (7)  Llan- 
gollen bridge. 

Seven   Wonders    of  tlie    Peak 

(Derbyshire) :  The  three  caves  called  the 
Devil's  Arse,  Pool,  and  Eklen  ;  St.  Anne's 
Well,  which  is  similar  in  character  "  to 
that  most  dainty  spring  of  Bath  ;  "  Tides- 
well,  which  ebbs  and  flows,  although  so 
far  inland ;  Sandy  Hill,  which  never 
increases  at  the  base  or  abates  in  height ; 
and  the  forest  of  the  Peak,  which  bears 
trees  on  hard  rocks. — Drayton:  Polyolbion, 
xxvi.  (a  full  descripton  of  each  is  given, 
1622). 

Seven  Wonders  of  the  World 

(The)  :  (i)  The  pyramids  of  Egypt,  (2) 
the  hanging  gardens  of  Babylon,  (3)  the 
tomb  of  Mausolos,  (4)  the  temple  of  Diana 
at  Ephesus,  (5)  the  colossos  of  Rhodes, 
(6)  the  statue  of  Zeus  by  Phidias,  (7)  the 
pharos  of  Egypt,  or  else  the  palace  of 
Cyrus  cemented  with  gold. 

T\ie  pyramids  first,  which  in  Egypt  were  laid  ; 
Next  Babylon  s  garden,  for  Amytis  made  ; 
Then  Mausilos's  tomb  of  affection  and  guilt ; 
Fourth,  the  temple  o/Dian,  in  Ephesus  built ; 
The  eolossos  of  Rhodes,  cast  in  brass,  to  the  sun ; 
Sixth,  Jupiter's  statue,  by  Phidias  done  ; 
'X'he  pharos  of  Egypt,  last  wonder  of  old. 
Or  palace  qf  Cyrus,  cemented  with  gold. 

B.  C.  B. 

Seven  Years. 

Barbarossa  changea  his  position  in  his 
sleep  every  seven  years. 

Charlemagne  starts  in  his  chair  from 
sleep  every  seven  years. 

Ogier  the  Dane  stamps  his  iron  mace 
on  the  floor  every  seven  years. 

Olaf  Redbeard  of  Sweden  uncloses  his 
eyes  every  seven  years. 

Seven  Years'  War  (The),  the  war 
maintained  by  Frederick  II.  of  Prussia 
against  Austria,  Russia,  and  France  (1756- 
1763). 

Seven  ag'ainst  Thebes  (The). 
At  the  death  of  CEdlfpus,  his  two  sons 
Ete6cl6s  and  Polynicis  agreed  to  reign 
alternate  years,  but  at  the  expiration  of 
the  first  year  Eteoclds  refused  to  resign 
the  crown  to  his  brother.  Whereupon 
Polynic6s  induced  six  others  to  join  him 
in  besieging  Thebes,  but  the  expedition 
was  a  failure.  The  names  of  the  seven 
Grecian  chiefs  who  marched  against 
Thebes  were :  Adrastos,  Amphiaraos, 
Kapaneus,  Hippomedon  iArgives),  Par- 
thenopseos  (an  Arcadian),  Polynic^s  (a 
Theban),  and  Tydeus  (an  ^oiian),  (See 
Epigoni,  p.  326.) 


SEVERALU 


SFORZA. 


{^schylos  has  a  tragedy  on  the  sub- 
ject ;  Statius  wrote  an  epic  poem  on  the 
subject,  called  the  Thebaid. ) 

Severall,  a  private  farm  or  land  with 
enclosures;  a  "champion"  is  an  open 
farm  not  enclosed. 

The  country  enclosfed  1  praise  [several!]; 
The  other  delighteth  not  me  [ckamfiion]. 

Tusser  ;  Five  Hundred  Points  of  Good 
Husbandry,  liii.  i  (1.557). 

Severn,  a  corruption  of  Averne, 
daughter  of  Astrild.  The  legend  is  this  : 
King  Locryn  was  engaged  to  Gwendolen 
daughter  of  Corlneus,  but  seeing  Astrild 
(daughter  of  the  king  of  Germany),  who 
came  to  this  island  with  Homber  king 
of  Hungary,  fell  in  love  with  her.  While 
Corineus  lived  he  durst  not  offend  him, 
so  he  married  Gwendolen,  but  kept 
Astrild  as  a  mistress,  and  had  by  her 
a  daughter  (Averne).  When  Corineus 
died,  he  divorced  Gwendolen,  and  de- 
clared Astrild  queen,  but  Gwendolen 
summoned  her  vassals,  dethroned  Locryn, 
and  caused  both  Astrild  and  Averne  to 
be  cast  into  the  river,  ever  since  called 
Severn  from  Averne  "  the  kinges  dohter." 

Sex.  Milton  says  that  spirits  can 
assume  either  sex  at  pleasure,  and  Michael 
Psellus  asserts  that  demons  can  take  what 
sex,  shape,  and  colour  they  please,  and 
can  also  contract  or  dilate  their  form  at 
pleasure. 

For  spirits,  when  they  please, 
Can  either  sex  assume,  or  both  ;  so  soft 
And  uncompounded  is  their  essence  pure; 
Not  tied  or  manacled  with  joint  and  limb, 
Nor  founded  on  the  brittle  strength  of  bones. 
Like  cumbrous  flesh. 

Milton^  Paradise  Lost,  i.  423,  etc.  (1665). 

Sex.  CasneusandTire'siaswereatone 
part  of  their  lives  of  the  male  sex,  and  at 
another  part  of  their  lives  of  the  female 
sex.     (See  these  names.) 

IT  Iphis  was  first  a  woman,  and  then  a 
man. — Ovid:  Metamorphoses,  ix.  12;  xiv. 
699. 

Sextus  [Tarquinius].  There  are 
several  points  of  resemblance  in  the  story 
of  Sextus  and  that  of  Paris  son  of  Priam, 
(i)  Paris  was  the  guest  of  Menelaos  when 
he  eloped  with  his  wife  Helen  ;  and  Sextus 
was  the  guest  of  Lucretia  when  he  defiled 
her.  (2)  The  elopement  of  Helen  was 
the  cause  of  a  national  war  between  the 
Greek  cities  and  the  allied  cities  of  Troy  : 
and  the  defilement  of  Lucretia  was  the 
cause  of  a  national  war  between  Rome 
and  the  allied  cities  under  Por'sena.  (3) 
The  contest  between  Greece  and  Troy 
terminated  in  the  victory  of  Greece,  the 
injured  party ;  and  the  contest  between 


Rome  and  the  supporters  of  Tarquin  ter- 
minated in  favour  of  Rome,  the  injured 
party.  (4)  In  the  Trojan  war,  Paris,  the 
aggressor,  showed  himself  before  the 
Trojan  ranks,  and  defied  the  bravest  of 
the  Greeks  to  single  combat,  but  when 
Menelaos  appeared,  he  took  to  flight ;  so 
Sextus  rode  vauntingly  against  the  Roman 
host,  but  when  Herminius  appeared,  fled 
to  the  rear  like  a  coward.  (5)  In  the 
Trojan  contest,  Priam  and  his  sons  fell 
in  battle ;  and  in  the  battle  of  the  lake 
Regillus,  Tarquin  and  his  sons  were 
slain.  • 

(Lord  Macaulay  has  taken  the  "  Battle 
of  the  Lake  Regillus  "  as  the  subject  of 
one  of  his  Lays  of  Ancient  Rome.  Another 
of  his  lays,  called  "Horatius,"  is  the 
attempt  of  Porsena  to  re-establish  Tarquin 
on  the  throne.) 

Seyd,  pacha  of  the  Morea,  assassinated 
by  Gulnare  {2  syl.)  his  favourite  concu- 
bine. Giilnare  was  rescued  from  the 
burning  harem  by  Conrad  "  the  corsair." 
Conrad,  in  the  disguise  of  a  dervise,  was 
detected  and  seized  in  the  palace  of  Seyd, 
and  Gulnare,  to  effect  his  liberation,  mur- 
dered the  pacha. — Byron:  The  Corsair 
(1814). 

Seyton,  an  officer  attending  on  Mac- 
beth.— Shakespeare:  Macbeth  (1600). 

Seyton  {Lord),  a  supporter  of  queen 
Mary's  cause. 

Catherine  Seyton,  daughter  of  lord 
Seyton,  a  maid  of  honour  in  the  court 
of  queen  Mary.  She  appears  at  Kinross 
village  in  disguise. 

Henry  Seyton,  son  of  lord  Seyton. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  The  Abbot  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Sforza,  of  Lombardy.     He  with  his 
two    brothers  (Achilles    and    Palamed6s) 
were  in  the  squadron  of  adventurers  in  the 
alUed  Christian  army, — Tasso:  Jerusalem    j 
Delivered  (1575). 

N.B. — The  word  Sforza  means  "  force," 
and,  according  to  tradition,  was  derived 
thus  :  Giacorauzzo  Attendolo,  the  son  of 
a  day  labourer,  being  desirous  of  going 
to  the  wars,  consulted  his  hatchet,  re- 
solving to  enlist  if  it  stuck  fast  in  the  tree 
at  which  he  flung  it.  He  threw  it  with 
suchyb;r(?  that  the  whole  blade  was  com- 
pletely buried  in  the  trunk  (fifteenth  cen- 
tury). 

Sforza  (Ludov'ico),  duke  of  Milan, 
surnamed  "the  More,"  from  mora,  "a 
mulberry  "  (because  he  had  on  his  arm  a 
birth-stain  of  a  mulberry  colour).  Ludo- 
vico    was    dotingly    fond    of    his    bride 


SGANARELLE. 

Marcelia,  and  his  love  was  amply  re- 
turned ;  but  during  his  absence  in  the 
camp,  he  left  Francesco  lord  protector, 
and  Francesco  assailed  the  fidelity  of  the 
young  duchess.  Failing  in  his  villainy, 
he  accused  her  to  the  duke  of  playing  the 
wanton  with  him,  and  the  duke,  in  a  fit 
of  jealousy,  slew  her.  Sforza  was  after- 
wards poisoned  by  Eugenia  (sister  of 
Francesco),  whom  he  had  seduced. 

Nina  Sforza,  the  duke's  daughter. — 
Mdssinger  :  The  Duke  of  Milan  ( 1622 ). 

(This  tragedy  is  obviously  an  imitation 
of  Shakespeare's  Othello,  161 1.) 

SG-ANABiISLLE,  the  "  cocu  imagi- 
naire,"  a  comedy  by  Moli^re  (1660).  The 
plot  runs  thus  :  C^lie  was  betrothed  to  L^lie, 
but  her  father,  Gorglbus,  insisted  on  her 
marrying  Val^re,  because  he  was  the 
richer  man.  C^lie  fainted  on  hearing  this, 
and  dropped  her  lover's  miniature,  which 
was  picked  up  by  Sganarelle's  wife. 
Sganarelle,  thinking  it  to  be  the  portrait 
of  a  gallant,  took  possession  of  it,  and 
L^lie  asked  him  how  he  came  by  it. 
Sganarelle  said  he  took  it  from  his  wife, 
and  L^lie  supposed  that  C^lie  had  be- 
come the  wife  of  Sganarelle.  A  series  of 
misapprehensions  arose  thence  :  C^lie 
supposed  that  L^lie  had  deserted  her  for 
Madame  Sganarelle ;  Sganarelle  supposed 
that  his  wife  was  imfaithful  to  him ; 
madame  supposed  that  her  husband  was 
an  adorer  of  C^ie ;  and  L^lie  supposed 
that  C^lie  was  the  wife  of  Sganarelle.  In 
time  they  met  together,  when  L^lie 
charged  Cdie  with  being  married  to 
Sganarelle  ;  both  stared,  an  explanation 
followed,  a  messenger  arrived  to  say  that 
Val6re  was  married,  and  all  went  merry 
as  a  marriage  peal. 

Sgfauarelle,  younger  brother  of  Ariste 
(2  syl.)  \  a  surly,  domineering  brute, 
wise  in  his  own  conceit,  and  the  dupe  of 
the  play.  His  brother  says  to  him,  "  tous 
vos  proc6d6s  inspire  un  air  bizarre,  et, 
jusques  i  I'habit,  rend  tout  chez  vous 
barbare."  The  father  of  Isabelle  and 
L^onor,  on  his  death-bed,  committed 
them  to  the  charge  of  Sganarelle  and 
Ariste,  who  were  either  to  marry  them  or 
dispose  of  them  in  marriage.  Sganarelle 
chose  Isabelle,  but  insisted  on  her^ress- 
ing  in  serge,  going  to  bed  early,  keeping 
at  home,  looking  after  the  house,  mend- 
ing the  linen,  knitting  socks,  and  never 
flirting  with  any  one.  The  consequence 
was,  she  duped  her  guardian,  and  cajoled 


989 


SGANARELLE. 


him  into  giving  his  signature  to  her  mar 
riage  with  Valere. 

Malheureux  qui  se  fie  &  femme  aprSs  cela  I 

La  meilleure  est  toujours  en  malice  f^oonde  ; 

C'est  un  sexe  engendri  pour  daiuner  tout  le  monde, 

Je  renounce  i  jamais  k  ce  sexe  trompeur, 

Et  je  le  donne  tout  au  diable  de  bon  coeur. 

Moliire  :  L'icoU  des  Maris  (1661). 

Sganarelle  (3  syl.),  an  old  man  who 
wanted  to  marry  a  girl  fond  of  dances, 
parties  of  pleasure,  and  all  the  active  en- 
joyments of  young  life.  (For  the  tale,  see 
Mariage  Force,  p.  673.) 

(There  is  a  supplement  to  this  comedy 
by  the  same  author,  entitled  Sganarelle 
ou  Le  Cocu  Imaginaire. ) 

U  Thisjoke  about  marrying  is  borrowed 
from  Rabelais,  Pantag'ruel,  iii,  35,  etc. 
Panurge  asks  Trouillogan  whether  he 
would  advise  him  to  marry.  The  sage 
says,  "  No."  "  But  I  wish  to  do  so,"  says 
the  prince.  "  Then  do  so,  by  all  means," 
says  the  sage.  "  Which,  then,  would  you 
advise  ?  "  asks  Panurge.  "  Neither,"  says 
Trouillogan.  "  But,"  says  Panurge,  "  that 
is  not  possible."  "  Then  both,"  says  the 
sage.  After  this,  Panurge  consults  many 
others  on  the  subject,  and  lastly  the  oracle 
of  the  Holy  Bottle. 

(The  plot  of  Moli^re's  comedy  is 
founded  on  an  adventure  recorded  of  the 
count  of  Grammont  [q.'v.).  The  count 
had  promised  marriage  to  la  belle  Hamil- 
ton, but  deserted  her,  and  tried  to  get  to 
P'rance.  Being  overtaken  by  the  two 
brothers  of  the  lady,  they  clapped  their 
hands  on  their  swords,  and  demanded  if 
the  count  had  not  forgotten  something  or 
left  something  behind.  "  True,"  said  the 
count,  "  I  have  forgotten  to  marry  your 
sister  ; "  and  returned  with  the  two  brothers 
to  repair  this  oversight. ) 

Sganarelle,  father  of  Lucinde.  (For 
the  plot,  see  Luginde,  p.  636.) — Molicre: 
L' Amour  Midecin  (1635). 

Sganarelle,  husband  of  Martine.  He 
is  a  faggot-maker,  and  has  a  quarrel  with 
his  wife,  who  vows  to  be  even  with  him 
for  striking  her.  Valere  and  Lucas  (two 
domestics  of  G^ronte)  asks  her  to  direct 
them  to  the  house  of  a  noted  doctor.  She 
sends  them  to  her  husband,  and  tells  them 
he  is  so  eccentric  that  he  will  deny  being 
a  doctor,  but  they  must  beat  him  well. 
So  they  find  the  faggot-maker,  whom  they 
beat  soundly,  till  he  consents  to  follow 
them.  He  is  introduced  to  Lucinde,  who 
pretends  to  be  dumb,  but,  being  a  shrewd 
man,  he  soon  finds  out  that  the  dumbness 
is  only  a  pretence,  and  takes  with  him 


SGANARELLE. 


Lfendre  as  an  apothecary.  The  two 
lovers  understand  each  other,  and  Lucinde 
is  rapidly  cured  with  "  pills  matrimoniac," 
—  Moliire  :  Le  Midecin  Malgri  Lui 
(1666). 

•.•  Sganarelle,  being  asked  by  the 
father  what  he  thinks  is  the  matter  with 
Lucinde,  replies,  ' '  Entendez  -  vous  le 
Latin?"  "En  aucune  fa9on,"  says  G6- 
ron  te.  ' '  Vous  n'entendez  point  le  Latin  ? ' ' 
" Non,  monsieur."  "That  is  a  sad  pity," 
says  Sganarelle,  "for  the  case  may  be 
briefly  stated  thus — 

Cabricias  arc!  thuram,  catalamus,  singulariter,  no- 
minativo,  hasc  musa,  At  muse,  bonus,  Ixjna,  bonum. 
Deus  sanctus,  estne  oratio  Latinast  etiam,  »«i,  quaret 
3^ourguoit  quia  substantiro  et  adjectivum  concordat 
in  generi,  numerum,  et  casus."  "  Wonderful  man  ] 
says  the  father.— Act  iii. 

(See  Mock  Doctor,  p.  714.) 

Sg'au'arelle  (3  syl.),  valet  to  don 
Juan.  He  remonstrates  with  his  master 
on  his  evil  ways,  but  is  forbidden  sternly 
to  repeat  his  impertinent  admonitions. 
His  praise  of  tobacco,  or  rather  snufF,  is 
somewhat  amusing. 

Tabac  est  la  passion  des  honn^tes  frens ;  et  qui  vit 
sans  tabac  n'est  pas  digne  de  vivre.  Non  seulcment  U 
r^jouit  et  purge  les  cerveaux  humainj,  mais  encore  il 
instruit  les  anies  k  la  vertu,  et  Ton  apprend  avec  lui  h 
devenir  honndte  horame  .  .  .  il  inspire  des  sentiments 
d'honneur  h  tous  ceux  qui  en  ^rean^ai.— Moliire  :  Den 
yuan,  i.  I  (1665). 

S.  G.  O.,  the  initials  of  the  Rev.  lord 
Sidney  Godolphin  Osborne,  of  the  family 
of  the  duke  of  Leeds,  in  his  letters  in 
the  Times  on  social  and  philanthropic 
subjects  (1808-1889). 

Shabby  Gentil  {The),  the  first  part 
of  a  story  by  Tiiackeray,  completed  in 
i860,  under  the  title  of  The  Adventures 
of  Philip. 

Shaccabao,  in  Blue  Beard.  (See 
SCHACABAC,  p.  967.) 

I  hare  seen  strange  sights.  I  have  seen  WWcInson 
play  "Macbeth;"  Mathews,  "Othello;"  Wrench, 
"George  Barnwell;"  Buckstone,  "lago;"  Rayner, 
"  Penruddock ; "  Keeley,  "  Shylock  ; "  Liston, 
"Romeo"  and  "Octavian;"  G.  F.  Cooke,  "  Mer- 
cutio;"  John  Kemble,  "Archer;"  Edmund  Kean, 
clown  in  a  pantomime ;  and  C.  Young,  "  Shaccabac." 
—Record  of  a  Stage  Veteran. 

("Macbeth,"  "Othello,"  "  lago  "  (in 
Othello), ' •  Shyloek  "{Merchant of  Venice), 
"Romeo"  and  "  Mercutio  "  (in  Romeo 
and  Juliet),  all  by  Shakespeare ;  ' '  Georpe 
Barnwell"  (Lillo's  tragedy  so  called); 
"  Penruddock"  (in  The  Wheel  of  Fortune, 
by  Cumberland);  "Octavian"  (in  Col- 
man's  drama  so  called);  "Archer"  (in 
The  Beaux'  Stratagem,  by  Farquhar). ) 

Shaddai  {King),  who  made  war  upon 
Diabolus  for  the  regaining  of  Mansoul. — 
Bunyan  :  The  Holy  War  (1682). 


990  SHADWELL. 

SHade  ( To  fight  in  the).  Dieneces 
[Di.en'.e.seez],  the  Spartan,  being  told 
that  the  army  of  the  Persians  was  so 
numerous  that  their  arrows  would  shut 
out  the  sun,  replied,  "Thank  the  gods  I 
we  shall  then  fight  in  the  shade." 

Shadow  {Simon),  one  of  the  recruits 
of  the  army  of  sir  John  FalstaiF.  "A 
half-faced  fellow,"  so  thin  that  sir  John 
said,  "a  foeman  might  as  well  level  his 
gun  at  the  edge  of  a  penknife  "  as  at  such 
a  starveling. — Shakespeare:  1  Henry  IV. 
act  iii.  sc.  2(1598). 

Shadow.  The  man  without  a  sha- 
dow, Peter  SchleraihL  (See  Schlemihl, 
p.  968.) 

Shadrach,  Meshach,  and  Ahedi- 
negfo  were  cast,  by  the  command  of 
Nebuchadnezzar,  into  a  fiery  furnace,  but 
received  no  injury,  although  the  furnace 
was  made  so  hot  that  the  heat  thereof 
"  slew  those  men  "  that  took  them  to  the 
furnace. — Dan.  iii.  22. 

^  By  Nimrod's  order,  Abraham  was 
bound  and  cast  into  a  huge  fire  at  Cfitha ; 
but  he  was  preserved  from  injury  by  the 
angel  Gabriel,  and  only  the  cords  which 
bound  him  were  burnt.  Yet  so  intense 
was  the  heat  that  above  2000  men  were 
consumed  thereby.  (See  Gospel  of  Bar- 
nabas, xxviii.  ;  and  Morgan  :  MahoTne- 
tanism  Explained,  V,  i.  4. ) 

IF  This  is  one  of  the  commonest  miracles 
in  the  Lives  of  the  saints.  It  is  told  of 
St.  Alexander,  Eventius,  and  Theodulus  ; 
it  is  told  of  the  women  who  anointed 
themselves  with  the  blood  of  St.  Blaise ; 
it  is  told  of  St.  Faustinus  and  St.  Jovita ; 
It  is  told  of  a  young  Jewish  lad  after 
partaking  of  the  eucharist ;  it  is  told  of 
St.  Mamas  ;  it  is  told  of  St.  Placidus ;  it 
is  told  of  St.  Vitus,  and  of  very  many 
more,  given  with  authorities  and  details 
in  my  Dictionary  of  Miracles  (1884). 

Shadn'kiam'  and  Am'be-Abad', 

the  abodes  of  the  peris. 

Shadwell  {Thomas),  the  poet-lau- 
reate, was  a  great  drunkard,  and  was  said 
to  be  "round  as  a  butt,  and  hquored 
every  chink  "  (1640-1692). 

Besides,  hte  \Shadiueirs]  goodly  fabric  fills  the  eye, 
And  seems  designed  for  thoughtless  majesty. 

^  Dryden  :  MacFUcknoe  (i68a). 

N.B. — Shadwell  took  opium,  and  died 
from  taking  too  large  a  dose.  Hence 
Pope  says— 

Benlowes,  propitious  still  to  blockheads,  bows ; 
And  Shadwell  nods  the  poppy  on  his  brows. 

Popt:  The  Dunciad,  iii.  21, 33  (1728). 


SHADWELL.  99' 

(Benlowes  was  a  great  patron  of  bad 
poets,  and  many  have  dedicated  to  him 
their  lucubrations.  Sometimes  the  name 
is  shifted  into  "  Benevolus.") 

Shadwell  ( Wapping,  London),  a  cor- 
ruption of  St.  Chad's  Well. 

Shafalus  and  Procrus.  So  Bot- 
tom the  weaver  calls  Cephalus  and  Pro- 
cris.    (See  Cephalus,  p.  192.) 

Pyramus.  Not  Shafalus  to  Procrus  was  so  true. 
Thisbe.  As  Shafalus  to  Procrus ;  I  to  you. 
S/taJkesfeare  :  Midsummer  Ni^hfs  Dream  (1592). 

Shaftesbtiry  [Antony  Ashley  Cooper, 
earl  of),  introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott  iu 
Peverilofthe  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Shafton  [Ned],  one  of  the  prisoners 
in  Newgate  with  old  sir  Hildebrand 
Osbaldistone.— .SiV  W.  Scott:  Rob  Roy 
(time,  George  I.). 

Shafton  [Sir  Piercie),  called  "  The 
knight  of  Wilverton,"  a  fashionable 
cavaliero,  grandson  of  old  Overstitch  the 
tailor,  of  Holderness.  Sir  Piercie  talks 
in  the  pedantic  style  of  the  EUzabethau 
coiu-tiers. — Sir  IV.  Scott :  The  Monastery 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Johnson's  speech,  like  sir  Piercie  Shafton's  euphuistic 
eloquence,  bewrayed  him  under  every  disguise.— 
Macaulay. 

Shall  [The),  a  famous  diamond, 
weighing  86  carats.  It  was  given  by 
Chosroes  of  Persia  to  the  czar  of  Russia. 
(See  Diamonds,  p.  277.) 

Sliah  Nameh.,  the  famous  epic  of 
Firdusi,  the  Homer  of  Khorassan.  Rusten 
is  the  Achillas,  Feridun  the  model  king, 
Zohak  the  cruel  and  impious  tyrant, 
Kavah  (the  blacksmith)  the  intrepid 
patriot  who  marches  against  Zohak,  dis- 
playing his  apron  as  a  banner. 

Rusten's  horse  is  called  Rakush ;  the  prophetic  bird 
Is  Simurgh;  Rusten's  mother  is  Rudabeh,  her  child 
(Rusten)  is  cut  out  of  her  side,  and  the  wound  was 
liealed  by  milk  and  honey  applied  with  a  featlier  of  the 
prophetic  bird  Simurgh.  Rusten  required  the  milk  of 
tea  wet-nurses,  and  when  a  mere  youth  killed  an 
elephant  with  a  blow  of  his  mace. 

Slxakebag  [Dick),  a  highwayman 
with  captain  Colepepper. — Sir  W.  Scott : 
Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Shakespeare,  introduced  by  sir  W. 
Scott  in  the  ante-rooms  of  Greenwich 
Palace.— .S?>  W.  Scott:  Kenilworth[i\mQ, 
Elizabeth). 

(In  Woodstock  there  is  a  conversation 
about  Shakespeare. ) 

Shakespeare's  Home.  He  left  London 
before  16 13,  and  established  himself  at 
Stratford- on- Avon,      in     Warwickshire, 


SHAKESPEARE. 

where  he  was  born  (1564),  and  where  he 
died  (1616).  In  the  diary  of  Mr.  Ward, 
the  vicar  of  Stratford,  is  this  entry  : 
"  Shakspeare,  Drayton,  and  Ben  Jonson 
had  a  merry  meeting,  and,  it  seems, 
drank  too  hard,  for  Shakspeare  died  of 
a  fever  then  contracted."  (Drayton  died 
1631,  and  Ben  Jonson  1637.)  Probably 
Shakespeare  died  on  his  birthday,  April 

23- 

Shakespeare's  Monument,  in  West- 
minster Abbey,  designed  by  Kent,  and 
executed  by  Scheemakers,  in  1742.  The 
statue  to  Shakespeare  iu  Drury  Lane 
Theatre  was  by  the  same. 

The  statue  of  Shakespeare  in  the 
British  Museum  is  by  Roubiliac,  and  was 
bequeathed  to  the  nation  by  Garrick. 
His  best  portrait  is  by  Droeshout. 

Shakespeare' s  Plays,  quarto  editions — 

Romeo  and  Juliet  :  1597,  John  Dan- 
ter ;  1599,  Thomas  Creede  for  Cuthbert 
Burby  ;  1609,  1637.  Supposed  to  have 
been  written,  1595. 

King  Richard  II.  :  1597,  Valentine 
Simmes  for  Andrew  Wise  ;  1598,  1608 
(with  an  additional  scene),  1615,  1634. 

King  Richard  III. :  1597,  ditto;  1598, 
1602,  1612,  1622. 

Love's  Labour's  Lost  :  1598,  W.  W. 
for  Cuthbert  Burby.  Supposed  to  have 
been  written,  1594. 

King  Henrv  IV.  (pt.  i) :  1598,  P.  S. 
for  Andrew  Wise ;  1599,  1604,  1608, 
1613.  Supposed  to  have  been  written, 
1597- 

King  Henry  IV.  (pt.  2) :  1600,  V.  S. 
for  Andrew  Wise  and  William  Aspley ; 
1600.  Supposed  to  have  been  written, 
1598. 

King  Henry  V. :  1600,  Thomas  Creede 
for  Thomas  Millington  and  John  Busby ; 
1602,  i6o8.  Supposed  to  have  been 
written,  1599. 

Midsummer  Night's  Dream  :  1600, 
Thomas  Fisher ;  1600,  James  Roberts, 
Mentioned  by  Meres,  1598.  Supposed  to 
have  been  written,  1592. 

Merchant  of  Venice:  1600,  I.  R. 
for  Thomas  Heyes  ;  1600,  James  Roberts  ; 
1637.     Mentioned  by  Meres,  1598. 

Much  Ado  about  Nothing  :  1600,  V. 
S.  for  Andrew  Wise  and  William  Aspley. 

Merry  Wives  of  Windsor  :  1602, 
T.  C.  for  Arthur  Johnson ;  1619.  Sup- 
posed to  have  been  written,  1596. 

Hamlet  :  1603, 1.  R.  for  N.  L.  ;  1605, 
i6ii.  Supposed  to  have  been  written, 
1597. 

King  Lear  :  1608,  A.  for  Nathaniel 
Butter;   1608,    B.   for  ditto.     Acted  at 


SHAKESPEARE.  992 

Whitehall,  1607.  Supposed  to  have  been 
written,  1605. 

Troilus  and  Cressida  :  1609,  G.  Eld 
for  R.  Bonian  and  H.  Whalley  (with  a 
preface).  Acted  at  court,  1609.  Sup- 
posed to  have  been  written,  1602. 

OTHELLO :  1622,  N.  O.  for  Thomas 
Walkely.     Acted  at  Harefield,  1602. 

The  rest  of  the  dramas  are — 

A  IFs  Well  that  Ends  Well,  1598.  First  title  supposed 
to  be  Love's  Labour's  Won. 

Antony  and  Cleopatra,  1608.  No  early  mention  made 
of  this  play. 

As  You  Like  It.    Entered  at  Stationers'  Hall,  1600. 


SHALOTT. 


Comedy  0/ Errors,  1593.    Mentioned  by  Meres,  1598. 
Corioianus,  i6ia     No        ' 
play. 


Corioianus,  i6ia     No  early  mention  made  of  this 


Lymbeline,  1605.  No  early  mention  made  of  this  play. 

1  Henry  VL  Alluded  to  by  Nash  in  Pierce  Penniless, 
1592. 

2  Henry  VL  Original  title.  First  Part  0/ the  Conten- 
tion, 1594. 

3  Henry  VI.  Original  title,  True  Tragedy  0/ 
Richard  duke  0/  York,  1595. 

Henry  VIII.,  1601.  Acted  at  the  Globe  Theatre,  1613, 

?ohn  (King),  1596.     Mentioned  by  Meres,  1598. 
ulius  Casar,  1607.  No  early  mention  made  of  this 

Lear,  1605.    Acted  at  Whitehall,  1607.    Printed  1608. 

Macbeth,  1606.     No  early  mention  made  of  this  play. 

Measure/or  Measure,  1603.  Acted  at  Whitehall,  1604. 

Merry  Wives  0/  Windsor,  1596.     Printed  1602. 

Pericles  Prince  of  Tyre.     Printed  1609. 

Taming  of  the  Shrew  (?)  Acted  at  Henslow's 
Theatre,  1593.     Entered  at  Stationers'  Hall,  1607. 

Tempest,  1609.     Acted  at  Whitehall,  1611. 

Timon  of  Athens,  1609.  No  early  mention  made  of 
this  play. 

Titus  Andronicus,  1593.     Printed  i6oo. 

Twelfth  Night.    Acted  in  the  Middle  Temple  Hall, 

X602. 

Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona,  1595.  Mentioned  by 
Meres,  1598. 

Winter's  Tale,  i6o<.    Acted  at  Whitehall,  i6n. 

First  complete  collection  in  folio  :  1623, 
Isaac  Jaggard  and  Ed.  Blount ;  1632, 
1664,  1685.  The  second  folio  is  of  very 
little  value. 

His  plays  were  first  collected  and  pub- 
lished by  Condell  and  Heminge.  This 
is  called  the  "  First  Folio,"  and  was  issued 
in  1623.  The  publishers  were  contempo- 
raries and  friends  of  the  great  dramatist, 
and  spell  his  name  "  Shakespeare." 

Shakespeare  s  Parents.  His  father  was 
John  Shakespeare,  a  glover,  who  married 
Mary  Arden,  daughter  of  Robert  Arden, 
Esq.,  of  Bomich,  a  good  county  gentle- 
man. 

Shakespeare's  Wife,  Anne  Hathaway  of 
Shottery,  some  eight  years  older  than 
himself;  daughter  of  a  substantial  yeo- 
man. 

Shakespeare  s  Children,  One  son, 
Hamnet,  who  died  in  his  twelfth  year 
(1585-1596).  Two  daughters,  who  sur- 
vived him,  Susanna,  and  Judith  twin- 
born  with  Hamnet.  Both  his  daughters 
married  and  had  children,  but  the  lines 
died  out. 

N.B. —  Voltaire  says  of  Shakespeare: 


"  Rimer  had  very  good  reason  to  say  that 
Shakespeare  n'etait  q'un  vilain  singe." 
Voltaire,  in  1765,  said,  "  Shakespeare  is 
a  savage  with  some  imagination,  whose 
plays  can  please  only  in  London  and 
Canada."  In  1735  he  wrote  to  M.  de 
Cideville,  "Shakespeare  is  the  Corneille 
of  London,  but  everywhere  else  he  is  a 
great  fool  (grand  fou  dailleur)." 

The  Shakespeare  du  Boulevard,  Guil- 
bert  de  Pix^r^court  (1773-1844). 

The  Shakespeare  of  Divines,  Jeremy 
Taylor  (1613-1667). 

His  \Taylor's'\  devotional  writings  only  want  what 
they  cannot  be  said  to  need,  the  name  and  the  metrical 
arrangement,  to  make  them  poetry. — Heber. 

Taylor,  the  Shakespeare  of  divines. — Emerson. 

The  Shakespeare  of  Eloquence.  The 
comte  de  Mirabeau  was  so  called  by 
Barnave  (1749-1791). 

The  Shakespeai'e  of  Germany,  Augustus 
Frederick  Ferdinand  von  Kotzebue  (1761- 
1819).  G.  F.  W.  Grossman  is  so  called 
also  (1746-1796). 

The  Shakespeare  of  Prose  Fiction. 
Richardson  the  novelist  is  so  called  by 
D'Israeli  (1689-1761). 

Shallow,  a  weak-minded  country 
justice,  cousin  to  Slender.  He  is  a  great 
braggart,  and  especially  fond  of  boasting 
of  the  mad  pranks  of  his  younger  days. 
It  is  said  that  justice  Shallow  is  a 
satirical  portrait  of  sir  Thomas  Lucy  of 
Charlecote,  who  prosecuted  Shakespeare 
for  deer-stalking. — Shakespeare  :  Tht 
Merry  Wives  of  Windsor  {i^g6) ;  and  a 
Henry  IV.  (1598). 

As  wise  as  a  justice  of  the  quorum  and  custalorum  Ia 
Shallow's  time. — Macaulay. 

Shallxun,  lord  of  a  manor  consisting 
of  a  long  chain  of  rocks  and  mountains 
called  Tirzah.  Shallum  was  "  of  gentle 
disposition,  and  beloved  both  by  God  and 
man."  He  was  the  lover  of  Hilpa,  a 
Chinese  antediluvian  princess,  one  of  the 
150  daughters  of  Zilpah,  of  the  race  of 
Cohu  or  Cain. — Addison  :  Spectator,  viii. 
584-s  (1712). 

Slxalott  [^The  lady  of),  a  poem  by 
Tennyson,  in  four  parts.  Pt  i.  tells  us 
that  the  lady  passed  her  life  in  the  island 
of  Shalott  in  great  seclusion,  and  was 
known  only  by  the  peasantry.  Pt.  ii. 
tells  us  that  she  was  weaving  a  magic 
web,  and  that  a  curse  would  fall  on  her 
if  she  looked  down  the  river.  Pt.  iii. 
describes  how  sir  Lancelot  rode  to  Came- 
lot  in  all  his  bravery  ;  and  the  lady  gazed 
at  him  as  he  rode  along.  Pt.  iv.  tells  us 
that  the  lady  floated  down  the  river  in  a 


SHAMHOZ.\L 


993 


boat  called  The  Lady  of  Shalott,  and  died 
heart-broken  on  the  way.  Sir  Lancelot 
came  to  gaze  on  the  dead  body,  and  ex- 
claimed, "She  has  a  lovely  face,  and  may 
God  have  mercy  on  her  1 "  This  ballad 
was  afterwards  expanded  into  the  Idyll 
called  "  Elaine,  the  Fair  Maid  of  Astolat " 
{q.v.),  the  beautiful  incident  of  Elaine  and 
the  barge  being  taken  from  the  History  of 
Prince  Arthur,  by  sir  T.  Malory— 

"  While  my  body  is  whole,  let  this  letter  be  put  into 
my  right  hand,  and  my  hand  bound  fast  with  the 
letter  untU  I  be  cold,  and  let  me  be  put  in  a  fair  bed 
with  all  the  richest  clothes  that  I  have  about  me,  and  so 
let  my  bed  and  all  my  rich  clotlies  be  laid  with  me  in  a 
chariot  to  the  next  place  whereas  the  Thames  is,  and 
there  let  me  be  put  in  a  barge,  and  but  one  man  with 
me,  such  as  ye  trust  to  steer  me  thither,  and  that  my^ 
barge  be  covered  with  black  samite  over  and  over. 
...  So  when  she  was  dead,  the  corpse  and  the  bed 
and  all  was  led  the  next  way  unto  the  Thames,  and 
there  a  man  and  the  corpse  and  all  were  put  in  a  barge 
on  the  Thames,  and  so  the  man  steered  the  barge  to 
Westminster,  and  there  he  rowed  a  great  while  to  and 
fro,  or  any  man  espied. — Pt.  iii.  123. 

(King  Arthur  saw  the  body  and  had  it 
buried,  and  sir  Launcelot  made  an  offer- 
ing, etc.  (ch.  124).  See  Tennyson's 
Lady  of  Shalott,  1832.) 

Shamho'zai  (3  syl.\  the  angel  who 
debauched  himself  with  women,  re- 
pented, and  hung  himself  up  between 
earth  and  heaven. — Bereshit  rabbi  (in 
Gen,  vi.  2). 

IF  Hardt  and  Marflt  were  two  angels 
sent  to  be  judges  on  earth.  They  judged 
righteously  till  Zohara  appeared  before 
them,  when  they  fell  in  love  with  her, 
and  were  imprisoned  in  a  cave  near 
Babylon,  where  they  are  to  abide  till  the 
day  of  judgment. 

Shaudon  [Captain),  in  Pendennis,  a 
novel  by  Thackeray  (1849-50). 

Shandy  (Tristram),  the  nominal  hero 
of  Sterne's  novel  called  The  Life  and 
Opinions  of  Tristram  Shandy,  Gentleman 
(1759).  He  is  the  son  of  Walter  and 
Elizabeth  Shandy. 

Captain  Shandy,  better  known  as 
*•  Uncle  Toby,"  the  real  hero  of  Sterne's 
novel.  Captain  Shandy  was  wounded  at 
Namur,  and  retired  on  half-pay.  He  was 
benevolent  and  generous,  brave  as  a  lion 
but  simple  as  a  child,  most  gallant  and 
most  modest.  Hazlitt  says  that  "the 
character  of  uncle  Toby  is  the  finest  com- 
pliment ever  paid  to  human  nature." 
His  modest  love-passages  with  Widow 
Wadman,  his  kindly  sympathy  for 
lieutenant  Lefevre,  and  his  military  dis- 
cussions, are  wholly  unrivalled. 

Aunt  Dinah  \Shandy\,  Walter  Shandy's 
aunt.    She  bequeathed  to  him  j^iooo, 


SHARP. 

which  Walter  fancied  would  enable  hin> 
to  carry  out  all  the  wild  schemes  with 
which  his  head  was  crammed. 

Mrs.  Elizabeth  Shandy,  mother  of 
Tristram  Shandy.  The  ideal  of  non- 
entity, individual  from  its  very  absence  of 
individuality. 

Walter  Shandy,  Tristram's  father,  a 
metaphysical  don  Quixote,  who  believes 
in  long  noses  and  propitious  names  ;  but 
his  son's  nose  was  crushed,  and  his  name, 
which  should  have  been  Trismegistus 
("the  most  propitious"),  was  changed 
in  christening  to  Tristram  ("the  most 
unlucky").  If  much  learning  can  make 
man  mad,  Walter  Shandy  was  certainly 
mad  in  all  the  affairs  of  ordinary  life. 
His  wife  was  a  blank  sheet,  and  he  him- 
self a  sheet  so  written  on  and  crossed  and 
rewritten  that  no  one  could  decipher  the 
manuscript. — Sterne:  The  Life  and 
Opinions  of  Tristram  Shandy  (17S9). 

SHARP,  the  ordinary  of  major 
Touchwood,  who  aids  him  in  his  trans- 
formation, but  is  himself  puzzled  to  know 
which  is  the  real  and  which  the  false 
co\on€i.—Dibdin  :  What  Next  f 

Sharp  [Pichard],  called  "Conversa- 
tion Sharp  "  (1760-1835). 

Sharp  [Pebecca),  the  orphan  daughter 
of  an  artist.  ' '  She  was  small  and  slight 
in  person,  pale,  sandy-haired,  and  with 
green  eyes,  habitually  cast  down,  but 
very  large,  odd,  and  attractive  when  they 
looked  up."  Becky  had  the  "  dismal 
precocity  of  poverty,"  and,  being  engaged 
as  governess  in  the  family  of  sir  Pitt 
Crawley,  bart.,  contrived  to  marry  clan- 
destinely his  son  captain  Rawdon  Craw- 
ley, and  taught  him  how  to  live  in 
splendour  ' '  upon  nothing  a  year. "  Becky 
was  an  excellent  singer  and  dancer,  a 
capital  talker  and  wheedler,  and  a  most 
attractive,  but  unprincipled,  selfish,  and 
unscrupulous  woman.  Lord  Steyne  in- 
troduced her  to  court ;  but  her  conduct 
with  this  peer  gave  rise  to  a  terrible 
scandal,  which  caused  a  separation  be- 
tween her  and  Rawdon,  and  made  Eng- 
land too  hot  to  hold  her.  She  retired  to 
the  Continent,  was  reduced  to  a  Bohemiaa 
life,  but  ultimately  attached  herself  to 
Joseph  Sedley,  wlaom  she  contrived  to 
strip  of  all  his  money,  and  who  lived  in 
dire  terror  of  her,  dying  in  six  months 
under  very  suspicious  circumstances. — 
Thackeray:  Inanity  Fair  {1848). 

With  Becky  Sharp,  we  thlruc  we  could  be  g^ood,  tt 
we  had  ^" 5000  a  year.— Bayne. 

Becky  Sharp,  wim  a  Daroud  for  a  brother-w-Uir 
2  K 


SHARP. 

and  an  earl's  dinghter  for  a  friend,  felt  the  hollowness 
of  human  grandeur,  and  thought  she  was  happier  with 
the  Bohemian  artists  ia  Soho.—T/ie  Express. 

Sharp  ( Timothy),  the  ' '  lying  valet  " 
of  Charles  Gayless.  His  object  is  to 
make  his  master,  who  has  not  a  sixpence 
in  the  world,  pass  for  a  man  of  wealth  in 
the  eyesof  Mehssa,  to  whom  he  is  engaged. 
— Garrick  :  The  Lying  Valet  (1741). 

Sharp-Beak,  the  crow's  wife,  in  the 
beast-epic  called  Reynard  the  Fox  (1498). 

Sharpe  [The  Right  Rev.  James), 
archbishop  of  St.  Andrew's,  murdered  by 
John  Balfour  (a  leader  in  the  covenanters' 
army)  and  his  party. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  Old 
Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Sharper  {Master),  the  culler  in  the 
Strand. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Peveril  of  the 
Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Sharpitlaw  [Gideon),  a  police  officer. 
—Sir  W.  Scott :  Heart  of  Midlothian 
(time,  George  II.). 

Shawouda'see,  son  of  Mudjekeewis, 
and  king  of  the  south  wind.  Fat  and 
lazy,  listless  and  easy.  Shawondasee 
loved  a  prairie  maiden  (the  Dandelion), 
but  was  too  indolent  to  woo  her. — Long- 
fellow: Hiawatha  (1855). 

She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  a  comedy 
by  Oliver  Goldsmith  (1773).  Miss  Hard- 
castle,  knowing  how  bashful  young  Mar- 
low  is  before  ladies,  stoops  to  the  manners 
and  condition  of  a  barmaid,  with  whom 
he  feels  quite  at  his  ease,  and  by  this 
artifice  wins  the  man  of  her  choice. 

N.B. — It  is  said  that  when  Goldsmith 
was  about  16  years  old,  he  set  out  for 
Edgworthstown,  and  finding  night  coming 
on  when  at  Ardagh,  asked  a  man  "which 
was  the  best  house  in  the  town" — meaning 
the  best  inn.  The  man,  who  was  Cor- 
nelius O' Kelly,  the  great  fencing-master, 
pointed  to  that  of  Mr.  Ralph  Fether- 
stone,  as  being  the  best  house  in  the 
vicinity.  Oliver  entered  the  parlour, 
found  the  master  of  the  mansion  sitting 
over  a  good  fire,  and  said  he  intended  to 
pass  the  night  there,  and  should  like  to 
laave  supper.  Mr.  Fetherstone  happened 
to  know  Goldsmith's  father,  and,  to 
humour  the  joke,  pretended  to  be  the 
landlord  of  "the  public,"  nor  did  he 
reveal  himself  till  next  morning  at  break- 
fast, when  Oliver  called  for  his  bill.  It 
was  not  sir  Ralph  Fetherstone,  as  is  gene- 
rally said,  but  Mr.  Ralph  Fetherstone, 
whose  grandson  was  sir  Thomas. 

(In  Frankfort  Moore's  novel  The  Jes- 
uimy  Bride  (1897J  there  is  a  charming 


994 


SHEEP. 


scene  in  which  the  characters  discuss  the  j 
title  for  Goldsmith's  coming  play.)  j 

She-Wolf  of  Prance,  Isabella  wife 
of  Edward  II,  and  paramour  of  Mortimer 
(1295-1358).  It  is  said  that  she  murdered 
the  icing,  her  husband,  by  burning  out  his 
bowels  with  a  red-hot  poker.  Grey,  in  his 
Bard,  refers  to  this  tradition— 

She-wolf  of  France,  with  unrelenting  fangs, 
That  tearst  the  bowels  of  thy  mangled  mate. 

'.*  It  seems  almost  incredible,  but  the 
fact  is  indubitable,  that  pope  John 
XXII.  granted  to  Isabella's  confessor 
power  to  give  her  plenary  indulgence  at 
the  hour  of  death. 

Sheba.  The  queen  of  Sheba  or  Saba 
[i.e.  the  Sabeans)  came  to  visit  Solomon, 
and  tested  his  wisdom  by  sundry  ques- 
tions, but  affirmed  that  his  wisdom  and 
wealth  exceeded  even  her  expectations. — 
I  Kings  X,  ;  2  Chron.  ix. 

No,  not  to  answer,  madam,  all  those  hard  things 
That  Sheba  came  to  ask  of  Solomon. 

Tennyson :  The  Princess,  U, 

(The  Arabs  call  her  name  Balkis  or 
Belkis  ;  the  Abyssinians,  Macqueda  ;  and 
others,  Aazis.) 

Sheba  [The  queen  of),  a  name  given 
to  Mme.  Montreville  (the  Begum  Mootee 
Mahul). — Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Surgeons 
Daughter  (time,  George  II.). 

Shebdiz,  the  Persian  Bucephalos,  the 
favourite  cliarger  of  Chosroes  II.  or 
Khosrou  Parviz  of  Persia  (590-628). 

Shedad,  king  of  Ad,  who  built  a 
most  magnificent  palace,  and  laid  out  a 
garden  called  "The  Garden  of  Irem," 
hke  "the  bowers  of  Eden."  All  men 
admired  this  palace  and  garden  except 
the  prophet  Houd,  who  told  the  king  that 
the  foundation  of  his  palace  was  not 
secure.  And  so  it  was,  that  God,  to 
punish  his  pride,  first  sent  a  drought  of 
three  years'  duration,  and  then  the 
Sarsar  or  icy  wind  for  seven  days,  in 
which  the  garden  was  destroyed,  the 
palace  ruined  and  Shedad,  with  all  his 
subjects,  died, 

•  •  It  is  said  that  the  palace  of  Shedad 
or  Shuddaud  took  500  years  in  building, 
and  when  it  was  finished  the  angel  of 
death  would  not  allow  him  even  to  enter 
his  garden,  but  struck  him  dead ;  and  the 
rose  garden  of  Irem  was  ever  after  in- 
visible to  the  eye  of  man. — Southey . 
Thalaba  the  Destroyer,  i.  (1797). 

Gardens  more  delightful  than  those  of  Shedad.- 
Beckford:  Vathek,  p.  130  (1784), 

Sheep  [Lord  Bantam's).  These  sheep 
had  tails  of  such  enormous  length  thai 


SHEEP. 


995 


SHELLS. 


h!s  lordship  had  go-carts  harnessed  to  the 
sheep  for  carrying  their  tails. 

There  groes  Mrs.  Roundabout,  the  cutler's  wife  .  .  • 
Odious  puss  I  how  she  waddles  along  with  her  train 
two  yards  behind  herl  She  puts  me  in  mind  of  lord 
Bantam's  sheep.— Go/ Jsmiih  :  The  Bee,  ii.  (1759). 

Sheep  ( Tke  Coinvold). 
No  brown,  nor  sullied  black,  the  face  or  legfs  doth 

streak,  .  .  . 
f^//]  of  the  whitest  kind,  whose  brows  so  woolly  be, 
As  men  in  her  fair  sheep  no  emptiness  should  see  .  .  . 
A  body  long  and  large,  the  buttocks  equal  broad  .  .  . 
And  of  the  fleecy  face,  the  flank  doth  nothing  lack. 
But  everywhere  is  stored,  the  belly  as  the  back. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xiv.  (1613). 

Sheep-Dogf  {A),  a  lady -com  pan  ion, 
who  occupies  the  back  seat  of  the  ba- 
rouche, carries  wraps,  etc.,  goes  to  church 
with  the  lady,  and  "guards  her  from  the 
wolves,"  as  much  as  the  lady  wishes  to 
be  guarded,  but  no  more. 

"  Rawdon,"  said  Becky,  ..."  I  must  have  a  sheep- 
dog ...  I  mean  a  moral  shepherd's  dog  ...  to  keep 
the  wolves  oflTme."  .  .  .  "  A  sheep-dog,  a  companion  ! 
Becky  Sharp  with  a  sheeo-dog!  Isn't  that  good  funt" 
—  Thackeray  :  Vanity  fiair,  xxxvii.  (1848). 

Sheep    of  the  Addanc  Valley. 

In  this  valley,  which  led  to  the  cave  of 
the  Addanc,  were  two  flocks  of  sheep,  one 
white  and  the  other  black.  When  any 
one  of  the  black  sheep  bleated,  a  white 
sheep  crossed  over  and  became  black, 
and  when  one  of  the  white  sheep  bleated, 
a  black  sheep  crossed  over  and  became 
white. —  The  Mabinogion  ("  Peredur," 
twelfth  century). 

Sheep  of  the  Prisons,  a  cant  term 
in  the  French  Revolution  for  a  spy  under 
the  jailers. — Dickens:  A  Tale  of  Two 
Cities,  iii.  7  (1859). 

Sheep  Tilted  at.  Don  Quixote  saw 
the  dust  of  two  flocks  of  sheep  coming 
in  opposite  directions,  and  told  Sancho 
they  were  two  armies— one  commanded 
by  the  emperor  Alifanfaron  sovereign  of 
the  island  of  Trap'oban,  and  the  other  by 
the  king  of  the  Garaman'teans,  called 
"  Pentap'olin  with  the  Naked  Arm." 
He  said  that  Alifanfaron  was  in  love 
with  Pentapolin's  daughter,  but  Penta- 
polin  refused  to  sanction  the  alliance, 
because  Ahfanfaron  was  a  Mohammedan. 
The  mad  knight  rushed  on  the  flock  "  led 
by  Alifanfaron,"  and  killed  seven  of  the 
sheep,  but  was  stunned  by  stones  thrown 
at  him  by  the  shepherds.  When  Sancho 
told  his  master  that  the  two  armies  were 
only  two  flocks  of  sheep,  the  knight 
replied  that  the  enchanter  Freston  had 
"  metamorphosed  the  two  grand  armies  " 
in  order  to  show  his  malice. — Cervantes: 
Don  Quixote,  \.  iii.  4  (1605). 

H  After  the  death  of  Achillas,  Ajax 
and  Ulysses  both  claimed  the  armour  of 


Hector.  The  dispute  was  settled  by  the 
sons  of  Atreus  (2  syl.),  who  awarded 
the  prize  to  Ulysses.  This  so  enraged 
Ajax  that  it  drove  him  mad,  and  he  fell 
upon  a  flock  of  sheep  driven  at  night  into 
the  camp,  supposing  it  to  be  an  army  led 
by  Ulysses  and  the  sons  of  Atreus. 
When  he  found  out  his  mistake,  he 
stabbed  himself.  This  is  the  subject  of 
a  tragedy  by  Soph'oclfis  called  Ajax  Mad. 

H  Orlando  in  his  madness  also  fell  foul 
of  a  flock  of  sheep. — Ariosto :  Orlando 
Furioso  (1516). 

Sheep's  Heads,  jemmies,  for  wrench- 
ing doors  open.  Bill  Sikes  had  sheep's 
head  for  supper  before  entering  on  the 
enterprise  of  breaking  into  Chertsey 
House — 

Which  gave  occasion  to  several  pleasant  witticisms 
■on  the  part  of  Mr.  Sikes.— Z)j(->i<MJ  .•  Oliver  Twist, 
ch.  XX.  p.  7S  (1838). 

Sheet  =  a  rope.  (See  Errors  of 
Authors:  Allan  Cunningham,  p.  334.) 

Pull  in  the  sheet  till  the  sail  is  above  your  head.— 
Nineteenth  Century,  September,  1896,  p.  482. 

ShefB,eld,  in  Yorkshire,  is  so  called 
from  the  river  Sheaf,  which  joins  the  Don. 
Noted  for  cutlery. 

The  Bard  of  Sheffield,  James  Mont- 
gomery, author  of  The  Wanderer  of 
Switzerland,  etc.  (1771-1854). 

With  broken  lyre  and  cheek  serenely  pale, 
Lo !  sad  Alcaeus  wanders  down  the  vale  .  .  . 
O'er  his  lost  works  let  classic  Sheffield  weep  ; 
May  no  rude  hand  disturb  their  early  sleep  ! 
Byron:  English  Bards  and  Scotch  Revieiuers  (1809). 

The  Sheffield  of  Germany,  Solingen, 
famous  for  its  swords  and  foils. 

Shelby  {Mr.),  uncle  Tom's  first 
master.  Being  in  commercial  difficulties, 
he  was  obliged  to  sell  his  faithful  slave. 
His  son  afterwards  endeavoured  to  buy 
uncle  Tom  back  again,  but  found  that  he 
had  been  whipped  to  death  by  the  villain 
Legree. — Mrs.  Beecher  Stowe :  Uncle 
Tom's  Cabin  (1852). 

Shell  [A).  Amongst  the  ancient 
Gaels  a  shell  was  emblematic  of  peace. 
Hence  when  Bosmi'na,  Fingal's  daughter, 
was  sent  to  propitiate  king  Erragon,  who 
had  invaded  Morven,  she  carried  with 
her  a  "sparkling  shell  as  a  symbol  of 
peace,  and  a  golden  arrow  as  a  symbol 
of  war." — Ossian  :  The  Battle  of  Lara. 

Shells,  i.e.  hospitality.  "Semo  king 
of  shells"  ("hospitahty ").  When  Cu- 
thullin  invites  Swaran  to  a  banquet,  his 
messenger  says,  "  Cuthullin  gives  the  joy 
of  shells  ;  come  and  partake  the  feast  of 
Erin's  blue-eyed  chief."  The  ancient 
Gaels  drank  from  shells ;  and  hence  such 


SHELTA. 

phrases  as  "chief  of  shells,"  "hall  of 
shells,"  "king  of  shells,"  etc.  (king  of 
hospitality).  "To  rejoice  in  the  shell" 
is  to  feast  sumptuously  and  drink  freely. 

Shelta,  a  Celtic  language  spoken  by 
travelling  tinkers,  quite  distinct  from 
Romany,  but  some  gipsies  speak  both  or 
mix  them  up  together.  It  resembles  Old 
Irish,  and  is  said  to  be  a  corrupt  form  of 
the  Irish  word  Belre.  Kuno  Meyer  has 
traced  the  language  back  to  Old  Irish. 
There  is  a  good  article  on  Shelta  in 
Chambers'  CyclopcBdia,  last  edition. 

Shemus-au-Snachad,  or  "James 
of  the  Needle,"  M'lvor's  tailor  at 
Eldinburgh. — Sir  W,  Scott:  Waverley 
(time,  George  II.). 

Shepheardes  Calendar  ( The), 
twelve  eclogues  in  various  metres,  by . 
Spenser,  one  for  each  month.  January: 
Colin  Clout  [Spenser)  bewails  that  Rosa- 
lind does  not  return  his  love,  and  compares 
bis  forlorn  condition  to  the  season  itself. 
February:  Cuddy,  a  lad,  complains  of 
the  cold,  and  Thenot  laments  the  de- 
generacy of  pastoral  life.  March:  Willie 
and  Thomalin  discourse  of  love  (described 
as  a  person  just  aroused  from  sleep). 
April:  Hobbinol  sings  a  song  on  Eliza, 
queen  of  shepherds.  May:  Palinode 
(3  ^y^-)  exhorts  Piers  to  join  the  festivi- 
ties of  May,  but  Piers  replies  that  good 
shepherds  who  seek  their  own  indulgence 
expose  their  flocks  to  the  wolves.  He 
then  relates  the  fable  of  the  kid  and  her 
dam.  June :  Hobbinol  exhorts  Colin  to 
greater  cheerfulness,  but  Colin  replies 
there  is  no  cheer  for  him  while  Rosalind 
remains  unkind  and  loves  Menalcas 
better  than  himself.  July:  Morrel,  a 
goat-herd,  invites  Thomalin  to  come  with 
him  to  the  uplands,  but  Thomalin  replies 
that  humility  better  becomes  a  shepherd 
(i.e.  a  pastor  or  clergyman).  August: 
Perigot  and  Willie  contend  in  song,  and 
Cuddy  is  appointed  arbiter.  September: 
Diggon  Davie  complains  to  Hobbinol  of 
clerical  abuses.  October:  On  poetry, 
which  Cuddy  says  has  no  encouragement, 
and  laments  that  Colin  neglects  it,  being 
crossed  in  love.  November:  Colin,  being 
asked  by  Thenot  to  sing,  excuses  him- 
self because  of  his  grief  for  Dido,  but 
finally  he  sings  her  elegy.  December: 
Cohn  again  complains  that  his  heart  is 
deso'.ate  because  Rosalind  loves  him  not 
(1579)- 

Shepheard's  Hunting^  [The),  four 
"eglogues"  by  George  Wither,  while  con- 


996  SHEPHERD-KINGS. 

fined  in  the  Marshalsea  (1615).  The 
shepherd  Roget  is  the  poet  himself,  and 
his  "hunting"  is  a  satire  called  Abuses 
Stript  and  Whipt,  for  which  he  was  im- 
prisoned. The  first  three  eclogues  are 
upon  the  subject  of  Roget's  imprisonment, 
and  the  fourth  is  on  his  love  of  poetry. 
"Willy"  is  the  poet's  friend  (William 
Browne  of  the  Inner  Temple,  author  of 
Britannia's  Pastorals).  He  was  two  years 
the  junior  of  Wither.  This  book  is  worth 
republishing. 

SHEPHERD  [The),  Moses,  who  for 
forty  years  fed  the  flocks  of  Jethro  his 
father-in-law. 

Singr,  heavenly  Muse,  that  on  the  secret  top 
Of  Oreb  or  of  Sinai,  didst  inspire 
That  shepherd  who  first  taught  the  chosen  seed, 
"  In  the  beginning,"  how  the  heaven  and  earth 
Rose  out  of  chaos. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  i.  (1665). 

Shepherd  {The  Ettrick).  (See  Et- 
TRiCK  Shepherd,  p.  342. ) 

Shepherd  ( TVz^  Gentle),  George  Gren- 
ville,  the  statesman.  One  day,  in  ad- 
dressing the  House,  George  Grenville 
said,  "Tell  me  where  !  tell  me  where  ..." 
Pitt  hummed  the  line  of  a  song  then 
very  popular,  beginning,  ' '  Gentle  shep- 
herd, tell  me  where  !  "  and  the  whole 
House  was  convulsed  with  laughter  (1712- 
1770). 

(Allan  Ramsay  has  a  beautiful  Scotch 
pastoral  called  The  Gentle  Shepherd, 
1725) 

Shepherd  {John  Claridge),  the 
signature  adopted  by  the  author  of  The 
Shepherd  of  Banbury's  Rules  to  Judge 
of  the  Changes  of  Weather,  etc.  (1744). 
Supposed  to  be  Dr.  John  Campbell, 
author  of  A  Political  Survey  of  Britain. 

Shepherd-Kings  {The)  or  Hyksos. 
These  hyksos  were  a  tribe  of  Cuthites 
driven  from  Assyria  by  Aralius  and  the 
Shemites.  Their  names  were :  (i)  SaTtes 
or  Salat^s,  called  by  the  Arabs  El-We- 
leed,  and  said  to  be  a  descendant  of  Esau 
(B.C.  1870-1851);  (2)  Beon,  called  by 
the  Arabs  Er-Reiyan,  son  of  El-Weleed 
(B.C.  1851-1811)  ;  (3)  Apachnas  (B.a 
1811-1750) ;  (4)  Apophis,  called  by  the 
Arabs  Er-Reiyan  II.,  in  who.se  reign 
Joseph  was  sold  into  Egypt  and  was 
made  viceroy  (B.C.   1750-1700) ;   (5)  JA- 

NIAS     (B.C.      I70O-1651)  ;      (6)      ASSETH 

(1651-1610).  The  hyksos  were  driven 
out  of  Egypt  by  AmQsis  or  Thethmosis, 
the  founder  of  the  eighteenth  dynasty, 
and  retired  to  Palestine,  where  they 
formed  the  chiefs  or  lords  of  the  Philis- 


SHEPHERD  LORD. 


997 


SHEVA. 


tines.  (Hyksos  is  compounded  of  hyk, 
"  king,"  and  J^j,   "shepherd.") 

N.B, — Apophis  or  Aphophis  was  not  a 
shepherd-king,  but  a  pharaoh  or  native 
ruler,  who  made  Apachnas  tributary,  and 
succeeded  him,  but  on  the  death  of 
Aphophis  the  hyksos  were  restored. 

SHeplierd  Lord  [The),  lord  Henry 
de  Clifford,  brought  up  by  his  mother  as 
a  shepherd  to  save  him  from  the  ven- 
geance of  the  Yorkists.  Henry  VH, 
restored  him  to  his  birthright  and  estates 
(1455-1543).  He  is  the  hero  of  much 
legendary  narrative. 

The  gT'acioiis  fairy, 
Who  loved  the  shepherd  lord  to  meet 
In  his  wanderings  soUtary. 
WordSTVorth:  Tht  I^Vkite  Doe  of  Rylstone  \.\ii^. 

Shepherd  of  Banbury.  (See 
Shepherd,  John  Claridge.) 

Shepherd  of  Filida. 

'  Preserve  him,  Mr.  Nicholas,  as  thou  wouldst  a 
diamond.  He  is  not  a  shepherd,  but  an  elegant 
courtier,"  said  the  cur6. — Cervantes  :  Don  Quixote,  I. 
I  6  (1605). 

Shepherd   of  Salisbury   Plain 

{The),  the  hero  and  title  of  a  religious 
tract  by  Hannah  More.  The  shepherd  is 
noted  for  his  homely  wisdom  and  simple 
piety.  The  academy  figure  of  this  shep- 
herd was  David  Saunders,  who,  with  his 
father,  had  kept  sheep  on  the  plain  for  a 
century. 

She|>herd  of  the  Ocean.  So  Colin 
Clout  {Spenser)  calls  sir  Walter  Raleigh 
in  his  Colin  Cloufs  Co?ne  Home  A?ain 
(X59I). 

Shepherd's  Garland  {The),  nine 
eclogues  by  Drayton  (1593). 

Shepherd's  Pipe  [The),  seven 
eclogues  by  W.  Browne  (1614). 

Shepherd's  "Week  {The),  six 
pastorals  by  Gay  (1714).  The  shep- 
herds portrayed  are  every-day  shepherds, 
not  Arcadian  myths.  They  sleep  under 
hedges,  their  nosegays  are  hedge  flowers, 
and  the  shepherdesses  milk  the  cows  and 
make  butter. 

Shepherdess  {The  FaifhfuT),  a  pas- 
toral drama  by  John  Fletcher  (1610). 
The  "  faithful  shepherdess "  is  Corin, 
who  remains  faithful  to  her  lover  although 
dead.  Milton  has  gathered  rather  largely 
from  this  pastoral  in  his  Comus. 

Sheppard  {Jack),  immortalized  for 
his  burglaries  and  escapes  from  Newgate. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  carpenter  in  Spital- 


ficlds,  and  was  an  ardent,  reckless,  and 
generous  youth.  Certainly  the  most 
popular  criminal  ever  led  to  Tyburn  for 
execution  (1701-1724).  Sir  James  Thorn- 
hill  painted  his  likeness. 

(Daniel  Defoe  made  Jack  Sheppard 
the  hero  of  a  romance  in  1724  ;  and  W. 
H.  Ainsworth,  in  1839.) 

Sherborne,  in  Dorsetshire,  brings  ill 
luck  to  the  possessor.  It  belonged  at 
one  time  to  the  see  of  Canterbury,  and 
Osmund  pronounced  a  curse  on  any  lay- 
man who  wrested  it  from  the  Church. 

The  first  layman  who  held  these  lands 
was  the  protector  Somerset,  who  was  be- 
headed by  Edward  VI. 

The  next  layman  was  sir  Walter 
Raleigh,  who  was  also  beheaded. 

At  the  death  of  Raleigh,  James  I.  seized 
on  the  lands  and  conferred  them  on  Car 
earl  of  Somerset,  who  died  prematurely. 
His  younger  son  Carew  was  attainted, 
committed  to  the  Tower,  and  lost  his 
estates  by  forfeiture. 

James  I.  himself  was  no  exception.  He 
lost  his  eldest  son  the  prince  of  Wales, 
Charles  I.  was  beheaded,  James  H.  was 
forced  to  abdicate,  and  the  two  Pretenders 
consummated  the  ill  luck  of  the  family. 

Sherborne  is  now  in  the  possession  of 
Digby  earl  of  Bristol, 

(For  other  possessions  which  carry  with 
them  ill  luck,  see  Gold  of  Tolosa, 
p.  434;  Gold  of  Nibelungen,  p.  434; 
Graysteel,  p.  445 ;  Harmonia's 
Necklace,  p.  470;  III  Luck,  p.  520; 
etc.) 

Sherborne,  in  Vivian  Grey,  a  novel 

by  Disraeli  (lord  Beaconsfield,  1826). 

Sheridan.  Byron  says,  in  his  monody, 
that  Nature  broke  the  die  after  moulding 
Sheridan. 

Sheva,  the  philanthropic  Jew,  most 
modest  but  most  benevolent.  He  "stints 
his  appetite  to  pamper  his  affections,  and 
lives  in  poverty  that  the  poor  may  live  in 
plenty."  Sheva  is  "the  widow's  friend, 
the  orphan's  father,  the  poor  man's  pro- 
tector, and  the  universal  dispenser  of 
charity ;  but  he  ever  shrank  to  let  his  left 
hand  know  what  his  right  hand  did." 
Ratcliffe's  father  rescued  him  at  Cadiz 
from  an  auto  da  fe,  and  Ratcliffe  himself 
rescued  him  from  a  howling  London  mob. 
This  noble  heart  settled  _;^  10,000  on  Miss 
Ratcliffe  at  her  marriage,  and  left  Charles 
the  heir  of  all  his  property. — Cumberland: 
The  Jew  (1776). 


SHEVA. 

(The  Jews  of  England  made  up  a  very 
handsome  purse,  which  they  presented 
to  the  dramatist  for  this  championship  of 
their  race. ) 

Skeva,  in  the  satire  of  Absalom  and 
Achitophel,  by  Dryden  and  Tate,  is  de- 
signed for  sir  Roger  Lestrange,  censor  of 
the  press  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II. 
Sheva  was  one  of  David's  scribes  (2  Sam. 
XX.  25),  and  sir  Roger  was  editor  of  the 
Observator,  in  which  he  vindicated  the 
court  measures,  for  which  he  was 
knighted. 

Than  Sheva,  none  more  loyal  zeal  have  shown. 
Wakeful  as  Judah's  lion  for  the  crown. 

Absalom  and  Achiiophel,  li.  1023-6  (1683). 

Shiblioletli,  the  test  pass-word  of  a 
secret  society.  When  the  Ephraimites 
tried  to  pass  the  Jordan  after  their  defeat 
by  Jephthah,  the  guard  tested  whether 
they  were  Ephraimites  or  not  by  asking 
them  to  say  the  word  "Shibboleth," 
which  the  Ephraimites  pronounced  "Sib- 
boleth"  {Judg.  xii.  1-6). 

II  In  the  Sicilian  Vespers,  a  word  was 
given  as  a  test  of  nationality.  Some 
dried  peas  [ciceri)  were  shown  to  a  sus- 
pect :  if  he  called  them  cheeckaree,  he 
was  a  Sicilian,  and  allowed  to  pass  ;  but 
if  siseri,  he  was  a  Frenchman,  and  was 
put  to  death  (March  30,  1282). 

^  In  the  great  Danish  slaughter  on 
St.  Bryce's  Day  (November  13),  1002, 
according  to  tradition,  a  similar  test  was 
made  with  the  words  "  Chichester 
Church,"  which,  being  pronounced  h.ird 
or  soft,  decided  whether  the  speaker  was 
Dane  or  Saxon. 

If  The  shibboleth  of  Wat  Tyler's 
rebels  was  "  Bread  and  cheese." 

Shield.  When  a  hero  fell  in  fight, 
his  shields  left  at  home  used  to  become 
bloody. — Gaelic  Legendary  Lore. 

The  mother  of  Culmin  remains  in  the  hall.  .  .  .  His 
shield  is  bloody  in  the  hall.  "  Art  thou  fallen,  my 
fair-liaired  son,  In  Erin's  dismal  war  1 " — Ossian : 
Temora,  v. 

The  point  of  a  shield.  When  a  flag 
emblazoned  with  a  shield  had  the  point 
upwards,  it  denoted  peace ;  and  when  a 
combatant  approached  with  his  shield 
reversed,  it  meant  the  same  thing  in 
mediaeval  times. 

And  behold,  one  of  the  ships  outstripped  the  others, 
and  they  saw  a  shield  lifted  up  above  the  side  of  the 
ghip,  and  the  point  of  the  shield  was  upwards,  in  token 
of  peace. — The  Mabinogion  ("  Branwen,"  etc.,  twelfth 
century). 

Striking  the  shield.  When  a  leader 
was  appointed  to  take  the  command  of 
an  array,  and  the  choice  was  doubtful, 


998  SHIELD  OF  GOLD. 

those  who  were  the  most  eligible  went  to 
some  distant  hill,  and  he  who  struck  his 
shield  the  loudest  was  chosen  leader. 

They  went  each  to  his  hill.  Bards  marked  the 
sounds  of  the  shields.  Loudest  rang  thy  boss, 
Duth-maruno.  Thou  must  lead  in  war.— Ojjiaw  ; 
Cath-L0da,  ii. 

• .  •  When  a  man  was  doomed  to  death, 
the  chief  used  to  strike  his  shield  with 
the  blunt  end  of  his  spear,  as  a  notice  to 
the  royal  bard  to  begin  the  death-song. 

Cairbar  rises  in  his  arms.  The  clang  of  shields  is 
heard. — Ossian  :  Temara,  i. 

Shield.  The  Gold  and  Silver  Shield. 
This  story  is  from  Beaumont's  Moralities. 
It  was  repeated  in  a  collection  of  Useful 
and  Entertaining  Passages  in  Prose 
(1826).  The  substance  of  the  tale  is  as 
follows  :  Two  knights,  approaching  each 
other  from  opposite  directions,  came  in 
sight  of  a  trophy  shield,  one  side  of  which 
was  gold  and  the  other  silver.  Like  the 
disputants  about  the  chameleon,  they 
could  not  agree.  "What  a  wonderful 
gold  trophy  is  that  yonder  ! "  said  one  of 
the  knights.  "Gold!"  exclaimed  the 
other.  "Why,  do  you  think  I've  lost 
my  sight?  It  is  not  gold,  but  silver.' 
" 'Tis  gold,  I  maintain;"  " 'Tis  silver, 
I  insist  on."  From  words  they  almost 
came  to  blows,  when  luckily  came  by  a 
stranger,  to  whom  they  referred  the 
dispute,  and  were  told  that  both  were 
wrong  and  both  were  right,  seeing  one 
side  of  it  was  gold  and  the  other  side 
silver. 

Shield  of  Cathmor  {The).  This 
shield  had  seven  bosses,  and  the  ring  of 
each  boss  (when  struck  with  a  spear) 
conveyed  a  distinct  telegraphic  message 
to  the  tribes.  The  sound  of  one  boss, 
for  example,  was  for  muster,  of  another 
for  retreat,  of  a  third  distress,  and  so  on. 
On  each  boss  was  a  star,  the  names  of 
which  were  Can'-mathon  (on  the  first 
boss),  Col-derna  (on  the  second),  Uloicho 
(on  the  third),  Cathlin  (on  the  fourth), 
Rel-durath  (on  the  fifth),  Berthin  (on  the 
sixth),  and  Ton-the'na  (on  the  seventh). 

In  his  arms  strode  the  chief  of  Atha  to  where  his 
shield  hung,  high,  at  night ;  high  on  a  mossy  bough 
over  Lubar's  streamy  roar.  Seven  bosses  rose  on  the 
shield,  the  seven  voices  of  the  king  which  his  warriors 
received  from  the  -wmd.— Ossian  :  Temora,  vii. 

Shield  of  G-old  or  Golden  Shield, 
the  shield  of  Mars,  which  fell  from 
heaven,  and  was  guarded  in  Rome  by 
twelve  priests  called  Salii. 

Charge  for  the  hearth  of  Vesta  1 
Charge  for  the  Golden  Shield  I 

Macaiilay  :  Rcgillus,  xrxv. 


SHIELD  OF  LOVE. 

Hail  to  the  fire  that  burns  for  aye  [o/yes/a\ 
And  the  shield  that  fell  from  heaven  I 
Macaulay:  Lays  of  Ancient  Rome  ("  Battle  of  the 
I^ke  RegiUus,"  xxxviii.,  1842). 

SMeld  of  Love  ( The).  This  buckler 
was  suspended  in  a  temple  of  Venus  by 
golden  ribbons,  and  underneath  was 
written,  "  Whoseever  be  this  shield, 
Faire  Amoret  be  wis"  —  Spenser : 
Faerie  Queene,  iv,  10  (1596). 

Shield  of  Rome  {The),  Fabius 
"Cunctator."  Marcellus  was  called 
"The  Sword  of  Rome."  (See  Fabius, 
p.  350- ) 

Shift  (Samuel),  a  wonderful  mimic, 
who,  like  Charles  Mathews  the  elder, 
could  turn  his  face  to  anything.  He  is 
employed  by  sir  William  Wealthy  to 
assist  in  saving  his  son  George  from  ruin, 
and  accordingly  helps  the  young  man  in 
his  money  difficulties  by  becoming  his 
agent.  Ultimately,  it  is  found  that  sir 
George's  father  is  his  creditor,  the  young 
man  is  saved  from  ruin,  marries,  and 
becomes  a  reformed  and  honourable 
member  of  society. — Foote :  The  Minor 
(1760). 

Shilla'lah  or  Shillelagh,  a  wood 
near  Arklow,  in  Wicklow,  famous  for  its 
oaks  and  blackthorns.  The  Irishman's 
bludgeon  is  so  called,  because  it  was 
generally  cut  from  this  wood.  (See  Sprig 
OF  Shillelah.) 

Shilling  ( To  cut  one  off  with  a).  A 
tale  is  told  of  Charles  and  John  Banister. 
John  having  irritated  his  father,  the  old 
man  said,  "Jack,  I'll  cut  you  off  with  a 
shilling."  To  which  the  son  replied,  "  I 
wish,  dad,  you  would  give  it  me  now." 

\  The  same  identical  anecdote  is  told 
of  Sheridan  and  his  son  Tom. 

Shimei.  Dryden  is  satirized  under 
this  name  in  Pordage's  Azaria  and 
Hushai,  a  rejoinder  to  Absalom  and 
Achitophel  {i6S-i).  In  Dryden' s  Absalom, 
etc. ,  Shimei  is  meant  for  Bethel,  the  lord 
mayor. 

The  council  violent,  the  rabble  worse, 
The  Shimei  taught  Jerusalem  [London]  to  curse. 
Pt.  L  669,  670. 

Ship.  The  master  takes  the  ship  out, 
but  the  mate  brings  her  home.  The  reason 
is  this  :  On  the  first  night  of  an  outward 
passage,  the  starboard  watch  takes  the 
first  four  hours  on  deck,  but  in  the 
homeward  passage  the  port  watch. 
Now,  the  "starboard  watch"  is  also 
called  the  master's  or  captain's  watch, 
because  when  there  was  only  one  mate, 
the  master  had  to  take  his  own  vatch 


999 


SHIPTON. 


{i.e.  the  starboard).  The  "  port  watch  ** 
is  commanded  by  the  first  mate,  and 
when  there  was  only  one,  he  had  to 
stand  to  his  own  watch. 

*.*  When  there  were  two  mates,  the 
second  took  the  starboard  watch.  (See 
also  Bells,  p.  107.) 

Ship  {The  Intelligent).  Ellida 
(Frithjofs  ship)  understood  what  was 
said  to  it  ;  hence  in  the  Friihjof  Saga 
the  son  of  Thorsten  constantly  addresses 
it,  and  the  ship  always  obeys  what  is 
said  to  it. — Tegner:  Frithjof  Saga,  x. 
(1825). 

Ship-Shape.  A  vessel  sent  to  sea 
before  it  is  completed  is  called  "jury- 
shaped"  or  "jury-rigged,"  i.e.  rigged  for 
the  nonce  {jour-y,  "pro  temporS"); 
while  at  sea,  she  is  completed,  and  when 
all  the  temporary  makeshifts  have  been 
changed  for  the  proper  riggings,  the 
vessel  is  called  "ship-shape." 

Having  been  sent  to  sea  in  a  hurry,  they  were  httia 
better  than  jury-rigged,  and  we  are  now  being  put 
into  ship-shape.— i^ai«>  News,  August  23,  1870. 

Ship  of  Pools  {The),  or  Shyp  of 
Folys,  a  poem  in  octo-syllabic  stanzas, 
by  Alexander  Barclay ;  designed  to 
ridicule  the  vices  and  follies  of  the  day. 
It  is  the  allegory  of  a  ship  freighted  with 
fools  ;  and  a  paraphrase  of  the  German 
satire  by  Sebastian  Brandt  (1494). 

Ship  of  the  Desert,  the  camel  or 
dromedary  employed  in  "voyages" 
through  the  sand-seas  of  the  African 
deserts. 

...  let  me  have  the  long 
And  patient  swiftness  of  the  desert-ship, 
The  helmless  dromedary. 
Byron  :  The  De/ormed  Tr'ans/ortned,  i.  i  (1821). 

Shipman's  Tale  {Tlie),  in  Chaucer's 
Canterbury  Tales  :  ' '  The  merchant's  wife 
and  the  monk."  The  monk  (Dan  Johan) 
was  on  most  intimate  terms  with  the 
merchant,  and  when  the  merchant  was 
about  to  leave  home  (Florence)  on  busi- 
ness, the  wife  borrowed  a  hundred 
francs  of  the  monk.  As  the  monk  had 
not  the  money  at  hand,  he  borrowed  the 
loan  of  the  merchant.  When  the  merchant 
returned  home,  the  monk  asserted  that 
he  had  paid  back  the  loan  to  the  wife. 
The  wife  told  her  husband  that  the  monk 
had  made  her  a  present  of  the  money, 
which  she  had  spent.  The  merchant, 
plainly  seeing  there  was  no  redress,  said 
no  more  about  the  matter,  and  allowed 
it  to  drop. 

Shiptou  {Mother),  the  heroine  of  an 


SHIPWRECK. 


SHOES. 


ancient  tale  entitled  The  Strange  and 
Wonderful  History  and  Prophecies  of 
Mother  .  Shipton,  etc.  — 7".  E.  Preece. 
(See  Mother  Shipton,  p.  733.) 

Shipwreck  {The),  a  poem  in  three 
cantos,  by  William  Falconer  (1762). 
Supposed  to  occupy  six  days.  The  ship 
was  the  Britannia,  under  the  command 
of  Albert,  and  bound  for  Venice.  Being 
overtaken  in  a  squall,  she  is  driven  out  of 
her  course  from  Candia,  and  four  seamen 
are  lost  off  the  lee  main-yardarm.  A 
fearful  storm  greatly  distresses  the  vessel, 
and  the  captain  gives  command  "to  bear 
away."  As  she  passes  the  island  of  St. 
George,  the  helmsman  is  struck  blind 
by  lightning.  Bowsprit,  foremast,  and 
main-topmast  being  carried  away,  the 
officers  try  to  save  themselves  on  the 
wreck  of  the  foremast.  The  ship  splits 
on  the  projecting  verge  of  cape  Colonna. 
The  captain  and  all  his  crew  are  lost 
except  Arion  {Falconer),  who  is  washed 
ashore,  and  being  befriended  by  the 
natives,  returns  to  England  to  tell  this 
mournful  story. 

Shirley,  a  novel  by  Charlotte  Bronte 
(1849). 

(John  Skelton  assumed  the  name  of 
Shirley  in  his  volume  of  essays. ) 

Shoe.  The  right  shoe  first.  It  was 
by  the  Romans  thought  unlucky  to  put 
on  the  left  shoe  first,  or  to  put  the  shoe 
on  the  wrong  foot.  St.  Foix  says  of 
Augustus — 

Cet  empereur,  qui  gouverna  avec  tant  de  sagesse,  et 
dont  le  rfegue  fut  si  florissant,  restoit  immobile  et  con- 
stern6  lorsqu'  U  lui  arrivoit  par  mdgarde  de  mettre  le 
Soulier  droit  au  pied  gauche,  et  le  scalier  gauche  au 
pied  droit. 

Shoe  Finches.  We  all  know  where 
the  shoe  pitiches,  we  each  of  us  know  our 
own  special  troubles. 

Lord  Foppington.    Hark    thee,    shoemaker,   these 
shoes  .  .  .  don't  fit  me. 
Shoemaker.  My  lord,  I  think  they  fit  you  very  welL 
Lord  Fop.  They  hurt  me  just  below  the  instep. 
SHoem.  No,  my  lord,  they  don't  hurt  you  there. 
Lord  Fop.  I  tell  you  they  pinch  me  execrably. 

Shoent.  Why,  then,  my  lord 

Lord  Fop.  What  1   Wilt  thou  persuade  me  1  cannot 


Shoent.  Your  lordship  may  please  to  feel  what  you 
think  fit,  but  that  shoe  does  not  hurt  you.  I  thmk  I 
understand  my  \.xa.iLa.— Sheridan  :  A  Trip  to  Scar- 
borough, i.  2  (1777). 

Shoe  in  Weddings.  In  English 
weddings,  slippers  and  old  shoes  are 
thrown  at  the  bride  when  she  leaves  the 
house  of  her  parents,  to  indicate  that  she 
has  left  the  house  for  good. 

Luther  being  at  a  wedding,  told  the  bridegroom  he 
had  placed  the  husband's  shoe  on  the  head  of  the  bed, 
"  afin  qu  il  prit  ainsi  la  domination  et  le  gouverne- 
\\\^\\V'—MicheUt:  Li/c  0/ Luther  (1845). 


^  In  Turkish  weddings,  as  soon  as  the 
prayers  are  over,  the  bridegroom  makes 
off  as  fast  as  possible,  followed  by  the 
guests,  who  pelt  him  with  old  shoes. 
These  blows  represent  the  adieux  of  the 
young  man. — Thirty  Years  in  the  Haram, 

330- 

IF  In  Anglo-Saxon  marriages,  the  father 
delivered  the  bride's  shoe  to  the  bride- 
groom, and  the  bridegroom  touched  the 
bride  on  the  head  with  it,  to  show  his 
authority. — Chambers'  Journal,  June, 
1870. 

Shoe  the  G-ray  Goose,  to  under- 
take a  difficult  and  profitless  business. 
John  Skelton  says  the  attempt  of  the 
laity  to  reform  the  clergy  of  his  time  is 
about  as  mad  a  scheme  as  if  they  at- 
tempted to  shoe  a  wild  goose. 

What  hath  laymen  to  doe.  The  gray  gose  to  shoe  } 
Skelton:  Colyn  Ctout {noo-isag). 

("To  shoe  the  goose"  is  sometimes 
used  as  the  synonym  of  being  tipsy. ) 

Shoe  the  Blockish  Mare,  shoe 
the  wild  mare,  similar  to  "belling  the 
cat ; "  to  do  a  work  of  danger  and  diffi- 
culty for  general  and  personal  benefit. 

Let  us  see  who  dare  Shoe  the  mockish  mare. 

Skelton  :  Colyn  Clout  (i46o-iS29>. 

*.•  There  is  a  boys'  game  called 
"  Shoeing  the  Wild  Mare,"  in  which  the 
players  say — 

Shoe  the  wild  mare ; 
But  if  she  won't  be  shod,  she  must  go  bare, 

Herrick  refers  to  it  ( Works,  L  176) 
when  he  says — 

Of  blind-man's-buffe,  and  of  the  care 
That  young  men  have  to  shooe  the  mare. 

"To  shoe  \h&  colt"  means  to  exact  a 
fine  called  "  footing"  from  a  new  associate 
or  colt.     The  French  say,  Ferrer  la  mule. 

Shoes  {He  has  changed  his),  "mutavit 
calcfios,"  that  is,  he  has  become  a 
senator,  or  has  been  made  a  peer.  The 
Roman  senators  wore  black  shoes,  or 
rather  black  buskins,  reaching  to  the 
middle  of  the  leg,  with  the  letter  C  in 
silver  on  the  instep. 

(For  several  other  customs  and  super- 
stitions connected  with  shoes,  see  Dic- 
tionary of  Phrase  and  Fable,  pp.  1134-5. ) 

Demonides  Shofs.  Demonides  (4  syl.) 
was  a  cripple,  and  when  some  one  stole 
his  shoes,  he  remarked,  "Well,  I  hope 
they  will  fit  him." — Plutarch:  Morals. 

^  Lord  Chatham,  hearing  that  some 
one  had  stolen  his  gouty  shoes,  ex- 
claimed, "  I  wish  they  may  fit  hira." 


1 


SHONOU. 


SHREWSBURY. 


SHonon  {The  Reign  of),  the  most 
remote  period,  historic  or  pre-historic. 

Let  us  first  learn  to  know  what  belongs  to  ourselves, 
and  then,  if  we  have  leisure,  cast  our  reflections  l)ack 
to  the  reign  of  Shonou,  who  governed  20,000  years 
before  the  creation  of  the  moon. — Goldsmith:  A 
Citizen  o/tkt  H'of-ld,  Ixxv.  (1759). 

Shoo-Eingf  ( The),  the  history  of  the 
Chinese  monarchs,  by  Confucius.  It 
begins  with  Yoo,  B.C.  2205. 

Shoolbred  [Dame),  the  foster- 
mother  of  Henry  Smith. — Sir  W.  Scott : 
Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Shore  [Jane),  the  heroine  and  title 
of  a  tragedy  by  N.  Rowe  (1713).  Jane 
Shore  was  the  wife  of  a  London  merchant, 
but  left  her  husband  to  become  the  mis- 
tress of  Edward  IV.  At  the  death  of 
that  monarch,  lord  Hastings  wished  to 
obtain  her,  but  she  rejected  his  advances. 
This  drew  on  her  the  jealous  wrath  of 
Alicia  (lord  Hastings's  mistress),  who 
induced  her  to  accuse  lord  Hastings  of 
want  of  allegiance  to  the  lord  protector. 
The  duke  of  Gloucester  commanded  the 
instant  execution  of  Hastings ;  and, 
accusing  Jane  Shore  of  having  bewitched 
him,  condemned  her  to  wander  about  in 
a  sheet,  holding  a  taper  in  her  hand,  and 
decreed  that  any  pne  who  offered  her  food 
or  shelter  should  be  put  to  death.  Jane 
continued  an  outcast  for  three  days,  when 
her  husband  came  to  her  succour,  but  he 
was  seized  by  Gloucester's  myrmidons, 
and  Jane  Shore  died. 

Miss  Smithson  [1800]  had  a  splendid  voice,  a  tall  and 
noble  person.  Her  "  Jane  Shore-  put  more  money 
Into  the  manager's  pocket  than  Edmund  Kean, 
Macready,  Miss  Foote,  or  Charles  Kemble. — Donald- 
ton:  Recollections. 

Shoreditch.  The  old  London  tra- 
dition is  that  Shoreditch  derived  its  name 
from  Jane  Shore,  the  beautiful  mistress  of 
Edward  IV. ,  who,  worn  out  with  poverty 
and  hunger,  died  miserably  in  a  ditch  in 
this  suburb. 

I  could  not  get  one  bit  of  bread. 

Whereby  my  hunprer  might  be  fed  .  .  . 

So,  weary  of  my  hfe,  at  lengtho 

I  yielded  up  my  vital  strength 

Within  a  ditch  .  .  .  which  since  that  daye 

Is  Shore-ditch  called,  as  writers  saye. 

A  baUad  in  Pepys's  collection,  The  IVoe/ul 
Latnentation  0/  yane  Shore. 

Stow  says  the  name  is  a  corruption  of 
"  sewer-ditch,"  or  the  common  drain. 
Both  these  etymologies  are  only  good  for 
fable,  as  the  word  is  derived  from  sir  John 
de  Soerdich,  an  eminent  statesman  and 
diplomatist,  who  "rode  with  Manney 
and  Chandos  against  the  French  by  the 
side  of  the  Black  Prince. " 


favourite  archer  of  Henry  VIII,,  was  so 
entitled  by  the  Merry  Monarch,  in  royal 
sport.  Barlow's  two  skilful  companions 
were  created  at  the  same  time  "  marquis 
of  Islington  "  and  "  earl  of  Pancras." 

Good  king,  make  not  good  lord  of  Lincoln  "  duke  of 
Shoreditche."— rA(f/'o<?r«  Man's  Ptticion  to  t?ti  Kinge 
(art.  xvL,  1603). 

Shome  [Sir  John),  noted  for  his  feat 
of  conjuring  the  devil  into  a  boot. 

To  Maister  John  Shorne, 

That  blessed  man  borne. 
For  the  apfue  to  him  we  apply; 

Which  jugeleth  with  a  bote; 

I  beschrewe  his  herte  rote 
That  will  trust  him,  and  it  be  I. 

Fantassie  ofldolatrU. 

Short  •  Lived     Administration 

[The),  the  administration  formed  Feb- 
ruary 12,  1746,  by  William  Pulteney.  It 
lasted  only  two  days. 

Shortcake  [Mrs.),  the  baker's  wife, 
one  of  Mrs.  Mailsetter's  friends. — Sir  W, 
Scott :  The  Antiquary  [time,  George  III.). 

Shorten  [Master),  the  mercer  at 
Liverpool. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Peveril  of  the 
Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Short  "hose  (2  syl.),  a  clown,  servant 
to  lady  Hartwell 'the  widow. — Fletcher: 
Wit  without  Money  (1639). 

Shorthonse  [Tom),  epitaph  of— 

Hie  Jacet  Tom  Shorthouse,  sine  Tom,  sine  Sheets. 

sine  Riches  ["sine,"  i  syl.y. 
Qui  Vixit  sine  Gown,   sint  Cloak,  sine  Shirt,  sine 

Breeches. 

Old  London  (taken  from  the  Magna  Britannia). 

"  Should  Auld  Acquaintance  be 
Porgfot  ?  "  Robert  Burns,  writing  to 
Mr.  Thomson,  September,  1793,  says, 
"The  following  song  ('Auld  Lang  Syne') 
of  the  olden  times,  which  has  never  been 
in  print,  nor  even  in  MS.,  until  I  took  it 
down  from  an  old  man's  singing,  is 
enough  to  recommend  any  air." 

Shoulder-Blade  Divination. 

A  divination  strange  the  Dutch-made  English  have 
"y  the  shoulder  of  a  ram  from  ofli'the  right  side  pa; 
^hich  usually  they  boil,  the  spade-bone  being  bared. 


By  the  shoulder  of  a  ram  from  ofl;"  the  right  side  pared. 
Which  usuallv  they  boil,  the  spade-bone  being  bared. 
Which  then  the  wizard  takes,  and  gazing  thereupon, 


Things  long  to  come  foreshows  .  .  .  Scapes  secretly 

at  home  .  .  . 
Murthers,  adulterous  stealths,  as  the  events  of  war. 
The  reigns  and  deaths  of  kings  .  .  .  etc. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  v.  (i6ia), 

Shovel-Boards  or  Edward  Shovel- 
Boards,  broad  shillings  of  Edward  III. 
Taylor,  the  water-poet,  tells  us  ' '  they 
were  used  for  the  most  part  at  shoave- 
board." 

.  .  .  the  unthrift  every  day. 
With  my  face  downwards  do  at  shoave-board  plar. 
Taylor,  the  water-poet  (1580-1654). 


Shoreditch  [Duke  of).    Barlow,  the         Shrewsbury  [Lord),  the  earl  mar- 


SHROPSHIRE  TOAST. 


SIBYLS. 


shal  in  the  court  of  queen  Elizabeth. — 
Sir  W.  Scoti:  Kenilworth  (time,  Eliza- 
beth). 

Shropshire  Toast  {The),  "To  all 
friends  round  the  Wrekin." 

Shufflebottom  [AieT],  a  name  as- 
sumed by  Robert  Southey  in  some  of  his 
amatory  productions  (1774-1843). 

ShufEletoiX  {The  Hon.  Tom),  a  man 
of  very  slender  estate,  who  borrows  of  all 
who  will  lend,  but  always  forgets  to 
repay  or  return  the  loans.  When  spoken 
to  about  it,  he  interrupts  the  speaker 
before  he  comes  to  the  point,  and  diverts 
the  conversation  to  some  other  subject. 
He  is  one  of  the  new  school,  always 
emotionless,  looks  on  money  as  the 
summum  bonum,  and  all  as  fair  that  puts 
money  in  his  purse.  The  Hon.  Tom 
Shuffleton  marries  lady  Caroline  Bray- 
more,  who  has  ^4000  a  year.  (See 
DiJANCHE,  p.  zZo.) —Colma't  junior: 
yohn  Bull  {iSosy 

"  Who  is  this— all  boots  and  breeches. 
Cravat  and  cape,  and  spurs  and  switches, 
Grins  and  grimaces,  shrugs  and  capers, 
With  affectation,  spleen^and  vapours?" 
"  Oh,  Mr.  Richard  Jones,  your  humble—" 
"  Pithee  give  o'er  to  mouthe  and  mumble ; 
Stand  still,  speak  plain,  and  let  us  hear 
What  was  intended  for  the  ear. 
r  faith,  without  the  timely  aid 
Of  bills,  no  part  you  ever  played 
(Hob,  Handy,  Shuffleton,  or  Rover, 
Sharper,  stroller,  lounger,  lover) 
Could  e'er  distinguish  from  each  other." 
Grower:  On  SXchard  Jones,  the  Actor  (1778-1^). 

Shutters  {Tom,  put  up  the).  A 
lieutenant  threatened  Mr.  Hoby  of  St. 
James's  Street  (London)  to  withdraw  his 
custom,  because  his  boots  were  too  tight ; 
whereupon  Mr.  Hoby  called  to  his  errand- 
boy,  "  Tom,  put  up  the  shutters,  lieuten- 
ant Smith  threatens  to  withdraw  his 
custom,"  This  witty  reproof  has  become 
a  stock  phrase  of  banter  with  tradesmen 
when  threatened  by  a  silly  customer. 

Shylock,  the  Jew  who  lends  Anthonio 
(a  Venetian  merchant)  3000  ducats  for 
three  months,  on  these  conditions :  If 
repaid  within  the  time,  only  the  principal 
should  be  required ;  if  not,  the  Jew  should 
be  at  liberty  to  cut  from  Anthonio's  body 
a  pound  of  flesh.  The  ships  of  Anthonio 
being  delayed  by  contrary  winds,  the 
merchant  was  unable  to  meet  his  bill,  and 
the  J  ew  claimed  the  forfeiture.  Portia,  in 
\he  dress  of  a  law  doctor,  conducted  the 
defence  ;  and,  when  the  Jew  was  about  to 
take  his  bond,  reminded  him  that  he 
must  shed  no  drop  of  blood,  nor  cut 
either  more  or  less  than  an  exact  pound. 


If  these  conditions  were  infringed,  his  life 
would  be  forfeit.  The  Jew,  feeling  it  to 
be  impossible  to  exact  the  bond  under 
such  conditions,  gave  up  the  claim,  but 
was  heavily  fined  for  seeking  the  life  of 
a  Venetian  citizen. — Shakespeare:  The 
Merchant  of  Venice  (1598). 

(It  was  of  C.  Macklin  (1690-1797)  that 
Pope  wrote  the  doggerel — 

This  is  the  Jew 

That  Shakespeare  drew  ; 

but  Edmund  Kean  (1787-1833)  was 
unrivalled  in  this  character. ) 

According  to  the  kindred  authority  of  Shylock,  no 
man  hates  the  thing  he  would  not  kill.— 5»>  IV.  Scott. 

IT  Paul  Secchi  tells  us  a  similar  tale  :  A 
merchant  of  Venice,  having  been  informed 
by  private  letter  that  Drake  had  taken 
and  plundered  St,  Domingo,  sent  word 
to  Sampson  Ceneda,  a  Jewish  usurer. 
Ceneda  would  not  believe  it,  and  bet  a 
pound  of  flesh  it  was  not  true.  W^hen 
the  report  was  confirmed,  the  pope  told 
Secchi  he  might  lawfully  claim  his  bet  if 
he  chose,  only  he  must  draw  no  blood, 
nor  take  either  more  or  less  than  an  exact 
pound,  on  the  penalty  of  being  hanged. — 
Gregorio  Lett  :  Life  of  Sextus  V.  (1666). 

if  The  same  tale  is  told  of  ' '  Gernutus 
a  Jewe,  who,  lending  to  a  merchant  a 
hundred  crowns,  would  have  a  pound  of 
his  fleshe  because  he  could  not  pay  him 
at  the  time  appointed."  The  ballad  is 
inserted  in  Percy's  Reliques,  series  i.  bk. 
ii.  II. 

Sibbald,  an  attendant  on  the  earl  of 

Monteith.— -StV  W.  Scott:  Legend  of 
Montrose  (time,  Charles  I.). 

Siber,  i.e.  Siberia.  Mr.  BellofAnter- 
mony,  in  his  Travels,  informs  us  that 
Siberia  is  universally  called  Siber  by  the 
Russians 

From  Guineas  coast  and  Siber's  dreary  mines. 
Campbell:  Pleasures  of  Hope,  i.  (1799). 

Siberian  Climate  (^),  a  very  cold 
and  rigorous  climate,  winterly  and  in- 
hospitable, with  snow-hurricanes  and 
biting  winds.  The  valley  of  the  Lena  is 
the  coldest  reign  of  the  globe, 

Sibylla,  the  sibyl.     (See  Sibyls.) 

And  thou,  Alecto,  feede  me  wj-th  thy  foods  .  .  . 
And  thou,  Sibiila,  when  thou  seest  me  faynte, 
Addres  thyselfe  the  gyde  of  my  complaynte. 

Sackville  :  Mirrour  for  Magistraytes 
("Complaynte,"  etc.,  i5S7)- 

Sibyls.  Plato  speaks  of  only  one 
sibyl;  Martian  Capella  says  there  were 
izoo  (the  Erythrcean  or  Cumcean  sibyl,  and 
the  Phrygian) ;  Pliny  speaks  of  the  three 


SIBYL'S  BOOKS. 


1003 


SIDNEY. 


9K  ■ 


sibyls;  Jackson  maintains,  on  the  au- 
thority of  iElian,  that  there  wert  four ; 
Shakespeare  speaks  of  the  nine  sibyls  of 
old  Rome  ( I  Henry  VI.  act  i.  so.  2) ;  Varro 
says  they  were  ten  (the  sibyls  of  Libya, 
Samos,  Cumae  (in  Italy),  Cumae  (in  Asia 
Minor),  Erythraea, Persia, Tiburtis, Delphi, 
Ancy'ra  (in  Phrygia),  and  Marpessa),  in 
reference  to  which  Rabelais  says,  "she 
may  be  the  eleventh  sibyl "  [Paniag'ruel, 
Hi.  16) ;  the  medijeval  monks  made  the 
number  to  be  twelve,  and  gave  to  each  a 
distinct  prophecy  respecting  Christ.  But 
whatever  the  number,  there  was  but  one 
"  sibyl  of  old  Rome  "  (the  Cumaean),  who 
offered  to  Tarquin  the  nine  Sibylline 
books. 

Sibyl's  Books  ( The).  We  are  told 
that  the  sibyl  of  Cumae  (in  ^61is)  offered 
Tarquin  nine  volumes  of  predictions  for 
a  certain  sum  of  money,  but  the  king, 
deeming  the  price  exorbitant,  refused  to 
purchase  them ;  whereupon  she  burnt 
three  of  the  volumes,  and  next  year 
offered  Tarquin  the  remaining  six  at  the 
same  price.  Again  he  refused,  and  the 
sibyl  burnt  three  more.  The  following 
year  she  again  returned,  and  asked  the 
origfinal  price  for  the  three  which  re- 
mained. At  the  advice  of  the  augurs,  the 
king  purchased  the  books,  and  they  were 
preserved  with  great  care  under  guardians 
specially  appointed  for  the  purpose. 

Her  remaining  chances,  like  the  sibyl's  books, 
became  more  precious  in  an  increasing  ratio  as  the 
preceding  ones  were  destioyed.—Fi/z£^erald:  The 
Parvenu  Family,  i.  7. 

Sic  Vos  non  Vobis.    (See  Vos  non 

VOBIS. ) 

Sicilian  Bull  ( The),  the  brazen  bu 
invented  by  Perillos  for  the  tyrant  Pha- 
ia.ris,  as  an  engine  of  torture.     Perillos 
himself  was  the  first  victim  enclosed  in 
the  bull. 

As  the  Sicilian  bull  that  rightfully 
His  cries  echoed  who  had  shaped  the  mould. 
Did  so  rebellow  with  the  voice  of  liini 
Tormented,  that  the  brazen  monster  seemed 
Pierced  through  with  pain. 

DanU  :  Hell,  xxvil.  (1300). 

Sicilian  Vespers  [The),  the  mas- 
sacre of  the  French  in  Sicily,  which  began 
at  Palermo,  March  30,  1282,  at  the  hour 
of  vespers,  on  Easter  Monday.  This 
wholesale  slaughter  was  provoked  by  the 
brutal  conduct  of  Charles  d'Anjou  (th.e 
governor)  and  his  soldiers  towards  the 
islanders.     (See  Shipboleth,  p.  998.) 

IT  A  similar  massacre  of  the  Danes  was 
made  in  England  on  St.  Bryce's  Day 
(November  13),  1002. 


H  Another  similar  slaughter  took  place 
at  Bruges,  March  24,  1302. 

(The  Bartholomew  Massacre  (August 
24,  1572)  was  a  religious  not  a  political 
movement. ) 

Sicilien  [Le)  or  L'Amour  Peintre, 
a  comedy  by  Molifere  (1667).  The  Sicilian 
is  don  P^dre,  who  has  a  Greek  slave 
named  Is'idore.  This  slave  is  loved  by 
Adraste  (2  syl.),  a  French  gentleman,  and 
the  plot  of  the  comedy  turns  on  the  way 
that  the  Frenchman  allures  the  Greek 
slave  away  from  her  master,  (See 
Adraste,  p.  10.) 

Sicily  of  Spain  ( The).  Alemtejo, 
in  Portugal,  at  one  time  "  the  granary  of 
Portugal. " 

Sick  Man  of  the  East  ( The),  the 
Turkish  empire.  It  was  Nicholas  of 
Russia  who  gave  this  name  to  the  mori- 
bund empire. 

We  have  on  our  hands  a  sick  man,  a  very  sick  man. 
It  would  be  a  great  misfortune  if  one  of  these  days  he 
should  happen  to  die  before  the  necessary  arrange- 
ments are  made.  .  .  .  The  man  is  certainly  dying,  and 
we  must  not  allow  such  an  event  to  take  us  by  surprise. 
—Nicholas  of  Rjissia,  to  sir  George  Seymour,  British 
charg^ d affaires  (Januarj'  ii,  1844). 

%  The  sick  man  of  Orange,  don  John, 
governor-general  of  the  Netherlands, 
writing  in  1577  to  Philip  II.  of  Spain, 
called  the  prince  of  Orange  "the  sick 
man,"  because  he  was  in  the  way,  "  and 
wanted  him  finished."  He  said  to  Philip, 
"  Money  is  the  gruel  with  which  we  must 
cure  this  sick  man,"  spies  and  assassins 
being  expensive  articles. — Motley:  The 
Dutch  Republic,  v.  2.  Again  he  says, 
"  There  is  no  remedy-,  sire,  for  the  body 
but  by  cutting  off  the  diseased  part." 

Siddartha,  born  at  Gaya,  in  India, 
and  known  in  Indian  history  as  Buddha 
{i.e.  "The  Wise"). 

Sidney,  the  tutor  and  friend  of  Charles 
Egerton  McSycophant.  He  loves  Coa- 
stantia,  but  conceals  his  passion  for  fear 
of  paining  Egerton,  her  accepted  lover. — 
Macklin:  The  Man  of  the  World  {1764). 

Sidney  (Sir  Philip).  Sir  Philip  Sidney, 
though  suffering  extreme  thirst  from  the 
agony  of  wounds  received  in  the  battle  of 
Zutphen,  gave  his  own  draught  of  water 
to  a  wounded  private  lying  at  his  side, 
saying,  ' '  Poor  fellow,  thy  necessity  is 
greater  than  mine." 

II  A  similar  incident  is  recorded  of 
Alexander  "  the  Great,"  in  the  desert  of 
Gedrosia. — Quintus  Curtius. 

II  David,  fighting  against  the  Philis- 
tines, became  so  parched  with  thirst  that 


SIDN2Y'S  SISTER. 


X004 


SIEGFRIED. 


he  cried  out,  "Oh  that  one  would  give 
me  drink  of  the  water  of  the  well  of  Beth- 
lehem, which  is  by  the  gate  !  "  And  the 
three  mighty  men  broke  through  the  host 
of  the  Philistines  and  brought  him  water  ; 
nevertheless,  he  would  not  drink  it,  but 
poured  it  out  unto  the  Lord. — 2  Sam. 
xxiii.  15-17. 

IT  St.  Thomas  Aquinas,  in  his  last  ill- 
ness, stopped  at  the  castle  of  Maganza, 
the  residence  of  his  niece  Francisca.  He 
had  quite  lost  his  appetite  ;  but  one  day 
expressed  a  wish  for  a  Uttle  piece  of  a 
certain  fish.  The  fish  mentioned  was  not 
to  be  found  in  all  Italy,  but  after  diligent 
search  elsewhere  was  procured.  When 
cooked  and  brought  to  the  dying  man, 
he  refused  to  eat  of  it,  but  gave  it  as  an 
offering  to  the  Lord. — Alba7i  Butler: 
Lives  of  the  Saints  (1745). 

Sidney's  Sister,  Pembroke's 
Motlier,  Mary  Herbert  (born  Sidney), 
countess  of  Pembroke,  who  died  1621. 

Underneath  this  sable  hearse 
Lies  the  subject  of  all  verse — 
Sidney's  sister,  Pembroke's  mother. 
Death,  ere  thou  hast  killed  another 
Fair  and  good  and  learned  as  she, 
Time  shall  throw  his  dart  at  thee. 
W.  Browne  (1645.    See  Lansdowne  Collection 
No.  777,  in  the  British  Museum). 

Sido'nian  Tincture,  purple  dye, 
Tyrian  purple.  The  Tyrians  and  Sido- 
nians  were  world-famed  for  their  purple 
dye. 

Not  in  that  proud  Sidonian  tincture  dyed. 
P.  Fletcher:  The  PiirpU  Island,  xii.  (1633). 

Sid'rophel  \the  star-lover],  William 
Lilly,  the  astrologer.     - 

uoth  Ralph,  "  Not  far 
cunning  man,  hight  Sidrophel, 
That  deals  in  destiny's  dark  counsels, 
And  sage  opinions  of  the  moon  sells  ; 
To  whom  all  people,  far  and  near, 
On  deep  importances  repair." 

5.  Butler  :  Hudibras,  ii.  3  (1664). 

Siebel,  Margheri'ta's  rejected  lover, 
in  the  opera  of  Faust  e  Marghenta,  by 
Gounod  {1859). 

Siege.  Mon  siige  est  fait,  my  opinion 
is  fixed,  and  I  cannot  change  it.  This 
proverb  rose  thus  :  The  abbd  de  Vertot 
wrote  the  history  of  a  certain  siege,  and 
applied  to  a  friend  for  some  geographical 
particulars.  These  particulars  did  not 
arrive  till  the  matter  had  passed  the 
press  ;  so  the  abb^  remarked  with  a  shrug, 
"  ©ah  !  mon  si^ge  est  fait." 

Siege  Perilous  ( The).  The  Round 
Table  contained  sieges  for  150  knights, 
but  thr2s  of  them  were  "  reserved."  Of 
these,  two  were  posts  of  honour,  but  the 


third  was  reserved  for  him  who  was  des- 
fined  to  achieve  the  quest  ot  the  holy 
graal.  This  seat  was  called  "  perilous," 
because  if  any  one  sat  therein  except  he 
for  whom  it  was  reserved,  it  would  be  his 
death.  Every  seat  ol  the  table  bore  the 
name  of  its  rightful  occupant  in  letters  of 
gold,  and  the  name  on  the  "  Siege  Peri- 
lous "  was  sir  Galahad  {son  of  sir  Launce- 
lot  and  Elaine). 

Said  Merhn,  "  There  shall  no  man  sit  in  the  two  void 
places  but  they  that  shaU  t)e  ot  most  worship.  But  in 
the  Siege  Perilous  there  shall  no  man  sit  but  one,  and 
if  any  other  be  so  hardy  as  to  do  it,  he  shall  be  de- 
stroyed."—Pt.  i.  48. 

Then  the  old  man  made  sir  Galahad  unarm ;  and  ho 
put  on  him  a  coat  of  red  sandel,  with  a  mantel  upon 
his  shoulder  furred  with  fine  ermines,  .  .  .  and  he 
brought  him  unto  the  Siege  Perilous,  when  he  sat 
beside  sir  Launcelot.  And  the  good  old  man  lifted  up 
the  cloth,  and  found  there  these  words  written :  "  THE 
Siege  of  sir  O.K-Ll^-a.,\T>:'— Malory :  History  oj 
Prince  Arthur,  iii.  32  (1470). 

Siege  of  Calais,  a  novel  by  Mme. 
de  Tencin  (1681-1749).  George  Colman 
has  a  drama  with  the  same  title. 

Siege  of  Corintn  {The),  a  poetical 
version  ot  the  siege  which  took  place  in 
1715. — Byron  (i8i6). 

Siege  of  Damascus.  Damascus 
was  Desiegea  by  the  Arabs  while  Eu'- 
menes  was  governor.  The  general  of  the 
Syrians  was  Pho'cyas,  and  of  the  Arabs 
Caled.  Phocyas  asked  Eumen^s's  per- 
mission to  marry  his  daughter  Eudo'cia, 
but  was  sternly  refused.  (For  the  rest  of 
the  tale,  see  Eudocia,  p.  343.) — Hughes: 
Siege  of  Damascus  {1720). 

Sieg'fried  \^Seegfreed\,  hero  of  pt.  L 
of  the  Nibelungen  Lied,  the  old  German 
epic.  Siegfried  was  a  young  warrior  of 
peerless  strength  and  beauty,  invulnerable 
except  in  one  spot  between  his  shoulders. 
He  vanquished  the  Nibelungs,  and  carried 
away  their  immense  hoards  of  gold  and 
precious  stones.  He  wooed  and  won 
Kriemhild,  the  sister  of  Giinther  king  of 
Burgundy,  but  was  treacherously  killed 
by  Hagan,  while  stooping  for  a  draught 
of  water  after  a  hunting  expedition. 

Siegfried  had  a  cape  or  cloak,  which 
rendered  him  invisible,  the  gift  of  the 
dwarf  Alberich ;  and  his  sword,  called 
Balmung,  was  forged  by  Wieland,  black- 
smith of  the  Teutonic  gods. 

N.B. — This  epic  consists  of  a  number 
of  different  lays  by  the  old  minnesingers, 
pieced  together  into  a  connected  story  as 
early  as  1210.  It  is  of  Scandinavian  origin , 
and  is  in  the  Younger  Edda,  amongst  the 
"  Volsunga  Sagas  "  (compiled  by  Snorro, 
in  the  thirteenth  century). 


SIEGFRIED  VON  LINDENBERG.  loo? 


SIGISMUNDA. 


Siegfried's  Birthplace.  He  was  born 
in  Phinecastle,  then  called  Xanton. 

Siegfried's  Father  and  Mother.  Sieg- 
fried was  the  youngest  son  of  Siegmund 
and  Sieglind,  king  and  queen  of  the 
Netherlands. 

Siegfried  called  Horny.  He  was  called 
horny  because  when  he  slew  tiie  dragon, 
he  bathed  in  its  blood,  and  became  covered 
with  a  horny  hide  which  was  invulnerable. 
A  linden  leaf  happened  to  fall  on  his  back 
between  his  shoulder-blades,  and  as  the 
blood  did  not  touch  this  spot,  it  remained 
vulnerable. — The  Minnesingers  :  The  Ni- 
belungen  Lied  (1210). 

Sieg-'fried  von  Lindenberg",  the 
hero  of  a  comic  German  romance,  by 
Miiller  (1779).  Very  amusing  and  still 
popular. 

Sieglind  \Seeg-lindf\,  the  mother  of 
Siegfried,  and  wife  of  Siegmund  king 
of  the  Netherlands. — The  Minnesingers  : 
The  Nibelungen  Lied  (1210). 

Siegmund  \Seeg-mund\  king  of  the 
Netherlands.  His  wife  was  Sieglind,  and 
his  son  Siegfried  \Seeg-freed\ — The  Min- 
nesingers :  The  Nibelungen  Lied  (1210). 

Sieve  ( The  Trial  of  the).  When  a 
vestal  was  charged  with  inchastity,  she 
was  condemned  to  carry  water  from  the 
Tiber  in  a  sieve  without  spilling  any.  If 
she  succeeded,  she  was  pronounced  inno- 
cent ;  but  if  any  of  the  water  ran  out,  it 
was  a  confirmation  of  her  guilt. 

Sieve  and  Shears,  a  method  of  dis- 
covering a  thief.  The  modus  operandi  is 
as  follows :  A  sieve  is  nicely  balanced 
by  the  points  of  shears  touching  the  rim, 
and  the  shears  are  supported  on  the  tips 
of  the  fingers  while  a  passage  of  the  Bible 
is  read,  and  the  apostles  Peter  and  Paul 
are  asked  whether  so-and-so  is  the  cul- 
prit. When  the  thief's  name  is  uttered, 
the  sieve  spins  round.  Theocrltos  men- 
tions this  way  of  divination  in  his  Idyll, 
iii.,  and  Ben  Jonson  alludes  to  it — • 

Searching  for  things  lost  with  a  sieve  and  shears.— 
The  Alchtmist,  i.  i  (1610). 

(See  Key  and  Bible,  p.  565.)- 
Sige'ro,  "the  Good,"  slain  by  Ar- 
gantes.  Argantes  hurled  his  spear  at 
Godfrey,  but  it  struck  Sigero,  who  "re- 
joiced to  suffer  in  his  sovereign's  place." 
—  Tasso:  Jerusalem  Delivered,  xi.  (1575). 

Siglit.  Nine  things  are  necessary 
before  the  form  of  anything  can  be  dis- 
cerned by  the  eye:  (i)  a  power  to  see, 
(2)  hght,  (3)  a  visible  object,  (4)  not  too 


small,  (s)  not  too  rare,  (0^  not  too  near, 
(7)  not  too  remote,  (8)  clear  space,  (9) 
sufficient  time. — See  sir  John  Davies: 
Immortality  of  the  Soul,  xiv.  (1622). 

Sight.  Zaiga,  the  Arabian  heroine 
of  the  tribe  of  Jadis,  could  see  at  a  dis- 
tance of  three  days'  journey.  Being  asked 
by  Nass^n  the  secret  of  her  long  sight, 
she  said  it  was  due  to  the  ore  of  antimony 
which  she  reduced  to  powder  and  applied 
to  her  eyes  as  a  coUyrium  every  night. 

Sightly  (Captain),  a  dashing  young 
officer,  who  runs  away  with  Priscilla 
Tomboy,  but  subsequently  obtains  her 
guardian's  consent  to  marry  her. — Th^ 
Romp  (altered  from  Bickerstaff 's  Love  in 
the  City). 

Sigismonda,  daughter  of  Tancred 
king  of  Salerno.  She  fell  in  love  with 
Guiscardo  her  father's  'squire,  revealed  to 
him  her  love,  and  married  him  in  a  cavern 
attached  to  the  palace.  Tancred  dis- 
covered them  in  each  other's  embrace, 
and  gave  secret  orders  to  waylay  the 
bridegroom  and  strangle  him.  He  then 
went  to  Sigismonda,  and  reproved  her 
for  her  degrading  choice,  which  she  boldly 
justified.  Next  day,  she  received  a  human 
heart  in  a  gold  casket,  knew  instinctively 
that  it  was  Guiscardo's,  and  poisoned 
herself.  Her  father  being  sent  for,  she 
survived  just  long  enough  to  request  that 
she  might  be  buried  in  the  same  grave  as 
her  young  husband  ;  and  Tancred — 

Too  late  repenting  of  his  cruel  deed. 
One  common  sepulchre  for  both  decreed  ; 
Intombed  the  wretched  pair  in  royal  state, 
And  on  their  monument  mscribed  their  fate. 
Dryden  :  Sigismonda  and  Guiscardo  (from  Boccacdo>. 

Sigismnnd,  emperor  of  Austria. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Anne  of  Geierstein  (time^ 
Edward  IV.). 

Sigismnuda,  daughter  of  Siffredi 
lord  high  chancellor  of  Sicily,  and  be- 
trothed to  count  Tancred.  When  king 
Roger  died,  he  left  the  crown  of  Sicily 
to  Tancred,  on  condition  that  he  married 
Constantia,  by  which  means  the  rival  lines 
would  be  united,  and  the  country  saved 
from  civil  war.  Tancred  gave  a  tacit 
consent,  intending  to  obtain  a  dispensa- 
tion ;  but  Sigismunda,  in  a  moment  of 
wounded  pride,  consented  to  marry  earl 
Osmond.  When  king  Tancred  obtained 
an  interview  with  Sigismunda,  to  explain 
his  conduct,  Osmond  challenged  him,  and 
they  fought.  Osmond  fell,  and  when  his 
wife  ran  to  him,  he  thrust  his  sword  into 
her  and  killed  her. — Thomson  :  Tancred 
and  Sigismunda  (1745). 


SIGISMUNDA. 


1006 


SILENT  WOMAN. 


(This  tragedy  is  based  on  ' '  The  Bane- 
ful Marriage,"  an  episode  in  Gil  Bias, 
founded  on  fact,) 

Sigismunda,  the  heroine  of  Cer- 
vantes's  last  work  of  fiction.  This  tale  is 
a  tissue  of  episodes,  full  of  most  incre- 
dible adventures,  astounding  prodigies, 
impossible  characters,  and  extravagant 
sentiments.  It  is  said  that  Cervantes 
himself  preferred  it  to  his  Don  Quixote, 
just  as  Corneille  preferred  Nicomede  to 
his  Cid,  and  Milton  Paradise  Regained 
to  his  Paradise  Ijjst. —  Encyclopedia 
Briiannica  (article  "  Romance"). 

Sigurd,  the  hero  of  an  old  Scandi- 
navian legend.  Sigurd  discovered  Bryn- 
hild,  encased  in  complete  armour,  lying 
in  a  death-like  sleep,  to  which  she  had 
been  condemned  by  Odin.  Sigurd  woke 
her  by  ripping  up  her  corselet,  fell  in  love 
with  her,  promised  to  marry  her,  but 
deserted  her  for  Gudrun.  This  ill-starred 
union  was  the  cause  of  an  Iliad  of  woes. 

(An  analysis  of  this  romance  was  pub- 
lished by  Weber  in  his  Illustrations  of 
Northern  Antiquities,  18 10.) 

Sijil  [At),  the  recording  angel. 

On  that  day  we  will  roll  up  the  heavens  as  the  ang^el 
Al  Sijil  rolleth  up  the  scroll  wherein  every  man's  actions 
are  recorded. ■^^Z  Kordn,  xxi. 

Sikes  [Bill],  burglar,  and  one  of 
Fagin's  associates.  He  is  a"  hardened, 
irreclaimable  villain,  but  has  a  conscience 
which  almost  drives  him  mad  after  the 
murder  of  Nancy,  who  really  loved  him 
(ch.  xlviii.).  Bill  Sikes  (r  syl.)  had  an 
ill-conditioned  savage  dog,  the  beast- 
image' of  his  master,  which  he  kicked  and 
loved,  ill-treated  and  fondled. — Dickens: 
Oliver  Twist  (1837). 

Sikes  endeavouring  to  escape  from  the  detectives 
and  the  enraged  crowd,  tried  to  slip  from  the  roof  of  a 
house  by  a  rope  with  a  running  noose  ;  but  he  only  got 
it  over  his  neck  and  so  was  strangled.  His  dog,  in 
Its  efforts  to  reach  its  master,  accidentally  ran  against 
a  projecting  wall,  and  was  killed. 

(The  French  "  Bill  Sikes  "  is  "  Jean 
Hiroux,"  a  creation  of  Henri  Monnier.) 

Sikuudra  (The),  a  mausoleum  about 
six  miles  from  Agra,  raised  by  Akhbah 
•'  the  Great,"  in  the  reign  of  our  Charles  I. 

Silas  Marner,  a  novel  by  George 
Eliot  (Mrs.  J.  W.  Cross,  1861).  Silas 
thinks  himself  deserted  and  rejected  by 
God  r.nd  man ;  to  him  a  little  foundling 
girl  is  sent,  bringing  "hope  with  her  and 
foAvard-looking  thoughts." 

The  Luck  of  Roaring  Camp,  by  Bret 
Harte,  is  on  the  same  lines  (1870). 

Silence,  a  country  justice  of  asinine 


dulness  when  sober,  but  when  in  his  cups 
of  most  uproarious  mirth.     He  was  in  the 
commission  of  the  peace  with  his  cousin       j 
Robert  Shallow. 

Falstaff.     I  did  not  think  Master  Silence  had  been         \ 
a  man  of  this  mettle.  j 

Silence.  Who,  1?  I  have  been  merry  twice  and  once, 
ere  woy). —Shakesfieare :  z  Henry  IV.  act  v.  so.  3  (1598).         j 

Sile'no,  husband   of  Mysis  ;   a  kind- 
hearted  man,  who  takes  pity  on  Apollo 
when  cast  to  earth  by  Jupiter,  and  gives       | 
him  a  home. — GHa7-a:  Midas  (1764).  | 

Silent   {The),    William   I.   prince  of 

Orange  (1533-1584).  '■ 

IT  It  was  the  principle  of  Napoleon 
III.  emperor  of  the  French  to  "  hear, 
see,  and  say  nothing." 

Silent  Man  {The),  the  barber  of 
Bagdad,  the  greatest  chatterbox  that  ever 
lived.  Being  sent  for  to  shave  the  head 
and  beard  of  a  young  man  who  was  to 
visit  the  cadi's  daughter  at  noon,  he  kept 
him  from  daybreak  to  midday,  prating,  to 
the  unspeakable  annoyance  of  the  cus- 
tomer. Being  subsequently  taken  before 
the  caliph,  he  ran  on  telling  story  after 
story  about  his  six  brothers.  He  was 
called  the  "  Silent  Man,"  because  on  one 
occasion,  being  accidentally  taken  up  with 
ten  robbers,  he  never  said  he  was  not  one  of 
the  gang.  His  six  brothers  were  Bacbouc 
the  hunchback,  Bakbarah  the  toothless, 
Bakac  the  one-eyed,  Alcouz  the  blind, 
Alnaschar  the  earless,  and  Schacabac  the 
hare-hpped. — Arabian  Nights  ("  The 
Barber,"  and  "The  Barber's  Six 
Brothers  "). 

(Napoleon  III.  was  called  "The  Silent 
Man,"  or  "The  Man  of  Silence."  See 
Silent.) 

Silent  Woman  {The),  a  comedy  by 
Ben  Jonson  (1609).  Morose,  a  miserly 
old  fellow,  who  hates  to  hear  any  voice 
but  his  own,  has  a  young  nephew,  sir 
Dauphine,  who  wants  to  wring  from  him 
a  third  of  his  property  ;  and  the  way  he 
gains  his  point  is  this  :  He  induces  a  lad 
to  pretend  to  be  a  "  silent  woman." 
Morose  is  so  delighted  with  the  phenome- 
non that  he  consents  to  marry  the  pro- 
digy ;  but  the  moment  the  ceremony  is 
over,  the  boy-wife  assumes  the  character 
of  a  virago,  whose  tongue  is  a  ceaseless 
clack.  Morose  is  in  despair,  and  signs 
away  a  third  of  his  property  to  his 
nephew,  on  condition  of  being  rid  of  this 
intolerable  pest.  The  trick  is  now  re- 
vealed. Morose  retires  into  private  life, 
and  sir  Dauphine  remains  master  of  the 
situation. 


SILENUS. 


1007 


SILVER  WEDDING. 


Sile'uus,  son  of  Pan,  chief  of  the 
sile'ni  or  older  satyrs.  Silenus  was  the 
foster-father  of  Bacchus  the  wine-god,  and 
is  described  as  a  jovial  old  toper,  with 
bald  head,  pug  nose,  and  pimply  face. 

Old  Silenus,  bloated,  drunken. 
Led  by  his  inebriate  satyrs, 

Long/tUoiu  ;  Drinking  Song. 

Silhouette  (3  syl.),  a  black  profile. 
So  called  from  Etienne  de  Silhouette, 
contrdleur  des  finances  under  Louis  XV. 
(1757)- 

Les  reformes  financieres  de  ce  ministre  ayant  paru 
mesquines  at  ridicules,  la  caricature  s'en  empara  et 
Ton  donna  le  nom  de  Silhouettes  \  ces  dessins  impar- 
faits  oii  Ton  se  bomait  i  indiquer  par  un  siniple  trait  le 
contour  des  objets. 

Silky,  a  Jew  money-lender,  swindler, 
and  miser.    (See  Sulky.) 

You  cheat  all  day,  tremble  at  night,  and  act  the  hypo- 
crite the  first  thing  in  the  morning^. — Holcro/t:  The 
Road  to  Ruin,  ii.  3  (1792). 

Silly  Billy,  William  IV.  of  England 
(1765,  1830-1837). 

Silu'res  {3  syl.),  the  inhabitants  of 
Silu'ria,  that  is,  Herefordshire,  Mon- 
mouthshire, Radnorshire,  Brecon,  and 
Glamorganshire. 

Those  Silu'res,  called  by  us  the  South  Wales  men. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xvi.  (1613). 

(Henry  Vaughan,  poet  (1621-1695),  is 
called  "The  Silurist"  because  he  was 
born  in  South  Wales.) 

Silva  {Don  Ruy  Gomez  de),  an  old 
Spanish  grandee,  to  whom  Elvira  was 
betrothed ;  but  she  detested  him,  and 
loved  Ernani ,  a  bandit-captain.  (The  tale 
is  given  under  Ernanl  p.  ^y).)— Verdi : 
Ernani  (an  opera,  1841). 

Silver  Age  [The),  the  age  succeed- 
ing the  golden,  and  succeeded  by  the 
iron  age.  The  best  period  of  the  world 
or  of  a  nation  is  its  golden  age,  noted  for 
giants  of  literature,  simplicity  of  man- 
ners, integrity  of  conduct,  honesty  of 
intention,  and  domestic  virtues.  The 
Elizabethan  was  the  golden  age  of  Eng- 
land. The  silver  age  of  a  people  is  noted 
for  its  elegant  refinement,  its  delicacy  of 
speech,  its  luxurious  living,  its  politeness 
and  artificial  manners.  The  reign  of 
Anne  was  the  silver  age  of  England. 
The  iron  age  is  that  of  commerce  and 
hard  matter-of-fact.  Birth  is  no  longer 
the  one  thing  needful,  but  hard  cash ; 
the  romance  of  life  has  died  out,  and 
iron  and  coals  are  the  philosopher's  stone. 
The  age  of  Victoria  is  the  iron  age  of 
England.  Strange  that  the  three  ages 
should  all  be  the  reigns  of  queens  I 


Silver  Code  [The),  a  translation 
into  Gothic  of  parts  both  of  the  Old  and 
New  Testaments,  by  bishop  Ulfilas,  in  the 
eighth  century.     Still  extant. 

Silver-Fork  School  ( The),  a  name 
given  to  a  class  of  English  novelists  who 
gave  undue  importance  to  etiquette  and 
the  externals  of  social  intercourse.  The 
most  distinguished  are  :  lady  Blessington 
( 1 789- 1 849 ) ,  Theodore  H  00k  ( 1 7 1 6- 1 796 ), 
lord  Lytton  (1804-1873),  Mrs.  TroUope 
(1790-1863),  and  lord  Beaconsfield{i8o4- 
1881). 

Silver  Pen.  Eliza  Meteyard  was 
so  called  by  Douglas  Jerrold,  and  she 
adopted  the  pseudonym  (1816-1879). 

Silver  Spoon.  Bom  with  a  silver 
ipoon  in  your  mouth  means  born  to  good 
luck.  The  allusion  is  to  the  silver  spoons 
given  as  prizes  and  at  christenings.  The 
lucky  man  is  born  with  the  prize  in  his 
mouth,  and  does  not  need  to  wait  for  it 
or  require  to  earn  it. 

Silver  Star  of  Love  ( The),  the  star 
which  appeared  to  Vasco  da  Gama  when 
his  ships  were  tempest-tossed  through  the 
malice  of  Bacchus.  Immediately  the  star 
appeared,  the  tempest  ceased,  and  there 
was  a  great  calm. 

The  sky  and  ocoan  blending,  each  on  fire, 
Seemed  as  all  Nature  struggled  to  expire ; 
When  now  the  Silver  Star  of  Love  appeared. 
Bright  in  the  east  her  radiant  front  she  reared. 
Camoins  :  Lusiad,  vi.  (1378). 

Silver-Tongrued  [The),  Joshua  Syl- 
vester, who  translated  The  Divine  Weeks 
of  Du  Bartas  (1563-1618). 

William  Bates,  a  puritan  divine  (1625- 
1699). 

Henry  Smith,  preacher  (1550-1600). 

Anthony  Hammond,  the  poet,  called 
"  Silver  Tongue  "  (1668-1738). 

Spranger  Barry,  the  "  Irish  Roscius " 
(1719-1777). 

Silver  Weddingf  [The),  the  twenty- 
fifth  anniversary ;  the  fiftieth  anniversary 
is  the  golden  wedding.  In  Germany 
those  persons  who  attain  the  twenty-fifth 
anniversary  of  their  wedding  day  should 
be  presented  by  their  friends  and  family 
with  a  wreath  of  silver  flowers,  and  on 
the  fiftieth  anniversary  with  a  wreath  of 
gold  flowers.  The  fifth  anniversary  is 
the  wooden  wedding,  and  the  seventy- 
fifth  the  diamond  wedding.  Sometimes 
the  Wedding  Service  is  repeated  on  the 
fiftieth  anniversary. 

(In  X879  William  king  of  Prussia  and 


SILVERQUILL. 


1008 


SIMPLE. 


emperor  of  Germany  celebrated  his  golden 
wedding.) 

Silverqnill  {Sam),  one  of  the  pri- 
soners at  Portanferry. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Silves  de  la  Selva  {The  Exploits 
and  Adventures  of),  part  of  the  series 
called  Le  Roman  des  Romans,  pertaining 
to  "Am'adis  of  Gaul."  This  part  was 
added  by  Feliciano  de  Silva. 

Silvestre  (2  syl.),  valet  of  Octave 
(son  of  Argante  and  brother  of  Zerbi- 
nette). — Moliire:  Les  Fourberies  de 
Scapin  (1671). 

Sil'via,  danghter  of  the  duke  of 
Milan,  and  the  lady-love  of  Valentine 
one  of  the  heroes  of  the  play. — Shake- 
speare :  The  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona 
<IS94)- 

Simmons  ( Widow),  the  seamstress ; 
a  neighbour  of  the  Ramsays. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Si'mion  {Martin),  proprietor  of  the 
village  Bout  du  Monde,  and  miller  of 
■Grenoble.  He  is  called  "The  king  of 
Pelvoux,"  and  in  reality  is  the  baron  de 
Peyras,  who  has  given  up  all  his  estates 
to  his  nephew,  the  young  chevalier  Mar- 
cellin  de  Peyras,  and  retired  to  Grenoble, 
where  he  lived  as  a  villager.  Martin 
Simon  is  in  secret  possession  of  a  gold- 
mine left  him  by  his  father,  with  the 
stipulation  that  he  should  place  it  beyond 
the  reach  of  any  private  man  on  the  day 
it  became  a  "  source  of  woe  and  crime." 
Rabisson,  a  travelling  tinker,  the  only 
person  who  knows  about  it,  being  mur- 
dered, Simon  is  suspected ;  but  Eusebe 
Noel  confesses  the  crime.  Simon  then 
makes  the  mine  over  to  the  king  of  France, 
as  it  had  proved  the  source  both  "  of  woe 
and  crime." — Stirling:  The  Gold- Mine 
or  Miller  of  Grenoble  (1854). 

Sim,on  Pure,  a  young  quaker  from 
Pennsylvania,  on  a  visit  to  Obadiah  Prim 
(a  Bristol  quaker,  and  one  of  the  guardians 
of  Anne  Lovely  the  heiress).  Colonel 
Feign  well  personated  Simon  Pure,  and 
obtained  Obadiah's  consent  to  marry  his 
ward.  (For  the  rest,  see  Feignwell,  p. 
361.) — Mrs.  Centlivre:  A  Bold  Stroke  for 
a  Wife  (1717). 

(Simon  Pure  has  become  a  household 
word  for  "the  real  man,"  the  ipsissimus 
*go.) 

Simonides  (b.c.  664),  the  lyric  poet, 
sang  an  ode  to  his  patron,  Scopas,  at  a 


feast.  He  introduced  into  it  the  praises 
of  Castor  and  Pollux,  so  Scopas  declared 
that  he  would  only  pay  half  his  share  of 
the  ode  ;  the  demigods  might'pay  the  rest. 
Simonides  left  the  palace  to  see  two  youths 
who  were  supposed  to  be  waiting  for  him ; 
he  found  nobody  really  there,  but  whilst 
absent  the  palace  fell  in  and  killed  his 
patron — and  so  the  demigods  paid  their 
share.  (See  Mrs.  Orr's  Handbook  to 
Browning,  p.  147.) 

Si'monie  or  Si'mony,  the  friar,  in  the 
beast-epic  of  Reynard  the  Fox  (1498).  So 
called  from  Simon  Magus  {Acts  viii. 
9-24). 

Simony  {Dr.),  in  Foote's  farce  called 
The  Cozeners,  was  meant  for  Dr.  Dodd. 

Sim.'or|f,  a  bird  "  which  hath  seen  the 
world  thrice  destroyed."  It  is  found  in 
Kdf;  but,  as  Hafiz  says,  "searching 
for  the  simorg  is  like  searching  for  the 
philosopher's  stone."  This  does  not 
agree  with  Beckford's  account  (see 
Simurgh). 

In  Kaf  the  simorg  hath  its  dwelling-place. 
The  all-knowing  bird  of  ages,  who  hath  seen 
The  world  with  all  its  children  thrice  destroyed. 
Southey:  Thalaba  the  Destroyer,  viii.  19  (1797). 

Simpcoz  {Saunder),  a  lame  man,  who 
asserted  he  was  born  blind,  and  to  whom 
St.  Alban  said,  "Come,  offer  at  my 
shrine,  and  I  will  help  thee."  Being 
brought  before  Humphrey  duke  of 
Gloucester,  the  lord  protector,  he  was 
asked  how  he  became  lame ;  and  Simp- 
cox  -replied  he  fell  from  a  tree,  which  he 
had  climbed  to  gather  plums  for  his  wife. 
The  duke  then  asked  if  his  sight  had 
been  restored  ?  "Yes,"  said  the  man  ;  and 
being  shown  divers  colours,  could  readily 
distinguish  between  red,  blue,  brown, 
and  so  on.  The  duke  told  the  rascal 
that  a  blind  man  does  not  climb  trees  to 
gather  their  fruits ;  and  one  born  blind 
might,  if  his  sight  were  restored,  know 
that  one  colour  differed  from  another,  but 
could  not  possibly  know  which  was 
which.  He  then  placed  a  stool  before 
him,  and  ordered  the  constables  to  whip 
him  till  he  jumped  over  it ;  whereon  the 
lame  man  jumped  over  it,  and  ran  off  as 
fast  as  his  legs  could  carry  him.  Sir 
Thomas  More  tells  this  story,  and  Shake- 
speare introduces  it  in  2  Henry  VI.  act  ii. 
sc.  I  (1591). 

Simple,  the  servant  of  Slender  (cousin 
of  justice  Shallow). — Shakespeare  :  The 
Merry  Wives  of  Windsor  (1596). 

Simple  {The),  Charles  III.  of  France 
(879,  893-929). 


SIMPLE. 


1009 


SING. 


Simple  {Peter),  the  hero  and  title  of 
a  novel  by  captain  Marryat  (1833). 

Simple  Simon,  a  man  more  sinned 
against  than  sinning,  whose  misfortunes 
arose  from  his  wife  Margery's  cruelty, 
which  began  the  very  morning  of  their 
marriage. 

We  do  not  know  whether  It  is  necessary  to  seek  for 
m  Teutonic  or  Northern  original  for  this  once  popular 
\Mo\i.— Quarterly  Review. 

Simple  Story  M),  a  novel  by  Eliza- 
beth Inchbald  {1791). 

Sim.pgon  ( Tam),  the  drunken  barber. 
—Sir  W.  Scott :  St.  Ronan's  Well  (time, 
George  III.). 

Simsou  (Jean),    an    old    woman  at 

Middlemas  village.— 5t>   W.  Scott:  The 
Surgeon's  Daughter  (time,  George  II.). 

Simnrgfll,  a  fabulous  Eastern  bird, 
endowed  with  reason  and  knowing  all 
languages.  It  had  seen  the  great  cycle 
of  7000  years  twelve  times,  and,  during 
that  period,  it  declared  it  had  seen  the 
earth  wholly  without  inhabitant  seven 
y\mts.—Beckford :  Vathek  (notes,  1784). 
This  does  not  agree  with  Southey's  ac- 
count (see  SiMORG). 

Sin,  twin-keeper,  with  Death,  of  Hell- 
gate.  She  sprang,  full-grown,  from  the 
head  of  Satan. 

Woman  to  the  waist,  and  fair. 
But  ending  foul  in  many  a  scaly  fold 
Voluminous  and  vast,  a  serpent  armed 
With  mortal  sting. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  \\.  (1665). 

Sin'adoxxe  {The  lady  of),  metamor- 
phosed by  enchantment  into  a  serpent. 
Sir  Lybius  (one  of  Arthur's  knights) 
slew  the  enchantress,  and  the  serpent, 
coiling  about  his  neck,  kissed  him ; 
whereupon  the  spell  was  broken,  the 
serpent  became  a  lovely  princess,  and  sir 
Lybius  made  her  his  wife. — Libeaux  (a 
romance). 

Sinbad,  a  merchant  of  Bagdad,  who 
acquired  great  wealth  by  merchandise. 
He  went  seven  voyages,  which  he  related 
to  a  poor  discontented  porter  named 
Hindbad,  to  show  him  that  wealth  must 
be  obtained  by  enterprise  and  personal 
exertion. 

First  Voyage.  Being  becalmed  in  the 
Indian  Ocean,  he  and  some  others  of  the 
crew  visited  what  they  supposed  to  be  an 
island,  but  which  was  in  reality  a  huge 
whale  asleep.  They  lighted  a  fire  on  the 
whale,  and  the  heat  woke  the  creature, 
which  instantly  dived  under  water.     Sin- 


bad  was  picked  up  by  some  merchants, 
and  in  due  time  returned  home. 

Second  Voyage.  Sinbad  was  left,  during 
sleep,  on  a  desert  island,  and  discovered 
a  roc's  ^gg,  "fifty  paces  in  circumference." 
He  fastened  himself  to  the  claw  of  the 
bird,  and  was  deposited  in  the  valley  of 
diamonds.  Next  day,  some  merchants 
came  to  the  top  of  the  crags,  and  threw 
into  the  valley  huge  joints  of  raw  meat, 
to  which  the  diamonds  stuck,  and  when 
the  eagles  picked  up  the  meat,  the  mer- 
chants scared  them  from  their  nests,  and 
carried  off  the  diamonds.  Sinbad  then 
fastened  himself  to  a  piece  of  meat,  was 
carried  by  an  eagle  to  its  nest,  and  being 
rescued  by  the  merchants,  returned  home 
laden  with  diamonds. 

Third  Voyage  is  the  encounter  with 
the  Cyclops.  (See  Ulysses  and  Poly- 
PHEMOS,  where  the  account  is  given  in 
detail.) 

Fourth  Voyage.  Sinbad  married  a  lady 
of  rank  in  a  strange  island  on  which  he 
was  cast ;  and  when  his  wife  died,  he  was 
buried  alive  with  the  dead  body,  accord- 
ing to  the  custom  of  the  land.  He  made 
his  way  out  of  the  catacomb,  and  returned 
to  Bagdad,  greatly  enriched  by  valuables 
rifled  from  the  dead  bodies. 

Fifth  Voyage.  The  ship  in  which  he 
sailed  was  dashed  to  pieces  by  huge 
stones  let  down  from  the  talons  of  two 
angry  rocs.  Sinbad  swam  to  a  desert 
island,  where  he  threw  stones  at  the 
monkeys,  and  the  monkeys  threw  back 
cocoa-nuts.  On  this  island  Sinbad  en- 
countered and  killed  the  Old  Man  of  the 
Sea. 

Sixth  Voyage.  Sinbad  visited  the 
island  of  Serendib  (or  Ceylon),  and 
climbed  to  the  top  of  the  mountain 
•'  where  Adam  was  placed  on  his  expul- 
sion from  paradise," 

Seventh  Voyage.  He  was  attacked  by 
corsairs,  sold  to  slavery,  and  employed  in 
shooting  from  a  tree  at  elephants.  He  dis- 
covered a  tract  of  hill  country  completely 
covered  with  elephants'  tusks,  communi- 
cated his  discovery  to  his  master,  obtained 
his  liberty,  and  returned  home. — Arabian 
Nights  {"  Sinbad  the  Sailor  "). 

Sinbad,  Ulysses,  and  the  Cy- 
clops.   (See  Ulysses   and   Polyphe- 

MOS.) 

Sin'el,  thane  of  Glamis,  and  father 
of  Macbeth.  He  married  the  younger 
daughter  of  Malcolm  II.  of  Scotland. 

Sinif  {Sadha),    the    mourner   of   the 


SINGE  DE  RACINE. 


SINNER  SAVED. 


desert.— Sir    W.   Scott:    The  Surgeon's 
Daughter  (time,  George  II.). 

Singfe  de  Racine  {/>),  Campistron, 
the  French  dramatic  poet  (1656-1723). 

Singing  Apple  [The),  in  the  deserts 
of  Libya.  This  apple  resembled  a  ruby- 
crowned  with  a  huge  diamond,  and  had 
the  gift  of  imparting  wit  to  those  who 
only  smelt  of  it.  Prince  Chery  obtained 
it  for  Fairstar.    (See  Singing  Tree.) 

The  singing  apple  is  as  gfreat  an  embellisher  of  wit 
as  the  dancing  water  is  of  beauty.  Would  you  appear 
in  public  as  a  poet  or  prose-writer,  a  wit  or  a  philo- 
sopher, you  only  need  smell  it,  and  you  are  possessed  at 
once  of  these  rare  gifts  of  genius. —Cowi'?j-«Z>'^«/«iy; 
Fairy  Tales  ("  Princess  Fairstar,"  1682). 

Singfin^  Tree  {The),  a  tree,  every 
leaf  of  which  was  a  mouth,  and  all  the 
leaves  sang  together  in  harmonious  con- 
cert.—^ra<5/a«  Nights  ("The  Two 
Sisters,"  the  last  story). 

(In  the  tale  of  Chery  and  Fairstar, 
"  the  singing  tree"  is  called  "  the  singing 
apple,") 

Single-Speech  Hamilton,  William 
Gerard  Hamilton,  statesman  (1729-1796). 
His  first  speech  was  delivered  November 
13,  1775,  and  his  eloquence  threw  into 
the  shade  every  orator  except  Pitt  him- 
self. 

It  was  supposed  that  he  had  exhausted  himself  in 
that  one  speech,  and  had  become  physically  incapable 
of  making  a  second ;  so  that  afterwards,  when  he  really 
did  make  a  second,  everybody  was  naturally  disgusted, 
and  most  people  dropped  his  acquaintance.— Z)« 
Quincey  (1786-1859). 

Singleton  [Captain),  the  hero  of  a 
novel  by  D,  Defoe,  called  The  Adventures 
of  Captain  Singleton. 

The  second  part  [0/ Robinson  Crusoe]  scarcely  rises 
above  the  level  of  Captain  Singleton, — Encyclopcedia 
Britannica  (article  "  Romance  "). 

Singular  Doctor  [The),  William 
Occam,  Doctor  Singularis  et  Invincibllis 
(1276-1347). 

N.B. — The  "Occam  razor  ^SiS  entia 
non  sunt  multiplicanda,  "entities  must 
not  be  multiplied  ; "  in  other  words, 
elements  are  few  in  number,  and  should 
be  so  considered. 

Sin'is  or  Sinnis,  a  Corinthian  robber, 
called  "The  Pine- Bender,"  because  he 
fastened  his  victims  to  the  branches  of 
two  adjacent  pine  trees  bent  down  by 
force;  being  then  left  to  rebound,  they 
tore  the  victim  to  pieces. — Greek  Fable. 

IF  In  Stephen's  reign,  we  are  told,  "the 
barons  took  those  supposed  to  have  any 
property,  and  inflicted  on  them  unutter- 
able tortures.  Some  they  hanged  up  by 
the  feet,  and  smoked  with  foul  smoke; 


some  they  hung  by  the  thumbs,  and 
weighted  with  coats  of  mail.  They  tied 
knotted  cords  about  the  heads  of  others, 
and  twisted  the  cords  till  the  pain  went  to 
the  brains  ;  others  they  kept  in  dungeons 
with  adders  and  snakes.  Some  they  tore 
in  pieces  by  fastening  them  to  two  trees ; 
and  some  they  placed  in  a  crucet  house, 
i.e.  a  chest  short  and  narrow,  in  which 
were  spikes :  the  victims  being  forced  into 
the  chest,  all  their  limbs  were  crushed 
and  broken." — Ingram;  Saxon  Chronicle, 

Sinner  Saved  [A).  Cyra  daughter 
of  Proterius  of  Cappadocia  was  on  the 
point  of  taking  the  veil  with  Emmelia's 
sisterhood,  but  just  before  the  day  of 
renunciation,  ElSemon,  her  father's  freed 
slave,  who  loved  her,  sold  himself  to  the 
devil,  on  condition  of  obtaining  her  for  his 
wife.  Eleemon  signed  the  bond  with  a 
drop  of  his  heart's  blood,  and  carried 
about  with  him  a  little  red  spot  on  his 
breast,  as  a  perpetual  reminder  of  the 
compact.  The  devil  now  sent  a  dream 
to  Cyra,  and  another  to  her  father,  which 
caused  them  to  change  their  plans ;  and 
on  the  very  day  that  Cyra  was  to  have 
taken  the  veil,  she  was  given  by  St.  Basil 
in  marriage  to  Eleemon,  with  whom  she 
lived  happily  for  many  years,  and  had 
a  large  family.  One  night,  while  her 
husband  was  asleep,  Cyra  saw  the  blood- 
red  spot ;  she  knew  what  it  meant,  and 
next  day  Eleemon  told  her  the  whole 
story.  Cyra  now  bestirred  herself  to 
annul  the  compact,  and  went  with  her 
husband  to  St.  Basil,  to  whom  a  free  and 
full  confession  was  made.  Eleemon  was 
shut  up  for  a  night  in  a  cell,  and  Satan 
would  have  carried  him  off,  but  he  clung 
to  the  foot  of  a  crucifix.  Next  day,  Satan 
met  St.  Basil  in  the  cathedral,  and  de- 
manded his  bond.  St.  Basil  assured  him 
the  bond  was  illegal  and  invalid.  The 
devil  was  foiled,  the  red  mark  vanished 
from  the  skin  of  Eleemon,  a  sinner  was 
saved,  and  St.  Basil  came  off  victorious. 
— Amphilochius  :  Life  of  St.  Basil.  (See 
Rosweyde:  Vitcs  Patrum,  156-8.) 

(Southey  has  converted  this  legend  into  a  ballad  of 
nine  lays,  1839.) 

IF  Theophilus  signed  away  his  body 
and  soul,  but  repented,  and  the  Virgin 
Mary  snatched  him  from  perdition  in  the 
nick  of  time. 

The  Sinner  Saved.  So  William  Hunt- 
ingdon signed  himself  (1744-1813).  The 
Rev.  J.  Newton  (1725-1807),  of  Olnej 
and  St.  Mary  Woolnoth,  is  also  said  to 
have  done  the  same. 


SINON. 


SISYPHOS. 


Sinon,  the  crafty  Greek  who  per- 
suaded the  Trojans  to  drag  the  Wooden 
Horse  into  ihe'irc'ny.—  VirgU  •  Aineid,  ii, 

•.*  Dant6,  in  his  Inferno,  places  Sinon, 
with  Potiphar's  wife,  Nimrod,  and  the 
rebellious  giants,  in  the  tenth  pit  of 
Mal6bolg6  (see  p.  523). 

Siu'toism,  the  primitive  religion  of 
Japan.  It  recognizes  Tien  ("the  sun") 
as  the  supreme  deity,  under  whom  is  a 
crowd  of  inferior  gods  and  goddesses. 
The  priests  eat  no  animal  food.  The 
name  is  derived  from  Sin,  a  demi-god. 

Sintram,  the  Norwegian  hero  of 
La  Motte  Fouqu^'s  romance.  Sintram 
was  the  son  of  "  Biorn  of  the  fiery  eyes" 
and  his  saintly  wife  Verena.  They  lived 
in  the  castle  of  Drontheim. 

Sio'na,  a  seraph  to  whom  was  com- 
mitted the  charge  of  Bartholomew  the 
apostle. — Klopstock:  Messiah,  iii.  {1748). 

Sipli'a,  the  guardian  angel  of  Andrew 
the  brother  of  Simon  Peter. — Klopstock  : 
The  Messiah,  iii.  (1748). 

Si'phax,  a  soldier,  in  love  with  prin- 
cess Calls,  sister  of  Astorax  king  of 
Paphos.  The  prmcess  is  in  love  with 
Polydore  the  brother  of  general  Memnon 
("  the  mad  lover  "). — BeaumoJit  and  Flet- 
cher: The  Mad  Lover  {i6ij). 

(Beaumont  died  1616.) 

Sir  Oracle,  a  dictatorial  prig;  a 
dogmatic  pedant. 

I  am  sir  Oracle, 
And  when  I  ope  my  lips,  let  no  dog  bark. 
Shakespeare  :  Merchant  0/ Venice,  act  i.  sc.  i  (1598). 

Sire.  Chaucer  uses  this  word  for 
mother.  Thus,  in  the  "Cook's  Tale," 
the  wrestler  says  mockingly  to  young 
Gamelyn,  "  Who  is  thy  fader?  who  is  thy 
sire  ?  " 

Sirens,  three  sea-nymphs,  whose 
usual  abode  was  a  small  island  near  cape 
Pelorus,  in  Sicily.  They  enticed  sailors 
ashore  by  their  melodious  singing,  and 
then  killed  them.  Their  names  are 
Parthen6pe,  Ligeia,  and  Leucothga. — 
Greek  Fable. 

Sirloin  of  Beef.  James  1.,  on  his 
return  from  a  hunting  excursion,  so 
much  enjoyed  his  dinner,  consisting  of 
a  loin  of  roast  beef,  that  he  laid  his 
sword  across  it,  and  dubbed  it  sir  Loin. 
At  Chingford,  in  Essex,  is  a  place  called 
"  Friday  Hill  House,"  in  one  of  the 
rooms  of  which  is  an  oak  table  with  a 
brass  plate  let  into  it,  inscribed  with  the 
following   words:    "All    Lovers    of 


Roast  Beef  will  like  to  know  that 
ON  THIS  Table  a  Loin  was  knighted 
BY  KING  James  the  First  on  his 
Return  from  Hunting  in  Epping 
Forest." 

The  tradition  is  that  James  said,  "  Bring  hither  that 
sur-loin,  sirrah,  for  it  is  worthy  of  a  more  honourable 
post,  being,  as  I  may  say,  not  sur-loin  but  Sir-Loin, 
the  noblest  joint  of  all." 

^  Knighting  the  loin  of  beef  is  also 
ascribed  to  Charles  XL 

Our  second  Charles,  of  fame  facete, 

On  loin  of  beef  did  dine; 
He  held  his  sword,  pleased,  o'er  the  meat ; 

"Arise,  thou  famed  sir  Loin." 

Ballad  of  the  New  sir  John  Barleycorn. 

IT  Henry  VIII.  is  credited  with  knight- 
ing the  loin  before  either  Charles  II.  or 
his  grandfather  James  I,  The  tale  is  that, 
dining  with  the  abbot  of  Reading,  the 
burly  monarch  ate  so  heartily  of  a  loin  of 
beef,  that  the  abbot  said  he  would  give 
looo  marks  for  such  an  appetite.  ' '  Done, " 
said  the  king,  and  kept  him  in  the  Tower 
a  prisoner,  till  his  appetite  was  ravenous. 
It  was  then  that  he  called  the  sur-loin  of 
beef  "  Sir  Loin." 

A  sir-loin  of  beef  was  so  knighted,  saith  tradition, 
by  king  Wcnry.— Fuller :  Church  History  of  Britain, 
vu  2,  p.  299  (16SS). 

N.B. — Surloin  is  the  part  of  the  loin 
(jwr)  over  the  kidneys.    French,  sur-longe. 

Sirocco,  a  wind,  called  the  solano  in 
Spain ;  the  khamsin  in  Egypt ;  the 
simoom  in  Western  Asia;  and  the 
harmattan  on  the  coast  of  Guinea.  The 
Itahans  say  of  a  stupid  book,  Era  scritto 
in  tempo  dal  scirocco  ("It  was  written 
during  the  sirocco"). 

Sister  Anne,  sister  of  Fatlma  (the 
seventh  and  last  wife  of  Bluebeard). 
Fatima,  being  condemned  to  death  by 
her  tyrannical  husband,  requested  sister 
Anne  to  ascend  to  the  highest  tower  of 
the  castle  to  watch  for  her  brothers,  who 
were  momentarily  expected.  Bluebeard 
kept  roaring  below  stairs  for  Fatima  to 
be  quick  with  her  prayers  ;  Fatima  was 
constantly  calling  out  from  her  chamber, 
"  Sister  Anne,  do  you  see  them  coming  ?  " 
and  sister  Anne  was  on  the  watch-tower, 
mistaking  every  cloud  of  dust  for  the 
mounted  brothers.  They  arrived  at  last, 
rescued  Fatima,  and  put  Bluebeard  to 
death. — Perrault:  Contes  ("La  Barbe 
Bleue,"  1697). 

(This  is  a  Scandinavian  tale  taken  from 
the  Folks  Sagas.) 

Sis'yphos,   in   Latin    SisjrpliTis,  a 

king  of  Corinth,  noted  for  his  avarice 
and  fraud.  He  was  punished  in  the 
infernal  regions  by  having  to  roll  uphill 


SISYPHUS. 


IOI2         SIXTEEN-STRING  JACK. 


a  huge  stone,  which  always  rolled  down 
again  as  soon  as  it  reached  the  top. 

• .  •  Sisyphos  is  a  type  of  avarice,  never 
satisfied.  The  avaricious  man  reaches 
the  summit  of  his  ambition,  and  no 
sooner  does  he  so  than  he  finds  the 
object  of  his  desire  as  far  off  as  ever. 

With  many  a  weary  step,  and  many  a  groan. 
Up  the  high  hill  he  heaves  a  huge  round  stone ; 
The  huge  round  stone,  returning  with  a  bound, 
Thunders  impetuous  down,  and  smokes   along   the 
ground. 

Homer:  Odyssey,  xi.  (Pope's  trans.). 

Sisyplms,  in  the  Milesian  tales,  was 
doomed  to  die ;  but  when  Death  came  to 
him,  the  wily  fellow  contrived  to  fasten 
the  unwelcome  messenger  in  a  chair,  and 
then  feasted  him  till  old  Spare- ribs  grew 
as  fat  as  a  prize  pig.  In  time,  Pluto 
released  Death,  and  Sisyphus  was  caught, 
but  prayed  that  he  might  speak  to  his 
wife  before  he  went  to  hadSs.  The 
prayer  was  granted,  and  Sisyphus  told 
his  wife  not  to  bury  him,  for  though  she 
might  think  him  dead,  he  would  not  be 
really  so.  When  he  got  to  the  infernal 
regions,  he  made  the  ghosts  so  merry 
with  his  jokes  that  Pluto  reproved  him, 
and  Sisyphus  pleaded  that,  as  he  had  not 
been  buried,  Pluto  had  no  jurisdiction 
over  him,  nor  could  he  even  be  ferried 
across  the  Styx.  He  then  obtained 
leave  to  return  to  earth,  that  he  might 
persuade  his  wife  to  bury  him.  Now, 
the  wily  old  king  had  previously  bribed 
Herm6s,  when  he  took  him  to  had6s,  to 
induce  Zeus  to  grant  him  life,  provided 
he  returned  to  earth  again  in  the  body  ; 
when,  therefore,  he  did  return,  he  de- 
manded of  Hermgs  the  fulfilment  of  his 
promise,  and  Hermds  induced  Zeus  to 
bestow  on  him  Hfe.  Sisyphus  was  now 
allowed  to  return  to  earth,  with  a  promise 
that  he  should  never  die  again  till  he 
himself  implored  for  death.  So  he  lived 
and  lived  till  he  was  weary  of  hving, 
and  when  he  went  to  hades  the  second 
time,  he  was  allotted,  by  way  of  punish- 
ment, the  task  of  rolling  a  huge  stone  to 
the  top  of  a  mountain.  Orpheus  (2  syl. ) 
asked  him  how  he  could  endure  so  cease- 
less and  vain  an  employment,  and  Sisy- 
phus replied  that  he  hoped  ultimately 
to  accomplish  the  task.  "  Never,"  ex- 
claimed Orpheus;  "it  can  never  be 
done  1 "  "  Well,  then,"  said  Sisyphus, 
"  miae  is  at  worst  but  everlasting  hope." 
—Lord  Lytton  :  Tales  of  Miletus,  ii. 

Sitopll'agtlS  ["the  wheat-eater"],  one 
ofthe  mouse  princes,  who,  being  wounded 
in  the  battle,  crept  into  a  ditch  to  avoid 
further  injury  or  danger 


The  lame  Sitophagus,  oppressed  with  pain, 
Creeps  from  the  desperate  dangers  of  the  plain; 
And  where  the  ditches  rising  weeds  supply  .  .  . 
There  lurks  the  silent  mouse  relieved  of  heat, 
And,  safe  embowered,  avoids  the  chance  of  fate. 
Pamcll:  Battle  o/ihe  Fro£S  and  Mice,  iii.  (about  lyizj 

*.*  The  last  two  Imes  might  be 
amended  thus — 

There  lurks  the  tremblmg  mouse  with  bated  breath. 
And,  hid  from  sight,  avoids  his  instant  death. 

Siward  [Se-warO],  the  earl  of  Nor- 
thumberland, and  general  of  the  English 
forces  acting  against  MsLcbeth.—SAake- 
speare:  Macbeth  (i6o6). 

Six  Acts,  a  term  given  to  certain  acts, 
also  named  "  Gagging  Acts  "  (60  George 
III.  and  I  George  IV.),  to  suppress  sedi- 
tious meetings  and  publications. 

Six  Chronicles  {The).  Dr.  Giles 
compiled  and  edited  six  Old  English 
Chronicles  for  Bohn's  series  in  1848. 
They  are  :  Ethel werd's  Chronicle,  Asser's 
Life  of  Alfred,  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth's 
British  History,  Gildas  the  Wise,  Nen- 
nius's  History  of  the  Britons,  and  Richard 
of  Cirencester's  On  the  Ancient  State  of 
Britain.  The  last  three  were  edited,  in 
1757.  by  professor  Bertram,  in  his 
Scriptores  Tres,  but  great  doubt  exists 
on  the  genuineness  of  Dr.  Bertram's 
compilation.    (See  Three  Writers.) 

Six  Islands  [The],  which  constituted 
"Great  Brittany"  before  the  Saxon 
period,  were  Ireland,  Iceland,  Gothland, 
the  Orkneys,  Norway,  and  Dacia  (or 
Denmark). 

Six  Months'  War  {The),  the  great 
war  between  Prussia  and  France.  The 
emperor  (Napoleon  III.)  left  St.  Cloud 
July  28,  1870,  and  Paris  capitulated 
January  28,  1871. 

This  is  often  called  the  SEVEN  MONTHS'  WAR. 
But  by  no  calculation  can  this  be  correct.  The  war 
lasted  just  six  months;  but  Napo'ieon  declared  war 
July  19,  1870,  and  the  peace  was  signed  at  Frankfort, 
May  10,  1871. 

Sixpenny  War  {The),  the  O.  P. 
{old  price)  riot  of  Co  vent  Garden  in  1809, 
So  called  because  the  managers  tried  to 
raise  the  price  of  admission  from  y.  6d. 
to  45.  If  the  managers  had  not  given 
way,  the  newly  built  theatre  would  have 
been  utterly  dismantled. 

Sixteen-String"  Jack,  John  Rann. 
a  highwayman.  He  was  a  great  fop,  and 
wore  sixteen  tags  to  his  breeches,  eight  at 
each  knee  (hanged  1774). 

Dr.  Johnson  said  that  Gray's  poetry  towered  above 
the  ordinary  run  of  verse,  as  Sixteen-String  Jack  above 
the  ordinary  ioot-ia.d.—Boswell:   Li/t  0/  Johnson 


SKEFFINGTON. 


1013 


SKULLS. 


SkefB.ngton,     author    of    Sleeping 

Ihduty,  Maids  and  Bachelors,  etc. 

And  sureii-r-^a/  SkefHngton  must  claim  our  prais« 
r  skinless  coats,  and  skeletons  of  plays. 
-1  .•  Ensliih  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers  (iZo)). 

'ike^gS  [Miss  Carolina  Wilhelmina 
Amelia),  the  companion  of  "lady  Blar- 
ney." These  were  two  flash  women 
introduced  by  squire  Thornhill  to  the 
Primrose  family,  with  a  view  of  beguiling 
the  two  eldest  daughters,  who  were  both 
very  beautiful.  Sir  William  Thornhill 
thwiU"ted  their  infamous  purpose. — Gold- 
stniih  :  Vicar  of  Wakefield  (1766). 

Skeleton  at  the  Peast.    Plutarch 

says  that  in  Egyptian  banquets  towards 
the  close  a  servant  brought  in  a  skeleton, 
and  cried  aloud  to  the  guests,  "  Look  on 
this  !  Eat,  drink,  and  be  merry  ;  for  to- 
morrow you  die  !  "  Herodotos  says  the 
skeleton  was  a  wooden  one,  about  eighteen 
inches  in  length.  (See  i  Cor.  xv.  32  ; 
see  also  Remember  thou  art  Mortal  I 
p.  907.) 


V 


The  strang-er  feasted  at  his  board ; 
But,  like  tlie  skeleton  at  the  feast, 
That  warning  timepiece  never  ceased : 
"  For  ever — Never  !  Never — For  ever  1 " 
Longfellow  :  The  Old  Clock  on  the  Stairs. 


Skeltoa  {5a;>^),  a  smuggler. — Sir  IV. 
Scoit :  Redgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Sketcll-book  [The),  a  series  of  short 
tales,  etc.,  by  Washington  Irving  {1820). 

Sketches  by  Boz,  i.e.  by  Dickens 
(1836). 

Sketches  of  Irish  Character,  by 

Mrs.  S.  C.  Hall  (1829). 

Sketchley  [Arthur),  George  Rose, 
author  of  Mrs.  Brown  (her  observations 
on  men  and  objects,  politics  and  manners, 
etc.). 

Skettles  [Sir  Bamet),  of  Fulham. 
He  expressed  his  importance  by  an 
antique  gold  snuff-box  and  silk  hand- 
kerchief. His  hobby  was  to  extend  his 
acquaintances,  and  to  introduce  people 
to  each  other.  Skettles,  junior,  was  a 
pupil  of  Dr.  Blimber. — Dickens  :  Dombey 
and  Son  (1846), 

Skevington's  Daughter,  an  in- 
strument of  torture  invented  by  Skeving- 
ton,  lieutenant  of  the  Tower  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  VIII.  It  consisted  of  a  broad 
iron  hoop,  in  two  pai-ts,  jointed  with  a 
hinge.  The  victim  was  put  into  the  hoop, 
which  was  then  squeezed  close  and  locked. 
Here  he  remained  for  about  an  hour  and 
a  half  in  the  most  inexpressible  torture. 


(Generally  corrupted  into  the  "  Scavei»- 
ger's  Daughter.' ) 

Skewton  [The  Hon.  Mrs.),  mother 
of  Edith  (Mr.  Dombey's  second  wife)t. 
Having  once  been  a  beauty,  she  painted 
when  old  and  shrivelled,  became  en- 
thusiastic about  the  "charms  of  nature," 
and  reclined  in  her  bath-chair  in  the 
attitude  she  assumed  in  her  barouche 
when  young  and  well  off.  A  fashionable 
artist  had  painted  her  likeness  in  this 
attitude,  and  called  his  picture  "Cleo- 
patra." The  Hon.  Mrs.  Skewton  was 
the  sister  of  the  late  lord  Feenix,  and 
aunt  to  the  present  lord. — Dickens: 
Dombey  and  Son  (1846). 

Skies,  snobs.    (See  Sky- Lark.) 

Skiffins  [Miss),  an  angular,  middle* 
aged  woman,  who  wears  "green  kid 
gloves  when  dressed  for  company."  She 
marries  Wemmick. — Dickens:  Great 
Expectations  (i860). 

Skimpole  [Harold],  an  amateur 
artist,  always  sponging  on  his  friends. 
Under  a  plausible,  light-hearted  manner, 
he  was  intensely  selfish  ;  but  Mr.  Jarndyce 
looked  on  him  as  a  mere  child,  and 
believed  in  him  implicitly. — Dickens: 
Bleak  House  (1852). 

(The  origfinal  of  this  character  was 
Leigh  Hunt,  who  was  greatly  displeased 
at  the  skit.) 

Skin  [The  Man  without  a),  Richard 
Cumberland.  So  called  by  Garrick,  on 
account  of  his  painful  sensitiveness  of 
all  criticism.  The  same  irritability  of 
temper  made  Sheridan  caricature  him  in 
The  Critic  as  "sir  Fretful  Plagiary" 
(1732-1811). 

Skinfazi  [^'shining  mane"],  the 
horse  which  draws  the  chariot  of  day. — 
Scandinavian  Mythology. 

Skofnung,  the  sword  of  king  Rolf 
the  Norway  hero,  preserved  for  centuries 
in  Iceland. 

Skogan.    (See  Scogan,  p.  970.) 

Skreigh  [Mr. ),  the  precentor  at  the 
Gordon  Arms  inn,  Kippletringan. — Sir 
W.  Scott :  Guy  Mannering  (time,  George 

Skulls.  The  skulls  of  the  ancient 
Persians  were  so  thin-boned  that  a  smalF 
pebble  would  break  them  ;  whereas  those 
of  the  Egyptians  were  so  thick  in  the 
bone  that  they  would  not  break  even  with 
the  blow  of  a  huge  sioxxQ.- '-Herodotos  :■ 


SKULLS  AT  BANQUETS.  1014 


BLEARY. 


History  (in   nine  books,    called    "  The 
Nine  Muses"). 

Skulls  at  Banquets.  Plutarch 
tells  us  that  towards  the  close  of  an 
Egyptian  feast  a  servant  brought  in  a 
skeleton,  and  cried  to  the  guests,  ' '  Eat, 
drink,  and  be  merry  ;  for  to-morrow  you 
die  1 "    (See  Skeleton  at  the  Feast.) 

Like  skulls  at  Memphian  banquets. 

Byron  :  Don  Juan,  iii.  65  (1830). 

Skurliewhitter  [Andrew),  the 
scrivener. — Sir  W.  Scott  :  Fortunes  of 
Nigel  (time,  James  L ). 

Sky-Lark,  a  lark  with  the  "  skies  " 
or  'scis.  The  Westminster  boys  used  to 
style  themselves  Rofnans,  and  the 
"town"  Volsci ;  the  latter  word  was 
curtailed  to  'sci  \sky\  A  row  between 
the  Westminsterians  and  the  town  roughs 
was  called  a  'sci-lark,  or  a  lark  with  the 
Volsci. 

"  Snowball  the  skies !  "  thought  I,  not  knowing  that 
"skies"  and  "blackguards"  were  synonymous  terms.— 
Lord  W.  Lennox :  Celebrities,  etc.,  i.  1. 

Skylark  [Ode  to  the),  by  Percy  B. 
Shelley  (1820).  One  of  the  most  exquisite 
odes  in  the  language. 

James  Hogg,  the  Ettrick  Shepherd, 
has  also  an  admirable  poem  called  the 
Skylark.     It  begins — 

Bird  of  the  wilderness, 
Blithsome  and  cumberless, 
Sweet  be  thy  matin  o'er  moorland  and  lea  I 

Sksrresli  Bol'golam,  the  high 
admiral  or  galbet  of  the  realm  of  Lilliput. 
— Swift:  Gullivers  Travels  ("Voyage 
to  Lilliput,"  iii.,  1726). 

S.  Ii.  Laud  ordered  William  Prynne 
to  be  branded  on  both  cheeks  with  the 
letters  S.  L. ,  meaning  "  Schismatic  libel- 
lers ;  "  but  Prynne  insisted  that  the  letters 
stood  for  Stigmata  Laudis  ("Laud's 
disgrace"). 

Slackbridgfe,  one  of  the  "hands" 
in  Bounderby's  millat  Coketown,  Slack- 
bridge  is  an  ill-conditioned  fellow,  ill 
made,  with  lowering  eyebrows,  and, 
though  inferior  to  many  of  the  others, 
exercises  over  them  a  great  influence. 
He  is  the  orator,  who  stirs  up  his  fellow- 
workmen  to  strike. — Dickens:  Hard 
Times  (1854). 

Slammerkiu  [Mrs. ).  Captain  Mac- 
heath  says  of  her,  "  She  is  careless  and 
genteel."  "All  you  fine  ladies,"  he  adds, 
"who  know  your  own  beauty,  aifect  an 
undress." — Gay  :  Tfu  Beggar s  Opera ,  ii. 
I  (17271. 


Slander,  an  old  hag,  of  "ragged, 
rude  attyre,  and  filthy  lockes,"  who 
sucked  venom  out  of  her  nails.  It  was 
her  duty  to  abuse  all  goodness,  to  frame 
groundless  charges,  to  "  steale  away  the 
crowne  of  a  good  name,"  and  "  never 
thing  so  well  was  doen,  but  she  with 
blame  would  blot,  and  of  due  praise 
deprive." 

A  foule  and  loathly  creature  sure  in  sight, 
And  in  conditions  to  be  loathed  no  lesse; 
For  she  was  stuft  with  rancour  and  despight 
Up  to  the  throat,  that  oft  with  bittemesse 
It  forth  would  breake  and  gush  in  great  excessa. 
Pouring  out  streams  of  poyson  and  of  gall 
'Gainst  all  that  truth  or  vertue  doe  professe. 
Whom  she  with  leasings  lewdly  did  miscall, 
And  wickedly  backbite.    Her  name  men  "  Sclaunder 
call. 

Spenser:  Fairie  Queene,  IV.  yiil.  24  (1396I. 

Slanif,  from  Slangenberg,  a  Dutch 
general,  noted  for  his  abusive  and  ex- 
aggerated epithets  when  he  reproved  the 
men  under  his  command.  The  etymon 
is  suited  to  the  dictionary,  and  the  fol- 
lowing are  not  without  wit  :  Italian, 
s-lingua,  s  negative  and  lingua  =  "bad 
language  ;"  French,  esclandre,  "an event 
which  gives  rise  to  scandal,"  h&ncQ,  faire 
esclandre,  "to  expose  one  to  scandal," 
causer  de  Fescadre,  "  to  give  ground  for 
scandal ; "  Greek,  skanddlon,  "  an  offence, 
a  scandal."  "Slangs,"  fetters  for  male- 
factors. 

Slan^o,  a  lad,  servant  of  Gaylove 
a  young  barrister.  He  dresses  up  as  a 
woman,  and  when  squire  Sapskull  comes 
from  Yorkshire  for  a  wife,  Slango  passes 
himself  off  as  Arbella.  In  the  mean  time, 
Gaylove  assumes  the  airs  and  manners  of 
a  Yorkshire  tike,  and  marries  Arbella, 
with  whom  he  is  in  love. — Carey:  The 
Honest  Yorkshireman  (1736). 

Slawken-Ber'gfius  [Hafen)  ;  an 
imaginary  author,  distinguished  for  the 
great  length  of  his  nose.  In  the  Life 
and  Opinions  of  Tristram  Shandy  (by 
Sterne),  Slawken-Bergius  is  referred  to 
as  a  great  authority  on  all  lore  connected 
with  noses,  and  a  curious  tale  is  intro- 
duced from  his  hypothetical  works  about 
a  man  with  an  enormously  long  nose. 

No  nose  can  be  justly  amputated  by  the  public,  not 
even  the  nose  of  Slawken-Bergius  himself.— Car/y/e. 

Slaygfood  [Giant),  master  of  a  gang 
of  thieves  which  infested  the  King's 
highway.  Mr.  Greatheart  slew  him,  and 
rescued  Feeblemind  from  his  grasp  in  a 
duel. — Bunyan:  Pilgrim* s  Progress,  ii. 
11684). 

Slea'ry,  proprietor  of  the  circus  at 
Coketown.     A  stout  man,  with  one  eye 


StEEK. 


X015 


SLEEPER. 


fixed  and  one  loose,  a  voice  like  the 
efforts  of  a  broken  pair  of  bellows,  a 
dabby  skin,  and  muddled  head.  He  was 
never  sober  and  never  drunk,  but  always 
kind-hearted.  Tom  Gradgrind,  after 
robbing  the  bank,  lay  concealed  in  this 
circus  as  a  black  servant,  till  Sleary  con- 
nived at  his  escape.  This  Sleary  did  in 
trratitude  to  Thomas  Gradgrind,  Esq., 
M.P.,  who  adopted  and  educated  Cecilia 
Jupe,  daughter  of  his  clown,  signor 
June. 

Josephine  Sleary,  daughter  of  the  circus 
proprietor,  a  pretty  girl  of  18,  who  had 
been  tied  on  a  horse  at  two  years  old, 
and  had  made  a  will  at  12.  This  will 
she  carried  about  with  her,  and  in  it  she 
signified  her  desire  to  be  drawn  to  the 
grave  by  two  piebald  ponies.  Josephine 
married  E.  W.  B.  Childers  of  her  father's 
circus. — Dickens  :  Hard  Times  (1854). 

Sleek  [Aminadab),  in  The  Serious 
Family,  a  comedy  by  Morris  Barnett. 

Sleeper  [The).  Almost  all  nations 
have  a  tradition  about  some  sleeper,  who 
will  wake  after  a  long  period  of  dor- 
mancy. 

(i)  American  [North).  Rip  van 
Winkle,  a  Dutch  colonist  of  New 
York,  slept  twenty  years  in  the  Kaatskill 
Mountains  of  North  America.  —  W. 
Irving. 

American  Indians.  The  name  of 
Montezuma,  last  of  the  Aztec  emperors, 
is  dearly  cherished  by  American  Indian 
tribes,  who  still  indulge  a  behef  that  he 
will  some  day  return  to  re-establish  the 
ancient  empire. — Researches  of  the  Hon. 
E.  G.  Squier. 

American  [South).  Sebastian  I.,  sup- 
posed to  have  fallen  in  the  battle  of 
Alcazarquebir,  in  1578,  is  only  asleep, 
and  will  in  due  time  awake,  return  to 
life,  and  make  Brazil  the  chief  kingdom 
of  the  earth. 

Arabian  Legends.  Mahommed  Mo- 
HADi,  the  twelfth  imdn,  is  only  sleeping, 
like  Charlemagne,  till  Antichrist  appears, 
when  he  will  awake  in  his  strength,  and 
overthrow  the  great  enemy  of  all  true 
believers. 

NouRjAHAD  is  only  in  a  temporary 
sleep,  waiting  the  fulness  of  time. 

(2)  British  Traditions.  King  Arthur 
is  not  dead  in  Avillon,  but  is  merely 
metamorphosed  into  a  raven.  In  due 
time  he  will  awake,  resume  his  proper 
person,  claim  the  throne  of  Britain,  and 
make  it  the  head  and  front  of  all  the 
kingdoms  of  the  globe.    "Because  king 


Arthur  bears  for  the  nonce  the  semblance 
of  a  raven,  the  people  of  Britain  never 
kill  a  raven  "  [Cervantes:  Don  Quixote,  I. 
ii-  5). 

Gyneth  slept  500  years  by  the  en- 
chantment of  Merlin.  She  was  the 
natural  daughter  of  king  Arthur  and 
Guendolen ;  and  was  thus  punished  be- 
cause she  would  not  put  an  end  to  a  com- 
bat in  which  twenty  knights  were  mortally 
wounded,  including  Merlin's  son. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  Bridal  of  Triermain  (18 13). 

Merlin,  the  enchanter,  is  not  dead, 
but  "sleeps  and  sighs  in  an  old  tree, 
spell-bound  by  Vivien." — British  Legend. 

St.  David  was  thrown  into  an  en- 
chanted sleep  by  Ormandine ;  but  after 
sleeping  for  seven  years,  he  was  awoke 
by  Merlin. 

(3)  French  Legend,  The  French  slain 
in  the  Sicilian  Vespers  are  not  really 
dead  ;  but  they  sleep  for  the  time  being, 
awaiting  the  day  of  retribution. 

(4)  German  Legends.  BarbarossA 
with  six  of  his  knights  sleeps  in 
Kyffhaiisberg,  in  Thuringia,  till  the 
fulness  of  time;  when  they  will  awake 
and  make  Germany  the  foremost  king- 
dom of  the  earth.  The  beard  of  the 
red  king  has  already  grown  through  the 
table  slab  at  which  he  is  seated  ;  but  it 
must  wind  itself  three  times  round  the 
table  before  his  second  advent.  Bar- 
barossa  occasionally  wakes  and  asks, 
"Is  it  time?"  when  a  voice  replies, 
"  Not  yet.     Sleep  on." 

Charlemagne  is  not  dead,  but  only 
asleep  in  Untersberg,  near  Saltzburg, 
waiting  for  the  advent  of  Antichrist, 
when  he  will  rouse  from  his  slumber,  go 
forth  conquering,  and  will  deliver  Chris- 
tendom that  it  may  be  fit  for  the  second 
advent  and  personal  reign  of  Christ. 

Charles  V.  kaiser  of  Germany  is 
only  asleep,  waiting  his  time,  when  he 
will  awake,  return  to  earth,  "  resume  the 
monarchy  over  Germany,  Portugal,  Spain, 
Belgium,  the  Netherlands,  and  Denmark, 
putting  all  enemies  under  his  feet." 

Knez  Lazar,  of  Servia,  supposed  to 
have  been  slain  by  the  Turks  in  1389,  is 
not  really  dead,  but  has  put  on  sleep  for 
a  while,  and  at  an  allotted  moment  he  will 
reappear  in  his  full  strength. 

(5)  Grecian  Legends.  Endym'ion,  a 
beautiful  youth,  sleeps  a  perpetual  sleep 
in  Latmos.  Selen6  (the  moon)  fell  in  love 
with  him,  kissed  him,  and  still  lies  by 
his  side.  In  the  British  Museum  is  an 
exquisite  statue  of  JJ.ndymion  asleep.— 
Greek  Fable, 


SLEEPER. 


10x6 


SLEEPER  AWAKENED. 


Epimen'ides  (5  syl.)  the  Cretan  poet 
was  sent  in  boyhood  to  search  for  a  stray 
sheep  ;  being  heated  and  weary,  he 
stepped  into  a  cave,  and  fell  asleep  for 
fifty-seven  years.  EpimenidSs,  we  are 
told,  attained  the  age  of  154,  157,  229, 
and  some  say  289  years. — Pliny  :  History, 
vii.  12. 

(6)  Irish  Traditions.  Brian,  surnamed 
'*  Boroimhe,"  king  of  Ireland,  who  con- 
quered the  Danes  in  twenty  pitched 
battles,  and  was  supposed  to  have  been 
slain  in  the  battle  of  Clontarf,  in  1014, 
was  only  stunned.  He  still  sleeps  in  his 
castle  of  Kincora,  and  the  day  of  Ire- 
land's necessity  will  be  Brian's  oppor- 
tunity. 

Desmond  of  Kilmallock,  in  Lime- 
rick, supposed  to  have  perished  in  the 
reign  of  Elizabeth,  is  only  sleeping  under 
the  waters  of  lough  Gur.  Every  seventh 
year  he  reappears  in  full  armour,  rides 
round  the  lake  early  in  the  morning,  and 
will  ultimately  reappear  and  claim  the 
family  estates. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  Fortunes 
0f  Nigel  {1S22). 

(7)  Jewish  Legend.  Elijah  the  prophet 
is  not  dead,  but  sleeps  in  Abraham's 
bosom  till  Antichrist  appears,  when  he 
will  return  to  Jerusalem  and  restore  all 
things. 

(8)  Russian  Tradition.  Elijah  Man- 
SUR,  warrior,  prophet,  and  priest  in  Asiatic 
Russia,  tried  to  teach  a  more  tolerant 
form  of  Islam,  but  was  looked  on  as  a 
heretic,  and  condemned  to  imprisonment 
in  the  bowels  of  a  mountain.  There  he 
sleeps,  waiting  patiently  the  summons 
which  will  be  given  him,  when  he  will 
awake,  and  wave  his  conquering  sword  to 
the  terror  of  the  Muscovite, — Milner : 
Gallery  of  Geography,  781. 

{9)  Scandinavian  Tradition.  Olaf 
Tryggvason  king  of  Norway,  who  was 
baptized  in  London,  and  introduced 
Christianity  into  Norway,  Iceland,  and 
Greenland.  Being  overthrown  by  Swolde 
king  of  Sweden  (A.d.  iooo),  he  threw 
himself  into  the  sea  and  swam  to  the 
Holy  Land,  became  an  anchorite,  and 
fell  asleep  at  a  greatly  advanced  age ; 
but  he  is  only  waiting  his  opportunity, 
when  he  will  sever  Norway  from  Sweden, 
and  raise  it  to  a  first-class  power. 

(10)  Scottish  Tradition.  THOMAS  OF 
Erceldoune  sleeps  beneath  the  Eildon 
Hills,  in  Scotland.  One  day,  an  elfin 
lady  Ifed  him  into  a  cavern  in  these  hills, 
and  he  fell  asleep  for  seven  years,  when 
he  revisited  the  upper  earth,  under  a  bond 
that    he  would  return    immediately  the 


elfin  lady  summoned  him.  One  day,  as 
he  was  making  merry  with  his  friends,  he 
heard  the  summons,  kept  his  word,  and 
has  never  since  been  seen. — Sir  W.  Scott : 
Minstrelsy  of  the  Scottish  Border. 

(11)  Spanish  Tradition.  BOBADIL  EL 
Chico,  last  of  the  Moorish  kings  of 
Granada,  lies  spell-bound  near  the 
Alhambra,  but  in  the  day  appointed  he 
will  return  to  earth  and  restore  the 
Moorish  government  in  Spain. 

(12)  Swiss  Legend.  Three  of  the 
family  of  Tell  sleep  a  semi-death  at 
Riitli,  waiting  for  the  hour  of  their 
country's  need,  when  thiey  will  wake  up 
and  deliver  it.  (See  Seven  Sleepers, 
P-  985.) 

Sleeper  Awakened  [The).  Abou 
Hassan,  the  son  of  a  rich  merchant  at 
Bagdad,  inherited  a  good  fortune ;  but, 
being  a  prudent  man,  made  a  vow  to 
divide  it  into  two  parts  :  all  that  came 
to  him  from  rents  he  determined  to  set 
apart,  but  all  that  was  of  the  nature  of 
cash  he  resolved  to  spend  on  pleasure. 
In  the  course  of  a  year  he  ran  through 
this  fund,  and  then  made  a  resolve  in 
future  to  ask  only  one  guest  at  a  time 
to  his  board.  This  guest  was  to  be  a 
stranger,  and  never  to  be  asked  a  second 
time.  It  so  happened  that  the  caliph 
Haroun-al-Raschid,  disguised  as  a  mer- 
chant, was  on  one  occasion  his  guest,  and 
heard  Abou  Hassan  say  that  he  wished 
he  were  a  caliph  for  one  day,  and  he  would 
punish  a  certain  imS-n  for  tittle-tattUng. 
Haroun-al-Raschid  thought  that  he  could 
make  capital  of  this  wish  for  a  little 
diversion  ;  so,  drugging  the  wine,  the 
merchant  fell  into  a  profound  sleep,  was 
conveyed  to  the  palace,  and  on  waking 
was  treated  as  the  caliph.  He  ordered 
the  imSn  to  be  punished,  and  sent  his 
mother  a  handsome  gift  ;  but  at  night, 
another  sleeping  draught  being  given 
him,  he  was  carried  back  to  his  own 
house.  When  he  woke,  he  could  not 
decide  if  he  had  been  in  a  dream  or  not, 
but  his  conduct  was  so  strange  that  he  j 
was  taken  to  a  mad-house.  He  was  con-  ^ 
fined  for  several  days,  and,  being  dis-  - 
charged,  the  caliph  in  disguise  again 
visited  him,  and  repeated  the  same  game, 
so  that  next  day  he  could  not  tell  which 
had  been  the  dream.  (See  Sly,  p.  1019.) 
At  length  the  mystery  was  cleared  up,  and 
he  was  given  a  post  about  the  caliph's  per- 
son, and  the  sultana  gave  him  a  beautiful 
slave  for  his  wife.  Abou  Hassan  now 
played  a  trick  on  the  caliph.     He  pr(»- 


SLEEPERS. 


10x7 


SLINGSBY. 


tended  to  be  dead,  and  sent  his  young 
wife  to  the  sultana  to  announce  the  sad 
news,  itobeida,  the  sultana,  was  very 
much  grieved,  and  gave  her  favourite  a 
sum  of  money  for  the  funeral  expenses. 
On  her  return,  she  played  the  dead 
woman,  and  Abou  Hassan  went  to  the 
caliph  to  announce  his  loss.  The  caliph 
expressed  his  sympathy,  and,  having 
given  him  a  sum  of  money  for  the 
funeral  expenses,  went  to  the  sultana 
to  speak  of  the  sad  news  of  the  death  of 
the  young  bride.  "The  bride?"  cried 
Zobeida;  "you  mean  the  bridegroom, 
commander  of  the  faithful."  "  No,  I 
mean  the  bride,"  answered  the  caliphj 
"for  Abou  Has.san  has  but  just  left  me." 
"That  cannot  be,  sire,"  retorted  Zobeida, 
"for  it  is  not  an  hour  ago  that  the  bride 
was  here,  to  announce  his  death."  To 
settle  this  moot  point,  the  chief  of  the 
eunuchs  was  sent  to  see  which  of  the  two 
was  dead ;  and  Abou,  who  saw  him 
coming,  got  the  bride  to  pretend  to  be 
dead,  and  set  himself  at  her  head  be- 
wailing, so  the  man  returned  with  the 
report  that  it  was  the  bride  who  was  dead, 
and  not  the  bridegroom.  The  sultana 
would  not  believe  him,  and  sent  her  aged 
nurse  to  ascertain  the  fact.  As  she 
approached,  Abou  Hassan  pretended  to  be 
dead,  and  the  bride  to  be  the  wailing 
widow ;  accordingly  the  nurse  contra- 
dicted the  report  of  the  eunuch.  The 
caUph  and  sultana,  with  the  nurse  and 
eunuch,  then  all  went  to  see  for  them- 
selves, and  found  both  apparently  dead. 
The  caliph  now  said  he  would  give  1000 
pieces  of  gold  to  know  which  died  first, 
when  Abou  Hassan  cried,  "Commander 
of  the  faithful,  it  was  I  who  died  first." 
The  trick  was  found  out,  the  caliph 
nearly  died  with  laughter,  and  the  jest 
proved  a  little  mine  of  wealth  to  the 
court  favourite. — Arabian  Nights. 

Sleepers.  (See  Seven  Sleepers,  p. 
985.) 

Sleeping  Beauty  (The),  a  lady 
who  sleeps  m  a  castle  a  hundred  years, 
during  which  time  an  impenetrable  wood 
springs  up  around  the  castle ;  but  being 
at  length  disenchanted  by  a  young 
prince,  she  marries  him.  The  brothers 
Grimm  have  reproduced  this  tale  in  Ger- 
man. The  old  Norse  tale  of  Brynhild 
and  Sigurd  seems  to  be  the  original  of 
The  Sleeping  Beauty.— Perrault :  Contes 
du  Temps  ("La  Belle  au  Bois  Dormant," 
1697).    (See  also  Triermain.) 


(Tennyson  has  poetized  this  nursery 
story. ) 

Sleepless  Men.  Arsenus  never  went 
to  bed  ;  and  St.  Euthymus  slept  only 
leaning  against  a  wall. 

Euthyme  se  proposa  d'imitcr  le  erand  Arsons  do«t 
U  reputation  courait  alors  partout  T'Orient.  II  jeunait 
toute  la  semain  sans  rien  prendre  que  le  dimanche; 
jamais  personne  ne  I'a  vu  couch^  pour  se  reposer; 
quand  la  nature  dtait  accabWe,  il  s'  appuysait  seuleuient 
contre  la  muraille  ou  U  se  tenait  i  une  corde  qui 
pendait  au  plancher.  Dis  il  s'  6vultat  en  s'  excitant 
par  ces  paroles  du  mime  Arsine,  "  A  quoi  penses-tu 
lache  et  miserable  Arsinet"— Z^J  PetiU  BoiiandisUs, 
vol.  L  p.  498. 

Sleipner,  the  horse  of  Odin. 

Slender,  one  of  the  suitors  of  "  sweet 
Anne  Page."  His  servant's  name  is 
Simple.  Slender  is  a  country  lout, 
cousin  of  justice  Shallow. — Shakespearg : 
Merry  Wives  of  Windsor  (1596). 

Slender  is  a  perfect  satire  ...  on  the  brilliant  youth 
of  the  provinces  .  .  .  before  the  introduction  of  news- 
papers and  turnpike  roads ;  awkward  and  boobyish 
among  civil  people,  but  at  home  in  rude  sports,  and 
proud  of  exploits  at  which  the  town  would  laugh.— 
Ha  Ham. 

Slender  and  sir  Andrew  Ague-cheek  are  fools 
troubled  with  an  uneasy  consciousness  of  their  folly, 
which  in  the  latter  produces  a  most  edifying  meek- 
ness and  docility,  and  in  the  former  awkwardness, 
obstinacy,  and  confusion. — Macaulay. 

Slick  {Sam),  judge  Thomas  Chandler 
Haliburton  of  Nova  Scotia,  author  of  The 
Clockmaker  (1837). 

Sam  Slick,  a  Yankee  clockmaker  and 
pedlar,  wonderfully  'cute,  a  great  ob- 
server, full  of  quaint  ideas,  droll  wit, 
odd  fancies,  surprising  illustrations,  and 
plenty  of  "  soft  sawder."  Judge  Halir 
burton  wrote  the  two  series  caUed  Sam 
Slick  or  the  Clockmaker  (1837). 

Slider  skew  [Peg),  the  hag-like 
housekeeper  of  Arthur  Gride.  She  robs 
her  master  of  some  deeds,  and  thereby 
brings  on  his  ruin. — Dickens:  Nicholca 
Nickleby  (1838). 

Sligo  (Dr.),  of  Ireland.  He  looks 
with  contempt  on  his  countryman.  Dr. 
Osasafras,  because  he  is  but  a  parvenu. 

OsasafrasT  That's  a  name  of  no  note.  He  is  not  • 
Milesian,  I  am  sure.  The  family,  I  suppose,  came 
over  the  other  day  with  Strongbow,  not  above  sevem 
or  eight  hundred  years  ago. — FooU  :  The  Devil  upon 
Two  Sticks  (1768). 

Slingfers  (ox  Balearic)  Islands.  Ma- 
jorca, Minorca,  and  Ivi9a  were  so  called, 
because  their  inhabitants  were  very  noted 
for  the  use  of  the  sling,  at  one  time  much 
employed  in  war. 

Slingsby  (Jonathan  Freke),  John 
Francis  Waller,  author  of  The  Slingsbf 
Papers  (1852),  etc. 


SLINKTON. 


xoi8 


SLOWBOY. 


Slinktou  {Julius),  in  Dickens's  story 
oi  Hunted  Down  (i860).  He  attempts  the 
murder  of  Alfred  Beckwith,  and  finally 
summits  suicide. 

Slip,  the  valet  of  young  Harlowe  (son 
of  sir  Harry  Harlowe,  of  Dorsetshire). 
He  schemes  with  Martin,  a  fellow-ser- 
vant, to  contract  a  marriage  between 
Martin  and  Miss  Stockwell  (daughter  of 
a  wealthy  merchant),  in  order  to  get 
possession  of  ^10,000,  the  wedding  por- 
tion. The  plan  was  this  :  Martin  was  to 
pass  himself  off  as  young  Harlowe,  and 
marry  the  lady  or  secure  the  dot ;  but 
Jenny  (Miss  Stockwell's  maid)  informs 
Belford,  the  lover  of  Miss  Stockwell, 
and  he  arrests  the  two  knaves  just  in 
time  to  p/event  mischief. — Garrick  :  Neck 
or  Nothing  {1766). 

Slippers  which  enabled  the  feet  to 
walk,  knives  that  cut  of  themselves,  and 
sabres  which  dealt  blows  at  a  wish,  were 
presents  brought  to  Vathek  by  a  hideous 
monster  without  a  name. — Beckford: 
Vathek  (1784). 

Slippery  Sam,  a  highwayman  in 
captain  Macheath's  gang.  Peachum  says 
he  should  dismiss  him,  because  "the 
villain  hath  the  impudence  to  have  views 
of  following  his  trade  as  a  tailor,  which 
he  calls  an  honest  employment." — Gay: 
The  Beggar  s  Opera,  i.  (1727). 

Slipslop  [Mrs.),  a  lady  of  frail 
morals.  —  Fielding  :  Joseph  Andrews 
(1742). 

Slo-Fair,  Chichester,  the  October 
fair,  when  the  beasts  were  sold  for 
slaughter,  that  they  might  be  salted  down 
for  winter  use.  The  next  month  (Novem- 
ber) was  called  Blot-monath  or  "  Blood- 
month,"  being  the  time  when  the  beasts 
were  killed.  (Old  English,  sUan,  sldk, 
"  to  slaughter ;  "  dldt,  "  blood,  sacrifice," 
from  bldtan,  "to  shed  blood.") 

• .  •  Some  idea  may  be  gathered  of  the 
enormous  number  of  animals  salted  down 
in  November,  from  the  mere  residue  left 
in  the  larder  of  the  elder  Spencer,  in 
May,  1327.  There  were  ' '  80  salted 
beeves,  500  bacons,  and  600  muttons." 

Slop  {Dr.),  sir  John  Stoddart,  M.D., 
editor  of  the  New  Times,  who  entertained 
an  insane  hatred  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte, 
called  by  him  "The  Corsican  Fiend." 
William  Hone  devised  the  name  from 
Stoddart's  book  entitled  Slop's  Shave  at 
a  Broken  Hone  (1820),  and  Thomas  Moore 
helped  to  popularize  it  (1773-1856). 


Slop  {Dr.),   a   choleric,  enthusiastic, 

and  bigoted  physician.  He  breaks  down 
Tristram's  nose,  and  crushes  uncle  Toby's 
fingers  to  a  jelly  in  attempting  to  demon- 
strate the  use  and  virtues  of  a  newly 
invented  pair  of  obstetrical  forceps.— 
Sterne  :  The  Life  and  Opinions  of  TriS' 
tram  Shandy,  Gentleman  (1759). 

(Under  this  name,  Sterne  ridiculed  Dr. 
Burton,  a  man-midwife  of  York. ) 

Slopard   {Dame),  wife  of  Grimbard 
the  brock  or  badger,  in  the  beast-epic  of    j 
Reynard  the  Fox  (1498). 

Sloppy,  a  love-child  brought  up  by  ! 
Betty  Higden,  for  whom  he  turned  the 
mangle.  When  Betty  died,  Mr.  Boffin 
apprenticed  him  to  a  cabinet-maker. 
Sloppy  is  described  as  "  a  very  long  boy, 
with  a  very  little  head,  and  an  open 
mouth  of  disproportionate  capacity  that 
seemed  to  assist  his  eyes  in  staring."  It 
is  hinted  that  he  became  "  the  prince"  of 
Jenny  Wren,  the  dolls'  dressmaker. 

Of  an  ungainly  make  was  Sloppy.  There  was  too 
much  of  him  longwise,  too  little  of  him  broadwise,  and 
too  many  sharp  angles  of  him  angle-wise.  ...  He  had 
a  considerable  capital  of  knee,  and  elbow,  and  wrist, 
and  ankle.  Full-private  Number  One  in  tlie  awkward 
squad  was  Sloppy.— /?tV:>fe««j;  Our  Mutual  Friend,  I. 
L  16  (1864). 

Slough  of  Despond  ( The),  a  deep 
bog,  which  Christian  had  to  pass  on  his 
way  to  the  Wicket  Gate.  Neighbour 
Pliable  would  not  attempt  to  pass  it, 
and  turned  back.  While  Christian  was 
floundering  in  the  slough.  Help  came  to 
his  aid,  and  assisted  him  over. 

The  name  of  the  slough  was  Despond.  Here  they 
wallowed  for  a  time,  and  Christian,  because  of  the 
burden  that  was  on  his  back,  began  to  sink  into  the 
mire.  This  miry  slough  is  such  a  place  as  cannot  be- 
mended.  It  is  the  descent  whither  the  scum  and  filtli 
that  attends  conviction  of  sin  doth  continually  run, 
and  therefore  is  it  called  the  Slough  of  Despond;  for 
still,  as  the  sinner  is  awakened  about  his  lost  condition, 
there  arise  in  his  soul  many  fears  and  doubts  and 
discouraging  apprehensions,  which  all  of  them  get 
together,  and  settle  in  this  place,  and  this  is  the 
reason  of  the  badness  of  this  ground.— i?«»>«»  ; 
Pilgrim's  Progress,  i.  (1678). 

Slowboy  {Tilly),  nurse  and  general 
help  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Peerybingle.  She 
"was  of  a  spare  and  straight  shape, 
insomuch  that  her  garments  appeared  to 
be  in  constant  danger  of  shding  off  her 
shoulders.  Her  costume  was  remarkable 
for  its  very  partial  development,  and 
always  afforded  glimpses  at  the  back  of 
a  pair  of  dead-green  stays."  Miss  Tilly 
was  very  fond  of  baby,  but  had  a  sur- 
prising talent  for  getting  it  into  diffi- 
culties, bringing  its  head  in  perpetual 
contact  with  doors,  dressers,  stair-rails, 
bedposts,  and  so  on.  Tilly,  who  had 
been  a  foundling,  looked  upon  the  house 


SLUDGE. 


T0X9 


SMART. 


of  Peerybingle  the  carrier  as  a  royal 
residence,  and  loved  both  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Peerybingle  with  all  the  intensity  of  an 
undivided  affection.  —  Dickens  :  The 
Cricket  on  the  Hearth  (1845) 

Slndge  (Gammer),  the  landlady  of 
P'nismus  Holiday  the  schoolmaster  in 
White  Horse  Vale. 

Dickie  Sludge  or  "  Flibbertigibbet," 
her  dwarf  grandson. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Kenilworth  {time,  Elizabeth). 

Slum  {Mr.),  a  patter  poet,  who 
dressed  en  militaire.  He  called  on  Mrs. 
Jarley,  exhibitor  of  wax-works,  all  by 
accident.  "What,  Mr  Slum?"  cried 
the  lady  of  the  wax-work  ;  "  who'd  have 
thought  of  seeing  you  here  ?  "  "  Ton  my 
soul  and  honour,"  said  Mr.  Slum, 
"that's  a  good  remark  !  Ton  my  soul 
and  honour,  that's  a  wise  remark  .  .  . 
Why  I  came  here?  'Pon  my  soul  and 
honour,  I  hardly  know  what  I  came  here 
for  .  .  .  What  a  splendid  classical  thing 
is  this,  Mrs.  Jarley  I  Ton  my  soul  and 
honour,  it  is  quite  Minervian  !  "  "  It'll 
look  well,  I  fancy,"  observed  Mrs.  Jarley. 
"  Well !  "  said  Mr.  Slum  ;  "it  would  be 
the  delight  of  my  life,  'pon  my  soul  and 
honour,  to  exercise  my  Muse  on  such  a 
delightful  theme.  By  the  way — any 
orders,  madam  ?  Is  there  anything  I  can 
do  for  you  ?  "  (ch.  xxviii.). 

"  Ask  the  perfumers,"  said  the  military  j^entleman, 
"aslc  the  blacking-makers,  ask  the  hatters,  ask  the 
old  lottery-office  keepers,  ask  any  man  among  "em 
what  poetry  has  done  for  him,  and  mark  my  word,  he 
blesses  the  name  of  Slum." — Dickens  •  The  Old 
Curiosity  Shop  (1840). 

Slumkeyf 5a »?«(?/),  "blue "candidate 
for  the  representation  of  the  borough  of 
Eatanswill  in  parliament.  His  opponent 
is  Horatio  Fizkin,  who  represents  the 
"buff"  interest. — Dickens:  The  Pick- 
wick Papers  (1836). 

Sly  {Christopher),  a  keeper  of  bears, 
and  a  tinker.  In  the  induction  of  Shake- 
speare's comedy  called  Taming  of  the 
Shrew,  Christopher  is  found  dead  drunk 
by  a  nobleman,  who  commands  his 
servants  to  take  him  to  his  mansion  and 
attend  on  him  as  a  lord.  The  trick  is 
played,  and  the  "  commonty  "  of  Taming 
of  the  Shrew  is  performed  for  the  delecta- 
tion of  the  ephemeral  lord. 

IT  A  similar  trick  was  played  by  Ha- 
roun-al-Raschid  on  a  rich  merchant  named 
Abou  Hassan  (see  Arabian  Nights,  "The 
Sleeper  Awakened,"  g-v.).  Also  by 
Philippe  le  Bon  of  Burgundy,  on  his 
marriage  with  Eleanora  (see  Burton : 
Anatomy  of  Melancholy,  ii.  2,  4,  1624). 


Slyme  [Chevy),  one  of  old  Martin 
Chuzzlewit's  numerous  relations.  He  is 
a  drunken,  good-for-nothing  vagabond, 
but  his  friend  Montague  Tigg  considers 
him  "an  unappreciated  genius."  His 
chief  peculiarity  consists  in  his  always 
being  "round  the  corner." — Dickens: 
Martin  Chuzzlewit  (1844). 

Small  [Gilbert),  the  pinmaker,  a 
hardworking  old  man,  who  loves  his  son 
most  dearly. 

Thomas  Small,  the  son  of  Gilbert,  a 
would-be  man  of  fashion  and  maccaroni. 
Very  conceited  of  his  fine  person,  he 
thinks  himself  the  very  glass  of  fashion. 
Thomas  Small  resolves  to  make  a  fortune 
by  marriage,  and  allies  himself  to  Kate, 
who  turns  out  to  be  the  daughter  of  Strap 
the  cobbler. — Knowles :  The  Beggar  of 
Bethnal  Green  (1834). 

Small  Beer  Poet  { The),  W.  Thomas 
Fitzgerald.  He  is  now  known  only  for 
one  line,  quoted  in  the  Rejected  Addresses  : 
"  Tiie  tree  of  freedom  is  the  British  oak." 
Cobbett  gave  him  the  sobriquet  (1759- 
1829). 

Sm.all-Z!ndians,  a  "religious  sect" 
in  Lilliput,  who  made  it  an  article  of  or- 
thodoxy to  break  their  eggs  at  the  small 
end.  By  the  Small-endians  is  meant  the 
protestant  party;  the  Roman  Catholics 
are  called  the  Big-endians,  from  their 
making  it  a  sine  qua  non  for  all  true 
Churchmen  to  break  their  eggs  at  the 
big  end. — Swift  :  Gullivers  Travels 
("  Voyage  to  Lilliput,"  1726). 

Smallweed  Family  (TA^),  a  grasp- 
ing, ill-conditioned  lot,  consisting  of 
grandfather,  grandmother,  and  the  twins 
Bartholomew  and  Judy.  The  grand- 
father indulges  in  vituperative  exclama- 
tions against  his  aged  wife,  with  or 
without  provocation,  and  flings  at  her 
anything  he  can  lay  his  hand  on.  He 
becomes,  however,  so  dilapidated  at  last 
that  he  has  to  be  shaken  up  by  his 
amiable  granddaughter  Judy  in  order  to 
be  aroused  to  consciousness. 

Bart.,  i.e.  Bartholomew  Smallweed,  a 
youth  who  moulds  himself  on  the  model 
of  Mr.  Guppy,  the  lawyer's  clerk  in  the 
office  of  Kenge  and  Carboy.  He  prides 
himself  on  being  "a  limb  of  the  law," 
though  under  15  years  of  age ;  indeed,  it 
is  reported  of  him  that  his  first  long 
clothes  were  made  out  of  a  lawyer's  blue 
bag. — Dickens:  Bleak  House  (1852). 

Sxoart  [Christopher),  a  poet  of  the 


SMA'TRASH. 


SMILINDA. 


Usr  century,  whose  poem,  y4  Song  to 
David,  was  produced  in  a  mad-house, 
and  indented,  tor  want  of  writing 
materials,  with  a  key.  Rossetti  said  of 
this  production  that  it  was  "  a  master- 
piece of  rich  imagery,  exhaustive  resource, 
and  reverberant  sound "  (AthencBum, 
February  19,  1887). 

(Browning  introduces  Smart  in  his 
Parleyings  with  Certain  People. ) 

Sma'trash  (Eppie),  the  ale-woman 
at  Wolfs  Hope  village.— 6Vr  W.  Scott: 
Bride  of  Lammermoor  (time,  William 
III.). 

Smanker  {John),  footman  of  Angelo 
Cyrus  Bantam.  He  invites  Sam  Waller 
to  a  "swarry"  of  "  biled  mutton." — 
Dickens:  The  Pickwick  Papers  (1836). 

Smectym'nuTis,  the  title  of  a  cele- 
brated pamphlet  containing  an  attack 
upon  episcopacy  (1641).  The  title  is 
composed  of  the  initial  letters  of  the  five 
writers,  SM  (Stephen  Marshall),  EC 
(Edmund  Calamy),  TY (Thomas  Young), 
MN  (Matthew  Newcomen),  UUS 
(William  Spurstow),  Sometimes  one  U 
is  omitted.  Butler  says  the  business  of 
synods  is — 

To  find,  in  lines  of  beard  and  face. 

The  physiognomy  of  "  Grace ;  " 

And  by  the  sound  and  twang  of  nose, 

If  all  be  sound  within  disclose  .  .  . 

The  handkerchief  about  the  neck 

(Canonical  cravat  of  Smeck, 

From  whom  the  institution  came 

When  Church  and  State  they  set  on  flame  .  .  .) 

Judge  rightly  if  "  regeneration  " 

Be  of  the  newest  cut  in  fashion. 

S.  Butler:  Hudibras,  \.  3  (1663). 

Smelfongus.  Smollett  was  so  called 
by  Sterne,  because  his  volume  of  Travels 
through  France  and  Italy  is  one  per- 
petual snarl  from  beginning  to  end. 

The  lamented  Smelfungus  travelled  from  Boulogne 
to  Paris,  from  Paris  to  Rome,  and  so  on  ;  but  he  set  out 
T/ith  the  spleen  and  jaundice,  and  every  object  he 
passed  by  was  discoloured  or  distorted.  He  wrote  an 
account  of  them,  but  'twas  nothing  but  the  account  of 
his  own  miserable  feelings. — Sterne:  Sentimental 
Journey  (1768). 

Smell  a  Voice.  When  a  young 
prince  had  clandestinely  visited  the 
young  princess  brought  up  in  the  palace 
of  the  Flower  Mountain,  the  fairy  mother 
Violenta  said,  "  1  smell  the  voice  of  a 
man,"  and  commanded  the  dragon  on 
which  she  rode  to  make  search  for  the 
intruder. — Comtesse  D'Aulnoy  :  Fairy 
Tales  ("The  White  Cat,"  1682). 

• ,  •  Bottom  says,  in  the  part  of  "  Pyra- 
'mus  " — 

1  see  a  Tolce,  now  will  I  to  the  chink. 
To  spy  an  I  can  hear  my  Thisbe's  face. 
Skahesj>eart :  Midsumnur  Night's  Dream,  act  v. 
sc.  1  (1593). 


Smelling"  Sins.  St.  Hilarian  hnd 
the  gift  of  detecting  what  vices  or  sins 
any  one  indulged  in  simply  by  the  smell 
of  their  persons  or  garments.  By  the 
same  instinctive  faculty  he  could  discern 
their  good  feelings  and  virtuous  desires. 
— St.  Jerome:  Life  of  Si.  Hilarian{\.V). 
390)- 

Do  you  smell  a  fault  t 
Shakespeare  :  King  Lear,  act  L  sc.  i  (1605). 

(This  may  mean  something  more  than 
discern. ) 

Oh  I  my  offence  is  rank ;  it  smells  to  heaven. 

Shakespeare  :  Hamlet,  act  iii.  sc  3  (1596). 

(That  is,  its  smell  reaches  heaven  or 
goes  up  to  heaven. ) 

Smike  (i  syl.),  a  poor,  half-starved, 
half-witted  boy,  the  son  of  Ralph 
Nickleby.  As  the  marriage  was  clandes- 
tine, the  child  was  put  out  to  nurse,  and 
neither  its  father  nor  its  mother  ever  went 
to  see  it.  Wlien  about  seven  years  old,  the 
child  was  stolen  by  one  Brooker,  out  of 
revenge,  and  put  to  school  at  Dotheboys 
Hall,  Yorkshire.  Brooker  paid  the  school 
fees  for  six  years,  and  being  then  trans- 
ported, the  payment  ceased,  and  the  boy 
was  made  a  sort  of  drudge.  Nicholas 
Nickleby  took  pity  on  him,  and  when  he 
left,  Smike  ran  away  to  join  his  friend, 
who  took  care  of  the  poor  half-witted 
creature  till  he  died  (see  pp.  594,  595, 
original  edition).  —  Dickens  :  Nicholas 
Nickleby  (1838). 

Smile,  and  be  a  Villain. — Shake- 
speare: Hamlet,  act  i.  sc.  5  (1596). 

Smiler,  a  sheriffs  officer,  in  A 
Regular  Fix,  by  J.  M.  Morton. 

Smilinda,  a  lovelorn  maiden,  to 
whom  Sharper  was  untrue.  Pope,  in  his 
eclogue  called  The  Basset  Table  (1715), 
makes  Cordelia  and  Smilinda  contend  on 
this  knotty  point,  "  Who  suffers  most, 
she  who  loses  at  basset,  or  she  who  loses 
her  lover  ?  "  They  refer  the  question  to 
Betty  Lovet.  Cordelia  stakes  her  ' '  lady's 
companion,  made  by  Mathers,  and  worth 
fifty  guineas,"  on  the  point ;  and  Smilinda 
stakes  a  snuff-box,  won  at  Corticelli's  in 
a  raffle,  as  her  pledge.  When  Cordelia 
has  stated  the  iron  agony  of  loss  at  cards, 
and  Smilinda  the  crushing  grief  of  losing 
a  sweetheart,  "  strong  as  a  footman  and 
as  his  master  sweet,"  Lovet  awards  the 
lady's  companion  to  Smihnda,  and  the 
snuff-box  to  Cordelia,  and  bids  both  give 
over,  "for  she  wants  her  tea."  Of 
course,  this  was  suggested  by  Virgil: 
Eclogue,  iii. 


SMITH. 


SNAP. 


SMITH.  In  the  Leisure  Hour  we 
read:  "During  a  period  of  seventeen 
years  (from  1838  to  1854,  both  inclusive), 
the  births,  deaths,  and  marriages  of  the 
Smiths  registered  amounted  to  286,037, 
and  it  is  calculated  that  the  families  of 
Smith  in  England  are  not  less  than 
53,000." 

'.•  This  must  be  a  very  great  mis- 
calculation. 286,037  in  seventeen  years, 
gives  rather  more  than  16,825  a  year,  or 
a  marriage,  death,  or  birth  to  every  three 
families  per  annum  (nearly).  If  the 
registration  is  correct,  the  number  of 
families  must  be  many  times  the  number 
stated. 

Smitll  {Henry),  alias  "  Henry  Gow," 
alias  "Gow  Chrom,"  alias  "Hal  of  the 
Wynd,"  the  armourer,  and  lover  of 
Catharine  Glover,  whom  at  the  end  he 
marries. — Sir  W.  Scoti :  Fair  Maid  of 
Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Smith.  {King),  Louis  Philippe  of 
France,  who  escaped  to  England  under 
the  assumed  name  of  "  Smith." 

"  Mr.  Smith  ! "  exclaimed  the  kingf.  "That  is  curious 
indeed ;  and  it  is  very  remarkable  that  the  first  person 
to  welcome  me  should  be  Mr.  Smith.  Twice  the 
assumed  name  by  which  I  escaped  from  France  has 
been  '  Smith ; '  and  look  1  this  is  my  passport  made  out 
in  the  name  of  Smith." — Times,  March  6,  1848. 

Smith,  {Mr.),  a  faithful  confidential 
clerk  in  the  bank  of  Dornton  and  Sulky. 
— Holcroft :  The  Road  to  Ruin  (1792). 

Sm.ith  {Rainy-Day),  John  Thomas 
Smith,  antiquary  (1766-1833). 

Smith  (  VVayland),  an  invisible  farrier, 
who  haunted  the  "  Vale  of  the  White 
Horse,"  in  Berkshire,  where  three  flat 
stones  supporting  a  fourth  commemorate 
the  place  of  his  stithy.  His  fee  was  si.x- 
pence,  and  he  was  offended  if  more  were 
offered  him. 

(Sir  W.  Scott  has  introduced  him  in 
Kenilworth,  time,  Elizabeth.) 

Smith's  Prizeman,  one  who  has 
obtained  the  prize  (;i^25)  founded  in  the 
University  of  Cambridge  by  Robert 
Smith,  D.D.,  once  Master  of  Trinity. 
Two  prizes  are  awarded  annually  to  two 
commencing  bachelors  of  arts  for  pro- 
ficiency in  mathematics  and  natural 
philosophy. 

Sm.olkin,  a  punic  spirit. 

Peace,  Smolkin,  peace,  thou  fiend  I 
Shakespeare  :  King  Lear,  act  iii.  sc.  4  (1605). 

Smollett  of  the  Stage  {The), 
George  Farquhar  (1678-1707). 

Smotherwell    {Stephen),    the    exe- 


cutioner.— Sir  W.  Scott:  Fair  Maid  of 
Perth  (time,  Henry  IV. ). 

Smyr'nean  Poet  ( The),  Mimnermos, 
born  at  Smyrna  (fl.  B.C.  630). 

Snacks,  the  hard,  grinding  steward 
of  lord  Lackwit,  who  by  grasping  got 
together  ;^26,ooo.  When  lord  Lackwit 
died,  and  the  property  came  to  Robin 
Roughhead,  he  toadied  him  with  the 
greatest  servility,  but  Robin  dismissed 
him  and  gave  the  post  to  Frank. — Ailing- 
ham  :  Fortune's  Frolic. 

Snagfgs,  a  village  portrait-taker  and 
tooth-drawer.  He  says, "  I  draws  off  heads 
ana  draws  out  teeth,"  or  "  I  takes  off 
heads  and  takes  out  teeth."  Major 
Touchwood,  having  dressed  himself  up 
to  look  like  his  uncle  the  colonel,  pre- 
tends to  have  the  tooth-ache.  Snaggs, 
being  sent  for,  prepares  to  operate  on 
the  colonel,  and  the  colonel  in  a  towering 
rage  sends  him  to  the  right  about. — 
Dibdin:   What  Next  f 

Snagfs'by  {Mr.),  the  law-stationer  in 
Cook's  Court,  Cursitor  Street.  A  very 
mild  specimen  of  the  "spear  half,"  in 
terrible  awe  of  his  termagant  wife,  whom 
he  calls  euphemistically  "  his  little 
woman."  He  preceded  most  of  his 
remarks  by  the  words,  "  Not  to  put  too 
fine  a  point  upon  it." — Dickens:  Bleak 
House  (1852). 

Snail,  the  collector  of  customs,  near 
EUangowan  House. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  Guy 
Mannering  {time,  George  II.). 

Snailsfoot  {Bryce),  the  jagger  or 
pedlar.— 5/>  IV.  Scott :  The  Pirate  {time, 
William  III.). 

Snake  {Mr.),  a  traitorous  ally  of  lady 
Sneerwell,  who  has  the  effrontery  to  say 
to  her,  "  You  paid  me  extremely  liberally 
for  propagating  the  lie,  but  unfortunately 
I  have  been  offered  double,  to  speak  the 
truth."     He  says — 

Ah,  sir,  consider,  I  live  by  the  baseness  of  my 
character ;  and  if  it  were  once  known  that  I  have  been 
betrayed  into  an  honest  action,  I  shall  lose  every  friend 
I  have  in  the  world. — Sheridan  :  School  for  Scandal, 
V.  3  (1777)- 

Snap,  the  representation  of  a  dragon 
which  for  many  years  was  carried  about 
the  city  of  Norwich  on  Guild  day  in 
grand  procession  with  flags  and  banners, 
bands  of  music,  and  whifflers  with  swords 
to  clear  the  way,  all  in  fancy  costume. 
Snap  was  of  great  length,  a  man  was  in 
the  middle  of  the  beast  to  carry  it,  and 
caused  its  head  to  turn  and  jaws  to  open 


SNARE. 


1022        SNITCIIEY  AND  CRAGG5. 


an  amazing  width,  that  half-pence  might 
be  tossed  into  it  and  caught  in  a  bag. 
The  procession  was  stopped  in  the  year 
1824,  when  Snap  was  laid  up  in  St. 
Andrew's  Hall.  It  has  since  been  re- 
moved to  the  Castle  Museum. 

U  At  Metz  a  similar  procession  used  to 
take  place  annually  on  St.  Mark's  Day, 
the  French  Snap  being  called  "St.  Cle- 
ment's dragon." 

Snare  (i  syl.),  sheriffs  officer. — 
Shakespeare :  2  Henry  IV.  (1598). 

Snark  {Hunting  the),  a  tale  by  Lewis 
Carrol  (real  name  Rev.  Charles  Dodg- 
son)  (1876). 

Snawley,  "in  the  oil  and  colour 
line."  A  "  sleek,  flat-nosed  man,  bearing 
in  his  countenance  an  expression  of 
mortification  and  sanctity." — Dickens; 
Nicholas  Nickleby,  iii.  (1838). 

Sneak  (Jerry),  a  hen-pecked  pin- 
maker  ;  a  paltry,  pitiful,  prying  sneak. 
If  ever  he  summoned  up  a  little  manliness, 
his  wife  would  begin  to  cry,  and  Jerry 
was  instantly  softened. 

Master  Sneak,  —  the  ancient  corporation  of  Garratt, 
In  consideration  of  your  great  parts  and  abilities,  and 
out  of  respect  to  tlieir  landlord  sir  Jacob,  have 
unanimously  chosen  you  mayor. — Act  ii. 
^  Jerry  Sneak  has  become  the  tjrpe  of  hen-pecked 
husbands.— 7>»»//*  Bar,  456  (1875). 

Mrs.  Sneak,  wife  of  Jerry,  a  domineer- 
ing tartar  of  a  woman,  who  keeps 
her  lord  and  master  well  under  her 
thumb.  She  is  the  daughter  of  sir  Jacob 
Jollup. — Foote  '    The  Mayor  of  Garratt 

(1763). 

Jerry  Sneak  Russell.  So  Samuel 
Russell  the  actor  was  called,  because  of 
his  inimitable  representation  of  "Jerry 
Sneak,"  which  was  quite  a  hit  {1766- 
184s). 

Sneer,  a  double-faced  critic,  who  carps 
at  authors  behind  their  backs,  but  fawns 
on  them  when  they  are  present  (see  act 
i.  i). — Sheridan:  The  Critic  [ij-jg). 

Sneerwell  {Lady),  the  widow  of  a 
City  knight.  Mr.  Snake  says,  "Every 
one  allows  that  lady  Sneerwell  can  do 
more  with  a  word  or  a  look  than  many 
can  with  the  most  laboured  detail,  even 
when  they  happen  to  have  a  little  truth 
on  their  side  to  support  it." 

Wounded  myself,  in  the  early  part  of  my  life,  by  the 
envenomed  tongue  of  slander,  I  confess  I  have  since 


■  own  reputation.— 5A«rM(a«  .■  School  for 


knov  n  no  pleasure  equal  to  the  reducing  of  others  to 
the  level  of  my  own 
Scandal,  i.  i  (1777). 

Miss  Farren  took  leave  of  the  stage  In  1707,  and  her 
concluding  words  were  :  "  Let  me  request,  lady  Sneer- 
well, that  you  will  make  my  respects  to  the  scandalous 
college  of  which  you  are  a  member,  and  inform  them 


that  lady  Teazle  \ab911t  to  be  countess  0/ Derby],  licen- 
tiate, begs  leave  to  return  the  diploma  they  granted 
her,  as  she  now  leaves  off  practice,  and  kills  characters 
no  longer.  A  burst  of  applause  followed,  and  no 
more  of  the  play  was  listened  to.— Mrs.  C.  Matheius. 

Sneeze  into  a  Sack  {To),  to  be 
guillotined. 

Who  kissed  La  Guillotine,  looked  through  the  little 
window  and  sneezed  into  the  sa.€K..—Dic)uns  :  A  T9U 
0/  Tiuo  Cities,  iii.  4  (1859). 

Sneezingf.  A  person  who  sneezed 
was  at  one  time  supposed  to  be  under  the 
influence  of  fairies  and  demons,  and  as 
the  name  of  God  repelled  all  evil  spirits, 
the  benediction  of  "God  bless  you!" 
drove  away  the  demon,  and  counteracted 
its  influence. 

(Judge  Haliburton  has  a  good  paper 
"On  Sneezing,"  in  Temple  Bar,  345, 
1875-) 

Bui.  I  have  often.  Dr.  Skeleton,  had  it  in  my  head 
to  ask  some  of  the  faculty,  what  can  be  the  reason  that 
when  a  man  happens  to  sneeze,  all  the  company  bows. 

Skel.  Sneezmg,  Dr.  Bulruddery,  was  a  mortal 
symptom  that  attended  a  pestilential  disease  which 
formerly  depopulated  the  republic  ot  Athens;  ever 
since,  when  that  convulsion  occurs,  a  short  ejaculation 
is  offered  up  that  the  sneezing  or  stemuting  party  may 
not  be  afflicted  with  the  same  distemper. 

Bui.  Upon  my  conscience,  a  very  learned  account  I 
Ay.  and  a  very  civil  institution  too  \—Bickerstajff  and 
Foote:  Dr.  Last  in  His  Chariot  (ijO)). 

Snevellicci  {Mr.),  in  Crummles's 
company  of  actors.  Mr.  Snevellicci 
plays  the  military  swell,  and  is  great  in 
the  character  of  speechless  noblemen. 

Mrs.  Snevellicci,  wife  of  the  above,  a 
dancer  in  the  same  theatrical  company. 

Miss  Snevellicci,  daughter  of  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Snevellicci,  also  of  the  Portsmouth 
Theatre.  "She  could  do  anything,  from 
a  medley  dance  to  lady  Macbeth."  Miss 
Snevellicci  laid  her  toils  to  catch  Nicholas 
Nickleby,  but  "  the  bird  escaped  from 
the  nets  cf  the  toiler." — Dickens:  Nicholas 
Nickleby  (1838). 

Snitchey  and  Crajrifs,  lawyers. 
It  was  the  opinion  of  Mr.  Thomas  Craggs 
that  "everything  is  too  easy,"  especially 
law ;  that  it  is  the  duty  of  wise  men  to 
make  everything  as  difficult  as  possible, 
and  as  hard  to  go  as  rusty  locks  and 
hinges  which  will  not  turn  for  want  of 
greasing.  He  was  a  cold,  hard,  dry  man, 
dressed  in  grey-and-white  like  a  flint, 
with  small  twinkles  in  his  eyes.  Jona- 
than Snitchey  was  like  a  magpie  or 
raven.  He  generally  finished  by  saying, 
"  I  speak  for  Self  and  Craggs,"  and,  after 
the  death  of  his  partner,  "  for  Self  and 
Craggs  deceased." 

Mrs.  Snitchey  and  Mrs.  Craggs,  wives 
of  the  lawyers.  Mrs.  Snitchey  was, 
on  principle,  suspicious  of  Mr.  Craggs ; 


SNOBS. 


1023 


SNUG. 


and  Mrs.  Craggs  was,  on  primiple,  sus- 
picious of  Mr.  Snitchey.  Mrs.  Craggs 
would  say  to  her  lord  and  master — 

Your  Snitcheys  indeed  1  I  don't  see  what  you  want 
with  your  Snitcheys,  for  my  part.  You  trust  a  great 
deal  too  much  to  your  Snitcheys,  I  think,  and  I  hope 
you  may  never  find  my  words  come  true. 

Mrs.  Snitchey  would  observe  to  Mr. 
Snitchey — 

Snitchey,  if  ever  you  were  led  away  by  man,  take  my 
word  for  it,  you  are  led  away  by  Craggs ;  and  if  ever  I 
can  read  a  doublt  purpose  in  mortal  eye,  I  can  read  it 
inCraggs'seye.— 25»<:/tf«j.-  The  Battle  0/  Li/e,'\i.  (1846). 

Snobs  {The  Book  of),  by  Thackeray 
(1848). 

SxLodgfrass  {Augustus),  M.P.C.,  a 
p>oetical  young  man,  who  travels  about 
with  Mr.  Pickwick,  "  to  inquire  into  the 
source  of  the  Hampstead  ponds."  He 
marries  Emily  Wardle. — Dickens:  The 
Pickwick  Papers  {1836). 

( M.  P.  C. ,  Member  of  the  Pickwick  Club. ) 

Snoring'  {Great).  "  Rector  of  Great 
Snoring,"  a  dull,  prosy  preacher. 

Snorxo  Sturleson,  last  of  the  great 
Icelandic  scalds  or  court  poets.  He  was 
author  of  the  Younger  Edda,  in  prose, 
and  of  the  Heimskringla,  a  chronicle  in 
verse  of  the  history  of  Norway  from  the 
earliest  times  to  the  year  1177.  The 
Younger  Edda  is  an  abridgment  of  the 
Rhythmical  Edda  (see  S^mund  Sigfus- 
son).  The  Heimskringla  appeared  in 
1230,  and  the  Younger  Edda  is  often 
called  the  Snorro  Edda.  Snorro  Sturleson 
incurred  the  displeasure  of  Hakon  king 
of  Norway,  who  employed  assassins  to 
murder  him  {1178-1241). 

(The  Heimskringla  was  translated  into 
English  by  Samuel  Laing  in  1844,) 

Snout  {Tom),  the  tinker,  who  takes 
part  in  the  "tragedy"  of  Pyr3,mus  and 
Thisbe,  played  before  the  duke  and 
duchess  of  Athens  "on  their  wedding 
day  at  night."  Next  to  Peter  Quince 
and  Nick  Bottom  the  weaver,  Snout  was 
by  far  the  most  self-important  man  of 
the  troupe.  He  was  cast  for  Pyramus's 
father,  but  has  nothing  to  say,  and  does 
not  even  put  in  an  appearance  during  the 
play. — Shakespeare  ;  Midsummer  Night's 
Dream  (1592). 

Snow  King  {The),  Gustavus  Adol- 
phus  of  Sweden,  king  of  Sweden,  killed 
in  the  Thirty  Years'  War,  at  the  battle  of 
Lutzen.  The  cabinet  of  Vienna  said,  in 
derision  of  him,  "The  Snow  King  is 
come,  but  he  can  live  only  in  the  north, 
and  will  melt  away  as  soon  as  he  feels 
the  sim"  (1594,  1611-1632). 


At  \nenna  he  was  called,  in  derisio*,  "  The  Snow 
King,"  who  was  kept  together  by  the  cold,  but  would 
melt  and  disappear  as  he  approached  a  warmer  soil.-. 
Dr.  Crichton :  Scandinavia  ("Gustavus  Adolphus,' 
ii.  61), 

Sncw  King  ( The),  Frederick  elector 
palatine,  made  king  of  Bohemia  by  the 
protestants  in  the  autumn  of  1619,  but 
defeated  and  set  aside  in  the  following 
autumn. 

The  winter  king,  king  In  times  of  frost,  a  snow  king, 
altogether  soluble  in  the  spring,  is  the  nauie  which 
Frederick  obtains  in  German  liistories. — Carlyle. 

Sncw  Kingdom  {The),  Inistore, 
the  Orkney  Islands. 

Let  no  vessel  of  the  kingdom  of  snow  [Norway^ 
bound  on  the  dark-rolling  waves  of  Inistore.— OjJ»a«  ; 
Fingal,  L 

Snow  Queen  ( The),  Christiana  queen 
of  Sweden  (1626,  1633-1689). 

The  princess  Elizabeth  of  England, 
who  married  Frederick  V.  elector  pala- 
tine, 1613,  and  induced  him  to  accept 
the  crown  of  Bohemia  in  1619.  She  was 
crowned  with  her  husband  October  25, 
1619,  but  fled  in  November,  1620,  and  was 
put  under  the  ban  of  the  empire  in  1621. 
Elizabeth  was  queen  of  Bohemia  during 
the  time  of  snow,  but  was  melted  by  the 
heat  of  the  ensuing  summer. 

Snowdonia  {The  king  of),  Moel-y- 
Wyddfa  ("the  conspicuous  peak"),  the 
highest  peak  in  Snowdonia,  being  3571 
feet  above  the  sea-level. 

Snubbin  {Serjeant),  retained  by  Mr. 
Perker  for  the  defence  in  the  famous 
case  of  "  Bardell  v.  Pickwick."  His 
clerk  was  named  Mallard,  and  his  junior 
Phunky,  "an  infant  barrister,"  very  much 
looked  down  upon  by  his  senior.  — 
Dickens:  The  Pickwick  Papers  (1836), 

SnufB.ni  {Sir  Tumley),  the  doctor  who 

attends      Mrs.      Wititterly.  —  Dicketis  ; 
Nicholas  Nickleby  (1838). 

Snuffle  {Simon),  the  sexton  of  Gar- 
ratt,  and  one  of  the  corporation.  He  was 
called  a  "scoUard,  for  he  could  read  a 
written  hand." — Foote:  Mayor  of  Garratt, 
ii.  I  (1763). 

Snug,  the  joiner,  who  takes  part  in  the 
"lamentable  comedy"  of  Pyramus  and 
Thisbe,  played  before  the  duke  and  duchess 
of  Athens  "  on  their  wedding  day  at 
night,"  His  r6le  was  the  "  lion's  part." 
He  asked  the  manager  (Peter  Quince)  if 
he  had  the  "lion's  part  written  out,  for," 
said  he,  "I  am  slow  of  memory;"  but 
being  told  he  could  do  it  extempore,  "  for 
it  was  nothing  but  roaring,"  he  consented 


SOANE  MUSEUM. 


Z024 


SOI-MEME. 


to  undertake  it. — Shakespeare:  A  Mid- 
summer Night's  Dream  {1592). 

Soane  Museum  ( The),  the  museum 
collected  by  sir  John  Soane,  architect, 
and  preserved  on  its  original  site.  No.  13, 
Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  the  private  residence 
of  the  founder  (1753-1837).  It  contains 
Egyptian  and  other  antiquities,  valuable 
paintings,  rare  books,  etc. 

Soapy  Sam,  Samuel  Wilberforce, 
bishop  of  Winchesier  (1805-1873). 

Being  asked  why  ho  was  nicknamed  "  Soapy,"  he 
replieoT  "  Because  I  have  often  been  in  hot  water,  but 
have  always  come  out  with  clean  hands." 

Sobri'no,  one  of  the  most  valiant  of 
the  Saracen  army,  and  called  "  The 
Sage."  He  counselled  Agrimant  to  en- 
trust the  fate  of  the  war  to  a  single  com- 
bat, stipulating  that  the  nation  whose 
champion  was  worsted  should  be  tributary 
to  the  other.  Rogero  was  chosen  for  the 
pagan  champion,  and  Rinaldo  for  the 
Christian  army ;  but  when  Rogero  was 
overthrown,  Agramant  broke  the  compact. 
Sobrino  was  greatly  displeased,  and  soon 
afterwards  received  the  rite  of  Christian 
baptism.  —  Ariosto  :  Orlando  Furioso 
(1516). 

Who  more  prudent  th«m  Sobrino  t — Cervantes  ;  Don 
Quixote  (1605). 

Soc'rates  ( The  English).  Dr.  John- 
son is  so  called  by  Boswell  (1709-1784). 

Mr.  South's  amiable  manners  and  attachment  to  our 
Socrates  at  once  united  me  to  him. — Life  0/  yohnson 
(1791)- 

Sodom  of  India,  Hy'derabad.  So 
called  from  the  beauty  of  the  country  and 
the  depravity  of  the  inhabitants. 

Sodor  and  Man.  Sodor  is  a  con- 
traction of  Sodorensis.  The  sudor-eys  or 
sodor-eys  means  "the  southern  isles." 
The  bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man  is  bishop 
of  Man  and  the  southern  isles. 

Sofa  {The).  So  bk.  i.  of  The  Task,  by 
Covvper,  is  called  ;  in  blank  verse,  and 
running  to  505  lines  (1783-85). 

Sofronia,  a  young  Christian  of  Jeru- 
salem, the  heroine  of  an  episode  in 
Tasso's  Jerusalem  Delivered  [x^t^).  The 
tale  is  this  :  Aladine  king  of  Jerusalem 
stole  from  a  Christian  church  an  image  of 
the  Virgin,  being  told  by  a  magician  that 
it  was  a  palladium,  and,  if  set  up  in  a 
mosque,  the  Virgin  would  forsake  the 
Christian  army,  and  favour  the  Moham- 
njedan.  The  image  was  accordingly  set 
up  in  a  mosque,  but  during  the  night  was 
carried  off"  by  some  one.  Aladine,  greatly 
enraged,  ordered  the  instant  execution  of 


all  his  Christian  subjects  but  to  prevent 
this  massacre,  Sofronia  accused  herself  of 
the  offence.  Her  lover  Olindo,  hearing 
that  Sofronia  was  sentenced  to  death, 
presented  himself  before  the  king,  and 
said  that  he  and  not  Sofronia  was  the  real 
offender  I  whereupon  the  king  ordered 
both  to  instant  execution ;  but  Clorinda 
the  Amazon,  pleading  for  them,  obtained 
their  pardon,  and  Sofronia  left  the  stake 
to  join  Ohndo  at  the  altar  of  matrimony. 
— Bk.  ii. 

IF  This  episode  may  have  been  sug- 
gested by  a  well-known  incident  in 
ecclesiastical  history.  At  Merum,  a  city 
of  Phrygia,  Amachius  the  governor  of  the 
province  ordered  the  temple  to  be  opened, 
and  the  idols  to  be  cleansed.  Three 
Christians,  inflamed  with  Christian  zeal, 
went  by  night  and  broke  all  the  images. 
The  governor,  unable  to  discover  the 
culprits,  commanded  all  the  Christians  of 
Merum  to  be  put  to  death  ;  but  the  three 
who  had  been  guilty  of  the  act  confessed 
their  offence,  and  were  executed.  — 
Socrates:  Ecclesiastical  History,  iii.  15 
(a.d.  439).     (See  SOPHRONIA,  p.  1030  ) 

Softer  Adams  of  your  Academe, 
schoolgirls. — Tennyson  :  The  Princess,  ii. 

Soham,  a  monster  with  the  head  of  a 
horse,  four  eyes,  and  the  body  of  a  fiery 
dragon.     (See  Ouranabad,  p.  790.) 

Soh.0  (London).  The  tradition  is  that 
this  square  was  so  called  from  the  watch- 
word of  the  duke  of  Monmouth  at  the 
battle  of  Sedgemoor,  in  1685.  The  re- 
verse of  this  may  possibly  be  true,  viz. 
that  the  duke  selected  the  watchword  from 
the  name  of  the  locality  in  which  he  lived  ; 
but  the  name  of  the  place  certainly 
existed  in  1632,  if  not  earlier. 

Sohrab  and  Rustum,  a  Persian 
tale,  in  blank  verse,  by  Matthew  Arnold. 
Sohrab  was  a  natural  son  of  Rustum. 
He  became  a  soldier,  and  carried  dismay 
into  the  Persian  army.  Rustum,  the 
boldest  of  the  Persians,  encountered  him, 
not  knowing  who  he  was,  and  slew  him. 
As  he  was  dying,  Rustum  discovered  he 
was  his  son,  and  buried  him  at  Seistan. 
(See  RusTAM,  p.  942. ) 

Soi-meme.  St.  Soi-mime,  the  "  na- 
tural man,"  in  opposition  to  the  "  spiritual 
man."  In  almost  all  religious  acts  and 
feelings,  a  thread  of  self  may  be  detected, 
and  many  things  are  done  ostensibly  for 
God,  but  in  reality  for  St.  Soi-m6me. 

They  attended  the  church  service  not  altogethe* 
without  regard  to  St.  Soi-mhiac.— Asylum  ChrisH,  ii. 


SOLDAN. 

Soldan  (The).  Philip  II.  of  Spain, 
whose  wife  was  Adicia  (or  pa/>al  bigotry). 
Prince  Arthur  sent  the  soldan  a  challenge 
for  wrongs  done  to  Samient,  a  female 
ambassador  [deputies  of  the  states  of 
Holland).  On  receiving  this  challenge, 
the  soldan  "swore  and  banned  most 
blasphemously,"  and  mounting  "  his 
chariot  high "  {the  high  ships  of  the 
Armada),  drawn  by  horses  fed  on  carrion 
[the  Inquisitors),  went  forth  to  meet  the 
prince,  whom  he  expected  to  tear  to 
pieces  with  his  chariot  scythes,  or  trample 
down  beneath  his  horses'  hoofs.  Not 
being  able  to  get  at  the  soldan  from  the 
great  height  of  the  chariot,  the  prince 
uncovered  his  shield,  and  held  it  up  to 
view.  Instantly  the  soldan's  horses  were 
so  terrified  that  they  fled,  regardless  of 
the  whip  and  reins,  overthrew  the  chariot, 
and  left  the  soldan  on  the  ground,  ' '  torn 
to  rags,  amongst  his  own  iron  hooks  and 
grapples  keen." — Spenser;  Faerie  Queene, 
V.  8  (1596). 

•.•  The  overthrow  of  the  soldan  by 
supernatural  means,  and  not  by  combat, 
refers  to  the  destruction  of  the  Armada 
by  tempest,  according  to  the  legend  of  the 
medals,  Flavit  Jehovah,  et  dissipati  sunt 
("He  blew  with  His  blast,  and  they  were 
scattered"). 

Soldier's  Daugrhter  [The),  a 
comedy  by  A.  Cherry  (1804).  Mrs. 
Cheerly,  the  daughter  of  colonel  Woodley, 
after  a  marriage  of  three  years,  is  left  3 
widow,  young,  rich,  gay,  and  engaging. 
She  comes  to  London,  and  Frank  Heart- 
ail,  a  generous-minded  young  merchant, 
sees  her  at  the  opera,  falls  in  love  with 
her,  and  follows  her  to  her  lodging.  Here 
he  meets  with  the  Malfort  family,  reduced 
to  abject  poverty  by  speculation,  and  re- 
lieves them.  Ferret,  the  villain  of  the 
piece,  spreads  a  report  that  Frank  gave 
the  money  as  hush-money,  because  he  had 
base  designs  on  Mrs.  Malfort ;  but  Frank's 
character  is  cleared,  and  he  leaas  to  the 
altar  the  blooming  young  widow,  while 
the  retiu-n  of  Malfort's  father  places  his 
son  again  in  prosperous  circumstances. 

Soldier's  Tear  [The),  a  song  by 
Thomas  Haynes  Bayly  (1844). 

Soldiers'  Friend  [The),  Frederick 
duke  of  York,  second  son  of  George  III., 
and  commander  of  the  British  forces  in 
the  Low  Countries  during  the  French 
Revolution  (1763-1827). 

Solemn     Doctor     {The).      Henry 


1025 


SOLOMON. 


Goethals  was  by  the  Sorbonne  given  the 
honorary  tiUe  of  Doctor  Solemnis  [tAVj- 
1293). 
Solemn  League  and  Covenant, 

a  league  to  support  the  Church  of  Scot- 
land, and  exterminate  popery  and  prelacy. 
Charles  11.  signed  it  in  165 1,  but  declared 
it  null  and  void  at  his  restoration. 

Soles,  a  shoemaker,  and  a  witness  ai 
the  examination  of  Dirk  Hatteraick.— 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Guy  Mannering  (time, 
George  II. ). 

Solid  Doctor  (TA^),  Richard  Middle- 
ton  (*-i304). 

Soliman  the  Ma^fnificent,  Charles 
Jennens,  who  composed  the  libretto  Tor 
Handel's  Messiah  {*-i773). 

Solingen,  called  "The  Sheffield  of 
Germany  ;  "  famous  for  swords  and  foils. 

Soli'nns,  duke  of  Ephesus,  who  was 
obliged  to  pass  the  sentence  of  the  law  on 
.^ge'on,  a  merchant,  because,  being  a 
SyracuSian,  he  had  dared  to  set  foot  in 
Ephesus.  When,  however,  he  discovered 
that  the  man  who  had  saved  his  life,  and 
whom  he  best  loved,  was  the  son  of 
^geon,  the  prisoner  was  released,  and 
settled  in  Ephesus. — Shakespeare  :  Comedy 
of  Errors  (1593). 

Solitude  [Hymn   on),   by  Thomson 

(1737)- 

(Alexander  Pope  wrote  an  Ode  to 
Solitude,  when  about  twelve  years  old. 
James  Grainger  wrote  an  Ode  to  Solitude, 
in  1766.) 

Sologne,  in  France.  -  There  is  a  legend 
that  every  domestic  animal,  such  as  dogs, 
cats,  pigs,  horses,  cows,  etc. ,  in  Sologne, 
become  possessed  of  human  speech  from 
the  midnight  of  Christmas  Eve  to  the 
midday  of  December  25.  (See  LOUP- 
GAROU,  p.  629;  Were- Wolf.) 

Solomon,  an  epic  poem  in  three 
books,  by  Prior  (17 18).  Bk.  i.  Solomon 
seeks  happiness  from  wisdom,  but  comes 
to  the  conclusion  that  "All  is  vanity:" 
this  book  is  entitled  Knowledge.  Bk.  ii. 
Solomon  seeks  happiness  in  wealth, 
grandeur,  luxury,  and  ungodliness,  but 
comes  to  the  conclusion  that  "All  is 
vanity  and  vexation  of  spirit  : "  this 
book  is  entitled  Pleasure.  Bk.  iii.,  en- 
titled Power,  consists  of  the  reflections  of 
Solomon  upon  human  life,  the  power  of 
God,  life,  death,  and  a  future  state.  An 
angel  reveals  to  him  the  future  lot  of  the 
2  L 


SOLOMON. 


Z026 


SOLOMON. 


Jewish  race,  and  Solomon  concludes  with 
this  petition — 

Restore,  Great  l<  athcr,  Thy  instructed  son, 
And  in  my  act  may  Thy  great  will  be  done  I 

Solomon  is  called  king  of  the  ginn 
and  fairies.  This  is  probably  a  mere 
blunder.  The  monarch  of  these  spirits 
was  called  "  suleyman,"  and  this  title  of 
rank  has  been  mistaken  for  a  propertiame. 

Solomon  died  standing.  Solomon  em- 
ployed the  genii  in  building  the  temple, 
but,  perceiving  that  his  end  was  at  hand, 
prayed  God  that  his  death  might  be 
concealed  from  the  genii  till  the  work 
was  completed.  Accordingly,  he  died 
standing,  leaning  on  his  staff  as  if  in 
prayer.  The  genii^  supposing  him  to  be 
alive,  toiled  on,  and  when  the  temple  was 
fully  built,  a  worm  gnawed  the  stafif,  and 
the  corpse  fell  prostrate  to  the  earth. 
Mahomet  refers  to  this  as  a  fact — 

When  We  {God\  had  decreed  that  Solomon  should 
die,  nothing  discovered  his  death  unto  them  \_the  senii\ 
except  the  creeping  thing  of  the  earth,  which  gnawed 
his  staff.  And  when  his  \_d«ad\  body  fell  down,  the 
genii  plainly  perceived  that  if  they  had  Icnown  that 
which  is  secret,  they  would  not  have  continued  in  a 
vile  punishment.— .<//  Kordn,  xxxiv. 

N.B.— Louis  XVIII.  said,  "A  king 
should  die  standing."  Vespasian  said 
the  same  thing. 

Solomon's  Favourite  Wife.  Prior,  in 
his  epic  poem  called  Solomon  (bk.  ii.), 
makes  Abra  the  favourite. 

The  apples  she  had  gathered  smelt  most  sweet; 
The  cake  she  kneaded  was  the  savoury  meat ; 
All  fruits  their  odour  lost  and  meats  their  taste, 
If  gentle  Abra  had  not  decked  the  feast  ; 
Dishonoured  did  the  sparkling  goblet  stand. 
Unless  received  from  gentle  Abra's  hand  ;  .  .  . 
Nor  could  my  soul  approve  the  music's  tone, 
Till  all  was  hushed,  and  Abra  sang  alone. 

M.  Prior :  Solomon  (i664-i7»x). 

Al  Beid^wi,  Jallilo'ddin,  and  Abulfeda, 
give  Amina,  daughter  of  Jerida  king  of 
Tyre,  as  his  favourite  concubine. 

Solomon  kills  his  Horses.  Solomon 
bought  a  thousand  horses,  and  went  to 
examine  them.  The  examination  took 
him  the  whole  day,  so  that  he  omitted 
the  prayers  which  he  ought  to  have 
repeated.  This  neglect  came  into  his 
mind  at  sunset,  and.  by  way  of  atonement, 
he  slew  all  the  horses  except  a  hundred  of 
the  best  "as  an  offering  to  God;"  and 
God,  to  make  him  amends  for  his  loss, 
gave  him  the  dominion  of  the  winds. 
Mahomet  refers  to  this  in  the  following 
passage : — 

W'len  the  horses,  standing  on  three  feet,  and  touching 
the  ground  with  the  edge  of  the  fourth  foot,  swift  in  the 
course,  were  set  in  parade  before  liim  [Solonton]  in  the 
evening,  he  said,  "Verily  I  have  loved  the  love  of 
earthly  good  above  the  remembrance  of  my  Lord ;  and 
I  have  spent  the  time  in  viewing  these  horses  till  the 
SUB  is  hidden  by  the  veil  of  night.    Bring  the  horses 


back  unto  me."  Ana  when  they  were  brought  bacV, 
he  began  to  cut  off  their  legs  and  their  necks.— .rfi 
Koran,  xxxviii. 

Solomon's  Mode  of  Travelling. 
Solomon  had  a  carpet  of  green  silk,  on 
which  his  throne  was  placed.  This  car- 
pet was  large  enough  for  all  his  army 
to  stand  on.  When  his  soldiers  had 
stationed  themselves  on  his  right  hand, 
and  the  spirits  on  his  left,  Solomon 
commanded  the  winds  to  convey  him 
whither  he  listed.  Whereupon  the  winds 
buoyed  up  the  carpet,  and  transported  it 
to  the  place  the  king  wished  to  go  to,  and 
while  passing  thus  through  the  air,  the 
birds  of  heaven  hovered  overhead,  forming 
a  canopy  with  their  wings  to  ward  off  the 
heat  of  the  sun.  Mahomet  takes  this 
legend  as  an  historic  fact,  for  he  says  in 
reference  to  it — 

Unto  Solomon  We  subjected  the  strong  wind,  and  it 
ran  at  his  command  to  the  land  whereon  We  bad 
bestowed  our  blassms.—Al  Kordn,  xxi. 

And  again — 

We  made  the  wind  subject  to  him,  and  it  ran  gently 
at  his  command  whithersoever  he  CLeair^d.—Al  Kordn, 
xxxviii. 

Solomon's  Signet-Ring.  The  rabbins 
say  that  Solomon  wore  a  ring  in  which 
was  set  a  chased  stone  that  told  him 
everything  he  wished  to  know. 

Solomon  loses  his  Signet-Ring.  Solo- 
mon's favourite  concubine  was  AmIna, 
daughter  of  Jerdda  king  of  Tyre,  and 
when  he  went  to  bathe,  it  was  to  Amina 
that  he  entrusted  his  signet-ring.  One 
day,  the  devil  Sakhar  assumed  the  Uke- 
ness  of  Solomon,  and  so  got  possession 
of  the  ring,  and  for  forty  days  reigned 
in  Jerusalem,  while  Solomon  himself  was 
a  wanderer  living  on  alms.  At  the  end 
of  the  forty  days,  Sakhar  flung  the  ring 
into  the  sea  ;  it  was  swallowed  by  a 
fish,  which  was  given  to  Solomon. 
Having  thus  obtained  his  ring  again, 
Solomon  took  Sakhar  captive,  and  cast 
him  into  the  sea  of  Galilee. — Al  Korhn 
(Sale's  notes,  ch.  xxxviii. ).  (See  JoviAN, 
p.  556  ;  Fish  and  the  Ring,  p.  370.) 

(Mahomet,  in  the  Koran,  takes  this 
legend  as  an  historic  fact,  for  he  says, 
"We  \_Gocr\   also    tried    Solomon,   and 

f)laced  on  his  throne  a  counterfeit  body 
i.e.  Sakhar  the  devil]." — Ch.  xxxviii.) 

Uffan  steals  Solomon's  Signet'Ring, 
Uffan  the  sage  saw  Solomon  asleep,  and, 
wishing  to  take  off  his  signet-ring,  gave 
three  arrows  to  Aboutaleb,  saying,  '  'When 
the  serpent  springs  upon  me  and  strikes 
me  dead,  shoot  one  of  these  arrows  at  me, 
and  I  shall  instantly  come  to  life  again." 


SOLOMON. 


1027 


SOMEBODY'S  LUGGAGE. 


I'ffan  tugged  at  the  ring,  was  stung  to 
death,  but,  being  struck  by  one  of  the 
arrows,  revived.  This  happened  twice. 
After  the  third  attempt,  the  heavens  grew 
so  black,  and  the  thunder  was  so  alarm- 
ing, that  Aboutaleb  was  afraid  to  shoot, 
and,  throwing  down  the  bow  and  arrow, 
fled  with  precipitation  from  the  dreadful 
place— Comfe  de  Cay/us  :  Oriental  Tales 
("  History  of  Aboutaleb,"  1743)- 

TAe  Second  Solomon,  James  I.  of 
England  (1566,  1603-1625). 

The  French  king  [ffenri  /K.]  said,  In  the  presence 
of  lord  Sanquhnr,  to  one  that  called  James  a  second 
So'omon,  "l  hope  he  Is  not  the  son  of  David  the 
fiddler"  {David  Rizzio],—Osb»rnt :  Secret  History, 
i.  «3i. 

(Sully  called  him  "  The  Wisest  Fool  in 
Christendom.") 

Solomon,  a  tedious,  consequential 
old  butler,  in  the  service  of  count  Win- 
tersen.  He  has  two  self-delusjpns  :  One 
is  that  he  receives  letters  of  confidential 
importance  from  all  parts  of  the  civilized 
world,  but  one  of  these  "confidential 
letters  "  "from  Constantinople"  turns  out 
to  be  from  his  nephew,  Tim  Twist  the 
tailor,  respecting  a  waistcoat  which  had 
been  turned  three  times.  His  other  self- 
delusion  is  that  he  is  a  model  of  economy  ; 
thus  he  boasts  of  his  cellar  of  wine  pro- 
vided in  a  "most  frugal  and  provident 
way ; "  and  of  his  alterations  in  the 
park,  "done  with  the  niost  economical 
economy."  The  old  butler  is  very  proud 
of  his  son  Peter,  a  half-witted  lad,  and 
thinks  Mrs.  Haller  "  casts  eyes  at  him." 
— B.  Thompson  :  The  Stranger  {1797). 

Solomon  Daisy,  parish  clerk  and 
bell-ringer  of  Chigvvell.  He  had  little 
round,  black,  shiny  eyes  like  beads;  wore 
rusty  black  breeches,  a  rusty  black  coat, 
and  a  long-flapped  waistcoat  with  little 
queer  buttons  like  his  eyes.  As  he  sat  in 
the  firelight,  he  seemed  all  eyes,  from 
head  to  iooi.— Dickens  :  Barnaby  Rudge 
{1841). 

Solomon  of  CHina  {The),  Tae-tsong 
L,  whose  real  name  was  Lee-chee-men. 
He  reformed  the  calendar,  founded  a  very 
extensive  library,  established  schools  in 
his  palace,  built  places  of  worship  for  the 
Nestorian  Christians,  and  was  noted  for 
his  wise  maxims  (*,  618-626). 

Solomon  of  Eng'laud  ( The),  Henry 
Vn.  (1457,  1485-1509).  (See  Solomon, 
above.) 

Solomon  of  France  [The),  Charles 
v.,  U  Sage  (1337,  1364-1380). 


U  Louis  IX.  {i.e.  St.  Louis)  is  also 
called  "  The  Solomon  of  France  "  (1215, 
1226-1270). 

Solon  of  Prench  Prose  [The), 
Balzac  (1596-1655). 

Solon  of  Parnassus  ( The).  Boileau 
is  so  called  by  Voltaire,  in  allusion  to  his 
Art  of  Poetry  (1636-1711). 

Solon's  Happiness.  Solon  said, 
"  Call  no  man  happy  till  he  is  dead." 

Safer  triumph  is  this  funeral  pomp 
That  hath  aspired  to  Solon's  happiness, 
And  triumphs  over  chance. 
(t)  Shakespeare :  Titus  A  ndroniciis,  act  i.  sc.  2  (1593). 

Surely  Solon  did  not  mean  that  death  is  happiness, 
but  that  the  vicissitudes  of  life  are  so  great  that  "  no 
man  should  holloa  till  he  ts  out  of  the  wood." 

Solsg'race  {Master  Nehemiah),  a 
presbyterian  pastor. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  l\.). 

Solus,  an  old  bachelor,  who  greatly 
wished  to  be  a  married  man.  When  he 
saw  the  bright  sides  of  domestic  life,  he 
resolved  he  would  marry ;  but  when  he 
saw  the  reverse,  he  determined  to  remain 
single.  Ultimately,  he  takes  to  the  altar 
Miss  Spinster. — Mrs.  Inchbald :  Every 
One  has  His  Fault  (1794). 

Solus  {Solomon),  in  Buckstone's 
comedy  of  Leap  Year  { 1850). 

Solymsean  Rout  ( The),  the  London 
rabble  and  rebels.  Solymaea  was  an 
ancient  name  of  Jerusalem,  subsequently 
called  Hiero-solyma,  that  is  "sacred 
Solyma."  As  Charles  H.  is  called 
"  David,"  and  London  "  Jerusalem,"  the 
London  rebels  are  called  "  the  Solymaean 
rout "  or  the  rabble  of  Jerusalem. 

The  Solymaean  rout,  well  versed  of  old. 
In  godly  faction,  and  in  treason  bold,  .  .  . 
Saw  with  disdain  an  Ethnic  plot  \_popish plo(\\>c^n. 
And  scoined  by  Jebusites  [papists^  to  be  outdone. 
Dryden  :  Absalotn  and  Achitophel,  i.  5135,  etc  (1681). 

Sol'yman,  king  of  the  Saracens, 
whose  capital  was  Nice.  Being  driven 
from  his  kingdom,  he  fled  to  Egypt,  and 
was  there  appointed  leader  of  the  Arabs 
(bk.  ix.).  Solyman  and  Argant^s  were 
by  far  the  most  doughty  of  the  pagan 
knights.  The  former  was  slain  by  Rinal- 
do  (bk.  xxj.  and  the  latter  by  Tancred. 
—  Tasso:  Jerusalem  Delivered  (1575). 

Somliragrloomy,  London,  the  in- 
habitants of  which  are  Sombragloomians. 

Somebody's  Luggage,  a  tale  in  the 
Christmas  number  of  All  the  Year  Round 
(1864),  by  Dickens.  The  head  waiter  is 
Christopher,  whose  story  is  very 
amusing. 


SOMNAMBULUS. 

Somnambulus.  Sir  W.  Scott  so 
signs  The  Visionary  (political  satires, 
i^xc,).—Olphar  Hamst  [Ralph  Thomas]  : 
Handbook  of  Fictitious  Names. 

Somo  Sala  [Like  the  father  of),  a 
dreamer  of  air-castles,  like  the  milkmaid 
Perrette  in  Lafontaine.  (See  COUNT  NOT, 
etc.,  p.  239.) 

SompnoTir's  Tale.  (See  Sumpnor's 
Tale.  ) 

Son.  It  is  not  always  the  case  that  a 
*'  wise  father  makes  a  wise  son,"  nor  is  it 
always  the  case  that  a  son  is  "a  chip  of 
the  old  block."  The  subject  is  a  very 
long  one,  but  the  following  examples  will 
readily  occur  to  the  reader  : — 

English  History :  Edward  I.,  a  noble 
king,  was  the  son  of  Henry  III.,  and  the 
father  of  Edward  II.,  both  as  unlike  him 
as  possible,  Richard  II.,  the  fop,  was  the 
son  of  the  Black  Prince.  Henry  VI.,  a 
poor,  worthless  monarch,  was  the  son 
of  Henry  V.,  the  English  Alexander. 
Richard  Cromwell  was  the  son  of  Ohver, 
but  no  more  like  his  father  than  Hamlet 
was  like  Hercules.  The  only  son  of 
Addison  was  an  idiot. 

In  France :  The  son  of  Charles  V. ,  le 
Sage,  was  Charles  VII.,  the  imbecile. 

In  Greek  History  :  The  sons  of  Pericles 
were  Paralus  and  Xantippus,  no  better 
than  Richard  Cromwell.  The  son  of 
Aristldes,  surnamed  The  Just,  was  the 
infamous  LysimSchus.  The  son  of  the 
great  historian  Thucydldes  were  Milesias 
the  idiot  and  Stephanos  the  stupid. 

The  kings  of  Israel  and  Judah  give 
several  similar  examples.  But  it  is  not 
needful  to  pursue  the  subject  further. 

Son  of  Belial  {A),  a  wicked  person, 
a  rebel,  an  infidel. 

Now  the  sons  of  Eli  were  sons  of  Belial ;  they  knew 
not  [i.e.  acknowledged  not]  the  Lord. — x  Sam.  ii.  12. 

Son  of  Consolation,  St.  Barnabas 
of  Cyprus  (first  century). — Acts  iv.  36. 

Son  of  Perdition  {The),  Judas 
Iscariot. — John  xvii.  12. 

Son  of  Perdition,  Antichrist. — 2  Thess. 
ii.  3- 

Son  of  a  Star  ( The),  Barcochebas 
or  Barchochab,  who  gave  himself  out  to 
be  the  "  star  "  predicted  by  Balaam  (died 
A.D.  135). 

There  shall  come  a  Star  out  of  Jacob,  and  a  Sceptre 
ihall  rise  out  of  Israel,  and  shall  smite  the  comers  of 
Moab,  and  destroy  all  the  children  of  Sheth.— A^wwii. 
xxiv.  17. 

Son  of  the  Last  Man.  Charles  II. 


1028 


SONGS  OF  ZION. 


was  so  called  by  the  parliamentarians. 
His  father  Charles  I.  was  called  by  them 
"  The  Last  Man." 

Son  of  tHe  Bock,  echo. 

She  went.  She  called  on  Armar.  Nought  answered 
but  the  son  of  the  rock.— Ossian  :  The  Son^s  of  Stlma 

Sons  of  Phidias,  sculptors. 

Sons  of  Thunder  or  Boanerges, 
James  and  John,  sons  of  Zebedee.— J/ari 
iii.  17. 

Sonff.  The  Father  of  Modern  French 
Songs,  C.  F.  Panard  (1691-1765). 

Songf .  What  I  all  this  for  a  song  ? 
So  said  William  Cecil  lord  Burghley 
when  queen  Elizabeth  ordered  him  to^ 
give  Edmund  Spenser  j^ioo  as  an  ex-' 
pression  of  her  pleasure  at  some  verses 
he  had  presented  to  her.  When  a  peiv 
sion  of  £$0  a  year  was  settled  on  the 
poet,  lord  Burghley  did  all  in  his  power 
to  oppose  the  grant.  To  this  Spenser 
alludes  in  the  lines  following  : — 

Ogrriefof  grriefs!    O  gall  of  all  good  heart*  I 
To  see  that  virtue  should  despisfed  be 

Of  him  that  first  was  raised  for  virtuous  parts ; 
And  now,  broad-spreading  like  an  aged  tree. 
Lets  none  shoot  up  that  nigh  him  planted  be. 

Oh,  let  the  man  of  whom  the  Muse  is  scorned, 

Alive  nor  dead  be  of  the  Muse  adorned  1 

S/enser:  Tht  Ruins  of  Time  (1591). 

Songf  of  Solomon  (r^^r),  in  the  Old 

Testament.  Supposed  by  some  to  be  an 
allegory  of  the  union  between  Christ  and 
His  Church. 

I  saw  the  holy  city  [or  the  church] , . .  coming  down 
from  God  .  .  .  prepared  as  a  bride  ...  for  her  hus- 
band.—Aw.  xxi.  2. 

Song  of  the  Shirt  {The),  by  T. 

Hood  (1843).     It  begins — 

With  fingers  weary  and  worn, 
With  eyelids  heavy  and  red, 
A  woman  sat  in  unwomanly  rags, 
Plying  her  needle  and  thread 

Stitch,  stitch,  stitch ! 
In  poverty,  hunger,  and  dirt. 
And  still  with  a  voice  of  dolorous  pitch 
She  sang  "  The  song  of  the  shirt." 

Songfs  before  Sunrise,  a  volume 

of  poems  by  Swinburne  (1871). 

Song's  Divine  and  Moral,  by  Dr. 

Isaac  Watts  (1720). 

Songs  of  Degrees,  psalms  sung  by 
the  Jews  on  their  march  home  from 
Babylon  after  their  captivity.  They  are 
Pss.  cxx.  to  cxxxiv.,  and  were  subse- 
quently used  by  the  priests  as  they  went 
to  the  temple  for  daily  service. 

Songs  of  Zion,  by  James  Mont- 
gomery (1822). 


SONNAMBULA. 


1029 


SOPHOCLES. 


Sonnam'bnla  (La),  Ami'na  the 
miller's  daughter.  She  was  betrothed 
to  Elvi'no  a  rich  young  farmer,  but  the 
night  before  the  wedding  was  discovered 
in  the  bed  of  conte  Rodolpho.  This  very 
ugly  circumstance  made  the  farmer  break 
off  the  match,  and  promise  marriage  to 
Lisa  the  innkeeper's  daughter.  The 
count  now  interfered,  and  assured  Elvino 
that  the  miller's  daughter  was  a  sleep- 
walker, and  while  they  were  still  talking 
she  was  seen  walking  on  the  edge  of  the 
mill-roof  while  the  huge  mill-wheel  was 
turning  rapidly.  She  then  crossed  a 
crazy  old  bridge,  and  came  into  lhe,midst 
of  the  assembly,  when  she  woke  and  ran 
to  the  arms  of  her  lover.  Elvino,  con- 
vinced of  her  innocence,  married  her,  and 
Lisa  was  resigned  to  Alessio  whose  para- 
mour she  was. — Bellini's  opera,  La  Son- 
nambula  (1831). 

(Taken  from  a  melodrama  by  Romani, 
and  adapted  as  a  libretto  by  Scribe. ) 

Sonnets  of  Shakespeare  (?), 
published  in  i6og.  Described  in  the 
title-page  as  ' '  Shakspear's  Sonnets  never 
before  published."  Still  the  authorship 
is  doubtful. 

Sooterkin,  a  false  birth,  as  when  a 
woman  gives  birth  to  a  rat,  dog,  or  other 
monstrosity.  This  birth  is  said  to  be 
produced  by  Dutch  women,  from  their 
sitting  over  their  foot-stoves. 

Soper's  Lane  (London),  now  called 
"  Queen  Street." 

SopM,  in  Arabic,  means  "  pure,"  and 
therefore  one  of  the  pure  or  true  faith. 
As  a  royal  title,  it  is  tantamount  to 
"catholic"  or  "most  Christian." — Sel- 
den:  Titles  of  Honour,  vi.  76-7  (1614). 

SOFHI'A,  mother  of  Rollo  and  Otto 
dukes  of  Normandy.  Rollo  is  the 
"bloody  brother."  —  Fletcher:  The 
Bloody  Brother  (1639). 

SopMa,  wife  of  Mathias  a  Bohemian 
knight.  When  Mathias  went  to  take 
service  with  king  Ladislaus  of  Bohemia, 
the  queen  Honoria  fell  in  love  with  him, 
and  sent  Ubaldo  and  Ricardo  to  tempt 
Sophia  to  infidelity.  But  immediately 
Sophia  perceived  their  purpose,  she  had 
them  confined  in  separate  chambers,  and 
compelled  them  to  earn  their  living  by 
spinning. 

Sophia's  Picture.  When  Mathias  left, 
Sophia  gave  him  a  magic  picture,  which 
turned  yellow  if  she  were  tempted,  and 


black  if  she  yielded  to  the  temptation. 
— M as  singer  :  The  Picture  {\62.^). 

Sophi'a  [St.)  or  Agia  \_Aya'\  Sofi'a 
the  most  celebrated  mosque  of  Constanti- 
nople, once  a  Christian  church,  but  now 
a  Mohammedan  jamih.  It  is  260  feet 
long  and  230  feet  broad.  Its  dome  is 
supported  on  pillars  of  marble,  granite, 
and  green  jasper,  said  to  have  belonged 
to  the  temple  of  Diana  at  Ephesus. 

Sophia's  cupola  with  golden  gleam. 

Byron  :  Don  yuan,  v.  3  (1830). 

SopMa  {The  princess),  only  child  erf 
the  old  king  of  Lombardy,  in  love  with 
Paladore,  a  Briton,  who  saved  her  life  by 
killing  a  boar  which  had  gored  her  horse 
to  death.  She  was  unjustly  accused  of 
wantonness  by  duke  Bireno,  whom  the 
king  wished  her  to  marry,  but  whom  she 
rejected.  By  the  law  of  Lombardy,  this 
offence  was  punishable  by  death,  but  the 
accuser  was  bound  to  support  his  charge 
by  single  combat,  if  any  champion  chose 
to  fight  in  her  defence.  Paladore  chal- 
lenged the  duke,  and  slew  him.  The 
whole  villainy  of  the  charge  was  then 
exposed,  the  character  of  the  princess 
was  cleared,  and  her  marriage  with  Pala- 
dore concludes  the  play. — Jephson:  Tht 
Law  of  Lombardy  (1779). 

Sophia  [Freelove],  daughter  of  the 
Widow  Warren  by  her  first  husband. 
She  is  a  lovely,  innocent  girl,  passionately 
attached  to  Harry  Dornton  the  banker's 
son,  to  whom  ultimately  she  is  married. 
—Holcroft:  The  Road  to  Ruin  (1792). 

Sophia  [Primrose],  the  younger 
daughter  of  the  vicar  of  Wakefield,  soft, 
modest,  and  alluring.  Being  thrown 
from  her  horse  into  a  deep  stream,  she 
was  rescued  by  Mr.  Burchell,  alias  sir 
William  Thornhill.  Being  abducted,  she 
was  again  rescued  by  him,  and  finally 
married  him. — Goldsmith:  Vicar  of 
Wakefield  (1766). 

Sophia  [Sprightly],  a  young  lady 
of  high  spirits  and  up  to  fun.  Tukely 
loves  ■  her  sincerely,  and  knowing  her 
partiality  for  the  Hon.  Mr.  Daffodil, 
exposes  him  as  a  "male  coquette,"  of 
mean  spirit  and  without  manly  courage  ; 
after  which  she  rejects  him  with  scorn, 
and  gives  her  hand  and  heart  to  Tukely. 
— Garrick:  The  Male  Coquette  {1.71^). 

Sophocles,  the  Greek  tragedian. 
Complete  English  translations  by  Potter, 
1788;  by  Dale,  1824;  and  by  Plumptre, 

1865. 


SOPHONISBA. 


1030 


SOTENVILLE. 


(Professor  d'Arcy  Thompson  translated 
the  Ajax,  and  Dr.  Donaldson  the  Anti- 
gone, 4  syl. ) 

Sophocles  wrote  120  tragedies,  of  which  only  seven 
are  extant,  viz.  AJax,  AntigSne  (4  syl.),  EUctra, 
(Edifiis  at  Coloniis,  CEdipus  Tyrannus  (his  master- 
piece), Philoctites  (4  syl.),  and  Trachinia,  or  The 
Death  0/ Hercules. 

N,B. — EuripMSs  has  also  tragedies  on 
Electra  and  Hercules  Furens. 

Sophonislia,  daughter  of  Asdrubal, 
and  reared  to  detest  Rome.  She  was 
affianced  to  Masinissa  king  of  the  Numi- 
dians,  but  was  given  by  her  father  in 
marriage  to  Syphax.  Scipio  insisted  that 
this  marriage  should  be  annulled,  but  the 
Numidian  sent  her  a  bowl  of  poison,  which 
she  drank  without  hesitation. 

(This  subject  and  that  of  Cleopatra 
have  furnished  more  dramas  than  any 
other  whatsoever.  For  example,  we  have 
in  French:  J.  Mairet,  Sophonisbe  (1630) ; 
Pierre  Corneille ;  Lagrange-Chancel ; 
and  Voltaire,  In  Italian  :  Trissino  (1514) ; 
Alfieri  (1749-1803).  In  English  :  John 
Marston,  The  Wonder  of  Women  or  The 
Tragedy  of  Sophonisba  (1605) ;  Thomson, 
Sophonisba,  i72g.) 

*.•  In  Thomson's  tragedy  occurs  the 
line,  "  Oh  Sophonisba !  Sophonisba  oh  ! " 
which  was  parodied  by  ' '  Oh  Jemmy 
Thomson  1  Jemmy  Thomson  oh  I " 

There  is  a  striking  resemblance  between  Sophonisba 
and  Cleopatra:  both  were  beautiful  and  fascinating; 
both  had  married  young ;  both  held  their  conquerors  m 
the  bonds  of  love ;  both  killed  themselves  to  prevent 
being  made  Roman  captives. 

Sophrouia,  a  young  lady  who  was 
taught  Greek,  and  to  hate  men  who  were 
not  scholars.  Her  wisdom  taught  her  to 
gauge  the  wisdom  of  her  suitors,  and  to 
discover  their  shortcomings.  She  never 
found  one  up  to  the  mark,  and  now  she  is 
wrinkled  with  age,  and  talks  about  the 
"  beauties  of  the  mind." — Goldsmith:  A 
Citizen  of  the  World,  xxviii.  (1759). 

Sophrouia.  (See  Sofronia,  p.  1024.) 

Sophros'yne  (4  syl.),  one  of  Logis- 
tilla's  handmaids,  noted  for  her  purity, 
Sophrosjng  was  sent  with  Andronica  to 
conduct  Astolpho  safely  from  India  to 
Arabia.  — Ariosto:  Orlando Furioso{is^6). 

Sophy,  the  eldest  of  a  large  family. 
She  is  engaged  to  Traddles,  and  is  always 
spoken  of  by  him  as  "  the  dearest  girl  in 
the  world." — Dickens ;  David  Copperfield 
(1849}. 

Sops  of  [or  in]  Wiue.  Deptford 
pinks  are  so  called. 


Sora'no,  a  Neapolitan  noble,  brother 
of  Evanthe  (3  syl.)  "  the  wife  for  a 
month,"  and  the  infamous  mstrument  of 
Frederick  the  Ucentious  brother  of 
Alphonso  king  of  Naples. — Beaumont 
and  Fletcher:  A  Wife  for  a  Month  (1624). 

(Beaumont  died  1616.) 

Sordello,  a  Proven9al  poet,  whom 
Dantd  meets  in  purgatory,  sitting  apart. 
On  seeing  Virgil,  Sordello  springs  forward 
to  embrace  him. 

(R.  Browning  has  a  poem  called  Sor- 
dello, and  makes  Sordello  typical  of  Uberty 
and  human  perfectibility.) 

Sorel  {Agnes),  surnamed  La  dame  de 
Beauts,  not  from  her  personal  beauty, 
but  from  the  "  chiteau  de  Beauts,"  on 
the  banks  of  the  Marne,  given  to  her  by 
Charles  VII.  (1409-1450). 

Sorento  (in  Naples),  the  birthplace 
of  Torquato  Tasso,  the  Italian  poet. 

Sorrows  of  Werther,  a  mawkish, 
sentimental  novel  by  Goethe  (1774),  once 
extremely  popular.  "  Werther  "  is  Goethe 
himself,  who  loves  a  married  woman,  and 
becomes  disgusted  with  life  because 
"[Char]lotte  is  the  wife  of  his  friend 
Kestner." 

Werther,  infusing  itself  Into  the  core  and  whole  spirit 
of  literature,  gave  birth  to  a  race  of  sentimentalists,  who 
raged  and  wailed  in  every  part  of  the  world  till  better 
light  dawned  on  them,  or  at  any  rate  till  exhausted 
nature  laid  itself  to  sleep,  and  it  was  discovered  that 
lamenting  was  an  unproQuctive  labour. — Carlyle. 

Sosia  (in  Moli^re,  Sosie),  the  slave  ol 
Amphitryon.  When  Mercury  assumes 
the  form  of  Sosia,  and  Jupiter  that  of 
Amphitryon,  the  mistakes  and  confusion 
which  arise  resemble  those  of  the  brothers 
Antiph'olus  .  and  their  servants  the 
brothers  Dromio,  in  Shakespeare's  Comedy 
of  Errors.— Plautus,  Molure  (1668),  and 
Dry  den  (1690)  .•  Amphitryon. 

His  first  name  .  .  .  looks  out  upon  him  like  another 
Sosia,  or  as  if  a  man  should  suddenly  encounter  his  own 
duplicate. — C.  Lamb. 

Sosii,  brothers,  the  name  of  two  book- 
sellers at  Rome,  referred  to  by  Horace. 

So'tenville  {Mon.  le  baron  de), 
father  of  Ang^lique,  and  father-in-law 
of  George  Dandin.  His  wife  was  of  the 
house  of  Prudoterie,  and  both  boasted 
that  in  300  years  no  one  of  their  dis- 
tinguished Unes  ever  swerved  from 
virtue.  "  La  bravoure  n'y  est  pas  plus 
h^r^ditaire  aux  miles,  que  la  chastet^ 
aux  families."  They  lived  with  their 
son-in-law,  who  was  allowed  the  honour 
of  paying  their  debts,  and  receiving  a 
snubbing  every  time  he  opened  his  mouth 


I 


SOULIS.  1031 

that  he  might  be  taught  the  mysteries  of 
the  haut  monde.—Molilre  :  George  Daip- 
din  (1668). 

Soulis  {Lord  William),  a  man  of 
prodigious  strength,  cruelty,  avarice,  and 
treachery.  Old  Redcap  gave  him  a 
charmed  life,  which  nothing  could  affect 
"till  threefold  ropes  of  sand  were 
twisted  round  his  body."  Lord  Soulis 
waylaid  May  the  lady-love  of  the  heir 
of  Branxholm,  and  kept  her  in  durance 
till  she  promised  to  become  his  bride. 
Walter,  the  brother  of  the  young  heir, 
raised  his  father's  liegemen  and  invested 
the  castle.  Lord  Soulis  having  fallen 
into  the  hands  of  the  liegemen,  ' '  they 
wrapped  him  in  lead,  and  flung  him  into 
a  caldron,  till  lead,  bones,  and  all  were 
melted." — John  Leyden  (1802). 

N.B.— The  caldron  is  still  shown  in 
the  Skelfhill  at  Ninestane  Rig,  part  of  the 
range  of  hills  which  separates  Liddesdale 
and  Teviotdale. 

South.  [Squire),  the  archduke  Charles 
of  Austria.—^  rbuthnot :  History  of  John 
Bull  (17 12). 

South  Britain,  all  the  island  of 
Great  Britain  except  Scotland,  which  is 
called  "  North  Britain." 

South  Sea  ( The),  the  Pacific  Ocean  ; 
so  called  by  Vasco  Nuiiez  de  Balboa,  in 
1513.    (See  Mississippi  Bubble,  p.  712.) 

Southampton  [The  earl  of),  the 
friend  of  the  earl  of  Essex,  and  involved 
with  him  in  the  charge  of  treason,  but 
pardoned. — Jones:  The  Earl  of  Essex 
(1745)- 

Sovereigfns  of  England  [Mortual 
Days  of  the). 

Sunday:  six,  viz.  Henry  I.,  Ed- 
ward IIL,  James  L,  William  IIL,  Anne, 
George  L 

Monday  :  six,  viz.  Stephen,  Henry 
IV.,  Henry  V.,  Richard  HL,  Elizabeth, 
Mary  H.     (Richard  H.  deposed:) 

Tuesday:  four,  viz.  Richard  L, 
Charles  L,  Charles  H.,  William  IV. 
(Edward  II.  resigned,  and  James  II.  ab- 
dicated. ) 

Wednesday  :  four,  viz.  John,  Henry 
III.,  Edward  IV.,  Edward  V.  (Henry 
VI.  deposed.) 

Thursday  :  five,  viz.  William  I., 
William  IL,  Henry  \\.,  Edward  VI., 
Mary  I. 

Friday  :  three,  viz.  Edward  I., 
Heary  VIII.,  CromweU. 


SOW. 


Saturday:  four,  viz.  Henry  VII., 
George  IL,  George  IH.,  George  IV. 

That  is,  6  Sunday  and  Monday ;  5 
Thursday ;  4  Tuesday,  Wednesday,  and 
Saturday  ;  and  3  Friday. 

Anne,  August  1  (Old  Style).  August  la  (New  Style), 
1714. 

CHARLES  I.,  January 30, 1648-9  ;  CHARLES  II.,  Feb- 
ruary 6, 1684-5 ;  Cromwell  died  September  3, 1658; 
burnt  at  Tyburn,  January  30,  1661. 

EDWARn  1.,  July  7,  1307  ;  EUWARD  III.,  June  ai, 
1377;  Edward  IV.,  April  9,  1483;  Edward  v., 
June  as.  1482;  EDWARD  VI.,  July 6, 1553;  ELIZABETH, 
March  24.  1602-3. 

George  I..  June  it.  1727 ;  George  II.,  October  25, 
1760;  George  III.,  January  29,  i8ao;  GEORGE  IV., 
June  26.  1830. 

HENRY  I.,  December  i.  1135  ;  HENRY  II..  July  6, 
1189;  HENRY  III..  November  16,  1272;  HENRY  IV., 
March  20,  1412-3 ;  HENRY  V.,  August  31,  1422; 
Henry  VI.,  deposed  March  4,  1460-1  ;  HENRY  VII., 
April  21,  1509;  HENRY  VIII.,  January  28,  1546-7. 

JAMES  1.,   March  27,  1625;   JAMES  II.,  abdicated 
December  ii.  1688 ;  JOHN.  October  19,  1216. 
..Mary  I.,  November  17, 1558;  Mary  II..  December 
87,  1694. 

RICHARD  I.,  April  6,  1199 ;  RICHARD  II.,  deposed 
September  29,  1399  ;  RICHARD  III..  August  22,  1485. 

STEPHEN.  October  25,  1154. 

WILLIAM  I.,  September  9.  1087;  WILLIAM  II., 
August  2.  iioo;  WILLIAM  III.,  March  8.  1701-2; 
WILLIAM  IV.,  June  20,  1837. 

•.•Edward  II.  resigned  Tuesday,  January  20,  1327, 
and  was  murdered  Monday.  September  21,  1327. 
Henry  VI.  deposed  Wednesday,  March  4,  1461,  again 
Sunday,  April  14,  1471,  and  died  Wednesday,  May  22, 
1471.  James  II.  abdicated  Tuesday,  December  11, 
1688.  and  rfiVrf  at  St.  Germain's,  1701.  Richard  \l.  de- 
*osed  Monday,  September  29,  1399.  died  the  last  week 
in  February,  1400;  but  his  death  was  not  announced 
till  Friday.  March  12.  1400.  when  a  dead  body  was 
exhibited  said  to  be  that  of  the  deceased  king. 

Of  the  sovereigns,  eight  have  died  between  the  ages 
of  60  and  70.  two  between  70  and  80.  and  one  has 
exceeded  80  years  of  age.  Queen  Victoria  was  78  on 
May  24,  1897. 

William  I.  60,  Henry  I.  67,  Henry  III.  65,  Edward  I. 
68,  Edward  III.  65,  ElLzabeth  69,  Georg«  I.  67.  George 
IV.  68, 

George  II.  77.  William  IV.  72.— George  III.  82. 

Length  of  reign.  Five  have  reigned  between  20  and 
30  years,  seven  between  30  and  40  years,  one  between 
40  and  50  years,  and  four  above  50  years. 

William  I..  20  years  8  months  r6  days;  Richard  II., 
22  years  3  months  8  days;  Henry  Vll.,  23  years  8 
months ;  James  I..  22  years  4  days  ;  Charles  I.,  23 years 
xo  months  4  days. 

Henry  I..  35  years  3  months  ^  days;  Henry  II..  34 


years  6  months  17  days ;  Edward  I.,  34  years  7  months 
i8  days ;  Henry  VI.,  38  years  6  months  4  days ;  He 
VIII.,  37  years  9  months  7  days;  Charles  II. +  Cr 


well,  36  years  8  days ;  George  II.,  33  years  4  months 
IS  days. 

Elizabeth,  44  years  4  months  8  days. 

Henry  III.,  56  years  20  days ;  Edward  III.,  50  years 
4  months  28  days;  George  III.,  59  years  3  months 
4  days ;  Victoria  completed  her  60th  year's  reign 
June  20,  1897.  and  is  still  on  the  throne  (April.  1898.) 

Sow  {A),  a  machine  of  war.  It  was 
a  wooden  shed  which  went  on  wheels, 
the  roof  being  ridged  like  a  hog's  back. 
Being  thrust  close  to  the  wall  of  a  place 
besieged,  it  served  to  protect  the  be- 
sieging party  from  the  arrows  hurled 
against  them  from  the  walls.  When 
the  countess  of  March  (called  "Black 
Agnes"),  in  1335,  saw  one  of  these 
engines  advancing  towards  her  castle,  she 


sow  OF  DALLWEIR. 


X033 


SPANISH  LADY. 


called  out  to  the  earl  of  Salisbury,  who 
commanded  the  engineers — 

Beware,  Montafrow, 
For  farrow  shall  thy  sow ; 

and  then  had  such  a  huge  fragment  of 
rock  rolled  on  the  engine  that  it  dashed 
it  to  pieces.  When  she  saw  the  English 
soldiers  running  away,  the  countess 
called  out.  "  Lo  1  lo  1  the  litter  of 
Enghsh  pigs  !" 

Sow  of  Dallweir,  named  "  Hen- 
wen,"  went  burrowing  through  Wales, 
and  leaving  in  one  place  a  grain  of  barley, 
in  another  a  little  pig,  a  few  bees,  a 
grain  or  two  of  wheat,  and  so  on,  and 
these  made  the  places  celebrated  for  the 
particular  produce  ever  after. 

•.'It  is  supposed  that  the  sow  was 
really  a  ship,  and  that  the  keeper  of  the 
sow,  named  Coll  ab  Collfrewi,  was  the 
captain  of  the  vessel — Welsh  Triads, 
Ivi. 

Sowerberry,  the  parochial  under- 
taker, to  whom  Oliver  Twist  is  bound 
when  he  quits  the  workhouse.  Sower- 
berry  was  not  a  badly  disposed  man,  and 
he  treated  Oliver  with  a  certain  measure 
of  kindness  and  consideration  ;  but  Oliver 
was  ill-treated  by  Mrs.  Sowerberry,  and 
bullied  by  a  big  boy  called  Noah  Clay- 
pole.  Being  one  day  greatly  exasperated 
by  the  bully,  Oliver  gave  him  a  thorough 
"drubbing,"  whereupon  Charlotte  the 
maidservant  set  upon  him  like  a  fury, 
scratched  his  face,  and  held  him  fast 
till  Noah  Claypole  had  pummelled  him 
within  an  inch  of  his  life.  Three  against 
one  was  too  much  for  the  lad,  so  he  ran 
z.\\Q.y.  — Dickens  :  Oliver  Tzvisl  {1827). 

Sowerberry  was  a  tall,  gaunt,  large-jointed  man. 
Mrs.  Sowerberry  was  a  short,  thin,  squeezed-up  wo- 
man, with  a  vixenish  countenance. 

Sowerberry,  a  misanthrope.  — 
Brough :  A  Phenomenon  in  a  Smock 
Frock. 

Sowerbrowst  {Mr.),  the  maltster. 
—Sir  W.  Scott :  St.  Ronan's  Well  (time, 
George  III.). 

Soyer  [Alexis),  a  celebrated  cook, 
appointed,  in  1837,  chef  de  cuisine  to  the 
Reform  Club.  Alexis  Soyer  \Swi-yed\ 
was  the  author  of  several  works,  as  The 
Gastronomic  Regenerator,  The  Poor  Man's 
Regenerator,  The  Modern  Housewife,  etc. 
(died  1858). 

Spado,  an  impudent  rascal  in  the 
band  of  don  Caesar  {called  ' '  captain 
Ramirez"),    who  tricks  every  one,   and 


delights  in  mischief.— 0'A'<f<f/<r;  Castle  of 
Andalusia  {1798). 

Ouick's  great  parts  were  "  Isaac,"  "  Tony  Lumpkin," 
•'  Spado,"  and  "  sir  Christopher  Z\azy."— Records  of  a 
Stast  Veteran. 

("  Isaac,"  in  the  Duenna,  by  Sheridan  ; 
"  Tony  Lumpkin,"  in  She  Stoops  to  Con- 
quer, by  Goldsmith;  "sir  Christopher 
Curry,"  in  Inkle  and  Yarico,  by  G. 
Colman. ) 

Spahis,  native  Algerian  cavalry 
officered  by  Frenchmen.  The  infantry 
are  called  Turcos. 

Spanish  Brutus  [The),  Alfonso 
Perez  de  Guzman,  governor  of  Tarifa  in 
1293.  Here  he  was  besieged  by  the 
infant  don  Juan,  who  had  Guzman's  son 
in  his  power,  and  threatened  to  kill  him 
unless  Tarifa  was  given  up.  Alfonso 
replied,  ' '  Sooner  than  be  guilty  of  such 
treason,  I  will  lend  Juan  a  dagger  to 
carry  out  his  threat ; "  and  so  saying,  he 
tossed  his  dagger  over  the  wall.  Juan, 
unable  to  appreciate  this  patriotism,  slew 
the  young  man  without  remorse. 

(Lopg  de  Vega  has  dramatized  this 
incident.) 

Spanisb.  Curate  {The),  Lopez.— 
Fletcher :  The  Spanish  Curate  (1622). 

Spanish  Pryar  {The),  a  drama  by 
Dryden  (1680).  It  contains  two  plots, 
wholly  independent  of  each  other.  The 
serious  element  is  this  :  Leonora,  the 
usurping  queen  of  Aragon,  is  promised 
in  marriage  to  duke  Bertran,  a  prince  of 
the  blood  ;  but  is  in  love  with  Torrismond 
general  of  the  army,  who  turns  out  to  be 
the  son  and  heir  of  king  Sancho,  supposed 
to  be  dead.  Sancho  is  restored  to  his 
throne,  and  Leonora  marries  Torrismond. 
The  comic  element  is  the  illicit  love  of 
colonel  Lorenzo  for  Elvira,  the  wife  of 
Gomez  a  rich  old  banker.  Dominick  (the 
Spanish  fryar)  helps  on  this  scandalous 
amour,  but  it  turns  out  that  Lorenzo  and 
Elvira  are  brother  and  sister. 

Spanish  Pury  {The),  the  historical 
name  for  the  attack  upon  Antwerp  by  the 
Spaniards,  November  4,  1576,  which  re- 
sulted in  the  pillage  and  burning  of  the 
place  and  a  terrible  massacre  of  the  in- 
habitants. 

Spanish  Gypsy  {TheV  a  dramatic 
poem  by  George  Eliot  (Mrs.  J.  W. 
Cross,  1867). 

Spanish  Lady  {The),  a  ballad  con- 
tained in  Percy's  Reliques,  \\.  23.  A 
Spanish    lady   fell  in  love   with  captain 


SPANISH  MAIN.  1033 


SPEAR. 


Popham,  whose  prisoner  she  was.  A 
command  being  sent  to  set  all  the  pri- 
soners free,  the  lady  prayed  the  gallant 
captain  to  make  her  his  wife.  The 
Englishman  replied  that  he  could  not 
do  so,  as  he  was  married  already.  On 
hearing  this,  the  Spanish  lady  gave  him 
a  chain  of  gold  and  a  pearl  bracelet  to 
take  to  his  wife,  and  told  him  that  she 
should  retire  to  a  nunnery  and  spend  the 
rest  of  her  life  praying  for  their  happiness. 

It  will  be  stuck  up  with  the  ballad  of  Margarets 
Ghost  [q  ■».!  and  the  Spanish  Lady,  against  the  walls 
of  every  cottage  in  the  zovxAr^.—Bickcrstaff:  Love  in 
a  Villa.^e  (1763). 

Spanisli  Main  {The),  the  coast 
along  the  north  part  of  South  America. 

A  parrot  from  the  Spanish  main. 

Campbell. 

Spanisli  Student  ( The),  a  dramatic 
poem  by  Longfellow  (1845). 

Spanisli  Traffedy  {The),  by  T. 
Kyd  (1597).  Horatio  (son  of  Hieronimo^ 
is  murdered  while  he  is  sitting  in  an 
arbour  with  Belimperia.  Balthazar,  the 
rival  of  Horatio,  commits  the  murder, 
assisted  by  Belimperia's  brother  Lorenzo. 
The  murderers  hang  the  dead  body  on  a 
tree  in  the  garden,  where  Hieronimo, 
roused  by  the  cries  of  Belimperia,  dis- 
covers it,  and  goes  raving  mad. 

Spanker  {Lady  Gay),  in  London  As- 
surance, by  D.  Boucicault  (1841). 

Dazzle  and  lady  Gay  Spanker  "act  themselves,"  and 
will  never  be  dropped  out  of  the  list  of  acting  plays.— 
Percy  Fitzgerald. 

Sparalsel'la,  a  shepherdess  in  love 
with  D'Urfey,  but  D'Urfey  loves  Clum'- 
siUs,  "the  fairest  shepherd  wooed  the 
foulest  lass."  Sparabella  resolves  to  kill 
herself;  but  how?  Shall  she  cut  her 
windpipe  with  a  penknife?  "No,"  she 
says,  "squeaking  pigs  die  so."  Shall 
she  suspend  herself  to  a  tree?  "No," 
she  says,  "dogs  die  in  that  fashion." 
Shall  she  drown  herself  in  the  pool? 
"No,"  she  says,  "scolding  queans  die 
so,"  And  while  in  doubt  how  to  kill 
herself,  the  sun  goes  down,  and 

The  prudent  maiden  deemed  it  then  too  late. 
And  till  to-morrow  came  deferred  her  fate. 

Gay  .  Pastoral,  iii.  (1714). 

Sparkisll,  "  the  prince  of  coxcombs," 
a  fashionable  fool,  and  "a  cuckold  before 
marriage."  Sparkish  is  engaged  to 
Alithea  Moody,  but  introduces  to  her 
his  friend  Harcourt,  allows  him  to  make 
love  to  her  before  his  face,  and,  of  course, 
is  jilted.— rA(?  Country  Girl  (Garrick, 
altered  from  Wycherly's  Country  Wife, 
167s). 


William  Mountford  [1660-1692]  flourished  in  days 
when  the  ranting  tragedies  of  Nat  I^eeand  the  jingling 
plays  of  Dryden  .  .  .  held  possession  of  the  stage. 
His  most  important  characters  were  "Alexander  the 
Great "  \by  Lee],  and  "  Castalio,"  in  the  Orphan  [by 
Otrvay].  Gibber  highly  commends  his  "  Sparkish."— 
Dutton  Cook. 

Sparkler  {Edmund),  son  of  Mrs. 
Merdle  by  her  first  husband.  He  married 
Fanny,  sister  of  Little  Dorrit.  Edmund 
Sparkler  was  a  very  large  man,  called 
in  his  own  regiment,  "  Quinbus  Flestrin, 
junior,  or  the  Young  Man-Mountain." 

Mrs.  Sparkler,  Edmund's  wife.  She 
was  very  pretty,  very  self-willed,  and 
snubbed  her  husband  in  most  approved 
{2i%\\\OTi.— Dickens  :  Little  Dorrit  (1857). 

Sparsit  {Mrs. ),  housekeeper  to  Josiah 
Bounderby,  banker  and  mill-owner  at 
Coketown.  Mrs.  Sparsit  is  a  "highly 
connected  lady,"  being  the  great-niece  of 
lady  Scadgers.  She  had  a  "  Cortolanian 
nose,  and  dense  black  eyebrows,"  was 
much  believed  in  by  her  master,  who, 
when  he  married,  made  her  "keeper  of 
the  bank."  Mrs.  Sparsit,  in  collusion 
with  the  light  porter  Bitzer,  then  acted 
the  spy  on  Mr.  Bounderby  and  his  young 
wife. — Dickens:  Hard  Times  (1854). 

Spartan  Broth,  sorry  fare. 

The  promoters  would  be  reduced  to  dine  on  Spartan 
broth  in  Leicester  Square.— ZJatVy  News,  February 
25.  1879. 

Spartan  Dogf  {A),  a  bloodhound. 

O  Spartan  dog  1 
More  fell  than  anguish,  hunger,  or  the  sea  ! 

Shakespeare:  Othello,  act  v.  sc.  2  (1611). 

Spartan  Mother  {The),  said  to  her 
son  going  to  battle,  as  she  handed  him 
his  shield,  "My  son,  return  'witk\X\\s  or 
on  it,"  i.e.  come  back  with  it  as  a  con- 
queror or  be  brought  back  on  it  as  one 
slain  in  fight ;  but  by  no  means  be  a 
fugitive  or  suffer  the  enemy  to  be  the 
victorious  party. 

Why  should  I  not  play 
The  Spartan  mother  J 

Tennyson  :  The  Princess,  H. 

Spasmodic  School  {The),  certain 
authors  of  the  nineteenth  century,  whose 
writings  abound  in  spasmodic  phrases, 
startling  expressions,  and  words  used  out 
of  their  common  acceptation.  Carlyle, 
noted  for  his  Germanic  English,  is  the 
chief  of  this  school.  Others  are  Bailey 
author  of  Festus,  Sydney  Dobell,  GilfiUan, 
and  Alexander  Smith. 

(Professor  Aytoun  gibbeted  this  class 
of  writers  in  his  Firmilian,  a  Spasmodic 
Tragedy,  1854.) 

Spear.  When  a  king  of  the  ancient 
Caledonians  abdicated,  he  gave  his  spear 


SPEAR  OF  ACHILLES, 


1034     SPEECH  IN  DUMB  ANIMALS. 


to  his  successor,  and  "raised  a  stone  on 
high  "  as  a  record  to  future  generations. 
Beneath  the  stone  he  placed  a  sword  in 
the  earth  and  "  one  bright  boss  from  his 
shield." 

When  thou,  O  stone,  shalt  moulder  down  and  lose 
thee  in  the  moss  of  years,  then  shall  the  traveller  come, 
and  whistling  pass  away.  .  .  .  Here  Fing-al  resig^ned  his 
spear,  after  the  last  of  ms  fields. — Ossian  :  Temora,  viii. 

The  Forward  Spear,  a  sign  of  hostility. 
In  the  Ossianic  times,  when  a  stranger 
landed  on  a  coast,  if  he  held  the  point  of 
his  spear  forwards,  it  indicated  hostile 
intentions ;  but  if  he  held  the  point 
behind  him,  it  was  a  token  that  he  came 
as  a  friend. 

"  Are  his  heroes  many!  "  said  Cairbar;  "  and  lifts  ho 
the  spear  of  battle,  or  comes  the  king  in  peace  T  "  "la 
peace  he  comes  not,  king  of  Erin.  I  have  seen  his 
forward  spear." — Ossian  :  Temora,  i. 


Spear  of  Achilles.  Telgphos,  son- 
in-law  of  Priam,  opposed  the  Greeks  in 
their  voyage  to  Troy.  A  severe  contest 
ensued,  and  Achillas  with  his  spear 
wounded  the  Mysian  king  severely.  He 
was  told  by  an  oracle  that  the  wound 
could  be  cured  only  by  the  instrument 
which  gave  it ;  so  he  sent  to  Achillas  to 
effect  his  cure.  The  surly  Greek  replied 
he  was  no  physician,  and  would  have 
dismissed  the  messengers  with  scant 
courtesy,  but  Ulysses  whispered  in  his 
ear  that  the  aid  of  Telephos  was  required 
to  direct  them  on  their  way  to  Troy. 
Achillas  now  scraped  some  rust  from  his 
spear,  which,  being  applied  to  the  wound, 
healed  it.  This  so  conciliated  Telephos 
that  he  conducted  the  fleet  to  Troy,  and 
even  took  part  in  the  war  against  his 
father-in-law. 

Achillas'  and  his  father's  javelin  caused 
Pain  first,  and  then  the  boon  of  health  restored. 
Dante  :  Hell,  xxxi.  (1300). 
And  other  loUc  have  wondered  on  .  .  .  Achilles'  .  .  . 

spere, 
For  he  couthe  with  it  bothe  heale  and  dere. 

Chaucer:  Canterbury  Tales  ("The  Squire's 
Tale,"  1388). 
Whose  smile  and  frown,  like  to  Achilles'  spear, 
Is  able  with  the  change  to  kill  and  cure. 

Shakespeare  :  a  Henry  VI.  act  v.  sc.  1  (1591). 

• .  •  Probably  Telephos  was  cured  by  the 
plant  called  Achillea  (milfoil  or  yarrow), 
still  used  in  medicine  as  a  tonic,  "The 
leaves  were  at  one  time  much  used  for 
healing  wounds,  and  are  still  employed 
for  this  purpose  in  Scotland,  Germany, 
France,  and  other  countries,"  Achillas 
(the  man)  made  the  wound,  achill^s  (the 
plant)  healed  it. 

Milfoil  is  called  Achilea  from  Achtlles,  who  was 
taught  botany  by  Chiron.  Linnaeus  recommends  it 
as  a  most  excellent  vulnerary  and  stiptic. 

Spears  of  Spyiafifliow  (TA^  Three), 


in  the  troop  of  Fitzurse. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I, ). 

Spectator  (TA^),  a  series  of  essays, 
edited  by  Addison,  from  March,  171 1,  to 
December,  1712  (555  numbers).  Resumed 
in  1714,  Pope  contributed  his  Messiah  to 
one  of  the  series.  Sir  Roger  de  Coverley 
and  Will  Honeycomb  are  excellent  cha- 
racters introduced. 

The  Spectator  Is  a  gentleman  brought  up  at  the 
university,  who  has  travelled,  and  finely  settles  in 
London.  He  goes  about  with  his  eyes  open,  and 
tells  us  about  the  theatres,  about  Wills,  about  Child, 
and  about  St.  James.  He  takes  sir  Roger  about,  and 
thus  furnishes  a  number  of  other  excellent  essays. 


Speech  ascribed  to  Dumb  Ani- 
mals— 

(i)  Al  Borak,  the  animal  which  con- 
veyed Mahomet  to  the  seventh  heaven. 
He  not  only  spoke  good  Arabic,  but  had 
also  a  human  face. 

(2)  Arion,  the  wonderful  horse  which 
Hercules  gave  to  Adrastos.  It  not  only 
spoke  good  Greek,  but  both  his  near  feet 
were  those  of  a  man. 

(3)  Balaam's  Ass  spoke  Hebrew  to 
Balaam  on  one  occasion, — Numb,  xxii, 

(4)  The  Black  Pigeons,  one  of  which 
gave  the  responses  in  the  temple  of  Am- 
mon,  and  the  other  in  Dodona, — Classic 
Story. 

(5)  The  Bulbul-Hezar,  which  had 
not  only  human  speech,  but  was  oracular 
also.  —Arabian  Nights  ("The  Two 
Sisters  "), 

(6)  Comrade,  Fortunio's  horse,  spoke 
with  the  voice  of  a  man. — Comtesse  D  Aul' 
nay  :  Fairy  Tales  ("  Fortunio"). 

(7)  The  little  Green  Bird,  which  Fair- 
star  obtained  possession  of,  not  only 
answered  in  words  any  questions  asked 
it,  but  was  also  prophetic  and  oracular. — 
Comtesse  D'Aulnoy:  Fairy  Tales  {"  Chery 
and  Fairstar  "), 

(8)  Katmir,  the  dog  of  the  Seven 
Sleepers,  spoke  Greek, — Al  Koran,  xviii. 

(9)  SXleh's  Camel  used  to  go  about 
crying,  in  good  Arabic,  "  Ho  !  every  one 
that  wanteth  milk,  let  him  come,  and  I 
will  give  it  him." — Sale:  Al  Koran,  vii. 
'notes), 

(10)  The  Serpent  which  tempted  Eve 
to  eat  of  the  forbidden  fruit. — Gen.  iii. 

(11)  Temliha,  the  king  of  serpents, 
had  the  gift  of  human  speech. — Comte 
de  Calyus:  Oriental  T^a/^j  ("  History  of 
Aboutaleb  "). 

(12)  Xanthos,  one  of  the  horses  of 
Achillas,  announced  to  the  hero,  in  good 


SPEECH  CONCEALS  THOUGHT.  1035 


SPIDER'S  NET. 


Greek,  his  approaching  death. — Classic 
Fable. 

N.B. — Frithjof's  ship,  Elltda,  could 
not  speak,  but  it  understood  what  was 
said  to  it  (p.  999).     (See  Temliha.  ) 

Speech  given  to  Conceal 
Thoug'ht.  La  parole  a  iti  donnie  d 
I'hoynme  pour  diguiser  la  penser  or  pour 
Taider  d  cacher  sa  pensie.  Talleyrand 
is  usually  credited  with  this  sentence, 
but  captain  Gronow,  in  his  Recollections 
and  Anecdotes,  asserts  that  the  words  were 
those  of  count  Montrond,  a  wit  and  poet, 
called  "  the  most  agreeable  scoundrel  and 
most  pleasant  reprobate  in  the  court  of 
Marie  Antoinette." 

IT  Voltaire,  in  Le  Chapon  et  la  Pou- 
larde,  says,  "  lis  n'employent  les  paroles 
que  pour  d^guiser  lours  pens6es." 

1  Goldsmith,  in  The  Bee,  iii.  (October 
20,  1759),  has  borrowed  the  same  thought : 
"  The  true  use  of  speech  is  not  so  much 
to  express  our  wants  as  to  conceal  them." 

Speech-Makers  [Bad). 

Addison  could  not  make  a  speech.  He 
attempted  once  in  the  House  of  Commons, 
and  said,  ' '  Mr.  Speaker,  I  conceive — I 
conceive,  sir — sir,  I  conceive "  Where- 
upon a  member  exclaimed,  "The  right 
honourable  secretary  of  state  has  con- 
ceived thrice,  and  brought  forth  nothing." 

Campbell  ( Thomas)  once  tried  to 
make  a  speech,  but  so  stuttered  and  stam- 
mered that  the  whole  table  was  convulsed 
with  laughter, 

Cicero,  the  great  orator,  never  got 
over  his  nervous  terror  till  he  warmed  to 
his  subject. 

Irving  (  Washington),  even  with  a 
speech  written  out  and  laid  before  him, 
could  not  deliver  it  without  a  breakdown. 
In  fact,  he  could  hardly  utter  a  word  in 
public  without  trembiing. 

Moore  {Thomas)  could  never  make  a 
speech. 

(Dickens  and  prince  Albert  always 
spoke  well  and  fluently.) 

Speed,  an  inveterate  punster  and  the 
clownish  servant  of  Valentine  one  of  the 
two  "  gentlemen  of  Verona." — Shake- 
speare: The  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona 
(1594)- 

Speed  the  Farting  Guest. 

Welcome  the  coming,  speed  the  parting  guest. 
Pope  :  Homer's  Odyssey  (1725). 

Speed  the  Plough,  a  comedy  by 
Thomas  Morton  (1798).  Farmer  Ash- 
field    brings   up  a  boy   named    Henry, 


greatly  beloved  by  every  one.  This  Henry 
is  in  reality  the  son  of  "  Morrington," 
younger  brother  of  sir  Philip  Blandford. 
The  two  brothers  fixed  their  love  on  the 
same  lady,  but  the  younger  married  her. 
Whereupon  sir  Philip  stabbed  him  to  the 
heart  and  fully  thought  him  to  be  dead ; 
but  after  twenty  years  the  wounded  man 
reappeared  and  claimed  his  son.  Henry 
marries  his  cousin  Emma  Blandford ; 
and  the  farmer's  daughter,  Susan,  marries 
Robert  only  son  of  sir  Abel  Handy. 

Spenlow  {Mr.),  father  of  Dora  {q.v.). 
He  was  a  proctor,  to  whom  David  Cop- 
perfield  was  articled.  Mr.  Spenlow  was 
killed  in  a  carriage  accident. 

Misses  Lavinia  and  Clarissa  Spenlow, 
two  spinster  aunts  of  Dora  Spenlow,  with 
whom  she  lived  at  the  death  of  her  father. 

They  were  not  unlike  birds  altog'ether,  having  a 
sharp,  brisk,  sudden  manner,  and  a  little,  short,  spruce 
■way  of  adjusting  themselves,  like  canaries. — Dickens: 
David  Copperfield,  xli.  (1849). 

Spens  {Sir  Patrick),  a  Scotch  hero, 
sent  in  the  winter-time  on  a  mission  to 
Norway.  His  ship,  in  its  home  passage, 
was  wrecked  against  the  Papa  Stronsay, 
and  every  one  on  board  was  lost.  The 
incident  has  furnished  the  subject  of  a 
famous  old  Scotch  ballad. 

Spenser  of  Eng-lish  Prose-Wri- 
ters {The),  Jeremy   Taylor  (1613-1667). 

From  Spenser  to  Flecknoe,  that  is,  from 
the  top  to  the  bottom  of  all  poetry  ;  from 
the  subhme  to  the  ridiculous. — Dryden: 
Comment  on  Spenser,  etc. 

Spenser's  Monument,  in  West- 
minster Abbey,  was  erected  by  Anne 
Clifford  countess  of  Dorset. 

Spider.  Bruce  and  the  Spider.  (See 
Bruce,  p.  153.) 

Spider  and  the  Plie  {The),  an 
allegory,  in  seven-line  stanzas,  of  the  con- 
tention of  the  protestants  {spiders)  and 
the  flies  {catholics)  {iss^)-  (See  The  Hind 
AND  THE  Panther,  by  Dryden  (1687), 
p.  492.) 

Spider  Cure  for  Pever  {A). 

Only  beware  of  the  fever,  my  friends,  beware  of  the 

fever. 
For  it  is  not,  like  that  of  our  cold  Acadian  climate, 
Cured  by  the  wearing  a  spider  hung  round  one's  neck 

in  a  nutshell. 

Long/ellow  :  Evangeline,  U.  3  (1849). 

Spider's  Net  {A).  When  Mahomet 
fled  from  Mecca,  he  hid  in  a  cave,  and  a 
spider  wove  its  net  over  the  entrance. 
When  the  Koreishites  came  thither,  they 
passed  on,  being  fully  persuaded  that  no 


SPIDERS. 


1036 


SPLENDID  SHILLING. 


one  had  entered  the  cave,  because  the 
cobweb  was  not  broken. 

IT  In  the  Talmud,  we  are  told  that 
David,  in  his  flight,  hid  himself  in  the 
cave  of  AduUam,  and  a  spider  spun  its 
net  over  the  opening.  When  Saul  came 
up  and  saw  the  cobweb,  he  passed  on, 
under  the  same  persuasion. 

Spiders  {Unlucky  to  kill).  This 
especially  refers  to  those  small  spiders 
called  "money-spinners,"  which  prog- 
nosticate good  luck.  Probably  because 
they  appear  in  greater  numbers  on  a  fine 
morning ;  although  some  say  the  fine  day 
is  the  precursor  of  rain. 

Spynners  ben  token  ot  divynation,  and  of  knowing 
what  wether  shal  fal,  for  oft  by  weders  that  shal  fal 
some  spin  and  weve  higher  and  lower,  and  multytuda 
)vnners  ever  betoken  moche  tcyne.—Bcrthclot: 


Spiders  Indicators  of  Gold.    In 

the  sixteenth  century  it  was  generally 
said  that  "  Spiders  be  true  signs  of  great 
stores  of  gold ; "  and  the  proverb  arose 
thus :  While  a  passage  to  Cathay  was  being 
sought  by  the  north-west,  a  man  brought 
home  a  stone,  which  was  pronounced  to 
be  gold,  and  caused  such  a  ferment  that 
several  vessels  were  fitted  out  for  the 
express  purpose  of  collecting  cold.  Fro- 
bisher,  in  1577,  found,  in  one  of  the 
islands  on  which  he  landed,  similar  stones, 
and  an  enormous  quantity  of  spiders. 

Spidireen(7'A^).  If  a  sailor  is  asked 
to  what  ship  he  belongs,  and  does  not 
choose  to  tell,  he  says,  "The  spidireen 
frigate  with  nine  decks, " 

IT  Officers  who  do  not  choose  to  tell 
their  quarters,  give  B.K.S.  as  their 
address,  i.e.  BarracKS. 

Spindle  (Jack),  the  son  of  a  man  of 
fortune.  Having  wasted  his  money  in 
riotous  living,  he  went  to  a  friend  to 
borrow  ;^ioo.  "  Let  me  see,  you  want 
;^ioo,  Mr.  Spindle ;  let  me  see,  would 
not /50  do  for  the  present?"  "Well," 
said  jack,  "  if  you  have  not  ;^ioo,  I  must 
be  contented  with  £so-"  "Dear  me, 
Mr.  Spindle  !  "  said  the  friend,  "  I  find  I 
have  but _^ 20 about  me."  "  Never  mind," 
said  Ja^,k,  "  I  must  borrow  the  other 
^^30  of  some  other  friend."  "Just  so, 
Mr.  Spindle,  just  so,  By-the-by,  would 
it  not  be  far  better  to  borrow  the  whole 
of  that  friend,  and  then  one  note  of  hand 
will  serve  for  the  whole  sum?  Good 
morning,  Mr.  Spindle;  delighted  to  see 
you  !  Tom,  see  the  gentleman  down." — 
Goldsmith  :  The  Bee,  iii.  (1759). 


Spirit  of  tlie  Age  {The),  a  series 
of  criticisms  on  the  "  Men  of  the  time," 
by  Hazlitt  {1825). 

Spirit  of  the  Cape  {The),  Ada- 
mastor,  a  hideous  phantom,  of  unearthly 
pallor,  "  erect  his  hair  uprose  of  withered 
red,"  his  lips  were  black,  his  teeth  blue 
and  disjointed,  his  beard  haggard,  his 
face  scarred  by  lightning,  his  eyes  "  shot 
livid  fire,"  his  voice  roared.  The  sailors 
trembled  at  the  sight  of  him,  and  the  fiend 
demanded  how  they  dared  to  trespass 
' '  where  never  hero  braved  his  rage 
before?"  He  then  told  them  "  that  every 
year  the  shipwrecked  should  be  made  to 
deplore  their  foolhardiness."  According 
to  Barreto,  the  "  Spirit  of  the  Cape  "  was 
one  of  the  giants  who  stormed  heaven. — 
Camoens  :  The  Lusiad  (1572), 

In  me  the  Spirit  of  the  Cape  behold  .  .  . 

That  rock  by  you  the  "Cape  of  Tempests"  named  .  .  . 


with  wide-stretched  piles  I  guard 
Great  Adamastor  is  my  dreaded  name. 


Canto  T. 


Spirit  of  tlie  Mountain  {The), 
that  peculiar  melancholy  sound  which  pre- 
cedes a  heavy  storm,  very  observable  in 
hilly  and  mountainous  countries. 

The  wind  was  abroad  in  the  oaks.  The  Spirit  of  the 
Mountain  roared.  The  blast  came  rustling  through 
the  hall.— OjJiaM.-  Dur-Thula. 

Spiri'to,  the  Holy  Ghost  as  the  friend 
of  man,  personified  in  canto  ix.  of  The 
Purple  Island,  by  Phineas  Fletcher  {1633). 
He  was  married  to  Urania,  and  their  off- 
spring are :  Knowledge,  Contemplation, 
Care,  Humility,  Obedience,  Faith  or 
Fido,  Penitence,  Elpi'nus  or  Hope,  and 
Love  the  foster-son  of  Gratitude.  (Latin, 
spirVus,  "spirit.") 

Spitfire  {Will),  or  Will  Spittal, 
serving-boy  of  Roger  Wildrake  the  dis- 
sipated royalist. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Wood- 
stock (time,  Commonwealth). 

Spittle     Cure     for     Blindness. 

Spittle  was  once  deemed  a  sovereign 
remedy  for  ophthalmia. — Pliny  :  Natural 
History,  xxviii.  7. 

*|[  The  blind  man  restored  to  sight  by 
Vespasian  was  cured  by  anointing  his 
eyes  with  spittle. — Tacitus:  History,  iv. 
81;  Suetonius:   Vespasian,  vii. 

When  \,JesHs\  had  thus  spoken,  He  spat  on  the 
ground,  and  made  clay  of  the  spittle,  and  He  anointed 
the  eyes  of  the  blind  man  with  the  clay.— yoAw  ix.  6. 

He  Cometh  to  Bethsaida ;   and  they  bring  a  blind 
man  unto  Him,  .  .  .  and  He  took  the  blind  man  by 
the  hand,  and  .  .  .  when  He  had  spit  on  his  eyes  .  . 
He  asked  him  if  he  saw  ought. — Mark  viiL  22,  23. 

Splendid  Shilling  {The),  a  poem 
in  imitation  of  Milton's  style,  by  John 
Philips  (1703).    (Good.)    It  begins  thus— 


SPONGE.  1037 

Happy  the  man  who,  roid  of  care  and  strife. 
In  silken  or  in  leathern  purse  retains 
A  splendid  shilling.     He  nor  heart  with  pain 
New  oysters  cried,  nor  sighs  for  cheerful  ale. 

Spou&fe.  To  throw  Up  the  sponge,  to 
give  up  the  contest  and  confess  yourself 
beaten. 

Finally,  he  went  on  his  knees  to  the  sponge  and 
threw  it  up;  at  the  same  time  pointing  out— "  That 
means  you  have  yioa."—£>icieMS  :  Great  Expectations, 
ch.  xL  (i860). 

Spontaneous  Combustion.  There 
are  above  thirty  cases  on  record  of  death 
by  spontaneous  combustion,  the  most 
famous  being  that  of  the  countess  Cor- 
neha  di  Baudi  Cesenat^,  which  was 
minutely  investigated,  in  1731,  by  Gui- 
seppS  Bianchini,  a  prebend  of  Verona. 

I'he  next  most  noted  instance  occurred 
at  Rheims,  in  1725,  and  is  authenticated 
by  no  less  an  authority  than  Mons.  Le  Cat, 
the  celebrated  physician. 

In  1772  Mary  Cloes  of  Gosford  Street 
was  burnt  to  death  by  ' '  spontaneous 
combustion. " — History  of  Coventry. 

Messrs.  Foder6  and  Mere  investigated 
the  subject  of  spontaneous  combustion, 
and  gave  it  as  their  fixed  opinion  that 
instances  of  death  from  such  a  cause 
cannot  be  doubted. 

In  vol.  vi.  of  the  Philosophical  TranS' 
actions,  and  in  the  English  Medical  Juris- 
prudence, the  subject  is  carefully  investi- 
gated, and  several  examples  are  cited  in 
confirmation  of  the  fact. 

Joseph  Battaglia,  a  surgeon  of  Ponte 
Bosio,  gives  in  detail  the  case  of  don  G. 
Maria  Bertholi,  a  priest  of  mount  Valerius. 
While  reading  his  breviary,  the  body  of 
this  priest  burst  into  flames  in  several 
parts,  as  the  arms,  back,  and  head.  The 
sleeves  of  his  shirt,  a  handkerchief,  and 
his  skull-cap  were  all  more  or  less  con- 
sumed. He  survived  the  injury  four 
days.  (This  seems  to  me  more  like 
an  electrical  attack  than  an  instance  of 
spontaneous  combustion. ) 

(See  the  Annual  Register  for  1775, 
p.  78.) 

(Dickens,  in  Bleak  House,  ascribes  the 
death  of  Krook  to  "  spontaneous  com- 
bustion." Zola,  in  Dr.  Pascal,  ch.  ix., 
gives  another  instance.  Captain  Marryat 
tells  us,  in  Jacob  Faithful,  that  Jacob's 
mother  was  burnt  to  a  cinder  by  the  same 
means.) 

Spontoon,  the  old  confidential  servant 
of  colonel  Talbot.— 5?>  W.  Scott:  Waver- 
ley  (time,  George  II. ). 

Spoon.  One  needs  a  long  spoon  to  eat 
with  the  devil, — Old  Proverb, 


SPRIG  OF  SHILLELAH. 


Therefore  behoveth  him  a  ful  long  spone 
That  shall  ete  with  a  fend. 
Chaucer:  Canterbury  Tales,  10,916  (The  "Squire'f 
Tale,"  1388). 

Spoons  [Gossip).  It  was  customary 
at  one  time  for  sponsors  at  christenings 
to  give  gilt  spoons  as  an  offering  to 
their  godchild.  These  spoons  had  on  the 
handle  the  figure  of  one  of  the  apostles 
or  evangelists,  and  hence  were  called 
"Apostle  spoons."  The  wealthy  would 
give  the  twelve  apostles,  those  of  less 
opulence  the  four  evangelists,  and  others 
again  a  single  spoon.  When  Henry 
VI II,  asks  Cranmer  to  be  godfather  to 
"a  fair  young  maid,"  Cranmer  replies, 
"  How  may  I  deserve  such  honour,  that 
am  a  poor  and  humble  subject  ? "  The 
king  rejoins,  "  Come,  come,  my  lord, 
you'd  spare  your  spoons." — Shakespeare  : 
Henry  VUI.  act  v.  sc.  2  (1601). 

Sporus.  Under  this  name,  Pope 
satirized  lord  John  Hervey  (1696-1743), 
generally  called  "lord  Fanny,"  from  his 
effeminate  habits  and  appearance.  He 
was  "half  wit,  half  fool,  half  man,  half 
beau."  Lord  John  Hervey  was  vice- 
chamberlain  in  1736,  and  lord  privy  seal 
in  1740. 

That  thing  of  silk, 
Sporus,  that  mere  white  curd  of  asses'  milk; 
Satire  or  sense,  alas !  can  Sporus  feel. 
Who  breaks  a  butterfly  upon  a  wheel ! 

Pope  :  Prologue  to  the  Satires  (1734). 

• .  •  This  lord  John  Hervey  married  the 
beautiful  Molly  Lapel ;  hence  Pope  says— 

So  perfect  a  beau  and  a  belle 
As  when  Hervey  the  handsome  was  wedded 
To  the  beautiful  MoUy  LapeL 

Spout  {speaking).  (See  Derry- 
DowN  Triangle,  p.  272.) 

S.  P.  Q.  B.,  the  Romans.  The  letters 
are  the  initials  of  Senatus  Populus-Que 
Romanus  (see  p.  943). 

New  blood  must  be  pumped  into  the  veins  and 
arteries  of  the  S.  P.  Q.  ¥i.—Sa!»  (Belgravia,  April, 
1871). 

Sprackling*  {Joseph),  a  money-lender 
and  a  self-made  man. 

Thomas  Sprackli?ig,  his  brother,  and 
equal  in  roguery.  —  Wybert  Reeve  : 
Parted. 

Sprat  Day,  November  9,  the  first 
day  of  sprat-selling  in  the  streets.  The 
season  lasts  about  ten  weeks. 

Sprengfer  {Louis),  Annette  Veilchen's 
bachelor. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Anne  of  Geier- 
stein  (time,  Edward  IV. ). 

SpriiT  of  Shillelah  ( The),  a  famous 
Irish  song,  author  uncertain.  The  first 
verse  is— 


SPRIGHTLY.  1038 

Och  I  love  is  the  soul  of  a  nate  Irishman, 
He  loves  all  the  lovely,  loves  all  that  he  can, 
With  his  sprig  of  shillelah  and  shamrock  so  green. 
His  heart  is  good-humoured — 'tis  honest  and  sound. 
No  malice  nor  hatred  is  there  to  be  found  ; 
He  courts  and  he  marries,  he  drinks  and  he  fights. 
For  love,  all  for  love,  for  in  that  he  delights. 
With  his  sprig  of  shillelah  and  shamrock  so  green. 
(And  three  other  stanzas.) 

Sprightly  {Miss  Kitty),  the  ward  of 
sir  Gilbert  Pumpkin  of  Strawberry  Hall. 
Miss  Kitty  is  a  great  heiress,  but  stage- 
struck  ;  and  when  captain  Charles  Stanley 
is  introduced,  she  falls  in  love  with  him, 
first  as  a  "  play  actor,"  and  then  in  reality. 
— Jackman  :  All  the  World's  a  Stage, 

Springf.    (See  Seasons,  p.  976.) 
(Mrs.  Barbauld  wrote  an  Ode  to  Springs 
in  imitation  of  Collins's  Ode  to  Evening.) 

Spxingf  {A  Sacred).  The  ancient 
Sabines,  in  times  of  great  national  danger, 
vowed  to  the  gods  "  a  sacred  spring " 
(ver  sacrum),  if  they  would  remove  the 
danger.  That  is,  all  the  children  bom 
during  the  next  spring  were  "  held 
sacred,"  and  at  the  age  of  20  were  com- 
pelled to  leave  their  country  and  seek  for 
themselves  a  new  home. 


SQUEERS. 


Spring-Heel  Jack.  The  marquis  of 
Waterford,  in  the  early  parts  of  the  nine- 
teenth century,  used  to  amuse  himself  by 
springing  on  travellers  unawares,  to  terrify 
them  ;  and  from  time  to  time  others  have 
followed  his  silly  example.  Even  so  late 
as  1877-8,  an  officer  in  her  majesty's 
service  caused  much  excitement  in  the 
garrisons  stationed  at  Aldershot,  Col- 
chester, and  elsewhere,  by  his  "spring- 
heel"  pranks.  In  Chichester  and  its 
neighbourhood  the  tales  told  of  this 
adventurer  caused  quite  a  little  panic, 
and  many  nervous  people  were  afraid  to 
venture  out  after  sunset,  for  fear  of  being 
"sprung"  upon.  I  myself  investigated 
some  of  the  cases  reported  to  me,  but 
found  them  for  the  most  part  Fakenham 
ghost  tales. 

Springer  [The).  Ludwig  Margrave 
of  Thuringia  was  so  called,  because  he 
escaped  from  Giebichenstein,  in  the 
eleventh  century,  by  leaping  over  the 
river  Saale. 

Sprinklers  {Holy  Water),  Danish 
clubs,  with  spiked  balls  fastened  to 
chains. 

Spmce,  M.C.  {Captain),  in  Lend  Me 
Five  Shillings,  by  J.  M.  Morton  (1764- 
1838). 


Sprncli-Spreclier  {The)  or  "sayer 
of  sayings"  to  the  archduke  of  Austria. 
—Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Talisman  (time, 
Richard  I.). 

Spuma'dor,  prince  Arthur's  horse. 
So  called  from  the  foam  of  its  mouth, 
which  indicated  its  fiery  temper.  — 
Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  ii.  (1590). 

■ . '  In  the  Mabinogion,  his  favourite 
mare  is  called  Llamrei  ("the  curveter "). 

Spurs  {The  Battle  of),  the  battle  of 
Guinnegate,  in  1513,  between  Henry 
VIII.  and  the  due  de  Longueville.  So 
called  because  the  French  used  their 
spurs  in  flight  more  than  their  swords  in 
fight.     (See  Spurs  of  Gold,  etc.) 

Spurs  {To  dish  up  the),  to  give  one's 
guests  a  hint  to  go  ;  to  maunder  on  when 
the  orator  has  nothing  of  importance  to 
say.  During  the  time  of  the  border  feuds, 
when  a  great  family  had  come  to  an  end 
of  their  provisions,  the  lady  of  the  house 
sent  to  table  a  dish  of  spurs,  as  a  hint 
that  the  guests  must  spur  their  horses  on 
for  fresh  raids  before  they  could  be 
feasted  again. 

When  the  last  bullock  was  killed  and  devoured,  it 
was  the  lady's  custom  to  place  on  the  table  a  dish 
which,  on  being  uncovered,  was  found  to  contain  a  pair 
of  clean  spurs— a  hint  to  the  riders  that  they  must 
shift  for  the  next  m&A.— Border  Minstrelsy  (new  edit.), 
i.  211  note. 

Spurs  of  Gold  {Battle  of  the),  the 
battle  of  Courtray,  the  most  memorable 
in  Flemish  history  (July  11,  1302). 
Here  the  French  were  utterly  routed,  and 
700  gold  spurs  were  hung  as  trophies  in 
the  church  of  Notre  Dame  de  Courtray. 
It  is  called  in  French  Journie  des  Eperons 
dOr.    (See  Spurs,  The  Battle  of.) 

Marching  homeward  from  the  bloody  battle  of  tb« 
Spurs  of  Gold. 

Long/elloTu:  The  Bel/ry  of  Bruges. 

Spy  {The),  a  tale  by  J.  Fenimore 
Cooper  (1821). 

Squab  {The  Poet).  Dryden  was  so 
called  by  lord  Rochester  (1681-1701). 

Squab  Pie,  a  pie  made  of  mutton, 
apples,  and  onions. 

Cornwall  squab  pie,  and  Devon  white-pot  brings. 
And  Leicester  beans  and  bacon  fit  for  kings. 

King  :  Artof  Cookery, 

Squab  Pie,  a  pie  made  of  squabs, 
that  IS,  young  pigeons. 

Square  (Afr.),  a  "philosopher,"  in 
Fielding's  novel  called  The  History  of 
Tom  Jones,  a  Foundling  (1749). 

Squeers  {Mr.  ^  Wackford),  of  Dothe- 
boys  Hall,  Yorkshire,  a  vulgar,  conceited. 


SQUEEZE.  1039 

ignorant  schoolmaster,  overbearing, 
grasping,  and  mean.  He  steals  the  boys' 
pocket  money,  clothes  his  son  in  their 
best  suits,  half  starves  them,  and  teaches 
them  next  to  nothing.  Ultimately,  he  is 
transported  for  purloining  a  deed. 

Mrs.  Squeers,  wife  of  Mr.  Wackford, 
a  raw-boned,  harsh,  heartless  virago, 
without  one  spark  of  womanly  feehng  for 
the  boys  put  under  her  charge. 

Miss  Fanny  Squeers,  daughter  of  the 
schoolmaster,  "not  tall  like  her  mother, 
but  short  like  her  father.  From  the 
former  she  inherited  a  voice  of  hoarse 
quality,  and  from  the  latter  a  remarkable 
expression  of  the  right  eye. "  Miss  Fanny 
falls  in  love  with  Nicholas  Nickleby,  but 
hates  him  and  spites  him  because  he  is 
insensible  of  the  soft  impeachment. 

Master  Wackford  Squeers,  son  of  the 
schoolmaster,  a  spoilt  boy,  who  was 
dressed  in  the  best  clothes  of  the  scholars. 
He  was  overbearing,  self-willed,  and 
passionate. — Dickens  :  Nicholas  Nickleby 
(1838). 

The  person  who  suggested  the  character  of  Squeers 
was  a  Mr.  Shaw  of  Bowes.  He  married  a  Miss 
Laidman.  The  satire  ruined  tne  school,  and  was  the 
death  both  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Shavr.—jVofes  an<i  Queries, 
October  25,  1873. 

Squeeze     (Miss),     a     pawnbroker's 

daughter.  Her  father  had  early  taught 
her  that  money  is  the  "one  thing  need- 
ful," and  at  death  left  her  a  moderate 
competence.  She  was  so  fully  convinced 
of  the  value  of  money,  that  she  would 
never  part  with  a  farthing  without  an 
equivalent,  and  refused  several  offers, 
because  she  felt  persuaded  her  suitors 
sought  her  money  and  not  herself.  Now 
she  is  old  and  ill-natured,  marked  with 
the  small-pox,  and  neglected  by  every 
out.— Goldsmith:  A  Citizen  0/ the  World, 
xxxviii.  (1759). 

Squint  {Lawyer),  the  great  politician 
of  society.  He  makes  speeches  for  mem- 
bers of  parliament,  writes  addresses,  gives 
the  history  of  every  new  play,  and  finds 
"seasonable  thought"  upon  every  pos- 
sible subject. — Goldsmith  :  A  Citizen  of 
the  World,  xxix.  (1759). 

Squiut-Eyed,  [Guercino]  Gian-Fran- 
cesco  Barbieri,  the  painter  (1590-1666). 

Squinttun  {Dr. ).  George  Whitefield 
is  so  called  by  Foote  in  his  farce  entitled 
The  Minor  (1714-1770). 

Squintum  {Dr.).  The  Rev.  Edward 
Irving,  who  had  an  obliquity  of  the  eyes, 
was  so  called  by  Theodore  Hook  (1792- 
1834). 


S.  S. 

Squire  of  Dames  {The),  a  young 
knight,  in  love  with  Col'umbell,  who 
appointed  him  a  year's  service  before  she 
would  consent  to  become  his  bride.  The 
"  squire  "  was  to  travel  for  twelve  months, 
to  rescue  distressed  ladies,  and  bring 
pledges  of  his  exploits  to  Columbell. 
At  the  end  of  the  year  he  placed  300 
pledges  in  her  hands,  but  instead  of  re- 
warding him  by  becoming  his  bride,  she 
set  him  another  task,  viz.  to  travel  about 
the  world  on  foot,  and  not  present  himself 
again  till  he  could  bring  her  pledges  from 
300  damsels  that  they  would  Uve  in 
chastity  all  their  life.  The  squire  told 
Columbell  that  in  three  years  he  had 
found  only  three  persons  who  would  take 
the  pledge,  and  only  one  of  these,  he  said 
(a  rustic  cottager),  took  it  from  a  "  prin- 
ciple of  virtue ;  "  the  other  two  (a  nun 
and  a  courtezan)  promised  to  do  so,  but 
did  not  voluntarily  join  the  "  virgin 
martyrs."  The  "Squire  of  Dames" 
turned  out  to  be  Britomart.— 5/<fnj^r.' 
Faerie  Queene,  iii.  7,  stanza  51  (1590). 

(This  story  is  imitated  from  "The 
Host's  Tale,"  in  Orlando Furioso,  xxviii.) 

Squire's  Tale  {The),  in  Chaucer's 
Canterbury  Tales,  is  the  tale  about  Cam- 
buscan  and  Algarsife  (3  syl.).  (See  Cam- 
BUSCAN,  p.  172.) 

Squirt,  the  apothecary's  boy,  id 
Garth's  Dispensary ;  hence  any  appren- 
tice lad  or  errand-boy. 

Heie  sauntering  'prentices  o'er  Otway  weep, 
O'er  Congreve  smile,  or  over  D'Urfey  sleep, 
Pleased  sempstresses  the  Lock's  famed  Rape  unfold. 
And  Squirts  read  Garth  till  apozems  grow  cold. 

Gay  :  Trivia  (1712). 

(Pope  wrote  The  Rape  of  the  Lock, 
1712.) 

Squod  {Phit),  a  grotesque  little  fellow, 
faithfully  attached  to  Mr.  George  the 
son  of  Mrs.  Rouncewell  (housekeeper  at 
Chesney  Wold].  George  had  rescued  the 
little  street  arab  from  the  gutter,  and  the 
boy  lived  at  George's  ' '  Shooting  Gallery  " 
in  Leicester  Square  (London).  Phil  was 
remarkable  for  limping  along  sideways, 
as  if  "  tacking." — Dickens  :  Bleak  House 
(1852). 

S.  S.,  souvenance,  forget-me-not;  ft» 
remembrance  ;  a  souvenir.  '  *^ 

On  the  Wednesday  preceding  Easter  Day,  1465,  as 
sir  Anthony  was  speaking  to  his  royal  sister,  on  his 
knees,  all  the  ladies  of  the  court  gathered  round  him, 
and  bound  to  his  left  knee  a  band  of  gold,  adorned 
with  stones  fashioned  into  the  letters  S.  S.  (souvenance 
or  remembrance),  and  to  this  band  was  suspended  an 
enamelled  "  forget-me-not.'— /.>«<?«.•  Latl  ^  tht 
Barons,  iv.  5  (18^, 


s.  s.  G.  a 

S.  S.  O.  Q.,  the  letters  of  the  Fem- 
gerichte.  They  stand  for  StocJi,  Stein, 
u?ra*,  Grein  ("  Stick,"  "  Stone,"  "Grass," 
"Groan").  What  was  meant  by  these 
four  words  is  not  known. 

Stael  [Madame  de),  called  by  Heine 
{Hi-ne]  "  a  whirlwind  in  petticoats,"  and 
a  "sultana  of  mind." 

Stag  ( The)  symbolizes  Christ,  because 
(according  to  fable)  it  draws  serpents  by 
its  breath  out  of  their  holes,  and  then 
tramples  them  to  death. — Pliny  :  Natural 
History,  viii.  50. 

Stag  or  Hind,  emblem  of  the  tribe 
of  Naphtali.  In  the  old  church  at  Tot- 
ness  is  a  stone  pulpit  divided  into  com- 
partments, containing  shields  bearing  the 
emblems  of  the  Jewish  tribes,  this  being 
one. 

Naphtali  is  a  hind  let  loose. — Gtn.  xlix.  ai. 

Stag's  Horn,  considered  in  Spain  a 
safeguard  against  the  evil  eye ;  hence,  a 
small  horn,  silver-tipped,  is  often  hung 
on  the  neck  of  a  child.  If  an  evil  eye  is 
then  cast  on  the  child,  it  enters  the  horn, 
which  it  bursts  asunder. 

Are  you  not  afraid  of  the  evil  eye? 
Have  you  a  stag's  horn  with  you  f 
Longfellow :  The  Spanish  Student,  ill.  J. 

Stagg  [Benjamin),  the  proprietor  of 
the  cellar  in  the  Barbican  where  the 
secret  society  of  "'Prentice  Knights" 
used  to  convene.  He  was  a  blind  man, 
w'ho  fawned  on  Mr.  Sim  Tappertit,  "  the 
'prentices'  glory "  and  captain  of  the 
"'Prentice  Knights.''  But  there  was  a 
disparity  between  his  words  and  senti- 
ments, if  we  may  judge  from  this 
specimen:  "Good  night,  most  noble 
captain !  farewell,  brave  general !  bye- 
bye,  illustrious  commander  ! — a  con- 
ceited, bragging,  empty-headed,  duck- 
legged  idiot  I  "  Benjamin  Stagg  was 
shot  by  the  soldiery  in  the  Gordon  riots. 
—Dickens:  Barnaby  Rudge  (1841). 

Stagirite  (3  syL).  Aristotle  is  called 
the  Stagirite  because  he  was  born  at 
Stagira,  in  Macedon.  Almost  all  our 
English  poets  call  the  word  StagTrite  : 
as  Pope,  Thomson,  Swift,  Byron,  Words- 
worth, B.  Browning,  etc.  ;  but  it  should 
be  Stagl'rite  {T.-ratn^irnt^ 

Thick  like  a  glory  round  the  Stagyrite, 
Your  rivals  throngr,  the  sages. 

R.  BroTvning  :  Paracelsta,  i. 


PoJ>c. 


1040  STANDARD. 

As  If  the  Stagirite  o'erlooked  the  line. 

Is  rightly  censured  by  the  Stagirite, 

Who  says  his  numbers  do  not  fadge  aright. 

S-wi/t:  To  Dr.  Sheridan  (1718). 

Stagirins,  a  young  monk  to  whom 
St.  Chrysostom  addressed  three  books, 
and  of  whom  those  books  give  an 
account.  Matthew  Arnold  has  a  prayer 
in  verse  supposed  to  be  uttered  by 
Stagirius. 

Stamboul  {2  syl. ),  Constantinople. 

And  Stamboul's  minarets  must  greet  my  sight. 
Byron :  English  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers  (i8o#). 

Stammerer  [The),  Louis  II.  of 
France,  le  Bigue  (846,  877-879). 

Michael  II.  emperor  of  the  East 
(♦,  820-829). 

Notker  or  Notger  of  St.  Gall  {830- 
912). 

Stancliells,  head  jailer  at  the  Glas- 
gow tolbooth.— 5»>  W.  Scott:  Rob  Roy 
(time,  George  I.). 

Standard.  A  substantial  building 
for  water  supplies,  as  the  Water  Stan- 
dard of  Cornhill,  the  Standard  in  Cheap, 
opposite  Honey  Lane,  "which  John 
Wells,  grocer,  caused  to  be  made  [?  re- 
built']  in  his  mayoralty,  1430." — Stow: 
Survey  ("  Cheapside  "). 

The  Cheapside  Standard.  This  Stan- 
dard was  in  existence  in  the  reign  of 
Edward  I.  In  the  reign  of  Edward  III. 
two  fishmongers  were  beheaded  at  the 
Cheapside  Standard,  for  aiding  in  a  riot. 
Henry  IV.  caused  "the  blank  charter  of 
Richard  II."  to  be  burnt  at  this  place. 

The  Standard,  Cornhill.  This  was  a 
conduit  with  four  spouts,  made  by  Peter 
Morris,  a  German,  in  1582,  and  supplied 
with  Thames  water,  conveyed  by  leaden 
pipes  over  the  steeple  of  St.  Magnus's 
Church,  It  stood  at  the  east  end  of 
Cornhill,  at  its  junction  with  Grace- 
church  Street,  Bishopsgate  Street,  and 
Leadenhall  Street.  The  water  ceased 
to  run  between  1598  and  1603,  but  the 
Standard  itself  remained  long  after. 
Distances  from  London  were  measured 
from  this  spot. 

In  the  year  1775  there  stood  upon  the  borders  of 
Epping  Forest,  at  a  distance  of  about  twelve  miles 
from  London,  measuring  from  the  Standard  in  Corn- 
hill, or  rather  from  the  spot  on  which  the  Standard 
used  to  be,  a  house  of  public  entertainment  called  the 
hldiyi>o\c.— Dickens  :  Barnaby  Rudge,  i.  (1841). 

Standard  [The  Battle  of  the),  the 
battle  of  Luton  Moor,  near  Northallerton, 
between  the  English  and  the  Scotch,  in 
1138.     So  called  from  the  "standard," 


STANDARDS. 


X041 


STARCHATERUS. 


^^•hich  was  raised  on  a  waggon,  and 
placed  in  the  centre  of  the  Engh'sh  army. 
The  pole  displayed  the  standards  of  St, 
Cuthbert  of  Durham,  St.  Peter  of  York, 
St.  John  of  Beverley,  and  St.  Wilfred  of 
Ripon,  surmounted  by  a  little  silver 
casket  containing  a  consecrated  wafer. — 
Hailes  :  Annals  0/ Scotland,  i.  85  (1779). 
The  Battle  of  the  Standard  was  so  called  from  the 
banner  of  St.  Cuthbert,  which  was  thought  always  to 
secure  success.  It  came  forth  at  the  battle  of  N  evil's 
Cross,  and  was  again  victorious.  It  was  preserved 
with  great  reverence  till  the  Reformation,  when, 
1549,  Catharine  Whittingham  (a  French  lady),  wife 
the  dean  of  Durham,   burnt  it  out  of  zeal   against 


[9,  Catharine  Whittingham  (a  French  lady),  wife  of 
of  Durham,  burnt  it  out  of  zeal  against 
Afiss  Yonze  :  Cameos  of  English  History, 


standards.    (See  Flags,  p.  371.) 

Standing-  ( To  die).  Vespasian  said, 
"An  emperor  of  Rome  ought  to  die 
standing."  Louis  XVIII.  of  France  said, 
* '  A  king  of  France  ought  to  die  standing. " 
This  craze  is  not  confined  to  crowned 
heads.    (See  Solomon,  p.  1026. ) 

IT  The  doge  Nicolo,  in  1627,  died 
standing,  repeating  the  act  of  Vespasian, 
"  Stando  excessit,  ne  videretur  impulsus 
cadSre." — Pilatius:  Fasti  Ducales,  289. 

Standish  {Miles),  the  Puritan  cap- 
tain, was  short  of  stature,  strongly  built, 
broad  in  the  shoulders,  deep-chested, 
and  with  sinews  like  iron.  His  daughter 
Rose  was  the  first  to  die  "of  all  who 
came  in  the  Mayflower."  Miles  Standish, 
being  desirous  to  marry  Priscilla  "the 
beautiful  puritan,"  sent  young  Alden  to 
plead  his  cause  ;  but  the  maiden  answered 
archly,  "  Why  don't  you  speak  for  your- 
self, John  ?  "  Soon  after  this,  Standish 
was  shot  with  a  poisoned  arrow,  and  re- 
ported to  be  dead.  John  Alden  did  speak 
for  himself,  and  prevailed. — Longfellow  ; 
Courtship  of  Miles  Standish  (1858). 

If  you  would  be  served  you  must  serve  yourself;  and 

moreover 
No  man  can  gather  cherries  in  Kent  at  the  season  of 

Christmas. 
Longfellow:  Courtship  of  Miles  Standish,  ir.  (1858). 

Standish  {Mr.  Justice),  a  brother 
magistrate  with  Bailie  Trumbull. — Sir 
W,  Scott:  Rob  Roy  (time,  George  I.). 

Stanley,  in  the  earl  of  Sussex's  train. 
— Sir  W.  Scott:  Kenilworth  (time,  Eliza- 
beth). 

Stanley  (Ca//'a/«  Charles),  introduced 
by  his  friend  captain  Stukely  to  the 
family  at  Strawberry  Hall.  Here  he 
meets  Miss  Kitty  Sprightly  an  heiress, 
who  has  a  theatrical  twist.  The  captain 
makes  love  to  her  under  the  mask  of 
acting,  induces  her  to  run  off  with  him 


and  get  married,  then,  returning  to  the 
hall,  introduces  her  as  his  wife.  All  the 
family  fancy  he  is  only  "acting,"  but 
discover  too  late  that  their  "play"  is  a 
lifelong  reality.  —  jAckman  :  All  the 
Worl£s  a  Stage. 

Stanley  Crest  ( The).  On  a  chapeau 
gu.  an  eagle  feeding  on  an  infant  in  its 
nest.  The  legend  is  that  sir  Thomas  de 
Lathom,  having  no  male  issue,  was 
walking  with  his  wife  one  day,  and  heard 
the  cries  of  an  infant  in  an  eagle's  nest. 
They  looked  on  the  child  as  a  gift  from 
God,  and  adopted  it,  and  it  became  the 
founder  of  the  Stanley  race  (time,  Edward 
III.). 

Staples  {Lawrence),  head  jailer  at 
Kenilworth  Castle.  —  Sir  W.  Scott: 
Kenihvorth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Star  Falling.  Any  wish  formed 
during  the  shoot  of  a  star  will  come  to 
pass. 

Star  of  Arcady  ( The),  the  Great 
Bear  ;  so  called  from  Calisto,  daughter  of 
Lycaon  king  of  Arcadia.  The  Little 
Bear  is  called  the  Tyrian  Cynosure,  from 
Areas  or  Cynosura  son  of  Calisto. 

And  thou  shalt  be  our  star  of  Arcady, 
Or  Tyrian  Cynosure  (3  syl.). 

Milton  :  Cotnus,  343  (1634). 

(Of  course,  "  Cynosure  "  signifies 
"dog's tail,"  Greek,  kunos  oura.  meaning 
the  star  in  Ursa  Minor. ) 

Star  of  South,  Africa,  a  diamond 
discovered  in  the  South  African  fields.  It 
weighed  in  the  rough  83^  carats ;  and 
after  being  cut  46^  carats. 

Star  of  the  South  ( r-4<f),  the  second 
largest  cut  diamond  in  the  world.  It 
weighs  254  carats.  It  was  discovered  in 
Brazil  by  a  poor  negress  (1853). 

Starch  {Dr.),  the  tutor  of  Blushing- 
ton.  —  Moncrieff :  The  Bashful  Man 
(1857). 

Starchat'erus,  of  Sweden,  a  giant 
in  stature  and  strength,  whose  life  was 
protracted  to  thrice  the  ordinary  term. 
When  he  felt  himself  growing  old,  he 
hung  a  bag  of  gold  round  his  neck,  and 
told  Olo  he  might  take  the  bag  of  gold 
if  he  would  cut  off  his  head,  and  he  did 
so.  He  hated  luxury  in  every  form,  and 
said  a  man  was  a  fool  who  went  and 
dined  out  for  the  sake  of  better  fare. 
One  day,  Helgo  king  of  Norway  asked 
him   to  be  his  champion  in    a  contest 


STARELEIGH, 


zo4a 


STAUNTON. 


which  was  to  be  decided  by  himself 
alone  against  nine  adversaries.  Star- 
chaterus  selected  for  the  site  of  combat 
the  top  of  a  mountain  covered  with  snow, 
and,  throwing  off  his  clothes,  waited  for 
the  nine  adversaries.  When  asked  if  he 
would  fight  with  them  one  by  one  or  all 
together,  he  replied,  "When  dogs  bark 
at  me,  I  drive  them  off  all  at  once." — 
Joannes  Magnus  :  Gothorum  Suevorumque 
Historia  (1554). 

Stareleigh  (Justice),  a  stout,  pudgy 
little  judge,  very  deaf,  and  very  iras- 
cible, who,  in  the  absence  of  the  chief 
justice,  sat  in  judgment  on  the  trial  of 
"  Bardell  V.  VickWick."— Dickens :  The 
Pickwick  Papers  (1836). 

Stamo,  king  of  Lochlin.  Having 
been  conquered  by  Fingal  and  generously 
set  at  liberty,  he  promised  Fingal  his 
daughter  Agandecca  in  marriage,  but 
meant  to  deal  treacherously  by  him  and 
kill  him.  Fingal  accepted  the  invitation 
of  Stamo,  and  spent  three  days  in  boar- 
hunts.  He  was  then  warned  by  Agandecca 
to  beware  of  her  father,  who  had  set  an 
ambuscade  to  waylay  him.  Fingal,  being 
forewarned,  fell  on  the  ambush  and  slew 
every  man.  When  Stamo  heard  thereof, 
he  slew  his  daughter,  whereupon  Fingal 
and  his  followers  took  to  arms,  and 
Starno  either  "fled  or  died."  Swaran 
succeeded  his  father  Starno. — Ossian: 
Fingal,  iii.  ;  see  also  Cath-Loda. 

Star-spangfled  Banner  (The),  a 
national  song  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  by  F.  S.  Key. 

And  the  star-spangled  banner,  oh,  long  may  it  wave 
O'er  the  land  of  the  free  and  the  home  of  the  brave  1 

Starvation  Dundas,  Henry  Dun- 
das  the  first  lord  Melville.  So  called 
because  he  introduced  the  word  starvation 
into  the  language  (1775). 

Starveling  (Robin),  the  tailor.  He 
was  cast  for  the  part  of  "  Thisbe's 
mother,"  in  the  drama  played  before 
duke  Theseus  (2  syl.)  on  "his  wedding 
day  at  night."  Starveling  has  nothing 
to  say  in  the  drama.  —  Shakespeare : 
Midsummer  Night's  Dream  (1592). 

State,  a  royal  chair  with  a  canopy 
over  it. 

Our  hostess  keeps  her  state. 
Shakispcart :  Macbeth,  act  iii.  sc.  4  (i6o6). 

Stati'ra,  the  heroine  of  La  Calpre- 
nede's  romance  of  Cassandra.  Statira  is 
the  daughter  of  Darius,   and  is  repre- 


sented as  the  "  most  perfect  of  the  works 
of  creation."  Oroondatgs  is  in  love  with 
her,  and  ultimately  marries  her. 

Stati'ra,  daughter  of  Dari'us,  and  wife 
of  Alexander.  Young,  beautiful,  womanly, 
of  strong  affection,  noble  bearing,  mild 
yet  haughty,  yielding  yet  brave.  Her 
love  for  Alexander  was  unbounded. 
When  her  royal  husband  took  Roxana 
into  favour,  the  proud  spirit  of  the 
princess  was  indignant,  but  Alexander, 
by  his  love,  won  her  back  again.  Statira 
was  murdered  by  Roxana  the  Bactrian, 
called  the  "  Rival  Queen." — Lee:  Alex- 
ander the  Great  {1678). 

Miss  Boutwell  was  the  origrinal  "  Statira  "  of  Lee's 
Alexander,  and  once,  when  playing  with  Mrs.  Barry 
[1678]  she  was  in  danger  of  receiving  on  the  stage  her 
death-blow.  It  happened  thus:  Before  the  curtain 
drew  up,  the  two  queens,  "Statira"  and  "Roxana" 
had  a  real  rivalship  about  a  lace  veil,  allotted  to  Miss 
Boutwell  by  the  manager.  This  so  enraged  Mrs. 
Barry  that,  m  "stabbing  'Statira,'"  she  actually  thrust 
her  dagger  through  her  rival's  stays,  a  quarter  of  an 
Inch  or  more  into  the  &esh.—Camjideil :  Life  (ff  Airs. 
Siddons. 

'.'  Dr.  Doran  tells  us  that — 

The  charming  George  Ann  Bellamy  [1733-1788] 
procured  from  Paris  two  gorgeous  dresses  for  the 
part  of  "  Statira."  When  Peg  Woffington,  who  played 
"  Roxana,"  saw  them,  she  was  so  overcome  by  malice, 
hatred,  and  all  uncharitableness,  that  she  rolled  her 
rival  in  the  dust,  pummelled  her  with  the  handle  of  bet 
dagger,  and  screamed  in  anger— 
Nor  he,  nor  heaven,  shall  shield  thee  from  my  justic*. 
Die,  sorceress,  die  1  and  all  my  wrongs  die  with  thee  I 
Tadie  Traits, 

Statins,  a  Roman  poet  (a.d.  61-96), 
author  of  an  heroic  poem  in  nine  books, 
called  the  Thebaid  (3  syl.)  or  The  Seven 
against  Thebes. 

(Translated  into  English  heroic  verse 
(rhymes)  by  W.  L.  Lewis  (2nd  edition, 
1773).  Pope  translated  bk.  i.  in  1703 ; 
Walter  Harte  translated  bk.  vi. ;  and 
T rs  translated  the  first  five  books. ) 

Bk.  vi  contains  the  Osegruce  and  Games. 

Statute  of  Rhuddlan  ( The).  This 
celebrated  statute  annexed  the  princi- 
pality of  Wales  to  the  English  crown, 
and  constituted  its  territory  shire-ground 
( 1 284).    (See  Professor  Tout's  Edward  I. ) 

Edward  I.  resided  for  a  certain  time  at  Rhuddlan 
Castle,  during  his  contests  with  the  princes  of  Wales 
(1277-1284) ;  and  it  was  here  that  Lewelyn  made  hi* 
personal  submission  to  him  after  the  Treaty  of  Conway. 
At  the  breaking  out  of  the  revolt  of  the  Four  Cantreds, 
Leweljm's  brother  fell  upon  Rhuddlan,  and  took  the 
king's  justiciar  prisoner,  and  it  was  after  the  defeat 
and  death  of  Lewelyn  that  this  statute  was  enacted. 

Stannton  (The  Rev.  Mr.),  rector  of 
Willingham,  and  father  of  George^  ^ 
Staunton.  ^ 

George  Staunton,  son  of  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Staunton.  He  appears  first  as  "  Geordie 
Robertson,"  a  felon ;  and  in  the  Porteous 


STEADFAST. 


X043 


STELLA. 


mob  he  assumes  the  guise  of  "Madge 
Wildfire."  George  Staunton  is  the 
seducer  of  Effie  Deans.  Ultimately  he 
comes  to  the  title  of  baronet,  marries 
Efifie,  and  is  shot  by  a  gipsy  boy  called 
"The  Whistler,"  who  proves  to  be  his 
own  natural  son. 

Lady  Staunton,  Effie  Deans  after  her 
marriage  with  sir  George.  On  the  death 
of  her  husband,  she  retires  to  a  convent 
on  the  Continent.— .S?>  W.  Scott :  Heart 
of  Midlothian  (time,  George  II.). 

Steadfast,  a  friend  of  the  Duberly 
family.  —  Coltnan  :  The  Heir-at-Law 
(1797)- 

Steeds  of  tlie  Sea,  ships,  a  com- 
mon synonym  of  the  Runic  bards. 

And  thro'  the  deep  exulting  sweep 
The  Thunder-steeds  of  Spain. 

Lord  Lytton:  Ode,  L  (1839). 

Steel  Castle,  a  strong  ward,  belong- 
ing to  the  Yellow  Dwarf.  Here  he 
confined  All-Fair  when  she  refused  to 
marry  him  according  to  her  promise. — 
Comtesse  D'Aulnoy  :  Fairy  Tales  ("  The 
Yellow  Dwarf,"  1682). 

Steele  G-las  {The),  a  mirror  in 
which  we  may  ' '  see  ourselves  as  others 
see  us,"  or  see  others  in  their  true 
likenesses.  Gascoigne  published,  in  1576, 
bis  Steele  Grasse,  a  satyre. 

The  Christel  Glasse,  on  the  other  hand, 
reflects  us  as  vanity  dictates,  and  shows 
other  people  as  fame  paints  them.  These 
mirrors  were  made  by  Lucyl'ius  (an  old 
satirist). 

Lucylius  .  ,  .  bequeathed  "  The  ChrUtel  Qasse  " 
To  such  as  love  to  seme  but  not  to  b*    ; 
But  unto  those  that  love  to  see  themselves, 
How  foul  or  fayre  soever  that  they  are. 
He  gan  bequeath  a  Glasse  of  trustie  Steel. 

Gascoigne  :  The  Steele  Glas  (died  1577). 

Steenie, /.^.  "Stephen."  So  George 
Villiers  duke  of  Buckingham  was  called 
by  James  I.,  because,  like  Stephen  the 
first  martyr,  "  all  that  sat  in  the  council, 
looking  stedfastly  on  him,  saw  his  face 
as  it  had  been  the  face  of  an  angel  " 
(Acts  vi.  is). 

Steenson  {Willie)  or  "Wandering 
Willie,"  the  blind  fiddler. 

Steenie  Steenson,  the  piper,  in  Wander- 
ing Willie's  tale. 

Maggie  Steenson,  or  "Epps  Anslie," 
the  wife  of  Wandering  Willie. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Redgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Steerfoxrth,  the  young  man  who  led 
little  Em'ly  astray.  When  tired  of  his 
toy,   he  proposed  to  her  to  marry  his 


valet.  Steerforth  being  shipwrecked  off 
the  coast  of  Yarmouth,  Ham  Peggotty 
tried  to  rescue  him,  but  both  were 
drowned. — Dickens:  David  Copperfield 
(1849). 

Stein.  There  is  a  German  saying 
that  'VKrems  and  Stein  are  three  places." 
The  solution  lies  in  the  word  "and" 
(German,  und).  Now,  Und  is  between 
Krems  and  Stein  ;  so  that  Krems,  Und, 
[and]  Stein  are  three  places. 

Steinbach  {Erwin  von)  designed 
Strasbourg  Cathedral;  begun  1015,  and 
finished  1439. 

A  great  master  of  his  craft,  -    ' '  •  i 

Erwin  von  Steinbach.  ,-jn 

Longfellow  :  Golden  Legend  (1831).^  '■ 

Steinernliers    von    Blutsacker 

{Francis),  the  scharf-gerichter  or  execu- 
tioner.—5?>  W.  Scott:  Anne  of  Geier- 
stein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Steinfeldt  {The  old  baroness  of), 
introduced  in  Donnerhugel's  narrative. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Anne  of  Geierstein  (time, 
Edward  IV.). 

Steinfort  ( The  baron),  brother  of  the 
countess  Wintersen.  He  falls  in  love 
with  Mrs.  Haller,  but,  being  informed  of 
the  relationship  between  Mrs.  Haller  and 
•'the  stranger,"  exerts  himself  to  bring 
about  a  reconciliation. — B.  Thompson  : 
The  Stranger  (1797). 

Stella.  The  lady  PenelopS  Devereux, 
the  object  of  sir  Philip  Sidney's  affection. 
She  married  lord  Rich,  and  was  a  widow 
in  Sidney's  lifetime.  Spenser  says,  in 
his  Astrophel,  when  Astrophel  {sir  Philip) 
died,  Stella  died  of  grief,  and  the  two 
"lovers"  were  converted  into  one  flower, 
called  "  Starlight,"  which  is  first  red,  and 
as  it  fades  turns  blue.  Some  call  it 
penthea,  but  henceforth  (he  says)  it  shall 
be  called  "Astrophel."  It  is  a  pure 
fiction  that  Stella  died  from  grief  at  the 
death  of  Sidney,  for  she  afterwards 
married  Charles  Blount,  created  by 
James  I.  earl  of  Devonshire.  The  poet 
himself  must  have  forgotten  his  own 
Unes —  .         '^ 

Ne  less  praiseworthy  Stella  do  I  read,  ''-'■ '  ^ 

Tho'  nought  my  praises  of  her  needed  are. 

Whom  verse  of  noblest  shepherd  lately  dead  [1386] 
Hath  praised  and  raised  above  each  other  star. 

Sj>enser :  Colin  Clouts  Come  Home  A^ain  (1591). 

Stella.  Miss  Hester  Johnson  was  so 
called  by  Swift,  to  whom  she  was  privately 
married  in  1706.  Hester  is  first  perverted 
into  the  Greek  aster,  and  "aster"  in 
Latin,  like  slella,  means  "  a  star."    Stella 


STENO. 


X044 


STERLING. 


fived  with  Mrs.  Dingley  on  Ormond  Quay, 
Dublin. 

Poor  Stella  must  pack  off  to  town  .  ,  . 
To  Liffy's  stinking  tide  at  Dublin  .  ,  , 
To  be  dfirected  there  by  Dineley  ,  .  , 
And  now  arrives  the  dismal  day, 
She  must  return  to  Ormond  Quay. 

Swift:  To  SUlla  at  Wood  Park  (1723). 

Steno  {Michel),  one  of  the  chiefs  of 
the  tribunal  of  Forty.  Steno  acts 
indecorously  to  some  of  the  ladies  as- 
sembled at  a  civic  banquet  given  by  the 
doge  of  Venice,  and  is  turned  out  of 
the  house.  In  revenge,  he  fastens  on  the 
doge's  chair  some  scurrilous  lines  against 
the  young  dogaressa,  whose  extreme 
modesty  and  innocence  ought  to  have 
protected  her  from  such  insolence.  The 
doge  refers  the  matter  to  "  the  Forty,"  who 
sentence  Steno  to  two  months'  imprison- 
ment. This  punishment,  in  the  opinion 
of  the  doge,  is  wholly  inadequate  to  the 
offence,  and  Marino  Faliero  joins  a  con- 
spiracy to  abolish  the  council  altogether. 
— Byron :  Marino  Faliero,  the  Doge  of 
Venice  (1819). 

Stentor,  a  Grecian  herald  in  the 
Trojan  war.  Homer  says  he  was  ' '  great- 
hearted, brazen-voiced,  and  could  shout 
as  loud  as  fifty  men." 

He  began  to  roar  for  help  with  the  lungs  of  a  Stentor. 

Smollett. 

Steph'ano,  earl  of  Carnuti,  the  leader 
of  400  men  in  the  allied  Christian  army. 
He  was  •  noted  for  his  military  prowess 
and  wise  counsel. — Tasso  :  Jerusalem 
Delivered,  i.  (1575). 

Stepli'aiio,  a  drunken  hvSXtx.— Shake- 
speare :  The  Tempest  (1609). 

Steph'ano,  servant  to  Vor^Sdi.— Shake- 
speare :  Merchant  of  Venice  (1598). 

STEPHEN,  one  of  the  attendants  of 
sir  Reginald  Front  de  Boeuf  (a  follower 
of  prince  John). — Sir  W.  Scott:  Ivanhoe 
(time,  Richard  I.). 

Stephen  {Count),  nephew  of  the  count 
of  Crevecceur, — Sir  W.  Scott:  Quentin 
Durward  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Stergh.&n.  {Master),  a  conceited  puppy, 
who  thinks  all  inferiors  are  to  be  snubbed 
and  bullied,  and  all  those  weaker  and 
more  cowardly  than  himself  are  to  be 
kicked  and  beaten.  He  is  especially 
struck  with  captain  Bobadil,  and  tries 
to  imitate  his  "dainty  oaths."  Master 
Stephen  has  no  notion  of  honesty  and 
high-mindedness  :  thus  he  steals  Down- 
right's  cloak,  which  had  been  accidentally 


dropped,  declares  he  bought  it,  and  then  l.i 
that  he  found  it.  Being  convicted  of  -y 
falsehood,  he  resigns  all  claim  to  it, 
saying  in  a  huff,  ' '  There,  take  your  cloak ; 
I'll  none  on't,"  This  small-minded  youth 
is  young  Kno' well's  cousin. — B.  Jonson  : 
Every  Man  in  His  Humour  (1598). 

Stephen  {St.).  The  crown  .of  St. 
Stephen,  the  crown  of  Hungary. 

If  Hungarian  Independence  should  ever  be  secured 
through  the  help  of  prince  Napoleon,  the  prince 
himself  should  accept  the  crown  of  St.  Stephen.^ 
Kossuth  :  Memoirs  0/ My  Exile,  1880. 

The  British  St.  Stephen,  St.  Alban,  the 
British  proto-martyr  (died  303). 

As  soon  as  the  executioner  gave  the  fatal  stroke 
[which  beheaded  St.  Aldan],  his  eyes  dropped  out  of 
his  head.—Sede:  Ecclesiastical //istory  (A.D.  734). 

Stephen  Steelheart,  the  nickname 
of  Stephen  Wetheral.— 5?>  IV.  Scott: 
Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Stephen  of  Amhoise,  leader  of 
5000  foot-soldiers  from  Blois  and  Tours 
in  the  allied  Christian  army  of  Godfrey 
of  Bouillon.  Impetuous  in  attack,  but 
deficient  in  steady  resistance.  He  was 
shot  by  Clorinda  with  an  arrow  (bk.  xi. ). 
—  Tasso:  Jerusalem  Delivered  {i^j^). 

Stephen's  {St.),  a  poem  by  lord 
Lytton,  on  leading  orators  (i860). 

Stepney.   (See  Born  at  Sea,  p.  138.) 

Sterling*  {Mr.),  a  vulgar,  rich  City 
merchant,  who  wishes  to  see  his  two 
daughters  married  to  titles.  Lord  Ogleby 
calls  him  "  a  very  abstract  of  'Change  ;  " 
and  he  himself  says,  "  What  signifies 
birth,  education,  titles,  and  so  forth  ? 
Money,  I  say — money's  the  stuff  that 
makes  a  man  great  in  this  country." 

Miss  Sterling,  whose  Christian  name  is 
Elizabeth  or  Betty;  a  spiteful,  jealous, 
purse-proud  damsel,  engaged  to  sir  John 
Melvil,  Sir  John,  seeing  small  prospect 
of  happiness  with  such  a  tartar,  proposed 
marriage  to  the  younger  sister,  but  she 
was  already  clandestinely  married.  Miss 
Sterling,  being  left  out  in  the  cold,  ex- 
claimed, ' '  Oh  that  some  other  person,  an 
earl  or  duke  for  instance,  would  propose 
to  me,  that  I  might  be  revenged  on  the 
monsters  1  " 

Miss  Fanny  Sterling,  an  amiable,  sweet- 
smiling,  soft-speaking  beauty,  clandes- 
tinely married  to  Lovewell. — Colman  and 
Garrick:  The  Clandestine  Marriage 
(1766). 

A  strange  blunder  was  once  made  by  Mrs.  Gibbs  of 
Covent  Garden  in  the  part  of  "  Miss  Sterling."  When 
speakmg  of  the  conduct  of  Betty,  who  had  locked  the 


STERRY.  I04S 

door  of  M!ss  Fanny  s  room  and  walked  away  with  the 
key,  Mrs.  Gibbs  exclaimed,  "  She  has  locked  the  key, 
and  carried  away  the  door  in  her  pocket."—^.  C. 
Jtusteii:  Refresenlative  Aclors. 

Sterry,  a  fanatical  preacher,  admired 
by  Hugh  Peters.— 5.  Butler:  Hudibras 
(1663-78). 

Stevens,  a  messenger  of  the  earl  of 
Sussex  at  Say's  Court.— 5iV  W.  Scott: 
Kenilworth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Stewart  {Colonel),  governor  of  the 
castle  of  Doune.— 5z>  W.  Scott:  Waver- 
ley  (time,  George  II.). 

Stewart  {Prince  Charles  Edward), 
surnamed  "  The  Chevalier "  by  his 
friends,  and  "The  Pretender"  by  his 
foes.  Sir  W.  Scott  introduces  him  in 
Waverley,  and  again  in  Redgauntlet, 
where  he  appears  disguised  as  "  father 
Buonaventura.  (Now  generally  spelt 
Stuart) 

Stewart  [Walking],  John  Stewart, 
the  English  traveller,  who  travelled  on 
foot  through  Hindustan,  Persia,  Nubia, 
Abyssinia,  the  Arabian  Desert,  Europe, 
and  the  United  States  (died  1822). 

A  most  interesting  man, .  .  .  eloquent  in  conversa- 
tion, contemplative  ....  and  crazy  beyond  all  reach 
ofhelebore,  .  .  .  yet  sublime  and  divinely  benignant 
in  his  visionariness.  This  man,  as  a  pedestrian  traveller, 
had  seen  more  of  the  earth's  surface  . . .  than  any  man 
before  or  since. — De  Quincty. 

N.B. — Walking  Stewart  must  not  be 
confounded  with  John  M'Douall  Stuart, 
the  Australian  explorer  (1818-1866). 

Stewart  Diamond  {The), Jonnd.  in 
1872,  is  the  largest  South  African  dia- 
mond discovered  up  to  the  present  date. 
It  weighed  in  the  rough  state  2882  carats, 
and  but  few  diamonds  in  the  world  ex- 
ceed it  in  size.  It  is  of  a  light  yellow 
hue,  and  is  set  as  a  star  with  eight  points 
and  a  _fleur  de  lys  above.  This  superb 
stone,  with  the  Dudley  and  Twin  dia- 
monds, have  all  been  discovered  in  the 
Cape  since  1870. 

Steyne  {Marquis  of),  earl  of  Gaunt 
and  of  Gaunt  Castle,  a  viscount,  baron, 
knight  of  the  Garter  and  of  numerous 
other  orders,  colonel,  trustee  of  the 
British  Museum,  elder  brother  of  the 
Trinity  House,  governor  of  White  Friars, 
etc.,  had  honours  and  titles  enough  to 
make  him  a  great  man  ;  but  his  life  was 
not  a  highly  moral  one,  and  his  conduct 
with  Becky  Sharp,  when  she  was  the  wife 
of  colonel  Rawdon  Crawley,  gave  rise  to 
a  great  scandal.  His  lordship  floated 
through  the  ill  report,  but  Mrs.  Rawdon 


STIMULANTS.  ETC. 

was  obliged  to  live  abroad. — Thackeray: 
Vanity  Fair  (1848). 

Stick  to  it,  says  Baigent.  Baigent 

was  the  principal  witness  for  the  Claimant 
in  the  great  Tichborne  trial,  and  his 
advice  to  his  protigi  was,  "Stick  to  it" 
(1872). 

Stigfgins,  a  hypocritical,  drunken, 
methodist  "shepherd "  (minister),  thought 
by  Mrs.  Weller  to  be  a  saint.  His  time 
was  spent  for  the  most  part  in  drinking 
pine-apple  rum  at  the  Marquis  of  Granby 
tavern. — Dickens:  The  Pickwick  Papers 
(1836). 

S\>TXi.{Cornelius  the),  Cornelius  Tacitus. 
(Latin,  tacltus,  "still") 

Cornelius  the  Stylle,  in  his  firste  book  of  his  yerely 
exploictes,  called  in  Latine  AnnaUs.—FardU  of 
Facions,  iii.  3  (1555). 

Still  Waters  Run  Deep,  adapted 
from  the  French  novel,  Le  Gendre. 

Stimulants  used  by  Public  Cha- 
racters. 

(i)  Bonaparte,  snuff. 

(2)  Braham,  bottled  porter. 

(3)  Bull  {Rev.  William),  the  noncon- 
formist, was  an  inveterate  smoker. 

^4)  Byron,  gin-and- water. 

(5)  Catley  {Miss),  linseed  tea  and 
madeira. 

(6)  Cooke  [G.  F.),  everything  drink- 
able. 

(7)  Disraeli  (lord  Beaconsfield),  cham- 
pagne jelly. 

/8)  Emery,  cold  brandy-and-water. 

(9)  Erskine  {Lord),  opium  in  large 
doses. 

(10)  Gladstone  {W.  £.),  an  egg 
beaten  up  in  sherry. 

(11)  Henderson,  gum  arabic  and 
sherry. 

(12)  HOBBES,  only  cold  water. 

(13)  Incledon,  madeira. 

(14)  Jordan  {Mrs.),  calves'-foot  jelly 
dissolved  in  warm  sherry. 

(15)  Kean  {Edmund),  beef-tea,  cold 
brandy. 

(16)  Kemble  {yohn),  opium. 

17)  Lewis,  mulled  wine  and  oysters. 

18)  Newton  smoked  incessantly. 

(19)  Oxberry,  strong  tea. 

(20)  Pope,  strong  coffee. 

(21)  Schiller  required  to  sit  over  a 
table  deeply  impregnated  with  the  smell 
of  apples.  He  stimulated  his  brain  with 
coffee  and  champagne. 

(22)  SiDDONS  {Mrs.),  porter,  not 
"stouL" 


STINKOMALEK 

(23)  Smith  ( IVilliam)  drank  strong 
coffee. 

(24)  Wedderburne  (the  first  lord  Ash- 
burton)  used  to  place  a  blister  on  his 
chest  when  he  had  to  make  a  great  speech. 
— Dr.  Paris:  Pharmacologia  [iQig). 

(25)  Wood  [Mrs. )  drank  draught  porter. 

Stinkomalee.  So  Theodore  Hook 
called  the  London  University.  The  word 
was  suggested  by  "  Trincomalee "  (in 
Ceylon),  a  name  before  the  public  at  the 
time.  Hook  hated  the  "  University," 
because  it  admitted  students  of  all  de- 
nominations. 

Only  look  at  Stinkomalee  and  King's  Collegre, 
Activity,  union,  craft,  indomitable  perseverance  on  the 
one  side  ;  indolence,  indecision,  internal  distrust  and 
jealousies,  calf-like  simplicity,  and  cowardice  intoler- 
able on  the  othet.—lViison:  Nodes  Ambrosiana 
(1822-36). 

_  Stirrups  were  unknown  to  the  an- 
cients ;  they  were  used  sometimes  in  the 
fifth  century,  but  were  not  common  till 
the  twelfth. 

In  the  equestrian  statue  of  Marcus 
Aurelius  (121-180),  now  on  the  Capitoline 
Hill,  in  Rome,  the  rider  very  properly  is 
represented  without  stirrups. 

But  the  two  equestrian  statues  of 
William  HI.  (one  in  King  William  Street, 
London,  and  the  other  in  College  Green, 
Dubhn)  represented  without  stirrups  can- 
not be  defended.  For  when  William  HL 
was  king  (1689-1702),  the  use  of  stirrups 
was  quite  usual. 

Stitch  [Tom),  a  young  tailor,  a  great 
favourite  with  the  ladies. — The  Merry 
History  of  Tom  Stitch  (seventeenth  cen- 
tury). 

Stock  Exchangee  "  Nicknames." 

Berwicks,  North  -  Eastern  railway 
shares. 

Brums,  London  and  North-Western 
railway  shares  (the  Birmingham  line). 

Cohens,  the  Turkish  '69  loan.  Floated 
by  the  firm  of  that  name. 

Dogs,  Newfoundland  telegraph  shares, 
(Newfoundland  dogs.) 

Dovers,  South-Eastern  railway  shares. 
(The  line  runs  to  Dover.) 

Floaters,  exchequer  bills  and  other 
unfunded  stock. 

Fourteen  Hundred,  a  stranger  who 
has  intruded  into  the  Stock  Exchange. 
This  term  was  used  in  Defoe's  time. 

Lame  Duck  [A),  a  member  of  the 
Stock  Exchange  who  fails  in  his  obliga- 
tions. 

Leeds,  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire  rail- 
way shares. 


1046 


STOLEN  KISSES. 


Morgans,  the  French  6  per  cents. 
Floated  by  that  firm. 

Muttons,  the  Turkish  '65  loan.  (Partly 
secured  by  the  sheep-tax. ) 

Pots,  North  Staffordshire  railway 
shares.     (The  potteries. ) 

SiNGAPORES  (3  syl.),  British  Indian 
Extension  telegraph  shares. 

Smelts,  Enghsh  and  Australian  copper 
shares. 

Stag,  one  who  applies  for  an  allotment 
of  shares,  and  cuts  off  if  they  do  not  rise 
in  price  before  they  are  awarded. 

YoRKS,  the  Great  Northern  railway 
shares. 

Stock  Pieces,  used  in  university  and 
law  examinations.     (See  Tips.) 

Stocks'  Market.  So  called  from  a 
pair  of  stocks  which  at  one  time  stood 
there.  Gardeners  used  to  occupy  all  but 
the  north  and  south-west  part.  The 
flower  called  the  "stock"  received  its 
name  from  being  sold  there.  The  mar- 
ket was  removed  to  Farringdon  Street 
in  '^72)7 >  and  was  then  called  "Fleet 
Market." 

Where  is  there  such  a  garden  In  Europe  as  the 
Stocks'  Market?  Where  such  a  river  as  the  Thames  t 
Where  such  ponds  and  decoys  as  in  Leadenhall  Market 
for  your  fish  and  io'xX^— Shad-well :  Bury  Fair  (1689). 

Stockwell  [Mr.),  a  City  merchant, 
who  promised  to  give  his  daughtei  Nancy 
in  marriage  to  the  son  of  sir  Harry  Har- 
lowe  of  Dorsetshire. 

Mrs.  Stockwell,  the  merchant's  wife, 
who  always  veers  round  to  the  last 
speaker,  and  can  be  persuaded  to  any- 
thing for  the  time  being. 

Nancy  Stockwell,  daughter  of  the  mer- 
chant, in  love  with  Belford,  but  promised 
in  marriage  to  sir  Harry  Harlowe's  son. 
It  so  happens  that  sir  Harry's  son  has 
privately  married  another  lady,  and  Nancy 
falls  to  the  man  of  her  choice. — Garrick  : 
Neck  or  Nothing  (1766). 

Stolen  Kisses,  a  drama  by  Paul 
Meriit,  in  three  acts  (1877).  Felix  Free- 
mantle,  under  the  pseudonym  of  Mr.  Joy, 
falls  in  love  with  Cherry,  daughter  of 
Tom  Spirit  once  valet  to  Mr.  Freemantle 
(who  had  come  to  the  title  of  viscount 
Trangmar).  When  Tom  Spirit  ascer- 
tained that  "  Felix  Joy  "  was  the  son  of 
the  viscount,  he  forbade  all  further  in- 
tercourse, unless  Felix  produced  his 
father's  consent  to  the  marriage.  The 
next  part  of  the  plot  pertains  to  the 
brother  of  Tom  Spirit,  who  had  assumed  . 
the  name  of  Walter  Temple,  and,  as  a 


STONE  OF  LODA. 


1047    STORM-AND-STRAIN  PERIOD. 


stock-broker,  had  become  very  wealthy. 
In  his  prosperity,  Walter  scornfully 
ignored  his  brother  Tom,  and  his  ambi- 
tion was  to  marry  his  daughter  Jenny  to 
the  son  of  viscount  Tragmar,  who  owed 
him  money.  Thus  the  two  cousins, 
Cherry  and  Jenny,  came  into  collision  ; 
but  at  the  end  Jenny  married  Fred  Gay 
a  medical  student,  Cherry  married  Felix, 
the  two  brothers  were  reconciled,  and 
Tom  released  his  old  master,  viscount 
Trangmar,  by  destroying  the  bond  which 
Walter  held  and  gave  him. 

Stone  of  Loda,  a  place  of  worship 
amongst  the  ancient  Gaels.  ^—  Ossian  : 
Temora,  v. 

Stonehengfe.  Aurelius  Ambrosius 
asked  Merlin  what  memento  he  could 
raise  to  commemorate  his  victory  over 
Vortigern ;  and  Merlin  advised  him  to 
remove  "The  Giant's  Dance"  from 
mount  Killaraus,  in  Ireland,  to  Salisbury 
Plain.  So  Aurelius  placed  a  fleet  and 
15,000  men  under  the  charge  of  Uther  the 
pendragon  and  Merlin  for  the  purpose. 
Gilloman  king  of  Ireland,  who  opposed 
the  invaders,  was  routed,  and  then  Merlin, 
"  by  his  art,"  shipped  the  stones,  and  set 
them  up  on  the  plain  "in  the  same 
manner  as  they  stood  on  Killaraus." — 
Geoffrey:  British  History,  viii.  10-12 
(1142). 

How  Merlin,  by  his  skill  and  magic's  wondrous  mlgrht. 
From  Ireland  hither  brouglit  the  Sonendge  in  a  night. 

Drayton  :  Poiyolbion,  iv.  {1612). 
Stonehenge,  once  thought  a  temple,  you  have  found 
A  throne,  wliere  kings,  our  earthly  gods,  were  crowned. 
Drydcn  :  HpisUes,  IL 

Stonehenge  a  Trophy.  It  is  said,  in  the 
Welsh  triads,  that  this  circle  of  stones 
was  erected  by  the  Britons  to  commemo- 
rate the  "  treachery  of  the  Long-Knives," 
i.e.  a  conference  to  which  the  chief  of  the 
British  warriors  were  invited  by  Hengist 
at  Ambresbury.  Beside  each  chief  a 
Saxon  was  seated,  armed  with  a  long 
knife,  and  at  a  given  signal  each  Saxon 
slew  his  Briton.  As  many  as  460  British 
nobles  thus  fell,  but  Eldol  earl  of  Glouces- 
ter, after  slaying  seventy  Saxons  (some 
say  660),  made  his  escape.  —  Welsh 
Triads.  (See  Geoffrey's  British  History, 
bk.  vi.  15.) 

• .  •  Geoffrey  says  the  signal  of  the  on- 
set was  the  utterance  of  the  words  Nejnet 
cure  Saxas,  and  that  the  number  of  the 
slain  was  460. — Bk.  vi.  15. 

Stonehenge  was  erected  by  Merlin,  at  the  command 
•f  Ambrosius,  in  memory  of  the  plot  of  the  "  Long- 
Knives,"  when  300  British  chiefs  were  treacherously 
massacred  by  Vortigern.  He  built  it  on  the  site  of  a 
Conner  circle.    It  deviates  from  older  bardic  circles,  as 


Drew,    Keswick,  etc.     It    is    called    "The  Work  o' 
Ambrosius." — Cambrian  Biography,  art.  "  Merddin.' 

IT  Mont  Dieu,  a  solitary  mound  close 
to  Dumfermline,  owes  its  origin,  accord- 
ing to  story,  to  some  unfortunate  monks, 
who,  by  way  of  penance,  carried  the 
sand  in  baskets  from  the  sea-shore  at 
Inverness. 

H  At  Linton  is  a  fine  conical  hill  attri- 
buted to  two  sisters  (nuns),  who  were 
compelled  to  pass  the  whole  of  the  sand 
through  a  sieve,  by  way  of  penance,  to 
obtain  pardon  for  some  crime  committed 
by  their  brother. 

IF  The  Gog  Magog  Hills,  near  Cam- 
bridge, are  ascribed  to  his  Satanic 
majesty. 

Stonewall  Jackson,  Thomas  Jeffer- 
son Jackson,  general  in  the  southern 
army  in  the  great  civil  war  of  the  North 
American  States.  General  Bee  suggested 
the  name  in  the  battle  of  Bull  Run  (i86i). 
"  There  is  Jackson,"  said  he  to  his  men, 
"standing  hke  a  stone  wall "  (1826-1863). 

Stork  {King),  a  tyrant,  who  (accord- 
ing to  Homer)  is  a  "  devourer  of  his 
people,"  and  makes  them  submissive 
through  fear.  The  allusion,  of  course,  is 
to  the  fable  of  the  Frogs  asking  for  a 
King.  Jupiter  first  sent  them  a  log  of 
wood,  which  they  despised,  so  he  next 
sent  them  a  stork,  which  devoured  them. 
(Read  i  Sam.  viii.) 

Storm  ( The  Great)  occurred  Novem- 
ber 26-7,  1703.  This  storm  supplied 
Addison  with  his  celebrated  simile  of  the 
angel— 

So  when  an  angel  by  divine  command, 


Rides  on  the  tempest  and  directs  the  storm. 

The  Campaign  (170S). 

Storm-and-Strain  Period.    The 

last  quarter  of  the  eighteenth  century  was 
called  in  Germany  the  Sturm-und-,Drang 
Zeit,  because  every  one  seemed  in  a  fever 
to  shake  off  the  shackles  of  government, 
custom,  prestige,  and  religion.  The  poets 
raved  in  volcanic  rant  or  sentimental 
moonshine  ;  marriage  was  disregarded  ; 
law,  both  civil  and  divine,  was  pooh- 
poohed.  Goethe's  Man  with  the  Iron 
Hand  and  Sorrows  of  Wert  her — Schiller's 
Robbers — Klinger's  tragedies — Lessing's 
criticisms— the  mania  for  Shakespeare 
and  Ossian — revolutionized  the  literature ; 
and  the  cry  went  forth  for  untrammelled 
freedom,  which  was  nicknamed  "Nature." 
As  well  go  unclad,  and  call  it  nature. 


STORMS, 


X048 


STRAP, 


Storms  [Cape  of).  The  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  was  called  by  Bartholomew  Diaz 
Cabo  Tormentoso  in  1486  ;  but  king  John 
II.  of  Portugal  gave  it  its  present  more 
auspicious  name. 

Stomello  Verses,  verses  in  which 
a  word  or  phrase  is  harped  upon,  and 
turned  about  and  about,  as  in  the  follow- 
ing example  : — 

Vive  la  France  1  wave  our  banner,  the  red.  white,  and 

blue; 
The  flag  of  the  loyal  the  royal,  and  true. 
Blue  and  red  for  our  city  we  wave,  and  the  white 
For  our  sovereign  the  people,  whose  rule  is  their  right. 
Koyal  white,  loyal  blue,  and  forget  not  the  red. 
To  show  for  our  freedom  we'll  bleed  and  have  bled. 
E.  C.  B. 

S.T.P.,  the  same  as  D.D.,  "divinity 
doctor."  The  initials  oi Sancta  Theologict 
Professor. 

Strabo  of  Germany  ( The),  Sebas- 
tian Munster  (1489-1552). 

Stradiva'rius  {Antonius),  bom  at 
Cremo'na,  in  Italy  (1670-1728).  He  was 
a  pupil  of  Andreus  Amati.  The  Amati 
family,  with  Stradivarius  and  his  pupil 
Guarnerius  (all  ot  Cremona),  were  the 
most  noted  violin-makers  that  ever  lived, 
insomuch  that  the  word  "Cremona"  is 
synonymous  for  a  first-rate  violin. 

The  instrument  on  which  he  played 
Was  in  Cremona's  workshops  made  .  .  « 
The  maker  from  whose  hands  it  cams 
Had  written  his  unrivalled  name— 
"Antonius  Stradivarius." 
Lonsfeltow  :  The  IVayside  Inn  (prelude,  1863). 

Strafford,  an  historical  tragedy  by 
R.  Browning  (1836).  This  drama  con- 
tains portraits  of  Charles  I.,  the  earl  of 
Strafford,  Hampden,  John  Pym,  sir 
Harry  Vane,  etc.,  both  truthful  and 
graphic.  Of  course,  the  subject  of  the 
drama  is  the  attainder  and  execution  of 
Wentworth  earl  of  Strafford. 

Straitlace  {Dame  PMHppa),  the 
maiden  aunt  of  Blushington.  She  is 
very  much  surprised  to  find  her  nephew 
entertaining  dinner  company,  and  still 
more  so  that  he  is  about  to  take  a  young 
wife  to  keep  house  for  him  instead  of 
herself. — Moncrieff:  The  Bashful  Man. 

Strareuheim  {Count  of),  a  kinsman 
of  Werner,  who  hunted  him  from  place 
to  place,  with  a  view  of  cutting  him  off, 
because  he  stood  between  him  and  the 
inheritance  of  Siegendorf.  This  mean, 
plausible,  overreaching  nobleman  was  by 
acciuent  lodged  under  the  same  roof  with 
Werner  while  on  his  way  to  Siegendorf. 
Here  Werner  robbed  him  of  a  rouleau  of 
gold,  and  next  night  Ulric  (Werner's 
eon)  murdered  him. 


Ida  Streilenheim,  daughter  of  count 
Stralenheim,  betrothed  to  Ulric,  whom 
she  dearly  loved;  but  being  told  by 
Ulric  that  he  was  the  assassin  of  her 
father,  she  fell  senseless,  and  Ulric  de- 
parted, never  to  return. — Byron  :  Werner 
(1822). 

The  accent  of  this  name  is  given  by 
Byron  sometimes  on  the  first  and  some- 
times on  the  second  syllable— 

Stralen'heim,  altho'  noble,  is  unheeded. 

Act  iii.  4. 
The  daughter  of  dead  Stral'enheim,  your  foe. 

Act  iv.  I. 

Strange  Story  {A),  a  novel  by  lord 
Lytton  (1862).  Its  object  is  to  show  that 
man  and  nature  too  require  to  be  set  off 
by  the  supernatural. 

Stranger  ( 7".^.?), the  count Waldbourg. 
He  married  Adelaide  at  the  age  of  16 ; 
she  had  two  children  by  him,  and  then 
eloped.  The  count,  deserted  by  his 
young  wife,  lived  a  roving  life,  known 
only  as  ' '  The  Stranger  ;  "  and  his  wife, 
repenting  of  her  folly,  under  the  assumed 
name  of  Mrs.  Haller,  entered  the  service 
of  the  countess  Wintersen,  whose  affec- 
tion she  secured.  In  three  years'  time, 
"the  stranger  "  came  by  accident  into  the 
same  neighbourhood,  and  a  reconciliation 
took  place. 

His  servant  Francis  says  he  is  "  a  good  muster,  though 
one  almost  loses  the  use  of  speech  by  living  with  him. 
A  man  kind  and  dear,  though  I  cannot  understand  him. 
He  rails  against  the  whole  world,  and  yet  no  beggar 
leaves  his  door  unsatisfied.  I  have  now  lived  three 
years  with  him,  and  yet  I  know  not  who  he  is.  A  hater 
of  society,  no  doubt  .  .  .  \_-with\  misanthropy  in  the 
head,  not  in  the  heart"— .S.  Thompson :  The  Stranger, 
i.  I  (1797). 

(This  drama  is  altered  from  Kotzebue. ) 
•.•  Mrs.   R.  Trench  says  of  John  P. 
Kemble  (1757-1823) — 

I  always  saw  him  with  pain  descend  to  "The 
Stranger. '  It  was  like  the  genius  in  the  Arabian  tale 
going  into  the  vase.  First,  it  seemed  so  unlikely  he 
Should  meet  witli  such  an  affront,  and  this  injured  the 
probability  of  the  piece ;  and  next,  "  The  Stranger  "  is 
really  never  dignified,  and  one  is  always  in  pain  for 
him,  poor  gentleman  1 — Remains  (1822). 

Strangford  {Percy  Clinton  Sydney 
Smythe,  viscount),  in  1803,  published  a 
translation  of  the  poems  of  Caraoens, 
the  great  Portuguese  poet. 

Hibernian  Strangford  .  .  . 
Thinkst  thou  to  gain  thy  verse  a  higher  placs 
By  dressing  Camoens  in  a  suit  of  lace? 
Cease  to  deceive  ;  thy  pilfered  harp  restore. 
Nor  teach  the  Lusian  bard  to  copy  Moore. 
Byron  :  English  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers  (1809). 

Strap  {Hugh),  a  simple,  generous, 
and  disinterested  adherent  of  Roderick 
Random.  His  generosity  and  fidelity, 
however,  meet  with  but  a  base  return 
from  the  heartless  libertine. — Smollett: 
Roderick  Random  (1748). 


STRASBOURG  CATHEDRAL.      1049     STRONG  MEN  AND  WOMEN. 


We  believe  there  are  few  readers  who  ar«  not 
disgusted  with  the  miserable  reward  assigned  to  Strap 
in  the  closing  chapter  of  the  novel.  Five  hundred 
pounds  (scarce  the  value  of  the  goods  he  had  presented 
to  his  master)  and  the  hand  of  a  reclaimed  street-walker, 
even  when  added  to  a  Highland  farm,  seem  but  a  poor 
recompense  for  his  faitliful  and  disinterested  attach- 
ment.—SjV  IV.  Scoit. 

Strasbourg'  Cathedral,  designed 
by  Erwin  von  Steinbach  (1015-1439). 

Straucban  [Old),  the  'squire  of  sir 
Kenneth.— 5iV  W.  Scott:  The  Talisman 
(time,  Richard  I.). 

Strawberry  Leaves  {To  win  the), 
to  be  created  a  duke. 

Strawberry  Preacher  {A),  a 
"Jerusalem  pony,"  a  temporary  help, 
who  wanders  from  pulpit  to  pulpit,  to 
preach  for  some  society,  to  aid  some 
absent  or  invalided  minister,  or  to  advo- 
cate some  charity.  The  term  was  first 
used  by  Latimer,  and  the  phrase  means 
a  "straying-preacher."  (Anglo-Saxon, 
itreowan,  "  to  stray  ;  "  hence,  strawberry, 
streow-berie,  "  the  straying  berry-plant.") 

Streets  of  London  ( The),  a  drama 
by  Dion  Boucicault  (1862),  adapted  from 
the  French  play  Les  Pauvres  des  Paris. 

Stre'mon,  a  soldier,  famous  for  his 
singing. — Beaumont  l;^)  and  Fletcher  :  The 
Mad  Lover  (1617). 

(Beaumont  died  1616.) 

Strephon,  the  shepherd  in  sir  Philip 
Sidney's  Arcadia,  who  makes  love  to  the 
beautiful  UranKa  (1580).  It  is  a  stock 
name  for  a  lover,  CloS  being  usually  the 
corresponding  lady. 

Captain  O'Flarty  was  one  of  my  dying  Strephons  at 
Scarborough.  I  have  a  very  grate  regard  for  him,  and 
must  make  him  a  Uttle  miserable  with  my  happiness. — 
Garrick:  The  Irish  IVidoTv,  i.  3  (17S7). 

The  servant  of  your  Strephon  ...  is  my  lord  and 
master. — Garrick:  Miss  in  Her  Tekns  (1753). 

Stretton  [Hesba),  the  pseudonym  of 
Miss  Smith,  daughter  of  a  bookseller  and 
printer  in  Wellington,  Salop.  ;  authoress 
of  several  well-known  religious  novels. 

Strickalthrow  [Merciful],  in  Crom- 
well's troop. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Woodstock 
(time.  Commonwealth). 

Strictland  (Mr.),  the  "suspicious 
husband ; "  who  suspects  Clarinda,  a 
young  lady  visitor,  of  corrupting  his 
wife ;  suspects  Jacintha,  his  ward,  of 
lightness;  and  suspects  his  wife  of  in- 
fidelity ;  but  all  liis  suspicions  being 
proved  groundless,  he  promises  reform. 

Mrs.  Strictland,  wife  of  Mr.  Strictland, 
a  model  of  discretion  and  good  nature. 
She  not  only  gives  no  cause  of  jealousy 


to  her  husband,  but  never  even  resents  his 
suspicions  or  returns  his  ill  temper  in  the 
same  coin.— Z>r.  Hoadly  :  The  Suspicious 
Husband  (1747). 

Strike,  Dakyns !  the  Devil's  In 
the  Hempe,  the  motto  of  the  Dakynses. 
The  reference  is  to  an  enemy  of  the  king, 
who  had  taken  refuge  in  a  pile  of  hemp. 
Dakyns,  having  nosed  the  traitor,  was 
exhorted  to  strike  him  with  his  battle-axe 
and  kill  him,  which  he  did.  Hence  the 
crest  of  the  family — a  dexter  arm  .  .  . 
holding  a  battle-axe. 

Striking   the   Shield,  a  call  to 

battle  among  the  ancient  Gaels. 

"  Strike  th",  sounding  shield  of  Semo.  It  hangs  at 
Tura's  rustling  gate.  The  sound  of  peace  is  not  its 
voice  1  My  heroes  shall  hear  and  obey."  He  went. 
He  struck  the  bossy  shield.  The  hills,  the  rocks  reply. 
The  sound  spreads  along  the  wood  :  deer  start  by 
the  lake  of  roes.  ...  "It  is  the  shield  of  war,"  said 
Ronnart.— OjJia/t  ;  Fin£al,  L 

Strom'boli,  called  "  The  Great  Light- 
house of  the  Mediterranean"  from  its 
volcano,  which  is  in  a  constant  blaze. 

Strong  [Dr. ),  a  benevolent  old  school- 
master, to  whom  David  Copperfield  was 
sent  whilst  living  with  Mr.  Wickfield. 
The  old  doctor  doted  on  his  young  wife 
Annie,  and  supported  her  scapegrace 
cousin  Jack  Maldon. — Dickens:  David 
Copperfield  [xZ^^). 

Strong  Men  and  Women. 

Antaeos,  Atlas,  Dorsan^s  the  Indian 
Hercules,  Guy  earl  of  Warwick,  Hercules, 
Macgris  son  of  Amon,  Rustam  the  Persian 
Hercules,  Samson,  Starchatfirus  the 
Swede  (first  Christian  century). 

Brown  [Miss  Phcebe),  about  five  feet 
six  inches  in  height,  well-proportioned, 
round-faced,  and  ruddy.  She  could  carry 
fourteen  score,  and  could  hft  a  hundred- 
weight with  each  hand  at  the  same  time. 
She  was  fond  of  poetry  and  music,  and 
her  chief  food  was  milk. —  W.  Hutton. 

MiLO  of  Crotona  could  carry  on  his 
shoulders  a  four-year-old  bullock,  and 
kill  it  with  a  single  blow  of  his  fist.  On 
one  occasion,  the  pillar  which  supported 
the  roof  of  a  house  gave  way,  and  Milo 
held  up  the  whole  weight  of  the  building 
with  his  hands. 

Polyd'amas,  the  athlete.  He  killed  a 
lion  with  a  blow  of  his  fist,  and  could 
stop  a  chariot  in  full  career  with  one 
hand. 

TOPHAM  [Thomas)  of  London  (1710- 
1749).  He  could  lift  three  hogsheads  or 
1836  lbs.  ;   could  heave  a  horse  over  a 


STRONGBACK.  1050 

turnpike  gate;   and  could  lift  two  hun- 
dredweight with  his  little  finger. 

Stron^back,  one  of  the  seven  at- 
tendants of  Fortunio.  He  could  never 
be  overweighted,  and  could  fell  a  forest  in 
a  few  hours  without  fatigue. — Comtesse 
D'Aulnoy:  Fairy  Tales  ("Fortunio," 
1682). 

(The  brothers  Grimm  have  introduced 
the  tale  of  "  Fortunio  "  in  their  Goblins.) 

Stroug''bow,  Gilbert  de  Clare,  who 
succeeded  to  the  title  of  his  brother,  the 
earl  of  Hertford,  in  1138,  and  was  created 
earl  of  Pembroke  (died  1149). 

(Henry  H.  called  him  a  "false"  or 
"pseudo-earl.") 

Strongfbow  (Richard  of  Strigal)  was 
Richard  de  Clare  earl  of  Pembroke,  son 
of  Gilbert  de  Clare.  He  succeeded  Der- 
mot  king  of  Leinster,  his  father-in-law,  in 
1170,  and  died  1176. 

The  earl  of  Strigale  then,  our  Strongbow,  first  that  won 
Wild  Ireland  with  the  sword. 

Drayton:  Polyolbion,  xviii.  (1613). 

Struldbrags,  the  inhabitants  of 
Luggnagg,  who  never  die. 

He  had  reached  that  period  of  life  .  .  .  which  .  .  . 
entitles  a  man  to  admission  into  the  ancient  order  of 
Struldbrugs — Swift:  Gulliver's  Travels  ("  Laputa," 
1726). 

Stmtt  (Lord),  the  king  of  Spain ; 
originally  Charles  H.  (who  died  without 
issue) ;  but  also  applied  to  his  successor 
Philippe  due  d' Anson,  called  "Philip 
lord  Strutt." 

I  need  not  tell  you  of  the  great  quarrels  that  happened 
In  our  neighbourhood  since  the  death  of  the  late  lord 
Strutt ;  how  the  parson  [cardinal  Portocarero]  .  .  . 
got  him  to  settle  his  estate  upon  his  cousin  Philip 
Baboon  [Boiirbon\  to  the  great  disappointment  of  his 
cousin  squire  South  [Charles  0/  Austria']. — Dr. 
Arbntknot:  History  o/Jokn  Bull,  i.  (1711). 

Stryirer  (Bully),  of  the  King's  Bench 
Bar,  counsel  for  the  defence  in  Darnay's 
trial. 

He  was  stout,  loud,  red,  bluff,  and  free  from  any 
drawback  of  delicacy ;  had  a  pushing  way  of  shoulder- 
ing himself  (morally  and  physically)  into  companies  and 
conversations,  that  argued  well  for  his  shouldering  his 
way  on  in  life. — Dickens  :  A  Tale  0/  Two  Cities,  iL  24 
(x8S9). 

Stuart  Ill-Pated  ( The  House  of),  as 
that  of  CEdKpos. 

(1)  James  I.  of  Scotland,  poet,  mur- 
dered by  conspirators  at  Perth,  in  the 
forty-fourth  year  of  his  age  (1393,  1424- 
1437). 

(2)  James  II.,  his  son,  killed  at  the 
siege  of  Roxburgh,  aged  30  (1430,  1437- 
1460). 


STUART  ILL-FATED. 


(3)  James  III. ,  his  son,  was  stabbed  in 
his  flight  from  Bannockburn  by  a  pre- 
tended priest,  aged  36  (1452,  1460-1488). 

(His  brother,  the  earl  of  Mar,  was  im- 
prisoned in  1477,  and  died  in  durance, 
1480. ) 

(4)  James  IV.,  his  son,  the  "Chivalrous 
Madman,"  was  defeated  and  slain  at 
Flodden,  aged  41  (1472,  1488-1513). 

(5)  James  V.,  his  son,  was  defeated  at 
Solway  Moss,  November  25,  and  died  of 
grief,  December  14,  aged  30  (1512,  1513- 
1542). 

(6)  Mary  queen  of  Scots,  daughter 
of  James  V.,  was  beheaded,  aged  44 
years  63  days  (1542,  1542-1587,  Old 
Style). 

(Her  husband,  Henry  Stuart  lord 
Darnley,  was  murdered  (1541-1566). 
Her  niece,  Arabella  Stuart,  died  insane 
in  the  Tower,  1575-1615.) 

(7)  James  I.  of  England  and  VI.  of 
Scotland.  His  mother,  Mary  queen  of 
Scots,  was  beheaded  ;  his  eldest  son  died 
young ;  Charles  I.  was  beheaded  ;  Eliza- 
beth, who  married  the  prince  palatine, 
had  her  full  share  of  misfortunes ;  and 
his  grandson  was  James  II.  and  his  ill- 
starred  race. 

(8)  Charles  I.  his  son,  was  beheaded, 
aged  48  years  69  days  (1600,  1625- 
1649). 

(9)  Charles  II.,  his  son,  was  in  exile 
from  1645  to  1661.  In  1665  occurred  the 
Great  Plague,  and  in  1666  the  Great  Fire 
of  London.  He  died  aged  54  years  253 
days  (1630,  1661-1685), 

(His  favourite  child,  a  natural  son, 
defeated  at  Sedgemoor,  July  5,  was 
executed  as  a  traitor,  July  15,  aged  46, 
1649-1685.) 

(10)  James  II.,  brother  of  Charles,  and 
son  of  Charles  I.,  was  obliged  to  abdicate 
to  save  his  life,  and  died  in  exile  (1633, 
reigned  1685-1688).  James  II.  died  a 
pensioner  of  Louis  XIV,  (1701). 

(11)  James  Francis  Edward  "the 
Luckless,"  his  son,  called  the  "Old  Pre- 
tender," was  a  mere  cipher.  His  son 
Charles  came  to  England  to  proclaim 
him  king,  but  was  defeated  at  Culloden, 
leaving  3000  dead  on  the  field  (1688- 
1765). 

(12)  Charles  Edward,  the  "Young 
Pretender,"  was  son  of  the  "Old  Pre- 
tender." After  the  defeat  at  Culloden  he 
fled  to  France,  was  banished  from  that 
kingdom,  and  died  at  Rome  a  drunken 
dotard  (1720-1788). 

(13)  Henry  Benedict,  cardinal  York, 


STUARTS'  FATAL  NUMBER.      1051 

the  last  of  the  race,  was  a  pensioner  of 
George  III. 

The  Mary  Stuart  of  Italy,  Jane  I.  of 
Naples  (1327,  1343-1382).    .       »    J  ^      , 

Jane  married  her  cousin  Andre  ot 
Hungary,  who  was  assassinated  two 
years  after  his  marriage,  when  the  widow 
married  the  assassin.  So  Mary  Stuart 
married  her  cousin  lord  Darnley,  1565, 
who  was  murdered  1567,  and  the  widow 
married  Bothwell,  the  assassin. 

Jane  fled  to  Provence,  1347,  and  was 
strangled  in  1382.  So  Mary  Stuart  fled 
to  England  in  1568,  and  was  put  to  death 
in  1587  (Old  Style). 

Jane,  like  Mary,  was  remarkable  for 
her  great  beauty,  her  brilliant  court,  her 
voluptuousness,  and  the  men  of  genius 
she  drew  around  her ;  but  Jane,  like 
Mary,  was  also  noted  for  her  deplorable 
administration. 

(La  Harpe  wrote  a  tragedy  called 
Jeanne  de  Naples  (1765).  Schiller  has 
an  adaptation  of  it,  1821.) 

Stuarts'  ratal  Number  {The). 
This  number  is  88. 

(i)  James  III,  was  killed  in  flight  near 
Bannockburn,  1488. 

(2)  Mary  Stuart  was  beheaded  1588 
(New  Style). 

(3)  James  II.  of  England  was  dethroned 
1688, 

(4)  Charles  Edward  died  1788. 
(James  Stuart,   the  "  Old  Pretender," 

was  bom  1688,  the  very  year  that  his 
father  abdicated. ) 

(5)  James  Stuart,  the  famous  architect, 
died  1788. 

(Some  affirm  that  Robert  II.,  the  first 
Stuart  king,  died  1388,  the  year  of  the 
great  battle  of  Otterburn  ;  but  the  death 
of  this  king  is  more  usually  fixed  in  the 
spring  of  1390. ) 

Stubble  [Reuben),  bailiff  to  Farmer 
Cornflower,  rough  in  manner,  severe  in 
discipline,  a  stickler  for  duty,  "a  plain, 
upright,  and  downright  man,"  true  to  his 
master  and  to  himself. — Dibdin  :  The 
Farmer's  Wife  (1780). 

Stubbs,  the  beadle  at  Willinghanu 
The  Rev.  Mr.  Staunton  was  the  rector. — 
Sir  W.  Scott  :^  Heart  of  Midlothian  (time, 
George  II.)..i* 

Stubbs  [Miss  Sissly  or  Cecilia), 
daughter  of  squire  Stubbs,  one  of 
Waverley's  neighbours. — Sir  VV.  Scott: 
Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 

Stuffy  {Matthew),    an    applicant    to 


STUTLY. 

Velinspeck,  a  country  manager,  for  a 
situation  as  prompter,  for  which  he  says 
he  is  peculiarly  qualified  by  that  affec- 
tion of  the  eyes  vulgarly  called  a  squint, 
which  enables  him  to  keep  one  eye  on  the 
performers  and  the  other  on  the  book  at 
the  same  time. — C.  Mathews:  At  Home 
(1818). 

Stuffy  is  one  of  the  richest  bits  of  humour  we  ever 
witnessed.  His  endless  eulog;ies  upon  the  state  of 
things  in  the  immortal  Garrick's  time  are  highly 
XudXcioxxs.—Contem/'orary  Paper, 

Stukely  (2  syl. ),  a  destestable  man. 
"  'Twould  be  as  easy  to  make  him  honest 
as  brave  "  (act  i.  2).  He  pretends  to  be  the 
friend  of  Beverley,  but  cheats  him.  He 
aspires  to  the  hand  of  Miss  Beverley,  who 
is  in  love  with  Lewson. — E.  Moore:  The 
Gamester  (1753). 

Stukely  ( Will),  the  companion  of 
Little  John.  In  the  morris-dance  on 
May-day,  Little  John  used  to  occupy  the 
right  hand  side  of  Robin  Hood,  and  Will 
Stukely  the  left.     (See  Stutly.  ) 

Stukely  [Captain  Harry),  nephew  of 
sir  Gilbert  Pumpkin  of  Strawberry  Hall. 
—Jackman  :  All  the  World: s  a  Stage. 

Stupid  Boys.  St.  Thomas  Aquinas  ; 
also  called  at  school  "The  Dumb  Ox" 
(1224-1274).     Manlius  Torquatus. 

Manlius  Torquatus,  Tun  des  plus  ^ands  capitaines 
de  Rome,  paraisait,  dans  sa  jeunesse,  imbeciUe  et 
itViyxde.—Dictionnairt  Historique  (1819). 

Walter  Scott  was  a  dull  school-boy; 
so  was  lord  Byron,  and  many  other  fitst- 
class  men. 

Sturgeon  [Major),  J. P.,  "the  fish- 
monger from  Brentford,"  who  turned 
volunteer.  This  bragging  major  makes 
love  to  Mrs.  Jerry  Sneak. — Foote:  The 
Mayor  of  Garratt  (1763). 

We  had  some  desperate  duty,  sir  Jacob  .  .  .  such 
marchings  and  counter-marchings,  from  Brentford  to 
Ealing,  from  Ealing  to  Acton,  from  Acton  to  Uxbridge. 
Why,  there  was  our  last  expedition  to  Hounslow  ;  that 
days  work  carried  off  major  Molossas.  .  .  .  But  to 
proceed.  On  we  marched,  the  men  all  in  high  spirits, 
to  attack  the  gibbet  where  Gardel  is  hanging ;  but, 
turning  down  a  narrow  lane  to  the  left,  as  it  might  be 
about  there,  in  order  to  possess  a  pigstye,  that  we 
might  take  the  gallows  iu  flank,  and  secure  a  retreat, 
who  should  come  by  but  a  drove  of  fat  oxen  for  Smith- 
field  ?  The  drums  beat  in  front,  the  dogs  barked  in  the 
rear,  the  oxen  set  up  a  gallop ;  on  they  came,  thunder- 
ing upon  us,  broke  through  our  ranks  in  an  instant, 
and  threw  the  whole  corps  into  confusion.— Act  L  i. 

Sturmthal  [Melchoir),  the  banneret 
of  Berne,  one  of  the  Swiss  deputies.— iS?> 
W.  Scott :  Anne  of  Geier stein  (time, 
Edward  IV.). 

Stutly  (  Will),  sometimes  called  Wilt 
Stukely,  a  companion  of  Little  John.  In 
the  morris-dance  on  May-day,  Little  John 


STYLES. 


xosa 


SUCH  THINGS  ARE. 


occupied  the  right  hand  side  of  Robin 
Hood,  and  Will  Stutly  the  left.  His 
rescue  from  the  sheriff  of  Nottingham  by 
Robin  Hood,  forms  the  subject  of  one  of 
the  Robin  Hood  ballads. 

When  Robin  Hood  in  the  greenwood  lived. 

Under  the  greenwood  tree. 
Tidings  there  came  to  him  with  speed. 

Tidings  for  certaintie, 
That  Will  Stutly  surprized  was. 

And  eke  in  prison  lay ; 
Three  varlets  that  the  sheriff  hired. 

Did  likely  him  betray. 
RobiH  boocTs  Resctunz  TVill  Stutly,  It.  iJ. 

Styles  ( Tom  or  John)  or  Tom  d  Styles, 
a  phrase  name  at  one  time  used  by  lawyers 
in  actions  of  ejectment.  Jack  Noakes 
and  Tom  Styles  used  to  act  in  law  the 
part  that  N  or  M  acts  in  the  church.  The 
legal  fiction  has  been  abolished. 

I  have  no  connection  with  the  company  further  than 
giving  them,  for  a  certain  fee  and  reward,  my  poor 
opinion  as  a  medical  man,  precisely  as  I  may  give  it  to 
Jack  Noakes  or  Tom  Styles. — Dickens. 

(Tom  Styles,  Jack  Noakes,  John  Doe, 
and  Richard  Roe  are  all  Mrs.  Harrises  of 
the  legal  profession,  nomina  et  prcsterea 
nihil.) 

Styx,  one  of  the  five  rivers  of  hell. 
The  others  are  Ach'eron  {"  the  river  of 
grief  "),  Cocy tus  { "  the  river  of  wailing  "\, 
Phlegethon  ("the  river  of  liquid  fire"), 
and  Le'th6  ("the  river  of  oblivion"). 
Styx  means  "  the  river  of  hate."  (Greek, 
stugeo,  "  I  hate.") 

Abhorred  Styx,  the  flood  of  deadly  hate; 
Sad  Acheron,  of  sorrow,  black  and  deep ; 
Cocytus,  named  of  lamentation  loud. 
Heard  on  the  rueful  stream ;  fierce  Phlegethon, 
Whose  waves  of  torrent  fire  inflame  with  rage. 
Far  off  from  these,  a  slow  and  silent  stream, 
I^thd,  the  river  of  oblivion,  rolls. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  iL  577,  etc.  (1665). 

N.B. — Dantfi  places  the  rivers  in  differ- 
ent circles  of  the  Inferno  ;  thus,  he  makes 
the  Achgron  divide  the  border-land  from 
Umbo.  The  former  realm  is  for  the 
"praiseless  and  the  blameless  dead;" 
limbo  is  for  the  unbaptized.  He  places 
the  Stygian  Lake  of  "inky  hue"  in  the 
fifth  circle,  the  realm  of  those  who  put  no 
restraint  on  their  anger.  The  fire-stream 
of  Phlegethon  he  fixes  to  the  eighth  steep, 
the  "hell  of  burning,  where  it  snows 
flakes  of  fire,"  and  where  blasphemers 
are  confined.  He  places  "  the  frozen 
river"  of  Cocytus  in  the  tenth  pit  of 
MalSbolgS,  a  region  of  thick-ribbed  ice, 
the  lowest  depth  of  hell,  where  Judas  and 
Lucifer  are  imprisoned.  Lethfi,  he  says, 
is  no  river  of  hell  at  all ;  but  it  is  the  one 
wish  of  all  the  infernals  to  get  to  it,  that 
they  may  drink  its  water  and  forget  their 
torments ;  being,   however,   in    ' '  Purga- 


tory," they  can  never  get  near  it. — The 
Divine  Comedy  ( 1 300- 11). 

Sublime  and  Beautiful  {An^  In- 
quiry into  the  Origin  of  our  Ideas  of  the), 
by  Burke  (1757). 

Subtle,   the  "  alchemist,"  an  artful 
quack,  who  pretends  to  be  on  the  eve  of 
discovering  the  philosopher's  stone.     Sir 
Epicure  Mammon,  a  rich  knight,  is  his    | 
principal  dupe,  but  by  no  means  his  only     i 
one.  — Ben  Jonson  :  The  A  Ichemist  ( 16 10).    | 

Subtle,  an  Englishman  settled  in  | 
Paris.  He  earns  a  Uving  by  the  follies  of  ; 
his  countrymen  who  visit  the  gay  capital. 

Mrs.  Subtle,  wife  of  Mr.  Subtle,  and  a 
help-meet  for  him. — Foote  :  The  English- 
man in  Paris  (1753). 

Subtle  Doctor  (7*/^),  Duns  Scotust 
famous  for  his  metaphysical  speculations 
in  theology  (1265-1308). 

(This  must  not  be  confounded  with 
John  Duns  Scotus,  called  Erigena,  who 
died  873. ) 

Suburra.  So-and-so  is  the  Suhurra 
of  London,  the  most  disreputable  quarter, 
being  the  chief  haunt  of  the  "demi- 
monde." The  Suburra  of  Rome  was  a 
district  "ubi  meretricum  erant  dorai- 
cilia." 

Senem  (quod  omnes  rideant)  adulterum 

Latrent  Suburanoe  canes 
Nardo  perunctum. 

Horace  :  Ej>ode,  r, 

Subvolvaus,  inhabitants  of  tl^e  moon, 
in  everlasting  strife  with  the  Privolvans. 
The  former  hve  under  ground  in  cavities, 
' '  eight  miles  deep  and  eighty  round  ;  "  the 
latter  on  ' '  the  upper  ground. "  Every  sum- 
mer the  under-ground  lunatics  come  to  the 
surface  to  attack  the  "grounders,"  but  at 
the  approach  of  winter,  slink  back  again 
into  their  holes.— 5.  Butler:  The  Elephaiit 
in  the  Moon  (1754). 

Success.  Corcud's  ring  ensured  suc- 
cess.    (See  Ring,  p.  916.) 

Sucb.  Tbings  Are,  a  comedy  by 
Mrs.  Inchbald  (1786).  The  scene  lies  in 
India,  and  the  object  of  the  play  is  to 
represent  the  tyranny  of  the  old  regime, 
and  the  good  influence  of  the  British 
element,  represented  by  Haswell  the 
royal  physician.  The  main  feature  is  an 
introduction  to  the  dungeons,  and  the  in- 
famous neglect  of  the  prisoners,  amongst 
whom  is  Arabella,  the  sultan's  beloved 
English  wife,  whom  he  has  been  search- 
ing for  unsuccessfully  for  fifteen  years. 
Haswell  receives  the  royal  signet,  and  is 


SUCKFIST. 


IOS3 


SULLEN. 


entrusted  with  unlimited  power  by  the 
sultan. 

Suckfist  (Lord),  defendant  in  the 
great  Pantagruelian  lawsuit,  known  as 
"lord  Busqueue  v.  lord  Suckfist,"  in 
which  the  plaintiff  and  defendant  pleaded 
in  person.  After  hearing  the  case,  the 
bench  declared,  "  We  have  not  under- 
stood one  single  circumstance  of  the 
matter  on  either  side."  But  Pantagruel 
gave  judgment,  and  as  both  plaintiff  and 
defendant  left  the  court  fully  persuaded 
that  the  verdict  was  in  his  own  favour, 
they  were  both  highly  satisfied,  "  a  thing 
without  parallel  in  the  annals  of  the  law." 
—Rabelais:  Pantagruel,  ii.  Ii-i3{i533)- 

Suddlechop  {Benjamin),  "  the  most 
renowned  barber  in  all  Fleet  Street."  A 
thin,  half-starved  creature. 

Dame  Ursula  Suddlechop,  the  barber's 
wife.  "  She  could  contrive  interviews  for 
lovers,  and  relieve  frail  fair  ones  of  the 
burden  of  a  guilty  passion."  She  had 
been  a  pupil  of  Mrs.  Turner,  and  learnt 
of  her  the  secret  of  making  yellow  starch, 
and  two  or  three  other  prescriptions  more 
lucrative  still.  The  dame  was  scarcely 
40  years  of  age,  of  full  form  and  comely 
features,  with  a  joyous,  good-humoured 
expression. 

Dame  Ursula  had  acquaintances  .  .  .  among:  the 

tuality,  and  maintained  her  intercourse  .  .  .  partly  by 
riving  a  trade  in  perfumes,  essences,  pomades,  head- 
eears  from  France,  not  to  mention  drugs  of  various 
descriptions,  chiefly  for  the  use  of  ladies,  and  partly  by 
other  services  more  or  less  connected  with  the  esoteric 
branches  of  her  profession. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  Fortunes 
0/ Nigel,  viii.  (time,  James  I.). 

Suds  {Mrs.),  any  washerwoman  or 
laundress. 

Snerpo  Santo,  called  St.  Elmo, 
Castor  and  Pollux,  St.  Hermes ;  a  cor- 
posant or  electric  light  occasionally  seen 
on  a  ship's  mast  before  or  after  a  storm. 

I  do  remember  .  .  .  there  came  upon  the  toppe  of 
our  maine-yarde  and  maine-maste  a  certaine  little  light 
,  .  .  which  the  Spaniards  call  the  Snerpo  Santo.  .  .  . 
This  light  continued  aboord  our  ship  about  three 
houres,  flying  from  maste  to  maste,  and  from  top  to 
top.— Haciiuyt :  Voyages  (1598). 

SufEtlsion,  that  dimness  of  sight  which 
precedes  a  cataract.  It  was  once  thought 
that  a  cataract  was  a  thin  film  growing 
externally  over  the  eye  and  veiling  the 
sight ;  but  it  is  now  known  that  the  seat 
of  the  disease  is  the  crystalline  humour 
{between  the  outer  coat  of  the  eye  and  the 
vitreous  humour).  Couching  for  this 
disease  is  performed  with  a  needle,  which 
is  passed  through  the  external  coat,  and 
driven  into  the  crystalline  humour.  (See 
Drop  Serene,  p.  301.) 


So  thick  a  "  drop  serene  "  hath  quenched  theij  ort»», 
Or  dim  "suffusion  "  veiled. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Last,  iil.  as  (1665). 

Suicides  from  Books. 

(i)  Cleom'brotos,  the  Academic  philo- 
sopher, killed  himself  after  reading  Plato's 
Phcedon,  that  he  might  enjoy  the  happiness 
of  the  future  life  so  enchantingly  described. 

(2)  Fraulein  von  Lassberg  drowned 
herself  in  spleen,  after  reading  Goethe's 
Sorrows  of  Werther. 

Suleyman.    (See  Genii,  p.  412.) 

Sulin-Sifad'da,  one  of  the  two  steeds 
of  CuthuUin  general  of  the  Irish  tribes. 
The  name  of  the  other  was  Dusronnal. 

Before  the  right  side  of  the  car  is  seen  the  snorting 
horse ;  the  high-maned,  broad-breasted,  proud,  wide- 
leaping,  strong  steed  of  the  hill.  Loud  and  resounding 
is  his  hoof;  the  spreading  of  his  mane  above  is  like  a 
stream  of  smoke  on  a  ridge  of  rocks.  Bright  are  the 
sides  of  his  steed.  His  name  is  SuUn-Sifadda.— OjJ'iafr; 
Fin  gal,  i. 

Dusronnal  snorted  over  the  bodies  of  heroes.  Sifadda 
bathed  his  hoof  in  blood. — Ditto, 

Sulky  {Mr. ),  executor  of  Mr.  Warren, 
and  partner  in  Dornton's  bank.  With  a 
sulky,  grumpy  exterior,  he  has  a  kind 
heart,  and  is  strictly  honest.  When 
Dornton  is  brought  to  the  brink  of 
ruin  by  his  son's  extravagance.  Sulky 
comes  nobly  forward  to  the  rescue.  (Sec 
Silky,  p,  1007.) — Holcroft:  The  Road  to 
Ruin  (1792). 

And  oh  I  for  monopoly.    What  a  blest  day. 

When  the  lank  and  the  silk  shall,  in  fond  combination 
(Like  Sulky  and  Silky,  that  pair  in  the  play). 
Cry  out  with   one    voice   for    "high   rents"   aad 
"  starvation  "  1 

Moore  :  Ode  to  the  Goddess  Ceres  (i8o6>. 

Sullen  {Squire),  son  of  lady  Bountiful 
by  her  first  husband.  He  married  the 
sister  of  sir  Charles  Freeman,  but  after 
fourteen  months  their  tempers  and  dis- 
positions were  found  so  incompatible  that 
they  mutually  agreed  to  a  divorce. 

He  says  little,  thinks  less,  and  does  nothing  at  all. 
Faith  1  but  he's  a  man  of  great  estate,  and  values  no- 
body.—Act  i.  I. 

Parson  Trulliber,  sir  Wilful  Witwould,  sir  Francis 
Wronghead,  squire  Western,  squire  Sullen,— such  were 
the  people  who  composed  the  main  strength  of  the 
tory  party  for  sixty  years  after  the  Revolution. — 
Macaulay. 

{ ' '  Parson  Trulliber, "  in  Joseph  Andrews 
(by  Fielding) ;  "sir  Wilful  Witwould,''  in 
The  Way  of  the  World  {Congreve) ;  "sir 
Francis  Wronghead,"  in  7%e  Provoked 
Husband  (by  Cibber ) ;  ' '  squire  Western," 
in  Tom  Jones  (by  Fielding).) 

Mrs.  Sullen,  sister  of  sir  Charles  Free- 
man, and  wife  of  squire  Sullen.  They 
had  been  married  fourteen  months  when 
they  agreed  mutually  to  a  separation,  for 
in  no  one  single  point  was  there  any  com- 
patibility between  them.     The  squire  was 


SUL-MALLA. 


IOS4 


SUMPNOR'S  TALE. 


sullen,  the  lady  sprightly ;  he  could  not 
drink  tea  with  her,  and  she  could  not 
drink  ale  with  him  ;  he  hated  ombre  and 
picquet,  she  hated  cock-fighting  and 
racing;  he  would  not  dance,  and  she 
would  not  hunt.  When  squire  Sullen 
separated  from  his  wife,  he  was  obliged 
to  return  the  ^^20,000  which  he  had 
received  with  her  as  a  dowry. — Farquhar: 
The  Beaux  Stratagem  (1707). 

Sul-Malla,  daughter  of  Conmorking 
of  Inis-Huna  and  his  wife  Clun-galo. 
Disguised  as  a  warrior,  Sul-Malla  follows 
Cathmor  to  the  war  ;  but  Cathmor,  walk- 
mg  his  rounds,  discovers  Sul-Malla  asleep, 
falls  in  love  with  her,  but  exclaims, 
"This  is  no  time  for  love."  He  strikes 
his  shield  to  rouse  the  host  to  battle,  and 
is  slain  by  FingaL.  The  sequel  of  Sul- 
Malla  is  not  given. 

Clun-galo  came  ;  she  missed  the  maid.  "  Where  art 
tnou,  beam  of  light  ?  Hunters  from  the  mossy  rock,  saw 
you  the  blue-eyed  fair?  Are  her  steps  on  grassy  Lunion; 
near  the  bed  of  roses  t  Ah,  me  1  I  behold  her  bow  in 
the  hall.  Where  art  thou,  beam  of  light  t  "—C^Jiaw  .• 
Temcra,  vi. 

(This  has  been  set  to  music  by  sir  H. 
Bishop.) 

Sultan's  Horse  (The).  According 
to  tradition,  nothing  will  grow  where  the 
sultan's  horse  treads. 

Byzantians  boast  that  on  the  clod 
Where  once  the  sultan's  horse  hath  trod. 
Grows  neither  grass,  nor  shrub,  nor  tree. 

S-wi/C:  Pcthoxthe  Great  (1723). 

Summer,  one  of  the  poems  in  Thom- 
son's Seasons  {1727). 

Summer  Kiugf,  Amadeus  of  Spain. 

Summer  of  All  Saints,  the  fine 
weather  which  generally  occurs  in  Oc- 
tober and  November ;  also  called  St. 
Martin's  Summer  [L'^t^  de  S,  Martin) 
and  St.  Luke's  Summer. 

Then  followed  that  beautiful  season, 
Called  by  the  pious  Acadian  peasants  the  summer  of 
AU  Saints. 

Longfellow :  Evangeline,  i.  2  (1849). 

•.*  All  Saints'  Day,  November  i  ;  St. 
Martin's  Day,  November  ii  ;  St.  Luke's 
Day,  October  i8. 

Expect  St.  Martin's  summer,  halcyon  days. 
Shakespeare :  i  Henry  yi.  act  i.  sc.  2  (1589). 

All  Hallowen  Summer  is  the  same  as 
*' All  Saints'  Summer." 

Farewell,  all  Hallowen  summer. 
Zhakespeare  :  i  Henry  VI.  act  i.  sc  2  (1589). 

Summerland,  supposed  to  be  the 
Crimea  or  Constantinople  "over  the 
Ha-y  Sea."  This  is  given  by  Thomas 
Jones  of  Tregaron  as  the  place  from 
\ivhich  the  Britons  originally  emigrated. 
— r.  Jones:  The  Historical  Triads  (six- 
teentb  century). 


Sammerson  {Esther).  (See  Esther 
Hawdon,  p.  341.) 

Summons  to  Death. 

(i)  Jacques  Molay,  grand-master  of 
the  Knights  Templars,  as  he  was  led  to 
the  stake,  summoned  the  pope  (Clement 
V.)  within  forty  days,  and  the  king 
(Philippe  IV.)  within  forty  weeks,  to  ap- 
pear before  the  throne  of  God  to  answer 
for  his  murder.  They  both  died  within 
the  stated  times.! 

(2)  Montreal  d'Albano,  called  "Fra 
Moriale,"  knight  of  St.  John  of  Jerusa- 
lem, and  captain  of  the  Grand  Company 
in  the  fourteenth  century,  when  sentenced 
to  death  by  Rienzi,  summoned  him  to 
follow  within  the  month.  Rienzi  was 
within  the  month  killed  by  the  fickle 
mob. 

(3)  Peter  and  John  de  Carvajal, 
being  condemned  to  death  on  circum- 
stantial evidence  alone,  appealed,  but 
without  success,  to  Ferdinand  IV.  of 
Spain.  On  their  way  to  execution,  they 
declared  their  innocence,  and  summoned 
the  king  to  appear  before  God  within 
thirty  days.  Ferdinand  was  quite  well 
on  the  thirtieth  day,  but  was  found  dead 
in  his  bed  next  morning. 

(4)  George  Wishart,  a  Scotch  re- 
former, was  condemned  to  the  stake  by 
cardinal  Beaton.  While  the  fire  was 
blazing  about  him,  the  martyr  exclaimed 
in  a  loud  voice,  "  He  who  from  yon  high 
place  beholdeth  me  with  such  pride,  shall 
be  brought  low,  even  to  the  ground,  be- 
fore the  trees  which  have  supplied  these 
faggots  have  shed  their  leaves. "  It  was 
March  when  these  words  were  uttered, 
and  the  cardinal  died  in  June. 

(5)  Nanning  Koppezoon,  after  en- 
during the  most  horrible  tortures,  was  led 
to  execution,  when  Jurian  Epeszoon  tried 
to  drown  what  he  said  by  praying  in  a 
very  loud  voice.  Nanning  summoned 
Jurian  to  appear  before  the  judgment-seat 
within  three  days,  and  within  three  days 
he  actually  did  die. — Motley:  The  Dutch 
Republic,  pt.  iv.  2. 

Sumpuor's  Tsk\e(The),  in  Chaucer's 
Canterbury  Tales.  This  is  rather  a  satire 
on  the  interminable  begging  of  the  friars. 
The  mendicant  is  bamboozled  by  Farmer 
Thomas.  However,  the  friar  told  the 
tale  of  a  certain  king  who  commanded 
his  officer  to  take  to  execution  a  man 
charged  with  murder.  On  the  way  they 
encountered  the  man  supposed  to  ba 
murdered,  and  the  officer  led  back  the 


SUN.  IOS5 


SUPERSTITIONS,  ETC. 


accased.  The  king,  instead  of  dis- 
charging the  innocent  man,  commanded 
all  the  three  to  be  put  to  death— the 
officer,  for  disobeying  orders ;  the  accused, 
because  the  king  had  commanded  him  to 
be  executed;  and  the  man  supposed  to 
have  been  murdered,  because  he  was  the 
cause  of  death  to  the  other  two.  (See 
Piso's  Notion  of  Justice,  p.  850.) 

A  sumpnor  is  a  packman  or  pedlar. 

Sun  (The).  The  device  of  Edward 
III.  was  the  sun  bursting  through  a  cloud. 
Hence  Edward  III.  is  called  "our  half- 
faced  sun." — Shakespeare :  2  Henry  VI, 
act  iv.  sc.  I  (1592). 

Snn  [City  of  the).  Rhodes  was  so 
called,  because  Apollo  was  its  tutelar 
deity.  On  or  Heliop51is,  Egypt,  was 
a  sun-city  (Greek,  helios  polls,  ' '  sun 
city  "). 

Sun  Inn,  Westminster.  This  sign 
was  adopted  because  it  was  the  badge  of 
Richard  II.  The  "sun  "  was  the  cogni- 
zance of  the  house  of  York. 

Now  is  the  winter  of  our  discontent 
Made  glorious  summer  by  this  sun  of  York. 
Shakespeare:  Richard  III.  act  i.  sc.  i  (1397). 

Sun-Steeds.  Bront6  ("thunder") 
and  Amethea  ("no  loiterer"),  ^thon 
("fiery  red")  and  Pyrois  ("fire"); 
Lampos  ("shining  like  a  lamp"),  used 
only  at  noon;  Philogea  ("effulgence"), 
used  only  in  the  westering  course. 

(Phagton  ("the  shining  one")  and 
Abraxas  (the  Greek  numeral  for  365) 
were  the  horses  of  Aurora  or  the  morning 
sun.) 

Sun  on  Easter  Day.  It  was  at 
one  time  maintained  that  the  sun  danced 
on  Easter  Day. 

But  oh  !  she  dances  such  a  way. 
No  sun  upon  an  Easter  Day 
Is  half  so  fine  a  sight. 
SiukUng  :  The  Wedding  (died  1641). 
Whose  beauty  makes  the  sprightly  sun 

To  dance,  as  upon  Easter  Day. 
Cleveland:  The  General  Eclipse  (died  1659). 

Sunday  is  the  day  when  witches  do 
penance. 

.   Till  on  a  day  (that  day  is  every  prime  \Jirst  dayJl, 
U^-  When  witches  wont  do  penance  for  their  crime. 
^,.  Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  I.  ii.  40  (1590). 

Sunflower  ( The)  is  so  called  simply 
because  the  flower  resembles  a  picture- 
sun,  with  its  yellow  petals  like  rays  round 
its  darker  disc.  Thomas  Moore  is  in 
efror  when  he  says  it  turns  towards  the 
sun.  I  have  had  sunflowers  turning  to 
every  point  of  the  compass,  and,  after 
narrowly  watching  them,  have  seen  in 


them  no  tendency  to  turn  towards  the 
sun,  or  to  shift  their  direction. 

The  sunflower  turns  on  her  god,  when  he  sets, 
The  same  look  which  she  turned  when  he  rose. 
Moore:  Irish  Melodies,  ii.  ("  Believe  Me,  if  all  those 
Endearing  Young  Charms,"  1814). 

Sun'ith,  one  of  the  six  Wise  Men  of 
the  East  led  by  the  guiding  star  to  Jesus. 
He  had  three  holy  daughters. — Khp- 
stock:   The  Messiah,  \.  {I'^'ji). 

Sunium's  Marbled  Steep,  cape 
Colonna,  once  crowned  with  a  temple  of 
Minerva. 

Here  marble  columns,  long  by  time  defaced. 
Moss-covered,  on  the  lofty  cape  are  placed. 
There  reared  by  fair  devotion  to  sustain 
In    older    times    Tritonia's    sacred    fane   [temple   0/ 
Minerva]. 

Falconer:  The  Shipwreck,  iii.  5  (176a). 

Sunshine  of  St.  Eulalie'  (3  syl.), 

Evangeline. 

Sunshine  of  St.  Eul^ie  was  she  called,  for  that  was  the 

sunshine 
Which,   as  the    farmers    believed,   would    load    their 

orchards  with  apples. 

LonsJellow :  Evangeline,  i.  i  (1849). 

Super  Grammat'icam,  Sigismund 
emperor  of  Germany  (1366,  1411-1437). 

At  the  council  of  Constance,  held  1414,  Sigismund 
used  the  word  schisma  as  a  noun  of  tlie   femin 


gender  (ilia  ne/anda  schisma).  A  prig  of  a  cardinal 
corrected  him,  saying,  "'Schisma,' your  highness,  is 
neuter  gender ; "  when  the  kaiser  turned  on  him  with 
ineffable  scorn,  and  said,  "  I  am  king  of  the  Romans, 
and  wliat  is  grammar  to  me?"  \_Egosnm  rex  Rojnanus 
[t  Romanorum],  et  super  gratnmaticam..\~CarlyU  : 
Frederick  the  Great  (1858). 

Superb  {The).  Gen6a  is  called  La 
Superba,  from  its  general  appearance  from 
the  sea. 

Superstitions. 

'i)  About  animals. 

About  precious  stones. 
13)  (See  Warning-Givers.) 

(i)  Superstitions  about  Animals. 

(i)  Ant.  When  ants  are  unusually 
busy,  foul  weather  is  at  hand. 

Ants  never  sleep. — Emerson  :  Nature, 
iv. 

Ants  lay  up  food  for  winter  use. — Prov. 
vi.  6-8  ;  XXX.  25. 

Ants'  eggs  are  an  antidote  to  love. 

(2)  Ass.  The  mark  running  down  the 
back  of  an  ass,  and  cut  at  right  angles 
over  the  shoulders,  is  the  cross  of  Christ, 
impressed  on  the  animal  because  Christ 
rode  on  an  ass  in  His  triumphant  entry 
into  Jerusalem. 

Three  hairs  taken  from  the  "cross"  of 
an  ass  will  cure  the  hooping-cough,  but 
the  ass  from  which  the  hairs  are  plucked 
will  die. 

The  ass  is  deaf  to  music,  and  hence 
Apollo   gave   Midas  the  ears  of  an  ass. 


SUPERSTITIONS.  ETC. 

because  he  preferred  the  piping  of  Pan 
to  the  music  of  Apollo's  lute. 

(3)  Barnacle.  A  barnacle  broken 
off  a  ship  turns  into  a  Solan  goose. 

Like  your  Scotch  barnacle,  now  a  block, 
Instantly  a  worm,  and  presently  a  great  goose. 
Marston  :  The  MaUcontent  (1604). 

(4)  Basilisk.  The  basilisk  can  kill 
at  a  distance  by  the  "  poison "  of  its 
glance. 

There's  not  a  glance  of  thine 
But,  like  a  basilisk,  comes  winged  with  death. 

Lee  :  Alexander  the  Great,  v.  i  (1678). 

(5)  Bear.  The  cub  of  a  bear  is  licked 
into  shape  and  Ufe  by  its  dam. 

So  watchful  Bruin  forms  with  plastic  care 
Each  growing  lump,  and  brings  it  to  a  bear. 

Pope  :  The  Diinciad,  i.  101  (1728). 

(6)  Beaver.  When  a  beaver  is  hunted, 
it  bites  off  the  part  which  the  hunters 
seek,  and  then,  standing  upright,  shows 
the  hunters  it  is  useless  to  continue  the 
pursuit. — Eugenius  Philalethes  :  Brief 
Natural  History,  89. 

(7)  Bee.  If  bees  swarm  on  a  rotten 
tree,  a  death  will  occur  in  the  family 
within  the  twelvemonth. 

Swarmed  on  a  rotten  stick  the  bees  I  spied, 
Which  erst  I  saw  when  Goody  Dobson  dyed. 

Gay:  Pastoral,  v.  (1714). 

Bees  will  never  thrive  if  you  quarrel 
with  them  or  about  them 

If  a  member  of  the  family  dies  and  the 
bees  are  not  put  into  mourning,  they  will 
forsake  their  hive. 

It  is  unlucky  for  a  stray  swarm  of  bees 
to  flight  on  your  premises. 

(8)  Beetle.  Beetles  are  both  deaf 
and  blind. 

(9)  Cat.  When  cats  wash  their  ear$ 
more  than  usual,  rain  is  at  hand. 

When  the  cat  washes  her  face  over  her  ears,  wee  shall 
have  great  shore  of  raine. — Melton :  Astrologastor,  45. 

The  sneezing  of  a  cat  indicates  good 
luck  to  a  bride. 

Crastina  nupturae  lux  est  prosperrima  sponsae: 
Felix  fele  bonum  sternuit  omen  amor. 

Robert  Keuchen  :  Crepundia,  413. 

If  a  cat  sneezes  thrice,  a  cold  will  run 
through  the  family. 

Satan's  favourite  form  is  that  of  a 
black  cat,  and  hence  it  is  the  familiar  of 
witches. 

A  cat  has  nine  hves. 

Tybalt.  What  wouldst  thou  have  with  me! 

Mer.  Good  king  of  cats,  nothing  but  one  of  your 
nine  ^ye&.—Shakespeare :  Romeo  and  Juliet,  act  iii. 
sc.  I  (159s). 

(10)  Chameleons  hve  on  air  only. 

I  saw  him  eat  the  air  for  food. 

Lloyd :  The  Chameleon. 

•  (11)  Cow.  If  a  milkmaid  neglects  to 
wash  her  hands  after  milking,  her  cows 
will  go  dry. 


1056 


SUPERSTITIONS    ETC. 


Curst  cows  have  curt  horns.  Curst 
means  "angry,  fierce." 

Much  Ado  about  Nothing,  act  ii.  sc.  i  (1600). 

{12)  Cricket.  Crickets  bring  good 
luck  to  a  house.  To  kill  crickets  is  un- 
lucky. If  crickets  forsake  a  house,  a 
death  in  the  family  will  soon  follow. 

It  is  a  signe  of  death  to  some  in  a  house,  if  the 
crrckets  on  a  sudden  forsake  the  chimney.— j1/<//o«  • 
Astrologastor,  45. 

(13)  Crocodiles  moan  and  sigh,  like 
persons  in  distress,  to  allure  travellers 
and  make  them  their  prey. 

As  the  mournful  crocodile 
With  sorrow  snares  relenting  passengers. 
Shakespeare  :  2  Henry  VL  act  iii.  sc.  i  (1591). 

Crocodiles  weep  over  the  prey  which 
they  devour. 

The  crocodile  will  weep  over  a  man's  head  when  he 
[jV]  hath  devoured  the  body,  and  then  he  will  eat  up  the 
head  too.— BulloAar  :  English  Expositor  {1616). 

Paul  Lucas  tells  us  that  the  humming- 
bird and  lapwing  enter  fearlessly  the 
crocodile's  mouth,  and  the  creature  never 
injures  them,  because  they  pick  its  teeth. 
—  Voyage  fait  en  1714. 

{14)  Crow.  If  a  crow  croaks  an  odd 
number  of  times,  look  out  for  foul 
weather  ;  if  an  even  number,  it  will  be  fine. 

[The  superstitious']  listen  in  the  morning  whether  the 
crow  crieth  even  or  odd,  and  by  that  token  presage  the 
weather.— Dr.  Hall:  Characters  of  ^ertues  and  Fices, 
p.  87. 

If  a  crow  flies  over  a  house  and  croaks 
thrice,  it  is  a  bad  omen. — Ramesey : 
Elminthologia,  271  {1668). 

If  a  crow  flutters  about  a  window  and 
caws,  it  forebodes  a  death. 

Night  Crowes  screech  aloud. 

Fluttering  'bout  casements  of  departing  soules. 

Marston  :  Antonio  and  Mellida,  ii.  (1602). 

Several  crows  fluttered  about  the  head  of  Cicero  on 

the  day  he  was  murdered  by  Popilius  Lanas  .  .  .  one 

of  them  even  made  its  way  into  his  chamber,  and  pulled 

away   the   bedclothes.— iJ/acaw/oy ;     History   of  St. 

/Cilda,  ij6. 

If  crows  flock  together  early  in  the 
morning,  and  gape  at  the  sun,  the  weather 
will  be  hot  and  dry ;  but  if  they  stalk 
at  nightfall  into  water,  and  croak,  rain  is 
at  hand. —  Willsford:  Nature's  Secrets, 
133- 

When  crows  [?  rooks]  forsake  a  wood 
in  a  flock,  it  forebodes  a  famine. — Supple- 
ment to  the  Athenian  Oracle,  476. 

(15)  Death-watch.  The  clicking  or 
tapping  of  the  beetle  called  a  death-watch 
is  an  omen  of  death  to  some  one  in  the 
house. 

Chamber-maids  christen  this  worm  a  "  Death-watch," 
Because,  like  a  watch,  it  always  cries  "  click ;  " 
Then  woe  be  to  those  in  the  house  that  are  sick, 
For  sure  as  a  gun  they  will  give  up  the  ghost  .  .  . 


SUPERSTITIONS,  ETC. 


10S7 


SUPERSTITIONS,  ETC 


But  a  kettle  of  scalding  hot  water  injected 
Infallibly  cures  the  timber  infected  ; 
The  omen  is  broken,  the  danger  is  over, 
The  maggot  will  die,  and  the  sick  will  recover. 
Sii/i/t:  l^yoodan  Insect  (ij2S). 

(i6)  Dog.  If  dogs  howl  by  night  near 
a  house,  it  presages  the  death  of  a  sick 
inmate. 

If  dopgs  howle  In  the  night  neer  an  house  where 
somebody  is  sick,  'tis  a  signe  of  death.— Z)>-.  N.  Hotnt  : 
Datnonologie,  60. 

When  dogs  wallow  in  the  dust,  expect 
foul  weather  :  '*  Canis  in  pulvere  volu- 
tans  ..." 

Praescia  ventorum,  se  volvit  odora  canum  vis; 
Numina  difflatur  pulvcris  instar  homo. 

Robert  Keucken  :  Crepundia,  211. 

Do^s  blood.  The  Chinese  say  that  the 
blood  of  a  dog  will  reveal  a  person  who 
has  rendered  himself  invisible. 

(17)  Echinus.  An  echinus,  fastening 
itself  on  a  ship's  keel,  will  arrest  its 
motion  like  an  anchor. — Pliny  :  Natural 
History,  xxxii.  i. 

(18)  Egg.  The  tenth  egg  is  always  the 
largest. 

Decumana  ova  dicuntur,  qnla  orum  decimum  majus 
nasc  itu  r. —Festus. 

(19)  Elephant.  Elephants  celebrate 
religious  rites. — Pliny  :  Natural  History, 
viii.  I. 

Elephants  have  no  Ynt&s.—Eugenius 
Philalethes:  Brief  Natural  History,  89. 

The  elephant  hath  joints,  but  none  for  courtesy ;  his 
legs  are  for  necessity,  not  for  flexure.— 5AaA«/<ar«; 
Troilus  and  Cressida,  act  iii.  sc.  3  (1602). 


(20)  Fish.  If  you  count  the  number 
of  fish  you  have  caught,  you  will  catch  no 
more  that  day. 

(21)  Frog.  To  meet  a  frog  is  lucky, 
indicating  that  the  person  is  about  to 
receive  money. 

Some  man  hadde  levyr  to  mete  a  frogge  on  the  way 
than  a  knight  ...  for  than  they  say  and  leve  that  they 
shal  have  %o\d&.— Dives  and  Pauper  (first  precepte, 
xlvi.,  1493)- 

When  frogs  croak  more  than  usual,  it 
is  a  sign  of  bad  weather. 

(22)  Gnats.  When  gnats  fly  low,  it 
indicates  rain  at  hand.  When  they  fly 
high,  and  are  at  all  abundant,  fine 
weather  may  be  expected. 

(23)  Guinea-pig.  A  guinea-pig  has 
no  ears. 

(24)  Haddock.  The  black  spot  on 
each  side  of  a  haddock,  near  the  gills,  is 
the  impression  of  St.  Peter's  finger  and 
thumb,  when  he  took  the  tribute  money 
from  the  fish's  mouth. 

The  haddock  has  spots  on  either  side,  which  are  the 
marks  of  St.  Peter's  fingers  when  he  catched  that  fish 
for  the  \.nh\xtQ.—MettUus :  Dialogues,  etc.,  57  (1693). 

(25)  Hair.  If  a  dog  bites  you,  any 
evil  consequence  may  be  prevented  by 


applying  three  of  the  dog's  hairs  to  the 
wound. 

Take  the  hair,  it  is  well  written. 
Of  the  dog  by  which  you're  bitten ; 
Work  off  one  wine  by  his  brother, 
And  one  labour  by  another. 

Athenceus  (ascribed  to  Aristophanes). 

(26)  Hare.     It   is  unlucky   if  a  hare  ' 
runs  across  a  road  in  front  of  a  traveller. 
The  Roman  augurs  considered  this  an  ill 
omen. 

If  an  hare  cross  their  way,  they  suspect  they  shall  b« 
rob'd  or  come  to  some  miscliance. — Ratnesey  :  Elmin- 
tholcgia,  271  (1668). 

It  was  believed  at  one  time  that  hares 
changed  their  sex  every  year. 

(27)  Hedgehog.  Hedgehogs  foresee 
a  coming  storm. — Bodenham:  Garden  oj 
the  Muses,  153  (1600). 

Hedgehogs  fasten  on  the  dugs  of  cows, 
and  drain  off  the  milk. 

(28)  Horse.  If  a  person  suffering 
from  hooping-cough  asks  advice  of  a 
man  riding  on  a  piebald  horse,  the 
malady  will  be  cured  by  doing  what  the 
man  tells  him  to  do. 

A  horse-shoe  fastened  inside  a  door 
will  preserve  from  the  influence  of  witches 
and  the  evil  eye.  (See  Talismans,  p. 
1074.) 

(29)  Jackal.  The  jackal  is  the  lion's 
provider.  It  hunts  with  the  lion,  and 
provides  it  with  food  by  starting  prey  as 
dogs  start  game. 

(30)  Lady-bug.  It  is  unlucky  to  kill  a 
lady-bug. 

(31)  Lap-wing  {The).  A  handmaid  of 
the  Virgin  Mary,  having  purloined  one  of 
her  mistress's  dresses,  was  converted  into 
a  lapwing,  and  condemned  for  ever  to 
cry,  TyvitI  Tyvit  /  [i.e.-  "  I  stole  it  I  I 
stole  it  1 "). 

(32)  Lion.  The  lion  will  not  injure  a 
royal  prince. 

Fetch  the  Numidian  lion  I  brought  over ; 

If  she  be  sprung  from  royal  blood,  the  lion 

Will  do  her  reverence,  else  he  will  tear  her. 

Beaumont  (?)  and  Fletcher:  The  Mad  Lover  (1617). 

(Beaumont  died  1616.) 

The  lion  will  not  touch  the  true  prince.— 5Aa^j/tfarr; 
X  Henry  IV.  act  ii.  sc  4  (1598). 

The  lion  hates  the  game-cock  and  is 
jealous  of  it.  Some  say  because  the  cock 
wears  a  crown  (its  crest)  ;  and  others 
because  it  comes  into  the  royal  presence 
"  booted  and  spurred." 

The  fiercest  lion  trembles  at  the  crowingof  acock.- 
Z'/uy;  Natural  History,  viii.  19. 

According  to  legend,  the  lion's  whelp 
is  born  dead,  and  remains  so  for  three 
days,  when  the  father  breathes  on  it, 
and  it  receives  life. 

(33)  Lizard.      The   lizard   is   man's 

2  M 


SUPERSTITIONS.  ETC. 


1058 


special  enemy,    but  warns  him    of    the 
approach  of  a  serpent. 

Lizards.  When  queen  Elizabeth  sent 
a  sculptured  lizard  to  the  wife  of  the 
prince  of  Orange,  the  princess  wrote  back, 
"  'Tis  the  fabled  virtue  of  the  lizard  to 
awaken  sleepers  when  a  serpent  is 
creeping  up  to  sting  them.  Your 
majesty  is  the  lizard,  and  the  Nether- 
lands the  serpent.  Pray  God  they  may 
escape  the  serpent's  tooth  I  " — Motley  : 
The  Dutch  Republic,  pt.  iv.  5. 

(34)  Magpie.  To  see  one  magpie  is 
unlucky  ;  to  see  two  denotes  merriment  or 
a  marriage ;  to  see  three,  a  successful 
journey;  four,  good  news;  five,  com- 
pany.— Grose. 

Another  superstition  is :  "  One  for 
sorrow ;  two  for  mirth  ;  three,  a  wedding ; 
four,  a  death." 

One's  sorrow,  two's  mirth, 
Three's  a  wedding,  four's  a  birth, 
Five's  a  christening,  six's  a  dearth. 
Seven's  heaven,  eight  is  hell. 
And  nine's  the  devil  his  ane  sel*. 

Old  Scttch  Rhyme. 

In  Lancashire,  to  see  two  magpies  flying 
together  is  thought  to  be  unlucky. 

I  have  heard  my  gronny  say,  hoode  os  leefe  o  seen 
two  owd  harries  as  two  pynots  [Tna£pies\—Tim 
Bobbin :  Lancashire  Dialut,  31  (1775). 

When  the  magpie  chatters,  it  denotes 
that  you  will  see  strangers. 

(35)  Man.  a  person  weighs  more 
fasting  than  after  a  good  meal. 

The  Jews  maintained  that  man  has 
three  natures — body,  soul,  and  spirit. 
Dioggnfis  Laertius  calls  the  three  natures 
body,  phrSn,  and  thuraos ;  and  the 
Romans  called  them  man&s,  anima,  and 
umbra. 

There  is  a  nation  of  pygmies.  (See 
Pygmy,  p.  885.) 

The  Patagonians  are  of  gigantic  stature. 

There  are  men  with  tails,  as  the  Ghi- 
lanes,  a  race  of  men  "beyond  the  Sen- 
naar ;  "  the  Niam-niams  of  Africa ;  the 
Narea  tribes ;  certain  others  south  of 
Herrar,  in  Abyssinia ;  and  the  natives  in 
the  south  of  Formosa.  (See  Tails,  p. 
1071.) 

(36)  Martin.  It  is  unlucky  to  kill  a 
martin. 

(37)  Mole.  Moles  are  blind.  Hence 
the  common  expression,  ' '  Blind  as  a 
mole." 

Pray  you,  tread  softly,  that  the  blind  mole  may  not 
TIear  a  footfall. 

Shakespeare  :  The  Tempest,  act  Iv.  sc.  i  (1609). 

(38)  Moon-calf,  the  offspring  of  a 
woman,  engendered  solely  by  the  power 
of  the  moon. — Pliny:  Natural  History, 
X.  6<^ 


SUPERSTITIONS.  ETC. 

(39)  Mouse.  To  eat  food  which  a 
mouse  has  nibbled  will  give  a  sore  throat 

It  is  a  bad  omen  if  a  mouse  gnaws  the 
clothes  which  a  person  is  wearing. — 
Burton:  Anatomy  of  Melancholy,  214 
{1621). 

A  fried  mouse  is  a  specific  for  small- 
pox. 

(40)  Ostrich.  An  ostiich  can  digest 
iron. 

Stephen.  I  could  «at  the  very  hilts  for  anger. 

Kno'uuell.  A  sign  of  your  good  digestion ;  you  hava 
an  ostrich  stomach. — Ben  Jonson:  Every  Man  in  His 
HunMur,  iiL  i  (1598). 

I'll  make  thee  eat  iron  like  an  ostrich,  and  swallow 
mv  sword. — Shakespeare:  a    Henry  yi.  act  iv.  sc  w 

(41)  Ow^L.  If  owls  screech  with  a 
hoarse  and  dismal  voice,  it  bodes  im- 
pending calamity.     (See  Ovyl,  p.  792.) 

The-oulS  that  of  deth  the  bode  bringeth. 

Chaucer  :  Assembly  of  Foules  (1358). 

(42)  Pelican.  A  pelican  feeds  its 
young  brood  with  its  blood. 

The  pelican  turneth  her  beak  against  her  brest,  and 
therewith  pierceth  it  till  the  blood  gush  out,  wherewith 
she  nourisheth  her  yoMW^.—Eugenius  -Philalethes : 
Brief  Natural  History,  93. 

Than  sayd  the  Pellycane, 
*'  When  my  brydts  be  slayne. 
With  my  bloude  I  them  reuyue  \revivey 
Scrypture  doth  record, 
The  same  dyd  our  Lord, 
And  rose  from  deth  to  lyue[/?7!r]. 

Skelton:  Armoury  o/Byrdts  (died  1509). 
And,  like  the  kind,  life-rendering  pelican. 
Repast  them  with  my  blood. 

Shakespeare  :  Hamlet,  act  iv.  sc.  5  (iS96)> 

(43)  PHOiNix.  There  is  but  one  phoenix 
in  the  world,  which,  after  many  hundred 
years,  burns  itself  to  death,  and  from  its 
ashes  another  phoenix  rises  up. 

Now  I  will  believe,  .  .  .  that  in  Arabia 

There  is  one  tree,  the  phoenix'  throne ;  one  phoenix 

At  this  hour  reigning  there. 

Shakespeare  :  The  Tempest,  act  UL  sc.  3  (1609). 

The  phoenix  is  said  to  have  fifty 
orifices  in  its  bill,  continued  to  its  tail. 
After  Uving  its  looo  or  500  years,  it 
builds  itself  a  funeral  pile,  sings  a  me- 
lodious elegy,  flaps  its  wings  to  fan  the 
fire,  and  is  burnt  to  ashes. 

The  enchanted  pile  of  that  lonely  bird 

Who  sings  at  the  last  his  own  death-lay. 

And  in  music  and  perfume  dies  away. 

Moore:  Lalla  Rookh  ("Paradise  and  the  Peti,"  1817), 

The  phoenix  has  appeared  five  times  in 
Egypt :  (i)  in  the  reign  of  Sesostris  ;  (2) 
in  the  reign  of  Amisis  ;  (3)  in  the  reign 
of  Ptolemy  Philadelplios  ;  (4)  a  little 
prior  to  the  death  of  Tiberius;  and  (5) 
during  the  reign  of  Constantine.  Tacitus 
mentions  the  first  three  {Annates,  vi.  28). 

(44)  Pig.  In  the  fore  feet  of  pigs  is  a 
very  small  hole,  which  may  be  seen  when, 
the  pig  is  dead  and  the  hair  carefully  re- 
moved.   The  legend  is  that  the  devils  1 


SUPERSTITIONS,  ETC.  1059 

made  their  exit  from  the  swine  through 
the  fore  feet,  and  left  these  holes.  There 
are  also  six  very  minute  rings  round  each 
hole,  and  these  are  said  to  have  been 
mndeby  the  devils'  claws  {Afark  v.  11-13). 
When  pigs  carry  straw  in  their  mouths, 
rain  is  at  hand. 

When  swine  carry  bottles  of  hay  or  straw  to  hide 
ttem,  rain  is  at  hand. — The  Httsbandnuzn's  Practut, 
137  (1664). 

When  young  pigs  are  taken  from  the 
sow,  they  must  be  drawn  away  back- 
wards, or  the  sow  will  be  fallow. 

The  bacon  of  swine  killed  in  a  waning 
moon  will  waste  much  in  the  cooking. 

When  hogs  nm  grunting  home,  a 
Storm  is  impending.  —  The  Cabinet  of 
Nature,  262  (1637). 

It  is  unlucky  for  a  traveller  if  a  sow 
crosses  his  path. 

If,  going  on  a  journey  on  business,  a  sow  cross  the 
foad,  you  will  meet  with  a  disappointment,  if  not  an 
accident,  before  you  return  home. — Grose. 

To  meet  a  sow  with  a  litter  of  pigs  is 
very  lucky. 

If  a  sow  Is  with  her  litter  of  pigs.  It  Is  lucky,  and 
denotes  a  successful  journey.— Gr^j^. 

Langley  tells  us  this  marvellous  bit  of 
etymology  :  "  The  bryde  anoynteth  the 
poostes  of  the  doores  with  swynes  grease, 
...  to  dryve  awaye  misfortune,  where- 
fore she  had  her  name  in  Latin  uxor, 
'  ab  ungendo  '  [fo  anoint]." — Translation 
of  Polydore  Vergil,  9. 

(45)  Pigeon.  If  a  white  pigeon  settles 
on  a  chimney,  it  b-)des  death  to  some  one 
in  the  house 

No  person  can  die  on  a  bed  or  pillow 
containing  pigeons'  feathers. 

If  anybody  be  sick  and  lye  a-dying,  if  they  [jtV]  lie 
open  pigeons'  feathers  they  will  be  languishing  and 
never  die,  but  be  in  pain  and  torment. — British  Apollo, 
i).  No.  93  (1710). 

The  blue  pigeon  is  held  sacred  in 
Mecca. — Pott. 

(46)  Porcupine.  When  porcupines 
are  hunted  or  annoyed,  they  shoot  out 
their  quills  in  anger. 

(47)  Rat.  Rats  forsake  a  ship  before 
a  wreck,  or  a  house  about  to  fall. 

They  prepared 
A  rotten  carcass  of  a  boat  ;  the  very  rats 

Instinctively  li.ul  quit  it. 
Shakespeare:   The  Tempest  act  L  sc.  a  (1609). 

If  rats  gnaw  the  furniture  of  a  room, 
there  will  be  a  death  in  the  house  ere 
long. — Grose. 

(The  bucklers  at  Lanuvium  being 
gnawed  by  rats,  presaged  ill  fortune,  and 
the  battle  of  Marses,  fought  soon  after, 
confirmed  the  superstition.) 

The  Romans  said  that  to  see  a  white 


SUPERSTITIONS.  ETC. 


rat  was  a  certain  presage  of  good  luck. 
— Pliny  :  Natural  History,  viii.  57. 

{48)  Raven.  Ravens  are  ill-omened 
birds. 

The  hoarse  night  raven,  trompe  of  doleful  dreere. 
Spenser. 

Ravens  seen  on  the  left-hand  side  of  a 
person  bode  impending  evil. 

Saepe  sinistra  cava  praedixit  ab  ilice  comix. 

t^irgil:  Bucolics.  L 

Ravens  call  up  rain. 

Hark 
How  the  curst  raven,  with  her  harmless  voice. 
Invokes  the  rain  I 

Smart:  Hop  Garden.  11.  (died  1770). 

When  ravens  [?  rooks]  forsake  a  wood, 
it  prognosticates  famine. 

This  is  because  ravens  bear  the  character  of  Saturn, 
the  author  of  such  zdXa.xa\\\fi^.~Athenian  Oracle 
(supplement.  476). 

Ravens  forebode  pestilence  and  death. 

Like  the  sad-presaging  raven,  that  tolls 
The  sick  man's  passport  in  her  hollow  beak. 
And,  in  the  shadow  of  the  silent  night, 
Does  shake  contagion  from  her  sable  wing. 

Marlowe  :  The  yew  0/ Malta  (1633). 

Ravens  foster  forsaken  children. 

Some  say  that  ravens  foster  forlorn  children. 
(?)  Shakespeare :  Titus  Andronicus,  act  ii.  sc.  3(1593^.. 

It  is  said  that  king  Arthur  is  not  dead, 
but  is  only  changed  into  a  raven,  and 
will  in  due  time  resume  his  proper  form 
and  rule  over  his  people  gloriously. 

The  raven  was  white  till  it  turned  tell- 
tale, and  informed  Apollo  of  the  faith- 
lessness of  Coronis.  Apollo  shot  the 
nymph  for  her  infidelity,  but  changed 
the  plumage  of  the  raven  into  inky 
blackness  for  his  officious  prating. — 
Ovid:  Metamorphoses,  ii. 

He  lA^ollo']  blacked  the  raven,o'er. 
And  bid  him  prate  in  his  white  plumes  no  more. 
Addison:  Translation  0/ Ovid.  ii. 

If  ravens  gape  against  the  sun,  heat 
will  follow  ;  but  if  they  busy  themselves 
in  preening  or  washing,  there  will  be 
rain. 

(49)  Rem 'or  A.  A  fish  called  the 
remora  can  arrest  a  ship  in  full  saiU 

A  little  fish  that  men  call  remora. 
Which  stopped  her  course,  .  .  , 
That  wind  nor  tide  could  move  her. 

Spenser:  Sonnets  [\e,ii\). 

(50)  Robin.  The  red  of  a  robin's  breast 
is  produced  by  the  blood  of  Jesus.  While 
the  "  Man  of  sorrows  "  was  on  His  way  to 
Calvary,  a  robin  plucked  a  thorn  from 
His  temples,  and  a  drop  of  blood,  falling 
on  the  bird,  turned  its  bosom  red. 

Another  legend  is  that  the  robin  used 
to  carry  dew  to  refresh  sinners  parched 
in  hell,  and  the  scorching  heat  of  tlj« 
flames  turned  its  feathers  red. 


SUPERSTITIONS,  ETC. 


xo6o 


SUPERSTITIONS,  ETC. 


He  bringrs  cool  dew  in  his  little  bfll. 
And  lets  it  fall  on  the  souls  of  sin  ; 

You  can  see  the  mark  on  his  red  breast  sHlI, 
Of  fires  that  scorch  as  he  drops  it  in. 

irhiUier:  The  R»Un. 

If  a  robin  finds  a  dead  body  unburied, 
it  will  cover  the  face  at  least,  if  not  the 
whole  body. — Grey  •  On  Shakespeare,  ii. 
226. 

The  robins  so  red,  now  these  babies  are  dead, 
Ripe  strawberry  leaves  doth  over  them  spread. 
Babes  in  the  Wood. 

It  is  unlucky  either  to  keep  or  to  kill 
a  robin.  J.  H.  Pott  says,  if  any  one 
attempts  to  detain  a  robin  which  has 
sought  hospitality,  let  him  "fear  some 
new  calamity." — Poems  (1780). 

(51)  Salamander.  The  salamander 
lives  in  the  fire. 

Should  a  glass-house  fire  be  kept  up  without  extinc- 
tion for  more  than  seven  years,  there  is  no  doubt  but 
that  a  salamander  will  be  generated  in  the  cinders.— 
y.  p.  Andrews  :  Anecdotes,  etc.,  359. 

The  salamander  seeks  the  hottest  fire 
to  breed  in,  but  soon  quenches  it  by  the 
extreme  chill  of  its  body.  —  Pliny : 
Natural  History,  x.  67  ;  xxix.  4. 

Food  touched  by  a  salamander  is 
poisonous. — Ditto,  xxix.  23. 

(52)  Saliva.  The  human  saliva  is  a 
cure  for  blindness. — Ditto,  xxviii.  7. 

If  a  man  spits  on  a  serpent,  it  will  die. 
— Ditto,  vii.  2. 

The  human  saliva  is  a  charm  against 
fascination  and  witchcraft. 

Thrice  on  my  breast  I  spit,  to  Cfuard  me  safe 
From  fascinating  charms. 

Theocritos. 
To  unbewitch  the  bewitched,  you  must  spit  into  the 
shoe  of  your  right  foot. — Scot:  Discoverie  of  Witch- 
craft (1584). 

Spitting  for  luck  is  a  most  common 
superstition. 

Fishwomen  generally  spit  upon  their  hansel.— Gr(7«. 

A  blacksmith  who  has  to  shoe  a  stub- 
born horse,  spits  in  his  hand  to  drive  off 
the  "  evil  spirit." 

The  swarty  smith  spits  In  his  buckthorne  fist. 

Brovme  :  Britannia's  Pastorals,  i.  (1613). 

If  a  pugilist  spits  in  his  hand,  his  blows 
will  be  more  telling. — Pliny:  Natural 
History,  xxviii.  7. 

(53)  Scorpion.  Scorpions  sting  them- 
selves— sometimes  to  death. 

Scorpions  have  an  oil  which  is  a 
remedy  for  their  stings. 

Tis  true  the  scorpion's  oil  is  said 

To  cure  the  wounds  the  venom  made, 

5.  Butler:  Httdibras,  iii.  2  (1678). 

(54)  Spider.  It  is  unlucky  to  kill  a 
money-spinner. 

Small  spiders,  called  "money-spinners,"  prognosti- 
cate good  luck,  if  they  are  not  destroyed  or  removed 
from  the  person  on  whom  they  attach  themselves.— 
Park, 


The  bite  of  a  spider  is  venomous. 

No  spider  will  spin  its  web  on  an  Irish 
eak. 

Spiders  will  never  set  their  webs  on  a 
cedar  roof. — Caughey  :  Letters  (1845). 

Spiders  indicate  where  gold  is  to  be 
found.  (See  Spiders  Indicators  of 
Gold,  p.  1036.) 

There  are  no  spiders  in  Ireland,  because 
St.  Patrick  cleared  the  island  of  all 
vermin. 

Spiders  envenom  whatever  they  touch. 

There  may  be  in  the  cup 
A  spider  steeped,  and  one  may  drink,  depart. 
And  yet  partake  no  evil 
Shakespeare  :  Winter's  Tale,  act  ii.  sc.  r  (1604). 

A  spider  enclosed  in  a  quilt  and  hung 
round  the  neck  will  cure  the  ague. — 
Mrs.  Delany :  A  Letter  dated  March  t, 
1743- 

I  .  .  .  hung  three  spiders  about  my  neck,  and  they 
drove  my  ague  away.— Blias  Ashmole:  Diary  (April 
II,  1681). 

A  spider  worn  in  a  nutshell  round  the 
neck  is  a  cure  for  fever. 

Cured  by  the  wearing  a  spider  hung  round  one's  neck 
in  a  nutshell. 

Lonzfcllow  :  Evangeline,  il.  {1849). 

Spiders  spin  only  on  dark  days. 

The  subtle  spider  never  spins 
But  on  dark  days  his  slimy  gins. 

S.  Sutler:  On  a  Nonconformist,  !t. 

Spiders  have  a  natural  antipathy  to 
toads. 

(55)  Stag.  Stags  draw,  by  their 
breath,  serpents  from  their  holes,  and 
then  trample  them  to  death.  (Hence  the 
stag  has  been  used  to  symbolize  Christ.) 
— Pliny :  Natural  History,  viii.  50. 

(56)  Stork.  It  is  unlucky  to  kill  a 
stork. 

According  to  Swedish  legend,  a  stork 
fluttered  round  the  cross  of  the  crucified 
Redeemer,  crying,  Styrke  /  stvrke  I 
("  Strengthen  ye  !  strengthen  ye  !  "),  and 
was  hence  called  the  styrk  or  stork,  but 
ever  after  lost  its  voice. 

(57)  SWALL0V^^  According  to  Scandi- 
navian legend,  this  bird  hovered  over 
the  cross  of  Christ,  crying,  Svale  I  Svali  I 
("  Cheer  up  !  cheer  up  !  "),  and  hence  it 
received  the  name  of  roale  or  swallow, 
"  the  bird  of  consolation." 

If  a  swallow  builds  on  a  house,  it 
brings  good  luck.  (SeeSwALLOW,  p.  1064.) 

Swallows  spend  the  winter  under- 
ground. 

The  swallow  is  said  to  bring  home  from 
the  sea-shore  a  stone  which  gives  sight  to 
her  fledglings. 


SUPERSTITION?,  ETC 


io5i 


SeeVlng  with  eajer  eyes  that  wondrous  stone  which 
the  swallow  ...» 

Brings  from  tlie  shore  of  the  sea,  to  restore  the  sight  ol 
its  fledglinjs.  ,.       .      ,  „    . 

Li>nsfel!oTv :  EvanzeUne,  1. 1  (1849). 

To  kill  a  swallow  is  unlucky. 
When  swallows  fly  high,  the  weather 
will  be  fine. 

When  swallows  fleet  soar  high  and  sport  In  lix. 
He  told  us  that  the  welkin  would  be  dear. 

Gay  :  Pastoral,  i.  (1714). 

(58)  Swans  cannot  hatch  without  a 
crack  of  thunder. 

The  swanne  cannot  hatch  without  a  cracke  of 
thunder.— iorrf  Northampton  :  Defensive,  etc.  (1583) 

The  swan  retires  from  observation 
when  about  to  die,  and  sings  most  melo- 
diously.    (See  Swan,  p.  1064.) 

Swans,  a  little  before  their  death,  sing  most  sweetly. 
—Pliny:  Natural  History,  x.  23. 

(59)  Tarantula.  The  tarantula  is 
poisonous. 

The  music  of  a  tarantula  will  cure  its 
venomous  bite. 

(60)  Toad.  Toads  spit  poison,  but 
they  carry  in  their  head  an  antidote 
thereto. 

...  the  toad  ng:ly  and  venomous, 

Wears  yet  a  precious  jewel  in  its  head. 

Shakes/eare  :  ^s  You  Like  It,  act  ii.  sc.  i  (1600). 

In  the  dog  days,  toads  never  open 
their  mouths. 

Toads  are  never  found  in  Ireland,  be- 
cause St.  Patrick  cleared  the  island  of  all 
vermin. 

(61)  Unicorn.  Unicorns  can  be 
caught  only  by  placing  a  virgin  in  their 
haunts. 

The  horn  of  a  unicorn  dipped  into  a 
liquor  will  show  if  it  contains  poison. 

(62)  Viper.  Young  viptrs  destroy 
their  mothers  when  they  come  to  birth. 

(63)  Weasel,  To  meet  a  weasel  is 
tinlucky. — Congreve :  Love  for  Love. 

You  never  catch  a  weasel  asleep. 

(64)  Wolf.  If  a  wolf  sees  a  man 
before  the  man  sees  the  wolf,  he  will  be 
struck  dumb. 

Men  are  sometimes  changed  into 
wolves. — Pliny:  Natural  History.  (See 
Were- Wolf.  ) 

A  wolf's  tooth  used  at  one  time  to  be 
hung  on  the  neck  of  a  child  to  charm 
away  fear. 

(65)  Wren.  If  any  one  kills  a  wren, 
he  will  break  a  bone  before  the  year  is 
out. 

(65)  Miscellaneous.  No  animal 
dies  near  the  sea,  except  at  the  ebbing 
of  the  iide.— Aristotle. 

*A  parted  even  just  between  twelve  and  one,  e'en  at 
the  turning  o'  the  tide.— Shaies/eart :  Utnry  f. 
«ct  U.  sc.  3  (Falstaff's  death.  1509). 


SUPERSTITIONS.  ETC. 

He  \,Iiarkis\  dies  when  the  tide  jjoes  out.  confirmlne 
th-?  siiperitilion  that  people  cant  die  till  the  tide  goes 
ojt,  or  be  born  till  it  is  m.— Dickens :  David  Cef/er- 
Jield  (1849). 

If  the  fourth  book  of  the  Iliad  be  laid 
under  the  head  of  a  patient  suffering  from 
quartan  ague,  it  will  cure  him  at  once. 

Mxonise  Iliados  quartum  suppone  timenti. 

Sennits  Sammoniats  :  Prtc.  JOk 

(See  also  Talismans,  p.  1074.) 
N.B.— There  may  possibly  be  a  spice 
of  truth  in  some  of  the  above,  especially 
those  relating  to  the  weather. 

(2)  Snpsrstitions  about  Pre- 
cious Stones. 

R.  B.  means  Rabbi  Benoni  (fourteenth  century) ;  S. 
means  Streeter,  Precious  Stones  (1877). 

(i)  Agate  quenches  thirst,  and,  if  held 
in  the  mouth,  allays  fever. — R.  B. 

It  is  supposed,  at  least  in  fable,  to 
render  the  wearer  invisible,  and  also  to 
turn  the  sword  of  foes  against  themselves. 

The  agate  is  the  emblem  of  health  and 
long  life,  and  is  dedicated  to  June.  In 
the  Zodiac  it  stands  for  Scorpio. 

(2)  Amber  is  a  cure  for  sore  throats 
and  all  glandular  swellings.— i?.  D. 

It  is  said  to  be  a  concretion  of  birds' 
tears. — Chambers. 

Around  thee  shall  glisten  the  loveliest  amber 

That  ever  the  sorrowing  sea-bird  hath  wept. 

T.  Moore  :  Lalla  Rookh  ("  Hire-Worshiprers,"  1817). 

The  birds  which  wept  amber  were  the 
sisters  of  Meleager,  called  Meleagrldgs, 
who  never  ceased  weeping  for  their 
brother's  death.  —  Pliny  :  Natural 
History,  xxxvii.  2,  11. 

(3)  Amethyst  banishes  the  desire  of 
drink,  and  promotes  chastity. — R.  B. 

The  Greeks  thought  that  it  counter- 
acted the  effects  of  wine. 

The  amethyst  is  an  emblem  of  humility 
and  sobriety.  It  is  dedicated  to  February 
and  Venus.  In  the  Zodiac  it  stands  for 
Sagittarius,  in  metallurgy  for  copper,  in 
Christian  art  it  is  given  to  St.  Matthew, 
and  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  it  is 
set  in  the  pastoral  ring  of  bishops, 
whf^nce  it  is  called  the  "prelate's  gem," 
or  plerre  divique. 

(4)  Cat's-eye,  considered  by  the  Cin- 
galese as  a  charm  against  witchcraft,  and 
to  be  the  abode  of  some  genii.— 5.,  168. 

(5)  Coral,  a  talisman  against  enchant- 
ments, witchcraft,  thunder,  and  other 
perils  of  flood  and  field.  Hence  the  use 
of  coral  necklaces.  It  was  consecrated  to 
Jupiter  and  Phoebus.— 5.,  233. 

Red  coral  worn  about  the  person  is  a 
certain  cure  for  indigestion. — R.  B. 

(6)  Crystal  induces  visions,  promoter 
sleep,  and  ensures  good  dreams. — R.  B, 


SUPERSTITIONS,  ETC. 


1062 


SURFACE. 


It  is  dedicated  to  the  moon,  and  in 
metallurgy  stands  for  silver. 

{7)  Diamond  produces  somnambulism, 
and  promotes  spiritual  ecstasy. — R.  B. 

The  diamond  is  an  emblem  of  inno- 
cence, and  is  dedicated  to  April  and  the 
sun.  In  the  Zodiac  it  stands  for  Virgo, 
in  metallurgy  for  gold,  in  Christian  art 
invulnerable  faith. 

(8)  Emerald  promotes  friendship  and 
constancy  of  mind. — R.  B. 

If  a  serpent  fixes  its  eyes  on  an  emerald, 
it  becomes  blind. — Ahmed  ben  Abdalaziz: 
Treatise  on  Jewels. 

The  emerald  is  an  emblem  of  success 
in  love,  and  is  dedicated  to  May.  In  the 
Zodiac  it  signifies  Cancer.  It  is  dedicated 
to  JVIars,  in  metallurgy  it  means  iron,  and 
in  Christian  an  is  given  to  St.  John. 

(9)  Garnet  preserves  health  and  joy. 
—R.  b. 

The  garnet  is  an  emblem  of  constancy, 
and,  like  the  jacinth,  is  dedicated  to 
January. 

This  was  the  carbuncle  of  the  ancients, 
which  they  said  gave  out  light  in  the  dark. 

(10)  Loadstone  produces  somnambu- 
lism.—/?.  B. 

It  is  dedicated  to  Mercury,  and  in 
metallurgy  means  quicksilver. 

(11)  Moonstone  has  the  virtue  of 
maiiing  trees  fruitful,  and  of  curing 
epilepsy.  — Dioscorides. 

It  contains  in  it  an  image  of  the  moon, 
representing  its  increase  and  decrease 
every  monXh.— Andreas  Baccius. 

(12)  Onyx  contains  in  it  an  imprisoned 
devil,  which  wakes  at  sunset  and  causes 
terror  to  the  wearer,  disturbing  sleep 
with  ugly  dreams. — R.  B. 

Cupid,  with  the  sharp  point  of  his 
arrows,  cut  the  nails  of  Venus  during 
sleep,  and  the  parings,  falling  into  the 
Indus,  sank  to  the  bottom  and  turned 
into  onyxes. — S.,  212. 

In  the  Zodiac  it  stands  for  Aquarius ; 
some  say  it  is  the  emblem  of  August  and 
conjugal  love  ;  in  Christian  art  it  sym- 
bolizes sincerity. 

(13)  Opal  is  fatal  to  love,  and  sows 
discord  between  the  giver  and  receiver. — 
R.  B. 

Given  as  an  engagement  token,  it  is 
sure  to  bring  ill  luck. 

The  opal  is  an  emblem  of  hope,  and  is 
dedicated  to  October. 

(14)  Ruby.  The  Burmese  believe  that 
rubies  ripen  like  fruit.  They  say  a  ruby 
in  its  crude  state  is  colourless,  and,  as  it 
matures,  changes  first  to  yellow,  then  to 
green,   then    to    blue,   and    lastly  to  a 


brilliant  red,  its  highest  state  of  perfection 
and  ripeness. — S.,  142. 
_  The  ruby  signifies  Aries  in  the  Zodiacal 
signs  ;  but  some  give  it  to  December,  and 
make  it  the  emblem  of  brilliant  success. 

(15)  Sapphire  produces  somnambul- 
ism, and  impels  the  wearer  to  all  good 
works.—/?.  B. 

In  the  Zodiac  it  signifies  Leo,  and  in 
Christian  art  is  dedicated  to  St.  Andrew, 
emblematic  of  his  heavenly  faith  and 
good  hope.     Some  give  this  gem  to  April. 

(i6)  Topaz  is  favourable  to  haemor- 
rhages, imparts  strength,  and  promotes 
digestion. — R.  B. 

Les  anclens  reg^ardaient  ia  topaze  comme  utile  centre 
r^liilepsie  et  la  m.51ancolie.— 5o)<tV/*/ ;  Victionnaire 
Universeides  Sciences,  etc.  (1855). 

The  topaz  is  an  emblem  of  fidelity,  and 
is  dedicated  to  November.  In  the  Zodiac 
it  signifies  Taurus,  and  in  Christian  art  is 
given  to  St.  James  the  Less. 

(17)  Turquoise,  given  by  loving 
hands,  carries  with  it  happiness  and  good 
fortune.  Its  colour  always  pales  when 
the  well-being  of  the  giver  is  in  peril. — 
S.,  170. 

The  turquoise  is  the  emblem  of  pros- 
perity, and  is  dedicated  to  December. 
It  is  the  Saturnian  stone,  and  stands  for 
lead  in  metallurgy. 

N.B. — A  bouquet  composed  of  dia- 
monds, loadstones,  and  sapphires  com- 
bined, renders  a  person  almost  invincible 
and  wholly  irresistible. — R.  B. 

All  precious  stones  are  purified  by 
honey. 

All  kinds  of  precious  stones  cast  into  honey  become 
more  brilliant  thereby,  each  according  to  its  colour,  and 
all  persons  become  more  acceptable  when  they  join 
devotion  to  their  graces.  Household  cares  are 
sweetened  thereby,  love  is  more  loving,  and  business 
becomes  more  pleasant.— 5.  F.  de  Salis  ;  The  Devout 
Life,  iii.  13  (1708). 

N.B. —To  exhaust  the  subject  of  super- 
stitions, even  restricted  to  animals  and 
precious  stones,  would  require  more 
pages  than  can  be  spared  in  this  book. 

Snpporters  in  Heraldry  represent 
the  pages  who  supported  the  banner. 
These  pages,  before  the  Tudor  period, 
were  dressed  in  imitation  of  the  beasts, 
etc.,  which  typified  the  bearings  or  cog- 
nizances of  their  masters. 

Sui'a,  any  one  ethical  revelation  ;  thus 
each  chapter  of  the  Koran  is  a  Sura. 


Surface  [Sir  Oliver),  the  rich  uncle 
of  Joseph  and  Charles  Surface.  He 
appears  under  the  assumed  name  of 
Premium  Stanley. 


SURGEON'S  DAUGHTER. 

Charles  Surface,  a  reformed  scape- 
grace, and  tlie  accepted  lover  of  Maria 
the  rich  ward  of  sir  Peter  Teazle.  In 
Charles,  the  evil  of  his  character  was  all 
on  the  surface. 

William  Smith  [1730-1790].  To  portray  upon  the 
stage  a  man  of  the  true  school  of  gentility  required 
pretensions  of  no  ordinary  kind,  and  Smith  possessed 
these  in  a  singular  degree,  giving  to  "Charles  Surface  " 
all  that  finish  which  acquired  for  him  the  distinction  of 

Gentleman  Smith."— 1(/Sr  0/ Shtridan  (Bohn's  edit. 

Joseph  Surface,  elder  brother  of  Charles, 
an  artful,  maUcious,  but  sentiiiiental 
knave  ;  so  plausible  in  speech  and  manner 
as  to  pass  for  a  "  youthful  miracle  of 
prudence,  good  sense,  and  benevolence." 
Unlike  Charles,  his  good  was  all  on  the 
surface. — Sheridan  :  School  for  Scandal 

(John  Palmer  (1747-1798)  was  so  ad- 
mirable in  this  character  that  he  was 
called  emphatically  "  The  Joseph  Sur- 
face.") 

Surg-eon's  Daug-hter  [The),  a 
novel  by  sir  Walter  Scott,  laid  in  the  time 
of  George  II.  and  III.,  and  published  in 
1827.  The  heroine  is  Menie  Gray, 
daughter  of  Dr.  Gideon  Gray  of  Middle- 
mas.  Adam  Hartley,  the  doctor's  ap- 
prentice, loves  her,  but  Menie  herself  has 
given  her  heart  to  Richard  Middlemas. 
It  so  falls  out  that  Richard  Middlemas 
goes  to  India.  Adam  Hartley  also  goes 
to  India,  and,  as  Dr.  Hartley,  rises  high 
in  his  profession.  One  day,  being  sent 
for  to  visit  a  sick  fakir',  he  sees  Menie 
Gray  under  the  wing  of  Mme.  Montre- 
ville.  Her  father  had  died,  and  she  had 
come  to  India,  under  madame's  escort, 
to  marry  Richard ;  but  Richard  had  en- 
trapped the  girl  for  a  concubine  in  the 
haram  of  Tippoo  Saib.     When  Dr.  Hart- 

-  ley  heard  of  this  scandalous  treachery,  he 
told  it  to  Hyder  Ali  the  father  of  Tippoo 
Saib.  He  and  his  son  were  so  disgusted  at 
the  villainy  that  they  condemned  Richard 

.  Middlemas  to  be  trampled  to  death  by 
a  trained  elephant,  and  liberated  Menie, 
who  returned  to  her  native  country  under 
the  escort  of  Dr.  Hartley. 

Surgery  [Father  of  French),  Ambrose 
Pare  (1517-1590). 

Surly,  a  gamester  and  friend  of  sir 
Epicure  Mammon,  but  a  disbeliever  in 
alchemy  in  general,  and  in  "doctor" 
Subtle  in  pat  ticular, — Ben  Jonson  :  The 
Alchemist  (1610). 

Surplus  (A/r.),  a  lawyer;  Mrs.  Sur- 
plus ;  and  Charles  Surjilus  the  nephew. 
— Morton ;  A  Regular  Fix, 


1063 


SUTOR. 


Surrey  (  White),  name  of  the  horse 
used  by  Richard  III.  in  the  battle  of 
Bos  worth  Field. 

Saddle  White  Surrey  for  the  field  to-morrow, 
Skakesptart :  King  Richard  HI.  act  v.  sc.  3  (1597)- 

Surtees  Society  [The),  so  named 
from  Robert  Surtees,  the  historian,  who 
lived  1779-1834.  It  was  established  in 
1834  for  the  publication  of  MSS.  dealing 
with  the  history  of  the  region  lying  be- 
tween the  Humber  and  the  Forth,  the 
Mersey  and  the  Clyde. 

Surtur,  a  formidable  giant,  who  is  to 
set  fire  to  the  universe  at  Ragnarok,  with 
flames  collected  from  Muspelheim. — 
Scandinavian  Mythology. 

Sur'ya  (2  syl.),  the  sun-god,  whose 
car  is  drawn  by  seven  green  horses,  the 
charioteer  being  Dawn. — Sir  IV.  Jones: 
From  the  Veda. 

Susan  means  ' '  white  lily. "  Susannah, 
"my  white  lily."  Susa,  in  Persia,  re- 
ceived its  name  from  its  while  lilies. 
[Hebrew  and  Persian.) 

Susanna,  the  wife  of  Joacim.  She 
was  accused  of  adultery  by  the  Jewish 
elders,  and  condemned  to  death  ;  but 
Daniel  proved  her  innocence,  and  turned 
the  criminal  charge  on  the  elders  them- 
selves.— History  ^Susanna. 

Susannah.,  in  Sterne's  novel  entitled 
The  Life  and  Opinions  of  Tristram 
Shandy,  Gentleman  (1759). 

Suspicious  Husband  [The),  a 
comedy  by  Dr.  Hoadly  (1747).  Mr. 
Strictland  is  suspicious  of  his  wife,  his 
ward  Jacintha,  and  Clarinda  a  young 
lady  visitor.  With  two  attractive  young 
ladies  in  the  house,  there  is  no  lack  of 
intrigue,  and  Strictland  fancies  that  his 
wife  is  the  object  thereof ;  but  when  he 
discovers  his  mistake,  he  promises  re- 
form. 

Sussex  ( The  earl  of),  a  rival  of  the 
earl  of  Leicester,  in  the  court  of  queen 
Elizabeth  ;  introduced  by  sir  W,  Scott  in 
Kenilworth  (1821). 

Sutleme'me  (4  syl.),  a  young  lady 
attached  to  the  suite  of  Nouron'ihar  the 
emir's  daughter.  She  greatly  excelled  in 
dressing  a  salad. 

Sutor.  Ne  sutor  supra  Creptdam.  A 
cobbler,  having  detected  an  error  in  the 
shoe-latchet  of  a  statue  made  by  Apelles, 
became  so  puffed  up  with  conceit  that  he 
proceeded  to  criiicize  Uie  lega  also :  but 


SUTTON. 


1064 


SWANS  AND  THUNDER. 


Apellgs  said  to  him,  "  Stick  to  the  last, 
friend."  The  cobbler  is  qualified  to  pass 
an  opinion  on  shoes,  but  anatomy  is  quite 
another  thing.    (See  Stirrups,  p.  1046. ) 

IT  Boswell,  one  night  sitting  in  the  pit 
of  Covent  Garden  Theatre  with  his  friend 
Dr.  Blair,  gave  an  imitation  of  a  cow 
lowing,  which  the  house  greatly  ap- 
plauded. He  then  ventured  another 
imitation,  but  failed ;  whereupon  the 
doctor  turned  to  him  and  whispered  in 
his  ear,  "  Stick  to  the  cow." 

IF  A  wigmaker  sent  a  copy  of  verses  to 
Voltaire,  asking  for  his  candid  opinion 
on  some  poetry  he  had  perpetrated.  The 
witty  patriarch  of  Ferney  wrote  on  the 
MS.,  "Make  wigs,"  and  returned  it  to 
the  barber-poet. 

T[  Pope  advised  Wycherly  "to  convert 
his  poetry  into  prose." 

Sutton  (Sir  William),  uncle  of  Hero 
Sutton  the  City  maiden. — Knowles : 
Woman  s  Wit,  etc.  (1838). 

Suwarrow  [Alexander),  a  Russian 
general,  noted  for  his  slaughter  of  the 
Poles  in  the  suburbs  of  Warsaw  in  1794, 
and  the  still  more  shameful  butchery  of 
them  on  the  bridge  of  Prague,  After 
having  massacred  30,000  in  cold  blood, 
Suwarrow  went  to  return  thanks  to  God 
*'  for  giving  him  the  victory."  Campbell, 
in  his  Pleasures  of  Hope,  i.,  refers  to  this 
butchery  ;  and  lord  Byron,  in  Don  Juan, 
vii.  8,  55,  to  the  Turkish  expedition 
{1786-1792). 

A  town-.which  did  a  famous  siege  endure  ,  ,  . 
By  Suvaroff  or  Anglici  Suwarrow. 

Byron  :  Don  yuan,  vii.  8  {1824). 

Suzanne,  the  wife  of  Chalomel  the 
chemist  and  druggist. — J.  R.  Ware: 
Piperman's  Predicament. 

Swallow  Stone.  The  swallow  is 
said  to  bring  home  from  the  sea-shore  a 
stone  which  gives  sight  to  her  fledglings. 

Oft  in  the  bams  tliey  climbed  to  the  populous  nests  on 

the  rafters. 
Seeking  with  eager  eyes  that  wondrous  stone  which 

the  swallow 
Brings  from  the  shore  of  the  sea,  to  restore  the  sight  of 

its  fledglings. 

Longfellow :  Evang;eline,  i.  x  (1849). 

Swallow's  Nest,  the  highest  of  the 
four  castles  of  the  German  family  called 
Landschaden,  built  on  a  pointed  rock 
almost  inaccessible.  The  founder  was  a 
noted  robber-knight.  (See  ^Supersti- 
tions, "Swallow,"  p.  1060.) 

SWAN.  Fionnuala,  daughter  of  Lir, 
was  transformed  into  a  swan,  and  con- 
demned to  wander  for   many  hundred 


years  over  the  lakes  and  rivers  of  Ireland, 
till  the  introduction  of  Christianity  into 
that  island,    (See  LiR,  p.  617.) 

(T.  Moore  has  a  poem  on  this  subject 
in  his  Irish  Melodies,  entitled  "The  Song 
of  Fionnuala,"  1814.) 

Swan  [The),  called  the  bird  of  Apollo 
or  of  Orpheus  (2  syl.).  (See  Supersti- 
tions, "  Swan,"  p.  io6i,) 

Swan  [The  knight  of  the),  Helias  king 
of  Lyleforte,  son  of  king  Oriant  and 
Beatrice.  This  Beatrice  had  eight  children 
at  a  birth,  one  of  which  was  a  daughter. 
The  mother-in-law  (Matabrune)  stole 
these  children,  and  changed  all  of  them, 
e.xcept  Helias,  into  swans.  Helias  spent 
all  his  life  in  quest  of  his  sister  and 
brothers,  that  he  might  disenchant  them 
and  restore  them  to  their  human  forms. — 
T/toms :  Early  English  Prose  Romances^ 
iii.  (1858). 

Eustachius  yenit  ad  Bullion  ad  domura  duciss%  quae 
uxor  erat  militis  qui  vocabatur  "  Miles  Cygni." — Reiffen- 
berg  :  Le  Chevalier  au  Cys^-e. 

Swan  ( The  Order  of  the).  This  order  • 
was  instituted  by  Frederick  H.  of  Bran- 
denburg, in  commemoration  of  the 
mythical  "  Knight  of  the  Swan  "  (1443). 

Swan.  The  Mantuan  Swan,  Virgil, 
born  at  Mantua  (b.c.  70-19). 

The  Sweet  Swan  of  Avon.  Shake- 
speare was  so  called  by  Ben  Jonson 
(1564-1616). 

T/ie  Swan  of  Cambray,  F^nelon  arch- 
bishop of  Cambray  (1651-1715). 

Tlie  Swan  of  Lichfield,  Miss  Anna 
Seward,  poetess  (1747-1809). 

The  Swan  of  Padua,  count  Francesco 
Algarotti  (1712-1764). 

The  Swan  of  the  Meander,  Homer,  a 
native  of  Asia  Minor,  where  the  Meander 
flows  (fl.  B.C.  905). 

The  Swan  of  the  Thames,  John  Taylor, 
"  water-poet "  (1580-1654). 

Taylor,  their  better  Charon,  lends  an  oar. 
Once  Swan  of  Thames,  tho'  now  he  sings  no  more. 
Pope:  The  Dunciad,  iii.  19  (1728).  * 

Swan  Alley,  London.  So  called 
from  the  Beauchamps,  who  at  one  time 
lived  there,  and  whose  cognizance  is  a 
swan. 

Swan-Tower  of  Cleves.  So  called 
because  the  house  of  Cleves  professed  to 
be  descended  from  the  "  Knight  of  the 
Swan  "  [q.v.). 

Swans  and  Thunder.  It  is  said 
that  swans  cannot  hatch  without  a  crack 
of  thunder.  Without  doubt,  thunder  is 
not  un  frequent  about  the  time  of  the  year  . 
when  swans  hatch  their  young. 


SWANE. 


1065 


SWIM. 


Swane  {isyl.)  or  Sweden,  sumamed 
"  Fork-Beard,"  king  of  the  Danes,  joins 
Alaff  or  Olaf  [Tryggvesson]  in  an  in- 
vasion of  England,  was  acknowledged 
king,  and  kept  his  court  at  Gainsbury. 
He  commanded  the  monks  of  St. 
Edmund's  Bury  to  furnish  him  a  large 
sum  of  money,  and  as  it  was  not  forth- 
coming, went  on  horseback  at  the  head 
of  his  host  to  destroy  the  minster,  when 
he  was  stabbed  to  death  by  an  unknown 
hand.  The  legend  is  that  the  murdered 
St.  Edmund  rose  from  t^e  grave  and 
smote  him. 

The  Danes  landed  here  again  .  .  . 

With  those  disordered  troops  by  Alaff  hither  led, 

In  seconding  their  Swane  ,  .  .  but  an  English  yet 

there  was  .  .  . 
Who  washed  his  secret  knife  in  Swane's  relentless  gore. 
Drayton:  Polyolbion,  xii.  (1613). 

Swanston,  a  smuggler. — Sir  W. 
Scott :  Redgauntlet  (time,  George  III. ). 

Swaran,  king  of  Lochlin  {Denmark), 
son  and  successor  of  Starno.  He  invaded 
Ireland  in  the  reign  of  Cormac  II.  (a 
minor),  and  defeated  CuthuUin  general  of 
the  Irish  forces.  When  Fingal  arrived,  the 
tide  of  battle  was  reversed,  and  Swaran 
surrendered.  Fingal,  out  of  love  to  Agan- 
decca  (Swaran's  sister),  who  once  saved  his 
life,  dismissed  the  vanquished  king  with 
honour,  after  having  invited  him  to  a  feast. 
Swaran  is  represented  as  fierce,  proud, 
and  high-spirited ;  but  Fingal  as  calm, 
moderate,  and  generous. — Ossian:  Fin- 
gal. 

Swash.  -  Buckler  {A),  a  riotous, 
quarelsome  person,  Nash  says  to  Gabriel 
Harvey,  "  Turpe  senex  miles,  'tis  time 
for  such  an  olde  fool  to  leave  playing  the 
swash-buckler"  (1598). 
*  Swedenborgiaus  (calling  .  them- 
selves the  New  Jerusalem  Church) 
are  believers  in  the  doctrines  taught  in 
the  theological  writings  of  Emanuel 
Swedenborg  (1688-1772).  The  principal 
points  are  that  Jesus  Christ  is  the  only 
God  and  contains  a  Trinity  of  attributes  ; 
salvation  is  attained  by  obedience  to  the 
Lord's  commandments  ;  the  sacred  Scrip- 
ture has  a  soul  or  spiritual  sense,  which 
exists  among  the  angels,  and  this  has 
now  been  revealed  ;  ' '  there  is  a  natural 
body,  and  there  is  a  spiritual  body,"  and 
man  continues  to  live  on  without  inter- 
ruption in  the  spiritual  world  when  he 
drops  his  material  body  at  death. 

Swedish  Krig;litingrale  ( The),  Jenny 
Lind,  the  public  singer.  She  married  Mr. 
Goldschmidt,  and  retired  (i8ai-i886). 


Swee'dlepipe  (Paul),  known  as 
"  Poll,"  barber  and  bird-fancier  ;  Mrs. 
Gamp's  landlord.  He  is  a  little  man, 
with  a  shrill  voice  but  a  kind  heart ;  in 
appearance  "  not  unlike  the  birds  he  was 
so  fond  of."  Mr,  Sweedlepipe  entertains 
a  profound  admiration  of  Bailey,  senior, 
whom  he  considers  to  be  a  cyclopaedia 
"  of  all  the  stable-knowledge  of  the  time." 
— Dickens:  Martin  CAuzzley/it  (18^4). 

S'Wee'pclea.n  {Saunders),  a  king's  mes- 
senger at  Knockwinnock  Castle. — Sir  W. 
Scott  :  The  Antiquary  (time,  George 
III,). 

Sweet  Singer  of  Israel  {The), 
David,  who  wrote  some  of  the  Psalms. 

Sweet    Singer  of  the  Temple, 

George  Herbert,  author  of  a  poem  called 
The  Temple  (1593-1633). 

Sweno,  son  of  the  king  of  Denmark. 
While  bringing  succours  to  Godfrey,  he 
was  attacked  in  the  night  by  Solyman, 
at  the  head  of  an  army  of  Arabs,  and 
himself  with  all  his  followers  were  left 
dead  before  they  reached  the  crusaders. 
Sweno  was  buried  in  a  marble  sepulchre, 
which  appeared  miraculously  on  the  field 
of  battle,  expressly  for  his  interment  (bk. 
viii.).  —  Tasso  :  Jerusalem  Delivered 
{1575)- 

Sweno,  Dan!  regis  filius,  cum  raille  quingentis  equltl- 
bus  cruce  insignitis,  transmisso  ad  Constantinopolem 
Bosphoro  inter  Antiochiam  ad  reliquos  Latinos  iter 
faciebat ;  insidiis  Turcorum  ad  unum  omnes  cum  regio 
Juvene  csesx.— Paolo  Emilio  :  History  (1539), 

IT  This  is  a  very  parallel  case  to  that  of 
Rhesus.  This  Thracian  prince  was  on 
his  march  to  Troy,  bringing  succours  to 
Priam,  but  Ulysses  and  Diomed  attacked 
him  at  night,  slew  Rhesus  and  his  army, 
and  carried  off  all  the  horses, — Homer: 
Iliad,  X. 

Swertha,  housekeeper  of  the  elder 
Mertoun  (formerly  a  pirate). —  Sir  W. 
Scott:  The  Pirate  (time,  William  III,). 

Swidger  (  William),  custodian  of  a 
college.  His  wife  was  Milly,  and  his 
father  Philip.  Mr.  Swidger  was  a  great 
talker,  and  generally  began  with,  "  Tliat's 
what  I  say,"  i.  propos  of  nothing. — 
Dickens  :  The  Haunted  Man  (1848). 

Swim.  In  the  swim,  in  luck's  way. 
The  metaphor  is  borrowed  from  the 
Thames  fishermen,  who  terra  that  part  of 
the  river  most  frequented  by  fish  the  swim, 
and  when  an  angler  gets  no  bite,  he  is 
said  to  have  cast  his  line  out  of  the  swim 
or  -where  there  is  no  swim. 


SWIMMERS. 

• . '  In  university  slang,  to  be  in  ill  luck, 
ill  health,  ill  replenished  with  money,  is 
to  be  out  of  it  {i.e.  the  swim). 

Swimmers,  (i)  Leander  used  to 
swim  across  the  Hellespont  every  night,  to 
visit  W^ro.—MuscBus  :  De  Amove  Herois 
et  Leandri. 

(2)  Lord  Byron  and  lieutenant  Eken- 
head  accomplished  the  same  feat  in 
1  hr.  10  min.,  the  distance  (allowing  for 
drifting)  being  four  miles. 

(3)  A  young  native  of  St.  Croix,  in  1817, 
swam  over  the  sound  "from  Cronenburgh 
[?  Cronberg]  to  Graves  "  in  2  hr.  40  min. , 
the  distance  being  six  English  miles. 

(4)  Captain  Boyton,  in  May,  i875,swam 
or  floated  across  the  Channel  from  Gnsnez 
to  Fan  Bay  (Kent)  in  23  hr. 

(5)  Captain  Webb,  August  24,  1875, 
swam  from  Dover  to  Calais,  a  distance  of 
about  thirty  miles  including  drift,  in  22 
hr.  40  min. 

(6)  H.  Gurr  was  one  of  the  best 
swimmers  ever  known.  J.  B.  Johnson, 
m  1871,  won  the  championship  for 
swimming. 

Swing  [Captain),  a  name  assumed  by 
certain  persons  who,  between  1830  and 
1833,  used  to  send  threatening  letters  to 
those  who  used  threshing-machines.  The 
letters  ran  thus — 

Sir,  if  you  do  not  lay  by  your  threshingr-machlne, 
you  will  hear  from  Swing, 

Swiss  Family  Robinson.  This 
tale  is  an  abridgment  of  a  German  tale 
by  Joachim  Heinrich  Kampe. 

Switzerland  [Franconian),  the  cen- 
tral district  of  Bavaria. 

The  Saxon  Switzerland,  the  district  of 
Saxony  both  sides  of  the  river  Elb6. 

Switzers,  guards  attendant  on  a  king, 
irrespective  of  their  nationahty.  So 
called  because  at  one  time  the  Swiss  were 
always  ready  to  fight  for  hire. 

The  king,  in  Hamlet,  says,  "  Where  are 
my  Switzers?  "  i.e.  my  attendants ;  and  in 
Paris  to  the  present  day  we  may  see  written 
up,  Parlez  au  Suisse  ("speak  to  the 
porter "),  be  he  Frenchman,  German,  or 
of  any  other  nation. 

Law,  logicke,  and  the  Switzers  may  be  hired  to 
fight  for  anybody.— A'ajA*  .•  ChHsts  Teart  over 
yernsaUnt  (1594). 

Swiveller  [Mr.  Dick),  a  dirty,  smart 
young  man,  living  in  apartments  near 
Drury  Lane.  His  language  was  ex- 
tremely flowery,  and  interlarded  with 
quotations:  "What's  the  odds,"  said 
Mr.  Swiveller,  d  fropoi  of  nothing,  "so 


1066 


SWORD. 


long  as  the  fire  of  the  soul  is  kindled  at 
the  taper  of  conwiviality  and  the  wing 
of  friendship  never  moults  a  feather?" 
His  dress  was  a  brown  body-coat  with  a 
great  many  brass  buttons  up  the  front, 
and  only  one  behind,  a  bright  check 
neckcloth,  a  plaid  waistcoat,  soiled  white 
trousers,  and  a  very  limp  hat,  worn  the 
wrong  side  foremost  to  hide  a  hole  in  the 
brim.  The  breast  of  his  coat  was  orna- 
mented with  the  cleanest  end  of  a  very 
large  pocket-handkerchief;  his  dirty 
wristbands  were  pulled  down  and  folded 
over  his  cuffs ;  "  he  had  no  gloves,  and 
carried  a  yellow  cane  having  a  bone 
handle  and  a  little  ring.  He  was  for 
ever  humming  some  dismal  air.  He  said 
min  for  "man,"/£'r/iV,/V«^/ called  wine 
or  spirits  "the  rosy,"  sleep  "  the  balmy," 
and  generally  shouted  in  conversation, 
as  if  making  a  speech  from  the  chair  of 
the  ' '  Glorious  Apollers "  of  which  he 
was  perpetual  "grand."  Mr.  Swiveller 
looked  amiably  towards  Miss  Sophy 
Wackles,  of  Chelsea.  Quilp  introduced 
him  as  clerk  to  Mr.  Samson  Brass, 
solicitor,  Bevis  Marks.  By  Quilp's  re- 
quest, he  was  afterwards  turned  away, 
fell  sick  of  a  fever,  through  which  he  was 
nursed  by  "the  marchioness"  (a  poor 
house-drab),  whom  he  married,  and  was 
left  by  his  aunt  Rebecca  an  annuity  of 

"  Is  that  a  reminder  to  go  and  pay  f  "  said  Trent, 
with  a  sneer.  "  Not  exactly,  Fred,"  said  Richard. 
"  I  enter  in  this  little  book  the  names  of  the  streets 
that  I  can't  go  down  while  the  shops  are  open.  This 
dinner  to-day  closes  Long  Acre.  I  bought  a  pair  of 
boots  in  Great  Queen  Street  last  week,  and  made  that 
'  no  thoroughfare '  too.  There's  only  one  avenue  to 
the  Strand  left  open  now,  and  I  shall  have  to  stop  up 
that  to-night  with  a  pair  of  gloves.  The  roads  are 
closing  so  fast  in  every  direction,  that  in  about  a 
month's  time,  unless  my  aunt  sends  me  a  remittance,  I 
shall  have  to  go  three  or  four  miles  out  of  town  to  get* 
over  the  -way."— Dickens  :  The  Old  Curiosity  Shop. 
viii.  (1840)  %, 

Sword.     (For  the  names  of  the  most 
famous  swords  in  history  and  fiction,  see,' 
Dictionary  of  Phrase  and  Fable,  p.  1196.) 
Add  the  following  : — 

Ali's  sword,  Zulfagar. 

Koll  the  Thrall's  sword,  named  Grey- 
steel. 

Ogier  the  Dane  had  two  swords,  made 
by  Munifican,  viz.  Sauvagine  and  Cour-  ' 
tain  or  Curtana.  ' 

He  \,OsrUr\  drew  Curtain  his  sword  from  out  its' sheath. 
If.  MorHs  :  Earthly  Paradise,  634.      • 

Strong-o'-the-Arm  had  three  swords, ' 
viz.  Baptism,  Florence,  and  Graban^ 
made  by  Ansias. 

The  Marvel  of  the  Sword.  When  king) 
Arthur  first  appears  on  the  scene,  he  ia> 


SWORD  AND  THE  MAIDEN.      1067 


SYCORAX. 


brought  into  notice  by  the  "  Marvel  of  the 
Sword  ; "  and  sir  Galahad,  who  was  to 
achieve  the  holy  graal,  was  introduced  to 
knighthood  by  a  similar  adventure.  That 
of  Arthur  is  thus  described  — 

In  the  greatest  church  of  London  .  .  .  there  was 

seen  in  the  churchyard  against  the  high  altar  a  great 
stone,  foursquare  like  to  a  marble  stone,  and  in  the 
midst  thereof  was  an  anvil  of  steel  a  foot  in  height, 
and  therein  stuck  a  fair  sword  naked  by  the  point,  and 
letters  of  gold  were  written  about  the  sword  that  said 
thus  :  Whoso  pulUth  out  this  sword  of  this  stone  and 
anvil,  is  ri^htwisc  king  born  of  England.  {^Arthur 
was  the  only  person  tvho  could  draw  it  out,  and  so  he 
was  acknowledged  to  be  the  rightful  -ti«^.l— Pt.  i.  3, 4> 

IF  The  sword  adventure  of  sir  Gala- 
had, at  the  age  of  15,  is  thus  given — 

The  king  and  his  knights  came  to  the  river,  and  they 
found  there  a  stone  floating,  as  it  had  been  of  red 
marble,  and  therein  stuck  a  fair  and  rich  sword,  and 
in  the  pomell  thereof  were  precious  stones  wrought 
with  subtil  letters  of  gold.  Then  the  barons  read  the 
letters,  wliich  said  in  this  wise :  Never  shall  man  take 
mt  hence,  but  only  he  by  whom  I  ought  to  hang,  and 
he  shall  be  the  best  knight  of  Iheworld.  [Sir  Galahad 
drew  the  sword  easily,  but  no  other  knight  was  able 
to  pull  it  /orth.}—Sir  T.  Malory;  History  of  Prince 
Arthur,  lii.  30,  31  (i47o)- 

IF  A  somewhat  similar  adventure  occurs 
in  the  Amadis  de  Gaul.  Whoever  suc- 
ceeded in  drawing  from  a  rock  an  en- 
chanted sword,  was  to  gain  access  to  a 
subterranean  treasure  (ch.  cxxx.  ;  see 
also  chs.  Ixxii..  xcix.). 

The  Irresistible  Sword.  The  king  of 
Araby  and  Ind  sent  Cambuscan'  king  of 
Tartary  a  sword  that  would  pierce  any 
armour ;  and  if  the  smiter  chose  he  could 
heal  the  wound  again  by  striking  it  with 
the  flat  of  the  blade. — Chaucer:  The 
Squire's  Tale  {1388). 

Sword  and  tlie  Maiden  {The). 
Soon  after  king  Arthur  succeeded  to  the 
throne,  a  damsel  came  to  Camelot  girded 
with  a  sword  which  no  man  defiled  by 
"  shame,  treachery,  or  guile  "  could  draw 
from  its  scabbard.  She  had  been  to  the 
court  of  king  Ryence,  but  no  knight  there 
could  draw  it.  King  Arthur  tried  to 
draw  it,  but  with  no  better  success;  all 
his  knights  tried  also,  but  none  could 
draw  it.  At  last  a  poor  ragged  knight 
named  Balin,  who  had  been  held  in 
prison  for  six  months,  made  the  attempt, 
and  drew  the  sword  with  the  utmost  ease, 
but  the  knights  insisted  it  had  been  done 
by  witchcraft.  The  maiden  asked  sir 
Balin  to  give  her  the  sword,  but  he  re- 
fused to  do  so,  and  she  then  told  him  it 
would  bring  death  to  himself  and  his 
dearest  friend  ;  and  so  it  did ;  for  when 
he  and  his  brother  Balan  jousted  together, 
unknown  to  each  otber,  both  were  slain, 
and  were  buried  in  one  tomb. — Sir  T. 


Malory:  History  of  Prince  Arthur,   1. 
27-44  {1470). 

Sword  in  the  City  Arms  (Lon- 
don). Stow  asserts  that  the  sword  or 
dagger  in  the  City  arms  was  not  added 
in  commemoration  of  Walworth's  attack 
on  Wat  Tyler,  but  that  it  represents  the 
sword  of  St.  Paul,  the  patron  saint  of 
London.  This  is  not  correct.  Without 
doubt  the  cognizance  of  the  City,  previous 
to  1381,  was  St.  Paul's  sword,  but  after 
the  death  of  Tyler  it  was  changed  into 
Walworth's  dagger. 

Brave  Walworth,  knight,  lord  mayor,  that  slew 

Rebellious  Tyler  in  his  alarmes  ; 
The  king,  therefore,  did  give  him  in  lieu 
The  dagger  to  the  city  annes. 
Fishmongers'  Hall  ("  Fourth  Year  of  Richard  II„ 
1381). 

Sword-God.  The  Scythians  worship 
a  naked  sword.  Attila  received  his  sword 
from  heaven.  (See  Sir  Edward  Creasy, 
p.  153- ) 

Sword  of  God  { The).  Khaled,  the 
conqueror  of  Syria  (632-8),  was  so  called 
by  Mohammedans. 

Sword  of  Bonxe  ( The),  Marcellus. 
Fabius  was  called  "  The  Shield  of  Rome  " 
(time  of  Hannibal's  invasion). 

Swordsman  {The  Handsome).  Jo- 
achim Murat  was  called  Le  Beau  Sabreur 
(1767-1815). 

Sybaris,  a  river  of  Lucania,  in  Italy, 
whose  waters  had  the  virtue  of  restoring 
vigour  to  the  feeble  and  exhausted. — 
Pliny:  Natural  History,  XXXI.  ii.  10. 

SyVarite  (3^7/-).  an  effeminate  man, 
a  man  of  pampered,  self-indulgence. 
Seneca  tells  us  of  a  sybarite  who  could 
not  endure  the  nubble  of  a  folded  rose 
leaf  in  his  bed. 

[Her  bed]  softer  than  the  soft  sybarite's,  who  cried 
Aloud  because  his  feelings  were  too  tender 
To  brook  a  ruffled  rose  leaf  by  his  side. 

Byron  :  Don  Juan,  vl  89  {1824). 

Sybil,  or  "  The  Two  Nations,"  a  novel 
by  Disraeli  (lord  Beaconsfield,  1845). 

Sybil  Warner,  in  lord  Lytton's 
novel  The  Last  0/  the  Barons  (1843). 

Syc'orax,  a  foul  witch,  the  mistress  of 
Ariel  the  fairy  spirit,  by  whom  for  some 
offence  he  was  imprisoned  in  the  rift  of  a 
cloven  pine  tree.  After  he  had  beea  kept 
there  for  twelve  years,  he  was  liberated 
by  Prospero  the  rightful  duke  of  Milan 
and  father  of  Miranda.  Sycorax  was  the 
mother  of  Caliban. — Shakespeare:  The 
Tempest  (1609). 


SYDDALL. 


1068 


SYMMES'S  HOLE. 


If  you  had  told  Sycorax  that  her  son  Caliban  was  as 
hanclsome  as  Apollo,  she  would  have  been  pleased, 
witch  as  she  was. — Thackeray, 

Those  foul  and  impure  mists  which  their  pens,  like 
the  raven  wing's  of  Sycorax,  had  brushed  from  fern 
and  bog — Sir  ly.  Scoit:  The  Drama. 

Syddall  [Anthony),  house-steward  at 
Osbaldistone  Hall.— ,SJr  W.  Scott:  Rob 
Roy  (time,  George  I. ). 

Sydexihain  (C/^ar/«),  the  frank,  open- 
hearted,  trusty  friend  of  the  Woodvilles. 
— Cumberland:  The  Wheel  of  Fortune 
(1779)- 

Syl,  a  monster  like  a  basilisk,  with 
human  face,  but  so  terrible  that  no  one 
could  look  on  it  and  live.  (See  OuRA- 
NABAD,  p.  790.) 

T  Medusa's  hair,  changed  into  snakes, 
was  so  terrible  that  whosoever  set  eyes  on 
it  was  changed  to  stone. 

IT  The  basilisk,  king  of  serpents,  looked 
any  one  dead  who  set  eyes  on  it. 

Sj)la.[Cornelius),  the  rival  of  Ma'rius. 
Being  consul,  he  had  ex-officio  a  right  to 
lead  in  the  Mithridatic  war  (b.c,  88),  but 
Marius  got  the  appointment  of  Sylla  set 
aside  in  favour  of  himself.  Sylla,  in 
dudgeon,  hastened  back  to  Rome,  and 
insisted  that  the  "recall"  should  be 
reversed.  Marius  fled.  Sylla  pursued 
the  war  with  success,  returned  to  Rome 
in  triumph,  and  made  a  wholesale 
slaughter  of  the  Romans  who  had  op- 
posed him.  As  many  as  7000  soldiers 
and  5000  private  citizens  fell  in  this 
massacre,  and  all  their  goods  were  dis- 
tributed among  his  own  partisans.  Sylla 
was  now  called  "Perpetual  Dictator," 
but  in  two  years  retired  into  private  life, 
and  died  the  year  following  (b.c.  78). 

(Jouy  has  a  good  tragedy  in  French 
called  Sylla  (1822),  and  the  character  of 
"  Sylla"  was  a  favourite  one  with  Talma 
the  French  actor.  In  1594  Thomas 
Lodge  produced  his  historical  play  called 
Wounds  of  Civil  War,  lively  set  forth  in 
the  True  Tragedies  of  Marius  and  Sylla.) 

Sylli  {Signer),  an  Italian  exquisite, 
who  walks  fantastically,  talks  affectedly, 
and  thinks  himself  irresistible.  He  makes 
love  to  Cami'ola  "  the  maid  of  honour," 
and  fancies,  by  posturing,  grimaces,  and 
affectation,  to  "  make  her  dote  on  him." 
He  says  to  her,  "  In  singing,  I  am  a 
Siren,  in  dancing,  a  Terpsich6r6. "  "  He 
could  tune  a  ditty  lovely  well,"  and 
prided  himself  "  on  his  pretty  spider 
fingers,  and  the  twinkling  of  his  two 
eyes."  Of  course,  Cami6Ia  sees  no  charms 
in  these  effeminacies  ;  but  the  conceited 


puppy  says  he  "is  not  so  sorry  for  him- 
self as  he  is  for  her"  that  she  rejects 
him.  Signor  Sylli  is  the  silliest  of  all 
the  SyUis. — Massinger :  The  Maid  «? 
Honour  (1637).    (See  Tappertit.) 

Sylva,  Evelyn's  treatise  on  forest 
trees  (1664).  Its  object  was  to  induce 
people  to  plant  forest  trees. 

Sylvia,  daughter  of  justice  Balance, 
and  an  heiress.  She  is  in  love  with 
captain  Plume,  but  promised  her  father 
not  to  "dispose  of  herself  to  any  man 
without  his  consent."  As  her  father 
feared  Plume  was  too  much  a  Hbertine  to 
make  a  steady  husband,  he  sent  Sylvia 
into  the  country  to  withdraw  her  from 
his  society;  but  she  dressed  in  her 
brother's  military  suit,  assumed  the  name 
of  Jack  Wilfred  alias  Pinch,  and  enlisted. 
When  the  names  were  called  over  by  the 
justices,  and  that  of  "  Pinch "  was 
brought  forward,  justice  Balance  ' '  gave 
his  consent  for  the  recruit  to  dispose  of 
[himself^  to  captain  Plume,"  and  the 
permission  was  kept  to  the  letter,  though 
not  in  its  intent.  However,  the  matter 
had  gone  too  far  to  be  revoked,  and  the 
father  made  up  his  mind  to  bear  with 
grace  what  without  disgrace  he  could  not 
prevent. — Farquhar  :  The  Recruiting 
Officer  (1705). 

I  am  troubled  neither  with  spleen,  choKc,  not 
Tapours.  I  need  no  salts  for  my  stomach,  no  harts- 
horn for  my  head,  nor  wash  for  my  complexion.  I  can 
fallop  all  the  morning  after  the  hunting-horn,  and  all 
tlie  evening  after  a  fiddle.— Act  L  a. 

Sylvio  de  Rosalva  {Don),  the  hero 
and  title  of  a  novel  by  C.  M.  Wieland 
(1733-1813).  Don  Sylvio,  a  quixotic  be- 
liever in  fairyism,  is  gradually  converted 
to  common  sense  by  the  extravagant 
demands  which  are  made  on  his  belief, 
assisted  by  the  charms  of  a  mortal 
beauty.  The  object  of  this  romance  is  a 
crusade  against  the  sentimentalism  and 
religious  foolery  of  the  period. 

Symkyn  {Symond),  nicknamed  "  Dis- 
dainful," a  miller,  living  at  Trompington, 
near  Cambridge.  His  face  was  round, 
his  nose  flat,  and  his  skull  "  pilled  as  an 
ape's."  He  was  a  thief  of  com  and  meal, 
but  stole  craftily.  His  wife  was  the 
village  parson's  daughter,  very  proud 
and  arrogant.  He  tried  to  outwit  Aleyn 
and  John,  two  Cambridge  scholars,  but 
was  himself  outwitted,  and  most  roughly 
handled  also.  —  Chaucer  :  Canterbury 
Tales  ("  The  Reeve's  Tale,"  1388). 

Symmes's  Hole.  Captain  John  Cleve 
Symmes  maintained   that  there  was,  at 


SYMONIDES  THE  GOOD. 

82*  N.  lat. ,  an  enormous  opening  through 
the  crust  of  the  earth  into  the  globe. 
The  place  to  which  it  led  he  asserted  to 
be  well  stocked  with  animals  and  plants, 
and  to  be  Ughted  by  two  under-ground 
planets  named  Pluto  and  Proserpine. 
Captain  Synimes  asked  sir  Humphry 
Davy  to  accompany  him  in  the  explora- 
tion of  this  enormous  "  hole  "  (*-i829). 

N.B, — Halley  the  astronomer  (1656- 
1742)  and  Holberg  of  Norway  (1684-1754) 
believed  in  the  existence  of  Syrames's 
hole. 

Symon'ides  tlie  Good,  king  of  Pen- 
tAp'oUs.—S/iakes/ieare:  Fericles  Prince 
0/ Tyre  {i6dQ). 

Symphony  {The  Father  of),  Francis 

Joseph  Haydn  {1732-1809). 

Symple'gades  (4  syl.),  two  rocks 
at  the  entrance  of  the  Euxine  Sea.  To 
navigators  they  sometimes  look  like  one 
rock,  and  sometimes  the  light  between 
shows  they  are  two.  Hence  the  ancient 
Greeks  said  that  they  opened  and  shut. 
Olivier  says  "  they  appear  united  or 
joined  together  according  to  the  place 
from  which  they  are  viewed." 

.  .  .  when  Argfo  passed 
Through  Bosphorus,  betwixt  the  justling  rocks. 
Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  a.  1017  (1665). 

Synia,  the  portress  of  Valhalla. — 
Scandinavian  Mythology, 

Syntax  [Dr.),  a  simple-minded,  pious, 
hen-pecked  clergyman,  green  as  grass, 
but  of  excellent  taste  and  scholarship, 
who  left  home  in  search  of  the  pictur- 
esque. His  adventures  are  told  by 
William  Coombe  in  eight-syllable  verse, 
in  three  tours :  (i)  T/ie  Tour  in  Search 
of  the  Picturesque,  published  in  1812 ; 
(2)  The  Tour  in  Search  of  Consolation, 
published  in  1820 ;  and  (3)  The  Tour  in 
Search  of  a  Wife,  pubhshed  in  1821. 

(Other  tours  were  published,  but 
Coombe  was  not  the  author.) 

Dr.  Syntax's  Horse  was  called  Grizzle, 
all  skin  and  bone. 

Synter'esis,  Conscience  personified. 

On  her  a  royal  damsel  still  attends, 
And  faithful  counsellor,  Synter'esis. 
P.  FUtcher  :  The  PurfU  Island,  vL  (1633). 

Syphax,    chief   of   the   Arabs    who 

joined  the  Egyptian  armament  against 
the  crusaders.  ' '  The  voices  of  these 
allies  were  feminine,  and  their  stature 
small." — Tasso  :  Jerusalem  Delivered, 
xvii.  (1575). 

Syplxax,  an  old  Numidian  soldier  in 


1069 


TABAKIERA. 


the  suite  of  prince  Juba  in  Utica.  He 
tried  to  win  the  prince  from  Cato  to  the 
side  of  Caesar ;  but  Juba  was  too  much 
in  love  with  Marcia  (Cato's  daughter)  to 
listen  to  him.  Syphax  with  bis  ' '  Nu- 
midian horse  "  deserted  in  the  battle  to 
Caesar,  but  the  "  hoary  traitor  "  was  slain 
by  Marcus  the  son  of  Cato. — Addison: 
Cato  (1713). 

Syrinx,  a  nymph  beloved  by  Pan, 
and  changed  at  her  own  request  into  a 
reed,  of  which  Pan  made  his  pipe. — 
Greek  Fable. 

Sjrrinx,  in  Spenser's  Eclogue,  iv.,  is 
Anne  Boleyn,  and  "  Pan  "  is  Heury  VIH. 
(1579). 


T.  Tusser  has  a  poem  on  Thriftinesf, 
twelve  lines  in  length,  and  in  rhyme, 
every  word  of  which  begins  with  /  (died 
1580). 

The  thrifty  that  teacheth  the  thriving  to  thrive, 

Teach  timely  to  traverse,  the  thing  that  thou  'trivv. 

Transferring  thy  toiling,  to  timeliness  taught. 

This  teacheth  thee  temp'rance,  to  temper  thy  thought. 

Take  Trusty  (to  trust  to)  that  thinkest  to  thee. 

That  trustily  thriftiness  trowleth  to  thee. 

Then  temper  thy  travell,  to  tarry  the  tide  ; 

This  teacheth  thee  thriftiness,  twenty  times  tryett 

Take  thankful!  thy  talent,  thank  thankfully  those 

That  thriftily  teacheth  [t  teach  thee]  thy  tune  to  tr^AS< 

pose. 
Troth  twice  to  be  teached,  teach  twenty  times  ten. 
This  trade  thou  that  takest,  take  thrift  to  thee  thea 
Sive  Hundred  Points  o/Good  Husbandry,  xlix.  (i5S7>. 

Leon  Placentius,  a  dominican,  wrote 
a  poem  in  Latin  hexameters,  called 
Pugna  Porcorum,  253  lines  long,  every 
word  of  which  begins  with  p  (died  1548). 
(See  P,  p.  793,  for  other  alliterative 
verses, ) 

Taan,  the  god  of  thunder.  Tht 
natives  of  the  Hervey  Islands  believe 
that  thunder  is  produced  by  the  shaking 
of  Taau's  wings. — J.  Williams:  Mis- 
sionary E?iterprises  in  the  South  Sea 
Islands,  log  (1837). 

Tabakiera,  a  magic  snuff-box,  which, 
upon  being  opened,  said.  Que  quieres  f 
("What  do  you  want?") ;  and  upon  being 
told  the  wish,  it  was  there  and  then 
accomplished.  The  snuff-box  is  the 
counterpart  of  Aladdin's  lamp,  but 
appears  in  numerous  legends  slightly 
varied  (see  for  example,  Campbell's  2 'ales 


TABARIN. 

of  the  West  Highlands,  ii.  293-303,  "The 
Widow's  Son ").— ^^.  W.  Webster: 
Basque  Legends,  94  {1876). 

Tabarin,  a  famous  vendor  of  quack 
medicines,  born  at  JVIilan,  who  went  to 
Paris  in  the  seventeenth  century.  By  his 
antics  and  rude  wit  he  collected  great 
crowds  together,  and  in  ten  years  (1620- 
30)  became  rich  enough  to  buy  a  handsome 
chateau  in  Dauphine.  The  French  aris- 
tocracy, unable  to  bear  the  satire  of  a 
charlatan  in  a  chateau,  murdered  him. 

(The  jests  and  wiity  sayings  of  this 
farceur  were  collected  together  in  1622, 
and  published  under  the  title  of  L'lnven- 
taire  Universel  des  (Euvres  de  Tabarin, 
contenant  ses  Fantaisies,  Dialogues,  Para- 
doxes, Farces,  etc.  In  1858  an  edition  of 
his  works  was  published  by  G.  Aventin. ) 

Tabbard  (  The),  the  inn  in  Southwark 
from  which  Chaucer  supposes  his  Pilgrims 
-Start  for  Canterbury. 

A  '•  tabbard  "  is  a  herald's  coat. 

Table  Talk,  a  poem  in  ten-syllabic 
rhymes  by  Cowper,  in  the  form  of  dialogue 
between  A  and  B,  published  in  1782. 

There  are  also  the  Table  Talk  of  John  Selden ;  the 
Table  Talk  of  Coleridge  (1835) ;  the  TabU  Talk  of 
Samuel  Rogers  (1856) ;  etc. 

Tablets  of  Moses,  avariety  of  Scotch 
granite,  composed  of  felspar  and  quartz, 
so  arranged  as  to  present,  when  polished, 
the  appearance  of  Hebrew  characters  on 
a  while  ground. 

Tacliebrime  {2  syl.),  the  horse  ot 
Ogier  le  Dane.  The  word  means  "brown 
spot. " 

Taciturnian,  an  inhabitant  of  Lisle 
Taciturne  or  Taciturna,  meaning  London 
and  the  Londoners. 

A  thick  and  perpetual  vapour  covers  this  island,  and 
fills  the  souls  of  the  inhabitants  with  a  certain  sadness, 
misanthropy,  and  irksomeness  of  their  own  existence. 
Alaciel  [the  ,eent2is]  was  hardly  at  the  first  barriers  ot 
the  metropolis  when  he  fell  in  with  a  peasant  bending 
under  the  weight  of  a  bag  of  gold  ;  .  .  .  but  his  heart 
was  sad  and  gloomy,  .  .  .  and  he  said  to  the  genius, 
"  Joy  1  I  know  it  not ;  I  never  heard  of  it  in  this 
island."— Z?<  la  DixmU :  L'IsU  Taciturne  et  CUU 
Bnjoufe  (1759). 

Tacket  {Tibb),  the  wife  of  old  Martin 
the  shepherd  of  Julian  Avenel  of  Avenel 
Castle.— 5?>  W.  Scott:  The  Monastery 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Tackleton,  a  toy  merchant,  called 
Gr'iff  and  Tackleton,  because  at  one 
time  Gruff  had  been  his  partner  ;  he  had, 
however,  been  bought  out  long  ago. 
Tackleton  was  a  stern,  sordid,  grinding 
man  ;  ugly  in  looks,  and  uglier  in  nis 
natiu-e;    cold  and  callous,    selhsh   and 


1070 


TAFFY. 


unfeeling ;  his  look  was  sarcastic  and 
mahcious ;  one  eye  was  always  wide 
open,  and  one  nearly  shut.  He  ought 
to  have  been  a  money-lender,  a  sheriffs 
officer,  or  a  broker,  for  he  hated  children 
and  hated  playthings.  It  was  his 
greatest  delight  to  make  toys  which 
scared  children,  and  you  could  not  please 
him  better  than  to  say  that  a  toy  from 
his  warehouse  had  made  a  child  miserable 
the  whole  Christmas  holidays,  and  had 
been  a  nightmare  to  it  for  half  its  child- 
life.  This  amiable  creature  was  about  to 
marry  May  Fielding,  when  her  old  sweet- 
heart Edward  Plummer,  thought  to  be 
dead,  returned  from  South  America,  and 
married  her.  Tackleton  was  reformed  by 
Peerybingle,  the  carrier,  bore  his  disap- 
pointment  manfully,  sent  the  bride  and 
bridegroom  his  own  wedding-cake,  and 
joined  the  festivities  of  the  marriage 
banquet.— Z)?V,^»j.-  The  Cricket  on  the 
Hearth  {1845). 

TacttLS,  a  character  in  the  play  called 
The  Combat  of  the  Tongue  and  the  Five 
Senses,  by  Antony  Brewer  (1580),  in  which 
the  tongue  claims  to  be  the  Sixth  Sense. 
When  the  play,  says  Chetwood,  was  per- 
formed at  Cambridge  in  1607,  Ohver 
Cromwell  took  the  part  of  Tactus,  m 
which  occur  these  words — 

Roses  and  bays,  pack  hence  I    This  crown  and  robe 
My  brows  and  body  circles  and  invests. 
How  gallantly  it  fits  me  I 

(The  quotation  affords  a  good  hunting- 
ground  for  our  Priscians.) 

Taffril  {Lieutenant),  of  H.M.  gun- 
brig  Search.  He  is  in  love  with  Jenny 
Caxton  the  milliner. — Sir  W.  Scott:  T/ie 
Antiquary  (time,  George  ill,). 

TaflEy,  a  Welshman.  The  word  is 
simply  Davy  [David)  pronounced  with 
aspiration.  David  is  the  most  common 
Welsh  name;  Sawney  {Alexander),  the 
most  common  Scotch ;  Pat  {Patrick), 
the  most  common  Irish  ;  and  John  {John 
Bull),  the  most  common  English.  So 
we  tiave  cousin  Michael  for  a  German, 
Micaire  for  a  Frenchman,  Colin  Tampon 
for  a  Swiss,  and  brother  Jonathan  in  the 
United  States  of  North  America. 

Tal^,  that  is,  Talbot  Wynne,  of 
Yorkshire,  an  admirable  character  in 
Trilby,  a  novel  by  Du  Maurier  (1895). 
He  marries  Miss  Bagot,  "  Little  Billee's  " 
sister. 

Taffy  in  the  Sedan  chair,  referred  to 
In  Goldsmith's  Citizen  of  the  Worta(i7^g), 
is  this:    Une  stormy  night,   when   the 


TAG. 


1071 


TAILORS. 


streets  (which  were  neither  paved  nor 
swept)  were  knee-deep  in  mud,  Taffy  was 
going  in  full  fig  (pumps  and  white  silk 
stockings)  to  an  evening  party.  So  he  hired 
a  Sedan  chair,  but  as  it  had  neither  seat 
nor  bottom,  he  was  obliged  to  slump 
through  the  dirty  streets,  wholly  unable 
to  pick  his  way,  and  at  every  step  he  took 
the  bottom  ledge  of  the  Sedan  knocked 
against  his  heels  and  made  them  bleed. 
On  arriving  at  his  friend's  house,  covered 
with  blood  and  dirt,  he  was  asked  how 
he  liked  his  accommodation.  "Well," 
said  Taffy,  "  I  think  it  was  almost  as  bad 
as  walking," 

Ta^,  wife  of  Puff,  and  lady's-maid  to 
Miss  Biddy  Bellair. — Garrick :  Miss  in 
Her  Teens  (1753)- 

Talimxiras,  a  king  of  Persia,  whose 
exploits  in  Fairy-land  among  the  peris 
and  deevs  are  fully  set  forth  by  Richard- 
son in  his  Dissertation. 

Tail  made  Woman  {Man's), 
According  to  North  American  legend, 
God  in  anger  cut  off  man's  tail,  and  out 
of  it  made  woman. 

Tails  {Men  with),  (i)  The  Niam- 
niams,  an  African  race  between  the  gulf 
of  Benin  and  Abyssinia,  are  said  to  have 
tails.  Mons.  de  Castlenau  (1851)  tells  us 
that  the  Niam-niams  "have  tails  forty 
centimetres  long,  and  between  two  and 
three  centimetres  in  diameter."  Dr. 
Hubsch,  physician  to  the  hospitals  of 
Constantinople,  says,  in  1853,  that  he 
carefully  examined  a  Niam-niam  negress, 
and  that  her  tail  was  two  inches  long. 
Mons.  d'Abbadie,  in  his  Abyssinian 
Travels  (1852),  tells  us  that  south  of  the 
Herrar  is  a  place  where  all  the  men  have 
tails,  but  not  the  females.  "  I  have 
examined,"  he  says,  "fifteen  of  them, 
and  am  positive  that  the  tail  is  a  natural 
appendage."  Dr.  Wolf,  in  his  Travels  and 
Adventures,  ii.  (1861),  says,  "There  are 
both  men  and  women  in  Abyssinia  with 
tails  like  dogs  and  horses."  He  heard  that, 
near  Narea,  in  Abyssinia,  there  were  men 
and  women  with  tails  so  muscular  that 
they  could  "knock  down  a  horse  with 
a  blow." 

(2)  John  Struys,  a  Dutch  traveller,  says, 
in  his  Voyages  (1650),  that  "all  the  natives 
on  the  south  of  Formosa  have  tails."  He 
adds  that  he  himself  personally  saw  one 
of  these  islanders  with  a  tail  "  more  than 
a  foot  long." 

(3)  It  is  said  that  the  Ghilane  race,  which 
numbers  between  30,000  and  40,000  souls. 


and  dwell  "far  beyond  the Senaar,"  have 
tails  three  or  four  inches  long.  Colonel 
du  Corret  assures  us  that  he  himself  most 
carefully  examined  one  of  this  race  named 
Belial,  a  slave  belonging  to  an  emir  in 
Mecca,  whose  house  he  frequented. — 
World  of  Wonders,  206. 

(4)  The  Poonangs  of  Borneo  are  said 
to  be  a  tail-bearing  race. 

Individual  Examples,  (i)  Dr.  Hubsch, 
referred  to  above,  says  that  he  examined 
at  Constantinople  the  son  of  a  physician 
whom  he  knew  intimately,  who  had  a 
decided  tail,  and  so  had  his  grandfather. 

(2)  In  the  middle  of  the  present  (the 
nineteenth)  century,  all  the  newspapers 
made  mention  of  the  birth  of  a  boy  at 
Newcastle-on-Tyne  with  a  tail,  which 
"  wagged  when  he  was  pleased." 

(3)  In  the  College  of  Surgeons  at  Dublin 
may  be  seen  a  human  skeleton  with  a  tail 
seven  inches  long. 

Tails  given  by  way  of  Punishment. 
(il  Polydore  Vergil  asserts  that  when 
Tnomas  k  Becket  came  to  Stroud,  the 
mob  cut  off  the  tail  of  his  horse ;  and  in 
eternal  reproach,  "both  they  and  their 
offspring  bore  tails."  Lambarde  repeats 
the  same  story  in  his  Perambulation  of 
Kent(j.S7e). 

For  Beclcet's  sake  Kent  always  shall  hare  taik.— 
Marvel. 

(2)  John  Bale,  bishop  of  Ossory  in  the 
reign  of  Edward  VI.,  tells  us  that  John 
Capgrave  and  Alexander  of  Esseby  have 
stated  it  as  a  fact  that  certain  Dorsetshire 
men  cast  fishes'  tails  at  St.  Augustine,  in 
consequence  of  which  "the  men  of  this 
county  have  borne  tails  ever  since." 

(3)  We  all  know  the  tradition  that 
Cornishmen  are  born  with  tails. 

Taillefer,  a  valiant  warrior  and 
minstrel  in  the  army  of  William  the 
Conqueror.  At  the  battle  of  Hastings 
(or  Senlac)  he  stimulated  the  ardour  of 
the  Normans  by  songs  in  praise  of 
Charlemagne  and  Roland.  The  soldier- 
minstrel  was  at  last  borne  down  by 
numbers,  and  fell  fighting. 

He  was  a  juggler  or  minstrel,  who  could  sing  songs- 
and  play  tricks.  ...  So  he  rode  forth  singing  as  he 
went,  and  as  some  say  throwing  his  sword  up  in  the 
air  and  catching  It  again. — E.  A.  Freeman  :  Old 
English  History,  331. 

Tailors  {Nine).  A  toll  of  a  bell  is 
called  a  "teller,"  and  at  the  death  of  a 
man  the  death-bell  is  tolled  thrice  three 
times.  "Nine  tellers  mark  a  man" 
became  perverted  into  "Nine  tailors 
make  a  man."  —  Notes  and  Queries^ 
March  4,  1877, 


1 AILORS  OF  TOOLEY  STREET. 

Tailors  of  Tooley  Street.    (See 

Three  Tailors,  p.  1104. ) 

Taish.  Second  sight  is  so  called  in 
Ireland. — Martin:   Western  Isles,  3. 

Dark  and  despairing,  my  sight  I  may  seal ; 
But  man  cannot  cover  what  God  would  reveaL 
'Tis  the  sunset  of  life  gives  me  mystical  lore, 
And  coming  events  cast  their  shadows  before, 
Campbell :  LochieCs  Pf^arning  (1801). 

Taj,  in  Agra  (East  India),  the  mauso- 
leum built  by  shah  Jehan  to  his  favourite 
sultana  Moomtaz-i-Mahul,  who  died  in 
childbirth  of  her  eighth  child.  It  is  of 
white  marble,  and  is  so  beautiful  that  it 
is  called  ' '  A  Poem  in  Marble,"  and  "  The 
Marble  Queen  of  Sorrow." 

Takeley  Street.  All  on  one  side, 
like  Takeley  Street.  Takeley  is  a  village 
entirely  on  one  side  of  the  high-road.  It 
faces  Hallingbury  Park,  and  is  on  the 
north  side  of  the  road  from  Bishop's 
Stortford  to  Dunmow.  (See  Rooden 
Lane,  p.  931.) 

Talbert  [Tol'-but],  John  Talbert  or 
rather  Talbot,  "The  EngHsh  Achillas," 
first  earl  of  Shrewsbury  (1373- 1453). 

Our  Talbert,  to  the  French  so  terrible  in  war. 
That  with  his  very  name  their  babes  they  used  to  scare. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xviii.  (1613). 

TALBOT  {John),  a  name  of  terror 
in  France.     Same  as  above. 

They  in  France,  to  feare  their  young  children,  crye, 
•'  The  Talbot  cometh  1  "—Hall:  Chronicles  (1545). 
Is  this  the  Talbot,  so  much  feared  abroad. 
That  with  his  name  the  mothers  still  their  babes  ? 
Shakespeare  :  1  Henry  VI.  act  ii.  sc.  3  (1589). 

Talbot  [Colonel),  an  English  officer, 
and  one  of  Waverley's  friends. — Sir  W. 
Scott:   Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 

Talbot  [Lord  Arthur),  a  cavalier  who 
won  the  love  of  Elvira  daughter  of  lord 
Walton  ;  but  his  lordship  had  promised 
his  daughter  in  marriage  to  sir  Richard 
Ford,  a  puritan  officer.  The  betrothal 
being  set  aside,  lord  Talbot  became  the 
accepted  lover,  and  the  marriage  ceremony 
was  fixed  to  take  place  at  Plymouth.  In 
the  mean  time,  lord  Arthur  assisted  the 
dowager  queen  Henrietta  to  escape,  and 
on  his  return  to  England  was  arrested  by 
the  soldiers  of  Cromwell,  and  condemned 
to  death;  but  Cromwell,  feeling  secure  of 
his  po.'ation,  commanded  all  political 
prisoners  to  be  released,  so  lord  Arthur 
was  set  at  liberty,  and  married  Elvira. — 
Belliri  :  1  Puritani  (1834). 

Talbot  [Lying  Dick),  the  nickname 
given  to  Tyrconnel,  the  Irish  Jacobite, 
who  held  the  highest  offices  in  Irehnd  in 


1072 


TALZa 


the  reign  of  James  II.  and  in  the  early  part 
of  William  111  's  reign  (died  1691). 

Tale  of  a  Tub,  a  comedy  by  Ben 
Jonson  (1618).  This  was  the  last  comedy 
brought  out  by  him  on  the  stage  ;  the  first 
was  Every  Man  in  His  Humour  (1598). 

In  the  Tale  of  a  Tub,  he  IBen  yanson]  follows  the 
prith  of  Anstoph'anSs,  and  lets  his  wit  run  into  low 
buffoonery,  that  he  might  bring  upon  the  stage  Inigo 
Jones,  his  personal  enemy.— 5t>  fV.  Scott:  The 
Drama. 

Tale  of  a  Tub,  a  religious  satire  by 
dean  Swift  (1704).  Its  object  is  to  ridi- 
cule the  Roman  Catholics  under  the  name 
of  Peter,  and  the  presbyterians  under  the 
name  of  Jack  \Calvin\  The  Church  of 
England  is  represented  by  Martin  {Lu- 
ther]. 

Gulliver's  Travels  and  the  Tale  of  a  Tub  must  ever 
bo  the  chief  corner-stones  of  Swift  *s  fame.— CAaw- 
oers;  English  Literature,  ii.  547. 

Tale  of  Two  Cities  (^),  a  novel  by 
Dickens  (1859).  The  two  cities  are  Lon- 
don and  Paris  during  the  revolution  of 
1789. 

Tales,  (i)  Chinese  Tales,  being  the 
transmigrations  of  the  mandarin  Fum- 
Hoam,  told  to  Gulchenraz  daughter  of 
the  king  of  Georgia.  (See  FuM-HoAM, 
p.  sg%.)~Gueulette  (originally  m  French, 
1723)- 

(2)  Fairy  Tales,  a  series  of  tales,  origin- 
ally in  French,  by  the  comtesse  D'Aulnoy 
(1698).  Some  are  very  near  copies  of  the 
Arabian  Nights.  The  best-known  are 
"Chery  and  Fairstar,"  "The  Yellow 
Dwarf,"  and  "The  White  Cat." 

(About  the  same  time  (1697),  Claude 
Perrault  published,  in  French,  his  famous 
Fairy  Tales,  chiefly  taken  from  the  Sagas 
of  Scandinavia. ) 

(3)  Moral  Tales,  twenty-three  tales  by 
Marmontel,  originally  in  French  (1761). 
They  were  intended  for  drafts  of 
dramas.  The  design  of  the  first  tale, 
called  ••  Alcibiad6s,"  is  to  expose  the 
folly  of  expecting  to  be  loved  "  merely 
for  one's  self."  The  design  of  the  second 
tale,  called  "Soli man  II.,"  is  to  exposfe 
the  folly  of  attempting  to  gain  woman's 
love  by  any  other  means  than  reciprocal 
love;  and  so  on.  The  second  tale  has 
been  dramatized, 

(4)  Oriental  Tales,  by  the  comte  de 
Caylus,  originally  in  French  (1743).  A 
series  of  tales  supposed  to  be  told  by 
Moradbak,  a  giri  of  14,  to  Hudjadge 
shah  of  Persia,  who  could  not  sleep.  It 
contains  the  tale  of  "  The  Seven  Sleepers 
of  Ephesus  "    (See  Moradbak,  p.  724.) 


1  ALES  OF  FASHIONABLE  LIFE.  1073 


TALISMAN. 


Tales  of  Fashionable  Life,  by 

Maria  Edgeworth,     Three  volumes  ap- 
peared in  1809,  and  three  more  in  1812. 

Tales  of  a  Grandfather,  in  three 
series,  by  sir  W.  Scott ;  told  to  his  grand- 
son, "  Hugh  Littlejohn."  His  real  name 
was  John  Hugh  Lockhart,  and  he  died 
on  December  15,  1831,  aged  eleven 
years.  These  tales  are  supposed  to  be 
taken  from  Scotch  chronicles,  and  em- 
brace the  most  prominent  and  graphic 
incidents  of  Scotch  history.  Series  i., 
to  the  amalgamation  of  the  two  crowns 
in  James  L  ;  series  ii. ,  to  the  union  of 
the  two  parliaments  in  the  reign  of  queen 
Anne;  series  iii.,  to  the  death  of  Charles 
Edward  the  Young  Pretender. 

Tales  of  My  Landlord,  tales  sup- 
posed to  be  told  by  the  landlord  of  the 
Wallace  inn,  in  the  parish  of  Gander- 
cleuch,  "  edited  and  arranged  by  Jedediah 
Cleishbotham,  schoolmaster  and  parish 
clerk  "  of  the  same  parish,  but  in  reality 
corrected  and  arranged  by  his  usher, 
Peter  or  Patrick  Pattison,  who  lived  to 
complete  five  of  the  novels,  but  died 
before  the  last  two  were  issued.  These 
novels  are  arranged  thus  :  First  Sej-ies, 
"The  Black  Dwarf"  and  "Old  Mor- 
tality :  "  Second  Series,  "  Heart  of  Mid- 
lothian ;  "  Third  Series,  "  Bride  of  Lam- 
mermoor  "  and  "  Legend  of  Montrose  ;  " 
Posthumous,  "Count  Robert  of  Paris" 
and  "Castle  Dangerous." — Sir  IV.  Scott. 
(See  Stack  Dwarf,  introduction.) 

Tales  of  the    Crusaders,  by  sir 

W.  Scott,  include  The  Betrothed  and  The 
Talisman, 

Tales  of  the  G-enii,  that  is,  tales 
told  by  genii  to  Iracagem  their  chief, 
respecting  their  tutelary  charges,  or  how 
they  had  discharged  their  functions  as 
the  guardian  genii  of  man.  Patna  and 
Coulor,  children  of  Giualar  (iman  of 
Terki),  were  permitted  to  hear  these 
accounts  rendered,  and  hence  they  have 
reached  our  earth.  The  genius  Bar- 
haddan  related  the  history  of  his  tutelary 
charge  of  Abu'dah,  a  merchant  of  Bagdad. 
The  genius  Mamlouk  told  how  he  had 
been  employed  in  watching  over  the 
dervise  Alfouran.  Next,  Omphram  re- 
counted his  labours  as  the  tutelar  genius 
of  Hassan  Assar  caliph  of  Bagdad,  The 
genius  Hassarack  tells  his  experience  in 
the  tale  of  Kelaun  and  Guzzarat.  The  fifth 
was  a  female  genius,  by  name  Houadir, 
who  told  the  tale  of  Urad,  the  fair  wan- 
derer, her  ward  on  earth.     Then  rose  the 


sage  genius  Macoma,  and  told  the  tale  o*  ' 
the  sultan  Misnar,  with  the  episodes  of 
Mahoud  and  the  princess  of  Cassimir. 
The  affable  Adiram,  the  tutelar  genius  of 
Sadak  and  Kalas'rade,  told  of  their  battle 
of  life.  Last  of  all  rose  the  venerable 
genius  Nadan,  and  recounted  the  history 
of  his  earthly  charge  named  Mirglip  the 
dervise.  These  tales,  by  James  Ridley, 
1765,  are  said  to  be  from  the  Persian,  and 
are  ascribed  to  Horam  son  of  Asmar. 

Tales    of    the    Hall,    poems    by 

Crabbe  (1819). 

Talgfol,  a  butcher  in  Newgate  market, 
who  obtained  a  captain's  commission  in 
Cromwell's    army    for    his    bravery    at 

Naseby. 

Talgol  was  of  courage  stout  .  .  . 
Inured  to  labour,  sweat,  and  toil. 
And,  like  a  champion,  shone  with  oU  ,  ,  , 
He  many  a  boar  and  huge  dun  cow 
Did,  like  another  Guy,  o'erthrow  .  .  . 
With  greater  troops  of  sheep  he'd  fought 
Than  Ajax  or  bold  don  Quixote. 

5.  ButUr:  Hudibras,  i.  a  (1663). 

Taliesin  or  Taliessin,  son  of  St. 
Henwig,  chief  of  the  bards  of  the  West, 
in  the  time  of  king  Arthur  (sixth  cen- 
tury). In  the  Mabinogion  are  given  the 
legends  connected  with  him,  several 
specimens  of  his  songs,  and  all  that  is 
historically  known  about  him.  The  burst- 
ing in  of  the  sea  through  the  neglect  of 
Seithenin,  who  had  charge  of  the  em- 
bankment, and  the  ruin  which  it  brought 
on  Gwyddno  Garanhir,  is  allegorized  by 
the  bursting  of  a  pot  called  the  ' '  caldron 
of  inspiration,"  through  the  neglect  of 
Gwion  Bach,  who  was  set  to  watch  it. 

That  Taliessen,  once  which  made  the  rivers  dance. 
And  in  his  rapture  raised  the  mountains  from  their 

trance, 
Shall  tremble  at  my  verse. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  !▼.  (i6xa). 

Talisman  (7%<?),  a  novel  by  sir  W. 
Scott,  and  one  of  the  best  of  the  thirty- 
two  which  he  wrote  (1825).  It  is  the 
story  of  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion  being 
cured  of  a  fever  in  the  Holy  Land,  by  the 
soldan.  His  noble  enemy  Saladin,  hearing 
of  his  illness,  assumed  the  disguise  of 
Adonbec  el  Hakim,  the  pliysician,  and 
visited  the  king.  He  filled  a  cup  with 
spring  water,  into  which  he  dipped  the 
talisman,  a  little  red  purse  that  he  took 
from  his  bosom,  and  when  it  had  been 
steeped  long  enough,  he  gave  the  draught 
to  the  king  to  drink  (ch.  ix.).  During 
the  king's  sickness,  the  archduke  of 
Austria  planted  his  own  banner  beside 
that  of  England ;  but  immediately  Richard 
recovered  from  his  fever,  he  tore  it  down. 


TALISMANS. 


1074 


TALVI. 


and  gave  it  in  custody  to  sir  Kenneth. 
While  Kenneth  was  absent,  he  left  his 
dog  in  charge  of  the  banner ;  but  on  his 
return,  found  the  dog  wounded  and  the 
banner  stolen.  King  Richard,  in  his  rage, 
ordered  sir  Kenneth  to  execution,  but 
pardoned  him  at  the  intercession,  of  ' '  the 
physician  "  (Saladin).  Sir  Kenneth's  dog 
showed  such  a  strange  aversion  to  the 
marquis  de  Montserrat  that  suspicion  was 
aroused,  the  marquis  was  challenged  to 
single  combat,  and,  being  overthrown  by 
sir  Kenneth,  confessed  that  he  had  stolen 
the  banner.  The  love-story  interwoven  is 
that  between  sir  Kenneth  the  prince  royal 
of  Scotland,  and  lady  Edith  Plantagenet 
the  king's  kinswoman,  with  whose  mar- 
riage the  tale  concludes. 

^  This  aversion  of  the  dog  is  very  like 
the  aversion  of  Montdidier's  dog  Dragon 
to  Macaire.     (See  Macaire,  p.  646.) 

Talismans,  (i)  In  order  to  free  a 
house  of  vermin,  the  figure  of  the  ob- 
noxious animal  should  be  made  in  wax  in 
"  the  planetary  hour." —  Warburton  :  Cri- 
tical Inquiry  into  Prodigies  .  .  .  (1727). 
He  swore  that  you  had  robbed  his  house, 
And  stolen  his  talisraanic  louse. 

5.  Butler :  Hudihras,  Bi.  i  (1678). 

(2)  The  Abraxas  stone,  a  stone  with 
the  word  ABRAXAS  engraved  on  it,  is  a 
famous  talisman.  The  word  symbolizes 
the  365  intelligences  between  deity  and 
man. 

(3)  In  Arabia,  a  talisman,  consisting  of 
a  piece  of  paper  containing  the  names  of 
the  seven  sleepers  of  Ephesus,  is  still  used, 
"to  ward  the  house  from  ghosts  and 
demons." 

(4)  A  stone  with  a  hole  through  it  is 
sometimes  hung  on  the  handle  of  a  stable 
key  to  keep  off  evil  spirits. 

(The  subject  is  a  very  long  one.) 
The  Four  Talismans.  Houna,  sur- 
named  Seidel-Beckir,  a  talismanist,  made 
three  of  great  value  :  viz.  a  little  golden 
fish,  which  would  fetch  out  of  the  sea 
whatever  it  was  bidden  ;  a  poniard,  which 
rendered  invisible  not  only  the  person 
bearing  it,  but  all  those  he  wished  to  be 
so  ;  and  a  ring  of  steel,  which  enabled  the 
wearer  to  read  the  secrets  of  men's  hearts. 
The  fourth  talisman  was  a  bracelet, 
which  preserved  the  wearer  from  poison. 
—  Comte  de  Caylus  :  Oriental  Tales 
{"  The  Four  Talismans,"  1743). 

Talking  Bird  {The),  called  Bulbul- 
he'zar.  It  had  the  power  of  human 
speech,  and  when  it   sang  all  the  song- 


birds in  the  vicinity  came  and  joined  In 
concert.  It  was  also  oracular,  and  told 
the  sultan  the  tale  of  his  three  children, 
and  how  they  had  been  exposed  by  the 
sultana's  two  jealous  sisters. — Arabian 
Nights  ("The  Two  Sisters,"  the  last 
tale). 

(The  talking  bird  is  called  "the  little 
green  bird"  in  "The  Princess  Fairstar," 
one  of  the  Fairy  Tales  of  the  comtesse 
D'Aulnoy,  1682.) 

Tallboy  {Old),  forester  of  St.  Mary's 
Convent.  —  .SiV  W.  Scott:  Monastery 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Talleyrand.  This  name,  anciently 
written  "Tailleran,"  was  originally  k 
sobriquet  derived  from  the  words  tailler 
les  rangs  ("cut  through  the  ranks  "). 

*.*  Talleyrand  is  erroneously  credited 
with  the  mot,  "  La  parole  a  ^t6  donn^e  i 
I'homme  pour  I'aider  k  cacher  sa  pens^e 
[<?rddguiser  la  penser]."  (See  Speech, 
P-  1035.) 

Talos,  son  of  Perdix,  sister  of  DasdS- 
los,  inventor  of  the  saw,  compasses,  and 
other  mechanical  instruments.  His  uncle, 
jealous  of  him,  threw  him  down  from  the 
citadel  of  Athens,  and  he  was  changed 
into  a  partridge. 

Talos,  a  man  of  brass,  made  by 
Hephaistos  {Vulcan).  This  wonderful 
automaton  was  given  to  Minos  to  patrol 
the  island  of  Crete.  It  traversed  the 
island  thrice  every  day,  and  if  a  stranger 
came  near,  made  itself  red  hot,  and 
squeezed  him  to  death. 

Talus,  an  iron  man,  representing 
power  or  the  executive  of  a  state.  He 
was  Astraea's  groom,  whom  the  goddess 
gave  to  sir  Artggal.  This  man  of  iron, 
"  unmovable  and  resistless  without  end," 
"  swift  as  a  swallow,  and  as  a  lion  strong," 
carried  in  his  hand  an  iron  flail,  "with 
which  he  threshed  out  falsehood,  and  did 
truth  unfold."  When  sir  Artegal  fell 
into  the  power  of  Radigund  queen  of  the 
Amazons,  Talus  brought  Britomart  to  the 
rescue. — Spenser :  Faerie  Queene,  v.  i 
(1596).^ 

Taint.  So  the  Mohammedans  call 
Saul. 

Verily  God  hath  set  Talftt  Icing  over  you  .  . .  Samuel 
said.  Verily  God  hath  chosen  liim,  and  hath  caused  him 
to  increase  in  knowledgfe  and  stature. — Al  Kordn,  ii. 

Talvi,  a  pseudonym  of  Mrs.  Robinson. 
It  is  simply  the  initials  of  her  maiden 
name,  Therese  Albertine  Louise  von 
likob. 


TAM  O'SHANTER. 


X07S 


TAMMANY. 


Tarn  O'Shanter,  a  tale  by  Burns, 
which  he  considered  his  best.  Founded 
on  a  legend  that  no  sort  of  bogie  could 
pass  the  middle  of  a  running  stream. 
Tam  saw  a  hellish  legion  dancing  in 
Alloway  Kirk  (near  Ayr),  and  being 
excited  cried  out,  "  Weel  done.  Cutty 
Sark!"  Immediately  the  lights  were 
extinguished,  and  Tam  rode  for  his  hfe  to 
reach  the  river  Doon.  He  had  himself 
passed  the  mid-stream,  but  his  horse's  tail 
had  not  reached  it.  so  Cutty  Sark  caught 
hold  of  it  and  pulled  it  off  (1791). 

Tam  o'  Todsliaw,  a  huntsman,  near 
Charlie's  Hope  faxm.— Sir  IV.  Scott: 
Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  H.). 

Tam  o'  tlie  Co-wgate,  the  sobriquet 
of  sir  Thomas  Hamilton,  a  Scotch  lawyer, 
who  Uved  in  the  Cowgate,  at  Edinburgh 
(*-i563). 

Tamburlaine  th.e  Great,  the 
Tartar  conqueror  (i335-i405)'  1"  history 
called  Tamerlane  [q.v.]. 

(The  hero  and  title  of  a  tragedy  by  C. 
Marlow  (1587).  Shakespeare  (2  Henry 
IV.  act  ii.  sc.  4)  makes  Pistol  quote  a 
part  of  this  turgid  play. 

Holla,  ye  pampered  jades  of  Asia. 
What  1  can  ye  draw  but  twenty  miles  a  day. 
And  have'so  proud  a  cliariot  at  your  heels, 
And  such  a  coachman  as  great  Tamburlainal 

In  the  stage  direction — 

Enter  Tamburlaine,  drawn  in  his  chariot  by  Treb'- 
Izon  and  Soria,  with  bits  in  their  mouths,  reins  in  his 
left  hand,  in  bis  right  a  whip  with  which  he  scourgeth 
them. 

(See  Tamerlane.) 

Tam.e  (i  syl.^,  a  river  which  rises  in 
the  vale  of  Aylesbury,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Chiltern,  and  hence  called  by  Drayton 
"  Chiltern's  son."  Chiltern's  son" 
marries  Isis  (Cotswold's  heiress),  whose 
son  and  heir  is  Thames.  This  allegory 
forms  the  subject  of  song  xv.  of  the 
Polyolbion,  and  is  the  most  poetical  of 
them  all. 

Tamer  Tamed  [jrhe),  a  kind  of 
sequel  to  Shakespeare's  comedy  The 
Taming  of  the  Shrew.  In  the  Tamer 
Tamed,  Petruchio  is  supposed  to  marry 
a  second  wife,  by  whom  he  is  hen-pecked. 
—Fletcher  {16 Jtj). 

Tamerlane,  emperor  of  Tartary,  in 
Rowe's  tragedy  so  called,  is  a  noble, 
generous,  high-minded  prince,  the  very 
glass  and  fashion  of  all  conquerors,  in  his 
forgiveness  of  wrongs,  and  from  whose 
example  Christians  may  be  taught  their 
moral  code.     Tamerlane  treats  Bajazet, 


his  captive,  with  truly  godlike  clemency, 
till  the  fierce  sultan  plots  his  assassination. 
Then  longer  forbearance  would  have  been 
folly,  and  the  Tartar  had  his  untamed 
captive  chained  in  a  cage,  like  a  wild  beast. 
— Rome:  Tamerlane  {1702.). 

(It  is  said  that  Louis  XIV.  was  Rowe's 
"  Bajazet,"  and  William  III.  his  "  Tamer- 
lane.") 

•  .*  Tamerlane  is  a  corruption  of  Titnour 
Lengh  ("  Timour  the  Lame  ").  He  was 
one-handed  and  lame  also.  His  name 
was  used  by  the  Persians  in  terrorem. 
(See  Tamburlaine  the  Great.) 

Taming  of  tlie  Shrew  (The),  a 
comedy  by  Shakespeare  (1594).  The 
"  shrew  "  is  Kathari'na,  elder  daughter  of 
Baptista  of  Padua.  She  is  tamed  by  the 
stronger  mind  of  Petruchio  into  a  most 
obedient  and  submissive  wife. 

(This  drama  is  founded  on  A  pleasaunt 
conceited  Historic,  called  The  Taming  of 
a  Shrew.  As  it  hath  beene  sundry  times 
acted  by  the  right  honourable  tlie  Earle  of 
Pembrooke  his  servants,  1607.) 

The  induction  is  borrowed  from 
Heuterus,  Rerum  Burgundearum,  iv.,  a 
translation  of  which  into  English,  by  E. 
Grimstone,  appeared  in  1607.  Tiie  same 
trick  was  played  by  Haroun-al-Raschid 
on  the  merchant  Abou  Hassan  [Arabian 
Nights,  "  The  Sleeper  Awakened  ") ;  and 
by  Philippe  the  Good  of  Burgundy.  (See 
Burton:  Anatomy  of  Melancholy,  II.  ii. 
4 ;  see  also  The  Frolicksome  Duke  or  the 
Tinker's  Good  Fortune,  a  ballad.  See 
Percy  :  Reliques. ) 

N.  B. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher  wrote  a 
kind  of  sequel  to  this  comedy,  called  The 
Tamer  Tained,  in  which  Petruchio  is 
supposed  to  marry  a  second  wife,  by 
whom  he  is  hen-pecked  (1647). 

IT  The  HoJieymoon,  a  comedy  by  Tobin 
(1804),  is  a  similar  plot  ;  but  the  shrew  is 
tamed  with  far  less  display  of  obstreperous 
self-will. 

Tami'no   and   Fami'na,  the  two 

lovers  who  were  guided  by  the  magic  flute 
through  all  worldly  dangers  to  the  know- 
ledge of  divine  truth  (or  the  mysteries 
of  Isis). — Mozart :  Die  Zauberflote  (1791). 
Tammany,  an  Indian  chief,  called 
in  the  United  States  St.  Tammany,  and 
adopted  as  the  tutelary  genius  of  one 
branch  of  the  democratic  party.  *  The 
chief  was  of  the  Delaware  nation,  and 
lived  in  the  seventeenth  century.  He  was 
a  great  friend  of  the  Whites,  and  often 
restrained  the  violence  of  his  warriors 


TAMMANY  RING. 


X076        TANNER  OF  TAMWORTH. 


against  them.  His  great  motto  was, 
"  Union,  in  peace  for  prosperity,  in 
war  for  defence."  It  is  said  that  he  still 
appears  at  times,  and  discourses  on  poli- 
tical economy  and  social  wisdom.  St. 
Tammany's  Day  is  May  i. 

The  Americans  sometimes  call  their  tutelar  saint 
Tamendy,  a  corruption  of  Tajmnenuud,  the  renowned 
chief.—/".  Cooper. 

Tammany  Ringf,  a  cabal ;  a  power- 
ful organization  of  unprincipled  officials, 
who  grow  rich  by  plundering  the  people. 
So  called  from  Tammany  Hall,  the  head- 
quarters of  the  high  officials  of  the  United 
States.  Their  corrupt  practices  were  ex- 
posed in  1871. 

Tammuz,  the  month  of  July.  St. 
Jerome  says  the  Hebrews  and  Syrians  call 
the  month  of  June  "  Tammuz."  (See 
Thammuz.) 

Tam'ora,  queen  of  the  Goths,  in  love 
with  Aaron  the  Moor.— (?)  Shakespeare: 
Titus  Androii'icus  (1593). 

N.B. — The  classic  name  is  Andronicus, 
but  Titus  Andronlcus  is  a  purely  fic- 
titious character. 

Tamper  {Colonel),  betrothed  to 
Emily,  (For  the  plot,  see  Emily,  p. 
212^.)— Caiman,  sen.  :  The  Deuce  is  in 
Him  (1762). 

Tamson  [Peg),  an  old  woman  at 
Middlemas  village.— ^jr  W.  Scott:  The 
Surgeon's  Daughter  {iime,  George  II.). 

Tanaquill,  wife  oiTdivqamhxs priscus 
of  Rome.  She  was  greatly  venerated  by 
the  Romans,  but  Juvenal  uses  the  name 
as  the  personification  of  an  imperious 
woman  with  a  strong  independent  will. 
In  the  Faerie  Queene  Spenser  calls 
Qloxxdiiva,  [queen  Elizabeth)  "  Tanaquill" 
(bk.  i.  introduction,  1590). 

TANCRED,  son  of  Eudes  and 
Emma.  He  was  the  greatest  of  all  the 
Christian  warriors  except  Rinaldo.  His 
one  fault  was  "woman's  love,"  and  that 
woman  Corinda,  a  pagan  (bk.  i.).  He 
brought  800  horse  to  the  allied  crusaders 
under  Godfrey  of  Bouillon.  In  a  night 
combat,  Tancred  unwittingly  slew  Co- 
rinda, and  lamented  her  death  with  great 
and  bitter  lamentation  (bk.  xii.).  Being 
wounded,  he  was  tenderly  nursed  by 
Erminia,  who  was  in  love  with  him  (bk. 
xix. ).  —  Tasso  :  Jerusalem  Delivered 
(1575). 

(Rossini  has  an  opera  entitled  Tan- 
credi,  1813.) 

Tancred,  prince  of  Otranto,  one  of 
he  crusaders,  probably  the  same  as  the 


one  above.— -S^y  W,  Scott:  Count  Robert 
of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Tancred,  or  The  New  Crusader,  a 
romance  by  DisraeU  (lord  Beaconsfield). 
Tancred  is  a  young  English  nobleman 
who  visits  the  Holy  Land,  but  ruins 
himself  in  purposeless  adventures  (1847). 

Tancred  [Count),  the  orphan  son  of 
Manfred,  eldest  grandson  of  Roger  I.  of 
Sicily,  and  rightful  heir  to  the  throne. 
His  father  was  murdered  by  William  the 
Bad,  and  he  himself  was  brought  up  by 
Siffre'di  lord  high  chancellor  of  Sicily. 
While  only  a  count,  he  fell  in  love  with 
Sigismunda  the  chancellor's  daughter; 
but  when  king  Roger  died,  he  left  the 
throne  to  Tancred,  provided  he  married 
Constantia,  daughter  of  William  the  Bad, 
and  thus  united  the  rival  Unes.  Tancred 
gave  a  tacit  consent  to  this  arrangement, 
intending  all  the  time  to  obtain  a  dispen- 
sation from  the  pope,  and  marry  the 
chancellor's  daughter ;  but  Sigismunda 
could  not  know  his  secret  intentions,  and, 
in  a  fit  of  irritation,  married  the  earl 
Osmond.  Now  follows  the  catastrophe  : 
Tancred  sought  an  interview  with  Sigis- 
munda, to  justify  his  conduct,  but  Os- 
mond challenged  him  to  fight.  Osmond 
fell,  and  stabbed  Sigismunda  when  she 
ran  to  his  succour. — Thomson:  Tancred 
and  Sigismunda  (1745). 

(Thomson's  tragedy  is  founded  on  the 
episode  called  "The  Baneful  Marriage," 
Gil  Bias,  iv,  4  (Lesage,  1724).  In  the 
prose  tale,  Tancred  is  called  "Henriquez," 
and  Sigismunda  "  Blanch.") 

Tancredi,  the  Italian  form  of  Tan- 
cred [g.v.).  The  best  of  the  early  operas 
of  Rossini  (1813). 

Tankard  [Squire),  candidate  with  sir 
Harry  Foxchase,  opposed  to  lord  Place 
and  colonel  Promise. — Fielding:  Pasquin 
(1736). 

Tanner  of  Tamworth  [The),  the 
man  who  mistook  Edward  IV.  for  a  high- 
wayman. After  some  little  altercation, 
they  changed  horses,  the  king  giving  his 
hunter  for  the  tanner's  cob  worth  about 
four  shillings  ;  but  as  soon  as  the  tanner 
mounted  the  king's  horse,  it  threw  him, 
and  the  tanner  gladly  paid  down  a  sum 
of  money  to  get  his  old  cob  back  again. 
King  Edward  now  blew  his  hunting-horn, 
and  the  courtiers  gathered  round  him. 
"I  hope  [i.e.  expect]  I  shall  be  hanged 
for  this,"  cried  the  tanner  ;  but  the  king, 
in  merry   pin,  gave  hiiij  the  manor  of 


I077 


TANNHAUSER. 

Plumpton  Park,  with  300  marks  a  year. 
—Percy  :  Reliques,  etc. 

Tannhauser  {Sir),  called  in  German 
iheRiiter  Tannhauser,  aTeutonic  knight, 
who  wins  the  love  of  Lisaura,  a  Maniuan 
lady.  Hilario  the  philosopher  often  con- 
verses with  the  Ritter  on  supernatural 
subjects,  and  promises  that  Venus  herself 
shall  be  his  mistress,  if  he  will  summon 
up  his  courage  to  enter  Venusberg. 
Tannhauser  starts  on  the  mysterious 
journey,  and  Lisaura,  hearing  thereof, 
kills  herself.  At  Venusberg  the  Ritter 
gives  full  swing  to  his  pleasures,  but  in 
time  returns  to  Mantua,  and  makes  his 
confession  to  pope  Urban.  His  holiness 
says  to  him,  "Man,  you  can  no  more 
hope  for  absolution  than  this  staff  which 
I  hold  in  my  hand  can  be  expected  to 
bud."  So  Tannhauser  flees  in  despair  from 
Rome,  and  returns  to  Venusberg.  Mean- 
while the  pope's  staff  actually  does  sprout, 
and  Urban  sends  in  all  directions  for  the 
Ritter,  but  he  is  nowhere  to  be  found. 

(Tieck,  in  his  Phantasus  (1812)  intro- 
duces the  story.  Wagner  (in  1845) 
brought  out  an  operatic  spectacle,  called 
Tannhauser.  The  companion  of  Tann- 
hauser was  Eckhardt. ) 

IT  The  tale  of  Tannhauser  is  sub- 
stantially the  same  as  that  of  Thomas 
of  Erceldoun,  also  called  "Thomas  the 
Rhymer,"  who  was  so  intimate  with  Faery 
folk  that  he  could  foretell  what  events 
would  come  to  pass.  He  was  also  a  bard, 
and  wrote  the  famous  lay  oi  Sir  Tr-istrem. 
The  general  belief  is  that  the  seer  is  not 
dead,  but  has  been  simply  removed  from 
the  land  of  the  hving  to  Faery-land, 
whence  occasionally  he  emerges,  to  busy 
himself  with  human  affairs.  Sir  W.  Scott 
has  introduced  the  legend  in  Castle  Dan- 
gerous, V.     (See  Erceldoun,  p.  328.) 

Taouism,  the  system  of  Taou,  that 
invisible  principle  which  pervades  every- 
thing. Pope  refers  to  this  universal 
divine  permeation  in  the  well-known 
lines  :  it— 

Warms  in  the  sun,  refreshes  in  the  breeze, 
Glows  in  the  stars,  and  blossoms  in  the  trees, 
Lives  through  all  life,  extends  through  all  extent. 
Spreads  undivided,  operates  uhspent. 

Pope  :  Essay  on  Man,  L  (1733). 

Tapestried  Chamber  (The),  a  tale 
Dy  sir  W.  Scott,  laid  in  the  reign  of 
George  H.  There  are  but  two  characters 
introduced.  General  Browne  goes  on  a 
visit  to  lord  Woodville,  and  sleeps  in  the 
"  tapestered  chamber,"  which  is  haunted. 


TAPPERTIT. 


He    sees    the    "lady  in    the    Sacqiie," 

describes  her  to  lord  Woodville  next 
morning,  and  recognizes  her  picture  in 
tlie  portrait-gallery. 

The  back  of  this  form  was  turned  to  me,  and  I  could 
observe,  from  the  shoulders  and  neck,  it  was  that  of 
an  old  woman,  whose  dress  was  an  old-fashioned 
gown,  which.  I  think,  ladies  call  a  sacque— that  is,,  a 
sort  of  robe  completely  loose  in  the  body,  but  gathered 
into  broad  plaits  upon  the  neck  and  shoulders,  which 
fall  down  to  the  ground,  and  terminate  in  a  species  of 
train. 

Tap'ley  (Mark),  an  honest,  light- 
hearted  young  man,  whose  ambition  was 
"to  come  out  jolly"  under  the  most 
unfavourable  circumstances.  Greatly  at- 
tached to  Martin  Chuzzlewit,  he  leaves 
his  comfortable  situation  at  the  Blue 
Dragon  to  accompany  him  to  America, 
and  in  "  Eden"  has  ample  opportunities 
of  "  being  jolly  "  so  far  as  wretchedness 
could  make  him  so.  On  his  return  to 
England,  he  marries  Mrs.  Lupin,  and  thus 
becomes  landlord  of  the  Blue  Dragon. — 
Dickens:  Martin  Chuzzlewit,  xiii.,  xxi., 
etc.  (1843). 

Charles  \yil.  of  France]  was  the  Mark  Tapley  ol 
kings,  and  bore  himself  with  his  usual  "jollity  '  under 
this  afflicting  news.  It  was  remarked  of  him  that "  no 
one  could  lose  a  kingdom  with  greater  gaiety."— 
IVhite. 

Tappeirtit  {Sim,  i.e.  Simon),  the  ap- 
prentice of  Gabriel  Varden,  locksmith. 
He  was  just  20  in  years,  but  200  in  con- 
ceit. An  old-fashioned,  thin-faced,  sleek- 
haired,  sharp-nosed,  small-eyed  httle 
fellow  was  Mr.  Sim  Tappertit,  about  five 
feet  high,  but  thoroughly  convinced  in  his 
own  niind  that  he  was  both  good-looking 
and  above  the  middle  size,  in  fact,  rather 
tall  than  otherwise.  His  figure,  which 
was  slender,  he  was  proud  of ;  and  with 
his  legs,  which  in  knee-breeches  were 
perfect  curiosities  of  littleness,  he  was 
enraptured.  He  had  also  a  secret  notion 
that  the  power  of  his  eye  was  irresistible, 
and  he  believed  that  he  could  subdue  the 
haughtiest  beauty  "  by  eyeing  her."  Of 
course,  Mr.  Tappertit  had  an  ambitious 
soul,  and  admired  his  master's  daughter 
Dolly.  He  was  captain  of  the  secret 
society  of  "'Prentice  Knights,"  whose 
object  was  "  vengeance  against  their 
tyrant  masters."  After  the  Gordon  riots, 
in  which  Tappertit  took  a  leading  part, 
he  was  found  "  burnt  and  bruised,  with 
a  gun-shot  wound  in  his  body,  and  both 
his  legs  crushed  into  shapeless  ugliness/' 
The  cripple,  by  the  locksmith's  aid, 
turned  shoe-black  under  an  archway 
near  the  Horse  Guards,  thrived  in  his 
vocation,  and  married  the  widow  of  a 
rag-and-bone  collector.     While  an  ap- 


TAPROBANA. 


1078 


TARTARO. 


prentice,  Miss  Miggs,  the  "protestant" 
shrewish  servant  of  Mrs.  Varden,  cast 
an  eye  of  hope  on  "  Simmun  ;  "  but  the 
conceited  puppy  pronounced  her  *'  de- 
cidedly scraggy,"  and  disregarded  the 
soft  impeachmeni. — Dickens:  Barnaby 
Rudge  (1841).     (See  Sylli,  p.  1068.) 

Taproba'na,  the  island  of  Ceylon.— 

Ariosto  :  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Tapwell  (Timothy),  husband  of 
Froth,  put  into  business  by  Wellborn's 
father,  whose  butler  he  was.  When 
Wellborn  was  reduced  to  beggary, 
Timothy  behaved  most  insolently  to  him  ; 
but  as  soon  as  he  supposed  he  was  about 
to  marry  the  rich  dowager  lady  All  worth, 
the  rascal  fawned  on  him  like  a  whipped 
cur. — Massinger:  A  New  Way  to  Pay 
Old  Debts  (1625). 

Tara  ( The  Hill  of),  in  Meath,  Ireland. 
Here  the  kings,  the  clergy,  the  princes, 
and  the  bards  used  to  assemble  in  a  large 
hall,  to  consult  on  matters  of  public  im- 
portance. 

The  harp  that  once  thro'  Tara's  halU 

The  soul  of  music  shed, 
Now  hangs  as  mute  on  Tara's  walls 
As  if  that  soul  were  fled. 
Moon  :  Irish  Melodies  {"  The  Harp  that  Once  .  .  ." 
18M). 

The  Fes  of  Tara,  the  triennial  con- 
vention established  by  011am  Fodlah  or 
OUav  Fola,  in  B.C.  900  or  950.  When 
business  was  over,  the  princes  banqueted 
together,  each  under  his  shield  suspended 
by  the  chief  herald  on  the  wall  according 
to  precedency.  In  the  reign  of  Cormac, 
the  palace  of  Tara  was  900  feet  square, 
and  contained  150  apartments,  and  150 
dormitories  each  for  sixty  sleepers.  As 
many  as  1000  guests  were  daily  enter- 
tained in  the  hall. 

Tara's  Psaltery  or  Psalter  of  Tara, 
the  great  national  register  or  chronicles 
of  Ireland,  read  to  the  assembled  princes 
when  they  met  in  Tara's  Hall  in  public 
conference. 

Their  tribe,  they  said,  their  high  degree. 
Was  sung  in  Tara's  Psaltery. 

Campbell:  O'Connor's  Child, 

Tarpa  [Spurius  Melius),  a  famous 
critic  of  the  Augustan  age.  He  sat  in 
the  temple  of  Apollo  with  four  colleagues 
to  judge  the  merit  of  theatrical  pieces 
before  they  were  produced  in  public. 

He  gives  himself  out  for  another  Tarpa;  decides 
boldly,  and  supports  his  opinions  with  loudness  and 
obstinacy.— Z^ja^f  .•  Gil  Bias,  xi.  lo  (1733). 

Tarpe'ian  Rock.  So  called  from 
Tarpeia,  daughter  of  Spurius  Tarpeius 


governor  of  the  citadel  on  the  Saturnian 
{i.e.  Capitoline)  Hill  of  Rome.  The  story 
is  that  the  Sabines  bargained  with  the 
Roman  maid  to  open  the  gates  to  them, 
for  the  "ornaments  on  their  arms."  As 
they  passed  through  the  gates,  they  threw 
on  her  their  shields,  saying,  "  These  are 
the  ornaments  we  bear  on  our  arms." 
She  was  crushed  to  death,  and  buried  on 
the  Tarpeian  Hill.  Ever  after,  traitors 
were  put  to  death  by  being  hurled  head-  j 
long  from  the  hill-top.  i 

Bear  him  to  the  rock  Tarpeian,  and  from  thence  ' 

Into  destruction  cast  him. 

^Shakespeare  :  Coriolanus,  act  ilL  sc.  i  (1610).  | 

N.B. — G.  Gilfillan,  in  his  introduction      i 
to  Longfellow's  poems,   makes   an  erro- 
neous  allusion   to   the  Roman    traitress,      \ 
He  says  Longfellow's  "ornaments,  un- 
like those  of  the  Sabine  \sic\  maid,  have 
not  crushed  him." 

Tarqnin,  a  name  of  terror  in  Roman 
nurseries. 

The  nurse,  to  still  her  child,  will  tell  mjr  story. 
And  fright  her  crying  babe  with  Tarquin's  name. 
Shakespeare  :  Rape  o/Lucrece  (1594). 

The  Fall  of  Tarquin.  The  well-known  ' 
Roman  story  of  Sextus  Tarquinius  and  { 
Lucretia  has  been  dramatized  by  various 
persons,  as :  N.  Lee  (1679) ;  John  Howard  [ 
Payne,  Brutus  or  The  Fall  of  Tarquin 
(1820) — this  is  the  tragedy  in  which 
Edmund  Kean  appeared  with  his  son 
Charles  at  Glasgow,  the  father  taking 
"  Brutus  "  and  the  son  "  Titus."  Arnault 
produced  a  tragedy  in  French,  entitled 
Lucrhe,  in  1792 ;  and  Ponsard  in  1843. 
Alfieri  has  a  tragedy  called  Brutus,  on  the 
same  subject.  It  also  forms  indirectly  the 
subject  of  one  of  the  lays  of  lord  Macaulay, 
called  The  Battle  of  tlie  Lake  Regillus 
(1842),  a  battle  undertaken  by  the  Sabines 
for  the  restoration  of  Tarquin,  but  in 
which  the  king  and  his  two  sons  were 
left  dead  upon  the  field. 

Tarquinius  {Sextus),  having  violated 
Lucretia  wife  of  Tarquinius  CoUatinus, 
caused  an  insurrection  in  Rome,  whereby 
the  magistracy  of  kings  was  changed  for 
that  of  consuls. 

IT  A  parallel  case  is  given  in  Spanish 
history :  Roderick  the  Goth,  king  of 
Spain,  having  violated  Florinda  daugh- 
ter of  count  Juhan,  was  the  cause  of 
Julian's  inviting  over  the  Moors,  who 
invaded  Spain,  drove  Roderick  from  the 
throne,  and  the  Gothic  dynasty  was  set 
aside  for  ever. 

Tartaro,  the  Basque  Cyclops;  of 
giant  stature  and  cannibal  habits,  but  not 


TARTLET. 


1079 


TASSO  AND  LEONORA, 


without  a  rongh  lonhommie.  Intellectu- 
ally very  low  in  the  scale,  and  invariably 
beaten  in  all  contests  with  men.  Galled 
in  spirit  by  his  ill  success,  the  giant 
commits  suicide.  Tartaro,  the  son  of  a 
king,  was  made  a  monster  out  of  punish- 
ment, and  was  never  to  lose  his  deformity 
till  he  married.  One  day,  he  asked  a 
girl  to  be  his  bride,  and  on  being  refused, 
sent  her  "a  talking  ring,"  which  talked 
without  ceasing  immediately  she  put  it 
on  ;  so  she  cut  off  her  finger  and  threw  it 
into  a  large  pond,  and  there  the  Tartaro 
drowned  himself. — Rev.  W.  Webster: 
Basque  Legends,  1-4  (1876). 

In  one  of  the  Basque  legends,  Tartaro 
Is  represented  as  a  Polyphemos.  (See 
Ulysses  and  Polyphemos.) 

Tartlet  { Tim),  servant  of  Mrs.  Patty- 
pan, to  whom  also  he  is  engaged  to  be 
married.  He  says,  "  I  loves  to  see  life, 
because  vy,  'tis  so  agreeable." — Cobb: 
Thf  First  Floor,  i.  2  (1756-1818). 

Tartufue  (2  syl.),  the  chief  character 
and  title  of  a  comedy  by  Moli^re  (1664). 
Tartuffe  is  a  religious  hypocrite  and  im- 
postor, who  uses  ' '  religion  "  as  the  means 
of  gaining  money,  covering  deceit,  and 
promoting  self-indulgence.  He  is  taken 
up  by  one  Orgon,  a  man  of  property, 
who  promises  him  his  daughter  in  mar- 
riage ;  but  his  true  character  being  ex- 
posed, he  is  not  only  turned  out  of  the 
house,  but  is  lodged  in  jail  for  felony. 

(Isaac  Bickerstaff  has  adapted  Moli^re's 
comedy  to  the  English  stage,  under  the 
title  of  The  Hypocrite  (1768).  Tartuffe 
he  calls  "  Dr.  Cantwell,"  and  Orgon  "  sir 
John  Lambert. "  It  is  thought  that  ' '  Tar- 
tuffe "  is  a  caricature  of  P^re  la  Chaise, 
the  confessor  of  Louis  XIV.,  who  was 
very  fond  of  truffles  (French,  tartuffes), 
and  that  this  suggested  the  name  to  the 
dramatist. ) 

Tartuffe  {fCaiser),  William  I.  the  king 
of  Prussia  and  German  emperor  (1797- 
1888). 

I  write  to  you,  my  dear  Augusta, 
To  say  we've  hacl  a  reg'lar  "  buster. 
Ten  thousand  Frenchmen  sent  below ; 
"Praise  God,  from  whom  all  blessings  flow." 
PutUh  (during  the  Franco-Prussian  war), 

N.B. — I  pass  no  opinion  on  this  allusion, 
but  simply  state  an  historic  fact ;  and  the 
quotation  given  suffices  to  confirm  it. 

Tartuffe  of  the  Revolution.    J. 

N.  Pache  is  so  called  by  Carlyle  (1740- 
1823). 

Swiss  Pache  sits  sleek-headed,  frugal,  the  wonder  oi 


his  own  ally  for  humility  of  mind.  ...  Sit  there,  Tar- 
tuffe, till  wanted.— Car/y/^. 

Task  ( The),  a  poem  in  blank  verse,  in 
six  books,  of  about  five  hundred  lines 
each,  by  Cowper.  The  books  are  called 
respectively  "The  Sofa,"  "The  Time- 
piece," "The  Garden,"  "The  Winter's 
Evening,"  "The  Morning  Walk,"  and 
••  The  Evening  Walk  "  (1783-5). 

Tasnar,  an  enchanter,  who  aided  the 
rebel  army  arrayed  against  Misnar  sultan 
of  Delhi.  A  female  slave  undertook  to 
kill  the  enchanter,  and  went  with  the 
sultan's  sanction  to  carry  out  her  promise. 
She  presented  herself  to  Tasnar  and  Ahu'- 
bal,  and  presented  papers  which  she  said 
she  had  stolen.  Tasnar,  suspecting  a  trick, 
ordered  her  to  be  bow-strung,  and  then 
detected  a  dagger  concealed  about  her 
person,  Tasnar  now  put  on  the  slave's 
dress,  and,  transformed  into  her  likeness, 
went  to  the  sultan's  tent.  The  vizier 
commanded  the  supposed  slave  to  pros- 
trate "  herself"  before  she  approached  the 
throne,  and  while  prostrate  he  cut  off 
"her"  head.  The  king  was  angry,  but 
the  vizier  replied,  "This  is  not  the  slave, 
but  the  enchanter.  Fearing  this  might 
occur,  I  gave  the  slave  a  pass-word,  which 
this  deceiver  did  not  give,  and  was  thus 
betrayed.  So  perish  all  the  enemies  of 
Mahomet  and  Misnar  his  vicegerent  upon 
earth  I  "^Sir  C.  Morell  Q.  Ridley] :  Tales 
of  the  Genii,  vi.  (1751). 

Tasnim,  a  fountain  in  Mahomet's 
paradise  ;  so  called  from  its  being  con- 
veyed to  the  very  highest  apartments  of 
the  celestial  mansions. . 

They  shall  drink  of  pure  wine  .  .  .  and  the  water 
mixed  therewith  shall  be  of  Tasnim,  a  fountain 
whereof  those  shall  drink  who  approach  near  unto  the 
divine  presence. — Al  Kordn,  Ivi. 

Tasso  and  Leonora.  WTien  Tasso 
the  poet  lived  in  the  court  of  Alfonso  II. 
the  reigning  duke  of  Ferrara,  he  fell  in 
love  with  Leonora  d'Este  (2  syl.)  the 
duke's  sister ;  but  ' '  she  saw  it  not  or 
viewed  with  disdain"  his  passion,  and 
the  poet,  moneyless,  fled  half  mad  to 
Naples.  After  an  absence  of  two  years, 
in  which  the  poet  was  almost  starved  to 
death  by  extreme  poverty,  his  friends, 
together  with  Leonora,  induced  the  duke 
to  receive  him  back  ;  but  no  sooner  did  he 
reach  Ferrara  than  Alfonso  .sent  him  to 
an  asylum,  and  here  he  was  kept  for 
seven  years,  when  he  was  liberated  by 
the  instigation  of  the  pope.  But  he  died 
soon  aftei  wards  (1544-1595). 


TASTE. 


1080 


TEAGU& 


Tasta,  a  farce  by  Foote  (1753).  to 
expose  the  imposition  of  picture-dealers 
and  sellers  of  virtu  generally. 

Tasting  Death.  The  rabbis  say 
there  are  three  drops  of  gall  on  the  sword 
of  death  :  one  drops  in  the  mouth  and  the 
man  dies  ;  from  the  second  the  pallor  of 
death  is  suffused  ;  from  the  third  the 
carcase  turns  to  dust. — Purchas :  His 
Pilgrimage  (1613). 

Tati'nus,  a  Greek  who  joined  the 
crusaders  with  a  force  of  200  men  armed 
with  "  crooked  sabres  "  and  bows.  These 
Greeks,  like  the  Parthians,  were  famous 
in  retreat ;  but  when  a  drought  came  they 
all  sneaked  off  home. — Tasso  :  Jerusalem 
Delivered,  xiii.  (1575). 

Tatius  {Achilles),  the  acolyte,  an 
officer  in  the  Varangian  guard. — Sir  W. 
Scoit :  Count  Robert  of  Paris  (time, 
Rufus). 

Tatlantlie  (3  syl.),  the  favourite  of 
Fadladinida  (queen  of  Queerummania 
and  wife  of  Chrononhotonthologos).  She 
extols  the  warlike  deeds  of  the  king, 
supposing  the  queen  will  feel  flattered  by 
her  praises  ;  and  Fadladinida  exclaims, 
"Art  mad,  Tatlanthe?  Your  talk's  dis- 
tasteful. .  .  .  You  are  too  pertly  lavish 
in  his  praise  1 "  She  then  guesses  that 
the  queen  loves  another,  and  says  to 
herself,  "  I  see  that  I  must  tack  about," 
and  happening  to  mention  "  the  captive 
king,"  Fadladinida  exclaims,  "That's 
he !  that's  he  1  that's  he  !  I'd  die  ten 
thousand  deaths  to  set  him  free."  Ulti- 
mately the  queen  promises  marriage  to 
both  the  captive  king  and  Rigdum- 
Funnidos  "to  make  matters  easy."  Then, 
turning  to  her  favourite,  she  sajs — 

And  now,  Tatlanthe,  thou  art  all  my  care ; 
Where  shall  I  find  thee  such  another  pair  ? 
Pity  that  you,  who've  served  so  long  and  well, 
Should  die  a  virg-in  and  lead  apes  in  hell. 
Choose  for  yourself,  dear  gfirl,  our  empire  round  j 
Your  portion  is  twelve  hundred  thousand  pound. 
Carey :  Chrononhotonthologos  (1734). 

Tatler  {The\  a  serial  started  by 
Richard  Steele  in  1709,  and  continued  to 
1711. 

Tattle,  a  man  who  ruins  characters 
by  innuendo,  and  so  denies  a  scandal  as 
to  confirm  it.  He  is  a  mixture  of  "lying, 
foppery,  vanity,  cowardice,  brag,  licen- 
tiousness, and  ugliness,  but  a  professed 
beau  "  (act  i.).  Tattle  is  entrapped  into 
marriage  with  Mrs.  Frail. — Congreve: 
Lave  for  Love  (1695). 

("  Mrs.  Candour,"  in  Sheridan's  School 


for  Scandal  [ijTj),  is  a  Tattle  In  petti- 
coats.) 

Tattycoram,  a  handsome  girl,  with 
lustrous  dark  hair  and  eyes,  who  dressed 
very  neatly.  She  was  taken  from  the 
Foundling  Hospital  (London)  by  Mr. 
Meagles  to  wait  upon  his  daughter. 
Tattycoram  was  called  in  the  hospital 
Harriet  Beadle.  Harriet  was  changed 
first  to  Hatty,  then  to  Tatty,  and  Coram 
was  added  because  the  Foundling  Hospital 
was  established  by  Captain  Coram.  She 
was  most  impulsively  passionate,  and  when 
excited  had  no  control  over  herself.  Miss 
Wade  enticed  heraway  for  atime,  but  after- 
wards she  returned  to  her  first  friends. — 
Dickens:  Little  Dorrit  (1857). 

Tavern  of  Europe  {The).  Paris 
was  called  by  prince  Bismarck,  Le  Cabaret 
de  T Europe. 

Tawny  ( The).  Alexandre  Bonvici'no 
the  historian  was  called  //  Moretto  (1514- 
^564)- 

Tawny  Coats,  sumpners,  apparitors, 
officers  whose  business  it  was  to  summon 
offenders  to  the  courts  ecclesiastical, 
attendants  on  bishops. 

The  bishop  of  London  met  him,  attended  on  by  a 
goodly  company  of  gentlemen  in  tawny  coats.— 5jfo«»; 
ChronicUs  of  England,  822  (1561). 

Taylor,  "  the  water-poet,"  called  the 
Swan  of  the  Thames.  He  wrote  four 
score  books,  but  never  learnt  "  so  much 
as  the  accidents  "  (1580- 1654). 

Taylor,  their  better  Charon,  lends  an  oar. 
Once  Swan  of  Thames,  tho'  now  he  singfs  no  more. 
Pope ;  The  Dunciad,  iu.  19  (1728). 

Taylor  {Dr.  Chevalier  John).  He 
called  himself  "  Opthalminator,  Ponti- 
ficial,  Imperial,  and  Royal."  He  died 
1767.  Hogarth  has  introduced  him  in 
his  famous  picture  "The  Undertakers' 
Arms."  He  is  one  of  the  three  figures 
atop,  to  the  left  hand  of  the  spectator ; 
the  other  two  are  Mrs.  Mapp  and  Dr. 
Ward. 

Teacher  of  Germany  {The),  Philip 
Melancthon,  the  reformer  (1497-1560). 

Teach  well  {Mrs.),  a  pseudonym  of 
lady  Ellinor  Fenn,  wife  of  sir  John  Fenn, 
of  East  Dereham,  Norfolk. 

Teague  (i  syl.),  an  Irish  lad,  taken 
into  the  service  of  colonel  Careless,  a 
royalist,  whom  he  serves  with  exemplary 
fidelity.  He  is  always  blundering,  and 
always  brewing  mischief,  with  the  most 
innocent  intentions.  His  bulls  and 
blunders  are  amusing  and  characteristia 


TEARLESS  BATTLE. 


1081 


TEILO. 


—Hcnvard:  The  Committee  (1670),  altered 
by  T   Knight  into  The  Honest  Thieves. 

^^'ho  .  .  has  not  a  recollection  of  the  incomparable 
Johnstone  Urisk  Johnslone\  m  "  Teague,"  pic- 
turesquely draped  In  his  blanket,  and  pouringf  forth 
his  exquisite  humour  and  mellifluous  brogue  in  equal 
measure  X—Mrs  C.  Mathews  :  Tea  Table  Talk. 

'  '  The  anecdote  of  Munden,  as  "  Oba- 
diah,"  when  Johnstone,  as  "Teague," 
poured  a  bottle  of  lamp-oil  down  his 
throat  instead  of  sherry-and-water,  is  one 
of  the  raciest  ever  told.  (See  Obadiah, 
p.  766.) 

Tearless  Battle  {The),  a  battle 
fought  B.C.  367,  between  the  Lace- 
daemonians and  the  combined  armies  of 
the  Arcadians  and  Argives  (2  syl.).  Not 
one  of  the  Spartans  fell,  so  that,  as 
Plutarch  says,  they  call  it  "  The  Tearless 
Battle." 

If  Not  one  was  killed  in  the  Abyssinian 
expedition  under  sir  R.  Napier  {1867-8). 

Tears— Amber.  The  tears  shed  by 
the  sisters  of  Pha'eton  were  converted 
into  amber. — Greek  Fable. 

Around  thee  sbaiJ  glisten  the  loveliest  amber 

That  ever  the  sorrowing  sea-bird  hath  wept. 

7".  Moore  :  Lalla  Rookh  ("Kire- Worshippers,"  1817). 

(According  to  Phny  {Natural  History, 
xxxvii.  2,  11),  amber  is  a  concretion  of 
birds'  tears.  But  the  birds  were  the 
sisters  of  Meleager,  who  never  ceased 
weeping  for  his  untimely  death.) 

Tearsheet  {Doll),  a  common  cour- 
tezan.— Shakespeare :  2  Henry  I V.  {1598). 

Teazle  {Sir  Peter),  a  man  who,  in 
old  age,  married  a  country  girl  who 
was  lively  and  fond  of  pleasure.  Sir 
Peter  was  for  ever  nagging  at  her  for  her 
inferior  birth  and  rustic  ways,  but  secretly 
loving  her  and  admiring  her  naivete. 
He  says  to  Rowley,  "  I  am  the  sweetest- 
tempered  man  alive,  and  hate  a  teasing 
temper,  and  so  I  tell  her  ladyship  a 
hundred  times  a  day." 

No  one  could  deliver  such  a  dialoifue  as  is  found  in 
"sir  Peter  Teazle,"  with  such  point  as  T.  King  [1730- 
1805].  He  excelled  in  a  quiet,  sententious  manner  of 
speech.  There  was  an  epigrammatic  style  in  every- 
thing be  uttered.  His  voice  was  musical,  his  action 
slow,  his  countenance  benignant  and  yet  firm. — 
IVatkins:  Life  0/ Sheridan  (1817). 

Lady  Teazle,  a  lively,  innocent,  country 
maiden,  who  married  sir  Peter,  old  enough 
to  be  her  grandfather.  Planted  in  London 
in  the  whirl  of  the  season,  she  formed  a 
Haison  with  Joseph  Surface ;  but  being 
saved  from  disgrace,  repented  and  re- 
formed.— Sheridan:  School Jor  Scandal 

':  (1777). 


On  Aprfl  7.  1797,  Miss  Farren,  about  to  many  the 

of  Derby, 

character  of  "lady  Teazle."    Her  concluding  words 


earl  < 


took  her  final  leave  of  the  stage  in  the 


were  applicable  in  a  yery  remarkable  degree  to  her- 
self: '*  Let  me  request,  lady  Sneerwell,  that  you  will 
make  my  respects  to  the  scandalous  college  of  which 
you  are  a  member,  and  inform  them  that  lady  Teazle, 
licentiate,  begs  leave  to  return  the  diploma  they 
granted  her,  as  she  now  leaves  off  practice,  and  kills 
characters  no  longer."  A  passionate  burst  of  tears 
here  revealed  the  sensibility  of  the  speaker,  while  a 
stunning  burst  of  applause  followed  from  the  audience, 
and  the  curtain  was  drawn  down  upon  the  play,  lor  nu 
more  would  be  listened  to.— Mrs.  C.  Mathews 

Teeth.  Rigord,  an  historian  of  the 
thirteenth  century,  tells  us  that  the  number 
of  human  teeth  was  reduced  when  Chos- 
roes  the  Persian  carried  away  the  true 
cross  discovered  by  St,  Helgna.  Before 
that  time  Christians  were  furnished  with 
thirty  and  in  some  cases  with  thirty-two 
teeth,  but  since  then  no  human  being  has 
had  more  than  twenty-three  teeth.  (See 
Historiens  de  France,  xviii. ) 

*.*  The  normal  number  of  teeth  is 
thirty-two  still.  This  "historic  fact"  is 
of  a  piece  with  that  which  ascribes  to 
woman  one  rib  more  than  to  man  {Gen, 
ii.  21,  22). 

Teetotal.  The  origin  of  this  word 
is  ascribed  to  Richard  {Dicky)  Turner, 
who,  in  addressing  a  temperance  meeting 
in  September,  1833,  reduplicated  the  word 
total  to  give  it  emphasis  :  "We  not  only 
want  total  abstinence,  we  want  more,  we 
want  i-total  abstinence."  The  novelty 
and  force  of  the  expression  took  the 
meeting  by  storm. 

It  is  not  correct  to  ascribe  the  word  to 
Mr.  Swindlehurst  of  Preston,  who  is 
erroneously  said  to  have  stuttered, 

N.B. — Both  these  statements  are  mere 
tales.  The  fact  is  this  •:  The  old  temper- 
ance party  used  to  place  O.  P.  {Old 
Pledge)  after  Iheir  names  ;  but  the  new 
party  put  T.  {total)  after  their  names. 

Te'ian  Mnse  ( The),  Anacreon,  bom 
at  Teios,  in  loijia,  and  called  by  Ovid 
{Trlstia,  ii.  364)  Teia  Musa  (b.c.  563- 
478). 

The  Sclan  and  the  Teian  Muse  .  .  .  \_Sitnoni(Us  ami 

Anacreon\ 
Have  found  the  fame  your  shores  refuse. 
Byron  :Don  yuan,  iii.  86  ("  The  Isles  of  Greece,"  1820). 

*.•  Probably  Bvron  meant  Simon!d6s 
of  Ceos.  Horace  (2  Odes  i,  38)  speaks  of 
"Ceae  munera  naeniae,"  meaning  Simon- 
id^s  ;  but  Scios  or  Scio  properly  means 
Chios,  one  of  the  seven  places  which  laid 
claim  to  Homer,  Both  Ceos  and  Chios 
are  isles  of  Greece. 

Tei'lo  {St.),  a  Welsh  saint,  who  took 
an    active    part    against    the    Pelagian 


TEIRTU'S  HARP. 


1082 


TELL. 


heresy.  When  he  died,  three  cities  con- 
tended for  his  body,  but  happily  the 
multiplication  of  the  dead  body  into  three 
put  an  end  to  the  strife.  Capgrave 
insists  that  the  ipsissirm  body  was  at 
Llandaif. — English  Martyrology. 

Teirtu's  Karp,  which  played  of 
itself,  merely  by  being  asked  to  do  so, 
and  when  desired  to  cease  playing  did 
so. — The  Mabinogion  ("  Kilhwch  and 
Olwen,"  twelfth  century). 

If  St.  Dunstan's  harp  discoursed  most 
enchanting  music  without  being  struck 
by  any  player. 

IT  The  harp  of  the  giant,  in  the  tale  of 
Jack  and  the  Bean-Stalk,  played  of 
itself.  In  one  of  the  old  Welsh  tales, 
the  dwarf  named  Dewryn  Fychan  stole 
from  a  giant  a  similar  harp. 

Telemaclios,  the  only  son  of  Ulysses 
and  PenelSpS.  When  Ulysses  had  been 
absent  from  home  nearly  twenty  years, 
Teleniachos  went  to  Pylos  and  Sparta  to 
gain  information  about  him.  Nestor  re- 
ceived him  hospitably  at  Pylos,  and  sent 
him  to  Sparta,  where  Menelaos  told  him 
the  prophecy  of  Proteus  {2  syl. )  concern- 
ing Ulysses.  Telemachos  then  returned 
home,  where  he  found  his  father,  and 
assisted  him  in  slaying  the  suitors.  Tele- 
machos was  accompanied  in  his  voyage 
by  the  goddess  of  wisdom,  under  the 
form  of  Mentor,  one  of  his  father's 
friends.  (See  Telemaque.)  —  Greek 
Fable. 

Telemaque  [Les  Aventures  de),  a 
French  prose  epic,  in  twenty-four  books, 
by  F^nelon  (1699).  The  first  six  books 
contain  the  story  of  the  haro's  adventures 
told  to  Calypso,  as  ^Eneas  told  the  story 
of  the  burning  of  Troy  and  his  travels 
from  Troy  to  Carthage  to  queen  Dido. 
T^l^maque  says  to  the  goddess  that  he 
started  with  Mentor  from  Ithaca  in 
search  of  his  father,  who  had  been  absent 
from  home  for  nearly  twenty  years.  He 
first  went  to  inquire  of  old  Nestor  if  he 
could  g^ve  him  any  information  on  the 
subject,  and  Nestor  told  him  to  go  to 
Sparta,  and  have  an  interview  with 
Menelaos.  On  leaving  Lacedasmonia,  he 
got  shipwrecked  off  the  coast  of  Sicily, 
but  was  kindly  entertained  by  king 
Acest6s,  who  furnished  him  with  a  ship 
\o  take  him  home  (bk.  i.).  This  ship 
falling  into  the  hands  of  some  Egyptians, 
he  was  parted  from  Mentor,  and  sent 
to  feed  sheep  in  Egypt.     King  Sesostris, 


who  conceived  a  high  opinion  of  the 
young  man,  would  have  sent  him  home, 
but  he  died ;  and  T^ldmaque  was  in- 
carcerated by  his  successor  in  a  dungeon 
overlooking  the  sea  (bk.  ii. ).  After  a  time, 
he  was  released,  and  sent  to  Tyre.  Here 
he  would  have  been  put  to  death  by 
Pygmalion,  had  he  not  been  rescued  by 
AstarbS,  the  king's  mistress  (bk.  iii.). 
Again  he  embarked,  reached  Cyprus,  and 
sailed  thence  to  Crete.  In  this  passage  he 
saw  AmphitritS,  the  wife  of  the  sea-god,  in 
her  magnificent  chariot  drawn  by  sea- 
horses (bk.  iv.).  On  landing  in  Crete,  he 
was  told  the  tale  of  king  Idomfineus  (4 
syl. ),  who  made  a  vow  if  he  reached  home 
in  safety  after  the  siege  of  Troy,  to  offer 
in  sacrifice  the  first  living  being  that  came 
to  meet  him.  This  happened  to  be  his 
own  son  ;  but  when  Idomeneus  proceeded 
to  do  according  to  his  vow,  the  Cretans 
were  so  indignant  that  they  drove  him 
from  the  island.  Being  without  a  ruler, 
the  islanders  asked  T^l^maque  to  be  their 
king  (bk.  v.).  This  he  declined,  but 
Mentor  advised  the  Cretans  to  place  the 
reins  of  government  in  the  hands  of  Aris- 
todemos.  On  leaving  Crete,  the  vessel 
was  again  wrecked,  and  T6l6maque  with 
Mentor  was  cast  on  the  island  of  Calypso 
(bk.  vi.).  Calypso  fell  in  love  with  the 
young  prince,  and,  in  order  to  detain  him 
in  her  island,  burnt  the  ship  which 
Mentor  had  built  to  carry  him  home. 
Mentor,  however,  being  resolved  to  quit 
the  island,  threw  T616maque  from  a 
crag  into  the  sea,  and  then  leaped  in  after 
him.  They  had  now  to  swim  for  their 
lives,  and  keep  themselves  afloat  till  they 
were  picked  up  by  some  Tyrians  (bk.  vii, ). 
The  captain  of  the  ship  was  very  friendly 
to  T^l^maque,  and  promised  to  take  him 
to  Ithaca,  but  the  pilot  by  mistake  landed 
him  on  Salentum  (bk.  ix.).  Here  T616- 
maque,  being  told  that  his  father  was 
dead,  determined  to  go  down  to  the 
infernal  regions  to  see  him  (bk.  xviii.).  In 
hades  he  was  informed  that  Ulysses  was 
still  alive  (bk.  xix.).  So  he  returned  to 
the  upper  earth  (bk.  xxii.),  embarked 
again,  and  this  time  reached  Ithaca, 
where  he  found  his  father ;  and  Mentor 
left  him. 

Tell  {Guglielmo  or  William),  chief  of 
the  confederates  of  the  forest  cantons 
of  Switzerland,  and  son-in-law  of 
Walter  Furst.  Having  refused  to  salute 
the  Austrian  cap  which  Gessler,  the 
governor,  had  set  up  in  the  market-place 
of  Altorf,  he  was  condemned  to  shoot  an 


TELL. 


X083 


TELLUS'S  SON. 


«pp!e  from  the  head  of  his  own  son. 
Tell  succeeded  in  this  perilous  task,  but, 
letting  fall  a  concealed  arrow,  was  asked 
by  Gessler  with  what  intent  he  had  se- 
creted it.  "To  kill  thee,  tyrant,"  he 
replied,  "  if  I  had  failed."  The  governor 
now  ordered  him  to  be  carried  in  chains 
across  lake  Lucerne  to  Ktissnacht  Castle, 
"  there  to  be  devoured  alive  by  reptiles  ; " 
but,  a  violent  storm  having  arisen  on  the 
lake,  he  was  unchained,  that  he  might 
take  the  helm.  Gessler  was  on  board, 
and  when  the  vessel  neared  the  castle. 
Tell  leapt  ashore,  gave  the  boat  a  push 
into  the  lake,  and  shot  the  governor. 
After  this  he  liberated  his  country  from 
the  Austrian  yoke  (1307). 

TT  This  story  of  William  Tell  is  told 
of  a  host  of  persons.  For  example  : 
Egil,  the  brother  of  Wayland,  was  com- 
manded by  king  Nidung  to  shoot  an 
apple  from  the  head  of  his  son.  Egil, 
like  Tell,  took  two  arrows,  and  being 
asked  why,  replied,  as  Tell  did  to 
Gessler,  "To  shoot  thee,  tyrant,  if  I  fail 
in  my  task." 

IF  A  similar  story  is  told  of  Olaf  and 
Eindridi,  in  Norway.  King  Olaf  dared 
Eindridi  to  a  trial  of  skill.  An  apple 
was  placed  on  the  head  of  Eindridi's  son, 
and  the  king  shooting  at  it  grazed  the 
boy's  head,  but  the  father  carried  off  the 
apple  clean.  Eindridi  had  concealed  an 
arrow  to  aim  at  the  king,  if  the  boy  had 
been  injured. 

H  Another  Norse  tale  is  told  of  Hemingr 
and  Harald  son  of  Sigurd  (1066).  After 
various  trials  of  skill,  Harald  told  Hemingr 
to  shoot  a  nut  from  the  head  of  Bjorn, 
his  young  brother.  In  this  he  succeeded, 
not  with  an  arrow,  but  with  a  spear. 

IT  A  similar  tale  is  related  of  Geyti,  son 
of  Aslak,  and  the  same  Harald.  The 
place  of  trial  was  the  Faroe  Isles.  In 
this  case  also  it  was  a  nut  placed  on  the 
head  of  Bjorn. 

^  Saxo  GrammatTcus  tells  nearly  the 
same  story  of  Toki,  the  Danish  hero,  and 
Harald ;  but  in  this  trial  of  skill  Toki 
killed  Harald. — Danorum  Regum  Hera- 
umque  Historia  (1514). 

if  Reginald  Scot  says  that  Puncher  shot 
a  penny  placed  on  his  son's  head,  but 
had  another  arrow  ready  to  slay  the 
duke  Remgrave  who  had  set  him  the 
task  {1584). 

N.B. — It  is  said  of  Domitian,  the 
Roman  emperor,  that  if  a  boy  held  up 
his  hands  with  the  fingers  spread,  he 
could  shoot  eight  arrows  in  succession 


through  the  spaces  without  touching  one 
of  the  fingers, 

^  The  story  is  told  of  Korroglu,  the 
famous  Persian  bandit  poet.  When  the 
lad  Demurchy  Oglou  applied  to  be  ad- 
mitted into  his  band,  Kurroglu  com- 
manded him  to  sit  on  the  ground  in  the 
Persian  manner.  He  then  placed  an 
apple  on  the  lad's  head  with  a  ring  from 
his  own  finger  on  the  top  of  it.  The 
bandit  shot  sixty  arrows  through  the  ring. 
As  the  lad  neither  winced  nor  changed 
colour,  he  was  instantly  admitted  into  the 
band. 

If  William  of  Cloudesley,  to  show  the 
king  his  skill  in  shooting,  bound  his 
eldest  son  to  a  stake,  put  an  apple  on  his 
head,  and  at  the  distance  of  3  jo  feet,  cleft 
the  apple  in  two  without  touching  the 
boy. 

I  have  a  son  !s  seven  year  old. 

He  is  to  me  full  dear. 
I  will  hyra  tye  to  a  stake  .  .  , 
And  lay  an  apple  upon  l>is  head, 

And  go  six  score  paces  hyin  fro. 
And  1  myselfe  with  a  broad  arrow 

Will  cleve  the  apple  in  two. 

Percy  :  Reliques. 

(Similar  feats  of  skill  are  told  of  Adam 
Bell  and  Clym  of  the  Clough.) 

Historic  facts  in  confirmation  of  TelVi 
exploit.  In  Altorf  market-place,  the  spot 
is  still  pointed  out  where  Tell  shot  the 
apple  from  his  son's  head,  and  Kissling's 
statue  has  four  reliefs  on  the  pedestal :  (i) 
Tell  shooting  the  apple  ;  (2)  Tell  leaping 
from  the  boat ;  (3)  Gessler's  death  ;  and  (4) 
the  death  of  Tell  at  Schachenbach.  Of 
course,  there  are  no  proofs  of  the  historic 
fact,  any  more  than  the  numerous  tradi- 
tions and  monuments  of  Romulus  are  a 
proof  that  such  a  person  ever  existed,  or 
Tennyson's  Idylls  of  king  Arthur  and  his 
knights  of  the  Table- Round. 

See  Roman  fire  in  Hampden's  bosom  swell. 
And  fate  and  freedom  in  the  shaft  of  Tell. 

CampbtU :  Pleasures  of  Hope,  i.  (1799!. 

(The  legend  of  William  Tell  has 
furnished  Florian  with  the  subject  of  a 
novel  in  French  (1788) ;  A.  M.  Lemierre 
with  his  tragedy  of  Guillaume  Tell  {1766) ; 
Schiller  with  a  tragelyin  German,  Wil' 
helm  Tell  (1804) ;  Knowles  with  a  tragedy 
in  English,  William  Tell  (1840) ;  and 
Rossini  with  the  opera  of  Guglielmo 
Tell,  in  Italian,  1829.) 

Macready's  performance  in  Tell[Kni>7v!es's  dratnal 
Is  always  first  rate.  No  actor  ever  affected  me  more 
than  Macready  did  in  some  scenes  of  that  play  [1793- 
i9Ti\-—Ros-ers.  • 

Tellus's  Son,  Antaeos  son  of  Posei'- 
don  and  Gfi,  a  giant  wrestler  of  Lib'ya, 
whose  strength  was  irresistible  so  long  as 


TEMIR, 


1084 


TEMPEST. 


he  touched  his  mother  [earth).  Hercules, 
knowing  this,  Ufted  him  into  the  air,  and 
crushed  him  to  death.  Near  the  town  of 
Tingis,  In  Mauritania,  is  a  hill  in  the  shape 
of  a  man  called  "  The  Hill  of  Antaeos," 
and  said  to  be  his  tomb. 

So  some  have  feigned  that  Tellus  giant  son 

Drew  many  new-born  lives  from  his  dead  mother ; 
Another  rose  as  soon  as  one  was  done, 

And  twenty  lost,  yet  still  remained  another. 
For  when  he  fell  and  kissed  the  barren  heath. 
His  parent  straight  inspired  successive  breath. 
And  tho'  herself  was  dead,  yet  ransomed  him  from 
death. 

P.  Fletcher:  The  Purple  Island,  ix.  (1633). 

IF  Similarly,  Bernado  del  Carpio 
lifted  Orlando  in  his  arms,  and  squeezed 
him  to  death,  because  his  body  was  proof 
against  any  instrument  of  war. 

Te'mir,  i.e.  Tamerlane.  The  word 
occurs  in  Paradise  Ljjsi,  xi.  389  (1665). 

Temliha,  king  of  the  serpents,  in  the 
island  of  serpents.  King  Temliha  was 
"a  small  yellow  serpent,  of  a  glowing 
colour,"  with  the  gift  of  human  speech, 
like  the  serpent  which  tempted  Eve. — 
Comte  de  Caylus  :  Oriental  Tales  ("  His- 
tory of  Aboutaleb,"  1743).     (See  Speech 

ASCRIBED  TO  DUMB  ANIMALS,  p.  IO34.) 

Tem'ora,  in  Ulster,  the  palace  of 
the  Caledonian  kings  in  Ireland.  The 
southern  kingdom  was  that  of  the  Fir- 
bolg  or  Belgae  from  South  Britain,  whose 
seat  of  government  was  at  Atha,  in 
Connaught. 

Tem'ora,  in  eight  books,  the  longest 
of  the  Ossianic  prose-poems.  The  sub- 
ject is  the  dethronement  of  the  kings  of 
Connaught,  and  the  consolidation  of  the 
two  Irish  kingdoms  in  that  of  Ulster.  It 
must  be  borne  in  mind  that  there  were 
two  colonies  in  Ireland — one  the  Fir- 
bolg  or  British  Belgae,  settled  in  the 
south,  whose  king  was  called  the  "lord 
of  Atha,"  from  Atha,  in  Connaught,  the 
seat  of  government ;  and  the  other  the 
Cael,  from  Caledonia,  in  Scotland,  whose 
seat  of  government  was  Tem5ra,  in 
Ulster.  When  Crothar  was  "  lord  of 
Atha,"  he  wished  to  unite  the  two 
kingdoms,  and  with  this  view  carried  off 
Conlama,  only  child  of  the  rival  king, 
and  married  her.  The  Caledonians  of 
Scotland  interfered,  and  Conar  the 
brother  of  Fingal  was  sent  with  an  army 
against  the  usurper,  conquered  him, 
reducecl  the  south  to  a  tributary  state, 
and  restored  in  his  own  person  the 
kingdom  of  Ulster.  After  a  few  years, 
Cormac  II.  (a  minor)  became  king  of 
Ulster  and  over-lord  of  Connaught.    The 


Fir-bolg  seizing  this  opportunity  of  re- 
volt, Cairbar  "lord  of  Atha"  threw  off 
his  subjection,  and  murdered  the  young 
king  in  his  palace  of  Temora.  Fingal 
interfered  in  behalf  of  the  Caels  ;  but  no 
sooner  had  he  landed  in  Ireland,  than 
Cairbar  invited  Oscar  (Fingal's  grandson) 
to  a  banquet,  picked  a  quarrel  with  him, 
and  both  fell  dead,  each  by  the  other's 
hand.  On  the  death  of  Cairbar,  Foldath 
became  leader  of  the  Fir-bolg,  but  was 
slain  by  Fillan  son  of  Fingal.  Fillan,  in 
turn,  was  slain  by  Cathmor  brother  of 
Cairbar.  Fingal  now  took  the  lead  of 
his  army  in  person,  slew  Cathmor,  re-  " 
duced  the  Fir-bolg  to  subjection,  and 
placed  on  the  throne  Ferad-Artho,  the 
only  surviving  descendant  of  Conar  (first 
of  the  kings  of  Ulster  of  Caledonian 
race). 

Tempe  (2  syl.),  a  valley  in  Greece, 
between  mount  Olympus  and  mount 
Ossa.  The  word  was  employed  by  the 
Greek  and  Roman  poets  as  a  synonym 
for  any  valley  noted  for  its  cool  shades, 
singing  birds,  and  romantic  scenery. 

They  would  have  thoug-ht,  who  heard  the  strain, 
They  saw  in  Tempi's  vale  her  native  maids. 
Amidst  the  festal-sounding  shades. 
To  some  unwearied  minstrel  dancing. 

Collins :  Ode  to  the  Passions  (1746). 

TEMPEST  (The),  a  drama  by 
Shakespeare  (1609).  Prospero  and  his 
daughter  Miranda  lived  on  a  desert 
island,  enchanted  by  SycSrax  who  was 
dead.  The  only  other  inhabitants  were 
Caliban,  the  son  of  Sycorax,  a  strange 
misshapen  thing  like  a  gorilla,  and  Ariel 
a  sprite,  who  had  been  imprisoned  by 
Sycorax  for  twelve  years  in  the  rift  of  a 
pine  tree,  from  which  Prospero  set  him 
free.  One  day,  Prospero  saw  a  ship  off 
the  island,  and  raised  a  tempest  to  wreck 
it.  By  this  means,  his  brother  Anthonio, 
prince  Ferdinand,  and  the  king  of  Naples 
were  brought  to  the  island.  Now,  it  must 
be  known  that  Prospero  was  once  duke  of 
Milan  ;  but  his  brother  Anthonio,  aided 
by  the  king  of  Naples,  had  usurped  the 
throne,  and  set  Prospero  and  Miranda 
adrift  in  a  small  boat,  which  was  wind- 
driven  to  this  desert  island.  Ferdinand 
(son  of  the  king  of  Naples)  and  Miranda 
fell  in  love  with  each  other,  and  the  rest 
of  the  shipwrecked  party  being  brought 
together  by  Ariel,  Anthonio  asked  forgive- 
ness of  his  brother,  Prospero  was  restored 
to  his  dukedom,  and  the  whole  party 
was  conducted  by  Ariel  with  prosperous 
breezes  back  to  Italy. 


TEMPEST. 


1085 


TENDO  ACHILLIS. 


(Dryden  has  a  drama  callcl  The  Tem- 
pest, 1668.) 

Tempest  [The),  a  sobriquet  of  mar- 
shal Junot,  one  of  Napoleon's  generals, 
noted  for  his  martial  impetuosity  (1771- 
1813). 

Tempest  [The  Hon.  Mr.),  late  go- 
vernor of  Senegambia.  He  was  the  son 
of  lord  Hurricane;  impatient,  irascible, 
headstrong,  and  poor.  He  says  he  never 
was  in  smooth  water  since  he  was  born, 
for,  being  only  a  younger  son,  his  father 
gave  him  no  education,  taught  him 
nothing,  and  then  buffeted  him  for  being 
a  dunce. 

First  I  was  turned  into  the  army  ;  there  1  got  broken 
bones  and  empty  pockets.  Then  I  was  banished  to 
the  coast  of  Africa,  to  govern  the  savages  of  Sene- 
gambia.—  The  IVheel  of  Fortune,  act  ii.  i. 

Miss  Emily  {Tempest],  daughter  of  Mr. 
Tempest ;  a  great  wit  of  very  lively  parts. 
Her  father  wanted  her  to  marry  sir  David 
Daw,  a  great  lout  with  plenty  of  money, 
but  she  fixed  her  heart  on  captain  Henry 
Woodville,  the  son  of  a  man  ruined  by 
gambling.  The  prospect  was  not  cheer- 
ing, but  Penruddock  came  forward,  and, 
by  making  them  rich,  made  them  happy. 
— Cumberland:  The  Wheel  of  Fortune 
(1779)- 

Tempest  {Lady  Bett)f),  a  lady  with 
beauty,  fortune,  and  family,  whose  head 
was  turned  by  plays  and  romances.  She 
fancied  a  plain  man  no  better  than  a 
fool,  and  resolved  to  marry  only  a  gay, 
fashionable,  dashing  young  spark.  Hav- 
ing rejected  many  offei-s  because  the 
suitor  did  not  come  up  to  her  ideal,  she 
was  gradually  left  in  the  cold.  Now  she 
is  company  only  for  aunts  and  cousins, 
in  ball-rooms  is  a  wallflower,  and  in 
society  generally  is  esteemed  a  piece  of 
fashionable  lumber. — Goldsmith  :  A  Citi- 
ten  of  the  World,  xxviii.  (1759). 

Templars  [Knights),  an  order  of 
knighthood  founded  in  rii8  for  the 
defence  of  the  Temple  in  Jerusalem. 
Dissolved  in  1312,  when  their  lands,  etc., 
were  transferred  to  the  Hospitallers.  The 
Templars  wore  a  white  robe  with  a  red 
cross  ;  but  the  Hospitallers  a  black  robe 
with  a  white  cross. 

Tem.ple  ( The).  When  Solomon  was 
dying,  he  prayed  that  he  might  remain 
standing  till  the  Temple  was  completely 
finished.  The  prayer  was  granted,  and 
he  remained  leaning  on  his  staff  till  the 
Temple  was  completed,  when  the  staff 
was  gnawed  through  by  a  worm,  and  the 


body  fell  to  the  ground. — Charles  White: 
The  Cashmere  Shawl. 

Tem.ple  [Launcelot),  the  nom  deplume 
of  John  Armstrong,  the  poet  (1709-1779). 

Tem.ple  [Miss),  governess  at  Lowood's 
Institution,  and  the  good  genius  of  the 
family. — Charlotte  Bronti:  Jane  Eyre 
(1847). 

Temple  Bar,  called  "  The  City  Gol- 
gotha," because  the  heads  of  traitors, 
etc.,  were  at  one  time  exposed  there  after 
decapitation.  The  Bar  was  removed  in 
1878. 

Templeton  [Laurence),  the  pseudo- 
nym under  which  sir  W.  Scott  published 
Ivanhoe.  The  preface  is  initialed  L.  T., 
and  the  dedication  is  to  the  Rev,  Dr. 
Dryasdust  {1820). 

Ten  Animals  in  Paradise  ( The). 
According  to  Mohammedan  belief,  ten 
animals,  besides  man,  are  admitted  into 
heaven  :  (i)  Kratim,  Ketmir,  or  Catnier, 
the  dog  of  the  seven  sleepers  ;  (2)  Ba- 
laam's ass  ;  (3)  Solomon's  ant ;  (4)  Jonah's 
whale  ;  (5)  the  calf  [«V]  offered  to  Tehovah 
by  Abraham  in  lieu  of  Isaac  ;  (6)  the  ox 
of  Moses  ;  (7)  the  camel  of  the  prophet 
Salech  or  Saleh  ;  (8)  the  cuckoo  of  Belkis  ; 
{9)  Ishmael's  ram  ;  and  (10)  Al  Borak, 
the  animal  which  conveyed  Mahomet  to 
heaven. 

(There  is  diversity  in  some  lists  of  the 
ten  animals.  Some  substitute  for  Balaam's 
ass  the  ass  of  Aazis,  Balkis,  or  Maqueda, 
queen  of  Sheba,  who  went  to  visit  Solo- 
mon. And  some,  but  these  can  hardly 
be  Mohammedans,  th'nk  the  ass  on  which 
Christ  rode  to  Jerusalem  should  not  be 
forgotten.  None  seem  inclined  to  increase 
the  number.     See  also  Animals,  p.  45.) 

Ten  Commandments  [A  Woman's), 
the  two  hands,  with  which  she  scratches 
the  faces  of  those  who  offend  her. 

Could  I  come  near  your  beauty  with  my  nails, 
I'd  set  my  ten  commandments  in  your  face. 
Shakespeare  :  a  Henry  VI.  act  L  sc.  3  (1591). 

Tenantins,  the  father  of  Cymbeline 
and  nephew  of  Cassibelan.  He  was  the 
younger  son  of  Lud  the  king  of  the 
southern  part  of  Britain.  On  the  death 
of  Lud,  his  younger  brother  Cassibelan 
succeeded,  and  on  the  death  of  Cassibelan 
the  crown  came  to  Tenantius,  who  re- 
fused to  pay  the  tribute  to  Rome  exacted 
from  Cassibelan  on  his  defeat  by  Julius 
Caesar. 

Tendo  Achillis,  a  strong  sinew  run- 
ning along  the  heel  to  the  calf  of  the 


TENGLIO. 


1086 


TEREUS. 


leg.  So  called  because  it  was  the  only 
vulnerable  part  of  Achillas.  The  tale  is 
that  Thetis  held  him  by  the  heel  when 
she  dipped  him  in  the  Styx,  in  conse- 
quence of  which  the  water  did  not  wet 
the  child's  heel.  The  story  is  post- 
Homeric. 

Tengflio,  a  river  of  Lapland,  on  the 
banks  of  which  roses  g^ow. 

I  was  surprised  to  see  upon  the  banks  of  this  riyer 
[/he  TengHo]  roses  as  lovely  a  red  as  any  that  are  in 
our  own  gardens. — Mans,  dit  Afau/ertius  :  Veyage  au 
Circle  Polaire  (1738). 

Teniers,  a  Dutch  artist,  noted  for  his 
pictures  of  country  wakes,  alehouses,  and 
merry  meetings  (1582-1649). 

The  English  Tenters,  George  Morland 
(1763-1804). 

The  Scottish  Teniers,  sir  David  Wilkie 
(1785-1841). 

The  Teniers  of  Comedy,  Florent  Carton 
Dancourt  (1661-1726). 

Tennis-Bail  of  Fortune  {The), 
Pertinax,  the  Roman  emperor.  He  was 
first  a  charcoal-seller,  then  a  school- 
master, then  a  soldier,  then  an  emperor  ; 
but  within  three  months  he  was  dethroned 
and  murdered  (126-193  '<  reigned  from 
January  i  to  March  28,  A.D.  193). 

Tent  [Prince  Ahmed's),  a  tent  given 
to  him  by  the  fairy  Pari-Banou.  It 
would  cover  a  whole  army,  yet  would 
fold  up  into  so  small  a  compass  that  it 
might  be  carried  in  one's  pocket. — Ara- 
bian Nights. 

If  Solomon's  carpet  of  green  silk  was 
large  enough  to  afford  standing  room  for 
a  whole  army,  but  might  be  carried  about 
like  a  pocket-handkerchief, 

H  The  ship  Skidbladnir  wonXdi  hold  all 
the  deities  of  Valhalla,  but  might  be 
folded  up  like  a  roll  of  parchment. 

^  Bayard,  the  horse  of  the  four  sons  of 
Aymon,  grew  larger  or  smaller,  as  one 
or  more  of  the  four  sons  mounted  on  its 
back. —  Villeneuve  :  Les  Quatre  Filx  Ay- 
mon. 

Tents  ( The  father  efsuch  as  dwell  in), 
Jabal. — Gen.  iv.  20. 

Terebin'thus,  Ephes-dammim  or 
Pas-dammim. — i  Sam.  xvii.  i. 

O  thou  that  'g-ainst  Goliath's  Impious  head 
The  youthful  arms  in  Terebinthus  sped. 
When  the  proud  foe,  who  scoffed  at  Israel  s  band, 
Fell  by  the  weapon  of  a  striiiling-  hand. 

Tasso;  Jerusalem  Delivered.  tU.  (157S). 

Terence,  the  slave  of  a  Roman  sena- 
tor, whose  name  he  bore.  His  six 
comedies  are  :  (i)  the  Andrea,  or  woman 


of  Andros  (B.C.  i56)  ;  (2)  the  Step-mothef 
(b-C.  165);  (3)  the  Self-Tormentor  (B.C. 
163)  ;  (4)  the  Eunuch  (b.C.  162)  ;  [i^)  Phor- 
mio  {B.C.  161);  and  (6)  the  Brothers  {b.c. 
160). 

There  are  several  translations  of  his  comedies  into 
English  ;  for  instance,  by  Bentley.  in  1736 ;  by  Parry,  in 
1857  ;  etc 

The  Terence  of  England,  Richard 
Cumberland  (1732-1811). 

Here  Cumberland  lies,  having  acted  his  parts? 
The  Terence  of  England,  the  mender  of  hearts  ; 
A  flattering  painter,  who  made  it  his  care 
To  draw  men  as  they  ought  to  be,  not  as  they  are  .  .  , 
Say    .    ,    .    wherefore    his    ciiaracters,    thus    without 
fault,  .  .  , 

Euite  -iick  of  pursulnjf  each  troublesome  elf, 
e  grew  lazy  at  last,  and  drew  men  from  himself. 

Goldsmith  :  Retaliation  (1774). 

Tere'sa,  the  female  associate  of  Fer- 
dinand count  Fathom. — Smollett:  Count 
Fathom  (1754). 

Teresa  d'Acnnha,  lady's-maid  of 
Joseline  countess  of  Glenallan. — Sir  IV. 
Scott:  The  Antiquary  (time,  George  HI.). 

Teresa  Panaa,  wife  of  Sancho 
Panza.  In  pt.  I.  i.  7  she  is  called  Dame 
Juana  [Gutierez],  In  pt.  II.  iv.  7  she  is 
called  Maria  [Gutierez].  In  pt.  I.  iv.  she 
is  called  Joan. — Cervantes:  Don  Quixote 
(1605-15). 

Tereus  [Te'-ruse'],  king  of  Daulis,  and 
the  husband  of  Procnfi.  Wishing  after- 
wards to  marry  Philomela,  her  sister,  he 
told  her  that  ProcnS  was  dead.  He  lived 
with  his  new  wife  for  a  time,  and  then 
cut  out  her  tongue,  lest  she  should  expose 
his  falsehood  to  ProcnS  ;  but  it  was  of 
no  use,  for  Philomela  made  known  her 
story  in  the  embroidery  of  a  peplus, 
Tereus,  finding  his  home  too  hot  for  his 
wickedness,  rushed  after  Procng  with  an 
axe,  but  the  whole  party  was  metamor- 
phosed into  birds.  Tereus  was  changed 
into  a  hoopoo  (some  say  a  lapwing,  and 
others  an  owl),  Procnfi  into  a  swallow, 
and  Philomela  into  a  nightingale. 

So  was  that  tyrant  Tereus'  nasty  lust 
Changed  into  Upupa's  foul-feeding  dust. 
Lord  Brooke  :  Declination  of  MonarehU. 

^  Those  who  have  read  Titus  Andro- 
nlcus  (usually  bound  up  with  Shake- 
speare's plays)  will  call  to  mind  the  story 
of  Lavinia,  defiled  by  the  sons  of  Ta- 
mfira,  who  afterwards  plucked  out  her 
tongue  and  cut  off  her  hands  ;  but  she 
told  her  tale  by  guiding  a  staff  with  her 
mouth  and  stumps,  and  writing  it  in  the 
sand. 

Fair  Philomela,  she  but  lost  her  tongue. 
And  in  a  tedious  sampler  sewed  her  mind. 
But,  lovely  niece,  that  mean  is  cut  from  thee; 
A  craftier  Tereus,  cousin,  hast  thou  met. 


TERIL. 

And  he  hath  cut  those  pretty  fingers  off, 
That  could  have  better  sewed  than  Philomel. 

Act  il.  sc.  4  (iS93>- 


1087 


TESSIRA. 


Ter'il  (Sir  Waiter).  The  king  exacts 
an  oath  from  sir  Waller  to  send  his  bride 
Caelestina  to  court  on  her  wedding  night. 
Her  father,  to  save  her  honour,  gives  her 
a  mixture  supposed  to  be  poison,  but  in 
reality  only  a  sleeping  drauglit,  from 
which  she  awakes  in  due  time,  to  the 
amusement  of  the  king  and  delight  of 
her  husband.  — Dekker :  SatiromasHx 
(1602). 

Termag-ant,  an  imaginary  being, 
supposed  by  the  crusaders  to  be  a  Mo- 
hammedan deity.  In  the  Old  Moralities, 
the  degree  of  rant  was  the  measure  of 
the  wickedness  of  the  character  por- 
trayed ;  so  Pontius  Pilate,  Judas  Iscariot, 
Termagant,  the  tyrant.  Sin,  and  so  on, 
were  all  ranting  parts.  Painters  ex- 
pressed degrees  of  wickedness  by  degrees 
of  shade. 

I  would  hare  such  a  fellow  whipped  for  o'erdoinjf 
Termagant.— 5Aa^«/«ar< ;  Hamlet,  aaiiL  sc.  2  (1596). 

Termag'ant,  the  maid  of  Harriet 
Quidnunc.  She  uses  most  wonderful 
words,  as  paradropsical  for  "rhapsodi- 
cal," perjured  for  "assured,"  physiology 
for  "philology,"  curacy  iox  "accuracy," 
fi^ification  for  "signification,"  importa- 
ttoniot  "import,"  anecdoteiox  "antidote," 
infirmaries  for  "infirmities,"  intimidate 
for  "intimate." — Murphy:  The  Up- 
Roisterer  (1758). 

Ter'meros,  a  robber  of  Peloponnesos, 
who  killed  his  victims  by  cracking  their 
skulls  against  his  own. 

Termosi'ris,  a  priest  of  Apollo,  in 
Egypt ;  wise,  prudent,  cheerful,  and 
courteous. — Finelon:  Tilimaque,  ii.fijoo). 

Temotte,  one  of  the  domestics  of 
lady  Eveline  Berenger  "the  betrothed." 
—Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Betrothed  (time, 
Henry  II.). 

Terpiu  {Sir),  a  king  who  fell  into 
the  power  of  Radigund  queen  of  the 
AmSzons.  Refusing  to  dress  in  female 
attire,  as  the  queen  commanded,  to  sew, 
card  wool,  spin,  and  do  house  work,  he 
was  doomed  by  her  women  to  be  gibbeted. 
Sir  Artegal  undertook  his  cause,  and  a 
fight  ensued,  which  lasted  all  day.  When 
daylight  closed,  Radigund  proposed  to 
defer  the  contest  till  the  following  day,  to 
which  sir  Artegal  agreed.  Next  day,  the 
knight  was  victorious ;  but  when  he  saw  the 
brave  queen  bleeding  to  death,  he  took 
pity  on  her,  and,   throwing  his   sword 


aside,  ran  to  succour  her.  Up  staited 
Radigund  as  he  approached,  attacked 
him  like  a  fury,  and,  as  he  had  no  sword, 
he  was,  of  course,  obliged  to  yield.  So 
the  contest  was  decided  against  him,  and 
sir  Terpin  was  "gibbeted  by  women,"  as 
Radigund  had  commanded. — Spenser: 
Faerie  Queene,  v.  5  (1596). 

Terpsichore  [  Terp-sic -o-re\  the 
Muse  of  dancing. — Greek  Fable. 

Terriljle  {The),  Ivan  IV.  or  II.  of 
Russia  {1529,  1533-1584). 

Terror  of  France  {The),  John 
Talbot  first  earl  of  Shrewsbury  (1373- 
1453)- 

Is  this  the  Talbot,  so  much  feared  abroad, 
That  with  his  name  the  mothers  still  their  babes 
Shakespeare:  i  Henry  VI.  act  ii.  sc.  3  (1589). 

Terror  of  the  World  {The),  Attlla 
king  of  the  Huns  {*-453). 

Terry  Alts,  a  lawless  body  of  rebels, 
who  sprang  up  in  Clare  (Ireland)  after 
the  union,  and  committed  great  outrages. 

rrhe  "Thrashers"  of  Connaught,  the 
"Carders,"  the  followers  of  "captain 
Right"  in  the  eighteenth  century,  those 
of  "captain  Rock"  who  appeared  in 
1822,  and  the  "Fenians"  in  1865,  were 
similar  disturbers  of  the  peace.  The 
watchword  of  the  turbulent  Irish,  some 
ten  years  later,  was  "  Home  Rule.") 

Tesoretto,  an  Italian  poem  by  Bru- 
nette preceptor  of  Dante  (1285).  The 
poet  says  he  was  returning  from  an 
embassy  to  the  king  of  Spain,  and  met 
a  scholar  on  a  bay  mule,  who  told  him 
of  the  overthrow  of  the  Guelfi.  Struck 
with  grief,  he  lost  his  road,  and  wandered 
into  a  wood,  where  Dame  Nature  accosted 
him,  and  disclosed  to  him  the  secrets  of 
her  works.  On  he  wandered  till  he  came 
to  a  vast  plain,  inhabited  by  Virtue 
and  her  four  daughters,  together  with 
Courtesy,  Bounty,  Loyalty,  and  Prowess. 
Leaving  this,  he  came  to  a  fertile  valley, 
which  was  for  ever  shifting  its  appear- 
ance, from  round  to  square,  from  light 
to  darkness.  This  was  the  valley  of  queen 
Pleasure,  who  was  attended  by  Love, 
Hope,  Fear,  and  Desire.  Ovid  comes  to 
Tesoretto  at  length,  and  tells  him  how  to 
effect  his  escape. 

Tessa,  in,  love  with  Tito  Melema. — 
George  Eliot  (Mrs.  J.  W.  Cross) :  Romola 
(1863). 

Tes'sira,  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
Moorish  host. — Ariosto:  Orlando  Furioso 
(15x6). 


TESTS  OF  CHASTITY. 


1088 


THAISA. 


Tests  of  Cliastity.  Alasnam's 
mirror  (p.  18) ;  the  brawn  or  boar's  head 
(p.  145) ;  drinldng-horns  (see  Arthur's 
Drinking-horn,  p.  64;  Sir  Caradoc 
AND  THE  Drinking-horn,  p.  178) ; 
Florimel's  girdle  (p.  376);  grotto  of 
Ephesus  (p.  452) ;  the  test  mantle  (p. 
668) ;  oath  on  St.  Antony's  arm  was 
held  in  supreme  reverence,  because  it  was 
believed  that  whoever  took  the  oath 
falsely  would  be  consumed  by  "St. 
Antony's  fire "  within  the  current  year ; 
the  trial  of  the  sieve  (p.  1005). 

Tests  of  Fidelity.  Canac^'s  mir- 
ror (p.  174)  ;  Gondibert's  emerald  ring 
(p.  436).  The  corsned  on  "cursed  mouth- 
ful," a  piece  of  bread  consecrated  by 
exorcism,  and  given  to  the  "suspect" 
to  swallow  as  a  test :  "  May  this  morsel 
choke  me  if  I  am  guilty,"  said  the  de- 
fendant, ' '  but  tvurn  to  wholesome  nourish- 
ment if  I  am  innocent."  Ordeals  (p. 
779),  combats  between  plaintiff  and  de- 
fendant, or  their  representatives.  (See 
Sea,  p.  975.) 

Tete  Botte'e,  Philippe  de  Commines 
[^Cum.miri],  politician  and  historian  (1445 
-1509)- 

You,  sir  Philippe  des  Comines  [sic\,  were  at  a 
hunting-match  with  the  duke,  your  master ;  and  when 
he  alighted,  after  the  chase,  he  required  your  services 
in  drawing  off  his  boots.  Reading  in  your  looks  some 
natural  resentment,  ...  he  ordered  you  to  sit  down 
in  turn,  and  rendered  you  the  same  office  .  .  .  but .  .  . 
no  sooner  had  he  plucked  one  of  your  boots  off  than 
he  brutally  beat  it  about  your  head  .  .  .  and  his  i>rivi- 
leged  fool,  Le  Glorieux,  .  .  .  gave  you  the  name  of 
Tiie  BotUe.—Sir  W.  Scott:  Quentin  Durward,  xxx. 
(time,  Edward  IV.). 

Te'thys,  daughter  of  Heaven  and 
Earth,  the  wife  of  Ocean  and  mother  of 
the  river-gods.  In  poetry  it  means  the 
sea  generally. 

The  golden  sun  above  the  watery  bed 
'     '.  his  beamy  hea( 

Hook's  Ariosto,  viiL 
By  th«  earth-shaking  Neptune's  mace  [trideni^ 
And  Tethys'  grave  majestic  pace. 

Milton:  Comus,  870  (1634). 

Tetrachor'don,  the  title  of  one  of 
Milton's  books  about  marriage  and  di- 
vorce. The  word  means  "the  four 
strings ; "  by  which  he  means  the  four 
chief  places  in  Scripture  which  bear  on 
the  subject  of  marriage. 

A  book  was  writ  of  late  called  Tetrachordon. 

Milton:  Sonnet,  x. 

Teucer,  son  of  Teia.mon  of  Salimis, 
and  brother  of  Telamon  Ajax.  He  was 
the  best  archer  of  all  the  Greeks  at  the 
siege  of  Troy. 

I  may,  like  a  second  Teucer,  discharge  my  shafts, 
from  behind  the  shield  of  my  ally.— 5i>  IV.  Scott. 

Teufelsdroeckh.  {Herr)  [pronounce 


Toi-ftlz-drurk\,  an  eccentric  German  pro- 
fessor and  philosopher.  The  object  of 
the  satire  is  to  expose  all  sorts  of  shams, 
social  as  well  as  intellectual— Car/j*/*; 
Sartor  Resartus  (1849). 

Teutonic  Knights  ( The),  an  order 
organized  by  Frederick  duke  of  Suabia, 
in  Palestine  (1190).  St.  Louis  gave  them 
permission  to  quarter  on  their  arms  the 
fleur-de-lis  (1250).  Abolished  in  1809  by 
Napoleon  I.     It  still  exists  in  Austria, 

Tezartis,  a  Scythian  soldier,  killed 
by  the  countess  Brenhilda. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Count  Robert  of  Paris  (time, 
Rufus). 

Tezoz'omoc,  chief  of  the  priests  of 
the  Az'tecas.  He  fasted  ten  months  to 
know  how  to  appease  the  national  gods, 
and  then  declared  that  the  only  way  was 
to  offer  "the  White  strangers"  on  their 
altars.  Tezozomoc  was  killed  by  burning 
lava  from  a  volcanic  mountain. 

Tezozomoc 
Beholds  the  judgment  .  .  .  and  sees 
The  lava  floods  beneath  him.     His  hour 
Is  come.    The  fiery  shower,  descending,  heaps 
Red  ashes  round      They  fall  like  drifted  snows. 
And  bury  and  consume  the  accursed  priest, 

Soxithey .  Madoc,  ii.  26  (1805). 

Thaddens  of  Warsaw,  the  hero 
and  title  of   a   novel    by   Jane    Porta- 

(1803). 

Thaddu,  the  father  of  Morna,  who 
became  the  wife  of  Comhal  and  the 
mother  of  Fingal. — Ossian. 

Tlxa'is  (2  syL),  an  Athenian  courtezan, 
who  induced  Alexander,  in  bis  cups,  to 
set  fire  to  the  palace  of  the  Persian  kings 
at  PersepQlis. 


The  king  seized  a  flambeau  with  zeal  to  destroy } 

Thais  led  the  way  to  light  him  to  his  prey. 
And,  like  another  Helen,  fired  another  Troy. 


Thais  led  the  way  to  light  him  to  his  prey, 
ther  Helen,  fired  another  Troy 
Dryden  :  Alexander's  Feast  (1697). 

Thai's'a,  daughter  of  Simon'id^s  king 
of  Pentap'olis.  She  married  Per'iclds 
prince  of  Tyre.  In  her  voyage  to  Tyre, 
Thai'sa  gave  birth  to  a  daughter,  and 
dying,  as  it  was  supposed,  in  childbirth, 
was  cast  into  the  sea.  The  chest  in 
which  she  was  placed  drifted  to  Ephesus, 
and  fell  into  the  hands  of  Cer'imon,  a 
physician,  who  soon  discovered  that  she 
was  not  dead.  Under  proper  care,  she 
entirely  recovered,  and  became  a  priestess 
in  the  temple  of  Diana.  Pericles,  with 
his  daughter  and  her  betrothed  husband, 
visiting  the  shrine  of  Diana,  they  be- 
came known  to  each  other,  and  the 
v;hole  mystery  was  cleared  up. — Shake- 
speare: Pericles  Prince  of  Tyre  (1608). 


THALABA  EBN  HATEa 


Z089 


THAMES. 


Thal'aba  ebn  Hateb,  a  poor  maa, 
who  came  to  Mahomet,  requesting  him 
to  beg  God  to  bestow  on  him  wealth, 
and  promising  to  employ  it  in  works  of 
godliness.  The  * '  prophet  "  made  the 
petition,  and  Thalaba  rapidly  grew  rich. 
One  day,  Mahomet  sent  to  the  rich  man 
for  alms,  but  Thalaba  told  the  messen- 
gers their  demand  savoured  more  of 
tribute  than  of  charity,  and  refused  to 
give  anything ;  but  afterwards  repenting, 
he  took  to  the  "  prophet "  a  good  round 
sum.  Mahomet  now  refused  to  accept 
it,  and,  throwing  dust  on  the  ungrateful 
churl,  exclaimed,  "  Thus  shall  thy  wealth 
be  scattered  !"  and  the  man  became  poor 
again  as  fast  as  he  had  grown  rich. — Al 
Koran,  ix.  (Sale's  notes). 

Tliaraba  the  Destroyer— that  is, 
the  destroyer  of  the  evil  spirits  of  Dom- 
Daniel.  He  was  the  only  surviving  child 
of  Hodei'rah  (3  syl. )  and  his  wife  Zei'nab 
(2  syl.)\  their  other  eight  children  had 
been  cut  off  by  the  Dom-Danielists,  be- 
cause it  had  been  decreed  by  fate  that 
"  one  of  the  race  would  be  their  destruc- 
tion." When  a  mere  stripling,  Thalaba 
was  left  motherless  and  fatherless  (bk. 
i.) ;  he  then  found  a  home  in  the  tent  of 
a  Bedouin  named  Mo'atb,  who  had  a 
daughter  Onei'za  (3  syl. ).  Here  he  was 
found  by  Alidaldar,  an  evil  spirit  sent 
from  Dom-Daniel  to  kill  him ;  but  the 
spirit  was  killed  by  a  simoom  just  as  he 
was  about  to  stab  the  boy,  and  Thalaba 
was  saved  {bk.  ii.).  He  now  drew  from 
the  finger  of  Abdaldar  the  magic  ring 
which  gave  him  power  over  all  spirits  ; 
and,  thus  armed,  he  set  out  "to  avenge 
the  death  of  his  father  "  (bk.  iii.).  On 
his  way  to  Babylon,  he  was  encountered 
by  a  merchant,  who  was  in  reality  the 
sorcerer  Loba'ba  in  disguise.  This  sor- 
cerer led  I'halaba  astray  into  the  wilder- 
ness, and  then  raised  up  a  whirlwind  to 
destroy  him  ;  but  the  whirlwind  was  the 
death  of  Lobaba  himself,  and  again 
Thalaba  escaped  (bk.  iv.).  He  reached 
Babylon  at  length,  and  met  there  Moha- 
reb,  another  evil  spirit,  disguised  as  a 
warrior,  who  conducted  him  to  the 
'•  mouth  of  hell."  Thalaba  detected  the 
villainy,  and  hucled  the  false  one  into 
the  abyss  (bk.  v.).  The  young  "De- 
stroyer "  was  next  conveyed  to  "  the 
paradise  of  pleasure,"  but  he  resisted 
every  temptation,  and  took  to  flight  just 
in  time  to  save  Oneiza,  who  had  been 
brought  there  by  violence  (bk.  vi.).  He 
then  killed  with  a  olub  Aloa'din,  the  pre- 


siding spirit  of  the  garden,  was  made 
vizier,  and  married  Oneiza,  who  died  on 
the  bridal  night  (bk.  vii. ).  Distracted  at 
this  calamity,  Thalaba  wandered  towards 
Kaf,  and  entered  the  house  of  an  old 
woman,  who  was  spinning  thread.  He 
expressed  surprise  at  the  extreme  fine- 
ness of  the  thread,  but  Maimu'na  (the 
old  woman)  told  him,  fine  as  it  was,  he 
could  not  break  it  Thalaba  felt  in- 
credulous, and  wound  it  round  his  wrists, 
when,  lo  1  he  became  utterly  powerless ; 
and  Mairauna,  calling  up  her  sister 
Khwala,  conveyed  him  helpless  to  the 
island  of  Moha'reb  (bk.  viii.).  Here  he 
remained  for  a  time,  and  was  at  length 
liberated  by  Maimuna,  who  repented  of 
her  sins  and  turned  to  Allah  (bk.  ix.). 
Being  liberated  from  the  island  of 
Mohareb,  our  hero  wandered,  cold  and 
hungry,  into  a  dwelling,  where  he  saw 
Laila,  the  daughter  of  Okba  the  sorcerer. 
Okba  rushed  forward  with  intent  to 
kill  him,  but  Laila  interposed,  and  fell 
dead  by  the  hand  of  her  own  father 
(bk.  X,).  Her  spirit,  in  the  form  of  a 
green  bird,  now  became  the  guardian 
angel  of  "The  Destroyer,"  and  con- 
ducted him  to  the  simorg,  who  directed 
him  the  road  to  Dom-Daniel  (bk.  xi.), 
which  he  reached  in  time,  slew  the  sur- 
viving sorcerers,  and  was  received  into 
heaven  (bk.  xii.^. — Southey  :  Thalaba  the 
Destroyer  (1797). 

Thales'tris,  queen  of  the  Am'azons  ; 
any  bold,  heroic  woman. 

As  stout  Ar'mida[y.v.],  bold  Thalestris. 

And  she  IRodalind,  f.v.]  that  would  have  been  the 

mistress 
OfGondibett. 

S.  Butler:  Hudibras,  I.  a  (1663). 
\n  Voce's  Rape  of  the  Lock,  "Thalestris"  Is  meant 
for  Mrs.  Morlejr,  sister  of  sir  George  Brown,  called 
in  the  poem  "sir  Plume." 

Thali'a,  the  Muse  of  pastoral  song. 
She  is  oftea  represented  with  a  crook  io 
her  hand. 

Turn  to  the  gentler  melodies  which  suit 
Thalia's  harp,  or  Pan's  Arcadian  lute. 

Campbell:  Pleasures  0/ Hope,  ii.  (1799)1 

Thaliard,  a  lord  of  Antioch. — 
Shakespeare:  Pericles  Prince  of  Tyre 
(1608). 

Thames  {Swan  of  the),  John  Taylor, 
the  "  water-poet."  He  never  learnt 
grammar,  but  wrote  four  score  books  in 
the  leigns  of  James  L  and  Charles  L 
(1580-1654). 

Taylor,  their  better  Charon,  lends  an  oat, 
Oace  Swan  of  Thames,  tho*  now  he  sink's  no  more, 
Po/t:  The  Dunciad,  iii.  xo  {i72ci). 


THAMMUZ. 


1090 


THAUMATURGUS. 


Tliaai'iunz,  God  of  the  Syrians, 
and  fifth  in  order  of  the  hierarchy  of 
hell  :  (i)  Satan,  {2)  Beelzebub,  (3) 
Moloch,  (4)  Chemos,  (5)  Thammuz  (the 
same  as  Ado'nis).  Thammuz  was  slain 
by  a  wild  boar  in  mount  Leb'anon,  from 
whence  the  river  Adonis  descends,  the 
water  of  which,  at  a  certain  season  of  the 
year,  becomes  reddened.  Addison  saw 
it,  and  ascribes  the  redness  to  a  minium 
washed  into  the  river  by  the  violence  of 
the  rain. 

Thammuz  came  next  behind, 
Whose  annual  wound  in  Lebanon  allured 
The  Syrian  damsels  to  lament  his  fate 
In  amorous  ditties  all  a  summer's  day ; 
Wliile  smooth  Adonis  from  his  native  rock 
Ran  purple  to  the  sea,  supposed  with  blood 
Of  Thammuz  yearly  wounded. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  i.  446,  etc.  (1665). 

Thamu'dites  (3  syl),  people  of  the 
tribe  of  Thamlid,  They  refused  to 
believe  in  Mahomet  without  seeing  a 
miracle.  On  a  grand  festival,  Jonda, 
prince  of  the  Thamfidites,  told  Saleh, 
the  prophet,  that  the  god  which  answered 
by  miracle  should  be  acknowledged  God 
by  both.  Jonda  and  the  Thamudites 
first  called  upon  their  idols,  but  received 
no  answer.  "Now,"  said  the  prince  to 
Saieh,  ' '  if  your  God  will  bring  a  camel 
big  with  young  from  that  rock,  we  will 
believe."  Scarcely  had  he  spoken,  when 
the  rock  groaned  and  shook  and  opened  ; 
and  forthwith  there  came  out  a  camel, 
which  there  and  then  cast  its  young  one. 
Jonda  became  at  once  a  convert,  but  the 
Thamfidites  held  back.  To  add  to  the 
miracle,  the  camel  went  up  and  down 
among  the  people,  crying,  *'  Ho  !  every 
one  that  thirsteth,  let  him  come,  and  I  will 
give  him  milk  1 "     ( Compare  Isa.  Iv,  i,) 

tJnto  the  tribe  of  Thamfld  we  sent  their  brother 
Sileh.  He  said,  "  O  my  people,  worship  God ;  ye 
have  no  god  besides  him.  Now  hath  a  manifest  proof 
come  unto  you  from  the  Lord.  This  she-camel  of  God 
is  a  sign  unto  you  ;  therefore  dismiss  her  freely  .  .  . 
and  do  her  no  hurt,  lest  a  pamful  punishment  seize 
upon  you." — A I  Kordn,  vii. 

(Without  doubt,  the  reader  will  at  once 
call  to  mind  the  contest  between  Elijah 
and  the  priests  of  Baal,  so  graphically 
described  in  i  Kings  xviii.) 

Tham  "yris  [Blind),  a  Thracian  poet, 
who  challenged  the  Muses  to  a  contest  of 
song,  and  was  deprived  of  sight,  voice, 
and  musical  skill  for  his  presumption 
{Pliny :  Natural  History,  iii.  33,  and  vii. 
57}.  Plutarch  says  he  had  the  finest  voice 
of  any  one,  and  that  he  wrote  a  poem  on 
the  War  of  the  Titans  with  the  Gods. 
Suidas  tells  us  that  he  composed  a  poem 
on  creation.     And  Plato,  in  his  Republic 


(last  book),  feigns  that  the  spirit  of  the 
blind  old  bard  passed  into  a  nightingale 
at  death.     Milton  spoke  of — 

Blind  Thamyris  and  blind  Mxon'ides  Iffomer]. 
Paradise  Lost,  iii.  35- (1665). 

Thaiicmar,  chatelam  of  Bourbourg, 
the  great  enemy  of  Bertulphe  the  provost 
of  Bruges.  (See  PROVOST  OF  Bruges, 
p.  879.) 

Thaumast,  an  English  pundit,  who 
went  to  Paris,  attracted  by  the  rumour 
of  the  great  wisdom  of  PantagVuel.  He 
arranged  a  disputation  with  that  prince, 
to  be  carried  on  solely  by  pantomime, 
without  the  utterance  of  a  single  word. 
Panurge  undertook  the  disputation  for 
the  prince,  and  Pantagruel  was  appointed 
arbiter.  Many  a  knotty  point  in  magic, 
alchemy,  the  cabala,  geomancy,  astrology, 
and  philosophy  was  argued  out  by  signs 
alone,  and  the  Englishman  freely  con- 
fessed himself  fully  satisfied,  for  ' '  Pan- 
urge  had  told  him  even  more  than  he 
had  asked." — Rabelais:  PatitagVuel,  ii. 
19,  20  (1553).  (See  John  and  the 
Abbot,  p.  551.) 

Thaumaturg'a.  Filumena  is  called 
La  Thaumaturge  du  Dixneuviime  Siecle. 
(See  St.  Filumena,  p.  949.) 

Thaumatur  '^s.  ( i )  Gregory  bishop 
of  Neo-Caesarea,  in  Cappadocia,  was  so 
called  on  account  of  his  numerous 
miracles  (212-270). 

(2)  Alexander  of  Hohenlohe  was 
a  worker  of  miracles. 

(3)  Apollgnius  of  Tya'na  "raised 
the  dead,  healed  the  sick,  cast  out  devils, 
freed  a  young  man  from  a  lamia  or 
vampire  of  which  he  was  enamoured, 
uttered  prophecies,  saw  at  Ephesus  the 
assassination  of  Domitian  at  Rome,  and 
filled  the  world  with  the  fame  of  his 
sanctity  "  (a.d.  3-98). — Philostratos :  Life 
of  Apollonius  of  Tyana,  in  eight  books. 

(4)  St,  Bernard  of  Clairvaux  was 
called  "  The  Thauraaturgus  of  the  West  " 
(1091-1153). 

(5)  Francis  d'Assisi  [St.),  founder  of 
the  Franciscan  order  (1182-1226). 

(6)  J.  J.  Gassner  of  Bratz,  in  the 
Tyrol,  exorcised  the  sick  and  cured  their 
diseases  "miraculously"  (1727-1779). 

(7)  Isidore  [St.)  of  Alexandria  (370- 
440). — Damdscius:  Life  of  St.  Isidore 
(sixth  century). 

(8)  Jamblichus,  when  he  prayed,  was 
raised  ten  cubits  from  the  ground,  and 
his  body  and  dress  assumed  the  appear- 
ance of  gold.     At  Gadara  he  drew  from 


THAUMATURGUS  PHYSICUS.    1091 


THEBAID. 


two  fountains  the  guardian  spirits,  and 
showed  them  to  his  disciples. — Eunapius: 
jfamblichus  (fourth  century). 

(9)  Mahomet  "  the  prophet."  (i) 
When  he  ascended  to  heaven  on  Al 
Borak,  the  stone  on  which  he  stepped  to 
mount  rose  in  the  air  as  the  prophet  rose  ; 
but  when  Mahomet  forbade  it  to  follow 
any  further,  it  remained  suspended  in 
mid-air.  (2)  He  took  a  scroll  of  the 
Koran  out  of  a  bull's  horn.  (3)  He 
brought  down  the  moon,  and,  having 
made  it  pass  through  one  sleeve  and  out 
of  the  other,  allowed  it  to  return  to  its 
place  in  heaven. 

(10)  Pascal  {Blaise)  was  a  miracle- 
worker  {1623-1662). 

(it)  Ploti'nus,  the Neo-platonic philo- 
sopher {205-270). — Porphyrius  :  Vita  Plo- 
tini  {a.d.  301). 

{12)  Proclus,  a  Neo-platonic  philo- 
sopher (4T0-485). — Marinus  :  Vita  Prodi 
{fifth  century). 

(13)  SosPiTRA  possessed  the  omni- 
science of  seeing  all  that  was  done  in  every 
part  of  the  whole  world.  —  Eunapius : 
(Edeseus  (fourth  century). 

{14)  Vespasian,  the  Roman  emperor, 
cured  a  bUnd  man  and  a  cripple  by  his 
touch  during  his  stay  at  Alexandria. 

{15)  Vincent  de  Paul,  founder  of 
the  "Sisters  of  Charity,"  was  a  worker 
of  miracles  {1576-1660). 

TliaTimatTirgTis  of  the  West,  St. 

Bernard  of  Clairvaux  {1091-1153). 

TliaTixnattirgus  Pliysicxis,  a  trea- 
tise on  natural  magic,  by  Caspar  Schott 
(1657-9). 

^eaff'enes  and  Cliariclei'a  ( The 

Loves  of),  a  love  story,  in  Greek,  by 
Heliodorus  bishop  of  Trikka  (fourth 
century).  A  charming  fiction,  largely 
borrowed  from  by  subsequent  novelists, 
and  especially  by  Mile,  de  Scuddri, 
Tasso,  Guarini,  and  D'Urf^.  The  tale 
is  this :  Some  Egyptian  brigands  met 
one  morning  on  a  hill  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Nile,  and  saw  a  vessel  laden  with 
stores  lying  at  anchor.  They  also  ob- 
served that  the  banks  of  the  Nile  were 
strewn  with  dead  bodies  and  the  frag- 
ments of  food.  On  further  examination, 
they  beheld  Charicleia  sitting  on  a  rock 
tending  Theaggnfis,  who  lay  beside  her 
severely  wounded.  Some  pirates  had 
done  it,  and  to  them  the  vessel  belonged. 
We  are  then  carried  to  the  house  of 
NausTclfis,  and  there  CalasTris  tells  the 
early  history  of  Charicleia,  her  love  for 


Theagenfis,   and    their    capture    by   the 
pirates. 

Thea'na  (3  syl.)  is  Anne  countess 
of  Warwick. 

Ne  less  praiseworthy  I  Theana  read  .  .  . 
She  Is  the  well  of  bounty  and  brave  mind. 
Excelling  most  in  glory  and  great  light, 
The  ornament  is  she  of  womankind. 
And  court's  chief  garland  with  all  virtues  dight. 
Spenser:  Colin  ClouCs  Come  Hotnt  Again  (1595). 

Thebaid  {The),  a  Latin  epic  poeni 
in  twelve  books,  by  Statius  {about  a 
century  after  Virgil).  Lai'os,  king  of 
Thebes,  was  told  by  an  oracle  that  he 
would  have  a  son,  but  that  his  son  would 
be  his  murderer.  To  prevent  this,  when 
the  son  was  born  he  was  hung  on  a  tree 
by  his  feet,  to  be  devoured  by  wild 
beasts.  The  child,  however,  was  res- 
cued by  some  of  the  royal  servants,  who 
brought  him  up,  and  called  his  name 
CEdlpos,  or  Club-foot,  because  his  feet 
and  ankles  were  swollen  by  the  thongs. 
One  day,  going  to  Thebes,  the  chariot 
of  Laios  nearly  drove  over  the  young 
CEdipos ;  a  quarrel  ensued,  and  Laios  was 
killed.  GEdipos,  not  knowing  whom  he 
had  slain,  went  on  to  Thebes,  and  ere 
long  married  the  widowed  queen  Jocasta, 
not  knowing  that  she  was  his  mother, 
and  by  her  he  had  two  sons  and  two 
daughters.  The  names  of  the  sons  were 
Et'eoclSs  and  Polynicfis.  These  sons,  in 
time,  dethroned  their  father,  and  agreed 
to  reign  alternate  years.  Et66cl6s  reigned 
first,  but  at  the  close  of  the  year  refused 
to  resign  the  crown  to  his  brother,  and 
Polynicfis  made  war  upon  him.  This 
war,  which  occurred  some  forty-two 
years  before  the  siege  of  Troy,  and 
about  the  time  that  DebSrah  was  fighting 
with  SisSra  {Judg.  iv.),  is  the  subject  <5 
the  Thebaid. 

The  first  book  recapitulates  the  history 
given  above,  and  then  goes  on  to  say 
that  Polynicfis  went  straight  to  Argos, 
and  laid  his  grievance  before  king  Adras- 
tos  (bk.  i.).  While  at  Argos,  he  married 
one  of  the  king's  daughters,  and  Tydeus 
the  other.  The  festivities  being  over, 
T}deus  was  sent  to  Thebes  to  claim  the 
throne  for  liis  brother-in-law,  and,  being  in- 
solently dismissed,  denounced  war  against 
Eteoclds.  The  villainous  usurper  sent 
fifty  ruffians  to  fall  on  the  ambassador  on 
his  way  to  Argos,  but  they  were  all  slain, 
except  one,  who  was  left  to  carry  back 
the  news  (bk.  ii.).  When  Tydeus  reached 
Argos,  he  wanted  his  father-in-law  to 
march  at  once  against  Thebes,  but 
Adrastos,  less  impetuous,  made  answer 


THEBAN  BARD. 


1092 


THENOT. 


that  a  great  war  required  time  for  its 
organization.  However,  Kapaneus(3jr>'/.), 
siding  with  Tydeus  [Ti'-duce],  roused  the 
mob  (bk.  iii.),  and  Adrastos  at  once  set 
about  preparations  for  war.  He  placed 
his  army  under  six  chieftains,  viz.  Poly- 
nicSs,  Tydeus,  Amphiaraos,  Kapaneus, 
Parthenopceos,  and  Hippomgdon,  he 
himself  acting  as  commander-in-chief 
(bk.  iv.).  Bks.  v.  and  vi.  describe  the 
march  from  Argos  to  Thebes.  On  the 
arrival  of  the  allied  army  before  Thebes, 
Jocasta  tried  to  reconcile  her  two  sons, 
but,  not  succeeding  in  this,  hostilities 
commenced,  and  one  of  the  chiefs,  named 
Amphiaraos,  was  swallowed  up  by  an 
earthquake  (bk.  vii. ).  Next  day,  Tydeus 
ereatly  distinguished  himself,  but  fell 
(bk.  viii.).  Hippomedon  and  Partheno- 
paeos  were  both  slain  the  day  follow- 
ing (bk.  ix.).  Then  came  the  turn  of 
Kapaneus,  bold  as  a  tiger,  strong  as  a 
giant,  and  a  regular  dare-devil  in  war. 
He  actually  scaled  the  wall,  he  thought 
himself  sure  of  victory,  he  defied  even 
Jove  to  stop  him,  and  was  instantly 
killed  by  a  flash  of  lightning  (bk.  x.). 
PolynicSs  was  now  the  only  one  of  the 
six  remaining,  and  he  sent  to  Eteoclfis  to 
meet  him  in  single  combat.  The  two 
brothers  met,  they  fought  like  lions, 
they  gave  no  quarter,  they  took  no  rest. 
At  length,  EteoclSs  fell,  and  Polynicgs, 
nmning  up  to  strip  him  of  his  arms,  was 
thrust  through  the  bowels,  and  fell  dead 
on  the  dead  body  of  his  brother.  Adras- 
tos now  decamped,  and  returned  to  Argos 
(bk.  xi.).  Creon, .  having  usurped  the 
Theban  crown,  forbade  any  one  on  pain 
of  death  to  bury  the  dead ;  but  when 
Theseus  king  of  Athens  heard  of  this 
profanity,  he  marched  at  once  to  Thebes, 
Creon  died,  and  the  crown  was  given  to 
Theseus  (bk.  xii. ). 

Thebau  Bard  {The),  Theban 
Eagle,  or  Theban  Lyre,  Pindar,  born 
at  Thebes  (b.c.  522-442). 

Ye  that  In  fancied  vision  can  admire 
The  sword  of  Brutus  and  the  Theban  lyre. 

Catnpbell :  Pleasures  0/  Hope,  l  (1799). 

Thecla  {St.),  said  to  be  t)f  noble 
family,  in  Ico'nium,  and  to  have  been 
converted  by  the  apostle  Paul.  She  is 
styled  in  Greek  martyrologies  the  froto- 
tnartyress,  but  the  book  called  The  Acts 
of  Paul  and  Thecla  is  considered  to  be 
apocryphal. 

On  the  selfsame  shelf 
With  the  writings  of  St.  Thecla  herself. 

L^ng/tUovi:  The  Golden  Legend  (1851), 


THekla,  daughter  of  Wallenstein.— 
Schiller,  Wallenstein  (1799). 

Theldme  {Abbey  of),  the  abbey  given 
by  Grangousier  to  friar  John  for  the  aid 
he  rendered  in  the  battle  against  Picro- 
chole  king  of  Lem6.  The  abbey  was 
stored  with  everything  that  could  con- 
tribute to  sensual  indulgence  and  enjoy- 
ment. It  was  the  very  reverse  of  a 
convent  or  monastery.  No  religious 
hypocrites,  no  pettifogging  attorneys, 
no  usurers  were  admitted  within  it ;  but 
it  was  filled  with  gallant  ladies  and 
gentlemen,  faithful  expounders  of  the 
Scriptures,  and  every  one  who  could 
contribute  to  its  elegant  recreations  and 
general  festivity.  Their  only  law  was: 
"Fay  ce  que  Vovldras."— Rabelais: 
Gargantua,  i.  52-57  (1533). 

Theleme,  the  Will  personified.— T*/- 
taire:   Thiltme  and  Macare. 

Tke'ln,  the  female  or  woman. 

And  divers  coloured  trees  and  fresh  arrav  [Aar/r] 
Much  grace  the  town  \heacC],  but  most  the  Tlielu  gayj 
But  all  in  winter  {fid  a^<]  turn  to  snow,  and  soon 
decay. 

P.  FUtcker:  The  PurpU  Island,  ▼.  (1633). 

Themistocles'  Infant  Ruler  of 
tlie  World.    (See  Rulers,  p.  940.) 

Thenot,  an  old  shepherd  bent  with 
age,  who  tells  Cuddy,  the  herdsman's  boy, 
the  fable  of  the  oak  and  the  briar.  An 
aged  oak,  once  a  most  royal  tree,  was 
wasted  by  age  of  its  foliage,  and  stood 
with  bare  head  and  sear  branches.  A 
pert  bramble  grew  hard  by,  and  snubbed 
the  oak,  calling  it  a  cumberer  of  the 
ground.  It  even  complained  to  the  lord 
of  the  field,  and  prayed  him  to  cut  it  down. 
The  request  was  obeyed,  and  the  oak  was 
felled ;  but  now  the  bramble  suffered 
from  the  storm  and  cold,  for  it  had  no 
shelter,  and  the  snow  bent  it  to  the 
ground,  where  it  was  draggled  and  de- 
filed. The  application  is  very  personal. 
Cuddy  is  the  pert,  flippant  bramble,  and 
Thenot  the  hoary  oak ;  but  Cuddy  told 
the  old  man  his  tale  was  long  and  trashy, 
and  bade  him  hie  home,  for  the  sun  was 
set. — Spenser:  Shepheardes  Calendar,  ii. 
(1579)- 

(Thenot  is  introduced  also  in  eel.  iv,, 
and  again  in  eel.  xi.,  where  he  begs 
Colin  to  sing  something;  but  Colin  de- 
clines because  his  mind  is  sorrowing  for 
the  death  of  the  shepherdess  Dido. ) 

The'not,  a  shepherd  who  loved  Corin 
chiefly  for  her  " fidelity"  to  her  deceased 


THEOCRITOS. 


1393 


THEODORUS. 


lover.  When  "the  faithful  shepherdess" 
knew  this,  in  order  to  cure  him  of  his 
passion,  she  pretended  to  return  his  love. 
Thenot  was  so  shocked  to  see  his  charm 
broken  that  he  lost  even  his  respect  for 
Corin,  and  forsook  her. — ^oAn  Fletcher: 
The  Faithful  Shepherdess  (1610). 

Theoc'ritos  (cf  Siracus),  in  Latin 
Theocritus,  a  Greek  bucolic  poet.  His 
poems  (thirty  in  number)  are  called  Idylls, 
or  pictures  of  Sicilian  life,  and  not  like 
Virgil's,  which  are  highly  imaginative 
**  Arcadian  shepherds.'  About  three 
centuries  B.C. 

English  translarions  by  J.  Banks  (1853) ;  Dr.  M.  J. 
Chapman  (the  best) :  C.  S.  Calverley  (1869) ;  F.  Fawkes 
(1761). 

The  Portuguese  Theocritus,  Saadi  di 
Miranda  (1495-1551). 

The    Scotch    Theocritus,   Allan    Ram- 
say, author  of  The  Gentle  Shepherd  [itZs- 
The  Sicilian  Theocritus,  Giovanni  Meli 
of  Palermo,  immortalized  by  his  eclogues 
and  idylls  (1740-1815). 

Theod'ofred,  heir  to  the  Spanish 
throne,  but  incapacitated  from  reigning 
because  he  had  been  blinded  by  Witi'za. 
Theodofred  was  the  son  of  Chindasuintho, 
and  father  of  king  Roderick.  As  Witiza, 
the  usurper,  had  blinded  Theodofred,  so 
Roderick  dethroned  and  blinded  Witiza. 
— Southey:  Roderick,  etc.  (1814). 

N.B. — In  mediaeval  times,  no  one  with 
any  personal  defect  was  allowed  to  reign, 
and  one  of  the  most  ordinary  means  of 
disqualifying  a  prince  for  succeeding  to  a 
throne  was  to  put  out  his  eyes.  Of  course, 
the  reader  will  call  to  mind  the  case 
of  our  own  prince  Arthur,  the  nephew 
of  king  John  ;  and  scores  of  instances 
in  Italian,  French,  Spanish,  German, 
Russian,  and  Scandinavian  history  might 
be  added.    (See  Kingship,  p.  575.) 

Tlieod'omas,  a  famous  trumpeter  at 
the  siege  of  Thebes. 

At  every  court  ther  cam  loud  menstralcye 
That  never  tromped  Joab  for  to  heere, 
Ne  he  Theodomas  yit  half  so  cleere 
At  Thebds,  when  the  cit*  was  in  doute. 
Chaucer:  Canterbury  Tales, ^^9^,  etc.  (1388). 

THeodo'ra,  sister  of  Con  stan  tine  the 
Greek  emperor.  She  entertained  most 
bitter  hatred  against  Rogero  for  slaying 
her  son,  and  vowed  vengeance.  Rogero, 
being  entrapped  in  sleep,  was  confined  by 
her  in  a  dungeon,  and  fed  on  the  bread 
and  water  of  affliction,  but  was  ultimately 
released  by  prince  Leon. — Ariosto : 
Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 


Tlie'odore  (3  syl.),  son  of  general 
Archas  "  the  loyal  subject  "  of  the  great- 
duke  of  Muscovia.  A  colonel,  valorous 
but  impatient. — Fletcher:  The  Loyal 
Subject  \\tx%^ 

The'cdore  (3  syl.)  of  Ravenna,  brave, 
rjch,  honoured,  and  chivalrous.  He  loved 
Honoria  "to madness,"  but  "found small 
favour  in  the  lady's  eyes."  At  length, 
however,  the  lady  relented  and  married 
him.  (See  Honoria,  p.  500.) — Dryden: 
Theodore  and  Honoria  (from  Boccaccio). 

Theodore,  son  of  the  lord  of  Clarinsal, 
and  grandson  of  Alphonso.  His  father 
thought  him  dead,  renounced  the  world, 
and  became  a  monk  of  St.  Nicholas, 
under  the  assumed  name  of  Austin.  By 
chance,  Theodore  was  sent  home  in  a 
Spanish  bark,  and  found  his  way  into 
some  secret  passage  of  the  count's  castle, 
where  he  was  seized  and  taken  before  the 
count.  Here  he  met  the  monk  Austin, 
and  was  made  known  to  him.  He  in- 
formed his  father  of  his  love  for  Adelaide, 
the  count's  daughter,  and  was  then  told 
that  if  he  married  her  he  must  renounce 
his  estates  and  title.  The  case  stood 
thus :  If  he  claimed  his  estates,  he  must 
challenge  the  count  to  mortal  combat, 
and  renounce  the  daughter;  but  if  he 
married  Adelaide,  he  must  forego  his 
rights,  for  he  could  not  marry  the 
daughter  and  slay  his  father-in-law.  The 
perplexity  is  solved  by  the  death  of 
Adelaide,  killed  by  her  father  by  mistake, 
and  the  death  of  the  count  by  his  own 
hand.  — Jephson  :  Count  of  Narbonne 
(1782). 

Theod'orick,  king  of  the  Goths, 
called  by  the  German  minnesingers  Dide- 
rick  of  Bern  (Verona). 

Theodorick  or  "  Alberick  of  Morte- 
mar,"  an  exiled  nobleman,  hermit  of 
Engaddi,  and  an  enthusiast. — Sir  W, 
Scott:  The  Talisman  (time,  Richard  L). 

Tlieodo'rus  [Master),  a  learned  phy- 
sician, employed  by  Ponocratfis  to  cure 
Gargantua  of  his  vicious  habits.  The 
doctor  accordingly  "purged  him  canonic- 
ally  with  Anticyrian  hellebore,  cleansed 
from  his  brain  all  perverse  habits,  and 
made  him  forget  everything  he  had 
learned  of  his  other  preceptors." — Rabe- 
lais: Gargantua,  i.  23  (1533). 

Hellebore  was  made  use  of  to  purge  the  brain,  la 
order  to  fit  it  the  better  for  serious  study. — Pliny: 
Natural HisUry,  xiv.  35  j  Aulus  Gellius,  yttticNishat 
zvii.  15. 


THEODOSIUS. 


1094 


THESEUS, 


Theoclo'sixis,  the  hermit  of  Cappa- 
docia.  He  wrote  the  four  gospels  in 
letters  of  gold  (423-529). 

Theodosius,  who  of  oM, 
Wrote  the  gospels  in  letters  of  gold. 

Loiig/eUoTu  :  The  Golden  Legend  (1831). 

Theophilus  {St.),  of  Adana,  in 
Cilicia  (sixth  century).  He  was  driven 
by  slander  to  sell  his  soul  to  the  devil  on 
condition  that  his  character  was  cleared. 
The  slander  was  removed,  and  no  tongue 
wagged  against  the  thin-skinned  saint. 
Theophilus  now  repented  of  his  bargain, 
and,  after  a  fast  of  forty  days  and  forty 
nights,  was  visited  by  the  Virgin,  who 
bade  him  confess  to  the  bishop.  This  he 
did,  received  absolution,  and  died  within 
three  days  of  brain  fever. — Jacques  de 
Voragine  :  The  Golden  Legends  (thirteenth 
century), 

%  This  is  a  very  stale  trick,  told  of 
many  a  saint.  Southey  has  poetized  one 
of  them  in  his  ballad  of  St.  Basil  or  The 
Sinner  Saved  {1829).  Elgeraon  sold  his 
soul  to  the  devil  on  condition  of  his  pro- 
curing him  Cyra  for  wife.  The  devil 
performed  his  part  of  the  bargain,  but 
Eleemon  called  off,  and  St.  Basil  gave 
him  absolution,    (See  Sinner  Saved,  p. 

lOIO.) 

Tlieopliras'tus  of  Prance  {The), 
Jean  de  la  Bruyere,  author  of  Caractires 
(1646-1696). 

Theresa,  the  miller's  wife,  who 
adopted  and  brought  up  Amina,  the 
orphan, called  "the somnambulist." — Bel- 
lini :  La  Sonnambula  (libretto  by  Scribe, 
1831). 

There'sa,  daughter  of  the  count  pa- 
latine of  PadSlia,  beloved  by  Mazeppa. 
Her  father,  indignant  that  a  mere  page 
should  presume  to  his  daughter's  hand, 
had  Mazeppa  bound  to  a  wild  horse,  and 
set  adrift.  The  subsequent  history  of 
Theresa  is  notrecorded. — Byron:  Mazeppa 
.1819). 

Medora[wt/%fl/<*<  Cersair\,  Neuha[ln  The  Island\, 
(.eila  [in  The  Giaour\  Francesca  [in  The  Siege  of 
Corinth],  and  Theresa,  it  has  been  alleged,  are  but 
children  of  one  familj;,  with  differences  resulting  only 
from  climate  and  circumstance.  —  Finden  ;  Byron 
Beauties. 

There'sa  {Sister),  with  Flora  M'lvor 
at  Carlisle.— 5/>  W.  Scott:  Waverley 
(time,  George  H.). 

Theringe  {Mme.  de),  the  mother  of 
Louise  de  Lascours,  and  grandmother  of 
Diana  de  Lascours  and  Martha  alias 
Orgari'ta  "  the  orphan  of  the  Frozen 
Sc^."— Stirling :  The  Orphan  of  the 
Frozen  Sea  (1856). 


TKermopylse.  When  Xerxes  fa- 
vaded  Greece,  Leonldas  was  sent  with 
300  Spartans,  as  a  forlorn  hope,  to  defend 
the  pass  leading  from  Thessaly  into 
I^cris,  by  which  it  was  thought  the 
Persian  host  would  penetrate  into  south- 
ern Greece.  They  resisted  for  three 
successive  days  the  repeated  attacks  of 
the  most  brave  and  courageous  of  Xerxes' 
army.  The  Persians,  however,  having 
discovered  a  path  over  the  mountains, 
fell  on  Leonidas  in  the  rear,  and  the 
"brave  defenders  of  the  hot-gates  "  were 
cut  to  pieces  (August  7,  B.C.  480). 

Theron,  the  favourite  dog  of  Rode- 
rick the  last  Gothic  king  of  Spain. 
When  the  discrowned  king,  dressed  as  a 
monk,  assumed  the  name  of  "father 
Maccabee,"  although  his  tutor,  mother, 
and  even  Florinda  failed  to  recognize 
him,  Theron  knew  him  at  once,  fawned 
on  him  with  fondest  love,  and  would 
never  again  leave  him  till  the  faithful 
creature  died.  When  Roderick  saw  his 
favourite — 

He  threw  his  arms  around  the  dog,  and  cried, 

"While  tears  streamed  down,  "  Thou,  Theron,  thou  hast 

known 
Thy  poor  lost  master ;  Theron,  none  but  thou  1 " 

Southey  :  Roderick,  etc.,  xv.  (1814). 

Tliersi'tes  (3  syl.),  a  deformed, 
scurrilous  Grecian  chief,  "loquacious, 
loud,  and  coarse."  His  chief  delight  was 
to  inveigh  against  the  kings  of  Greece. 
He  squinted,  halted,  was  gibbous  behind 
and  pinched  before,  and  on  his  tapering 
head  grew  a  few  white  patches  of  starve- 
ling down  {Iliad,  ii.). 

His  brag,  as  ThersTtSs,  with  elbows  abroad. 

Tusser:  Fi-ve  Hundred  Points  of  Good 
Husbandry,  liv.  (1557). 

Tlie'setis  (2  syl),  the  Attic  hero. 
He  induced  the  several  towns  of  Attica 
to  give  up  their  separate  governments 
and  submit  to  a  common  jurisdiction, 
whereby  the  several  petty  chiefdoms 
were  consolidated  into  one  state,  of 
which  Athens  was  the  capital. 

H  Similarly,  the  several  kingdoms  of 
the  Saxon  heptarchy  were  consolidated 
into  one  kingdom  by  Egbert ;  but  in  this 
latter  case,  the  might  of  arms,  and  not 
the  power  of  conviction,  was  the  instru- 
ment employed. 

Theseus,  duke  of  Athens.  On  his 
return  home  after  marrying  Hypollta, 
a  crowd  of  female  suppliants  complained 
to  him  of  Creon  king  of  Thebes.  The 
duke  therefore  set  out  for  Thebes,  slew 
Creon,  and  took  the  city  by  assault. 
Among  the  captives  taken  in   this  siege 


THESPIAN  MAIDS. 


1095   THIEVES  OF  HISTORIC  NOTE. 


were  two  knights,  named  Paiaraon  and 
Arcite,  who  saw  the  duke's  sister  from 
their  dungeon  window,  and  fell  in  love 
with  her.  When  set  at  liberty,  they  told 
their  loves  to  the  duke,  and  Theseus  (2 
ryL)  promised  to  give  the  lady  to  the 
best  man  in  a  single  combat.  Arcite 
overthrew  Palamon,  but  as  he  was  about 
to  claim  the  lady  his  horse  threw  him, 
and  he  died ;  so  Palamon  lost  the  con- 
test, but  won  the  bride. — Chaucer:  Can- 
terbury Tales  ("The  Knight's  Tale," 
1388). 

N.B.— In  classic  story,  Theseus  is 
called  "  king  ;  "  but  Chaucer  styles  him 
' '  duke, "  that  is,  dux, ' '  leader  or  emperor" 
imperator. 

Thes'pian  Maids  [The),  the  rtine 
Muses.  So  called  from  Thes'pia  in 
Boeotia,  near  mount  Helicon,  often  called 
Thespia  Rupes. 

Those  modest   Thespian   maids    thus  to  their  Isis 
sung. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xv.  (1613). 

Tliespi'o,  a  Muse.  The  Muses  were 
called  Thespi'adfis,  from  Thespia,  in 
Boeo'tia,  at  the  foot  of  mount  Helicon. 

Tell  me,  oh,  tell  me  then,  thou  holy  Muse, 
Sacred  Thesplo. 

P.  Fletcher :   The  PurpU  Island,  vL  (1633). 

Thespis,  the  father  of  the  Greek 
drama. 

Thespis,  the  first  professor  of  our  art, 

At  country  wakes  sang  ballads  from  a  cart 

Dryden:  Prologue  to  Sophoiiisba  (1729), 

Tkes'tylis,  a  female  slave ;  any 
rustic  maiden. — Theocrttos  :  Idylls. 

With  Thestylis  to  bind  the  sheaves. 

Milton  :  VAllesrro  {1638). 

Thet'is,  mother  of  Achillas.  She 
was  a  sea-nymph,  daughter  of  Nereus 
the  sea-god. — Grecian  Story. 

Theuerdauk,  a  sobriquet  of  kaiser 
Maximilian  I.  of  Germany  (1459,  1493- 
1519)- 

Tliey  will  never  cut  off  my 
head  to  make  you  Kin^.  So  said 
Charles  II.  to  his  brother,  the  duke  of 
York,  who  urged  his  brother  Charles  to 
be  more  discreet  in  his  conduct.  Of 
course,  he  alluded  to  the  decapitation  of 
his  father. 

Thiebalt,  a  Proven9al,  one  of 
Arthur's  escorts  to  K\x.—Sir  IV.  Scott: 
Anne  of  Geier stein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Thiers  [Monsieur).  His  nicknames 
were  "  Attila  le  Petit,"  "  Tamerlan  k 
lunettes,"  "Cam^l^on,"  "General Bonne," 
and  "  Le  roi  de  Versailleux." 


Thieves  [The  Two).  The  penitent 
thief  crucified  with  Jesus  has  been  called 
by  sundry  names,  as  Demas,  Dismas, 
Titus,  Matha,  and  Vicimus. 

The  impenitent  thief  has  been  called 
Gestas,  Dumachas,  Joca,  and  Justinus. 

In  the  Apocryphal  Gospel  of  Nicodemus 
the  former  is  called  Dysmas  and  the 
latter  Gestas.  In  the  Story  of  Joseph  of 
Arimathea  the  former  is  called  Demas 
and  the  latter  Gestas.     (See  TiTUS. } 

Thieves  [His  ancestors  proved).  It  is 
sir  Walter  Scott  who  wrote  and  proved 
his  "ancestors  were  thieves,"  in  the  Lay 
of  the  Last  Minstrel,  iv.  9. 

A  modem  author  s[>ends  a  hundred  leaves 
To  prove  his  ancestors  notorious  thieves. 

The  Town  BclogU€. 

Thieves  Screened.  It  is  said  of 
Edward  the  Confessor  that  one  day,  while 
lying  on  his  bed  for  his  afternoon's  nap, 
a  courtier  stole  into  his  chamber,  and, 
seeing  the  king's  casket,  helped  himself 
freely  from  it.  He  returned  a  second  time, 
and  on  his  third  entrance,  Edward  said, 
"Be  quick,  or  Hugoline  (the  chamber- 
lain) will  see  you."  The  courtier  was 
scarcely  gone,  when  the  chamberlain 
entered  and  instantly  detected  the  theft 
The  king  said,  "  Never  mind,  Hugoline; 
the  fellow  who  has  taken  it  no  doubt  has 
greater  need  of  it  than  either  you  or  I,"' 
(Reigned  1042-1066.) 

^  Several  similar  anecdotes  are  told  ot 
Robert  the  Pious  of  France.  At  one 
time  he  saw  a  man  steal  a  silver  candle- 
stick off  the  altar,  and  said,  "Friend 
Ogger,  run  for  your  life,  or  you  will  be 
found  out."  At  another  time,  one  of  the 
twelve  poor  men  in  his  train  cut  off  a  rich 
gold  pendant  from  the  royal  robe,  and 
Robert,  turning  to  the  man,  said  to  him, 
"  Hide  it  quickly,  friend,  before  any  one 
sees  it."     (Reigned  996-1031.) 

^  The  following  is  told  of  two  or  three 
kings,  amongst  others  of  Ludwig  the 
Pious,  who  had  a  very  overbearing  wife. 
A  beggar  under,  the  table,  picking  up  the 
crumbs  which  the  king  let  down,  cut  oflf 
the  gold  fringe  of  the  royal  robe,  and  the 
king  whispered  to  him,  "  Take  care  the 
queen  doesn't  see  you." 

Thieves  of  Historic  Note. 

(i)  Autol'ycos,  son  of  Herm6s  ;  a  very 
prince  of  thieves.  He  had  the  power  of 
changing  the  colour  and  shape  of  stolen 
goods,  so  as  to  prevent  their  being  recog- 
nized.— Greek  Fable. 

(2)  Barlow  {Jimmy),  immortahzed 
by  the  ballad-song— 


THIEVES  OF  HISTORIC  NOTE.    1096  THIEVES  OF  HISTORIC  NOTE. 


Vy  name  it  is  Jimmy  Barlow ; 

1  was  born  in  tlie  town  of  Carlow ; 

And  here  I  lie  in  Maryboro'  jail, 

All  for  the  robbing  of  the  Dublin  maU. 

(3)  Cartouche,  the  Dick  Turpin  of 
France  (eighteenth  century). 

(4)  CoTTiNGTON  [John),  in  the  time  of 
the  Commonwealth,  who  emptied  the 
pockets  of  Oliver  Cromwell  when  lord 
protector,  stripped  Charles  II.  of  ;^i5oo, 
and  stole  a  watch  and  chain  from  lady 
Fairfax. 

(5)  Duval  [Claude],  a  French  high- 
wayman, noted  for  his  gallantry  and 
daring  (*-i67o).  (See  below,  "James 
Whitney,"  who  was  a  very  similar 
character.) 

(Alexander  Dumas  has  a  novel  entitled 
Claude  Duval,  and  Miss  Robinson  has 
introduced  him  in  White  Friars. ) 

(6)  Frith  [Mary),  usually  called 
••  Moll  Cut  purse."  She  had  the  honour 
of  robbing  general  Fairfax  on  Hounslow 
Heath.  Mary  Frith  lived  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  I.,  and  died  at  the  age  of  75 
years. 

(Nathaniel  Field  has  introduced  Mary 
Frith,  and  made  merry  with  some  of  her 
pranks,  in  his  comedy  A  mends  for  Ladies, 
1618.) 

(7)  Galloping  Dick,  executed  in 
Aylesbury  in  1800. 

(8)  Grant  [Captain),  the  Irish  high- 
wayman, executed  at  Maryborough  in 
1816. 

(9)  Greenwood  [Samuel),  executed 
at  Old  Bailey  in  1822. 

(10)  Hassan,  the  "Old  Man  of  the 
Mountain,"  once  the  terror  of  Europe. 
He  was  chief  of  the  Assassins  (1056- 
1124). 

(11)  Hood  [Robin),  and  his  "merry 
men  all,"  of  Sherwood  Forest.  Famed 
in  song,  drama,  and  romance.  Probably 
he  lived  in  the  reign  of  Richard  Coeur  de 
Lion. 

(Sir  W.  Scott  has  introduced  him  both 
in  The  Talisman  and  in  Ivanhoe.  Stow 
has  recorded  the  chief  incidents  of  his  life 
(see  under  the  year  1213),  Ritson  has 
compiled  a  volume  of  ballads  respecting 
him.  Drayton  has  given  a  sketch  of  him 
in  the  Polyolbion,  xxvi.  The  following 
are  dramas  on  the  same  outlaw,  viz.  : — 
The  Playe  of  Robyn  Hode,  very  proper  to 
be  played  in  Maye  games  (fifteenth  cen- 
tury) ;  Skelton,  at  the  command  of  Henry 
'  VIII.,  wrote  a  drama  called  The  Down- 
fall of  Robert  Earl  of  Huntington  (about 
1520)  ;  The  Downfall  of  Robert  earl  of 
Huntington,   by   Munday    (1597) ;    The 


Death  of  Robert  Earle  of  Huntington, 
otherwise  called  Robin  Hood  of  Merrie 
Sherwodde,  by  H.  Chettle  (1598).  Chettle's 
drama  is  in  reality  a  continuation  of 
Munday's,  like  the  two  parts  of  Shake- 
speare's plays,  Henry  IV.  and  Henry  V, 
Robin  Hoods  Penn'orths,  a  play  by  Wm. 
Haughton  (1600) ;  Robin  Hood  and  His 
Pastoral  May  Games  (1624),  Robin  Hood 
and  His  Crew  of  Soldiers  (1627),  both 
anonymous ;  The  Sad  Shepherd  or  a  Tale 
of  Robin  Hood  (unfinished),  B.  Jonson 
(1637);  Robin  Hood,  an  opera  (1730); 
Robin  Hood,  an  opera  by  Dr.  Arne  and 
Burney  (1741) ;  Robin  Hood,  a  musical 
farce  (1751) ;  Robin  Hood,  a  comic  opera 
(1784)  ;  Robin  Hood,  an  opera  by 
O'Keefe,  music  by  Shield  (1787) ;  Robin 
Hood,  by  Macnally  (before  1820).  Sheri- 
dan began  a  drama  on  the  same  subject, 
which  he  called  The  Foresters. ) 

(12)  Periphe'tes  (4  syl),  of  ArgQIis^ 
surnamed  "  The  Club-Bearer,"  because 
he  used  to  kill  his  victims  with  an  iron 
club. — Grecian  Story. 

(13)  Procrustes  (3  syl.),  a  famous 
robber  of  Attica.  His  real  name  was 
Polypemon  or  Damast^s,  but  he  received 
the  sobriquet  of  Procrustes  or  "The 
Stretcher,"  from  his  practice  of  placing 
all  victims  that  fell  into  his  hands  on  a 
certain  bedstead.  If  the  victim  was  too 
short  to  fit  it,  he  stretched  the  limbs  to 
the  right  length  ;  if  too  long,  he  lopped 
off  the  redundant  part. — Grecian  Story. 

(14)  Rea  (  William),  executed  at  Old 
Bailey  in  1828. 

(15)  Sheppard  [Jack),  an  ardent,  reck- 
less, generous  youth,  wholly  unrivalled  as 
a  thief  and  burglar.  His  father  was  a 
carpenter  in  Spitalfields.  Sentence  of 
death  was  passed  on  him  in  August, 
1724  ;  but  when  the  warders  came  to  take 
him  to  execution,  they  found  he  had 
escaped.  He  was  apprehended  in  the 
following  October,  and  again  made  his 
escape.  A  third  time  he  was  caught,  and 
in  November  suffered  death.  Certainly 
one  of  the  most  popular  burglars  that  ever 
lived  (1701-1724). 

(Daniel  Defoe  made  Jack  Sheppard 
the  hero  of  a  romance  in  1724,  and  H. 
Ainsworth  in  1839.) 

(16)  Sinis,  a  Corinthian  highwaynmn, 
surnamed  "The  Pine-Bender,"  from  his 
custom  of  attaching  the  limbs  of  bis 
victims  to  two  opposite  pine  trees  forcibly 
bent  down.  Immediately  the  pine  trees 
were  released,  they  bounded  back,  tearing 
the  victim  limb  from  linib. — Grecian 
Story. 


THINK. 


1097 


THIRTEEN  UNLUCKY. 


(17)  Ter'meros.  a  robber  of  Pelopon- 
nesos,  who  killed  his  victims  by  cracking 
their  skulls  against  his  own. 

(18)  TURPIN  (Dui),  a  noted  highway- 
man (1711-1739).  His  ride  to  York  [not 
historic]  is  described  by  H.  Ainsworth  in 
his  Rookwood  (1834). 

(19)  Whitney  {James),  the  last  of  the 
"  gentlemanly  "  highwaymen.  He  prided 
himself  on  being  "  the  glass  of  fashion, 
and  the  mould  of  form."  Executed  at 
Porter's  Block,  near  Smithfield  (1660- 
1694). 

(20)  Wild  [Jonathan),  a  cool,  calcu- 
lating, heartless  villain,  with  the  voice  of 
a  Stentor.  He  was  bom  at  Wolverhamp- 
ton, in  Staffordshire,  and,  like  Sheppard, 
was  the  son  of  a  carpenter.  Unlike 
Sheppard,  this  cold-blooded  villain  was 
universally  execrated.  He  was  hanged 
at  Tyburn  {1682-1725). 

(Defoe  made  Jonathan  Wild  the  hero 
of  a  romance  in  1725  ;  Fielding  in  1744. ) 

Think  {^Cogito  ergo  sum].  This  was 
the  unphilosophical  axiom  of  Descartes. 

Of  course  he  assumes  what  he  ought  to  prove.  He 
assumes  the  existence  of  a  thinker,  and  then  sajrs  his 
existing  being  exists.  He  might  just  m  well  say  a  tree 
is  green,  a  rose  is  red,  sugar  is  sweet,  therefore  these 
things  exist. 

'.•  "  Higher  than  himself  can  no  man 
think  "  was  the  saying  of  ProtagQras. 

Therefore  eternity,  omnipotence,  deity,  etc,  are 
mthinkable  subjects. 

Thinks  I  to  Myself,  a  novel  by 
Nares  (good),  1811. 

Third  Pounder  of  Rome  (The), 
Caius  Marius.  He  was  so  called  because 
lie  overthrew  the  multitudinous  hordes  of 
Cambrians  and  Teutongs  who  came  to 
lick  up  the  Romans  as  the  oxen  of  the 
field  lick  up  grass  (B.C.  102). 

(The  first  founder  was  Romulus,  and 
the  second  Camillus. ) 

Thirsil  and  Thelgfon,  two  gentle 
swains  who  were  kinsmen.  Thelgon 
exhorts  Thirsil  to  wake  his  "too  long 
sleeping  Muse  ;  "  and  Thirsil,  having  col- 
iected  the  nymphs  and  shepherds  around 
him,  sang  to  them  the  song  of  T/te 
Purple  Island.— Phineas  Fletcher:  The 
Purple  Island,  i.,  11.  (1633). 

Thirsty  [The),  Colman  Itadach,  sur- 
iiamed  '*  The  Thirsty,"  was  a  monk  of  the 
rule  of  St.  Patrick.  Itadach,  in  strict 
observance  of  St.  Patrick's  rule,  refused 
to  quench  his  thirst  in  the  hot  harvest- 
field,  and  died  in  consequence. 


Thirteen   Precious  Thingrs  of 

Britain. 

( 1 )  Dyrnwyn  (the  sword  of  Rhydderch 
Hael).  If  any  man  except  Hael  drew 
this  blade,  it  burst  into  a  flame  from 
point  to  hilt. 

(2)  The  Basket  of  Gwyddno 
Garanhir.  If  food  for  one  man  were 
put  therein,  it  muUiplied  till  it  sufficed 
for  a  hundred. 

(3)  The  Horn  of  Bran  Galed,  in 
which  was  always  found  the  very 
beverage  that  each  drinker  most  desired. 

(4)  The  Platter  of  Rhegynydd 
YSGOLHAIG,  which  always  contained  the 
very  food  that  the  eater  most  liked. 

(s)  The  Chariot  of  Morgan 
MwYNVAWR.  Whoever  sat  therein  was 
transported  instantaneously  to  the  place 
he  wished  to 'go  to. 

(6)  The  Halter  of  Clydno  Eiddyn. 
Whatever  horse  he  wished  for  was  always 
found  therein.  It  hung  on  a  staple  at 
the  foot  of  his  bed. 

(7)  The  Knife  of  Llawfrodded 
Farchawg,  which  would  serve  twenty- 
four  men  simultaneously  at  any  meal. 

(8)  The  Caldron  of  Tyrnog.  If 
meat  were  put  in  for  a  brave  man,  it  was 
cooked  instantaneously  ;  but  meat  for  a 
coward  wculd  never  get  boiled  therein. 

(9)  The  Whetstone  of  Tudwal 
TuDCLUD.  If  the  sword  of  a  brave  man 
was  sharper.ed  thereon,  its  cut  was  certain 
death  ;  but  if  of  a  coward,  the  cut  was 
harmless. 

(10)  The  Robe  of  Padarn  Beisrudd, 
which  fitted  every  one  of  gentle  birth, 
but  no  churl  could  wear  it.  - 

(11)  The  Mantle  of  Tegau  Eur- 
VRON,  which  only  fitted  ladies  whose 
conduct  was  irreproachable. 

(12)  The  Mantle  of  king  Arthur, 
which  could  be  worn  or  used  as  a  carpet, 
and  whoever  wore  it  or  stood  on  it  was 
invisible.  This  mantle  or  carpet  was 
called  Gwen. 

N.B. — The  ring  of  Luned  rendered 
the  wearer  invisible  so  long  as  the  stone 
of  it  was  concealed. 

(13)  The  Chessboard  of  Gwendo- 
len. When  the  men  were  placed  upon 
it  they  played  of  themselves.  The  board 
was  of  gold,  and  the  men  silver. —  Welsh 
Romance. 

Thirteen  Unlucky.  It  is  said 
that  it  is  unlucky  for  thirteen  persons  to 
sit  down  to  dinner  at  the  same  table, 
because  one  of  the  number  will  die  before 
the  year  is  out.    This  silly  superstition  is 


THIRTY. 


1098  THOMAS  AND  FAIR  ELLINOR. 


very  ancient,  but  in  Christian  countries 
has  been  confirmed  by  the  "Last  Sup- 
per," when  Christ  and  His  twelve 
disciples  sat  at  meat  together.  Jesus,  of 
course,  was  crucified  ;  and  Judas  Iscariot 
hanged  himself. 

If  At  a  banquet' in  the  Valhalla,  Loki 
once  intruded,  making  up  thirteen,  and 
Baldur  was  slain.  (This  is  a  mere 
allegory.) 

Any  odd  number  of  mixed  guests  at  a  dinner-table 
must  be  awkward  to  seat ;  but  certainly  there  would 
be  a  greater  lilcelihood  of  one  dying  before  the  close  of 
the  year  with  fourteen  than  with  thirteen  guests. 

Thirty  ( The).  So  the  Spartan  senate 
established  by  Lycurgos  was  called. 

Similarly,  the  Venetian  senate  was 
called  "The  Forty." 

Thirty  Tyrants  {The).  So  the 
governors  appointed  by  Lysander  the 
Spartan  over  Athens  were  called  (B.C. 
404).  They  continued  in  power  only 
eight  months,  when  Thrasybulos  deposed 
them  and  restored  the  republic. 

"  The  Thirty "  put  more  people  to  death  In  eigbt 
months  of  peace  than  the  enemy  had  done  in  a  war  of 
thirty  years. — Xcnofhon. 

Thirty  Tyrants  of  Rome  [The), 
a  fanciful  name,  applied  by  Trebellius 
Pollio  to  a  set  of  adventurers  who  tried 
to  make  themselves  masters  of  Rome  at 
sundry  times  between  A.  D.  260  and  267. 

The  number  was  not  thirty,  and  the 
analogy  between  them  and  ' '  The  Thirty 
Tyrants  of  Athens "  is  scarcely  percep- 
tible. 

Thirty  Years'  War  \The\  a 
series  of  wars  between  the  protestants 
and  catholics  of  Germany,  terminated  by 
the  "Peace  of  Westphalia."  The  war 
arose  thus :  The  emperor  of  Austria 
interfered  in  the  struggle  between  the 
protestants  and  catholics,  by  depriving 
the  protestants  of  Bohemia  of  their 
religfious  privileges ;  in  consequence  of 
which  the  protestants  flew  to  arms. 
After  the  contest  had  been  going  on  for 
some  years,  Richelieu  joined  the  protest- 
ants (1635),  not  from  any  love  to  their 
cause,  but  solely  to  humiliate  Austria  and 
Spain  (161 8-1648). 

H  The  Peloponnesian  war  between 
Athens  and  Sparta  is  called  "  The  Thirty 
Years'  War"  (b.C.  404-431). 

Thisbe  {2  syl.),  a  beautiful  Baby- 
lonian maid,  beloved  by  Pyramus,  her 
.  next-door  neighbour.  As  their  parents 
forbade  their  marriage,  they  contrived  to 
hold  intercourse  with  each  other  through 
a  chink  in  the  garden  walL  Once  they 
agreed  to  meet  at  the  tomb  of  Ninus. 


Thisb6  was  the  first  at  the  trysting-place, 
but,  being  scared  by  a  lion,  took  to  fligbtg 
and  accidentally  dropped  her  robe,  which 
the  lion  tore  and  stained  with  blood. 
Pyramus,  seeing  the  blood-stained  robe; 
thought  that  the  lion  had  eaten  ThisbS, 
and  so  killed  himself.  When  Thisb$  re- 
turned and  saw  her  lover  dead,  she  killed 
herself  also.  Shakespeare  has  burlesqued 
this  pretty  tale  in  his  Midsummer  Night' i 
Dream  (1592). 

Thom'alin,  a  shepherd  who  laughed 
to  scorn  the  notion  of  love,  but  was 
ultimately  entangled  in  its  wiles.  He 
tells  Willy  that  one  day,  hearing  a 
rustling  in  a  bush,  he  discharged  an 
arrow,  when  up  flew  Cupid  into  a  tree. 
A  battle  ensued  between  them,  and  when 
the  shepherd,  having  spent  all  his  arrows, 
ran  away,  Cupid  shot  him  in  the  heel. 
Tiiomalin  did  not  much  heed  the  wound 
at  first,  but  soon  it  festered  inwardly  and 
rankled  daily  more  and  more. — Spenser  : 
Shepheardes  Calendar,  iii.  (1579). 

N.B. — Thomalin  is  again  introduced  in 
eel.  vii.,  when  he  inveighs  against  the 
catholic  priests  in  general,  and  the  shep- 
herd Palinode  (3  syl.)  in  particular. 
This  eclogue  could  not  have  been  written 
before  1578,  as  it  refers  to  the  seques- 
tration of  Grindal  archbishop  of  Canter' 
bury  in  that  year. 

Thomas  (Monsieur),  the  fellow- 
traveller  of  Val  entine.  Valentine's  niece 
Mary  is  in  love  with  him. — Fletcher: 
Mons.  Thomas  (1619). 

Thomas  [Sir),  a  dogmatical,  prating, 
self-sufficient  squire,  whose  judgments 
are  but  "justices'  ']usi\cQ."—Crabbe  : 
Borough,  X.  (1810). 

Thomas  a  Kempis,  the  pseudo- 
nym of  Jean  Charlier  de  Gerson  (1363- 
1429).  Some  say,  of  Thomas  Hammerlein 
of  Kempen,  an  Augustan  (1380-1471). 

Thomas  and  Pair  EUinor  {Lord), 
a  ballad  (author  and  date  unknown). 
Lord  Thomas  greatly  loved  the  fair 
EUinor,  but  married  a  wealthy  "brown 
maid,"  and  EUinor  went  to  the  wedding. 
Lord  Thomas  said  to  her  that  he  "  loved 
her  little  finger  better  than  he  loved  his 
bride's  whole  body  ;  "  whereupon  the 
bride  stabbed  EUinor  with  a  penknife  to 
the  heart ;  lord  Thomas  then  cut  off  the 
head  of  his  bride,  and  fell  upon  his  own 
sword.    And 

There  never  three  lovers  together  did  mete 
That  sooner  again  did  parte. 

Ptrcy :  Religues,  series  iii.  bk.  x.  No.  ij 


THOMAS  THE  RHYMER.         1099 


THOUGHTFUU 


IT  "  Lord  Thomas  and  lady  Annet " 
and  "  Margaret  and  sweet  William  "  are 
very  similar  ballads. 

Thomas  the  Rhymer  or  "  Thomas 
of  Erceldoun,"  an  ancient  Scottish  bard. 
His  name  was  Thomas  Learmont,  and  he 
lived  in  the  days  of  Wallace  (thirteenth 
century). 

This  personage,  the  Merlin  of  Scotland,  .  .  .  was  a 
magician  as  well  as  a  poet  and  prophet.  He  is  alleged 
still  to  be  livinj:  in  the  land  of  Faery,  and  is  expected  to 
return  at  sojne  great  convulsion  of  society,  in  which  he  is 
to  act  a  distinguished  part.— 5»>  IV.  Scott:  CastU 
Dangerous  (time,  Henry  I.). 

N.B. — If  Thomas  the  Rhymer  lived  in 
the  thirteenth  century,  it  is  an  ana- 
chronism to  allude  to  him  in  Castle 
Dangerous,  the  plot  of  which  novel  is 
laid  in  the  twelfth  centuiy. 

(Thomas  the  Rhymer,  and  Thomas 
Rymer  are  totally  different  persons. 
The  latter  was  an  historiographer,  who 
compiled  The  Fcedera,  1638-1713.) 

Thopas  [Sir),  a  native  of  Poperyng, 
in  Flanders  ;  a  capital  sportsman,  archer, 
wrestler,  and  runner.  Sir  Thopas  re- 
solved to  marry  no  one  but  an  "elf- 
queen,"  and  accordingly  started  for  Faery- 
land.  On  his  way  he  met  the  three- 
headed  giant  Olifaunt,  who  challenged 
him  to  single  combat.  Sir  Thopas  asked 
permission  to  go  for  his  armour,  and 
promised  to  meet  the  giant  next  day. 
Here  mine  host  broke  in  with  the  ex- 
clamation, "  Intolerable  stuff  1 "  and  the 
story  was  left  unfinished.  —  Chaucer: 
Canterbury  Tales  ("  The  Rime  of  sir 
Thopas,"  1388). 

Thor,  eldest  son  of  Odin  and  Frigga ; 
strongest  and  bravest  of  the  gods.  He 
launched  the  thunder,  presided  over  the 
air  and  the  seasons,  and  protected  man 
from  lightning  and  evil  spirits. 

His  lui/e  was  Sif  ("  love  "]. 
His  chariot -913.5  drawn  by  two  he-goats. 
His  mace  or  hammer  was  called  Mjolner. 
His  belt  was  Megingyard.    Whenever  he  put  it  on 
his  strength  was  doubled. 

Hlsfinlace  was  Thrudvangr.    It  contained  540  halls. 
Thursday  is  Thor's  day, — Scandinavian  Mythology. 

(The  word  means  '  'Refuge  from  terror." 
See  DONAR,  p.  292.) 

Thoreshy  (Broad),  one  of  the 
troopers  under  Fitzurse. — Sir  IV.  Scott: 
Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Thorn Tierry  (Job),  a  brazier  in 
Penzance.  He  was  a  blunt  but  kind 
man,  strictly  honest,  most  charitable, 
*nd  doting  on  his  daughter  Mary.  Job 
Thornberry  is  called  "John  Bull,"  and  is 
meant  to  be  a  type  of  a  genuine  English 
tradesman,  unsophisticated  by  cant  and 


foreign  matters,  He  failed  in  busincM 
'  through  the  treachery  of  a  friend  ; "  but 
Peregrine,  to  whom  he  had  lent  ten 
guineas,  returning  from  Calcutta,  after 
an  absence  of  thirty  years,  gave  him 
;^io,ooo,  which  he  said  his  loan  had 
grown  to  by  honest  trade. 

Mary  Thornberry,  his  daughter,  in  love 
with  Frank  Rochdale,  son  and  heir  of  sir 
Simon  Rochdale,  whom  ultimately  she 
married. — Colman:  John  Bull  (1805). 

Thomhaugh  (Colonel),  an  officer  in 
Cromwell's  army. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Wood- 
stock (time.  Commonwealth). 

Thornhill  (Sir  William),  alias  Mr. 
Burchell,  about  30  years  of  age.  Most 
generous  and  most  whimsical,  most  bene- 
volent and  most  sensitive.  Sir  William 
was  the  landlord  of  Dr.  Primrose,  the 
vicar  of  Wakefield.  After  travelling 
through  Europe  on  foot,  he  had  returned 
and  lived  incognito.  In  the  garb  and 
aspect  of  a  pauper,  Mr,  Burchell  is  intro- 
duced to  the  vicar  of  Wakefield.  Twice 
he  rescued  his  daughter  Sophia — once 
when  she  was  thrown  from  her  horse  into 
a  deep  stream,  and  once  when  she  was 
abducted  by  squire  Thornhill.  Ultimately 
he  married  her. — Goldsmith  :  The  Vicar 
of  Wakefield  (1766). 

Thornhill  (Squire),  nephew  of  sir 
William  Thornhill.  He  enjoyed  a  large 
fortune,  but  was  entirely  dependent  on  his 
uncle.  He  was  a  sad  libertine,  who 
abducted  both  the  daughters  of  Dr. 
Primrose,  and  cast  the  old  vicar  into  jail 
for  rent  after  the  entire  loss  of  his  tiouse, 
money,  furniture,  and  books  by  fire. 
Squire  Thornhill  tried  to  impose  upon 
Olivia  Primrose  by  a  false  marriage,  but 
was  caught  in  his  own  trap,  for  the 
marriage  proved  to  be  legal  in  every 
respect.  —  Goldsmith  :  The  Vicar  of 
Wakefield  (1766). 

This  worthy  citizen  abused  the  aristocracy  much  on 
the  same  principle  as  the  fair  Olivia  depreciated  squire 
Thornhill ;— he  had  a  sneaking  affection  for  what  he 
abused.— Z.or</  Lytton. 

Thornton  (Captain),  an  English 
officer.— 5i>  W.  Scott:  Rob  Roy  (time, 
George  I.). 

Thornton  (Cyril),  the  hero  and  title 
of  a  novel  of  military  adventure,  by  cap- 
tain Thomas  Hamilton  (1827). 

Thorough  Doctor  ( The).  William 
Varro  was  called  Doctor  Funddtus  (thir- 
teenth century). 

ThoughtfiQ      {Father),      Nicholas 


THOUGHTLESS. 


iioo      THREE  A  DIVINE  NUMBER. 


Cat'inet,  a  marshal  of  France.  So  called 
by  his  soldiers  for  his  cautious  and 
thoughtful  pohcy  (1637-1712). 

Thoughtless  (Miss  Betty),  a  vir- 
tuous, sensible,  and  amiable  young  lady, 
utterly  regardless  of  the  conventionalities 
of  society,  and  wholly  ignorant  of  eti- 
quette. She  is  consequently  for  ever 
involved  in  petty  scrapes  most  mortifying 
to  her  sensitive  mind.  Even  her  lover  is 
alarmed  at  her  gaucherie,  and  deliberates 
whether  such  a  partner  for  life  is  de- 
sirable.— Mrs.  Heywood :  Miss  Betty 
Thoughtless  (1697-1758). 

(Mrs.  Heywood's  novel  evidently  sug- 
gested the  Evelina  of  Miss  Burney, 
1778.) 

Thoulonse  [Raymond  count  of),  one 
of  the  crusading  princes. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Count  Robert  0/  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Thousand  and  One  Days  (The), 
the  Persian  Tales,  first  published  at 
Paris  in  five  vols.  (1710-12) ;  published  in 
London  in  two  vols.  (1892).  They  are 
said  to  be  French  imitations  of  the 
Arabian  Nights.  This  has  been  dis- 
proved by  W.  C.  Clouston  (see  Notes 
and  Queries,  January  26,  1895,  p.  63, 
etc. ).  The  truth  is  the  other  way — Mon. 
Petis  de  la  Croix  translated  the'  Persian 
Tales  into  French, 

Thousand  and  One  Nig^hts  ( The), 

"The  Arabian  Nights'  Tales,"  at  one 
time  supposed  to  be  the  inventions  of 
Mon.  Galland  ;  but  now  proved  (by  Mon. 
Zotemberg)  to  be  genuine  Arabic,  as  the 
original  MSS.  have  been  discovered,  and 
the  MSS.  have  been  safely  deposited  in 
the  National  Library  of  Paris. 

1  haye  in  my  library  four  vols.,  each  of  about  500  pp., 
called  Continuations  0/  the  Arabian  Nights,  trans- 
lated by  Dom  Chuvis  and  Mon.  Cazotte  from  the 
Arabian  MS.  into  French,  and  translated  into  English 
in  1792. 

Thraso,  a  bragging,  swaggering 
captain,  the  Roman  Bobadil  (q.v.). — 
Terence:  The  Eunuch  (a.h.  162). 

Thraso,  duke  of  Mar,  one  of  the  allies 
of  Charlemagne. — Ariosto  :  Orlando 
Furioso  (1516). 

Threadneedle  Street  (London),  a 
corruption  of  Thryddamen  or  Thryddenal 
Street,  i.e.  the  third  street  from  Cheap- 
»ide.     (Anglo-Saxon, />4r»</i/a,  "third.") 

Three. 

(i|  A  Divine  number  (Subordinates). 
(2/  A  symbolic  number. 
{3)  Miscellaneous. 


(i)  Three  a  Divine  Number,    (i) 

Pythagoras  calls  three  the  perfect  number, 
expressive  of  "  beginning,  middle,  and 
end,"  and  he  makes  it  a  symbol  of  deity. 

(2)  American  Indians  :  Otkon 
(creator),  Messou  (providence),  Atahuata 
(the  Logos). 

(Called  Otkon  by  the  Iroquois,  and 
Otkee  by  the  Virginians. ) 

(3)  Armorica.  The  korrigans  or  fays 
of  Armorica  are  three  times  three. 

(4)  Brahmins  :  Brahma,  Vishnu, 
Siva. 

(5)  Buddhists  :  Buddha,  Annan 
Sonsja,  Rosia  Sonsja. 

(These  are  the  three  idols  seen  in 
Buddhist  temples ;  Buddha  stands  in  the 
middle. ) 

(6)  Christians  :  The  Father,  the  Son 
(the  Logos),  the  Holy  Ghost  or  Spirit. 

(When,  in  creation,  the  earth  was  with- 
out form  and  void,  "  the  Spirit  moved 
over  the  face,"  and  put  it  into  order.) 

(7)  Egyptians  (Ancient).  Almost 
each  nome  had  its  own  triad,  but  the 
most  general  were  Osiris,  Isis,  Horus ; 
Piicton,  Cneph  (creator),  Phtha.— 
yamblichus. 

_  (8)  Etruscans.  Their  college  con- 
sisted of  three  times  three  gods. 

Lars  Porsena  of  Clusiutn, 

By  the  nine  gods  he  swore 
That  the  great  house  of  Tarquln 
Should  suffer  wrong  no  more. 

Macaulay  :  Lays  of  Ancient  Roiiie 
("  Horatius,"  1842). 

(9)  Kamtschadales  :  Koutkhou 
(creator  of  heaven),  Kouhttigith,  his 
sister  (creator  of  earth),  Outleigin 
(creator  of  ocean). 

(10)  Parsees  :  Ahura  (the  creator), 
Vohu  Mano  ("entity"),  Akem  Mano 
("  nonentity"). 

(11)  Persians  :  Oromasd^s  or  Oro^ 
mazSs  (the  good  principle),  ArimanSs 
(the  evil  principle),  Mithras  (fecundity). 

(Others  give  ZervanS  (god  the  father)^ 
and  omit  Mithras  from  the  trinity.) 

(12)  Peruvians  (Ancient) :  Pachama 
(goddess  mother),  Virakotcha  ( =  Jupiter), 
Mamakotcha  ( =  Neptune).  They  called 
their  trinity  "Tangatanga"  (i.e.  "three 
in  one"). 

(13)  Phcenicians  :  Y..o\^\2.(the Logos), 
Baaut  ("  darkness"),  Mot  ("matter"). 

(14)  Romans  (Ancient):  Jupiter  {god 
of  heaven),  Neptune  (god  of  earth  and 
sea),  Pluto  (god  of  hell). 

(Their  whole  college  of  gods  consisted 
of  foTir  times  three  deities. ) 

(15)  Scandinavians  :  Odin  ("life"), 
Haenir  {"  motion  "),  Loda  ("  matter  "\, 


THREE  A  SYMBOLIC  NUMBER,  iiox      THREES  {MISCELLANEOUS^. 


(i6)  Taiiitians  :  Taroataihetoomoo 
[chief  deity),  Tepapa  {the  fecund  prirt- 
ciple),  Tettoomatataya  [their  offspring). 

In  the  Christ i.iii  Creed  the  Holy  Ghost  "  proceedeth 
ftom  the  Father  and  the  Son." 

(17)  Lao-Tseu,  the  Chinese  philo- 
sopher, says  the  divine  trinity  is :  Ki,  Hi, 
Ouei. 

(18)  Orpheus  says  it  is  :  Phan6s 
(light),  Ur6nos  [heaven),  Kronos  [time). 

(19)  Piato  says  it  is :  To  Agithon 
{goodness),  Nous  [intelligence),  Psuchfi 
[the  mundane  soul). 

(20)  Pythagoras  says  it  is  :  Monad 
{the  unit  or  oneness).  Nous,  Psuchd. 

(ai)  Vossius  says  it  is  :  Jupiter  [divine 
power),  Minerva  [the  Logos),  Juno  [divine 
progen  itiveness). 

Subordinate.  The  orders  of  Angels 
are  three  times  three,  viz.  :  (i)  Seraphim, 
(2.)  Cherubim,  (3)  Thrones,  (4)  Dominions, 
(5)  Virtues,  (6)  Powers,  (7)  Principalities, 
(8)  Archangels,  (9)  Angels. — Dionysius 
the  Areopugite. 

In  heaven  above 
The  effulg-ent  bands  in  triple  circles  move. 
Tasso:  yeritsalttn  Dclvvtrtd,j\.  13  (1575). 

The  Cities  of  Refuge  were  three  on 
each  side  the  Jordan. 

The  Fates  are  three :  Clotho  (with  her 
distaff,  presides  at  birth),  LachSsis  (spins 
the  thread  of  life),  AtrSpos  (cuts  the 
thread). 

The  Furies  are  three:  Tisipong, 
Alecto,  Megaera. 

The  Graces  are  three  :  Euphros'ynS 
{cheerfuhiess  of  mind),  Aglaia  [mirth). 
Thai!  [good-tempered  jest). 

The  Judges  of  Hades  are  three : 
Minos  [the  chief  baron),  ^acus  [the  judge 
of  Europeans),  Rhadamanthus  [the  judge 
of  Asiatics  and  Africans). 

The  Muses  are  three  times  three. 

Jupiter's  thunder  is  three-forked  [tri- 
fidutn)  ;  Neptune's  trident  has  three 
prongs;  Pluto's  dog  CerbSrus  has  three 
heads.  The  rivers  of  hell  are  three  times 
three,  and  Styx  flows  round  it  thrice 
three  times. 

In  Scandinavian  mythology,  there  are 
three  times  three  earths  ;  three  times 
three  worlds  in  Niflheim ;  three  times 
three  regions  under  the  dominion  of  Hel. 

According  to  a  mediaeval  tradition,  the 
heavens  are  three  times  three,  viz.  the 
Moon,  Venus,  Mercury,  the  Sun,  Mars, 
Jupiter,  Saturn,  the  fixed  stars,  and  the 
primum  mobUS. 

(2)  Three  a  Symbolic  Number. 

(i)  In  the  Tabernacle  d^nd  ih&  Jewish 
Templt, 


The  Temple  consisted  of  three  parts : 
the  porch,  the  temple  proper,  and  the 
holy  of  holies.  It  had  thret:  courts ; 
the  court  of  the  priests,  the  court  of  the 
people,  and  the  court  of  foreigners.  The 
innermost  court  had  three  rows,  and 
three  windows  in  each  row  (i  Kings 
vi.  36  ;  vii.  4). 

If  Similarly,  Ezekiel's  city  had  three 
gates  on  each  side  [Ezek.  xlviii.  31). 
Cyrus  left  direction  for  the  rebuilding  of 
the  temple :  it  was  to  be  three  score 
cubits  in  height,  and  three  score  cubits 
wide,  and  three  rows  of  great  stones 
were  to  be  set  up  [Ezra  vi.  3,  4).  In  like 
manner,  the  "  new  Jerusalem  "  is  to  have 
four  times  three  foundations  :  (i)  jasper, 
(2)  sapphire,  (3)  chalcedony,  (4)  emerald, 
(5)  sardonyx,  (6)  sardius,  (7)  chrysolyie, 
(8)  beryl,  (9)  topaz,  (10)  chrysoprase, 
(n)  jacinth,  (12)  amethyst  It  is  to 
have  three  gates  fronting  each  cardina) 
quarter  [Rev.  xxi.  13-20). 

(2)  In  the  Temple  Furniture:  The 
golden  candlestick  had  three  branches  on 
each  side  [Exod.  xxv.  32) ;  there  were 
three  bowls  (ver.  33) ;  the  height  of  the 
altar  was  three  cubits  [Exod.  xxvii.  i); 
there  were  three  pillars  for  the  hangings 
(ver.  14) ;  Solomon's  molten  sea  was  sujv 
ported  on  oxen,  three  facing  each  cardinal 
point  (i  Kings  vii.  25). 

(3)  Sacrifices  and  Offerings  :  A  meal 
offering  consisted  of  three  tenth  deals  of 
fine  flour  [Lev.  xiv.  10)  ;  Hannah  offered 
up  three  bullocks  when  Samuel  was  de- 
voted to  the  temple  (i  Sam.  i.  24) ;  three 
sorts  of  beasts — bullocks,  rams,  and  lambs 
— were  appointed  for  9fferings  [Numb. 
xxix.):  the  Jews  were  commanded  to 
keep  three  national  feasts  yearly  [Exod. 
xxiii.  14-17)  ;  in  all  criminal  charges 
three  witnesses  were  required  [Deui, 
xvii.  6). 

(3)  Miscellaneous  Threes.  Joshua 
sent  three  men  from  each  tribe  to  survey 
the  land  of  Canaan  (Josh,  xviii.  4).  Job 
had  three  friends  [Job  ii.  11).  Abraham 
was  accosted  by  three  men  (angels),  with 
whom  he  pleaded  to  spare  the  cities  of 
the  plain  [Gen,  xviii.  2).  Nebuchadnezzar 
cast  three  men  into  the  fiery  furnace 
[Dan.  iii.  24).  David  had  three  mighty 
men  of  valour,  and  one  of  them  slew 
300  of  the  Philistines  with  his  spear 
(2  Sam.  xxiii.  9,  18).  Nebuchadnezzar's 
image  was  three  score  cubits  high  [Dan. 
iii.  i).  Moses  was  hidden  three  months 
from  the  Egyptian  police  [Exod.  ii.  2). 
The   ark   of    the   covenant    was   three 


THREES  (MISCELLANEOUS),      iioa 


THREE  CALENDERS. 


mcnihs  in  the  house  of  Obed-edom  (2 
Sam.  vi.  11).  Balaam  smote  his  ass 
Chree  times  before  the  beast  upbraided 
him  {Numb.  xxii.  28),  Samson  mocked 
Delilah  three  times  {Judg.  xvi.  15), 
Elijah  stretched  himself  three  times  on 
the  child  which  he  restored  to  hfe  (i 
Kings  xvii.  21).  The  little  horn  plucked 
up  three  horns  by  the  roots  {Dan.  vii.  8). 
The  bear  seen  by  Daniel  in  his  vision  had 
three  ribs  in  its  mouth  (ver.  5).  Joab 
slew  Abialom  with  three  darts  {2  Sam. 
xviii.  14).  God  gave  David  the  choice  of 
three  chastisements  (2  Sam.  xxiv.  12). 
The  great  famine  in  David's  reign  lasted 
three  years  (2  Sam.  xxi.  i) ;  so  did  the 
great  drought  in  Ahab's  reign  {Luke  iv, 
25).  There  were  three  men  transfigured 
on  the  mount,  and  three  spectators 
{Matt.  xvii.  1-4).  The  sheet  was  let 
down  to  Peter  three  times  {Acts  x.  16). 
There  are  three  Christian  graces  :  Faith, 
hope,  and  charity  (i  Cor.  xiii.  13).  There 
are  three  that  bear  record  in  heaven,  and 
three  that  bear  witness  on  earth  (i  John 
V.  7,  8),  There  were  three  unclean 
spirits  that  came  out  of  the  mouth  of  the 
dragon  {Rev.  xvi.  13). 

So  again.  Every  ninth  wave  is  said 
to  be  the  largest. 

[  Tkey\  watched  the  great  sea  fall. 
Wave  after  wave,  each  mightier  than  the  last ; 
Till  last,  a  ninth  one,  gathering  half  the  deep 
And  full  of  voices,  slowly  rose  and  plunged. 
Roaring,  and  all  the  wave  was  in  a  flame. 

Tennyson  :  The  Holy  Grail  (1858-39). 

A  wonder  is  said  to  last  three  times 
three  days.  The  scourge  used  for 
criminals  is  (or  used  to  be)  a  "cat  o' 
nine  tails."  Possession  is  nine  points  of 
the  law,  being  equal  to  (i)  money  to 
make  good  a  claim,  (2)  patience  to  carry 
a  suit  through,  (3)  a  good  cause,  (4)  a 
good  lawyer,  (5)  a  good  counsel,  (6)  good 
witnesses,  (7)  a  good  jury,  (8)  a  good 
judge,  (9)  good  luck.  Leases  used  to  be 
granted  for  999  years.  Ordeals  by  fire 
consisted  of  three  times  three  red-hot 
ploughshares. 

There  are  three  times  three  crowns 
recognized  in  heraldry,  and  three  times 
three  marks  of  cadency. 

We  show  honour  by  a  three  times 
three  in  drinking  a  health. 

The  worthies  are  three  Jews,  three 
pagans,  and  three  Christians  :  viz. 
Joshua,  David,  and  Judas  Maccabasus ; 
Hector,  Alexander,  and  Julius  Caesar; 
Arthur,  Charlemagne,  and  Godfrey  of 
Bouillon.  The  worthies  of  London  are 
three  times  three  also  :  (i)  sir  William 
Walworth,   (2)  sir   Henry  Pritchard,  (3) 


sir  William  Sevenoke,  (4)  sir  Thomas 
White,  (5)  sir  John  Bonham,  (6)  Chris- 
topher Croker,  (7)  sir  John  Hawkwood, 
(8)  sir  Hugh  Caverley,  (9)  sir  Henry 
Maleverer  {Richard  Johnson  :  TJie  Nine 
Worthies  of  London). 

' . '  Those  who  take  any  interest  in  this 
subject  can  easily  multiply  the  examples 
here  set  down  to  a  much  greater  number. 
(See  below,  the  Welsh  Triads.) 

Three  Ardent  Lovers  of  Britain 

{The):  (i)  Caswallawn  son  of  Beli,  the 
ardent  lover  of  Flur  daughter  of  Mug- 
nach  Gorr ;  (2)  Tristan  or  Tristram  son 
of  Talluch,  the  ardent  lover  of  Yseult 
wife  of  March  Meirchawn  his  uncle, 
generally  called  king  Mark  of  Cornwall ; 
(3)  Kynon  son  of  Clydno  Eiddin,  the 
ardent  lover  of  Morvyth  daughter  of 
Urien  of  Rheged.—  Weish  Triads. 

Three  Battle  Knights  {The)  in 
the  court  of  king  Arthur  :  (i)  Cadwr  earl 
of  Cornwall ;  (2)  Launcelot  du  Lac ;  (3) 
Owain  son  of  Urien  prince  of  Rheged, 
i.e.  Cumberland  and  some  of  the  adjacent 
lands.  These  three  would  never  retreat 
from  battle,  neither  for  spear,  nor  sword, 
nor  arrow ;  and  Arthur  knew  no  shame 
in  fight  when  they  were  present. —  Welsh 
Triads, 

Three  Beautiful  Women  {The) 
of  the  court  of  king  Arthur  :  (i)  Gwen- 
hwyvar  or  Guenever  wife  of  king  Arthur  ; 

(2)  Enid,  who  dressed  in  "  azure  robes," 
wife  of  Geraint  ;  (3)  Tegau  or  Tegau 
Euron.—  Welsh  Triads. 

Three  Blessed  Rulers  {The)  of 
the  island  of  Britain  :  (i)  Bran  or  Vran, 
son  of  Llyr,  and  father  of  Caradawc  {Ca- 
ractacus).  He  was  called  'The  Blessed" 
because  he  introduced  Christianity  into 
the  nation  of  the  Cymry  from  Rome  ;  he 
learnt  it  during  his  seven  years'  detention 
in  that  city  with  his  son.  (2)  Lleurig 
ab  Coel  ab  Cyllyn  Sant,  surnamed  "  The 
Great  Light.  He  built  the  cathedral  of 
Llandaff,   the  first  sanctuary  of  Britain. 

(3)  Cadwaladyr,  who  gave  refuge  to  all 
believers  driven  out  by  the  Saxons  from 
England. —  Welsh  Triads,  xxxv. 

Three  Calenders  {The),  three  sons 
of  three  kings,  who  assumed  the  disguise 
of  begging  dervishes.  They  had  each  lost 
one  eye.  The  three  met  in  the  house  of 
ZobeidS,  and  told  their  respective  tales  in 
the  presence  of  Haroun-al-Raschid  also 
in  disguise.  (See  Calenders,  p.  168.) 
— Arabian  Nights  ("The  Three  Calen- 
ders "). 


THREE  CHIEF  LADIES. 


1 103 


THREE  KINGS. 


Three  Chief  Ladies  {The)  of  the 
Island  of  Britain:  (i)  Branwen  daughter 
of  king  Llyr,  "  the  fairest  damsel  in  the 
world  ;  "  (2)  Gwenhwyvar  or  Guenever 
wife  of  king  Arthur ;  (3)  iEthelfled  the 
wife  of  -^thelred. 

Three  Closures  [The]  of  the  island 
of  Britain  :  (i)  The  head  of  Vran  son  of 
Llyr,  siirnamed  "The  Blessed,"  which 
was  buried  under  the  White  Tower  of 
London,  and  so  long  as  it  remained  there, 
no  invader  would  enter  the  island.  (2) 
The  bones  of  Vortimer,  surnamed  "The 
Blessed,"  buried  in  the  chief  harbour  of 
the  island  :  so  long  as  they  remained 
there,  no  hostile  ship  would  approach  the 
coast.  {3)  The  dragons  buried  by  Lludd 
son  of  Beh  in  the  city  of  Pharaon,  in 
the  Snowdon  rocks.  (See  Three  Fatal 
Disclosures.)— rF^M  Triads,  hii. 

Three     Counselling     Knights 

(The)  of  the  court  of  king  Arthur  :  (i) 
Kynon  or  Cynon  son  of  Clydno  Eiddin  ; 
(2)  Aron  son  of  Kynfarch  ap  Meirchion 
Gul  ;  (3)  Llywarch  H6n  son  of  Elidir 
Lydanvvyn.  So  long  as  Arthur  followed 
the  advice  of  these  three,  his  success  was 
invariable,  but  when  he  neglected  to 
follow  their  counsel,  his  defeat  was  sure. 
—  Welsh  Triads. 

Three  Diademed  Chiefs  {The) 
of  the  island  of  Britain  :  (i)  Kai  son  of 
Kyner,  the  sewer  of  king  Arthur.  He 
could  transform  himself  into  any  shape 
he  pleased.  Always  ready  to  fight,  and 
always  worsted.  Half  knight  and  half 
buffoon.  {2)  Trystan  mab  Talhvch,  one 
of  Arthur's  three  heralds,  and  one  whom 
nothing  could  divert  from  his  purpose  ; 
he  is  generally  called  sir  Tristram.  (3) 
Gwevyl  mab  Gwestad,  the  melancholy. 
"  When  sad,  he  would  let  one  of  his  lips 
drop  below  his  waist,  while  the  other 
turned  up  like  a  cap  upon  his  head." — 
The  Mabinogion,  227. 

Three  Disloyal  Trihes  {Thi)  of 
the  island  of  Britain  :  (i)  The  tribe  of 
Goronwy  Pebyr,  which  refused  to  stand 
substitute  for  their  lord,  Llew  Llaw 
Gyffes,  when  a  poisoned  dart  was  shot  at 
him  by  Llech  Goronwy;  (2)  the  tribe 
of  Gwrgi,  which  deserted  their  lord  in 
Caer  Greu,  when  he  met  Eda  Glinmawr 
in  battle  (both  were  slain) ;  (3)  the  tribe 
of  Alan  Vyrgan,  which  slunk  away 
from  their  lord  on  his  journey  to  Camlan, 
where    he    was    slain.— WWj/4    Triads^ 


Three  Estates  of  the  Realm: 

the  Lords  Spiritual,  the  Lords  Temporal, 
and  the  Commonalty. 

N.B.— The  sovereign  is  not  one  of  the 
three  estates. 

Three  Fatal  Disclosures  {The) 

of  the  island  of  Britain  :  (i)  That  of  the 
buried  head  of  Vran  "  the  Blessed  "  by 
king  Arthur,  because  he  refused  to  hold 
the  sovereignty  of  the  land  except  by 
his  own  strength ;  (2)  that  of  the  bones 
of  Vortimer  by  Vortigern,  out  of  love 
for  Ronwen  {Rowena)  daughter  of  Heu- 
gist  the  Saxon ;  (3)  that  of  the  dragons 
in  Snowdon  by  Vortigern,  in  revenge  of 
the  Cymryan  displeasure  against  him ; 
having  this  done,  he  invited  over  the 
Saxons  in  his  defence.  (See  Three 
Closures.)  — ^F<fM  Triads,  liii. 

Three-Fingered  Jack,  the  nick- 
name of  a  famous  negro  robber,  who  was 
the  terror  of  Jamaica  in  1780.  He  was 
at  length  hunted  down  and  killed  in 
1781. 

Three  Fishers  {The),  a  poem  by 
Charles  Kingsley,  telling  how  three  fishers 
went  to  sea,  and  when  morning  came 
"  three  corpses  lay  on  the  shining  sands  " 
{1859)- 

Three  Golden-Tongued  Knights 
{The)  in  the  court  of  king  Arthur;  (i) 
Gwalchmai,  called  in  French  Gawain  son 
of  Gwyar ;  (2)  Drudwas  son  of  Tryffin  ; 
(3)  Eliwlod  son  of  Madog  ab  Uthur. 
They  never  made  a  request  which  was 
not  at  once  granted. —  Welsh  Triads. 

Three  Great  Astronomers  {The) 

of  the  island  of  Britain :  (1)  Gwydion 
son  of  Don.  From  him  the  Milky  Way 
is  called  "  Caer  Gwydion."  He  called 
the  constellation  Cassiopeia  "The  Court 
of  Don"  or  Llys  Don,  after  his  father; 
and  the  Corona  Borealis  he  called  "  Caer 
Arianrod,"  after  his  daughter.  (2)  Gwynn 
son  of  Nudd.  (3)  Idris.—  Welsh  Triads, 
"•  335. 

Three  Holy  Tribes  {The)  of  the 
island  of  Britain:  (i)  That  of  Bran  or^ 
Vran,  who  introduced  Christianity  into 
Wales;  (2)  that  of  Cunedda  Wledig; 
and  (3)  that  of  Brychan  Brycheiniog.-^ 
Welsh  Triads,  xxxv. 

Three  Kings.  In  our  line  of  kings 
we  never  exceed  three  reigns  without 
interruption  or  catastrophe.  (See  Kings 
OF  England,  p.  573.) 


THREE  KINGS  OF  COLOGNE.     1104 


THREE  WARNINGS. 


Three  Kings  of  Cologne  {The), 
the  three  "  Wise  Men  "  who  followed  the 
guiding  star  "  from  the  Blast"  to  Jeru- 
salem, and  offered  gifts  to  the  babe  Jesus. 
Their  names  were  Jaspar  or  Gaspar, 
Melchior,  and  Balthazar ;  or  Apellius, 
AmSriis,  and  Damascus;  or  Magalath, 
Galgalath,  and  Sarasin ;  or  Ator,  Sator, 
and  PeratOras.  Klopstock,  in  his  Messiah, 
says  the  Wise  Men  were  six  in  number, 
and  gives  their  names  as  Hadad,  Sellma, 
Zimri,  Mirja,  Baled,  and  Sunith. 

".•  The  toys  shown  in  Cologne  Cathe- 
dral as  the  "three  kings"  are  called 
Gaspar,  Melchior,  and  Balthazar. 

Three  Kings'  Day,  Twelfth  Day  or 
Epiphany,  designed  to  commemorate  the 
visit  of  the  "three  kings"  or  "  Wise  Men 
of  the  East "  to  the  infant  Jesus. 

Three  Learned  Knights  {The)  of 
the  island  of  Britain  :  (i)  Uwalchmai  ab 
Gwyar,  called  in  French  romances  Gawain 
son  of  Lot ;  (2)  Llecheu  ab  Arthtu- ;  (3) 
Rhiwailon  with  the  broombush  hair. 
There  was  nothing  that  man  knew  they 
did  not  know. —  Welsh  Triads. 

Three-Leg  Alley  (London),  now 
called  Pemberton  Row,  Fetter  Lane. 

Three  Letters  {A  Man  of),  a  thief. 
A  Roman  phrase,  from/«r,  "a  thief." 

Tun'  trium  literarum  homo 
Me  vituperas  T    Fur ! 

Plautus :  Aulnlaria,\\.  4. 

Three  Makers  of  Golden  Shoes 

{The)  of  the  island  of  Britain  :  (i)  Cas- 
wallawn  son  of  Beli,  when  he  went  to 
Gascony  to  obtain  Flur.  She  had  been 
abducted  for  Julius  Cassar,  but  was 
brought  back  by  the  prince.  (2)  Mana- 
wyddan  son  of  Llyr,  when  he  sojourned 
in  Lloegyr  {England).  (3)  Llew  Llaw 
Gyffes,  when  seeking  arms  from  his 
mother. —  Welsh  Triads,  cxxiv. 

"  What  craft  shaU  we  take?  "  said  Manawyddan. . . . 
♦*  Let  us  take  to  making  shoes."  ...  So  he  bought  the 
best  cordwal  .  .  .  and  got  the  best  goldsmith  to  make 
clasps  .  . .  and  he  was  called  one  of  the  three  makers 
of  gold  shoes.— 27k  MaUnogion  ("  Manawyddan," 
twelfth  century). 

Three-Men  Wine.  Very  bad  wine 
is  so  called,  because  it  requires  one  man 
to  hold  the  victim,  a  second  to  pour  the 
wine'  down  his  throat,  and  the  third  is 
the  victim  made  to  drink  it. 

Abraham  Santa  Clara,  the  preaching 
friar,  calls  the  wine  of  Alsace  "  three-men 
wine." 

Three  per   Cents.     "The  sweet 


simplicity  of  the  three  per  cents."  This 
was  the  saying  of  Dr.  Scott  (lord  Stowell), 
brother  of  lord  Eldon  the  great  Admiralty 
judge. 

Three  Bohhers  {The).  The  three 
stars  in  Orion's  belt  are  said  to  be  "  three 
robbers  climbing  up  to  rob  the  Ranee's 
silver  bedstead." — Miss  Frere :  Old 
Deccaii  Days,  28. 

Three    Stayers    of    Slaughter 

{The)',  (i)  Gwgawn  Gleddyvrud ;  the 
name  of  his  horse  was  Buchestom.  (2) 
Morvran  eil  Tegid.  (3)  Gilbert  mab 
Cadgyffro. —  Welsh  Triads,  xxix. 

Three  Tailors  of  Tooley  Street 

{ The),  three  worthies,  who  held  a  meet- 
ing in  Tooley  Street  for  the  redress  of 
popular  grievances,  and  addressed  a  peti- 
tion to  the  House  of  Commons,  while 
Canning  was  prime  minister,  beginning, 
"  We,  the  people  of  England." 

(Tooley  Street  is  in  Southwark,  London.) 

TF  The  "deputies  of  Vaugirard"  pre- 
sented themselves  before  Charles  VIII. 
of  France.  When  the  king  asked  how 
many  there  were,  the  usher  replied, 
"  Only  one,  an  please  your  majesty." 

Three  Tragic  Stories  of  Ancient 
Ireland.    (SeeUsNACH.) 

Three  Tribe  Herdsmen  of 
Britain  {The):  (i)  Llawnrodded  Var- 
vawe,  who  tended  the  milch  cows  of 
Nudd  Hael  son  of  Senyllt ;  (2)  Bennren, 
who  kept  the  herd  of  Caradawc  son  of 
Briln,  Glamorganshire;  (3)  Gwdion  son 
of  Don  the  enchanter,  who  kept  the  kine 
of  Gwynedd  above  the  Conway.  All 
these  herds  consisted  of  31,000  milch 
cows. —  Welsh  Triads,  Ixxxv. 

Three  Tyrants  of  Athens  ( The) : 
Pisistratos  (B.a  560-490),  Hippias  and 
Hipparchos  (B.C.  527-490). 

(The  two  brothers  reigned  conjointly 
from  527-514,  when  the  latter  was  mur- 
dered. ) 

Three    Unprofessional    Bards 

(7'A<?)  of  the  island  of  Britain  :  (i)  Rhyawd 
son  of  Morgant;  (2)  king  Arthur;  (3) 
Cadwallawn  son  of  Cadvan.  —  Welsh 
Triads,  Ixxxix.  113. 

Three  "Warnings,  a  poem  by  Mrs. 
Piozzi,  showing  that  the  infirmities  of 
age,  such  as  the  loss  of  physical  strength, 
of  hearing,  and  of  sight,  are  three  warn- 
ings of  approaching  decay  (about  i8oo). 


THREE  WEEKS  AFTER,  ETC. 

Three  Weeks  after  Marriage, 

a  comedy  by  A.  Murphy  (1776).  Sir 
Charles  Racket  has  married  the  daughter 
of  a  rich  London  tradesman,  and  three 
weeks  of  the  honeymoon  having  expired, 
he  comes  on  a  visit  to  the  lady's  father, 
Mr.  Drugget.  Old  Drugget  plumes  him- 
self on  his  aristocratic  son-in-law,  so 
far  removed  from  the  vulgar  brawls  of 
meaner  folk.  On  the  night  of  their 
arrival,  the  bride  and  bridegroom  quarrel 
about  a  game  of  whist ;  the  lady  main- 
tained that  sir  Charles  ought  to  have 
played  a  diamond  instead  of  a  club.  So 
angry  is  sir  Charles  that  he  resolves  to 
have  a  divorce ;  and  although  the  quarrel 
is  patched  up,  Mr.  Drugget  has  seen 
enough  of  the  beau  monde  to  decline  the 
alliance  of  Lovelace  for  his  second 
daughter,  whom  he  gives  to  a  Mr. 
Woodley. 

Pope  and  Gay  wrote  a  farce  called  Three  Hours 
ajler  Marriage  (1717). 

Three  Writers  ( The).  (See  Scrip- 
Tores  Tres,  p.  973. ) 

Thresher  {Captain),  the  feigned 
leader  of  a  body  of  lawless  Irishmen, 
who  attacked,  in  1806,  the  collectors  of 
tithes  and  their  subordinates. 

T  Captain  Right  was  a  leader  of  the 
rebellious  peasantry  in  the  south  of  Ire- 
land in  the  eighteenth  century. 

IT  Captain  Rock  was  the  assumed 
name  of  a  leader  of  Irish  insurgents  in 
1822. 

Throgmorton  Street  (London). 
So  named  from  sir  Nicholas  Tiirockmor- 
ton,  banker  (1513-1571). 

(Sir  Nicholas  took  part  in  Wyatt's 
rebellion. ) 

Thrnmniy-Cap,  a  sprite  which 
figures  in  the  fairy  tales  of  Northum- 
berland. He  was  a  "  queer-looking  little 
auld  man,"  whose  scene  of  exploits 
generally  lay  in  the  vaults  and  cellars  of 
old  castles.  John  Skelton,  in  his  Colyn 
Clout,  calls  him  Tom-a-Thrum,  and  says 
that  the  clergy  could  neither  write  nor 
read,  and  were  no  wiser  than  this  cellar 
sprite. 

Thrush  [Song  of  the). 

White  hat,  white  hat  J 
Cherry  do,  cherry  do ; 
Pretty  Joe,  pretty  Joe. 

The  Storm  Thrush,  calling  for  rafn, 
says — 

Bill  Peters,  Bill  Peters, 

Bill  Peters,  Bill  Petera, 

Kiss  me  quick. 


1 105 


THUMa 


Thule    (3    syl.),    the   most    remote 

northern  portion  of  the  world  known  to 
the  ancient  Greeks  and  Romans ;  but 
whether  an  island  or  part  of  a  continent 
nobody  knows.  It  is  first  mentioned  by 
PythSas,  the  Greek  navigator,  who  says 
it  is  "six  days'  sail  from  Britain,"  and 
that  its  climate  is  a  "  mixture  of  earth, 
air,  and  sea."  Ptolemy,  with  more  ex- 
actitude, tells  us  that  the  63*  of  north 
latitude  runs  through  the  middle  of 
Thul6,  and  adds  that  "  the  days  there 
are  at  the  equinoxes  twenty-four  hours 
long."  Generally  supposed  to  be  the 
Faroe  Islands.     Perhaps  it  was  Iceland. 

(No  place  has  a  day  of  twenty-four 
hours  long  at  either  equinox ;  but  any- 
where beyond  either  polar  circle  the  day 
is  twenty- four  hours  long  at  one  of  the 
solstices.) 

Suidas  says  it  was  so  called  from  Thulus,  its  most 

ancient  king. 

(Antonius  DiogenSs,  a  Greek,  wrote  a 
romance  on  "The  Incredible  Things 
beyond  ThulS "  [Ta  huper  Thoulen 
Apista),  which  has  furnished  the  basis 
of  many  subsequent  tales.  The  work  is 
not  extant,  but  Photius  gives  an  outline 
of  its  contents  in  his  Bibliotheca.) 

Thnmh  (Tom),  a  dwarf  no  bigger 
than  a  man's  thumb.  He  lived  in  the 
reign  of  king  Arthur,  by  whom  he  was 
knighted.  He  was  the  son  of  a  common 
ploughman,  and  was  killed  by  the  poi- 
sonous breath  of  a  spider  in  the  reign  of 
Thunstone,  the  successor  of  king  Arthur. 

Amongst  his  adventures  may  be  men- 
tioned the  following  ; — He  was  lying  one 
day  asleep  in  a  meadow,  when  a  cow 
swallowed  him  as  she  cropped  the  grass. 
At  another  time,  he  rode  in  the  ear  of  a 
horse.  He  crept  up  the  sleeve  of  a  giant, 
and  so  tickled  him  that  he  shook  his 
sleeve,  and  Tom,  falling  into  the  sea, 
was  swallowed  by  a  fish.  The  fish  being 
caught  and  carried  to  the  palace,  gave 
the  little  man  his  introduction  to  the  king, 

'.•  The  oldest  version  extant  of  this 
nursery  tale  is  in  rhyme,  and  bears  the 
following  title  :—Tom  Thumb,  His  Life 
and  Death  ;  wherein  is  declared  many 
marvailous  acts  of  manhood,  full  of  wonder 
and  strange  merriments.  Which  little 
knight  lived  in  king  Arthur'  stime,  andzoas 
famous  in  the  court  of  Great  Drittaine. 


rt  of 
'or  Jo 

.     It 


London  :  printed  for  John  Wright,  1630 


Is  Arthur's  court  Tom  Thumbe  did  liue 
A  man  of  mickle  might, 

The  best  of  all  the  Table  Round, 
And  eke  a  doughty  knight. 


THUMB.  1106 

His  stature  but  an  inch  in  height. 

Or  quarter  of  a  span  ; 
Then  thinke  you  not  this  little  knig-ht 
Was  prou'd  a  valiant  man  t 

N.B.— "Great  Britain"  was  not  a 
recognized  term  till  1701  (queen  Anne), 
when  the  two  parliaments  of  Scotland 
and  England  were  united.  Before  that 
time,  England  was  called  "South 
Britain,"  Scotland  "  North  Britain,"  and 
Brittany  "  Little  Britain."  The  date 
1630  would  carry  us  back  to  the  reign  of 
Charles  I. 

Fielding,  in  1730,  wrote  a  burlesque 
opera  called  Tom  Thumb,  which  was 
altered  in  1778  by  Kane  O'Hara.  Dr. 
Arne  wrote  the  music  to  it,  and  his 
"daughter  (afterwards  Mrs.  Gibber), 
then  only  14,  acted  the  part  of  '  Tom 
Thumb'  at  the  Haymarket  Theatre,"— 
Davies  :  Life  of  Garrick. 

N.B.— Here  again  the  dates  do  not 
Correctly  fit  in.  Mrs.  Gibber  was  born  in 
1710,  and  must  have  been  20  when  Field- 
ing produced  his  opera  of  Tom  Thumb. 

Thuin'b  [General  Tom),  a  dwarf  ex- 
liibited  in  London  in  1846.  His  real 
name  was  Gharles  S.  Stratton.  At  the 
age  of  25,  his  height  was  25  inches,  and 
his  weight  25  lbs.  He  was  born  at  Bridge- 
port, Connecticut,  United  States,  in  1832, 
and  died  in  January,  1879. 

They  rush  by  thousands  to  see  Tom  Thumb.  They 
push,  they  fight,  they  scream,  they  faint,  they  cry, 
"  Help  I  "  and  "Murder!"  They  see  my  bills  and 
caravan,  but  do  not  read  them.  Their  eyes  are  on 
them,  but  their  sense  is  gone.  ...  In  one  week  12,000 
persons  paid  to  see  Tom  Thumb,  while  only  133  paid 
to  see  my  "  Aristides."— ^oyoJow  (the  artist) ;  MS. 
Diary. 

Tkunder  prognosticates  evil  accord- 
ing to  the  day  of  the  week  on  which  it 
occurs. 

Sondayes  thundre  shoulde  biynge  the  deathe  of 
learned  men,  judges,  and  others  ;  Mondayes  thundre. 


the  deathe  of  women  ;  Tuesdayes  thundre,  plentie  of 
graine ;  Wednesdayes  thundre,  the  deathe  of^harlottes 
and  other  blodshede ;  Thursdayes  thundre,  plentie  of 


shepe  and  come  ;  Friday  es  thundre,  the  slaughter  of  a 
great  man  and  other  horrible  murders ;  and  Saturdayes 


thundre,  a  generall  pestilent  plague  and  great  deathe. 
•—Digges:  A  Prognostication  Eve: 
Good  Effectt  (1556). 


Tb.tmder  [The  Giant),  a  giant  who 
fell  into  a  river  and  was  killed,  because 
Jack  cut  the  ropes  which  suspended  a 
bridge  that  the  giant  was  crossing. — 
Jack  the  Giant- Killer. 

Thunder  ( The  Sons  of).  James  and 
John,  the  sons  of  Zebedee,  were  called 
"  Boaner'ges," — Luke  ix.  $4  I  Mark  iii. 
17. 

Thunder  and  Lightning-.  Stephen 
IL  of  Hungary  was  surnamed  Tonnant 
(iioo,  1114-1131). 


THURSDAY. 

Thunderbolt  [The).  Ptolemy  king 
of  Macedon,  eldest  son  of  Ptolemy  Sotgr 
I.,  was  so  called  from  his  great  impetu- 
osity (B.C.  *,  285-279). 

H  Handel  was  called  by  Mozart  "The 
Thunderbolt "  (1684-1759). 

Thunderbolt  of  Italy  (The), 
Gaston  de  Foix,  nephew  of  Louis  XH. 
(1489-1512). 

Thunderbolt     of     War     [The). 

Roland  is  so  called  in  Spanish  ballads. 

Tisapherngs  is  so  called  in  Tasso's 
Jerusalem  Delivered,  xx.  (1575). 

Thunderer  [The),  the  Times  news- 
paper. This  popular  name  was  first 
given  to  the  journal  in  allusion  to  a 
paragraph  in  one  of  the  articles  con- 
tributed by  captain  Edward  Sterling, 
while  Thomas  Barnes  was  editor. 

We  thundered  forth  the  other  day  an  article  on  the 
subject  of  social  and  political  reform. 

Some  of  the  contemporaries  caught  up 
the  expression,  and  called  the  Times 
"The  Thunderer."  Captain  Sterling 
used  to  sign  himself  "  Vetus  "  before  be 
was  placed  on  the  staff  of  the  paper. 

Thundering  Legion  [The),  the 
twelfth  legion  of  the  Roman  army  under 
Marcus  Aurehus  acting  against  the 
Quadi,  A.D.  174.  It  was  shut  up  in  a 
defile,  and  reduced  to  great  straits  for 
want  of  water,  when  a  body  of  Christians, 
enrolled  in  the  legion,  prayed  for  relief. 
Not  only  was  rain  sent,  but  the  thunder 
and  lightning  so  terrified  the  foe 
that  a  complete  victory  was  obtained, 
and  the  legion  was  ever  after  called  ' '  The 
Thundering  Legion." — Dion  Cassius  : 
Roman  History,  Ixxi.  8  ;  Eusebius  : 
Ecclesiastical  History,  v.  5.  (Probably 
fabulous. ) 

^  The  Theban  legion,  i.e.  the  legfon 
raised  in  the  Thebais  of  Egypt,  and  com- 
posed of  Christian  soldiers  led  by  St. 
Maurice,  was  likewise  called  "The 
Thundering  Legion." 

IT  The  term  "Thundering  Legion" 
existed  before  either  of  these  two  were  so 
called. 

Thunstone  [2  syl.),  the  successor  of 
king  Arthur,  in  whose  reign  Tom  Thumb 
was  killed  by  a  spider.  —  Tom  Thumb. 

Thu'rio,  a  foolish  rival  of  Valentine 
for  the  love  of  Silvia  daughter  of  the 
duke  of  Milan. — Shakespeare :  The  Two 
Gentlemen  of  Verona  (1595). 

Thursday  is  held  unlucky  by  the 
Swedes ;   so    is    it    with    the   Russians. 


THURSDAY 


1107 


TIBBS. 


espcdall}  ia  Esthonia.  Friday  is  the 
unlucky  day  with  Christians,  because 
Jesus  was  crucified  on  a  Friday. 

Thursday  [B/ark).  February  6, 
1851,  is  so  called  in  the  colony  of  Victoria, 
from  a  terrible  bush  fire  which  occurred 
on  that  day  (see  p.  124). 

Thwacker  [Quartermaster),  in  the 
dragoons. —5/r  W.  Scott:  Redgauntlet 
(time,  George  III.). 

Thwackum,  in  Fielding's  novel,  The 
History  of  Tom  Jones,  a  Foundling  (1749). 

Thyamis,  an  Egyptian  thief,  native 
of  Memphis.  TheaggnSs  and  Chariclea 
being  taken  by  him  prisoners,  he  fell  in 
love  with  the  lady,  and  shut  her  up  in  a 
cave  for  fear  of  losing  her.  Being  closely 
beset  by  another  gang  stronger  than  his 
own,  he  ran  his  sword  into  the  heart  of 
Chariclea,  that  she  might  go  with  hina 
into  the  land  of  shadows,  and  be  his  com- 
panion in  the  future  life. — Heliodorus  : 
/Ethiopica. 

Like  to  the  Egyptian  thief,  at  point  of  death. 

Kill  what  I  love. 

Shakespeare:  Twelfth  Nisht,  act  t.  sc.  i  (1614). 

Thyeste'an  Banquet  (in  Latin, 
c<Bna  Thyestce),  a  cannibal  feast.  Thyestfis 
was  given  his  own  two  sons  to  eat  in  a 
banquet  served  up  to  him  by  his  brother 
Atreus  \^At.truce\. 

^  Procnfi  and  Philomgna  served  up  to 
Tereus  {2  syl. )  his  own  son  Itys. 

(Milton  accents  the  word  on  the  second 
syllable  in  Paradise  Ij)st,  x.  688,  but 
then  he  calls  Chalybe'an,  [Samson 
Agonistes,  133)  "  Chalyb'ean,"  ^ge'an 
{Paradise  Lost,  i.  745)  "yE'gean,"  and 
Cambuscan'  he  calls  "  Cambus'can,") 

Tlxyeste'an  Revengfe,  blood  for 
blood,  tit  for  tat  of  bloody  vengeance. 

(i)  ThyestSs  seduced  the  wife  of  his 
brother  Atreus  (2  syl. ),  for  which  he  was 
banished.  In  his  banishment  he  carried 
off  his  brother's  son  PlisthgnSs,  whom  he 
brought  up  as  his  own  child.  When  the 
boy  was  grown  to  manhood,  he  sent  him 
to  assassinate  Atreus,  but  Atreus  slew 
Plisthen^s,  not  knowing  him  to  be  his 
son.  The  corresponding  vengeance  was 
this  :  Thyestfis  had  a  son  named  ^gis- 
thos,  who  was  brought  up  by  king  Atreus 
as  his  own  child.  When  ^gisthos  was 
grown  to  manhood,  the  king  sent  him  to 
assassinate  Thyestgs,  but  the  young  man 
slew  Atreus  instead. 

(2)  Atreus  slew  his  own  son  PlisthenSs, 
thinking  him  to  be  his  brother's  child. 
When  he  found  out  his  mistake,  he  pre- 


tended to  be  reconciled  to  his  brother, 
and  asked  him  to  a  banquet.  ThyestSs 
went  to  the  feast,  and  ate  part  of  his  own 
two  sons,  which  had  been  cooked,  and 
were  set  before  him  by  his  brother. 

(3)  Thyest^s  defiled  the  wife  of  his 
brother  Atreus,  and  Atreus  married  Fe- 
lopia  the  unwedded  wife  of  his  brother 
Thyestgs,  It  was  the  son  of  this  woman 
by  ThyestSs  who  murdered  Atreus  (his 
uncle  and  father-in-law). 

•,'  The  tale  of  Atreus  and  that  of 
CEdlpus  are  the  two  most  lamentable 
stories  of  historic  fiction,  and  in  some 
points  resemble  each  other:  Thus  CEdi- 
pus  married  his  mother,  not  knowing 
who  she  was ;  Thyestis  seduced  his 
daughter,  not  knowing  who  she  was. 
Qldipus  slew  his  father,  not  knowing 
who  he  was  ;  Atreus  slew  his  son,  not 
knowing  who  he  was.  CEdipus  was 
driven  from  his  throne  by  the  sons  born 
to  him  by  his  own  mother ;  Atreus 
[At-'ruce]  was  killed  by  the  natural  son 
of  his  own  wife. 

ThyTubrsB'an  God  [The),  Apollo; 
so  called  from  a  celebrated  temple  raised 
to  his  honour  on  a  hill  near  the  river 
Thymbrlus. 

The  Thymbraean  god 
With  Mars  I  saw  and  Pallas. 

DanU  :  Purgatory,  xii.  (1306). 

Tliyrsis,  a  herdsman  introduced  in 
the  Idylls  of  Theocrltos,  and  in  Virgil's 
Eclogue,  vii.  Any  shepherd  or  rustic  is 
so  called. 

Hard  by,  a  cottage  chimney  smokes 
From  betwixt  two  aged  oaks, 
Where  Corydon  and  Thyrsis,  met. 
Are  at  their  savoury  dinner  set. 

Milton  :  LAlUzro  (1638). 

Thyrsis,  a  monody  on  Arthur  Hugh 
Clough,  by  Matthew  Arnold. 

Thyrsus,  a  long  pole  with  an  orna- 
mental head  of  ivy,  vine  leaves,  or  a  fir 
cone,  carried  by  Bacchus  and  by  his 
votaries  at  the  celebration  of  his  rites. 
It  was  emblematic  of  revelry  and 
drunkenness. 


[/; 


'iU\  abash  the  frantic  thyrsus  with  my  song. 

Akenside :  Hymn  to  the  Naiads  (1767). 


Tibbs  [Beau),  a  poor,  clever,  dashing 
young  spark,  who  had  the  happy  art  of 
fancying  he  knew  all  the  haut  monde,  and 
that  all  the  monde  knew  him  ;  that  his 
garret  was  the  choicest  spot  in  London 
for  its  commanding  view  of  the  Thames  ; 
that  his  wife  was  a  lady  of  distinguished 
airs  ;  and  that  his  infant  daughter  would 
marry  a  peer.  He  took  off  his  hat  to 
every  man  and  woman  of  fashion,  and 


TIBERT. 


ixo8 


TIBURZIO. 


made  out  that  dukes,  lords,  duchesses, 
and  ladies  addressed  him  simply  as  Ned. 
His  hat  was  pinched  up  with  peculiar 
smartness  ;  his  looks  were  pale,  thin,  and 
sharp ;  round  his  neck  he  wore  a  broad 
black  ribbon,  and  in  his  bosom  a  glass 
pin;  his  coat  was  trimmed  with  tar- 
nished lace  ;  and  his  stockings  were  silk. 
Beau  Tibbs  interlarded  his  rapid  talk  with 
fashionable  oaths,  such  as,  "  Upon  my 
soul  1  egad  1  " 

"1  was  asked  to  dine  yesterday,"  he  says,  "  at  the 
duchess  of  Piccadilly's.  My  lord  Mudler  was  there. 
'  Ned,'  said  he,  '  I'll  hold  gold  to  silver  I  can  tell  you 
where  you  were  poaching  last  night  ...  I  hope,  ^Ied, 
k  will  improve  your  fortune."  '  Fortune,  my  lord?  five 
hundred  a  year  at  least— great  secret— let  it  go  no  fur- 
ther.'   My  lord  took  me  down  in  his  chariot  to  his 


country  seat  yesterday,  and  we  had  a  tite-A-titc  dinner 

ry."    "  I  fancy  you  told  us  just  now  you 

dined  yesterday  at  the  duchess's  in  town."    "  Did  I 


in  the  country.' 


so  %  "  replied  he  coolly.  "  To  be  sure,  egad !  now  I  do 
remember — yes,  I  had  two  dinners  yesterday."— 
letter  Uv. 

Mrs.  Tibbs,  wife  of  the  beau,  a  slattern 
and  a  coquette,  much  emaciated,  but  with 
the  remains  of  a  good-looking  woman. 
She  made  twenty  apologies  for  being  in 
dishabille;  but  had  been  out  all  night  with 
the  countess.  Then,  turning  to  her  hus- 
band, she  added,  "  And  his  lordship,  my 
dear,  drank  your  health  in  a  bumper." 
Ned  then  asked  his  wife  if  she  had  given 
orders  for  dinner.  "You  need  make  no 
great  preparation — only  we  three.  My 
lord  cannot  join  us  to-day — something 
small  and  elegant  will  do,  such  as  a  tur- 
bot,  an  ortolan,  a " 

"  Or,"  said  Mrs,  Tibbs,  "  what  do  you  think,  my 
dear,  of  a  nice  bit  of  ox-cheek,  dressed  with  a  little  of 
my  own  sauce?"  "The  very  thing,"  he  replies;  "it 
will  eat  well  with  a  little  beer.  His  grace  was  very 
fond  of  it,  and  I  hate  the  vulgarity  of  a  great  load  of 
dishes."  The  citizen  of  the  world  now  thought  it  time 
to  decamp,  and  took  his  leave,  Mrs.  Tibbs  assuring 
him  that  dinner  would  certainly  be  quite  ready  in  two 
or  three  )xo\ii&.—Leiier  Iv. 

Mrs.  Tibbs  s  lady's-maid,  a  vulgar, 
brawny  Scotchwoman.  "Where's  my 
lady?"  said  Tibbs,  when  he  brought  to 
his  garret  his  excellency  the  ambassador 
of  China.  "She's  a-washing  your  twa 
shirts  at  the  next  door,  because  they  won't 
lend  us  the  tub  any  longer." — Goldsmith: 
A  Citizen  of  the  World  (1759). 

Tibert  [Sir),  the  name  of  the  cat,  in 
the  beast-epic  of  Reynard  the  Fox  {1498). 

Tibet  Talkapace,  a  prating  hand- 
maid of  Custance  the  gay  and  rich  widow 
vainly  sought  by  Ralph  Roister  Doister. 
—Nicholas  Udall :  Ralph  Roister  Doister 
(first  English  comedy,  1534). 

The  metre  runs  thus — 

I  hearde  our  nourse  speake  of  an  husbande  to-d^ 

Ready  for  our  mistresse,  a  rich  man  and  gay ; 

And  we  shall  go  in  our  French  hoodes  eveiy  day  .  .  • 


Then  shall  ye  see  Tibet,  sires,  treade  the  mosse  ;c 

trinirae  ... 
Not  lumperdee,  cluraperdee,  like  our  SpaikLal  Rig, 

Tibs  [Mr.),  a  most  "useful  hand." 
He  will  write  you  a  receipt  for  the  bite 
of  a  mad  dog,  tell  you  an  Eastern  tale  to 
perfection,  and  understands  the  business 
part  of  an  author  so  well  that  no  publisher 
can  humbug  him.  You  may  know  him 
by  his  peculiar  clumsiness  of  figure,  and 
the  coarseness  of  his  coat ;  but  he  never 
forgets  to  inform  you  that  his  clothes  are 
all  paid  for.  (See  IvB^'i.)— Goldsmith: 
A  Citizen  of  the  World,  xxix.  {1759). 

Tibs's  Evo  {St.),  never.  St.  Tibs  is 
a  corruption  of  St.  Ubes,  There  is  no  such 
saint  in  the  calendar ;  and  therefore  St. 
Tibs's  Eve  falls  on  the  Greek  Kalends, 
(See  Never,  p.  750.) 

Tibullus,  a  Roman  poet,  coii- 
temporary  with  Virgil  and  Horace.  His 
Elegies  are  models  of  good  taste,  wholly 
devoid  of  afifectation  or  striving  after 
effect. 

(English  translations  by  John  Granger, 
1758  ;  and  by  James  Cranstoun,  1872.) 

The  French  Tibullus,  the  chevalier 
Evariste  de  Parny  (1753-1814). 

Tiburce  (2  or  3  syl.),  brother  ol 
Valirian,  converted  by  St.  Cecile,  his 
sister-in-law,  and  baptized  by  pope  Urban. 
Being  brought  before  the  prefect  Alma- 
chius,  and  commanded  to  worship  the 
image  of  Jupiter,  he  refused  to  do  so,  and 
was  decapitated. — Chaucer:  Canterbury 
Tales  ("  Second  Nun's  Tale,"  1388). 

• .  •  When  "  Tiburce  "  is  followed  by  a 
vowel  it  is  made  2  syl.,  when  by  a  con- 
sonant it  is  3  syl. ,  as — 

And  after  this,  Tiburce  in  good  entente  (a  syl^ 

With  Valirian  to  pope  Urban  went. 

At  this  thing  sche  unto  Tiburce  tolde  (3  syl.). 

Chaucer, 

Tibur'zio,  commander  of  the  Pisans 
in  their  attack  upon  Florence,  in  the 
fifteenth  century.  The  Pisans  were 
thoroughly  beaten  by  the  Florentines, 
led  by  Lu'ria  a  Moor,  and  Tiburzio  was 
taken  captive.  Tiburzio  tells  Luria  that 
the  men  of  Florence  will  cast  him  off  after 
peace  is  established,  and  advises  him  to 
join  Pisa.  This  Luria  is  far  too  noble 
to  do,  but  he  grants  Tiburzio  his  liberty. 
Tiburzio,  being  examined  by  the  council 
of  Florence,  under  the  hope  of  finding 
some  cause  of  censure  against  the  Moor, 
to  lessen  or  cancel  their  obligation  to  him, 
"  testifies  to  his  unflinching  probity," 
and  the  council  could  find  no  cause  of 
blame ;    but  Luria,   by  poison,  relieves     - 


TICHBORNE  DOLE. 


X109 


the  ungrateful  state  of  its  obligation  to 
him. — R.  Browning:  Luria. 

Tichborne  Dole  ( The).  When  lady 
Mabella  was  dying,  she  requested  her  hus- 
band to  grant  her  the  means  of  leaving 
a  charitable  bequest.  It  was  to  be  a  dole 
of  bread,  to  be  distributed  annually  on  the 
Feast  of  the  Annunciation,  to  any  who 
chose  to  apply  for  it.  Sir  Roger,  her 
husband,  said  he  would  give  her  as  much 
land  as  she  could  walk  over  while  a  billet 
of  wood  remained  burning.  The  old  lady 
was  taken  into  the  park,  and  managed  to 
crawl  over  twenty-three  acres  of  land, 
which  was  accordingly  set  apart,  and  is 
called  "The  Crawls "  to  this  hour.  When 
the  lady  Mabella  was  taken  back  to  her 
chamber,  she  said,  "  So  long  as  this  dole 
is  continued,  the  family  of  Tichborne 
shall  prosper  ;  but  immediately  it  is  dis- 
continued, the  house  shall  fall,  from  the 
failure  of  an  heir  male.  This,"  she  added, 
"  will  be  when  a  family  of  seven  sons  is 
succeeded  by  one  of  seven  daughters. 
The  custom  began  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
II.,  and  continued  till  1796,  when,  sin- 
gularly enough,  the  baron  had  seven  sons 
and  his  successor  seven  daughters,  and 
Mr.  Edward  Tichborne,  who  inherited  the 
Doughty  estates,  dropping  the  original 
name,  called  himself  sir  Edward  Doughty. 

Tickell  (Mark),  a  useful  friend, 
especially  to  Elsie  Lay^Vi—Wybert 
Reeve:  Parted. 

Tickler  {Timothy),  an  ideal  portrait' 
of  Robert  Sym,  a  lawyer  of  Edinburgh 
(1750-1844).— M^//j(3».-  Nodes  Ambro- 
siancs  (1822-36). 

Tiddler.       (See    Tom    Tiddler's 

Ground.) 

Tiddy-DoU,  a  nickname  given  to 
Richard  Grenville  lord  Temple  (1711- 
1770). 

Tide-Waiters  (Ecclesiastical).  So 
the  Rev.  lord  Osborne  (S.  G.  O.)  calls 
the  clergy  in  convocation  whose  votes  do 
not  correspond  with  their  real  opinions. 

Tider  (Robin),  one  of  the  servants  of 
the  earl  of  Leicester.— 5zr  W.  Scott: 
Ketiilworth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Tiffany,  Miss  Alscrip's  lady's-maid ; 
pert,  silly,  bold,  and  a  coquette. — Bur- 
goyne:  The  Heiress  (1781). 

Tigemacli,  oldest  of  the  Irish  anna- 
lists. His  annals  were  published  in  Dr. 
O'Connor's  Rerum  Hibernicarum  Scrip- 


TIM  SYLLABUa 

tores  Veteres,  at  the  expense  of  tb^  date 
of  Buckingham  (1814-1826). 

Tiggf  (Montague),  a  clever  impostor». 
who  lives  by  his  wits.  He  starts  a 
bubble  insurance  office — "the  Anglo- 
Bengalee  Company  " — and  makes  con- 
siderable gain  thereby.  Having  dis- 
covered the  attempt  of  Jonas  Chuzzlewit 
to  murder  his  father,  he  compels  him  to 
put  his  money  in  the  "  new  company/*^ 
but  Jonas  finds  means  to  murder  him. — 
Dickens  :  Martin  Chuzzlewit  (1844). 

Tiglath  -  Pile'ser,    son    of    PuL 

second  of  the  sixth  dynasty  of  the  new 
Assyrian  empire.  The  word  is  Tiglatk 
Pul  Assur,  "  the  great  tiger  of  Assyria." 

Tigra'nes  (3  syl.),  one  of  the  heroes 
slain  by  the  impetuous  Dudon  soon  after 
the  arrival  of  the  Christian  army  before 
Jerusalem. — Tasso:  Jerusalem  Delivered, 
"i-  (1575)- 

Tigra'nes  (3  syl.),  king  of  Arme'niat 

— Fletcher  :  A  King  or  No  King  (1619). 

Tigress  Nurse  (A).  Tasso  saya 
that  Clorinda  was  suckled  by  a  tigressv 
— Jerusalem  Delivered,  xiL 

If  Roman  story  says  Romulus  and 
Remus  were  suckled  by  a  she-wolf. 

H  Orson,  the  brother  of  Valentine,  was 
suckled  by  a  she-bear,  and  was  brought 
up  by  an  eagle. —  Valentine  and  Orson. 

Tilhuri'na,  the  daughter  of  the- 
governor  of  Tilbury  Fort  ;  in  love  with 
Whiskerandos.  Her  love-ravings  are  the 
crest  unto  the  crest  of  burlesque  tragedy 

(see  act  ii.   i). — Sheridan:    The  Critis 
1779). 

An  oyster  may  be  crossed  in  love,"  says  the  gentle 

Tilburina.— 5«>  IV.  Scott. 

Tilbnry  Port  (The  governor  oJ% 
fatlier  of  Tilburina ;  a  plain,  matter-of- 
fact  man,  with  a  gushing,  romantic,  and 
love-struck  daughter.  In  Mr.  Puff's 
tragedy  The  Spanish  Armada. — Sheri- 
dan :  The  Critic  (1779). 

Tim  (Tiny),  the  little  son  of  Bob 
Cratchit  (a  clerk  in  Scrooge's  office). — 
Dickens:  Christmas  Caro/ (1843). 

Tim  Syllabub,  a  droll  creature, 
equally  good  at  a  rebus,  a  riddle,  a 
bawdy  song,  or  a  tabernacle  hymn.  You 
may  easily  recognize  him  by  his  shabby 
finery,  his  frizzled  hair,  his  dirty  shirt, 
and  his  half-genteel,  but  more  than  half* 
shabby  dress.— Goldsmith  :  A  Ciiiien  oj 
the  World,  xxix,  {1759). 


TIMES. 


TIMOTHEOS. 


.  Times  {TAe),  a  newspaper  founded 
by  John  Walter,  in  1785.  It  was  first 
called  T/ig  London  Daily  Universal 
Register :  in  1788  the  words  The  Times  or 
.  .  .  were  added.  This  long  title  was 
never  tolerated  by  the  public,  which 
always  spoke  of  the  journal  as  The 
Register,  till  the  original  title  was  sup- 
pressed, and  the  present  title,  The  Times, 
remained.  In  1803  John  Walter,  son  of 
the  founder,  became  manager,  and  greatly 
improved  the  character  of  the  paper,  and 
in  1814  introduced  a  steam  press.  He 
died  in  1847,  and  was  succeeded  by  his 
son  John  Walter  III.  In  the  editorial 
department,  John  (afterwards  "  sir  John") 
Stoddart  (nicknamed  "Dr.  Slop"),  who 
began  to  write  political  articles  in  The 
Times  in  18 10,  was  appointed  editor  in 
i8i2,  but  in  1816  was  dismissed  for  his 
rabid  hatred  of  Napoleon.  He  tried  to 
establish  an  opposition  journal.  The  New 
Times,  which  proved  an  utter  failure. 
Sir  John  Stoddart  was  succeeded  by  John 
Stebbing ;  then  followed  Thomas  Barnes 
("Mr.  T.  Bounce"),  who  remained 
editor  till  his  death,  in  1841.  W.  F.  A. 
Delane  came  next,  and  continued  till  1858, 
when  his  son,  John  Thaddeus  Delane 
(who  died  in  1879),  succeeded  him. 

*.•  Called  "The  Thunderer"  from  an 
article  contributed  by  captain  E.  Sterling, 
beginning,  "  We  thundered  forth  the 
other  day  an  article  on  the  subject  of 
social  and  political  reform  ;  "  and  "  The 
Turnabout,"  because  its  politics  are 
guided  by  the  times,  and  are  not  fossilized 
whig  or  tory. 

Tim'ias,  king  Arthur's  'squire.  He 
went  after  the  "wicked  foster,"  from 
whom  Florimel  fled,  and  the  "foster" 
with  his  two  brothers,  falling  on  him,  were 
all  slain.  Timias,  overcome  by  fatigue, 
now  fell  from  his  horse  in  a  swoon,  and 
BelphoebS  the  huntress,  happening  to  see 
him  fall,  ran  to  his  succour,  applied  an 
ointment  to  his  wounds,  and  bound  them 
with  her  scarf.  The  'squire,  opening  his 
eyes,  exclaimed,  "Angel  or  goddess;  do 
I  call  thee  right?"  "Neither,"  replied 
the  maid,  "but  only  a  wood-nymph." 
Then  was  he  set  upon  his  horse  and  taken 
to  BelphoebS's  pavilion,  where  he  soon 
"  recovered  from  his  wounds,  but  lost  his 
heart"  (bk.  iii.  6).  In  bk.  iv.  7  Bel- 
phoebA  subsequently  found  Timias  in 
dalliance  with  Amoret,  and  said  to  him, 
"  Is  this  thy  faith  ?"  She  said  no  more, 
"  but  turned  her  face  and  fled."  This  is 
an  allusion  to  sir  Walter  Raleigh's  amour 


with  Elizabeth  Throgmorton  {Amoret), 
one  of  the  queen's  maids  of  honour, 
which  drew  upon  sir  Walter  ( Timias)  the 
passionate  displeasure  of  his  royal  mis- 
tress [Belphcebe  or  queen  Elizabeth). — 
Spetiser :  Faerie  Queene,  iii.  (1590). 

TimxilS  [Corporal),  a  non-com- 
missioned officer  in  Waverley's  regi- 
ment.— Sir  W.  Scott:  Waverley  (time, 
George  II.). 

Tiiuoleon,  the  Corinthian.  He 
hated  tyranny,  and  slew  his  own  brother, 
whom  he  dearly  loved,  because  he  tried 
to  make  himself  absolute  in  Corinth. 
"TimophS-n^  he  loved,  but  freedom 
more." 

The  fair  Corinthian  boast 
Timolecn,  happy  temper,  mild  and  firm. 
Who  wept  the  brother  while  the  tyrant  bled. 
Thomson  :  The  Seasons  ("  Winter,"  1726) 

Timon.  in  Pope's  Moral  Essays 
(epistle  iv.),  is  meant  for  the  first  duke 
of  Chandos,  who  had  a  great  passion  for 
splendid  buildings.  His  seat,  described 
in  the  poem,  was  called  "  Canons." 

Timon  of  Athens,  the  Man-hater, 
who  hved  in  the  time  of  the  Pelopon- 
nesian  war.  Shakespeare  has  a  drama 
so  called  (1609).  The  drama  begins 
with  the  joyous  life  of  Timon,  and  his 
hospitable  extravagance  ;  then  launches 
into  his  pecuniary  embarrassment,  and  the 
discovery  that  his  "professed  friends" 
will  not  help  him  ;  and  ends  with  his 
•flight  into  the  woods,  his  misanthropy, 
and  his  death. 

When  he  [Horace  TVa^poW]  talked  misanthropy,  he 

out-Timoncd  Timon. — MacaiUay. 

'.'  On  one  occasion,  Timon  said,  "I 
have  a  fig  tree  in  my  garden  which  I 
once  intended  to  cut  down ;  but  I  shall 
let  it  stand,  that  any  one  who  likes  may 
go  and  hang  himself  on  it." 

Lord  Lytton  wrote  a  poem  called  The  New  Timon, 
(1845).  Shadwell  wrote  a  play  called  Timon  c/ Athens, 
the  Man-HaUr  (1678), 

Timon's  Banquet,  nothing  but 
cover  and  warm  water.  Being  shunned 
by  his  friends  in  adversity,  he  pretended 
to  have  recovered  his  money,  and  invited 
his  false  friends  to  a  banquet  The  table 
was  laden  with  covers,  but  when  the 
contents  were  exposed,  nothing  was  pro- 
vided but  lukewarm  water.  (See  SCHA- 
CABAC,  p.  967.) — Shakespeare:  Timon 
of  Athens,  act  iii.  sc.  6  (1609). 

Timotli'eos,  a  musician,  who  charged 
double  fees  to  all  pupils  who  had  learned 


TIMOTHY. 


XIII     TINTORETTO  OF  ENGLAND. 


music  before. — Quintilian  :  De  Institu- 
tione  Oraioria,  ii.  3. 

Ponocrates  made  him  forget  all  that  he  {Garrantjtal 
had  learned  under  other  masters,  as  TimSthJus  did  to 
his  disciples  who  had  been  taught  music  by  others.— 
RabtlaU:  Carj^antua,  i.  23  (1533). 

Tiniotheus,  placed  on  high 
Amid  the  tuneful  quire. 
With  flying  fingers  touched  the  lyre. 

Dryden  :  AUxander's  Feast  (1697). 

Timothy  [Old),  ostler  at  John  Mengs's 
inn  at  Kirchhoff.— 5z>  W.  Scott:  Anne  of 
Ceierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Timotliy  Qnaint,  the  whimsical 
but  faithful  steward  of  governor  Heartall. 
Blunt,  self-willed,  but  loving  his  master 
above  all  things,  and  true  to  his  interests. 
^Cherry  :  The  Soldier's  Daughter  (1804). 

Ti'murkan  the  Tartar,  and  conqueror 
of  China.  After  a  usurpation  of  twenty 
years,  he  was  slain  in  a  rising  of  the  people 
by  Zaphimri  "  the  orphan  of  China." 

My  mind's  employed  on  other  arts ; 

To  sling  the  well-stored  quiver 

Over  this  arm,  and  wing  the  darts 

At  the  first  reindeer  sweeping  down  the  vale, 

Or  up  the  mountain  strainmg  every  nerve  ; 

To  vault  the  neighing  steed,  and  urge  his  course, 

Swifter  than  whirlwinds,  through  the  ranlcs  of  war  ;— 

These  are  my  passions,  this  my  only  science. 

Raised  from  a  soldier  to  imperial  sway, 

I  still  will  reign  in  terror. 

Murphy;  Tht  Or/'han  of  China,  W.  x.  |i7S9)' 

Tinacrio  "the  Sage,"  father  of 
Micomico'na  queen  of  Micom'icon,  and 
husband  of  queen  Zaramilla.  He  foretold 
that  after  his  death  his  daughter  would 
be  dethroned  by  tlie  giant  Pandafilando, 
but  that  in  Spain  she  would  find  a  cham- 
pion in  don  Quixote  who  would  restore 
her  to  the  throne.  This  never  comes  to 
pass,  as  don  Quixote  is  taken  home  in  a 
cage  without  entering  on  the  adventure. — 
Cervantes:  Don  Quixote,  1.  iv.  3  (1605). 

Tinclarian  Doctor  {The  Great), 
WiUiam  Mitchell,  a  whitesmith  and  tin- 
plate  worker  of  Edinburgh,  who  published 
Tinklers  Testament,  dedicated  to  queen 
Anne,  and  other  similar  works. 

The  reason  why  1  call  myself  the  Tinclarian  doctor  Is 
because  I  am  a  ti-nklar,  and  cures  old  pans  and  lantruris. 
m~lntroduction  to  Tinkler's  Testairunt. 

•.'  Uniformity  of  spelling  must  not 
be  looked  for  in  the  "doctor's"  book. 
We  have  "Tinklar,"  "Tinkler,"  and 
"Tinclar-ian." 

Tinder-box  {Miss  Jenny),  a  lady  with 
a  moderate  fortune,  who  once  had  some 
pretensions  to  beauty.  Her  elder  sister 
happened  to  marry  a  man  cf  quality,  and 
Jenny  ever  after  resolved  not  to  disgrace 
herself  by  marrying  a  tradesman.  Having 
rejected  many  of  her  equals,  she  became 


at  last  the  governess  of  her  sister's  chil- 
dren, and  had  to  undergo  the  drudgery  of 
three  servants  without  receiving  the  wages 
of  one. — Goldsmith :  A  Citizen  of  the 
World,  xxviii.  (1759). 

Tinker  [The  Immortal  or  The  In- 
spired), John  Bunyan  (1628-1688). 

H  Elitiu  Burritt,  United  States,  is 
called  "The  Learned  Blacksmith" 
{1811-1879). 

Tinsel  {Lord),  a  type  of  that  worst 
specimen  of  aristocracy,  which  ignores 
all  merit  but  blue  blood,  and  would  rather 
patronize  a  horse-jockey  than  a  curate, 
scholar,  or  poor  gentleman.  He  would 
subscribe  six  guineas  to  the  concerts  of 
signor  Cantata,  because  lady  Dangle 
patronized  him,  but  not  one  penny  to 
"  languages,  arts,  and  sciences,"  as  such. 
— Knowles:  The  Hunchback  (1831). 

Tinta^el  or  Tintagil,  a  strong  and 
magnificent  castle  on  the  coast  of  Corn- 
wall, said  to  have  been  the  work  of  two 
giants.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  king 
Arthur,  and  subsequently  the  royal  resi- 
dence of  king  Mark.  Dunlop  asserts 
that  vestiges  of  the  castle  still  exist. 

They  found  a  naked  child  upon  the  sands 
Of  dark  Tintagil  by  the  Cornish  sea, 
And  that  was  Arthur. 

Tennyson  ;  Guinevere  {1838), 

Tinto  {Dick),  a  poor  artist,  son  of 
a  tailor  in  the  village  of  Langdirdum. 
He  is  introduced  as  a  lad  in  the  Bride 
of  Lammermoor,  i.  This  was  in  the 
reign  of  William  HL  He  is  again 
introduced  in  St.  Ronans  Well,  i., 
as  touching  up  the  signboard  of  Meg 
Dods,  in  the  reign  of  George  HL  As 
William  \\\.  died  in  1702,  and  George 
HL  began  to  reign  in  1760,  Master  Dick 
must  have  been  a  patriarch  when  he 
worked  for  Mrs.  Dods.— -Sir  W.  Scott: 
Bride  of  Lammermoor  {iQi^) ;  St.  Ronans 
Well  (1823). 

Meg  Dods  agreed  with  the  celebrated  Dick  Tinto  to 
repaint  her  father's  sign,  which  had  become  rather 
undecipherable.  Dick  accordingly  gilded  the  bishop's 
crook,  and  augmented  the  horrors  of  the  devil's  aspect, 
until  it  became  a  terror  to  all  the  younger  fry  of  the 
school-house.— 5t>  iV.  Scott:  St.  Ronan's  fVeil,  i. 
(1823)- 

Tintoretto,  the  historical  painter, 
whose  real  name  was  Jacopo  Robusti. 
He  was  called  //  Furioso  from  the  ex- 
treme rapidity  with  which  he  painted 
(1512-1594). 

Tintoretto  of  England  {The). 
W.  Dobson  was  called  "  The  Tintoret  of 
England  "  by  Charles  L  {1610-1646). 


TINTORETTO  OF  SWITZERLAND.  iTia 


TTRIJSNECK. 


Tintoretto  of  Switzerland  ( The), 

John  Huber  (eighteenth  century). 

Tiphany,  the  mother  of  the  three 
■kings  of  Cologne.  The  word  is  mani- 
lesily  a  corruption  ol  St.  Epiphany,  as 
Tibs  is  of  St.  Ubes,  Taudry  of  St.  Audry, 
Tooley  [Street]  of  St.  Olaf,  Telder  of  St. 
Ethelred,  and  so  on. 

Scores  of  the  saints  have  similarly 
manufactured  names. 

Ti'phys,  pilot  of  the  Argonauts ; 
whence  any  pilot. 

Many  a  Tiphys  ocean's  depths  explore, 
To  open  wondrous  ways  untried  before. 

Ariosto  :  Orlando  Furioso,  viii.  (Hoole). 

*.'  Another  name  for  a  pilot  or  guiding 
power  is  Palinurus ;  so  called  from  the 
steersman  of  yEneas. 

E'en  Palinurus  nodded  at  the  helm. 

Popt :  The  Dunciad,  iv.  614  (1742). 

Tippins  {Lady),  an  old  lady  "with 
an  immense  obtuse,  drab,  oblong  face, 
like  a  face  in  a  tablespoon ;  and  a  dyed 
long  walk '  up  the  top  of  her  head,  as 
a  convenient  public  approach  to  the  bunch 
of  false  hair  behind.'  She  delights  "  to 
patronize  Mrs.  Veneering,"  and  Mrs. 
Veneering  is  delighted  to  be  patronized 
by  her  ladyship. 

Lady  Tippins  is  always  attended  by  a  lover  or  two, 
and  she  keeps  a  little  hst  of  her  lovers,  and  is  always 
booking  a  new  lover  or  striking  out  an  old  lover,  or 
putting  a  lover  in  her  black  list,  or  promoting  a  lover 
to  her  blue  list,  or  adding  up  her  lovers,  or  otherwise 
posting  her  book,  which  she  calls  her  Cupldon. — 
Oickens  :  Our  Mutual  Friend,  ii.  (1864). 

Tipple,  in  Dudley's  Fliich  of  Bacon, 
■first  introduced  John  Edwin  into  notice 
■(1750-1790). 

Edwin's  "Tipple,"  in  the  Flitch  0/ Bacon,  was  an 
•xquisite  irea.i.—Boaden. 

Tippoo  Saib  {Prince),  son  of  Hyder 
Ali  nawaub  of  Mysore. — Sir  IV.  Scott : 
The  Surgeon's  Daughter  (time,  George 
II.). 

Tips  or  "  Examination  Crams."  Re- 
<;ognized  stock  pieces  of  what  is  called 
"  book  work  "  in  university  examinations 
used  to  be,  before  the  reform  :  Fernat's 
theorem;  the  "  Ludus  Trojanus"  in 
Virgil's  ^neid  (bk.  vi.);  Agnesi's 
"Witch;"  the  "Cissoid"  of  Diodes; 
and  the  famous  fragment  of  Solon, 
generally  said  to  be  by  Euripides. 

In  law  examinations  the  stock  pieces 
used  t'j  be :  the  Justinian  of  Sandars ; 
the  Digest  of  Evidence  of  sir  James 
Stephen;  and  the  Ancient  Law  of  sir 
Henry  Maine. 

(The  following  were  recognized  primers: 
—Mill's    Logic;    Spencer's  First  PriH- 


ciples ;  Maine's  Ancient  Law;  Lessing's 
Laocoon  ;  Ritter  and  Preller's  Fragmenta  ; 
Wheaton's  International  Law.) 

Tiptoe,  footman  to  Random  and 
Scruple.  He  had  seen  better  days,  but, 
being  found  out  in  certain  dishonest  trans- 
actions, had  lost  grade,  and  "Tiptoe, 
who  once  stood  above  the  world,"  came 
into  a  position  in  which  "all  the  world 
stood  on  Tiptoe."  He  was  a  shrewd, 
lazy,  knowing  rascal,  better  adapted  to 
dubious  adventure,  but  always  sighing 
for  a  snug  berth  in  some  wealthy,  sober, 
old-fashioned,  homely,  county  family, 
with  good  wages,  liberal  diet,  and  little 
work  to  do. — Caiman  :  Ways  and  Means 
(1788). 

Tirau'te  the  White,  the  hero  and 
title  of  a  romance  of  chivalry. 

"  Let  me  see  that  book,"  said  the  catt ;  "  we  shall 
find  in  it  a  fund  of  amusement.  Here  we  shall  find  that 
famous  knight  don  Kyrie  Elyson  of  Montalban,  and 
Thomas  his  brother,  with  the  knight  Fonseca,  the  battle 
which  Detriant^  foug-ht  with  Alano,  the  stratagems  of 
the  Widow  Tranquil,  the  amour  of  the  empress  with 
her  'squire,  and  the  witticisms  of  lady  Brillianta.  This 
is  one  of  the  most  amusingj  books  ever  written."— 
Cervantes  :  Don  Quixote,  I.  i.  6  (i6os). 

Tiresias,  a  Theban  soothsayer,  blind 
from  boyhood.  It  is  said  that  Ath6na 
deprived  him  of  sight,  but  gave  him  the 
power  of  understanding  the  language  of 
birds,  and  a  staff  as  good  as  eyesight  to 
direct  his  way.  Another  tale  is  that, 
seeing  a  male  and  female  serpent  in 
copulation,  he  killed  the  male,  and  was 
metamorphosed  into  a  woman ;  seven 
years  later  he  saw  a  similar  phenomenon, 
and  killed  the  female,  whereupon  he  be- 
came a  man  again.  Thus,  when  Jupiter 
and  Juno  wished  to  know  whether  man 
or  woman  had  the  greater  enjoyment  in 
married  life,  they  referred  the  question  to 
Tiresias,  who  declared  that  the  pleasure  of 
the  woman  is  tenfold  greater  than  that 
of  the  man.    (See  CiENEUS,  p.  164.) 

"  In  troth,"  said  Jove  (and  as  he  spoke  he  laughed. 
While  to  his  queen  from  nectar  bowls  he  quaned), 
■'  The  sense  of  pleasure  in  the  male  is  far 


More  dull  and  dead  than  what  you  females  share." 
Juno  the  truth  of  what  he  said  denied ; 
Tiresias  therefore  must  the  case  decide. 
For  he  the  pleasure  of  each  sex  had  tried. 
Addison:  The  Transformation  of  Tiresias  (ztx^). 
There  is  an  awkward  thing,  which  much  perplexes. 
Unless,  like  wise  Tiresias,  we  had  proved 
By  turns  the  diflference  of  the  several  sexes. 

Byron  :  Don  yuan,  xiv.  73  (1S34). 

• .  •  The  name  is  generally  pronounced 
Ti-re^-si-as,  but  Milton  calls  it  Ti'-re-sas— 

Blind  Thamyris  and  blind  MseonidAs  [Homer'l, 
And  Ti'rSs'as  and  Phineus  IFi  nucel  prophets  old. 
Paradise  Lost,  iii.  36  (1665). 

Tirlsneck  ijonnie),  beadle  of  old  St 


TIRNANOGE. 


1113 


TITE  BARNACLE. 


Ronan's.— Sir    W.    Scott:    St.   Ronan's 
Well  [iimc,  George  III.). 

Timanoge.  (Sec  Land  of  Life, 
P.S90-) 

Tirso  de  Moli'na,  the  pseudonym 
of  Gabriel  Tellez,  a  Spanish  monk  and 
dramatist  His  comedy  called  Con- 
vivando  de  Piedra  (1626)  was  imitated 
by  Moli^re  in  his  Festin  de  Pierre  (1665), 
and  has  given  binh  to  the  whole  host  of 
comedies  and  operas  on  the  subject  of 
"  don  Juan  "  (1570-1648). 

Tiryns  (JThe  Gallery  of),  one  of 
the  old  Cyclopean  structures  mentioned 
by  Homer,  and  still  extant  in  ArgSlis. 
The  stones  of  this  "  gallery  "  are  so  enor- 
mous that  two  horses  could  not  stir  the 
smallest  of  them. 

IT  Similar  Cyclopean  structures  are 
the  "treasury  of  Atreus,"  the  "gate  of 
Lions,"  the  "  tomb  of  Phoroneus  " 
(3  syl.\  and  the  "tomb  of  Danaos,"  all 
in  Mycenas. 

Tiryn'tliian  Swain  {The),  Her'- 
CulSs,  called  in  Latin  Tirynthius  Heros, 
because  he  generally  resided  at  Tiryns,  a 
town  of  Ar'golis,  in  Greece. 

Upon  his  shield  lay  that  Tirynthian  swain 

Swelt'ring  in  fiery  gore  and  poisonous  flame, 
His  wife's  sad  gift  venomed  with  bloody  stain.    [Sea 
NESSUS,  p.  749.] 

P.  FUtcher:  Tht  PurfU  Island,  tU.  (1633). 

Tisapher'nes  (4  syl.),  "  the  thunder- 
bolt of  war."  He  was  in  the  army  of 
Egypt,  and  was  slain  by  Rinaldo. — 
Tasso:  Jerusalem  Delivered,  xx.  (1575). 

N.B. — This  son  of  Mars  must  not  be 
mistaken  for  Tissaphernes  the  Persian 
satrap,  who  sided  with  the  Spartans  in 
the  Peloponnesian  war,  and  who  treacher- 
ously volunteered  to  guide  "  the  ten 
thousand  "  back  to  Greece. 

Tisbi'na,  wife  of  Iroldo.  ( For  the  tale, 
see  Prasildo,  p.  868.)— Bojardo :  Or- 
lando Innamorato {i^ge^).  (See  DiANORA, 
p.  278;  and  DORIGEN,  p.  294.) 

Tisellin,  the  raven,  in  the  beast-epic 
of  Reynard  the  Fox  (1498). 

TiBiph'one  (4  syl.),  one  of  the  three 
Furies.  Covered  with  a  bloody  robe,  she 
sits  day  and  night  at  hell-gate,  armed 
with  a  whip.  Tibullus  says  her  head 
was  coifed  with  serpents  in  lieu  of  hair, 

IF  the  same  is  said  of  the  three  Gorgons 
in  Greek  mythology. 

The  Desert  Fairy,  with  her  head  covered  with  snakes, 
like  Tisiphone,  mounted  on  a  winged  gr'xffm.—Comtesst 
CfAulnoM  •■  eairy  TaU*  ("  Xh«  Yellow  Dwarf,"  1683), 


Ti'tau,  the  sun  or  Helios,  the  child  ol 
Hy  peri 'on  and  Basil'ea,  and  grandson  of 
Coelum  or  heaven.  Virgil  calls  the  sua 
".Titan,"  and  so  does  Ovid. 

.  .  .  primos  crastinus  ortus 
Extulerit  Titan,  radiisque  retexerit  orbem. 

y^neid,  iv.  118,  isfi 

A  maiden  queen  that  shone  at  Titan's  ray. 

Sfenstr:  Falrit  Queene,  I.  4  (ZS90K 

Titans,  six  giants,  sons  of  Heaven 
and  Earth.  Their  names  were  OceSnos. 
Koeos,  Krios,  Hyperion,  lapfitos,  and 
Kronos. 

Th£  Titantdis  v/ere  Theia  [Thi-a], 
Rhea,  Themis,  Mnemos^nS,  Phceb^,  and 
Tethys. 

Titan'ia,  queen  of  the  fairies,  and 
wife  of  Ob^ron.  Obgron  wanted  her  to 
give  him  for  a  page  a  little  changeling, 
but  Titania  refused  to  part  with  him,  and 
this  led  to  a  fairy  quarrel,  Oberon,  in 
revenge,  anointed  the  eyes  of  Titania 
during  sleep  with  an  extract  of  "Love 
in  Idleness,"  the  effect  of  which  was  to 
make  her  fall  in  love  with  the  first  object 
she  saw  on  waking.  The  first  object 
Titania  set  eyes  on  happened  to  be  a 
country  bumpkin,  whom  Puck  had  dressed 
up  with  an  ass's  head.  When  Titania 
was  fondling  this  "  unamiable  creature, " 
Oberon  came  upon  her,  sprinkled  on  her 
an  antidote,  and  Titania,  thoroughly 
ashamed  of  herself,  gave  up  the  boy  to 
her  husband  ;  after  which  a  reconciliation 
took  place  between  the  wilful  fairies. — 
Shakespeare  :  Midsummer  Night's  Dream 
(1592). 

Tite  Barnacle  {Mr.),  head  of  the 
Circumlocution  Office,  and  a  very  great 
man  in  his  own  opinion.  The  family  had 
intermarried  with  the  Stiltstalkings,  and 
the  Barnacles  and  Stiltstalkings  found 
berths  pretty  readily  in  the  national  work- 
shop, where  brains  and  conceit  were  in 
inverse  ratio.  The  young  gents  in  the 
office  usually  spoke  with  an  eye-glass  in 
one  eye,  in  this  sort  of  style  :  "  Oh,  I  say ; 
look  here  I  Can't  attend  to  you  to-day,, 
you  know.  But  look  here  !  I  say  ;  can't 
you  call  to-morrow  ?  "  "  No."  "  Well,  but 
I  say  ;  look  here  !  Is  this  public  business? 
— anything  about — tonnage — or  that  sort 
of  thing  ? '  Having  made  his  case  under- 
stood, Mr.  Clennam  received  the  follow- 
ing instructions  in  these  words — 

You  must  find  out  all  about  it.  Then  youTl  meni» 
rialize  the  department,  according  to  the  regular  forms 
for  leave  to  memorialize.  If  you  get  it,  the  memorial 
must  be  entered  in  that  department,  sent  to  be  regis- 
tered in  this  department,  then  sent  back  to  that  depart 
ment,  then  sent  to  this  department  to  be  countersigned, 
«Dd  tbea  it  will  be  brought  regularly  before  that  (!•• 


TITHONUS. 

partment.  Youll  find  out  when  the  business  passes 
throiigfh  each  of  these  stages  by  inquiring  at  both 
departments  till  they  tell  yQ\x,— Dickens  :  Little  Dorrit, 
X.  (1857). 

Titho'uxiS,  a  son  of  Laomedon  king 
of  Troy,  He  was  so  handsome  that 
Auro'ra  became  enamoured  of  him.  and 
persuaded  Jupiter  to  make  him  immortal. 
But  as  she  forgot  to  ask  for  eternal  youth 
also,  he  became  decrepit  and  ugiy,  and 
Aurora  changed  him  into  a  cicada  or 
grasshopper.  His  name  is  a  synonym  for 
a  very  old  man. 

Weary  of  aged  Tithon's  saffron  bed. 

S/enser:  Fairie  Qiieene,  I.  iu  7  (1590). 
.  .  .  thinner  than  Tithonus  was 
Before  he  faded  into  air. 

Lord  Lytton  :  Tales  0/ Miletus.  iL 

Titho'nus  {The  Consort  of),  the 
moon. 

Now  the  fair  consort  of  Tithonus  old, 
Arisen  from  her  mate's  beloved  arms, 
Loolced  pal61y  o'er  the  eastern  cliff. 

Dante:  Purgatory,  ix.  (1308); 

Tithor'ea,  one  of  the  two  chief  sum- 
mits of  Parnassus.  It  was  dedicated  to 
Bacchus,  the  other  {Lycorea)  being  dedi- 
cated to  the  Muses  and  Apollo. 

Titian  ( 7V2?a«(?  VecelHo),  an  Italian 
landscape  painter,  especially  famotis  for 
his  clouds  (1477-1576). 

The  French  Titian,  Jacques  Blanchard 
{1600-1638). 

The  Portuguese  Titian,  Alonzo  Sanchez 
Coello  {1515-1590). 

Titles  of  Honour  [A  Treatise  on), 
by  Selden  (1614). 

Titmarsh  [Michael  Angdo),  a  pseu- 
donym of  Thackeray  Called  "  Michael 
Angelo "  from  his  massive  body,  broad 
shoulders,  and  large  head  (1811-1863). 

Titmarsh  [Samuel),  The  Great 
Hoggarty  Diamond,  a  story  by  Thackeray 
(1841). 

Titmouse  [Mr.  Tittlebat),  a  vulgar, 
Ignorant  coxcomb,  suddenly  raised  from 
the  degree  of  a  linen-draper's  shopman 
to  a  man  of  fortune,  with  an  income  of 
^lo.oooayear. —  Warren  :  Ten  Thousand 
u  Year. 

Tito  Illele'ma,  a  Greek,  who  marries 
Komoia..  —  George  Eliot  (Mrs.  J.  W. 
Cross) :  Romola  (1863). 

Titurel,  the  first  king  of  Graal-burg. 
He  has  bought  into  subjection  all  his 
passions,  has  resisted  all  the  seductions 
of  the  world  and  Is  modest,  chaste,  pious, 
and  devout.  His  daughter  Sigung  is  in 
love  with  Tschionatulander,  who  is  slain. 


11x4 


TITYRE  TUS. 


—  Wolfram    von    Eschenbach :     Titurel 
(thirteenth  century). 

N.B.— Wolfram's  Titurel  is  a  tedious 
expansion  of  a  lay  already  in  existence, 
and  Albert  of  Scharfenberg  produced  a 
Young  Titurel,  at  one  time  thought  the 
best  romance  of  chivalry  in  existence  ; 
but  it  is  pompous,  stilted,  erudite,  and 
wearisome. 

Titns.the  son  of  Lucius  Junius  Brutus. 
He  joined  the  faction  of  Tarquin,  and 
was  condemned  to  death  by  his  father, 
who,  having  been  the  chief  instrument  in 
banishing  the  king  and  all  his  race,  was 
created  the  first  consul. 

(The  subject  has  been  often  dramatized. 
In  English,  by  N.  Lee  (1679)  and  John 
Howard  Payne  (1820).  In  French,  by 
Arnault,  in  1792 ;  and  by  Ponsard,  in 
1843.  In  Italian,  by  Alfieri,  Bruto  ;  etc. 
It  was  in  Payne's  tragedy  that  Charles 
Kean  made  his  d^but  in  Glasgow  as 
"  Titus,"  his  father  playing  "  Brutus.  *) 

The  house  was  filled  to  overflowing  .  .  .  the  stirring 
Interest  of  the  play,  combined  with  the  natural  acting 
of  the  father  ana  son,  completely  subdued  the  audience. 
They  sat  suffused  in  tears  during  the  last  pathetic  inter- 
view, until  Brutus,  overwhelmed  by  his  emotions,  falls 
on  the  neck  of  Titus,  exclaiming,  m  a  burst  of  agony, 
"  Embrace  thy  wretched  father  I "  when  the  whole 
theatre  broke  forth  in  long  peals  of  applause.  Edmund 
Kean  then  whispered  in  his  son's  ear,  "  Charlie,  my 
boy,  we  are  doing  the  tnck."—CeU:  Life  of  Charles 
Kean. 

Titus,  "the  delight  of  man,"  the 
Roman  emperor,  son  of  Vespasian  (40, 
79-81). 

Titus,  the  penitent  thief,  according  to 
Longfellow,  Dumichus  and  Titus  were 
two  of  a  band  of  robbers,  who  attacked 
Joseph  in  his  flight  into  Egypt.  Titus 
said,  "  Let  these  good  people  go  in 
peace  ;  "  but  Dumachus  replied,  *'  First 
let  them  pay  their  ransom."  Whereupon 
Titus  handed  to  his  companion  forty 
groats ;  and  the  infant  Jesus  said  to 
him — 

When  thirty  years  shall  have  gone  by, 
1  at  Jerusalem  shall  die  .  .  . 

On  the  accursed  tree. 
Then  on  My  right  and  My  left  side. 
These  thieves  shall  both  be  crucified. 
And  Titus  thenceforth  shall  abide 

In  paradise  with  Me. 
Lens/ellow  •'  The  Golden  Legend  (1851). 

Tityre  Tus  (long  «),  the  name  as- 
sumed in  the  seventeenth  century  by  a 
clique  of  young  blades  of  the  better  class, 
whose  delight  was  to  break  windows, 
upset  sedan-chairs,  molest  quiet  citizens, 
and  rudely  caress  pretty  women  in  the 
streets  at  night-time.  These  brawlers 
took  successively  many  titular  names, 
as  Muns,  Hectors,  Scourers,  afterwards 


TITYKUS. 


x"S 


TOBY. 


Nickers,  later  still  Hawcubites,  and  lastly 
Mohawks  or  Mohocks. 

•.•  "Tityre  tu-s "  is  meant  for  the 
plural  of  "Tityre  tu,"  in  the  first  line  of 
V h gW s  first  Eclog^ue :  "Tityre,  tupatulse 
recubans  sub  tegmine  fagi," — and  meant 
to  imply  that  these  blades  were  men  of 
leisure  and  fortune,  who  "lay  at  ease 
under  their  patrimonial  beech  trees." 

Tifyrns,  in  the  Shepheardes  Calen- 
dar, by  Spenser  (eel.  ii.  and  vi. ),  is  meant 
for  Chaucer. 

The  grentle  shepherd  sate  beside  a  spring  .  .  . 
That  Colin  hight,  which  well  could  pipe  and  sing. 
For  he  of  Tityrus  his  song  did  learn. 
Spenser:  The  Shepheardes  Calendar,  xM.  (1579). 

Tityus,  a  giant,  whose  body  covered 
nine  acres  of  ground.  In  TartSrus,  two 
vultures  or  serpents  feed  for  ever  on  his 
liver,  which  grows  as  fast  as  it  is  gnawed 
away. 

IF  Prometheus  (3  syl.)  is  said  to  have 
been  fastened  to  mount  Caucasus,  where 
two  eagles  fed  on  his  liver,  which  never 
wasted. 


Nor  unobser\-ed  lay  stretched  upon  the  marie 
Tityus,  earth-born,  whose  body  long  and  large 
Covered  nine  acres.     There  two  vultures  sat. 


Of  appetite  insatiate,  and  with  beaks 

For  ravine  bent,  unintermitting  gored 

His  liver.    Powerless  he  to  put  to  flight 

The  fierce  devourers.    To  this  penance  Judged 

For  rape  intended  on  I^atona  fair. 

Fenton's  Hotner's  Odyssey,  ■A.  (1716). 

Tiso'na,  the  Cid's   sword.      It  was 

buried  with  him,  as  Joyeuse  was  buried 
with  Charlemagne,  and  Durindana  with 
Orlando. 

Tlal'ala,  surnamed  "  The  Tiger," 
one  of  the  AztScas.  On  one  occasion, 
being  taken  captive,  Madoc  released  him, 
but  he  continued  the  unrelenting  foe  of 
Madoc  and  his  new  colony,  and  was 
always  foremost  in  working  them  evil. 
When  at  length  the  Aztecas,  being  over- 
come, migrated  to  Mexico,  Tlalala  refused 
to  quit  the  spot  of  his  father's  tomb, 
and  threw  himself  on  his  own  javelin. — 
Southey  :  Madoc  {iBo$). 

To,  an  intensive  particle,  about  equal 
to  "wholly,"  "  altogether." 

My  parkes  ben  to  broken. 
Chaucer:  Canterbury  Tales  ("  Cook's  Tale,"  1388). 
Gamelyn  cast  the  wrestler  on  his  left  syde  that  thre 
ribbes  to  hzi^tt.— Canterbury  Tales  (1838). 

Toad  witk  an  R,  worthlessness, 
mere  dung.  Anglo-Saxon,  tord  or  toord, 
(now  spelt  with  a  u) ;  hence  in  the  Gospel 
of  St.  Luke  xiii.  8,  "  He  answeringe 
seide  to  him,  Lord,  suffer  also  this  zeer, 
til  the  while  I  delue  [delve]  aboute  it,  and 
sende  toordis  .  .  ." — Gothic  and  Anglo- 


Saxon  Cos f  els,  Bosworth,  p.  365;  Wycliffo 
(1389). 

Forsooth  he  seide  this  lyknesse :  Sum  man  hadde 
a  fygtree  planted  in  hisvyner;  and  he  cam  sekynge 
fruyte  in  it,  and  fond  not.  Loth  is  he  seide  to  the  tiller 
of  the  vyner.  Loo  I  thre  leeris  ben  and  ishen  I  com 
sekynge  fruyt  in  this  fygtree,  and  fond  not,  there  foro 
kitt  it  doun;  whereso  occupieth  it,  zho,  the  erthe? 
And  he  ansurynge  seide  to  him.  Lord,  suffer  also 
this  zeer,  til  the  while  I  delue  about  it,  and  tend* 
toordis,  etc. 

Good  husband  his  boon  Or  request  hath  afar; 

111  husband  as  soon  Hath  a  toad  with  an  R. 

Tusser  :  Five  Hundred  Points,  etc.,  liL  x6. 

(A  good  husband  has  his  wishes  fulfilled 
readily,  but  a  bad  husband  is  served  with 
a  toc^r^d  as  soon  as  with  the  boon  re- 
quested.) 

Toad-Eater  {Pulteney's).  Henry 
Vane  was  so  called,  in  1742,  by  sir 
Robert  Walpole.  Two  years  later,  Sarah 
Fielding,  in  David  Simple,  speaks  of 
"toad-eater"  as  "quite  a  new  word." 
(Spanish,  todita,  "a  factotum,"  one 
who  will  do  any  sort  of  work  for  his 
employer.) 

Tobacco,  says  Stow,  in  his  Chronicle, 
was  first  brought  to  England  by  sir  John 
Hawkins,  in  1565  (7  Elizabeth). 

Before  that  Indian  weed  so  strongly  was  embraced. 
Wherein  such  mighty  sums  we  prodigally  waste. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xvi.  (1613). 

ToTjo'so  [Dulcinea  del),  the  lady- 
chosen  by  don  Quixote  for  his  particulai 
paragon.  Sancho  Panza  says  she  was 
"a  stout-built,  sturdy  wench,  who  could 
pitch  the  bar  as  well  as  any  young  fellow 
m  the  parish."  The  knight  had  been  in 
love  with  her  before  he  took  to  errantry. 
She  was  Aldonza  Lorenzo,  the  daughter 
of  Lorenzo  Corchuelo  and  Aldonza  No- 
galds ;  but  when  signiorQuixada  assumed 
the  dignity  of  knighthood,  he  changed 
the  name  and  style  of  his  lady  into 
Dulcinea  del  Toboso,  which  was  more 
befitting  his  own  rank. — Cervantes:  Don 
Quixote,  I.  i.  i  (1605). 

TOBY,  waiter  of  the  Spa  hotel,  St. 
Ronan's,  kept  by  Sandie  Lawson. — Sit 
W.  Scott:  St,  Ronans  Well  (time,  George 
III.). 

Toby  {A),  a  brown  Rockingham-ware 
beer-jug,  with  the  likeness  of  Toby  Filpot 
embossed  on  its  sides,  "  a  goodly  jug  of 
well-browned  clay,  fashioned  into  the 
form  of  an  old  gentleman,  atop  of  whose 
bald  head  was  a  fine  froth  answering  to 
his  wig"  (ch,  iv.). 

Dear  Friend,  this  brown  Jug  whick  now  foams  witk 

niilJ  ale 
.  .  .  was  once  Toby  Filpot,  a  thirsty  old  soul 
As  e'er  cracked  a  bottle,  or  fathomed  a  bowl. 

OKee/e:  Poor  Soldier 


TOBY. 


xxx6 


TOINETTE. 


Gabriel  lifted  Toby  to  Ms  mouth,  and  took  a  hearty 
■Sraught. — Dickens  :  Master  Humphrey's  Clock  ("  Bar- 
siaby  Rudge,"  xli.,  1841). 

Toby,  Punch's  dog,  in  the  puppet- 
show  exhibition  of  Punch  and  Judy. 

In  some  versions  of  the  great  drama  oi  Punch  thera 
is  a  small  dog  (a  modem  innovation),  supposed  to  be 


the  private  property  of  that  gentleman,  and  of  the  name 
of  Toby— always  Toby.  This  dog  has  been  stolen  in 
youth  from  another  gentleman,  and  fraudulently  sold 


to  the  confiding  hero,  who,  having  no  guile  himself, 
•has  no  suspicion  that  it  lurks  in  others;  but  Toby, 
«ntertaining  a  grateful  recollection  of  his  old  master, 
and  scorning  to  attach  himself  to  any  new  patrons,  not 
only  refuses  to  smoke  a  pipe  at  the  bidding  of  Punch, 
but  (to  mark  his  old  fidelity  more  strongly)  seizes 
"him  by  the  nose,  and  wrings  the  same  with  violence, 
«t  which  instance  of  canine  attachment  the  spectators 
are  always  deeply  affected.— Z?i<r/fe«»M ;  Old  Curiosity 
Shop,  ch.  xviiL  (1840). 

Toby,  in  the  periodical  called  Punch, 
is  represented  as  a  grave,  consequen- 
tial, sullen,  unsocial  pug,  perched  on 
back  volumes  of  the  national  Menippus, 
which  he  guards  so  stolidly  that  it  would 
need  a  very  bold  heart  to  attempt  to  filch 
one.  There  is  no  reminiscence  in  this 
Toby,  like  that  of  his  peep-show  name- 
sake, of  any  previous  master,  and  no 
aversion  to  his  present  one.  Punch 
himself  is  the  very  beau-id^al  of  good- 
natured  satire  and  shrewdness. 

N.B. — The  first  cover  of  immortal 
Punch  was  designed  by  A.  S.  Henning  ; 
the  present  one  by  Richard  Doyle. 

Toby,  M.F.,  nom  de  plume  of  Mr. 
H.  W.  Lucy.  He  is  the  Baronite,  and 
Baron  de  Bookworms,  of  Punch. 

Toby  [Uncle),  a  captain,  who  was 
wounded  at  the  siege  of  Namur,  and  was 
obliged  to  retire  from  the  service.  He  is 
the  impersonation  of  kindness,  benevo- 
lence, and  simple-heartedness ;  his  courage 
is  undoubted,  his  gallantry  delightful  for 
its  innocence  and  modesty.  Nothing  can 
exceed  the  grace  of  uncle  Toby's  love- 
passages  with  the  Widow  Wadman.  It 
is  said  that  lieutenant  Sterne  (father  of 
the  novelist)  was  the  prototype  of  uncle 
Toby. — Sterne:  Tristram  Shandy  {ly^g). 

My  uncle  Toby  is  one  of  the  finest  compliments  ever 
paid  to  human  nature.  He  is  the  most  unoffending  of 
God's  creatures,  or,  as  the  French  would  express  it, 
un  tel  petit  bonhom.nu.  Of  his  bowling-green,  his 
sieges,  and  his  amours,  who  would  say  or  think  any- 
thing amiss  t — Hazliti. 

Toby  Veck,  ticket-porter  and  jobman, 
nicknamed  "Trotty"  from  his  trotting 
pace.  He  was  "  a  weak,  small,  spare 
raan,"  who  loved  to  earn  his  money ; 
and  he  heard  the  chimes  ring  words  in 
accordance  with  his  fancy,  hopes,  and 
fears.  After  a  dinner  of  tripe,  he  lived 
for  a  time  in  a  sort  of  dream,  and  woke 
up  on  New  Year's  Day  to  dance  at  his 


daughter's     "fredd'mg.  —  Dickens  :      7'he 
Chimes  (1844). 

Todd  [Laurie),  a  poor  Scotch  nail- 
maker,  who  emigrates  to  America,  and, 
after  some  reverses  of  fortune,  begins  life 
again  as  a  backwoodsman,  and  greatly 
prospers.— Ga///  Laurie  Todd. 

Tod'^ers  [Mrs.),  proprietress  of  a 
"  commercial  boarding-house  ;  "  weighed 
down  with  the  overwhelming  cares  of 
"sauces,  gravy,"  and  the  wherewithal  of 
providing  for  her  lodgers.  Mrs.  Todgers 
had  a  "soft  heart"  for  Mr.  Pecksniff, 
widower,  and  being  really  kind-hearted, 
befriended  poor  Mercy  Pecksniff  in  her 
miserable  married  life  with  her  brutal 
husband  Jonas  OcmzzX^vnl.— Dickens  : 
Martin  Chuzzlewit  (1844). 

Toffa'nia,  of  Palermo,  a  noted 
poisoner,  who  sold  a  tasteless,  colourless 
poison,  called  the  Manna  of  St.  Nicola  of 
Bari,  but  better  known  as  Aqua  Tofana, 
Above  600  persons  fell  victims  to  this 
fatal  drug.  She  was  at  last  convicted  of 
murder,  and  was  executed  in  1719. 

Tofana,  properly  Tiifinia. 

La  Spara  or  Hieronyma  Spara,  about 
a  century  previously,  sold  an  "  elixir  " 
equally  fatal.  The  secret  was  ultimately 
revealed  to  her  father  confessor. 

Tofts  {Mistress),  a  famous  s'nger 
towards  the  close  of  the  eighteenth 
century.  She  was  very  fond  of  cats,  and 
left    a    legacy    to  twenty   of    the  tabby 

tribe. 

Not  Nlobe  mourned  more  for  fourteen  brats, 
Nor  Mistress  Tofts,  to  leave  her  twenty  cats. 
Peter  Pindar  [Di.  Wolcot]:  Old  Simon  (1809). 

Togar'nia  [' '  island  of  blue  waves  "], 
one  of  the  Hebrides. — Ossian  :  Death  of 
Cuthullin. 

Togforma,  the  kingdom  of  Connal 
son  of  Colgar. — Ossian  :  Fingal. 

Tohu  va  Bohu,  at"  sixes  and  sevens, 
in  the  utmost  confusion,  topsy-turvy. 

The  earth  was  tohu  va  bohu,  that  is,  void  and  in 
confusion  ...  in  short,  a  chaos.  This  may  well  be 
applied  to  a  country  desolated  by  war.  [Note  by  Edit. 
Bohn's  ed.}— Rabelais  :  Panta' gruel,  iv.  17  (1545). 

Toixiette,  a  confidential  female  ser- 
vant of  Argan  the  malade  imaginaire. 
"  Adroite,  soigneuse,  diligente,  et  surtout 
fiddle,"  but  contradictious,  and  always 
calling  into  action  her  master's  irritable 
temper.  In  order  to  cure  him,  she  pre- 
tends to  be  a  travelling  physician  of 
about  90  years  of  age,  although  she  has 
not  seen  twenty-six  summers  ;  and  in  the 
capacity  of  a  Galen,  declares  M,  Argan  is 


TOISON  DOR. 


1117 


TOM  SCOTT. 


luffering  from  lungs,  recommends  that 
one  arm  should  be  cut  off,  and  one  eye 
taken  out  to  strengthen  the  remaining 
one.  She  enters  into  a  plot  to  open  the 
eyes  of  Argan  to  the  real  affection  of 
Angelique  (his  daughter),  the  false  love 
of  her  step-mother,  and  to  marry  the 
former  to  Cl^nte  the  man  of  her  choice, 
in  all  which  schemes  she  is  fully,  success- 
ful.— Moliire:  Le  Malade  Imaginaire 
(1673). 

Toison  d'Or,  chief  herald  of  Bur- 
gundy.— Sir  IV.  Scott:  Quentin  Durward 
and  Anne  of  Geierstein  (time,  Eklward 
IV.). 

Told,  the  Danish  William  TelL  Saxo 
Grammaticus,  a  Danish  writer  of  the 
twelfth  century,  tells  us  that  Toki  once 
boasted,  in  the  hearing  of  Harald  Blue- 
tooth, that  he  could  hit  an  apple  with  his 
arrow  off  a  pole  ;  and  the  Danish  Gessler 
set  him  to  try  his  skill  by  placing  an 
apple  on  the  head  of  the  archer's  son 
(twelfth  century). 

Tolaude  of  Anjou,  a  daughter  of 
old  king  R6n6  of  Provence,  and  sister 
of  Margaret  of  Anjou  (wife  of  Henry  VI. 
of  England).— 5?>  W.  Scott:  Anne  of 
Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Tolbooth  {The),  the  principal  prison 
of  Edinburgh. 

The  Tolbooth  felt  defrauded  of  his  charms 
If  Jeffrey  died,  except  within  her  arms. 
Byron  :  English  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers  (1809). 

Lord  Byron  refers  to  the  "  duel " 
between  Francis  Jeffrey  editor  of  the 
Edinburgh  Review,  and  Thomas  Moore 
the  poet,  at  Chalk  Farm,  in  1806.  The 
duel  was  interrupted,  and  it  was  then 
found  that  neither  of  the  pistols  con- 
tained a  bullet. 

Can  none  remember  that  eventful  day. 

That  ever-glorious,  almost  fatal  fray. 

When  Little's  [  Thomas  Moore]  leadless  pistol  met  his 

eye. 
And  Bow  Street  myrmidons  stood  laugfhing  by  f 

Tole'do,  famous  for  its  sword-blades. 
Vienne,  in  the  Lower  Dauphin6,  is  also 
famous  for  its  swords.  Its  martinets 
{i.e.  the  water-mills  for  an  iron  forge) 
are  turned  by  a  little  river  called  Gere. 

Gargantua gave Touchfaucet  an  excellent  sword  of  • 
Vienne  blade  with  a  golden  scabbard.— A'a*</a«j  .•  Gar- 
gantua, i.  46  (1533)- 

Tolme'tes  (3  syl.),  Foolhardiness 
personified  in  The  Purple  Island,  fully 
described  in  canto  viii.  His  companions 
were  Arrogance,  Brag,  Carelessness,  and 
Fear.  (Greek,  tolmetis,  "a  foolhardy 
man.") 


Thus  ran  the  rash  Tolmetes,  nerer  rlewlny 
The  fearful  fiends  tliat  duly  him  attended  .  .  . 
Much  would  he  boldly  do,  but  much  more  boldly  vaunt 
P.  Fletcher:  The  Purple  Island,  viii.  (1633). 

Tom,  "the  Portugal  dustman,"  who 
joined  the  allied  army  against  France  in 
the  war  of  the  Spanish  Succession. — Dr. 
Arbuthnot :  History  of  John  Bull  (17 12). 

Tom,  one  of  the  servants  of  Mr. 
Peregrine  Lovel,  "with  a  good  deal  of 
surly  honesty  about  him."  Tom  is  no 
sneak,  and  no  tell-tale,  but  he  refuses  to 
abet  Philip  the  butler  in  sponging  on  his 
master,  and  wasting  his  property  in 
riotous  living.  When  Lovel  discovers 
the  state  of  affairs,  and  clears  out  his 
household,  he  retains  Tom,  to  whom  he 
entrusts  the  cellar  and  the  plate. — 
Townley :  High  Life  Below  Stairs 
(1759)- 

Tom  {Uncle).    (See  Uncle  Tom.) 

Tom    Brown's    School-days,    a 

tale  by  Thomas  Hughes  (1856). 

Tom  Brown  at  Oxford,  a  sequel 
to  the  above,  by  Thomas  Hughes  (i86r). 

Tom  Folio,  Thomas  Rawlinson,  the 
bibliopolist  (1681-1725). 

Tom  Jones  (i  syl.),  a  model  of 
generosity,  openness,  and  manly  spirit, 
mixed  with  dissipation.  Lord  Byron 
calls  him  "an  accomplished  blackguard  " 
{Don  Juan,  xiii.  no,  1824). — Fielding: 
Tom  fones  (1749). 

A  hero  with  a  flawed  reputation,  a  hero  sponging  (or 
■  guinea,  a  hero  who  cannot  pay  his  landlady,  and  is 
obliged  to  let  his  honour  out  to  hire,  is  absurd,  and  the 
claim  of  Tom  Jones  to  heroic  ranlc  is  quite  untenable. 
—  Thackeray 

Tom  Lon^,  the  hero  of  an  old  tale, 
entitled  The  Merry  Conceits  of  Tom  Long, 
the  Carrier,  being  many  Pleasant  Passages 
and  Mad  Pranks  which  he  observed  in  his 
Travels.  This  tale  was  at  one  time 
amazingly  popular. 

Tom  Scott,  Daniel  Quilp's  boy, 
Tower  Hill,  Although  Quilp  was  a 
demon  incarnate,  yet  "  between  the  boy 
and  the  dwarf  there  existed  a  strange 
kind  of  mutual  liking."  Tom  was  very 
fond  of  standing  on  his  head,  and  on  one 
occasion  Quilp  said  to  him,  "Stand  on 
your  head  again,  and  I'll  cut  one  of  your 
feet  off." 

The  boy  made  no  answer,  but  directly  Quilp  had  shut 
himself  in,  stood  on  his  head  before  the  aoor,  then 
walked  on  his  hands  to  the  back,  and  stood  on  his  head 
there,  then  to  the  opposite  side  and  repeated  the  per- 
formance. .  .  .  Quilp,  knowing  his  disposition,  was 
lying  in  wait  at  a  little  distance,  armed  with  a  large 
piece  of  wood,  which,  being  rough  and  jagffed,  and 


TOM  THUMa 


1118 


TOM  THE  PIPER. 


•ttidtJed  with  broken  nails,  miffht  possibly  have  hurt 
bini.  if  it  had  been  thrown  at  lam.—DicienT:  Tht  Old 
Curiosity  Shop,  v.  (1840). 

Tom  Thumb,  the  name  of  a  very 
diminutive  little  man  in  the  court  of  king 
Arthur,  killed  by  the  poisonous  breath  of 
a  spider  in  the  reign  of  king  Thunstone, 
the  successor  of  Arthur.  In  the  Bodleian 
Library  there  is  a  ballad  about  Tom 
Thumb,  which  was  printed  in  163a 
Richard  Johnson  wrote  in  prose  The 
History  of  Tom  Thumbe,  which  was 
printed  in  1621.  In  1630  Charles  Per- 
rault  published  his  tale  called  Le  Petit 
Poucet.  Tom  Thum  is  introduced  by 
Drayton  in  his  Nymphidia  (1563-1631). 

("Tom"  in  this  connection  is  the 
Swedish  tomt("z.  nix  or  dwarf"),  as  in 
Tomptgubbe  ("a  brownie  or  kobold  ") ; 
the  final  /  is  silent,  and  the  tale  is  of 
Scandinavian  origin. ) 

Tom  Tliixmb,  a  burlesque  opera, 
altered  by  Kane  O'Hara  (author  of 
Midas),  in  1778,  from  a  dramatic  piece  by 
Fielding  the  novelist  (1730).  Tom  Thumb, 
having  killed  the  giants,  falls  in  love  with 
Huncamunca  daughter  of  king  Arthur. 
Lord  Grizzle  wishes  to  marry  the  prin- 
cess, and  when  he  hears  that  the  "pygmy 
giant-queller  "  is  preferred  before  him,  his 
lordship  turns  traitor,  invests  the  palace 
"at  the  head  of  his  rebellious  rout,"  and 
is  slain  by  Tom.  Then  follows  the  bitter 
eiid  :  A  red  cow  swallows  Tom,  the  queen 
Dollallolla  kills  Noodle,  Frizaletta  kills 
the  queen,  Huncamunca  kills  Frizaletta, 
Doodle  kills  Huncamunca,  Plumanta 
kills  Doodle,  and  the  king  being  left 
alone,  stabs  himself.  Merlin  now  enters, 
commands  the  red  cow  to  return  our 
England's  Hannibal,"  after  which,  the 
wise  wizard  restores  all  the  slain  ones 
to  life  again,  and  thus  "jar ending,"  each 
resolves  to  go  home,  "and  make  a  night 
on't." 

Soon  after  Uston  had  made  Ws  popular  hit  In  Field- 
Inff's  Tom  Thumb,  at  the  Haymarket  Theatre,  he  was 
Invited  to  dine  in  the  City,  and  after  the  dessert  the 
whole  party  rose,  the  tables  and  chairs  were  set  back, 
and  Mr.  Liston  was  requested  "to  favour  the  company 
with  lord  Grizzle's  dancingr  song  before  the  children 
went  to  bed."  As  may  be  supposed,  Liston  took  his 
hat  and  danced  out  of  the  house,  never  more  to  return. 
— C.  Russell:  Refiresentati-vt  Actors. 

Tom  Tiddler's  Gronnd,  a  nook 
in  a  rustic  by-road,  where  Mr.  Mopes  the 
hermit  lived,  and  had  succeeded  in  laying 
it  waste.  In  the  middle  of  the  plot  was 
a  ruined  hovel,  without  one  patch  of  glass 
in  the  windows,  and  with  no  plank  or 
beam  that  had  not  rotted  or  fallen  away. 
There  was  a  slough  of  water,  a  leafles."? 
tree  or  two,  and  plenty  of  filth.     Rumour 


said  that  Tom  Mopes  had  murdered  his 
beautiful  wife  from  jealousy,  and  had 
abandoned  the  world.  Mr.  Traveller  tried 
to  reason  with  him,  and  bring  him  back 
to  social  life,  but  the  tinker  replied, 
"When  iron  is  thoroughly  rotten,  you 
cannot  botch  it,  do  what  you  may." — 
Dickens:  A  Christmas  Number  (\%b\). 
Tom  Tiddler  Is  "  Tom  T'idler." 

Tom   Tiler   and    His   Wife,    a 

transition  play  between  a  morality  and 
a  tragedy  (1578). 

Tom  Tipple,  a  highwayman  in 
captain  Macheath's  gang.  Peachum  calls 
him  "a  guzzhng,  soaking  sot,  aUvays  too 
drunk  to  stand  himself  or  to  make  others 
stand.  A  cart,"  he  says,  "  is  absolutely 
necessary  for  \ma.."~Gay:  The  Beggars 
Opera,  i.  (1727). 

Tom  Tram,  the  hero  of  a  novel 
entitled  The  Mad  Pranks  of  Tom  Tram, 
Son-in-Law  to  Mother  Winter,  whereunto 
is  added  his  Merry  Jests,  Old  Conceits, 
and  Pleasant  Tales  (seventeenth  cen- 
tury). 

All  your  wits  that  fleer  and  sham, 
Down  from  don  Quixote  to  Tom  Tram. 

Prior. 

Tom -a- Thrum,  a  sprite  which 
figures  in  the  fairy  tales  of  the  Middle 
Ages  ;  a  "queer-looking  little auld  rtian," 
whose  chief  exploits  were  in  the  vaults 
and  cellars  of  old  castles.  (See  Thrummy- 
Cap,  p.  1105.)  John  Skelton,  speaking 
of  the  clergy,  says — 

Alas  !  for  very  shame,  some  cannot  declyne  their  name; 
Some  cannot  scarsly  rede.  And  yet  will  not  drede 
For  to  kepe  a  cure.  ...  As  wyse  as  Tom-a-Thrum. 
Celyn  Clout  (time,  Henry  VIII.j. 

Tom  o'  Bedlam,  a  ticket-of-leave 
madman  from  Bethlehem  Hospital;  or 
one  discharged  as  incurable. 

Tom  of  Ten  Thousand,  Thomas 
Thynne  ;  so  called  from  his  great  wealth. 
He  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey, 
but  why,  the  then  dean  has  not  thought 
fit  to  leave  on  record. 

Tom  the  Piper,  one  of  the  charac- 
ters in  the  ancient  morris-dance,  re- 
presented with  a  tabour,  tabour-stick,  and 
pipe.  He  cjirried  a  sword  and  shield,  to 
denote  his  rank  as  a  "squire  minstrel." 
His  shoes  were  brown  ;  his  hose  red  and 
"  gimp-thighed ; "  his  hat  or  cap  red, 
turned  up  with  yellow,  and  adorned  with 
a  feather ;  his  doublet  blue,  the  sleeves 
being  turned  up  with  yellow ;  and  he 
wore  a  yellow  cape  over  his  shoulders. 
(See  Morris-Dance,  p.  729.) 


TOM'S. 


ZIX9 


TONIO. 


Tom's,  a  noted  coffee-house  in  Birchin 
Lane,  the  usual  rendezvous  of  young 
merchants  at  "Change  time. 

Tomahotiricli  {Muhme  Janet  of), 
an  old  sibyl,  aunt  of  Robin  Oig  M'Com- 
bichthe  Highland  drover. —5i>  W.  Scott: 
The  Two  Drovers  (time,  George  III. ). 

Tom'alin,  a  valiant  fairy  knight, 
kinsman  of  king  Obgron.  Tomalin  is 
not  the  same  as  ' '  Tom  Thumb,"  as  we  are 
generally  but  erroneously  told,  for  in  the 
"  mighty  combat "  Tomalin  backed  Pig- 
wiggen,  while  Tom  Thum  or  Thumb 
seconded  king  Oberon.  This  fairy  battle 
was  brought  about  by  the  jealousy  of 
Oberon,  who  considered  the  attentions  of 
Pigwiggen  to  queen  Mab  were  "far  too 
nice."  —  Drayton  :  Nymphidia  (1563- 
1631). 

Tomb  {Knight  ofth4)t  James  earl  of 
Douglas  in  disguise. 

His  armour  was  ingeniously  painted  so  as  to  re- 
present a  skeleton ;  the  ribs  being  constituted  by  tha 
corselet  and  its  back-piece.  The  shield  represented 
an  owl  with  its  wings  spread— a  device  which  was  re- 
peated upon  the  helmet,  which  appeared  to  be  com- 
pletely covered  by  an  image  of  the  same  bird  of  ill 
omen.  But  that  which  was  particularly  calculated  to 
excite  surprise  in  the  spectator  was  the  great  height 
and  thinness  of  the  figure.— 5i>  H^.  Scott:  CastU 
Dangerous,  xiv.  (time,  Henry  I.). 

Tomboy  (Priscilla),  a  self-willed, 
hoydenish,  ill-educated  romp,  of  strong 
animal  spirits,  and  wholly  unconventional. 
She  is  a  West  Indian,  left  under  the 
guardianship  of  Barnacle,  and  sent  to 
London  for  her  education.  Miss  Pris- 
cilla Tomboy  lives  with  Barnacle's 
brother,  old  [Nicholas]  Cockney,  a 
grocer,  where  she  plays  boy-and-girl 
love  with  young  Walter  Cockney,  which 
consists  chiefly  in  pettish  quarrels  and 
personal  insolence.  Subsequently  she 
runs  off  with  captain  Sightly,  but  the 
captain  behaves  well  by  presenting  him- 
self next  day  to  the  guardian,  and  obtain- 
ing his  consent  to  marriage. — The  Romp 
(altered  from  Bickerstaffs  Love  in  the 
City). 

Tomes  [To-may],  one  of  the  five 
physicians  called  in  by  Sganarelle  to 
consult  on  the  malady  of  his  daughter 
Lucinde  (2  syt. ).  Being  told  that  a  coach- 
man he  was  attending  was  dead  and 
buried,  the  doctor  asserted  it  to  be  quite 
impossible,  as  the  coachman  had  been  ill 
only  six  days,  and  HippocrStSs  had 
positively  stated  that  the  disorder  would 
not  come  to  its  height  till  the  fourteenth 
day.  The  five  doctors  meet  in  consulta- 
tioa.    talk   of    the    town    gossip,    their 


medical  experience,  their  visits,  anything, 
in  short,  except  the  patient.  At  length 
the  father  enters  to  inquire  what  deci- 
sion they  had  come  to.  One  says  Lucinde 
must  have  an  emetic,  M,  Tomes  says  she 
must  be  blooded  ;  one  says  an  emetic 
will  be  her  death,  the  other  that  bleeding 
Will  infallibly  kill  her. 

M.  Totnis.  Si  vous  no  faites  saigner  tout  i  ITieur* 
YOtrs  fiUe,  c'est  une  personne  morte. 

M.  Desfonandris.  Si  vous  la  faites  saigner,  elle  ne 
sera  pas  ea  vie  dans  un  quart-d'-heure. 

And  they  quit  the  house  in  great  anger 
(act  ii.  4). — Moliire  :  I  .'Amour  Midecin 
(1665). 

M.  Tomts  liked  correctness  to  medical  practice.— 
Macatilay. 

Tom.kin3  (Joseph),  secret  emissary 
of  Cromwell.  He  was  formerly  Philip 
Hazeldine,  alias  Master  Fibbet,  secretary 
to  colonel  Desborough  (one  of  the  parlia- 
mentary commissioners). — Sir  W.  Scott : 
Woodstock  (time,  Commonwealth). 

Tommy  Atkins,  a  British  soldier, 
as  Jack  Tar  is  a  British  sailor.  Explained 
in' Phrase  and  Fable,  p.  1235. 

Tom'yris,  queen  of  the  Massagetae. 
She  defeated  Cyrus,  who  had  invaded  her 
kingdom  ;  and,  having  slain  him,  threw 
his  head  into  a  vessel  filled  with  human 
blood,  saying,  "  It  was  blood  you  thirsted 
for — now  take  your  fill." 

Great  bronze  valves  embossed  with  Tomyrls. 

Tennyson  :  The  Princess,  t. 
r/]  was  shown  the  scath  and  cruel  mangling  made 
By  Tomvris  on  Cyrus,  when  she  cried, 
"  Blood  thou  didst  thirst  for  ;  take  thy  fill  of  blood  I ' 
Dante  :  Purgatory,  xii.  (1308). 

Ton-Iosal  was  so  heavy  and  un- 
wieldy that  when  he  sat  down  it  took  the 
whole  force  of  a  hundred  men  to  set  him 
upright  on  his  feet  again. — The  Fiona, 

If  Fion  was  remarkable  for  his  stature,  ...  in  weight 
all  yielded  to  the  celebrated  Ton-IosaL— J/a^/wrj^w  / 
Dissertation  on  Ossian, 

Ton-Tliena  ["fire  of  the  wave"],  a 
remarkable  star  which  guided  Larthon  to 
Ireland, as  mentioned  in  Ossian's  Tem'ora, 
vii.,  and  called  in  Cathlin  of  Clutha  "  the 
red  traveller  of  the  clouds." 

Tonio,  a  young  T)nrolese,  who  saved 
Maria,  the  suttler-girl,  when  on  the  point 
of  falling  down  a  precipice.  The  two,  of 
course,  fall  in  love  with  each  other,  and 
the  regiment,  which  had  adopted  the 
suttler-girl,  consents  to  their  marriage, 
provided  Tonio  will  enlist  under  its  flag. 
No  sooner  is  this  done  than  the  mar- 
chioness of  BerkenfieM  lays  claim  to  Maria 
as  her  daughter,  and  removes  her  to  tha 
castle.     la  time  Ibe  castle  is  besieged  and 


TONNA. 


TOPHAS. 


taken  by  the  very  regiment  into  which 
Tonio  had  enlisted,  and,  as  Tonio  had 
risen  to  the  rank  of  a  French  officer,  the 
marchioness  consents  to  his  marriage  with 
her  daughter. —  Donizetti  :  La  Figlia  del 
Reggimento  (an  opera,  1840). 

Tonna  \,Mrs.\  Charlotte  Elizabeth 
(1792-1846). 

Tonto  [.Don  Cherubin),  canon  of  Tole- 
do, the  weakest  mortal  in  the  world, 
though,  by  his  smirking  air,  you  would 
fancy  him  a  wit.  When  he  hears  a  deli- 
cate performance  read,  he  listens  with 
such  attention  as  seems  full  of  intelli- 
gence, but  all  the  while  he  understands 
nothing  of  the  xa3X\.^x.—Lesage :  Gil  Bias, 
V.  12  (1724). 

Tout  OH,  the  smallest  dog  that  ever 
existed.  When  the  three  princes  of  a 
certain  king  were  sent  to  procure  the 
tiniest  dog  they  could  find  as  a  present  to 
their  aged  father,  the  White  Cat  gave  the 
youngest  of  them  a  dog  so  small  that  it 
was  packed  in  wadding  in  a  common 
acorn  shell. 

As  soon  as  the  acorn  was  opened,  they  all  saw  a 
little  dog  laid  in  cotton,  and  so  smali  it  might  jump 
through  a  finger-ring  without  touching  it.  .  .  .  It  was 
a  mixture  of  several  colours ;  its  ears  and  long  hair 
reached  to  the  ground.  The  prince  set  it  on  the 
ground,  and  forthwith  the  tiny  creature  began  to  dance 
a  saraband  with  castanets.— Co>«/fjj«  D'Aulnoy; 
Fairy  TaUs  ("  The  White  Cat,"  i68a). 

Tony  Ltuupkin,  a  young  booby, 
fond  of  practical  jokes  and  low  company. 
He  was  the  son  of  Mrs.  Hardcastle  by  her 
first  \\Vi^h-&.n6..— Goldsmith  :  She  Stoop  to 
Conquer  (1773). 

Toodle,  engine-fireman,  an  honest 
fellow,  very  proud  of  his  wife  Polly  and 
her  family. 

Polly  Toodle,  known  by  the  name  of 
Richards,  wife  of  the  stoker.  Polly  was 
an  apple-faced  woman,  and  was  mother 
of  a  large  apple-faced  family.  This 
jolly,  homely,  kind-hearted  matron  was 
selected  as  the  nurse  of  Paul  Dombey,  and 
soon  became  devotedly  attached  to  Paul 
and  his  sister  Florence. 

Robin  Toodle,  known  as  "  The  Biler  " 
or  "  Rob  the  Grinder,"  eldest  son  of  Mrs. 
Toodle  wet-nurse  of  Paul  Dombey.  Mr. 
Dombey  gets  Robin  into  an  institution 
called  "The  Charitable  Grinders,"  where 
the  worst  part  of  the  boy's  character  is 
freely  developed.  Robin  becomes  a  sneak, 
and  enters  the  service  of  James  Carker, 
manager  of  the  firm  of  Dombev  and 
Son.  On  the  death  of  Carker,  'Robin 
enters  the  service  of  Miss  Lucretia  Tox, 
— Dickens  :  Dombey  and  Son  {1846). 


Tooley  Street,  London ;  a  corrup- 
tion of  St.  Olaf.  Similarly,  Taudry  is  a 
corruption  of  St.  Audry,  St.  Tibs  of  St 
Ubes,  and  St.  Telders  of  Ethehred. 

Toom  Tabard  {"empty  Jacket "\  a 
nickname  given  to  John  Balliol,  because 
his  appointment  to  the  sovereignty  of 
Scotland  was  an  empty  name.  He  had 
the  royal  robe  or  jacket,  but  nothing  else 
(1259,  1292-1314). 

Tooth  {A  Wolfs).  At  one  time  a 
wolf's  tooth  was  worn  as  an  amulet  by 
children  to  charm  away  fear. 

Tooth  of  Knowledge  (Finn's). 
(See  Knowledge,  p.  582.) 

Tooth  Worshipped  {A.)  The 
people  of  Ceylon  worship  the  tooth  of  an 
elephant ;  those  of  Malabar  the  tooth  of  a 
monkey.  The  Siamese  once  offered  a 
Portuguese  700,000  ducats  for  the  re- 
demption of  a  monkey's  tooth. 

Tooth-picks.  The  Romans  used 
tooth-picks  made  of  mastic  wood  in  pre- 
ference to  quills ;  hence  Rabelais  says  that 
prince  Gargantua  "  picked  his  teeth  with 
mastic  tooth-pickers  "  (s'escuroit  les  dents 
avecques  ung  trou  de  lentisce),  bk.  i.  23. 

Lentiscum  melius ;  sed  si  tibi  frondea  cuspis 
Defuerit  denies,  penna,  levare  potes. 

Martial :  Ej>i£rants,  xx.  24. 

Toots  {Mr.),  an  innocent,  warnb- 
hearted  young  man,  just  burst  from  the 
bonds  of  Dr.  Bliraber's  school,  and  deeply 
in  love  with  Florence  Dombey.  He  is 
famous  for  blushing,  refusing  what  he 
longs  to  accept,  and  for  saying,  "Oh, 
it  is  of  no  consequence."  Being  very 
nervous,  he  never  appears  to  advantage, 
but  in  the  main  "  there  are  few  better 
fellows  in  the  world." 

"  I  assure  you,"  said  Mr.  Toots,  "  really  I  am  dread- 
fully sorry,  but  it's  of  no  consequence.  —  Dickens ; 
Dombey  and  Son,  xzviii.  (1846). 

Topas  (Sir),  a  native  of  Poperyng, 
in  Flanders  ;  a  capital  sportsman,  archer, 
wrestler,  and  runner.  Chaucer  calls  him 
"  sir  Thopas  "  (q.v.). 

Topas  [Sir).  Sir  Charles  Dilke  was  so 
called  by  the  Army  and  Navy  Gazette^ 
November  25,  1871  (1810-1869), 

Topham  (Matter  Charles),  usher  of 
the  black  rod.—Sir  IV.  Scott:  Peveril of 
the  Peak  (time,  Charles  H.). 

Tophas  (Sir),  an  affected,  blustering, 
talkative,  cowardly  pretender, — Lyly  : 
Edymion  (1591). 


TOPHET. 


TORQUATO. 


To'phet,  "the  place  of  drums,"  from 
ioph  { "  a  drum  ").  So  called  in  allusion 
to  the  drums  and  timbrels  sounded  in  the 
valley  of  Hinnora  to  drown  the  cries  of 
children  sacrificed  to  this  idol.  Solomon 
introduced  the  worship,  and  built  a  temple 
to  Moloch  on  the  Mount  of  Olives,  "  that 
opprobrious  hill "  (i  Kings  xi.  7).  The 
valley  of  Hinnom  is  called  Gehenna^  and 
is  made  in  the  New  Testament  a  "  type 
ot  heU." 

.  .  .  the  wisest  heart 
Of  Solomon  he  led  by  fraud  to  buHd 
His  temple  right  against  the  temple  of  God 
On  that  opprobrious  hill ;  and  made  his  gjove 
The  pleasant  valley  of  Hinnom,  Tophet  thence 
And  black  Gehenna  called,  the  type  of  hell. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  L  400,  etc  (i66S>. 

Topsy,  a  young  slave-girl,  who  never 
knew  whether  she  had  either  father  or 
mother  :  and  being  asked  by  Miss  Ophelia 
St.  Clair  how  she  supposed  she  came  into 
the  world,  replied,  "  I  'spects  I  growed." 
—Mrs.  B,  Stowe:  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin 
(1852). 

Tor  [Sir),  the  natural  son  of  king 
Pellinore  and  the  wife  of  Aries  the  cow- 
herd. He  was  the  first  of  the  knights 
of  the  Round  Table,— 5»V  T.  Malory: 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  24  {1470). 

Toralva  (The  licentiate),  mounted 
on  a  cane,  was  conveyed  through  the  air 
with  his  eyes  shut ;  in  twelve  hours  he 
arrived  at  Rome,  and  the  following  morn- 
ing returned  to  Madrid.  During  his 
flight  he  opened  his  eyes  once,  and  found 
himself  so  near  the  moon  that  he  could 
have  touched  it  with  his  finger. — Cer- 
vantes: Don  Quixote,  II.  iii.  5  (1615). 
(See  TORR  ALBA.) 

Torch-Race.  On  the  eve  of  the 
Panathenaea,  there  was  a  torch-race  in 
ancient  Greece,  in  which  the  runners  were 
expected  in  succession  to  carry  a  lighted 
torch  without  allowing  the  flame  to 
become  extinguished.  Each  passed  it  in 
turn,  and  each  received  it.  Plato  (Leg., 
vL)  compares  the  transmission  of  life  to 
a  torch-race,  and  Lucretius  has  the  same 
idea:  "  Et  quasi  ciu-sores  vital  lampada 
trudunt"  (De  Rerum  Natura,  ii.  77). 
Thomas  Moore  says  the  nations  of  Europe 
caught  up  the  love  of  liberty  from  Eng- 
land, as  the  runners  in  a  torch-race  handed 
the  lighted  brand  from  one  to  another. 
(See  Lempriire,  art.  "  Prometheus.") 

As  at  old  ^raes  a  runner  snatched  the  torch 
From  runner. 

R.  Srvwninz :  Paracelsus,  tt. 
1'was  like  a  torch-race,  such  as  they 

Of  Greece  performed  in  ages  gone, 
M'!  ''n  the  fleet  youths,  in  long  array, 
FaiiMd  the  bright  torch  triumphant  on. 


To  catch  the  coming  flame  in  turn, 
I  saw  from  ready  hand  to  hand. 
The  clear  but  struggling  glory  bum. 

Moort  :  The  Torch  0/ Liberty  {lii^). 

Tordenskiol  [Toy-den-skole]  or  the 
"  Thunder-shield.  ••■  So  Peder  Wessel 
vice-admiral  of  Denmark  (in  the  reign 
of  Christian  V.)  was  called.  He  was 
brought  up  as  a  tailor,  and  died  in  a 
duel. 

From  Denmark  thunders  Tordenskiol: 
Let  each  to  heaven  commend  his  soul. 
And  fly. 

Long/eliow  ;  King  Christian  [y.\ 

Torfe  [Mr.  George),  provost  of  Ork- 
ney.—^tr  W.  Scott:  The  Pirate  (time, 
William  III.). 

Tormes  (Lazarillo  de),  by  Diego 
Hurtado  de  Mendoza  (sixteenth  century) ; 
a  kind  of  Gil  Bias,  whose  adventiu-es  and 
roguish  tricks  are  the  first  of  a  very  popular 
sort  of  novel  called  the  Gusto  Picaresco. 
Lesage  has  imitated  it  in  his  Gil  Bias, 
and  we  have  numberless  imitations  in  o\xc 
own  language.    (See  Tyll  Owlyglass.) 

The  ideal  Yankee,  in  whom  European  prejudice  has 
combined  the  attractive  traits  of  a  Gines  de  Passa- 
nionte,  a  Joseph  Surface,  a  Lazarillo  de  Tormes,  a 
Scapin,  a  Thersitte,  and  an  K\xXo\yz\x%.—Hurlbut. 

("Gines  de  Passamonte,"  in  Don 
Quixote,  by  Cervantes  ;  "Joseph  Sur- 
face," in  The  School  for  Scandal,  by 
Sheridan:  "Scapin,"  m  Les  Fourberies 
de  Scapin^  by  Moli^re ;  "Thersit6s,"  in 
Homer's  Iliad,  i.  ;  "Autolycus,"  in  the 
Winter's  Tale,  by  Shakespeare.) 

Tormot,  youngest  son  of  Torquil  of 
the  Oak  (foster-father  of  Eachin  M'lan). 
—Sir  IV.  Scott :  Fair  Maid  oj  Perth 
(time,  Henry  IV.). 

Torne'a,  a  lake  or  rather  a  river  of 
Sweden,  which  runs  into  the  Gulf  of 
Bothnia. 

Still  pressing  on  beyond  Tomea's  lake. 
Thomson  :  The  Seasons  ("  Whiter, "  1796). 

Tor'neo,  a  town  in  Finland.  Often 
visited  by  travellers,  who  can  there  wit- 
ness the  phenomenon  of  the  sun  remain- 
ing above  the  horizon  both  day  and  night 
at  the  summer  solstice.  It  belongs  now 
to  Russia. 

Cold  as  the  rocks  on  Tomeos hoary  brow. 

CamfihtU:  PUasures  of  Hope,  iL  (1799). 
We  find  our  author  [..<.  F.  5A.oA&i>-a>.<l  pursuing 
his  joumev  northwards,.  .  .  and  his  description  of  the 
entrance  into  Westrobothnia  gives  us  a  high  Idea  of 
the  nchness  of  the  country  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
1ora»o.—QuarUrly  Review,  April,  1814. 

Torquato,  that  is,  Torquato  Tasso, 
the  Italian  poet,  author  of  Jerusalem 
Delivered  (is^4-iS95).  After  the  publica- 
tion of  his  great  epic,  Tasso  lived  in  the 


TORQUIL  OF  THE  OAK. 


TOUCH. 


court  of  Ferrara,  and  conceived  a  violent 
passion  for  Leonora,  one  of  the  duke's 
sisters,  but  fled,  in  1577,  to  Naples. 

Torquato's  tongue 
Was  tuned  for  slavish  paeaas  at  the  throne 
Of  tinsel  pomp. 
Akensidt:  PUasurcs  o/ Ima-gination,  ii.  (1744). 

Torquil  of  the  Oak,  foster-father 
of  Eachin  M'lan.  He  was  chief  of  the 
clan  Quhele,  and  had  eight  sons,  the 
finest  men  in  the  clan.  Torquil  was  a 
seer,  who  was  supposed  to  have  com- 
munication with  the  invisible  world,  and 
he  declared  a  demon  had  told  him  that 
Eachin  or  Hector  M'lan  was  the  only 
man  in  the  two  hostile  dans  of  Chattan 
and  Quhele  who  would  come  off  scath- 
less  in  the  approaching  combat  (ch.  xxvi. ). 
—Sir  W.  Scott:  Fair  Maid  of  Perth 
(time,  Henry  IV.). 

If  A  parallel  combat  is  described  in  Tfie 
Cid.  When  Sancho  of  Castile  was  stabbed 
by  Bellido  of  Zarnora,  Diego  Ordonez,  of 
the  house  of  Lara,  challenged  five  of  the 
knights  of  Zamora  to  single  combat. 
Don  Arias  Gonzaip  and  his  four  sons 
accepted  the  challenge.  Pedro  Arias 
was  first  slain,  then  his  brother  Diego. 
Next  came  Herman,  who  received  a 
mortal  wound,  but  struck  the  charger  of 
Diego  Ordonez.  I'he  charger,  furious 
with  pain,  carried  its  rider  beyond  the 
lists,  and  the  combat  was  declared  to  be 
drawn.  (SeeHoRA.T(Us(/'M^/?«j),p.  503.) 

Torralba  (Dr.),  carried  by  the  spirit 
Cequiel  from  ValladShd  to  Rome  and 
back  again  in  an  hour  and  a  half.  He 
was  tried  by  the  Inquisition  for  sorcery 
(time,  Charles  V,). — J.  de  Ossau  Pellicer 
(seventeenth  century).      (See  Toralva, 

p.   II2I.) 

Torre  (Sir),  son  of  sir  Bernard,  baron 
of  Astolat.  His  brother  was  sir  Lavaine, 
and  his  sister  Elaine  "  the  lily  maid  of 
Astolat."  He  was  blunt-mannered,  but 
not  without  kindness  of  heart. — Tenny- 
son :  Idylls  of  the  King  ( ' '  Elaine  " ). 

(The  word  "Torre"  is  a  blunder  for 
Tirre.  Sir  Torre  or  Tor,  according  to 
Arthurian  legend,  was  the  natural  son  of 
Pellinore  king  of  Wales,  "begotten  on 
Aries'  v/ife,  the  cowherd "  (pt.  ii.  108). 
It  was  sir  Tirre  who  was  the  brother  of 
Elaine  (pt.  iii.  122). — Sir  T.  Malory:  . 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,  1470.) 

Tor'rismoud,  general  of  the  forces 
of  Aragon.  He  falls  in  love  with  Leonora 
the  usurping  queen,  promised  in  marriage 
to  Bertran  prince  of  the  blood-royal,  but 
she  tails  in  love  with  Torrismond,  who 


turns  out  to  be  the  son  of  Sancho  the 
deposed  king.  Ultimately,  Sancho  is 
restored,  and  Leonora  is  married  to  Tor- 
rismond.— Dryden  :  Spanish  /^ryar  (1680). 

Torso  Pai:iia'se  (3  syl.),  Dirc6  and 
her  sons,  the  work  of  Appollonius  and 
Tauriscus  of  Rhodes. 

Toshacli  Be^,  the  "second"  of 
M 'Gillie  Chattanach  chief  of  the  clan 
Chattan  in  the  great  combat. — Sir  IV. 
Scott :  Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry 
IV.). 

Tothill  or  Tuttle,  Westminster, 
said  to  be  a  corruption  of  Teut's  Hill,  i.e. 
the  Saxon  god  Mercury,  called  TeuU 
"Hermit's  Hill"  or  "  Ermin's  Hill,"  in 
the  vicinity,  is  said  to  be  the  same  word 
under  the  corrupted  classic  form  of 
Hermds,  which  also  means  Mercury. 

Tottenham  in  Boots,  a  popular 
toast  in  Ireland  in  1731.  Mr.  Tottenham 
gave  the  casting  vote  which  threw  out  a 
Government  bill  very  obnoxious  to  the 
Irish,  on  the  subject  of  the  Irish  parlia- 
ment. He  had  come  from  the  country, 
and  rushed  into  the  House,  without 
changing  his  boots,  just  in  time  to  give 
his  vote,  which  prevented  the  bill  from 
passing  by  a  majority  of  one. 

Totterly  (Lord),  an  Adonis  of  60, 
and  a  ci-devant  Jeune  Homme. — Selby: 
The  Unfinished  Gentleman. 

Tottipottymoy,  a  "  Hoghan  Mo- 
ghan,"  or  mock  mightiness,  like  the 
mayor  of  Garralt,  or  the  king  of  the 
Cannibal  Islands. 

The  mighty  Tottipottymoy 
Sent  to  our  elders  an  envoy, 
Complaining  sorely  of  the  l>r«ac]> 
Of  league. 

5.  Butler:  Hudibras,  H.  a  (1664). 

Tonch,  quality.  "  Of  noble  touch," 
of  noble  quality.  The  reference  is  to  the 
touchstone  by  which  gold  is  tried.  Gold 
articles  made  according  to  the  rules  of 
alloy  are  called  of  "  a  true  touch."  The 
"  touch  of  Paris"  is  spoken  of  in  1300: 
"  Laquelle  touche  passe  tous  les  ors  dont 
Ton  oeuvre  en  tous  pays."  In  1597  two 
goldsmiths  were  sentenced  to  the  pillory 
for  making  false  plate  and  counterfeiting 
"  her  majesty's  touch. " 

N.B. — The  lapis  Lydius  or  touchstone 
is  touched  by  the  gold,  and  leaves  a  mark 
behind,  the  colour  of  which  indicates  its  -^ 
purity. 

Gold  is  tried  by  the  touchstone,  and  men  by  gold..* 
Boion. 


TOUCHET. 


1123 


TOUCHWOOD, 


Touchet  [Too-shay].  When  Charles 
IX.  introduced  Henri  of  Navarre  to  Marie 
Touchet,  the  witty  Navarrese  made  this 
anagram  on  her  name,  Je  charme  tout, 

Touchfaucet  {Captain),  in  Picro- 
chole's  army,  taken  captive  by  friar  John. 
Being  presented  to  Grangousier  and 
asked  the  cause  of  his  king's  invasion, 
he  rephed,  "To  avenge  the  injury  done 
to  the  cake-bakers  of  Lern6  "  (ch.  25,  26). 
Grangousier  commanded  his  treasurer  to 
give  the  friar  62,000  saluts  (;^iS,5oo)  in 
reward,  and  to  Touchfaucet  he  gave  "an 
excellent  sword  of  a  Vienne  blade,  with 
a  gold  scabbard,  and  a  collar  of  gold 
weighing  702,000  merks  (576,000  ounces), 
garnished  with  precious  stones,  and  valued 
at  j^i6,ooo  sterling,  by  way  of  present." 
Returning  to  king  Picrochole,  he  advised 
him  to  capitulate,  whereupon  Rashcalf 
cried  aloud,  "  Unhappy  the  prince  who 
has  traitors  for  his  counsellors  1  "  and 
Touchfaucet,  drawing  "  his  new  sword," 
ran  him  through  the  body.  The  king 
demanded  who  gave  him  the  sword,  and 
being  told  the  truth,  ordered  his  guards 
"  to  hew  him  in  pieces." — Rabelais:  Gar- 
gantua.l  45-47  (iS33)- 

Touching  for  the  King's  Evil. 
It  is  said  that  scrofulous  diseases  were  at 
one  time  very  prevalent  in  the  island, 
and  that  Edward  the  Confessor,  in  answer 
to  earnest  prayer,  was  told  it  would  be 
cured  by  the  royal  touch.  Edward,  being 
gifted  with  this  miraculous  power,  trans- 
mitted it  as  an  heir-loom  to  his  succes- 
sors Henry  VH.  presented  each  person 
touched  with  a  small  coin,  called  a  touch- 
piece  or  touch-penny. 

Charles  II.  of  England,  during  his 
reign,  touched  as  many  as  92, 107  persons ; 
the  smallest  number  (2983)  being  in  the 
year  1669,  and  the  largest  number  in 
1684,  when  many  were  trampled  to  death 
(see  yi2izaxL\a.y's  History  of  England,  xiv.). 
In  these  "  touchings,"  John  Brown,  a 
royal  surgeon,  superintended  the.  cere- 
mony.    (See  Macbeth,  act  iv.  sc.  3. ) 

Prince  Charles  Edward,  who  claimed 
to  be  prince  of  Wales,  touched  a  female 
child  for  the  disease  in  1745. 

The  French  kings  claimed  the  same 
divine  power  from  Anne  of  Clovis,  a.d. 
481.  And  on  Easter  Sunday,  i686, 
Louis  XIV.  touched  1600,  using  these 
words,  Le  roy  te  louche,  Dieu  te  guerisse. 

'.'  Dr.  Johnson  was  the  last  person 
touched  by  an  English  king.  The  touch- 
piece  given  to  him  has  on  one  side  this 
legend,  Soli  Deo  gloria,  and  on  the  other 


side,   Anna.  D  :  G.  M.  DR.  F:  at  H. 

REG.  ("Anne,  by  the  grace  of  God, 
of  Great  Britain,  France,  and  Ireland, 
queen  "). 

Our  ?ood  Edward  he,  the  Confessor  and  klngr  .  .  . 
That  cancred  evii  cured,  bred  'twixt  the  throat  and 

jaws. 
When  physic  could  not  find  the  remedy  nor  causo . .  . 
He  of  Almighty  God  obtained  by  earnest  prayer. 
This  tumour  by  a  king  might  cur^d  be  alone. 
Which  he  an  heir-loom  left  unto  the  English  throne. 
Drayton:  Polyolbion,  xi.  (i6x3>. 

Touching    Glasses    in    drinking 

healths. 

When  prince  Charles  passed  over  into  France,  after 
the  failure  of  the  expedition  in  1715,  his  supporters 
were  beset  with  spies  on  every  hand.  It  so  happened 
that  occasionally  m  society  they  were  necessitated  to 
drink  the  king's  health,  but- it  was  tacitly  understood 
that  "  the  king  "  was  not  king  George,  but  "  the  king 
over  the  water."  To  express  this  symbolically,  one 
glass  was  passed  over  another,  and  later  down,  the  foot 
of  one  glass  was  touched  against  the  rim  of  another.— 
Notes  and  Queries  q/New  York,  October,  1859. 

Touchstone,  a  clown  filled  with 
•'quips  and  cranks  and  wanton  wiles." 
The  original  of  this  character  was  Tarl- 
ton,  the  favourite  court  jester  of  queen 
Elizabeth. — Shakespeare:  As  You  Like  It 
(1598). 

N.B. — His  famous  speech  is  "the 
seven  degrees  of  affront :  "  (i)  the  retort 
courteous,  (2)  the  quip  modest,  (3)  the 
reply  churlish,  (4)  the  reproof  valiant,  (5) 
the  counter-check  quarrelsome,  (6)  the  lie 
circumstantial,  and  (7)  the  lie  direct  (act 
V.  sc.  4). 

Tarleton  [iS3o-»S88]  was  Inimitable  In  such  parts  as 
"Launcelot"  in  the  Merchant  of  Venice  \,Shakc- 
j-/^ar<)  and  "Touchstone."  For  these  clowns' part* 
he  never  had  an  equal,  and  never  will  have.— ^aA<r,' 
Chronicles. 

TOUCHWOOD  ( Colonel), ' •  the  most 
passionate,  impatient,  unreasonable, good- 
natured  man  in  Christendom."  Uncle  of 
major  and  Clarissa  Touchwood. 

Sophia  Touchwood,  the  colonel's  daugh- 
ter, in  love  with  her  cousin,  major  Touch- 
wood. Her  father  wants  her  >  to  marry 
colonel  Clifford,  but  the  colonel  has  fixed 
his  heart  on  Clarissa,  the  major's  sister. 

Major  Touchwood,  nephew  of  colonel 
Touchwood,  and  in  love  with  his  cousin 
Sophia,  the  colonel's  daughter.  He 
fancied  that  colonel  Clifford  was  his  rival, 
but  Clifford  was  in  love  with  Clarissa,  the 
major's  sister.  This  error  forms  the  plot 
of  the  farce,  and  the  mistakes  which 
arise  when  the  major  dresses  up  to  pass 
himself  off  for  his  uncle  constitute  its  fun 
and  entanglement. 

Clarissa  Touchwood,  the  major's  sister, 
in  love  with  colonel  Clifford.  They  first 
met  at  Brighton,  and  the  colonel  thought 
her  Christian  name  was  Sophia;  hence 


TOUCHWOOD, 


II24 


TOWiN. 


the  major  looked  on  him  as  a  rival. — 
Dibdin:  What  Next? 

Touchwood  {Lord),  uncle  of  Melle'- 
font  (2  syl. ). 

Lady  Touchwood,  his  wife,  sister  of  sir 
Paul  Pliant.  She  entertains  a  criminal 
passion  for  her  nephew  Mellefont,  and, 
because  he  repels  her  advances,  vows 
to  ruin  him.  Accordingly,  she  tells  her 
husband  that  the  young  man  has  sought 
to  dishonour  her,  and  when  his  lordship 
fancies  that  the  statement  of  his  wife 
must  be  greatly  overstated,  he  finds 
Mellefont  with  lady  Touchwood  in  her 
own  private  chamber.  This  seems  to 
corroborate  the  accusation  laid  to  his 
charge,  but  it  was  an  artful  trick  of 
Maskwell's  to  make  mischief,  and  in  a 
short  time  a  conversation  which  he  over- 
hears  between  lady  Touchwood  and  Mask- 
well  reveals  the  infamous  scheme  most 
fully  to  him. — Congreve:  The  Double 
Dealer  (1700). 

(Lord  and  lady  Touchwood  must  not 
be  mistaken  for  sir  George  and  lady 
Frances  Touchwood,  which  are  very  dif- 
ferent characters.     See  below. ) 

Their  Wildairs,  sir  John  Brutes,  lady  Touchwoods, 
and  Mrs.  Frails  are  conventional  reproductions  of 
those  wild  gallants  and  demireps  which  figure  in  the 
licentious  dramas  of  Dryden  and  ShadwelL— 5»>  W. 
Scott:  The  Drama. 

("Wildair,"  in  The  Constant  Couple, 
by  Farquhar  ;  "  Brute,"  in  The  Provoked 
Wife,  by  Vanbrugh ;  "Mrs.  Frail,"  in 
Love  for  Love,  by  Congreve.) 

Toncliwood  {Sir  George),  the  loving 
husband  of  lady  Frances,  desperately 
jealous  of  her,  and  wishing  to  keep  her 
out  of  all  society,  that  she  may  not  lose 
her  native  simplicity  and  purity  of  mind. 
Sir  George  is  a  true  gentleman  of  most 
honourable  feelings. 

Lady  Erances  Touchwood,  the  sweet, 
innocent  wife  of  sir  George.  Before  her 
marriage  she  was  brought  up  in  seclusion 
in  the  country,  and  sir  George  tries  to 
keep  her  fresh  and  pure  in  London. — 
Mrs.  Cowley:  The  Belle's  Stratagem 
(1780). 

The  calm  and  lorely  Innocence  of  lady  Touchwood 
could  by  nobody  be  so  happily  represented  as  by  this 
actress  [il/rj.  HariUy,  1751-1824].— r.  Davies. 

Touchwood  {Peregrine),  a  touchy  old 
East  Indian,  a  relation  of  the  Mowbray 
family . — Sir  W.  Scott:  St.  Ronan's 
W;// (time,  George  in. ). 

Tougfh  {Mr.),  an  old  barrister.— -SiV 
W.  Scott:  Redgauntlet  (time,  George 
ill). 


Tourau.  The  death  of  the  children 
of  Touran  forms  one  of  the  three  tragic 
stories  of  the  ancient  Irish.  The  other 
two  arc  The  Death  of  the  Children  0/ 
Lir,  and  The  Death  of  the  Children  oj 
Usnach. 

Toumemine  (3  syl),  a  Jesuit  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  fond  of  the  marvel- 
lous. "  II  aimait  le  merveilleux  et  ne 
renon9ait  qu'  avec  peine  k  y  croire." 

11  resserable  k  Toumemine, 
II  croit  ce  qu'il  imagine. 

French  Proverb, 

ToTirs,  in  France,  according  to  fable, 
is  so  called  from  Turonfis,  a  nephew  of 
Brute  the  mythical  king  of  Britain. 

In  the  party  of  Brutus  was  one  Turones,  his  nephew, 
inferior  to  none  in  courage  and  strength,  from  whom 
Tours  derived  its  name,  being  the  place  of  his  sepul- 
ture.—Cr^ro'  .•  British  History  (1142). 

Tonthope  {Mr.),  a  Scotch  attorney 
and  clerk  of  the  peace.— 5/r  W.  Scott: 
Rob  Roy  (time,  George  I.). 

Towel  {An  Oaken),  a  cudgel.  "  To 
be  rubbed  down  with  an  oaken  towel "  is 
to  be  well  beaten. 

She  ordered  the  fellow  to  be  drawn  through  a  horse- 
pond,  and  then  to  be  well  rubbed  down  with  an  oakea 
towel.— rAe  Adventure  q/my  Aunt. 

Tower  of  Hungrer  {The),  Gualandi, 
the  tower  in  which  Ugolino  with  his  two 
sons  and  two  grandsons  were  starved  tc 
death  in  17.2,2,.— Dante  :  Inferno  (1300). 

Tower  of  London  ( The)  was  really 
built  by  Gundulphus  bishop  of  Rochester, 
in  the  reign  of  William  I.,  but  tradition 
ascribes  it  to  Julius  Caesar. 

Ve  towers  of  Julius,  London's  lasting  shame. 

Gray:  The  Bardiijsj). 

Tower  of  Vathek,  built  with  the 
intention  of  reaching  heaven,  that  Vathek 
might  pry  into  the  secrets  seen  by  Ma- 
homet. The  staircase  contained  11,000 
stairs,  and  when  the  top  was  gained  men 
looked  no  bigger  than  pismires,  and 
cities  seemed  mere  bee-hives. — Beckford: 
Vathek  (1784). 

Towlinson  {Mr.),  manservant  in  the 
Dombey  family,  and  a  leading  light  below 
stairs.  He  has  a  great  antipathy  to 
foreigners,  whom  he  regards  as  all 
Frenchmen.     On  one  occasion — 

Mr.  Towlinson  returns  thanks  in  a  speech  replete 
with  feeling,  of  which  the  peroration  turns  on 
foreigners,  regarding  whom  he  says  they  may  find 
favour  sometimes  with  weak  and  inconstant  intellects 
that  can  be  led  away  by  hair  ;  but  all  he  hopes  is,  he 
may  never  hear  of  no  foreigner  never  boning  nothing 
out  of  no  travelling  z\x^x\at.— Dickens  :  Dombey  and 
Son,  ch.  xxxi.  (1846). 

Town    {The),    literary    and    historic 


TOWN  AND  COUNTRY  MOUSE.  1125 


gossip  about  London,  by  Leigh  Hunt 
(1848). 

Town  and  Country  Mouse  {TA^), 
a  fable  by  Henryson  (1621). 

A  town  mouse  invited  a  country  mouse  to  come  and 
see  how  much  more  grandly  he  lived.  When  the 
country  mouse  had  been  shown  the  sundry  dishes  laid 
on  the  table,  in  comes  the  cat,  and  was  well-niffh  the 
death  of  both  of  them.  As  the  country  mouse  left,  he 
said,  "  I  prefer  my  more  modest  fare  with  liberty." 

The  same  answer  is  recorded  of  a  Bedouin  Arab  to 
a  city  friend,  when  told  of  the  delights  and  luxury, 
the  insecurity  and  anxiety,  of  town  life. 

(Prior's  Country  and  City  Mouse  (?.v.) 
is  quite  a  different  fable. ) 

Town  Eclogues,  satires  after  the 
manner  of  Pope,  by  lady  M.  Wortley 
Montagu  (1716). 

Townley  Mysteries,  certain  re- 
ligious di-amas  ;  so  called  because  the  MS. 
containing  them  belonged  to  P.  Townley. 
These  dramas  are  supposed  to  have  been 
acted  at  Widkirk  Abbey,  in  Yorkshire. 
In  1831  they  were  printed  for  the  Sunees 
Society,  under  the  editorship  of  the  Rev, 
Joseph  Hunter  and  J.  Stevenson.  (See 
Coventry  Mysteries,  p.  240.) 

Townly  [Colonel),  attached  to  Berin- 
thia,  a  handsome  young  widow,  but  in 
order  to  win  her  he  determines  to  excite 
her  jealousy,  and  therefore  pretends  love 
to  Amanda,  her  cousin.  Amanda,  how- 
ever, repels  his  attentions  with  disdain  ; 
and  the  colonel,  seeing  his  folly,  attaches 
himself  to  Berinthia. — Sheridan:  A  Trip 
to  Scarborough  (1777). 

Townly  {Lord),  a  nobleman  of  j^enerous 
mind  and  high  principle,  liberal  and 
manly.  Though  very  fond  of  his  wife, 
he  insists  on  a  separation,  because  she  is 
so  extravagant  and  self-willed.  Lady 
Townly  sees,  at  length,  the  folly  of  her 
ways,  and  promises  amendment ;  where- 
upon the  husband  relents,  and  receives 
her  into  favour  again. 

The  London  critics  aclinowledged  that  J.  G.  Hol- 
man's  "lord  Townley"  was  the  perfection  of  the 
nobleman  of  the  days  of  Chesterfield.  He  was  no: 
the  actor,  but  the  dignified  lord  bxmseii.— Donaldson. 

Lady  Townly,  the  gay  but  not  unfaith- 
ful young  wife  of  lord  Townly,  who 
thinks  that  the  pleasure  of  life  consists 
in  gambling ;  she  "  cares  nothing  for  her 
husband,"  but  "  loves  almost  everything 
he  hates."  Ultimately  she  amends  her 
ways.     Lady  Townly  says — 

I  dote  upon  assemblies ;  my  heart  bounds  at  a  ball ; 
and  at  an  opera  I  expire.  Then  I  love  play  to  distrac- 
tion :  cards  enchant  me  j  and  dice  put  me  out  of  ray 
little  wits.— KoM^rK^A  and  Cibbcr ;  Tfu  Provoked 
Husband,  ill.  i  (1728). 

The  part  which  at  once  estabUshed  her  [Miss 
Farren^s]  fame  as  an  actress  was  "  lady  Towniy  '  .  .  . 
the  whole  house  was  enraptured.— il/</«tft>  q/ Blixa- 
btth  Countess  o/Dtrby  (1829). 


TRADELOVE, 


(Mrs.  Pritchard,  Margaret  WoffingtoB, 
Miss  Brunton,  Miss  M.  Tree,  and  Miss 
E.  Tree  were  all  excellent  in  this  favourite 
part.) 

Toz  [Miss  Lucretia),  the  bosom  friend 
of  Mr.  Dombey's  married  sister  (Mrs. 
Chick).  Miss  Lucretia  was  a  faded  lady, 
"as  if  she  had  not  been  made  in  fast 
colours,"  and  was  washed  out.  She 
"  ambled  through  life  without  any 
opinions,  and  never  abandoned  herself 
to  unavailing  regrets."  Miss  Tox 
greatly  admired  Mr.  Dombey,  and 
entertained  a  forlorn  hope  that  she 
might  be  selected  by  him  to  supply  the 
place  of  his  deceased  wife.  She  lived  in 
Princess's  Place,  and  maintained  a  weak 
flirtation  with  major  Bagstock.— Z)«<;^«j-.- 
Dombey  and  Son  (1846). 

Tozer,  one  of  the  ten  young  gentle- 
men in  the  school  of  Dr.  Blimber  when 
Paul  Dombey  was  there.  A  very  solemn 
lad,  whose  "  shirt-collar  curled  up  the 
lobes  of  his  ears." — Dickens:  Dombey 
and  Son  (1846). 

Trabb,  a  prosperous  old  bachelor,  a 
tailor  by  trade. 

He  was  having  his  breakfast  in  the  parlour  behind 
the  shop.  .  .  .  He  had  sliced  his  hot  roll  into  three- 
feather-beds,  and  was  slipping  butter  in  between  the 
blankets.  .  .  .  He  was  a  prosperous  old  bachelor,  and 
his  open  window  looked  into  a  prosperous  little 
garden  and  orchard,  and  there  was  a  prosperous  iron 
safe  let  into  the  wall  at  the  side  of  the  fireplace,  and 
without  doubt  heaps  of  his  prosperity  were  put  away 
in  it  in  bags.— ZH'cAewJ.-  Great  Expectations,  xix. 
(i860). 

Tracy,  one  of  the  gentlemen  in  the 
earl  of  Sussex's  train. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Kenilworth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Traddles,  a  simple,  honest  young 
man,  who  believes  in  everybody  and 
everything.  Though  constantly  failing, 
he  is  never  depressed  by  his  want  of  suc- 
cess. He  had  the  habit  of  brushing  his 
hair  up  on  end,  which  gave  him  a  look  of 
surprise.  Tom  Traddles  marries  one  of 
the  "  ten  daughters  of  a  poor  curate." 

At  the  Creakle's  school,  when  I  was  miserable,  he 
[Traddles\  would  lay  his  head  on  the  desk  for  a  little 
while,  and  then,  cheering  up,  would  draw  skeletons- 
all  over  his  ^um^s— Dickens  :  David  Copperfield,  viu. 
(1849). 

Trade  love  {Mr.\,  a  broker  on 
'Change,  one  of  the  four  guardians  of 
Anne  Lovely  the  heiress.  He  was  "  a 
fellow  that  would  out-lie  the  devil  for  the 
advantage  of  stock,  and  cheat  his  own 
father  in  a  bargain.  He  was  a  great 
stickler  for  trade,  and  haled  every  one 
that  wore  a  sword"  (act  i.  x).    Colonel 


TRAFFORD. 


1 126 


TRAMTRIST. 


Feignwell  passed  himself  off  as  a  Dutch 
merchant  named  Jan  van  Timtamtire- 
lereletta  herr  van  Feignwell,  and  made  a 
bet  with  Tradelove.  Tradelove  lost,  and 
cancelled  the  debt  by  giving  his  consent 
to  the  marriage  of  his  ward  to  the  sup- 
posed Dutchman. — Mrs.  Centlivre  :  A 
Bold  Stroke  for  a  Wife  {1717), 

TrafFord  {F.  G.),  the  pseudonym  of 
Mrs.  C.  E.  Riddell,  before  the  publica- 
tion of  George  Geith  (1871). 

Tragedy  {Father  of  Greek),  Thespis, 
the  Richardson  of  Athens.  ^Eschylos 
is  also  called  "The  Father  of  Greek 
Tragedy  "  (b.c.  525-426). 

The  Father  of  French  Tragedy,  Garnier 
(1534-1590). 

The  First  English  Tragedy,  Gorboduc, 
by  Thomas  Norton  and  Thomas  Sack- 
ville  (1569).  The  first  comedy  was  Ralph 
Roister  Doister,  by  Nicholas  Udall  {1564). 

*.•  Thorn  bury  says  the  coadjutor  of 
Norton  was  lord  Buckhurst,  and  Charles 
Lamb  maintains  that  lord  Buckhurst 
"supplied  the  more  vital  parts;"  but 
professor  Craik  says  Sackville  was  the 
worker  together  with  Norton. 

Trained  Band,  the  volunteer  artil- 
lery, whose  ground  for  practice  was 
in  Moorfields.  John  Gilpin  was  "captain 
of  the  trained  band." 

A  Trained  Band  captain  eke  was  he, 
Of  famous  London  town. 

Cowper  :  John  Gilpin  (i-fl,i). 

Trajan  ( The  Second),  Marcus  Aurelius 
Claudius,  sumamed  Gothlcus,  noted  for 
his  valour,  justice,  and  goodness  (215, 
268-270). 

Trajan  and  St.  G-regory.    It  is 

said  that  Trajan,  although  unbaptized, 
was  delivered  from  hell  in  answer  to 
the  prayers  of  St.  Gregory. 

There  was  storied  on  the  rock 
The  exalted  glory  of  the  Roman  prince, 
Whose  mighty  worth  moved  Gregory  to  earn 
His  mighty  conquest — Trajan  the  emperor. 

Dante  ;  Purgatory,  li.  (1308). 

Trajan  and  the  Importunate 
Widow.  One  day,  a  mother  appeared 
before  the  emperor  Trajan,  and  cried, 
"Grant  vengeance,  sire  1  My  son  is 
murdered."  The  emperor  replied,  "I 
cannot  stop  now  ;  wait  till  I  return." 
"  But,  sire,"  pleaded  the  widow,  "  if  you 
do  not  return,  who  will  grant  me  justice?" 
"My  successor,"  said  Trajan.  "And 
can  Trajan  leave  to  another  the  duty  that 
he  himself  is  appointed  to  perform  ? " 
On  hearing  this,  the  emperor  stopped  his 
cavalcade,  heard  the  woman's  cause,  and 


granted  her  suit.  Dantg  tells  this  tale  in 
his  Purgatory,  xi, — John  of  Salisbury  : 
Polycraticus  de  Curialium  Nugis,  v.  8 
(twelfth;century). 

t  Dion  Cassius  {Roman  Historia,  Ixix.) 
tells  a  similar  story  of  Hadrian.  When 
a  woman  appeared  before  him  with  a  suit 
as  he  was  starting  on  a  journey,  the 
emperor  put  her  off,  saying,  "  I  have  no 
leisure  now."  She  replied,  "  If  Hadrian 
has  no  leisure  to  perform  his  duties,  let 
him  cease  to  reign  I "  On  hearing  this 
reproof,  he  dismounted  from  his  horse, 
and  gave  ear  to  the  woman's  cause. 

H  A  woman  once  made  her  appeal  to 
Philip  of  Macedon,  who,  being  busy  at 
the  time,  petulantly  exclaimed,  "  Woman, 
I  have  no  time  now  for  such  matters." 
"  If  Philip  has  no  time  to  render  justice," 
said  the  woman,  "  then  is  it  high  time  for 
Philip  to  resign ! "  The  king  felt  the 
rebuke,  heard  the  cause  patiently,  and 
decided  it  justly. 

IF  Another  tale  is  told  of  the  Mace- 
donian. A  woman  asked  him  to  do  her 
justice,  but  the  testy  monarch  refused  to 
hear  her.  "I  shall  appeal,"  said  the 
woman.  "  Appeal  I "  thundered  Phihp. 
"  And  to  whom  will  you  appeal,  woman  ?  " 
"To  Philip  sober,"  was  her  reply,  and  her 
cause  was  heard  patiently. 

Tramecksan  and   Slamecksan, 

the  High-heels  and  Low-heels,  two  great 
political  factions  of  Lilliput.  The  ani- 
mosity of  the  Guelphs  and  Ghibellines  of 
punydora  ran  so  high  "  that  no  High-heel 
would  eat  or  drink  with  a  Low-heel,  and 
no  Low-heel  would  salute  or  speak  to  a 
High-heel."  The  king  of  Lilliput  was 
a  High-heel,  but  the  heir-apparent  a 
Low-heel.  —  Swift :  Gulliver's  Travels 
("Voyage  to  Lilliput,"  iv.,  1726). 

(Of  course,  the  allusion  is  to  the  High- 
church  party  and  the  Low-church  party. ) 

Tramp  {Gaffer),  a  peasant  at  the 
execution  of  old  Meg  Murdochson. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  Heart  of  Midlothian  (time, 
George  II,). 

Tramtrist  {Sir),  the  name  assumed 
by  sir  Tristram  when  he  went  to  Ireland 
to  be  cured  of  his  wounds  after  his  com- 
bat with  sir  Marhaus.  Here  La  Belle 
Isold  (or  Isold  "  the  Fair")  was  his  leech, 
and  the  young  knight  fell  in  love  with 
her.  When  the  queen  discovered  that 
sir  Tramtrist  was  sir  Tristram,  who  had 
killed  her  brother,  sir  Marhaus,  in  combat, 
she  plotted  to  take  his  life,  and  he  was 
obliged  to  leave  the  island.    La  Belle 


TRANCHERA. 


1127 


TRAVELLER. 


Isold  subsequently  married  king  Mark  of 
Cornwall,  but  her  heart  was  ever  fixed 
on  her  brave  young  patient. — Sir  T, 
Malory:  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  iL 
9-12  (1470). 

Tranchera,  Agricane's  sword,  which 
afterwards  belonged  to  Brandimart. — 
Ariosto  :  Orlando  Furioso  (1516), 

Tra'nio,  one  of  the  servants  of  Lu- 
centio  the  gentleman  who  marries  Bi- 
anca  (the  sister  of  Kathari'na  "the 
Paduan  shrew  " ).  — Shakespeare  :  Tarn  ing 
of  the  Shrew  (1594). 

Transfer,  a  usurer,  who  is  willing  to 
advance  sir  George  Wealthy  a  sura  of 
money  on  these  easy  terms  :  (i)  5  per 
cent,  interest ;  (2)  10  per  cent,  premium  ; 
(3)  S  P^"^  cent,  for  insuring  the  young 
man's  life ;  (4)  a  handsome  present  to 
himself  as  broker;  {5)  the  borrower  to 
pay  all  expenses ;  and  (6)  the  loan  not 
to  be  in  cash  but  goods,  which  are  to  be 
taken  at  a  valuation  and  sold  at  auction 
at  the  borrower's  sole  hazard.  These 
terms  are  accepted,  and  sir  George  pro- 
mises besides  a  handsome  douceur  to 
Loader  for  having  found  a  usurer  so 
reasonable. — Foote:  The  Minor  (1760). 

Transfigraration  {The  Mount  of). 
Condef;  in  his  Tentwork  in  Palestine 
(1850),  says  there  can  be  little  doubt  that 
it  was  some  part  of  Mount  Hermon,  and 
not  Mount  Tabor  (see  Ps.  xlii.  8). 

Transformations.    In  the  art  of 

transformation,  one  of  the  most  important 
things  was  a  ready  wit  to  adopt  in  an 
instant  some  form  which  would  give  you 
an  advantage  over  your  adversary  :  thus, 
if  your  adversary  appeared  as  a  mouse, 
you  must  change  into  an  owl ;  then  your 
adversary  would  become  an  arrow  to 
shoot  the  owl,  and  you  would  assume  the 
form  of  fire  to  burn  the  arrow ;  where- 
upon your  adversary  would  become  water 
to  quench  the  fire ;  and  he  who  could  out- 
wit the  other  would  come  off  victorious. 
The  two  best  examples  I  know  of  this 
sort  of  contest  are  to  be  found,  one  in 
the  Arabian  Nights,  and  the  other  in  the 
Mabinogion. 

(i)  The  former  is  the  contest  between 
the  Queen  of  Beauty  and  the  son  of  the 
daughter  of  Eblis.  He  appeared  as  a 
scorpion,  she  in  a  moment  became  a 
serpent ;  whereupon  he  changed  into  an 
eagle,  she  into  a  more  powerful  black 
eagle;  he  became  a  cat,  she  a  wolf;  she 
instantly  changed  into  a  worm  and  crept 
Into  a  pomegranate,  which  in  time  burst, 


whereupon  he  assumed  the  form  of  a  cock 
to  devour  the  seed,  but  it  became  a  fish  ; 
the  cock  then  became  a  pike,  but  the 
princess  became  a  blazing  fire,  and  con- 
sumed her  adversary  before  he  had  time 
to  change. — "  The  Second  Calender." 

(2)  The  other  is  the  contest  between 
Caridwen  and  Gwion  Bach.  Bach  fled  as 
a  hare,  she  changed  into  a  greyhound ; 
whereupon  he  became  a  fish,  she  an  otter- 
bitch  ;  he  instantly  became  a  bird,  she 
a  hawk ;  but  he  became  as  quick  as 
thought  a  grain  of  wheat.  Caridwen  now 
became  a  hen,  and  made  for  the  wheat- 
corn  and  devoured  him. — Taliesin. 

Translator  -  GeneraL  Philemon 
Holland  is  so  called  by  Fuller,  in  his 
Worthies  of  England.  Mr.  Holland 
translated  Livy,  Pliny,  Plutarch,  Sue- 
tonius, Xenophon,  and  several  other 
classic  authors  (1551-1636). 

Transome  [Mrs.),  secretly  married 
to  Matthew  Jermyn,  the  lawyer.  Their 
son  is  Harold  [Transome],  who  proposes 
to  Esther  Lyon,  and  is  refused. — George 
Eliot  (Mrs.  J.  W.  Cross) :  Felix  Holt 
(i860). 

Trap  to  Catcli  a  Sunbeam,  by 

Matilda  Anne  Planch^  (afterwards  Mrs. 
Mackarness). 

Trapbois  [Old),  a  miser  in  Alsatia. 
Even  in  his  extreme  age,  "he  was  be- 
lieved to  understand  the  plucking  of  a 
pigeon  better  than  any  man  in  Alsatia." 

Martha  Trapbois,  the  miser's  daughter, 
a  cold,  decisive,  masculine  woman,  who 
marries  Richie  Moniplies. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
The  Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Trap'oban  ( The  Island  of),  ruled  over 
by  Alifanfaron.  It  is  in  the  Utopian 
Ocean,  92°  N.  lat.,  180°  2'  W.  long.— 
Cervantes  :  Don  Quixote,  I.  iii.  4  (1605). 

Trapper  ( The\.  Natty  Bumppo  is  so 
called  in  The  Prairie.  He  is  introduced 
in  four  other  of  Cooper's  novels  as  "  The 
Deerslayer,"  "The  Pathfinder,"  "The 
Hawk-eye  "  in  The  Last  of  the  Mohicans, 
and  "  Natty  Bumppo"  in  The  Pioneers. 

Traveller  {The).  The  icheme  of 
this  poem  is  very  simple :  The  poet  sup- 
poses himself  seated  among  Alpine  soli- 
tudes, looking  down  upon  a  hundred 
kingdoms.  He  would  fain  find  some  spot 
where  happiness  can  be  attained,  but  the 
natives  of  each  realm  think  their  own  the 
best ;  yet  the  amount  of  happiness  in 
each  is  pretty  well  equaL  To  illustrate 
this,  the  poet  describes  the  manners  and 


TRAVELLER. 


1128 


TRECENTISTL 


government  of  Italy,  Switzerland,  France, 
Holland,  and  England.  —  Goldsmith 
(1764). 

Traveller  {Mr.),  the  stranger  who 
tried  to  reason  with  Mr.  Mopes  and  bring 
him  back  to  society,  but  found  the  truth 
of  the  tinker's  remark,  "When  iron  is 
thoroughly  rotten,  you  cannot  botch  it." 
— Dickens:  A  Christmas  Number  [i%6i). 

Traveller's  Refuge,  the  valley  of 
Fakreddin,  —Beckford :  Vathek  ( 1784) . 

Travellers'  Tales,  (i)  Marco  Polo 
says,  "  Certain  islands  lie  so  far  north  in 
the  Northern  Ocean,  that  one  going  thither 
actually  leaves  the  pole-star  a  trifle 
behind  to  the  south." 

(2)  A  Dutch  skipper  told  Master  Moxon, 
the  hydrographer  of  Charles  IL ,  that  he 
had  himself  sailed  two  'degrees  beyond 
the  pole. 

(3)  Maundeville  says,  in  Prester  John's 
country  is  a  sea  of  sand  which  ebbs  and 
flows  in  great  waves  without  one  drop  of 
water.  This  sea,  says  the  knight  of  St. 
Alban's,  men  find  full  of  right  good  fish 
of  most  delicious  eating. 

(2)  At  the  time  of  the  discoveryof  America 
by  Columbus,  many  marvellous  tales  were 
rife  in  Spain.  It  was  said  that  in  one 
part  of  the  coast  of  El  Nombre  de  Dios, 
the  natives  had  such  long  ears  that  one 
ear  served  for  bed  and  the  other  for 
counterpane.  This  reminds  one  of 
Gwevyl  mab  Gwestad,  one  of  whose  lips 
hung  down  to  his  waist,  and  the  other 
covered  his  head  like  a  cowl.  Another 
tale  was  that  one  of  the  crew  of  Columbus 
had  come  across  a  people  who  lived  on 
sweet  scents  alone,  and  were  killed  by 
foul  smells.  This  invention  was  hardly 
original,  inasmuch  as  both  Plutarch  and 
Pliny  tell  us  of  an  Indian  people  who 
lived  on  sweet  odours,  and  Democrltos 
lived  for  several  days  on  the  mere  effluvia 
of  hot  bread.  Another  tale  was  that  the 
noses  of  these  smell-feeders  were  so  huge 
that  their  heads  were  all  nose.  We  are 
also  told  of  one-eyed  men  ;  of  men  who 
carried  their  head  under  one  of  their 
arms ;  of  others  whose  head  was  in  their 
breast ;  of  others  who  were  conquered, 
not  by  arms,  but  by  the  priests  holding 
up  before  them  a  httle  ivory  crucifix — a 
sort  of  Christian  version  of  the  taking  of 
Jericho  by  the  blast  of  the  rams' -horn 
trumpets  of  the  Levites  in  the  time  of 
Joshua.  (See  Three  Diademed  Chiefs, 
p.  H03;  Odours  for  Food,  p.  769.) 

Travels    in  .  .  .  Remote     Na- 


tions, by  "  Lemuel  Gulliver."  He  lb 
first  shipwrecked  and  cast  on  the  coast 
of  Lilliput,  a  country  of  pygmies.  Sub- 
sequently he  is  thrown  among  the  people 
of  Brobdingnag,  giants  of  tremendous 
size.  In  his  third  expedition  he  is  driven 
to  La^uta,  an  empire  of  quack  pretenders 
to  science  and  knavish  projectors.  And 
in  his  fourth  voyage  he  visits  the 
Houyhnhnms  [  Whin.'-7ims\  where  horses 
were  the  dominant  powers. — Swift  (1726). 

Travers,  a  retainer  of  the  earl  of 
Northumberland. — Shakespeare  :  2  Henry 
IV.  (1598). 

Travers  {Sir  Edmund),  an  old 
bachelor,  the  guardian  and  uncle  of  lady 
Davenant.  He  is  a  tedious  gossip,  fond 
of  meddling,  prosy,  and  wise  in  his  own 
conceit.  "It  is  surprising,"  he  says, 
"  how  unwilling  people  are  to  hear  my 
stories.  When  in  parhament  I  make  a 
speech,  there  is  nothing  but  .coughing, 
hemming,  and  shuffling  of  feet — no  desire 
of  information."  By  his  instigation  the 
match  was  broken  off  between  his  niece 
and  captain  Dormer,  and  she  was  given 
in  marriage  to  lord  Davenant;  but  it 
turned  out  that  his  lordship  was  already 
married,  and  his  wife  living. — Cumber- 
land: The  Mysterious  Husband  [x']^'^. 

Travia'ta,  an  opera,  representing  the 
progress  of  a  courtezan.  Music  by  Verdi, 
and  libretto  from  La  Dame  aux  CaTne'lias, 
a  novel  by  Alexandre  Dumas //j  (1856). 

Treachery  of  the  Longf-Enives 

( The).  Hengist  invited  the  chief  British 
nobles  to  a  conference  at  Ambresbury, 
but  arranged  that  a  Saxon  should  be 
seated  beside  each  Briton.  At  a  given 
signal,  each  Saxon  was  to  slay  his  neigh- 
bour with  his  long  knife,  and  as  many  as 
460  British  nobles  fell.  Eidiol  earl  of 
Gloucester  escaped,  after  killing  seventy 
(some  say  600)  of  the  Saxons. —  Welsh 
Triads. 

Stonehenge  was  erected  by  Merlin,  at  the  command 
of  Ambrosius,  in  memory  of  the  plot  of  the  "  Long- 
Knives."  .  .  .  He  built  it  on  the  site  of  a  former  circle. 
It  deviates  Uoia  older  bardic  circles,  as  may  be  seen 
by  comparing  it  with  Avebury,  Stanton-Drew,  Kes- 
wick, etc.— Cambrian  Biography,  art.  "  Merddin." 

Treasury    of    Peru    (The),    the 

Andes. 

Treasury  of  Sciences  ( The),  Bo- 
khara, which  has  103  colleges,  besides 
schools  and  360  mosques. 

Trecentisti,  the  Italian  worthies  of 
the  "  Trecento"  (thirteenth and  fourteent.Vj 
centuries).  They  were  Dantd  (1265-1321) , 


» 


TREE.  II29 

Petrarch  {1304-T374) ;  B'^ccacclo,  who 
wrote  the  Decameron.  Others  of  less 
note  were  Giotto,  Giovanna  da  Pisa,  and 
Andrea  Orcagna.  (See  Cinquecento, 
p.  210;  Seicento,  p.  978,) 

In  Italy  he'd  ape  the  Trecentlsti 

Byron  :  Don  Juan,  iii.  86  (i8ao). 

Tree  [The  Bleeding),  One  of  the  in- 
dictments laid  to  the  charge  of  the  mar- 
quis of  Argyll,  so  hated  by  the  royalists 
for  the  part  he  took  in  the  execution  of 
Montrose,  was  this:  "That  a  tree  on 
which  thirty-six  of  his  enemies  were 
banged  was  immediately  blasted,  and, 
when  hewn  down,  a  copious  stream  of 
blood  ran  from  it,  saturating  the  earth, 
and  that  blood  for  several  years  was 
emitted  from  the  roo\.s."—Laing:  History 
of  Scotland,  ii.  ii  (1800) ;  State  Trials, 
ii.  422. 

Th£  Largest  Tree.  The  largest  tree 
In  the  world  is  said  to  be  one  discovered, 
in  1874,  near  Tule  River,  in  California. 
Though  the  top  has  been  broken  off,  it  is 
240  feet  high,  and  the  diameter  of  the 
tree  where  it  has  been  broken  is  12  feet. 
This  giant  of  the  forest  is  called  "Old 
Moses,"  from  a  mountain  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood, and  is  calculated  to  be  4840 
years  old  !  The  hollow  of  its  trunk, 
which  is  III  feet,  will  hold  150  persons, 
and  is  hung  with  scenes  of  California,  is 
carpeted,  and  fitted  up  like  a  drawing- 
room,  with  table,  chairs,  sofa,  and  piano- 
forte. A  section  o?  this  tree,  74  feet  round 
and  25  feet  across,  was  exhibited  in  New 
York,  in  1879.     (See  New  York  Herald.) 

(Australia  daims  to  have  still  larger  trees.) 

The  Poets'  Tree,  a  tree  which  grows 
over  the  tomb  of  Tan-Sein,  a  musician  at 
the  court  of  [Mohammed]  Akbar.  Wlio- 
ever  chews  a  leaf  of  this  tree  will  be 
inspired  with  a  divine  melody  of  voice. — 
W.  Hunter. 

His  voice  was  as  sweet  as  If  he  had  chewed  the 
leaves  of  that  enchanted  tree  which  grows  over  the 
tomb  of  the  musician  Tan-Sein. — Moore  :  Lalla  Rookh 
<i8i7). 

The  Singing  Tree,  a  tree  each  leaf  of 
which  was  musical,  and  all  the  leaves 
joined  together  in  delightful  harmony. 
—Arabian  Nights  ("The  Story  of  the 
Sisters  who  envied  their  Younger  Sister  "). 

V\  In  the  Fairy  Tales  of  the  comtesse 
D'Aulnoy,  there  is  a  tree  called  "  the 
singing  apple,"  of  precisely  the  same 
character,  but  the  apple  tree  gave  the 
possessor  the  inspiration  of  poetry  also. 
— "  Chery  and  Fairstar." 

Tre«  of  Knowledge  [The),  a  tree 


TREES,  ETC 

in  the  garden  of  paradise,  the  fnift  of 
which  Adam  and  Eve  were  forbidden  to 
eat,  lest  they  should  die. — Gen.  ii.  9 ;  iii.  3. 

Next  to  itht  tree  of\  Life, 
.  .  .  the  Tree  of  Knowledge  grew  fast  l>3r. 
Knowledge  of  good,  bought  dear  by  knowing  ilL 
Mil: on  :  Paradise  Lost,  iv.  aai  (1665). 

Tree   of  Liberty  (The),  a  tree  or 


pole  crowned  with  a  cap  of  liberty,  and 
decorated  with  flags,  ribbons,  and  other 
devices  of  a  republican  character.  The 
idea  was  given  by  the  Americans  in  their 
War  of  Independence  ;  it  was  adopted  by 
the  Jacobins  in  Paris  in  1790,  and  by  the 
Italians  in  1848. 

Tree  of  Life  [The],  a  tree  in  the 
"midst  of  the  garden"  of  paradise, 
which,  if  Adam  had  plucked  and  eaten 
of,  he  would  have  "  lived  for  ever."— Gf». 
ii.  9  ;  iii.  22. 

Out  of  the  fertile  ground  [God]  caused  to  grow 
-     All  trees  of  noblest  kind  for  sight,  smell,  taste ; 
And  all  amid  them  stood  the  Tree  of  Life, 
High  eminent,  blooming  ambrosial  fruit 
Of  vegetable  gold. 

Milton :  Paradise  Lost,  iv.  sig,  etc.  (1665). 

Trees  noted  for  Specific  Virtue* 
and  Uses. 

Those   articles   marked   B.   P.  are  from    WUliam 

Browne's  Britannia's  Pastorals  (1613). 

(i)  Alder,  good  for  water-pipes  and 
piles,  capital  for  the  foundations  of  build- 
ings situated  upon  bogs ;  it  becomes 
black  as  jet  and  almost  imperishable  when 
used  for  piles  in  swamps  or  under  water. 
The  Ria  to  of  Venice  is  founded  on  alder 
— a  wood  excellent  for  clogs,  shoe-heels, 
wooden  shoes,  the  cogs  of  mill-wheels, 
turnery,  chairs,  poles,  and  garden  props. 

It  is  said  that  fleas  dislike  it. 

Alder  nourishes  whatever  plant  grows 
under  its  shadow. — B.  P. 

(2)  Ash,  the  Venus  of  the  forest.— 
Gilpin:  Forest  Scenery  {lygz). 

Used  for  all  tools  employed  in  hus- 
bandry— carts,  waggons,  wheels,  pulleys, 
and  oars.  It  bursts  into  leaf  between 
May  13  and  June  14. 

Grass  will  grow  beneath  it. 

At  Donirey,  near  Clare,  is  the  hollow 
trunk  of  an  ash  tree  42  feet  in  circum- 
ference, in  which  a  little  school  used  to  be 
kept. —  Young:  Irish  Tour  (1775-6). 

In  Woburn  Park  is  an  ash  tree  90  feet 
high,  15  feet  in  girth  (3  feet  from  the 
ground),  and  containing  a  grand  total  of 
872  cubic  feet  of  timber. — Strutt :  Sylva 
Britannica. 

The  ash  tree  at  Carnock,  planted  in 
1596,  supposed  to  be  the  largest  in  Scot- 
land, is  90  feet  high  and  19  feet  in  girth 
(5  feet  from  the  ground).— Z?tVA». 


TREES,  ETC. 


1130 


TREES,  ETC. 


Dr.  Walker  says  he  measured  an  ash 
tree  in  Lochaber  churchyard,  Scotland, 
58  feet  in  girth  {5  feet  from  the  ground). 

(3)  Aspen  Tree.  No  grass  will  grow 
In  Its  vicinity.  The  legend  is  that  the 
cross  of  Jesus  was  made  of  this  wood,  and 
hence  its  leaves  were  doomed  to  tremble 
till  the  day  of  doom. 

Ah  I  tremble,  tremble,  aspen  tree  1 

We  need  not  ask  thee  why  thou  shakest ; 
For  if,  as  holy  legend  saith. 
On  thee  the  Saviour  bled  to  death, 

No  wonder,  aspen,  that  thou  quakest ! 
And,  till  in  judgment  all  assemble, 
Tby  leaves  accursed  shall  wail  and  tremble. 
E.  C.  B. 

(4)  Beech  Tree,  employed  for  clogs, 
tool-handles,  planes,  mallets,  turnery, 
large  wooden  screws,  sounding-boards  of 
musical  instruments,  scabbards,  band- 
boxes, book-covers,  coffins,  chairs,  and 
bedsteads ;  but  for  chairs  and  bedsteads 
it  is  not  fit,  as  it  is  a  favourite  resort  of 
the  ptinus  fectinicornis ,  whose  eggs  are 
deposited  on  the  surface  of  the  wood, 
and  the  young  worms  eat  their  way  in. 
Floats  for  nets  are  made  of  the  bark. 
It  is  excellent  for  wood  fires,  and  is 
•ailed  in  France  bois  d Andelle.  The  beech 
bursts  into  leaf  between  April  19  and 
May  7. 

"  The  Twelve  Apostles."  On  an  island 
of  the  lake  Wetter,  were  twelve  majestic 
beech  trees,  now  reduced  to  eleven,  for  a 
realous  peasant  cut  down  one  of  them, 
declaring  "that  the  traitor  Judas  should 
have  no  part  nor  lot  wath  the  faithful." 
On  these  beeches  are  cut  the  names  of 
Charles  XL.Charles  XII,,  queen  Eleonora, 
and  other  distinguished  visitors.  Other 
famous  beeches  are  the  Frankley  Beeches, 
in  Worcestershire. 

Virgil's  bowl,  divini  opus  Alcimedonfis, 
was  made  of  beech  wood,  and  Pliny  tells 
us  that  vessels  used  in  the  temples  were 
made  sometimes  of  the  same  wood. 

The  beech,  like  the  fir  and  chestnut,  is 
very  destructive  of  vegetation  beneath. 

(5)  Birch,  used  by  the  ancients  for 
papyrus.  The  wood  is  used  for  the  heels 
of  shoes,  cradles,  packing-boxes,  sabots, 
drinking-cups,  brooms  or  besoms,  rods, 
torches,  and  charcoal. 

"  It  supplies  the  northern  peasant  wi»b 
his  house,  his  bread,  his  wine,  and  the 
vessels  to  put  it  in,  part  of  his  clothing, 
and  the  furniture  of  his  bed." — Sylvan 
Sketciies. 
-  Birch  loves  the  coldest  places. — B.  P. 

(6)  Blackthorn  is  formed  into  teeth 
for  rakes  and  into  walking-sticks.  Letters 
written  on  linen  or  woollen  with  sloe-juice 
will  not  wash  out 


It  is  said  that  Joseph  of  Arimathea 
planted  his  staff  on  the  south  ridge  of 
Weary -all  Hill  (now  Werrall),  where  it 
grew  and  put  forth  blossoms  every 
Christmas  Day  afterwards.  The  original 
tree  was  destroyed  in  the  reign  of  Charles 
I.  by  a  puritan  soldier,  who  lost  his  life 
by  a  splinter  which  wounded  him  while  so 
employed.  The  variety  which  blossoms 
twice  a  year  is  now  pretty  common. 

The  Holy  Thorn  has  been  Introduced  Into  many 
parts,  and  is  now  grown  in  several  gardens  about 
Glastonbury  and  its  vicinity.  Pilgrimages  continued 
to  be  made  to  this  tree  even  in  Mr.  Eyston's  tune,  who 
died  iTn.—lVamer  :  Evening  Post,  January  1753. 

(7)  Box,  used  for  turnery,  combs,, 
mathematical  instruments,  knife-handles, 
tops,  screws,  button-moulds,  wood  en- 
gravings, etc.  Box  wood  will  sink  in 
water. 

A  decoction  of  box  wood  promotes  the 
growth  of  hair,  and  an  oil  distilled  from 
its  shavings  is  a  cure  for  hemorrhoids, 
tooth-ache,  epilepsy,  and  stomach-worms. 
So,  at  least,  we  are  told. 

(8)  Cedar,  used  for  cigar-boxes.  It 
is  hateful  to  moths  and  fleas  ;  hence  it  is 
used  for  lining  wardrobes  and  drawers. 

(9)  Cherry  Tree,  used  by  the  turner, 
formed  into  chairs  and  hoops.  It  is  stained 
to  imitate  mahogany,  to  which  wood,  both 
in  g^ain  and  colour,  it  approaches  nearer 
than  any  other  of  this  country.  It  is 
stained  black  for  picture-frames.  The 
cherry  tree  was  first  introduced  from 
Flanders  into  Kent,  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  VIII. 

More  than  a  hundred  men,  during  a  siege,  were  kept 
alive  for  nearly  two  months,  without  any  other  susten- 
ance than  a  little  of  this  gum  taken  into  the  mouth 
and  suffered  gradually  to  dissolve. — Hasselqiiist :  Iter 
PaltssHnunt  (1757). 

(10)  Chestnut  Tree,  the  tree  intro- 
duced into  the  pictures  of  Salvator  Rosa. 
The  wood  is  used  by  coopers  and  for 
water-pipes,  because  it  neither  shrinks 
nor  changes  the  colour  of  any  liquor  it 
contains.  It  is,  however,  bad  for  posts  ; 
and  grass  will  not  grow  beneath  its  shade- 

Staves  that  nor  shrink  nor  swell. 
The  cooper's  close-wrought  cask  to  chestnut  owes 
DodsUy. 

The  roof  of  Westminster  Abbey,  and 
that  of  the  "Parliament  House,"  Edin- 
burgh, are  made  of  chestnut  wood. 

In  Cobham  Park,  Kent,  is  a  chestnut 
tree  40  feet  in  girth  (5  feet  from  the 
ground). — Strutt :  Sylva  Britannica. 

At  Tortworth,  in  Gloucestershire,  is  a 
chestnut  tree  52  feet  in  girth.  Even  in 
1 150  it  was  called  "the  great  chestnut 
tree  of  Tortworth,"  Mr.  Marsham  says  it 
was  540  years  old  when  king  John  came 


TREES    ETC 


TREES.  ETC 


to  the  throne,  which  would  carry  us  back 
to  the  heptarchy.  If  so,  this  tree  has 
ralHed  the  whole  history  of  England  from 
the  Roman  period  to  our  own. 

The  horse  chestnut  bursts  into  leaf 
between  March  17  and  April  19.  The 
Spanish  chestnut  fully  a  month  later. 

(11)  Cypress  hurts  the  least  of  all  trees 
by  its  droppings. — B.  P. 

(12)  Dog  Rose.  So  called  by  the 
Greeks  [kunorodon),  because  the  root  was 
deemed  a  cure  for  the  bite  of  a  mad  dog. 

(13)  Elder  Tree,  used  for  skewers, 
tops  of  angling-rods,  needles  for  netting, 
turnery.  The  pith  is  used  for  electro- 
meters and  in  electrical  experiments. 

An  infusion  of  elder  leaves  will  destroy 
insects  on  delicate  plants  better  than 
tobacco-juice  ;  and  if  turnips,  cabbages, 
fruit  trees,  etc.,  are  brushed  with  a  branch 
of  elder  leaves,  no  insect  will  infest  the 
l>\^nis.— Philosophical  Transactions,  v. 
62,  p.  348. 

(14)  Elm  is  used  for  axle-trees,  mill- 
wheels,  keels  of  boats,  gunwales  chairs, 
coffins,  rails,  gates,  under-ground  pipes, 
pumps,  millwork,  pattens. 

Grass  will  grow  beneath  its  shade. 

The  elm  is  pre-eminent  for  the  tenacity 
of  its  wood,  which  never  splinters.  It  is 
the  first  of  forest  trees  to  burst  into  leaf. 

Toads  and  frogs  are  often  embedded  in 
elm  trees.  They  crept  into  some  hollow 
place  or  crack,  and  became  imprisoned  by 
the  glutinous  fluid  of  the  new  inner  bark 
{liber  and  alburnum).  Some  have  been 
found  ahve  when  the  tree  is  cut  down, 
but  they  need  not  have  been  embedded 
long. 

At  Hampstead  there  was  once  a  famous 
hollow  elm,  which  had  a  staircase  within 
and  seats  at  the  top.  — Park  :  Topography. 

At  Blythfield,  in  Staffordshire,  was  an 
elm  which,  Ray  tells  us,  furnished  8660 
feet  of  planks,  weighing  97  tons. 

The  elm  at  Chequers,  Buckinghamshire, 
was  planted  in  the  reign  of  Stephen  ;  the 
shell  is  now  31  feet  in  girth.  The  Chep- 
stead  Elm,  Kent,  contains  268  feet  of 
timber,  and  is  15  feet  in  girth ;  it  is  said 
to  have  had  an  annual  fair  beneath  its 
shade  in  the  reign  of  Henry  V.  The  elm 
at  Crawley,  in  Sussex,  is  70  feet  high 
and  35  feet  in  girth.  —  Strutt :  Sylva 
Britannica. 

{15)  Fig  Tree.  The  leaves  of  this  tree 
have  the  property  of  maturing  game  and 
meat  hung  amongst  them. 

{16)  Fir  Tree.  In  Ireland  the  bog 
firs,  beaten  into  string,  are  manufactured 
into  rope,  capable  of  resisting  the  weather 


much  longer  than  hempen  ropes.  TTie 
bark  can  be  used  for  tan.  Tar  and  pitch 
are  obtained  from  thetrank  and  branches. 
The  thinnings  of  fir  forests  will  do  for 
hop-poles,  scantlings,  and  rafters,  and  its 
timber  is  used  by  builders. 
Grass  will  not  grow  beneath  fir  trees. 

(17)  Guelder  Rose.  From  the  bark 
of  the  root  birdhme  is  made.  The  shoots 
make  excellent  bands  for  faggots. 

Evelyn  says  a  decoction  of  the  leaves 
will  dye  the  hair  black  and  strengthen  it. 

(18)  Hazel  Tree.  The  wood  makes 
excellent  charcoal  for  forges.  Fishing- 
rods,  walking-sticks,  crates,  hoops  for 
barrels,  shoots  for  springles  to  fasten 
down  thatch,  hurdles,  etc.,  are  made  of 
this  wood.  Hazel  chips  will  clear  turbid 
wine  in  twenty-four  hours,  and  twigs  of 
hazel  twisted  together  will  serve  for  yeast 
in  brewing. 

Hazel  wands  were  used  in  divination, 
for  detecting  minerals,  water-springs,  and 
hid  treasures.  (See  Dousterswivel, 
p.  298.) 

By  whatsoever  occuh  virtue  the  forked  hazel  stick 
discovers  not  only  subterraneous  treasure,  but  criminals 
guilty  of  murder  and  other  crimes,  made  out  so  solemnly 
by  the  attestation  of  magistrates  and  divers  othei 
learned  and  credible  persons  who  have  critically  ex- 
amined matters  of  fact,  is  certainly  next  to  a  miracle, 
and  requires  a  strong  faith. — Evelyn  :  Sylva  (1664). 

The  small  hole  bored  through  the  shell 
of  hazel  nuts  is  not  the  work  of  squirrels, 
but  of  field-mice ;  squirrels  always  split 
the  shells. 

(19)  Holly  Tree.  Birdlime  is  made 
from  it.  The  wood  is  used  for  veneering, 
handles  of  knives,  the  cogs  of  mill-wheels, 
hones  for  whetting  knives  and  razors, 
coachmen's  whips,  Tunbridge  ware. 

(20)  Ivy.  The  roots  are  used  by 
leather-cutters  for  whetting  their  knives ; 
and  when  the  roots  are  large,  boxes  and 
slabs  are  made  from  them. 

It  is  said  that  apricots  and  peaches 
protected  in  winter  by  ivy  fencing  become 
remarkably  productive. 

(21)  Juniper  is  never  attacked  by 
worms. — B»  P. 

The  wood  is  used  for  veneering  ;  and 
alcohol  or  spirits  of  wine,  impregnated 
with  the  essential  oil  of  juniper  berries, 
is  gin  (or  juniper  water) ;  for  the  French 
genevre  means  "  a  juniper  berry."  Ordi- 
narily, gin  is  a  malt  liquor,  distilled  a 
second  time,  with  the  addition  of  juniper 
berries,  or  more  frequently  with  the  oil 
of  turpentine. 

(22)  Larch,  very  apt  to  warp,  but  it 
resists  decay.  It  bursts  into  leaf  between 
March  21  and  April  14. 


TREES,  ETC. 


1132 


TREES,  ETC. 


Le  bois  du  m6\bze  I'emporte  en  bont6  et  en  dur^e 
sur  celui  des  pins  et  des  sapins.  On  en  fait  des 
g-outti6res  des  conduits  d'eaux  souterraines,  de  bonnes 
charpentes ;  il  entre  dans  la  construction  des  petits 
tatinients  de  mer.  Les  peintres  s'en  servent  pour  fairo 
les  cadres  de  leurs  tableaux.— ^i?Mt7/«/.-  Dici.  Univ. 
des  Sciences. 

(23)  Lime  or  Linden  Tree.  Grinling 
Gibbons,  the  great  wood-carver,  used  no 
other  wood  but  that  of  the  lime  tree, 
which  is  soft,  light,  smooth,  close-grained, 
and  not  subject  to  the  worm.  For  the 
same  reason,  it  is  the  chief  material  of 
Tunbridge  ware.  Bellonius  states  that 
the  GreeiiS  used  the  wood  for  making 
bottles. 

Lime  wood  makes  excellent  charcoal  for 
gunpowder,  and  is  employed  for  buttons 
and  leather-cutters'  boards.  The  flowers 
afford  the  best  honey  for  bees,  and  the 
famous  Kowno  honey  is  made  exclusively 
from  the  linden  blossoms. 

It_was  one  of  the  trees  from  which 
papyrus  was  made,  and  in  the  library  of 
Vienna  is  a  work  of  Cicero  written  on 
the  inner  bark  of  the  linden. 

One  other  thing  is  worth  mentioning. 
Hares  and  rabbits  will  never  injure  the 
bark  of  this  tree. 

The  lime  is  the  first  of  all  trees  to  shed 
its  leaves  in  autumn.  It  bursts  into  leaf 
between  April  6  and  May  2. 

At  Deopham,  in  Norfolk,  was  a  lime 
tree  which,  Evelyn  tells  us,  was  36  feet  in 
girth  and  90  feet  in  height.  Strutt  tells 
us  of  one  in  Moor  Park,  Hertfordshire, 
17  feet  in  girth  (3  feet  above  the  ground) 
and  100  feet  high  ;  it  contained  875  feet 
of  timber.  He  also  mentions  one  in 
Cobham  Park,  28  feet  in  girth  and  90 
feet  in  height. 

The  lime  tree  in  the  Grisons  is  upwards 
of  590  years  old. 

(24)  Maple  Tree,  employed  for 
cabinet-work,  gunstocks,  screws  for  cider- 
presses,  and  turnery.  The  Tigrin  and 
Pantherine  tables  were  made  of  maple. 
The  maple  tables  of  Cicero,  Asinius 
Gallus,  king  Juba,  and  the  Mauritanian 
Ptolemy,  "are  worth  their  weight  in 
gold." 

At  Knowle,  in  Kent,  there  is  a  maple 
tree  which  is  14  feet  in  girth.— ,S/r«//; 
Sylva  Britannica, 

(25)  Mountain  Ash  or  Rowan  Tree, 
used  for  hoops,  and  for  bows,  comes 
fiext  to  the  yew.  It  forms  good  and 
lasting  posts,  and  is  made  into  hurdles, 
tables,  spokes  of  wheels,  shafts,  chairs, 
and  so  on.  The  roots  are  made  into 
spoons  and  knife-handles.  The  bark 
makes  excellent  tan. 


"""^l 


Twigs  of  rowan  used  to  be  carried 
about  as  a  charm  agai  nst  witches.  Scotch 
dairy-maids  drive  their  cattle  with  rowan 
rods ;  and  at  Strathspey,  in  Scotland,  at 
one  time,  sheep  and  lambs  were  made 
to  pass  through  hoops  of  rowan  wood  on 
May-day.   (See  Quicken  Trees,  p.  891.) 

In  Wales,  the  rowan  used  to  be  con- 
sidered sacred  ;  it  was  planted  in  church- 
yards, and  crosses  made  of  the  wood  were 
commonly  worn. 

Their  spells  were  Tata.    The  hags  returned 
To  the  queen  in  sorrowful  mood, 
'    ing  that  witches  have  no  power 
('here  there  is  rown  tree  wood. 
The  LaidUy  Worm  of  SpindUston  Heughs. 

(26)  Myrtle.  Some  Northern  nations 
use  it  instead  of  hops.  The  catkins, 
boiled  in  water,  throw  up  a  waxy  scum, 
of  which  candles  were  made  by  Dutch 
boers.  Hottentots  (according  to  Thun- 
berg)  make  a  cheese  of  it.  Myrtle  tan  is 
good  for  tanning  calf-skins. 

Laid  under  a  bed,  it  keeps  off  fleas  and 
moths. 

(27)  Oak  Tree,  the  king  of  the  forest 
and  patriarch  of  trees,  wholly  unrivalled 
in  stature,  strength,  and  longevity.  The 
timber  is  used  for  ship-building,  the  bark 
for  tanning  leather,  and  the  gall  for 
making  ink.  Oak  timber  is  used  for 
every  work  where  durability  and  strength 
are  required. 

Oak  trees  best  resist  the  thunder- 
stroke.— B.  P.  (William  Browne  is  re- 
sponsible for  this  statement). 

It  bursts  into  leaf  between  April  10  and 
May  26. 

In  1757  there  was  an  oak  in  earl 
Powis's  park,  near  Ludlow,  16  feet  in 
girth  (5  feet  from  the  ground)  and  60 
feet  high  \^Marsham).  Panshanger  Oak, 
in  Kent,  is  19  feet  in  g^rth,  and  contains 
1000  feet  of  timber,  though  not  yet  in  its 
prime  (Marsham).  Salcey  Forest  Oak, 
in  Northamptonshire,  is  24  feet  in  girth 
{Marsham).  Gog,  in  Yardley  Forest,  is 
28  feet  in  girth,  and  contains  1658  cubic 
feet  of  timber.  The  king  of  Wynnstay 
Park,  North  Wales,  is  30  feet  in  girth. 
The  Queen's  Oak,  Huntingfield,  Suff"olk, 
from  which  queen  Elizabeth  shot  a  buck, 
is  35  feet  in  girth  {Marsham).  Shel- 
ton  Oak,  near  Shrewsbury,  called  the 
"  Grette  Oake "  in  1543,  which  served 
the  great  Glendower  for  a  post  of  obser- 
vation in  the  battle  of  Shrewsbury  (1403), 
is  37  feet  in  girth  {Marsham).  Green 
Dale  Oak,  near  Welbeck,  is  38  feet  in 
girth,  II  feet  from  the  ground  {Evelyn). 
Cowthorpe  Oak,  near  Wetherby,  is  48 
feet  in  girth  {Evelyn).     The  great   oak 


TREES.  ETC. 


"33 


TREES,  ETC. 


In  Broomfield  Wood,  near  Ludlow,  was, 
in  1764,  68  feet  in  girth,  23  feet  high,  and 
contained  1455  feet  of  timber  {Lightfoot).  1 

Beggar's  Oak,  in  Blithfield  Park,  Staf- 
fordshire, contains  827  cubic  feet  of 
timber,  and,  in  1812,  was  valued  at  ;^20o 
{Marskam).  Fredville  Oak,  Kent,  con- 
tains 1400  feet  of  timber  (Marskam). 
But  the  most  stupendous  oak  ever  grown 
in  England  was  that  dug  out  of  Hatfield 
Bog  :  it  was  12  feet  in  girth  at  the  larger 
end,  6  feet  at  the  smaller  end,  and  120 
feet  in  length ;  so  that  it  exceeded  the 
famous  larch  tree  brought  to  Rome  in  the 
reign  of  Tiberius,  as  Pliny  states  in  his 
Natural  History. 

(These  are  all  from  Marsham's  Bath 
Soc,  i.  ;  the  Sylva  Caledonia;  Evelyn's 
Sylva  ;  The  Journal  of  a  Naturalist ;  or 
from  Strutt's  three  works — Sylva  Britan- 
nica,  Delicics  Sylvarum,  and  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.) 

Swilcar  Oak,  in  Needham  Forest,  is 
600  years  old  [Strutt).  The  Oak  of  the 
Partizans,  in  the  forest  of  Parey,  St. 
Ouen,  is  above  650  years  old.  Wallace's 
Oak,  which  stood  on  the  spot  where  the 
"patriot  hero"  was  born  (Elderslie, 
near  Paisley),  was  probably  700  years  old 
when  it  was  blown  down  in  1859.  Salcey 
Forest  Oak,  in  Northamptonshire,  is 
above  1000  years  old.  William  the  Con- 
queror's Oaic,  Windsor  Great  Park,  is  at 
least  1200  years  old.  Winfarthing  Oak, 
Norfolk,  and  Bentley  Oak,  were  700 
years  old  at  the  Conquest.  Cowthorpe 
Oak,  near  Wetherby.  is  1600  years  old 
(frofessor  Burnet).  The  great  oak  of 
Saintes,  in  the  Charente  Inf^rieur,  is 
reckoned  from  1800  to  2000  years  old. 
The  Damorey  Oak,  Dorsetshire,  was 
2000  years  old  when  it  was  blown  down 
in  1703.  In  the  Commonwealth,  it  was 
inhabited  by  an  old  man,  and  used  as  an 
ale-house ;  its  cavity  was  15  feet  in 
diameter  and  17  feet  in  height. 

In  the  Water  Walk  of  Magdalen  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  was  an  oak  supposed  to 
have  existed  before  the  Conquest  ;  it  was 
a  notable  tree  when  the  college  was 
founded  in  1448,  and  was  blown  down 
in  1789.  On  Abbot's  Oak,  Woburn,  the 
vicar  of  Puddington,  near  Chester,  and 
Roger  Hobbs  abbot  of  Woburn  were 
hung,  in  1537,  by  order  of  Henry 
VIII.,  for  refusing  to  surrender  their 
sacerdotal  rights  [Mar^ham).  The  Bull 
Oak,  Wedgenock  Park,  and  the  Plestor 
Oak,  Colbome,  were  both  in  existence 
at  the  Conquest.  The  ShsUard's  Lane 
Oak,     Gloucestershire,    is    one    of   the 


oldest  in  the  island  (yotirnal  0;  a 
Naturalist,  i. ). 

The  Cadenham  Oak,  near  Lyndhurst, 
in  the  New  Forest,  buds  "  on  old  Christ- 
mas Day,"  and  has  done  so  for  at  least 
two  centuries ;  it  is  covered  with  foliage 
at  the  usual  time  of  other  oak  trees.  The 
same  is  said  of  the  tree  against  which  the 
arrow  of  Tyrrel  glanced  when  Rufus  was 
killed  {Camden). 

In  the  forest  near  Thoresby  Park  is  a 
fine  oak,  called  ' '  The  Major  Oak, "  35  feet 
in  girth,  5  feet  from  the  ground.  Fourteen 
full-grown  persons  can  stand  within  its 
hollow  trunk.  There  is  another  in  the 
same  park,  30  feet  in  girth.  In  another 
part  of  the  forest,  nearer  Welbeck,  is  the 
ruin  of  Robin  Hood's  Larder,  held  to- 
gether by  strong  iron  bands.  At  Clipstone 
is  the  tree  called  "King  John's  Oak." 
(See  Oak,  p.  765.) 

(28)  Olive,  used  in  wainscot,  because 
it  never  gapes,  cracks,  or  cleaves. — B.  P. 

The  eight  olive  trees  on  the  Mount  of 
Olives  were  flourishing  800  years  ago, 
when  the  Turks  took  Jerusalem. 

(29)  Osier,  used  for  puncheons,  wheels 
for  catching  eels,  bird-cages,  baskets, 
hampers,  hurdles,  edders,  stakes,  rake- 
handles,  and  poles. 

(30)  Pear  Tree,  used  for  turnery, 
joiners'  tools,  chairs,  and  picture-frames. 

It  is  worth  knowing  that  pear-grafts 
on  a  quince  stock  produce  the  most 
abundant  and  luscious  fruit. 

(31)  Pine  Tree.  The  "Old  Guards- 
man," in  Vancouver's  Island,  is  the 
largest  Douglas  pine.  It  is  16  feet  in 
diameter,  51  feet  in  girth,  and  150  feet  in 
height.  At  one  time  it  was  50  feet 
higher,  but  its  top  was  broken  off  in  a 
storm. 

Le  pin  est  employ^  en  charpente,  en  planches,  ea 
tuyaux  pour  la  conduite  des  eaux,  en  bordages  pour 
les  ponts  des  vaisseaux.  II  foumit  aussi  la  rdsine.— 
BouilUt:  Diet.  Univ.  des  Sciences. 

(32)  Plane  Tree.  Grass  delights  to 
grow  in  its  shade. — B.  P. 

(33)  Poplar  Tree,  sacred  to  Hercules, 
No  wood  is  so  little  liable  to  take  fire. 
The  wood  is  excellent  for  wood-carvings 
and  wainscoting,  floors,  laths,  packing- 
boxes,  and  turnery. 

Black  Poplar.  The  bark  is  used  by 
fishermen  for  buoying  their  nets  ;  brooms 
are  made  of  its  twigs.  In  Flanders, 
clogs  are  made  of  the  wood. 

The  poplar  bursts  into  leaf  between 
March  6  and  April  19. 

(34)  Rose  Tree.  The  rose  is  called 
the  "queen  of  flowers."      It  is  the  em- 


TREES,  ETC. 


1134 


TREES,  ETC. 


blem  of  England,  as  the  thistle  is  of 
Scotland,  the  shamrock  of  Ireland,  and 
the  lily  of  France, 

It  has  ever  been  a  favourite  on  graves 
as  a  memorial  of  affection ;  hence,  Pro- 
pertius  says,  "  Et  tenera  poneret  ossa 
rosa."  In  Rome,  the  day  when  the  pope 
blesses  the  golden  rose  is  called  Dominica 
in  Rosa.  The  long  intestine  strife  be- 
tween the  rival  houses  of  York  and 
Lancaster  is  called  in  history  the  "  War 
of  the  White  and  Red  Roses,"  because 
the  badge  of  the  Yorkists  was  a  white 
rose  and  that  of  the  Lancastrians  a  red 
one  (see  p.  934).  The  marriage  of  Henry 
VII.  with  Ehzabeth  of  York  is  called  the 
"  Union  of  the  Two  Roses." 

The  rose  was  anciently  considered  a 
token  of  secrecy,  and  hence,  to  whisper 
a  thing  sub  rosa  means  it  is  not  to  be 
repeated. 

In  Persian  fable,  the  rose  is  the  night- 
ingale's bride.  "His  queen,  his  garden 
queen,  the  rose."    (See  Rose,  p.  933.) 

(35)  Sallow,  excellent  for  hurdles, 
handles  of  hatchets,  and  shoemakers' 
boards.  The  honey  of  the  catkins  is 
good  for  bees,  and  the  Highlanders  use 
the  bark  for  tanning  leather. 

(36)  Spruce  Tree  ( The)  will  reach  to 
the  age  of  1000  years  and  more.  Spruce 
is  despised  by  English  carpenters,  "as  a 
sorry  teort  of  wood." 

II  fournit  une  bi^re  dite  sapinette,  en  Anglais  spnut 
beer,  qu'en  pretend  etre  dminement  anti-scorbutique. 
—BouiUet:  Diet.  Univ.  des  Sciences. 

(37)  Sycamore  Tree  used  by  ttirners 
for  bowls  and  trenchers.  It  bursts  into 
leaf  between  March  28  and  April  23. 

St.  Hierom,  who  lived  in  the  fourth 
century  A.D.,  asserts  that  he  himself  had 
seen  the  sycamore  tree  into  which  Zac- 
chseus  climbed  to  see  Jesus  in  His  passage 
from  Jericho  to  Jerusalem. — Luke  xix.  4. 

Strutt  tells  us  of  a  sycamore  tree  in 
Cobham  Park,  Kent,  26  feet  in  girth  and 
90  feet  high.  Another  in  Bishopton, 
Renfrewshire,  20  feet  in  girth  and  60  feet 
high. — Sylva  Britannica. 

Grass  will  flourish  beneath  this  tree, 
and  the  tree  will  thrive  by  the  sea-side. 

(38)  Tamarisk  Tree  does  not  dislike 
the  sea-spray,  and  therefore  thrives  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  the  sea. 

The  Romans  used  to  wreathe  the  heads 
of  criminals  with  tamarisk  withes.  The 
Tartars  and  Russians  make  whip-handles 
of  the  wood. 

The  tamarisk  is  excellent  for  besoms. 
—5.  P. 

(39)  Upas  Tree,  said  to  poison  every- 


thing in  its  vicinity.    This  is  only  fit  for 
poetry  and  romance. 

(40)  Walnut,  best  wood  for  gun- 
stocks  ;  cabinet-makers  used  it  largely. 

This  tree  thrives  best  in  valleys,  and  is 
most  fertile  when  most  beaten. — B,  P. 

a  woman,  a  spaniel,  and  walnut  tree, 
The  more  you  beat  them,  the  better  they  be. 
Taylor,  the  "  water-poet  ''^(1630). 
Uneasy  seated  by  funereal  Yeugh, 
Or  Walnut,  whose  malignant  touch  impairs 
All  generous  fruits. 

Philips:  Cyder,  1.  (1706). 

(41)  Whitethorn,  used  for  axle-trees, 
the  handles  of  tools,  and  turnery. 

The  identical  whitethorn  planted  by 
queen  Mary  of  Scotland  in  the  garden- 
court  of  the  regent  Murray,  is  still  alive, 
and  is  about  5  feet  in  girth  near  the  base. 
— Jones  :  Edinburgh  Illustrated. 

The  Troglodytes  adorned  the  graves  of 
their  parents  with  branches  of  whitethorn. 
It  formed  the  nuptial  chaplet  of  Athenian 
brides,  and  \ht  fasces  nuptiarum  of  the 
Roman  maidens. 

Every  shepherd  tells  his  tale 
Under  the  hawthorn  in  the  dale. 

Milton  :  L' Allegro  {1638). 

(42)  Willow,  used  for  clogs,  ladders, 
trenchers,  pill-boxes,  milk-pails,  butter- 
firkins,  bonnets,  cricket-bats,  hop-poles, 
cradles,  crates,  baskets,  etc.  It  makes 
excellent  charcoal,  and  a  willow  board 
will  sharpen  knives  and  other  tools  like 
a  hone. 

Willows  to  panting  shepherds  shade  dispense, 
To  bees  their  honey,  and  to  corn  defence. 

Googe  :  VirgiCs  Georgics,  H. 

It  is  said  that  victims  were  enclosed 
in  wicker-work  made  of  willow  wood, 
and  consumed  in  fires  by  the  druids. 
Martial  tells  us  that  the  old  Britons  were 
very  skilful  in  weaving  willows  into 
baskets  and  boats  {Epigrams,  xiv.  99). 
The  shields  which  so  long  resisted  the 
Roman  legions  were  willow  wood  covered 
with  leather. 

(43)  Wych  Elm,  once  in  repute  for 
arrows  and  long-bows.  It  affords  excel- 
lent wood  for  the  wheeler  and  millwright. 
The  young  bark  is  used  for  securing 
thatch  and  bindings,  and  is  made  into 
rope. 

The  wych  elm  at  PoUoc,  Renfrewshire, 
is  88  feet  high,  12  feet  in  girth,  and 
contains  669  feet  of  timber.  One  at  Tut- 
bury  is  16  feet  in  girth. — Strutt:  Sylva 
Britannica. 

At  Field,  in  Staffordshire,  is  a  wych 
elm  120  feet  high  and  25  feet  in  girth 
about  the  middle. — Plot. 

(44)  Yew  Tree.  The  wood  is  con- 
verted into  bows,  axle-trees,  spoons,  cups» 


TREES,  ETC. 


"35 


TREMAINE. 


cogs  for  mill-wheels,  flood-gates  for  fish- 
ponds (because  the  wood  does  not  soon 
decay),  bedsteads  (because  bugs  and  fleas 
will  not  come  near  it).  Gate-posts  of  yew 
are  more  durable  than  iron  ;  the  steps  of 
ladders  should  be  made  of  this  wood  ; 
and  no  material  is  equal  to  it  for  market- 
stools.  Cabinet-makers  and  inlayers 
prize  it. 

In  Aberystwith  churchyard  is  a  yew 
tree  24  feet  in  girth,  and  another  in  Sel- 
born  churchyard  of  the  same  circumfer- 
ence. One  of  the  yews  at  Fountain  Abbey, 
Yorkshire,  is  26  feet  in  girth  ;  one  at 
Aid  worth,  in  Berkshire,  is  27  feet  in 
girth  ;  one  in  Totteridge  churchyard  32 
feet ;  and  one  in  Fortingal  churchyard, 
in  Perthshire  (according  to  Pennant),  is 
52  feet  in  circumference  (4  feet  from  the 
ground). 

The  yew  tree  in  East  Lavant  church- 
yard is  31  feet  in  girth,  just  below  the 
spring  of  the  branches.  There  are  five 
huge  branches  each  as  big  as  a  tree,  with 
a  girth  varying  from  6  to  14  feet.  The 
tree  covers  an  area  of  51  feet  in  every 
direction,  and  above  150  feet  in  circuit 
It  is  above  1000  years  old. 

The  yew  tree  at  Martley,  Worcester,  is 
346  years  old,  being  planted  three  days 
before  the  biith  of  queen  Elizabeth. 
That  in  Harlington  churchyard  is  above 
850  years  old.  That  at  Ankerwyke,  near 
Staines,  is  said  to  be  the  same  under 
which  king  John  signed  Magna  Charta, 
and  to  have  been  the  trysting-tree  of 
Henry  VIII.  and  Anne  Boleyne.  Three 
yew  trees  at  Fountain  Abbey,  we  are 
told,  were  full-grown  trees  in  1128,  when 
the  founders  of  the  abbey  held  council 
there  in  the  reign  of  William  Rufus.  The 
yew  tree  of  Brabum,  in  Kent  (according 
to  De  Candolle),  is  3000  years  old  !  I  It 
may  be  so,  if  it  is  true  that  the  yew  trees 
of  Kingley  Bottom,  near  Chichester,  were 
standing  when  the  sea-kings  landed  on 
the  Sussex  coast,  and  those  in  Norbury 
Park  are  the  very  same  which  were 
standing  in  the  time  of  the  ancient 
druids. 

NOTABILIA — 

Grass  will  grow  beneath  alder,  ash, 
cjrpress,  elm,  plane,  and  sycamore  ;  but 
not  beneath  aspen,  beech,  chestnut,  and 
fir. 

Sea-spray  does  not  injure  sycamore  or 
tamarisk. 

Chestnut  and  olive  never  warp;  larch 
is  most  apt  to  warp. 

For  posts  the  best  woods  are  yew,  oak, 
and  larch  i  one  of  the  worst  is  chestnut. 


For  picture-frames,  maple,  pear,  oak,  and 
cherry  are  excellent. 

Fleas  dislike  alder,  cedar,  myrtle,  and 
yew  ;  hares  and  rabbits  never  injure  lime 
bark  ;  moths  and  spiders  avoid  cedar ; 
worms  never  attack  juniper.  Beech  and 
ash  are  very  subject  to  attacks  of  insects. 
Beech  is  the  favourite  tree  of  dormice, 
acacia  of  nightingales. 

For  binding  faggots,  the  best  woods 
are  guelder  rose,  hazel,  o-sier,  willow,  and 
mountain  ash. 

Knives  and  all  sorts  of  instruments 
may  be  sharpened  on  ivy  roots,  willow, 
and  holly  wood,  as  well  as  on  a  hone. 

Birdlime  is  made  from  holly  and  the 
guelder  rose. 

Baskets  are  made  of  osier,  willow,  and 
other  wicker  and  wtthy  shoots  ;  besoms, 
of  birch,  tamarisk,  heath,  etc.  ;  hurdles, 
of  hazel ;  barrels  and  tubs,  of  chestnut 
and  oak  ;  cricket-bats,  of  willow  ;  fishing- 
rods,  of  ash,  hazel,  and  blackthorn  ;  gun- 
stocks,  of  maple  and  walnut ;  skewers,  of 
elder  and  skewer  wood  ;  the  teeth  of  rakes, 
of  blackthorn,  ash,  and  the  twigs  called 
withy. 

The  best  woods  for  turnery  ape  box, 
alder,  beech,  sycamore,  and  pear;  for 
Tunbridge  ware,  lime ;  for  wood-carving, 
box,  lime,  and  poplar;  for  clogs,  willow, 
alder,  and  beech  ;  for  oars,  ash. 

Beech  is  called  the  cabinet-makers* 
wood  ;  oak  and  elm,  the  ship-builders' ; 
ash,  the  wheel-wrights' , 

N.B. — There  are  several  beautiful  lists 
of  trees  given  by  poets.  For  example, 
in  Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered,  iii.,  at 
the  end,  where  men  are  sent  to  cut  down 
trees  for  the  funeral  pile  of  Dudon.  In 
Statins,  The  Thebaid,  vi.,  where  the 
felling  of  trees  for  the  pile  of  the  infant 
Archemorus  is  described.  In  Spenser, 
Faerie  Queene,  I.  i.  8,  9,  where  the  Red 
Cross  Knight  and  the  lady  seek  shelter 
during  a  storm,  and  much  admire  the 
forest  trees. 

Trees  of  the  Stin   and   Moon, 

oracular  trees  growing  "  at  the  extremity 
of  India,"  mentioned  in  the  Italian  ro- 
mance of  Guerino  Meschinot 

Tregfeagle,  the  giant  of  Dosmary 
Pool,  on  Bodmin  Downs  (Cornwall). 
When  the  wintry  winds  blare  over  the 
downs,  it  is  said  to  be  the  giant  howling, 

Trelawny  Ballad  [The)  is  by  the 
Rev.  R.  S.  Hawker  of  Morwenstow. — 
Notes  and  Queries,  441  (June,  1876). 

Tremaine  or  "The  Man  of  Refine- 
ment," by  R.  P.  Ward  (1825). 


TREMOR. 


1 136 


TRIBOULET. 


Tremor  {Sir  Luke),  a  desperate 
coward,  living  in  India,  who  made  it  a 
rule  never  to  fight  either  in  his  own  house, 
his  neighbour's  house,  or  in  the  street. 
This  lily-livered  desperado  is  everlastingly 
snubbing  his  wife.      (See  Trippet,  p. 

"39-) 

Lady  Tremor,  daughter  of  a  grocer,  and 
grandchild  of  a  wig-maker.  Very  sensi- 
tive on  the  subject  of  her  plebeian  birth, 
and  wanting  to  be  thought  a  lady  of  high 
idSciAy ,-—lnchbald :  Such  Things  Are 
(1785). 

Tremydd   ap   Tremhidydd,   the 

man  with  the  keenest  sight  of  all  mortals. 
He  could  discern  ' '  a  mote  in  the  sunbeam 
in  any  of  the  four  quarters  of  the  world." 
Clustfein  ap  Clustfeinydd  was  no  less  cele- 
brated for  his  acuteness  of  hearing,  "  his 
ear  being  distressed  by  the  movement  of 
dew  in  June  over  a  blade  of  grass."  The 
meaning  of  these  names  is,  "Sight  the 
son  of  Seer,"  and  "  Ear  the  son  of 
Hearer."— T'A^  Maiinogion  ('*  Notes  to 
Geraint,"  eta,  twelfth  century). 

Treumor,  great-grandfather  of  Fin- 
gal,  and  king  of  Morven  (north-west  of 
Scotland).  His  wife  was  Inibaca,  daugh- 
ter of  the  king  of  Lochlin  or  Denmark. — 
Ossian  :  Fingal,  vi. 

In  Temora,  ii.,  he  is  called  the  first 
king  of  Ireland,  and  father  of  Conar. 

Trent,  says  Drayton,  is  the  third  in 
size  of  the  rivers  of  England,  the  two 
larger  being  the  Thames  and  the  Severn. 
Arden  being  asked  which  of  her  rills  she 
intended  to  be  the  chief,  the  wizard 
answered,  the  Trent,  for  trent  means 
"thirty,"  and  thirty  rivers  should  con- 
tribute to  its  stream,  thirty  different  sorts 
of  fish  should  live  in  it,  and  thirty  abbeys 
be  built  on  its  banks. 

...   my  name  I  take 
That  thirty  doth  import;  thusthirty  rivers  make 
My  greatness  .  .   .  thirty  abbeys  great 
ITpon  my  fruitful  banks  times  formerly  did  seat ; 
And  thirty  kinds  offish  within  my  streams  do  live. 
To  me  this  name  of  Trent  did  from  that  number  give. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xiL  (1613),  and  xxvi.  (1622). 

Trent  {Fred),  the  scapegrace  brother 
of  little  Nell.  "  He  was  a  young  man  of 
one  and  twenty  ;  well-made,  and  certainly 
handsome,  but  dissipated,  and  insolent  in 
air  and  bearing."  The  mystery  of  Fred 
Trent  and  little  Nell  is  cleared  up  in 
ch.  Ixix. — Dickens:  The  Old  Curiosity 
Shop  (1840). 

Tres  {Scriftores).    (See  Scriptores, 
P-  973-) 
Tresham  {Mr.),   senior  partner  of 


Mr.  Osbaldistone,  senior. — Sir  W.  Scott t 
Rob  Roy  (time,  George  II.). 

Tresham  {Richard),  same  as  general 
Witherington,  who  first  appears  as 
Matthew  Middlemas. 

Richard  Tresharn,  the  son  of  general 
Witherington.  He  is  also  called  Richard 
Middlemas.— .??>  W.  Scott:  The  Sur- 
geon's Daughter  (time,  George  II.). 

Tresham  ( Thorold  lord),  head  of  a 
noble  race,  whose  boast  was  that  "  no  blot 
had  ever  stained  their  'scutcheon,"  though 
the  family  ran  back  into  pre-historic 
times.  He  was  a  young,  unmarried  man, 
vdth  a  sister  Mildred,  a  girl  of  14,  living 
with  him.  His  near  neighbour,  Henry 
earl  of  Mertoun,  asked  permission  to  pay 
his  addresses  to  Mildred,  and  Thorold 
accepted  the  proposal  with  much  pleasure. 
The  old  warrener  next  day  told  Thorold 
he  had  observed  for  several  weeks  that 
a  young  man  climbed  into  Mildred's 
chamber  at  night-time,  and  he  would 
have  spoken  before,  but  did  not  like  to 
bring  his  young  mistress  into  trouble. 
Thorold  wrung  from  his  sister  an  acknow- 
ledgment of  the  fact,  but  she  refused  to 
give  up  the  name,  yet  said  she  was  quite 
willing  to  marry  the  earl.  This  Thorold 
thought  would  be  dishonourable  and  re- 
solved to  lie  in  wait  for  the  unknown 
visitor.  On  his  approach,  Thorold  dis- 
covered it  was  the  earl  of  Mertoun,  and 
slew  him.  then  poisoned  himself,  and 
Mildred  died  of  a  broken  heart. — R. 
Browning :  A  Blot  on  the  'Scutcheon, 

Tressilian  {Edmund),  the  betrothed 
of  Amy  Robsart.  Amy  marries  the  earl 
of  Leicester,  and  is  killed  by  falling  into 
a  deep  pit,  to  which  she  had  been 
scandalously  inveigled. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Kenilworth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Tre'visan  {Sir),  a  knight  to  whom 
Despair  gave  a  hempen  rope,  that  he 
might  go  and  hang  himself. — Spenser: 
Faerie  Queene,  i.  (1590). 

Triads  {The  Welsh),  groups  of  his- 
tory, bardism,  theology,  ethics,  and  juris- 
prudence, arranged  into  threes.  From 
the  tenth  to  the  fifteenth  century.  (See 
Three  .  .  .  ,  pp.  1102-4.) 

Triamond,  son  of  AgSpe  (3  syl. ),  a 
fairy.  He  had  Canice  (3  syl.)  to  wife. — 
Spenser  :  Faerie  Queene,  bk.  iv.  (1596). 

Tribonlet,  a  nickname  given  to 
Francis  Hotman,  court  fool  of  Louis  XII. 
This  worthy  is  introduced  by  Rabelais,  in 


TRIBULATION. 


1137 


his  History  ofGargantua  and  Panta'gruel 
(1533),  and  by  Victor  Hugo  in  his  tragedy 
Le  Roi  s' amuse. 

Tribulation  [Wholesome],  a 
pastor  of  Amsterdam,  who  thinks  "the 
end  will  sanctify  the  means,"  and  uses 
"the  children  of  perdition"  to  promote 
his  own  object,  which  he  calls  the  "  work 
of  God."  He  is  one  of  the  dupes  of 
Subtle  "  the  alchemist"  and  his  factotum 
Face.  —  Ben  Jonson  :  The  Alchemist 
(1610). 

Tribune  of  the  People  {The), 
John  Bright  (1811-1889). 

Tricolour,  the  national  badge  of 
France  since  1789.  It  consists  of  the 
Bourbon  white  cockade,  and  the  blue  and 
r^^  cockade  of  the  city  of  Paris  combined. 
It  was  Lafayette  who  devised  this  sym- 
bolical union  of  king  and  people,  and 
when  he  presented  it  to  the  nation, 
"Gentlemen,"  said  he,  "I  bring  you  a 
cockade  that  shall  make  the  tour  of  the 
world."  (See  Stornello  Verses,  p. 
1048.) 

If  you  will  wear  a  livery,  let  it  at  least  be  that  of  the 
city  of  Paris,  blue  and  red,  my  friends. — Duinat :  Six 
years  A/tertuards,  xv,  (1846). 

Tricoteuses     de      Robespierre 

{Les),  femmea  qui  assistaient  en  tricotant 
aux  stances  de  la  Convention,  des  clubs 
populaires,  et  du  tribunal  r6volutionnaire. 
Encourag^es  par  la  commune,  elles  se 
port^rent  k  de  tels  exc6s  qu'on  les 
surnomma  les  Furies  de  la  guillotine. 
Elles  disparurent  avec  la  soci6t6  des 
Jacobins. — Bouillet:  Diet.  Universel. 

Triermain  {The  Bridal  of),  a  poem 
by  sir  Walter  Scott,  in  four  cantos,  with 
introduction  and  conclusion  (1813).  In 
the  introduction,  Arthur  is  represented  as 
the  person  who  tells  the  tale  to  Lucy,  his 
bride. 

The  tale  is  as  follows :  Gyneth,  a 
natural  daughter  of  king  Arthur  and 
GuendSlen,  was  promised  in  marriage  to 
the  bravest  knight  in  a  tournament ;  but 
she  suffered  so  many  combatants  to  fall 
without  dropping  the  warder,  that  Merlin 
threw  her  into  an  enchanted  sleep,  from 
which  she  was  not  to  wake  till  a  knight  as 
brave  as  those  who  had  fallen  claimed  her 
in  marriage.  After  the  lapse  of  500  years, 
sir  Roland  de  Vaux,  baron  of  Triermain, 
undertook  to  break  the  spell,  but  had  first 
to  overcome  fotir  temptations,  viz.  fear, 
avarice,  pleasure,  and  ambition.  Having 
come  off  more  than  conqueror,  Gyneth 
awoke,  and  beca'ne  his  bride. 


TRILBY. 

Trifal'di  [The countess),  called  "The 
Afflicted  Duenna"  of  the  princess  Anto- 
nomasia  (heiress  to  the  throne  of  Candaya). 
She  was  called  Trifaldi  from  her  robe, 
which  was  divided  into  three  triangles, 
each  of  which  was  supported  by  a  page. 
The  face  of  this  duenna  was,  by  the 
enchantment  of  the  giant  Malambru'no, 
covered  with  a  large,  rough  beard,  but 
when  don  Quixote  mounted  Clavileno 
the  Winged,  "the  enchantment  was 
dissolved." 

The  renowned  knight  don  Quixote  de  la  Mancha 
hath  achieved  the  adventure  merely  by  atteinpting  it. 
Malauibruno  is  appeased,  and  the  chin  of  the  Dolorida 
due&a  is  again  beardless. — Cervantts  :  Don  Quixote, 
II.  iii.  4.  S  (1615)- 

Trifal'din  of  the  "Bushy  Beard" 
(white  as  snow),  the  gigantic  'squire  of 
"The  Afflicted  Duenna"  the  countess 
Trifaldi.— Cervantes  :  Don  Quixote,  II. 
iii.  4  (1615). 

Trifle  {Miss  Penelope),  an  old  maiden 
sister  of  sir  Penurious  Trifle.  Stiff  as  a 
ramrod,  prim  as  fine  airs  and  g^races 
could  make  her,  fond  of  long  words,  and 
delighting  in  phrases  modelled  in  true 
Johnsonian  ponderosity. 

Miss  Sukey  Trifle,  daughter  of  sir 
Penurious,  tricked  into  marriage  with 
Mr.  Hartop,  a  young  spendthrift,  who  fell 
in  love  with  her  fortune. 

'.•  Sir  Penurious  Trifle  is  not  intro- 
duced, but  Hartop  assumes  his  character, 
and  makes  him  fond  of  telling  stale  and 
pointless  stories.  He  addresses  sir  Gre- 
gory as  "you  knight."  —  Foote  :  The 
Knights  (1754). 

Trilby,  a  novel  by  Du  Maurier,  in 
eight  parts  (1895).  Tiie  heroine  is  Trilby 
O'Ferrall,  and  the  hero  "Little  Billee," 
that  is  William  Bagot,  son  of  a  widow  in 
Devonshire.  Trilby  was  the  daughter  of 
Mr.  O'Ferrall,  who  had  been  a  clergyman 
and  Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
but  by  indulgence  in  drink  he  lost  his 
living,  went  to  Paris,  and  married  a 
barmaid,  the  natural  daughter  of  the 
Hon.  col.  Desmond,  a  near  relative  of 
the  duchess  of  Tower.  When  the  novel 
opens.  Trilby  was  about  17,  and  earned 
her  living  as  an  artist's  model.  She 
became  intimate  with  three  "English" 
art-students  in  Paris,  whose  influence  over 
her  for  good  was  unbounded.  They  were 
called  Taffy,  the  laird  of  Cockpen,  and 
Little  Billee.  The  first  was  Talbot  Wynne, 
of  Yorkshire,  a  man  of  magnificent 
physique,  most  affectionate  disposition, 
and  unbounded  spirits ;  the  second  was 
the  son  of  a  solicitor  :  and  the  third  was 


TRIM. 


1138 


TRIPE. 


William  Bagot,  the  greatest  artist  of  the 
age.  They  all  fell  in  love  with  Trilby,  but 
Little  Billee  proposed  marriage,  and,  after 
nineteen  refusals,  Trilby  accepted  his 
proposal.  His  mother  now  speeded  from 
Devonshire,  and  induced  Trilby  to  break 
oflf  the  match,  and  she  gave  her  word 
never  to  marry  her  son.  Little  Billee  fell 
dangerously  ill,  went  to  Devonshire  to  be 
nursed,  and  the  Paris  clique  was  broken 
up.  For  a  time  Trilby  earned  her  living 
as  a  getter-up  of  fine  linen,  and  then  fell 
into  the  hands  of  an  Himgarian  musician, 
who  assumed  the  name  of  Svengali.  He 
taught  her  singling,  under  mesmeric 
influence,  and  when  under  this  influence 
she  was  the  best  vocalist  that  ever  lived. 
Emperors  and  kings,  princes  find  dukes, 
bowed  down  before  her,  and  the  Hun- 
garian grew  rich.  But  when  she  appeared 
before  the  British  public,  Svengali,  who 
was  sitting  in  the  stage-box,  died  suddenly 
of  heart-disease,  and  Trilby  entirely  lost 
her  voice.  She  now  languished,  and  soon 
died  of  atrophy,  beloved  by  every  one. 
Taffy  married  Little  Billee's  sister ;  Little 
Billee  died;  and  the  laird  of  Cockpen 
married  a  countrywoman.  Trilby  is 
represented  as  beautiful  exceedingly,  with 
model  feet,  a  perfect  figure,  a  loving 
disposition,  ready  to  turn  her  hand  to 
anything,  and  a  perfect  siren  of  angelic 
nature.  Every  one  loved  her,  and  she  had 
not  an  enemy  in  the  world. 

Charles  Nodier,  In  1822,  published  a  novelette  of  the 
same  name,  but  this  Trilby  was  a  male  spirit  who 
attached  itself  to  a  fisherman,  fell  in  love  with  his  wife, 
and  performed  for  her  all  kinds  of  household  services. 

Trim  {Corporal),  uncle  Toby's  orderly. 
Faithful,  simple-minded,  and  most  affec- 
tionate. Voluble  in  speech,  but  most 
respectful.  Half  companion,  but  never 
forgetting  he  is  his  master's  servant.  Trim 
is  the  duplicate  of  uncle  Toby  in  delf. 
The  latter  at  all  times  shows  himself  the 
officer  and  the  gentleman,  born  to  com- 
mand and  used  to  obedience,  while  the 
former  always  carries  traces  of  the  drill- 
yard,  and  shows  that  he  has  been  accus- 
tomed to  receive  orders  with  deference, 
and  to  execute  them  with  military  preci- 
sion. It  is  a  great  compliment  to  say  that 
the  corporal  was  worthy  such  a  noble 
master. — Sterne:  Tristram  Shandy[x^<,'oj). 

Trim,  Instead  of  being  the  opposite.  Is  . .  .  the  dupli- 
cate of  uncle  Toby  .  .  .  yet  ...  is  the  character  of 
the  common  soldier  nicely  discriminated  from  that  of 
the  off  cer.  His  whole  carriage  bears  traces  of  the 
drill-y-ard,  which  are  wanting  in  the  superior.  Under 
the  name  of  a  servant,  he  is  in  reality  a  companion,  and 
a  delightful  mixture  of  familiarity  .  .  .  and  respect.  .  .  . 
It  is  enough  to  say  that  Trim  was  worthy  to  walk 
befcind  his  master.— £/wi»,  editor  of  the  Quarterly 
RevUw  (1853-60). 


Trimalclii,  a  celebrated  cook  in  the 
reign  of  Nero,  mentioned  by  Petronius. 
He  had  the  art  of  giving  to  the  most 
corpmon  fish  the  flavour  and  appearance 
of  the  most  highly  esteemed.  Like  Ude, 
he  said  that  "sauces  are  the  soul  of 
cookery,  and  cookery  the  soul  of  festivity," 
or,  as  the  cat's-meat  man  observed,  "  'tis 
the  seasonin'  as  does  it." 

Trinacria.  Sicily  is  so  called  from 
its  three  promontories  (Greek,  tria  akra) : 
(i)  Pelo'rus  (Capo  di  Faro),  in  the  north, 
called  Faro  from  the  pharos  ;  (2)  Pocky'' 
nus  (Capo  di  Passaro),  in  the  south  ;  (3) 
LHybcB'um  (Capo  di  Marsella  or  Capo  di 
Boco),  in  the  west. 

Our  ship 
Had  left  behind  Trinacria's  bumlnylsle. 
And  visited  the  margin  of  the  Nile. 

FaUoner  :  The  Ship-wreck,  i.  (1768^ 

Trin'culo,  a  jester. —  Shakespeari  : 
The  Tempest  (1609). 

A  miscarriage  .  .  .  would  (like  the  loss  of  Trinculo'l 
bottle  in  the  horse-pond)  be  attended  not  only  with 
dishonour  but  with  infinite  loss. — Sir  IV.  Scott. 

Trintet   [Lord),   a  man  of  fashion 

and  a  libertine. 

He  is  Just  polite  enough  to  be  able  to  be  very  tin* 
mannerly,  with  a  great  deal  of  good  breeding ;  is  Just 
handsome  enough  to  make  him  excessively  vain  of  bis 
person  ;  and  has  just  reflection  enough  to  finish  him 
for  a  coxcomb ;  qualifications  .  .  .  very  common  among 
.  .  .  men  of  quality.— Co/»»a»  .•  The  yealottt  JVi/t, 
U.  3  {1761). 

Tri'nobants,  people  of  Trinoban'- 
tinm,  that  is,  Middlesex  and  Essex, 
Their   chief  town  was  Tri'novant,  now 

London. 

So  eastward  whereby  Thames  the  Trinohnnts  were  set. 
To  Trinovaut  their  town  .  .  .  That  London  now  w« 

term  .  .  . 
The  Saxons  .  .  .  their  east  kingdom  called  \Estex\ 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xvi.  (1613). 

Tri'novant,  London,  the  chief  town 
of  the  Trinobantes ;  called  in  fable, 
"TrojaNova."     (See  Troynov.^NT.) 

Trinquet,  one  of  the  seven  attendants 
of  Fortunio.  His  gift  was  that  he  could 
drink  a  river  and  be  dry  again.  "Are 
you  always  thirsty?"  asked  Fortunio. 
"  No,"  said  the  man,  "only  after  eating 
salt  meat,  or  upon  a  wager." — Comtesse 
D'Aulnoy:  Fairy  Tales  ("Fortunio," 
1682). 

Trip     to     Scarborougfli   {A),    a 

comedy  by  Sheridan  {1777),  based  on 
The  Relapse,  by  Vanbrugh  (1697).  (For 
the  tale,  see  Foppington,  p.  381.)—.^ 
Trip  to  Scarborough. 

Tripe  (i  syl.),  the  nickname  of  Mrs. 
Hamilton,  of  Covent  Garden  Theatre 
(1730-1788). 

Mrs.  Hamilton,  being  hissed,  came  forward  and  said. 
**Gemmen  an'l  ladies,  I  s'pose  as  how  you  hiss  ine 


TRIPLE  ALLIANCE, 


"39 


TRISTRAM. 


twcaase  T  wouldn't  play  at  Mrs.  Bellamy  s  benefit.  I 
would  have  done  so,  but  she  said  as  how  my  audience 
were  all  tripe  people."  When  the  fair  speechifier  got 
thus  far,  the  pit  roared  out,  "  Well  said,  Mrs.  Tripe  I  '  a 
title  she  retained  till  she  quitted  the  theatre — Memoir 
cfMrs.  Hamilton  {1803). 

Triple  Alliance  {The). 

(i)  A  treaty  between  Great  Britain, 
Sweden,  and  the  United  Provinces,  in 
1668,  for  the  purpose  of  checking  the 
ambition  of  Louis  XIV. 

(2)  A  treaty  between  George  I.  of 
England,  Philip  duke  of  Orleans  regent 
of  France,  and  the  United  Provinces,  for 
the  purpose  of  counteracting  the  plans  of 
Alberoni  the  Spanish  minister,  1717. 

(3)  Between  Great  Britain,  Holland, 
and  Prussia,  against  Katharine  of  Russia, 
in  defence  of  Turkey,  1789. 

Of  course,  there  have  been  many  other  Triple 
Alliances,  but  the  above  mentioned  are  noted. 

Trippet  {Beau),  who  "pawned  his 
honour  to  Mrs.  Trippet  never  to  draw 
sword  in  any  cause,"  whatever  might  be 
the  provocation.  (SeeTREMOK,  p.  1136.) 
Mrs.  Trippet,  the  beau's  wife,  who 
'•  would  dance  for  four  and  twenty  hours 
together,"  and  play  cards  for  twice  that 
length  of  WmQ.—Garrick :  The  Lying 
Valet  {17^0). 

Tripping  as  an  Omen. 

When  Julius  Caesar  landed  at  Adrume- 
tum,  in  Africa,  he  happened  to  trip  and 
fall  on  his  face.  This  would  have  been 
considered  a  fatal  omen  by  his  army, 
but,  with  admirable  presence  of  mind,  he 
exclaimed,  "  Thus  take  I  seisin  of  thee, 
O  Africa !  " 

TF  A  similar  story  is  told  of  Scipio. 
Upon  his  arrival  in  Africa,  he  also 
happened  to  trip;  and,  observing  that 
his  soldiers  looked  upon  this  as  a  bad 
omen,  he  clutched  the  earth  with  his  two 
hands,  and  cried  aloud,  "  Now,  Africa,  I 
hold  thee  in  my  grasp  I  "—Don  Quixote, 
II.  iv.  6. 

1[  When  William  the  Conqueror 
leaped  on  shore  at  Bulverhythe,  he  fell  on 
his  face,  and  a  great  cry  went  forth  that 
the  omen  was  unlucky  ;  but  the  duke  ex- 
claimed, "I  take  seisin  of  this  land  with 
both  my  hands  !  " 

^  Similar  stories  are  told  of  Napoleon 
in  Egypt ;  of  king  Olaf,  son  of  Harald, 
in  Norway ;  of  Junius  Brutus,  who, 
returning  from  the  oracle,  fell  on  the 
earth,  and  cried,  " 'Tis  thus  I  kiss  thee, 
mother  Earth  1 " 

^  When  captain  Jean  Coeurpreux 
tripped  in  dancing  at  the  Tuileries, 
Napoleon  III.  held  out  his  hand  to  help 
him  up,  and  said,  "  Captain,  this  is  the 


second  time  I  have  seen  you  fall.  The 
first  was  by  my  side  in  the  field  of 
Magenta."  Then  turning  to  the  lady  he 
added,  "  Madam,  captain  Coeurpreux  is 
henceforth  commandant  of  my  Guides, 
and  will  never  fall  in  duty  or  allegiance, 
I  am  persuaded." 

Trismegistus  ["thrice  greatest'"^ 
Hermes  the  Egyptian  philosopher,  or 
Thoth  councillor  of  Osiris.  He  invented 
the  art  of  writing  in  hieroglyphics, 
harmony,  astrology,  magic,  the  lute  and 
lyre,  and  many  other  things. 

Tris'sotin,  a  bel  esprit.  Philaminte 
(3  -y^- )'  ^  femtne  savante,  wishes  him  to 
marry  her  daughter  Henriette,  but  Hen- 
riette  is  in  love  with  Clitandre.  The 
difficulty  is  soon  solved  by  the  announce- 
ment that  Henriette's  father  is  on  the 
verge  of  bankruptcy,  whereupon  Trissotin 
makes  his  bow  and  retires. — Molitre : 
Les  Fcmmes  Savantes  (1672). 

(Trissotin  is  meant  for  the  abb^  Crotin, 
who  affected  to  be  poet,  gallant,  and 
preacher.  His  dramatic  name  was 
"  Tricotin.") 

Tristram  {Sir),  son  of  sir  Melifidas 
king  of  Li'ones  and  Elizabeth  his  wife 
(daughter  of  sir  Mark  kin^  of  Cornwall V. 
He  was  called  Tristram  ("sorrowful"), 
because  his  mother  died  in  giving  him 
birth.  His  father  also  died  when  Tris- 
tram was  a  mere  lad  (pt.  ii.  i).  He  was 
knighted  by  his  uncle  Mark  (pt.  ii.  5),  and 
married  Isond  le  Blanch  Mains,  daughter 
of  Howell  king  of  Britain  {Brittany) ; 
but  he  never  loved  her,  nor  would  he 
live  with  her.  His  whole  love  was  cen- 
tred on  his  aunt.  La  Belle  Isond,  wife 
of  king  Mark,  and  this  unhappy  attach- 
ment was  the  cause  of  numberless 
troubles,  and  ultimately  of  his  death. 
La  Belle  Isond,  however,  was  quite  as 
culpable  as  the  knight,  for  she  herself 
told  him,  "  My  measure  of  hate  for  Mark 
is  as  the  measure  of  my  love  for  thee ;  " 
and  when  she  found  that  her  husband 
would  not  allow  sir  Tristram  to  remain 
at  Tintag'el  Castle,  she  eloped  with  him, 
and  hved  three  years  at  Joyous  Guard, 
near  Carlisle.  At  length  she  returned 
home,  and  sir  Tristram  followed  her. 
His  death  is  variously  related.  Thus  the 
History  of  Prirue  Arthur  says — 

When  by  means  of  a  treatjr  rir  Tristram  brought 
agrain  La  Beale  Isond  unto  king  Mark  from  Joyous 
Guard,  the  false  traitor  king  Mark  slew  the  noble 
knight  as  he  sat  harping  before  his  lady,  La  Beale 
Isond,  with  a  sharp-ground  glaive,  which  he  thrust  into 
him  from  behind  his  back.— Pt.  iii.  147  (i47o)- 

N.B, — Tennyson  gives  the  tale  thus; 


TRISTRAM  AND  ISEULT. 


1 140 


TRIUMVIRATE. 


He  says  that  sir  Tristram,  dallying  with 
his  aunt,  hung  a  ruby  carcanet  round  her 
throat ;  and,  as  he  kissed  her  neck — 

Out  of  the  dark,  just  as  the  lips  had  touched, 
Sehind  him  rose  a  shadow  and  a  shriek — 
"Mark's  wayl"  said  Mark,  and  clove  him  thro'  the 
brain. 
Tennyson  :  Idylls  ("  The  Last  Tournament "). 

•.  *  Another  tale  is  this :  Sir  Tristram 
was  severely  wounded  in  Brittany,  and 
sent  a  dying  request  to  his  aunt  to  come 
and  see  him.  If  she  consented,  a  white 
flag  was  to  be  hoisted  on  the  mast-head 
of  her  ship ;  if  not,  a  black  one.  His 
wife  told  him  the  ship  was  in  sight,  dis- 
playing a  black  flag,  at  which  words  the 
strong  man  bowed  his  head  and  died. 
When  his  aunt  came  ashore  and  heard  of 
his  death,  she  flung  herself  on  the  body, 
and  died  also.  The  two  were  buried  in 
one  gfrave,  and  Mark  planted  over  it  a 
rose  and  a  vine,  which  became  so  inter- 
woven it  was  not  possible  to  separate 
them. 

(Sir  Launcelot,  sir  Tristram,  and  sir 
Lamorake  were  the  three  bravest  and 
best  of  the  150  knights  of  the  Round 
Table,  but  were  all  equally  guilty  in 
their  amours:  sir  Launcelot  with  the 
queen;  sir  Tristram  with  his  aunt,  king 
Mark's  wife ;  and  sir  Lamorake  with  his 
aunt,  king  Lot's  wife.) 

^  The  story  of  the  white  and  black  flags  Is  borrowed 
from  the  tale  of  Theseus  (2  syl.).  After  he  had  slain 
the  minotaur,  and  was  retumingr  to  Athens,  the  pilot 
neglected  to  hoist  the  white  flag  as  the  signal  of  success, 
in  place  of  the  black  flag,  usually  carried  bv  the  ship 
which  bore  the  melancholy  tribute  to  Crete  (consisting 
of  seven  youths  and  seven  maidens)  every  nine  years, 
to  be  devoured  by  the  minotaur.  ^geus  was  kmg  of 
Athens  at  the  time,  and  anxiously  looked  out  for  the 
sign,  for  his  own  son  was  one  of  the  victims.  Thinking 
his  beloved  boy  was  devoured  by  the  monster,  he  threw 
himself  into  the  sea  which  bears  his  name,  and  pterisbed 
there. 

Tristram  and  Iseult,  an  idyll  in 
three  parts.  Part  i. ,  a  dialogue  between 
Tristram  and  a  page.  Part  ii. ,  "Iseult 
in  Ireland,"  a  dialogue  between 
Tristram  and  Iseult,  Part  iii.,  "Iseult 
In  Brittany,"  is  when  Iseult  is  a  widow, 
and  tells  her  three  children  the  tale  of 
Merlin  and  Vivian. 

Tristram's  Book  [Sir).  Any  book 
of  venery,  hunting,  or  hawking  is  so 
called. 

Tristram  began  good  measures  of  blowing*  good 
blasts  of  venery,  and  of  chace,  and  of  all  manner  of 
vermin.  All  these  terms  have  we  still  of  hawking  and 
bunting,  and  therefore  a  book  of  venery  ...  is  called 
The  Book  of  Sir  Tristram.— Sir  T.  Malory  :  History 
tf  Prince  Arthur,  ii.  3  (1470). 

Sir  Tristram's  Horse,  Passetreftl  or 
Passe  Brewell.  It  is  called  both,  but  one 
seems  to  be  a  clerical  error. 


(Passe  Brewell  is  in  sir  T.  Malory's 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,  ii,  68.) 

History  of  Sir  Tristram  or  Tristan. 
The  oldest  story  is  by  Gotfrit  of  Stras- 
bourg, a  minnesinger  (twelfth  century), 
entitled  Tristan  and  Isolde.  It  was  con- 
tinued by  Ulrich  of  Turheim,  by  Hein- 
rich  of  Freyburg,  and  others,  to  the 
extent  of  many  thousand  verses.  The 
tale  of  sir  Tristram,  derived  from  Welsh 
traditions,  was  versified  by  Thomas  the 
Rhymer  of  Erceldoune. 

The  second  part  of  the  History  of 
Prince  Arthur,  compiled  by  sir  T. 
Malory,  is  almost  exclusively  confined 
to  the  adventures  of  sir  Tristram,  as  the 
third  part  is  to  the  adventures  of  sir 
Launcelot  and  the  quest  of  the  holy 
graal  (1470). 

(Matthew  Arnold  has  a  poem  entitled 
Tristram  ;  and  R.  Wagner,  in  1865,  pro- 
duced his  opera  of  Tristan  and  Isolde. ) 

See  Michel,  Tristan :  Recntil  de  ce  qui  reste  eks 
Poimes  relati/s  <i  ses  A-ventures  (1835). 

Tristram  Shandy.  (See  Shandy, 
p.  993-) 

Tristrem  I'Hermite,  provost-mar- 
shal of  France  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XI. 
Introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott  in  Quentin 
Durward  (1823)  and  in  Anne  of  Geier- 
stein  (1829). 

Tritheim  [J.],  chronicler  and  theo- 
logian of  Treves,  elected  abbot  of  Span- 
heim  at  the  age  of  22  years.  He  tried  to 
reform  the  monks,  but'  produced  a  revolt, 
and  resigned  his  office.  He  was  then 
appointed  abbot  of  Wiirzburg  (1462- 
1516). 

Old  Tritheim,  busied  with  his  class  the  while. 

R.  Browning  :  Paracelsus,  i.  (1836). 

Triton,  the  sea-trumpeter.  He  blows 
through  a  shell  to  rouse  or  allay  the  sea. 
A  post-Hesiodic  fable. 

Have  sight  of  Proteus  coming  from  the  sea, 
Or  hear  old  Triton  blow  his  -wreathed  horn. 

fi^ordsTt/orth. 

Trito'nia's    Sacred     Pane,    the 

temple  of  Minerva,  which  once  crowned 
"  the  marble  steep  of  Sunium "  or  Co- 
lonna,  the  most  southern  point  of  Attica. 

There  [on  ca^e  Colonna\,  reared  by  fair  devotion  to 

sustain 
In  elder  times  Tritonla's  sacred  fane. 

Falconer  ;  The  Shipwreck,  iii.  j  (176a). 

Trinmvirate  {The)  in  English 
history :  The  duke  of  Marlborough  con- 
trolling foreign  affairs ;  lord  Godolphin 
controlling  council  and  parliament ;  and 
the  duchess  of  Marlborough  controlling 
the  court  and  queen. 


TRIUMVIRATE  OF  ENGL.\ND.     1141 


TROJAN. 


Tritunvirate  of  England  ( Th^) : 
Gower,  Chaucer,  and  Lydgate,  poets. 

Triumvirate  of  Italian  Poets 

[The):  Dantfi,  Boccaccio,  and  Petrarch. 
N.B. — Boccaccio  wrote  poetry,  without 
doubt,  but  is  best  known  as  ' '  The  Father 
of  Italian  Prose."    These  three  are  more 
correctly  called  the  "Trecentisti  "  {q.v.). 

Triv'ia,  Diana ;  so  called  becavise  she 
had  three  faces,  Luna  in  heaven,  Diana 
on  earth,  and  Hecate  in  hell. 

The  noble  Brutus  went  wise  Trivia  to  inquire, 
Tttshow  them  where  the  stocic  of  ancient  Troy  to  placa. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  i.  (1612). 

Triv'ia,  or  The  Art  of  Walking  ike 
Streets  of  London,  a  poem  in  three  books, 
by  Gay.  Bk.  i.  describes  the  "im- 
plements for  walking  and  the  signs  of  the 
weather. "  Bk.  ii.  describes  the  difficulties, 
etc.,  of  "walking  by  day  ;  "  andbk.  iii.  the 
dangers  of  "walking  by  night"  (1712- 

1715)- 

N.B. — "Trivium"  has  quite  another 
meaning,  being  an  old  theological  term 
for  the  three  elementary  subjects  of 
education,  viz.  grammar,  rhetoric,  and 
logic.  The  "  quadrivium "  embraced 
music,  arithmetic,  geometry,  and  astro- 
nomy, and  the  two  together  were  called 
the  seven  arts  or  sciences. 

Troglodytes  (3  or  4  jy/.).  Accord- 
ing to  Pliny  [Nat.  Hist.,  v.  8),  the  lYog- 
lodytes  lived  in  caves  under  ground,  and 
fed  on  serpents.  In  modern  parlance  we 
call  those  who  live  so  secluded  as  not  to 
be  informed  of  the  current  events  of  the 
day,  troglodytes.  Longfellow  calls  ants 
by  the  same  name. 

\TktTu  t7te] nomadic  tribes  of  antt 

Dost  persecute  and  overwhelm 

These  hapless  trog-lodytes  of  thy  realm. 

LongfeUow:  To  a  Child, 

Troglody'tes  {4  syl.\  one  of  the 
mouse  heroes  in  the  battle  of  the  frogs 
and  mice.  He  slew  Pelton,  and  was 
slain  by  Lymnoc'haris. 

The  strong  Lymnocharis,  who  viewed  with  Ira 
A  victor  triumph  and  a  friend  expire ; 
With  heavy  arms  a  rocky  fragfment  caueht, 
And  fiercely  flung  where  Troglodytes  fought  ,  ,  , 
Full  on  his  sinewy  neck  the  fragment  fell. 
And  o'er  his  eyelids  clouds  eternal  dwell. 
Parnell:  Battle  o/tht  Frogs  and  Mice  (about  1719), 

Troll  {Magnus),  the  old  udaller  of 
Zetland. 

Brenda  Troil,   the  udaller's  younger 

daughter,  who  marries  Mordaunt  Mer- 
toun. 

Minna  Troil,     the    udaller's    eldest 

daughter.  In  love  with  the  pirate. — Sir 


W.  Scott:   The  Pirate  (time,    Willfam 
III.). 


Tro'ilns  (3  syl.),  a  son  of  Priam  king 
of  Troy.  In  the  picture  described  by 
Virgil  (yEneid,  i.  474-478)  he  is  repre- 
sented as  having  thrown  down  his  arms 
and  fleeing  in  his  chariot  "impar  con- 
gressus  Achilli."  Troilus  is  pierced  with 
a  lance,  and,  having  fallen  backwards, 
still  holding  the  reins,  the  lance  with 
which  he  is  transfixed  "  scratches  the 
sand  over  which  it  trails." 

N.B. — Chaucer  in  his  Troilus  and 
Creseide,  and  Shakespeare  in  his  drama 
of  Troilus  and  Cressida,  follow  Lollius, 
an  old  Lombard  romancer,  historio- 
grapher of  Urbi'no,  in  Italy.  Lollius's 
tale,  wholly  unknown  in  classic  fiction,  is 
that  Troilus  falls  in  love  with  Cressid 
daughter  of  the  priest  Chalchas,  and 
Pan  dams  is  employed  as  a  go-between. 
After  Troilus  has  obtained  a  promise  of 
marriage  from  the  priest's  daughter,  an 
exchange  of  prisoners  is  arranged,  and 
Cressid,  falling  to  the  lot  of  Diomed, 
prefers  her  new  master  to  her  Trojan 
lover. 

(Chaucer's  Troilus  and  Creseide  is  not 
one  of  the  Canterbury  Tales,  but  quite 
an  independent  one,  in  five  books.  It 
contains  8246  lines,  nearly  3000  of  which 
are  borrowed  from  the  Filostrato  of 
Boccaccio.) 

Trois  Chapitres  [Les)  or  Thr 
Three  Chapters,  three  theological 
works  on  the  "  Incarnation  of  Christ  and 
His  dual  nature."  The  authors  of  these 
"  chapters  "  are  Theodore  of  Mopsuestia, 
Theodoret  of  Cyrrhus,  and  Ibas  of  Edessa, 
The  work  was  condemned  in  553  as  here- 
tical. ♦ 

Trols  EcHelles,  executioner.— 5/r 
W.  Scott:  Quentin  Durward  and  Ann$ 
of  Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Trois  Eveclies  (Z«)  or  The  Three 
Bishoprics,  Metz,  Toul,  and  Verdun. 
They  for  a  long  time  belonged  to  Ger- 
many, but  in  1552  were  united  to  France. 
Metz  was  restored  to  the  German  empire 
in  1871. 

Trojan,  a  good  boon  companion,  a 
plucky  fellow  or  man  of  spirit.  Gadshill 
says,  "There  are  other  Trojans  {men  if 
spirit]  that  ...  for  sport  sake  are  con- 
tent to  do  the  profession  [of  thieving'] 
some  grace."     So  in  Love's  Labour's  Lost, 


TROMATHON. 


X14S 


TROUILLOGAN. 


••  Unless  you  play  the  honest  Trojan, 
the  poor  wench  is  cast  away"  (unless 
you  are  a  man  of  sufficient  spirit  to  act 
honestly,  the  girl  is  ruined). 

"  He's  a  regular  Trojan  "  means  he  is 
UH  brave  homme,  a  capital  fellow. 

Trozn'atlion,  a  desert  island,  one  of 
the  Orkney  group. — Ossian  :  Oithona. 

Trompart,  a  lazy  but  wily-witted 
knave,  grown  old  in  cunning.  He  ac- 
companies Braggadoccio  as  his  'squire 
(bk.  ii.  3),  but  took  to  his  heels  when 
Talus  shaved  the  master,  ' '  reft  his 
shield,"  blotted  out  his  arms,  and  broke 
his  sword  in  twain.  Being  overtaken. 
Talus  gave  him  a  sound  drubbing  (bk.  v. 
3). — Spenser  :  Faerie  Queene  (1590-6). 

Troudjem's  Cattle  {Remember  the 
bishop  of),  i.e.  \qo\  sharp  after  your 
property  ;  take  heed,  or  you  will  suffer 
for  it.  The  story  is,  a  certain  bishop  af 
Trondjem  \Tron' •yem'\  lost  his  cattle  by 
the  herdsman  taking  his  eye  off  them  to 
look  at  an  elk.  Now,  this  elk  was  a  spirit, 
and  when  the  herdsman  looked  at  the 
cattle  again  they  were  no  bigger  than 
mice ;  again  he  turned  towards  the  elk, 
in  order  to  understand  the  mystery,  and, 
while  he  did  so.  the  cattle  all  vanished 
through  a  crevice  into  the  earth. — Miss 
Martineau:  Feats  on  the  Fiord  (1839). 

Tropho'nios,  the  architect  of  the 
temple  of  Apollo,  at  Delphi.  After 
death,  he  was  worshipped,  and  had  a 
famous  cave  near  Lebadia,  called  ' '  The 
Oracle  of  Trophonios." 

The  mouth  of  this  cave  was  three  yards  high  and 
two  wide.  Those  who  consulted  the  oracle  had  to  fast 
several  days,  and  then  to  descend  a  steep  ladder  till 
they  reached  a  narrow  gullet.  They  were  then  seized 
by  the  feet,  and  dragged  violently  to  the  bottom  of  the 
cave,  where  they  were  assailed  by  the  most  unearthly 
noises,  howlings,  shrieks,  bellowings,  with  lurid  lights 
and  sudden  glares,  in  the  midst  of  which  uproar  and 
phantasmagoria  the  oracle  was  pronounced.  The 
votaries  were  then  seized  unexpectedly  by  the  feet, 
and  thrust  out  of  the  cave  without  ceremony.  If  any 
resisted,  or  attempted  to  enter  in  any  other  way,  he 
was  instantly  murdered. — Plutarch:  Lives. 

'Svo'tl&y  {Sir  John),  an  old-fashioned 
country  gentleman,  who  actually  prefers 
the  obsolete  English  notions  of  domestic 
life,  fidelity  to  wives  and  husbands, 
modesty  in  maids,  and  constancy  in 
lovers,  to  the  foreign  free-and-easy 
manners  which  allow  married  people 
unlinited  freedom,  and  consider  licen- 
tiousness ban  ton. — Garrick  :  Bon  Ton 
(1776).     (See  Pkiory,  p.  873.) 

Trotter  (Job),  servant  to  Alfred 
Jingle.    A  sly,  canting  rascal,  who  has 


at  least  the  virtue  of  fidelity  to  his  master. 
Mr.  Pickwick's  generosity  touches  his 
heart,  and  he  shows  a  sincere  gratitude 
to  his  benefactor. — Dickens:  The  Pick- 
wick Papers  (1836). 

Trotter  {Nelly),  fish  woman  at  old  St. 
Ronan's. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  St,  Ronan's 
Well  (time,  George  HI.). 

Trotters,  a  Punch  and  Judy  show- 
man ;  good-natured  and  unsuspicious. 
He  is  described  as  small  in  stature,  very 
unlike  his  misanthropic  companion, 
Thomas  Codlin,  who  played  the  panpipes 
and  collected  the  money. 

His  real  name  was  Harris,  but  It  had  gfradually 
merged  into  Trotters,  with  the  prefatory  adjective 
"  Short,"  by  reason  of  the  small  size  of  his  legs.  Short 
Trotters,  however,  being  a  compound  name,  incon- 
venient in  friendly  dialogue,  he  was  called  either 
Trotters  or  Short,  and  never  Short  Trotters,  except  on 
occasions  of  ceremony.— Z>t<:/fe«j  ;  The  Old  Curiosity 
Shop,  xvii.  (1840). 

Trotty,  the  sobriquet  of  Toby  Veck, 

ticket-porter  and  jobman. 

They  called  him  Trotty  from,  his  pace,  which  meant 
speed,  if  it  didn't  make  it.  He  could  have  walked 
faster,  perhaps ;  most  likely ;  but  rob  him  of  his  trot, 
and  ToDy  would  have  taken  to  his  bed  and  died.  It 
bespattered  him  with  mud  in  dirty  weather  ;  it  cost 
him  a  world  of  trouble;  he  could  have  walked  with 
infinitely  greater  ease  ;  but  that  was  one  reason  for  his 
clinging  to  his  trot  so  tenaciously.  A  weak,  small, 
spare  old  man  ;  he  was  a  very  Hercules,  this  Toby,  ia 
his  good  intentions. — Dickens :  The  Chimes,  1.  (1844). 

Trotwood  {Betsey),  usually  called 
"Miss  Betsey,"  great-aunt  of  David 
Copperfield.  Her  bite  noir-wa.s  donkeys. 
A  dozen  times  a  day  would  she  rush  on 
the  green  before  her  house  to  drive  oflF 
the  donkeys  and  donkey-boys.  She  was 
a  most  kind-hearted,  worthy  woman,  who 
concealed  her  tenderness  of  heart  under 
a  snappish  austerity  of  manner.  Miss 
Betsey  was  the  true  friend  of  David 
Copperfield.  She  married  in  her  young 
days  a  handsome  man,  who  ill-used  her 
and  ran  away,  but  sponged  on  her  for 
money  till  he  died. — Dickens:  David 
Copperjeld  {1849). 

Trouillogfan,  a  philosopher,  whose 
advice  was,  "  Do  as  you  like."  Panurge 
asked  the  sage  if  he  advised  him  to  marry. 
"Yes,"  said  Trouillogan.  "What  say 
you  ?  "  asked  the  prince.  "  Let  it  alone, ' 
replied  the  sage.  "  Which  would  you 
advise?"  inquired  the  prince.  "  Neither," 
said  the  sage.  "Neither?"  cried 
Panurge;  "that  cannot  be."  "Then 
both,"  replied  Trouillogan.  Panurge 
then  consulted  several  others,  and  at  last 
the  oracle  of  the  Holy  Bottle. — Rabelais: 
Panta^ruel,  iii.  36  (1543). 

%  Moliere  has  introduced  this  joke  in 


TROVATORE. 


"43 


TRUNNION. 


his  Maria^e  Ford  (1664).  Sganarelle 
asks  his  friend  G^ronimo  if  he  would 
advise  him  to  marry,  and  he  answers, 
"No."  "But,"  says  the  old  man,  "I 
like  the  young  woman."  "Then  marry 
her  by  all  means."  "That  is  your 
advice?"  says  Sganarelle.  "My  advice 
is  do  as  you  like,"  says  the  friend. 
Sganarelle  next  consults  two  philosophers, 
then  some  gipsies,  then  declines  to  marry, 
and  is  at  last  compelled  to  do  so,  nolens 
volens. 

Trovato're  (4  syl')  or  "The  Trou- 
badour "  is  Manri'co,  the  supposed  son  of 
Azuce'na  the  gipsy,  but  in  reality  the 
son  of  Garzia  (brother  of  the  conte  di 
Luna).  The  princess  Leono'ra  falls  in 
love  with  the  troubadour,  but  the  count, 
entertaining  a  base  passion  for  her,  is 
about  to  put  Manrico  to  death,  when 
Leonora  intercedes  on  his  behalf,  and 
promises  to  give  herself  to  him  if  he  will 
spare  her  lover.  The  count  consents ; 
but  while  he  goes  to  release  his  captive, 
Leonora  kills  herself  by  sucking  poison 
from  a  ring.  When  Manrico  discovers 
this  sad  calamity,  he  dies  also. —  Verdi: 
II  Trovaiorg  {18 S3). 

(This  opera  is  based  on  the  cjrama  of 
Garcia  Guitierez,  a  fifteenth-century 
ttory. ) 

Troxartas  (3  syl.),  king  of  the  mice 
and  father  of  Psycarpax  who  was 
drowned.  The  word  means  "  bread- 
eater." 

Fix  their  counsel  .  .  . 
Where  great  Troxartas  crowned  in  glory  reigns . . . 
Psycarpax'  father,  father  now  no  morel 
Parntll :  BattU  of  the  Fro^s  and  Mice,  i.  (about  1712). 

Troy's  Six  Gates  were  (according 
to  Theobald)  Dardan,  Thymbria,  Ilia, 
Scsea,  Trojan,  and  AntenorTdfis. 

Priam's  six-gated  dty ; 
Dardan,  and  Tymbria,  Helias,  Chetas,  Tioien, 
And  Antenorides. 
Shakespeare  :  Troilus  and  Cressida  (prol.,  1609). 
His  cyte  compassed  enuyrowne 
Hadde  gates  VI.  to  entre  into  the  towne. 
The  firste  of  all  .  .  .  was.  .  .  called  D.irdanydSs ; 
.  .  .  Tymbria  was  named  the  seconde ; 
And  the  thyrde  called  Helyas  ; 
The  fourthe  gate  hyghte  also  Cetheas  ; 
The  fyfthe  Trojana;  syxth  AnthonydSs. 

Lyd^raU  :  Troy  Boke  (1513). 

Troy'novant  or  New  Troy,  Lon- 
don. This  blunder  arose  from  a  con- 
fusion of  the  old  British  tri-nouhant, 
meaning  "new  town,"  with  Troy  novant, 
"  new  Troy."  This  blunder  gave  rise  to 
the  historic  fable  about  Brute,  a  descend- 
ant of  JEne'as,  colonizing  the  island. 

For  noble  Britons  sprong  from  Trojans  bold, 
And  Troy-novant  was  built  of  old  Troyes  ashes  cokL 
Sfenser :  Faerie  Queene,  iii.  3  (1590). 


Tradgre,  in  Love  in  a  Bottle,  by  Far- 

quhar  (1698). 

Tme  Love  Requited.  (See  Bai- 
liff's Daugiitek  ok  Islington,  p.  82.) 

True  Thomas,  Thomas  the  Rhymer. 
So  called  from  his  prophecies,  the  most 
noted  of  which  was  his  prediction  of  the 
death  of  Alexander  III.  of  Scotland, 
made  to  the  earl  of  March.  It  is  re- 
corded in  the  Scotichrontcon  of  ForduD 
(1430)- 

Trueworth,  brother  of  Lydia,  and 
friend  of  sir  William  Fondlove. — Knowles: 
The  Love-Chase  (1837). 

Trull  {Dolly).  Captain  Macheath 
says  of  her,  "  She  is  always  so  taken  up 
with  stealing  hearts,  that  she  does  not 
allow  herself  time  to  steal  anything 
else"  /act  ii.  i). — Gay:  The  Beggars 
Opera  (1727). 

Trulla,  the  daughter  of  James 
Spencer,  a  quaker.  She  was  first  dis- 
honoured by  her  father,  and  then  by 
Simeon  Wait  [or  Magna'no)  the  tinker. 

He  Trulla  loved,  Trulla  more  brig;ht 
Than  burnished  armour  of  her  kiiight  | 
A  bold  virago,  stout  and  tall 
As  Joan  of  France  or  English  Mall. 

.S.  Butler:  HtuLihras,  t  a  (1663). 

Trul'liber  (Parson),  a  fat  clergy- 
man ;  ignorant,  selfish,  and  slothful. — 
Fielding:  The  Adventures  of  Joseph 
Andrews  (1742). 

Parson  Barnabas,  Parson  Trulliber,  sir  Wilful  Wit- 
would,  sir  Francis  Wronghead,  squire  Western,  squire 
Sullen  ;  such  were  the  people  who  composed  the  main 
strength  of  the  tory  party  for  sixty  years  after  the 
Revolution. — Macmulay. 

("  Sir  Wilful  Witwould,"  in  The  Way 
of  the  World,  by  Congreve  ;  "sir  Francis 
Wrongliead,"  in  The  Provoked  Husband, 
by  C,  Gibber  ;  "  squire  Western,"  in  TVwi 
Jones,  by  Fielding  \  "  squire  Sullen,"  in 
The  Beaux'  Stratagem,  by  Farquhar. ) 

Trunnion  {Commodore  Hawser),  a 
one-eyed  naval  veteran,  who  has  retired 
from  the  service  in  consequence  of  in- 
juries received  in  engagements  ;  but  he 
still  keeps  garrison  in  his  own  hou.se, 
which  is  defended  with  drawbridge  and 
ditch.  He  sleeps  in  a  hammock,  and 
makes  his  servants  sleep  in  hammocks, 
as  on  board  ship,  takes  his  turn  on 
watch,  and  indulges  his  naval  tastes  In 
various  other  ways.  Lieutenant  Jack 
Hatchway  is  his  companion.  When  he 
went  to  be  married,  he  rode  on  a  huntei 
which  he  steered  like  a  ship,  according 
to  the  compass,  tacking  about,  that  he 
might  not   'go  right  in  the  wind's  eye." — 


TRUSTY. 


"44 


TULCHAN  BISHOPS. 


Smollett :    The  Adventures  n/  Peregrine 
Pickle  (1750). 

It  is  vain  to  crWd«e  the  maneeuvre  of  Trunnion, 
tacking  his  way  to  church  on  his  weddinjf  day,  in 
consequence  of  a  head  -vrnd^.—Encyc.  Brit,  (article 
"Romance"). 

IT  Dickens  has  imitated  this  in  Wem- 
mick's  house,  which  had  flag  and  draw- 
bridge, fortress  and  gfun  in  miniature; 
but  the  conceit  is  more  suited  to  "a 
naval  veteran  "  than  to  a  lawyer's  clerk. 
(See  Wemmick,  p.  iao2.) 

Trusty  {Mrs.),  landlady  of  the 
Queen's  Arms,  Romford.  Motherly, 
most  kind-hearted,  a  capital  caterer, 
whose  ale  was  noted.  Bess  ' '  the  beg- 
gar's daughter  "  took  refuge  with  her,  and 
was  most  kindly  treated.  Mrs.  Trusty 
wished  her  son  Ralph  to  take  Bess  to 
wife,  but  Bess  had  given  her  heart  to 
Wilford,  the  son  of  lord  Woodville,  her 
cousin.  — KnowUs  :  The  Beggar  of  Bet  final 
Green  (1834). 

Truth  in  a  Well.  Cicero  says, 
"  Naturam  accusa,  quae  in  profundo 
veritatem,  ut  ait  Democrltus,  penitus 
abstruseris." — Academics,  i.  10. 

(Cleanth^  is  also  credited  with  the 
phrase.) 

Tryamour  [Sir),  the  hero  of  an  old 
metrical   novel,   and  the    model    of   all 

knightly  virtues. 

Try'anon,  daughter  of  the  fairy 
king  who  lived  on  the  island  of  Ole'ron. 
"She  was  as  white  as  a  lily  in  May,  or 
snow  that  snoweth  on  winter's  day,"  and 
her  "haire  shone  as  goldS  wire."     This 

Earagon  of  beauty  married  sir  Launfal, 
ing  Arthur's  steward,  whom  she  carried 
off  to  "Oliroun,  her  jolif  isle." — Chestre: 
Sir  Launfal  (fifteenth  century). 

Trygfon,  a  poisonous  fish.  Ulysses 
was  accidentally  killed  by  his  son  'Tele- 
g5nos  with  an  arrow  pointed  with 
trygon-bone. 

The  lord  of  IthSca, 
Struck  by  the  poisonous  trygon's  bone,  expired. 
IVest:  Triumphs  of  the  Gout  ("  Lucian,"  1750). 

Tryplion,  the  sen-god's  physician. 

They  send  In  haste  for  Tryphon,  to  apply 
Salves  to  his  wounds,  and  medicines  of  might ! 
For  Tryphon  of  sea-gods  the  sovereign  leech  is  hight. 
Spenser  :  Faerie  Quetne,  iii.  4  (1590). 

Tubal,  a  wealthy  Jew,  the  friend  of 
Shylock. — Shakespeare  :  The  Merchant  of 
Venice  (a  drama,  1598). 

Tuck,  a  long,  narrow  sword  (Gaelic 
iuca,  Welsh  twca,  Italian  stocco,  French 
istoc).     In  Ham  lei  the  word  "tuck"  is 


erroneously   printed    stuck    in    Malone's 
edition. 

If  he  by  chance  escape  vour  renomed  tuck. 

Our  purpose  may  hold  there. 

Shakespeare:  Hamlet,  act  Iv,  sc.  7  (1598). 

Tuck  {Friar),  the  "curtal  friar  of 
Fountain's  Abbey,"  was  the  father  con- 
fessor of  Robin  Hood.  He  is  represented 
as  a  sleek-headed,  pudgy,  paunchy,  pug- 
nacious clerical  Falstaff,  very  fat  and 
self-indulgent,  very  humorous,  and  some- 
what coarse.  His  dress  was  a  russet 
habit  of  the  Franciscan  order,  a  red 
corded  girdle  with  gold  tassel,  red  stock- 
ings,  and  a  wallet. 

Sir  Walter  Scott,  in  his  Ivanhoe,  calls 
him  the  holy  clerk  of  Copmanhurst,  and 
describes  him  as  a  "large,  strong-built 
man  in  a  sackcloth  gown  and  hood,  girt 
with  a  rope  of  rushes."  He  had  a  round, 
bullet  head,  and  his  close-shaven  crown 
was  edged  with  thick,  stiff,  curly  black 
hair.  His  countenance  was  bluff  and 
jovial,  eyebrows  black  and  bushy,  fore- 
head well-turned,  cheeks  round  and 
ruddy,  beard  long,  curly,  and  black, 
form  Israwny  (ch.  xv.). 

In  the  May-day  morris-dance,  the  firial 
is  introduced  in  full  clerical  tonsure,  with 
the  chaplet  of  white  and  red  beads  in  his 
right  hand,  a  corded  girdle  about  his 
waist,  and  a  russet  robe  of  the  Francis- 
can order.  His  stockings  red,  his  girdle 
red  ornamented  with  gold  twist  and  a 
golden  tassel.  At  his  girdle  hung  a 
wallet  for  the  reception  of  provisions, 
for  "  Walleteers"  had  no  other  food  but 
what  they  received  from  begging.  Friar 
Tuck  was  chaplain  to  Robin  Hood  the 
May-king.    (See  Morris-Dance,  p.  729. ) 

In  this  our  spacious  isle,  I  think  there  is  not  one 
But  he  hath  heard  some  talk  of  Hood  and  Little  John  ; 
Of  Tuck,  the  merry  friar,  which  many  a  sermon  made 
In  praise  of  Robin  Hood,  his  outlaws,  and  their  trade. 
Drayton  :  Pclyolbion,  xxvi.  (1623). 

Tud  {Morgan),  chief  physician  of  king 
Arthur. — The  Mabinogion  ("  Geraint," 
twelfth  century). 

Tu^  {Tom),  the  waterman,  a  straight- 
forward, honest  young  man,  who  loves 
Wilelmi'na  the  daughter  of  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Bundle,  and  when  he  won  the 
waterman's  badge  in  rowing,  he  won  the 
consent  of  "  the  gardener's  daughter  "  to 
become  his  loving  and  faithful  wife.— 
Dibdin  :  The  Waterman  (1774). 

Tiilclian  Bisliops  {The).  Certain 
Scotch  bishops  appointed  in  the  sixteenth 
century,  with  the  und«rstanding  that  they 
were  to  share  their  stipends  with  their 
patron.     A  tulchan  \tulka,  to  entice)  wa« 


TULKINGHORN. 


II4S 


TURK  GREGORY. 


a  mock  calf  set  beside  a  cow  at  milking- 
time  to  induce  it  to  give  forth  its  milk 
more  freely.  The  "see  "  was  the  cow  which 
the  patron  milked  ;  the  bishop  the  calf, 
without  which  the  •*cow  would  yield  no 
milk."  Earl  Morton,  in  1571.  appointed 
John  Douglas  tulchan  archbishop  of  St. 
Andrew's.  (See  Jamieson's  Scottish  Die- 
tionary  ;  Burton's  Scottish  History,  liv.) 

Tulk'iug^hom  {Mr.),  attorney-at- 
law  and  legal  adviser  of  the  Dedlocks. — 
Dickens:  Bleak  Bouse  {1852). 

TuUiver,  the  miller  in  The  Mill  oh 
the  Floss,  by  George  Eliot  (Mrs.  J,  W. 
Cross).  The  heroine  of  the  tale  is  Maggie 
the  miller's  daughter.  Both  Maggie  and 
her  brother  Tom  are  drowned  by  a  tidal 
wave  on  the  Floss  (i860). 

Tully,  Marcus  Tullius  Cicero,  the 
great  Roman  orator  (B.C.  106-43).  He 
was  proscribed  by  Antony,  one  of  the 
triumvirate,  and  his  head  and  hands, 
being  cut  off,  were  nailed  by  the  orders 
of  Antony  to  the  Rostra  of  Rome. 

Ye  fond  adorers  of  departed  fame, 
Who  warm  at  Scipio's  worth  or  TuUy's  nama. 
Campbell:  Pleasures  9/ H<^t,  i.  (1799). 

•,*  The  Judas  who  betrayed  Tully  to 
the  sicarii  was  a  cobbler.  The  man  who 
murdered  him  was  named  Herennius. 

Tun  {The  Heidelberg)  or  The  Tun 
OF  Erpach,  a  large  butt,  which  holds 
four  score  hogsheads. 

Quid  vetat  Erpachiurn  vas  annumerare  vetustis 

Miraclis  ?    Quo  non  vastius  orbis  habet ; 

Dixeris  hoc  recte  Pelagus  vinii^ue  paludem; 

Nectare  quae  Bacchi  nocte  dieque  fluit. 

Althamar. 
Of  an  earth's  wonders,  Erpach's  monstrous  tua 
I  deem  to  be  the  most  astounding  one ; 
A  sea  of  wine  'twiJl  hold.    You  say  aright, 
A  sea  of  nectar  flows  thence  day  and  uight. 

E.CB. 

IT  The  Cistertian  tun,  made  by  the 
order  of  St.  Bernard,  contained  300  hogs- 
heads.— R.  Cenault:  De  Vera  Mensu- 
rarum  Ponderumque  Ratione  (1547). 

The  tun  of  Clervaux  contained  as  many 
hogsheads  as  there  are  days  in  a  year. — 
Furetiire  (article  "  Tonne  "). 

St.  Benet's  tun  {"  la.  sacre  botte  de  St. 
Benoist "),  still  to  be  seen  at  the  Benedic- 
tines of  Bologna-on-the-Sea,  is  about  the 
same  size  as  that  of  Clervaux, — Menage 
(article  "  Couteille"). 

"I  wiU  drink."  said  the  friar  [7<?A«1  "both  to  thee 
and  to  thy  horse.  ...  I  have  already  supped,  yet  will 
I  eat  never  a  whit  the  less  for  that,  for  I  hare  a  paved 
stomach  as  hollow  as  ...  St.  Benet's  boot."— 
Rabelais:  Gargantua,  L  39  (iS33)' 

(St.  Benet's  "boot"  means  St.  Benet's 
botte  or  "butt,"  and  to  this  Longlellow 


refers  in  The  Golden  Legend,  when  h« 
speaks  of  "  the  rascal  \Jriar  John\  who 
drank  wine  out  of  a  boot.") 

Tune  the  Old  Cow  died  of  ( The). 

There  was  an  old  man,  and  he  had  an  old  cow. 

But  no  fodder  had  he  to  give  her  ; 
So  he  took  up  his  fiddle  and  played  her  thiltuno- 

" Consider,  jjood  cow,  consider; 
This  isn't  the  Ume  for  grass  to  grow, 

Consider,  good  cow,  consider." 

Tupman  {Tracy),  M.P.C.,  a  sleek, 
fat  young  man,  of  very  amorous  disposi- 
tion. He  falls  in  love  with  every  pretty 
girl  he  sees,  and  is  consequently  aJways 
getting  into  trouble. — Dickens:  The 
Pickwick  Papers  (1836). 

M.P.C.,  that  is,  "  Member  of  the  Pickwick  Glut*." 

Tura,  a  castle  of  Ulster. — Ossian: 
Fingal. 

TurTjulent    School   of    Fiction 

{The),  a  school  of  German  romance- 
writers,  who  returned  to  the  feudal  ages, 
and  wrote  between  1780  and  1800  in  the 
style  of  Mrs.  Radcliffe.  The  best  known 
are  Cramer,  Spiers,  Schlenkert,  and  Veit 
Weber. 

Turcaret,  a  comedy  by  Lesage 
(1708),  in  which  the  farmers-general  of 
France  are  gibbeted  unmercifully.  He 
is  a  coarse,  illiterate  man,  who  has 
grown  rich  by  his  trade.  Any  one  who 
has  risen  from  nothing  to  great  wealth, 
and  has  no  merit  beyond  money-making, 
is  called  a  Turcaret. 

Turcos,  native  Algerian  infantry 
officered  by  Frenchmen.  The  cavalry 
are  called  Spahis. 

Turenn.    (See  Touran,  p.  1124.) 

Turk  Gregory,  Gregory  VH.  (Hil- 
debrand) ;  so  called  for  his  furious  raid 
upon  royal  prerogatives,  especially  his 
contest  with  the  emperor  [of  Germany] 
on  the  subject  of  investiture.  In  1075  he 
summoned  the  emperor  Heinrich  IV.  to 
Rome  ;  the  emperor  refused  to  obey  the 
summons,  the  pope  excommunicated  him, 
and  absolved  all  his  subjects  from  their 
allegiance ;  he  next  dethroned  him  and 
elected  a  new  kaiser,  and  Heinrich,  finding 
resistance  in  vain,  begged  to  be  reconciled 
to  the  pope.  He  was  now  commanded, 
in  the  midst  of  a  severe  winter,  to  present 
himself,  with  Bertha  his  wife,  and  their 
infant  son,  at  the  castle  of  Canossa,  in 
Lombardy  ;  and  here  they  had  to  stand 
three  days  in  the  piercing  cold  before  the 
pope  would  condescend  to  see  him.  At 
last,  however,  the  proud  prelate  removed 


TURKISH  SPY. 


1 146 


TURPIN. 


t!ie  excommunication,  and  Heinnch  wan 
restored  to  his  throne. 

Turkish  Spy  {The),  Mahmut,  who 
lived  forty-five  years  undiscovered  in 
Paris,  unfolding  the  intrigues  of  the 
Christian  courts,  between  1637  and  1682. 
The  author  of  this  romance  is  Giovanni 
Paolo  Mara'na,  and  he  makes  it  the 
medium  of  an  historical  novel  of  the 
period  (1684). 

(Ned  Ward  (1698-1700)  wrote  an 
imitation  called  TAe  London  Spy.  See 
Old  and  New  London,  vol.  i.  p.  423.) 

Turkomans,  a  corruption  of  Turk- 
imdms  ("  Turks  of  the  true  faith  ").  The 
first  chief  of  the  Turks  who  embraced 
Islam  called  his  people  so  to  distinguish 
them  from  the  Tiurks  who  had  not  em- 
braced that  faith. 

Turn  tlie  Tables,  to  rebut  a  charge 
by  a  counter-charge,  so  that  the  accused 
becomes  in  turn  the  accuser,  and  the 
blamed  charges  the  -blamer,  (See  Dic- 
tionary of  Phrase  and  Fable,  p.  1201.) 

It  enables 
A  matron,  who  her  husband's  foible  knows, 
By  a  few  timely  words  to  turn  the  tables. 

Byron  :  Von  yuan,  i.  75  (1819). 

TumbuU  [Michael),  the  Douglas's 
dark  huntsman. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Castle 
Dangerous  (time,  Henry  I.). 

Turnbull  (Mr.  Thomas),  also  called 
**Tom  Turnpenny,"  a  canting  smuggler 
and  schoolmaster. — Sir  W.  Scott  :  Red- 
gauntlet  (time,  George  IH.). 

Tumip-Koer,  George  I.  So  called 
because,  when  he  first  came  over  to  Eng- 
land, he  proposed  planting  St.  James's 
Park  with  turnips  (1660,  1714-1727). 

Turnpenny  {Mr.),  banker  at  March- 
thorn. —.S»>  W.  Scott:  St.  Ronan's 
fF<r//(time,  George  HI.). 

Turnpenny  [Tom),  also  called 
♦'Thomas  Turnbull,"  a  canting  smuggler 
and  schoolmaster. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Red- 
gauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Turntippit  {Old  lord),  one  of  the 
privy  council  in  the  reign  of  William  III. 
— Sir  W.  Scott:  Bride  of  Lammermoor 
(1819). 

Turon,  the  son  of  Brute's  sister,  who 
slew  6co  Aquitaniaiis  with  his  own  hand 
in  one  single  fight. 

■W  here  Turon,  .  .  .  Brute's  sister's  valiant  son,  .  .  , 
Six  hundred  slew  outright  thro'  his  peculiar  strengtli ; 
By  multitudes  of  men,  yet  overpressed  at  length. 
His  noble  uncle  there,  to  his  immortal  name 
The  city  Turon  [Tours]  built,  and  well  endowed  the 
same. 

Drayton  ;  Polyolbion,  L  (i6iz). 


Turpin,  a  churUsh  knight,  who  refuses 
hospitality  to  sir  Calepine  and  Serena, 
although  solicited  to  do  so  by  his  wife 
Blanlda  (bk.  vi.  3).  Serena  told  prince 
Arthur  of  this  discourtesy,  and  the  prince, 
after  chastising  Turpin,  disknighted  him, 
and  prohibited  him  from  bearing  arms 
ever  after  (bk.  vi.  7).  The  disgraced 
churl  now  vowed  revenge ;  so  off  he  starts, 
and  seeing  two  knights,  complains  to  them 
of  the  wrongs  done  to  himself  and  his 
dame  by  "a  recreant  knight,"  whom  he 
points  out  to  them.  The  two  champions 
instantly  challenge  the  prince  "as  a  foul 
woman-wronger, '  and  defy  him  to  com- 
bat. One  of  the  two  champions  is  soon 
slain,  and  the  other  overthrown,  but  is 
spared  on  craving  his  life.  The  survivor 
now  returns  to  Turpin  to  relate  his  mis- 
adventure, and  when  they  reach  the  dead 
body  see  Arthur  asleep.  Turpin  proposes 
to  kill  him,  but  Arthur  starts  up  and 
hangs  the  rascal  on  a  tree  (bk.  vL  7). — 
Spenser:  Faerie  Queene  (1596). 

Turpin,  "archbishop  of  Rheims," 
the  hypothetical  author  of  a  Chronicle, 
purporting  to  be  a  history  of  Charle- 
magne's Spanish  adventures  in  777,  by ; 
contemporary.  This  fiction  was  declared 
authentic  and  genuine  by  pope  Calixtus 
II.  in  1 122 ;  but  it  is  now  generally  at- 
tributed to  a  canon  of  Barcelona  in  the 
eleventh  century. 

*.•  The  tale  says  that  Charlemagne 
went  to  Spain  in  777,  to  defend  one  of  his 
allies  from  the  aggressions  of  a  neighbour- 
ing prince.  Having  conquered  Navarre 
and  Aragon,  he  returned  to  France.  He 
then  crossed  the  Pyrenees,  and  invested 
Pampeluna  for  three  months,  but  without 
success.  He  tried  the  effect  of  prayer, 
and  the  walls,  like  those  of  Jericho,  fell 
down  of  their  own  accord.  "Those  Sara- 
cens who  consented  to  be  baptized,  he 
spared,  but  the  rest  were  put  to  the  sword. 
Being  master  of  Pampeluna,  the  hero 
visited  the  sarcophagus  of  James;  and 
Turpin,  who  accompanied  him,  baptized 
most  of  the  neighbourhood.  Charlemagne 
then  led  back  his  army  over  the  Pyrenees, 
the  rear  being  under  the  command  of 
Roland.  The  main  army  reached  France 
in  safety,  but  50,000  Saracens  fell  on  the 
rear,  and  none  escaped. 

Turpin  [Dick)  a  noted  highwayman, 
executed  at  York  ( <739). 

(Ainsworth  has  introduced  into  Rook' 
wood  Turpin's  famous  ride  to  York  on  his  - 
steed  Black  Bess.    It  is  said  that  Magiim 


TURQUINE.  1147 

wrote   this  powerful    description, 

1834.) 

The  French  Dick  Turf  in  is  Cartouche, 
an  eighteenth-century  highwayman. 

Tur'quine  (^^V)  had  sixty-four  of 
king  Arthur's  knights  in  prison,  all  of 
whom  he  had  vanquished  by  his  own  hand. 
He  hated  sir  Launcelot,  because  he  had 
slain  his  brother,  sir  Car'ados,  at  the 
Dolorous  Tower.  Sir  Launcelot  chal- 
lenged sir  Turqujne  to  a  trial  of  strength, 
and  slew  him,  after  which  he  liberated 
the  captive  knights. — Sir  T.  Malory: 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,  L  108-110 
(1470). 

Turquoise  (2  syl. ),  a  precious  stone 
found  in  Persia.  Sundry  virtues  are 
attached  to  it :  (i)  It  indicates  by  its  hue 
the  state  of  the  wearer's  health  ;  (2)  it 
indicates  by  its  change  of  lustre  if  any 
peril  awaits  the  wearer ;  (3)  it  removes 
animosity  between  the  giver  and  the  re- 
ceiver; (4)  it  rouses  the  sexual  passion, 
and  hence  Leah  gave  a  turquoise  ring  to 
Shylock  "  when  he  was  a  bachelor,"  in 
order  to  make  him  propose  to  her.  (See 
Thomas  Nicols,  Lapidary.  )i\ 

Tur'veydrop  {Mr.\  a  selfish,  self- 
indulgent,  conceited  dancing-master,  who 
imposes  on  the  world  by  his  majestic 
appearance  and  elaborate  toilette.  He 
lives  on  the  earnings  of  his  son  (named 
Prince,  after  the  prince  regent),  who 
reveres  him  as  a  perfect  model  of  "  de- 
portment."—  Dickens:  Bleak  House 
(1852). 

The  proudest  departed  from  the  cover  of  their 
habitual  reserve,  and  from  the  maintenance  of  that 
staid  deportment  which  the  Oriental  Turveydrop 
considers  the  best  proof  of  high  state  and  regal 
dignity.— If.  H.  Russell:  Tht  Prince  of  Teurs,  eU. 
(1877)- 

Tuscan  Foet  {The),  Ludovico 
Ariosto,  born  at  Reggio,  in  Modena 
(1474-1533).  Noted  for  his  poem  en- 
titled Orlando  Furioso  (in  French  called 
Roland). 

The  Tuscan  poet  doth  advance 
The  frantic  paladin  of  France. 

Drayton :  Nymphidia  (1S63-1631). 

Tutivillus,  the  demon  who  collects 
all  the  fragments  of  words  omitted, 
mutilated,  or  mispronounced  by  priests 
in  the  performance  of  religious  services, 
and  stores  them  up  in  that  "  bottomless  " 
pit  which  is  "  paved  with  good  inten- 
tions."— Langland  :  Visions  of  Piers 
Plowman,  547  (1362) ;  and  the  Townley 
Mysteries,  310,  319,  etc. 

Tutsan,  a  corruption  of  la  ioute 
tai/ie ;  the  botanical  name  is  HyperiCiti 


TWEEDLEDUM. 


Androsce'mum.  The  leaves  applied  to 
fresh  wounds  are  sanative.  St.  John's 
wort  is  of  the  same  family,  and  that  called 
Perforatum  used  to  be  called  Fuga 
dcBmonum,  from  the  supposition  of  its  use 
in  maniacal  disorders,  and  a  charm  against 
evil  spirits. 

The  hermit  gathers  .  .  . 

The  iiealing  tutsan  then,  and  plantane  for  a  sore. 
Drayton  :  Palyolbion,  xii.  (1613). 

(The  plantain  or  plantago  is  astringent, 
and  very  good  for  cuts  and  other  sores.) 

Twa  Dogs  ( The),  a  dialogue  between 
Caesar  (a  gentleman's  dog)  and  Luath 
(a  ploughman's  collie).  Caesar  says  his 
master's  table  is  laden  with  luxuries ; 
that  he  spends  what  he  likes,  and  travels 
to  see  the  world.  Luath  replies  that  poor 
men  eat  with  an  appetite,  which  is  the 
best  sauce ;  sleep  soundly,  because  toil 
requires  rest ;  and  as  for  travelling,  a 
faithful  wife  and  healthy  family  make  a 
happy  home.  Caesar  concludes  by  saying 
that  without  doubt  want  of  employment  is 
a  weariness  to  the  flesh,  and  drives  the  rich 
to  cards,  dice,  races,  and  sometimes  to 
immoral  ways.  So  that  after  all,  though 
the  poor  have  not  the  wealth  and  luxuries 
of  the  rich,  they  are  contented  with  their 
station,  and  a  very  little  indulgence  gives 
them  untold  pleasure. 

Twain  [Mark),  S.  L.  Clemens. 

Twangdillo,  the  fiddler,  in  Somer- 
ville's  Hobbinol,  a  burlesque  poem  in  three 
cantos.  Twangdillo  had  lost  one  leg  and 
one  eye  by  a  stroke  of  lightning  on  the 
banks  of  the  Ister,  but  he  was  still  merry- 
hearted. 

He  tickles  every  string  to  every  note  ; 
He  bends  his  pliant  neck,  his  smgle  eye 
Twinkles  with  joy,  his  active  stump  beats  time. 
Hobbinol  or  The  Rural  Games,  i.  (1740). 

T"weed,  a  cloth  woven  diagonally  ;  a 
mere  blunder  for  "  twill." 

It  was  thrf  word  "  tweels  "  blotted  and  ill- written  on 
an  invoice,  which  gave  rise  to  the  now  familiar  nama 
of  "  tweed."  It  was  adopted  by  James  Locke,  of 
London,  after  the  error  was  discovered,  as  especially 
suitable  to  these  goods  so  largely  manufacturea  on  the 
banks  of  the  Tweed.— 7"A<  BercUr  Advertiser. 

Tweedledum   and   Tweedledee. 

The  prince  of  Wales  was  the  leader  of 
the  Handel  party,  supported  by  Pope  and 
Dr.  Arbuthnot ;  and  the  duke  of  Marl- 
borough led  the  Bononcinists,  and  was 
supported  by  most  of  the  nobility. 

Some  say,  compared  to  Bononcini, 
That  mynheer  Handel's  but  a  ninny; 
Others  aver  that  he  to  Handel 
Is  scarcely  fit  to  hold  a  candle ; 
Strai  ge  all  this  difference  should  be 
Twii  \  Tweedledum  and  Tweedledee. 

y,  Byrotn  (stenographist.  1691 -176^'. 


TWELFTH  NIGHT. 


1148         TWELVE  KNIGHTS,  ETC 


Twelfth  Nigrht,  a  drama  by  Shake- 
speare. The  story  came  originally  from 
a  novelletti  by  Bandello(who  died  1555), 
reproduced  by  Belleforest  in  his  Histoires 
Tragiques,  from  which  Shakespeare  ob- 
tained his  stx)ry.  The  tale  is  this  :  Viola 
and  Sebastian  were  twins,  and  exactly 
alike.  When  grown  up,  they  were  ship- 
wrecked off  the  coast  of  lUyria,  and  both 
were  saved.  Viola,  being  separated  from 
her  brother,  in  order  to  obtain  alivehhood, 
dressed  like  her  brother  and  took  the 
situation  of  page  under  the  duke  Orsino. 
The  duke,  at  the  time,  happened  to  be  in 
love  with  Olivia,  and  as  the  lady  looked 
coldly  on  his  suit,  he  sent  Viola  to  ad- 
vance it,  but  the  wilful  OUvia,  instead  of 
melting  towards  the  duke,  fell  in  love 
with  his  beautiful  page.  One  day,  Se- 
bastian, the  twin-brother  of  Viola,  being 
attacked  in  a  street  brawl  before  Olivia's 
house,  the  lady,  thinking  him  to  be  the 
page,  invited  him  in,  and  they  soon  grew 
to  such  familiar  terms  that  they  agreed 
to  become  man  and  wife.  About  the 
same  time,  the  duke  discovered  his  page 
to  be  a  most  beautiful  woman,  and,  as 
he  could  not  marry  his  first  love,  he 
made  Viola  his  wife  and  the  duchess  of 
Illyria. 

Twelve  {The),  Le.  the  twelve  apostles. 
According  to  tradition — 

(i)  Andrew  brother  of  Peter,  bar- 
Jona.  He  was  tied  to  a  cross  like  the 
letter  x.  in  Patras  of  Achaia,  by  order 
of  Egaeus  the  proconsul  (first  century). 
His  day  is  November  30. 

(2)  Bar-tholomew  [i.e.  Nathaniel 
bar-Tholomew).  Flayed  aUve  in  Armenia, 
A.D.  71,     His  day  is  August  24. 

(3)  James  the  Elder,  brother  of  John, 
and  son  of  Zebedee.  Beheaded  at 
Jerusalem,  by  Herod  Agrippa,  A.D.  44. 
His  day  is  July  24. 

(4)  James,    the   "brother"  *of  Jesus, 

Krobably  a  cousin,  son  of  Cleopas  and 
lary.  He  was  thrown  from  the  pinnacle 
of  the  temple,  and  then  stoned  to  death, 
A.D.  65.     His  day  is  May  i. 

(5)  John  the  Evangelist,  brother  of 
James  the  Elder,  He  died  at  an  extreme 
old  age  at  Ephesus,  between  A.D.  95  and 
100.     His  day  is  December  37. 

(6)  JUDAS  IscARiOT.  Hanged  himself, 
A  D.  33. 

(7)  JUDE  or  Thaddeus,  brother  ol 
>  James  the  Less.    Shot  to  death  by  arrows 

in  Armenia,  a.d.  80.     His  day  is  Octo- 
ber 28. 

(8)  Matthew  the   Evangelist     Shin 


by  a  sword  in  Parthia  (first  century) 
His  day  is  September  27. 

(9)  Peter,  brother  of  Andrew,  bar- 
Jona.  Crucified  with  his  head  down- 
wards, at  Rome,  A.D.  66.  His  day  is 
June  29. 

(10)  Philip.  Hanged  on  a  pillar  at 
Hierapolis,  in  Phrygia,  A.D.  80.  His  day 
is  May  i. 

(11)  Simon  Zelotes,  brother  of  James 
and  Jude.  Crucified  in  Persia,  A.D.  107, 
at  the  age  of  129.    His  day  is  Febiuary  18, 

(12)  Thomas,  surnamed  Didymus. 
Slain  in  India  with  a  spear  (first  century). 
His  day  is  December  21. 

Supplementary  Apostles — 

Matthias,  chosen  by  the  eleven  to  supply  the 
place  of  Judas.  Said  to  have  been  first  stoned  and 
then  beheaded  (first  century).     His  day  is  February  24. 

Paul  (Saul  of  Tarsus),  son  of  Simon  of  Cyreni. 
Beheaded  at  Rome,  A.D.  66.  His  days  are  June  29 
(to  commemorate  his  death),  and  January  25  (to  com- 
memorate his  conversion). 

N.B.— It  is  said  that  Jesus,  Son  of  Mary,  was 
crucified  April  3,  A.D.  33,  at  about  the  age  of  40 
(the  Jews  said  to  Him,  "  Thou  art  not  yet  fifty  yean 
old  ").— Astronomical  y«umal,  1893. 

Twelve    Apostles     of    Ireland 

{The)^  twelve  Irish  prelates  of  the  sixth 
century,  disciples  of  St.  Finnian  of 
Clonard. 

(i)  ClARAN  or  Keiran,  bishop  and 
abbot  of  Saighir  {nowSeir-Keiran,  King's 
County). 

(2)  Ciaran  or  Keiran,  abbot  of  Clom- 
nacnois, 

(3)  COLUMCILLE  of  Hy  (now  lona). 
This  prelate  is  also  called  St.  Columba. 

(4)  Brendan,  bishop  and  abbot  of 
Clonfert. 

(5)  Brendan,  bishop  and  abbot  of  Birr 
(now  Parsonstown,  King's  County). 

(6)  Columba,  abbot  of  Tirdaglas. 

(7)  MOLAISE  or  Laisre,  abbot  of  Dam- 
hiris  (now  Devenish  Island,  in  lough 
Erne). 

(8)  Cainnech,  abbot  of  Aichadhbo, 
in  Queen's  County. 

(9)  RuADANor  RoDAN.abbotof  Lorrha, 
in  Tipperary  County. 

(10)  MoBi  Clairenech  [i.e.  "  the  flat- 
faced"),  abbot  of  Glasnooidhan  (now 
Glasnevin,  near  Dublin). 

(11)  Senell,  abbot  of  Cluain-inis,  in 
lough  Erne. 

(12)  Nannath  or  Nennith,  bishop 
and  abbot  of  Inismuige-Samh  (now 
Inismac-Saint,  in  lough  Erne). 

Twelve  Knights  of  the  Round 
Table.  Dryden  says  there  were  twelve 
paladins  and  twelve  knights  of  the  Round 
Table.    The  table  was  made  for  150,  but 


TWELVE  PALADINS. 


1149 


TWELVE  WISE  MASTERS. 


as  twelve  is  the  orthodox  number,  the 
following  names  hold  the  most  conspicuous 
places  :— (i)  Launcelot,  (2)  Tristram, 
(3)  Lamoracke,  the  three  bravest ;  (4) 
Tor,  the  first  made ;  (5)  Galahad,  the 
chaste  ;  (6)  Gaw'ain,  the  courteous  ;  (7) 
Gareth,  the  big-handed;  (8)  Palo 
MIDES,  the  Saracen  or  unbaptized  ;  (9) 
Kay,  the  rude  and  boastful ;  (lo)  Mark, 
the  dastard  ;  (11)  Mordred,  the  traitor; 
and  the  twelfth,  as  in  the  case  of  the 
paladins,  must  be  selected  from  one  of 
the  following  names,  all  of  which  are 
seated  with  the  prince  in  the  frontispiece 
attached  to  the  History  of  Prince  Arthur, 
compiled  by  sir  T.  Malory  in  1470 :  Sirs 
Acolon,  Ballamore,  Beleobus,  Belvoure, 
Bersunt,  Bors,  Ector  de  Maris,  Ewain, 
Floll,  Gaheris,  Galohalt,  Grislet,  Lionell, 
Marhaus,  Paginet,  Pelleas,  Percival, 
Sagris,  Superabilis,  and  Turquine. 

Or  we  may  take  from  the  Mabinogion 
the  three  "battle  knights,"  Cadwr, 
Launcelot,  and  Owain ;  the  three 
"  counselling  knights,"  Kynon,  Aron,  and 
Llywarch  H6n ;  the  three  "diademed 
knights,"  Kai,  Trystan,  and  Gwevyl  ; 
and  the  three  "  golden-tongued,"  Gwalch- 
naai,  Drudwas,  and  Ehwlod,  many  of 
which  are  unknown  in  modern  story. 

Sir  Walter  Scott  names  sixteen  of  re- 
nown, seated  round  the  king — 

There  Galaad  sat  with  manly  graces 
Yet  maiden  meelcness  in  his  face ; 
There  Morolt  of  tlie  iron  mace  ; 

And  lovelorn  Tristrem  there  ; 
And  Dinadatn,  with  lively  glance  ; 
And  I.anval,  with  the  fairy  lance ; 
And  Mordred,  with  his  looks  askance  { 

Brnnor  and  Belviderc. 
Why  should  I  tell  of  numbers  mor«t 
Sir  Cay,  sir  Battier,  and  sir  Bore, 

Sir  Caradoc  the  keen, 
And  gentle  Gawain's  courteous  lor*. 
Hector  de  Mares,  and  Pellinore, 
And  Lancelot,  that  evermore 

Looked  stol'n-wise  on  the  queen. 
Scott :  Bridal  qf  Triermain,  ii.  13  (iSij*. 

Twelve  Paladins  {The),  twebe 
famous  warriors  in  Charlemagne's  court. 

(i)  ASTOLPHO,  cousin  of  Roland,  de- 
scended from  Charles  Martel.  A  great 
boaster,  fool-hardy,  and  singularly  hand- 
some. It  was  Astolpho  who  went  to  the 
moon  to  fetch  back  Orlando's  \^olan(rs) 
brains  .when  mad. 

(2)  Ferumbuas  or  Fierabras,  a  Sara- 
cen, afterwards  converted  and  baptized. 

{3)  Florismart,  \}a&fidus  Achates  of 
Roland  or  Orlando. 

(4)  Ganelon,  the  traitor,  count  of 
Mayence.  Placed  by  DantS  in  the  In- 
ferno. 

(5)  Maugris,   in    Italian    Malagigi, 


cousin  to  Rinaldo,  and  son  of  Beuves  ot 
Aygremont.  He  was  brought  up  by 
Oriande  the  fairy,  and  became  a  great 
enchanter. 

(6)  Namo  or  Nayme  de  Bavi^re. 

(7)  Ogier  the  Dane,  thought  to  oe 
Holger  the  hero  of  Denmark,  but  some 
affirm  that  "Dane"  is  a  corruption  of 
Damni;  so  called  because  he  was  not 
baptized. 

(8)  Oliver,  son  of  Regnier  comte  de 
Gennes,  the  rival  of  Roland  in  all  feats 
of  arms. 

(9)  Otuel,  a  Saracen,  nephew  to  Fer- 
ragus  or  Ferracute.  He  was  converted, 
and  married  a  daughter  of  king  Charle* 
magne, 

(10)  Rinaldo,  son  of  duke  Aymon, 
and  cousin  to  Roland.  Angelica  fell  in 
love  with  him,  but  he  requited  not  her 
affection, 

(n)  Roland,  called  Orlando  in 
Italian,  comte  de  Cenouta.  Pie  was 
Charlemagne's  nephew,  his  mother  being 
Berthe  the  king's  sister,  and  his  father 
Millon. 

(12)  One  of  the  following  names,  all  of 
which  are  called  paradins,  and  probably 
supplied  vacancies  caused  by  death : 
Basin  de  Genevois,  Geoffrey  de  Prises, 
Guerin  due  de  Lorraine,  Guillaume  de 
TEstoc,  Guy  de  Bourgogne,  Hoel  comte 
de  Nantes,  Lambert  prince  of  Bruxelles, 
Richard  due  de  Normandy,  Riol  du  Mans, 
Samson  due  de  Bourgogne,  and  Thiery. 

*.'  There  is  considerable  resemblance 
between  the  twelve  selected  paladins  and 
the  twelve  selected  Table  knights.  In 
each  case  there  were  three  pre-eminent  for 
bravery :  OUver,  Roland,  and  Rinaldo 
(paladins\ ;  Launcelot,  Tristram,  and  La- 
moracke [Table  knights).  In  each  was  s 
Saracen  :  Ferumbras  [the paladin) ;  Palo- 
mides  {the  Table  knight).  In  each  was  a 
traitor  :  Ganelon  {the  paladin)  ;  Mordred 
{the  Table  knight),  like  Judas  Iscariot  in 
the  apostolic  twelve. 

Who  bear  the  bows  were  knights  in  Arthur's  rei^, 
Twelve  they,  and  twelve  the  peers  of  Charleirain. 
Dryden  ;  The  Flower  and  the  Leaf. 

Twelve  Wise  Masters  {The),  the 
original  corporation  of  the  mastersingers, 
Hans  Sachs,  the  cobbler  of  Ntirnberg, 
was  the  most  renowned  and  the  most 
voluminous  of  the  mastersingers,  but  he 
was  not  one  of  the  original  twelve.  He 
lived  1494- 1576,  and  left  behind  him 
thirty-four  foho  vols,  of  MS.,  containing 
208  plays,  1700  comic  tales,  and  about 
450  lyric  poems. 


TWEMLOW. 

Here  Hans  Sachs,  the  cobbler-poet,  laureate  of  the 

gentle  craft, 
Wisest  of  the  Twelve  Wise  Masters,  in  huge  folios 

sang  and  laughed. 

Longfellow:  Nuremberg, 

'.*  The  original  corporation  consisted 
of  Heinrik  von  Mueglen,  Konrad  Harder, 
Master  Altschwert.  Master  Barthel  Regen- 
bogen  (blacksmith),  Master  Muscabliit 
^tailor),  Hans  Blotz  (barber),  Hans 
Rosenblut  (armorial  painter),  Sebastian 
Brandt  (jurist),  Thomas  Murner,  Hans 
Folz  (surgeon),  Wilhelm  Weber,  and 
Hans  Sachs  (cobbler).  This  last,  though 
not  one  of  the  founders,  was  so  superior 
to  them  all  that  he  is  always  reckoned 
among  the  wise  mastersingers. 

Twemlow  [Mr.),  first  cousin  to  lord 
Snigsworth ;  "an  innocent  piece  of 
dinner-furniture,"  in  frequent  requisition 
by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Veneering.  He  is  de- 
scribed as  "grey,  dry,  polite,  and  suscep- 
tible to  east  wind ; "  he  wears  ' '  first-gentle- 
man-in- Europe  collar  and  cravat ; "  "  his 
cheeks  are  drawn  in  as  if  he  had  made 
a  great  effort  to  retire  into  himself  some 
years  ago,  and  had  got  so  far,  but  never 
any  further."  His  great  mystery  is  who 
is  Mr.  Veneering's  oldest  friend  ;  is  he 
himself  his  oldest  or  his  newest  acquaint- 
ance? He  couldn't  tell. — Dickens:  Our 
Mutual  Friend  (1864). 

Twickenliam  (The  Bard  of),  Alex- 
ander Pope,  who  lived  for  thirty  years  at 
Twickenham  (1688-1744). 

Twigrtythe  ( rA«  Rev.  Mr.),  clergy- 
man at  Fasthwaite  Farm,  held  by  Farmer 
Williams.— ^i>  W.  Scott:  Waver  ley 
{time,  George  H.). 

Twin  Brethren  {The  Great),  Castor 
and  Pollux. 

Back  comes  the  chief  in  triumph 

Who,  in  the  hour  of  fiffht, 
Hath  seen  the  Great  Twin  Brethren 

In  harness  on  his  right. 
Safe  comes  the  ship  to  haven. 

Thro'  billows  and  thro'  gales. 
If  once  the  Great  Twin  Brethren 

Sit  shining  on  the  sails. 
Macaulay  :  Lays  of  Ancient  Rome  ("  Battle 
of  the  Lake  Regillus,"  xl.,  1842). 

T-win  Diamonds  {The),  two  Cape 
diamonds,  one  of  which  is  of.  a  clear 
cinnamon  colour,  and  was  found  in  the 
river-bed  of  the  Vaal.  These,  with  the 
Dudley  and  Stewart  diamonds,  have  all 
been  discovered  in  Africa  since  1870. 

Twineall  {The  Hon.  Mr.),  a  young 
man  who  goes  to  India,  intending  to 
work  himself  into  place  by  flattery  ;  but, 
wholly  mistaking  character,  he  gets 
Uxrown  into  prison  for  treason,    Twineall 


1150 


TWO  DROVERS. 


talks  to  sir  Luke  Tremor  (who  ran  awav 
from  the  field  of  battle)  of  his  glorious 
deeds  of  fight ;  to  lady  Tremor  (a 
grocer's  daughter)  of  high  birth,  suf>- 
posing  her  to  be  a  descendant  of  the 
kings  of  Scotland  ;  to  lord  Flint  (the 
sultan's  chief  minister)  of  the  sultan's 
dubious  right  to  the  throne,  and  so  on.^- 
Inchbald:  Such  Things  Are  (1786). 

"  Twinkle,  twinkle,  little  star,"  etc., 
in  sequipedalian  bombast  thus — 

Coruscate,  coruscate  thy  small  scintillation, 
Whose  rational^  exceeds  explanation ; 
Exalted  above  this  location  infernal, 
A  Braganza  to  shine  in  the  regions  supemaL 
E.  C.  B. 

T'wist  {Oliver),  the  son  of  Mr.  Browo- 
low's  oldest  friend  and  Agnes  Fleming ; 
half-brother  to  "  Monks."  He  was  born 
and  brought  up  in  a  workhouse,  starved, 
and  ill-treated  ;  but  was  always  gentle, 
amiable,  and  pure-minded.  His  asking 
for  more  gruel  at  the  workhouse  because 
he  was  so  hungry,  and  the  astonishment 
of  the  officials  at  such  daring  impudence, 
is  capitally  told. — Dickens:  Oliver  Twist 
(1837). 

T"witclier  {Harry).  Henry  lord 
Brougham  [Broom'\  was  so  called  from 
his  habit  of  twitching  his  neck  (1778- 
1868). 

Don't  you  recollect.  North,  some  years  ago  that 
Murray's  name  was  on  our  title-page ;  and  that,  being 
alarmed  for  Subscription  Jamie  [sir  Jajnes  Mackin- 
iosA]  and  Harry  Twitcher,  he  .  ,  .  scratched  his  name 
out  ?— Wf/JOM  .•  Noctes  Ambrosianx  (1822-36). 

Twitcher  {Jemmy),  a  cunning  and 
treacherous  highwayman  in  Macheath's 
gang. — Gay  :  The  Beggar's  Opera  (1727). 

T'witcher  {Jemmy),  the  nickname  of 
John  lord  Sandwich,  noted  for  his  liaison 
with  Miss  Ray  (1718-1792). 

When  sly  Jemmy  Twitcher  had  smug^^ed  up  his  face 
With  a  hck  of  court  whitewash  and  pious  grimace. 
Avowing  he  went  where  three  sisters  of  old. 
In  harmless  society,  guttle  and  scold. 

Gray  (1716-1771). 

Two  Drovers  {The),  a  tale  in  two 
chapters,  by  sir  Walter  Scott  (1827),  laid 
in  the  reign  of  George  III.  It  is  one  of 
the  "  Chronicles  of  the  Canongate  "  (see 
p.  207),  supposed  to  be  told  by  Mr. 
Croftangry.  Robin  Oig  M'Combich,  a 
Highland  drover,  revengeful  and  proud, 
meets  with  Harry  Wakefield,  a  jovial 
English  drover,  and  quarrels  with  him 
about  a  pasture-field.  They  fight  in 
Heskctt's  ale-house,  but  are  separated. 
Oig  goes  on  his  way  and  gets  a  dagger, 
with  which  he  returns  to  the  ale-house, 
and  stabs  Harry,  who  is  three  parts 
drunk.  Being  tried  for  miuder,  h«  is 
condemned  and  executed. 


TWO  EYES  OF  GREECE. 


"51 


TYBALT. 


Two  Eyes  of  Greece  {The),  Athens 
and  Sparta. 

Athens,  the  eye  of  Greece,  mother  of  arts 
And  eloquence. 

AtiltOH. 

Two  Gentlemen  of  Vero'na,  a 

drama  by  Shakespeare,  the  story  of  which 
is  taken  from  the  Diana  of  Montemayor 
(sixteenth  century).  The  tale  is  this  : 
Protheus  and  Valentine  were  two  friends, 
and  Proiheus  was  in  love  with  a  lady  of 
Verona,  named  Julia.  Valentine  went  to 
sojourn  in  Milan,  and  there  fell  in  love 
with  Silvia,  the  duke's  daughter,  who  was 
promised  in  marriage  to  Thurio.  Pro- 
theus, being  sent  by  his  lather  to  Milan, 
forgot  Julia,  fell  in  love  with  Silvia,  and, 
in  order  to  carry  his  point,  induced  the 
duke  to  banish  Valentine,  who  became 
the  captain  of  a  bandit,  into  whose  hands 
Silvia  fell.  Julia,  unable  to  bear  the 
absence  of  her  lover,  dressed  in  boy's 
clothes,  and,  going  to  Milan,  hired  herself 
as  a  page  to  Protheus  ;  and  when  Silvia 
was  lost,  the  duke,  with  Thurio,  Protheus 
and  his  page,  went  in  quest  of  her.  She 
was  soon  discovered,  but  when  Thurio 
attempted  to  take  possession  of  her,  Va- 
lentine said  to  him,  "  I  dare  you  to  touch 
her;"  and  Thurio  replied,  "None  but 
a  fool  would  fight  for  a  girl. "  The  duke, 
disgusted,  gave  Silvia  to  Valentine  ;  and 
Protheus,  ashamed  of  liis  conduct,  begged 
pardon  of  Valentine,  discovered  his  page 
to  be  Julia,  and  married  her  (1595)- 

Two  Kings  of  Brentford  (The). 
In  the  duke  of  Buckingham's  farce  called 
The  Rehearsal  (1671),  the  two  kings  enter 
hand-in-hand,  dance  together,  sing  to- 
gether, walk  arm-in-arm,  and,  to  heighten 
the  absurdity,  they  are  made  to  smell  of 
the  same  nosegay  (act  ii.  2). 

Two-Leg-greil  Mare  (The),  a 
gallows.     Vice  says  to  Tyburn — 

I  will  help  to  bridle  the  two-legrg'ed  mare. 

Line  Will  to  Like,  etc.  (1587). 

Two  Poets  of  Croisic,  a  poem  by 
Browning  {1878).  The  two  poets  are  : 
(i)  Rend  Gentilhomme  (born  1610),  page 
to  the  prince  of  Cond6.  He  received  the 
title  of  "  Royal  Poet."  {2)  Paul  Des- 
forges  MaiUard  (born  nearly  a  century 
later).  Maillard's  story  forms  the  subject 
of  a  famous  play,  Piron's  Mitromanie. 

Two-Shoes  (Goody),  a  nursery  tale 
by  Oliver  Goldsmith  (1765).  Goody 
Two-shoes  was  a  very  poor  child,  whose 
delight  at  having  a  fair  of  shoes  was  so 
unbounded  that  she  could  not  forbear 
telling  every  one  she  met  that  she  had 


"  two  shoes  ; "  whence  her  name.  She 
acquired  knowledge  and  became  wealthy. 
The  title-page  states  that  the  tale  is  for 
the  benefit  of  those — 

W^ho  from  a  state  of  ra^  and  care. 
And  having  shoes  but  half  a  pair. 
Their  fortune  and  their  fame  should  fix 
And  gallop  in  a  coach  and  six. 

Two  Strings  to  Your  Bow,  a 

farce  by  Jephson  (1792).  Lazarillo,  want- 
ing a  master,  enters  the  service  of  don 
Felix  and  also  of  Octavio  at  the  same 
time.  He  makes  perpetual  blunders, 
such  as  giving  letters  and  money  to  the 
wrong  master  ;  but  it  turns  out  that  don 
Felix  is  donna  Clara,  the  betrothed  of 
Octavio.  The  lovers  meet  at  the  Eagle 
hotel,  recognize  each  other,  and  become 
man  and  wife. 

Two  Unlucky.  In  our  dynasties 
two  has  been  an  unlucky  number  ;  thus  : 
Ethelred  II.  was  forced  to  abdicate ; 
Harold  II.  was  slain  at  Hastings  ;  Wil- 
liam II.  was  shot  in  the  New  Forest  ; 
Henry  II.  had  to  tight  for  his  crown,  which 
was  usurped  by  Stephen  ;  Edward  II.  was 
murdered  at  Berkeley  Castle  ;  Richard  II. 
was  deposed  ;  Charles  II.  was  driven  into 
exile  ;  James  II.  was  obliged  to  abdicate  ; 
George  II.  was  worsted  at  Fontenoy  and 
Lawfeld,  was  disgraced  by  general  Brad- 
dock  and  admiral  Byng,  and  was  troubled 
by  Charles  Edward  the  Young  Pretender. 

Two  or  Three  Berries.  "Yet 
gleaning  grapes  shall  be  left  in  it,  as  the 
shaking  of  an  olive  tree,  two  or  three 
berries  in  the  top  of  the  uppermost 
bough." — Isa.  xvii.  6. 

The  tree  of  life  has  been  shaken. 

And  but  few  of  us  linger  now, 
Like  the  prophet's  two  or  three  berriet 

On  the  top  of  the  uppermost  bough. 

Lons/elloTu  :  Tht  Meeting. 

Twopenny  Post-bag  (The).  (See 
Intercepted  Letters,  p.  525.) 

Tyb'alt,  a  fiery  young  nobleman  of 
Verona,  lady  Capulet's  nephew,  and 
Juliet's  cousin.  He  is  slain  in  combat 
by  Ro'raeo. — Shakespeare:  Rotneo  and 
"uliet  (159s). 

The  name  is  given  to  the  cat  in  the 
beast-epic  called  Reynard  the  Fox.  Hence 
Mercutio  calls  him  "rat-catcher"  (act 
iii.  sc.  i),  and  when  Tybalt  demands  of 
him,  "What  wouldst  thou  have  with 
me?"  Mercutio  replies,  "Good  king  of 
cats,  nothing  but  one  of  your  nine  lives  " 
(act  iii.  sc.  i). 

Tybalt,  a  Lombard  officer,  in  love 
with  Laura  niece  of   duke    Goodibert, 


% 


TYBALT. 


1153 


TYLER. 


The  story  of  Gondiberi  being  unfinished, 
no  sequel  of  this  attachment  is  given. — 
Davenant:  Gondibert  (died  i668). 

Tybalt  or  Tibert,  the  cat,  in  the 
beast-epic  of  Reynard  the  Fox  (1498). 

Tyburn  {Kings  of),  hangmen. 

Tyburn  Tree  {The),  a  gallows  ;  so 
called  because  criminals  were  at  one  time 
hung  on  the  elm  trees  which  grew  on  the 
banks  of  the  Tyburn,  The  "  Holy  Maid 
of  Kent,"  Mrs.  Turner  the  poisoner, 
Felton  the  assassin  of  the  duke  of  Buck- 
ingham, Jack  Sheppard,  Jonathan  Wild, 
lord  Ferrers  who  murdered  his  steward, 
Dr.  Dodd,  and  Mother  Brownrigg,  "all 
died  in  their  shoes  "  on  the  Tyburn  tree. 

Since  laws  were  ma  le  for  every  degree. 
To  curb  vice  in  others  as  well  as  in  me  IMacheathl, 
I  wonder  we  ha'nt  better  company 
'Neath  Tyburn  tree. 

Gay  :  The  Beggar's  Optra  (1727). 

Tyburnia,  the  district  round  about 
the  Marble  Arch,  London.  So  called 
from  the  little  bourne  or  stream  named 
Tyburn.  At  one  time,  elm  trees  grew 
on  the  brook-side,  and  Roger  de  Morti- 
mer, the  paramour  of  queen  Eleanor,  was 
hung  thereon. 

Tycho,  a  vassal  of  the  bishop  of  Traves, 
in  the  reign  of  kaiser  Henry  IV.  He 
promised  to  avenge  his  lord  and  master, 
who  had  been  plundered  by  cotmt  Adal- 
bert, the  leader  of  a  bandit.  So,  going  to 
the  count's  castle,  he  craved  a  draught  of 
water.  The  porter  brought  him  a  cup  of 
wine,  and  Tycho  said,  "  Thank  thy  lord 
for  his  charity,  and  tell  him  he  shall  meet 
with  his  reward."  Then,  returning  home, 
he  procured  thirty  large  wine-barrels,  in 
each  of  which  he  concealed  an  armed 
retainer  and  weapons  for  two  others. 
Each  cask  was  then  carried  by  two  men 
to  the  count's  castle,  and  when  the  door 
was  opened,  Tycho  said  to  the  •  porter, 
"  I  am  come  to  recompense  thy  lord  and 
master,"  and  the  sixty  men  carried  in  the 
thirty  barrels.  When  count  Adalbert 
went  to  look  at  the  present,  at  a  signal 
given  by  Tycho  the  tops  of  the  casks  flew 
off,  and  the  ninety  armed  men  slew  the 
count  and  his  brigands,  and  then  burnt 
the  castle  to  ihe  ground. 

*ir  Of  course,  the  reader  will  instantly 
see  the  resemblance  of  this  tale  to  that 
of  "AU  Baba,  or  the  Forty  Thieves" 
(Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments). 

Tyler  (Wat),  a  frugal,  honest,  in- 
dustrious, skilful  blacksmith  of  Essex; 
with  one  daughter,  Alice,  pretty,  joyous, 


innocent,  and  moaest.  With  all  his 
frugality  and  industry,  Wat  found  it  very 
hard  to  earn  enough  for  daily  bread,  and 
the  tax-collectors  came  for  the  poll-tax, 
three  groats  a  head,  for  a  war  to  maintain 
our  conquests  in  France.  Wat  had  saved 
up  the  money,  and  proffered  six  groats 
for  himself  and  wife.  The  collectors 
demanded  three  groats  for  Alice  also,  but 
Tyler  said  she  was  under  15  years  of  age, 
whereupon,  one  of  the  collectors  having 
"  insulted  her  virgin  modesty,"  Wat  felled 
him  to  the  ground  with  his  sledge-ham- 
mer. The  people  gathered  round  the 
smith,  and  a  general  uprising  ensued. 
Richard  II.  sent  a  herald  to  Tyler  to 
request  a  parley,  pledging  his  royal  word 
for  his  safe  conduct.  The  sturdy  smith 
appointed  Smithfield  for  the  rendezvous, 
and  there  Tyler  told  the  king  the  people's 
grievances.  While  he  was  speaking,  Wil- 
liam Walworth,  the  lord  mayor,  stabbed 
him  from  behind,  and  killed  him  (138 1). 
The  king,  to  pacify  the  people,  promised 
the  poll-tax  should  be  taken  off,  and  their 
grievances  redressed  ;  but  no  sooner  had 
the  mob  dispersed  than  the  rebels  were 
cut  down  wholesale,  and  many,  being 
subjected  to  a  mockery  trial,  were  in- 
famously executed. — Southey  :  Wat  Tyler 
(1794,  published  1817). 

IT  Wat  Tyler's  story  greatly  resembles 
that  of  Sicily,  about  a  century  previously 
(March  30, 1282).  The  people  of  Palermo 
went  as  usual  in  procession  on  Easter 
Monday  to  vespers  in  a  chiu-ch  a  short 
distance  from  the  city.  The  French 
government,  suspecting  rebellion,  had 
ordered  that  no  Sicilian  (male  or  female) 
should  carry  any  weapon,  and  as  a  certain 
lady  of  great  beauty,  a  bride,  and  the 
daughter  of  a  gentleman  of  fortune,  was 
on  her  way  to  the  church,  a  French 
soldier,  named  Drochet,  seized  her,  and 
under  pretence  of  searching  for  weapons 
hidden  under  her  dress,  offered  her  brutal 
and  licentious  violence.  Her  screams 
soon  collected  a  crowd,  and,  led  by  the 
husband  of  the  bride,  the  people  fell  on 
the  whole  French  garrison.  St.  Remi, 
the  French  governor,  fell  in  the  massacre, 
and  the  father  of  the  bride  was  set  up  in 
his  place. 

IF  April  4,  1282,  at  Catania,  a  young 
Frenchman  named  Jean  Viglemada, 
attempted  to  take  a  similar  liberty  with 
JuUa  Villamelli,  when  her  husband  came 
up  unexpectedly  and  killed  the  insulter. 
The  lady  rushed  thiough  the  streets,  de- 
manding vengeance,  and  the  people  put 
8000  of  the  French  to  death. 


TYLL  OWLYGLASS. 


"S3 


TYRTiEOS. 


I 


Tyll  Owlyglass  or  Thyl  Owle- 
GLASS,  by  Thomas  Murncr,  a  Franciscan 
monk  of  Strasbourg  {1475-1536);  the 
English  name  of  the  German  "Tyll 
Eulenspicgel."  Tyll  is  a  mechanic  of 
Brunswick,  who  runs  from  pillar  to  post 
as  charlatan,  physician,  lansquenet,  fool, 
valet,  artist,  and  Jack-of-all-trades.  He 
undertakes  anything  and  everything,  but 
invariably  "spoils  the  Egyptians"  who 
trust  in  him.  He  produces  popular  pro- 
verbs, is  brimful  of  merry  mischief,  droll 
as  Sam  Slick,  indifferent  honest  as  Gil 
Bias,  light-hearted  as  Andrew  Boyde,  as 
full  of  tricks  as  Scapin,  and  as  popular  as 
Robin  Hood.  The  book  is  crammed  with 
observations,  anecdotes,  fables,  bon  mots, 
and  facetiae. 

(There  arc  two  good  English  versions 
of  this  popular  picaresco  romance — one 
printed  by  William  Copland,  and  entitled 
The  Merrye  Jeste  of  a  Man  called  Howie- 
glass,  and  the  many  Marvellous  Thinges 
and  Jestes  which  he  did  in  his  Lyfe  in 
Eastland;  and  the  other  published  in 
i860,  translated  by  K.  R.  H.  Mackenzie, 
and  illustrated  by  Alfred  Crowquill. 
In  1720  was  brought  out  a  modified 
and  abridged  ediiion  of  the  German 
story.) 

To  few  mortals  has  it  been  granted  to  earn  snch  a 

filacc  in  universal  history  as  Tyll  Eulenspiegel 
L" Un-spee' -g" [\.  Now,  after  five  centuries,  Tyll's 
native  village  is  pointed  out  with  pride  to  the 
traveller,  and  his  tombstone  .  .  .  still  stands  ...  at 
MOllen,  near  Lubeck,  where,  since  1350  \sic\  his  once 
nimble  bones  have  been  at  rest. — Carlylt. 

Tylwytli  Teg,  or  the  "  Family  of 
Beauty" — elves  who  "dance  in  the 
moonlight  on  the  velvet  sward,"  in  their 
airy  and  flowing  robes  of  blue  and  green, 
white  and  scarlet.  These  beautiful  fays 
delight  in  showering  benefits  on  the 
human  race. — The  Mabinogion  (note,  p. 
263). 

Tyneman  {2  sylX  Archibald  IV.  earl 
of  Douglas.  So  called  because  he  was 
always  on  the  losing  side. 

Types  {Printers').  The  following 
are  those  most  generally  used  in  book- 
printing— 

Pica:  The  Reader's  Ha 
Small  Pica :  The  Reader's 
Lo72g  Primer:  The  Reader's  H 
Bourgeois :  The  Reader's  Handb 
Brevier:  The  Reader's  Handbook,  b 
Minion  :  The  Reader's  Handbook,  by 
Koiipariei :  The  Reader's  Handbook,  by  R 
i'tari;  Tht  Reader's  Handbook,  by  Rev.  E.  C.  Br 


Tyve,  in  Dryden's  satire  of  Absalom 
andAchiiophel,  means  Holland.  "Egypt," 
in  the  same  satire,  means  France, 

I  mourn,  my  countrymen,  your  lost  estate  .  .  . 
Now  all  your  Uberties  a  spoil  are  made, 
Egypt  and  Tyrus  intercept  your  trade. 

Pt.i.  699-707  (i68t|. 

Tyre  {Archbishop  of),  with  the  cru- 
saders.—■6'i>  W.  Scott:  The  Talisman 
(time,  Richard  I.). 

Tyrian  Cy'nosnre  (3  syl.),  Ursa 
Minor.  Ursa  Major  is  called  by  Milton 
"The  Star  of  Arcady,"  from  Calisto, 
daughter  of  Lyca'on  the  first  king  of 
Arcadia,  who  was  changed  into  this  con- 
stellation. Her  son  Areas  or  Cynosura 
was  made  the  Lesser  Bear. — Pausanias  : 
Itinerary  of  Greece,  viii.  4, 

And  thou  shalt  be  our  star  of  Arcady, 
Or  Tyrian  Cynosure. 

Milton  :  Ctmus,  343  (iCs4^ 

Tyrie,  one  of  the  archers  in  the 
Scottish  guard  of  Louis  XL — Sir  W, 
Scott:  Quentin  Durward {time,  Edward 
IV.). 

Tyrie  ( The  Rev.  Michael),  minister  of 
Glenorquhy.— >S?>  VV.  Scott:  The  High- 
land Widow  (time,  George  H.). 

Tyrofflyplius  [the  "  cheese-scooper"\ 
one  of  the  mouse  princes  slain  in  the 
battle  of  the  frogs  and  mice  by  Lym- 
nisius  ("  the  laker  "). 

Lyronisius  good  Tyroglyphus  assails. 
Prince  of  the  mice  that  haunt  the  flowery  valeir 
Lost  to  the  milky  fares  and  rural  seat, 
He  came  to  perish  on  the  t>ank  of  fate. 
Parnell:  Battle  o/tlu  Frogs  and  Mice,  iii.  (about  171a). 

Tyrrel  {Francis),  th&  nephew  of  Mr. 
Mortimer.  He  loves  Miss  Aubrey  "  with 
an  ardent,  firm,  disinterested  love."  On 
one  occasion.  Miss  Aubrey  was  insulted 
by  lord  Courtland,  with  whom  Tyrrel 
fought  a  duel,  and  was  for  a  time  in 
hiding  ;  but  when  Courtland  recovered 
from  his  wounds,  Tyrrel  reappeared,  and 
ultimately  married  the  lady  of  his  affec- 
tion. —  Cumberland :  The  Fashionable 
Lover  (1780). 

Tyrrel  {Frank)  or  Martigny  earl  of 
Etherington,  son  of  the  late  earl  and  la 
comtesse  de  Martigny  his  wife.  He  is 
supposed  to  be  illegitimate.  Frank  is  in 
love  with  Clara  Mowbray,  daughter  of 
Mr.  Mowbray  of  St.  Ronan's. — Sir  IV. 
Scott :  St.  Ronan's  Well  (time,  George 
HL). 

Tyrteeos,  selected  by  the  Spartans  as 
their  leader,  because  his  lays  inspired  the 


TYSON. 

i^Idiers  to  deeds  of  daring.  The  follow- 
ing is  a  translation  of  one  of  his  martial 
songs : — 

Oh,  how  joyous  to  fall  In  th«  face  of  the  fo*. 

For  country  and  altar  to  die  I 
But  a  lot  more  ignoble  no  mortal  can  know. 
Than  with  children  and  parents,  heart-broken  with  woe. 

From  home  as  an  exile  to  fly. 
Unrecompensed  labour,  starvation,  and  scorn. 

The  feet  of  the  captive  attend ; 
Dishonoured  his  race,  Dy  rude  foes  overborne  ; 
From  altar,  from  country,  from  kith  and  kin  torn ; 

No  brother,  no  sister,  no  friend. 
To  the  field,  then  I  Be  strong,  and  acquit  ye  like  men 

"Who  shall  fear  for  his  country  to  fall  I 
Ye  younger,  in  ranks  firmly  serried  remain ; 
Ye  elders,  though  weak,  look  on  flight  with  disdain, 

And  honour  your  fatherland's  ^U I 

B.  C.  B. 

The  Spanish  Tyrlaos,  Manuel  ]o%& 
Quintana,  whose  odes  stimulated  the 
Spaniards  to  vindicate  their  liberty  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  War  of  Independence 
(1772-1857). 

• .  •  We  can  tell  the  marvellous  influence 
a  song  which  takes  hold  of  the  popular 
fancy  has  on  the  spirit  of  the  people. 
The  Marseillaise  acted  like  magic  on  the 
French  at  the  Great  Revolution.  Lilli- 
hurlero  had  a  more  powerful  effect  than 
the  Philippics  of  Demosthenes,  in  1688, 
Some  of  the  Jacobite  songs  drove  the 
Scotch  almost  mad  with  enthusiasm  for 
the  Young  Pretender.  And  the  music- 
hall  doggerel,  We  don't  want  tojight,  but 
by  Jingo  if  we  do,  was  very  popular  in 
the  Russian  war  of  1878. 

For  "  Lilli-burlero,"  see  Percy's  Riliques,  set.  IIL 
bk.  iil.  23. 

(See  Jingoes,  p.  548  ;  Kubla  Khan, 
p.  583;  Lilli-burlero,  p.  613.) 

Tyson  {Kate),  a  romantic  young  lady, 
who  marries  Frank  Cheeney. —  Wybert 
Reeve:  Parted, 


"54 


UGOLINO. 


Ubaldo,  one  of  the  crusaders,  mature 
in  age.  He  had  visited  many  regions, 
"  from  polar  cold  to  Libya's  bvurning 
soil"  He  and  Charles  the  Dane  went  to 
bring  back  Rinaldo  from  the  enchanted 
castle.  —  Tasso  :  Jerusalem  Delivered 
{1575)- 

Iibaldo  and  Ricardo,  two  men 
sent  by  Honoria  queen  of  Hungary,  to 
tempt  the  fidelity  of  Sophia,  because  the 
queen  was  in  love  with  her  husband 
Mathias.      Immediately    Sophia   under- 


stood the  object  of  their  visit,  she  had 
the  two  men  confined  in  separate  rooms, 
where  they  were  made  to  earn  their  food 
by  spinning. — Massinger  :  The  Picture 
(1629). 

XJbe'da  [Orbaneid  of),  a  painter  who 
drew  a  cock  so  preposterously  that  he 
was  obliged  to  write  under  it,  "  This  is  a 
cock,"  in  order  that  the  spectator  might 
know  what  was  intended  to  be  repre- 
sented.— Cervantes:  Don  Quixote,  II.  i.  3 
(1615). 

Uberti  {Farinata  Degli),  a  noble 
Florentine,  leader  of  the  Ghibelline 
faction.  Dant6  represents  him,  in  his 
Inferno,  as  lying  in  a  fiery  tomb  not  to 
be  closed  till  the  last  judgment. 

XTberto,  count  d'Este,  etc. — Ariosto: 
Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Udaller,  one  who  holds  land  by  allo- 
dial tenure.  Magnus  Troil  was  a  udaller, 
in  sir  W.  Scott's  Pirate  (time,  William 
IV.). 

Ude,  the  most  learned  of  cooks,  author 
of  La  Science  de  Gueule.  He  says, 
"  Coquus  nascitur  non  fit."  That  "  music, 
dancing,  fencing,  painting,  and  mechanics 
possess  professors  under  20  years  of  age, 
but  pre-eminence  in  cooking  is  never 
attained  under  30."  He  was  pranier 
artiste  to  Louis  XVI.,  then  to  lord 
Sefton,  then  to  the  duke  of  York,  then 
chef  de  cuisine  at  Crockford's.  It  is  said 
that  he  quitted  the  earl  of  Sefton  because 
one  of  his  lordship's  guests  added  pepper 
to  his  soup.  He  was  succeeded  by 
Francatelli. 

'.•  Vatel,  we  are  told,  committed 
suicide  (1671)  during  a  banquet  given  by 
the  prince  de  Cond^,  because  the  lobsters 
for  the  turbot  sauce  did  not  arrive  in 
time. 

Udolpho  {The  Mysteries  of),  a  ro- 
mance by  Mrs.  Radcliife  (1790). 

UgfO,  natural  son  of  Niccolo  III.  of 
Ferrara.  His  father  had  for  his  second 
wife  Parisi'na  Malatesta,  between  whom 
and  Ugo  a  criminal  attachment  arose. 
When  Niccolo  was  informed  thereof,  he 
had  both  brought  to  open  trial,  and  both 
were  condemned  to  suffer  death  by  the 
common  headsman. — Frizzi  :  History  of 
Ferrara. 

TTgoli'no,  count  of  Gheradesca,  a 
leader  of  the  Guelphi  in  Pisa.  He  was 
raised  to  the  highest  honours,  but  the 
archbishop  Ruggie'ri  incited  the  Pisans 


ULAD. 


^tSS 


ULRICA. 


against  him,  his  castle  was  attacked,  two 
of  his  grandsons  fell  in  the  assault,  and 
the  count  himself,  with  his  two  sons  and 
two  surviving  grandsons,  were  imprisoned 
in  the  tower  of  the  Gualandi,  on  the 
Piazza  of  the  Anziani.  Being  locked  in, 
the  dungeon  key  was  flung  into  the  Arno, 
and  all  food  was  withheld  from  them. 
On  the  fourth  day,  his  son  Gaddo  died, 
and  by  the  sixth  day  little  Anselm  with 
the  two  grandchildren  "fell  one  by  one." 
Last  of  all  the  count  died  also  (1288), 
and  the  dungeon  was  *ver  after  called 
•'  The  Tower  of  Famine." 

Dantfi  has  introduced  this  story  in  his 
Inferno,  and  represents  Ugolino  as  de- 
vouring most  voraciously  the  head  of 
Ruggieri,  while  frozen  in  the  lake  of  ice. 

Chaucer,  in  his  Canterbury  Tales, 
makes  the  monk  briefly  tell  this  sad 
story,  and  calls  the  count  "  Hugeline  of 
Pise." 

Oh  thou  Pisa,  shame  !  .  .  .  What  if  fame 
Reported  that  thy  castles  were  betrayed 
By  Ugolino,  yet  no  right  hadst  thou 
To  stretch  his  children  on  the  rack  .  .  . 
Their  tender  years  .  .  .  uncapable  of  guilt. 

DaiiU  :  Jn/irno,  xxxiii.  (1300). 
Remember  Ugolino  condescends 
To  eat  the  head  of  his  arch-enemy 
The  moment  after  he  politely  ends 
His  tale. 

Byren  :  Don  yuan,  ii.  83  (1819). 

Ulad,  Ulster. 

When  Ulad's  three  champions  lay  sleeping  in  gore. 
Maore :  Irish  Meltdies,  iv.  ("Avenging 
and  Bright  .  .  ."  1814). 

Ula'nia,  queen  of  Isianda.  She  sent 
a  golden  shield  to  Charlemagne,  to  be 
given  as  a  prize  to  his  bravest  knight, 
and  whoever  won  it  might  claim  the 
donor  in  marriage. — Ariosto  :  Orlando 
Furioso,  XV.  {1516). 

XJl-Erin,  the  guiding  star  of  Ireland. 

When  night  came  down,  I  struck  at  times  the  wam- 
tag  boss.  1  struck  and  looked  on  high  for  fiery-haired 
Ul-Erin  ;  norabsent  was  the  star  of  heaven ;  it  travelled 
ted  between  the  clouds.— OjJja«  .•  Tttnora,  iv. 

TTlfin,  the  page  of  Gondibert's  grand- 
sire,  and  the  faithful  Achates  of  Gondi- 
bert's father.  He  cured  Gondibert  by  a 
cordial  kept  in  his  sword-hilt. — Sir  W, 
Davenant :  Gondibert  (died  1668). 

Ulien's  Son,  Rodomont. — Ariosto: 
Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

niin,  an  enchantress  who  had  no 
power  over  those  who  remained  faithful 
to  Allah  and  their  duty  ;  but  if  any  fell 
into  error  or  sin,  she  had  full  power  to  do 
as  she  liked.  Thus,  when  Misnar  (sultan 
of  India)  mistrusted  the  protection  of 
Allah,  she  transformed  him  into  a  toad. 
When  the  vizier  Horam  believed  a  false 


report,  obviously  untrue,  she  transformed 
him  also  into  a  toad.  And  when  the 
princess  Hemjunah,  to  avoid  a  marriage 
projected  by  her  father,  ran  away  with 
a  stranger,  her  indiscretion  placed  her 
in  the  power  of  the  enchantress,  who 
transformed  her  likewise  into  a  toad. 
Ulin  was  ultimately  killed  by  Misnar 
sultan   of  Delhi,   who  felled  her  to  the 

ound  with  a  blow. — Sir  C,  Morell 
J.  Ridley] :  Tales  of  the  Genii,  vi.,  viii. 
1751)- 

nUin,  FingAl's  aged  bard,  called  "the 
sweet  voice  of  resounding  Cona." 

Ullin,  the  Irish  name  for  Ulster. 

He  pursued  the  chase  on  Ullin,  on  the  moss-covereJ 
tip  of  Drumardo. — Ossian  :  Temora,  ii. 

nUin's  Dangchter  (Lord),  a  young 
lady  who  eloped  with  the  chief  of  Ulva's 
Isle,  and  induced  a  boatman  to  row  them 
over  Lochgyle  during  a  storm.  The  boat 
was  capsized  just  as  lord  Ullin  and  his 
retinue  r^ched  the  shore.  He  saw  the 
peril,  he  cried  in  agony,  "  Come  back, 
come  back  !  and  I'll  forgive  your  High- 
land chief;"  but  it  was  too  late, — the 
"  waters  wild  rolled  o'er  his  child,  and 
he  was  left  lamenting." — Campbell:  Lord 
Ullin' s  Daughter  (a  ballad,  1803). 

ni-LocIilin,  the  guiding  star  of 
Lochlin  or  Scandinavia. — Ossian  :  Cath- 
Loda,  ii. 

Ulric,  son  of  Werner  {i.e.  count  of 
Siegendorf).  With  the  help  of  Gabor, 
he  saved  the  count  of  Stral'enhcira  from 
the  Oder ;  but  murdered  him  afterwards 
for  the  wrongs  he  had  done  his  father 
and  himself,  especially,  in  seeking  to 
oust  them  of  the  princely  inheritance  of 
Siegendorf. — Byron  :    Werner  (1822). 

ULUICA,  in  Charles  XII.,  by  J.  R. 
Planch^  (1826). 

Ulri'ca,  a  girl  of  great  beauty  and 
noble  determination  of  character,  natural 
daughter  of  Ernest  de  Fridberg.  Dressed 
in  the  clothes  of  Herman  (the  deaf-and- 
dumb  jailer-lad),  she  gets  access  to  the 
dungeon  where  her  father  is  confined  as 
a  "  prisoner  of  State,"  and  contrives  his 
escape,  but  he  is  recaptured.  Where- 
upon Christine  (a  young  woman  in  the 
service  of  the  countess  Marie)  goes 
direct  to  Frederick  II.  and  obtams  his 
pardon. — Stirling:  The  Prisoner  ofStatt 
(1847). 

Ulri'ca,  alias  Martha,  mother  of 
Bertha  the  betrothed  of  Hereward  (3  syl.\ 
—Sir  W.  Scott:  Count  Robert  of  Paris 
(time,  Rufus). 


ULRICA. 


1156     ULYSSES  AND  POLYPHEMOS. 


TJlri'ca,  daughter  of  the  late  thaae  of 
Torquilstone ;  alias  Dame  Urfried,  an 
old  sibyl  at  Torquilstone  Castle. — Sir  IV. 
Scott :  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  L ). 

Ulster  { The  kings  of).  The  kings  of 
Ulster  were  called  O'Neil ;  those  of  Mun- 
ster,  O'Brien  ;  of  Connaught,  O'Connor  ; 
oiLeinster,  MacMorrough;  anAoi Meaih, 
O'Melaghlin. 

Ul'tima  Thule  (2  syl.),  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  world ;  the  most  northern 
point  known  to  the  ancient  Romans. 
Pliny  and  others  say  it  is  Iceland  ;  Cam- 
den says  it  is  one  of  the  Shetland  Islands. 
It  is  the  Gothic  tiule  ("  the  most  remote 
land  "). 

TIbl  serviat  ulHma  Thul4. 

Virgil ;  Georsics,  \.  30. 

Ultimtis  RomaxLo'rum,  Horace 
Walpole  (1717-1797). 

Ulvfagre,  the  fierce  Dane.j^ho  mas- 
sacred the  Culdees  of  lo'na,  and  having 
bound  Aodh  in  iron,  carried  him  to  the 
church,  demanding  of  him  where  he  had 
concealed  the  church  treasures.  At  that 
moment  a  mysterious  gigantic  figjure  in 
white  appeared,  and,  taking  Ulvfagfre  by 
the  arm,  led  him  to  the  statue  of  St. 
Columb,  which  instantly  fell  on  him  and 
killed  him. 

The  tottering:  Imagfe  was  dashed 
Down  from  its  lofty  pedestal ; 
On  Ulvfagre's  helm  it  crashed. 
Helmet,  and  skull,  and  flesh,  and  brahi. 
It  crushed  as  millstones  crush  the  grain. 

Campbell :  ReuUura  (i8ix). 

Ulysses,  a  corrupt  form  of  Odusseus 
W-dus'-suce],  the  king  of  Ithaca.  He 
IS  one  of  the  chief  heroes  in  Homer's 
Iliad,  and  the  chief  hero  of  the  Odyssey. 
Homer  represents  him  as  being  craftily 
wise  and  full  of  devices.  Virgil  ascribes 
to  him  the  invention  of  the  Wooden 
Horse. 

N.B. — Ulysses  was  very  unwilling  to 
join  the  expedition  to  Troy,  and  pretended 
to  be  mad.  Thus,  when  Palamed6s  came 
to  summon  him  to  the  war,  he  was  sowing 
salt  instead  of  barley, 

Ulysses's  Bow.  Only  Ulysses  could 
draw  this  bow,  and  he  could  shoot  an 
arrow  from  it  through  twelve  rings. 

T[  William  the  Conqueror  had  a  bow 
which  no  arm  but  his  own  could  bend. 

^  Robin  Hood's  bow  could  be  bent  by 
no  hand  but  his  own. 

^  Statins  says  that  no  one  but  Ka- 
pineus  l^Kap'-a-nuce']  could  poise  his 
spear — 

His  cypress  spear  with  steel  encircled  shone. 
Not  to  be  poised  but  by  his  hand  alone. 

Theiaid.  T. 


Ulysses's  Dog,  Argus,  which  recognized 
his  master  after  an  absence  of  twenty 
years.  (See  Theron,  king  Roderick's 
dog,  p.  1094. ) 

(Rowe  wrote,  in  1706,  the  tragedy  of 
Ulysses,  founded  on  the  old  mythic  story. 
And  Tennyson  wrote  his  poem  of  Ulysses 
in  1842.) 

Ulysses  and  Folyph.emos. 

Ulysses  and  his  crew,  having  reached 
the  island  of  Sicily,  strayed  into  the  cave 
of  Polyphemos,  the  giant  Cyclops.  Soon 
as  the  monster  returned  and  saw  the 
strangers,  he  seized  two  of  them,  and, 
having  dashed  out  their  brains,  made  his 
supper  off  them,  "nor  entrails  left,  nor 
yet  their  marrowy  bones ; "  then  stretched 
he  his  huge  carcase  on  the  floor,  and  went 
to  sleep.  Next  morning,  he  caught  up 
two  others,  devoured  them  for  his  break- 
fast, then  stalked  forth  into  the  open  air, 
driving  his  flocks  before  him.  At  sun- 
down he  returned,  seized  other  two  for 
his  supper,  and,  after  quaffing  three  bowls 
of  wine,  fell  asleep.  Then  it  was  that 
Ulysses  bored  out  the  giant's  eye  with  a 
green  ohve  stake  heated  in  the  fire.  The 
monster  roared  with  pain,  and  after 
searching  in  vain  to  seize  some  of  his 
tormentors,  removed  the  rock  from  the 
mouth  of  the  cave  to  let  out  his  goats 
and  sheep.  Ulysses  and  his  companions 
escaped  at  the  same  time  by  attaching 
themselves  to  the  bellies  of  the  sheep, 
and  made  for  their  ship.  Polyphemos 
hurled  rocks  at  the  vessel,  and  nearly 
succeeded  in  sinking  it,  but  the  fugitives 
made  good  their  flight,  and  the  blinded 
monster  was  left  to  lament  his  loss  of 
sight. — Homer:  Odyssey,  ix. 

^  An  extraordinary  parallel  to  this  tale 
is  told  in  the  third  voyage  of  Sinbad  the 
sailor.  Sinbad's  vessel  was  driven  by  a 
tempest  to  an  island  of  pygmies,  and, 
advancing  into  the  interior,  the  crew  came 
to  a  "high  palace,"  into  which  they 
entered.  At  sundown  came  home  the 
giant,  "tall  as  a  palm  tree;  and  in  the 
middle  of  his  forehead  was  one  eye,  red 
and  fiery  as  a  burning  coal."  Soon  as 
he  saw  the  intruders,  he  caught  up  the 
fattest  of  them  and  roasted  him  for  his 
supper,  then  lay  down  to  sleep,  and 
"  snored  louder  than  thunder."  At  day- 
break he  left  the  palace,  but  at  night 
returned,  and  made  his  meal  off  another 
of  the  crew.  This  was  repeated  a  third 
night ;  but  while  the  monster  slept, 
Sinbad,  with  a  red-hot  spit,  scooped  out 
his  eye.     "The  pain   he  suffered  made 


UMBRA. 


"57 


UNCLE  SAM. 


him  groan  hideously,"  and  he  fumbled 
about  the  place  to  catch  some  of  his  tor- 
mentors ' '  on  whom  to  glut  his  rage ;  " 
but  not  succeeding  in  this,  he  left  the 
palace,  "  bellowing  with  pain."  Sinbad 
and  the  rest  lost  no  time  in  making  for 
the  sea ;  but  scarcely  had  they  pushed 
off  their  rafts  when  the  giant  approached 
with  many  others,  and  hurled  huge  stones 
at  the  fugitives.  Some  of  them  even 
ventured  into  the  sea  up  to  their  waists, 
and  every  raft  was  sunk  except  the  one 
on  which  Sinbad  and  two  of  his  com- 
panions made  their  escape. — Arabian 
Nights  ("Sinbad  the  Sailor,"  third 
voyage). 

IF  Another  similar  tale  occurs  in  the 
Basque  legends,  in  which  the  giant's 
name  is  Tartaro,  and  his  eye  was  bored 
out  with  spits  made  red  hot.  As  in  the 
previous  instances,  some  seamen  had 
inadvertently  wandered  into  the  giant's 
dwelling,  and  Tartaro  had  banqueted  on 
three  of  them,  when  his  eye  was  scooped 
out  by  the  leader.  This  man,  like 
Ulysses,  made  his  escape  by  means  of 
a  ram,  but,  instead  of  clinging  to  the 
ram's  belly,  he  fastened  round  his  neck 
the  ram's  bell,  and  threw  over  his  back  a 
sheep-skin.  When  Tartaro  laid  his  hand 
on  the  skin,  the  man  left  It  behind  and 
made  good  his  escape. 

•.*  That  all  these  tales  are  borrowed 
from  one  source  none  can  doubt.  The 
Iliad  of  Homer  had  been  translated  into 
Syriac  by  Theophilus  Edessenes,  a  Chris- 
tian Maronite  monk  of  mount  Liba,nus, 
during  the  caliphate  of  H4run-ur-Rdsliid 
(a.d.  786-809).  (?ice.  Notes  and  Queries, 
April  19,  1879. ) 

The  Ulysses  of  Brandenburg,  Albert  III. 
elector  of  Brandenburg,  also  called  ' '  The 
German  Achillas"  (1414-1486). 

The  Ulysses  of  the  Highlands,  sir  Evan 
Cameron,  lord  of  Lochiel  [Lok.keen,  and 
surnamed  "The  Black"  (died  1719). 

• .  •  It  was  the  son  of  sir  Evan  who  was 
called  "The  Gentle  Lochiel." 

Umbra,  in  Pope's  Moral  Essays 
(Epist.  i.),  is  intended  for  Bubb  Dod- 
dington. 

Umbra  [Obsequious),  in  Garth's  Dis- 
pensary,  is  meant  for  Dr.  Gould  (1699). 

Umbriel'  (2  syl),  the  tutelar  angel 
of  Thomas  the  apostle,  once  a  Sadducee, 
and  always  hard  of  conviction. — K lop- 
stock:  The  Messiah,  iii.  (1748)- 

Umbriel  \Um-lreeV\  a  sprite  whom 
Spleen  supplies  with  a  bagful  of  "sighs, 


sobs,  and  cross  words,"  and  a  vialful  of 
"  soft  sorrows,  melting  grief,  and  flowing 
tears. "  When  the  baron  cuts  off  Belinda's 
lock  of  hair,  Umbriel  breaks  the  vial  oyer 
her,  and  Belinda  instantly  begins  sighing 
and  sobbing,  chiding,  weeping,  and  pout- 
ing.— Pope:  Rape  of  the  Lock  (1712). 

Umbriel,  a  dusky,  melancholy  sprite 
As  ever  sullied  the  fair  face  of  light, 
Down  to  the  central  earth,  his  proper  scene, 
Repaired,  to  search  the  gloomy  cave  of  Spleen. 
Rape  of  the  Lock,  canto  iv.  13,  etc 

U'na,  truth  personified.  Truth  is  so 
called  because  it  is  one,  whereas  Error  is 
multiform.  Una  goes,  leading  a  lamb 
and  riding  on  a  white  ass,  to  the  court  of 
Gloriana,  to  crave  that  one  of  her  knights 
might  undertake  to  slay  the  dragon  which 
kept  her  father  and  mother  prisoners. 
The  adventure  is  accorded  to  the  Red 
Cross  Knight,  and  the  two  start  forth 
together.  A  storm  compels  them  to  seek 
shelter  in  a  forest,  and  when  the  storm 
abates  they  get  into  Wandering  Wood, 
where  they  are  induced  by  Archimago  to 
sleep  in  his  cell.  A  vision  is  sent  to  the 
knight,  which  causes  him  to  quit  the  cell ; 
and  Una,  not  a  little  surprised  at  this 
discourtesy,  goes  in  seach  of  him.  In  her 
wanderings  she  is  caressed  by  a  lion,  who 
becomes  her  attendant.  After  many  ad- 
ventures, she  finds  St.  George  "  the  Red 
Cross  Knight ;  "  he  had  slain  the  dragon, 
though  not  without  many  a  fell  wound ; 
so  Una  takes  him  to  the  house  of  Holi- 
ness, where  he  is  carefully  nursed ;  and 
then  leads  him  to  Eden,  where  they  are 
united  in  marriage. — Spenser:  Faerie 
Queene,  i.  (1590). 

Una,  one  of  Flora  M 'Ivor's  attend- 
ants.— Sir  W.  Scott:  IVaverley  (time, 
George  II.). 

Unborn  Doctor  {The),  of  Moor- 
fields.  Not  being  born  a  doctor,  he  called 
himself  "The  Un-born  Doctor." 

Uncas,  son  of  Chingachcook,  sur- 
named "Deer-foot." — Fenimore  Cooper: 
Last  of  the  Mohicans  ;  The  Pathfinder  ; 
and  The  Pioneer. 

Uncle  Remus,  the  hero  and  title  of 
a  book  by  Joel  C.  Harris.  Uncle  Remus 
is  represented  as  an  old  plantation  darkey 
with  great  store  of  tales  and  songs  illus- 
trative of  negro  folklore,  dealing  chiefly 
with  "  Brer  [i.e.  Brother]  Rabbit,"  "  Brer 
Fox,"  and  other  animal  characters— great 
favourites  with  the  children  of  both 
England  and  America. 

Uncle     Sam,    the     United    States 


UNCLE  TOBY.  1158 

Government ;  so  called  from  Samuel 
Wilson,  one  of  the  inspectors  of  pro- 
visions in  the  American  War  of  Inde- 
pendence. Samuel  Wilson  was  called  by 
his  workmen  and  others  "  Uncle  Sam," 
and  the  goods  which  bore  the  contractor's 
initials,  E'A.  U'S.  (meaning  "Elbert 
Anderson,  United  States"),  were  read 
"Elbert  Anderson,"  and  "  Uncle  Sam." 
The  joke  was  too  good  to  die,  and  Uncle 
Sam  became  synonymous  with  U.S. 
(United  States). 
Uncle  Toby.  (See  Toby,  p.  11 16.) 
Uncle  Tom,  a  negro  slave  of  un- 
afTected  piety,  and  most  faithful  in  the 
discharge  of  all  his  duties.  His  master,  a 
humane  man,  becomes  embarrassed  in  his 
affairs,  and  sells  him  to  a  slave-dealer. 
After  passing  through  various  hands,  and 
suffering  intolerable  cruelties,  he  dies. — 
Mrs.  B.  Stowe:  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  (1852). 
• .  •  The  original  of  this  character  was 
the  negro  slave  subsequently  ordained 
and  called  "the  Rev.  J.  Henson."  He 
was  in  London  1876,  1877,  took  part  in 
several  religious  services,  and  was  even 
presented  to  her  majesty  queen  Victoria. 

Uncommercial  Traveller  [The), 
twenty-eight  miscellaneous  papers  pub- 
lished by  Dickens  in  All  the  Year  Round, 
and  reproduced  in  i860. 

Uncumber  {St.),  another  name  for 
St.  Wilgeforte:     Sir  Thomas  More  says — 

The  women  hnthe  changfed  her  name  .  .  .  because 
they  reken  that  for  a  pecke  of  otes  she  wil  not  faile  to 
vncumber  them  of  their  housbondes. — Works,  p.  195. 

Under gfround  Railroad  [The),  a 
term  used  in  the  United  States  as  the 
embodiment  of  the  various  ways  by  which 
slaves  from  the  southern  states  made  their 
escape  either  to  the  north  or  to  Canada. 

Undine  \Oon-deen\  a  water-sylph, 
who  was  in  early  childhood  changed  for 
the  young  child  of  a  fisherman  living  on 
a  peninsula  near  an  enchanted  forest. 
One  day,  sir  Huldbrand  took  shelter  in 
tlie  fisherman's  hut,  fell  in  love  with 
Undine,  and  married  her.  Being  thus 
united  to  a  man,  the  sylph  received  a  soul. 
Not  long  after  the  wedding,  sir  Huld- 
brand returned  homeward  ;  but  stopped 
awhile  in  the  city  which  lay  on  the  other 
side  of  the  forest,  and  met  there  Bertalda, 
a  haughty  beauty.  Sir  Huldbrand  and 
his  bride  invited  Bertalda  to  go  with  them 
to  their  home,  the  Castle  Ringstettin. 
For  a  time  the  knight  was  troubled  with 
visions,  but  Undine  had  the  mouth  of  a 
well  closed  up,  and  thus  prevented  the 


UNIGENITUS. 


water-sprites  from  getting  into  the  castle. 
In  time,  the  knight  neglected  his  wife  and 
became  attached  to  Bertalda,  who  was  in 
reality  the  changeling.  One  day,  sailing 
on  the  Danube,  Huldbrand  rebuked  Un- 
dine in  his  anger,  and  immediately  she 
was  snatched  away  by  sister  sylphs  to  her 
water  home.  Not  long  after,  the  kni^jht 
proposed  to  Bertalda,  and  the  wedding 
day  arrived.  Bertalda  requested  her  maid 
to  bring  her  some  water  from  the  well ; 
so  the  cover  was  removed,  Undine  rose 
from  the  upheaving  water,  went  to  the 
chamber  of  sir  Huldbrand,  kissed  him, 
and  he  died.  They  buried  him,  and  a 
silver  stream  bubbled  round  his  grave ; 
it  was  Undine  who  thus  embraced  him, 
true  in  life  and  faithful  in  death. — De  la 
Motte  Fouqui:  Undine  (1807). 

• .  •  This  romance  is  founded  on  a  tale  by 
Theophrastus  Paracelsus,  in  his  Treatise 
on  Elemental  Sprites. 

Unfortunate  Lady  [Elegy  to  the 
Memory  of  an),  by  Pope  (1717).  The  lady 
meant  is  supposed  to  be  Mrs.  Weston, 
who  was  separated  from  her  husband. 

Ungfrateftil  Bird  ( The).  The  pewit 
or  green  plover  is  so  called  in  Scotland, 

The  green  plover  or  pewit  ...  Is  called  *  the  un- 
grateful bird,'  for  that  it  comes  to  Scotland  tu  breed, 
and  then  returns  to  England  with  its  young  to  feed 
the  enemy. —Captain  Burt:  Letters /rom  the  North 
ey  Scotland  (1726). 

Ungirateful  Guest  [The),  a  soldier 
in  the  army  of  Philip  of  MacSdon,  who 
had  been  hospitably  entertained  by  a 
villager.  Being  asked  by  the  king  what 
he  could  give  him  in  reward  for  his 
services,  the  fellow  requested  he  might 
have  the  farm  and  cottage  of  his  late 
host.  Philip,  disgusted  at  such  baseness, 
had  him  branded  with  the  words,  The 
Ungrateful  Guest. 

U'nicom.  The  unicorn  and  lion  are 
always  hke  cat  and  dog,  and  as  soon  as 
a  lion  sees  his  enemy  he  betakes  him  to 
a  tree.  The  unicorn,  in  his  blind  fury 
running  pell-mell  at  his  foe,  darts  his  horn 
fast  into  the  tree,  and  then  the  lion  falls 
upon  him  and  devours  him. — Gesner: 
Histories  Animalium  (1551-87). 

Wert  thou  the  unicorn,  pride  and  wrath  would  con- 
found thee,  and  make  thine  own  self  the  conquest  of 
thy  fury. — Shakespeare  :  Timon  of  Athetts,  iv.  3(1699). 

Unigenitus,  the  name  given  to  the 
famous  bull  issued  by  pope  Clement  XL, 
in  17 13,  against  the  French  translation  of 
the  New  Testament  with  notes,  by  Pas- 
quier  Quesnel.  It  began  with  the  words, 
*•  Unigenitus  Dei  Filius." 


UNIQUE. 


XX59 


URCHIN. 


Uniqne  [The),  Jean  Paul  Richter, 
nrhose  romances  are  quite  unique  and 
belong  to  no  school  {1763-1825). 

Universal  Doctor,  Alain  de  Lille 
(11 14-1203). 

•.•  Sometimes  Thomas  Aquinas  is  also 
called  Doctor  Universalis  (1224-1274). 

Universal  Passion  ( The),  or  "  The 
Love  of  Fame,"  by  Young,  1725  (1827-8). 
It  brought  the  author  ^3000  (worth  above 
^^5000  at  the  present  time). 

Universal  Prayer  {The),  a  para- 
phrase of  the  Lord's  Prayer,  by  Pope 
(173S). 

Unknown  [The  Great),  sir  Walter 
Scott,  who  published  the  Waverley  novels 
anonymously  (1771-1832). 

Unlearned  Parliament  ( The). 
The  parliament  convened  by  Henry  IV. 
at  Coventry,  in  Warwickshire  (1404),  was 
so  called  because  lawyers  were  excluded 
from  it. 

Unlicked  Bear,  a  lout,  a  cub.  It 
used  to  be  thought  that  the  bear  brought 
forth  only  a  shapeless  mass  of  flesh, 
which  she  licked  into  shape  and  life  after 
birth. 

Like  to  a  chaos,  or  an  unlicked  bear-whelp, 

That  carries  no  impression  like  the  dam. 
Shakespear*  :  3  Htnry  Vl.  act  iii.  so.  2  (159s). 

Unlnclcy.  (See  M,  p.  644;  Thir- 
teen, p.  1097;  Thursday,  p.  1106;  etc.) 

Unlucky  Possessions,  the  gold  of 
Nibelungen  and  the  gold  of  Tolosa  (p. 
434),  Graysteel  (p.  445),  Harmonia's 
necklace  (p,  470),  Sherborne,  in  Dorset- 
shire (p.  997),  etc. 

The  Koh-i-noor  diamond,  called  in 
India  "The  Accursed  Stone,"  was  sup- 
posed by  the  Hindus  to  bring  ill  luck  to 
its  possessor.  Every  owner  after  the  six- 
teenth experienced  misfortune.  The  six- 
teenth was  assassinated ;  then  the  East 
India  Company  (after  the  war  in  the 
Punjaub)  carried  it  off,  but  soon  after- 
wards ceased  to  exist  It  was  then  pre- 
sented to  the  queen,  and  immediately 
afterwards  lord  Dalhousie  (governor- 
general  of  India)  died  ;  then  followed  the 
duke  of  Wellington,  who  gave  the  first 
cutting  of  it ;  then  the  prince  consort ; 
and  then  followed  the  Indian  Mutiny. 
(See  p.  582.) 

Unready  ( The),  Ethelred  II.  (♦,  978- 
toi6). 

•,"  "  Unready  "  does  not  mean  "  never 


ready  or  prepared,"  but  lacking  rede,  j.4. 
"  wisdom,  judgment,  or  kingcraft," 

Unreason  (The  abbot  of),  or  Father 
HoWLEGLAS,  one  of  the  masquers  at 
Kennaquhair.— ,S/r  W.Scott:  The  Abbot 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Unwuslied  ( The  Great),  the  common 
people.  It  was  Burke  who  first  applied 
this  term  to  the  artisan  class. 

Upholsterer  {The),  a  farce  by 
Murphy  (1758),  Abraham  Quidnunc, 
upholsterer,  in  St.  Martin's-in-the-Fields, 
being  crazed  with  politics,  so  neglects 
his  business  for  the  affairs  of  Europe, 
that  he  becomes  a  bankrupt ;  but  at  this 
crisis  his  son  John,  who  had  married  the 
widow  of  a  rich  planter,  returns  from  the 
West  Indies,  pays  off  his  father's  debts, 
and  places  him  in  a  position  where  he 
may  indulge  his  love  for  politics  without 
hampering  himself  with  business. 

Ura'nia,  sister  of  Astrophel  {sir  Philip 
Sidney),  is  the  countess  of  Pembroke. 

I  eo 

All  heavenly  gifts  and  riches  locked  are, 
More  rich  than  pearls  of  Ind. 
Spenser:  Colin  Clouds  Come  HoTnt  Again  (159s), 

Ura'nia,  daughter  of  the  king  of  Sicily, 
who  fell  in  love  with  sir  Guy  (eldest  son 
of  St.  George,  the  patron  saint  of  England). 
— R.  Johnson:  The  Seven  Champions, 
etc.,  iil  2  (1617), 

Ura'nian  Venus,  i.e.  "Celestial 
Venus,  '  the  patroness  of  chaste  and  pure 
love, 

Venus  pandimos  or  popularis  is  the 
Venus  of  the  animal  passion  called 
"  love. ' 

Venus  etaira  or  arnica  is  the  Venus  of 
criminal  sensuality. 

The  seal  was  Cupid  bent  above  a  scroll. 
And  o'er  his  head  Uranian  Venus  hung 
And  raised  the  blinding  bandage  from  his  eyea. 
Tennyson  ;  The  Princess,  i.  (1830). 

Urban  {Sylvdnus),  the  hypothetical 
editor  of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine — a 
magazine  which  was  first  published  in 
1731,  and  has  been  issued  without  any 
break  from  then  until  now. 

In  the  summer  of  1825  I  had  apartments  In  the  Rue 
Verte,  Brussels.     My  locataire  .  .  .  a  M.  Urbain  .  . 
Informed   me  that  he  was  of  lineal  descent  from  an 
Englishman  of  that  name,  .  .  .  whose  prsnomen  was 
"  Sylvaiu." — See  Notes  and  Queries, 

Urchin,  a  hedgehog,  a  mischievous 
little  fellow,  a  dwarf,  an  imp. 

We-U  dress  Uke  urchins. 
Merry  IVivts 
act  fv.  sc  4  (li^. 


UREUS. 


1160 


URSEL. 


Ureus,  the  Egyptian  snake,  crowned 
with  a  mitre,  and  typical  of  heaven. 

Urfried  (Dame),  an  old  sibyl  at  Tor- 
quilstone  Castle ;  alias  Ulrica,  daughter 
of  the  late  thane  of  Torquilstone. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  L). 

Urg^au,  a  human  child  stolen  by  the 
king  of  the  fairies,  and  brought  up  in  elf- 
land.  He  was  sent  to  lay  on  lord  Richard 
the  "curse of  the  sleepless  eye "  for  killing 
his  wife's  brother.  Then,  said  the  dwarf 
to  Alice  Brand  (the  wife  of  lord  Richard), 
"  if  any  woman  will  sign  my  brow  thrice 
with  a  cross,  I  shall  resume  my  proper 
form."  Ahce  signed  him  thrice,  and 
Urgan  became  at  once  "the  fairest  knight 
in  all  Scotland,"  and  Alice  recognized  in 
him  her  own  brother  Ethert. — Sir  W. 
Scott :  Lady  of  the  Lake,  iv.  12  (1810). 

Urgfanda,  a  potent  fairy  in  the  A madis 
of  Gaul  and  other  romances  of  the  Carlo- 
vingian  cycle. 

This  Ui^nda  seemed  to  be  aware  of  her  own  Im- 
portance. — Smollett, 

Ur'g'el,  one  of  Charlemagne's  pala- 
dins, famous  for  his  enormous  strength. 

U'riel  (3  syl.)  or  Israfil,  the  angel 
who  is  to  sound  the  resurrection  trumpet. 
—Al  Koran. 

U'riel,  one  of  the  seven  gfreat  spirits, 
whose  station  was  in  the  sun.  The  word 
means  "  God's  light"  (see  2  Esdras  iv., 
v.,  X,  28). 

The  archang^el  Uriel,  one  of  the  seven 

Who  in  God's  presence,  nearest  to  His  throne. 

Stand  ready  at  command. 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  Ui.  648,  etc.  (1665). 

•.'  Longfellow  calls  him  "  the  minister 
of  Mars,"  and  says  that  he  inspires  man 
with  "  fortitude  to  bear  the  brunt  and 
suffering  of  life." — The  Golden  Legend,  iii. 
(1851). 

U'rieUy  the  foster-father  of  prince 
Madoc.  He  followed  the  prince  to  his 
settlement  in  North  America,  south  of  the 
Missouri  (twelfth  century). — Southey : 
Madoc  (1805). 

Urim,  in  Garth's  Dispensary,  is  de- 
signed for  Dr.  Atterbury, 

Urini  was  civil  and  not  yoid  of  sense, 
Had  humour  and  courteous  confidence,  .  .  . 
Constant  at  feasts,  and  each  decorum  knew. 
And  soon  as  the  dessert  appeared,  withdrew. 

The  Dispensary,  i.  (1699). 

'  Urim    and    Thuiumim  was   the 

"  stone "  which  gave  light  in  the  ark. 
Our  version  says  that  God  commanded 
Noah  to  make  a  window,  but  the  transla- 


tion should  be  "to  make  a  light."     (See 
Paracelsus  :  Urim  and  Thummim.) 

Uriiu  and  Thummim,  the  spec- 
tacles given  by  an  angel  to  Joseph  Smith 
(1805- 1 844),  founder  of  the  Mormon  sect, 
to  enable  him  to  read  the  revelation 
written  in  "reformed  Egyptian"  on  the 
plates  hidden  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain 
in  Ontario.  These  spectacles  are  described 
as  "two  transparent  stones  set  in  the  rim 
on  a  bow  fastened  to  a  breastplate."  Smith 
deciphered  the  plates,  and  Oliver  Cowdery 
took  down  the  words,  "  because  Smith 
was  no  scholar." 

Urra'oa,  sister  of  Sancho  II,  of  Castile, 
and  queen  of  Zamora. — Poema  del  Cid 
Campeador  (1128). 

Urre  [Sir),  one  of  the  knights  of  the 
Round  Table.  Being  wounded,  the  king 
and  his  chief  knights  tried  on  him  the 
effect  of  "handling  the  wounds"  (i.e. 
touching  them  to  heal  them),  but  failed. 
At  last,  sir  Launcelot  was  invited  to  try, 
and  as  he  touched  the  wounds  they 
severally  healed. — Arthurian  Romance. 

\  In  the  old  Celtic  romances  a  similar 
gift  is  ascribed  to  Finn  (Fingal).  Thus, 
in  The  Pursuit  of  Grama,  Finn  refuses, 
through  love-jealousy,  to  convey  water  in 
the  closed  palms  of  his  two  hands  to 
the  dying  Dermat  O'Dyna,  wounded  in 
the  chase,  though  urged  thereto  by  the 
assembled  heroes. 

Urrie  (Sir  John),  a  parliamentary 
leader.— 5?r  W.  Scott:  Legend  of  Mont- 
rose (time,  Charles  I. ). 

Ursa  Major,  Calisto,  daughter  of 
Lycaon,  violated  by  Jupiter,  and  converted 
by  Juno  into  a  bear  ;  whereupon  the  king 
of  gods  and  men  placed  her  in  the  Zodiac 
as  a  constellation.  The  Great  Bear  is 
also  called  "  HellicS"  (see  p.  99). 

Ursa  Major.  Dr.  Jolmson  was  so 
called  by  Boswell's  father  (1709-1784). 

My  father's  opinion  of  Dr.  Johnson  may  be  conjec- 
tured from  the  name  he  afterwards  gave  him,  which 
was  "Ursa  Major;"  but  it  is  not  true,  as  has  been 
reported,  that  it  was  in  consequence  of  my  saying  that 
he  was  a  constellation  of  genius  and  literature.— 
Boswell  (1791). 

Ursa  Minor,  also  called  Cynosura 
("  the  dog's  tail "),  from  its  circular  sweep. 
The  pole-star  is  a  in  the  tail. 

"  Why,  Tom,  your  wife's  a  perfect  star ; 

In  truth,  no  woman's  finer." 
Says  Tom,  "  Your  simile  is  just, 

My  wife's  an  Ursa  Minor.'' 

E.  C.  B.   itrj). 

Ursel  (Zedekias),  the  imprisoned  rival 
of  the   emperor   Alexius    Comngnus   of 


URSULA. 


ii6z 


USNACH. 


Greece.— Sir  IV.  Scoit :  Count  Robtrt  of 
Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

UR'SULA,  mother  of  Elsie,  and  wife 
of  Gottlieb  {Goi-leeb],  a  cottage  farmer  of 
Bavaria. — Hartmann  von  der  Aue:  Poor 
Henry  (twelfth  century)  ;  Longfellow: 
Golden  Legend  (iSe^x). 

Ur'sula,  a  gentlewoman  attending  on 
Hero. — Shakespeare:  Much  Ado  about 
Nothing  {\6oo). 

Ur'snla,  a  silly  old  duenna,  vain  of 
her  saraband  dancing ;  though  not  fair, 
yet  fat  and  fully  forty.  Don  Diego  leaves 
Leonora  under  her  charge  ;  but  Leander 
soon  finds  that  a  little  flattery  and  a  few 
gold  pieces  will  put  the  dragon  to  sleep, 
and  leave  him  free  of  the  garden  of  his 
HesY^endts.— Bicker st of :  The  Padlock 
(1768). 

Ur'snla  {Sister),  a  disguise  assumed  at 
St.  Bride's  by  the  lady  Margaret  de  Haut- 
Ueu. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Castle  Dangerous 
(time,  Richard  I.). 

Ur'sula  {Saint),  daughter  of  Dianotus 
king  of  Cornwall  (brother  and  successor 
of  Caradoc  king  of  Cornwall).  She  was 
asked  in  marriage  by  Conan  [Meriadoc] 
of  Armorica  or  Little  Britain.  Going  to 
France  with  her  maidens,  the  princess 
was  driven  by  adverse  winds  to  Cologne, 
where  she  and  "  her  11,000  virgins  "  were 
martyred  by  the  Huns  and  Picts  (October 
21,  237).  Visitors  to  Cologne  are  still 
shown  piles  of  skulls  and  bones  heaped 
in  the  wall,  faced  with  glass,  which  the 
verger  asserts  to  be  the  relics  of  the 
martyred  virgins ;  but,  like  Iphis,  they 
must  have  changed  their  sex  since  death, 
for  most  undoubtedly  many  of  the  bones 
are  those  of  men  and  boys. — See  Geoffrey  : 
British  History,  v.  15,  16  (1142). 

N.  B,  —  A  calendar  in  the  Freisingen 
Codex  notices  them  as  "  SS.  XI.  M.  VIR- 
GINUM,"  i.e.  i"  eleven  holy  virgin  mar- 
tyrs ;  "  but,  by  making  the  "M"  into 
a  Roman  figure  equal  1000,  we  have 
XIM  =  ii,ODO  ;  so  iiic  =  300. 

N.B. — Ursula  is  the  Swabian  ursul  or 
horsel  ("the  moon"),  like  Hulda  in 
Scandinavian  mythology.  If  this  solution 
is  accepted,  then  the  "  virgins  who  bore 
her  company "  are  the  stars.  Ursul  is 
the  Scandinavian  Hulda. 

• .  •  Those  who  assert  the  legend  to  be 
based  on  a  fact,  have  supplied  the  follow- 
ing names  as  the  most  noted  of  the 
virgins,  and,  as  there  are  but  eleven 
given,  it  favours  the  Freisingen  Codex  : 


(i)  Ursula,  (2)  Sencia  or  Sentia,  h) 
Gregoria,  (4)  Pinnosa,  (5)  Mardia,  (6) 
Saula,  (7)  Brittola,  (8)  Saturnina,  (9) 
Rabacia,  Sabatia,  or  Sambatia,  (10)  Sa^ 
turia  or  Saturnia,  and  (11)  Palladia. 

N.B. — In  1837  was  celebrated  with 
great  splendour  the  sixteenth  centenary 
"  jubilee  of  their  passion." 

Bright  Ursula  the  third,  who  undertook  to  guide 
The  eleven  thousand  maids  to  I-ittle  Britain  sent, 
By  seas  and  bloody  men  devoured  as  they  went ; 
Of  which  we  find  these  four  have  been  for  saints  pr». 

ferred, 
And  with  their  leader  still  do  live  encalendered  : 
St.  Agnes,  Cor'dula,  Odillia,  Florence,  which 
With  wondrous  sumptuous  shrines   those   ages  did 

enrich 
At  CuUen. 

Drayton  :  PflytiHon,  ixiv.  (i6»). 

Use  of  Pests.  David  once  said  he 
could  not  imagine  why  a  wise  deity  should 
have  created  such  things  as  spiders,  idiots, 
and  mosquitos  ;  but  his  life  showed  they 
were  all  useful  to  him,  at  any  rate.  Thus, 
when  he  fled  from  Saul,  a  spider  spun 
its  web  at  the  mouth  of  the  cave,  and 
Saul,  feeling  assured  that  the  fugitive 
could  not  have  entered  the  cave  without 
breaking  the  web,  passed  on  without 
further  search.  Again,  when  he  was 
taken  captive  before  the  king  of  Gath,  he 
feigned  idiocy,  and  the  king  dismissed 
him,  for  he  could  not  believe  such  a 
driveller  could  be  the  great  champion  who 
had  slain  Goliath.  Once  more,  when  he 
entered  into  the  tent  of  Saul,  as  he  was 
crawling  along,  Abner,  in  his  sleep,  tossed 
his  legs  over  him.  David  could  not  stir, 
but  a  mosquito  happened  to  bite  the  leg 
of  the  sleeper,  and,  Abner  shifting  it, 
enabled  David  to  effect  his  escape. — The 
Talmud.     (See  Virgil's  Gnat,  p.  1179.) 

Used  Up,  an  English  version  of 
L' Homme  Blasi,  of  Felix  Auguste  Duvert, 
in  conjunction  with  Auguste  Theodore  de 
Lauzanne.  Charles  Mathews  made  this 
dramatic  trifle  popular  in  England. — 
Boucicault:  Used  Up  (1845). 

Useless  Parliament  {The),  the  first 
parliament  held  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I. 
(June  18,  1625).  It  was  adjourned  to 
Oxford  in  August,  and  dissolved  twelve 
days  afterwards. 

Usnacli  or  Usua.  Conor  king  of 
Ulster  put  to  death  by  treachery  the 
three  sons  of  Usnach.  This  led  to  the 
desolating  war  against  Ulster,  which 
terminated  in  the  total  destruction  of 
Eman.  This  is  one  of  the  three  tragic 
stories  of  the  ancient  Irish.  The  other  two 
are  The  Death  of  the  Children  of  Touran, 
and  The  Death  of  the  Children  of  Lir, 


UTA. 


1 162 


VALANTIA. 


*vengfingr  and  brig-ht  falls  the  swift  sword  of  Erin 

On  him  who  the  brave  sons  of  Usna  betrayed  1  .  •  . 
By  the  red  cloud  that  hung-  over  Conor's  dark  dwelling 
When    Ulad's    three    champions    lay    sleeping    in 
gore  .  .  . 
We  swear  to  avenge  them. 

Moore:  Irish  Melodies,  Iv.  ("Avenging  and 
Bright  .  .  ."  {1814). 

nta,  queen  of  Burgundy,  mother  of 
Kriemhild  and  Giinther. — The  Nibelun- 
gen  Lied  (twelfth  century). 

Utlia,  the  "white-bosomed  daughter 
of  Herman, "  She  dwelt  by  ' '  Thano's 
stream,"  and  was  beloved  by  Frothal. 
When  Fingal  was  about  to  slay  Frothal, 
she  interposed  and  saved  his  life.— 
Ossian:  Carric-Thura. 

nthal,  son  of  Larthmor  petty  king  of 
Berrathon  (a  Scandinavian  island).  He 
dethroned  his  father,  and,  being  very 
handsome,  was  beloved  by  Nina-Tho'ma 
(daughter  of  a  neighbouring  prince),  who 
eloped  with  him.  Uthal  proved  incon- 
stant, and,  confining  Nina-Thoma  in  a 
desert  island,  fixed  his  affections  on 
another.  In  the  mean  time,  Ossian  and 
Toscar  arrived  at  Berrathon.  A  fight 
ensued,  in  which  Uthal  was  slain  in 
single  combat,  and  Larthmor  restored  to 
his  throne.  Nina-Thoma  was  also  re- 
leased, but  all  her  ill  treatment  could  not 
lessen  her  deep  love,  and  when  she  heard 
of  the  death  of  Uthal  she  languished  and 
died.— C>jj/a«  .•  Berrathon. 

Uthal  or  Cutlial,  one  of  the  Orkneys. 

— Ossian :  Oiihona. 

"  The  dark  chief  of  Cuthal"  (the  same 
as  "  Dunrommath  lord  of  Uthal  "). 

nther  or  Uter,  pendragon  or  war- 
chief  of  the  Britons.  He  married  Igema 
widow  of  Gorloi's,  and  was  by  her  the 
father  of  Arthur  and  Anne.  This  Arthur 
was  the  famous  hero  who  instituted  the 
knights  of  the  Round  Table. — Geoffrey: 
History  of  Britain,  viii.  20(1142). 

Uthorno,  a  bay  of  Denmark,  into 
which  Fingal  was  driven  by  stress  of 
weather.  It  was  near  the  residence  of 
Stamo  king  of  Lochlin  [Denmark). — 
Ossian  :  Cath-Loda,  i. 

Uto'pia,  a  political  romance  by  sir 
Thomas  More. 

The  word  means  "nowhere"  (Greek, 
ou-topos).  It  is  an  imaginary  island, 
where  everything  is  perfect — the  laws,  the 
politics,  the  morals,  the  institutions,  etc. 
The  author,  by  contrast,  shows  the  evils 
of  existing  laws.  Carlyle,  in  his  Sartor 
Resartus,  has  a  place  called  "  Weissnicht- 
wo  "  [  "  I  know  not  where  "].    The  Scotch 


"  Kennaquhair "  means  the  same  thing 
(1524)- 

N.  B. — Adoam  describes  to  Telemachus 
the  country  of  Bdtique  (in  Spain)  as  a 
Utopia. — Finelon  :  Ttiimaque,  viii. 

Utopia,  the  kingdom  of  Grangousier. 
"  Parting  from  Me'damoth,  Pantag'ruel 
sailed  with  a  northerly  wind  and  passed 
Me'dam,  Gel'asem,  and  the  Fairy  Isles ; 
then,  keeping  Uti  to  the  left  and  Uden  to 
the  right,  he  ran  into  the  port  of  Utopia, 
distant  about  3^  leagues  from  the  city  of 
the  Amaurots." 

(Parting  from  Medamoth  ("  no  place  "), 
he  passed  Medatn  ("  nowhere  "),  Gelasem 
("hidden  land"),  etc.;  keeping  to  the 
left  Uti  ("nothing  at  all")  and  to  the 
right  Uden  ("nothing"),  he  entered 
the  port  of  Utopia  ("no  place"),  distant 
^i  leagues  from  Amauros  ("the  vanish- 
mg  point ")  (See  Maps  for  the  Blind, 
published  by  Nemo  and  Co.,  of  Weiss- 
nichtwo.) 

(These  maps  were  engraved  by  Outis 
and  Son.  They  are  very  rare,  and  worth 
untold  gold.) 

UsBiel  [Uz'-Meel],  the  next  in  com- 
mand to  Gabriel.  The  word  means  "  God's 
strength." — Milton:  Paradise  Lost,  vi, 
78a  (1665). 


Vadlus,  a  grave  and  heavy  pedant— 
Moliire:  L^s  Femmes  Savantes  (1672). 

(The  model  of  this  character  was 
Manage,  an  ecclesiastic  noted  for  his  wit 
and  learning.) 

Vafri'no,  Tancred's  'squire,  practised 
in  all  disguises,  and  learned  in  all  the 
Eastern  languages.  He  was  sent  as  a  spy 
to  the  Egyptian  camp.  —  Tasso :  Jerusalem 
Delivered  (1575). 

Vainlove,  a  gay  young  man  about 

town.  —  Congreve :     The    Old    Bachelor 
(1693). 

Valantia  [Count),  betrothed  to  the 
marchioness  Merifda,  whom  he  "  loved  to 
distraction  till  he  found  that  she  doted 
on  him,  and  this  discovery  cloyed  his 
passion."  He  is  light,  inconsiderate, 
unprincipled,  and  vain.  For  a  time  he 
intrigues  with  Amantis  "the  child  of 
Nature."  but  when  Amantis  marries  the 


VALCLUSA. 


1 163 


VALExNfTINE    DE  GREY. 


marquis  Almanza,  the  count  says  to 
Merida  she  shall  be  his  wife  if  she  will 
promise  not  to  love  him. — Mrs.  Inchbald: 
Child  of  Nature.   (See  Thenot,  p.  1092, ) 

Valclnsa,  the  famous  retreat  of 
Petrarch  (father  of  Italian  poetry)  and 
his  mistress  Laura,  a  lady  of  Avignon. 

At  last  the  Muses  rose  .  .  .  from  fair  Valclusa's  boweri. 
AktnHdt:  Pleasures  of  ImaginatioH,  iL  (i744)> 

Valdamo  or  Val  d'Arno,  the  valley 
of  the  Arno,  in  which  Florence  is  situated. 

.  .  .  from  the  top  of  FesoW  [»«  Tuscany], 
Oi  in  Valdamo. 

Milton  ;  Paradise  Lost,  L  993,  etc.  (1663). 

Valdes  (2   syl.)   and    Cornelius, 

friends  of  Dr.  Faustus,  who  instruct  him 
in  magic,  and  induce  him  to  sell  his  soul 
that  he  may  have  a  "  spirit"  to  wait  on 
him  for  twenty-four  years. — Marlowe  : 
Dr.  Faustus  (1589). 

Vale  of  the  Wliite  Horse.    (See 

POLYOLBION,  p.  861,) 

Valence  [Sir  Aymer  de),  lieutenant 
of  sir  John  de  Walton  governor  of  Doug- 
las Castle.— 5z>  W.  Scott:  Castle  Dan- 
gerous (lime,  Henry  I. ). 

Valentia.  The  southern  part  of 
Scotland  was  so  called  in  compliment  to 
Valens  the  Roman  emperor. 

Valenti'na,  daughter  of  the  conte 
di  San  Bris  governor  of  the  Louvre.  She 
was  betrothed  to  the  conte  di  Nevers,  but 
loved  Raoul  [di  Nangis],  a  huguenot,  by 
whom  she  was  beloved  in  return.  When 
Raoul  was  offered  her  hand  by  the  prin- 
cess Margheri'ta  di  Valois,  the  bride  of 
Henri  le  Bernais  {Henri  IV.),  he  rejected 
it,  out  of  jealousy ;  and  Valentina,  out 
of  pique,  married  Nevers.  In  the  Bar- 
tholomew slaughter  which  ensued,  Nevers 
fell,  and  Valentina  married  her  first  love 
Raoul ;  but  both  were  shot  by  a  party  of 
musketeers  under  the  command  of  her 
father  the  conte  di  San  Bris. — Meyerbeer: 
Les  Huguenots  (1836). 

VALENTINE  (3  syl.\  one  of  tho 
*•  two  gentlemen  of  Verona ;  "  the  other 
"gentleman"  was  Protheus.  Their  two 
serving-men  were  Speed  and  Launce. 
Valentine  married  Silvia  daughter  of  the 
duke  of  Milan,  and  Protheus  married 
Julia.  The  rival  of  Valentine  was  Thiu-io. 
— Shakespeare:  The  Two  Gentlemen  of 
Verona  (^1595). 

Valentine  (3  syl.),  a  gentleman  in 
attendance  on  the  duke  of  lUyria. — 
Shakespeare:  Twelfth  Night  (1602). 


Valentine  (3  syl),  a  gentleman  just 
returned  from  his  travels.  In  love  with 
Cellide  (2  syl^,  but  Cellide  is  in  love  with 
Francisco  (Valentine's  son). — Fletcher: 
Mans.  Thomas  (a  comedy,  before  1620). 

Valentine  (3  syl.),  a  gallant  that  will 
not  be  persuaded  to  keep  his  estate,— 
Fletcher:   Wit  without  Money  (1639). 

Valentine,  brother  of  Margaret. 
Maddened  by  the  seduction  of  his  sister, 
he  attacks  Faust  during  a  serenade,  and 
is  stabbed  by  Mephistophelfes.  Valintine 
dies  reproaching  his  sister  Margaret. — 
Goethe:  Faust  {ij^Q). 

Valentine  [Legend],  eldest  son  of 
sir  Sampson  Legend.  He  has  a  tendre  for 
Angelica,  an  heiress  whom  he  eventually 
marries.  To  prevent  the  signing  away 
of  his  real  property  for  the  advance  of 
;^40oo  in  cash  to  clear  his  debts,  he  feigns 
to  be  mad  for  a  time.  Angelica  gets  the 
bond,  and  tears  it  before  it  is  duly  signed. 
— Congreve:  Love  for  Love  {t.6()<,). 

(This  was  Betterton's  great  part. ) 

Valentine  {Saint),  a  Romish  priest, 
who  befriended  the  martyrs  in  the  perse- 
cution of  Claudius  II.,  and  was  in  con- 
sequence arrested,  beaten  with  clubs, 
and  finally  beheaded  (February  14,  270). 
Pope  Julius  built  a  church  in  his  honour, 
near  PontS  M0I6,  which  gave  its  name  to 
the  gate  Porta  St.  Valentini,  now  called 
"  Porta  del  Popolo,"  and  by  the  ancient 
Romans  "  Porta  Flaminia." 

(The  isth  February  was  the  festival  of 
Februta  Juno  (Juno  the  fructifyer),  and 
the  Roman  Church  substituted  St.  Valen- 
tine for  the  heathen  goddess.) 

Valentine  and  Orson,  twin  sons 
of  Bellisant  and  Alexander  (emperor  of 
Constantinople).  They  were  born  in  a 
forest  near  Orleans.  While  the  mother 
was  gone  to  hunt  for  Orson,  who  had 
been  carried  off  by  a  bear,  Valentine  was 
carried  off  by  king  Pepin  (his  uncle).  In 
due  time,  Valentine  married  Clerimond, 
the  Green  Knight's  sister. — Valentine  and 
Orson  (fifteen^  century). 

Valentine  de  Grey  {Sir),  an  Engw 
lishman  and  knight  of  France.  He  had 
"an  ample  span  of  forehead,  full  and 
liquid  eyes,  free  nostrils,  crimson  lips, 
well-bearded  chin,  and  yet  his  wishes 
were  innocent  as  thought  of  babes."  Sir 
Valentine  loved  Hero,  niece  of  sir 
William  Sutton,  and  in  the  end  married 
her.— Knowles :  Woman's  Wit,  €if, 
(1838). 


VALENTINIAN  [III.]. 


H64 


VALJEAN. 


Valentin'ian  [III.]»  emperor  of 
Rome  (419,  425-455).  During  his  reign, 
the  empire  was  exposed  to  the  invasions 
of  the  barbarians,  and  was  saved  from 
ruin  only  by  the  military  talents  of 
Aet'ius,  whom  the  faithless  emperor 
murdered.  In  the  year  following,  Valen- 
tinian  was  himself  "  poisoned  "  by 
[Petronius]  Maxlmus,  whose  wife  he 
had  violated.  He  was  a  feeble  and  con- 
temptible prince,  without  even  the  merit 
of  brute  courage.  His  wife's  name  was 
Eadoxia. — Beaumont  (?)  and  FletcJur  : 
Valentinian  (1617). 
(Beaumont  died  1616.) 

Valenti'uo,  Margheri'ta's  brother,  in 
the  opera  of  Faust  e  Margherita,  by 
Gounod  1859). 

Valere  {2  syl.),  son  of  Anselme  (a 
syl.)  who  turns  out  to  be  don  Thomas 
d'Alburci,  a  nobleman  of  Naples.  During 
an  insurrection,  the  family  was  exiled 
and  suffered  shipwreck.  Valere,  being  at 
the  time  only  seven  years  old,  was  picked 
up  by  a  Spanish  captain,  who  adopted 
him,  and  with  whom  he  lived  for  sixteen 
years,  when  he  went  to  Paris  and  fell  in 
love  with  Elsie  the  daughter  of  Har'- 
pagon  the  miser.  Here  also  Anselme, 
after  wandering  about  the  world  for  ten 
years,  had  settled  down,  and  Harpagon 
wished  him  to  marry  Elise  ;  but  the  truth 
being  made  clear  to  him  that  Val6re  was 
his  own  son,  and  Elise  in  love  with  him, 
matters  were  soon  adjusted. — Moltere: 
L'Avare  (1667). 

Valere  (2  syl.),  the  "gamester." 
Angelica  gives  him  a  picture,  and  enjoins 
him  not  to  lose  it  on  pain  of  forfeiting 
her  hand.  He  loses  the  picture  in  play, 
and  Angelica,  in  disguise,  is  the  winner 
of  it.  After  a  time,  Valfere  is  cured  of 
his  vice  and  happily  united  to  Angelica. — 
Mrs.  Centlivre :  The  Gamester  {lyog). 

Vale'ria,  sister  of  Valerius,  and  friend 
of  Horatia. —  Whitehead:  The  Roman 
Father  (1741). 

Vale'ria  (4  syl. ),  a  blue-stocking,  who 
delights  in  vivisection,  entomology, 
women's  rights,  and  natural  philosophy. 
—Mrs.  Centlivre:  The  Basset  Table 
(1706). 

Vale'rian  [valere,  "to  be  hale"],  a 
plant  of  which  cats  are  especially  fond. 
It  is  good  in  nervous  complaints,  and  a 
sovereign  remedy  for  cramps.  ' '  Valerian 
hath  been^  had  in  such  veneration  that 
no  brothes,  pottage,  or  physicall  meates 


are  woorth  anything  if  this  be  not  at  one 
end."    (See  Valirian.) 

Valerian  then  he  crops,  and  purposely  doth  stamp, 
To  apply  unto  the  place  that's  halfed  with  the  cramp. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xiiL  (i6i3>. 

Vale'rlo,  a  noble  young  Neapolitan 
lord,  husband  of  EvanthS.  (See 
EvANTHE,  p.  ^/^7.)— Fletcher :  A  Wife 
for  a  Month  (1624). 

Valerius,  the  hero  and  title  of  a 
novel  by  J.  G.  Lockhart  (1821).  Vale- 
rius is  the  son  of  a  Roman  commander 
settled  in  Britain.  After  the  death  of  his 
father,  he  is  summoned  to  Rome,  to  take 
possession  of  an  estate  to  which  he  is  the 
heir.  At  the  villa  of  Caplto  he  meets 
with  Athanasia,  a  lady  who  unites  the 
Roman  grace  with  the  elevation  of  the 
Christian.  Valerius  becomes  a  Christian 
also,  and  brings  Athanasia  to  Britain. 
The  display  at  the  Flavian  amphitheatre 
is  admirably  described.  A  Christian 
prisoner  is  brought  forward,  either  to  re- 
nounce his  faith  or  die  in  the  arena ;  of 
course,  the  latter  is  his  lot. 

(This  is  one  of  the  best  Roman  stories 
in  the  language.) 

Vale'rius  (4  syl.),  the  brother  of 
Valeria.  He  was  in  love  with  Horatia, 
but  Horatia  was  betrothed  to  Caius 
Curiatius.  —  Whitehead  :  The  Roman 
Father  (1741). 

Valiant  {The),  Jean  IV.  of  Brittany 
(1338.  1364-1399). 

Valiant-for-Trntli,  a  brave  Chris 
tian,  who  fought  three  foes  at  once.  His 
sword  was  "a  right  Jerusalem  blade,"  so 
he  prevailed,  but  was  wounded  in  the 
encounter.  He  joined  Christiana's  party 
in  their  journey  to  the  Celestial  City. — 
Banyan  :  Pilgrim's  Progress,  ii,  {1684). 

Valirian,  husband  of  St.  Cecilia. 
Cecilia  told  him  she  was  beloved  by  an 
angel,  who  constantly  visited  her ;  and 
Valirian  requested  to  see  this  visitant 
Cecilia  replied  that  he  should  do  so,  if 
he  went  to  pope  Urban  to  be  baptized. 
This  he  did,  and  on  returning  home  the 
angel  gave  him  a  crown  of  hlies,  and  to 
Cecilia  a  crown  of  roses,  both  from 
the  garden  of  paradise,  Valirian,  being 
brought  before  the  prefect  Almachius  for 
heresy,  was  executed. — Chajicer :  Canter- 
bury Tales  ("The  Second  Nun's  Tale," 
1388).    (See  Valerian,  ) 

Valjean  [Jean),  the  hero  of  Les 
Misirables  (1862)  by  Victor  Hugo.  He 
is  an  ex-convict   of  great   strength  and 


VALLADOLID. 


ii6s 


VANBEEST  BROWN. 


courage,  converted  through  the  kindness 
of  an  ecclesiastic  who  gave  hira  food  and 
lodging  and  then  discovered  him  in  the 
act  of  stealing  the  plate.  He  afterwards 
rises  to  a  good  position  as  a  manu- 
facturer, and  becomes  a  municipal  officer  ; 
but  his  enemies  discover  his  past 
history  and  bitterly  persecute  him  in 
consequence.  He  bears  it  all,  together 
with  some  severe  reverses,  with  great 
heroism  and  patience,  and  finally  dies  in 
peace. 

Valladolid'  [The  doctor  of),  San- 
grado,  who  applied  depletion  for  every 
disease,  and  thought  the  best  diet  con- 
sisted of  roast  apples  and  warm  water. 

1  condemned  a  rariety  of  dishes,  and  argued  like 
the  doctor  of  Valladolid,  "  Unhappy  are  those  who 
require  to  be  'always  on  the  watch,  for  fear  of  over- 
loading their  stomachs!  "—/.Ma^-e;  Gil  Bias,  vU.  5 
(i73S)- 

Valley     of     Humiliation,     the 

place  where  Christian  encountered  ApoU- 
yon  and  put  him  to  ?i\g\\\..—Bunyan  : 
Pilgrims  Progress,  i.  (1678). 

Valley  ofWaters  [The),  the  Medi- 
terranean Sea. 

The  ralley  of  waters,  widest  next  to  that 
Which  doth  the  earth  engarland,  shapes  its  course 
Between  discordant  shores  [Europe  and  Africa^. 
Dante  :  Paradise,  \x.  (1311). 

Valley  of  tlie  Shadow  of  Death, 

a  "  wilderness,  a  land  of  deserts  and  of 
pits,  a  land  of  drought,  and  of  the 
shadow  of  death"  [Jer.  ii.  6).  "The 
light  there  is  darkness,  and  the  way  full 
of  traps  ...  to  catch  the  unwary." 
Christian  had  to  pass  through  it  after  his 
encounter  with  Apollyon.  —  Bunyan  : 
Pilgrims  Progress,  i.  (1678). 

Though  I  walk  through  the  valley  of  the  shadow  of 
death,  I  will  fear  no  evil :  for  Thou  art  with  me ;  Thy 
rod  and  Thy  staff  they  comfort  me.— Pj.  xxiiL  4. 

Valtinder,  the  Vulcan  of  Scandi- 
navian mythology,  noted  for  a  golden 
arm-ring,  on  which  was  WTOught  all  the 
heathen  deities  with  their  attributes.  It 
was  once  stolen  by  Sot6,  but  being  re- 
covered by  Thorsten,  became  an  heir- 
loom, and  of  course  descended  to  Frithjof 
as  one  of  his  three  inheritances,  the  other 
two  being  the  sword  Angurva'del  and 
the  self-acting  ship  Elllda. — Tegnir : 
Frithjof  Saga,  iii.  (1825). 

Farewell,  and  take  in  memory  of  our  love 

My  arm-ring  here,  Valunder's  beauteous  work, 

With  heavenly  wonders  graven  on  the  gold. 

Valver'de  (3  .y/.),  a  Spaniard,  in  love 
with  Elvi'ra.  He  is  the  secretary  of 
Pizarro,  and  preserves  at  the  end  the  life 
of  YXs'xx^i.,— Sheridan :  Pizarro  (altered 
from  Kotzebue,  1799). 


Va'meu,  a  dwarf,  who  asked  Baly, 
the  giant  monarch  of  India,  to  permit 
him  to  measure  out  three  paces  to  build 
a  hut  upon.  The  kind  monarch  smiled 
at  the  request,  and  bade  the  dwarf  mea- 
sure out  what  he  required.  The  first  pace 
compassed  the  whole  earth,  the  second 
the  whole  heavens,  and  the  third  all 
pandalon  or  hell.  Baly  now  saw  that  the 
dwarf  was  no  other  than  Vishnli,  and  he 
adored  the  present  deity. — HindU  My- 
thology. 

%  There  is  a  Basque  tale  the  exact 
counterpart  of  this. 

(See  BURSA,  In  Dictionary  of  Phrase  and  Fablt,  (>. 
190,  for  several  similar  tales.)  . 

Vamp,  bookseller  and  publisher. 
His  opinion  of  books  was  that  the  get-up 
and  binding  were  of  more  value  than  the 
matter.  "  Books  were  like  women  ;  to 
strike,  they  must  be  well  dressed.  Fine 
feathers  make  fine  birds.  A  good  paper, 
an  elegant  type,  a  handsome  motto,  and 
a  catching  title,  have  driven  many  a  dull 
treatise  through  three  editions." — Foote  : 
The  Author  (1757). 

Van  [The  Spirit  of  the),  the  fairy 
spirit  of  the  Van  Pools,  in  Carmarthen. 
She  married  a  young  Welsh  farmer,  but 
told  him  that  if  he  struck  her  thrice,  she 
would  quit  him  for  ever.  They  went  to 
a  christening,  and  she  burst  into  tears, 
whereupon  her  husband  struck  her  as  a 
mar-joy;  but  she  said,  "I  weep  to  see 
a  child  brought  into  this  vale  of  tears." 
They  next  went  to  the  child's  funeral, 
and  she  laughed,  whereupon  her  husband 
struck  her  again  ;  but  she  said,  ' '  I  truly 
laugh  to  think  what  a -joy  it  is  to  change 
this  vale  of  tears  for  that  better  land, 
where  there  is  no  more  sorrow,  but  plea- 
sures for  evermore."  Their  next  visit 
was  to  a  wedding,  where  the  bride  was 
young  and  the  man  old,  and  she  said 
aloud,  "It  is  the  devil's  compact.  The 
bride  has  sold  herself  for  gold."  The 
farmer  again  struck  her,  and  bade  her 
hold  her  peace ;  but  she  vanished  away, 
and  never  again  returned. —  Welsh  My- 
thology. 

Van  Tromp.  The  van  preceding 
this  proper  name  is  a  blunder. 

"  Van  "  before  Tromp  ...  is  a  gross  mistake,  .  .  . 
as  ludicrous  as  ^aw  Cromwell  or  Kaw  Monk.— AVirt 
and  Queries,  November  17,  1877. 

Vanbeest  Brown  (Captain),  alias 
Dawson,  alias  Dudley,  alias  Harry  Ber- 
tram, son  of  Mr.  Godfrey  Bertram  laird 
of  Ellangowan. 

Vanbeest   Brown,   lieutenant   of  Dirk 


VAN  BERG. 


[166 


VANOC. 


Hatteraick. — Sir  IV,  Scott:  Guy  Manner' 
ing  (time,  George  11 ). 

VanTjerg"  {Major),  in  Charles  XII., 
by  J.  R.  Planch6{i826). 

Vanda,  wife  of  Baldric,  She  is  the 
spirit  with  the  red  hand,  who  appears  in 
the  haunted  chamber  to  the  lady  Eveline 
Berenger  ' '  the  betrothed." — Sir  IV. Scott: 
The  Betrothed  (time,  Henry  II,). 

Vanderdecken,  in  Fitzbald's  Flying 
Dutchman,  a  melodrama  revived  by  sir 
Henry  Irving  in  1830. 

Van'duuke  (2  syL),  burgomaster  of 
Bruges,  a  drunken  merchant,  friendly  to 
Gerrard  king  of  the  beggars,  and  falsely 
considered  to  be  the  father  of  Bertha. 
His  wife's  name  is  Margaret.  (Bertha  is  in 
reality  the  daughter  of  the  duke  of  Brabant ) 
—Fletcher :  The  Beggar's  Bush  (1622). 

Vandyck  in  Little,  Samuel  Cooper. 
In  his  epitaph  in  old  St.  Pancras  Church, 
he  is  called  "the  ApelISs  of  his  age" 
{1609-1672). 

The  English  Vandyck,  W.  Dobson, 
artist  (1610-1647). 

The  Vandyck  of  France,  Hyacinth 
Rigaud  y  Ros  (1659-1743). 

The  Vandyck  of  Sculpture,  Antoine 
Coysevox  (1640-1720). 

Vanessa,  Miss  Esther  Vanhomrigh, 
a  young  lady  who  proposed  marriage  to 
dean  Swift.  The  dean  declined  the  pro- 
posal in  a  poetical  trifle  called  Cadenus 
and  Vanessa. 

(Essa,  i.e.  Esther,  and  Van,  the  pet  form 
of  Vanhomrigh  ;  hence  Van-essa.) 

Vanity,  the  usher  of  queen  Lucifera. 
—Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  i.  4  (1590). 

Vanity,  a  town  through  which  Chris- 
"tian  and  Faithful  had  to  pass  on  their 
way  to  the  Celestial  City. 

Almost  five  thousand  years  agone,  there  were  pU- 
prims  walking  to  the  Celestial  City  .  .  .  and  Beelze- 
bub, Apollyon,  and  Legion  .  .  .  perceived,  by  the 
path  thai  the  pilgrims  made,  that  their  way  to  the  city 
fay  through  this  town  of  Vauity. — Sunyan  :  Pilgri7iis 
Progress,  i.  (1678). 

VANITY  FAIR,  a  fair  established 
by  Beelzebub,  Apollyon,  and  Legion,  for 
the  sale  of  earthly  "vanities,"  creature 
comforts, honours,  decorations,  and  carnal 
delights.  It  was  held  in  Vanity  town, 
and  lasted  all  the  year  round.  Christian 
and  Faithful  had  to  pass  through  the  fair, 
which  they  denounced,  and  were  con- 
sequently arrested,  beaten,  and  put  into 
a  cage.  Next  day,  being  taken  before 
justice  Hate-good,  Faithful  was  con- 
demned to  be  burnt  alive.— ^w^/a^  .•  Pil- 
grim's  Progress,  i.  (1678). 


Vanity  Pair,  a  looking-glass. 

Vanity  Pair,  the  name  of  a  periodical 
started  by  Mr.  Thomas  Gibson  Bowles, 
aidedby  colonel  Fred  Burnaby.  Shortly 
after  its  first  appearance  Carlo  Pellegrini 
commenced  his  long  series  of  caricatures 
in  it ;  his  pseudonym  was  "Ape." 

Vanity  Pair,  a  novel  by  Thackeray 
(1848).  Becky  (Rebecca)  Sharp,  the 
daughter  of  a  poor  painter,  dashing,  sel- 
fish, unprincipled,  and  very  clever,  con- 
trives to  marry  Rawdon  Crawley,  after- 
wards his  excellency  colonel  Crawley,  C,  B, , 
governor  of  Coventry  Island,  Rawdon 
expected  to  have  a  large  fortune  left  hira 
by  his  aunt.  Miss  Crawley,  but  was  dis- 
inherited on  account  of  his  marriage  with 
Becky,  then  a  poor  governess,  Becky  con- 
trives to  Hve  in  splendour  on  "  nothing  a 
year,"  gets  introduced  at  court,  and  is 
patronized  by  lord  Steyne  earl  of  Gaunt ; 
but  this  intimacy  giving  birth  to  a  great 
scandal,  Becky  breaks  up  her  establish- 
ment, and  is  reduced  to  the  lowest 
Bohemian  hfe.  Afterwards  she  becomes 
the  "  female  companion "  of  Joseph 
Sedley,  a  wealthy  "collector,"  of  Bog- 
gley  WoUah,  in  India,  Having  insured 
his  life  and  lost  his  money,  he  dies  sud- 
denly under  very  suspicious  circumstances, 
and  Becky  lives  for  a  time  in  splendour 
on  the  Continent,  Subsequently  she 
retires  to  Bath,  where  she  assumes  the 
character  of  a  pious  lady  Bountiful,  given 
to  all  good  works. 

The  other  part  of  the  story  is  connected 
with  Amelia  Sedley,  daughter  of  a  wealthy 
London  stock-broker,  who  fails,  and  is 
reduced  to  indigence.  Captain  George 
Osborne,  the  son  of  a  London  merchant, 
marries  Amelia,  and  old  Osborne  dis- 
inherits him.  The  young  people  live  for 
a  time  together,  when  George  is  killed  in 
the  battle  of  Waterloo.  Amelia  is  reduced 
to  great  poverty,  but  is  befriended  by 
captain  Dobbin,  who  loves  her  to  idolatry, 
and  after  many  years  of  patience  and 
great  devotion,  she  consents  to  marry  him. 

Becky  Sharp  rises  from  nothing  to 
splendour,  and  then  falls;  Amelia  falls 
from  wealth  to  indigence,  and  then  rises. 

Vanity  of  Knman  Wishes  ( The), 
a  poem  by  Dr.  Johnson,  in  imitation  of 
Juvenal's  Satires  (1749,  good). 

Vance,  son  of  Merlin,  one  of  the 
knights  of  the  Round  Table, 

Voung  Vanoc  of  the  beardless  face 


(Fame  spoke  the  youth  of  Merlin's  race), 
O'erpowered,  at  Gyneth's  footstool  bled 
His  heart's  blood  dyed  her  sandals  red. 


O'erpowered,  at  Gyneth's  footstool  bled, 
yed  her  sandals  red. 
Sir  hy.  Scott;  Bridal  of  Triermain,  ii  25  (1813). 


VANTOM. 


1167 


VATHEK. 


Vantom  {Mr.}.  Sir  John  Sinclair 
tells  xis  that  Mr.  Vantom  drank  in  twenty- 
three  years,  36,688  bottles  (i.e.  59  pipes) 
of  wine. — Cod^  of  Health  and  Longevity 
{1807). 

(This  would  give  between  four  and  five 
bottles  a  day. ) 

Van  welt  {Ian),  the  supposed  suitor 
of  Rose  Flammock— ^/r  W.  Scott:  The 
Betrothed  {time,  Henry  II.). 

VapiaXLS  ( The),  a  people  from  Utopia, 
who  passed  the  equinoctial  of  Queubus, 
"  a  torrid  zone  lying  somewhere  beyond 
three  o'clock  in  the  morning." 

In  sooth,  thou  wast  in  very  gracious  fooling  last 
night,  when  thou  spokest  .  .  .  of  the  Vapians  passing 
the  equinoctial  of  Queubus. — Shakes/eart :  T-wel/Oi 
Niskt,  act  ii.  sc  3  (1602). 

Vapid,  the  chief  character  in  The 
Dramatist,  by  F.  Reynolds,  and  said  to 
be  meant  for  the  author  himself.  He 
goes  to  Bath  "to  pick  up  characters." 

Varljel,  "  the  lowly  but  faithful 
'squire  "  of  Floreski  a  PoUsh  count  He 
is  a  quaint  fellow,  always  hungry. — J.  P. 
Kernble  :  Lodoiska  (1791). 

Varden  {Gabriel),  locksmith,  Clerk- 
enwell ;  a  round,  red-faced,  sturdy 
yeoman,  with  a  double  chin,  and  a  voice 
husky  with  good  living,  good  sleeping, 
good  humour,  and  good  health.  He  was 
past  the  prime  of  life,  but  his  heart  and 
spirits  were  in  full  vigour.  During  the 
Gordon  riots,  Gabriel  refused  to  pick  the 
lock  of  Newgate  prison,  though  at  the  im- 
minent risk  of  his  life. 

Mrs.  Varden  [Martha"],  the  lock- 
smith's wife,  and  mother  of  Dolly,  a 
woman  of  ' '  uncertain  temper  "  and  a  self- 
martyr.  When  too  ill-disposed  to  rise, 
especially  from  that  domestic  sickness 
ill  temper,  Mrs.  Varden  would  order  up 
"  the  little  black  teapot  of  strong  mixed 
tea,  a  couple  of  rounds  of  hot  buttered 
toast,  a  dish  of  beef  and  ham  cut  thin 
without  skin,  and  the  Protestant  Manual 
in  two  octavo  volumes.  Whenever  Mrs. 
Varden  was  most  devout,  she  was  always 
the  most  ill-tempered."  When  others 
were  merry,  Mrs.  Varden  was  dull ;  and 
when  others  were  sad,  Mrs.  Varden  was 
cheerful.  She  was,  however,  plump  and 
buxom,  her  handmaiden  and  "com- 
forter "  being  Miss  Miggs.  Mrs.  Varden 
was  cured  of  her  folly  by  the  Gordon  riots, 
dismissed  Miggs,  and  lived  more  happily 
and  cheerfully  ever  after. 

Dolly  Varden,  the  locksmith's  daugh- 
ter ;  a  pretty,  laughing  girl,  with  a  roguish 
face,  lighted  up  by  the  loveliest  pair  of 


sparkling  eyes,  the  very  impersonation  of 
good  humour  and  blooming  beauty.  She 
married  Joe  Willet,  and  conducted  with 
him  the  Maypole  inn,  as  never  country 
inn  was  conducted  before.  They  greatly 
prospered,  and  had  a  large  and  happy 
family.  Dolly  dressed  in  the  Watteau 
style  ;  and  modern  Watteau  costume  and 
hats  were,  in  1875-6,  called  ' '  Dollv  Var- 
dens." — Dickens  :  Bamaby  Rudge  {1841). 
Vari'ua,  Miss  Jane  Waryng,  to  whom 
dean  Swift  had  a  penchant  when  he  was 
a  young  man.  Varina  is  a  Latinized 
form  of  * '  Waryng. " 

Varney  {Richard,  afterwards  sir 
Richard),  master  of  the  horse  to  the  earl 
of  Leicester. — Sir  W.Scott:  Kenilworth 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Varro  ( The  British).  Thomas  Tusser, 
of  Essex,  is  so  called  by  Warton  (1515- 
1580). 

Vasa  {Gustavus),  a  drama,  by  H. 
Brooke  (1730).  Gustavus,  having  effected 
his  escape  from  Denmark,  worked  for  a 
time  as  a  common  labourer  in  the  copper- 
mines  of  Dalecarlia  ^Dah'-le-karr-ya] ;  but 
the  tyrannjr  of  Christian  II.  of  Denmark 
having  driven  the  Dalecarlians  into  re- 
volt, Gustavus  was  chosen  their  leader. 
The  revolters  made  themselves  masters 
of  Stockholm  ;  Christian  abdicated  ;  and 
Sweden  became  an  independent  kingdom 
(sixteenth  century). 

Vashti.  When  the  heart  of  the  king 
[Ahasuerus]  was  merry  with  wine,  he 
commanded  his  chamberlains  to  bring 
Vashti,  the  queen,  into  the  banquet-hall, 
to  'show  the  guests  her  beauty ;  but  she 
refused  to  obey  the  insulting  order,  and 
the  king,  being  wroth,  divorced  her. — 
Esth.  i.  10,  19. 

O  Vashti,  nobl«  Vashti  1    Summoned  out, 
She  kept  her  state,  and  left  the  drunken  king 
To  brawl  at  Shushan  underneath  the  palms. 

Tennyson  :  The  Princess,  tii.  (1830). 

Vatel,  the  cook  who  killed  himself 
because  the  lobster  for  his  turbot  sauce 
did  not  arrive  in  time  to  be  served  up  at 
the  banquet  at  Chantilly,  given  by  the 
prince  de  Cond6  to  the  king. 

Vatli'ek,  the  ninth  caliph  of  the  race 
of  the  Abassides,  son  of  Motassem,  and 
grandson  of  Haroun-al-Raschid.  When 
angry,  "one  of  his  eyes  became  so 
terrible  that  whoever  looked  at  it  either 
swooned  or  died."  Vathek  was  induced 
by  a  malignant  genius  to  commit  all 
sorts  of  crimes.  He  abjured  his  faith, 
and  bound  himself  to  Eblis,  under  the 


VATO. 


n68 


VEHM'GERICHT. 


hope  of  obtaining  the  throne  of  the  pre- 
Adamite  sultans.  This  throne  eventually 
turned  out  to  be  a  vast  chamber  in  the 
abyss  of  Eblis,  where  Vathek  found  him- 
self a  prisoner  without  hope.  His  wife 
was  Nouron'ihar,  daughter  of  the  emir 
Fakreddin,  and  his  mother's  name  was 
CathsLUs.—Beck/ord:  Vathek  (1784). 

Vathek' s  Daughter,  a  red-and-yellow 
mixture  given  him  by  an  emissary  of 
Eblis,  which  instantaneously  restored  the 
exhausted  body,  and  filled  it  with  delight. 
—Beckftrd:  Vathek  (1784). 

Vato,  the  wind-spirit. 

Even  Zoroaster  imagined  there  was  an  evil  spirit, 
called  Vato,  that  could  excite  violent  storms  of  wind. 
—  T.  Row  [».e.  Dr.  Pegge]:  Gentleman' t  Magazine, 
January,  1763. 

Vaudeville  ^Father  of  the),  Oliver 
Basselin  (fifteenth  century). 

Vangchau,  the  bogie  of  Bromyard, 
exorcised  by  nine  priests.  Nine  candles 
were  lighted  in  the  ceremony,  and  all  but 
one  burnt  out.  The  priests  consigned 
Nicholas  Vaughan  to  the  Red  Sea  ;  and, 
casting  the  remaining  candle  into  the 
river  Frome,  threw  a  huge  stone  over 
it,  and  forbade  the  bogie  to  leave  the 
Red  Sea  till  that  candle  reappeared  to 
human  sight.  The  stone  is  still  called 
"  Vaughan's  Stone." 

Vaugrirard  ( The  Deputies  of).  The 
usher  announced  to  Charles  VIII,  of 
France,  "The  deputies  of  Vaugirard." 
"  How  many  ?  "  asked  the  king.  ' '  Only 
one,  may  it  please  your  highness." 

IT  Canning  says  that  three  tailors  of 
Tooley  Street,  South wark,  addressed  a 
petition  of  grievances  to  the  House,  be- 
ginning, "  We,  the  people  of  England." 

Vanxhall.  The  premises  in  the 
manor  of  Vauxhall  were  the  property  of 
Jane  Vaux  in  1615,  and  the  house  was 
then  called  "  Stockdens."  From  her  it 
passed  through  various  hands,  till  it  be- 
came the  property  of  Mr.  Tyers  in  1752. 
"The  Spring  Gardens  at  Vauxhall"  are 
mentioned  in  the  Spectator  as  a  place  of 
great  resort  in  171 1 ;  but  it  is  generally 
thought  that  what  we  call  "Vauxhall 
Gardens  "  were  opened  for  public  amuse- 
ment in  1730. 

The  tradition  that  Vauxhall  was  the  property  of 
Guy  Fawkes  (hence  the  name  of  "Fauxeshall'")  is 
erroneous.— Z^ri/    iV.   Lennox:   Celebrities,  etc.,  I. 


Vanxliall  Slice  {A),  a  slice  of  meat, 
especially  ham,  as  thin  as  it  is  possible  to 
cut  it. 

Slice*  td  pal* -coloured,  stale,  diy  *>*m   cut  so  this 


that  a  "  Vauxhall  slice  "  became  proTerblal.— Zorrf  »r 
Lennox  :  Celebrities,  etc.,  I,  vii. 

V.  D.  M.  I.  JE.,  Verbum  Dei  manet 
in  teternum  ("  the  Word  of  God  endureth 
for  ever").  This  was  the  inscription  of 
the  Lutheran  bishops  in  the  diet  of 
Spires.  Philip  of  Hessen  said  the  initials 
stood  for  Verbum  diaboli  manet  in  epis- 
f(7/?V("the  word  of  the  devil  abideth  in 
the  {Lutheranl  bishops  "). 

Veal  [Mrs.),  an  imaginary  person, 
whom  Defoe  feigned  to  have  appeared, 
the  day  after  her  death,  to  Mrs.  Bargrave 
of  Canterbury,  on  September  8,  1705. 

Defoe's  conduct  in  regard  to  the  well-known  Im- 
posture, Mrs.  Veal's  ghost,  would  justify  us  in 
believing  him  to  be,  like  Gil  Bias,  "  tant  soit  peu 
{tipon."—£ncyclo/eetiia  Britannica  (article  •'Ro- 
mance '7. 

Mrs.  VeaTs  Apparition.  It  is  said 
that  Mrs.  Veal,  the  day  after  her  death, 
appeared  to  Mrs.  Bargrave,  at  Canter- 
bury, September  8,  1705.  This  cock-and- 
bull  story  was  afl[ixed  by  Daniel  Defoe  to 
DreHncourt's  book  of  Consolations  against 
the  Fears  of  Death,  and  such  is  the 
matter-of-fact  style  of  the  narrative  that 
most  readers  thought  the  fiction  was  a 
fact. 

Vec'chio  [Peter),  a  teacher  of  music 
and  Latin ;  reputed  to  be  a  wizard.— 
Fletcher:  The  Chances  (1620). 

^  Veck  {Toby),  nicknamed  "Trotty;"  a 
ticket-porter,  who  ran  on  errands.  One 
New  Year's  Eve  he  ate  tripe  for  dinner, 
and  had  a  nightmare,  in  which  he  fancied 
he  had  mounted  up  to  the  steeple  of  a 
neighbouring  church,  and  that  goblins 
issued  out  of  the  bells,  giving  reality  to 
his  hopes  and  fears.  He  was  roused 
from  his  sleep  by  the  sound  of  the  bells 
ringing  in  the  new  year.  (See  Meg, 
p.  692.) — Dickens:  Th€  Chimes  {1844). 

Vectis,  or  Vecta,  a  Latin  form  of 
the  "  Isle  of  Wight."  Pliny  (A'at.  Hist., 
iv.  30)  calls  it  Vectis.  This  island  was 
called  Wyth,  or  Gwyth,  or  Guith  (a 
channel)  by  the  Britons,  the  channel 
being  the  Solent, 

Of  Thames,  or  Medway's  vale,  or  the  green  banks 
Of  Vecta,  she  her  thundering  nary  leads. 

AhenHde:  Hymn  to  the  Naimis,  141,  143  (1767). 

Vefpliantino  [  Val-yan-tee-no],  Or- 
lando's horse. — Ariosto  :  Orlando  Furioso 
(1516).   Also  called  Veillantif. 

Veliin^ericht  or  The  Holy  Vehme, 
a  secret  tribunal  of  Westphalia,  the  prin- 
cipal seat  of  which  was  in  Dortmund.  The 
members  were  called  "  Free  Judges.''    It 


VEHMIQUE  TRIBUNAU 

took  cognizance  of  all  crimes  in  the  law- 
less period  of  the  Middle  Ages,  and  those 
condemned  by  the  tribunal  were  made 
away  with  by  some  secret  means,  but 
no  one  knew  by  what  hand.  Being  des- 
patched, the  dead  body  was  hung  on  a 
tree  to  advertise  the  fact  and  deter  others. 
The  tribunal  existed  at  the  time  of 
Charlemagne,  but  was  at  its  zenith  of 
power  in  the  twelfth  century.  Scott  has 
mtroduced  it  in  his  Anne  of  Geierstein 
(time,  Edward  IV.). 

Was  Rebecca  guilty  or  notf  The  Vehmgericht 
of  the  servants'  hall  pronounced  against  her. — 
Thackeray:  Vamiy  Fair,  xliv.  (1848). 

Vehmiqne  Tribunal  ( The),  or  the 
Secret  Tribunal,  or  the  court  of  the  Holy 
Vehme,  said  to  have  been  founded  by 
Charlemagne. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Anne  of 
Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Veil  of  St.  Agatlia,  a  miraculous 
veil  belonging  to  St.  Agatha,  and  de- 
posited in  the  church  of  the  city  of 
Catania,  in  Sicily,  where  the  saint 
suffered  martyrdom.  "It  is  a  sure 
defence  against  the  eruptions  of  mount 
Etna."  It  is  very  true  that  the  church 
itself  was  overwhelmed  with  lava  in 
1693,  3J^d  some  20,000  of  the  inhabitants 
perished;  but  that  was  no  fault  of  the 
Tail,  which  would  have  prevented  it  if  it 
could.  Happily,  the  veil  was  recovered, 
and  is  still  believed  in  by  the  people. 

Veilchen  {Annette),  attendant  of 
Anne  of  Geierstein. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Anne 
of  Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV. ). 

Veiled  Prophet   of  Khorassan 

(The),  Hakim  ben  Allah,  surnamed  Mo- 
kanna  or  "The  Veiled,"  foimder  of  an 
Arabic  sect  in  the  eighth  century.  He 
wore  a  veil  to  conceal  his  face,  which  had 
been  greatly  disfigured  in  battle.  He 
gave  out  that  he  had  been  Adam,  Noah, 
Abraham,  and  Moses.  When  the  sultan 
Mahadi  marched  against  him,  he  poisoned 
all  his  followers  at  a  banquet,  and  then 
threw  himself  into  a  cask  containing  a 
burning  acid,  which  entirely  destroyed 
him. 

• .  •  Thomas  Moore  has  made  this  the 
subject  of  a  poetical  tale  in  his  Lalla 
Rookh  ("The  Veiled  Prophet  of  Kho- 
rassan,    1817). 

There,  on  that  throne,  .  .  .  sat  the  prophet -chleft 
The  great  Mokanna.     O'er  his  features  hung 
The  Teil,  the  silver  veil,  which  he  had  flung 
In  mercy  there,  to  hide  from  mortal  sight 
His  dazzling  brow,  till  man  could  bear  its  light. 

"  Tis  time  these  features  were  uncurtained  \now\ 
This  brow,  whose  light— oh,  rare  celestial  light  1— 
Hath  been  reserved  to  bless  thy  favoured  sight  .  .  . 


169  VENEERING. 

Turn  now  and  look ;  then  wonder,  if  thou  wilt. 
That  I  should  hate,  should  take  revenge,  by  gtrJt, 
Upon  the  hand  whose  mischief  or  whose  mirth 
Sent  me  thus  maimed  and  monstrous  upon  earth  .  .  , 
Here— judge  if  hell,  with  all  its  power  to  damn. 
Can  add  one  curse  to  the  foul  thing  I  am  1 " 

Ha  raised  the  veil ;  the  maid  turned  slowly  round, 
Looked  at  him,  shrieked,  and  sunk  upon  the  ground. 
Moore  :  The  Veiled  Profhet  0/  Khorassan. 

Veipsey,  an  intermittent  spring  in 
Yorkshire,  called  "prophetic"  because, 
when  unusually  high,  it  foretells  a  coming 
dearth. 

Then  my  prophetic  spring  at  Veipsey  I  may  show. 
That  some  years  is  dried  up,  some  years  again  doth 

flow; 
But  when  It  breaketh  out  with  an  immoderate  birth. 
It  tells  the  following  year  of  a  penurious  dearth. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  zxviii.  (i6n). 

Velasq.tie8,  the  Spanish  governor 
of  Portugal  in  1640,  when  the  people,  led 
by  don  Juan  duke  of  Braganza,  rose  in 
rebellion,  shook  off  the  Spanish  yoke, 
and  established  the  duke  on  the  throne, 
under  the  name  and  title  of  Juan  or  John 
IV.  The  same  dynasty  still  continues. 
Velasquez  was  torn  to  pieces  by  the  mob. 
The  duchess  calls  him  a 

Discerning  villain, 
Subtle,  insidious,  false,  and  plausible  ; 
He  can  with  ease  assume  all  outward  forms  .  •  . 
While  with  the  lynx's  beam  he  penetrates 
The  deep  reserve  of  every  other  breast. 

Jephson  :  Braganza,  U.  3  (1785). 

Velinspeck,  a  country  manager,  to 
whom  Matthew  Stuffy  makes  applica- 
tion for  the  post  of  prompter. — Charles 
Mathews:  At  Home  (18 18). 

Velltuu,  in  Addison's  comedy  The 
Drummer  (1715). 

Velvet  [The  Rev.  Morphine),  a 
popular  preacher,  who  feeds  his  flock  on 
eau  sucr6e  and  wild  honey.  He  assures 
his  hearers  that  the  way  to  heaven  might 
once  be  thorny  and  steep,  but  now  ' '  every 
hill  is  brought  low,  every  valley  is  filled 
up,  the  crooked  ways  are  made  straight, 
and  even  in  the  valley  of  the  shadow  of 
death  they  need  fear  no  evil,  for  One  will 
be  with  them  to  comfort  them." 

Venedo'tia,  Wales. 

The  Venedotian  floods,  that  ancient  Britons  wera, 
The  mountains  kept  them  back. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  iv.  (1619). 

Veneering  [Mr. ),  a  new  man,  "forty, 
wavy-haired,  dark,  tending  to  corpulence, 
sly,  mysterious,  filmy  ;  a  kind  of  well- 
looking  veiled  prophet,  not  prophesying." 
He  was  a  drug  merchant  of  the  firm  of 
Chicksey,  Stobbles,  and  Veneering.  The 
two  former  were  his  quondam  masters, 
but  their  names  bad  "become  absorbed 
in  Veneering,  once  their  traveller  or  com- 
mission agent." 


VENERABLE  BEDE. 

Mrs.  Veneerifig,  a  new  woman,  "  fair, 
aquiline-nosed  and  fingered,  not  so  much 
light  hair  as  she  might  have,  gorgeous  in 
raiment  and  jewels,  enthusiastic,  pro- 
pitiatory, conscious  that  a  corner  of  her 
husband's  veil  is  over  herself," 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Veneering:  were  bran-new  people.  In  a 
bran-new  house,  In  a  bran-new  quarter  of  London. 
Everything  about  the  Veneerings  was  spick  and  span 
new.  All  their  furniture  was  new,  all  their  friends 
were  new,  all  their  servants  were  new,  their  plate  was 
new,  their  carriage  was  new,  their  harness  was  new, 
their  horses  were  new,  their  pictures  were  new,  they 
themselves  were  new,  they  were  as  newly  married  as 
was  lawfully  compatible  with  their  having  a  bran-new 
baby. 

In  the  Veneering  estabHshment,  from  the  hall  chairs 
with  the  new  coat  of  arms,  to  the  grand  pianoforte 
J^th  the  new  action,  and  upstairs  again  to  the  new 
fire-escape,  all  thmgs  were  in  a  state  of  high  varnish 
and  polish.— Dickens  :  Our  Mutual  Friend,  ii.  (1864). 

The  Veneerings  of  society,  flashy,  rich 
merchants,  who  delight  to  overpower  their 
guests  with  the  splendour  of  their  furni- 
ture, the  provisions  of  their  tables,  and 
the  jewels  of  their  wives  and  daughters. 

Venerable  Bede  {The).  Two 
accounts  are  given  respecting  the  word 
venerable  attached  to  the  name  of  this 
"  wise  Saxon."  One  is  this  :  On  one 
occasion  he  preached  to  a  heap  of  stones, 
thinking  himself  in  a  church ;  and  the 
stones  were  so  affected  by  his  eloquence 
that  they  exclaimed,  "Amen,  venerable 
Bede  !  "  This,  of  course,  is  based  on  the 
verse  Luke  xix.  40. 

The  other  is  that  his  scholars,  wishing 
to  honour  his  name,  wrote  for  epitaph — 

Haec  sunt  in  fossa, 
Bedae  presbyteri  ossa ; 

but  an  angel  changed  the  second  line  into 
"  Bedae  venerabilis  ossa  "  (672-735). 

(The  chair  in  which  he  sat  is  still  pre- 
served at  Jarrow.  Some  years  ago  a  sailor 
used  to  show  it,  and  always  called  it  the 
chair  of  the  "great  admiral  Bede.") 

Venerable  Doctor  [The),  William 
de  Champeaux  (*-ii2i). 

Venerable  Initiator  { The),  William 
of  Occam  (1276-1347). 

Venery.  Sir  Tristram  was  the  in- 
ventor of  the  laws  and  terms  of  venery. 
Hence  a  book  of  venery  was  called  A 
Book  of  Tristram. 

Of  sir  Tristram  came  all  the  good  terms  of  venery 
and  of  hunting ;  and  the  sizes  and  measures  of  blow- 
tag  of  an  horn.  And  of  him  we  had  first  all  the  terms 
of  hawkmg;  and  which  were  beasts  of  chase  and 
beastr  of  venery,  and  which  were  vermin  ;  and  all  the 
blasts  that  belong  to  all  manner  of  games.  First  to 
the  uncoupling,  to  the  seeking,  to  the  rechase,  to  the 
night,  to  the  death,  and  to  the  strake  ;  and  many  other 
blasts  and  terms  shall  all  manner  of  gentlemen  have 
cause  to  the  worlds  end  to  praise  sir  Tristram,  and  to 
pray  for  his  soul.— 5fV  T.  Malory:  History  of  Princ€ 
Arthur,  IL  138  {ujdi. 


1 170 


VENTIDIUS. 


Vengfenr  {Le).  (See  Dictionary  of 
Phrase  and  Fable,  p.  1269.) 

Venice  (T/ie  Stones  of),  by  Ruskin 
(1851). 

Venice  Glass.  The  drinking-glasses 
of  the  Middle  Ages  made  of  Venice  glass 
were  said  to  possess  the  peculiar  property 
of  breaking  into  shivers  if  poison  were 
put  into  them.     ' 

Tis  said  that  our  Venetian  crystal  has 

Such  pure  antipathy  to  poison,  as 

To  burst,  if  aught  of  venom  touches  It. 

Byron  .-  The  Two  Foscari.  v.  i  (i8ao). 

Venice  Preserved,  a  tragedy  by 
T.  Otway  (1682).  A  conspiracy  was 
formed  by  Renault  a  Frenchman,  Elliot 
an  Englishman,  Bedamar,  Pierre,  and 
others,  to  murder  the  Venetian  senate. 
Jaffier  was  induced  by  his  friend  Pierre 
to  join  the  conspirators,  and  gave  his 
wife  as  hostage  of  his  good  faith.  As 
Renault  most  grossly  insulted  the  lady, 
Jaffier  took  her  away,  when  she  per- 
suaded her  husband  to  reveal  the  plot 
to  her  father  Priuli,  under  the  promise  of 
a  general  amnesty.  The  senate  violated 
the  promise  made  by  Priuli,  and  com- 
manded all  the  conspirators  except  Jaffier 
to  be  broken  on  the  wheel.  Jaffier,  to 
save  his  friend  Pierre  from  the  torture, 
stabbed  him,  and  then  himself.  Belvidera 
went  mad  and  died. 

Venice  of  the  East,  Bangkok,  capital 
of  Burmah. 

Venice  of  the  North,  Stockholm  (Swe- 
den). Sometimes  Amsterdam  is  so  called, 
from  its  numerous  water-courses  and  the 
opulence  of  its  citizens.  It  has  290 
bridges. 

They  went  to  the  city  of  Amsterdam,  the  Venice  of 
the  North.— rA;  DragonacUs,  i. 

Venice  of  the  West,  Glasgow. 

Another  element  in  the  blazon  of  the  Venice  of  the 
West  is  a  fish  laid  across  the  stem  of  the  tree.— 

Bjirton. 

(See  Fish  and  the  Ring,  p.  370.) 
Venison  ( The  Haunch  of),  a  poetical 
epistle  to  lord  Clare,  by  Goldsmith  (1765). 

Ventid'ius,  an  Athenian  imprisoned 
for  debt.  Timon  paid  his  debt,  and  set 
him  free.  Not  long  after,  the  father  of 
Ventidius  died,  leaving  a  large  fortune, 
and  the  young  man  offered  to  refund  the 
loan ;  but  Timon  declined  the  offer, 
saying  the  loan  was  a  free  gift.  When 
Timon  got  into  difficulties,  he  applied 
to  Ventidius  for  aid ;  but  Ventidius,  like 
the  rest,  was  "found  base  metal,"  and 
"denied  \Am." —Shakespeare :  Timon  of 
Athens  (1609). 


VENTIDIUS. 


1171 


VENUS  AND  ADONIS. 


Ventid'ius,  the  general  of  Marc 
Antony. 

•,*  The  master  scene  between  Ven- 
tidius  and  Antony  in  this  tragedy  is  copied 
from  llu  Maid's  Tragedy  (by  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher),  Ventidius  being  the  "  Me- 
lantius "  of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's 
drama. — Dry  den  :  All  for  Love  or  the 
World  Well  Lost  (1678). 

Ventriloquist.  The  best  that  ever 
lived  was  Brabant,  the  engastrimisth  of 
Franfois  I.  of  France. 

VENUS  [Paintings  of).  VENUS 
Anadyom'ene  or  Venus  rising  from  the 
sea  and  wringing  her  golden  tresses,  by 
Apellfis.  Apellfis  also  put  his  name  to 
a  "Sleeping  Venus."  Tradition  says 
that  Campasp^  (afterwards  his  wife)  was 
the  model  of  his  Venus. 

The  Rhodian  Venus,  referred  to  by 
Campbell,  in  his  Pleasures  of  Hope,  ii.,  is 
the  Venus  spoken  of  by  Pliny,  xxxv.  10, 
from  which  Shakespeare  has  drawn  his 
picture  of  Cleopatra  in  her  barge  [Antony 
and  Cleopatra,  act  ii.  sc.  2).  The  Rhodian 
was  Protog'en^s. 

When  first  the  Rhodian's  mimic  art  arrayed 

The  queen  of  Beaut>;  in  her  Cyprian  shade. 

The  happy  master  mingled  in  his  piece 

Each  look  that  charmed  him  in  the  fair  of  Greeca  .  ,   , 

Love  on  the  picture  smiled.     Expression  poured 

Her  mingling  spirit  there,  and  Greece  adored. 

Campbell:  Pleasures  of  Hope,  ii.  (1799). 

Statues  of  Venus,  (i)  The  Cnidian 
Venus,  a  nude  statue,  by  Praxit61Ss, 
bouojhl  by  the  Cnidians. 

(2)  The  Coan  Venus,  a  draped  statue, 
by  Praxiteles,  bought  by  the  Coans. 

(3)  The  Venus  de'  Medici,  a  statue 
dug  up  in  several  pieces  at  Hadrian's 
villa,  near  Tiv'oli  (seventeenth  century), 
and  placed  for  a  time  in  the  Medici 
palace  at  Rome,  whence  its  name.  It 
was  the  work  of  Cleom'en^s  the  Athenian. 
All  one  arm  and  part  of  the  other  were 
restored  by  Bandinelli.  In  1680  this 
statue  was  removed  to  the  Uffizi  gallery 
at  Florence.  It  was  removed  to  Paris  by 
Napoleon,  but  was  afterwards  restored. 

(4)  The  Venus  of  Arles,  with  a 
mirror  in  the  right  hand  and  an  apple  in 
the  left.  This  statue  is  ancient,  but  the 
mirror  and  apple  are  by  Girardin. 

(5)  The  Venus  OF  MiLO.  The  "Venus 
Victorious"  is  called  the  "Venus  of 
Milo,"  because  it  was  brought  from  the 
island  of  Milo,  in  the  ^Egean  Sea,  by 
admiral  Dumont  d'Urville  in  1820.  It 
is  one  of  the  chefs  doeuvre  of  antiquity, 
and  is  now  in  the  Louvre  of  Paris. 

(6)  The  Pauline  Venus,  by  Canova. 


Modelled  from  Pauline  Bonaparte,  prin- 
cess Borghese. 

I  went  by  chance  Into  the  room  of  the  Pauline 
Venus;  my  mouth  will  taste  bitter  all  day.  How 
venial  I  how  eaudy  and  vile  she  is  with  her  gilded 
upholstery]  It  is  the  most  hateful  thing  that  ever 
wasted  marble.— OwiV/a  .•  Ariadnf,  i.  i. 

(7)  The  Venus  Panuemos,  the  sen- 
sual and  vulgar  Venus  (Greek,  pan-dimos, 
for  the  vulgar  or  populace  generally) ;  as 
opposed  to  the  "  Uranian  Venus,"  the 
beau-ideal  of  beauty  and  loveliness. 

Amongst  the  deities  from  the  upper  chamber  a 
mortal  came,  the  light,  lewd  woman,  who  had  bared 
her  charms  to  live  for  ever  here  in  marble,  in  counter- 
feit of  the  Venus  Pandemos.— 0«trfa  .•  AriadtU,  L  i. 

The  Venus  of  Praxifelh.     (See  above. ) 

(8)  Gibson's  Venus,  slightly  tinted, 
was  shown  in  the  International  Exhibition 
of  1862. 

Venus,  the  highest  throw  with  the 
four  tali  or  three  tesserce.  The  best  cast 
of  the  tali  (or  four-sided  dice)  was  four 
different  numbers;  but  the  best  cast  of 
the  tessercB  (or  ordinary  dice)  was  three 
sixes.  The  worst  throw  was  called  canis 
— three  aces  in  tesserce  and  four  aces  in 
tali. 

Venus  ( The  Isle  of),  a  paradise  created 
by  "  Divine  Love"  for  the  Lusian heroes. 
Here  Uranian  Venus  gave  Vasco  da  Gama 
the  empire  of  the  sea.  This  isle  is  not 
far  from  the  mountains  of  Imaus,  whence 
the  Ganges  and  Indus  derive  their  source. 
— Camoens:  Lusiad,  ix.  (1572). 

(Similar  descriptions  of  paradise  are : 
"  the  gardens  of  AlcinCus  "  [Odyssey,  vii.j 
"the  island  of  Circ6"  [Odyssey, 
Virgil's  "  Elysium  "  [^neid,  vi.) 
island  and  palace  of  Alci'na"  [Orlando 
Furioso,  vi.,  vii.) ;  "  the  country  of  Logis- 
tilla "  [Orlando  Furioso,  x. ) ;  "  Paradise," 
visited  by  Astolpho  [Orlando  Furioso, 
xxxiv.) ;  "  the  island  of  Armi'da  "  [Jeru- 
salem Delivered) ;  ' '  the  bower  of  Acrasia  " 
[Faerie  Queene) ;  "the  palace  with  its 
forty  doors  "  [Arabian  Nights,  "  Third 
Calender,"  etc.). 

Venus  [Ura'nian),  the  impersonation 
of  divine  love ;  the  presiding  deity  of  the 
Lusians. — Camoens:  Lusiad  (1572). 

Venus  and  Adonis.  Adonis,  a 
most  beautiful  boy,  was  greatly  beloved 
by  Venus  and  Proserpine.  Jupiter  de- 
cided that  he  should  live  four  months 
with  one  and  four  months  with  the  other 
goddess,  and  the  rest  of  the  year  he  might 
do  what  he  hked.  One  day  he  was  killed 
by  a  wild  boar  during  a  chase,  and  Venus 
was  so  inconsolable  at  the  loss  that  the 
infernal  gods  allowed  the  boy  to  spend 


rauibc  are  ; 
lyssey,  \\\.\ ; 
lyssey,  x. )  ; 
vi.);  "the 


VENUS  OF  CLEOMENES. 


1172 


VERSAILLES. 


six  months  of  the  year  with  Venus  on  the 
earth,  but  the  other  six  he  was  to  spend 
in  hell.  Of  course,  this  is  an  allegory  of 
the  sun,  which  is  six  months  above  and 
six  months  below  the  equator, 

(Shakespeare  has  a  poem  called  Venus 
and  Adonis  (1593),  in  which  Adonis  is 
made  cold  and  passionless,  but  Venus 
ardent  and  sensual.) 

Venus  of  Cleom'enes  {4  syl.),  now 
called  the  "  Venus  de'  Medici  "  or  "Venus 
de  Medicis." 

Venus  of  the  Forest  ( The).  The 
ash  tree  is  so  called  by  Gilpin. 

Venusberg,  the  mountain  of  fatal 
delights.  Here  Tannhauser  tarried,  and 
when  pope  Urban  refused  to  grant  him 
absolution,  he  returned  thither,  to  be 
never  more  seen. — German  Legend. 

Verdant  Green.  (See  Green, 
p.  447.) 

Ver'done  {2  syl.),  nephew  to  Cham- 
pernal  the  husband  of  Lami'ra. — Fletcher: 
The  Little  French  Lawyer  {1647). 

Verdugfo,  captain  under  the  governor 
of  Scgovidi.— Fletcher :  The  Pilgrim 
(1621). 

Vere  {Mr.  Richard),  laird  of  EUies- 
law,  a  Jacobite  conspirator. 

Miss  Isabella  Vere,  the  laird's  daughter. 
She  marries  young  Patrick  Earnscliffe 
laird  of  Earnscliffe.— 5iV  W.  Scott:  The 
Black  Dwarf  {iim&,  Anne). 

Vere  {Sir  Arthur  de),  son  of  the  earl 
of  Oxford.  He  first  appears  under  the 
assumed  name  of  Arthur  Philipson. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  Anne  of  Geierstein  {time, 
Edward  IV.). 

Verges  (2  syl.),  an  old-fashioned 
constable  and  night-watch,  noted  for  his 
blundering  simplicity.  —  Shakespeare  : 
Much  Ado  about  Nothing  (1600). 

Verg-iv'ian  Sea,  that  part  of  St. 
George's  Channel  where  tides  out  of  the 
north  and  south  seas  meet.  The  Irish  Sea 
is  sometimes  so  called. 

,  .  .  bears  his  bo'isterous  waves  Into  the  narrower 

mouth 
Of  the    Vergivian  Sea;   where    meeting,  from   the 

south, 
Great  Neptune's  surlier  tides,  with  their  robustious 

shocks 
Each  other  shoulder  up  against  the  griesly  roclcs. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  x.  (16x2). 

Verffob'retus,  a  dictator  selected 
by  the  druids,  and  possessed  of  unlimited 
power  both  in  war  and  state  during  times 
of  great  danger. 


This  temporary  Icin^  or  vergobretus  laid  down  hi> 
office  at  the  end  of  the  war. — Dissertation  en  the  Era 
9/  Ossian. 

Verisopllt  {Lord  Frederick),  weak 
and  silly,  but  far  less  vicious  than  his 
bear-leader,  sir  Mulberry  Hawk,  He 
drawled  in  his  speech,  and  was  altogether 
"very  soft."  Ralph  Nickleby  introduced 
his  niece  Kate  to  the  young  nobleman  at 
a  bachelors'  dinner-party,  hoping  to  make 
of  the  introduction  a  profitable  invest- 
ment, but  Kate  was  far  too  modest  and 
virtuous  to  aid  him  in  his  scheme. — 
Dickens:  Nicholas  Nickleby  {1838). 

Vermilion  Sea  {The),  the  gulf  of 

California. 

Vernon  {Diana),  niece  of  sir  Hilde- 
brand  Osbaldistone.  She  has  great 
beauty,  sparkling  talents,  an  excellent 
disposition,  high  birth,  and  is  an  en- 
thusiastic adherent  of  an  exiled  king. 
She  marries  Frank  Osbaldistone. 

Sir  Frederick  Vernon,  father  of  Diana, 
a  political  intriguer,  called  "his  excel- 
lency the  earl  of  Beauchamp."  He  first 
appears  as  father  Vaughan  [  Vawn]. — Sir 
W.  Scott :  Rob  Roy  (time,  George  I. ). 

Ver'olame  (3  syl.)  or  Verulam,  "a 
stately  nymph "  of  Isis.  Seeing  her 
stream  besmeared  with  the  blood  of  St. 
Alban,  she  prayed  that  it  might  be 
diverted  into  another  channel,  and  her 
prayer  was  granted.  The  place  where 
St.  Alban  was  executed  was  at  that  time 
called  Holmhurst. — Robert  of  Gloucester  : 
Chronicle  (in  verse),  57  (thirteenth  cen- 
tury). 

(A  poetical  account  of  this  legend  is  also 
given  by  W.  Browne,  in  his  Britannia's 
fastoi-als,  iv.,  1613.) 

Veronica,  the  maiden  who  handed 
her  handkerchief  to  Jesus  on  His  way  to 
Calvary.  The  ' '  Man  of  sorrows  "  wiped 
His  face  with  it,  returned  it  to  the  maiden, 
and  it  ever  after  had  a  perfect  likeness 
of  the  Saviour  photographed  on  it.  The 
handkerchief  and  the  maiden  were  both 
called  Veronica  {i.e.  vera  iconica,  "  the 
true  likeness  "). 

(One  of  these  handkerchiefs  is  preserved 
in  St.  Peter's  of  Rome,  and  another  in 
Milan  Cathedral.) 

Verrina,  the  republican  who  murders 
Fiesco. — Schiller:  Fiesco  (1783). 

Versailles,  a  town  near  Paris,  noted 
for  its  park  and  palace  built  by  Louis 
XVI. ,  now  used  as  a  museum. 

The    German    Versailles,    Cassel;    so 


VERSATILE. 


"73 


VIBRATE. 


called  from  its  gardens,  conservatories, 
fountains,  and  colossal  statue  of  Hercules. 
The  Versailles  of  Poland,  the  palace, 
etc. ,  of  the  counts  of  Braniski,  which  now 
belong  to  the  municipality  of  Bialystok. 

Versatile  [Sir  George),  a  scholar, 
pleasing  in  manners,  warm-hearted, 
generous,  with  the  seeds  of  virtue  and 
the  soul  of  honour ;  but  being  deficient 
in  stability,  he  takes  his  colour,  like  the 
chamelion,  from  the  objects  at  hand. 
Thus,  with  Maria  Delaval  he  is  manly, 
frank,  affectionate,  and  noble ;  with  lord 
Vibrate,  hesitating,  undecided,  and  tossed 
with  doubts  ;  with  lady  Vibrate,  boister- 
ously gay,  extravagant,  and  light-hearted. 
Sir  George  is  betrothed  to  Maria  Delaval, 
but  the  death  of  his  father  delays  the 
marriage.  He  travels,  and  gives  a  fling 
to  youthful  indulgences.  After  a  time, 
he  meets  Maria  Delaval  by  accident,  his 
better  nature  prevails,  and  he  offers  her 
his  hand,  his  title,  and  his  fortune. — 
Holcroft:  He's  Much  to  Blame  (1790). 

VertaigTxe  {2  or  3  syl.),  a  nobleman 
and  judge,  father  of  Lamira  and  Beaupr^. 
— Fletcher:  The  Little  French  Lawyer 
(1647). 

Vemlam,  a  Roman  toAvn  in  Herts, 
a  part  of  whose  walls  still  remain.  Its 
modern  name  is  St.  Albans.  Lord  Bacon 
was  baron  Verulam  and  viscount  St. 
Albans  (1561-1626). 

The  sites  are  not  identical,  but  contigruous. 

Vervain  or  Verbe'na,  i.e.  herba  bona, 
used  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans  in  their 
sacrifices  and  sacred  rites,  and  by  the 
druids  in  their  incantations.  It  was  for 
ages  a  reputed  deobstruent, — especially 
efficacious  in  scrofulous  complaints,  the 
bite  of  rabid  animals,  antipathies,  and 
megrims. 

Drayton  says  "  a  wreath  of  vervain 
heralds  wear  "  as  a  badge  of  truce.  Am- 
bassadors also  wore  a  chaplet  of  vervain 
on  denouncing  war. 

The  hennit  ...  the  holy  venrain  finds. 
Which  he  about  his  head  that  hatli  the  mejrrim  binds. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xiii.  (1613). 

'  Vesey  (Sir  John),  a  worldly-wise 
baronet,  who,  being  poor,  gives  himself 
the  nickname  of  "Stingy  Jack,"  that  he 
might  be  thought  rich.  Forthwith  his 
;^io,ooo  was  exaggerated  into  ,^40,000, 
Sir  John  wanted  his  daughter  to  marry 
Alfred  Evelyn,  but,  feeling  uncertain 
about  the  stability  of  the  young  man's 
fortune,  he  shilly-shallied,  and  in  the 
mean   time   she    married    sir    Frederick 


Blount.  By  this  means  Evelyn  was  free 
to  marry  Clara  Douglas,  whom  he  greatly 
loved. — Lord  Lytton  :  Money  (1840). 

Vestibule  of  Holland,  Rosendaal 

Vestibule  of  Germany,  Cleves. 

Vestris,     called      "  The     God     of 

Dancing."  He  used  to  say,  "Europe 
contains  only  three  truly  great  men — my- 
self, Voltaire,  and  Frederick  of  Prussia" 
(1729-1808), 

Veto  {Monsieur  and  Madame),  Louis 
XVI,  and  Marie  Antoinette.  The  king 
had  the  power  of  putting  his  veto  on  any 
decree  of  the  National  Assembly  (1791), 
in  consequence  of  which  he  was  nick- 
named "Capet  Veto." 

(The  name  occurs  m  the  celebrated 
song  called  La  Carmagnole,  which  was 
sung  to  a  dance  of  the  same  name.) 

Vetus,  in  the  Tim^s  newspaper,  is  the 
pseudonym  of  Edward  Sterling  (1773- 
1847),   "  The  Thunderer  "  (1812-13). 

Vezhelia,  wife  of  Osmond  an  old 
Varangian  guard. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Count 
Robert  of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Vholes  (i  syl.),  a  lav^er  who  draws 
Richard  Carstone  into  his  toils.  He  is 
always  closely  buttoned  up,  and  speaks 
in  a  lifeless  manner,  but  is  pre-eminently 
a  "most  respectable  man." — Dickens: 
Bleak  House  (1852). 

Vibrate  [Lord],  a  man  who  can  never 
make  up  his  mind  to  anything,  and, 
"  like  a  man  on  double  business  bent,  he 
stands  in  pause  which  he  shall  first  begin, 
and  both  neglects."  Thus  he  would  say 
to  his  valet,  "Order  the  coachman  at 
eleven.  No ;  order  him  at  one.  Come 
back  !  order  him  in  ten  minutes.  Stay  1 
don't  order  him  at  all.  Why  don't  you 
go  and  do  as  I  bid  you?"  or,  "Tell 
Harry  to  admit  the  doctor.  No,  not 
just  yet ;  in  five  minutes.  I  don't  know 
when.  Was  ever  man  so  tormented?" 
So  with  everything. 

Lady  Vibrate,  wife  of  the  above.  Ex- 
travagant, contradictious,  fond  of  gaiety, 
hurry,  noise,  embarrassment,  confusion, 
disorder,  uproar,  and  a  whirl  of  excite- 
ment.    She  says  to  his  lordship — 

I  am  all  gaiety  and  food  humour ;  you  are  all 
turmoil  and  lamentation.  I  sing,  laugh,  and  welcome 
pleasure  wherever  I  find  it ;  you  take  your  lantern  to 
look  for  misery,  which  the  sun  itself  cannot  discover. 
You  may  think  proper  to  be  as  miserable  as  Job ;  but 
don't  expect  me  to  be  a  Job's  wife.— Act  ii.  i. 

Lady  Jane  Vibrate,  daughter  of  the 
above.  An  amiable  young  lady,  attached 
to  Delaval,  whom  she  marries. — Holcroft: 
He's  Much  to  Blame  (1790). 


VICAR  OF  BRAY. 


1174 


VICTOR  AMADEUS. 


Vicar  of  Bray  (TA^).  (i)  Mr.  Brome 
says  the  noted  vicar  was  Simon  Alleyn, 
vicar  of  Bray,  in  Berkshire,  for  fifty 
years.  In  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  he 
was  catholic  till  the  Reformation  ;  in  the 
reign  of  Edward  VI.  he  was  calvinist ;  in 
the  reign  of  Mary  he  was  papist ;  in  the 
reign  of  Elizabeth  he  was  protestant.  No 
matter  who  was  king,  he  resolved  to  die 
the  vicar  of  Bray. — D Israeli:  Curiosities 
of  Literature, 

(2)  Another  statement  gives  the  name 
of  Pendleton  as  the  true  vicar.  He  was 
afterwards  rector  of  St.  Stephen's,  Wal- 
brook  (Edward  VI.  to  Elizabeth). 

(3)  Haydn  says  the  vicar  referred  to  in 
the  song  was  Simon  Symonds,  who  lived 
in  the  Commonwealth,  and  continued 
vicar  till  the  reign  of  William  and  Mary. 
He  was  indepe?ideni  in  the  protectorate, 
episcopalian  under  Charles  II.,  papist 
under  James  II.,  moderate  protestant 
ander  William  and  Mary. 

N.B. — The  song  called  The  Vicar  of 
Bray  was  written  in  the  reign  of  George 
I.,  by  colonel  Fuller  or  an  officer  in 
Fuller's  regiment,  and  does  not  refer  to 
Alleyn,  Pendleton,  or  Symonds,  but  to 
some  real  or  imaginary  person  who  was 
vicar  of  Bray  from  Charles  11.  to  George 
I.  The  first  verse  begins:  "In  good 
king  Charles's  golden  days,"  I  was  a 
realous  high-churchman.  Ver.  2  :  "When 
royal  James  obtained  the  crown,"  I  found 
the  Church  of  Rome  would  fit  my  constitu- 
tion. Ver.  3  :  "  When  William  was  our 
king  declared,"  I  swore  to  him  allegiance. 
Ver.  4:  "When  gracious  Anne  became 
our  queen,"  I  became  a  tory.  Ver.  5  : 
"  When  George,  in  pudding-time  came 
o'er,"  I  became  a  whig.  And  "George 
my  lawful  king  shall  be — until  the  times 
do  alter." 

I  have  had  a  long  chase  after  the  vicar  of  Bray,  on 
whom  the  proverb.  .  .  .  Mr.  Fuller,  in  Iiis  It^orthies, 
.  .  .  takes  no  notice  of  him.  ...  I  am  informed  it  is 
Simon  Alleyn  or  Allen,  who  was  vicar  of  Bray,  about 
1540,  and  died  i$?&.— Brome  to  Rawlins,  June  14, 
«73S-    (See  LetUrs/rom  the  Bodleian,  II.  i.  100.) 

Vicar  of  Wakefield  {The),  Dr. 
Primrose,  a  simple-minded,  pious  clergy- 
man, with  six  children,  begins  life  with 
a  good  fortune,  a  handsome  house,  and 
wealthy  friends ;  but  is  reduced  to  utter 
poverty  without  any  fault  of  his  own, 
and,  being  reduced  like  Job,  like  Job 
he  i."^  restored.  First,  he  loses  his  fortune 
through  the  rascality  of  the  merchant 
who  held  it  His  next  great  sorrow  was 
the  elopement  of  his  eldest  daughter, 
Olivia,  with  squire  Thornhill.  His  third 
was  the  entire  destruction  by  fire  of  his 


house,  furniture,  and  books,  together 
with  the  savings  which  he  had  laid  by 
for  his  daughters'  marriage  portions. 
His  fourth  was  being  incarcerated  in  the 
county  jail  by  squire  Thornhill  for  rent, 
his  wife  and  family  being  driven  out  of 
house  and  home.  His  fifth  was  the  an- 
nouncement that  his  daughter  Olivia 
"was  dead,"  and  that  his  daughter 
Sophia  had  been  abducted.  His  sixth 
was  the  imprisonment  of  his  eldest  son, 
George,  for  sending  a  challenge  to  squire 
Thornhill.  His  cup  of  sorrow  was  now 
full,  and  comfort  was  at  hand :  (i) 
Olivia  was  not  really  dead,  but  was  said 
to  be  so  in  order  to  get  the  vicar  to 
submit  to  the  squire,  and  thus  obtain  his 
release.  {2)  His  daughter  Sophia  had 
been  rescued  by  Mr.  Biu"chell  {sir  William 
Thornhill),  who  asked  her  hand  in  mar- 
riage. (3)  His  son  George  was  liberated 
from  prison,  and  married  Miss  Wilmot, 
an  heiress.  (4)  Olivia's  marriage  to  the 
squire,  which  was  said  to  have  been  in- 
formal, was  shown  to  be  legal  and  binding. 
(5)  The  old  vicar  was  released,  re-esta- 
blished in  his  vicarage,  and  recovered  a 
part  of  his  fortune.  —  Goldsmith  :  The 
Vicar  of  Wakejield  {ij66). 

(Tliis  novel  has  been  dramatized 
several  times  :  In  18 19  it  was  performed 
in  the  Surrey  Theatre ;  in  1823  it  was 
turned  into  an  opera ;  in  1850  Tom 
Taylor  dramatized  it  ;  in  1878  W.  G. 
Wills  converted  it  into  a  drama  of  four 
acts,  entitled  Olivia.) 

The  real  interest  of  the  story  lies  in  the  development 
of  the  character  of  the  amiable  vicar,  so  rich  in 
heavenly,  so  poor  in  earthly  wisdom ;  possessing  littl* 
for  himself,  yet  ready  to  make  that  UtUe  less,  when- 
ever misery  appeals  to  his  compassion.  With  enough 
of  worldly  vanity  about  him  to  show  that  he  shares  the 
weakness  of  our  nature ;  read  v  to  be  imposed  upon  by 
cosmogonies  and  fictitious  bills  of  exchange,  and  yet 
commanding,  by  the  simple  and  serene  dignity  of 

foodness,    the    respect    even    of    the    profueate.— 
ncyclopadia  Britannica  (article  "  Romance  '7.   ■ 

Vicar  of  Wrexhill  { The),  a  novel 
by  Mrs.  Trollope  (1837,  her  best). 

Victor  Amade'us  {4  syL),  king  of 
Sardinia  {1665,  167 5-1732),  noted  for  his 
tortuous  policy.  He  was  fierce,  audacious, 
unscrupulous,  and  selfish,  profound  in 
dissimulation,  prolific  in  resources,  and 
a  "breaker  of  rows  both  to  God  and 
man."  In  1730  he  abdicated,  but  a  few 
months  later  wanted  to  regain  the  throne, 
which  his  son,  Charles  Emmanuel,  refused 
to  resign.  On  again  plotting  to  recover 
the  crown,  he  was  airested  by  D'Ormea 
the  prime  minister,  and  died. — R.  Brown' 
ing :  King  Victor  and  King  Charles 
Emmanuel. 


VICTOR'S  LIBRARY. 


1 175 


VINCENTIO. 


Victor's  Library  (Si.),  a  library  of 
trashy  books,  especially  controversial 
divinity.  (See  Library,  p.  611.)— ^a- 
belais:  Panta^ruel,  ii.  7  (1533). 

Victoria  (Donna),  the  young  wife  of 
don  Carlos  (V-v.)' — Mrs.Cowley :  A  Bold 
Stroke  for  a  Husband  (1782). 

Victoria  Tower  ( The).  The  tower 
of  the  palace  of  Westminster.  It  is 
called  "  The  Monarchy  in  Stone,"  because 
it  contains,  in  chiselled  kings  and  heraldic 
designs,  the  sculptured  history  of  the 
British  sovereigns. 

Victorious  (The).  Almanzor  means 
"victorious."  The  caliph  Almanzor  was 
the  founder  of  Bagdad. 

Thou,  too,  art  fallen,  Bajd.id,  city  of  peace  I 
Thou,  too,  hast  had  thy  day  I  .  .  . 

Thy  founder  The  Victorious. 
S«uthey :  Thalaba  the  Destroyer,  v.  6  (i797)> 

Victory  ( The),  Nelson's  ship. 

At  the  head  of  the  line  ffoes  the  Victory, 

With  Nelson  on  the  deck. 
And  on  his  breast  the  orders  shine 

Like  the  stars  on  a  shattered  wreck. 

Lord  Lytton  :  Ode,  iii.  9  (x8»). 

Vidar,  the  god  of  wisdom,  noted  for 
his  thick  shoes,  and  not  unfrequently 
called  "The  god  with  the  thick  shoes." 
— Scandinavian  Mythology. 

Vienne,  like  Toledo,  was  at  one  time 
noted  for  its  sword-blades, 

Gargrantua  eave  Touchfaucet  an  excellent  sword  of 
a  Vienne  blade  with  a  golden  9ca\i\>a.rA.— Rabelais  : 
Gargatttua,  i.  46  (i533). 

Vienne  ( The  archbishop  of),  chancellor 
of  Burgundy. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Anne  of 
Geitrstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Vifell,  father  of  Viking,  famous  for 
being  the  possessor  of  Angurva'del,  the 
celebrated  sword  made  in  the  East  by 
dwarfs.  Vifell  won  it  from  BjOm  Bloe- 
tand,  and  killed  with  it  the  giant  lernhbs, 
whom  he  cleft  from  head  to  waist  with  a 
single  stroke.  Vifell  left  it  to  Viking, 
Viking  to  Thorsten,  and  Thorsten  to  his 
son  Frithjof.  The  hilt  of  the  sword  was 
gold,  and  the  blade  written  with  runes, 
which  were  dull  in  times  of  peace  ;  but  in 
war  glittered  "red  as  the  crest  of  a  cock 
when  he  fighteth."— TV^^^r.-  Frithjof 
Saga,  iii.  (1825). 

Village  {Our),  a.  series  of  rural 
sketches,  by  Mary  Russell  Mitford.  Vol  i. 
in  1824,  vol.  ii.  in  1825,  vol.  iii.  in  1838, 
vol.  iv.  in  1830,  and  voL  v,  in  1832. 

Villag'e  ( The),  a  poem  by  Crabbc,  of 
^untry  life  and  character  (1783) 


Villaipre  Blacksmith  (r^^),  a  poem 
by  Longfellow  (1842). 

Villalpando  [Caspar  Cardillos  de),  a 
Spanish  theologian,  controversialist,  and 
commentator  (1505-1570). 

"  Truly,"  replied  the  canon,  "  I  am  better  ac- 
quainted with  books  of  chivalry  than  with  Villal- 
pa:\do's  diviaitj."— Cervantes  :  Don  Quixote,  I.  It.  xj 
J160S). 

Ville  Sonnante  {La).  Avignon  is 
so  called  by  Rabelais,  from  its  numerous 
bell-towers. 

Ville'rins,  in  Davenant's  Siege  of 
Rhodes  (1656). 

.  .  .  pale  with  enry,  Singleton  forswore 
The  lute  and  sword,  which  he  in  triumph  bore. 
And  vowed  he  ne'er  would  act  Villerlus  more. 

Dryden  :  MacFleckt^jf  (1682). 

(This  was  a  favoiu-ite  part  of  Single- 
ton.) 

Villers  {Mr.),  a  gentleman  who  pro- 
fessed a  supreme  contempt  for  women, 
and  declared,  if  he  ever  married,  he  should 
prefer  Widow  Racket  to  his  executioner. 
—Mrs.  Cowley:  The  Belle's  Stratagem 
(1780). 

Villiard,  a  villain,  from  whose  hands 
Charles  Belmont  rescued  Fidelia. — E. 
Moore:  The  Foundling  (1748). 

Vincent  {Jenkin)  or  "Jin  Vin,"  one 
of  old  Ramsay's  apprentices,  in  love  with 
Margaret  Ramsay. — Sir  W.  Scott:  For- 
tunes qf  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Vincent  de  la  Rosa,  a  boastful, 
vain,  heartless  adventurer,  son  of  a  poor 
labourer ;  who  had  served  in  the  Italian 
wars.  Coming  to  the  village  in  which 
Leandra  lived,  he  induced  her  to  elope 
with  him  ;  and,  having  spoiled  her  of  her 
jewels,  money,  and  other  valuables,  de- 
serted her,  and  she  was  sent  to  a  convent 
till  the  affair  had  blown  over. 

He  wore  a  gay  uniform,  bedecked  with  glass  buttons 
and  steel  ornaments ;  to-day  he  dressed  himself  in  one 
piece  of  finery,  and  to-morrow  In  another.  He  would 
seat  himself  upon  a  bench  under  a  large  poplar,  and 
entertain  the  villagers  with  his  travels  and  exploits, 
assuring  them  there  was  not  a  country  in  the  whole 
world  he  had  not  seen,  nor  a  battle  in  which  he  had 
not  taken  part.  He  had  slain  more  Moors  than  erer 
Tunis  or  Morocco  produced  ;  and  as  to  duels,  he  had 
fought  more  than  ever  Gante  had,  or  I^una,  Diego 
Garcia  de  Parcdez,  or  any  other  champion,  alwajrs 
coming  off  victorious,  and  without  losing  one  drop  of 
blood. — Cervantes:  Don  Quixote,  I.  Tv.  ao  ("The 
Goat-herd's  Story,"  1605). 

VINCEN'TIO,  duke  of  Vienna.  He 

delegates  his  office  to  Angelo,  and  leaves 
Vienna  for  a  time,  under  the  pretence  of 
going  on  a  distant  journey ;  but,  by  as- 
suming a  monk's  hood,  he  observes  incog- 
nito the  conduct  of  his  different  officers. 
Angelo  tries  to  dishonour   Isabella,  but 


VINCENTIO. 


[176 


VIOLANTE. 


the  duke  reappears  in  due  time  and 
rescues  her,  while  Angelo  is  made  to 
marry  Mariana,  to  whom  he  is  already 
betrothed.  —  Shakespeare  :  Measure  for 
Measure  ( 1603). 

'.•  Mariana  was  Angelo's  wife  by 
civil  contract,  or,  as  the  duke  says  to  her, 
"  He  is  thy  husband  by  pre-contract," 
though  the  Church  had  not  yet  sanctified 
the  union  and  blessed  it.  Still,  the  duke 
says  that  it  would  be  "no  sin  "  in  her  to 
account  herself  his  wife,  and  to  perform 
towards  him  the  duties  of  a  wife.  Angelo's 
neglect  of  her  was  "a  civil  divorce," 
which  would  have  been  a  "sin "  if  the 
Church  had  sanctified  the  union,  but 
which,  lH^  then,  was  only  a  moral  or  civil 
offence.  Mariana  also  considered  her- 
self Angelo's  "  wife,"  and  calls  him  "  her 
husband."  This  is  an  interesting  illustra- 
tion of  the  '*  civil  contract "  of  matrimony 
long  before  "  The  Marriage  Registration 
Act "  in  1837. 

Vinceu'tio,  an  old  gentleman  of  Pisa, 
in  Shakespeare's  comedy  called  The 
Taming  of  the  Shrew  (1593). 

Vincen'tio,  the  troth-plight  of  Evadne 
sister  of  the  marquis  of  Colonna.  Being 
himself  without  guile,  he  is  unsuspicious, 
and  when  Ludovico,  the  traitor,  tells  him 
that  Evadne  is  the  king's  wanton,  he  be- 
lieves it  and  casts  her  off.  This  brings 
about  a  duel  between  him  and  Evadne's 
brother,  in  which  Vincentio  falls.  He  is 
not,  however,  killed ;  and  when  the  vil- 
lainy of  Ludovico  is  brought  to  light,  he 
reappears  and  marries  Evadne. — Sheil: 
Evadne  or  The  Statue  (1820). 

Vincentio  {Don),  a  young  man  who 
was  music  mad,  and  said  that  the 
summun  bonum  of  life  is  to  get  talked 
about.  Like  queen  Elizabeth,  he  loved  a 
^' crash"  in  music,  plenty  of  noise  and 
fury.  Olivia  de  Zuniga  disgusted  him  by 
maintaining  the  jew's-harp  to  be  the 
prince  of  musical  instruments. — Mrs. 
Cowley :  A  Bold  Stroke  for  a  Husband 
(1782). 

Vin^olf,  the  paradise  of  Scandi- 
navian mythology. 

Ah,  Ingeborg,  how  fair,  how  near  doth  stand 
Each  earthly  joy  to  two  fond  loving  hearts  I 
If  boldly  grasped  whene'er  the  time  is  ripe, 
It  follows  willingly,  and  builds  for  them 
A  vingolf  even  here  on  earth  below. 

TegtUr:  FHthjof  Saga,  viiL  (1893). 

Tinland.  According  to  Snorro  Sturle- 
son  {q.v.),  this  name  was  given  by  ancient 
Scandinavian  voyagers  to  a  portion  of 
the  coast  of  North  America  visited  by 


them  about  the  end  of  the  tenth  century 
— well-wooded  and  very  productive.  It 
is  thought  to  have  been  the  coast  of 
Massachusetts  or  Rhode  Island. 

Vi'ola,  sister  of  Sebastian ;  a  young 
lady  of  Messaline.  They  were  twins, 
and  so  much  alike  that  they  could  be 
distinguished  only  by  their  dress.  Viola 
and  her  brother  were  shipwrecked  off  the 
coast  of  lUyria.  Viola  was  brought  to 
shore  by  the  captain,  but  her  brother  was 
left  to  shift  for  himself.  Being  a 
stranger  in  a  strange  land,  Viola  dressed 
as  a  page,  and,  under  the  name  of 
Cesario,  entered  the  service  of  Orsino  duke 
of  lUyria.  The  duke  greatly  liked  his 
beautiful  page,  and,  when  he  discovered 
her  true  sex,  married  her. — Shakespeare : 
Twelfth  Night  {1602). 

Vi'ola  and  Hono'ra,  daughters  of 
general  Archas  "the  loyal  subject"  of 
the  great -duke  of  IA\x%co\'v3l.— Fletcher  : 
The  Loyal  Subject  (i6i8). 

VIOIiAN'TE  {4-y/.).  the  supposed 
wife  of  don  Henrique  (2  syl.)  an  uxorious 
Spanish  nobleman. — Fletcher  :  The  Span- 
ish Citrate  (1622). 

Violante,  the  betrothed  of  don 
Alonzo  of  Alcazar,  but  given  in  marriage 
by  king  Sebastian  to  Henri'quez.  This 
caused  Alonzo  to  desert  and  join  the 
emperor  of  Barbary.  As  renegade  he 
took  the  name  of  Dorax,  and  assumed 
the  Moorish  costume.  In  the  war  which 
followed,  he  saved  Sebastian's  life,  was 
told  that  Henriquez  had  died  in  battle, 
and  that  Violante,  being  a  young  widow, 
was  free  and  willing  to  be  his  wife. — 
Dryden:  Don  Sebastian  (1690). 

Violante,  an  attendant  on  the 
princess  Anna  Comngna  the  historian. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Count  Robert  of  Paris 
(time,  Rufus). 

Violante  {4  syl.),  one  of  the  chief 
characters  in  My  Novel,  by  lord  Lytton 
(1853). 

Violante  {4  syl),  wife  of  Pietro 
{2  syl.),  and  putative  mother  of  Pompilia. 
ViolantS  provided  this  supposititious 
child  partly  to  please  old  Pietro,  and 
partly  to  cheat  the  rightful  heirs.— 
R.  Browning:  The  Ring  and  the  Book,  ii. 

Violan'te  {Donna),  daughter  of  don 
Pedro,  a  Portuguese  nobleman,  who 
intends  to  make  her  a  nun  ;  but  she  falls 
in  love  with  don  Felix,  the  son  of  don 
Lopez.     Isabella  (sister  of  don  Felix),  in 


VIOLENTA,  1 1 77 

order  to  escape  a  hateful  marriage,  takes 
refuge  with  donna  Violant6  (4  syl. ),  who 
"keeps  the  secret"  close,  even  at  the 
risk  of  losing  her  sweetheart,  for  Felix 
discovers  that  a  colonel  Briton  calls  at 
the  house,  and  supposes  Violantg  to  be 
the  object  of  his  visits.  Ultimately,  the 
mystery  is  cleared  up,  and  a  double 
marriage  takes  place. — Mrs.  Centlivre: 
The  Wonder  (1714). 

Mrs.  Yates  (in  the  last  act],  with  Ganrick  as  "don 
Felix,"  was  admirable.  Fehx,  thinking  he  has  gone 
too  far,  applies  himself  to  soothe  his  violante.  She 
turns  from  liim  and  draws  away  her  chair ;  he  follo\vs, 
and  she  draws  further  away.  At  len^h,  by  his 
winning,  entreating,  and  cajoling,  she  is  graaually 
induced  to  melt,  and  finally  makes  it  up  with  him. 
Her  condescension  .  .  .  was  admirable ;  her  dignity 
was  great  and  lofty,  .  .  .  and  when  by  degrees  she 
laid  aside  her  frown,  and  her  lips  relaxed  into  a  smile, 
.  .  .  nothing  could  be  more  lovelv  and  irresistible.  .  .  . 
It  laid  the  whole  audience,  as  well  as  her  lover,  at  her 
feet. — H'illiam  Goodwin, 

VioXen'ta,  any  young  lady  non- 
entity; one  who  contributes  nothing  to 
the  amusement  or  conversation  of  a  party. 
Violenta  is  one  of  the  dramatis personce  of 
Shakespeare's^//"  J  Well  thai  Ends  Well, 
but  she  only  enters  once,  and  then  she 
neither  speaks  nor  is  spoken  to  (1598). 
(See  ROGERO,  p.  927,  third  art.) 

Violen'ta,  the  fairy  mother  who 
brought  up  the  young  princess  who  was 
metamorphosed  into  a  white  cat  for 
refusing  to  marry  Migonnet  {a  hideously 
misshapen  fairy). — Comiesse  UAulnoy: 
Fairy  Tales  ("The  White  Cat,"  1683). 

Violet,  the  ward  of  lady  Arundel. 
She  is  in  love  with  Norman  the  "  sea- 
captain,"  who  turns  out  to  be  the  son  of 
lady  Arundel  by  her  first  husband,  and 
heir  to  the  title  and  estates. — Lord 
Lytton  :  The  Sea-Captain  (1839). 

Violet   [Father],  a  sobriquet  of  Na- 

fioleon  I.  ;  also  called  "  Corporal  Violet  " 
1769,  1804-1815,  died  1821). 

•.•  Violets  were  the  flowers  of  the 
empire,  and  when,  in  1879,  the  ex-em- 
press Eugenie  was  visited  at  Chislehurst 
by  those  who  sympathized  with  her 
in  the  death  of  her  son,  "the  prince 
Imperial,"  they  were  worn  as  symbols  of 
attachment  to  the  imperial  family  of 
France.  The  name  was  given  to  Na- 
poleon on  his  banishment  to  Elba  (1815), 
and  implied  that  "he  would  return  to 
France  with  the  violets." 

Violet-Crowned  City  ( The), 
Athens  is  so  called  by  Aristophanes 
(ioffTP^avo?)  (see  Equites,  1323  and  1329 ; 
and  Acharnians,  637).  Macaulay  refers 
to  Athens  as  "the  violet-crowned  city." 


VIPER& 


Ion  (c  violet)  was  a  representative  king 
of  Athens,  whose  four  sons  gave  names 
to  the  four  Athenian  classes  ;  and  Greece, 
in  Asia  Minor,  was  called  Ionia.  Athens 
was  the  city  of  "  Ion  crowned  its  king," 
and  hence  was  "  the  Ion  crowned,"  or 
king  Ion's  city.  Translating  the  word 
Ion  into  English,  Athens  was  the  "Violet- 
crowned,"  or  king  Violet's  city.  Of 
course,  the  pun  is  the  chief  point,  and 
was  quite  legitimate  in  comedy. 

IT  Similarly,  Paris  is  called  the  "city  of 
lilies,"  by  a  pun  between  Louis  and  lys 
{theflower'de-luce),  and  France  is  t empire 
des  lys  or  T empire  des  Louis. 

1[  By  a  similar  pun,  London  might  be 
called  "  the  noisy  town,"  from  hliid, 
"  noisy." 

Violetta,  a  Portuguese,  married  to 
Belfield  the  elder  brother,  but  deserted 
by  him.  The  faithless  husband  gets  be- 
trothed to  Sophia  (daughter  of  sir  Ben- 
jamin Dove),  who  loves  the  younger 
brother.  Both  Violetta  and  the  younger 
brother  are  shipwrecked  and  cast  on  the 
coast  of  Cornwall,  in  the  vicinity  of  squire 
Belfield's  estate  ;  and  Sophia  is  informed 
that  her  "  betrothed  "  is  a  married  man. 
She  is  therefore  free  from  her  betrothal, 
and  marries  the  younger  brother,  the 
man  of  her  choice  ;  while  the  elder 
brother  takes  back  his  wife,  to  whom  be 
becomes  reconciled. — Cumberland:  The 
Brothers  (1769). 

Violin  (Motto  on  a). 

In  silvis  viva  silui;  canora  jam  mortua  canow 
Mute  when  alive,  I  heard  the  feathered  throng; 
Vocal  now  dead,  I  emulate  tbeir  song. 

E.  C.  S. 

Violin  {The  Angel  with  the). 
Rubens's  "  Harmony  "  is  an  angel  of  the 
male  sex  playing  a  bass-vioL 

The  angel  with  the  violin, 
Painted  by  Raphael  (7),  he  seemed. 

Longfelltrw  :  The  Wayside  Inn  (1863^. 

Violin-Makers  ( The  best) :  Gasparo 
di  Salo  (1560-1610)  ;  Nicholas  Amati 
(1596-1684);  Antonio  Stradivari  (1670- 
1728) ;  Joseph  A.  Guarneri  (1683-1745). 

(Of  these,  Stradivari  was  the  best,  and 
Nicholas  Amati  the  next  best.) 

N.B.— The  following  are  eminent,  but 
not  equal  to  the  names  given  above : 
Joseph  Steiner  (1620-1667) ;  Matthias 
Klotz  (1650-1606).  (See  Otto,  On  the 
Violin^ 

Vipers.  According  to  Greek  and 
Roman  superstition,  the  female  viper, 
after  copulation,  bites  off  the  head  of  the 


VIPONT. 

male.  Another  notion  was  that  young 
vipers  came  into  the  world  by  gnawing 
their  way  through  the  mother,  and  kill- 
ing her. 

Else,  viper-like,  their  parents  they  devour, 

For  all  Power's  children  easily  covet  power. 

Brooke  :  Trealie  on  Human  Learning;  (1554-1638). 

Vipont  {Sir  Ralph  de),  a  knight  of 
St.  John.  He  is  one  of  the  knights 
challengers.— 5/r  W.  Scott:  Ivanhoe 
(time,  Richard  I.). 

Virgfil,  a  Roman  poet,  author  of 
Eclogues,  Georgics,  and  the  Mneid,  the 
best  Latin  epic  poem,  in  twelve  books. 
English  translations  of  the  ^neid : 
by  Connington,  i856  ;  Dryden,  1697 ; 
(^win  Douglas,  1513 ;  Kennedy,  in 
1849 ;  W.  Morris,  in  1876  ;  by  Ogilby,  in 
1649  ;  by  Phaer  and  Twyne,  in  1558-73  ; 
by  Pitt  and  Warton,  in  1740  ;  by  Single- 
ton, in  rhythm,  1855-59  ;  by  Stonihurst, 
in  1580  ;  by  lord  Surrey,  in  1553  ;  by  Dr. 
Trapp,  in  1731.  Literal  English  prose 
versions  by  Davidson,  in  1743  ;  by 
Wheeler,  in  1852,  etc.  (See  Epic 
Poets,  p.  326.) 

Virgil  Travestie.  Book  i.,  by  C. 
Cotton  (1664).  It  has  passed  through 
fifteen  editions. 

Virgil,  in  the  Gesta  Romanorum,  is 
represented  as  a  mighty  but  benevolent 
enchanter,  and  this  is  the  character  that 
Italian  romances  give  him. 

(Similarly,  sir  Walter  Scott  is  called 
"  The  Great  Wizard  of  the  North.") 

Virgil  the  Enchanter.  When  a  young 
man,  Virgil  discovered  an  imp  in  a  hole 
in  a  mountain,  who  promised  to  teach 
the  enchanter  the  black  art  if  he  would 
release  him.  Virgil  released  the  imp, 
but  after  having  learned  all  he  wanted, 
he  expressed  his  surprise  how  one  of 
such  surprising  stature  could  have  been 
squeezed  into  so  small  a  cavity.  The 
imp,  to  show  Virgil  how  it  was  done, 
wriggled  into  it,  and  Virgil  dexterously 
closed  up  the  hole. — Een  Schone  Historie 
van  Virgilius  (1552). 

IT  This  tale  is  almost  identical  with  that 
of  "the  Fisherman  and  the  Genius"  in 
the  Arabian  Nights :  The  fisherman  en- 
closed in  his  net  a  small  copper  vase,  and 
when  he  opened  it  a  huge  giant  came 
forth,  who  told  the  fisherman  he  had 
vowed  to  kill  any  one  who  released  him, 
but  to  leave  his  victim  the  choice  of  his 
death.  The  fisherman  asked  the  genius 
if  it  was  really  true  that  he  came  out 
of  the  vase.  "Doubtless,"  said  the 
genius.     "I  cannot  beheve  it,"  rejoined 


1178 


VIRGIL  S  COURTSHIP. 


the  fisherman,  "  for  it  is  not  large 
enough  to  hold  one  of  your  feet."  The 
genius,  to  convince  the  gainsayer,  con- 
verted himself  into  smoke  and  entered 
the  vase;  whereupon  the  fisherman 
clapped  down  the  lid,  and  threw  the 
vase  back  into  the  sea. 

1[  The  same  tale  is  told  of  Theophras- 
tos,  who  hberated  a  demon  from  the  rift 
of  a  tree.  The  tale  is  told  by  Gorres  : 
Folksbucher,  p.  226  (and  several  others). 
(See  Patrick,  St.,  and  the  Serpent,  p. 
813.) 

Virgil,  in  Dante,  is  the  personifica- 
tion of  human  wisdom,  Beatrice  of  the 
wisdom  which  comes  of  faith,  and  St. 
Bernard  of  spiritual  wisdom.  Virgil  con- 
ducts Dantd  through  the  Inferno  and 
through  Purgatory  too,  till  the  seven  P's 
[peccata,  "sins")  are  obliterated  from  his 
brow,  when  Beatrice  becomes  his  guide. 
St.  Bernard  is  his  guide  through  a  part  of 
Paradise.     Virgil  says  to  Dant6 — 

What  reason  here  discovers,  /  have  power 
To  show  thee ;  that  which  lies  beyond,  expect 
From  Beatrice— yiiJi'/jV  not  reason's  task. 

Dante:  Purgatory,  xviii.  (1308). 

Virgits  Epitaph.  The  inscription  on 
his  tomb  (said  to  have  been  written  by 
himself)  was — 

Mantua  me  genuit ;  Calabri  rapuere  ;  tenet  nunc 
Parthenope  ;  cecini  pascua,  rura,  duces. 

In  Mantua  was  I  bom  ;  Calabria  saw  me  die  ; 

Of  sheep,  fields,  wars,  I  sung ;  and  now  in  Naples  lie. 
B.  C.  B. 

The  Christian  Virgil,  Giacomo  San- 
nazaro  (1458-1530), 

Marco  Girolamo  Vida,  author  of  Chris- 
tias  (in  six  books),  is  also  called  "  The 
Christian  Virgil "  (1490-1566). 

*.'  Aurelius  Qemens  Prudentius  of 
Spain  is  called  by  Bentley,  '•  The  Virgil 
and  Horace  of  Christians  "  (348-*). 

The  Virgil  of  our  Dramatic  Authors, 
Ben  Jonson  is  so  called  by  Dryden 
(1574-1637). 

Shakespeare  was  the  Horner  or  father  of  our  dra- 
matic poets ;  Jonson  was  the  Virgil,  and  pattern  of 
elaborate  writing.  I  admire  rare  Ben,  but  I  lov« 
Shakespeare.— i^  ;->■</««. 

The  yirgil  of  the  French  Drama.  Jean 
Racine  is  so  called  by  sir  Walter  Scott 
(1639-1699). 

Virg-il's  Courtsliip.  Godfrey  Gobi- 

lyve  told  Graunde  Ainoure  that  Virgil 
the  poet  once  made  proposals  to  a  lady 
of  high  rank  in  the  Roman  court,  who 
resolved  to  punish  him  for  his  presump- 
tion. She  told  him  that  if  he  would 
appear  on  a  given  night  before  her  win- 
dow, he  should  be  drawn  up  in  a  basket. 
Accordingly   he   kept  his  appointment, 


VIRGIL'S  GNAT. 


1 179 


VIRGINIA. 


got  into  the  basket,  and,  being  drawn 
some  twenty  feet  from  the  ground,  was 
left  there  dangling  till  noon  next  day, 
the  laugh  and  butt  of  the  court  and  city. 
Stephen  Hawes :  The  Passe-tyme  of 
Plesure,  xxix.  (1515). 

Virgcil's  Gnat  (the  Culex,  ascribed  to 
Virgil).  A  shepherd,  having  fallen  asleep 
in  the  open  air,  was  on  the  point  of 
becoming  the  prey  of  a  serpent,  when 
a  gnat  stung  him  on  the  eyelid.  The 
shepherd  crushed  the  gnat,  but  at  the 
same  time  alarmed  the  serpent,  which 
the  shepherd  beat  to  death.  Next  night, 
the  gnat  appeared  to  the  shepherd  in  a 
dream,  and  reproached  him  for  ingrati- 
tude, whereupon  he  raised  a  monument 
in  honour  of  his  deliverer.  Spenser  has 
a  free  translation  of  this  story,  which  he 
calls  VirgiTs  Gnat  (1580).  (See  Use  OF 
Pests,  p,  1161.) 

Virgfile  an  Rabot  {Le),  "The 
Virgil  of  the  Plane,"  Adam  Bellaut, 
the  joiner-poet,  who  died  1662.  He 
was  pensioned  by  Richelieu,  patronized 
by  the  "Great  Cond6,"  and  praised  by 
Pierre  Corneille. 

Virgfil'ia  is  made  by  Shakespeare 
the  wife  of  Coriolanus,  and  Volumnia  his 
mother :  but  historically  Volumnia  was 
his  wife  and  Vetu'ria  his  mother. — Corio- 
lanus (16 10). 

The  old  man's  merriment  In  Menenius ;  the  lofty 
lady's  dignity  in  Volumnia  ;  the  bridal  modesty  in 
Virgilia  ;  the  patrician  and  military  haughtiness  in 
Coriolanus ;  the  plebeian  malignity  and  tribunitian 
Insolence  in  Brutus  and  Sicinius,  make  a  very  pleasing 
and  interesting  variety.— Z>r.  yoknson  ;  On  Corio- 
lanus. 

Virgil'ius,  Feargil  bishop  of  Saltz- 
burg,  an  Irishman.  He  was  denounced 
as  a  heretic  for  asserting  the  existence  of 
antipodes  (*-784).  (See  Heretics 
(Scientific),  p.  486.) 

Virgfin  Port  {The).  Widin,  in  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  is  so  called  by  the  Turks, 
because  it  has  never  been  taken  by  as- 
sault. 

Metz,  in  France,  was  also  so  called  in 
the  Fran  CO- Prussian  war  (i  870-1). 

Virgin  Knot,  maidenly  chastity ; 
the  allusion  being  to  the  zones  worn  by 
marriageable  young  women.  Girls  did 
not  wear  a  zone,  and  were  therefore 
called  "  Ungirded  "  {dis-cintce). 

If  thou  dost  break  her  virgin  knot  before 
All  sanctimonious  ceremonies  may 
With  full  and  holy  rite  be  ministered, 

-':        No  sweet  aspersion  shall  the  heaven  let  fall 
,        To  make  this  contract  grow. 

•^     SkaJkesfeare  :  The  Temfest,  act  It.  sc.  i  (1609). 


Virg-in  Martyr  ( The),  a  tragedy  by 
Philip  Massinger  (1622).     A  fine  play. 

Vir ff in  Mary  ( The)  is  addressed  by 
the  following  titles:  —  "Empress  and 
Queen  of  Heaven ; "  "  Empress  and  Queen 
of  Angels  ;  "  "  Empress  and  Queen  of 
the  Earth  ; "  'Lady  of  the  Universe  or  of 
the  World  ;  "  "  Mistress  of  the  World  ;  " 
"Patroness  of  all  Men;"  "Advocate 
for  Sinners  ;  "  "Mediatrix;"  "  Gate  of 
Paradise  ;  "  "  Mother  of  God  ; "  "  Mother 
of  Mercies  and  of  Divine  Grace  ;  "  "  God- 
dess;" "The  only  Hope  of  Sinners,' 
etc.,  etc, 

(It  is  said  that  Peter  Fullo,  in  480,  was 
the  first  to  introduce  invocations  to  the 
Virgin.) 

Virgfin  Modesty.  John  Wilmot, 
earl  of  Rochester,  was  so  called  by  Charles 
II.,  because  of  his  propensity  to  blushing 
{1647-1680). 

Virgin  Queen  {The),  Elizabeth 
(1533.  1558-1603). 

Virgin  Unmasked  {The),  a  farce 
by  II.  Fielding.  Goodwill  had  acquired 
by  trade  _^ 1 0,000,  and  resolved  to  give  his 
daughter  Lucy  to  one  of  his  relations,  in 
order  to  keep  the  money  in  the  family. 
He  sent  for  her  bachelor  relations,  and 
told  them  his  intention  ;  they  were  Blister 
(the  apothecary),  Coupee  (the  dancing- 
master),  and  Quaver  (the  singing-master). 
They  all  preferred  their  professions  to  the 
young  lady,  and  while  they  were  quarrel- 
ling about  the  superiority  of  their  respec- 
tive callings,  Lucy  married  Thomas  the 
footman.  Old  Goodwill  says,  "  I  don't 
know  but  that  my  daughter  has  made  a 
better  choice  than  if  she  had  married  one 
of  these  booby  relations." 

Virgins  {The  Eleven  Thousand). 
(See  UR.SULA,  p,  1161.) 

Virginia,  a  young  Roman  plebeian 
of  great  beauty,  decoyed  by  Appius 
Claudius,  one  of  the  decemvirs,  and 
claimed  as  his  slave.  Her  father,  Vir- 
ginius,  being  told  of  it,  hastened  to  the 
forum,  and  arrived  at  the  moment  when 
Virginia  was  about  to  be  delivered  up  to 
Appius,  He  seized  a  butcher's  knife, 
stabbed  his  daughter  to  the  heart,  rushed 
from  the  forum,  and  raised  a  revolt. 

(This  has  been  the  subject  of  a  host  of 
tragedies.  In  French,  by  Mairet  (i628|, 
by  Leclerc  (1645),  by  Campistron  (1683), 
by  La  Beaumelle  (1760),  by  Chabanon 
(1769),  by  Laharpe  (1786),  by  Leblanc 
du  Guillet  (1786),  by  Guiraud  (1827),  by 


VIRGINIA- 


1180 


VITI2A. 


Latour  St.  Ybars  {1845),  etc.  In  Italian, 
by  Alfieri  (1783).  In  German,  by  Gott- 
hold  Lessing  (eighteenth  century).  In 
English,  by  John  Webster,  entitled  Ap- 

Siusand  Virginia  (1654) ;  by  Miss  Brooke 
1760);  J,  S.  Knowles  (1820),  Virginius. 
t  is  one  of  lord  Macaulay's  lays  (1842), 
supposed  to  be  sung  in  the  forum  on  the 
day  when  Sextus  and  Licinus  were 
elected  tribunes  for  the  fifth  time.) 

Virginia,  the  daughter  of  Mme.  de  la 
Tour.  Madame  was  of  a  good  family  in 
Normandy,  but,  having  married  beneath 
her  social  position,  was  tabooed  by  her 
family.  Her  husband  died  before  the 
birth  of  his  first  child,  and  the  widow 
went  to  live  at  Port  Louis,  in  the  Mau- 
ritius, where  Virginia  was  born.  Their 
only  neighbour  was  Margaret,  with  her 
love-child  Paul,  an  infant.  The  two 
children  grew  up  together,  and  became 
strongly  attached ;  but  when  Virginia 
was  15  years  old,  her  wealthy  great-aunt 
adopted  her,  and  requested  that  she  might 
be  sent  immediately  to  France,  to  finish 
her  education.  The  "  aunt  "  wanted  her 
to  marry  a  French  count,  and,  as  Virginia 
refused  to  do  so,  disinherited  her  and 
sent  her  back  to  the  Mauritius.  When 
within  a  cable's  length  of  the  island,  a 
hurricane  dashed  the  ship  to  pieces,  and 
the  corpse  of  Virginia  was  cast  on  the 
shore.  Paul  drooped,  and  died  within 
two  months. — Bemardin  de  St.  Pierre: 
Paul  et  Virgine  (1788). 

N.B. — In  Cobb's  dramatic  version  of 
this  story,  Virginia's  mother  is  of  Spanish 
origin,  and  dies  committing  Virginia  to 
the  charge  of  Dominique,  a  faithful  old 
negro  servant.  The  aunt  is  donna  Leo- 
nora de  Guzman,  who  sends  don  Antonio 
de  Guardes  to  bring  Virginia  to  Spain,  and 
there  to  make  her  his  bride.  She  is 
carried  to  the  ship  by  force  ;  but  scarcely 
is  she  set  on  board  when  a  hurricane 
dashes  the  vessel  to  pieces.  Antonio  is 
drowned,  but  Virginia  is  rescued  by  Al- 
hambra,  a  runaway  slave  whom  she  has 
befriended.  The  drama  ends  with  the 
marriage  between  Virginia  and  Paul 
(1756-1818). 

Virginians  {The\  a  novel  by 
Thackeray  (1857). 

Virg^inins,  father  of  the  Roman 
Virginia,  the  title  of  a  tragedy  by  S. 
Knowles  (1820).  (For  the  tale,  see  Vir- 
ginia.) 

(Macready  (1793-1873)  made  the  part 
of  "  Virginius    in  Knowles's  drama;  but 


the  first  to  act  it  was  John  Cooper,  in 
Glasgow,  1820.) 

Virgivian  Sea.  (See  Vergivian, 
p.  1 172.) 

Vir'olam,  St.  Alban's.     (See  Veru- 

LAM,  p.  1 173.) 

Brave  Voadicia  made  ...  to  Virolam. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  viii.  (1619). 

Virolet,  the  hero  of  Fletcher's  play 
called  The  Double  Marriage.  He  was 
married  to  Juliana  and  to  Martia  (1647), 

Virtues  {The  Seven)-,  (i)  Faith,  (2) 
hope,  (3)  charity,  (4)  prudence,  (5) 
justice,  (6)  fortitude,  and  (7)  temperance. 
The  first  three  are  called  "the  holy 
virtues." 

1  [Virgifl  with  those  abide 
Who  the  three  holy  virtues  put  not  on, 
But  understood  the  rest,  and  without  blamo 
Followed  them  aU. 

Dante  :  Purgmtory,  vii.  (1308). 

Visin,  a  Russian  who  had  the  power 
of  blunting  weapons  by  a  look.  Starchat  '- 
erus,  the  Swede,  when  he  went  against 
him,  covered  his  sword  with  thin  leather, 
and  by  this  means  obtained  an  easy  vic- 
tory. 

Vision  of  Judgfment  ( The),  a  poem 
in  twelve  parts,  by  Southey,  written  in 
hexameter  verse  (1820).  The  laureate 
supposes  that  he  has  a  vision  of  George 
III.,  just  dead,  tried  at  the  bar  of  heaven. 
Wilkes  is  his  chief  accuser,  and  Washing- 
ton his  chief  defender.  Judgment  is 
given  by  acclamation  in  favour  of  the 
king,  and  in  heaven  he  is  welcomed  by 
Alfred,  Richard  Cceur  de  Lion,  Edward 
III.,  queen  Elizabeth,  Charles  I.,  and 
William  III.,  Bede,  friar  Bacon,  Chaucer, 
Spenser,  the  duke  of  Marlborough,  and 
Berkeley  the  sceptic,  Hogarth,  Burke  the 
infidel,  Chatterton  who  made  away  with 
himself.  Canning,  Nelson,  and  all  the 
royal  family  who  were  then  dead. 

• .  •  Of  all  the  literary  productions  ever 
issued  from  the  press,  never  was  one 
printed  of  worse  taste  than  this.  Byron 
wrote  a  quiz  on  it,  called  The  Vision  of 
Judgment,  in  106  stanzas  of  eight  lines 
each  (1820). 

Vision    of    Mirza    {The\      (See 

MiRZA,  p.  711.) 

Vita'lis,  the  pseudonvm  of  Eric  Sja- 
berg,  a  Swedish  poet.  (Latin,  vita  lis, 
"life  is  a  strife.") 

Viti'aa  or  Witi'za,  king  of  the 
Visigoths,  who  put  out  the  eyes  of  Cor- 
d5va  the  father  of  Roderick-     He  was 


VITRUVIUS. 


xi8z 


VOLANTE. 


himself  dethroned  and  blinded  by  Rode- 
rick.— Southey  :  Roderick,  the  Ldst  of  the 
Goths  (1814). 

Vitravius,  author  of  a  treatise  on 
architecture,  in  ten  books,  Latin.  He 
lived  under  Julius  Caesar  and  Augustus. 

The  English  Vitruvius,  Inigo  Jones 
(1573-1652). 

Vivian,  w>rother  of  Maugis  d'Agre- 
mont,  and  son  of  duke  Bevis  of  Agremont. 
He  was  stolen  in  infancy  by  Tapinel,  and 
sold  to  the  wife  of  Sorgalant. — Roman  de 
Maugis  d Agremont  et  de  Vivian  son 
Frire. 

Vivian,  son  of  Buovo  2  syl. ),  of  the 
house  of  Clarmont,  and  brother  of  Aldiger 
and  Malagigi. — Ariosto:  Orlando  Furioso 
(1S16). 

Vivian  Grey,  a  novel  by  Disraeli 
pord  Beaconsfield]  (1826-7).  Vivian  Grey 
IS  supposed  to  be  the  author  himself. 

Viviane  (3  syl.),  daughter  of  Dyonas 
a  vavasour  of  high  lineage,  and  generally 
called  the  "  Lady  of  the  Lake."  Merlin, 
in  his  dotage,  fell  in  love  with  her,  and 
she  imprisoned  hira  in  the  forest  of  Br6- 
c^liande,  in  Brittany.  Viviane  induced 
Merlin  to  show  her  how  a  person  could 
be  imprisoned  by  enchantment  without 
walls,  towers,  or  chains,  and  after  he  had 
done  so,  she  fondled  him  into  a  sleep  under 
a  whitethorn  laden  with  flowers.  While 
thus  he  slept,  she  made  a  ring  with  her 
wimple  round  the  bush,  and  performed 
the  other  needful  ceremonies  ;  whereupon 
he  found  himself  enclosed  in  a  prison 
stronger  than  the  strongest  tower,  and 
from  that  imprisonment  was  never  again 
released. — Merlin  (a  romance). 

(See  the  next  article.) 

Vivien  or  Vivian,  the  personifica- 
tion of  shameless  harlotry,  or  the  crown- 
ing result  to  be  expected  from  the 
infidelity  of  queen  Guin'evere.  This  wily 
wanton  in  Arthur's  court  hated  all  the 
knights,  and  tried  without  success  to 
seduce  "the  blameless  king."  With 
Merlin  she  succeeded  better;  for,  being 
pestered  with  her  importunity,  he  told  her 
the  secret  of  his  power,  as  Samson  told 
Delilah  the  secret  of  his  strength.  Having 
learnt  this,  Vivien  enclosed  the  magician 
in  a  hollow  oak,  where  he  was  confined 
as  one  dead,  "lost  to  life,  and  use,  and 
name,  and  fame." — Tennyson:  Idylls 
of  the  King  ("Vivien,"  1858-9).  (See 
Viviane.) 

N.B.— In  Malory's  History  of  Prince 


Arthur,  i.  60,  Nimue  (} Ninive)  is  the  {60 
who  inveigled  Merlin  out  of  his  secret — 

And  so  upon  a  time  it  happened  that  Merlin  shewed 
to  her  lNimue\  in  a  rock,  whereas  was  a  preat  wonder, 
and  wrought  by  enchantment,  which  went  under  a 
stone.  So  by  her  subtle  craft  and  workinif,  she  made 
Merlin  to  go  undei  that  stone,  to  let  her  wit  of  the 
marvels  there  ;  but  she  wrought  so  there  for  him  that 
he  came  never  out,  for  *11  his  craft.  And  so  sho 
departed  and  left  him  thenj. 

Voadic'ia  or  Boadice'a,  queen  of 
the  British  Iceni.  Enraged  against  the 
Romans,  who  bad  defiled  her  two  daugh- 
ters, she  excited  an  insurrection  against 
them  ;  and  while  Suetonius  Paullnus,  the 
Roman  governor,  was  in  MoviQ.[Anglesea), 
she  took  Colchester  and  London,  and 
slew  70,000  Romans.  Being  at  length 
defeated  by  Suetonius  Paullnus,  she  put 
an  end  to  her  Ufe  by  poison  (a.d.  61). 

(Cowper  has  an  ode  on  Boadicea,  1790.) 

Brave  Voadicia  made  with  her  rcsolvedest  men 

To  Virolam  [St.  Albans\,   whose  siege  with  fire  and 

sword  she  plyed 
T  illlevelled  with  the  earth  .  .  .  etc. 

Drayton  :  Pelyolbian,  vilL  (x6ia), 

Voadine  (2  y/.),  bishop  of  London, 
who  reproved  Vortiger[nJ  for  loving 
another  man's  wife  and  neglecting  his 
own  queen,  for  which  reproof  the  good 
bishop  was  murdered. 

.  .  .  g[ood  Voadine,  who  reproved 
Proud  Vortiger,  his  Icing,  unlawfully  that  loved 
Another's  wanton  wife,  and  wronged  his  nuptial  bed. 
For  which  by  that  stem  prince  unjustly  murderfcd. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xxir.  (i6sn). 

TT  This  is  very  like  the  story  of  John 
the  Baptist  and  Herod. 

Voices  of  the  Night,  a  poem  by 

Longfellow,  including  A  Hymn  to  Night, 
A  Psalm  of  Life,  Flowers,  etc.  (1841). 

Voitnre  (2  syl.),  a  French  poet, 
idolized  by  his  contemporaries  in  the 
reign  of  Louis  XIV.,  but  now  only 
known  by  name  (1598-1648). 

E'en  rival  wits  did  Voiture's  death  deplore. 
And  the  gav  mourned,  who  never  mourned  beforo: 
The  truest  hearts  for  Voiture  heaved  with  sighs  ; 
Voiture  was  wept  by  all  the  brightest  eyes. 

Pope :  Epistle  to  Miss  Blount  (1715). 

Voland(5^«?>?),  the  devil.  (German, 
Junker  Voland.) 

Volan'te  (3  syl.),  one  of  the  three 
daughters  of  Balthazar.  Lively,  witty, 
sharp  as  a  needle,  and  high-spirited.  She 
loves  the  count  Montalban  ;  but  when 
the  count  disguises  himself  as  a  father 
confessor,  in  order  to  sound  her  love  for 
him,  slie  sees  the  trick  in  a  moment,  and 
says  to  him,  "  Come,  count,  pull  off  your 
lion's  hide,  and  confess  yourself  an  ass." 
Subsequently,  all  ends  happily  and  welL 
—  Tobin:  The  Honeymoon  (1804). 


VOLETTA,  1x82 

Volet'ta,  Free-will  personified. 

Voletta, 

Whom  neither  man,  nor  fiend,  nor  God  constrains. 
P.  Fletcher:   The  PurfiU  Island,  vi.  (1633). 

Volksmahrchen  \_" popular  tales  "]. 
in  German,  the  best  exponents  being 
LiidwigTieck  (1773-1853),  Musaus  (1735- 
1787),  De  la  Motte  Fouqu^(see  Undine, 
p.  1158),  Chamisso  (see  Schlemihl, 
Peter,  p.  968),  Heinrich  StefFens  (1773- 
1845),  Achim  von  Amim  ^1781-1831), 
Clemens  Bentano  (  -     ),  Zschokke 

(1771-1848),  HofiFmann  (1776-1822),  Gus- 
tav  Freytag  "  The  German  Dickens  " 
(1816-        ),  and  the  brothers  Grimm. 

Vol'pone  (2  syl.),  or  The  Fox,  a 
cofnedy  by  Ben  Jonson  (1605).  Volpone,  a 
rich  Venetian  nobleman,  without  children, 
feigns  to  be  dying,  in  order  to  draw  gifts 
from  those  who  pay  court  to  him  under 
the  expectation  of  becoming  his  heirs. 
Mosca,  his  knavish  confederate,  persuades 
each  in  turn  that  he  is  named  for  the 
inheritance,  and  by  this  means  exacts 
many  a  costly  present.  At  the  end,  Vol- 
pone is  betrayed,  his  property  forfeited, 
and  he  is  sentenced  to  lie  in  the  worst 
hospital  in  all  Venice. 

Jonson  has  three  gfreat  comedies :  Votfone  or  the 
Fox,  Epicene  or  the  Silent  Woman,  and  The  Al- 
chemist.—R.  Chambers  :  English  Literature,  i.  192. 

Volscius  {Prince),  a  military  hero, 
who  falls  in  love  with  the  fair  Par- 
thenOpS,  and  disputes  with  prince  Pretty- 
man  upon  the  superiority  of  his  sweet- 
heart to  Cloris,  whom  prince  Prettyman 
sighs  for.  —Duke  of  Buckingham  :  The 
Rehearsal  (1671). 


VORST. 


Oh,  be  merry,  by  all  means.  Prince  Volscius  In  love  I 
Ha,  ha,  ha  \—Congreve :  The  Double  Dealer  (1694). 

Volsungfa  Sagfa  {The),  a  collection 
of  tales  in  verse  about  the  early  Teutonic 
heroes,  compiled  by  Sasmund  Sigfusson 
in  the  eleventh  century.  A  prose  version 
was  made  some  200  years  later  by  Snorro 
Sturleson.  This  saga  forms  a  part  of  the 
Rhythmical  or  Elder  Edda  and  of  the 
Prose  or  Younger  Edda. 

Voltaire,  French  poet,  philosopher, 

and  litterateur  {1694-1778). 

The  German  Voltaire,  Johann  Wolf- 
gang von  Goethe  (1749-1838). 

Christoph  Martin  Wieland  is  also  called 
"  The  German  Voltaire  "  (1733-1813). 

The  Polish  Voltaire,  Ignatius  Krasicki 
(1774-1801). 

The  Russian  Voltaire,  Alex.  P.  Sumo- 
rokof  (1727- 1777). 


Voltaire  and  Bad  Lnck— 

Beaumarchais,  the  first  editor  of  Vol- 
taire's complete  works,  lost  1,000,000 
francs  by  the  speculation  ;  and  died  sud- 
denly in  1798. 

Desser,  who  published  an  edition  in 
10  vols.,  8vo,  died  soon  afterwards  of 
phthisis,  and  his  friend  Migeon,  who 
provided  the  funds,  died  of  the  same 
disease,  a  pauper. 

C^rioux  and  the  widow  Perroneau,  who 
published  an  edition  in  60  vols,  izmo, 
were  completely  ruined  thereby. 

Dalibon,  who  produced  the  brilliant 
edition,  is  now  a  workman  at  2^  francs  a 
day  with  a  colour-man. 

Touquet,  who  introduced  an  edition, 
died  suddenly  at  Ostend,  in  1831. 

Garnery,  his  partner  in  the  edition  of 
75  vols.  i2mo,  was  ruined  and  died. 

Deterville,  a  wealthy  publisher,  has 
since  become  blind. 

Daubr^e  was  assassinated  by  a  woman 
whom  he  accused  of  having  stolen  a  book 
worth  10  sous. 

Ren^,  Brussels,  edited  an  edition  in 
i8mo,  fell  into  distress,  and  is  now  a 
simple  workman.  —  Van  der  Hoegen  : 
La  Revue  hebdomadaire. 

Vol'timand,  a  courtier  in  the  court 
of  Claudius  king  of  Denmark. — Shake- 
speare:  Hamlet  {ic^gS). 

Volumnia  was  the  wife  of  Coriolanus, 
and  Vetu'ria  his  mother  ;  but  Shakespeare 
makes  Virgilia  the  wife,  and  Volumnia 
the  mother. — Coriolanus  (1610). 

The  old  man's  merriment  in  Menenius ;  the  lofty 
lady's  dignity  in  Volumnia  ;  the  bridal  modesty  in 
Virgilia;  the  patrician  and  military  haiig^htiness  in 
Coriolanus;  the  plebeian  malignity  and  tribunitian 
insolence  in  Brutus  and  Sicinius,  make  a  very  pleasing 
and  interesting  variety.— />r.  Johnson  :  Oh  Corio- 
lanus. 

Volnnd.    (See  Wieland.) 

Voluspa  Sagra  [The),  the  prophecy 
of  Vola.  It  contains  between  200  and 
300  verses,  and  resembles  the  Sibylline 
books  of  ancient  Rome.  The  Voluspa 
Saga  gives,  in  verse,  a  description  of 
chaos,  the  formation  of  the  world,  the 
creation  of  all  animals  (including  dwarfs 
and  giants,  genii  and  devils,  fairies  and 
goblins),  the  final  conflagration  of  the 
world,  and  its  renewal,  when  it  will 
appear  in  celestial  beauty,  like  the  new 
Jerusalem  described  in  the  Book  of  the 
Revelation. 

Vorst  (Peterkin),  the  sleeping  sentinel 
at  Powys  Castle.— Sir  IV.  Scott:  Tht 
Betrothed  {i\mQ,  Henry  II.). 


VORTIGERN. 


1183 


VULNERABLE  PARTS. 


Vortigfern,  consul  of  the  Gewisseans, 
who  crowned  Constans  king  of  Britain, 
although  he  was  a  monk  ;  but  treach- 
erously contrived  to  get  him  assassinated, 
and  then  usurped  the  crown.  He  married 
Rowen'a  daughter  of  Hengist,  and  was 
burnt  to  deatlj  in  a  tower  set  on  fire  dur- 
ing a  siege  by  Ambrosius. — Geoffrey: 
British  History,  tI.  6  ;  viii,  i  (1142). 

Vortigfem,  a  drama  put  forward  by 
Henry  W.  Ireland  (1796)  as  a  newly  dis- 
covered play  by  Shakespeare.  It  was 
brought  out  at  Drury  Lane  Theatre  by 
John  Kemble.  Dr.  Parr  thought  it  was 
genuine.    (See  Forgers,  p.  384.) 

Mrs.  Siddons,  writing  to  Mrs.  Piozzi,  says,  "All 
sensible  persons  are  convinced  that  Vortigcm  is  a 
most  audacious  Imposture.  If  not,  I  can  only  say  tliat 
Shakespeare's  writings  are  more  unequal  than  those  of 
any  other  man  "  (April  a,  it^).— Fitzgerald :  Lives  of 
tfu  Kemtles,  L  338. 

Vortigern    and     Hengist.    The 

account  of  the  massacre  of  the  Long- 
Knives,  given  by  Geoffrey,  in  his  British 
History,  vi.  15,  differs  greatly  from  that 
of  the  Welsh  Triads  (see  Stonehenge  A 
Trophy,  p.  1047).  Geoffrey  says  that 
Hengist  came  over  with  a  large  army,  at 
which  king  Vortigern  was  alarmed.  To 
allay  this  suspicion,  Hengist  promised  to 
send  back  all  the  men  that  the  king  did 
not  require,  and  begged  Vortigern  to 
meet  him  in  conference  at  Ambrius  [Am- 
bresbury),  on  May  Day.  Hengist,  in  the 
mean  time,  secretly  armed  a  number  of 
bis  soldiers  with  "  long  knives,"  and  told 
them  to  fall  on  the  Britons  during  the 
conference,  when  he  uttered  the  words, 
"Nemetoure  Saxas."  This  they  did, 
and  460  "barons  and  consuls"  fell.  It 
does  not  appear  from  this  narrative  that 
the  slaughter  was  due  "  to  the  treachery 
of  Vortigern,"  but  was  wholly  the  work 
of  Hengist.  Geoffrey  calls  the  earl  of 
Gloucester  "  Eldol,"  and  not  "  Eidiol." 

Vor'tigern's  Tower,  like  Penel'- 
opft's  web,  is  a  work  ever  beginning  and 
never  ending.  Vortigern  was  told  by  his 
magicians  to  build  a  strong  tower  for  his 
own  security  ;  so  he  commanded  his  work- 
men to  build  one  on  mount  Erir,  but 
whatever  they  built  one  day  was  wholly 
swallowed  up  by  the  eanh  during  the 
night. — Geoffrey:  British  History,  vi.  17 
{1142).    (See  Penelope's  Web,  p.  822.) 

Vos  non  Vobis.  The  tale  is  that 
Virgil  wrote  an  epigram  on  Augustus 
Caesar,  which  so  much  pleased  the  em- 
peror that  he  desired  to  know  who  was 
the  author.  As  Virgil  did  not  claim  the 
lines,  one  Bathyllus  declared  they  were 


his.  This  displeased  Virgil,  and  he  wrote 
these  four  words,  Sic  vos  non  vobis  .  .  . 
four  times  as  fhe  commencement  of  four 
lines,  and  Bathyllus  was  requested  to 
finish  them.  This  he  could  not  do,  but 
Virgil  completed  the  lines  thus — 

sic  vos  non  vobis  nidificaHs  are* ; 

Sic  vos  non  vobis  villera  fertis  ov«t; 
Sic  vos  non  vobis  mellificatis  apes  ; 
Sic  vos  non  vol)is  fertis  aratra  boves. 
Not  for  yourselves  warm  nests  yo  song-birds  build ; 

Not  for  yourselves  ye  sheep  your  fleeces  bear; 
Not  for  yourselves  store  hives  ye  bees  have  filled; 
Not  for  yourselves  ye  oxen  draw  the  share. 

E.  C.  B. 

Vox  Clamantis,  the  second  part  of 
Gower's  poem,  written  in  Latin ;  it  runs 
to  seven  books  in  alternate  hexameter 
and  pentameter  verses.  The  subject  is 
Wat  Tyler's  Rebellion.  The  meaning  of 
the  title  is,  "The  voice  of  the  complain- 
ants."    Never  published. 

"Vox  et  prsBterea  NihiL  A  Spar- 
tan, pulling  a  nightingale,  and  finding 
only     a    very     small    body,     exclaimed, 

■I'cdva   TV  rit  kar't  Kal  ou&ev  aWo  ("  Voice  axt 

thou,  and  nothing  more"). — Plutarch: 
Apophtkegmata  Laconica. 

Vran [Bendigeid,  i.e.  "Blessed"),  king 
of  Britain  and  father  of  Caradcaw  [Ca- 
ractacus).  He  was  called  "Blessed" 
because  he  introduced  Christianity  into 
this  island.  Vran  had  shared  the  cap- 
tivity of  his  son,  and  had  learned  tha 
Christian  faith  during  his  seven  years' 
detention  in  Rome. 

Vran  or  Bran  the  Blessed,  son  of  Llyr,  first  broug-ht 

the  faith  of  Christ  to  the  nation  of  the  Cymry  from 
Rome,  where  he  was  seven  years  a  hostage  for  his  son 
Caradawc,  whom  the  Romans  made  prisoner  through 
craft  and  the  treachery  of  Aregwedd  Fdeddawg  £Car- 
Hs}nandua\—iyelsh  Triads,  xxxv. 

Vran's  Caldron  restored  to  life 
whoever  was  put  therein,  but  the  re- 
vivified never  recovered  speech.  (See 
Medea's  Kettle,  p.  691.) 

"  I  will  give  thee,"  said  Bendigeid  Vran,  "  a  caldron, 
the  property  of  which  is  that  if  one  of  thy  men  b« 
slain  to-day,  and  be  cast  therein  to-morrow,  he  will  b« 
as  well  as  he  was  at  the  best,  except  that  he  will  not 
regain  his  speech."— TTw  Mabinogion  ("Branwen," 
etc.,  twelfth  century). 

Vrience  {King),  one  of  the  knights 
of  the  Round  Table.  He  married  Morgan 
le  Fay,  half-sister  of  king  Arthur. -;- 
Malory:  History  of  Prince  Arthur  [i^jo). 

Vulcan's  Badge,  the  badge  of 
cuckoldom.  Vulcan  was  the  husband  of 
Venus,  with  whom  Mars  intrigued. 

We  know 
Better  than  he  have  worn  Vulcan's  badge. 
(?)  Shakespeare  :  Titus  AtidronUus,  act  iL  sc  i  (1593), 

Vulnerable  Farts. 

(i)  Achilles  was  vulnerable  only  in 


VULTURE. 


1 184 


WADE. 


the  heel.  When  his  mother  Thetis  dipped 
him  in  the  river  Styx,  she  held  him  by 
the  heel,  and  the  water  never  touched  this 
part.  — A  Post-Homeric  Story. 

(2)  AjAX,  son  of  Telamon,  coiild  be 
wounded  only  behind  the  neck  ;  some  say 
only  in  one  spot  of  the  breast.  As  soon 
as  he  was  born,  Alcidfis  covered  him  with 
a  lion's  skin,  which  rendered  the  whole 
of  his  body  invulnerable,  except  in  a 
part  where  the  skin  had  been  pierced  by 
Hercules. 

(3)  ANT.EOS  was  wholly  charmed 
against  death  so  long  as.  he  touched  the 
earth, — Lucan  :  Pharsalia,  iv. 

(4)  Ferr ACUTE  (3  syl.)  was  only  vul- 
nerable in  the  navel — Turpin:  Chronicle 
of  Charlemagne. 

He  is  called  Ferrau,  son  of  I-andfusa,  by  Ariosto,  In 
his  Orlanda  Furioso. 

(5)  Megissogw^on  was  only  vulnerable 
at  one  tuft  of  hair  on  his  head.  A  wood- 
pecker revealed  the  secret  to  Hiawatha, 
who  struck  him  there  and  killed  him. — 
Longfellow:  Hiawatha,  ix. 

(6)  Orillo  was  impervious  to  death 
unless  one  particular  hair  was  cut  off; 
wherefore  Astolpho,  when  he  encountered 
the  robber,  only  sought  to  cut  off  this 
magic  hair. — Aj'iosto  :  Orlando  Furioso. 

(7)  Orlando  was  invulnerable  except 
in  the  sole  of  his  foot,  and  even  there 
nothing  could  injure  him  except  the  prick 
of  a  pin. — Italian  Classic  Fable. 

(8)  Siegfried  was  invulnerable  except 
in  one  spot  between  the  shoulders,  on 
which  a  leaf  stuck  when  he  dipped  his 
body  in  dragon's  blood. — The  Nibelungen 
Lied. 

N.B. — The  PromethSan  unguent  ren- 
dered the  body  proof  against  fire  and 
wounds  of  any  sort.  Medea  gave  Jason 
some  of  this  unguent.  —Classic  Story. 

Vulture  [The  Black),  emblem  of  the 
ancient  Turk,  as  the  crescent  is  of  the 
modern  Ottoman  empire. 

And  that  black  vulture,  which  with  dreadful  wing 
O'ershadows  half  the  earth,  whose  dismal  sight 

Frightened  the  Muses  from  their  native  spring, 
Already  stoops,  and  flags  with  weary  wing. 

P.  Fletcher:  The  Purfle  Island,  vii.  (1633). 

Vulture  Hopkins.  John  Hopkins 
was  so  called  from  his  rapacious  mode  of 
acquiring  money.  He  was  the  architect 
of  his  own  fortune,  and  died  worth 
;^3oo,ooo  (in  1732). 

Pope  refers  to  John  Hopkins  in  the 
lines — 

When  Hopkins  dies,  a  thousand  light*  attend 
The  wretch  who,  livi^j,  saved  a  candle-end. 


Wabar,  an  ape,  which,  according  to 
the  Arabs,  was  once  a  human  being. 
(See  Man,  p.  662.) 

Wabster  (Michael),  a  citizen  of 
Perth.— 5i>  W.  Scott:  Fair  Maid  of 
Perth  {time,  Henry  IV.). 

Wabun,  son  of  Mudjekeewis;  the 
Indian  Apollo.  He  chases  darkness  over 
hill  and  dale  with  his  arrows,  wakes  man, 
and  brings  the  morning.  He  married 
Wabun-Annung,  who  was  taken  to  heaven 
at  death,  and  became  the  morning  star. 
— Longfellow:  Hiawatha  (1855). 

Wabun-Annung^,  the  morning  star, 
a  country  maiden  who  married  Wabun 
the  Indian  Apollo. — Longfellow  :  Hia- 
watha (1855). 

Wackbaim  [Mr.),  the  schoolmaster 
at  Libberton.— 5/r  W.  Scott:  Heart  of 
Midlothian  (time,  George  II.). 

Wackles  {Mrs.  and  the  Misses),  of 
Chelsea,  keepers  of  a  "  Ladies'  Seminary." 
English  grammar,  composition,  geo- 
graphy, and  the  use  of  dumb-bells,  by 
Miss  Melissa  Wackles ;  writing,  arith- 
metic, dancing,  music,  and  general  fasci- 
nation, by  Miss  Sophy  Wackles  ;  needle- 
work, marking,  and  samplery,  by  Miss 
Jane  Wackles  ;  corporal  punishment  and 
domestic  duties  by  Mrs.  Wackles.  Miss 
Sophy  was  a  fresh,  good-natured,  buxom 
girl  of  20,  who  owned  to  a  soft  impeach- 
ment for  Mr.  Swiveller,  but  as  he  held 
back,  she  married  Mr.  Cheggs,  a  well-to- 
do  market  gT^Td&ncv.— Dickens :  The  Old 
Curiosity  Shop,  viii.  (1840). 

Wade  (General),  an  English  com- 
mander in  the  Scotch  rebeUion  of  1715. 
He  detailed  a  strong  force  to  construct  a 
road,  so  well  made  that  even  his  Scotch 
enemies  sang  his  praises  in  the  couplet — 

If  you  had  seen  this  road  before  it  was  made. 

You  would  lift  up  your  hands,  and  bless  general  Wade. 

Wade  [Miss),  a  handsome  young 
woman,  brought  up  by  her  grandmother, 
with  a  small  independence.  She  looked 
at  every  act  of  kindness,  benevolence, 
and  charity  with  a  jaundiced  eye,  and 
attributed  it  to  a  vile  motive.  Her 
manner  was  suspicious,  self-secluded, 
and  repellant ;  her  temper  proud,  fiery, 
and  unsympathetic    Twice  she  loved — ^ia 


WADMAN. 


1x85 


WALDEGRAVE. 


one  case  she  jilted  her  lover,  in  the  other 
she  was  herself  jilted.  The  latter  was 
Henry  Gowan,  who  married  Pet  the 
daughter  of  Mr.  Meagles,  and  in  con- 
sequence of  this  marriage,  Miss  Wade 
hated  Gowan,  his  wife,  the  VIeagleses, 
and  all  their  friends.  She  enticed  Tatty- 
coram  away  from  Mr.  Meagles,  and  the 
two  young  women  lived  together  'for  a 
time,  nursing  their  hatred  of  man  to 
keep  it  warm. — Dickens:  Little  Dorrit, 
ii.  21  (1857). 

Wadxuan  { Widow),  a  comely  widow, 

who  would  full  fain  secure  uncle  Toby 
for  her  second  husband.  Amongst  other 
wiles,  she  pretends  to  have  something  in 
her  eye,  and  gets  uncle  Toby  to  look  for 
it.  As  the  kind-hearted  hero  of  Namur 
does  so,  the  gentle  widow  gradually  places 
her  face  nearer  and  nearer  the  captain's 
mouth,  under  the  hope  that  he  will  kiss 
and  propose.  —  Sterne  :  The  Life  and 
Opinions  of  Tristram  Shandy  (ly  c^g). 

Wa'geminI  (3  syl.)  the  cry  of  the 

young  lads  and  lasses  of  the  North 
American  tribes,  when  in  harvesting  they 
light  upon  a  crooked  and  mildewed  ear  of 
maize,  emblematic  of  old  age. 

And  whene'er  a  youth  or  maiden 
Found  a  crooked  ear  in  husking,  .  .  . 
Blighted,  mildewed,  or  missiiapen. 
Then  they  laughed  and  sang  together, 
Crept  ana  limped  about  the  corn-fields. 
Mimicked  in  their  gait  and  gestures 
Some  old  man  bent  almost  double, 
Singing  singly  or  together, 
"  Wagemin,  the  thief  of  corn-fields  I  " 

Longfellow  :  Hiawatha,  xiiL  (1855). 

Waggoner  {The),  a  poem  in  four 
cantos,  by  Wordsworth  {1819). 

Wagfner,  the  faithful  servant  and 
constant  companion  of  Faust,  in  Mar- 
lowe's drama  called  The  Life  and  Death 
of  Dr.  Faustus  {1589) ;  in  Goethe's  Faust 
(German,  1798) ;  and  in  Gounod's  opera 
oi  Faust  [\Zs<f). 

Wagner  is  a  type  of  the  pedant.  He  sacrifices  him- 
self to  books  as  Faust  does  to  knowledge  .  .  .  the 
dust  of  folios  is  his  element,  parchment  the  source  of 
his  inspiration.  .  .  .  He  is  one  of  those  who,  in  the 
presence  of  Niagara,  would  vex  you  with  questions 
about  arrow-headed  inscriptions  ...  or  the  ori£^  of 
the  PelasgL — Lewes. 

Wa'hela,  Lot's  wife.  (See  Lot's 
Wife,  p.  627.) 

Waife  (Gentleman),  an  old  man  who, 
for  the  sake  of  screening  a  dissolute  and 
criminal  son,  consents  to  undergo  trans- 
portation, and  for  years  to  bear  the  im- 
putation of  a  felon.  He  struggles  through 
poverty  for  the  support  of  a  grandchild, 
dreading  success  because  it  brings  him 


into  notice,  and  loving  darkness  rather 
than  light,  that  his  sacrifices  may  not  be 
known. — Lord  Lytton  :  What  will  he  do 
withitf{i8s8). 

Wa'ila.   (See  Noahs  Wife,  p.  758.) 

Waiaamoi'nen,  the  Orpheus  of 
Finnish  mythology.  His  magic  harp 
performed  similar  wonders  to  that  of 
Orpheus  (a  syl.).  It  was  made  of  the 
bones  of  a  pike  ;  that  of  Orpheus  was  of 
tortoiseshell.  The  "  beloved  "  of  Waina- 
moinen  was  a  treasure  called  Sampo, 
which  was  lost  as  the  poet  reached  the 
verge  of  the  realms  of  darkness;  the 
"beloved  '  of  Orpheiis  was  Euryd'icft, 
who  was  lost  just  as  the  poet  reached  the 
confines  of  earth,  after  his  descent  into 
hell. 

•••  See  Kalewald,  Rune,  xxii.  It  is 
very  beautiful.  An  extract  is  given  in 
Baring  Gould's  Myths  of  the  Middle  Ages, 
440-444. 

Waistcoat  ( The  M.  B. ).  (See  M.  B. 
Waistcoat,  p.  690.) 

Waitwell,  the  lackey  of  Edward 
Mirabell,  and  husband  of  Foible  gover- 
nante  of  the  household  of  lady  Wishfort. 
By  his  master's  request,  Waitwell  perso- 
nates sir  Roland,  and  makes  love  to  lady 
Wishfort,  but  the  trick  is  discovered 
before  much  mischief  is  done. — Congreve  : 
The  Way  of  the  World  {1700). 

Wakefield  {Harry),  the  EngUsh 
drover  killed  by  Robin  Oig. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  The  Two  Drovers  (time,  George 
HL). 

Wakefield  {The  Vicar  of).  (See 
Vicar  of  Wakefield,  p.  1174.) 

Wakeman  {Sir  George),  physician  to 
Henrietta  Maria  queen  of  Charles  I. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time, 
Charles  II.). 

Waldeck  {Martin),  the  miner,  and 
hero  of  a  story  read  by  Lovel  to  a  picnic 
party  at  the  ruins  of  St.  Ruth's  Priory. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Antiquary  (time, 
George  III.). 

Walde'grave  (2  syl.),  leader  of  the 
British  forces,  which  joined  the  Hurons  in 
extirpating  the  Snake  Indians,  but  he  fell 
in  the  fray  (pt.  i.  18). 

Julia  Waldegrave,  wife  of  the  above 
She  was  bound  to  a  tree  with  her  child 
by  some  of  the  Indians  during  the  attack. 
Outalissi,  a  Snake  Indian,  unbound  them, 
took  them  home,  and  took  care  of  them ; 

2  Q 


WALDEMAR  FITZURSE. 


1186 


WALLACE'S  LARDER. 


but  the  mother  died.  Her  last  request 
was  that  Outalissi  would  carry  her  child 
to  Albert  of  Wy'oming,  her  friend,  and 
beg  him  to  take  charge  of  it. 

Henry  Waldegrave,  the  boy  brought 
by  OutaUssi  to  Albert.  After  staying  at 
Wyoming  for  three  years,  his  English 
friends  Sent  for  him  (he  was  then  12 
years  old).  When  grown  to  manhood, 
he  returned  to  Wyoming,  and  was  married 
to  Gertrude ;  but  three  montlis  after- 
wards Outalissi  appeared,  and  told  them 
that  Brandt  was  coming  with  his  English 
soldiers  to  destroy  the  village.  Both 
Albert  and  Gertrude  were  shot  in  the 
attack ;  and  Henry  joined  the  army  of 
Washington.  —  Campbell:  Gertrude  of 
Wyoming  (1809). 

(Campbell  accents  Wyoming  on  the 
first  syllable,  but  the  accent  is  generally 
thrown  on  the  second.) 

Waldexuar  Fitzurse  [Lord),  a  baron 
following  prince  John  of  Anjou  (brother 
of  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion). — Sir  W, 
Scott:  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  L). 

Waldstetten  {The  countess  of),  a 
relative  of  the  baron.  He  is  one  of  the 
characters  in  Donnerhugel's  narrative. — 
Sir  W.  Scott :  Anne  of  Geierstein  (time, 
Edward  IV.). 

Wales.  Geoffrey  says,  after  the 
famine  and  pestilence  which  drove  Cad- 
wallader  into  Armorica  [Bretagne),  the 
people  were  no  longer  called  Britons,  but 
Gualenses,  a  word  derived  either  from 
Gualo  their  leader,  or  Guales  their  queen, 
or  from  their  barbarism. — British  History, 
xii.  19  (1142). 

*.•  Milner  says  the  Welsh  are  those 
driven  west  by  the  Teutonic  invaders 
and  called  Wilisc-men  ("strangers  or 
foreigpners") ;  Corn- wall  was  called  "West 
Wales, "  and  subsequently  the  Corn  (Latin, 
comu)  or  horn  held  by  the  Walls. — Geo- 
graphy. 

(The  Saxon  wealh,  plu.  wealhas  or 
wealas,  "foreigners,"  meaning  "  not  of 
Saxon  origin,"  and  also  "slaves  or  sub- 
jugated men,"  is  the  correct  origin  of  the 
word. ) 

Walea  {South).  At  one  time  the 
whole  eastern  division  of  South  Wales 
was  called  Gwent,  but  in  its  present  re- 
stricted sense  the  word  Gwent  is  applied 
to  the  county  of  Monmouth  only. 

Walk,  Knave,  Walk,  colonel 
Hewson.  So  called  from  a  tract  written 
by  Edmund  Gayton,  to  satirize  the  party, 


and  entitled   Walk,  Knaves,  Walk.—S. 
Butler  :  Hudibras  (1663-78). 

Walker  [Dr.),  one  of  the  three  great 
quacks  of  the  eighteenth  century,  the 
others  being  Dr.  Rock  and  Dr.  Timothy 
Franks.  Goldsmith,  in  his  Citizen  of  the 
World,  has  a  letter  (Ixviii.)  wholly  upon 
these  three  worthies  (1759). 

Walker  [Helen),  the  prototype  of 
Jeanie  Deans.  Sir  W.  Scott  caused  a 
tombstone  to  be  erected  over  her  grave  in 
Irongray  churchyard,  Kirkcudbright  \Ke- 
ko(/-bry\ 

Walker  [Hookey),  John  Walker,  out- 
door clerk  to  Longman,  Clementi,  and 
Co.,  Cheapside.  He  was  noted  for  his 
hooked  nose,  and  disliked  for  his  official 
duties,  which  were  to  see  that  the  men 
came  and  left  at  the  proper  hour,  and 
that  they  worked  during  the  hours  of 
work.  Of  course,  the  men  conspired  to 
throw  discredit  on  his  reports  ;  and  hence 
when  any  one  draws  the  "  long-bow,"  the 
hearer  exclaims,  "  Hookey  Walker!  "  as 
much  as  to  say,  "  I  don't  beheve  it." 

Walking  G-entleman(^).  Thomas 
CoUey  Grattan  published  his  Highways 
and  Byways  under  this  signature  (1825). 

Walkingr  Library  [A),  Ambulans 
Bibliotheca.  John  Hales  is  so  called  by 
Wotton  (1584-1656). 

Walking  Stewart,  John  Stewart, 

an  English  traveller,  who  walked  through 
Hindustan,  Persia,  Nubia,  Abyssinia,  the 
Arabian  Desert,  Europe,  and  the  North 
American  states ;  ' '  crazy  beyond  the 
reach  of  hellebore,  yet  subHme  and 
divinely  benignant.  ...  He  had  seen 
more  of  the  earth's  surface,  and  had  com- 
municated more  with  the  children  of  the 
earth  than  any  man  before  or  since."— 
De  Quincey  (1856). 

Walking-Stick  [Henry  VHL's),  the 
gp-eat  Danish  club  shown  in  the  armoury 
of  the  Tower. 

Walkingshaw  [Miss),  mistress  of 
the  chevalier  Charles  Edward  the  Young 
Pretender.— .Szr  W.  Scott:  Redgauntlet 
(time,  George  HI.). 

Wallace  [Sir  William),  a  poetical 
chronicle,  in  ten-syllable  couplets,  by 
"  Blind  Harry  "  (about  1400). 

Wallace's  Larder,  the  dungeon  of 
Ardrossan,  in  Ayrshire,  where  Wallace 
had  the  dead  bodies  thrown  when  the 


WALLENRODE. 


1187 


WALTHEOF. 


garrison  was  surprised    by  him  in  the 
reign  of  Edward  I. 

1  The  "Douglas  Larder"  {q.v.)  is  a 
similar  phrase,  meaning  that  horrible 
con) pound  of  dead  bodies,  barrels  of  flour, 
meal,  wheat,  malt,  wine,  ale,  and  beer,  all 
mixed  together  in  Douglas  Castle  by  the 
order  of  lord  James  Douglas,  when,  in 
1306,  the  garrison  was  surprised  by  him. 

Walleurode  {The  earl  of),  an  Hun- 
garian crusader. — Sir  W.  Scotl  :  The 
Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Waller,  in  love  with  Lydia  lady's- 
maid  to  Widow  Green.  His  love  at  first 
was  not  honourable,  because  his  aristo- 
cratic pride  revolted  at  the  inferior  social 
position  of  Lydia ;  but  when  he  knew 
her  real  worth,  he  loved  her,  proposed 
marriage,  and  found  that  she  was  the 
sister  of  Trueworth,  and  had  taken 
service  to  avoid  an  obnoxious  marriage. 
— Knowles:  The  Love-Chase  [i^'^). 

Waller's  Plot,  a  plot  organized,  in 
1643,  by  Waller  the  poet,  against  the 
parliamentary  party.  Its  objects  were 
to  secure  the  king's  children,  to  seize  the 
most  eminent  of  the  parliamentarians,  to 
capture  the  Tower,  and  resist  all  taxes 
imposed  for  the  support  of  the  parlia- 
mentary army. 

Walley  [Richard),  the  regicide,  whose 
story  is  told  by  major  Bridgenorth  (a 
roundhead)  at  the  dinner-table. — Sir  W. 
Scott :  Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles 

n.). 

Wallflowers,  young  ladies  in  a  ball- 
room, who  have  no  partners,  and  who  sit 
or  stand  near  the  walls  of  the  ball-room. 

Walnut  Tree.  Fuller  says,  "  A 
walnut  tree  mxist  be  manured  by  beating, 
or  else  it  will  not  bear  fruit."  Falstaff 
makes  a  similar  remark  on  the  camomile 
plant,  "The  more  it  is  trodden  on,  the 
faster  it  grows."  The  almond  and  some 
other  plants  are  said  to  thrive  by  being 
bruised. 

A  woman,  a  spaniel,  and  walnut  tree. 
The  more  you  beat  them,  the  better  they  be. 
Taylor,  the  "  water-poet     (1630). 

Walnut  Web.  When  the  three 
princes  of  a  certain  king  were  sent  to  find 
out  "  a  web  of  cloth  which  would  pass 
through  the  eye  of  a  fine  needle,"  the 
White  Cat  furnished  the  youngest  of  the 
three  with  one  spun  by  the  cats  of  her 
palace. 

The  prince  .  .  .  took  out  of  his  box  a  walnut,  which 
hr  cracked  .  .  .  and  taw  a  small  hazel  nut,  which  b« 


cracked  also  .  .  .  and  Tound  therein  a  kernel  of  wa«. 
...  In  this  kernel  of  wax  was  hidden  a  single  grain  of 
wheat,  and  in  the  g^-aln  a  small  millet  seed.  ...  On 
openine  the  millet,  he  drew  out  a  web  of  cloth  400 
yards  long,  and  In  it  was  woven  all  sorts  of  birds, 
beasts,  and  fishes;  fruits  and  flowers;  the  sun,  moon, 
and  stars;  the  portraitsof  kings  and  queens,  and  many 
other  wonderful  dcs\en!>.— CotnUsse  D'Aulney  :  Fairy 
Talis  ("  The  White  Cat,"  1683). 

Walpnrg'is  Night,  the  evening  of 
May  Day,  believed  in  German  superstition 
to  be  the  occasion  for]  a  witches'  sabbath 
on  the  Brocken,  a  peak  of  the  Harz 
mountains. 

(Walpurgis  is  a  legendary  female  saint, 
who  is  reputed  to  have  converted  the 
Saxons  to  Christianity. ) 

Walsingcham,  the  affianced  of  Helen 
Mowbray.  Deceived  by  appearances,  he 
believed  that  Helen  was  the  mistress  of 
lord  Athunree,  and  abandoned  her ;  but 
when  he  discovered  his  mistake,  he  mar- 
ried her. — Knowles:  Woman's  Wit,  etc. 
(1838). 

Walsingham  [Lord],  of  queen  Eliza- 
beth's court. — Sir  W.Scott:  Kenilworth 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Walter,  marquis  of  Saluzzo,  in  Italy, 
and  husband  of  Grisilda,  the  peasant's 
daughter  {q.v.). — Chaucer:  Canterbury 
Tales  {"The  Clerk's  Tale,"  1388). 

(This  tale,  of  course,  is  allegorical ; 
lord  Walter  takes  the  place  of  deity,  and 
Grisilda  typifies  the  true  Christian.  In 
all  her  privations,  in  all  her  sorrows,  in 
all  her  trials,  she  says  to  her  lord  and 
master,  "  Thy  will  be  done.") 

Walter  {.\f aster),  "  the  hunchback,* 
guardian  of  Julia.  A  worthy  man,  liberal 
and  charitable,  frank  and  honest,  who 
turns  out  to  be  the  earl  of  Rochdale  and 
father  of  Julia. — Knowles:  The  Hunch- 
back (1831). 

Walter  [Purst],  father-in-law  of 
TelL — Rossini:  Guglielmo  Tell  (opera, 
1829). 

Walter  the  Fexiniless.  (See 
Penniless,  p.  823.) 

Waltham's  Calf  {As  wise  as),  a 
thorough  fool.  This  calf,  it  is  said,  ran 
nine  miles  when  it  was  hungry  to  get 
suckled  by  a  bull. 

Doctor  Daupa'tus,  Bachler  bachelera'tus, 
Dronken  as  a  mouse  At  the  ale-house    .   .. 
Under  a  notaries  signe  Was  made  a  diuine ; 
As  wise  as  Waltom  s  calf. 

SkeltoH  :  Colyn  Chut  (time,  Henry  VIII.). 

Waltheof  ( The  abbot),  abbot  of  St. 
Withold's  Priory.— 5?>  W.  Scott:  Ivanhot 
(time,  Richard  I.). 


WALTHEOF. 


ii83 


WAR-CRIES. 


Waltlieof  {Father),  a  grey  friar,  con- 
fessor to  the  duchess  of  Rothesay.— 5i> 
W.  Scott:  Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time, 
Henry  IV.). 

Walton  {Lord),  father  of  Elvi'ra,  who 
promised  his  daughter  in  marriage  to  sir 
Richard  Forth,  a  puritan  officer.  But 
Elvira  had  already  plighted  her  love  to 
lord  Arthur  Talbot,  a  cavalier.  The 
betrothal  was  set  aside,  and  Elvira  mar- 
ried Arthur  Talbot  at  last— Bel Hni :  II 
Puritani  (opera,  1834). 

Walton  {Sir  John  de),  governor  of 
Douglas  Castle.— 5?V  W..  Scott:  Castle 
Dangerous  (time,  Henry  I. ). 

Wamba,  "the  son  of  Witless,"  the 
jester  of  Cedric  the  Saxon  of  Rother- 
wood. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Ivanhoe  (time, 
Richard  I.). 

Wampxun,  a  string  or  belt  of  whelk- 
shells,  current  with  the  North  American 
Indians  as  a  medium  of  exchange,  and 
always  sent  as  a  present  to  those  with 
whom  an  alliance  or  treaty  is  made. 

Peace  be  to  thee  I  my  words  this  t>eU  approre. 
CamJ>beU :  Gertrude  of  IVyoming,  i.  14  (1809). 
Onr  wampum  league  thy  brethren  did  embrace. 

Ditto,  i.  15, 

Wanderer  of  Switzerland  ( The), 
a  poem  by  Montgomery  (1806). 

Wanderers.  It  is  said  that  gipsies 
are  doomed  to  be  wanderers  on  the  face 
of  the  earth,  because  they  refused  hospi- 
tality to  the  Virgin  and  Child  when  the 
holy  family  fled  into  Egypt.  (See  Wild 
Huntsman.  )  —  Aventinus  :  Annalium 
Boiorum,  libri  septem  (i  ",54). 

Wandering  Jew  {The).  (See  Jew, 
p.  546.) 

Wandering  Knight  {The).  El 
Donzel  del  Febo  ("the  Knight  of  the 
Sun ")  is  so  called  in  the  Spanish  ro- 
mance entitled  The  Mtrror  of  Knighthood. 

(Eumen'edfis  is  so  called  m  Peele's  Old 
Wives'  Tale,  1590.) 

Wandering  Willie,  the  blind 
fiddler,  who  tells  the  tale  about  sir  Robert 
Redgauntlet  and  his  son  sir  John. — Sir 
IV.  Scott:  Redgauntlet  (time,  George 
III.). 

Wandering  Wood,  which  contained 
the  den  of  Error.  Error  was  a  monster, 
like  a  woman  upwards,  but  ending  in  a 
huge  dragon's  tail  with  a  venomous  sting. 
The  first  encounter  of  the  Red  Cross 
Knight  was  with  this  monster,  whom  he 
slew. — Spenser:  Faerie  Queene,  i.  i  (1590). 


•. •  When  piety  {the  Red  Cross  Knight) 
once  forsakes^  the  oneness  of  truth 
{Una),  it  is  sure  to  get  into  "  Wandering 
Wood,"  where  it  will  be  attacked  by 
"Error." 

Wang  means  "king."  Common  in 
China  and  the  Corea. 

Wantley  {Dragon  of),  a  monster 
slain  by  More  of  More  Hall,  who  procured 
a  suit  of  armour  studded  with  spikes ; 
and,  proceeding  to  the  lair,  kicked  the 
dragon  in  its  mouth,  where  alone  it  was 
vulnerable. — Percy:  Reliques. 

(One  of  Carey's  farces  is  entitled  The 
Dragon  of  Wantley.) 

Wapping  of  Denmark  {The), 
Elsinore  (3  syl.). 

War.  The  Seven  Weeks'  War  was 
between  Prussia  and  Austria  (1866). 

The  Seven  Months'  War  was  between 
Prussia  and  France  (1870-71). 

The  Seven  Years'  War  was  between 
Austria  and  Prussia  (1756-1763). 

The  Thirty  Years'  War  was  between 
the  protestants  and  papists  of  Germany 
(1618-1648). 

The  Hundred  Years'  War  was  between 
England  and  France  (1340-1453). 

War-Cries. 

(i)  At  Senlac  the  English  had  two, 
"  God  Almighty  I  "  and  "  Holy  Cross  I  " 
The  latter  was  probably  the  cry  of 
Harold's  men,  and  referred  to  Waltham 
Cross,  which  he  held  in  special  reverence. 

(2)  At  Naseby  the  mot  of  the  royalists 
was,  "  God  and  queen  Mary  1 "  of  the 
parliamentarians  it  was  "  God  our 
Strength ! " 

(3)  The  Norman  shout  was  "  Grod  help 
us  1 " 

(4)  The  Welsh  war-cry  was  "Alleluia ! " 

Loud,  sharp  shrieks  of  "Alleluia I"  blended  with 
those  of  *•  Out  I  Out  1  Holy  Crosse !  "—Lord  Lytton  : 
Harold. 

(5)  "  Ouct !  Ouct !  "  was  the  cry  in  full 
flight,  meaning  that  the  standards  were 
to  be  defended  with  closed  shields. 

(6)  The  Bohemian  war-cry  was 
"Prague!"  that  of  the  Germans  was 
"  Christ  I  "  The  leader  of  the  Bohemians 
was  Ottokar  ;  Rudolf  of  the  Germans. 

(7)  The  old  Spanish  war-cry  was  "  St. 
lago  I   and  close,  Spain  1 " 

Mount,  chivalrous  hidalg-o  ;  not  in  rain 
Revive  the  cry,  "  St.  lago  I  and  dose,  Spain  1 " 
Byron  :  Age  ofSronxe,  tU.  (1821}. 

•.•  Cervantes  says  the  cry  was  "St, 
lago !  charge,  Spain  !  " 

Mr.  Bachelor,  there  is  a  time  to  retreat  as  well  as  to 
advance.  The  cry  must  always  be,  "  St.  lago  1  charges 
Spain  1  "—Don  Quixote,  II.  I.  4  (1615). 


WAR  OF  WARTBURG. 


1 189 


WARE. 


(8)  In  the  battle  of  Pharsalia,  the  war- 
cry  of  Pompey's  army  was  "  Hercules 
Invictus  ! "  and  of  Caesar's  army,  "  Venus 
Victrix  I " 

War  of  Wartburg,  a  poetic  contest 
at  Wartburg  Castle,  in  which  Vogelweid 
triumphed  over  Heinrich  von  Ofterdingcn. 

They  renewed  the  war  of  Wartburg, 
Which  the  bard  had  fought  before. 
LoHg/eUow:    l^'aUtr  von    <Ur    Vostlwcid    (or  Bird 
Meadow). 

Warbeck  {Perkin)  assumed  himself 
to  be  Richard  dulce  of  York,  the  younger 
son  of  Edward  IV.,  supposed  to  be  mur- 
dered by  order  of  Richard  III.  in  the 
Tower. 

Parallel  Instances,  (i)  The  youngest 
son  of  Ivan  IV.  of  Russia  was  named 
Dimitri,  i.e.  Demetrius.  He  was  born  in 
1581,  and  was  mysteriously  assassinated 
in  1591,  some  say  by  Godounov  the  suc- 
cessor to  the  throne.  Several  impostors 
assumed  to  be  Dimitri,  the  most  remark- 
able appeared  in  Poland  in  1603,  who 
was  recognized  as  czar  in  1605,  but 
perished  the  year  following. 

(2)  Martin  Guerre,  in  the  sixteenth 
century,  left  his  wife,  to  whom  he  had 
been  married  ten  years,  to  join  the  army 
in  Spain.  In  the  eighth  year  of  his 
absence,  one  .\rnaud  du  Tilh  assumed  to 
be  Martin  Guerre,  and  was  received  by 
the  wife  as  her  husband.  For  three  years 
he  lived  with  her,  recognized  by  all  her 
friends  and  relations,  but  the  return  of 
Martin  himself  dispelled  the  illusion,  and 
Arnaud  was  put  to  death. 

{3)  The  great  Tichborne  case  was  a 
similar  imposition.  One  Orton  assumed 
to  be  sir  Roger  Tichborne,  and  was  even 
acknowledged  to  be  so  by  sir  Roger's 
mother ;  but  after  a  long  trial  it  was 
proved  that  the  claimant  of  the  Tichborne 
estates  was  no  other  than  one  Orton  of 
Wapping. 

(4)  In  German  history,  Jakob  Rehback, 
a  miller's  man,  assumed,  in  1345,  to  be 
Waldemar,  an  Ascanier  margraf.  Jakob 
was  a  menial  in  the  service  of  the  mar- 
graf. 

(5)  (See  John  of  Leyden,  p.  553 ;  and 
Comedy  OF  Errors,  p.  227.) 

Ward  {Artemus),  Charles  F.  Browne 
of  America,  author  of  His  Book  of  Goaks 
(1865).     He  died  in  London  in  1867. 

Ward  (Dr.),  a  footman,  famous  for 
his  "friars  balsam."  He  was  called  to 
proscribe  for  George  II.,  and  died  1761. 
Dr.  Ward  had  a  claret  stain  on  his  left 
cheek,  and  in  Hogarth's  famous  picture 


("The  Undertakers'  Arms")  the  check 
is  marked  gules.  He  forms  one  of  the 
three  figures  at  the  top,  and  occupies  the 
right-hand  side  of  the  spectator.  The 
other  two  figures  are  Mrs.  Mapp  and  Dr. 
Taylor. 

Warden  (Henry),  alias  Henry 
Wellwood,  the  protestant  preacher. 
In  the  Abbot  he  is  chaplain  of  the  lady 
Mary  at  Avenel  Castle.— .SiV  W.  Scott: 
The  Monastery  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Warden  (Michael),  a  young  man  of 
about  30,  well-made  and  good-looking, 
light-hearted,  capricious,  and  without 
ballast  He  had  been  so  wild  and  ex- 
travagant that  Snitchey  and  Craggs  told 
him  it  would  take  six  years  to  nurse  his 
property  into  a  healthy  state.  Michael 
Warden  told  them  he  was  in  love  with 
Marion  Jeddler,  and  her  he  married.—- 
Dickens:  The  Battle  of  Life  (1846). 

Warden  Pie  (A),  a  pie  made  of 
Warden  pears. 

Myself  with  denial  I  mortify 
Witli  a  dainty  bit  of  a  warden  pie. 

The  Friar  of  Grdtrs  Gray. 

Wardlaw,  land-steward  at  Osbaldi- 
stone  Hall.— 5?>  W.  Scott:  Rob  Roy 
(time,  George  I.). 

Wardlaw  (Henry  of),  archbishop  of 
St.  Andrew's.- 5?>  W.  Scott:  Fair  Maid 
of  Perth  (i\mQ,  Henry  IV.). 

Wardle  (Mr.),  an  old  country  gentle- 
man, who  had  attended  some  of  the  meet- 
ings of  "  The  Pickwick  Club,"  and  felt 
a  liking  for  Mr.  Pickwick  and  his  three 
friends,  whom  he  occasionally  entertained 
at  his  house. 

Miss  [Isabella']  Wardle,  daughter  of 
Mr.  Wardle.  She  marries  Augustus 
Snodgrass,  M.P.C. 

Miss  Emily  Wardle,  daughter  of  Mr. 
Wardle.  She  marries  Mr.  Trundle. — 
Dickens  :  The  Pickwick  Papers  (1836). 

Wardour  (Sir  Arthur),  of  Knock- 
winnock  Castle. 

Isabella  Wardour,  daughter  of  sir 
Arthur.    She  marries  lord  Geraldin. 

Captain  Reginald  Wardour,  son  of  sir 
Arthur.     He  is  in  the  army. 

Sir  Richard  Wardour  or  "  Richard 
with  the  Red  Hand,"  an  ancestor  of  sir 
Arthur. — Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Antiquary 
(time,  George  III.). 

Ware  (Bed  of).    (See  Bed  of  Ware, 

p.  lOI.) 

A  mighty  large  bed  \the  bed  of  honour],  bigger  by 
half  than  the  great  bed  of  Ware ;  ten  thousand  people 
may  lie  in  it  together  and  never  feel  one  anotbei.<« 
Farqithar :  Tfu  Ricrui:i7ii-  Officer  (1707). 


WARING. 


1190 


WARNING-GIVERS. 


The  bed  of  Og  king  of  Bashan,  which 
was  fourteen  feet  long,  and  a  little  more 
than  six  feet  wide,  was  considerably 
smaller  than  the  great  bed  of  Ware. 

His  bedstead  was  a  bedstead  of  iron  .  .  .  nine  cubits 
was  the  length  thereof,  and  four  cubits  the  breadth  of 
it,  after  the  cubit  of  a  man. — Diut.  iii.  11. 

Waring  {Sir  Walter),  ajusticeof  the 
peace,  whose  knowledge  of  the  law  was 
derived  from  Matthew  Medley.  His  sen- 
tences were  justices'  justice,  influenced  by 
prejudice  and  personal  feeling.  An  ugly 
old  hag  would  have  found  from  him  but 
scant  mercy,  while  a  pretty  girl  could 
hardly  do  wrong  in  sir  Walter's  code  of 
\&\f.—Dudhy:  The  Woodtnan  (1771). 

"Waring",  a  poem  by  Robert  Brown- 
ing. Waring  was  Mr.  Alfred  Domett, 
C.M.G,,  son  of  captain  Nathaniel 
Domett,  born  at  Camberwell,  May  20, 
1811.  He  was  a  great  traveller,  and  in 
1842  settled  in  New  Zealand,  and  became 
secretary  of  that  country  (1851).  He  was 
elected  to  the  House  of  Representatives, 
and  in  1862  he  formed  a  government. 
His  chief  literary  work  is  Ranolf  and 
Atnchia,  full  of  descriptions  of  New 
Zealand  scenery.  His  volume  of  poems 
was  published  in  1833,  before  he  went  to 
America. 

What's  become  of  Waring, 
Since  he  gave  us  all  the  sUp  T 

Broiunirijr :  Waring. 

Brmvning,  vol.  xvii.  p.  285,  Biographical 
Notes. 

Warman,  steward  of  Robin  Hood 
while  earl  of  Huntingdon.  He  betrayed 
his  master  into  the  hands  of  Gilbert 
Hoode  (or  Hood),  a  prior,  Robin's  uncle. 
King  John  rewarded  Warman  for  this 
treachery  by  appointing  him  high  sheriff 
of  Nottingham. 

The  ill-fac  t  miser,  bribed  on  either  hand. 
Is  Wannan  one  the  steward  of  his  house, 
Who,  Judas-like,  betraies  his  liberall  lord 
Into  the  hands  of  that  relentlesse  prior 
Calde  Gilbert  Hoode.  uncle  of  Huntington. 
Skelton  :  Downfall  of  Robtrt  Earl  of  Htmtinston, 
(Henry  VIII.) 

Warming-Fan  Hero  [The),  James 
Francis  Edward  Stuart,  son  of  James  II. 
by  Mary  Beatrice  of  Modena.  Mary 
d'Este,  the  wife  of  James  II.,  never  had 
a  living  child,  but  this  natural  child  of 
James  II.  was  conveyed  to  her  in  a  warm- 
ing-pan, with  the  intention  of  her  passing 
it  off  as  her  own.  The  Warming-Pan 
Hero  was  the  first  Pretender. — See  Ma- 
caulay :  History  of  England,  ii.  308 
(i86r);  Agnes  Strickland:  Queens  of 
England,  vi.  213,  24.3  {184.9). 


Warner,  the  old  steward  of  sir  Charles 
Cropland,  who  grieves  to  see  the  timber 
of  the  estate  cut  down  to  supply  the  ex- 
travagance of  his  young  master. — Colman: 
The  Poor  Gentleman  (1802). 

Warning-Givers.  (See  pp.  1055- 
1062. ) 

(i)  Alasnam's  Mirror.  This  mirror 
remained  unsullied  when  it  reflected  a 
chaste  and  pure-minded  woman,  but  be- 
came dim  when  the  woman  reflected  by 
it  was  faithless,  wanton,  and  light. — Ara- 
bian Nights  {"  Prince  Zeyn  Alasnam  "). 

(2)  Ants.  Alexander  Ross  says  that 
the  "cruel  battle  between  the  Venetians 
and  Insubrians,  and  also  that  between 
the  Liegeois  and  the  Burgundians  in  which 
30,000  men  were  slain,  were  both  presig- 
nified  by  combats  between  two  swarms  of 
ants." — Arcana  Microcosmi  (appendix, 
219). 

(3)  Bahman's  Knife  {Prince).  When 
prince  Bahman  started  on  his  exploits, 
he  gave  his  sister  Parizad^  a  knife  which, 
he  told  her,  would  remain  bright  and 
clean  so  long  as  he  was  safe  and  well, 
but,  immediately  he  was  in  danger  or 
dead,  would  become  dull  or  drop  gouts 
of  blood. — Arabian  Nights  ("The  Two 
Sisters"). 

(4)  Bay  Trees.  The  withering  of  bay 
trees  prognosticates  a  death. 

'Tis  thought  the  king  is  dead  .  .  . 

The  bay  trees  in  our  country  are  all  withered. 

Shakesfieare  :  Richard  II.  (1597). 

(The  bay  was  called  by  the  Romans 
"the  plant  of  the  good  angel,"  because 
"  neyther  falling  sicknes,  neyther  devyll, 
wyll  infest  or  hurt  one  in  that  place 
whereas  a  bay  tree  is." — Lupton  :  Syxt 
Book  of  Notable  Thinges,  1660. ) 

(5)  Bee.  The  buzzing  of  a  bee  in  a 
room  indicates  that  a  stranger  is  about  to 
pay  the  house  a  visit. 

(6)  Birtha's  Emerald  Ring.  The 
duke  Gondibert  gave  Birtha  an  emerald 
ring  which,  he  said,  would  preserve  its 
lustre  so  long  as  he  remained  faithful ; 
but  would  become  dull  and  pale  if  he 
proved  false  to  her. — Davenant:  Gondi- 
bert, 

(7)  Brawn's  Head  {The).  A  boy 
brought  to  king  Arthur's  court  a  brawn's 
head,  over  which  he  drew  his  wand  thrice, 
and  said,  "  There's  never  a  traitor  or  a 
cuckold  who  can  carve  that  head  of 
brawn." — Percy:  Reliques  ("The  Boy 
and  the  Mantle  "). 

(8)  Canace's  Mirror  indicated,  by 
its  lustre,  if  the  person  whom  the  inspec- 


WARNING-GIVERS. 


1191 


WARNING-GIVERS. 


tor  loved  was  true  or  {a.\se.— Chaucer  : 
Canterbury  Tales  ("  The  Squire's  Tale"). 

(9)  Candles.  A  film  of  tallow  called 
a  winding-sheet,  shot  from  the  top  of  a 
lighted  candle,  gives  warning  to  the  house 
of  an  approaching  death  ;  but  a  bright 
spark  upon  the  burning  wick  is  the 
promise  of  a  letter. 

(10)  Cats  on  the  deck  of  a  ship  are  said 
to  "  carry  a  gale  of  wind  in  their  tail,"  or 
to  presage  a  coming  storm.  When  cats 
are  very  assiduous  in  cleaning  their  ears 
and  head,  it  prognosticates  rain. 

(11)  Cattle  give  warning  of  an  earth- 
quake by  their  vmeasiness. 

(12)  Children  Playing  Soldiers  on 
a  road  is  said  to  forebode  approaching 
war. 

(13)  Coals.  A  cinder  bounding  from 
the  fire  is  either  a  purse  or  a  coffin. 
Those  which  rattle  when  held  to  the  ear 
are  tokens  of  wealth ;  those  which  are 
mute  and  solid  indicate  sickness  or  death. 

(14)  Corpse  Candles.  The  ignis 
fatuus,  called  by  the  Welsh  canhwyll 
cyrph  or  "  corpse  candle,"  prognosticates 
death.  If  small  and  of  a  pale  blue 
colour,  it  denotes  the  death  of  an  infant ; 
if  large  and  yellow,  the  death  of  one  of 
full  age. 

Captain  Leather,  chief  magristrate  of  Belfast,  to  1690, 
being  shipwrecked  on  the  Isle  of  Man,  was  told  that 
thirteen  of  his  crew  were  lost,  for  thirteen  corpso 
candles  had  been  seen  moving  towards  the  churchyard. 
It  is  a  fact  that  thirteen  of  the  men  were  drowned  in 
this  wreck. — SachcvcrcU  :  IsU  of  Man,  13. 

(15)  Cradle.  If  any  one  rocks  a 
cradle  when  it  is  empty,  it  forebodes  evil 
to  the  child. — American  Superstition. 

(16)  Crickets.  Crickets  in  a  house 
are  a  sign  of  good  luck  ;  but  if  they  sud- 
denly leave,  it  is  a  warning  of  death. 

(17)  Crow  {A).  A  crow  appearing  to 
one  on  the  left-hand  side  indicates  some 
impending  evil  to  the  person  ;  and  flying 
over  a  house,  foretells  evil  at  hand  to  some 
of  the  inmates.     (See  below,  "  Raven.") 

Ssepe  sinistra  cava  praedixt  ab  ilicc  comex. 

KiVf  tV  .•  EcUgue,  i.  i8. 

(18)  Crowing  of  a  Cock.  Themis- 
toclSs  was  assured  of  his  victory  over 
Xerxes  by  the  crowing  of  a  cock, on  his  way 
to  Artemisium  the  day  before  the  battle. 
—Lloyd:  Stratagems  of  Jerusalem,  285. 

{19)  Crowing  of  a  Hen  indicates 
approaching  disaster. 

(20)  Death-Warnings  in  Private 
Families— 

{a)  In  Germany.  Several  princes  of 
Germany  have  their  special  warning-givers 
of  death.  In  some  it  is  the  roaring  of  a 
lion,  in  others  the  howling  of  a  dog.     In 


some  it  is  the  tolling  of  a  bell  or  striking 
of  a  clock  at  an  unusual  time,  in  others  it 
is  a  bustling  noise  about  the  castle. — The 
Living  Library,  284  (1621). 

{b)  In  Berlin.  A  White  Lady  appears 
to  some  one  of  the  household  or  guard, 
to  announce  the  death  of  a  prince  of 
HohenzoUern.  She  was  duly  seen  on  the 
eve  of  prince  Waldemar's  death  in  1879. 

(^)  In  Bohemia.  ' '  Spectrum  fceminium 
vestitu  lugubri  apparere  solet  in  arce 
quadam  illustris  familiae,  antequam  una 
ex  conjugibus  dominorum  illorum  e  vita 
decebat." — Debrio  :  Disquisitiones  Ma- 
giccB,  592. 

[d )  In  Great  Britain.  In  Wales  the 
corpse  candle  appears  to  warn  a  family 
of  impending  death.  In  Carmarthen 
scarcely  any  person  dies  but  some  one 
sees  his  light  or  candle. 

In  Northumberland  the  warning  light  is 
callai  the  person's  waff,  in  Cumberland 
a  swarth,  in  Ross  a  task,  in  some  parts  of 
Scotland  s-fye-token. 

King  James  tells  us  that  the  wraith  of 
a  person  newly  dead,  or  about  to  die, 
appears  to  his  friends. — Demonology,  125. 

Edgewell  Oak  indicates  the  coming 
death  of  an  inmate  of  Castle  Dalhousie  by 
the  fall  of  one  of  its  branches. 

{e)  In  Scotland.  The  family  of  Roth- 
murchas  have  the  Bodachau  Dun  or  the 
Ghost  of  the  Hill. 

The  Kinchardines  have  the  Spectre  of 
the  Bloody  Hand. 

Gartinbeg  House  used  to  be  haunted 
by  Bodach  Gartin. 

The  house  of  TuUoch  Gorms  used  to  be 
haunted  by  Maug  Monlach  or  the  Girl 
with  the  Hairy  Left  Hand. 

(21)  Death-watch  (TA^).  The  tap- 
ping made  by  a  small  beetle  called  the 
death-watch  is  said  to  be  a  warning  of 
death. 

The   chambermaids    christen  this  worm  a   "  Death- 
watch," 
Because,  like  a  watch,  it  always  cries  "  click  ; ' 
Then  woe  t>e  to  those  in  the  house  who  are  sick. 
For  sure  as  a  gun  they  will  give  up  ihe  ghost. 
If  the  maggot  cries  "  click  "  when  it  scratches  a  post, 
S-anJt. 

(22)  Divining-Rod  {The).  A  forked 
hazel  rod,  suspended  between  the  balls  of 
the  thumbs,  was  at  one  time  supposed  to 
indicate  the  presence  of  water-springs  and 
precious  metals  by  inclining  towards  the 
earth  beneath  which  these  things  might 
be  found.  Dousterswivel  obtained  money 
by  professing  to  indicate  the  spot  of 
buried  wealth  by  a  divining-rod. —.S/r  W* 
Scott:  The  Antiquary  (i3i6). 


WARNING-GIVERS. 

(23)  Dogs.  The  howling  of  a  dog  at 
night  forebodes  death. 

A  cane  prasviso  funere  d'sce  morl 

Ji.  K'euchen  :  Crepimdia,  113  (1662). 

Capitolinus  tells  us  that  the  death  of 
Maxi minus  was  presaged  by  the  howling 
of  dogs.  Pausanias  (in  his  Messenla)  says 
the  dogs  brake  into  a  fierce  howl  just 
before  the  overthrow  of  the  Messenians. 
Fincelius  says  the  dogs  in  Mysinia  flocked 
together  and  howled  just  before  the  over- 
throw of  the  Saxons  in  1553.  Virgil  says 
the  same  thing  occurred  just  previous  to 
the  battle  of  Pharsalia. 

Dogs  give  warning  of  death  by  scratch- 
ing on  the  floor  of  a  house. 

(24)  Dotterels. 

When  dotterels  do  first  appear. 
It  shows  that  frost  is  very  near ; 
Bit  when  that  dottere's  do  go, 
Then  you  may  look  for  heavy  snow. 

Salisbury  Saying. 

(25)  Dreams.  It  will  be  remembered 
that  Joseph,  the  husband  of  Mary,  was 
warned  by  a  dream  to  flee  from  Judaea ; 
and  when  Herod  was  dead  he  was  again 
warned  by  a  dream  to  "  turn  aside  into 
the  parts  of  Galilee. " — Matt.  ii.  13,  19,22. 

In  the  Old  Testament,  Pharaoh  had  a 
warning  dream  of  a  famine  which  he  was 
enabled  to  provide  against. — Gen.  xli. 
15-36. 

Pharaoh  s  butler  and  baker  had  warn- 
ing dreams,  one  being  prevised  thereby 
of  his  restoration  to  favour,  and  the  other 
warned  of  his  execution. — Gen.  xl.  5-23. 

Nebuchadnezzar  had  an  historic  dream, 
which    Daniel    explained. — Dan.   ii.     i, 

31-45- 

Abimelech  king  of  Gerar  was  warned 
by  a  dream  that  Sarah  was  Abraham's 
wife  and  not  his  sister. — Gen.  xx.  3-16. 

Jacob  had  an  historic  dream  on  his  way 
to  Haran. — Gen.  xxviii.  12-15. 

Joseph,  son  of  Jacob,  had  an  historic 
dream,  revealing  to  him  his  future  great- 
ness.— Gen.  xxxvii.  5-10. 

Daniel  had  an  historic  dream  about 
four  beasts  which  indicated  four  king- 
doms {Dan.  vii.).  Whether  his  "visions" 
were  also  dreams  is  uncertain  (see  chs. 
viii.,  x.). 

It  would  require  many  pages  to  do 
justice  to  this  subject.  Bland,  in  his 
Popular  Antiquities,  iii.  134,  gives  "  A 
Dictionary  of  Dreams "  in  alphabetic 
order,  extracted  from  The  Royat  Dream- 

BOQk. 

(26)  Drtnking-Horns.  King  Arthur 
had  a  horn  from  which  no  one  could 
drink  who  was  either  unchaste  or  un- 


1x9a 


WARNING-GIVERS. 


faithful.  The  cuckold's  horn,  brought  to 
king  Arthur's  court  by  a  mysterious  boy, 
gave  warning  of  infidelity,  inasmuch  u 
no  one  unfaithful  in  love  or  unleal  to  his 
liege  lord  could  drink  therefrom  without 
spilling  the  liquor.  The  coupe  enchantie 
possessed  a  similar  property. 

(27)  Eagle.  Tarquinius.  Priscus  was 
assured  that  he  would  be  king  of  Rome, 
by  an  eagle,  which  swooped  upon  him, 
took  off  his  cap,  rose  in  the  air,  and  let 
the  cap  fall  again  upon  his  head. 

Aristander  assured  Alexander  of  his 
victory  over  Darius  at  the  battle  of  Arb€la, 
by  the  flight  of  an  eagle.— Lloyd :  Strata- 
gems of  Jerusalem,  290. 

(28)  Ear  ( The).  If  the  left  ear  tingles 
or  burns,  it  indicates  that  some  one  is 
talking  evil  of  you  ;  if  the  right  ear,  some 
one  is  praising  you.  The  foreboded  evil 
may  be  averted  by  biting  the  little  finger 
of  the  left  hand. 

Laudor  et  adverso,  sonat  auris,  kedor  ab  ore; 
Dextra  bono  tinnit  mumiure,  laeva  malo. 

R.  Keuchen  :  Crcpundia,  113  (1663). 

(29)  'E.'PllKPWS  [Reading).  If  you  would 
preserve  your  memory,  be  warned  against 
reading  epitaphs.  In  this  instance  the 
American  superstition  is  the  warning- 
giver,  and  not  the  act  referred  to. 

(30)  Fir  Trees.  "If  a  firr  tree  be 
touched,  withered,  or  burned  with  light- 
ning, it  is  a  warning  to  the  house  that 
the  master  or  mistress  thereof  shall  shortly 
dye." — Thomas  Lupton:  Syxt  Book  of 
Notable  Thinges,  iii.  (1660). 

(31)  Fire.  The  noise  occasioned  when 
the  enclosed  gas  in  a  piece  of  burning 
coal  catches  fire,  is  a  sure  indication  of  a 
quarrel  between  the  inmates  of  the  house. 

(32)  Florimel's  Girdle  would  loosen 
or  tear  asunder  if  any  woman  unfaithful 
or  unchaste  attempted  to  put  it  on. — 
Spenser:  Faerie  Queene. 

(33)  Gates  of  Gundof'orus  {The), 
No  one  carrj'ing  poison  could  pass  these 
gates.  They  were  made  of  the  horn  of 
the  horned  snake,  by  the  apostle  Thomas, 
who  built  a  palace  of  sethym  wood  for 
this  Indian  king,  and  set  up  the  gates. 

(34)  Grotto  of  Ephksus  {The)  con- 
tained a  reed,  which  gave  forth  musical 
sounds  when  the  chaste  and  faithful 
entered  it,  but  denounced  others  by  giving 
forth  harsh  and  discordant  noises. — 
Lytton  :  Tales  of  Miletus,  m.. 

(35)  Hark  crossing  the  Road  {A). 
It  was  thought  by  the  ancient  Romans 
that  if  a  hare  ran  across  the  road  on 
which  a  person  was  travelling,  it  was  a 
certain  omen  of  ill  luck. 


WARNING-GIVERS. 

Lepus  quoque  occurrens  in  via,  infortunatum  iter 
praesagpt  et  om'mos\xm.—^ /exanJer  ab  Alexandra: 
Gtnialiutn  Dierunt,  libri  Vl.  v.  13,  p.  685. 
Nor  did  we  meet,  with  nimble  feet, 

One  little  fearful  Upus, 
That  certain  siijn,  as  some  divine. 
Of  fortune  bad  to  keep  us. 

Ellison  :  Trip  to  Bcnwell,  Ix. 

(36)  Hoopoe  (TA?).  The  country  people 
of  Sweden  consider  the  appearance  of  the 
hoopoe  as  the  presage  of  war. — Pennant : 
Zoology,  i.  258. 

(37)  Lizards  warn  men  of  the  ap- 
proach of  a  serpent. 

(38)  Looking-glasses.  If  a  looking- 
glass  is  broken,  it  is  a  warning  that  some 
one  in  the  house  will  ere  long  lose  a  friend. 
Grose  says  it  ' '  betokens  a  mortality  in 
the  family,  commonly  the  master." 

To  break  a  looking-glass  is  prophetic 
that  a  person  will  never  get  married  ; 
or,  if  married,  will  lose  the  person 
wedded. 

(39)  Magpies  are  prophetic  birds.  A 
common  Lincolnshire  proverb  is,  "One 
for  sorrow,  two  for  mirth,  three  for  a 
wedding,  four  for  death ; "  or  thus : 
"One  for  sorrow,  two  for  mirth,  three  a 
wedding,  four  a  birth. " 

Augurs  and  undarstood  relations  have, 
By  magotpies  and  choughs  and  rooks,  brought  forth 
Tiie  secret 'st  man  of  blood. 

Shakespeare  :  Macbeth  (iboC)), 

Alexander  Ross  tells  us  that  the  battle 
between  the  British  and  French,  in  which 
the  former  were  overthrown,  in  the  reign 
of  Charles  VIII.,  was  foretold  by  a 
skirmish  between  magpies  and  jackdaws. 
— Arcana  Microcosmi  (appendix,  219). 

(40)  Mantle  {The  Test).  A  boy 
brought  to  king  Arthur's  court  a  mantle, 
which  no  one  could  wear  who  was  un- 
faithful in  love,  false  in  domestic  life,  or 
traitorous  to  the  king.  If  any  such 
attempted  to  put  it  on,  it  puckered  up, 
or  hung  slouch  ingly,  or  tumbled  to 
pieces. — Percy:  Reliques  {"  The  Boy  and 
the  Mantle"). 

(41)  Meteors.  Falling  stars,  eclipses, 
comets,  and  other  signs  in  the  heavens, 
portend  the  death  or  fall  of  princes. 

Meteors  fright  the  fixed  stars  of  heaven ; 

The  pale-faced  moon  looks  bloody  on  the  earth  .  .  . 

These  signs  forerun  the  death  or  fall  of  kings. 

Shakespeare  :  Richard  II.  act  ii.  sc.  4  (1597). 

Consult  Matt.  xxiv.  29  ;  Luke  xxi.  25. 

(42)  Mice  and  Rats.  If  a  rat  or 
mouse,  during  the  night,  gnaw  our 
clothes,  it  is  indicative  of  some  impend- 
ing evil,  perhaps  even  death. 

Nos  autera  ita  leves,  atque  inconsiderati  sumus,  ut 
si  mures  corroserint  aliquid  quorum  est  opus  hoc 
anum,  monstrum  putemus  t  Ante  vero  Marsicum  bel- 
him  quod  Clypeos  Lanuvii — mures  rosissent,  maxumum 


ti93 


WARNING-GIVERS. 


Id  porteatum  haruspices  esse  dixerunt.  Quasi  vero 
quicquam  intersit,  mures  diem  noctem  aliquid  rodentes, 
scuta  an  cribra  corroserint  .  .  .  cum  vestis  a  soricibus 
roditur,  plus  timere  suspicionem  fuluri  mali,  quam 
prcesens  damnum  dolere.  Une  illud  eleganter  dictum 
est  Catonis,  qui  cum  esset  consultus  a  quodam,  qui  sibi 
erosas  esse  Caligas  diceret  a  soricibus,  respondit ;  non 
esset  illud  monstrum ;  sed  vere  monstrum  habendum 
fuisse,  si  sorices  a  Caligis  rodereiitur.— C»c«ro  ;  Divi- 
natio,  ii.  37- 

(43)  Mole-spots.  A  mole-spot  on  the 
armpits  promises  wealth  and  honour ; 
on  the  ankle  bespeaks  modesty  in  men, 
courage  in  women;  on  the  right  breast 
is  a  sign  of  honesty,  on  the  left  forebodes 
poverty ;  on  the  chin  promises  wealth  ; 
on  the  right  ear,  respect ;  on  the  left,  dis- 
honour ;  on  the  centre  of  ih&  forehead  it 
bespeaks  treachery,  suUenness,  and  un- 
tidiness ;  on  the  right  temple  it  foreshows 
that  you  will  enjoy  the  friendship  of  the 
great;  on  the  left  temple  it  forebodes 
distress  ;  on  the  right  yi?^?/' wisdom  ;  on  the 
left,  rashness ;  on  the  right  side  of  the 
heart  it  denotes  virtue  ;  on  the  left  side, 
wickedness ;  on  the  knee  of  a  man  it 
denotes  that  he  will  have  a  rich  wife  ;  on 
the  left  knee  of  a  woman,  she  may  expect 
a  large  family  ;  on  the  lip  it  is  a  sign  of 
gluttony  and  talkativeness  ;  on  the  neck 
it  promises  wealth ;  on  the  nose  it  indi- 
cates that  a  man  will  be  a  great  traveller ; 
on  the  thigh  it  forebodes  poverty  and 
sorrow  ;  on  the  throat,  wealth  and  health  ; 
on  the  wrist,  ingenuity. 

(44)  Moon  ( TA*?).  When  the  "mone 
lies"  sair  on  her  back,  or  when  her  horns 
are  pointed  towards  the  zenith,  be  warned 
in  time,  for  foul  weather  is  nigh  at  hand." 
— Dr.  Jamieson. 

Foul  weather  may  also  be  expected 
"  when  the  new  moon  appears  with  the 
old  one  in  her  arms." 

Late,  late  yestreen  I  saw  the  new  moone, 

Wi"  the  auld  moone  in  her  ariiie, 
And  I  feir,  I  feir,  my  deir  master, 

Tha  twe  wil  Icome  to  harme, 

Tht  BaUa'<*  of  Sir  Patrick  Spcnce. 

To  see  a  new  moon  for  the  first  time 
on  the  right  hand,  and  direct  before  you, 
is  lucky  ;  but  to  see  it  on  the  left  hand, 
or  to  turn  round  and  see  it  behind  you,  is 
the  contrary. 

If  you  first  see  a  new  moon  through 
glass,  your  wish  will  come  to  pass. 

(45)  Nails.  A  white  spot  on  the 
thumb-nail  promises  a  present  ;  on  the 
index  finger  it  denotes  a  friend ;  on 
the  long  finger,   a  foe ;    on    the    third 

finger,  a  letter  or  sweetheart ;  on  the 
little  finger,  a  journey  to  go. 

In  America,  white  spots  on  the  nails 
are  considered  lucky. 

In  East  Anglia  spots  on  the  iliiunb- 


WARNING-GIVERS. 

nail  are  more  certain  of  fulfilment  than 
the     others,     according     to    the    local 
doggerel- 
Spots  on  the  finger  are  sure  to  linger; 
Spots  on  the  thumb  are  sure  to  come. 

(46)  Nourgehan's  Bracelet  gave 
warning  of  poison  by  a  tremulous  motion 
of  the  stones,  which  increased  as  the 
poison  approached  nearer  and  nearer. — 
Cotnte  de  Caylus :  Oriental  Tales  {"  The 
Four  Talismans  "). 

(47)  Opal  turns  pale  at  the  approach 
of  poison. 

(48)  Owls.  The  screeching  of  an  owl 
forebodes  calamity,  sickness,  or  death. 
On  one  occasion  an  owl  strayed  into  the 
Capitol,  and  the  Romans,  to  avert  the 
evil,  undenvent  a  formal  lustration. 

The  Roman  senate,  when  within 
The  city  walls  an  owl  was  seen. 


1 194 


WARNING-GIVERS. 


Did  cause  their  clergy  with  lustrations  .  .  , 
mnd-faced  prodigy  t'  avert. 
S.  ButUr:  Hudibras,  IL  iii.  707  (1664). 


The  death  of  Augustus  was  presaged 
by  an  owl  singing  [screeching]  upon  the 
top  of  the  Curia. — Xiphilinus  :  Abridg- 
ment of  Dion  Cassius. 

The  death  of  CommSdus  Antonius,  the 
emperor,  was  foreboded  by  an  owl  sitting 
on  the  top  of  his  chamber  at  Lanuvium. 
— Julius  Obsequens  :  Prodigies,  85. 

The  murder  of  Julius  Caesar  was  pre- 
saged by  the  screeching  of  owls. 

The  bird  of  night  did  sit. 
E'en  at  noonday,  upon  the  market-place. 
Hooting  and  shrieking. 
Shakts^eart :  yulins  Casar,  act  1.  so.  3  (1607). 

The  death  of  Valentinian  was  presaged 
by  an  owl,  which  perched  on  the  top  of  a 
house  where  he  used  to  bathe. — A  I.  Ross : 
Arcana  Microcosmi  (appendix,  218). 

Antony  was  warned  of  his  defeat  in 
the  battle  of  Actium  by  an  owl  flying 
into  the  temple  of  Concord. — Xiphilinus : 
Abridgment  of  Dion  Cassius. 

The  great  plague  of  Wiirtzburg,  in 
Franconia,  in  1542,  was  foreboded  by  the 
screeching  of  an  owl. 

Alexander  Ross  says,  "About  twenty 
years  ago  I  did  observe  that,  in  the  house 
where  I  lodged,  an  owl  groaning  in  the 
window  presaged  the  death  of  two  emi- 
nent persons,  who  died  there  shortly 
after." — Arcana  Microcosmi. 

(49)  Peacocks  give  warning  of  poison 
by  ruffling  their  feathers. 

(50)  Perviz's  String  of  Pearls 
(Prince).  When  prince  Perviz  went  on 
his  exploit,  he  gave  his  sister  Parizadfi  a 
string  of  pearls,  saying,  "So  long  as 
these  pearls  move  readily  on  the  string, 
you  may  feel  assured  that  I  am  alive  and 


well ;  but  if  they  stick  fast,  they  will  in- 
dicate to  you  that  I  am  dead." — Arabian 
Nights  {"  The  Two  Sisters  "). 

(51)  Pigeons.  It  is  considered  by 
many  a  sure  sign  of  death  in  a  house  if  a 
white  pigeon  perches  on  the  chimney. 

(52)  Pigs  running  about  with  straws  in 
their  mouths  give  warning  of  approaching 
rain. 

(53)  Rats  forsaking  a  ship  forebodes 
its  wreck  ;  and  if  they  forsake  a  house  it 
indicates  that  it  is  on  the  point  of  falling 
down.     (See  "Mice.") 

(54)  Ravens.  The  raven  is  said  to  be 
the  most  prophetic  of  "inspired  birds." 
It  bodes  both  private  and  public  calami- 
ties. ' '  To  have  the  foresight  of  a  raven  " 
is  a  proverbial  expression. 

The  great  battle  fought  between  Bene- 
ventum  and  Apicium  was  portended  by  a 
skirmish  between  ravens  and  kites  on  the 
same  spot. — Jovianus  Pontanus. 

An  irruption  of  the  Scythians  into 
Thrace  was  presaged  by  a  skirmish  be- 
tween crows  and  ravens. — Nicetas. 

Cicero  was  warned  of  his  approaching 
death  by  some  ravens  fluttering  about 
him  just  before  he  mas  murdered  by 
Popilius  Caenas. — Macaulay  :  History  of 
St.  Kilda,  176. 

Alexander  Ross  says,  "  Mr.  Draper,  a 
young  gentleman,  and  my  intimate  friend, 
about  four  or  five  years  ago  had  one  or 
two  ravens,  which  had  been  quarrelling 
on  the  chimney,  fly  into  his  chamber, 
and  he  died  shortly  after." — Arcana 
Microcosmi. 

(55)  Rhinoceros's  Horns.  Cups 
made  of  this  material  will  give  warning 
of  poison  in  a  liquid  by  causing  it  to 
effervesce. 

(56)  Salt  spilt  towards  a  person  in- 
dicates contention,  but  the  evil  may  be 
averted  by  throwing  a  part  of  the  spilt 
salt  over  the  left  shoulder. 

Prodige,  subverso  casu  levlore  salino, 
SI  mal  venturum  conjicis  omen ;  adest. 

R.  Keuchen  :  Crefundia,  315  (i662>. 

(57)  Shears  and  Sieve  (Z-^),  ordeals 
by  fire,  water,  etc.,  single  combats,  the 
cosned  or  cursed  morsel,  the  Urim  and 
Thummim,  the  casting  of  lots, — were  all 
employed  as  tests  of  innocence  or  guilt 
in  olden  times,  under  the  notion  that  God 
would  direct  the  lot  aright,  according  to 
Dan.  vi.  22. 

(58)  Shoes.  It  was  thought  by  the 
Romans  a  bad  omen  to  put  a  shoe  on  the 
wrong  foot. 

Augustus,  having  b'  oversight. 
Put  on  his  left  sboe  for  bis  right. 


WARNING-GIVERS  1195 

Had  like  to  have  been  slain  that  day 
By  soldiers  niutiii'iiig  for  pay. 

Js".  ButUr  :  Hudihras. 
Augiisto  !  .  .  restolt  immobile  et  constem^  lorsqu'U 
iui  arrivoit  par  mdgarde  de  mettre  le  Soulier  droit  au 
pied  gauche.— JA  Foix;  Essais  tur  Paris,  v.  145. 

(59)  Shooting  Pains.  All  sudden 
pains  aie  warnings  of  evil  at  hand, 

Tfraeo  quod  rerum  gfesserira  hlc,  ita  dorsus  totus 
l>r\.\r\t.—Piauius:  Miles  Gloriosus: 

By  the  pricking  of  my  thumbs, 
Something  evil  this  way  comes. 

Shakespeart:  Macbeth  (1606). 

{60)  Sneezing.  Once  a  wish,  twice 
a  kiss,  thrice  a  letter,  and  oftener  than 
thrice  something  better. 

Sneezing  before  breakfast  is  a  forecast 
that  a  stranger  or  a  present  is  coming. 

Sneezing  at  night-time.  To  sneeze 
twice  for  three  successive  nights  denotes 
a  death,  a  loss,  or  a  great  gain. 

Si  duae  stemutationes  fiant  omni  nocte  ab  aliquo,  et 
illud  continuitur  per  tres  noctes,  sig^no  est  quod  aliquis 
vel  aliqua  de  dorao  morietur  vel  aluid  damnum  domui 
continget,  vel  ;maxiraura  lucrum. — Horntnannus  :  De 
MiracuUs  Mortuorum,  163. 

Eustathius  says  that  sneezing  to  the 
left  is  unlucky,  but  to  the  right  lucky. 
Hence,  when  Themistocl^s  was  offering 
sacrifice  before  his  engagement  with 
Xerxes,  and  one  of  the  soldiers  on  his 
right  hand  sneezed,  EuphrantldSs  the 
soothsayer  declared  the  Greeks  would 
surely  gain  the  victory. — Plutarch:  Lives 
("ThemistoclSs"). 

(61)  Soot  on  Bars.  Flakes  of  sheeted 
soot  hanging  from  the  bars  of  a  grate 
foretell  the  introduction  of  a  stranger. 

).-  Nor  less  amused  have  I  quiescent  watched 

i  The  sooty  films  that  play  upon  the  bars 

"  Pendulous,  and  foreboding  .  .  .  some  stranger's  ne*r 

approach. 

Cowper:  Winter  Evening. 

(62)  Sophia's  Picture,  given  to  Ma- 
thias,  turned  yellow  if  the  giver  was  in 
danger  or  in  temptation  ;  and  black  if  she 
could  not  escape  from  the  danger,  or  if 
she  yielded  to  the  temptation. — Mas- 
singer:   The  Picture  {i6i(^). 

(63)  Spiders  indicate  to  gold-searchers 
where  it  is  to  be  found.  (See  SPIDERS 
Indicators  of  Gold,  p.  1036.) 

(64)  Stag's  Horn  is  considered  in 
Spain  to  give  warning  of  an  evil  eye,  and 
to  be  a  safeguard  against  its  malignant 
influences. 

(65)  Stone.  To  find  a  perforated 
stone  is  a  presage  of  good  luck. 

(66)  Swallows  forecast  bad  weather 
by  flying  low,  and  fine  weather  by  flying 
high. 

(67)  Teeth  wide  apart  warn  a  per- 
son to  seek  his  fortune  away  from  his 
native  place. 


WARNING-GI\^RS. 

(68)  Thunder.  Thunder  on  Sunday 
portends  the  death  of  some  learned  man, 
judge,  or  author  ;  on  Monday,  the  death 
of  women  ;  on  Tuesday,  plenty  of  grain  ; 
on  Wednesday,  the  death  of  harlots,  or 
bloodshed  ;  on  Thursday,  plenty  of  sheep, 
cattle,  and  corn  ;  on  Friday,  the  death  of 
some  great  man,  mvirder,  or  battle;  on 
Saturday,  it  forebodes  pestilence  or  sick- 
ness.— Leonard  Digges :  A  Prognostica- 
tion Everlasting  of  Ryght  Good  Effecte 
{1556). 

(69)  Tolling  Bell.  You  will  be  sure 
of  tooth-ache  if  you  eat  while  a  funeral 
bell  is  tolling.  Be  warned  in  time  by  this 
American  superstition,  or  take  the  con- 
sequences. 

(70)  Veipsey,  a  spring  in  Yorkshire, 
called  "  prophetic,"  gives  due  warning  of 
a  dearth  by  rising  to  an  unusual  height. 

(71)  Venetian  Glass.  If  poison  is 
put  into  liquor  contained  in  a  vessel  made 
of  Venetian  glass,  the  vessel  will  crack 
and  fall  to  pieces. 

(72)  Warning  Stones.  Bakers  in 
Wiltshire  and  in  some  other  counties  used 
to  put  a  certain  kind  of  pebble  in  their 
ovens,  to  give  notice  when  the  oven  was 
hot  enough  for  baking.  When  the  stone 
turned  white,  the  oven  was  fit  for  use. 

(73)  Water  of  Jealousy  ( The).  This 
was  a  beverage  which  the  Jews  used  to 
assert  no  adulteress  could  drink  without 
bursting. — Five  Philosophical  Questions 
Answered  (1653). 

(74)  White  Rose  ( The).  A  white  rose 
gave  assurance  to  a  twin-brother  of  the 
safety  or  danger  of  his  brother  during 
his  absence.  So  long  as  it  flourished  and 
remained  in  its  pride  of  beauty,  it  indi- 
cated that  all  went  well ;  but  if  it  drooped, 
faded,  or  died,  it  was  a  warning  of 
danger,  sickness,  or  death. — The  Twin- 
Brothers. 

(75)  Witch  Hazel.  A  forked  twig  of 
witch  hazel,  made  into  a  divining-rod, 
was  supposed,  in  the  fifteenth,  sixteenth, 
and  seventeenth  centuries,  to  give  warning 
of  witches,  and  to  be  efficacious  in  dis- 
covering them. 

(76)  Worms.  If,  on  your  way  to  a  sick 
person,  you  pick  up  a  stone  and  find  no 
living  thing  under  it,  it  tells  you  that  the 
sick  person  will  die,  but  if  you  find  there 
an  ant  or  worm,  it  presages  the  patient's 
recovery. 

SI  vlsitansatgruni,  IapidemInventumpervlamattoIl.it, 
et  sub  lapide  inveniatur  vermis  se  movens,  aut  formic* 
vivens,  faustum  omen  est,  et  indicium  fore  ut  a;ger  con- 
valescat,  si  nihil  invenitur  res  est  conclaraata  et  eert» 
mort.—Suchartius  :  Detrtterum,  lib.  jdx. 


WARREN. 


(See  also  Superstitions,  pp.  1055- 
106 1.) 

Warren  (Widow),  "twice  married 
and  twice  a  widow."  A  coquette  of  40, 
aping  the  airs  of  a  girl ;  vain,  weak,  and 
detestable.  Harry  Dornton,  the  banker's 
son,  is  in  love  with,  her  daughter,  Sophia 
Freelove  ;  but  the  widow  tries  to  win  the 
young  man  for  herself,  by  advancing 
money  to  pay  off  his  friend's  debts.  When 
the  father  hears  of  this,  he  comes  to  the 
rescue,  returns  the  money  advanced,  and 
enables  the  son  to  follow  his  natural  in- 
clinations by  marrying  the  daughter 
instead  of  the  designing  mother. 

A  girlish,  old  coquette,  who  would  rob  her  daughter, 
and  leave  her  husbandsson  to  rot  in  a  dungeon,  that  she 
might  marry  the  first  fool  she  could  &nd.—JJ'olcrc/t  : 
Tht  Road  to  Ruin,  v.  a  (1792). 

Warren  Kasting-s  { Charges  against)^ 
by  John  Logan.  Hastings  was  governor- 
general  of  India,  and  no  doubt  greatly 
increased  the  power  of  England  in  India, 
but  on  his  return  home  he  was  charged 
with  aggression,  bribery,  and  other  of- 
fences. Burke  (in  a  speech  which  lasted 
four  days)  charged  him  with  oppression 
and  injustice  ;  Sheridan  charged  him  for 
defrauding  the  princess  of  Oude  ;  and 
Fox  charged  him  for  his  exactions  on 
Cheyte  Sing ;  but  he  was  acquitted,  and 
lived  24  years  afterwards  in  retirement. 
He  died  1818,  aged  85. 

Wart  ( Thomas) ,  a  poor,  feeble,  ragged 
creature,  one  of  the  recruits  in  the  army 
of  sir  John  Falstaff.  —  Shakespeare  :  2 
Henry  IV.  act  iii.  sc.  2  (159B). 

Warwick  [The  earl  of),  a  tragedy 
by  Dr.  T.  Franklin.  It  is  the  last  days 
and  death  of  the  "king-maker"  (1767). 

Warwick  ( The  House  of).  Qi  this 
house  it  is  said,  "  All  the  men  are  without 
fear,  and  all  the  women  without  stain." 
This  brag  has  been  made  by  many  of  our 
noble  families,  and  it  is  about  as  compli- 
mentary as  that  paraded  of  queen  Vic- 
toria, that  she  is  a  faithful  wife,  a  good 
mother,  and  a  virtuous  woman.  It  is  to 
be  hoped  that  the  same  may  be  said  of 
most  of  her  subjects  also. 

Warwick  Lane  (City),  the  site  of 
the  house  belonging  to  the  Beauchamps, 
earls  of  Warwick. 

Washingrton    of    Africa    [The). 

William  Wilberforce  is  so  called  by  lord 
Byron.  As  Washington  was  the  chief 
instrument     in    liberating    America,    so 


1196         WASTE  TIME  UTILIZED. 

Wilberforce  was  the  chief  instigator  of 
slave  emancipation. 

Thou  moral  Washington  of  Africa. 

Byron  :  Don  yuan,  xiv.  82  (1824^ 

Washing-ton  of  Columbia,  Simon 
Bohvar  (1785-1831). 

Wasky,  sir  Iring's  sword. 

Right  through  the  head-piece  straight 

The  knight  sir  Hagan  paid, 
With  his  resistless  Wasky, 

That  sharp  and  peerless  blade. 

Nibelungtn  Lied,  35  (1310). 

Wasp,  in  the  drama  called  Bartholo- 
mew Fair,  by  Ben  Jonson  (1614). 

Benjamin  Johnson  [1665-1742],  commonly  called  Ben 
Johnson  .  .  .  seemed  to  be  proud  to  wear  the  poet's 
double  name,  being  particularly  great  in  all  that  author's 
plays  that  were  usually  performed,  viz.  "  Wasp,"  "  Cor- 
baccio,"  "Morose," and  "Ananias." — Chetwood:  His- 
tory of  the  Stage. 

("  Corbaccio,"  in  The  Fox ;  "  Mo- 
rose," in  The  Silent  Woman  ;  and  "Ana- 
nias," in  The  Alchemist.) 

Waste  Time  Utilized. 

(i)  Baxter  wrote  his  Saints  Ever- 
lasting Rest  on  a  bed  of  sickness  (1615- 
169 1 ). 

(2)  Bloomfield  composed  The 
Fanner  s  Boy  in   the  intervals  of  shoe- 


making  (1766-1823). 

(3)  Bramah  [Joseph),  a  peasant's  son, 
occupied  his  spare  time  when  a  mere  boy 
in  making  musical  instruments,  aided  by 
the  village  blacksmith.  At  the  age  of 
16,  he  hurt  his  ankle  while  ploughing,  and 
employed  his  time  while  confined  to  the 
house  in  carving  and  making  woodwares. 
In  another  forced  leisure  from  a  severe 
fall,  he  employed  his  time  in  contriving 
and  making  useful  inventions,  which 
ultimately  led  him  to  fame  and  fortune 
(174Q-1814). 

(4)  Bunyan  wrote  Pilgrim's  Progress 
while  confined  in  Bedford  jail  (1628-1688). 
(See  Prison  Literature,  p.  874.) 

(5)  BuRRiTT  [Elihu)  made  himself  ac- 
quainted with  ten  languages  while  plying 
his  trade  as  a  village  blacksmith  (Hebrew, 
Greek,  Syriac,  Spanish,  Bohemian,  Polish, 
Danish,  Persian,  Turkish,  and  Ethiopic). 
His  father  was  a  village  cobbler,  and 
Elihu  had  only  six  months'  education, 
and  that  at  the  school  of  his  brother 
(181 1  1879). 

(6)  Carey,  the  missionary  and  Oriental 
translator,  learnt  the  rudiments  of  Eastern 
languages  while  employed  in  making  and 
mending  shoes  (1761-1834). 

(7)  Clement  [Joseph),  son  of  a  poor 
weaver,  was  brought  up  as  a  thatcher, 
but,  by  utilizing  his  waste  moments  in 
self-education    and   works    of   skill,   he 


WASTLE. 


"97 


WATER  MADE  WINE. 


raised  himself  to  a  position  of  great  note, 
living  employment  to  thirty  workmen 
(1779-1844). 

(8)  COBBETT  learnt  grammar  in  the 
waste  time  of  his  service  as  a  common 
soldier  (1762-1835). 

(9)  D'Aguesseau,  the  great  French 
chancellor,  observing  that  Mme.  D'Agues- 
seau always  dela)  ed  ten  or  twelve  minutes 
before  she  came  down  to  dinner,  began 
and  completed  a  learned  book  of  three 
volumes  (large  quarto),  solely  during 
these  "  waste  minutes."  This  work  went 
through  several  editions  {1668-1751). 

(10)  Ettv  utiUzed  indefatigably  every 
spare  moment  he  could  pick  up  when  a 
journeyman  printer  (1787-1849). 

(11)  Ferguson  taught  himself  astro- 
nomy while  tending  sheep  in  the  service 
of  a  Scotch  farmer  (1710-1776). 

(12)  Franklin  {Benjamin),  while 
working  as  a  journeyman  printer,  pro- 
duced his  Dissertation  on  Liberty  and 
Necessity,  Pleasure  and  Pain  (1706-1790). 

(13)  Miller  {Hugh)  taught  himself 
geology  while  working  as  a  mason  (1802- 
1856). 

(14)  Paul  worked  as  a  tentmaker  in 
intervals  of  travel  and  preaching. 

• .  •  This  brief  list  must  be  considered 
only  as  a  hint  and  heading  for  enlarge- 
ment. Of  course,  Henry  Cort,  William 
Fairbairn,  Fox  of  Derby,  H.  Maudslay, 
David  Mushet,  Murray  of  Leeds,  J. 
Nasmyth,  J.  B.  Neilson,  Roberts  of 
Manchester,  Whitworth,  and  scores  of 
others  will  occur  to  every  reader.  Indeed, 
genius  for  the  most  part  owes  its  success 
to  the  utilization  of  waste  time, 

Wastle  [William),  pseudonym  of 
John  Gibson  Lockhart,  in  Blackwood's 
Magazine  (1794-1854). 

Wat  Dreary,  alias  Brown  Will, 
a  highwayman  in  captain  Macheath's 
gang.  Peachum  says  "  he  has  an  under- 
hand way  of  disposing  of  the  goods  he 
stole,"  and  therefore  he  should  allow  him 
to  remain  a  Uttle  longer  "upon  his  good 
behaviour."— Ga>'.-  The  Beggar's  Opera, 
i.  (1727). 

Wat  Tyler.    (See  Tyler,  p.  1152.) 

Wat's  Dyke,  a  dyke  which  runs 
from  FUntshire  to  Beachley,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Wye.  The  space  between  Wat's 
Dyke  and  Offa's  Dyke  was  accounted 
neutral  ground,  where  Danes  and  Saxons 
might  traffic  with  the  British  without 
molestation.     The  two  dykes  are  in  some 


places  as  much  as  three  miles  asunder, 
but  in  others  they  approach  within  500 
yards  of  each  other. 

Archdeacon  Williams  says  that  Offa's 
Dyke  was  never  a  line  of  defence,  and 
that  it  is  certainly  older  than  OfFa,  as 
five  Roman  roads  cross  it. 

There  is  a  famous  thingr 
Called  Offa's  Dyke,  that  reacheth  far  in  length. 
All  kinds  of  ware  the  Danes  nii^rht  tlnlher  brinff : 
It  was  free  ground,  and  called  the  Britons'  strength. 
Wat  s  Dyke,  likewise,  about  the  same  was  set. 
Between  which  two  both  Danes  and  Britons  met 
In  traffic. 

Churchyard:  tTorthiness <)/ ITaUs  [i^j}. 

Water  { The  Dancing),  a  magic  spring 
of  water,  which  ensured  perpetual  youth 
and  beauty. — Com f esse  D'Aulnoy  :  Fairy 
Tales  ("  Chery  and  Fairstar,"  1682). 

Water  [The  Yellow),  a  magic  spring 
of  water,  which  had  this  peculiarity  :  If 
only  a  few  drops  of  it  were  placed  in  a 
basin,  no  matter  how  large,  they  would 
fill  the  basin  without  overflowing,  and 
form  a  fountain. — Arabian  Nights  {"  The 
Two  Sisters  "). 

Water-Poet  [The),  John  Taylor,  the 
Thames  waterman  (1580-1654). 

Water  Standard,  Comliill  { The). 

The  spot  from  which  miles  were  measured. 
It  stood  at  the  east  end  of  the  street,  at 
the  parting  of  four  ways.  In  1582  Peter 
Morris  erected  there  a  water  standard  for 
the  purpose  of  supplying  water  to  Thames 
Street,  Gracechurch  Street,  and  Leaden- 
hall  ;  and  also  for  cleansing  the  channels 
of  the  streets  towards  Bishopsgate,  Aid- 
gate,  the  Bridge,  and  Stocks'  Market. — 
Stow:  Survey  of  London,  459  (1598). 

(There  was  another  water  standard 
near  Oldbourne.) 

N.B. — Any  substantial  building  for  the 
supply  of  water  was  called  a  standard ; 
hence  the  Standard  in  Cheap,  made  in 
1430  by  John  Wills,  mayor,  "with  a 
small  stone  cistern."  Our  more  modern 
drinking-fountains  are  "standards." 

Water- Wraith,  the  evil  spirit  of  the 
waters. 

By  this  the  storm  grew  loud  apace, 
The  water-wraith  was  shrieking. 

Campbell:  Lord  Ullin's  Daughter. 

Water  from  tlie  Fountain  of 
liions,  a  sovereign  remedy  for  fevers  o( 
every  kind. — Arabian  Nights  ("Ahmed 
and  Pari-Banou"). 

Water  made  Wine.  Alluding  to 
the  first  miracle  of  Christ,  Richard  Cra- 
shaw  says  (1643) — 


WATER  OF  JEALOUSY, 

Lympha  pudica  Deum  yldit  et  erubuit. 
(The  modest  water  saw  Its  God,  and  blushed.) 

Water  of  Jealousy  ( The).  This  was 
a  beverage  which  the  Jews  used  to  affirm 
no  adulteress  could  drink  without  burst- 
ing.— Five  Philosophical  Questions  An- 
swered [16^3). 

Water  of  Life.  This  water  has  the 
property  of  changing  the  nature  of  poison, 
and  of  making  those  salutary  which  were 
most  deadly.  A  fairy  gave  some  in  a  phial 
to  FlorTna,  and  assured  her  that  however 
often  she  used  it,  the  bottle  would  always 
remain  full. — Comtesse  D' Aulnoy  :  Fairy 
Tales  ("  Fiorina,"  1682). 

Water  of  Touth.  In  the  Basque 
legends  we  are  told  of  a  "water,"  one 
drop  of  which  will  restore  youth  to  the 
person  on  whom  it  is  sprinkled.  It  will 
also  restore  the  dead  to  life,  and  the  en- 
chanted to  their  original  form.  It  is 
called  "the  dancing  water"  in  the  tale 
called  The  Princess  Fairstar,  by  the 
comtesse  D' Aulnoy  (1682).  (See  Old 
Age  Restored,  p.  772.) 

Waters  {Father  of),  Irawaddy  in  Bur- 
ham.   The  Mississippi  in  North  America. 

Waters  [zoung,  i.e.  young),  aballad.  At 
yule-tide  many  a  "  well-favoured  man  " 
came  to  the  king's  court,  and  the  king 
asked  his  queen  which  she  thought  the  fair- 
est of  all.  She  replied,  "  zoung  Waters." 
This  excited  the  king's  jealousy,  who 
ordered  Waters  to  be  imprisoned  in  Stir- 
ling Castle,  and  subsequently  to  be  be- 
headed.— Percy  :  R cliques,  sen  ii.  bk.  ii. 
18. 

Waterloo  ( The  Field  of),  a  poem  by 
sir  W.  Scott  (1815), 

On  Waterloo's  ensangruined  plain 
Full  many  a  pallant  man  was  slain ; 

But  none,  by  bullet  or  by  shot. 
Fell  half  so  flat  as  Walter  Scott. 

Anon. 

Waterman  {The),  Tom  Tug.  The 
title  of  a  ballad  opera  by  T.  Dibdin  {1774). 
(For  the  plot,  see  Wilelmina  Bundle.) 

Watkins  (  William),  the  English  at- 
tendant on  the  prince  of  Scotland. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time, 
Henry  IV.). 

Watkin's  Fnddingf  {Sir),  a  famous 
Welsh  dish ;  so  named  from  sir  Walkin 
Lewis,  a  Ixjndon  alderman,  who  was  very 
fond  of  it. 

Watliug  Street  and  the  Foss. 

The  vast    Roman   road   called   Watling 
Street  starts  from  Richborough,  in  Kent, 


X198 


WAVERLEY, 


and,  after  passing  the  Severn,  divides 
into  two  branches,  one  of  which  runs  to 
Anglesey,  and  the  other  to  Holy  Head. 

The  Foss  runs  north  and  south  from 
Michael's  Mount,  in  Cornwall,  to  Caith- 
ness, the  northern  extremity  of  Scotland. 

Those  two  miehty  ways,  the  Watling  and  the  Foss  . . . 

.  .  .  the  first  doth  hold  her  way 

From  Dover  to  the  farth'st  of  fruitful  Anglesey ; 

The  second,  south  and  north,  from  Michael^  utmost 

mount 
To    Caithness,    which  the  farth'st  of  Scotland    we 
account. 

Drayton :  Polyolbion,  xili.  (1613). 
Secunda  via  principalis  dicitur  "  Wateling-streate," 
tendens  ab  euro-austro  in  zephyrum  septentrionalem. 
Incipit  enim  a  Dovaria,  tendens  per  medium  Cantise, 
juxta  London,  per  S.  Albanum.  Dunstaplum,  Strat- 
fordiam,  Towcestriam,  Litleburne,  per  montem  Gilbertl 
juxta  Salopiara,  deinde  per  Stratton  et  per  medium 
Wallise,  usque  Cardigan. —i^^/aw^  .•  Itinerary  oj 
England  (1712). 

Watling  Street  of  tlie  Sky  ( The), 

the  Milky  Way. 

Watts  {Dr.  Isaac).  It  is  said  that 
Isaac  Watts,  being  beaten  by  his  father 
for  wasting  his  time  in  writing  verses, 
exclaimed — 

O  father,  pity  on  me  talce," 
And  I  wil  no  more  verses  make. 

IF  Ovid,  the  Latin  poet,  is  credited  with 
a  similar  anecdote — 

Parce,  precor,  genitor,  poshac  non  versificabo. 

Wanch  {Mansie),  fictitious  name  of 
D.  M.  Moir,  author  of  The  Life  of  Mansie 
Wauch,  Tailor  in  Dalkeith,  written  by 
himself  {182S). 

Waverley,  the  first  of  Scott's  histo- 
rical novels,  published  in  1814.  The 
materials  are  Highland  feudalism,  mili- 
tary bravery,  and  description  of  natural 
scenery.  There  is  a  fine  vein  of  humour, 
and  a  union  of  fiction  with  history.  The 
chief  characters  are  Charles  Edward  the 
Chevalier,  the  noble  old  baron  of  Brad- 
wardine,  the  simple  faithful  clansman 
Evan  Dhu,  and  the  poor  fool  Davie  Gel- 
latley  with  his  fragments  of  song  and 
scattered  gleams  of  fancy. 

Scott  did  not  prefix  his  name  to  ffaverUy,  being 
afraid  that  it  mi^fht  compromise  his  poetical  reputation 
—Chambers:  English  Literature,  ii.  586. 

Waverley  {Captain  Edward)  of 
Waverley  Honour,  and  hero  of  the  novel 
called  by  his  name.  Being  gored  by  a 
stag,  he  resigned  his  commission,  and 
proposed  marriage  to  Flora  M'lvor,  but 
was  not  accepted.  Fergus  M'lvor  (Flora's 
brother)  introduced  him  to  prince  Charles 
Edward.  He  entered  the  service  of  the 
Young  Chevalier,  and  in  th«  battle  of* 
Preston  Pans  saved  the  life  of  colonel 
Talbot.  The  colonel,  out  of  gratitude, 
obtained  the  pardon  of  young  Waverley, 


WAVERLEY  NOVELS. 


XX99 


WEALTHY. 


who  then  married  Rose  Bradwardine,  and 
settled  down  quietly  in  Waverley  Honour. 

Mr.  Richard  Waverley,  the  captain's 
father,  of  Waverley  Honour. 

Sir  Everard  Waverley,  the  captain's 
uncle. 

Mistress  Rachel  Waverley,  sister  of  sir 
Everard.— 5?>  W.  Scott:  Waverley  (time. 
George  n.). 

"Waverley  Novels  {The).  All  the 
novels  of  sir  Walter  Scott  are  included 
under  this  term  ;  but  not  the  three  tales 
called  Aunt  Margarets  Mirror,  The 
Lairds  Jock,  and  The  Tapestried 
Chamber, 

Wax  [A  lad  d),  a  spruce  young  man, 
like  a  model  in  wax.  Lucretius  speaks 
of  persona  cerea,  and  Horace  of  the 
waxen  arms  of  TelSphus,  meaning  beau- 
tiful in  shape  and  colour. 

A  man,  young  lady  1    Lady,  such  a  man 

As  all  the  world Why,  he's  a  man  o'  wax. 

Shakisptart :  Rotnea  and  yuliet  (iS9S). 

"Way  of  tlie  World  ( The),  a  comedy 
by  W.  Congreve  (1700),  The  "way  of 
the  world"  is  to  tie  up  settlements  to 
wives,  to  prevent  their  husbands  squan- 
dering their  wives'  fortunes.  Thus,  Fain- 
all  wanted  to  ^et  into  his  power  the 
fortune  of  his  wife,  whom  he  hated,  but 
found  it  was  "in  trust  to  Edward  Mira- 
bell,"  and  consequently  could  not  be 
tampered  with. 

Way  to  Keep  Him  ( The],  a  comedy 
by  Murphy  (1760).  The  object  of  this 
drama  is  to  show  that  women,  after 
marriage,  should  not  wholly  neglect  their 
husbands,  but  should  try  to  please  them, 
and  make  home  agreeable  and  attractive, 
The  chief  persons  are  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Lovemore.  Mr.  Lovemore  has  a  virtuous 
and  excellent  wife,  whom  he  esteems  and 
loves  ;  but,  finding  his  home  insufferably 
dull,  he  seeks  amusement  abroad;  and 
those  passions  which  have  no  play  at 
home  lead  him  to  intrigue  and  card- 
playing,  routs  and  dubious  society.  The 
under-plot  is  this  :  Sir  Bashful  Constant 
is  a  mere  imitator  of  Mr.  Lovemore,  and 
lady  Constant  suffers  neglect  from  her 
husband  and  insult  from  his  friends, 
because  he  foolishly  thinks  it  is  not  comme 
il  faut  to  love  after  he  has  married  the 
woman  of  his  choice. 

Ways  and  Means,  a  comedy  by 
Colman  the  younger  (1788).  Random 
and  Scruple  meet  at  Calais  two  young 
ladies,  Harriet  and  Kitty,  daughters  of 
sir  David  Dunder,  and  fall  In  love  with 


them.  They  come  to  Dover,  and  acci- 
dentally meet  sir  David,  who  invites  them 
over  to  Dunder  Hall,  where  they  are  intro- 
duced to  the  two  young  ladies.  Harriet  is 
to  be  married  next  day,  against  her  will,  to 
lord  Snolts,  a  stumpy,  "gummy"  noble- 
man of  five  and  forty  ;  and,  to  avoid  this 
hateful  match,  she  and  her  sister  agree  to 
elope  at  night  with  the  two  young  guests. 
It  so  happens  that  a  series  of  blunders 
in  the  dark  occur,  and  sir  David  himselt 
becomes  privy  to  the  whole  plot,  but,  to 
prevent  scandal,  he  agrees  to  the  two 
marriages,  and  discovers  that  the  young 
men,  both  in  family  and  fortune,  are 
quite  suitable  to  be  his  sons-in-law. 

Wayland  [Launcelot)  or  Wayland 
Smith,  farrier  in  the  vale  of  Whitehorse. 
Afterwards  disguised  as  the  pedlar  at 
Cumnor  Place, — Sir  W,  Scott:  Kenil- 
worth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Wayland  Wood  (Norfolk),  said  to 
be  the  site  where  "  the  babes  in  the 
wood  "  were  left  to  perish.  According  to 
this  tradition,  "Wayland  Wood"  is  a 
corruption  of  Wailing  Wood, 

Wayside  Inn  ( Tales  of  a),  poems  in 
various  metres  by  Longfellow  (1863).  The 
tales  are — 

The  Landlord's  Tale,  the  Student's  Tale,  Tht  Spanish 
Jews  Tale,  The  Sicilian  Tale,  The  Musicians  Tale, 
The  Theologian's  Tale,  and  the  Poet's  Tale.  There 
b  also  a  Prelude  and  a  Finale. 

Wealth  makes  Worth. 

A  man  of  wealth  is  dubbed  a  man  of  worth. 

Pope  :  /miiaiioits  qf  Horace,  vi.  8i  (1734^- 
Et  genus,  et  formam,  regina  Pecunia  donat, 
Ac  Dene  nummatum  decorat  Suadela  Venusque. 

Horace :  Epist,,  vi. 
Beauty  and  wisdom  money  can  bestow, 
Venus  and  wit  to  wealth  their  honours  throw. 

E.  C,  B, 

Wealth  of  Nations  {The),  an 
enquiry  into  the  nature  and  causes  of 
national  wealth  by  Adam  Smith  (1776). 

Wealtheo-w  (2  syl.),  wife  of  Hroth- 
gar  king  of  Denmark. 

Wealtheow  \Yent  forth  ;  mindf  il  of  their  races,  she  .  .  . 
greeted  the  men  in  the  hall.  The  freebom  lady  first 
handed  the  cup  to  the  prince  of  the  East  Danes.  .  .  . 
The  lady  of  the  Helmings  then  went  about  every  part 
.  .  .  she  gave  treasure-vessels,  until  the  opportunity 
occurred  that  she  (a  queen  hung  round  with  rings)  .  .  . 
bore  forth  the  mead-cup  to  Beowulf.  .  .  .  and  thanked 
God  that  her  will  was  accomplished,  that  an  earl  of 
Denmark  was  a  guarantee  against  cninc—Beowul/ 
(Ang^o-Saxon  epic,  sixth  century). 

Wealthy  {Sir  William),  a  retired 
City  merchant,  with  one  son  of  prodigal 
propensities.  In  order  to  save  the  young 
man  from  ruin,  the  father  pretends  to  be 
dead,  disguises  himself  as  a  German 
baron,  and,  with  the  aid  of  coadjutors, 


WEARY-ALL  HILL. 


WEDDING  DAY. 


becomes  the  chief  creditor  of  the  young 
scapegrace. 

Sir  George  Wealthy,  the  son  of  sir 
William.  After  having  run  out  his 
money,  Lucy  is  brought  to  him  as  a  cour- 
tezan ;  but  the  yoimg  man  is  so  moved 
with  her  manifest  innocence  and  tale  of 
sorrow  that  he  places  her  in  an  asylum 
where  her  distresses  would  be  sacred, 
"and  her  indigent  beauty  would  be 
guarded  from  temptation," 

Mr.  Richard  Wealthy,  merchant,  the 
brother  of  sir  William  ;  choleric,  straight- 
forward, and  tyrannical.  He  thinks 
obedience  is  both  law  and  gospel. 

Lucy  Wealthy,  daughter  of  Richard. 
Her  father  wants  her  to  marry  a  rich 
tradesman,  and,  as  she  refuses  to  do  so, 
turns  her  out  of  doors.  She  is  brought 
to  sir  George  Wealthy  as  2^fille  de  joie : 
but  the  young  man,  discerning  her  in- 
nocence and  modesty,  places  her  in  safe 
keeping.  He  ultimately  finds  out  that 
she  is  his  cousin,  and  the  two  parents 
rejoice  in  consummating  a  imion  so 
entirely  in  accordance  with  both  their 
wishes. — Foote  :  The  Minor  (1760). 

Weary-all  Hill,  above  Glastonbury, 
to  the  left  of  Tor  Hill.  This  spot  is  the 
traditional  landing-place  of  Joseph  of 
Arimathaea ;  and  here  is  the  site  (marked 
by  a  stone  bearing  the  letters  A.  I.  a.d. 
XXXI. )  of  the  hoiy  thorn. 

When  the  saint  arrived  at  Glastonbury, 
weary  with  his  long  journey,  he  stuck 
his  staff  into  the  ground,  and  the  staff 
became  the  famous  thorn,  the  site  being 
called  "Weary-aU  Hill." 

Weatherport  (^Captain),  a  naval 
officer.— 5?>  W.Scott:  The  Pirate  (Wm^, 
William  HI.). 

Weaver-Poet  of  Inverurie  ( r^), 

William  Thorn  {1799-1850). 

Wea'sel  {Timothy),  attomey-at-law 
at  Lestwithiel,  employed  as  the  agent  of 
^^nxMAAoQ^s..— Cumberland :  The  Wheel 
of  Fortune  (1778). 

Web  in  a  Millet  Seed  [The). 
This  was  a  web  wrapped  in  a  millet  seed. 
It  was  400  yards  long,  and  on  it  were 
painted  all  sorts  of  birds,  beasts,  and 
fishes  ;  fruits,  ti-ees,  and  plants  ;  rocks  and 
shells ;  the  sun,  moon,  and  stars  ;  the  like- 
nesses of  all  the  kings  and  queens  of  the 
earth,  and  many  other  curious  devices. 

The  prince  took  out  of  a  ruby  box  a  walnut,  which  he 
cracked,  . . .  and  saw  Inside  it  a  small  hazel  nut,  which 
be  cracked  also,  and  found  inside  a  kernel  of  wax. 
Hfi  peeled  the  kernel,  and  discovered  a  com  of  wheat, 


and  In  the  wheat  a  jrraln  of  millet,  which  coiitafaie<l  the 

Vftib.—Ctnttesse  DAulnoy  :  Fairy  Talts  ("The  White 
Cat,"  16  8a). 

Wedding.  The  fifth  anniversary  is 
the  Wooden  Wedding,  because  on  that 
occasion  the  suitable  offerings  to  the  wife 
are  knick-knacks  made  of  wood. 

The  fifteenth  is  the  Copper  Wedding, 
and  all  gifts  are  to  be  of  copper. 

The  twenty-fifth  anniversary  is  called 
the  Silver  Wedding,  because  the  woman 
on  this  occasion  should  be  presented  with 
a  silver  wreath. 

The  fiftieth  anniversary  is  called  the 
Golden  Wedding,  because  the  wreath  or 
flowers  presented  should  be  made  of  gold. 
In  Germany,  the  marriage  ceremony 
was  repeated  on  the  fiftieth  anniversary. 
In  1879  William,  king  of  Prussia  and 
German  emperor,  celebrated  his  "golden 
wedding." 

The  seventy-fifth  anniversary  is  called 
the  Diamond  Wedding,  because  the 
correct  present  to  the  wife  of  such  a 
standing  would  be  a  diamond.  This 
period  is  shortened  into  the  sixtieth 
anniversary. 

Mr.  T,  Morgan  Owen,  of  Bronwylfa, 
Rhyl,  says  there  are  in  Llannefydd 
churchyard,  near  Denbigh,  the  two  fol- 
lowing inscriptions : — 

(i)  lohn  and  Elin  Owen,  married  1579, 
died  1659.     Announced  thus — 

Whom  one  nuptial  bed  did  contain*  for  80  years  do 
here  remaine.  Here  lieth  the  body  of  Elin,  wife  o  f 
lohn  Owen,  who  died  the  25  day  of  March,  1659.  Here 
lieth  the  body  of  lohn  Owen,  who  died  tlie  23  day  of 
August,  1639. 

(2)  Katherine  and  Edward  lones,  mar- 
ried 1638,  died  1708.     Announced  thus— 

They  lived  amicably  together  in  matrimony  70  years. 
Here  lyeth  the  body  of  Katherine  Davies,  the  wife  of 
Edward  lones,  who  was  buried  the  27  day  of  May, 
1708,  aged  91  years.  Here  the  body  of  Edward  tone's, 
son  of  lohn-ap-David,  Gent.,  lyeth,  who  was  buried  the 
14  day  of  May,  1708,  agred  91  ycATS.— Times,  July  4, 
1879  (weekly  edition). 

Wedding  ( The),  a  poem  by  sir  John 
Suckling,  noted  for  the  lines — 

Her  feet  beneath  her  petticoat, 
Like  little  mice,  stole  m  and  out, 
As  if  they  feared  the  light. 

Wedding-  Day  (The),  a  comedy  by 
Mrs.  Inchbald  (1790).  The  plot  is  this': 
Sir  Adam  Contest  lost  his  first  wife  by 
shipwreck,  and  "  twelve  or  fourteen 
years "  afterwards  he  led  to  the  altar 
a  young  girl  of  18,  to  whom  he  was 
always  singing  the  praises  of  his  first 
wife — a  phoenix,  a  paragon,  the  ne  plus 
ultra  of  wives  and  women.  She  did 
everything   to   make  him    happy.      She 


WEEPING  PHILOSOPHER.        laoi 


WELLBORN. 


loved  him,  obeyed  him  ;  ah  !  "he  would 
never  look  upon  her  like  again."  On  the 
wedding  day,  this  pink  of  wives  and 
women  made  her  appearance,  told  how 
she  had  been  rescued,  and  sir  Adam  was 
dumbfounded.  ' '  He  was  happy  to  bewail 
her  loss,"  but  to  rejoice  in  her  restoration 
was  quite  another  matter. 

(Fielding  had  written  a  comedy  so 
called  in  1740. ) 

Weeping  Philosopher  [The),  He- 
raclltos,  who  looked  at  the  folly  of  man 
with  grief  (fl.  B.C.  500).  (See  Jeddler, 
p.  542.) 

Weir  {Major),  the  favourite  baboon 
of  sir  Robert  Redgauntlet.  In  the  tale  of 
"  Wandering  Willie,"  sir  Robert's  piper 
went  to  the  infernal  regions  to  obtain  the 
knight's  receipt  of  rent,  which  had  been 
paid  ;  but  no  receipt  could  be  found, 
because  the  monkey  had  carried  it  to  the 
castle  turret.— 5z>  W,  Scott:  Redgauntlet 
(time,  George  III.). 

Compare  with  this  the  yackda-w  oflfheims  (see  p. 
911.) 

Weissnichtwo,  nowhere.  The  word 
is  German  for  "I  know  not  where,"  and 
was  coined  by  Carlyle  {Sartor  Resartus, 
1833).  'Sir  W.  Scott  has  a  similar  Scotch 
compound,  "  Kennaquhair  "  ("I  know 
not  where  ").  Cervantes  has  the  "  island 
of  Trapoban"  {i.e.  of  "dish-clouts," 
from  trapos,  the  Spanish  for  a  "dish- 
clout").  Sir  Thomas  More  has  "Uto- 
pia" (Greek,  ou  topos,  "no  place"). 
We  might  add  the  ' '  island  of  MedSma  " 
(Greek,  "nowhere"),  the  "peninsula  of 
Udamoggs"  (Greek,  "nowhere  on 
earth  "),  the  country  of  "  Kennahtwhar," 
etc.,  and  place  them  in  the  great  "  Nulli- 
bian  "  ocean  ("nowhere"),  in  any  degree 
beyond  180°  long,  and  90°  lat. 

Wel'ford,  one  of  the  suitors  of  "  the 
Scornful  Lady "  (no  name  is  given  to 
the  lady). — Beaumont  and  Fletcher ;  The 
Scornful  Lady  (1616). 

(Beaumont  died  1616.) 

Well.  Three  of  the  most  prominent 
Bible  characters  met  their  wives  for  the 
first  time  by  wells  of  water,  viz.  Isaac, 
Jacob,  and  Moses. 

Eliezer  met  Rebekah  by  a  well,  and 
arranged  with  Rethuel  for  her  to  become 
Isaac's  wife. — Gen.  xxiv. 

Jacob  met  Rachel  by  the  well  of  Haran. 
— Gen.  xxix. 

When  Moses  fled  from  Egypt  into  the 
land  of  Midian,  he  "  sat  down  by  a  well," 
and  the  seven  daughters  of  Jethro  came 


there  to  draw  water,  one  of  whom,  named 
Zipporah,  became  his  wife. —  Exod.  ii. 
15-21. 

IF  The  princess  NausicSa,  daughter  of 
Alcinflos  king  of  the  Phasacians,  was 
with  her  maidens  washing  their  dirty 
linen  in  a  rivulet,  when  she  first  encoun- 
tered Ulysses. — Homer :  Odyssey,  vi. 

Well  {A).  "  A  well  and  a  green  vine 
running  over  it,"  emblem  of  the  patriarch 
Joseph.  In  the  church  at  Totnes  is  a 
stone  pulpit  divided  into  compartments, 
containing  shields  decorated  with  the 
several  emblems  of  the  Jewish  tribes. 
On  one  of  the  shields  is  "a  well  and  a 
green  vine  running  over  it." 

Joseph  is  a  fruitful  bough,  even  a  fruitful  bough  by 
well ;  whose  branches  run  over  the  walL — Gen.  xlix,  2a. 

Well  of  Engrlish  TJndefiled.    So 

Chaucer  is  called  by  Spenser. 

Dan  Chaucer,  well  of  English  undefiled. 
On  Fame's  eternal  bead-roll  worthy  to  be  filed. 
Sptnser:  Fairie  Queene,  iv.  a  (1596). 

Welland,  a  river  of  England,  which 
passes  by  Stamford,  etc.,  and  empties 
itself  into  the  Wash.  Drayton  speaks  of 
an  ancient  prophecy  which  brought  to 
this  river  great  reverence- 
That  she  alone  should  drown  all  Holland,  and  should 

see 
Her  Stamford  ...  as  renowned  for  liberal  arts  .  .  , 
As  they  in  Cambridge  are,  or  Oxford  ever  were. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xxiv.  (1622). 

(The  "Holland"  here  referred  to  is 
not  the  Netherlands,  but  a  district  of 
Lincolnshire  so  called.  See  Holland, 
p.  496.) 

Well-Beloved  ( The),  Charles  VI.  of 
France,  Le  Bien-Aimi  {\-^(A,  1380-1422). 

Louis  XV.  of  France,'  Le  Bien-Aim^ 
(1710,  1715-1774). 

Well  -  Founded  Doctor  ( The\ 
i^,gidius  de  Colonna ;  also  called  "The 
Most  Profound  Doctor"  {Doctor Fundatis- 
simus  et  Theologorum  Princeps);  some- 
times surnamed  "  Romanus,"  because  he 
was  born  in  the  Campagna  di  Roma,  but 
more  generally  "  Colonna,"  from  a  town 
in  the  Campagna  (1257-1316). 

Wellborn  {Francis,  usually  called 
Frank),  nephew  of  sir  Giles  Overreach, 
and  son  of  sir  John  Wellborn,  who  "bore 
the  whole  sway"  of  Northamptonshire, 
kept  a  large  estate,  and  was  highly 
honoured.  Frank  squandered  away  the 
property,  and  got  greatly  into  debt,  but 
induced  lady  Allworth  to  g^ve  him  her 
countenance,  out  of  gratitude  and  respect 
to  his  father.  Sir  Giles  fancies  that  the 
rich    dowager    is    about    to   marry    his 


WELLER. 


WERE-WOLF. 


nephew,  and,  in  order  to  bring  about  this 
desirable  consummation,  not  only  pays 
all  his  debts,  but  supplies  him  liberally 
with  ready  money.  Being  thus  freed 
from  debt,  and  having  sown  his  wild  oats, 
young  Wellborn  reforms,  and  lord  Lovell 
gives  him  a  "  company." — M as  singer  :  A 
New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts  (1625). 

Weller  {Samuel),  boots  at  the  White 
Hart,  and  afterwards  servant  to  Mr. 
Pickwick,  to  whom  he  becomes  devotedly 
attached.  Rather  than  leave  his  master 
when  he  is  sent  to  the  Fleet,  Sam  Weller 
gets  his  father  to  arrest  him  for  debt. 
His  fun,  his  shrewdness,  his  comparisons, 
his  archness,  and  his  cunning  on  behalf 
of  his  master,  are  unparalleled. 

Tony  Weller,  father  of  Sam  ;  a  coach- 
man of  the  old  school,  who  drives  a  coach 
between  London  and  Dorking.  Naturally 
portly  in  size,  he  becomes  far  more  so 
in  his  great-coat  of  many  capes.  Tony 
wears  top-boots,  and  his  hat  has  a  low 
crown  and  broad  brim.  On  the  stage- 
box  he  is  a  king,  elsewhere  he  is  a  mere 
greenhorn.  He  marries  a  widow,  land- 
lady of  the  Marquis  of  Granby,  and  his 
constant  advice  to  his  son  is,  "  Sam, 
beware  of  the  widders." — Dickens:  The 
Pickwick  Papers  (1836). 

Welling-tou  of  Gamblers  [The). 
Lord  Rivers  was  called  in  Paris  Le  Wel- 
lington des  Joueurs. 

Welling'ton's  Horse,  Copenhagen. 
It  died  at  the  age  of  27. 

Wemmick,  the  cashier  of  Mr.  Jaggers 
the  lawyer.  He  lived  at  Walworth. 
Wemmick  was  a  dry  man,  rather  short  in 
stature,  with  square,  wooden  face.  "There 
were  some  marks  in  the  face  which  might 
have  been  dimples  if  the  material  had 
been  softer."  His  linen  was  frayed;  he 
wore  four  mourning  rings,  and  a  brooch 
representing  a  lady,  a  weeping  willow, 
and  a  cinerary  urn.  His  eyes  were  small 
and  glittering  ;  his  lips  small,  thin,  and 
mottled  ;  his  age  was  between  40  and  50 
years.  Mr.  Wemmick  wore  his  hat  on 
the  back  of  his  head,  and  looked  straight 
before  him,  as  if  nothing  was  worth  look- 
ing at.  Mr.  Wemmick  at  home  and  Mr. 
Wemmick  in  his  office  were  two  distinct 
beings.  At  home,'  he  was  his  "  own 
engineer,  his  own  carpenter,  his  own 
plumber,  his  own  gardener,  his  own  Jack- 
of-all-trades,"  and  had  fortified  his  little 
wooden  house  like  commodore  Trunnion 
(qv,)  and  he  called  it  his  "castle."  His 
father  (82  years  of  age)  lived  with  him, 


and  he  called  him  "  The  Aged. "  The  old 
man  was  very  deaf,  but  heated  the  poker 
with  delight  to  fire  off  the  nine-o'clock 
signal,  and  chuckled  with  joy  because 
he  could  hear  the  bang.  The  house  had 
a  "real  flagstaff,"  and  a  plank  which 
crossed  a  ditch  some  four  feet  wide  and 
two  feet  deep  was  the  drawbridge.  At 
nine  o'clock  p.m.  Greenwich  time  the 
gun  (called  "  The  Stinger")  was  fired. 

The  piece  of  ordnance  was  mounted  in  a  separate 
fortress,  constructed  of  lattice-work.  It  was  protected 
from  the  weather  by  an  ingenious  little  tarpaulin  con  - 
trivance  in  tlie  nature  of  an  umbrella. — Dickins  :  Great 
Expectations,  xxv.  (i860). 

(This  is  a  bad  imitation  of  Smollett. 
In  commodore  Trunnion  such  a  conceit  is 
characteristic,  but  in  a  lawyer's  clerk  not 
so.  Still,  it  might  have  passed  as  a  good 
whim  if  it  had  been  original. ) 

Wenlock(  Wild  Wen  lock),  kinsman  of 
sir  Hugo  de  Lacy  constable  of  Chester. 
His  head  is  cut  off  by  the  insurgents. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  The  Betrothed  (time, 
Henry  II.). 

Weno'uab.,  mother  of  Hiawatha  and 
daughter  of  Noko'mis.  Nokomis  was 
swinging  in  the  moon,  when  some  of  her 
companions,  out  of  jealousy,  ctit  the 
ropes,  and  she  fell  to  earth  "hke  a 
falling  star."  That  night  was  born  her 
first  child,  a  daughter,  whom  she  named 
Wenonah.  In  due  time  Wenonah  was 
wooed  and  won  by  Mudjekee'wis  (the 
west  wind),  and  became  the  mother  of 
Hiawatha.  The  false  West  Wind  de- 
serted her,  and  the  young  mother  died. 

Fair  Nokomis  bore  a  daughter, 
And  she  called  her  name  Wenonah. 

Lonsfellow :  Hiawatha,  iii.   1855). 

Wentworth  {Eva\  the  beau-ideal 
of  female  purity.  She  was  educated  in 
strict  seclusion.  De  Courcy  fell  in  love 
with  her,  but  deceived  her  ;  whereupon 
she  died  calmly  and  tranquilly,  elevated 
by  religious  hope.  (See  Zaira.)  — 
Maturin  :   Women  (a  romance,  1822). 

Werburgf  {St.),  bom  a  princess.  By 
her  prayers  she  drove  the  wild  geese 
from  Weedon. 

She  falleth  in  her  way  with  Weedon,  where,  'tis  said, 
St.  Werburg,  princely  bom— a  most  religious  maid— 
From  those  peculiar  fields,  by  prayer  the  wild  geese 
drove. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xxHi.    1622). 

Were-'Wolf ,  or  Wehr-Wolf  ( 2  jy/. ), 
a  man-wolf,  a  man  transformed  into  a 
wolf   temporarily    or    otherwise.       (See 

LOUP-GAROU,     p.      629;      SOLOGNE,     p. 

1025.)    This  creature  played  a  prominent 


WERNER. 


1203 


WEST  INDIAN. 


pirt  in  German  Christmas  tales  of  the 
Middle  Ages. 

Oft  through  the  forest  dark 
Followed  the  were-wolfs  bark. 
Ltnz/ellew:  The  Skeleton  in  Armeur. 

Werner,  the  boy  said  to  have  been 
crucified  at  Bacharach,  on  the  Rhine,  by 
the  Jews.  (See  Hugh  of  Lincoln, 
p.  sio.) 

Th«  innocant  boy,  who,  some  years  back. 
Was  taken  and  crucified  by  the  Jews, 
In  that  ancient  town  of  Bacharach  1 

Lons/ellaw  :  The  Galden  Legend  (1851). 

Werner  or  Eruitsner  (count  of 
Siegendorf),  father  of  Ulric.  Being 
driven  from  the  dominions  of  his  father, 
he  wandered  about  for  twelve  years  as  a 
beggar,  hunted  from  place  to  place  by 
count  Stral'enheira.  At  length,  Stra- 
lenheim,  travelling  through  Silesia,  was 
rescued  from  the  Oder  by  Gabor  \alias 
Ulric),  and  was  lodged  in  an  old  tumble- 
down palace,  where  Werner  had  been 
lodging  for  some  few  days.  Here  Wer- 
ner robbed  the  count  of  a  rouleau  of  gold, 
and  next  day  the  count  was  murdered  by 
Ulric  (without  the  connivance  or  even 
knowledge  of  Werner).  When  Werner 
succeeded  to  the  rank  and  wealth  of 
count  Siegendorf,  he  became  aware  that 
his  son  Ulric  was  the  murderer,  and  de- 
nounced him.  Ulric  departed,  and  Wer- 
ner said,  "  The  race  of  Siegendorf  is 
past." — Byron  :   Werner  (1821), 

(This  drama  is  borrowed  from  "  Kruitz- 
ner,  or  The  German's  Tale,"  in  Miss  H. 
Lee's  Canterbury  Tales,  1797-1805.) 

Werther,  a  young  German  student, 
of  poetic  fancy  and  very  sensitive  dis- 
position, who  falls  in  love  with  Lotte  (2 
syl.)  the  betrothed  and  afterwards  the 
wife  of  Albert.  Werther  becomes 
acquainted  with  Lotte's  husband,  who  in- 
vites him  to  stay  with  him  as  a  guest.  In 
this  visit  he  renews  his  love,  which  Lotte 
returns.  So  the  young  man  mewls  and 
pules  after  forbidden  fruit  with  sickly 
sentimentality,  and  at  last  puts  an  end  to 
his  life  and  the  tale  at  the  same  time. — 
Goethe:  Sorrows  of  Werther  (1774). 

The  sort  of  thing  to  turn  a  young  man's  head. 
Or  make  a  Werther  of  him  m  the  end. 

Byron  :  Don  yuan,  xiv.  64  (1824). 

•.*  "Werther"  is  meant  for  Goethe 
himself,  and  "Albert"  for  his  friend 
Kestner,  who  married  Charlotte  Buff, 
with  whom  Goethe  was  in  love,  and 
whom  he  calls  "Lotte"  (the  heroine  of 
the  novel). 

(In  1817  George  Duval  produced  a 
parody  on  this  novel,  in  the  form  of  a 


three-act  farce  entitled    Werther  ou  les 
Egarements  dun  Cceur  Sensible,) 

ThacVaray  wrote  a  satirical  poem  called  The  Sorrows 
e/IVerther. 

The  Werther  of  Politics.  The  marquis 
of  Londonderry  is  so  called  by  lord 
Byron.  Werther,  the  personifiaition  of 
maudling  sentimentality,  is  the  hero  of 
Goethe's  romance  entitled  The  Sorrows  of 
Werther  {177^). 

It  is  the  first  time  since  the  Normans,  that  England 
has  been  insulted  by  a  minister  who  could  not  speak 


Knglish,   and  that   parlisment  permitted  itself  to  be 

dictated   to  in  the  language  of  Mrs.  Malapr 

Let  us  hear  no  more  of  this  man,  and  let  Ireland  re- 


move the  ashes  of  bar  Grattan  from  the  sanctuary  of 
Westminster.  Shall  the  Patriot  of  Humanity  repose  by 
the  Wcnhar  ol  PoWtics  J— B_yron :  Don  yuati  (preface 
to  canto  vi.,  etc.,  1834). 

Wer'tlierism  [th  =  t),  spleen,  me- 
grims from  morbid  sentimentality,  a 
settled  melancholy  and  disgust  of  life. 
The  word  is  derived  from  the  romance 
called  The  Sorrows  of  Werther,  by  Goethe 
(1774),  the  gist  of  which  is  to  prove 
"  Whatever  is  is  wrong." 

Wessel  [Peder),  a  tailor's  apprentice, 
who  rose  to  the  rank  of  vice-admiral  of 
Denmark,  in  the  reign  of  Christian  V. 
He  was  called  Tor'denskiold  (3  syl. ),  cor- 
rupted into  Tordenskiol  (the  "Thunder 
Shield  "),  and  was  killed  in  a  duel. 

North  Sea  I  a  glimpse  of  Wessel  rent 
Thy  murky  sky.  .  .  . 
From  Denmark  thunders  Tordenskiol ; 
Let  each  to  heaven  commend  his  soul. 
And  fly. 

LongfelloTo:  King  Christian  \y.\ 

Wessex,  Devonshire,  Somersetshire, 
Wiltshire,  and  their  adjacents.  Ivor  son 
of  Cadwallader,  and  Ini  or  Hiner  his 
nephew,  were  sent  to  England  by  Cad- 
wallader when  he  was  in  Rome,  to 
"govern  the  remnant  of  the  Britons." 

As  the  generals,  \he'\ 

His  nephew  Ivor  chose,  and  Hiner  for  Ws  phecr  ; 
Two  most  undaunted  spirits  these  valiant  Britons  were. 
The  first  who  Wessex  won. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  Ix.  (1613). 

(The  kingdom  of  Wessex  was  founded 
in  495  by  Cerdic  and  Cynric,  and  Ini  was 
king  of  Wessex  from  688  to  726.  Instead 
of  being  a  British  king  who  ousted  the 
Saxons,  he  was  of  the  royal  line  of 
Cerdic,  and  came  regularly  to  the  succes- 
sion.) 

West  Indian  {The),  a  comedy  by 
R.  Cumberland  (1771).  Mr.  Belcour,  the 
adopted  son  of  a  wealthy  Jamaica  mer- 
chant, on  the  death  of  his  adopted  father 
came  to  London,  to  the  house  of  Mr. 
Stockwell,  once  the  clerk  of  Belcour, 
senior.  This  clerk  had  secretly  married 
Belcour's  daughter,  and  when  her  boy  was 


WESTERN. 


1204 


WHAT  NEXT? 


born  it  was  "  laid  as  a  foundling  at  her 
father's  door. "  Old  Belcour  brought  the 
child  up  as  his  own  son,  and  at  death 
"bequeathed  to  him  his  whole  estate." 
The  young  man  then  came  to  London  as 
the  guest  of  Mr.  Stockwell,  the  rich  mer- 
chant, and  accidentally  encountered  in 
the  street  Miss  Louisa  Dudley,  with  whom 
he  fell  in  love.  Louisa,  with  her  father 
captain  Dudley,  and  her  brother  Charles, 
all  in  the  greatest  poverty,  were  lodging 
with  a  Mr.  Fulmer,  a  small  bookseller. 
Belcoiu-  gets  introduced,  and,  after  the 
usual  mistakes  and  hairbreadth  escapes, 
makes  her  his  wife. 

Western  {Squire),  a  jovial,  fox-hunt- 
ing country  gentleman,  supremely  igno- 
rant of  book-learning,  very  prejudiced, 
selfish,  irascible,  and  countrified ;  but 
shrewd,  good-natured,  and  very  fond  of 
his  daughter  Sophia. 

Philip,  earl  of  Pembroke  and  Montgomery,  was  in 
character  a  squire  Western,  choleric,  boisterous, 
illiterate,  selfish,  absurd,  and  cowardly. — Osborne  : 
Secret  History,  i.  218. 

Squire  Western  stands  alone ;  imitated  from  no  pro 
totype,  and  in  himself  an  inimitable  picture  of  igno- 
rance, prejudice,  irascibility,  and  rusticity,  united  with 
natural  shrewdness,  constitutional  good  tiumour,  and 
an  instinctive  affection  for  his  daughter. — Encyclopeedia 
Britannica  (article  "  Fielding  "). 

Sophia  Western,  daughter  of  squire 
Western.  She  becomes  engaged  to  Tom 
Jones  the  foundhng.  —  Fielding :  Tom 
Jones  {1749). 

There  now  are  no  squire  Westerns,  as  of  old ; 

And  our  Sophias  are  not  so  emphatic. 
But  fair  as  them  \_sic\  or  fairer  to  behold. 

Byron  :  Don  Juan,  xiii.  no  (1824). 

Westlock  {John),  a  quondam  pupil 
of  Mr.  Pecksniff  ("architect  and  land 
surveyor"),  John  Westlock  marries 
Ruth,  the  sister  of  Tom  Pinch. — Dickens  : 
Martin  Chuzzlewit  (1843). 

Westminster  Abbey  of  Den- 
mark^  ( The),  the  cathedral  of  Roeskilde, 
some  sixteen  miles  west  of  Copenhagen. 

N.B.— The  tradition  is  that  St.  Peter 
himself  dedicated  the  church,  and  an- 
nounced to  a  fisherman  that  he  (Peter), 
patron  of  fishermen,  had  done  so.  Sibert 
had  asked  Militus  (the  first  bishop  of  Lon- 
don) to  perform  the  ceremony,  but  St. 
Peter  anticipated  him.  Edward  the  Con- 
fesssor,  who  rebuilt  the  abbey,  testifies 
the  truth  of  legend. 

I  am  Peter,  keeper  of  the  keys  of  heaven.  When 
Milit'S  arrives  to-morrow,  tell  him  what  you  have  seen, 
and  show  him  the  token  that  I  have  consecrated  my 
own  church  of  St.  Peter,  Westminster.— ^<;rtVfrf  by 
Edward  the  Confessor  in  his  new  charter.  (See 
Notes  and  Queries,  January  23,  1896,  p.  65.) 

Westmoreland,  according  to  fable, 
is  West-Mar-land.     Mar  or  Marius,  son 


of  Arviragus,  was  king  of  the  British, 
and  overthrew  Rodric  the  Scythian  in  the 
north-west  of  England,  where  he  set  up 
a  stone  with  an  inscription  of  this  victory, 
"both  of  which  remain  to  this  day."— 
Geoffrey :  British  History,  iv.  17  (1142). 

Westward  Hoe,  a  comedy  by 
Thomas  Dekker  (1607).  The  Rev.  Charles 
Kingsley  published  a  novel  in  1854  en- 
titled Westward  Ho  I  or  The  Voyages  and 
Adventures  of  Sir  Amy  as  Leigh  in  the 
Reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  (See  EAST- 
WARD Hoe,  p.  311.) 

Wetheral  {Stephen),  surnamed 
"Stephen  Steelheart,"  in  the  troop  of 
lord  Waldemar  Fitzurse  (a  baron  follow- 
ing prince  John  ).—5?>  W.  Scott:  Ivanhoe 
(time,  Richard  L). 

Wetherell  {Elizabeth),  Miss  Susan 
Warner,  authoress  of  The  Wide  Wide 
World  (1852),  Queechy  (1853),  etc. 

Wetzweiler  {Tid)  or  Le  Glorieux, 
the  court  jester  of  Charles  "the  Bold" 
dukeof  Burgundy.— ^zV  W.  Scott:  Quen- 
tin  Durward  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Whachum,  journeyman  to  Sid- 
rophel.  He  was  Richard  Green,  who 
published  a  patnphlet  of  base  ribaldry, 
called  Hudibras  in  a  Snare  (1667). 

A  paltry  wretch  he  had,  half-starved, 
That  him  in  place  of  zany  served, 
Hight  Whachum. 

S.  ButUr:  Hudibras,  IL  3  (1664). 

Whally  Eyes,  i.e.  Whale-like  eyes. 
Spenser  says  that  "Whally  eyes  are  a 
sign  of  jealousy." — Faerie  Queene,  I.  iv. 
24  (1590). 

Whangf,  an  avaricious  Chinese  miller, 
who,  by  great  thrift,  was  pretty  well  off. 
But  one  day,  being  told  that  a  neighbour 
had  found  a  pot  of  money  which  he  had 
dreamt  of,  he  began  to  be  dissatisfied  with 
his  slow  gains  and  longed  for  a  dream 
also.  At  length  the  dream  came.  He 
dreamt  there  was  a  huge  pot  of  gold 
concealed  under  his  mill,  and  set  to  work 
to  find  it.  The  first  omen  of  success  was 
a  broken  mug,  then  a  house-tile,  and  at 
length,  after  much  digging,  he  came  to  a 
stone  so  large  that  he  could  not  hft  it. 
He  ran  to  tell  his  luck  to  his  wife,  and  the 
two  tugged  at  the  stone  ;  but  as  they  re- 
moved it,  down  fell  the  mill  in  utter  ruins. 
—  Goldsmith:  A  Citizen  of  the  World, 
Ixx.  (1759). 

What  Next?  a  farce  by  T.  Dibdin. 
Colonel  Clifford  meets  at  Brighton  two 
cousins,  Sophia  and  Clarissa  Touchwood, 


WHAT  WILL  HE  DO  WITH   IT?  1205 


WHISTLE. 


and  falls  in  love  with  the  latter,  who  is 
the  sister  of  major  Touchwood.  He 
imagines  that  her  Christian  name  is 
Sophia,  and  so  is  Accepled  by  colonel 
Touchwood,  Sophia's  father.  No\v,  it 
so  happens  that  major  Touchwood  is  in 
love  with  his  cousin  Sophia,  and  looks 
on  colonel  Clifford  as  his  rival.  The 
major  tries  to  outwit  his  supposed  rival, 
but  finds  they  are  both  in  error — that  it 
is  Clarissa  whom  the  colonel  wishes  to 
marry,  and  that  Sophia  is  free  to  marry 
the  major. 

What  will  lie  do  with  it  ?  a  novel 
by  lord  Lylton  {1858). 

Wheel  of  Poi*tune  { The),  a  comedy 
by  R.  Cumberland  (1779). 
r  (For  the.  plot  and  tale,  see   Penrud- 
DOCK,  p.  823.) 

Where  art  thou,  Beam  of 
Lig'ht?    (See  Lumon,  p.  640.) 

Whetstone  Cut  by  a  Razor  [A). 
Accius  Navius,  the  augur,  cut  a  whet- 
stone with  a  razor  in  the  presence  of  Tar- 
quin  the  elder. 

In  short,  'twas  his  fate,  unemployed  or  in  place,  sir. 

To  eat  mutton  cold,  and  cut  blocks  with  a  razor. 

Goldsmith  :  Rttaliation  ("  Burke  "  is  referred  to,  1774). 

Whiffei'S  [Mr.),  a  footman  in  the 
"  swarry,"  related  in  chap,  xxxvii.  of  the 
Pickwick  Papers  by  Dickens  (1836). 

Whiffle  {Captain),  a  loathsome  fop, 
"  radiant  in  silk  lace  and  diamond 
buckles."— 5OT<?//tf^/.-  Roderick  Random 
{1748). 

Whimple  {Mrs.\  in  Great  Expecta- 
tions, a  novel  by  Dickens  (1861). 

Whims  {Queen),  the  monarch  of 
iVhimdom,  or  country  of  whims,  fancies, 
and  literary  speculations.  Her  subjects 
were  alchemists,  astrologers,  fortune- 
tellers, rhymers,  projectors,  schoolmen, 
and  so  forth.  The  best  way  of  reaching 
this  empire  is  "to  trust  to  the  whirlwind 
and  the  current."  When  Pantagruel's 
ship  ran  aground,  it  was  towed  off  by 
7,000,000  drums  quite  easily.  These 
drums  are  the  vain  imaginings  of  whim- 
syists.  Whenever  a  person  is  perplexed 
at  any  knotty  point  of  science  or  doctrine, 
some  dmm  will  serve  for  a  nostrum  to 
pull  him  xhrovigh.-Rabelais :  Panta^ruel, 
V.  18,  etc.  (1545)- 

Whim,'se7,  a  whimsical,  kind- 
hearted  old  man,  father  to  Charlotte  and 
"  young"  Whimsey. 

As  suspicious  of  everybody  above  him,  as  if  he  had 
been  bred  a  rogue  himself.— Act  i.  i. 


Charlotte  Whimsey,  the  pretty  daughter 
of  old  Whimsey  ;  in  love  with  Monford. 
—J.  Cobb:  The  First  Floor. 

Whip  with  Six  Lashes,  the  "Six 

Articles"  of  Henry  VIII.  (1539). 

Whipping  Boy,  a  boy  kept  to  be 
whipped  when  a  prince  deserved  chastise- 
ment. 

(i)  Barnaby  Fitzpatrick  stood  for 
Edward  VI. 

(2)  D'OssAT  and  Du  Perron,  after- 
wards cardinals,  were  whipped  by  Cle- 
ment VIII.  for  Henri  IV.  of  France. — 
Fuller:  Church  History,  ii.  342  (1655). 

(3)  MuNGO  Murray  stood  for  Charles 

(4)  Raphael  was  flogged  for  the  son  of 
the  marquis  de  Leganez  ;  but,  not  seeing 
the  justice  of  this  arrangement,  he  ran 
away. — Lesage  :  Gil  Bias,  v.  i  (1724). 

Whisker,  the  pony  of  Mr.  Garland, 
Abel  Cottage,  Finchley. 

There  approached  towards  hira  a  little,  clattering, 
jingling,  tour.wheeled  chaise,  drawn  bv  a  little, 
obstinate-looking,  rough-coated  pony,  and  driven  by 
a  little,  fat,  placid-faced  old  gentleman.  Beside  the 
little  old  gentleman  sat  a  little  old  lady,  plump  and 
placid  like  himself,  and  the  pony  was  coming  along  at 
h:s  own  pace,  and  doing  exactly  as  he  pleased  with  the 
whole  concern.  If  the  old  gentleman  remonstrated  by 
shaking  the  reins,  the  pony  replied  by  shaking  his  head. 
It  was  plain  that  the  utmost  the  pony  would  consent 
to  do  was  to  go  in  his  own  way,  .  .  .  after  his  own 
fashion,  or  not  at  i}l.—Dickats ;  Tht  Old  Curiosity 
Shop,  xiv.  (1840). 

Whiskerandos  {Don  Fero'lo),  the 
sentimental  lover  of  Tilburina, — Sheri- 
dan: The  Critic,  ii.  i  (1779). 

Whisky    Insurrection '(TA^),    a 

popular  name  given,  in  the  United  States, 
to  an  outbreak  in  Western  Pennsylvania, 
in  1794,  resulting  from  an  attempt  to 
enforce  an  excise  law  passed  in  1791, 
imposing  duties  on  domestic  distilled 
liquors.  It  spread  into  the  border  counties, 
but  was  finally  suppressed  by  general 
Henry  Lee,  governor  of  Virginia,  with  an 
armed  force. 

Whist  {Father  of  the  game  of), 
Edmond  Hoyle  (1672-1769). 

Whistle  {The).  In  the  train  of  Anne 
of  Denmark,  when  she  went  to  Scotland 
with  James  VI.,  was  a  gigantic  Dane  of 
matchless  drinking  capacity.  He  had  an 
ebony  whistle  which,  at  the  beginning  of 
a  drinking  bout,  he  would  lay  on  the  table, 
and  whoever  was  last  able  to  blow  it,  was 
to  be  considered  the  "Champion  of  the 
Whistle."  In  Scotland  the  Dane  was  de- 
feated by  sir  Robert  Laurie  of  Maxwelton, 
who,  after  three  days'  and  three  nights' 


WHISTLE. 


1206 


WHITE  HOODS. 


hard  drinking,  left  the  Dane  under  the 
table,  and  ' '  blew  on  the  whistle  his 
requiem  shrill,"  The  whistle  remained 
in  the  family  several  years,  when  it  was 
won  by  sir  Walter  Laurie,  son  of  sir 
Robert ;  and  then  by  Walter  Riddel  of 
Glenriddel,  brother-in-law  of  sir  Walter 
Laurie.  The  last  person  who  carried  it 
off  was  Alexander  Ferguson  of  Craig- 
darroch,  son  of  "Annie  Laurie,"  so  well 
known, 

(Burns  has  a  ballad  on  the  subject, 
called  The  Whistle.) 

Whistle.  The  blackbird,  says  Dray- 
ton, is  the  only  bird  that  whistles. 

Upon  his  dulcet  pipe  the  merle  doth  only  play. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xih.  (1613). 

Paying  too  dear  for  one's  ivhistle.  (See 
Dictionary  of  Phrase  and  Fable,  p.  1294.) 

Whistler  {The),  a  young  thief, 
natural  son  of  sir  G.  Staunton,  whom  he 
shot  after  his  marriage  with  Effie  Deans, 
—Sir  W.  Scott:  Heart  of  Midlothian 
(time,  George  XL). 

WMstlingf.  Mr.  Townley,  of  Hull, 
says,  in  Notes  and  Queries,  August  2, 
1879,  th^'t  a  Roman  Catholic  checked  his 
wife,  who  was  whistling  for  a  dog  :  "  If 
you  please,  ma'am,  don't  whistle.  Every 
time  a  woman  whistles,  the  heart  of  the 
blessed  Virgin  bleeds." 

Une  poule  qui  chante  le  coqet  une  fille  quisiffls  por- 
tent malheur  dans  la  maison. 

La  poule  ne  doit  point  chanter  devant  le  coq. 
A  whistling  woman  and  a  crowing  hen 
Are  neither  good  for  God  or  men. 

Whitaker  {Richard),  the  old  steward 
of  sir  Geofifery  Peveril. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Peverilofthe  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Whitchurch,  in  Middlesex  (or  Little 
Stanmore),  is  the  parish,  and  William 
Powell  was  the  blacksmith,  made  cele- 
brated by  Handel's  Harmonious  Black- 
smith.    Powell  died  1780. 

White  Birds.  Some  Mohammedans 
believe  that  the  spirits  of  the  faithful  (if 
neither  prophets  nor  martyrs)  abide 
under  the  throne  of  God,  in  the  form  of 
white  birds.  Martyrs  are  green  birds, 
and  prophets  are  taken  to  paradise  direct 
in  propria  persona. 

White  Cat  ( The).  A  certain  queen, 
desirous  of  obtaining  some  fairy  fruit, 
was  told  she  might  gather  as  much  as 
she  would  if  she  would  give  to  them  the 
child  about  to  be  born.  The  queen 
agreed,  and  the  new-born  child  was 
carried  to  the  fairies.     When  of  marriage- 


able age,  the  fairies  wanted  her  to  marry 
Migonnet  a  fairy-dwarf,  and,  as  she 
refused  to  do  so,  changed  her  into  a 
white  cat.  Now  comes  the  second  part. 
An  old  king  had  three  sons,  and  promised 
to  resign  the  kingdom  to  that  son  who 
brought  him  the  smallest  dog.  The 
youngest  son  wandered  to  a  palace,  where 
he  saw  a  white  cat  endowed  with  human 
speech,  who  gave  him  a  dog  so  tiny  that 
the  prince  carried  it  in  an  acorn  shell. 
The  father  then  said  he  would  resign  his 
crown  to  that  son  who  brought  him  home 
a  web,  400  yards  long,  which  would  pass 
through  the  eye  of  a  needle.  The  White 
Cat  gave  the  prince  a  toil  400  yards  long 
packed  in  the  shale  of  a  millet  grain.  The 
king  then  told  his  sons  he  would  resign  his 
throne  to  that  son  who  brought  home  the 
handsomest  bride.  The  White  Cat  told 
the  prince  to  cut  off  its  head  and  tail. 
On  doing  so,  the  creature  resumed  her 
human  form,  and  was  acknowledged  to 
be  the  most  beautiful  woman  on  the 
earth. 

Her  eyes  committed  theft  upon  all  hearts,  and  her 
sweetness  kept  them  captive.  Her  shape  was  majestic, 
her  air  noble  and  modest,  her  wit  flowing,  her  manners 
engaging.  In  a  word,  she  was  beyond  everything  that 
was  \ovAy.—ConiUsst  D'Aulnoy  :  Fairy  Tales  ("  The 
White  Cat, '  1682). 

White  Clerg^y  [The),  the  parish 
priests,  in  contradistinction  to  The  Black 
Clergy  or  monks,  in  Russia. 

White-Cotton  Night-Cap  Coun- 
try,    (See    Red-Cotton    Night-Cap 

Country,  p.  902.) 

White  Cross  Knights,  the  Knights 
Hospitallers.  The  Knights  Templars 
wore  a  red  cross. 

The  White  Cross  Knight  of  the  adjacent  isle. 
Robert  Browning  :  Tne  Retitm  of  the  Druses,  \. 

White     Devil     of     Wallachia. 

George  Castriota,  known  as  "  Scander- 
beg,"  was  called  by  the  Turks  "  The 
White  Devil  of  Wallachia"  (1404-1467). 

White  Elephant  [King  of  the),  a 
title  of  the  kings  of  Ava  and  Siam. 

White  Past  [The),  the  day  of  atone- 
ment in  the  Jewish  synagogues. 

White  Friars  ( The),  the  Carmelites, 
who  dress  in  white. 

(There  is  a  novel  by  Miss  Emma 
Robinson  called  White  Friars. ) 

White  Hoods  (or  Chaperons  Blancs), 
the  insurgents  of  Ghent,  led  by  Jean 
Lyons,  noted  for  their  fight  at  Minne- 
water  to  prevent  the  digging  of  a  canal 


WHITE  HORSE. 


1907 


WHITE  LADY. 


which  they  fancied  would  be  injurious  to 
<rade. 

Saw  the  fight  at  Minnewater,  sawth«  "  White  Hoods  " 
moving  west. 

Lonz/ellnu :  The  Bel/ry  o/ Bruits. 

White  Horse  [A),  the  Saxon  banner, 
still  preserved  in  the  royal  shield  of  the 
house  of  Hanover. 

A  burly,  genial  race  has  raised 
The  White  Horse  standard. 

Woolntr:  My  Beautiful  Lady. 

White  Horse  [Lords  of  the),  the  old 
Saxon  chiefs,  whose  standard  was  a  white 
horse. 

And  tampered  with  the  lords  of  the  White  Horse.- 
Tennyson  :  Guinevere, 

White  Horse  of  the   Peppers, 

a  sprat  to  catch  a  mackerel.  After  the 
battle  of  the  Boyne,  the  estates  of  many 
of  the  Jacobites  were  confiscated,  and 
given  to  the  adherents  of  William  III. 
Amongst  others,  the  estate  of  the  Peppers 
was  forfeited,  and  the  Orangeman  to 
whom  it  was  awarded  went  to  take  pos- 
session. "Where  was  it,  and  what  was 
its  extent?"  These  were  all-important 
questions ;  and  the  Orangeman  was  led 
up  and  down,  hither  and  thither,  for 
several  days,  under  pretence  of  showing 
them  to  him.  He  had  to  join  the  army 
by  a  certain  day,  but  was  led  so  far  a- 
field  that  he  agreed  to  forego  his  claim 
if  supplied  with  the  means  of  reaching 
his  regiment  within  the  given  time. 
Accordingly,  the  "  white  horse,"  the 
pride  of  the  family,  and  the  fastest 
animal  in  the  land,  was  placed  at  his 
disposal,  the  king's  grant  was  revoked, 
and  the  estate  remained  in  the  possession 
of  the  original  owner. — Lover:  Stories 
and  legends  of  Ireland  (1832-34). 

White  Horse  of  Wantagfe  (Berk- 
shire), cut  in  the  chalk  hills.  The  horse 
is  374  feet  long,  and  may  be  seen  at  the 
distance  of  fifteen  miles.  It  commemorates 
a  great  victory  obtained  by  Alfred  over 
the  Danes,  called  the  battle  of  ^scesdun 
\Ashdown),  during  the  reign  of  his  brother 
Ethelred  in  871.  (See  Red  Horse,  p. 
903-) 

In  this  battle  all  the  flower  of  the  barbarian  youth 
was  there  slain,  so  that  neither  before  nor  since  was 
ever  such  a  destruction  Icnown  since  the  Saxons  first 
gained  Britain  by  their  ^rms.—Ethel-werd  :  ChronicU, 
u.  A.  871.    (See  also  Asser,  Life  0/ Alfred,  year  871.) 

WTiite  King,  the  title  of  the  emperor 
of  Musco\y,  from  the  white  robes  which 
these  kings  were  accustomed  to  use. 

Sunt  qui  principem  Moscoviae  Albutn  Regent  nun- 
cupant.  Ego  quidem  causam  diligenter  quaerebam, 
cur  regis  albi  nomine  appeUaretur  cum  nemo  princi- 
pum  Mtt^coviae  eo  titulo  ante*  \Basiliut  IvanwicKl 


esset  usus.  .  .  .  Credo  autem  ut  Persam  nunc  propter 
rttbea  tegumenta  capitis  "  Kissilpassa  "  (i.e.  rubeuro 
cuput)  vocant ;  ita  reges  Moscoviae  propter  alba 
tegumenta  "Albos  Reges"  appellari.— Si^jwwwrf. 

(Perhaps  it  may  be  explained  thus : 
Muscovy  is  always  called  "  Russia  Alba," 
as  Poland  is  called  "  Black  Russia.") 

White  King*  ( The).  Charles  I.  is  so 
called  by  Herbert.  His  robe  of  state  was 
white  instead  of  purple.  At  his  funeral 
the  snow  fell  so  thick  upon  the  pall  that 
it  was  quite  white. — Herbert:  Memoirs 
(1764). 

White  Lady  [The),  "La  Dame 
d'Aprigny,"  a  Norman  f^e,  who  used  to 
occupy  the  site  of  the  present  Rue  de  St. 
Quentin,  at  Bayeux. 

La  Dame  Abonde,  also  a  Norman  f^e. 

Vocant  dominam  Abundiam  pro  eo  quod  doraibus, 
quns  frequentant,  abundantiam  bonorum  temporaliuin 
praestare  putantur  non  aliter  tibi  sentiendumest  neque 
aliter  quam  quemadmodum  de  illis  audivisU. — IVilliapt 
of  Auvergne  (1248). 

White  Lady  ( The),  a  ghost  seen  in 
different  castles  and  palaces  belonging  to 
the  royal  family  of  Prussia,  and  supposed 
to  forebode  the  death  of  some  of  the  royal 
family,  especially  one  of  the  children. 
The  last  appearance  was  in  1879,  just  prior 
to  the  death  of  prince  Waldemar.  Twice 
she  has  been  heard  to  speak,  e.g.  :  In 
December,  1628,  she  appeared  in  the 
palace  at  BerUn,  and  said  in  Latin,  "  I 
wait  for  judgment ;  "  and  once  at  the  castle 
of  Neuhaus,  in  Bohemia,  when  she  said 
to  the  princess,  in  German,  "It  is  ten 
o'clock  ;  "  and  the  lady  addressed  died  in 
a  few  weeks. 

•.  •  There  are,  in  fact,  two  white  ladies  : 
one  the  countess  Agnes  of  Orlamunde ; 
and  the  other  the  princess  Bertha  von 
Rosenberg,  who  Uved  in  the  fifteenth 
century.  The  former  was  buried  alive  in 
a  vault  in  the  palace.  She  was  the  mis- 
tress of  a  margrave  of  Brandenburgh,  by 
whom  she  had  two  sons.  When  the 
prince  became  a  widower,  Agnes  thought 
he  would  marry  her,  but  he  made  the  sons 
an  objection,  and  she  poisoned  them,  for 
which  crime  she  was  buried  alive.  An- 
other version  is  that  she  fell  in  love  with 
the  prince  of  Parma,  and  made  away 
with  her  two  daughters,  who  were  an 
obstacle  to  her  marriage,  for  which  crime 
she  was  doomed  to  "  walk  the  earth  "  as 
an  apparition. 

The  princess  Bertha  is  troubled  because 
an  annual  gift,  which  she  left  to  the 
poor,  has  been  discontinued.  She  appears 
dressed  in  white,  and  carrying  at  her  side 
a  bunch  of  keys. 


WHITE  LADY  OF  AVENEL. 


WHITES. 


It  may  interest  those  who  happen  to  be  learned  in 
Berl...  legends,  to  know  that  the  White  Lady,  whose 
visiti  jlways  precede  the  death  of  some  member  of  the 
roya!  family,  was  seen  on  the  eve  of  prince  Walderaar's 
death.  A  soldier  on  guard  at  the  old  castle  was  the 
witneis  of  the  apparition,  and  in  his  fright  fled  to  the 
guard-room,  where  he  was  at  once  arrested  for  desert- 
ing his  post.— Bruy,  April  4,  1879. 

White  Lady  of  Avenel  (2  syl.), 
a  tutelary  spirit. — Sir  IV.  Scott:  The 
Monastery  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Aping  in  fantastic  fashion 
Every  change  of  human  passion. 

White  Lady  of  Ireland  {The), 
the  benshee  or  domestic  spirit  of  a  family, 
who  takes  an  interest  in  its  condition, 
and  intimates  approaching  death  by  wail- 
ings  or  shrieks. 

White  Man's  Grave  {The),  Sierra 

Leone,  in  Africa. 

White  Merle  (The).  Among  the 
old  Basque  legends  is  one  of  a  "  white 
merle,"  which,  by  its  singing,  restores 
sight  to  the  blind.— .i'?^.  W.  Webster: 
Basque  Legends,  182  (1877). 

H  The  French  have  a  similar  story, 
called  Le  Merle  Blanc. 

White  Moon  {Knight  of  the),  Sam- 
son Carrasco.  He  assumed  this  cog- 
nizance when  he  went  as  a  knight-errant 
to  encounter  don  Quixote.  His  object 
was  to  overthrow  the  don  in  combat,  and 
then  impose  on  him  the  condition  of 
returning  home,  and  abandoning  the  pro- 
fession of  chivalry  for  twelve  months. 
By  this  means  he  hoped  to  cure  the  don 
of  his  craze.  It  all  happened  as  the 
barber  expected  :  the  don  was  overthrown, 
and  returned  to  his  home,  but  soon  died. 
—Cervantes  :  Don  Quixote,  II.  iv.  12,  etc. 
<i6iS)- 

White  Mount  in  London  ( The), 
the  Tower,  which  the  Welsh  bards  insist 
was  built  by  the  Celts.  Others  ascribe 
"  the  Towers  of  Julius  "  to  the  Romans  ; 
but  without  doubt  they  are  Norman. 

Take  my  head  and  bear  it  unto  the  White  Mount,  in 
London,  and  bury  it  there,  with  the  face  towards 
France.— rA^  Mabino^^ion  ("  Branwen,"  etc.,  twelfth 
Gcntury). 

White  Queen  {The),  Mary  queen  of 
Scots  {La  kdne  Blanche).  So  called  by 
the  French,  because  she  dressed  in  white 
in  mourning  for  her  husband. 

White  Rose  {The),  the  house  of 
York,  whose  badge  it  was.  That  of  the 
house  of  Lancaster  was  the  Red  Rose. 

(Richard  de  la  Pole  is  often  called  "  The 
White  Rose.") 

White  Rose  of  England  {The). 
Perkin  Warbeck  was  so  called  by  Mar- 


garet of  Burgundy  sister  of  Edward  IV. 

(*-i499). 

White  Rose  of  Raby  ( The),  Cecily, 
wife  of  Richard  duke  of  York,  and  mother 
of  Edward  IV.  and  Richard  III.  She  was 
the  youngest  of  twenty-one  children. 

(A  novel  entitled  The  White  Rose  of 
Raby  was  published  in  1794. ) 

White  Rose  of  Scotland  {The), 
lady  Katherine  Gordon,  the  [?  fifth] 
daughter  of  George  second  earl  of  Huntly 
by  his  second  wife  [princess  Annabella 
Stuart,  youngest  daughter  of  James  I. 
of  Scotland].  She  married  Richard  of 
England,  styled  "duke  of  York,"  but 
better  known  as  "  Perkin  Warbeck." 
She  had  three  husbands  after  the  death 
of  "  Richard  of  England."  Probably 
lady  Katherine  was  called  the  "White 
Rose  "  from  the  badge  assumed  by  her 
first  husband  "  the  White  Rose  of  York," 
and  "Scotland"  was  added  from  the 
country  of  her  birth.  Margaret  of  Bur- 
gundy always  addressed  Perkin  Warbeck 
as  "The  White  Rose  of  England," 

White  Rose  of  York  ( The),  Edward 
Courtney  earl  of  Devon,  son  of  the  marquis 
of  Exeter.  He  died  at  Padua,  in  queen 
Mary's  reign  (1553). 

White  Surrey,  the  favourite  charger 
of  Richard  III. 

Saddle  White  Surrey  for  the  field  to-morrow. 
Shakespeare :  Richard  III.  act  v.  sc.  3  (1597). 

White  Tsar  of  His  People.    The 

emperor  of  Russia  is  so  called,  and  claims 
the  empire  of  seventeen  crowns. 

White  Widow  {The),  the  duchess 
of  Tyrconnel,  wife  of  Richard  Talbot  lord 
deputy  of  Ireland  under  James  II.  After 
the  death  of  her  husband,  she  supported 
herself  by  her  needle.  She  wore  a  white 
mask,  and  dressed  in  white. — Pennant : 
Account  of  London,  147(1790). 

White  Witch  {A),  a  "  witch"  who 
employs  her  power  and  skill  for  the 
benefit  and  not  the  harm  of  her  fellow- 
mortals. 

Whites  {The),  an  Italian  faction  of 
the  fourteenth  century.  The  Guelphs  of 
Florence  were  divided  into  the  Blacks 
who  wished  to  open  their  gates  to  Charles 
de  Valois,  and  the  Whites  who  opposed 
him.  The  poet  Dantg  was  a  ' '  White,  "and 
when  the  "  Blacks  "  in  1302  got  the  upper 
hand,  he  was  exiled.  During  his  exile 
he  composed  his  immortal  epic,  the  Divina 
Commedia. 


WPllTECRAFT. 


1209 


WICKET  GATE. 


Whitecraft  {John),  innkeeper  and 
miller  at  Aliringhara. 

Dame  Whitecraft,  the  pretty  wife  of 
the  above. —5i>  W.  Scott:  Peverilofthe 
Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Whitfield  of  the  Sta^e  [The). 
Quin  was  so  called  by  Garrick  (1716- 
1779).  Garrick  himself  is  sometimes  so 
denominated  also. 

Whitney  [James),  the  Claude  Duval 
of  English  highwaymen.  He  prided  him- 
self on  being  "the  glass  of  fashion  and 
the  mould  of  form. "  Executed  at  Porter's 
Block,  near  Smithfield  (1660-1694). 

Whit-Stmday.  One  of  the  etymo- 
logies of  this  word  is  Wit  or  Wisdom 
Sunday ;  the  day  on  which  the  Spirit 
of  Wisdom  fell  upon  the  apostles. 

This  day  Whitsonday  is  cald 
For  wisdom  and  wit  serene  fald. 
Was  zonen  to  the  apostles  as  tliis  day. 

Camb.  Univ.  MSS.  Dd.,  i.  i,  p.  234. 

Whittin^on  [Dick),  a  poor  orphan 
country  lad,  who  heard  that  London  was 
"paved  with  gold,"  and  went  there  to 
get  a  living.  When  reduced  to  starving 
point,  a  kind  merchant  gave  him  employ- 
ment in  his  family,  to  help  the  cook,  but 
the  cook  £0  ill  treated  him  that  he  ran 
away.  Sitting  to  rest  himself  on  the 
roadside,  he  heard  Bow  bells,  and  they 
seemed  to  him  to  say,  "Turn  again, 
Whittington,  thrice  lord  mayor  of  Lon- 
don ; "  so  he  returned  to  his  master. 
By-and-by  the  master  allowed  him,  with 
the  other  servants,  to  put  in  an  adventure 
in  a  ship  bound  for  Morocco,  Richard 
had  nothing  but  a  cat,  which,  however,  he 
sent.  Now  it  happened  that  the  king  of 
Morocco  was  troubled  by  mice,  which 
Whittington's  cat  destroyed  ;  and  this  so 
pleased  his  highness  that  he  bought  the 
mouser  at  a  fabulous  price.  Dick  com- 
menced business  with  this  money,  soon 
rose  to  great  wealth,  married  his  master's 
daughter,  was  knighted,  and  thrice  elec- 
ted lord  mayor  of  London — in  1398,  1406, 
and  1419. 

(Such  is  the  tale.  Some  persons  assert 
that  Whittington's  "  cat  "  was  a  brig  built 
on  the  Norwegian  model,  with  narrow 
stern,  projecting  quarters,  and  deep  waist. 
Others  think  the  word  achat,  "barter," 
furnishes  the  right  solution.) 

T[  Keis,  the  son  of  a  poor  widow  of 
Siraf,  embarked  for  India  with  his  sole 
property,  a  cat.  He  arrived  at  a  time 
when  the  palace  was  so  infested  by  mice 
and  rats  that  they  actually  invaded  the 


king's  food.  This  cat  cleared  the  palace 
of  its  vermin,  and  was  purchased  for  a 
large  sum  of  money,  which  enriched  the 
widow's  son. — Sir  William  Ouseley  {a 
Persian  story). 

H  Alphonso,  a  Portuguese,  being 
wrecked  on  the  coast  of  Guinea,  had  a 
cat,  which  the  king  bought  for  its  weight 
in  gold.  With  this  money  Alphonso 
traded,  and  in  five  years  made  £(>ooo, 
returned  to  Portugal,  and  became  in 
fifteen  years  the  third  magnate  of  the 
ki  n  gdom.  — Description  of  Guinea. 

(See  Keightley,  Tales  and  Popular 
Fictions,  241-266.) 

Whittle  ( Thomas),  an  old  man  of  63, 
who  wants  to  marry  the  Widow  Brady, 
only  23  years  of  age.  To  this  end  he 
assumes  the  airs,  the  dress,  the  manners, 
and  the  walk  of  a  beau.  For  his  thick 
flannels,  he  puts  on  a  cambric  shirt,  open 
waistcoat,  and  ruffles ;  for  his  Welsh 
wig,  he  wears  a  pigtail  and  chapeau 
bras  ;  for  his  thick  cork  soles,  he  trips 
like  a  dandy  in  pumps.  He  smirks,  he 
titters,  he  tries  to  be  quite  killing.  He 
discards  history  and  solid  reading  for  the 
Amorous  Repository,  CupicCs  Revels, 
Hymen's  Delight,  and  Ovid's  .<4r/  0/  Love. 
In  order  to  get  rid  of  him,  the  gay  young 
widow  assumes  to  be  a  boisterous,  rollick- 
ing, extravagant,  low  Irishwoman,  deeply 
in  debt,  and  utterly  reckless.  (See 
Brady,  p.  143. )— GamVyfc  .•  The  Irish 
Widoiv  (1757). 

Who's  the  Dupe  ?  Abraham  Doiley, 
a  retired  slop-seller,  with  _^8o,ooo  or  more. 
Being  himself  wholly  uneducated,  he  is  a 
great  admirer  of  "  laming,"  and  resolves 
that  his  daughter  Elizabeth  shall  marry 
a  great  scholar.  Elizabeth  is  in  love 
with  captain  Granger,  but  the  old  slop- 
seller  has  fixed  his  heart  on  a  Mr.  Gradus, 
an  Oxford  pedant.  The  question  is 
how  to  bring  the  old  man  round.  (For 
the  rest,  see  Granger,  p.  443.) — Mrs. 
Cowley  :   Who's  the  Dupe  f 

Whole  Duty  of  Man  [The).  Sir 
James  Wellwood  Moncrieff,  bart.,  was  so 
called  by  Jeffrey  (1776-1851). 

Wicked  Bible  [The),  1631.  It 
leaves  out  the  word  *'  not "  in  the  seventh 
commandment,  which  thus  reads,  "Thou 
shalt  commit  adultery." 

Wicket  G-ate  ( The),  the  entrance  to 
the  road  which  leads  to  the  Celestial  City, 
Over  the  door  is  written,  "  Knock,  anc 


WICKFIELD. 


WIFE. 


IT     SHALL     BE    OPENED    UNTO    YOU.    — 
Bunyan:  Pilgrims  Progress,  i.  (1678). 

Wickfield  {Mr.),  a  lawyer,  father  of 
Agnes.  The  "  'umble"  Uriah  Heep  was 
his  clerk. 

Agnes  Wickfield,  daughter  of  Mr. 
Wickfield  ;  a  young  lady  of  sound  sense 
and  domestic  habits,  lady-like  and 
affectionate.  She  is  the  second  wife  of 
David  Copperfield.  —  Dickens  :  David 
Copperjield  (1845). 

Wickliaiu  [Mrs.),  a  waiter's  wife. 
Mrs.  Wickham  was  a  meek,  drooping 
woman,  always  ready  to  pity  herself  or 
to  be  pitied ;  and  with  a  depressing 
habit  of  prognosticating  evil.  She  suc- 
ceeded Polly  Toodles  as  nurse  to  Paul 
'Doxa)acy.— Dickens :  Dombey  and  Son 
(1846). 

Wiclevista,  Wicliffism. 

Some  of  them  barke,  Clatter  and  carpe,  Of  that  heresy 

art 
Called  Wicleuista,  The  deuelishe  dogmatista. 

Skelton:  Colyn  Clout  {time,  Henry  VIII.). 

Wicliife,  called  '*  The  Morning  Star 
of  the  Reformation  "  {1324-1384). 

Widdrington  {Poger),  a  gallant 
squire,  mentioned  in  the  ballad  of  Chevy 
Chase.  He  fought  "upon  his  stumps," 
after  his  legs  were  smitten  off.  (See 
Benbow,  p.  no. 

Widenostrils  (in  French,  Bringue- 
narilles),  a  huge  giant,  who  "  had  swal- 
lowed every  pan,  skillet,  kettle,  frying- 
pan,  dripping-pan,  saucepan,  and  caldron 
in  the  land,  for  want  of  windmills,  his 
usual  food."  He  was  ultimately  killed 
by  "  eating  a  lump  of  fresh  butter  at  the 
mouth  of  a  hot  oven,  by  the  advice  of 
his  ^\\ys\c\a.n." —Pabelais  :  Pantag'ruel, 
iv.  17  (1545)- 

Widerolf,  bishop  of  Strasbourg  (997), 
was  devoured  by  mice  in  the  seventeenth 
year  of  his  episcopate,  because  he  sup- 
pressed the  convent  of  Seltzen  on  the 
Rhine.     (See  Hatto,  p.  474.) 

Widow  {Goldsmith's),  in  the  Deserled 
Village,  par.  9. 

All  but  yon  widowed,  solitary  thing. 
That  feebly  bends  beside  the  plashy  spring ; 
She,  wretched  matron,  forced  in  age,  for  bread, 
To  strip  the  brook,  with  mantling  cresses  spread. 
To  pick  her  wintry  faggot  from  the  thorn. 


To  seek  her  nightly  shed,  and  weep  till  mom; 
She  only  left  of  all  the  harmless  train. 
The  sad  historian  of  the  pensive  plain. 

Her  name  was  Catherine  Geraghty. 
Widow  ( The),  courted  by  sir  Hudi- 
bras,  was  the  relict  of  Amminadab  Wil- 


mer  or  Willmot,  an  independent,  slain 
at  Edgehill.  She  was  left  with  a  fortune 
of  ^200  a  year.  The  knight's  "  Epistle 
to  the  Lady"  and  the  "  Lady's  Reply,' 
in  which  she  dechnes  his  offer,  are  usually 
appended  to  the  poem  entitled  Hudibras, 

Widow  Blackacre,  a  perverse, 
bustling,  masculine,  pettifogging,  litigious 
woman. —  Wycherly  :  The  Plain  Dealer 
{t-^77)- 

Widow  Flockhart,  landlady  at 
Waverley's  lodgings  in  the  Canongate.— 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Waverley  (time,  George 
IL). 

Widow's  Curl  {A),  a  small  re- 
fractory lock  of  hair  that  will  not  grow 
long  enougli  to  be  bound  up  with  the 
tresses,  but  insists  on  falling  down  in  a 
carl  upon  the  forehead.  It  is  said  that 
this  curl  indicates  widowhood. 

Widow's  Peak  {A),  a  point  made 
in  some  foreheads  by  the  hair  projecting 
towards  the  nose  like  a  peak.  It  is  said 
to  indicate  widowhood. 

Wielaad  or  Volund,  the  wonderful 
blacksmith  of  the  Scandinavian  deities, 
corresponding  to  the  Latin  Vulcan.  He 
made  Siegfried's  famous  sword  Balmung. 
King  Nidung  cut  the  sinews  of  his  feet 
and  confined  him  in  his  forge,  but  he 
violated  the  king's  daughter  and  escaped 
in  a  feather  boat.  His  adventures  are 
related  in  the  "Song  of  Volund"  in  the 
Elder  Edda. 

Wieland's  Sword,  Balmung  {q.v.\, 
made  by  him  for  "Six^givx^dL..— Scandi- 
navian Mythology. 

Wiever  {Old),  a  preacher  and  old 
conspirator. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Peveril  of 
the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II. ). 

Wife  {The),  a  drama  by  S.  Knowles 
(1833).  Mariana,  daughter  of  a  Swiss 
burgher,  nursed  Leonardo  in  a  dangerous 
sickness — an  avalanche  had  fallen  on  him, 
and  his  life  was  despaired  of,  but  he 
recovered,  and  fell  in  love  with  his  young 
and  beautiful  nurse.  Leonardo  intended 
to  return  to  Mantua,  but  was  kept  a 
prisoner  by  a  gang  of  thieves,  and  Ma- 
riana followed  him,  for  she  found  life 
intolerable  without  him.  Here  count 
Florio  fell  in  love  with  her,  and  obtained 
her  guardian's  consent  to  marr)'  her  ;  but 
Mariana  refused  to  do  so,  and  was  ar- 
raigned before  the  duke  (Ferrardo),  who 
gave  judgment  against  her.  Leonardo 
was  at  the  trial,  disguised,  but,  throwing 


WIFE  FOR  A  MONT  H. 


WILD. 


off  his  mask,  was  found  to  be  the  real 
duke,  supposed  to  be  dead.  He  assumed 
his  rank,  and  married  Mariana ;  but, 
being  called  to  the  wars,  left  Ferrardo 
regent.  Ferrardo,  being  a  villain,  hatched 
up  a  plot  against  the  bride  of  infidelity 
to  her  lord,  but  Leonardo  would  give  no 
credit  to  it,  and  the  whole  scheme  of 
villainy  was  fully  exposed. 

(The  tale  of  Shakespeare's  Midsummer 
Night's  Dream  hinges  on  a  similar  "law 
of  marriage.") 

Wife  for  a  Month  {A),  a  drama 
by  John  Fletcher  (1624).  (For  the  plot, 
see  EVANTHE,  p.  347.) 

Wife  of  Bath,  one  of  the  pilgrims 
to  the  shrine  of  Thomas  k  Becicet. — 
Chaucer:  Canterbury  Tales  (1388), 

(Gay  wrote  a  comedy  called  The  Wife 
of  Bath,  in  1713. ) 

Wife   of  Bath's   Tale.     One   of 

king  Arthur's  knights  was  condemned  to 
death  for  ill-using  a  lady  ;  but  Guinever 
interceded  for  him,  and  the  king  gave 
him  over  to  her  to  do  what  she  liked. 
The  queen  said  she  would  spare  his  life, 
if,  by  that  day  twelve  months,  he  would 
tell  her  "  What  is  that  which  woman 
loves  best?"  The  knight  made  inquiry 
far  and  near  for  a  solution  ;  but  at  length 
was  told  by  an  old  woman,  that  if  he 
would  grant  her  a  request,  she  would  tell 
him  the  right  answer  to  the  queen's  ques- 
tion. The  knight  agreed.  The  answer 
suggested  was  that  what  a  woman  likes 
best  is  to  have  her  own  sweet  will, — and 
the  request  made  was  that  he  would 
marry  her.  The  knight  at  first  revolted 
because  she  was  poor,  old,  and  ugly. 
The  woman  then  asked  him  which  he 
preferred,  to  have  her  as  she  was  and  a 
faithful  wife,  or  to  have  her  young  and 
fair.  He  replied  he  would  leave  the 
decision  with  her.  Whereupon  she  threw 
off  her  mask,  and  appeared  before  him 
young,  beautiful,  and  rich. — Chaucer  : 
Canterbury  Tales  (1388). 

(This  tale  is  borrowed  from  Gower's 
Confessio  Amantis,  i. ,  where  Florent 
promises  to  marry  a  deformed  old  hag, 
who  taught  him  the  solution  of  a  riddle.) 

Wigf.  In  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  there  were  thirty-four  different 
sorts  of  wigs  in  use  :  the  artichoke,  bag, 
barrister's,  bishop's,  busby,  brush,  bush, 
buckle  chain,  chancellor's,  corded  wolfs 
paw,  count  Saxe's  mode,  the  crutch,  the 
cut  bob,  the  detached  buckle,  the  drop, 


Dutch,  full,  half  natural,  Jansenist  bob, 
judge's,  ladder,  long  bob,  Louis,  periwig, 
pigeon's  wing,  rhinoceros,  rose,  scratch, 
she-dragon,  small  back,  spinage  seed, 
staircase,  Welsh,  and  wild  boar's  back. 

His  periwig  was  large  enough  to  have  loaded  a  camel, 
and  he  bestowed  upon  It  at  least  a  bushel  of  powder.— 
Brown  :  Letters  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Wigifed  Prince  in  Christendom 

{The  Best).  So  the  guardian,  uncle-in- 
law,  and  first  cousin  of  the  duke  of 
Brunswick  was  called. 

Wight  {The  Isle  of).  So  called  from 
Wihtgar,  great-gjandson  of  king  Cedric, 
who  conquered  the  island. — The  Anglo- 
Saxon  Chronicle. 

(Of  course,  this  etymology  is  not 
philologically  correct.  Probably  gwyth, 
"the  channel"  (the  channel  island),  is 
the  real  derivation. ) 

Wigfmore  Street  (London),  So 
called  from  Harley  earl  of  Oxford  and 
Mortimer,  created  baron  Harley  of  Wig- 
more,  in  Herefordshire  (1711). 

Wild  [Jonathan),  a  cool,  calculating, 
heartless  villain,  with  the  voice  of  a  Sten- 
tor.  He  was  born  at  Wolverhampton,  in 
Staffordshire,  and,  like  Jack  Sheppard, 
was  the  son  of  a  carpenter. 

He  had  ten  maxims:  (i)  Never  do 
more  mischief  than  is  absolutely  necessary 
for  success  ;  (2)  Know  no  distinction,  but 
let  self-interest  be  the  one  principle  of 
action  ;  (3)  Let  not  your  shirt  know  the 
thoughts  of  your  heart ;  (4)  Never  for- 
give an  enemy ;  (5)  Shun  poverty  and 
distress  ;  (6)  Foment  jealousies  in  your 
gang  ;  (7)  A  good  man,  like  money, 
must  be  risked  in  speculation  ;  (8)  Coun- 
terfeit virtues  are  as  good  as  real  ones, 
for  few  know  paste  from  diamonds ;  (9) 
Be  your  own  trumpeter,  and  don't  be 
afraid  of  blowing  loud  ;  ( 10)  Keep  hatred 
concealed  in  the  heart,  but  wear  the  face 
of  a  friend. 

Jonathan  Wild  married  six  Mrives. 
Being  employed  for  a  time  as  a  detective, 
he  brought  to  the  gallows  thirty-five 
highwaymen,  twenty-two  burglars,  and 
ten  returned  convicts.  He  was  himself 
executed  at  last  at  Tyburn  for  house- 
breaking (1682-1725). 

(Daniel  Defoe  made  Jonathan  Wild 
the  hero  of  a  romance  (1725).  Fielding 
did  the  same  in  1743.  In  these  romances 
he  is  a  coward,  traitor,  hypocrite,  and 
tyrant,  unrelieved  by  human  feeling,  and 
never  betrayed  into  a  kind  or  good  action. 
The  character  is  historic,  but  the  adven- 
tures are  in  a  measure  fictitious.) 


WILD  BOAR  OF  ARDENNES.      1213 


WILDE. 


Wild  Boar  of  Ardennes,  William 
de  la  Marck.— ^i>  W.  Scott:  Quentin 
Durward  {time,  Edward  IV.). 

(The  count  de  la  Marck  was  third  son 
of  John  count  de  la  Marck  and  Aremberg. 
He  was  arrested  at  Utrecht,  and  beheaded 
by  order  of  Maximilian  emperor  of 
Austria,  in  1485.) 

"Wild  Boy  of  Hameln,  a  human 
being  found  in  the  forest  of  Hertswold, 
in  Hanover.  He  walked  on  all  fours, 
climbed  trees  like  a  monkey,  fed  on  g^ass 
and  leaves,  and  could  never  be  taught  to 
articulate  a  single  word.  He  was  dis- 
covered in  1725,  was  called  "  Peter  the 
Wild  Boy,"  and  efforts  were  made  to 
reclaim  him,  but  without  success.  He 
died  at  Broadway  Farm,  near  Belkhamp- 
stead,  in  1785. 

U  Mile.  I^blanc  was  a  wild  girl  found 
by  the  villagers  of  Soigny,  near  Chalons, 
in  1731.     She  died  in  Paris  in  1780. 

Wild-Goose  Ch.Sise{TAe),a.  comedy 
by  John  Fletcher  (1652).  The"  wild  goose" 
is  Mirabel,  who  is  "  chased  "  and  caught 
by  Oriana,  whom  he  once  despised. 

Wild  Horses  (DeatA  by).  The  hands 
and  feet  of  the  victim  were  fastened  to 
4wo  or  four  wild  horses,  and  the  horses, 
being  urged  forward,  ran  in  different 
■directions,  tearing  the  victim  limb  from 
limb.     The  following  are  examples  : — 

(i)  Mettius  Suffetius  was  fastened 
to  two  chariots,  which  were  driven  in  op- 
posite directions.  This  was  for  deserting 
the  Roman  standard  (B.C.  669). — Livy : 
Annals,  i.  28. 

(2)  Salcede,  a  Spaniard,  employed  by 
Henri  III.  to  assassinate  Henri  de  Guise, 
failed  in  his  attempt,  and  was  torn  limb 
from  limb  by  four  wild  horses. 

(3)  Nicholas  de  Salvado  was  torn 
to  pieces  by  wild  horses  for  attempting 
the  life  of  William  prince  of  Orange. 

{4)  Balthazar  de  Gerrard  was 
similarly  punished  for  assassinating  the 
same  prince  (1584). 

(5)  John  Chastel  was  torn  to  pieces 
by  wild  horses  for  attempting  the  hfe  of 
Henri  IV.  of  France  (1594). 

(6)  Francois  Ravaillac  suffered  a 
similar  death^  for  assassinating  the  same 
prince  (1610). 

Wild  Huntsman  [The],  a  spectral 
hunter  with  dogs,  who  frequents  the 
Black  Forest  to  chase  wild  animals. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  Wild  Huntsman  (from 
Burger's  ballad). 

(The  legend  is  that  this  huntsman  was 


a  Jew,  who  would  not  suffer  Jesus  to 
drink  from  a  horse-trough,  but  pointed 
to  some  water  collected  in  a  hoof-print, 
and  bade  Him  go  there  and  drink. — 
Kuhn  von  Schwarz:  Nordd.  Sagen,  499.) 

U  The  French  story  of  Le,  Grand 
Veneur  is  laid  in  Fontainebleau  Forest, 
and  is  supposed  to  refer  to  St.  Hubert. — 
Father  Matthieu. 

U  The  English  name  is  "Heme  the 
Hunter, "  once  a  keeper  in  Windsor  Forest. 
— Shakespeare :  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor, 
act  iv.  ch.  4. 

\  The  Scotch  poem  called  Albania 
contains  a  full  description  of  the  wild 
huntsman, 

(The  subject  has  been  made  into  a 
ballad  by  Burger,  entitled  Der  Wilde 
Jdger.) 

Wild  Man  of  the  Forest,  Orson, 
brother  of  Valentine,  and  nephew  of  king 
Pepin. —  Valentine  and  Orson  (fifteenth 
century). 

Wild  Wenlock,  kinsman  of  sir  Hugo 
de  Lacy,  besieged  by  insurgents,  who 
cut  off  his  head.  —Sir  W.  Scott  :  The 
Betrothed  (time,  Henry  II.). 

Wildair  [Sir  Harry),  the  hero  of  a 
comedy  so  called  by  Farquhar  (1701). 
The  same  character  had  been  introduced 
in  the  Constant  Couple  (1700),  by  the  same 
authoi.  Sir  Harry  is  a  gay  profligate, 
not  altogether  selfish  and  abandoned,  but 
very  free  and  of  easy  morals.  This  was 
Wilks's  and  Peg  Wofifington's  great  part. 

Their  Wildairs,  sir  John  Brutes,  lady  Touchwoods, 
and  Mrs.  Frails  are  conventional  reproductions  of  those 
wild  g-allants  and  demireps  which  figure  in  the  licen- 
tious dramas  of  Dry  den  and  Shadwell.— 5»y  IK  Scoit. 

("Sir  John  Brute,"  in  The  Provoked 
Wife  (Vanbrugh);  "lady  Touchwood," 
in  The  Belk's  Stratagem  (Mrs.  Cowley) ; 
"Mrs.  Frail,"  in  Congreve's  Love  for 
Love.) 

Wildblood  of  the  Vale  [Young 
Dick),  a.  friend  of  sir  Geoffrey  Peveril. — 
Sir  W.  Scott:  Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time, 
Charles  II.). 

Wilde  [Johnny),  a  small  farmer  of 
Rodenkirchen,  in  the  isle  of  Riigen.  One 
day,  he  found  a  little  glass  slipper  belong- 
ing to  one  of  the  hill-folk.  Next  day,  a 
little  brownie,  in  the  character  of  a  mer- 
chant, came  to  redeem  it,  and  Johnny 
Wilde  demanded  as  the  price  "that  he 
should  find  a  gold  ducat  in  every  furrow 
he  ploughed."  The  bargain  was  con- 
cluded, but  before  the  year  was  over  he 
had  worked  himself  to  doath,  looking  for 


WILDENHAIM, 


1213 


WILFER. 


ducats  in  the  furrows  which  he  ploughed. 
— Riigen  Tradition. 

Wildenliaiin  (Baron),  father  of 
Amelia.  In  his  youth  he  seduced  Agatha 
Friburg,  whom  he  deserted.  Agatha  bore 
a  son,  Frederick,  who  in  due  time  became 
a  soldier.  Coming  home  on  furlough,  he 
found  his  mother  on  the  point  of  star- 
vation, and,  going  to  beg  alms,  met  the 
baron  with  his  gun,  asked  alms  of  him,  and 
received  a  shilling.  He  demanded  more 
money,  and,  being  refused,  collared  the 
baron,  but  was  soon  seized  by  the  keepers, 
and  shut  up  in  the  castle  dungeon.  Here 
he  was  visited  by  the  chaplain,  and  it 
came  out  that  the  baron  was  his  father. 
As  the  baron  was  a  widower,  he  married 
Agatha,  and  Frederick  became  his  heir. 

Amelia  Wildenhaim,  daughter  of  the 
baron.  A  proposal  was  made  to  marry 
her  to  count  Cassel,  but  as  the  count  was 
a  conceited  puppy,  without  "brains  in 
his  head  or  a  heart  in  his  bosom,"  she 
would  have  nothing  to  say  to  him  ;  but 
she  showed  her  love  to  Anhalt,  a  young 
clergyman,  and  her  father  consented  to 
the  match. — Mrs.  Inchbald  :  Lovers 
Vows  (altered  from  Kotzebue,  1800). 

Wildfire  {Madge),  the  insane  daughter 
of  old  Meg  Murdochson  the  gipsy  thief. 
Madge  had  been  seduced  when  a  girl,  and 
this,  with  the  murder  of  her  infant,  had 
turned  her  brain. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Heart 
of  Midlothian  (time,  George  H.). 

Wilding  {Jack),  a  young  gentleman 
fresh  from  Oxford,  who  fabricates  the 
most  ridiculous  tales,  which  he  tries  to 
pass  off  for  facts ;  speaks  of  his  adven- 
tures in  America,  which  he  has  never 
seen,  and  of  being  entrapped  into 
marriage  with  a  Miss  Sibthorpe,  a  pure 
invention.  Accidentally  meeting  a  Miss 
Grantam,  he  sends  his  man  to  learn  her 
name,  and  is  told  it  is  Miss  Godfrey,  an 
heiress.  On  this  blunder  the  "fun"  of 
the  drama  hinges.  When  Miss  Godfrey 
is  presented  to  him,  he  does  not  know  her, 
and  a  person  rushes  in  who  declares  she  is 
his  wife,  and  that  her  maiden  name  was 
Sibthorpe.  It  is  now  Wilding's  turn  to 
be  dumfounded,  and,  wholly  unable  to 
unravel  the  mystery,  he  rushes  forth, 
believing  the  world  is  a  Bedlam  let  loose. 
—Foote:  The  Liar  {xjex). 

Wilding  {Sir  Jasper),  an  ignorant 
but  wealthy  country  gentleman,  fond  of 
fox-hunting.  He  dresses  in  London  like 
a  fox-hunter,  and  speaks  with  a  "  Hoic  1 
tally-ho  I " 


Young  Wilding,  son  of  sir  Jasper,  about 
to  marry  the  daughter  of  old  Philp>ot  for 
the  dot  she  will  bring  him. 

Maria  Wilding,  the  lively,  witty,  high- 
spirited  daughter  of  sir  Jasper,  in  love 
with  Charles  Beaufort.  Her  father  wants 
her  to  marry  George  Philpot,  but  she 
frightens  the  booby  out  of  his  wits  by 
her  knowledge  of  books  and  assumed 
eccentricities. — Murphy  :  The  Citizen 
(1757  or  1761). 

Wildrake,  a  country  squire,  delight- 
ing in  horses,  dogs,  and  field  sports.  He 
was  in  love  with  "neighbour Constance," 
daughter  of  sir  William  Fondlove,  with 
whom  he  used  to  romp  and  quarrel  in 
childhood.  He  learnt  to  love  Constance  ; 
and  Constance  loved  the  squire,  but  knew 
it  not  till  she  feared  he  was  going  to 
marry  another.  When  they  each  dis- 
covered the  state  of  their  hearts,  they 
agreed  to  become  man  and  wife. — 
Knowles:  The  Love-Chase  {\%y]). 


{Roger),     a 
W.     Scott: 


dissipated 
Woodstocb 


Wildrake 

royalist. — Sir 

(time.  Commonwealth). 

Wilelmi'na  [Bundle],  daughter  of 
Bundle  the  gardener.  Tom  Tug  the 
waterman  and  Robin  the  gardener  sought 
her  in  marriage.  The  father  preferred 
honest  Tom  Tug,  but  the  mother  liked 
better  the  sentimental  and  fine-phrased 
Robin.  Wilelmina  said  he  who  first  did 
any  act  to  deserve  her  love  should  have 
it,  and  Tom  Tug,  by  winning  the  water- 
man's badge,  carried  oflF  the  prize.— 
Dibdin:  The  Waterman  (1774).  (See 
Skeggs,  p.  1013.) 

Wilfer  {Reginald),  called  by  his  wife 
R.  W.,  and  by  his  fellow-clerks  Rumty. 
He  was  clerk  in  the  drug-house  of  Chick- 
sey,  Stobbles,  and  Veneering,  In  person 
Mr.  Wilfer  resembled  an  overgrown 
cherub ;  in  manner  he  was  shy  and  re- 
tiring. 

Mr.  Reginald  WUfer  was  a  poor  clerk,  so  poor  indeed 
that  he  had  never  yet  attained  the  modest  object  of  his 
ambition,  which  was  to  wear  a  complete  new  suit  of 
glothes,  hat  and  boots  included,  at  onetime.  His  black 
hat  was  brown  before  he  could  afford  a  coat ;  his  panta- 
loons were  white  at  the  seams  and  knees  before  he 
could  buy  a  pair  of  boots ;  his  boots  had  worn  out 
before  he  could  treat  himself  to  new  pantaloons  ;  and 
by  the  time  he  worked  round  to  the  hat  again,  that 
shining  modern  article  roofed  in  an  ancient  ruin  of 
various  periods.— Ch.  iv. 

Mrs.  Wilfer,  wife  of  Mr.  Reginald. 
A  most  majestic  woman,  tall  and  angular. 
She  wore  gloves,  and  a  pocket-handker- 
chief tied  under  her  chin.     A  patronizing. 


WILFORD. 


1214 


WILKINS. 


condescending  woman  was  Mrs.  Wilfer, 
with  a  mighty  idea  of  her  own  importance. 
"  Viper  !  "  "  Ingrate  !  "  and  such-like 
epithets  were  household  words  with  her. 

Bella  Wilfer,  daughter  of  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Wilfer.  A  wayward,  playful,  affection- 
ate, spoilt  beauty,  "  giddy  from  the 
want  of  some  sustaining  purpose,  and 
capricious  because  she  was  always 
fluttering  among  little  things."  Bella 
was  so  pretty,  so  womanly,  and  yet  so 
childish  that  she  was  always  captivating. 
She  spoke  of  herself  as  "the  lovely 
woman,"  and  delighted  in  "doing  the 
hair  of  the  family."  Bella  Wilfer  married 
John  Harmon  (John  Rokesmith),  the 
secretary  of  Mr.  Boffin  "  the  golden 
dustman." 

Lavinia  Wilfer,  youngest  sister  of 
Bella,  and  called  "The  Irrepressible." 
Lavi,nia  was  a  tart,  pert  girl,  but  suc- 
ceeded in  catching  George  Sampson  in 
the  toils  of  wedlock. — Dickens  :  Our 
Mutual  Friend  (1864). 

WIIiFORI),  in  love  with  Emily,  the 
companion  of  his  sister  Miss  Wilford. 
This  attachment  coming  to  the  knowledge 
of  Wilford's  uncle  and  guardian,  was 
disapproved  of  by  him ;  so  he  sent  the 
young  man.  to  the  Continent,  and  dis- 
missed the  young  lady.  Emily  went  to 
live  with  Goodman  Fairlop,  the  wood- 
man, and  there  Wilford  discovered  her  in 
an  archery  match.  The  engagement  was 
renewed,  and  ended  in  marriage. — Sir 
H.  B.  Dudley:  The  Woodman  (1771). 

Wilford,  secretary  of  sir  Edward 
Mortimer,  and  the  suitor  of  Barbara 
Rawbold  (daughter  of  a  poacher). 
Curious  to  know  what  weighed  on  his 
master's  mind,  he  pried  into  an  iron  chest 
in  sir  Edward's  library;  but  while  so 
engaged,  sir  Edward  entered,  and 
threatened  to  shoot  him.  He  relented, 
however,  and  having  sworn  Wilford  to 
secrecy,  told  him  how  and  why  he  had 
committed  murder.  Wilford,  unable  to 
endure  the  watchful  and  jealous  eye  of 
his  master,  ran  away  ;  but  sir  Edward 
dogged  him  from  place  to  place,  and  at 
length  arrested  him  on  the  charge  of 
theft.  Of  course,  the  charge  broke  down, 
Wilford  was  acquitted,  and  sir  Edward, 
having  confessed  his  crime,  died. — 
Coin: an  :  The  Iron  Chest  (1796). 

(This  is  a  dramatic  version  of  Godwin's 
novel  called  Caleb  Williams  (1794).  Wil- 
ford is  "Caleb  Williams,"  and  sir  Edward 
Mortimer  is  "  Falkland.") 


Wilford,  supposed  to  be  earl  of 
Rochdale.  Three  things  he  had  a  pas- 
sion for:  "the  finest  hound,  the  finest 
horse,  and  the  finest  wife  in  the  three 
kingdoms."  It  turned  out  that  Master 
Walter  "  the  hunchback  "  was  the  earl  of 
Rochdale,  and  Wilford  was  no  one. — 
Knowles :  The  Hunchback  (1831). 

Wilford  {Lord),  the  truant  son  of  lord 
Woodville,  who  fell  in  love  with  Bess,  the 
daughter  of  the  "blind  beggar  of  Bethnal 
Green."  He  saw  her  by  accident  in 
London,  lost  sight  of  her,  but  resolved 
not  to  rest  night  or  day  till  he  found  her  ; 
and,  said  he,  "If  I  find  her  not,  I'm 
tenant  of  the  house  the  sexton  builds." 
Bess  was  discovered  in  the  Queen's  Arms 
inn,  Romford,  and  turned  out  to  be  his 
cousin. — Knowles  :  The  Beggar  of  Beth- 
nal Green  (1834). 

Wilfred,  "  the  fool,"  one  of  the  sons 
of  sir  Hildebrand  Osbaldistone  of  Osbal- 
distone  Hall.— 5?>  W.  Scott:  Rob  Roy 
(time,  George  I.). 

Wilfrid,  son  of  Oswald  WyclifFe ;  in 
love  with  Matilda,  heiress  of  Rokeby's 
knight.  After  various  villainies,  Oswald 
forced  from  Matilda  a  promise  to  marry 
Wilfrid.  Wilfrid  thanked  her  for  the 
promise,  and  fell  dead  at  her  feet. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  Rokeby  (1813). 

Wilfrid  or  Wilfrith  [St.).  In  681 
the  bishop  Wilfrith,  who  had  been  bishop 
of  York,  being  deprived  of  his  see,  came 
to  Sussex,  and  did  much  to  civilize  the 
people.  He  taught  them  how  to  catch 
fish  generally,  for  before  they  only  knew 
how  to  catch  eels.  He  founded  the 
bishopric  of  the  South  Saxons  at  Selsey, 
afterwards  removed  to  Chichester,  founded 
the  monastery  of  Ripon,  built  several 
ecclesiastical  edifices,  and  died  in  709. 

St.  WUfrid,  sent  from  York  Into  this  realm  received 
(Whom  the  Northumbrian  folk  had  of  his  see  bereaved). 
And  on  the  south  of  Thames  a  seat  did  him  afford. 
By  whom  the  people  first  received  the  saving:  word. 
Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xi.  (1613). 

Wilhelm  Meister  \_Mice-ter\  the 
hero  and  title  of  a  philosophic  novel  by 
Goethe.  This  is  considered  to  be  the  first 
true  German  novel.  It  consists  of  two 
parts  published  under  two  titles,  viz. 
The  Apprenticeship  of  Wilhelm  Meister 
(1794-96),  and  The  Travels  of  Wilhelm 
Meister  [\S2i). 

Wilkins  [PeterY  a  tale  by  Robert 
Pultock  of  Clement  s  Inn  (1750). 

The  tale  is  this  :  Peter  Wilkins  is  a 
mariner,  thrown  on  a  desert  shore.     In 


WILKINSON. 


1215 


WILLIAM, 


time,  he  furnishes  himself  from  the  wreck 
with  many  necessaries,  and  discovers  that 
the  country  is  frequented  by  a  beautiful 
winged  race  called  glumms  and  gawreys, 
^vhose  wings,  when  folded,  serve  them 
for  dress,  and  when  spread,  are  used  for 
flight.  Peter  marries  a  gawrey,  by  name 
Youwarkee,  and  accompanies  her  to 
Nosmnbdsgrsutt,  a  land  of  semi-darkness, 
where  he  remains  many  years. 

Peter  Wilkins  is  a  work  of  uncommon  beauty.— 
CtUridge:  Table  Talk  (1833). 

Wilkinson  {Jamei],  servant  to  Mr. 
Fairford  the  lawyer. — Sir  IV.  Scott  .-Red- 
gauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Will  [Belted),  William  lord  Howard, 
warden  of  the  western  marches  {1563- 
1640). 

His  Bilboa  blade,  by  Marchmen  felt. 

Hung  in  a  broad  and  studded  belt ; 

Hence,  in  rude  phrase,  the  Borderers  still 

CaUed  noble  Howard  "  Belted  WiU." 

Sir  IV.  Scoit :  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel  (1805). 

Will  Laud,  a  smuggler,  with  whom 
Margaret  Catchpole  {q.v.)  falls  in  love. 
He  persuades  her  to  escape  from  Ipswich 
jail,  and  supplies  her  with  a  seaman's 
dress.  The  two  are  overtaken,  and  Laud 
is  shot  in  attempting  to  prevent  the  re- 
capture of  Margaret. — Rev.  R,  Cobbold  : 
Margaret  Catchpole  {1845). 

Will  and  Jean,  a  poetic  story  by 
Hector  Macneill  {1789).  Willie  Gairlace 
was  once  the  glory  of  the  town,  and  he 
married  Jeanie  Miller.  Just  about  this 
time  Maggie  Howe  opened  a  spirit-shop 
in  the  village,  and  Willie  fell  to  drinking. 
Having  reduced  himself  to  beggary,  he 
enlisted  as  a  soldier,  and  Jeanie  had  "  to 
beg  her  bread."  Willie,  having  lost  his 
leg  in  battle,  was  put  on  the  Chelsea 
"  bounty  list ;  "  and  Jeanie  was  placed, 
by  the  duchess  of  Buccleuch,  in  an  alms- 
cottage.  Willie  contrived  to  reach  the 
cottage,  and 

Jean  ance  mair,  n  fond  affection. 
Clasped  her  Willie  to  her  breast. 

Will-o'-Wisp  or  Will-with-a-wisp. 
Here  Will  is  no  proper  name,  but  a 
Scandinavian  word  equivalent  to  "mis- 
leading" or  "errant."  Icelandic  villa 
("a-going astray"),  villr  (" wandering "|. 
"  I  am  will  what  to  do  "  (i.e.  "  at  a  loss  "). 
German,  irr-wisch. 

Willet  [John],  landlord  of  the  May- 
pole inn.  A  burly  man,  large-headed, 
with  a  flat  face,  betokening  profound 
obstinacy  and  slowness  of  apprehension, 
combined  with  a  strong  reliance  on  his 
own  merits.    John  Willet  was  one  of  the 


most  dogged  and  positive  fellows  in  exist- 
ence, always  sure  that  he  was  right,  and 
that  every  one  who  differed  from  him 
was  wrong.  He  ultimately  resigned  the 
Maypole  to  his  son  Joe,  and  retired  to  a 
cottage  in  Chigwell,  with  a  small  garden, 
in  which  Joe  had  a  maypole  erected  for 
the  delectation  of  his  aged  father.  Here 
at  dayfall  assembled  his  old  chums,  to 
smoke,  and  prose,  and  doze,  and  drink 
the  evenings  away  ;  and  here  the  old 
man  played  the  landlord,  scoring  up 
huge  debits  in  chalk  to  his  heart's  delight. 
He  lived  in  the  cottage  a  sleepy  Ufe  for 
seven  years,  and  then  slept  the  sleep 
which  knows  no  waking, 

Joe  Willet,  son  of  the  landlord,  a 
broad-shouldered,  strapping  young  fellow 
of  20.  Being  buUied  and  brow-beaten 
by  his  father,  he  ran  away  and  enlisted 
for  a  soldier,  lost  his  right  arm  ia 
America,  and  was  dismissed  the  service. 
He  returned  to  England,  married  Dolly 
Varden,  and  became  landlord  of  the 
Maypole,  where  he  prospered  and  had  a 
large  family. — Dickens:  Barnaby  Rudge 
(1841). 

WILLIAM,  archbishop  of  Orange, 
an  ecclesiastic  who  besought  pope  Urban 
to  permit  him  to  join  the  crusaders  ;  and, 
having  obtained  permission,  he  led  400 
men  to  the  siege  of  Jerusalem. — Tasso  : 
Jerusalem  Delivered  (1575). 

William,  youngest  son  of  William 
Rufus.  He  was  the  leader  of  a  large 
army  of  British  bowmen  and  Irish  volun- 
teers in  the  crusading  army. — Tasso: 
Jerusalem  Delivered,  iii,  (1575). 

(William  Rufus  was  never  married.) 

William,  footman  to  Lovemore, 
sweet  upon  Muslin  the  lady's-maid.  He 
is  fond  of  cards,  and  is  a  below-stairs 
imitation  of  the  high-life  vices  of  the 
latter  half  of  the  eighteenth  century. — 
Murphy :  The  Way  to  Keep  Him  (1760). 

William,  a  serving-lad  at  Amheim 
Castle.— 5?r  W.  Scott:  Anne  of  Geier- 
stein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

William  {Lord),  master  of  Erlingford. 
His  elder  brother,  at  death,  committed  to 
his  charge  Edmund  the  rightful  heir,  a 
mere  child  ;  but  William  cast  the  child 
into  the  Severn,  and  seized  the  inherit- 
ance. One  anniversary,  the  Severn,  having 
overflowed  its  banks,  surrounded  the 
castle  ;  a  boat  came  by,  and  lord  William 
entered  it.  The  boatman  thought  he 
heard  the  voice  of  a  child — nay,  he  felt 


WILLIAM  AND  MARGARET.       1216 


WILLOUGHBY. 


sure  he  saw  a  child  in  the  water,  and 
bade  lord  William  stretch  out  his  hand 
to  take  it  in.  Lord  William  seized  the 
child's  hand,  and  the  boat  was  drawn 
under  water.  Lord  William  was 
drowned,  but  no  one  heard  his  piercing 
cry  of  agony. — Southey  :  Lord  William 
(a  ballad,  1804). 

William  and  Margfaret,  a  ballad 
by  Mallet  (1727).  William  promised 
marriage  to  Margaret,  deserted  her,  and 
she  died  "consumed  in  early  prime." 
Her  ghost  reproved  the  faithless  swain, 
who  "quaked  in  every  limb,"  and, 
raving,  hied  him  to  Margaret's  grave. 
There 

Thrice  he  called  on  Margaret's  name, 

And  thrice  he  wept  full  sore  ; 
Then  laid  his  cheek  to  her  cold  grave. 

And  word  spake  never  more. 

William  king  of  Scotland,  intro- 
duced by  sir  W.  Scott  in  The  Talisman 
(1825). 

William  of  Cloudesley  (3  syl), 
a  norih-country  outlaw,  associated  with 
Adam  Bell  and  Clym  of  the  Clough 
{Clement  of  the  Cliff).  He  lived  in 
Englewood  Forest,  near  Carlisle.  Adam 
Bell  and  Clym  of  the  Clough  were  single 
men,  but  William  had  a  wife  named 
Alyce,  and  "children  three"  living  at 
Carlisle.  The  three  outlaws  went  to 
London  to  ask  pardon  of  the  king,  and 
the  king,  at  the  queen's  intercession, 
granted  it.  He  then  took  them  to  a  field 
to  see  them  shoot.  William  first  cleft  in 
two  a  hazel  wand  at  a  distance  of  200 
feet ;  after  this  he  bound  his  eldest  son  to 
a  stake,  put  an  apple  on  his  head,  and,  at 
a  distance  of  "  six  score  paces,"  cleft  the 
apple  in  two  without  touching  the  boy. 
The  king  was  so  delighted  that  he  made 
William  "a  gentleman  of  fe,"  made  his 
son  a  royal  butler,  the  queen  took  Alyce 
for  her  "chief  gentlewoman,"  and  the 
two  companions  were  appointed  yeomen 
of   the  bed-chamber. — Percy:    Reliques 

"  Adam  Bell,"  etc.),  I.  ii.  i. 

William  of  Goldsbroug^h,  one  of 

the  companions  of  RobinHood,  mentioned 
in  Grafton's  Olde  and  Auncient  Pamphlet 
(sixteenth  century). 

William  of  Norwich  (Saint),  a 
child  said  to  have  been  crucified  by  the 
Jews  in  1137.  (See  Hugh  of  Lincoln, 
p.  510;  Werner,  p.  1203.) 

Two  boys  of  tender  age,  those  saints  ensue, 
Of  Norwich  William  was,  of  Lincoln  Hugh, 
Whom  th'  unbelieving  Jews  (rebellious  that  abide), 
Ic  mockery  of  our  Christ,  at  Easter  crucified. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbien,  xxiv.  (162a). 


William-witb.-the-Long'-Sword, 

the  earl  of  Salisbury.  He  was  the  natural 
brother  of  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  The  Talisman  (time,  Richard 
I.). 

Williams  {Caleb),  a  lad  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Falkland.  Falkland,  irritated  by 
cruelty  and  insult,  commits  a  murder, 
which  is  attributed  to  another.  Williams, 
by  accident,  obtains  a  clue  to  the  real 
facts ;  and  Falkland,  knowing  it,  extorts 
from  him  an  oath  of  secrecy,  and  then 
tells  him  the  whole  story.  The  lad,  find- 
ing life  in  Falkland's  house  insupportable 
from  the  ceaseless  suspicion  to  which  he 
is  exposed,  makes  his  escape,  and  is  pur- 
sued by  Falkland  with  relentless  perse- 
cution. At  last  Williams  is  accused  by 
Falkland  of  robbery,  and  the  facts  of  the 
case  being  disclosed,  Falkland  dies  of 
shame  and  a  broken  spirit.  (See  WiL- 
FORD,  p.  1214. )—  W.  Godwin  :  Caleb 
Williams  (1794). 

(The  novel  was  dramatized  by  G. 
Colman,  under  the  title  of  The  Iron  Chest 
(1796).  Caleb  Williams  is  called  "  Wil- 
ford,"  and  Falkland  is  "sir  Edward 
Mortimer.") 

Williams  {Ned),  the  sweetheart  of 
Cicely  Jopson,  farmer,  near  Clifton. 

Farmer  Williams,  Ned's  father. — Sir 
W.  Scott :   Waverley  (time,  George  H.). 

Willie,  clerk  to  Andrew  Skurliewhit- 
ter  the  scrivener. — Sir  W.  Scott:  For' 
tunes  of  Nigel  (time,  James  L). 

Williesou  (  William),  a  brig-owner, 
one  of  the  Jacobite  conspirators  under  the 
laird  of  EUieslaw.— ^?>  W.  Scott:  Th* 
Black  Dwarf  {time,  Anne). 

Williewald  of  Geierstein  (Count). 
father  of  count  Arnold  of  Geierstein  alias 
Arnold  Biederman  (landamman  of  Unter- 
walden). — Sir  W.  Scott:  Anne  of  Geier- 
stein (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Willmore,  the  hero  of  Mrs.  Behn's 
play,  in  two  parts,  called  The  Rover 
(1877.  1881). 

Will-o'-the-Plat,  one  of  the  hunts- 
men near  Charlie's  Hope  farm. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Guy    Mannering   (time,    George 

Willougliby  (Lord),  of  queen  Eliza- 
beth's court.— 5zr  W.  Scott:  Kenilworth 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Willoughby  (Sir  Clement),  insolent 
but  polished.     His  passion  for  Evelina  is 


WILLY. 


1217 


WIND  SOLD. 


bold,  perfidious,  and  impertinent. — Mme. 
D'Arblay :  Evelina  (1778). 

Willy,  a  shepherd  to  whom  Thomalin 
tells  the  tale  of  his  battle  with  Cupid 
(eel.  iii.).  (See  Thomalin,  p.  1098.)  In 
ecL  viii.  he  is  introduced  again,  contend- 
ing with  Perigot  for  the  prize  of  poetry. 
Cuddy  being  chosen  umpire.  Cuddy  de- 
clares himself  quite  unable  to  decide  the 
contest,  for  both  deserve  the  prize. — 
Spenser  :  The  Shepheardes  Calendar 
(1579). 

(Of  course  Virgil's  Bucolic  iii.  will 
readily  recur  to  the  mind.  Palemon,  the 
umpire,  says  — 

Non  nostrum  inter  to«  tantas  componere  lite*, 
£t  vittila  tu  dignus,  ethic. 

Lines  108,  109. 

Wiliaot.  There  are  three  of  the  name 
in  Fatal  Curiosity  (1736),  by  George 
Lillo,  viz.  old  Wilmot,  his  wife  Agnes, 
and  their  son  young  Wilmot  supposed  to 
have  perished  at  sea.  The  young  man, 
however,  is  not  drowned,  but  goes  to 
India,  makes  his  fortune,  and  returns, 
unknown  to  any  one  of  his  friends.  He 
gees  in  disguise  to  his  parents,  and 
deposits  with  them  a  casket.  Curiosity 
induces  Agnes  to  open  it,  and  when  she 
sees  that  it  contains  jewels,  she  and  her 
husband  resolve  to  murder  the  owner, 
and  appropriate  the  contents  of  the 
casket.  No  sooner  have  they  committed 
the  fatal  deed  than  they  discover  it  is 
their  own  son  whom  they  have  killed  ; 
whereupon  the  old  man  stabs  first  his 
wife  and  then  himself. 

The  harrowing  details  of  this  tragedy  are  powerfully 
depicted  ;  and  the  agonies  of  old  Wilmot  constitute 
one  of  the  most  appalling  and  affecting  incidents  in  the 
drama.— ^.  Chambers:  English  Literature,  i.  592. 

Old  Wilmot's  character,  as  the  needy  man  who  liad 
known  better  days,  exhibits  a  mind  naturally  good,  but 
prepared  for  actmg  evil.— 5«y  W  Scott :  The  Drama. 

Wilmot  {Miss  Arabella),  a  clergy- 
man's daughter,  beloved  by  George  Prim- 
rose, eldest  son  of  the  vicar  of  Wakefield, 
whom  ultimately  she  marries.  —  Gold- 
tmith  :   Vicar  of  Wakefield  (1766). 

Wilmot  (Lord),  earl  of  Rochester,  of 
the  court  of  Charles  II.— 5/>  W.  Scott: 
Woodstock  (time,  Commonwealth). 

Wilsa,  the  mulatto  girl  of  Dame 
Ursley  Suddlechop  the  barber's  wife. — 
Sir  W.  Scott :  Fortunes  0/ Nigel  {time, 
James  I.). 

WILSON  (Alison),  the  old  house- 
keeper of  colonel  Silas  Morton  of  Miln- 
wood.— 5i>  W.  Scott.'  Old  Mortality 
(time,  Charles  TI.). 


Wilson  (Andrew),  smuggler ;  the 
comrade  of  Geordie  Robertson.  He  was 
hanged.— iVr  W  Scott:  Heart  of  Mid- 
lothian (time,  George  II.). 

Wilson  (Bob),  groom  of  sir  William 
Ashton  the  lord  keeper  of  Scotland. — Sir 
W,  Scott :  Bride  of  Lammermoor  (time, 
William  III.). 

Wilson  (Christie),  a  character  in  the 
introduction  of  the  Black  Dwarf,  by  sir 
W.  Scott. 

Wilson  (John),  groom  of  Mr.  Godfrey 
Bertram  laird  of  EUangowan. — Sir  W. 
Scott :    Guy  Mannering   (time,   George 

Wilton  (Ralph  de),  the  accepted  suitor 
of  lady  Clare  daughter  of  the  earl  of 
Gloucester.  When  lord  Marmion  over- 
came Ralph  de  Wilton  in  the  ordeal  of 
battle,  and  left  him  for  dead  on  the  field, 
lady  Clare  took  refuge  in  Whitby  Con- 
vent. By  Marmion's  desire  she  was 
removed  from  the  convent  to  Tantallon 
Hall,  where  she  met  Ralph,  who  had 
been  cufed  of  his  wounds.  Ralph,  being 
knighted  by  Douglas,  married  the  lady 
Clare.— 5'»>  W.  Scott:  Marmion  (1808). 

Wimble  ( WUl),  a  character  in  Addi- 
son's Spectator,  simple,  good-natured, 
and  officious. 

N.B.— Will  Wimble  in  the  flesh  was 
Thomas  Morecroft  of  Dublin  (*-i74i). 

Wimbledon  (The  Philosopher  of), 
John  Home  Tooke,  who  Uved  at  Wimble- 
don, near  London  (1736-1812). 

Wincbester,  in  Arthurian  romance, 
is  called  Camelot. 

It  swam  down  the  stream  to  the  city  of  Camelot,  i.t. 
In  English,  Winchester.— 5«y  T.  Malory  :  History  ^ 
Prince  Arthur,  L  44  (1470)- 

Wincbester  ( The  bishop  of) ,  Lancelot 
Andrews.  The  name  is  not  given  in  the 
novel,  but  the  date  of  the  novel  is  1620, 
and  Dr.  Andrews  was  translated  from 
Ely  to  Winchester  in  February,  1618- 
19;  and  died  in  1626. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Wind  Sold.  At  one  time,  the  Fin- 
landers  and  Laplanders  drove  a  profitable 
trade  by  the  sale  of  winds.  After  being 
paid,  they  knitted  three  knots,  and  told 
the  buyer  that  when  he  untied  the  first  he 
would  have  a  good  gale  ;  when  the 
second,  a  strong  wind ;  and  when  the 
third,  a  severe  tempest. — Olaus  Magnus: 
History  of  the  Goths,  etc.,  47  (1658). 

y  King  Eric  of  Sweden  was  a  poten- 


WINDS. 


I2l8 


WINE. 


tate  of  the  winds,  and  could  change  them 
at  pleasure  by  merely  shifting  his  cap, 

II  Bessie  Millie,  of  Pomo'na,  in  the 
Orkney  Islands,  helped  to  eke  out  her 
living  (even  so  late  as  1814)  by  selling 
favourable  winds  to  mariners,  for  the 
small  sum  of  sixpence  per  vessel 

IF  Winds  were  also  at  one  time  sold  at 
mont  St.  Michel,  in  Normandy,  by  nine 
druidesses,  who  likewise  sold  arrows  to 
'harm  away  storms.  These  arrows  were 
'.o  be  shot  off  by  a  young  man  25  years 
of  age. 

IT  Witches  generally  were  supposed  to 
sell  wind. 

'Oons  1  I'll  marry  a  Lapland  witch  as  soon,  and  livo 
upon  selling  contrary  winds  and  wrecked  vessels.— 
Congrevt    Love  for  Love,  iii.  (1695). 

In  Ireland  and  in  Denmark  both, 
Witches  for  gold  will  sell  a  man  a  wind, 
Which,  in  the  corner  of  a  napkin  wrapped. 
Shall  blow  him  safe  unto  what  coast  he  will. 

Summer  1  Last  Pi-^ill  and  Test.  (1600). 

•■•  See  note  to  the  Pirate  "  Sale  of 
Winds  "  (  Waverley  Novels,  xxiv.  136). 

Winds  {The),  according  to  Hesiod, 
were  the  sons  of  Astraeus  and  Aurora. 

You  nymphs,  the  winged  offspring  which  of  old 
Aurora  to  divine  Astraeus  bore. 

Akenside  •  Hymn  to  the  Naiads  (1767). 

Winds  and  Tides.  Nicholas  of 
Lyn,  an  Oxford  scholar  and  friar,  was  a 
great  navigator.  He  "  took  the  height  of 
mountains  with  his  astrolobe,"  and  taught 
that  there  were  four  whirlpools  like  the 
Maelstrom  of  Norway  —  one  in  each 
quarter  of  the  globe,  from  which  the  four 
winds  issue,  and  which  are  the  cause  of 
the  tides. 

One  Nicholas  of  Lyn 

The  whirlpools  of  the  seas  did  come  to  understand,  . . . 
For  such  immeasured  pools,  philosophers  agree, 
r  the  four  parts  of  the  world  undoubtedly  there  be. 
From  which  they  have  supposed  nature  the  winds  doth 

raise, 
And  from  them  too  proceed  the  flowing  of  the  seas. 
Drayton:  Polyolbion,  xix.  (1622), 

Windmill  with  a  Weathercock 
Atop  {The).  Goodwyn,  a  pm-itan 
divine  of  St.  Margaret's,  London,  was  so 
called  (1593-1651). 

Windmills.  Don  Quixote,  seeing 
5ome  thirty  or  forty  windmills,  insisted 
that  they  were  giants,  and,  running  a  tilt 
at  one  of  them,  thrust  his  spear  into  the 
«ails  ;  whereupon  the  sails  raised  both 
man  and  horse  into  the  air,  and  shivered 
the  knight's  lance  into  splinters.  When 
don  Quixote  was  thrown  to  the  ground, 
■he  persisted  in  saying  that  his  enemy 
Freston  had  transformed  the  giants  into 
windmills  merely  to  rob  him  of  his 
honour,  but  notwithstanding,  the  wind- 
mills were  in  reality  giants  in  disguise. 


This  is  the  first  adventure  of  the  knight. — 
Cervantes:  Don  Quixote,  I.  i.  8(1605). 

Windmills  for  Food.  The  giant 
Widenostrils  lived  on  windmills.  (See 
WiDENOSTRiLS,  p.  I2IO.)  —  Rabelais  i 
Pantagruel,  iv.  17  (1545). 

Windsor  {The  Rev.  Mr.),  a  friend  of 
Master  George  Heriot  the  king's  gold- 
smith.—5»>  VV.  Scott:  Fortunes  of  Nigel 
(time,  James  I.). 

Windsor  Beauties  {The),  Anne 
Hyde  duchess  of  York,  and  her  twelve 
ladies  in  the  court  of  Charles  II.,  painted 
by  sir  Peter  Lely  at  the  request  of  Anne 
Hyde.  Conspicuous  in  her  train  of 
Heb6s  was  Frances  Jennings,  eldest 
daughter  of  Richard  Jennings  of  Stand- 
ridge,  near  St.  Alban's. 

Windsor  Forest,  a  descriptive  poem 
by  Pope  (1713). 

Windsor  Sentinel  {The),  who 
heard  St.  Paul's  clock  strike  thirteen,  was 
John  Hatfield,  who  died  at  his  house  in 
Glasshouse  Yard,  Aldersgate,  June  i8, 
1770,  aged  102. 

Windsor  of  Denmark  {The),  the 
castle  of  Cronborg.  in  Elsinore. 

Windy-Cap,  Eric  king  of  Sweden. 

[Told\  of  Erick's  cap  and  Elmo's  light. 

Sir  H^.  Scott:  Rokeby,  ii.  11  (18x3). 

Wine.  If  it  makes  one  stupid  it  is 
vin  (fdne ;  if  maudlin,  it  is  vin  de  cerf 
(from  the  notion  that  deer  weep) ;  if 
(quarrelsome,  it  is  vin  de  lion;  if  talka- 
tive, it  is  vin  de  pie;  if  sick,  it  is  vin  de 
pore ;  if  crafty,  it  is  vin  de  renard ;  if 
rude,  it  is  vin  de  singe.  To  these  might 
be  added,  vin  de  chivre,  when  an  amorous 
effect  is  produced ;  vin  de  coucou,  if  it 
makes  one  egotistical ;  and  vin  de  cra- 
paud,  when  its  effect  is  inspiring. 

Wine  {1814).  In  1858  a  sale  took 
place  in  Paris  of  the  effects  of  the  late 
duchesse  de  Raguse,  including  a  pipe  of 
Madeira.  ITiis  wine  was  captured  from 
the  carcase  of  a  ship  wrecked  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Scheldt  in  1778,  and  had 
lain  there  till  1814,  when  Louis  XVIII. 
bought  it.  Part  of  it  was  presented  to 
the  French  consul,  and  tlius  it  came  into 
the  cellar  of  the  due  de  Raguse.  At  the 
sale,  forty-four  bottles  were  sold,  and 
the  late  baron  Rothschild  bought  them 
for  their  weight  in  gold. 

Wine  {Three-Men).  (See  under 
Three,  p.  1104.) 


WINGATE. 


1 219 


WINTER'S  TALE. 


Wingf ate  [Master  Jasper),  the  steward 
at  Avanel  Castle.— 5//-  W.  Scott:  The 
Abbot  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Winged  Horse  [A),  the  standard 
and  emblem  of  ancient  Corinth,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  fountain  of  Pire'nS,  near 
that  city,  and  Peg'asus  the  winged 
horse  of  Apollo  and  the  Muses. 

Winged  Lion  {The),  the  heraldic 
device  of  the  republic  of  Venice. 

They  11  plant  the  winged  lion  in  these  halls. 
R.  Browning :  The  Rtturn  o/tht  Druses,  Y. 

Wing^eld,  a  citizen  of  Perth,  whose 
trade  was  feather-dressing.  —  Sir  IV. 
Scott:  Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry 
IV.). 

Wingffield  (Ambrose),  employed  at 
Osbaldistone  Hall. 

Lancie  Wingfield,  one  of  the  men 
employed  at  Osbaldistone  Hall. — Sir  W. 
Scott :  Rob  Roy  (time,  George  I.). 

Wing-the-Wind  [Michael),  a  ser- 
vant at  Holyrood  Palace,  and  the  friend 
of  Adam  Woodcock. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
The  Abbot  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Winifrid  [St.),  patron  saint  of 
virgins  ;  beheaded  by  Caradoc  for  refusing 
to  marry  him.  The  tears  she  shed  be- 
came the  fountain  called  "St.  Winifrid's 
Well,"  the  waters  of  which  not  only  cure 
all  sorts  of  diseases,  but  are  so  buoyant 
that  nothing  sinks  to  the  bottom.  St. 
Winifrid's  blood  stained  the  gravel  in  the 
neighbourhood  red,  and  her  hair  became 
moss.  Drayton  has  given  this  legend  in 
verse  in  his  Polyolbion,  x.  (1612). 

(The  name  is  more  generally  spelt 
Winifred.) 
.  Winkle  {Nathaniel),  M.  P.C.,  a  young 
cockney  sportsman,  considered  by  his 
companions  to  be  a  dead  shot,  a  hunter, 
skater,  etc.  All  these  acquirements  are, 
however,  wholly  imaginary.  He  marries 
Arabella  i^Xtn.— Dickens  :  The  Pickwick 
Papers  (1836). 

M.P.C,  that  is,  Member  of  the  Pickwick  Club. 

Winkle  {Rip  van),  a  Dutch  colonist 
of  New  York,  who  met  a  strange  man  in 
a  ravine  of  the  Kaatskill  Mountains.  Rip 
helped  the  stranger  to  carry  a  keg  to  a 
wild  retreat  among  rocks,  where  he  saw 
a  host  of  strange  personages  playing 
skittles  in  mysterious  silence.  Rip  took 
the  first  opportunity  of  tasting  the  keg, 
fell  into  a  stupor,  and  slept  for  twenty 
years.  On  waking,  he  found  that  his 
wife  was  dead  and  buried,  his  daughter 
married,    his    village    remodelled,    and 


America  had  become  independent — 
IV.  Irving  :  Sketch-Book  (1820). 

IF  The  tales  of  Epimenid6s,  of  Peter 
Klaus,  of  the  Sleeping  Beauty,  the  Seveo 
Sleepers,  etc,  are  somewhat  similar, 
(See  Sleeper,  p.  1015.) 

Winklebred     or     Winklebrand 

{Louis),  Heutenant  of  sir  Maurice  de 
Bracy  a  follower  of  prince  John. — Sir  \V. 
Scott :  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Winnie  {Annie),  an  old  sibyl,  who 
makes  her  appearance  at  the  death  of 
Alice  Gray.— 5/r  W.  Scott:  Bride  of 
Lammermoor  (time,  William  HI.). 

Winter,  the  head  servant  of  general 
Witherington  alias  Richard  Tresham. — 
Sir  IV.  Scott:  The  Surgeon's  Dattghter 
(time,  George  H.). 

Winter.    (See  Seasons,  p.  976.) 

Winter  Bird  {The),  the  woodcock. 

•    How  nobler  to  the  winter  bird  to  say, 

"  Poor  stranger,  welcome  from  thy  stormy  way  .  .  . 

The  food  and  shelter  of  ray  valleys  share." 
Peter  Pi/uiar  [Hi.  Wolcot]:  Island  of  Innocence  (1809). 

Winter  Kingf  {The),  Frederick  V., 
the  rival  of  Ferdinand  II.  of  Germany. 
He  married  Elizabeth  daughter  of  James 
I.  of  England,  and  was  king  of  Bohemia 
for  Just  one  winter,  the  end  of  1619  and 
the  beginning  of  1620  (1596-1632).  (See 
Snow  King,  p.  1023.) 

Winter  Q^een  {The),  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  James  I.  of  England,  and 
wife  of  Frederick  V.  "  The  Winter  King." 
(See  Snow  Queen,  p.  1023.) 

Winter's  Tale  {The),  by  Shake- 
speare (1604).  Leont6s  king  of  Sicily 
invites  his  friend  PolixenSs  to  visit  him. 
During  this  visit  the  king  becomes  jealous 
of  him,  and  commands  Camillo  to  poison 
him ;  but  Camillo  only  warns  PolixenSs 
of  the  danger,  and  flees  ^vith  him  to 
Bohemia.  When  Leont^s  hears  thereof, 
his  rage  is  unbounded  ;  and  he  casts  his 
queen  Hermi'onfi  into  prison,  where  she 
gives  birth  to  a  daughter,  which  LeontSs 
gave  direction  should  be  placed  on  a 
desert  shore  to  perish.  In  the  mean 
time,  he  is  told  that  Hermion^,  the  queen, 
is  dead.  The  vessel  containing  the 
infant  daughter  being  storm-driven  to 
Bohemia,  the  child  is  left  there,  and  .is 
brought  up  by  a  shepherd,  who  calls  it 
Perdlta.  One  day,  in  a  hunt,  prince 
Florizel  sees  Perdita  and  falls  in  love  with 
her ;  but  Polixen^,  his  father,  tells  her 
that  she  and  the  shepherd  shall  be  put  to 
death  if  she  encotirages  the  foolish  suit. 
Elorizel  and  Perdita  now  flee  to  Sicily, 


WINTERBLOSSOM. 


WISDOM  PERSECUTED. 


and  being  introduced  to  Leontds,  it  is 
soon  discovered  that  Perdita  is  his  lost 
daughter.  Polixenfis  tracks  his  son  to 
Sicily,  and  being  told  of  the  discovery, 
gladly  consents  to  the  union  he  had 
before  forbidden.  Pauli'na  now  invites 
the  royal  party  to  inspect  a  statue  of 
HermionS  in  her  house,  and  the  statue 
turns  out  to  be  the  living  queen. 

(The  plot  of  this  drama  is  borrowed 
from  the  tale  of  Pandosio  or  The  Triumph 
of  Time,  by  Robert  Greene,  1583.) 

We  should  have  him  back 
Who  told  the  H^inUr's  Talt  to  do  it  for  us. 

Tennyson  :  Prologue  of  The  Princess. 

WinterblosBoiu  [Mr.  Philip),  ' '  the 
man  of  taste,"  on  the  managing  com- 
mittee at  the  Spa. — Sir  W.  Scott:  St. 
Ronani  ^Fie// (time,  George  III.). 

Winterseu  {The  count),  brother  of 
baron  Steinfort,  lord  of  the  place,  and 
greatly  beloved. 

The  countess  Wintersen,  wife  of  the 
above.  She  is  a  kind  friend  to  Mrs. 
Haller,  and  the  confidante  of  her  brother 
the  baron  Steinfort. — B.  Thompson:  The 
Stranger  (1797). 

Willterton  {Adam),  the  garrulous 
old  steward  of  sir  Edward  Mortimer,  in 
whose  service  he  had  been  for  forty-nine 
years.  He  was  fond  of  his  little  jokes, 
and  not  less  so  of  his  Httle  nips ;  but  he 
loved  his  master  and  almost  idolized  him. 
— Caiman:  The  Iron  Chest  (1796). 

Win-the-Pigfllt  {Master  Joachin), 
the  attorney  employed  by  major  Bridge- 
north  the  roundhead. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Wirral  [The),  the  long,  square-ended 
peninsula  between  the  Mersey  and  the 
Dee. 

Here  there  are  few  that  either  God  or  man  with  g'ood 
heart  love.     * 

Sir  Gawayne  and  the  Green  Knight. 

Wisdom  {Honour  paid  to). 

(i)  An ACH ARSIS  went  from  Scythia  to 
Athens  to  see  Solon. — ^lian :  De  Varia 
Historia,  v. 

(2)  Apollonios  Tyan^us  (Cappa- 
docia)  travelled  through  Scythia  and  into 
India  as  far  as  the  river  Pnison  to  see 
Hiarchus. — Philostratos :  Life  of  Apollo- 
nios, ii.  last  chapter. 

(3)  Alexander  having  taken  amongst 
the  spoils  a  casket  of  Darius  king  of 
Persia  of  inestimable  value,  placed 
therein  his  copy  of  Homer's  Iliad,  edited 
by  Aristotle,  saying  that  it  alone  was 
worthy  of  such  an  honour. 

(4)  DiONYSius  king  of  Syracuse,  wish- 


ing to  see  Plato,  sent  the  finest  galley  in 
his  kingdom,  most  royally  equipped,  and 
stored  with  every  luxury,  to  fetch  him. 
On  landing,  the  philosopher  found  the 
royal  state  carriage  waiting  to  conduct 
him  to  the  king's  palace. 

(5)  Ben  JoNSON,  in  1619,  travelled  on 
foot  from  London  to  Scotland  merely  to 
see  W.  Drummond,  the  Scotch  poet, 
whose  genius  he  admired. 

(6)  LiVY  went  from  the  confines  of 
Spain  to  Rome  to  hold  converse  with  the 
learned  men  of  that  city. — Pliny  the 
Younger  :  Epistle,  iii.  2. 

(7)  Plato  travelled  from  Athens  to 
Egypt  to  see  the  wise  men  or  magi ;  and 
to  visit  _  Archytas  or  Tarentum  the 
mechanician.  He  invented  several  auto- 
matons, as  the  flying  pigeon — and  nume- 
rous mechanical  instruments,  as  the 
screw  and  crane. 

(8)  Pythagoras  went  from  Italy  to 
Egypt  to  visit  the  vaticinators  of  Memphis. 
—  Porphyry :  Life  of  Pythagoras,  9 
(Kuster's  edition). 

(9)  Sheba  {The  queen  of)  went  from 
"  the  uttermost  parts  of  the  earth  "  to 
hear  and  see  Solomon,  whose  wisdom 
and  greatness  had  reached  her  ear. 

Wisdom  Persecuted. 

(i)  Anaxagoras  of  Clazomenae  held 
opinions  in  natural  science  so  far  in 
advance  of  his  age  that  he  was  accused  of 
impiety,  cast  into  prison,  and  condemned 
to  death.  It  was  with  great  difficulty  that 
Pedclgs  got  the  sentence  commuted  to 
fine  and  banishment. 

(2)  AvERROis,  the  A-abian  philosopher, 
was  denounced  as  a  heretic,  and  de- 
graded, in  the  twelfth  Christian  century 
(died  1226). 

(3)  ^xco^  {Friar)  was  excommunicated 
and  imprisoned  for  diabolical  knowledge, 
chiefly  on  account  of  his  chemical  re- 
searches (1214-1294). 

(4)  Bruno  {Giordano)  was  burnt  alive 
for  maintaining  that  matter  is  the  mother 
of  all  things  (1550-1600). 

(5)  Crosse  (Andrew),  electrician,  was 
shunned  as  a  profane  man,  for  asserting 
that  certain  minute  animals  of  the  genus 
Acarus  had  been  developed  by  him  out 
of  inorganic  elements  (1784-1855). 

(6)  Dee  {Dr.  John)  had  his  house 
broken  into  by  a  mob,  and  all  his  valuable 
library,  museum,  and  mathematical  in- 
struments destroyed,  because  he  was  so 
wise  that  "  he  must  have  been  allied  with 
the  devil"  (1527-1608). 

(7)  Feargil.     (See  "  Virgilius.") 


WISE. 


VVISHFORT. 


(8)  Galileo  was  imprisoned  by  the  In- 
quisition for  daring  to  believe  that  the 
earth  moved  round  the  sun  and  not  the 
sun  round  the  earth.  In  order  to  get  his 
liberty,  he  was  obliged  to  "abjure  the 
heresy  ,  "  but  as  the  door  closed  he  mut- 
tered, E  fur  si  tnuove  (' '  But  it  does  move, 
though  ")  (1564-1642). 

(9)  Gerbert,  who  introduced  algebra 
into  Christendom,  was  accused  of  dealing 
in  the  black  arts,  and  was  shunned  as  a 
"  son  of  Belial." 

(10)  Grosted  or  Grosseteste  bishop 
of  Lincoln,  author  of  some  two  hundred 
works,  was  accused  of  dealing  in  the  black 
arts,  and  the  pope  wrote  a  letter  to  Henry 
III.,  enjoining  him  to  disinter  the  bones  of 
the  too-wise  bishop,  as  they  polluted  the 
very  dust  of  God's  acre  (died  1253). 

(11)  Faust  {Dr.),  the  German  philo- 
sopher, was  accused  of  diabolism  for  his 
wisdom  so  far  in  advance  of  the  age. 

(12)  Peyrere  was  imprisoned  in  Brus- 
sels for  attempting  to  prove  that  man  ex- 
isted before  Adam  (seventeenth  century). 

(13)  Protagoras,  the  philosopher, 
was  banished  from  Athens,  for  his  book 
On  the  Gods.     ^ 

(14)  Socrates  was  condemned  to  death 
as  an  atheist,  because  he  was  the  wisest  of 
men,  and  his  wisdom  was  not  in  accord- 
ance with  the  age. 

(15)  Virgilius  bishop  of  Saltzbiirg  was 
compelled  by  pope  Zachary  to  retract  his 
assertion  that  there  are  other  "  worlds" 
besides  our  earth,  and  other  suns  and 
moons  besides  those  which  belong  to  our 
system  (died  78^). 

(16)  Geologists  had  the  same  batde  to 
fight ;  so  had  Colenso  bishop  of  Natal ; 
and  later  still  Agnosticism  has  been  most 
absurdly  branded  as  atheism — a  gross 
contradiction  of  terms. 

Wise(rA^). 

Albert  11.  duke  of  Austria,  "  The  Lame 
and  Wise  "  (1289,  1330-1358)- 

Alfonso  X.  of  Leon  and  Castile  (1203, 
1252-1284). 

Charles  V.  of  France,  U  Sage  (1337, 
1364-1380). 

Che-Tsou  of  China  (*,  1278-1295). 

Comte  de  las  Cases,  Le  Sage  (1766- 
1842).  ,     , 

Frederick    elector    of    Saxony    (1463, 

1544-1554)-  ^    ,  „        t    r^      ^       A 

James  I.,  "Solomon,"  of  England 
(1566,  1603-1625). 

John  V.  duke  of  Brittany,  "  The  Good 
and  Wise"  (1389,  1399-1442). 

"Wise  Men  {The  Sez'en):   (i)  Solon 


of  Athens,  (2)  Chilo  of  Sparta,  (3)  ThalSs 
of  Miletos.  (4)  Bias  of  Prienfi,  (5)  Cleo- 
bulos  of  Lindos,  (6)  PittScos  of  MitylenS, 
(7)  Periander  of  Corinth,  or,  according 
to  Plato,  Myson  of  Chenae.  All  flourished 
in  the  sixth  century  B.C. 

First  SOLON,  who  made  the  Athenian  laws ; 
While  Chilo,  in  Sparta,  was  famed  for  his  saws  ; 
In  Miletos  did  Thales  astronomy  teach  ; 
Bias  used  in  PrienS  his  morals  to  preach  ; 
CLEOBULOS,  of  Lindos,  was  handsome  and  wise ; 
Mitylen^  'grainst  thraldom  saw  PITT  ACQS  rise ; 
PHRIANUHR  is  said  to  have  gained,  thro'  his  court, 
The  title  that  MYSON,  the  Chenian,  ought. 

E.CB. 

N.B. — One  of  Plutarch's  brochures  in 

the  Moralia  is  entitled,  "The  Banquet 
of  the  Seven  Wise  Men,"  in  which 
Periander  is  made  to  give  an  account  of 
a  contest  at  Chalcis  between  Homer  and 
Hesiod.  The  latter  won  the  prize,  and 
caused  this  inscription  to  be  engraved  on 
the  tripod  presented  to  him — 

This  Hesiod  vows  to  the  Heliconian  nine. 
In  Chalcis  won  from  Homer  the  divine. 

Wise  Men  of  the  East  {The). 
Klopstock,  in  The  Messiah,  v.,  says  there 
were  six  "  Wise  Men  of  the  East,"  who, 
guided  by  the  star,  brought  their  gifts  to 
Jesus,  "the  heavenly  babe,"  viz.  Ha'dad, 
Sel'ima,  Zirari,  Mirja,  Beled,  and 
Sun'ith.  (See  Cologne  ( Three  Kings  of)^ 
p.  226.) 

Wisest  Man.  So  the  Delphic  oracle 
pronounced  Soc'rat6s  to  be.  Socrates 
modestly  made  answer,  'Twas  because  he 
alone  had  learnt  the  first  element  of 
truth,  that  he  knew  nothing. 

Not  those  seven  sages  might  him  parallel  \ 
Nor  he  whom  Pythian  maid  did  whilome  tell 
TV)  be  the  wisest  man  that  then  on  earth  did  dweU. 
P.  Fletcher:  The  PurpU  Island,  vL  (1633). 

N.B.— Among  the  Romans,  Nasica  was 
called  Corculum  (the  sage)  for  his  pregr.ant 
wit. 

Among  the  Greeks,  Democrltos  the 
Abderite,  was  called  (not  wise)  but 
Wisdom  itself. 

Among  the  Britons,  Gildas  was  called 
The  Sage. 

Among  the  Jews,  Aben  Ezra  was  called 
Hechachan.  They  said,  if  Wisdom  had 
put  out  her  candle,  it  might  be  lighted 
again  at  the  brain  of  Aben  Ezra,  the  very 
lamp  of  wisdom.— 6>«<r^/-.'  Things  New 
and  Old. 

Wish.    (See  Star  Falling,  p.  1041.) 

Wisheart  ( T'/i-r  Rev.  Dr.),  chaplain 
to  the  earl  of  Montrose.— 5i>  \V.  Scoii : 
Legend  of  Montrose  (time,  Charles  I.). 

Wishfort     {Lady),    widow     of     sii 


WISHING-CAP. 


WITITTERLY. 


Jonathan  Wishfort ;  an  irritable,  im- 
patient, decayed  beauty,  who  painted 
and  enamelled  her  face  to  make  herself 
look  blooming,  and  was  afraid  to  frown 
lest  the  enamel  might  crack.  She  pre- 
tended to  be  coy,  and  assumed,  at  the  age 
of  63,  the  airs  of  a  girl  of  16.  A  trick 
was  played  upon  her  by  Edward  Mira- 
bell,  who  induced  his  lackey  Waitwell  to 
personate  sir  Rowland,  and  make  love 
to  her ;  but  the  deceit  was  discovered 
before  much  mischief  was  done.  Her 
pet  expression  was,  "As  I'm  a  person." 
— Congreve:  The  Way  of  the  World 
(170^). 

Wish.ing'-Cap  [The),  a  cap  given  to 
Fortunatus.  He  had  only  to  put  the  cap 
on  and  wish,  and  whatever  he  wished  he 
instantly  obtained. — Straparola :  Fortu- 
natus. 

Wishing-Rod  [The],  a  rod  of  pure 
gold,  belonging  to  the  Nibelungs.  Who- 
ever possessed  it  could  have  anything  he 
desired  to  have,  and  hold  the  whole  world 
in  subjection. — The  Nibelungen  Lied, 
1163  (i2io). 

Wishingf-Sack  ( The),  a  sack  given 
by  our  Lord  to  a  man  named  ' '  Fourteen," 
because  he  was  as  strong  as  fourteen  men. 
Whatever  he  wished  to  have  he  had  only 
to  say,  "Artchila  murtchila!"  ("Come 
into  my  sack"),  and  it  came  in;  or 
•'Artchila  murtchila!"  ("Go  into  my 
sack  "),  and  it  went  it. 

(This  is  a  Basque  legend.  In  Gas- 
coigne  it  is  called  "  Ramie's  Sack"  [Le 
Sac  de  la  Ramie).  ' '  Fourteen  "  is  some- 
times called  "Twenty-four,"  sometimes 
a  Tartaro  or  Polypheme,  and  is  very 
similar  to  Christoph'eros. ) 

Wisp  of  Straw,  given  to  a  scold  as 
a  rebuke. 

A  wisp  of  straw  were  worth  a  thousand  crowns. 
To  make  this  shameless  callet  know  herself. 

Shakespeare  :  Henry  VI.  act  iL  sc.  2  (159s). 

Wit— Simplicity.  It  was  said  of 
John  Gay  that  he  was 

In  wit  a  man,  simplicity  a  child. 

(The  Hne  is  often  applied  to  Oliver 
Goldsmith,  who  ' '  wrote  like  an  angel,  and 
talked  like  poor  poll.") 

Witch,.  The  last  person  prosecuted 
before  the  lords  of  justiciary  (in  Scot- 
land) for  witchcraft  was  Elspeth  Rule, 
^e  was  tried  May  3,  1709,  before  lord 
Aristruther,  and  condemned  to  be  burned 
on  the  cheek,  and  banished  from  Scotland 
for  life. — Arnot :  History  of  Edinburgh, 
366,  367. 


Witch-Pinder,  Matthew  Hopkins 
(seventeenth  century).  In  1645  he  hanged 
sixty  witches  in  his  own  county  (Essex) 
alone,  and  received  20J.  a  head  for  every 
witch  he  could  discover. 

Has  not  the  present  parliament 

Mat  Hopkins  to  the  devil  sent. 

Fully  empowered  to  treat  about, 

Finding  revolted  witches  out  t 

And  has  not  he  within  a  year 

Hanged  three  score  of  them  in  one  shire! 

S.  Butler :  Hudibras,  ii.  3  (1664). 

Witch  of  Atlas,  the  title  arid 
heroine  of  one  of  Shelley's  poems. 

Witch  of  Balwer'y,  Margaret 
Aiken,  a  Scotchwoman  (sixteenth  cen- 
tury). 

Witch  of  Edmonton  ( The),  called 
"Mother  Sawyer."  This  is  the  true 
traditional  witch ;  no  mystic  hag,  no 
weird  sister,  but  only  a  poor,  deformed 
old  woman,  the  terror  of  villagers,  and 
amenable  to  justice. 

Why  should  the  envious  world 
Throw  all  their  scandalous  malice  upon  met 
Because  I'm  poor,  deformed,  and  ignorant. 
And,  like  a  bow,  buckled  and  bent  together 
By  some  more  strong  in  mischiefs  than  myself. 
The  IVitch  0/  Edtnonton  (by  Rowley,  Dekker, 
and  Ford,  1658). 

Witch's  Blood.  Whoever  was  suc- 
cessful in  drawing  blood  from  a  witch, 
was  free  from  her  malignant  power. 
Hence  Talbot,  when  he  sees  La  Pucelle, 
exclaims,  "  Blood  will  I  draw  from  thee  ; 
thou  art  a  witch  !  " — Shakespeare:  i  Henry 
VI.  act  i.  sc.  5  (1592). 

Witheringfton  [General),  alias 
Richard  Tresham,  who  first  appears  as 
Mr.  Matthew  Middlemas. 

Mrs.  Witherington,  wife  of  the  general, 
alias  Mrs.  Middlemas  (born  Zelia  de 
Monpada).  She  appears  first  as  Mrs. 
Middlemas.— 5?>  W.  Scott:  The  Sur- 
geon's Daughter  (time,  George  II.). 

Wititterly  [Mr.  Henry),  an  impor- 
tant gentleman,  38  years  of  age;  of 
rather  plebeian  countenance,  and  with 
very  light  hair.  He  boasts  everlastingly 
of  his  grand  friends.  To  shake  hands 
with  a  lord  was  a  thing  to  talk  of,  but  to 
entertain  one  was  the  seventh  heaven  to 
his  heart. 

Mrs.  Wititterly  \Julia\  wife  of  Mr. 
Wititterly  of  CadOgan  Place,  Sloane 
Street,  London ;  a  faded  lady  living  in 
a  faded  house.  She  calls  her  page 
Alphonse  (2  syl. ),  ' '  although  he  has  the 
face  and  figure  of  Bill."  Mrs.  Wititterly 
toadies  the  aristocracy,  and,  hke  her 
husband,  boasts  of  her  grand  connec- 
tions and  friends. — Dickens:  Nicholas 
Nickleby  (1838).     (See  TiBBS,  p.  1107.) 


WITIZA. 


1223 


WOLF. 


Witi'sa.    (See  ViTiZA,  p.  n8o.) 

Witlingf  of  Terror,  Bertrand  Ba- 
rere  ;  also  called  "The  Anacreon  of  the 
Guillotine"  (1755-1841). 

Wits.  "  Great  wits  to  madness  nearly 
are  allied." — Pope. 

'.•  The  idea  is  found  in  Seneca  :  Nul- 
lum magnun  ingenium  absque  mixtura 
dementice  est.  Festus  said  to  Paul, 
"Much  learning  doth  make  thee  mad  " 
{Acts  xxvi.  24). 

Wits  (  Your  five).  Stephen  Hawes  ex- 
plains this  expression  in  his  poem  of 
Graunde  Amoure,  xxiv. ,  from  which  we 
gather  that  the  five  wits  are :  Common 
wit,  imagination,  fantasy,  estimation, 
and  memory  (1515). 

Alas,  sir,  how  fell  you  besides  your  five  wits? 
Shakespeart :  Twef/th  Ni£ht,  act  iv.  sc  2  {i6oa). 

Witteubold,  a  Dutch  commandant, 
in  the  service  of  Charles  II. — Sir  W. 
Scott:  Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Wittol  [Sir  Joseph),  an  ignorant, 
foolish  simpleton,  who  says  that  Bully 
Buff  "  is  as  brave  a  fellow  as  Cannibal" 
—Congreve :  The  Old  Bachelor  (1693). 

Witwould  [Sir  Jerry)  in  Thomas 
Brown's  comedy  called  Stage  Beaux  tossed 
in  a  Blanket  (1704),  is  meant  for  Jeremy 
Collier. 

A  pert,  talkative,  half-witted  coxcomb;  vain  of  a 
Tcr}'  little  learning:,  he  always  swims  with  the  stream 
of  popular  opinion  j  he  is  a  great  censurer  of  men  and 
books,  always  positive,  seldom  in  the  right— a  noisy 
pretender  of  virtue,  and  an  impudent   pretender  of 


modesty.  ...  He  sets  up  for  a  reformer  of  the  stage 
.    .    fin("  _  ■     ■  ■  ■  ■  ■ 

reasons  best  known   to  himself,    he    cast    away    his 

1: I r J Ji  Ul !_  ' 


mding  out  smut  and  obscenity  which   escape 
every  other  eye.     He   was    once  a  divine,    but    for 


surplice  and  gowni  for  a  sword  and  blue  wig. 

Witwould  [Sir  Wilful),  of  Shrop- 
shire, half-brother  of  Anthony  Witwould, 
and  nephew  of  lady  Wishfort  A  mixture 
of  bashfulness  and  obstinacy,  but  when  in 
his  cups  as  loving  as  the  monster  in  the 
Tempest.  He  is  "a  superannuated 
old  bachelor,"  who  is  willing  to  marry 
Millamant  ;  but  as  the  young  lady  prefers 
Edward  Mirabell,  he  is  equally  wiUing  to 
resign  her  to  him.  His  favourite  phrase 
is,  "Wilful  will  do  it." 

Anthony  Witwould,  half-brother  to  sir 
Wilful.  "  He  has  good  nature  and  does 
not  want  wit"  Having  a  good  memory, 
he  has  a  store  of  other  folks'  wit,  which 
he  brings  out  in  conversation  with  good 
effect.  —  Congreve :  T/ie  Way  of  the 
World  (1700). 

Wives  as  they  Were  and  Maids 
as  they  Are,  a  comedy  by  Mrs.  Inch- 
bald  {1797).     Lady  Priory  is  the  type  of 


the  former,  and  Miss  Dorrillon  of  the 
latter.  Lady  Priory  is  discreel,  domestic, 
and  submissive  to  her  husband  ;  but  Miss 
Dorrillon  is  gay,  flighty,  and  fond  of 
pleasure.  Lady  Priory,  un  ler  false  pre- 
tences, is  allured  from  home  by  a  Mr. 
Bronzely,  a  man  of  no  principle  and  a 
rake  ,  but  her  quiet,  innocent  conduct  quite 
disarms  him,  and  he  takes  her  back  to  her 
husband,  ashamed  of  himself,  and  resolves 
to  amend.  Miss  Dorrillon  is  so  involved 
in  debt  that  she  is  arrested,  but  her  father 
from  the  Indies  pays  her  debts.  She  also 
repents,  and  becomes  the  wife  of  sir- 
George  Evelyn. 

Wives  of  Literary  Men. 

AgTies  [Freil  wife  of  Albert  Durer,  was  a  veritable 
Xantippe, 

Both  the  wives  of  Schlegel  were  so  uncongenial,  tliat 
he  could  not  live  with  either. 

The  wife  of  Sadi,  the  great  Persian  poet,  was  a  . 
detestable  slirew. 

The  wife  of  Salmasius  or  Saumaise  was  also  a 
terrible  shrew. 

Terentia,  the  wife  of  Cicero,  was  divorced  for  he» 
overbearing  temper. 

The  wife  of  Jean  Jacques  Rousseau  was  a  Xantippe, 
who  domineered  with  a  rod  of  iron. 

Jan  van  Haysum,  the  great  flower-painter  of  Amster- 
dam (1682-1749),  was  equally  unhappy  with  his  wife. 

John  Wesley's  wife  ran  away  from  him. 

Wilkes,  editor  of  the  North  Briton,  was  separated 
from  his  wife. 

The  wives  of  both  the  Pretenders  were  most  ua* 
congenial. 

(See  Married  Men  of  Genius,  p.  679.) 

Wizard  of  the  North,  sir  Walter 
Scott  {1771-1832). 

Wobbler  [Mr.),  of  the  Circumlocu- 
tion Office.  When  Mr.  Clennam,  by  the 
direction  of  Mr.  Barnacle,  in  another  de- 
partment of  the  office,  called  on  this  gentle- 
man, he  was  telling  a  brother  clerk  about 
a  rat-hunt,  and  kept  Clennam  waiting  a 
considerable  time.  When  at  length  Mr. 
Wobbler  chose  to  attend,  he  politely  said 
"  Hallo,  there  I  What's  the  matter?"  Mr. 
Clennam  briefly  stated  his  question  ;  and- 
Mr  Wobbler  replied,  "  Can't  inform  you. 
Never  heard  of  it.  Nothing  at  all  to  do 
with  it.  Try  Mr.  Clive."  Wh^n  Clen- 
nam left,  Mr.  Wobbler  called  out,  ^  Mister  t 
Hallo,  there  I  Shut  the  door  after  you. 
There's  a  devil  of  a  draught  1 " — Dickens  : 
Little  Dorrit,  x.  (1857). 

Woeful  Countenance  [Knight  of 
the).  Don  Qui.xote  was  so  called  by 
S.^ncho  Panza ;  but  after  his  adventure 
with  the  lions  he  called  himself  "The 
Knight  of  the  Lions." — Cervantes:  Don 
Quixote,  I.  iii.  5  ;  II.  i,  17  (1605-15). 

WOLP.  (i)  The  Neuri,  according  to 
Herod6tos,  had  the  power  of  assuming 
the  shape  of  wolves  once  a  year. — iv.  105. 

(2)  One   of    the    family  of   Ant^us, 


WOLF. 


1224  WOMAN  CHANGED  TO  A  MAN. 


according  to  Pliny,  was  chosen  annually, 
by  lot,  to  be  transformed  into  a  wolf,  in 
which  shape  he  continued  for  nine  years. 

{3)  Lyca'on,  king  of  Arcadia,  was 
turned  into  a  wolf  because  he  attempted 
to  test  the  divinity  of  Jupiter  by  serving 
up  to  him  a  "hash  of  human  flesh." — 
Ovid. 

(4)  Veret'icus,  king  of  Wales,  was 
converted  by  St.  Patrick  into  a  wolf. 

Giraldus  Cambrensls  tells  us  that  Irishmen  "  can  be 
changed  into  wolves."— Q^^ra,  voL  v.  p.  119. 

Nennius  says  "  the  descendants  of  the  wolf  are  in 
Ossory.  They  transform  themselves  into  wolves,  and 
go  forth  in  the  form  of  wolves."— TAe  IVenders  0/ 
Erin,  xiv. 

He  furthermore  says  that  these  persons 
are  ' '  of  the  race  of  Foelaidh,  in  Ossory." 
<See  also  Were- Wolf,  p.  1202.) 

Wolf  {A),  emblem  of  the  tribe  of  Ben- 
jemin. 

Benjamin  shall  ravin  as  a  wolf:  in  the  morning  ha 
shall  devour  the  prey,  and  at  night  he  shall  divide  the 
spoiL — Gen.  xlix.  37. 

Wolf.  The  last  wolf  in  Scotland  was 
killed  in  1680,  by  Cameron  of  Lochiel 
,  \Lok.keel'\. 

The  last  wolf  in  Ireland  was  killed  in 
Cork,  1710. 

Wolf.  The  she-wolf  is  made  by  DantS 
to  symbolize  avarice.  When  the  poet 
began  the  ascent  of  fame,  he  was  first  met 
by  a  panther  [pleasure],  then  by  a  lion 
{ambition),  then  by  a  she-wolf,  which 
tried  to  stop  his  further  progress. 

A  she-wolf,  .  .  .  who  in  her  leanness  seemed 
FuU  of  all  wants,  .  .  .  with  such  fear 
O'erwhelmed  me . . .  that  of  the  height  all  hope  I  lost. 
Dante.  In/trno,\.{\yxi). 

To  cry  Wolf,  to  give  a  false  alarm. 
The  reference  is  the  fable  of  the  shepherd 
lad  crying  "Wolf  I  "  but  the  following  is 
said  to  be  historical : — 

Yow-WANG,  emperor  of  China,  was 
greatly  enamoured  of  a  courtezan  named 
Pao-tse,  whom  he  tried  by  sundry  ex- 
pedients to  make  laugh.  At  length  he 
hit  upon  the  following  plan  :  He  caused 
the  tocsins  to  be  rung,  the  drums  to  be 
beaten,  and  the  signal-fires  to  be  lighted, 
as  if  some  invader  was  at  the  gates.  Pao- 
tse  was  delighted,  and  laughed  immo- 
derately to  see  the  vassals  and  feudatory 
princes  pouring  into  the  city,  and  all  the 
people  in  consternation.  The  emperor, 
pleased  with  the  success  of  his  trick, 
amused  his  favourite  over  and  over  again 
by  .repeating  it.  At  length  an  enemy 
really  did  come,  but  when  the  alarm  was 
given,  no  one  heeded  it,  and  the  emperor 
was  slain  (rc.  770). 


Wolf  duke   of  Oascouy,  one  of 

Charlemagne's  paladins.  He  was  the 
originator  of  the  plan  of  tying  wetted 
ropes  round  the  temples  of  his  prisoners 
to  make  their  eye-balls  start  from  their 
sockets.  It  was  he  also  who  had  men 
sewn  up  in  freshly  stripped  bulls'  hides, 
and  exposed  to  the  sun  till  the  hides,  in 
shrinking,  crushed  their  bones. — L'Epine: 
Croquemitaine,  iii. 

Wolf  of  Prance  [She-).  (See  She- 
Wolf,  p.  994.) 

Wolfs  Head.  An  outlaw  was  said 
to  carry  on  his  shoulders  a  'wolfs  head," 
because  he  was  hunted  down  like  a  wolf, 
and  to  kill  him  was  deemed  as  meritorious 
as  killing  a  wolf. 

Item  foris  facit,  omnia  que  dads  sunt,  quia  a  tempore 
quo  utlagatus  est  CAPUT  GERIT  LUPINUM,  ita  ut 
Impune  ab  oranibus«nterfici  \>os&\l.—Bracton,  ii.  35. 

Wolves.  The  Greeks  used  to  say 
that  "wolves  bring  forth  their  young 
only  twelve  days  in  the  year."  These  are 
the  twelve  days  occupied  in  conveying 
Leto  from  the  Hyperboreans  to  Delos. — 
Aristotle :  Hist.  Animal.,  vii.  35. 

Wol'fort,  usurper  of  the  earldom  of 
Flanders. — Fletcher  ;  The  Beggars'  Bush 
(1622). 

Wolfsbane,  a  herb  so  called,  because 
meat  saturated  with  its  juice  was  at  one 
time  supposed  to  be  a  poison  for  wolves. 

Wolsey  [Cardinal),  introduced  by 
Shakespeare  in  his  historic  play  of  Henry 
VHI  (1601). 

West  Digges  [1720-1786]  is  the  nearest  resemblance 
of  "Cardinjil  Wolsey"  I  have  ever  seen  represented. — 
Davits  •  Dramatic  Miscellanies, 

Edmund  Kean[i787-i833],  in  "Macbeth,"  "  Hamlet," 
"  Wolsey,"  "Coriolanus,"  etc.,  never  approached  with- 
in any  measurable  distance  of  the  learned,  philo- 
sophical, and  majestic  Kemble  [1757-1823].— /.«>*  0/ 
C.  M.  Younz. 

Had  I  but  served  my  God,  etc.  (See 
Served  My  God,  p.  984.) 

(In  the  Comic  History  of  England  at- 
tributed to  Cromwell.) 

Woman  changfed  to  a  Man. 

(i)  Iphis,  daughter  of  Lygdus  and 
Telethusa  of  Crete.  The  story  is  that 
the  father  gave  orders  if  the  child  about 
to  be  born  proved  to  be  a  girl,  it  was  to 
be  put  to  death  ;  and  that  the  mother, 
unwilling  to  lose  her  infant,  brought  it 
up  as  a  boy.  In  due  time,  the  father 
betrothed  his  child  to  lanthS,  and  the 
mother,  in  terror,  prayed  for  help ;  and 
Isis,  on  the  day  of  marriage,  changed 
Iphis  to  a  man. — Ovid:  Metamorphoses, 
ix.  12 ;  xiv.  699. 


WOMAN-HATER. 


1225 


WOMEN,  ETC. 


{2)  CiENEUS  [Se-mice]  was  born  of  the 
female  sex,  but  Neptune  changed  her  into 
a  man.  ^Eneas,  however,  found  her  in 
the  infernal  regions  restored  to  her 
original  sex. 

(3)  Tire'.sias  was  converted  into  a 
woman  for  killing  a  female  snake  in  copu- 
lation, and  was  restored  to  his  original 
sex  by  killing  a  male  snake  in  the  same 
act. 

(4)  D'EoN  DE  Beaumont  was  an 
epicene  creature,  whose  sex  was  unknown 
during  life.  After  death  (1810)  he  was 
found  to  be  male. 

(5)  Hermaphroditos  was  of  both 
sexes. 

Woman-Hater  (T/ie),  a  tragedy  by 
Beaumont  and  Pletcher  (1607). 

(Charles  Reade  published  a  novel 
called  A  Woman-Hater,  in  1877. ) 

Woman  killed  with.  Kindness 

{A),  a  tragedy  byThos.  Heywood  (i6oo). 
The  "  woman"  was  Mrs.  Frankford,  who 
was  unfaithful  to  her  marriage  vow.  Her 
husband  sent  her  to  hve  on  one  of  his 
estates,  and  made  her  a  hberal  allowance  ; 
she  died,  but  on  her  death-bed  her  hus- 
band came  to  see  her,  and  forgave  her. 

Woman     made     of     Plowers. 

Gwydion  son  of  Don  "  formed  a  woman 
out  of  flowers,"  according  to  the  bard 
Taliesin.  Arianrod  had  said  that  Llew 
Llaw  Gyffcs  {i.e.  "The  Lion  with  the 
Steady  Hand  ")  should  never  have  a  wife 
of  the  human  race.  So  Math  and  Gwy- 
dion, two  enchanters, 

Took  blossoms  of  oak,  and  blossoms  of  broom,  and 
blossoms  of  meadow-sweet,  and  produced  therefrom  a 
maiden,  the  fairest  and  most  graceful  ever  seen,  and 
baptized  her  Blodeuwedd,  and  she  became  his  bride. 
—  The  Mabinosion  ("  Math,     etc,  twelfth  century). 

Woman  reconciled  to  her  Sex. 

Lady  Wortley  Montague  said,  "It  goes 
far  to  reconcile  me  to  being  a  woman, 
when  I  reflect  that  I  am  thus  in  no  danger 
of  ever  marrying  one." 

Woman's  Wit  or  Love's  Dis- 
guises, a  drama  by  S.  Knowles  {1838). 
Hero  Sutton  loved  sir  Valentine  de  Grey, 
but  offended  him  by  waltzing  with  lord 
Athunree.  To  win  him  back,  she  assumed 
the  disguise  of  a  Quakeress,  called  herself 
Ruth,  and  pretended  to  be  Hero's  cousin. 
Sir  Valentine  fell  in  love  with  Ruth,  and 
then  found  out  that  Ruth  and  Hero  were 
one  and  the  same  person.  The  contem- 
poraneous plot  is  that  of  Helen  and  Wal- 
singham,  lovers.  Walsingham  thought 
Helen  had  played  the  wanton  with  lord 
Athunree,  and  be  abandoned  her.  Where- 


upon Helen  assumed  the  garb  of  a  young 
man  named  Eustace,  became  friends 
with  Walsingham,  said  she  was  Helen's 
brother  ;  but  in  the  brother  he  discovered 
Helen  herself,  and  learnt  that  he  was 
wholly  mistaken  by  appearances. 

Women  {The  Four  Perfect)  :  li) 
Khadijah,  the  first  wife  of  Mahomet ;  (2) 
Miriam,  the  sister  of  Mosls  ;  {3)  Mary, 
the  mother  of  Jesus  ;  and  (4)  Fatima, 
the  beloved  daughter  of  Mahomet. 

Women  {The  Nine  Worthy):  (i) 
Minerva  ;  (2)  Semiramis  ;  {3)  Tomyris  ; 
(4)  Jael;  (5)  Deb6rah  ;  (6)  Judith; 
(7)  Britomart ;  (8)  Elizabeth  or  Isabella 
of  Aragon  •  (9)  Johanna  of  Naples. 

By'r  lady,  maist  story-man,  I  am  well  afraid  thou  bast 
done  with  thy  talke.  I  had  rather  have  bard  some- 
thing sayd  of  gentle  and  laeeke  women,  for  it  is  euill 
examples  to  let  them  understand  of  such  sturdye 
manlye  women  as  those  have  been  which  erewhile  thou 
hast  tolde  of.  They  are  quicke  enow.  I  warrant  you, 
noweadays,  to  take  hart-a-grace,  and  dare  make  warre 
with  their  husbandes.  I  would  not  vor  the  price  o'  my 
coate,  that  Joiie  my  wyfe  had  herd  this  j;eare ;  she 
would  haue  carr.ed  away  your  tales  of  the  nine  worthy 
women  a  dele  z  juer  than  our  minister's  tales  anent 
Sarah,  Rebekah,  Kuth,  and  the  ministering  women, 
I  warrant  yo\x.—John  Feme  :  Dialoi^ue  on  Heraldry 
("  Columef's  reply  to  Torquatus  "). 

("  Hart-a-grace,"  i.e.  a  hart  permitted 
by  royal  proclamation  to  run  free  and 
unharmed  for  ever,  because  it  has  been 
hunted  by  a  king  or  queen. ) 

Women  of  Abandoned  Morals. 

(i)  Agrippina,  daughter  of  Germani- 
cus  and  Agrippina.  The  mother  of 
Nero. 

(2)  Barbara  of  Cilley,  second  wife  of 
the  emperor  Sigismund,  called  "The 
Messahna  of  Germany." 

(3)  Berry  {Madame  de),  wife  of  the 
due  de  Berry  (youngest  grandson  of 
Louis  XIV  ). 

(4)  Catherine  II.  of  Russia,  called 
"  The  Modern  Messalina"  (1729-1796). 

(5)  Giovanna  or  Jean  of  Naples. 
Her  first  love  was  James  count  of  March, 
who  was  beheaded.  Her  second  was 
Camecioh,  whom  she  put  to  death.  Her 
next  was  Alfonso  of  Aragon.  Her  fourth 
was  Louis  d'Anjou,  who  died.  Her  fifth 
was  Ren^,  the  brother  of  Louis. 

(6)  Isabelle  of  Bavaria,  wife  of 
Charles  VI.,  and  mistress  of  the  duke  of 
Biu-gundy.  ■ 

(7)  Isabelle  of  France,  wife  of 
Edward  II.,  and  mistress  of  Mortimer. 

(8)  Julia,  daughter  of  the  emperor 
Augustus. 

'(9)  Marozia,  the  daughter  of  Theo- 
dora, and  mother  of  pope  John  XI, 
The  infamous  daughter  of  an  infamous 
mother  (ninth  century), 

2  R  2 


WONDER. 


1226 


WOODEN  HORSE. 


(10)  Messali'na,  wife  of  Claudius  the 
Roman  emperor. 

Wonder  {The),  a  comedy  by  Mrs. 
Cenllivre;  the  second  title  being  A 
Woman  Keeps  a  Secret  (1714).  The 
woman  referred  to  is  ViolantS,  and  the 
secret  she  keeps  is  that  donna  Isabella, 
the  sister  of  don  Felix,  has  taken  refuge 
under  her  roof.  The  danger  she  under- 
goes in  keeping  the  secret  is  this  :  Her 
lover,  Felix,  who  knows  that  colonel 
Briton  calls  at  the  house,  is  jealous,  and 
fancies  that  he  calls  to  see  Violant^. 
The  reason  why  donna  Isabella  has  sought 
refuge  with  Violante  is  to  escape  a  mar- 
riage with  a  Dutch  gentleman  whom  she 
dislikes.  After  a  great  deal  of  trouble 
and  distress,  the  secret  is  unravelled,  and 
the  comedy  ends  with  a  double  marriage, 
that  of  ViolantS  with  don  Felix,  and  that 
of  Isabella  with  colonel  Briton. 

Wonder  of  the  World  [The), 

Gerbert,  a  man  of  prodigious  learn- 
ing. When  he  was  made  pope,  he  took 
the  name  of  Sylvester  II.  (930,  999-1003). 

Otto  III.  of  Germany,  a  pupil  of  Ger- 
bert. What  he  did  deserving  to  be  called 
Mirabilia  Mundi  nobody  knows  {980, 
983-1002). 

Frederick  II.  of  Germany  (1194, 
1215-1250). 

Wonders  of  Wales  ( The  Seven) : 
(i)  The  mountains  of  Snowdon  (2) 
Overton  churchyard,  (3)  the  bells  of 
Gresford  Church,  (4)  Llangollen  bridge, 
(5)  Wrexham  steeple  (?  tower),  (6)  Pystyl 
Rhaiadr  waterfall,  (7)  St.  Winifrid's 
well. 

Wonders  of  the  World  {The 
Seven). 

IXiG  fj/rafnids  first,  which  in  Egypt  were  laid; 
Next  Babylon's  garden,  for  Aiiiytis  made 
Then  Mausolos's  tomb  of  affection  and  guilt; 
Fourth,  the  temple  o/Dian,  in  Ephesus  built ; 
The  colosscs  o/ Rhodes,  cast  in  brass,  to  the  sun ; 
Sixth,  Jupiter's  statue,  by  Phidias  done; 
The  pharos  <i/ Egypt,  last  wonder  of  old, 
Or  the  palace  0/ Cyrus,  cemented  with  eold. 

E.  C.  B, 

Wonderful  Doctor,  Roger  Bacon 
(1214-1292). 

Wood  {Babes  in  the).  (See  Children 
IN  THE  Wood,  p.  203.) 

Wood  {The  Maria),  a  civic  pleasure- 
barge,  once  the  property  of  the  lord 
mayors.  It  was  built  in  i8i6  by  sir 
Matthew  Wood,  and  was  called  after  his 
eldest  daughter.  In  1859  it  was  sold  to 
alderman  Humphrey  for  ;^4io. 

Wood  Street  (London)  is  so  called 


from  Thomas  Wood,  sheriff,  in  1491,  who 
dwelt  there. 

Wood'cock  {Adam),  falconer  of  the 
lady  Mary  at  Avenel  Castle.  In  the 
revels  he  takes  the  character  of  the  "abbot 
of    Unreason."  — 6'z>    W,    Scott:    The 

A  ^bot  {time,  Elizabeth). 

Woodcock  [Justice),  a  gouty,  rheu- 
matic, crusty,  old  country  gentleman, 
who  invariably  differed  with  his  sister 
Deb'orah  in  everything.  He  was  a  bit 
of  a  Lothario  in  his  young  days,  and  still 
retained  a  somewhat  Hcorous  tooth. 
Justice  Woodcock  had  one  child,  named 
Lucinda,  a  merry  girl,  full  of  fun. 

Deborah  Woodcock,  sister  of  the  justice  ; 
a  starch,  prudish  old  maid,  who  kept 
the  house  of  her  brother,  and  disagreed 
with  him  in  ew&vyihing.—Bickerstaff: 
Love  in  a  Village  {1762). 

Woodcocks     live    on    Suction. 

These  birds  feed  chiefly  by  night,  and, 
like  ducks,  seem  to  live  on  suction ;  but 
in  reality  they  feed  on  the  worms,  snails, 
slugs,  and  the  little  animals  which  swarm 
in  muddy  water. 

One  cannot  live,  like  woodcocks,  upon  suction. 
Byron :  Don  jfuan,  ii.  67  (1819). 

Woodconrt  {Allan),  a  medical  man, 
who  married  Esther  Summerson.  His 
mother  was  a  Welsh  woman,  apt  to  prose 
on  the  subject  of  Morgan-ap-Kerrig. — 
Dickens  :  Bleak  House  (1852). 

Wooden  Gospels  ( The),  card-tables. 

After  supper  were  brought  in  the  wooden  gospels, 
and  the  books  of  the  four  kings  \fards\— Rabelais : 
Gargantua,  i.  22  (1533). 

Wooden  Horse  {The).  Virgil  tells 
us  that  Ulysses  had  a  monster  wooden 
horse  made  by  Epgos  after  the  death  of 
Hector.  He  gave  out  that  it  was  an 
offering  to  the  gods  to  secure  a  pros- 
perous voyage  back  to  Greece.  By  the 
advice  of  Sinon,  the  Trojans  dragged  the 
horse  into  Troy  for  a  palladium ;  but  at 
night  the  Grecian  soldiers  concealed 
therein  were  released  by  Sinon  from  their 
concealment,  slew  the  Trojan  guards, 
opened  the  city  gates,  and  set  fire  to  the 
city. 

Arctlnos  of  Miletus,  In  his  poem  called  The 
Destruction  of  Troy,  furnished  Vireil  with  the  tale  of 
"the  Wooden  Horse"  and  "the  burning  of  Troy" 
(fl.  B.C.  776). 

IT  A  remarkable  parallel  occurred  in 
Saracenic  history.  Arrestan,  in  ^yria, 
was  taken  in  the  seventh  century  by  Abu 
Obeidah  by  a  similar  stratagem.  He 
obtained  leave  of  the  governor  to  deposit 
in  the  citadel  £L:)me  old  lumber  which 


WOODEN  HORSE. 


1227 


WOODVILLE. 


fmpeded  his  march.  Twenty  large  boxes 
filled  with  men  were  carried  into  the 
castle.  Abu  marched  off ;  and  while  the 
Christians  were  returning  thanks  for 
the  departure  of  the  enemy,  the  soldiers 
removed  the  sliding  bottoms  of  the  boxes 
and  made  their  way  out,  overpowered 
the  sentries,  surprised  the  great  church, 
opened  the  city  gates,  and  Abu,  entering 
with  his  army,  took  the  city  without 
further  opposition. — Ockley :  History  of 
the  Saracens,  i.  187  (1718). 

IF  The  capture  of  Sark  affords  another 
parallel.  Sark  was  in  the  hands  of  the 
French.  A  Netherlander,  with  one  ship, 
asked  permission  to  bury  one  of  his  crew 
in  the  chapel.  The  French  consented, 
provided  the  crew  came  on  shore  wholly 
unarmed.  This  was  agreed  to,  but  the 
coffin  was  full  of  arms  ;  and  the  crew  soon 
equipped  themselves,  overpowered  the 
French,  and  took  the  island. — Percy: 
Anecdotes,  249.     (See  HoRSE,  p.  505.) 

Swoln  with  hate  and  ire,  their  huge  unwieldly  force 
Caine  clustering  like  the  Greeks  out  of  the  wooden 
horse. 

Drayton  :  Potyolbion,  xti.  (1613). 

Wooden  Horse  {The),  Clavileno,  the 
wooden  horse  on  which  don  Quixote  and 
Sancho  Panza  got  astride  to  disenchant 
Antonomas'ia  and  her  husband,  who  were 
shut  up  in  the  tomb  of  queen  Maguncia 
of  Candaya. — Cervantes:  Don  Quixote, 
II.  iii.  4,  5  {1615). 

If  Another  wooden  horse  was  the  one 
given  by  an  Indian  to  the  shah  of  Persia 
as  a  New  Year's  gift.  It  had  two  pegs. 
By  turning  one  it  rose  into  the  air,  and 
by  turning  the  other  it  descended  wher- 
ever the  rider  wished.  Prince  Firouz 
mounted  the  horse,  and  it  carried  him 
instantaneously  to  Bengal. — Arabian 
Nights  ("The  Enchanted  Horse"). 

11  Reynard  says  that  king  Crampart 
made  for  the  daughter  of  king  MarcadigSs 
a  wooden  horse  which  would  go  a  hundred 
miles  an  hour.  His  son  ClamadSs  mounted 
it,  and  it  flew  out  of  the  window  of  the 
king's  hall,  to  the  terror  of  the  young 
prince.  — Alkman  :  Reynard  the  Fox 
(1498).     (See  Cambuscan,  p.  172. ) 

Wooden  Spoon.  The  last  of  the 
honour  men  in  the  mathematical  tripos 
at  the  exaijination  for  degrees  in  the 
University  of  Cambridge. 

Sure  my  invention  must  be  down  at  zero. 
And  I  gro\Tn  one  of  many  "wooden  spoons" 
Of  verse  (the  name  with  which  we  Cautabs  please 
To  dub  tiie  last  of  honours  in  degrees). 

Byron  :  Don  yuan,  iii.  no  (1820). 

Wooden  Sword  [He  wears  a).  Said 
of  a  person  who  rejects  an  offer  at  the 


early  part  of  tlie  day,  and  sells  the  article 
at  a  lower  price  later  on.  A  euphemism 
for  a  fool ;  the  fools  or  jesters  were  fur- 
nished with  wooden  swords. 

Wooden  Walls,  ships  made  of 
wood.  When  Xerxes  invaded  Greece, 
the  Greeks  sent  to  ask  the  Delphic  oracle 
for  advice,  and  received  the  following 
answer  (b.c.  480)  : — 

Pallas  hath  urged,  and  Zeus,  the  sire  of  all. 
Hath  safety  promised  in  a  woodc^n  wall ; 
Seed-tirae  and  harvest,  sires  shall,  weeping,  tell 
How  thousands  fought  at  Salaniis  and  fell. 

E.  C.  B. 

Wooden  Wedding,  the  fifth  an- 
niversary of  a  wedding.  It  used,  in 
Germany,  to  be  etiquette  to  present  gifts 
made  of  wood  to  the  lady  on  this  occa- 
sion. The  custom  is  not  wholly  aban- 
doned even  now.  (See  Wedding,  p.  1200.) 

Woodman  [The),  an  opera  by  sir 
H.  Bate  Dudley  (1771).  (For  the  plot, 
see  WiLFORD,  p.  1214.) 

Woodstal  [Henry),  in  the  guard  of 
Richard  Coeur  de  Lion. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
The  Talisman  (time,  Richard  1.). 

Woodstock,  a  novel  by  sir  W.  Scott 
(1826).  It  was  hastily  put  together,  but 
is  not  unworthy  of  the  name  it  bears 
(1826)  (time,  the  Commonwealth). 

•.•  The  novel  is  concerned  with  the 
disguises  and  escapes  of  Charles  II.  dur- 
ing the  Commonwealth ;  and  ends  with 
the  death  of  Cromwell  and  the  triumphant 
entry  of  the  king  into  Lxjndon. 

It  is  called  Woodstock  from  the  Lee 
family,  the  head  of  which  (sir  Henry  Lee) 
was  head-ranger  of  Woodstock.  His 
daughter  Alice  marries  Everard  a 
Cromwellite  ;  and  his  servant  Phcebe 
Mayflower  marries  Joceline  Joliffe, 
under-keeper  of  Woodstock  forest. 

Amongst  the  subsidiary  characters  are  Shakespeare, 
Milton,  Ben  Jonson,  Davenant  the  poet,  ''  Fair 
Rosamond,"  prince  Rupert,  general  Monk,  Cromwell's 
daughter,  and  many  other  persons  of  historic  interest. 

Woodville  [Harry),  the  treacherous 
friend  of  Penruddock,  who  ousted  him 
of  the  wife  to  whom  he  was  betrothed. 
He  was  wealthy,  but  reduced  himself  to 
destitution  by  gambling. 

Mrs.  Woodville  (whose  Christian  name 
was  Arabella),  wife  of  Harry  Woodville, 
but  previously  betrothed  to  Roderick  Pen- 
ruddock. When  reduced  to  destitution, 
Penruddock  restored  to  her  the  settlement 
which  her  husband  had  lost  in  play. 

Captain  Henry  Woodville,  son  of  the 
above  ;  a  noble  soldier,  brave  and  high- 
minded,  in  love  with  Emily  Tempest, 
but,  in  the  ruined  condition  of  the  family, 


WOODVILLE. 


1223 


WORM. 


unable  to  marry  her.  Penruddock  makes 
over  to  him  all  the  deeds,  bonds,  and 
obligations  which  his  father  had  lost  in 
gambling. — Cumberland  :  The  Wheel  of 
Fortune  {1779). 

Woodville  [Lord),  a  friend  of  general 
Brown.  It  was  lord  Woodville's  house 
that  was  haunted  by  the  ' '  lady  in  the 
Sacque." — Sir  W.  Scott :  The  Tapestried 
Chamber  ((irae,  George  III.). 

Woollen.  It  was  Mrs.  Oldfield,  the 
actress,  who  revolted  at  the  idea  of  being 
shrouded  in  woollen.  She  insisted  on 
being  arrayed  in  chintz  trimmed  with 
Brussels  lace,  and  on  being  well  rouged 
to  hide  the  pallor  of  death.  Pope  calls 
her  "  Narcissa." 

"  Odious  1    In  woollen  !    'T would  a  saint  provoke  1 " 
Were  the  last  words  that  poor  Narcissa  spoke. 
"  No,  let  a  charming  chintz  and  Brussels  lace 
Wrap  my  cold  limbs  and  shade  my  lifeless  face ; 
One  would  not,  sure,  be  frightful  when  one's  dead  1 
And  Betty,  give  this  cheek  a  little  red." 

PoJ>e  :  Moral  Essays,  L  (1731). 

Wopsle  [Mr.),  parish  clerk.  He  had 
a  Roman  nose,  a  large,  shining,  bald  fore- 
head, and  a  deep  voice,  of  which  he  was 
very  proud.  "  If  the  Church  had  been 
thrown  open,"«.<r.  free  to  competition,  Mr. 
Wopsle  would  have  chosen  the  pulpit. 
As  it  was,  he  only  punished  the  "  Amens  " 
and  gave  out  the  psalms ;  but  his  face 
always  indicated  the  inward  thought  of 
"  Look  at  this  and  look  at  that,"  meaning 
the  gent  at  the  reading-desk.  He  turned 
actor  in  a  small  metropolitan  theatre. — 
Dickens  :  Great  Expectations  (i860). 

Work  [Endless),  Penelope's  web  (p. 
822)  ;  Vortigern's  Tower  (p.  1183) ;  wash- 
ing the  blackamoor  white ;  etc. 

World  { The  End  of  the).  This  ought 
to  have  occurred,  according  to  cardinal 
Nicolas  de  Cusa,  in  1704.  He  demon- 
strates it  thus  :  The  Deluge  happened  in 
the  thirty-fourth  jubilee  of  fifty  years 
from  the  Creation  (a.m.  1700),  and  there- 
fore the  end  of  the  world  should  properly 
occur  on  the  thirty-fourth  jubilee  of  the 
Christian  era,  or  a.d.  1704.  The  four 
grace  years  are  added  to  compensate  for 
the  blunder  of  chronologists  respecting 
the  first  year  of  grace. 

IT  The  most  popular  dates  of  modern 
times  for  the  end  of  the  world,  or  what  is 
practically  the  same  thing,  the  Millen- 
nium, are  the  following  :  1836,  Johann 
Albrecht  Bengel,  Erkldrte  Offenbarung ; 
i843,- William  Miller,  of  America  ;  1866, 
Dr.  John  Cumming  ;  1881,  Mother  Ship- 
ton. 

%   It  was  very  generally  believed  in 


France,  Germany,  etc.,  that  the  end  of 
the  world  would  happen  in  the  thou- 
sandth year  after  Christ  ;  and  therefore 
much  of  the  land  was  left  uncultivated, 
and  a  general  famine  ensued.  Luckily, 
it  was  not  agreed  whether  the  thousand 
years  should  date  from  the  birth  or  the 
death  of  Christ,  or  the  desolation  would 
have  been  much  greater.  Many  charters 
begin  with  these  words,  As  the  world  is 
now  drawing  to  its  close.  Kings  and 
nobles  gave  up  their  state :  Robert  of 
France,  son  of  Hugh  Capet,  entered  the 
monastery  of  St.  Denis  ;  and  at  Limoges, 
princes,  nobles,  and  knights  proclaimed 
"  God's  Truce,"  and  solemnly  bound 
themselves  to  abstain  from  feuds,  to 
keep  the  peace  towards  each  other,  and 
to  help  the  oppressed. — Hallam  :  The 
Middle  Ages  (1818). 

IT  Another  hypothesis  is  this  :  As  one 
day  with  God  equals  a  thousand  years 
{Ps.  xc.  4),  and  God  laboured  in  crea- 
tion six  days,  therefore  the  world  is  to 
labour  6000  years,  and  then  to  rest. 
According  to  this  theory,  the  end  of  the 
world  ought  to  occur  A.M.  6000,  or  A.D. 
1996  (supposing  the  world  to  have  been 
created  4004  years  before  the  birth  of 
Christ).  This  hypothesis,  which  is 
widely  accepted,  is  quite  safe  for  close  on 
to  another  century. 

World  before  the  Flood  [The),  a 
poem  in  heroic  couplets  by  Montgomery 
(1813).  It  is  divided  into  ten  cantos.  It 
describes  the  antediluvian  patriarchs 
in  the  Happy  Valley  ;  the  valley  is  in- 
vaded by  the  descendants  of  Cain ;  and 
the  deliverance  of  the  patriarchs  from  the 
hands  of  the  giants.  The  episodes  are 
the  loves  of  Javan  and  Zillah,  and  the 
translation  of  Enoch. 

World  without  a  Sun. 

And  say,  without  our  hopes,  without  our  fears; 
Without  the  home  that  plighted  love  endears. 
Without  the  smile  from  partial  beauty  won, 
Oh  1  what  were  man  f— a  world  without  a  sun. 

Campbell :  Pleasures  o/ Hope,  ii.  (1799) 

Worldly  Wiseman  [Mr.),  one  who 
tries  to  persuade  Christian  that  it  is  very 
bad  policy  to  continue  his  journey  towards 
the  Celestial  City. — Bunyan  ;  Pilgrim's 
Progress,  i.  (1678). 

Worm  [Man  is  a).  • 

The  learn'd  themselves  we  Book-worms  name ; 

The  blockhead  is  a  Slow-worm  ; 
Thy  nymph  whose  tail  is  all  on  flam« 

Is  aptly  termed  a  Glow-worm ; 
The  flatterer  an  Earwig  grows  ; 

Thus  worms  suit  all  conditions  ;— 
Misers  are  Muck-wonns;  Silk-worms  beaus; 

And  Death-watches  physicians. 

Pope:  To  Mr.  John  Moore  (1731). 


WORMS. 


1229 


WOZENHAM. 


Worms  {Language  of).  Melampos 
the  prophet  was  acquainted  with  the  lan- 
guage of  worms ;  and  when  thrown  into 
a  dungeon,  heard  the  worms  communi- 
cating to  each  other  that  the  roof  over- 
head would  fall  in,  for  the  beams  were 
eaten  through.  He  imparted  this  intelli- 
gence to  his  jailers,  and  was  removed  to 
another  dungeon.  At  night  the  roof  did 
fall,  and  the  king,  amazed  at  this  fore- 
knowledge, released  Melampos,  and  gave 
him  the  oxen  of  Iphiklos. 

Worse  than  a  Crime.  Talleyrand 
said,  respecting  the  murder  of  the  due 
d'Enghien  by  Napoleon  I.,  "It  was 
worse  than  a  crime,  it  was  a  blunder." 

Worthies  {The  Nine).  Three  Gen- 
tiles :  Hector,  Alexander,  Julius  Caesar  ; 
three  Jews  :  Joshua,  David,  Judas  Mac- 
cabasus  ;  three  Christians :  Arthur,  Char- 
lemagne, Godfrey  of  Bouillon. 

Worthies  of  Loudon  ( The  Nine). 

(i)  Sir  William  Walworth,  fish- 
monger, who  stabbed  Wat  Tyler  the 
rebel.  For  this  service  king  Richard  H. 
gave  him  the  "  cap  of  maintenance  "  and 
a  "  dagger  "  for  the  arms  of  London  {lord 
mayor  1374,  1380). 

(2)  Sir  Henry  Pritchard  or  PiCARD, 
vintner,  who  feasted  Edward  III.,  the 
Black  Prince,  John  king  of  Austria,  the 
king  of  Cyprus,  and  David  of  Scotland, 
with  5000  guests,  in  1356,  the  year  of  his 
mayoralty. 

(3)  Sir  William  Sevenoke,  grocer. 
"  A  foundling,  found  under  seven  oaks." 
He  fought  with  the  dauphin,  and  built 
twenty  almshouses,  etc.  {lord  mayor 
1418). 

(4)  Sir  Thomas  White,  merchant 
tailor,  who,  during  his  mayoralty  in  1553, 
kept  London  faithful  to  queen  Mary 
during  Wyatt's  rebellion.  Sir  Thomas 
White  was  the  son  of  a  poor  clothier,  and 
began  trade  as  a  tailor  with  ;^ioo.  He 
was  the  founder  of  St.  John's  College, 
Oxford,  on  the  spot  where  two  elms  grew 
from  one  root. 

(5)  Sir  John  Bonham,  mercer,  com- 
mander of  the  army  which  overcame 
Solyman  the  Great,  who  knighted  him  on 
the  field  after  the  victory,  and  gave  him 
chains  of  gold,  etc. 

(6)  Sir  Christopher  Croker,  vint- 
ner, the  first  to  enter  Bordeaux  when  it 
was  besieged.  Companion  of  the  Black 
Prince.     He  married  Doll  Stodie. 

(7)  Sir  John  Hawkwood,  tailor, 
knighted  by  the  Black   Prince.     He  is 


immortalized   in   Italian   history  as  Gio' 
vanniAcuti  Cnvaliero.   He  died  in  Padua. 

(8)  Sir  Hugh  Caverley,  silk-weaver, 
famous  for  ridciing  Poland  of  a  monstrous 
bear.     He  died  in  France. 

(9)  Sir  Henry  Maleverer,  grocer, 
generally  called  "  Henry  of  Cornhill,"  a 
crusader  in  the  reign  of  Henry  IV.,  and 
guardian  of  "Jacob's  Well,"—/?.  John' 
son:  The  Nine  Worthies  of  London  {x^^i^'^. 

Worthinglion  {Lieutenant),  "  the 
poor  gentleman  ;  "  a  disabled  officer  and 
a  widower,  very  poor,  ' '  but  more  proud 
than  poor,  and  more  honest  than  proud." 
He  was  for  thirty  years  in  the  king's 
army,  but  was  discharged  on  half-pay, 
being  disabled  at  Gibraltar  by  a  shell 
which  crushed  his  arm.  His  wife  was 
shot  in  his  arms  when  his  daughter  was 
but  three  years  old.  The  lieutenant  put 
his  name  to  a  bill  for  ^/^ 500 ;  but  his  friend 
dying  before  he  had  effected  his  insur- 
ance, Worthington  became  responsible 
for  the  entire  sum,  and  if  sir  Robert 
Bramble  had  not  most  generously  paid 
the  bill,  the  poor  lieutenant  would  have 
been  thrown  into  jail. 

Emily  Worthington,  the  lieutenant's 
daughter ;  a  lovely,  artless,  affectionate 
girl,  with  sjnnpathy  for  every  one,  and  a 
most  amiable  disposition.  Sir  Charles 
Cropland  tried  to  buy  her,  but  she  re- 
jected his  proposals  with  scorn,  and  fell 
in  love  with  Frederick  Bramble,  to  whom 
she  was  given  in  marriage. — Coltnan : 
The  Poor  Gentleman  (1802). 

Worthy,  in  love  with  Melinda,  who 
coquets  with  him  for  twelve  months,  and 
then  marries  him. — Farquhar:  The  Re- 
cruiting Officer  (1705). 

Worthy  {Lord),  the  suitor  of  lady 
Reveller,  who  was  fond  of  play.  She 
became  weary  of  gambling,  and  was 
united  in  marriage  to  lord  Worthy. — 
Mrs.  Centlivre:  The  Basset  Table  {1706). 

Wouvermaus,  a  Dutch  painter,  fa- 
mous for  crowded  little  pictures  of  ma- 
rauders, battle-pieces,  and  pictures  of 
roadsides  (1620-1668). 

The  English  Wouverfnans,  Abraham 
Cooper.  One  of  his  best  pieces  is  '*  The 
Battle  of  Bosworth  Field." 

Richard  Cooper  is  called  "The  British 
Poussin." 

Wozenham  {Miss),  the  lodging-house 
keeper  in  Afrs.  Lirriper's  Lodgings  {1S63) 
and  Mrs.  Lirrifer's  Legacy  (1864),  by 
Dickens. 


WRANGLE. 


1230 


WRONGHEAD. 


Wrangfle  {Mr.  Caleb),  a  hen-pecked 
young  husband,  of  oily  tongue  and 
plausible  manners,  but  smarting  under 
the  nagging  tongue  and  wilful  ways  of 
his  fashionable  wife. 

Mrs.  Wrangle,  his  wife,  the  daughter 
of  sir  Miles  Mowbray.  She  was  for  ever 
snubbing  her  young  husband,  wrangling 
with  him,  morning,  noon,  and  night,  and 
telling  him  most  provokingly  ' '  to  keep 
his  temper."  This  couple  led  a  cat-and- 
dog  life  :  he  was  sullen,  she  quick- 
tempered ;  he  jealous,  she  open  and 
incautious.  —  Cumberland  :  First  Love 
(1796). 

Wrath's  Hole  {The),  Cornwall. 
Bolster,  a  gigantic  wrath,  wanted  St. 
Agnes  to  be  his  mistress.  She  told  him 
she  would  comply  when  he  filled  a  small 
hole,  which  she  pointed  out  to  him,  with 
his  blood.  The  wrath  agreed,  not  know- 
ing that  the  hole  opened  into  the  sea ;  and 
thus  the  saint  cunningly  bled  the  wrath 
to  death,  and  then  pushed  him  over  the 
cliff.  The  hole  is  called  "The  Wrath's 
Hole  "  to  this  day,  and  the  stones  about 
it  are  coloured  with  blood-red  streaks  all 
over. — Polwhele  :  History  of  Cornwall,  i. 
176  (1813). 

Wray  {Enoch),  "  the  village  patri- 
arch," blind,  poor,  and  100  years  old  ; 
but  reverenced  for  his  meekness,  resig- 
nation, wisdom,  piety,  and  experience. — 
Crabbe :  The  Village  Patriarch  ( 1783). 

Wraybuim  {Eugene),  barrister-at- 
law  ;  an  indolent,  idle,  moody,  whim- 
sical young  man,  who  loves  Lizzie 
Hexham.  After  he  is  nearly  killed  by 
Bradley  Headstone,  he  reforms,  and 
marries  Lizzie,  who  saved  his  life. — 
Dickens  :  Our  Mutual  Friend  (1864). 

Wren,  who  built  St.  Paul's  Cathedral 
His  epitaph  is — 

Si  monumentum  requiris,  ciicumspice. 

Wren  {Jenny),  whose  real  name  was 
Fanny  Cleaver,  a  dolls'  dressmaker,  and 
the  fnend  of  Lizzie  Hexham,  who  at  one 
time  lodged  with  her.  Jenny  was  a  little, 
deformed  girl,  vdth  a  sharp,  shrewd  face, 
and  beautiful  golden  hair.  She  supported 
herself  and  her  drunken  father,  whom 
she  reproved  as  a  mother  might  reprove 
a  child.  "Oh,"  she  cried  to  him,  point- 
ing her  little  finger,  "  you  bad  old  boy  ! 
Oh,  you  naughty,  wicked  creature  1  What 
do  you  mean  by  it  ?  " — Dickens  :  Our 
Mutual  Friend  (1864). 

Writing   on  the  Wall  {The),  a 


secret  but  mysterious  warning  of  coming 
danger.  The  reference  is  to  Belshazzar's 
feast  {Dan.  v,  5,  25-28). 

Wrongf  {All  in  the),  a  comedy  by 
Murphy  (1761).  The  principal  characters 
are  sir  John  and  lady  Restless,  sir  William 
Bellmont  and  his  son  George,  Beverley 
and  his  sister  Clarissa,  Blandford  and  his 
daughter  Belinda,  Sir  John  and  lady  Rest- 
less were  wrong  in  suspecting  each  other 
of  infidelity,  but  this  misunderstanding 
made  their  lives  wretched.  Beverley  was 
deeply  in  love  with  Belinda,  and  was 
wrong  in  his  jealousy  of  her,  but  Belinda 
was  also  wrong  in  not  vindicating  herself. 
She  knew  that  she  was  innocent,  and  felt 
that  Beverley  ought  to  trust  her,  but  she 
gave  herself  and  him  needless  torment 
by  permitting  a  misconception  to  remain 
which  she  might  have  most  easily  re- 
moved. The  old  men  were  also  wrong  : 
Blandford,  in'  promising  his  daughter  in 
marriage  to  sir  William  Bellmont's  son, 
seeing  she  loved  Beverley  ;  and  sir 
William,  in  accepting  the  promise,  seeing 
his  son  was  plighted  to  Clarissa,  A  still 
further  complication  of  wrong  occurs  : 
sir  John  wrongs  Beverley  in  believing  him 
to  be  intriguing  with  his  wife ;  and  lady 
Restless  wrongs  Belinda  in  supposing 
that  she  coquets  with  her  husband  ;  both 
were  pure  mistakes,  all  were  in  the  wrong, 
but  all  in  the  end  were  set  right. 

Wrong-head  {Sir  Francis),  of  Bum- 
per Hall,  and  M.  P.  for  Guzzledown  ;  a 
country  squire,  who  comes  to  town  for 
the  season  with  his  wife,  son,  and  eldest 
daughter.  Sir  Francis  attends  the  House, 
but  gives  his  vote  on  the  wrong  side ; 
and  he  spends  his  money  in  the  hope  of 
obtaining  a  place  under  Government.  His 
wife  spends  about  ^^loo  a  day  on  objects 
of  no  use.  His  son  is  on  the  point 
of  marrying  the  "cast  mistress"  of  a 
swindler,  and  his  daughter  of  marrying 
a  forger  ;  but  Manly  interferes  to  prevent 
these  fatal  steps,  and  sir  Francis  returns 
home  to  prevent  utter  ruin. 

Lady  Wronghead,  wife  of  sir  Francis ; 
a  country  dame,  who  comes  to  London, 
where  she  squanders  money  on  worthless 
objects,  and  expects  to  get  into  "society," 
Happily,  she  is  persuaded  by  Manly  to 
return  home  before  the  affairs  of  her  hus- 
band are  wholly  desperate. 

Squire  Richard  [  Wronghead\  eldest 
son  of  sir  Francis,  a  country  bumpkin. 

Miss  "Jenny  [  Wronghead\  eldest 
daughter  of  sir  Francis  ;  a  silly  girl,  who 
thinks  it  would   be  a  fine  thing  to   be 


WURZBURG. 


1231 


XAVIER  DE  BELSUNCE. 


called  a  "countess,"  and  therefore  be- 
comes the  dupe  of  one  Basset,  a  swindler, 
who  calls  himself  a  "  count." —  Vanbrugh 
and  Cibber:  The  Provoked  Husband  [  1726). 

Wurzburg"  on  the  Stein,  Hochheim 
on  the  Main,  and  Bacharach  on  the  Rhine 
grow  the  three  best  wines  of  Germany. 
The  first  is  called  Steinwine,  the  second 
hock,  and  the  third  muscadine. 

Wuthering'  Heights,  a  novel  by 
Emily  Bront6  (1847). 

Wyat.  Henry  Wyat  was  imprisoned 
by  Richard  III,,  and  when  almost 
starved,  a  cat  appeared  at  the  window- 
grating,  and  dropped  a  dove  into  his 
hand.  This  occurred  day  after  day,  and 
Wyat  induced  the  warder  to  cook  for 
him  the  doves  thus  wonderfully  obtained. 

IF  Elijah  the  Tishbite,  while  he  lay 
hidden  at  the  brook  Cherith,  was  fed  by 
ravens,  who  brought  "bread  and  flesh" 
every  morning  and  evening. — i  Kings 
xvii.  6. 

In  my  Dictionary  of  Miracles,  twenty- 
one  similar  examples  are  recorded,  pp. 
126-129. 

Wyli©  {Andrew),  ex-clerk  of  bailie 
Nicol  Jarvie.— 5?>  W.  Scott:  Rob  Roy 
(time,  George  I.). 

Wyiiebgfwrthuclier,  the     shield 

of      king     Arthur.  —  The  Mabinogion 

("  Kilhwch  and  Olwen,"  twelfth  cen- 
tury). 

Wynkyn  de  Worde,  the  second 
printer  in  London  (from  1491-1534!. 
The  first  was  Caxton  (from  1476-1491). 
Wynkyn  de  Worde  assisted  Caxton  in 
the  new  art  of  printing. 

Wyo'ming',  in  Pennsylvania,  pur- 
chased by  an  American  company  from 
the  Delaware  Indians.  It  was  settled  by 
an  American  colony,  but  being  subject 
to  constant  attacks  from  the  savages,  the 
colony  armed  in  self-defence.  In  1778 
most  of  the  able-bodied  men  were  called 
to  join  the  army  of  Washington,  and  in 
the  summer  of  that  year  an  army  of 
British  and  Indian  allies,  led  by  colonel 
Butler,  attacked  the  settlement,  mas- 
sacred the  inhabitants,  and  burnt  their 
houses  to  the  ground. 

• .  •  Campbell  has  made  this  the  subject 
of  a  poem  entitled  Gertrude  of  Wyoming, 
but  he  miscalls  the  place  Wy'oming,  and 
makes  Brandt,  instead  of  Butler,  the 
leader  of  the  attack. 


On  Susquehana's  side  fair  Wy'oming, 
•  .  .  once  the  loveliest  land  of  all 
That  see  the  Atlantic  wave  their  morn  restore. 
Campbell:  Gertrttde  o/  IVyomin^,  i.  (1809). 

Wyvill  [William  de),  a  steward  of 
the  held  at  the  tournament. — Sir  W, 
Scott :  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 


Xan'adn,  a  city  mentioned  by  Cole- 
ridge in  his  Kubla  Khan.  The  idea  of 
this  poem  is  borrowed  from  the  Pilgrim- 
age by  Purchas  (1613),  where  Xanadu  is 
called  "Xaindu."  It  is  said  to  have 
occurred  to  Coleridge  in  a  dream,  but  the 
dream  was  that  of  memory  only. 

Xauthos,  the  horse  of  Achillas.  He 
spoke  with  a  human  voice,  like  Balaam's 
ass,  Adrastos's  horse  (Arion),  Fortunio's 
horse  (Comrade),  Mahomet's  "horse" 
(Al  Borak),  Saieh's  camel,  the  dog  of  the 
seven  sleepers  (Katmir),  the  black  pigeons 
of  Dodona  and  Ammon,  the  king  of 
serpents  (Temliha),  the  serpent  which 
was  cursed  for  tempting  Eve,  the  talk- 
ing bird  called  bulbul-hezar,  the  little 
green  bird  of  princess  Fairstar,  the  Whit« 
Cat,  cum  quibusdam  aliis. 

The  mournful  Xanthus  /says  the  bard  of  old) 

Of  Peleus'  warlike  son  the  fortune  told. 

Ptter  Pindar  [Dr.  Wolcot] ;   Tht  Lousiad,  v.  (1809). 

Xantippe  (3  syl. ),  wife  of  Socratfis ; 
proverbial  for  a  scolding,  nagging,  peevish 
wife.  One  day,  after  storming  at  the 
philosopher,  she  emptied  a  vessel  of  dirty 
water  on  his  head,  whereupon  Socratfts 
simply  remarked,  '  Ay,  ay,  we  always 
look  for  rain  after  thunder." 

Xantippd  (3  syl.),  daughter  of 
Cimo'nos.  She  preserved  the  life  of  her 
old  father  in  prison  by  suckhng  him. 
The  guard  marvelled  that  the  old  man 
held  out  so  long,  and,  watching  for  the 
solution,  discovered  the  fact. 

\  Euphra'sia,  daughter  of  Evander, 
preserved  her  aged  father  while  in  prison 
m  a  similar  manner.  (See  Grecian 
Daughter,  p.  446.) 

Xavier  de  Belstince  (//.  Francois), 
immortalized  by  his  self-devotion  in  ad- 
ministering to  the  plague- stricken  at 
Marseilles  (1720-22), 

IT  Other  similar  examples  are  Charles 


XENOCRATES. 


123a 


YARROW. 


Borro'meo,  cardinal  and  archbishop  of 
Milan  (1538-1584).  St.  Roche,  who  died 
in  1327  from  the  plague  caught  by  him 
in  his  indefatigable  labours  in  minister- 
ing to  the  plague-stricken  at  Piacenza. 
Mompesson  was  equally  devoted  to  the 
people  of  Eyam.  Our  own  sir  John 
Lawrence,  lord  mayor  of  London,  is  less 
known,  but  ought  to  be  held  in  equal 
honour,  for  supporting  40,000  dismissed 
servants  in  the  great  plague. 

Xenoc'rates  (4  syl.),  a  Greek  philo- 
sopher. The  courtezan  Lais  made  a 
heavy  bet  that  she  would  allure  him  from 
his  "  prudery  ;  "  but  after  she  had  tried 
all  her  arts  on  him  without  success,  she 
exclaimed,  'I  thought  he  had  been  a 
living  man,  and  not  a  mere  stone," 

Do  you  think  I  am  Xenocrates,  or  like  the  sultan  with 
marb'.er'legs?  There  you  leave  me  UU-d-t/te  with  Mrs. 
Hallef,  as  if  mj'  heart  were  a  mere  f&Tit.— Benjamin 
Thompson  :  The  Stranzer,  iv.  a  (1797). 

Xerxes  denounced  (See  Plur- 
larch,  Life  of  Themistocles,  article  "  Sea- 
Fights  of  Artemisium  and  Salamis,") 

Minerva  on  the  bounding:  prow 
Of  Athens  stood,  and  with  the  thunder's  voice 
Denounced  her  terrors  on  their  impious  beads  {the 

Persians], 
And  shook  her  burning  aegis.    Xerxes  saw. 
From  Heracle'um  on  the  mountain's  height, 
Throned  in  her  golden  car ;  he  knew  the  sign 
Celestial,  felt  unrighteous  hope  forsake 
His  faltering  heart,  and  turned  his  face  with  shame, 
Akenside  ■  Hymn  to  the  Naiads  (1767), 

Zime'na,  daughter  of  count  de  Gor- 
mez.  The  count  was  slain  by  the  Cid  for 
insulting  his  father.  Four  times  Ximena 
demanded  vengeance  of  the  king ;  but  the 
king,  perceiving  that  the  Cid  was  in  love 
with  her,  delayed  vengeance,  and  ulti- 
mately she  married  him. 

Xit,  the  royal  dwarf  of  Edward  VI. 

Xui'y,  a  Moresco  boy,  servant  to 
Robinson  Crusoe. — Defoe:  Adventures  of 
Robinson  Crusoe  (17 19). 


T,  called  the  "Samian  letter."  It 
was  used  by  Pythagoras  of  Samos  as  a 
symbol  of  the  path  of  virtue,  which  is 
one,  like  the  stem  of  the  letter  ;  but  once 
divergent,  the  further  the  two  lines  are 
drawn  the  greater  becomes  the  diver- 
gence. 


Talioo,  one  of  the  human  brutes 
subject  to  the  Houyhnhnms  [  Whin-him$\ 
or  horses  possessed  of  human  intelligence. 
In  this  tale  the  horses  and  men  change 
places  .  the  horses  are  the  chief  and  rviling 
race,  and  man  the  subject  one. — Swift: 
Gulliver's  Travels  {1726). 

Tajui  and  Majuj,  the  Arabian  form 
of  Gog  and  Magog.  Gog  is  a  tribe  of 
Turks,  and  Magog  of  the  Gilin  (the  Geli 
or  Gelae  of  Ptolemy  and  Strabo).  Al 
Beidiwi  says  they  were  man-eaters. 
Dhu'lkamein  made  a  rampart  of  red-hot 
metal  to  keep  out  their  incursions. 

He  said  to  the  workmen,  "  Bring  me  iron  in  large 
pieces  till  it  fill  up  the  space  between  these  two  moun- 
tains .  .  .  [("Aiw]  blow  with  your  bellows  till  it  make  the 
Iron  red  hot."  And  he  said  further,  "  Bring  me  molten 
brass  that  I  may  pour  upon  it."  When  this  wall  was 
finished,  Gog  and  Magog  could  not  scale  it,  neither 
could  they  dig  through  it. — Sa/e  :  Al  Kordn,  xviii. 

Yakutsk,  in  Siberia,  affords  an  exact 
parallel  to  the  story  about  Carthage. 
Dido,  having  purchased  in  Africa  as  much 
land  as  could  be  covered  with  a  bull's 
hide,  ordered  the  hide  to  be  cut  into  thin 
slips,  and  thus  enclosed  land  enough  to 
build  Byrsa  upon.  This  Byrsa  ("bulls 
hide  ")  was  the  citadel  of  Carthage,  round 
which  the  city  grew. 

So  with  Yakutsk.  The  strangers  bought 
as  much  land  as  they  could  encompass 
with  a  cow-hide,  but,  by  cutting  the  hide 
into  slips,  they  encompassed  enough  land 
to  build  a  city  on. 

Yania,  a  Hindft  deity,  represented  by 
a  man  with  four  arms  riding  on  a  bull. 

Thy  great  birth,  O  horse,  is  to  be  glorified,  whether 
first  springing  from  the  firmament  or  from  tlie  water, 
inasmuch  as  thou  hast  neighed,  thou  hast  the  wings  of 
the  falcon,  thou  hast  the  limbs  of  the  deer.  Trita  har- 
nessed the  horse  which  was  given  by  Yama;  Indra 
first  mounted  him ;  Gandharba  seized  his  reins.  Vasus, 
you  fabricated  the  horse  from  the  sun.  Thou,  O  horse, 
art  Yama ;  thou  art  Aditya ;  thou  art  Trita ;  thou  art 
Soma.— 7"/%«  Rig  Veda,  ii. 

Ya'men,  lord  and  potentate  of  Pandi- 
lon  {hell). — Hindu.  Mythology. 
What  worse  than  this  hath  Yamen's  hell  In  store  T 
Southey  :  Curse  o/Kehama,  il.  (1809). 

Yar'ico,  a  young  Indian  maiden  with 
whom  Thomas  Inkle  fell  in  love.  After 
living  with  her  as  his  wife,  he  despicably 
sold  her  in  Barbados  as  a  slave. 

(The  story  is  told  by  sir  Richard 
Steele  in  The  Spectator,  11;  and  has  been 
dramatized  by  George  Colman  under  the 
i\\.\Q  oi  Inkle  and  Yarico,  1787.) 

Yarrow  or  Achille'a  millefo'lium. 
Linnaeus  recommends  the  bruised  leaves 
of  common  yarrow  as  a  most  excellent 
vulnerary  and  powerful  styptic. 


J 


YARROW. 

[77u  hermit £-at/iers'\ 
The  yarrow,  wherewithal!  he  stops  the  wound-made 
gore. 

Drayton  :  Polyolbion,  xii.  (1613). 

Yarrow  ( The  Flower  of).  Mary  Scott 
was  so  called. 

Yathreb,  the  ancient  name  of 
Medina. 

When  a  party  of  them  said,  "O  inhabitants  of 
Yathreb,  there  is  no  place  of  security  for  you  here, 
wherefore  return  home ;  "  a  part  of  them  asked  leave 
of  the  prophet  to  depart.— i'a/f/  Al  Koran,  xxxiii. 

Year  of  the  Stars  ( The),  902  ;  so 
called  from  a  great  shower  of  shooting 
stars,  which  appeared  at  the  death  of  a 
Moorish  king. 

Yeast,  a  novel  by  the  Rev.  C. 
Kingsley  (1848).  Its  object  is  to  show 
the  spiritual  peiplexities  of  thoughtful 
minds,  and  the  ferment  of  the  rural  popu- 
lation. 

Yellow  Dwarf  ( The),  a  malignant, 
ugly  imp,  who  claimed  the  princess  All- 
fair  as  his  bride ;  and  carried  her  off  to 
Steel  Castle  on  his  Spanish  cat,  the  veiy 
day  she  was  about  to  be  married  to  the 
beautiful  king  of  the  Gold-Mines.  The 
king  of  the  Gold-Mines  tried  to  rescue  her, 
and  was  armed  by  a  good  siren  with  a 
diamond  sword  of  magic  power,  by  which 
he  made  his  way  through  every  difficulty 
to  the  princess,  Deligiited  at  seeing  his 
betrothed,  he  ran  to  embrace  her,  and 
dropped  his  sword.  Yellow  Dwarf, 
picking  it  up,  demanded  if  Gold-Mine 
would  resign  the  lady,  and  on  his  refusing 
to  do  so,  slew  him  with  the  magic  sword. 
The  princess,  rushing  forward  to  avert  the 
blow,  fell  dead  on  the  body  of  her  dying 
lover. 

Yellow  Dwarf  was  so  called  from  his  complexion,  and 
the  orange  tree  he  lived  in.  . . .  He  wore  wooden  shoes, 
a  coarse,  yellow  stuff  jacket,  and  had  no  hair  to  hide 
his  large  ears.— Co mtesse  D'Auhioy  ;  Fairy  Tales 
("  The  Yellow  Dwarf,"  1682). 

Yellow  River  ( The).  The  Tiber  was 
called  Flavus  Tiberis,  because  the  water 
is  much  discoloured  with  yellow  sand. 

Vorticibus  rapidis  et  multa  flavus  arena. 

Virgil:  ^neid,  vil.  31. 
While  flows  the  Yellow  River, 

While  stands  the  Sacred  flill. 
The  proud  Ides  of  Quintilis[i5/'A  yu!y} 
Shall  have  such  honour  still. 
Mucaulay :  Lays  ("  Battle  of  the  Lake  Regillus,"  184a). 

•••  The  "Sacred  Hill"  [Mons  Sacer), 
so  called  because  it  was  held  sacred  by  the 
Roman  people,  who  retired  thither,  led  by 
Sicinius  ;  and  refused  to  return  home  till 
their  debts  were  remitted,  and  the  tri- 
bunes of  the  people  were  made  recognized 
magistrates  of  Rome.  On  the  15th  July 
was  fought  the  battle  of  the  lake  Regillus, 


1233 


YERUTI. 


and   the    anniversary  was   kept    by  the 
Romans  as  ay?/^  day. 

Yellow  River  [The),  of  China,  so 
called  from  its  colour.  The  Chinese  have 
a  proverb  :  Such  and  such  a  thing  will 
occur  when  the  Yellow  River  runs  clear, 
i.e.  never. 

Yellow  Water  ( The),  a  water  which 
possessed  this  peculiar  property  :  If  only 
a  few  drops  were  put  into  a  basin,  no 
matter  how  large,  it  would  produce  a 
complete  and  beautiful  fountain,  which 
would  always  fill  the  basin  and  never 
overflow  it. — Arabian  Nights. 

IT  In  the  fairy  tale  of  Chery  and  Fair- 
star,  by  the  comtesse  D'Aulnoy,  "the 
dancing  water"  did  the  same  (1682). 

Much  of  Bacon's  life  was  passed  in  a  visionary  world 
.  .  .  amidst  buildings  more  sumptuous  than  the  palace 
of  Aladdin,  and  fountains  more  wonderful  than  the 
golden  water  of  Parizade  [q.v.\.—Macaulay. 

Yellowley  [Mr.  Triptolemus),  the 
factor,  an  experimental  agriculturist  of 
Stourburgh  or  Harfra. 

Mistress  Baby  or  Barbary  Yellowley, 
sister  and  housekeeper  of  Triptolemus. 

Old  Jasper  Yellowley,  father  of  Trip- 
tolemus and  Barbary. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
The  Pirate  (time,  WiUiam  III.). 

Yellowness,  jealousy.  Nym  says 
(referring  to  Ford),  "I  will  possess  him 
with  yellowness."  —  Shakespeare:  Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor,  act  i.  sc.  4  (1601). 

Yellowplush  ( The  Memoirs  of  Mr.), 
a  series  of  humorous  sketches  by  W.  M. 
Thackeray.  Mr.  Yellowplush  is  a  West- 
end  footman,  who  is  supposed  to  write 

the  sketches. 

Ye'ineu,  Arabia  Felix. 

Beautiful  are  the  maids  that  glide 
On  summer  eves  through  Yemen's  dales. 
Moore:  Lalla  Roolth  ("  The  Fire-Worshippers,"  1817). 

Yenadiz'ze,  an  idler,  a  gambler ;  also 
an  Indian  fop. 

With  my  nets  you  never  help  me; 
At  the  door  my  nets  are  hanging. 
Go  and  wring  them,  yenadizze. 

Long/elloiu  :  Hiawatha,  vi  (1855). 

Yeudys  [Sydney),  the  nom  de  plume 
of  Sydney  Dobell  (1824-1874). 

("Yendys"  is  merely  the  -^0x6.  Sydney 
reversed. ) 

Yeoman's  Tale  ( The),  the  thirteenth 
of  Chaucer's  Canterbury  Tales.  (See 
Chanounes  Yemenes  Tale,  p.  194.) 

Yeru'ti,  son  of  Quiara  and  MonnSma, 
His  father  and  mother  were  of  the  Guarani 
race,  and  the  only  ones  who  escaped  a 
small-pox  plague  which  infested  that  part 


YEW  IN  CHURCHYARDS.         1234 


YORK. 


of  Paraguay.  Yeruti  was  born  after  his 
parents  migrated  to  the  Mondai  woods, 
but  his  father  was  killed  by  a  jaguar  just 
before  the  birth  of  Mooma  (his  sister). 
When  grown  to  youthful  age,  a  Jesuit 
pastor  induced  the  three  to  come  and  live 
at  St.  Joa,chin,  where  was  a  primitive 
colony  of  some  2000  souls.  Here  the 
mother  soon  died  from  the  confinement 
of  city  life.  Mooma  followed  her  ere 
long  to  the  grave.  Yeruti  now  requested 
to  be  baptized,  and  no  sooner  was  the 
rite  over,  than  he  cried,  ' '  Ye  are  come 
for  me  !  I  am  quite  ready  ! "  and  instantly 
expired. — Soul  hey  :  A  Tale  0/  Paraguay 
(1814). 

Yew  in  Churcliyards.    The  yew 

was  substituted  for  "  the  sacred  palm," 
because  palm  trees  are  not  of  English 
growth. 

But  for  encheson,  that  we  have  not  olyve  that  berith 
grained  leef,  alg^ate  therefore  we  take  ewe  instead  of 
palme  and  olyve. — Caxton :  Directory  for  Kcefin^ 
Festivals  (1483). 

Yezad  or  Yezdam,  called  by  the 
Greeks  Oroma'zgs  (4  syl.),  the  principle 
of  good  in  Persian  mythology ;  opposed 
to  Ahriman  or  Arimannis  the  principle  of 
evil.  Yezad  created  twenty-four  good 
spirits,  and,  to  keep  them  from  the  power 
of  the  evil  one,  enclosed  them  in  an  &gg  ; 
but  Ahriman  pierced  the  shell,  and  hence 
there  is  no  good  without  some  admixture 
of  evil. 

Yezd  (i  syl.),  chief  residence  of  the 
fire-worshippers,  Stephen  says  they  have 
kept  ahve  the  sacred  fire  on  mount  Ater 
Quedah  ("mansion  of  fire")  for  above 
3000  years,  and  it  is  the  ambition  of  every 
true  fire-worshipper  to  die  within  the 
sacred  city. 

From  Yezd's  eternal  "  Mansion  of  the  Fire," 
Where  ag^ed  saints  in  dreams  of  heaven  expire. 
Moore:  Laiia  Rookh  ("  The  Fire- Worshippers, "1817), 

Ygerne  \^E-gern'\  wife  of  Gorloi's 
lord  of  Tintag'el  Castle,  in  Cornwall. 
KingUther  tried  to  seduce  her,  but  Ygerne 
resented  the  insult ;  whereupon  Uther 
and  Gorlois  fought,  and  the  latter  was 
slain.  Uther  then  besieged  Tintagel 
Castle,  took  it,  and  compelled  Ygerne  to 
become  his  wife.  Nine  months  after- 
wards, Uther  died,  and  on  the  same  day 
was  Arthur  born. 

Then  Uther,  in  his  wrath  and  heat,  besieged 
^■geme  within  Tinta^il  .  .  .  and  entered  ui  .  .  , 
Eniorced  she  was  to  wed  him  in  her  tears, 
And  with  a  shameful  swiftness. 

Tennyson  :  Cominz  of  Arthur. 

Yg"g'drasil',  the  great  ash  tree  which 
binds  together  heaven,  earth,  and  hell. 


Its  branches  extend  over  the  whole  earth, 
its  top  reaches  heaven,  and  its  roots  hell. 
The  three  Nomas  or  Fates  sit  under  the 
tree,  spinning  the  events  of  man's  life. — 
Scandinavian  Mythology. 

By  the  Urdar  fount  dwelling. 

Day  by  day  from  the  rill. 
The  JN'ornas  besprinkle 

The  ash  Yggdrasil. 

Lord  Lytton  :  Harold,  vlL  (1830). 

Ygrueme.    (See  Ygerne.) 

Yn'iol,  an  earl  of  decayed  fortune, 
father  of  Enid.  He  was  ousted  from  his 
earldom  by  his  nephew  Ed'yrn  (son  of 
Nudd),  called  "The  Sparrow-Hawk." 
When  Edyrn  was  overthrown  by  prince 
Geraint'  in  single  combat,  he  was  com- 
pelled to  restore  the  earldom  to  his  uncle. 
He  is  described  in  the  Mabinogion  as  "  a 
hoary-headed  man,  clad  in  tattered  gar- 
ments."— Tennyson:  Idylls  of  the  King 
("Enid"). 

He  says  to  Geraint,  "  I  lost  a  great  earldom  as  well 
as  a  city  and  castle,  and  this  is  how  I  lost  them ;  I  had 
a  nephew,  .  .  .  a«d  when  he  came  to  his  strength  he 
demanded  of  me  his  property,  but  I  withheld  it  from 
him.  So  he  made  war  upon  me,  and  wrested  from  me 
all  that  I  possessed." — The  Mabinogion  ("  Geraint,  the 
son  of  Erbin,"  twelfth  century). 

Yogflan  [Zacharias],  the  old  Jew 
chemist,  in  London. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Kenilworth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Yohak,  the  giant  guardian  of  the 
caves  of  Babylon. — Souihey  :  Thalaba  the 
Destroyer,  v.  (1797). 

Yor'ick,  jester  of  the  king  of  Den- 
mark ;  "  a  fellow  of  infinite  jest  and  most 
excellent  fancy." — Shakespeare :  Hamlet 
Prince  of  Denmark  (1596). 

Yorick,  a  humorous  and  careless 
parson,  of  Danish  origin,  a  descendant  of 
Yorick  mentioned  in  Shakespeare's  Ham- 
let.— Sterne  :  Tristram,  Shandy  (1759). 

Yorick,  the  lively,  witty,  sensible,  and  heedless 
parson,  is  .  .  .  Sterne  himself.— 5ty  IV.  Scott. 

Yorick  {Mr.),  the  pseudonym  of  the 
Rev.  Laurence  Sterne,  attached  to  his 
Sentimental  Journey  through  France  and 
Italy  (1768). 

YORE,  according  to  legendary  his- 
tory, was  built  by  Ebrauc,  son  of  Gwen- 
dolen widow  of  king  Locrin.  Geoffrey 
says  it  was  founded  while  ' '  David  reigned 
in  Judaea,"  and  was  called  Caer-brauc. — 
British  History,  ii.  7  (1142). 

York  [New),  United  States,  America, 
is  so  called  in  compliment  to  the  duke  of 
York,  afterwards  James  II.  It  had  been 
previously  called  "  New  Amsterdam  "  by 
the  Dutch  colonists  ;  but  when  in  1664  its 


YORK. 


"35 


YSOLDE. 


governor,  Stuyvesant,  surrenJered  to  the 
English,  its  name  was  changed. 

York  {Geoffrey  archbishop  of),  one  of 
the  high  justiciaries  of  England  in  the 
absence  of  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion. — Sir 
W.  Scott:  The  Talisman  (time,  Richard 

York  [James  duke  of),  introduced  by 
sir  W.  Scoit  in  Woodstock  and  in  Peveril 
of  the  Peak. 

Yorke  [Oliver),  pseudonym  of  Francis 
Sylvester  Mahoaey,  editor  of  Eraser's 
Magazine. 

Yorkshire  Bite  [A),  a  specially 
'cute  piece  of  overreaching,  entrapping 
one  into  a  profitless  bargain.  The  monkey 
who  ate  the  oyster  and  returned  a  shell  to 
each  litigant  affords  a  good  example. 

Yorkshire  Tragedy  [The),  author 
unknown  (1604),  was  at  one  time  printed 
under  the  name  of  Shakespeare. 

Yotingf.  "Whom  the  gods  love  die 
young." — Herodotos  :  History.  {See  Notes 
and  Queries,  October  5,  1879.) 

(Quoted  by  lord  Byron  in  reference  to 
Haidee. — Don  Juan,  iv.  la,  1820.) 

Youngs  America.  J.  G.  Holland 
says,  "What  we  call  Young  America  is 
made  up  of  about  equal  parts  of  irre- 
verence, conceit,  and  that  popular  moral 
quality  familiarly  known  as  brass." 

Young  Chevalier  [The),  Charles 
Edward  Stuart,  grandson  of  James  II. 
The  second  pretender  (1720-1788). 

Yoting  England,  a  set  of  young 
aristocrats,  who  tried  to  revive  the  courtly 
manners  of  the  Chesterfield  school  They 
wore  white  waistcoats,  patronized  the  pet 
poor,  looked  down  upon  shopkeepers,  and 
were  imitators  of  the  period  of  Louis  XIV. 
Disraeli  has  immortalized  their  ways  and 
manners. 

Young  Germany,  a  literary  school, 
headed  by  Heinrich  Heine  [^Hi-ny\  whose 
aim  was  to  liberate  politics,  religion,  and 
manners  from  the  old  conventional  tram- 
mels. 

Young  Ireland,  followers  of  Daniel 
O'Connell  in  politics,  but  wholly  opposed 
to  his  abstention  from  war  and  insur- 
rection in  vindication  of  "  their  country's 
rights." 

Young  Italy,  certain  Italian  re- 
fugees, who  associated  themselves  with 
the  French  republican  party,  called  the 
Carbonnerie  Democratique.     The  society 


was  first  organized  at  Marseilles  by  ^Taz- 
zini,  and  its  chief  object  was  to  diffusa 
republican  principles. 

Young  Roscius,  William  Henry 
West  Betty.  When  only  12  years  old,  he 
made  ^■34,000  in  fifty-six  nights.  He 
appeared  in  1803,  and  very  wisely  retired 
from  the  stage  in  1807  (1791-1874). 

Young-and-Handsome,  a  beautiful 
fairy,  who  fell  in  love  with  Alidorus  ' '  the 
lovely  shepherd."  Mordicant,  an  ugly 
fairy,  also  loved  him,  and  confined  him  in 
a  dungeon.  Zephyrus  loved  Young-and- 
Handsome,  but  when  he  found  no  reci- 
procity, he  asked  the  fairy  how  he  could 
best  please  her.  ' '  By  liberating  the  lovely 
shepherd,"  she  replied.  "  Fairies,  you 
know,  have  no  power  over  fairies,  but 
you,  being  a  god,  have  full  power  over 
the  whole  race."  Zephyrus  complied  with 
this  request,  and  restored  Alidorus  to  the 
Castle  of  Flowers,  whereupon  Young-and- 
Handsome  bestowed  on  him  perpetual 
youth,  and  married  him.  —  Comtesse 
D'Aulnoy:  Fairy  Tales  ("Young-and- 
Handsome,"  1682). 

Youth  and  Age,  a  poem  by  Cole- 
ridge.    One  of  his  best. 

Youth  Restored,  ^son  and  Jason 
were  both  restored  to  youth  by  Medea, 
lolaos,  according  to  Eurypidds,  was  re- 
stored to  youth.  The  Muses  of  Bacchus 
and  their  husbands, accordingto^schylos, 
were  restored  to  youth.  Phaon,  the  be- 
loved of  Sappho,  was  restored  to  youth 
by  Venus.  We  are  also  told  of  grinding 
old  men  into  young,  Ogier,  at  100  years 
old,  was  restored  to  the  vigour  of  man- 
hood by  a  ring  given  him  by  Morgue  the 
fay.  And  Heb6  had  the  power  of  restor- 
ing youth  and  beauty  to  whom  she  chose. 

Youth  Restorers  or  Restora- 
tives. (See  Old  Age  restored,  etc., 
p.  772.) 

Youwarkee,  the  name  of  the  gawrey 
that  Peter  Wilkins  married.  She  in- 
troduced the  seaman  to  Nosmnbdsgrsutt, 
the  land  of  flying  men  and  women. — 
Pultock  :  Peter  Wilkins  (1750). 

Ysaie  le  Triste  [E-say  le  Treest], 
son  of  Tristram  and  Isold  (wife  of  king 
Mark  of  Cornwall).  The  adventures  of 
this  young  knight  form  the  subject  of  a 
French  romance  called  Isaie  le  Triste 
{1522). 

I  did  not  thfnk  it  necessary  to  contemplate  the  ex- 
ploits .  .  .  with  the  gravity  of  Isaie  le  Triste.— /)«n/^/. 

Ysolde  or  Ysonde  (2  syl.),  sur- 
named  "  The  Fair,"  daughter  of  the  king 


YSOLDE. 


1236 


ZABARELL. 


of  Ireland.  When  sir  Tristram  was 
wounded  in  fighting  for  his  uncle  Mark, 
he  went  to  Ireland,  and  was  cured  by  the 
Fair  Ysolde.  On  his  return  to  Cornwall, 
he  gave  his  uncle  such  a  glowing  account 
of  the  young  princess  that  he  was  sent  to 
propose  offers  of  marriage,  and  to  conduct 
the  lady  to  Cornwall.  The  brave  young 
knight  and  the  fair  damsel  fell  in  love  with 
each  other  on  their  voyage,  and,  although 
Ysolde  married  king  Mark,  she  retained 
to  the  end  her  love  for  sir  Tristram. 
King  Mark,  jealous  of  his  nephew, 
banished  him  from  Cornwall,  and  he  went 
to  Wales,  where  he  performed  prodigies 
of  valour.  In  time  his  uncle  invited  him 
back  to  Cornwall,  but,  the  guilty  inter- 
course being  renewed,  he  was  banished  a 
second  time.  Sir  Tristram  now  wandered 
over  Spain,  Ermonie,  and  Brittany,  win- 
ning golden  opinions  by  his  exploits.  In 
Brittany  he  married  the  king's  daughter, 
Ysolde  or  Ysonde  of  the  White  Hand, 
but  neither  loved  her  nor  lived  with  her. 
The  rest  of  the  tale  is  differently  told  by 
different  authors.  Some  say  he  returned 
to  Cornwall,  renewed  his  love  with  Ysolde 
the  Fair,  and  was  treacherously  stabbed 
by  his  uncle  Mark.  Others  say  he  was 
severely  wounded  in  Brittany,  and  sent 
for  his  aunt,  but  died  before  her  arrivaL 
When  Ysolde  the  /^«zz>  heard  of  his  death, 
she  died  of  a  broken  heart ;  and  king 
Mark  buried  them  both  in  one  grave,  over 
which  he  planted  a  rose  bush  and  a  vine. 

Tsolde  or  Ysonde  or  Yseult  of  the 

White  Hand,  daughter  of  the  king  of 
Brittany.  Sir  Tristram  married  her  for 
her  name's  sake,  but  never  loved  her  nor 
lived  with  her,  because  he  loved  his  aunt 
Ysolde  the  Fair  (the  young  wife  of  king 
Mark),  and  it  was  a  point  of  chivalry  for 
a  knight  to  love  only  one  woman,  whether 
widow,  wife,  or  maid. 

Yzolt  or  Isold.  The  French  form 
is  Yseulte  or  Ysonde;  and  the  Italian 
form  is  Isolte.  Tennyson  spells  the  word 
Isolt  in  The  Last  Tournament. 

Ytene  [E-te^-ne"],  New  Forest,  in 
Hampshire. 

So  when  two  boars  in  wild  Yten4  bred. 
Or  on  Westphalia's  fattening  chestnuts  fed, 
Gnash  their  sharp  tuslcs,  and  roused  with  equal  fire, 
Dispute  the  reign  of  some  luxurious  mire, 
In  the  black  flood  they  wallow  o'er  and  o  er, 
Till  their  armed  jaws  distill  with  foam  and  gore. 
Gay  :  Trivia,  iiu  45  (1713). 

^  Yuliidtliiton,  chief  of  the  Az'tecas, 
the  mightiest  in  battle  and  wisest  in 
council.  He  succeeded  Co'anocot'zin  (5 
syl.)  as  king  of  the  tribe,   and  led  the 


people  from  the  south  of  the  Missouri  to 
Mexico. — Southey  :  Madoc  {\Zo^. 
Yves  {St.),  of  whom  it  was  written— 

Sanctus  Ivo  erat  Brito, 

Advocatus,  et  non  latro, 

Res  miranda  populo. 
St.  Yres  (i  syl.)  was  of  the  land  of  Bief, 
An  advocate,  yet  not  a  thief, 
A  stretch  on  popular  belief. 

B.  C.  B. 

Yvetot  \_Eve-toe],  a  town  in  Nor- 
mandy ;  the  lord  of  the  town  was  called 
le  roi  d'  Yvetot.  The  tale  is  that  Clotaire 
son  of  Clo-vis,  having  slain  the  lord  of 
Yvetot  before  the  high  altar  of  Soissons, 
made  atonement  to  the  heirs  by  conferring 
on  them  the  title  of  king.  B^ranger  says 
this  potentate  is  little  known  in  history, 
but  his  character  and  habits  were  noi 
peculiar.  "He  rose  late,  went  to  bed 
early,  slept  without  caring  for  glory,  made 
four  meals  a  day,  hved  in  a  thatched 
house,  wore  a  cotton  night-cap  instead  of 
a  crown,  rode  on  an  ass,  and  his  only  law 
was  '  charity  begins  at  home.'  " 

II  (italt  un  roi  dYvetot 

Peu  connu  dans  I'histolre ; 
Se  levant  tard,  se  couchant  t6t, 

Dormant  fort  bien  sans  gloire, 
Et  couronnd  par  Jeanneton 
D'un  simple  bonnet  de  coton. 

Dit  on : 
Oh  !  oh  I  oh  I  oh  I    Ah  !  ah  I  ah  1  ah  1 
Quel  bon  petit  roi  c"6tait ;  U !  li  !  li  I 

Be'rangtr. 
A  king  there  was,  "  roi  dTvetot "  clept. 

But  little  known  in  story. 
Went  soon  to  bed,  till  daylight  slept. 

And  soundly  without  glory. 
His  roval  brow  in  cotton  cap 
Would  Jannet,  when  he  took  his  nap. 

Enwrap. 
Oh  1  oh  1  oh  1  oh  1    Ah  1  «h  I  ah  1  ah  I 
What  king  more  famous  ?  La  !  la  1  la  1 

£.  C.  S. 

Ywaine  and  Gawin,  the  English 
version  of  "Owain  and  the  Lady  of  the 
Fountain."  The  English  version  was 
taken  from  the  French  of  Chrestien  de 
Troyes,  and  was  published  by  Ritson 
(twelfth  century).  The  Welsh  tale  isi  n 
the  Mabinogion.  There  is  also  a  German 
version  by  Hartmann  von  der  Aue,  a 
minnesinger  (beginning  of  thirteenth 
century).  There  are  also  Bavarian  and 
Danish  yersions. 


Zabarell,  a  learned  Italian  commen- 
tator on  works  connected  with  the  Aris- 
totelian system  of  philosophy  (1533- 
1589). 


ZABIDIUS. 


1237 


ZAMBULLO. 


And  still  I  held  conrene  with  Zabarell  .  .  . 
Stufft  noting-books  ;  and  still  my  spaniel  slept. 
At  length  he  waked  and  yawned  ;  and  by  yon  ticjr, 
For  aught  I  know,  he  knew  as  much  as  I. 

Afarsion  (died  1634). 


Zabidins,  the  name  in  Martial  for 
which  '*  Dr.  Fell "  was  substituted  by 
Tom  Brown,  when  set  by  the  dean  of 
Christ  Church  to  translate  the  lines — 

Non  amo  te,  Zabidi,  nee  possum  dlcere  quaro ; 
Hoc  tantum  possum  dicere,  non  amo  te. 
I  love  thee  not,  Zabidius— 
Yet  cannot  tell  thee  why  ; 
But  this  I  may  most  truly  say, 
I  love  thee  not,  not  I. 

B.  C  L\ 

Imitated  thus — 

I  do  not  like  thee.  Dr.  Fell— 
The  reason  why,  I  cannot  tell ; 
But  this  I  know,  and  know  full  well, 
I  do  not  like  thee.  Dr.  Fell. 
Tern  Brmun  (author  ai  Dialogues  t/th*  Dead). . 

Zabir  {At).  So  the  Mohammedans 
call  mount  Sinai. 

When  Moses  came  at  our  appointed  time,  and  his 
Lord  spake  unto  him,  he  said,  "  O  Lord,  show  me  Thy 
rlory,  that  I  may  behold  Thee ; "  and  God  answered, 
*  Thou  Shalt  in  no  wise  behold  Me  ;  but  look  towards 
this  mountain  \Al  Zabir\  and  if  it  stand  firm  in  its 
place,  then  shalt  thou  see  me."  But  when  the  Lord 
appeared  with  glory,  the  mount  was  reduced  to  dust.— 
AlKordn.yKx. 

Zab'ulon,  a  Jew,  the  servant  of  Hip- 
polyta  a  rich  lacfy  wantonly  in  love  with 
Amoldo.  Arnoldo  is  contracted  to  the 
chaste  Zeno'cia,  who,  in  turn,  is  basely 
pursued  by  the  governor  count  Clo'dio. — 
John  Fletcher  :  The  Custom  of  the  Country 
(1647). 

Zab'tiliis,  same  as  Diabolus. 

Gay  sport  have  we  had  to-night  with  Zabulus. 

Lord  Lytton  ■  Harold,  viii,  (1850). 

Zacooc'ia,  king  of  Mozambique,  who 
received  Vasco  da  Gama  and  his  crew 
with  great  hospitality,  believing  them 
to  be  Mohammedans ,  but  when  he  as- 
certained that  they  were  Christians,  he 
tried  to  destroy  ihem. — Camoens:  Lusiad, 
l.  ii.  (1569). 

Zacbaria,  one  of  the  three  ana- 
baptists who  induced  John  of  Leyden  to 
join  the  revolt  of  Westphalia  and  Holland. 
On  the  arrival  of  the  emperor,  they  be- 
trayed their  dupe,  but  perished  with  him 
in  the  flames  of  the  burning  palace, — 
Meyerbeer:  Le  Prophite  [xZ^^). 

Zadi^,  the  hero  and  title  of  a  novel 
by  Voltaire.  Zadig  is  a  wealthy  young 
Babylonian,  and  the  object  of  the  novel 
is  to  show  that  the  events  of  life  are 
beyond  human  control. 

Method  of  Zadig,  drawing  inferences 
from  close  observation.  A  man  who  had 
lost  his  camel  asked  Zadig  if  he  had  seen 
it     Zadig  replied,  "You  mean  a  camel 


with  one  eye,  and  defective  teeth,  I 
suppose  ?  No,  I  have  not  seen  it,  but  it 
has  strayed  towards  the  west."  Being 
asked  how  he  knew  these  things  if  he  had 
not  seen  the  beast,  "Well  enough,"  he 
replied.  '  I  knew  it  had  but  one  eye, 
because  it  cropped  the  grass  only  on  one 
side  of  the  road.  I  knew  it  had  lost 
some  of  its  teeth,  because  the  grass  was 
not  bitten  clean  off.  I  knew  it  had  strayed 
westward,  by  its  footprints." 

Zad'kiel  (3  syl.),  angel  of  the  planet 
Jupiter.— Tm/jA  Mythology. 

Zad'kiel,  the  pseudonym  of  Mr.  Alfred 
James  Pearce. 

Zadoc,  in  Dryden's  satire  of  Absalom 
and  Achitophel,  is  Sancroft  archbishop  of 
Canterbury. 

Zadoc  the  priest,  whom 
His  lowly  mind  advanced 


shunning  power  and  place, 
d  to  David's  grace. 

Pt.  I  eoi,  802  (1681). 


Zaide  (2  syl.),  a  young  slave,  who 
pretends  to  have  been  ill-treated  by 
Adraste  (2  syl),  and  runs  to  don  P6dre 
for  protection.  (For  the  rest,  j«  Adraste, 
p.  lo.)  —  Moliire  Le  Sicilien  ou 
L Amour  Peintre  (1667). 

Zaira,  the  mother  of  Eva  Wentworth. 
She  is  a  brilliant  Italian,  courted  by  de 
Courcy.  When  deceived  by  him,  she 
meditates  suicide,  but  forbears,  and  sees 
Eva  die  tranquilly,  and  the  faithless  de 
Courcy  perish  of  remorse. — Rev.  C.  R, 
Maturin      Women  (a  novel,  1822). 

Zakktuu  or  A I  Zakktim,  the  tree  of 
death,  rooted  in  hell,  as  the  tree  of  life 
was  in  Eden.  It  is  called  in  the  Koran 
"  the  cursed  tree"  (ch.  xvii.).  The  fruit 
is  extremely  bitter,  and  any  great  evil  or 
bitter  draught  is  figuratively  called  al 
ZakkClm.  The  damned  eat  its  bitter 
fruits  and  drink  scalding  hot  water  (ch. 
xxxvii. ). 

The  unallayable  bitterness 
Of  Zaccoura's  fruit  accurst. 
Southey:    Thalaba  the  Destroyer,  vlL  16  (i^?)- 
Is  this  a  better  entertainment,  or  is  it  "of  the  tree  a 
Zakkfirat— 5air<.-  Al  Kordn,  xxxvii. 

Zal,  father  of  Roustam,  or  Rostam 
{q.v.).     (See  also  Rodhaver,  p.  925.) 

Zambo,  the  issue  of  an  Indian  and  a 
negro. 

Zambullo  {Don  Cleophas  Leandro 
Perez),  the  person  carried  through  the 
air  by  Asmodeus  to  the  steeple  of  St. 
Salvador,  and  shown,  in  a  moment  of 


ZAMHARIR. 


1238 


ZARA. 


time,  the  interior  of  every  private  dwell- 
ing around. — Lesage  :  The  Devil  on  Two 
Sticks  {1707). 

Cleaving- the  air  at  a  grreater  rate  than  don  Clcophas 
Leandro  Perez  Zauibullo  and  his  limtiiax,— Dickens  : 
The  Old  Curiosity  ShoJ)  (1840). 

Zam'harir'  ^Al),  that  extreme  cold 
to  which  the  wicked  shall  be  exposed 
after  they  leave  the  flames  of  hell  or  have 
drunk  of  the  boiling  water  there. — Sale: 
Al  Kordn,  vi.  (notes). 


L'ora,  youngest  of  the  three 
daughters  of  Balthazar.  She  is  in  love 
with  Rolando,  a  young  soldier,  who 
fancies  himself  a  woman-hater.  (See 
Rolando,  p.  g28.)—Todin:  The  Honey- 
moon (1804). 

Zamti,  the  Chinese  mandarin.  His 
wife  was  MandanS  [q.  v. ). — Murphy  :  The 
Orphan  of  China  (1761). 

Zaug^a,  the  revengeful  Moor,  the  ser- 
vant of  don  Alonzo.  The  Moor  hates 
Alonzo  for  two  reasons  (i)  because  he 
killed  his  father,  and  (2)  because  he  struck 
him  on  the  cheek  ;  and  although  Alonzo 
has  used  every  endeavour  to  conciliate 
Zanga,  the  revengeful  Moor  nurses  his 
hate  and  keeps  it  warm.  The  revenge  he 
wreaks  is  (ij  to  poison  the  friendship 
which  existea  between  Alonzo  and  don 
Carlos  by  accusations  against  the  don, 
and  (2)  to  embitter  the  love  of  Alonzo  for 
Leonora  his  wife.  Alonzo,  out  of  jealousy, 
has  his  friend  killed,  and  Leonora  makes 
away  with  herself.  Having  thus  lost  his 
best  beloved,  Zanga  tells  his  dupe  he  has 
been  imposed  upon,  and  Alonzo,  mad 
with  grief,  stabs  himself.  Zanga,  content 
with  the  mischief  he  has  done,  is  taken 
away  to  execution. —  Young:  The  Revenge 
(1721). 

• .  •  "  Zanga  "  was  the  gpreat  character  of 
Henry  Mossop  (1729-1773).  It  was  also 
a  favourite  part  with  J.  Kemble  (1757- 
1823). 

Zangbar,  a  fabulous  island  near 
India  ;  probably  the  same  as  Zanguebar 
(Zanzibfu-)  on  the  east  coast  of  Africa. 

Zauo'ni,  hero  and  title  of  a  novel 
by  lord  Lytton.  Zanoni  is  supposed  to 
possess  the  power  of  communicating 
with  spirits,  prolonging  life,  and  pro- 
ducing gold,  silver,  and  precious  stones 
(1842). 

Zany  of  Debate.  George  Canning 
was  so  called  by  Charles  Lamb  in  a 
sonnet  printed  in  The  Champion  news- 
paper.    Posterity  has  not  endorsed  the 


judgment  or  wit  of  this  calumny  (1770- 

1827). 

Zaphiznri,  the  "orphan  of  China," 
brought  up  by  Zamti,  under  the  name  of 
Etan. 

Ere  yet  the  foe  burst  in, 
"  Zamti,"  said  he,  "  preserve  my  cradled  infant; 
Save  him  from  ruffians  ;  train  his  youth  to  rirtue  .  .  ." 
He  could  no  more  ;  the  cruel  spoiler  seized  him. 
And  dragg-ed  my  king,  from  yonder  altar  dragged  him. 
Here  on  the  blood-stained  pavement ;  while  the  queen 
And  her  dear  fondlings,  in  one  mangled  heap, 
Died  in  each  other's  arms. 

Murphy:  The  Orphan  of  China,  Ui.  i  (1761). 

Zapbua,  son  of  Alcanor  chief  of 
Mecca.  He  and  his  sister  Palmira,  being 
taken  captives  in  infancy,  were  brought 
up  by  Mahomet,  and  Zaphna,  not  know- 
ing Palmira  was  his  sister,  fell  in  love 
with  her,  and  was  in  turn  beloved-.  When 
Mahomet  laid  siege  to  Mecca,  he  em- 
ployed Zaphna  to  assassinate  Alcanor, 
and  when  he  had  committed  the  deed, 
discovered  that  it  was  his  own  father  he 
had  killed.  Zaphna  would  have  rerenged 
the  deed  on  Mahomet,  but  died  of  poison. 
— Miller  :  Mahomet  the  Impostor  (1740). 

Zapolites  (3  syl.),  in  More's  Utopia, 
means  the  Swiss.  They  are  described  as 
a  half- savage  race,  hired  by  the  Utopiar\s 
as  miercenary  soldiers. 

Zara,  an  African  queen,  intensely  in 
love  with  Osmyn  [q.vS. — Congreve:  The 
Mourning  Bride  (1697). 

• .  •  "  Zara  "  was  one  of  the  great  cha- 
racters of  Mrs.  Siddons  (1755-1831). 

Zara  (in  French,  Zaire),  the  heroine 
and  title  of  a  tragedy  by  Voltaire  (1733), 
adapted  for  the  English  stage  by  Aaron 
Hill  (173s).  Zara  is  the  daughter  of 
Lusignan  d'Outremer  king  of  Jerusalem 
and  brother  of  Nerestan.  Twenty  years 
ago,  Lusignan  and  his  two  children 
had  been  taken  captives.  Nerestan  was 
four  years  old  at  the  time ;  and  Zara,  a 
mere  infant,  was  brought  up  in  the 
seraglio.  Osman  the  sultan  fell  in  love 
with  her,  and  promised  to  make  her  his 
sultana ;  and  as  Zara  loved  him  for  him- 
self, her  happiness  seemed  complete. 
Nerestan,  having  been  sent  to  France  to 
obtain  ransoms,  returned  at  this  crisis, 
and  Osman  fancied  that  he  observed  a 
familiarity  between  Zara  and  Nerestan, 
which  roused  his  suspicions.  Several 
things  occurred  to  confirm  them,  and  at 
last  a  letter  was  intercepted,  appointing  a 
rendezvous  between  them  in  a  " '  secret 
passage"  of  the  seraglio.  Osman  met 
Zara  in  the  passage,  and  stabbed  her  to 
the  heart    Nerestan  was  soon  seized,  and 


ZARAMILLA. 


125; 


ZELUCO. 


being  brought  before  the  sultan,  told  him 
he  had  slain  his  sister,  and  the  sole  object 
of  his  interview  was  to  inform  her  of  her 
father's  death,  and  to  bring  her  his  dying 
blessing.  Osman  now  saw  his  error, 
commanded  all  the  Christian  captives  to 
be  set  at  liberty,  and  stabbed  himself. 

Zaramilla,  wife  of  Tinacrio  king  of 
Micomicon,  in  Egypt.  He  was  told  that 
his  daughter  would  succeed  him,  that  she 
would  be  dethroned  by  the  giant  Panda- 
filando,  but  that  she  would  find  in  Spain 
the  gallant  knight  of  La  Mancha,  who 
would  redress  her  wrongs  and  restore  her 
to  her  throne. — Cervantes:  Don  Quixote, 
I.  iv.  3  (1605). 

Zarapli,  the  angel  who  loved  Nama. 
It  was  Kama's  desire  to  love  intens^y 
and  to  love  holily  ;  but  as  she  fixed  her 
love  on  an  angel  and  not  on  God,  she 
was  doomed  to  abide  on  earth  till  the  day 
of  consummation.  Then  both  Nama  and 
Zaraph  will  be  received  into  the  realms 
of  everlasting  love. — Moore ;  Loves  of  the 
Angels  {1822). 

Zauberflote  (Die),  a  magic  flute, 
which  had  the  power  of  inspiring  love. 
When  bestowed  by  the  powers  of  dark- 
ness, the  love  it  inspired  was  sensual 
love ;  but  when  by  the  powers  of  light, 
it  became  subservient  to  the  very  highest 
and  holiest  purposes.  It  guided  Tami'no 
and  Pami'na  through  all  worldly  dangers 
to  the  knowledge  of  divine  truth  (or  the 
mysteries  of  Isis). — Mozart:  Die  Zauber- 
flote (1791). 

Zeal  {Arabella),  in  Shadwell's  comedy 
The  Fair  Quaker  of  Deal  (1617). 

(This  comedy  was  altered  by  EX 
Thompson  in  1720.) 

Zedekiali,  one  of  general  Harrison's 
servants. — Sir  W.  Scott:  Woodstock 
(time,  Commonwealth). 

Ze'gris  and  the  Abencerra'ges 

[A' -ven-ce-rah' -ke\  an  historic  romance, 
professing  to  be  history,  and  printed  at 
Alcala  in  1604.  It  was  extremely  popu- 
lar, and  had  a  host  of  imitations. 

Zeid,  Mahomet's  freedman.  "  The 
prophet "  adopted  him  as  his  son,  and 
gave  him  Zeinab  (or  Zenobia)  for  a  wife  ; 
but  falling  in  love  with  her  himself,  Zeid 
gave  her  up  to  the  prophet.  She  was 
Mahomet's  cousin,  and  within  the  pro-* 
hibited  degrees,  according  to  the  Kordn. 

Zeinab  or  Zenobia,  wife  of  Zeid 
Mahomet's  freedman  and  adopted  son. 


She     was     the    daughter    of    Amtma, 
Mahomet's  aunt. 

Zei'nab  (2  syl.),  wife  of  Hodei'rah  (3 
syl. )  an  Arab.  She  lost  her  husband  and 
all  her  children,  except  one,  a  boy  named 
Thal'aba.  Weary  of  life,  the  angel  of 
death  took  her  while  Thalaba  was  yet  a 
youth. — Southey  :  Thalaba  the  Destroyer 
(1797). 

Zelen'cns  or  Zaleucns,  a  Locren- 
sian  lawgiver,  who  enacted  that  adulterers 
should  be  deprived  of  their  eyes.  His 
own  son  being  proved  guilty,  Zeleucus 
pulled  out  one  of  his  own  eyes,  and  one 
of  his  son's  eyes,  that  "  two  eyes  might 
be  paid  to  the  law." — Valerius  Maxi- 
mus :  De  Fact  is  Dictisque,  v.  5,  eel.  3. 

How  many  now  will  tread  Zeleucus'  steps 

Gascoignc  :  The  Steele  Glas  (died  1577 

Zel'ica,  the  betrothed  of  Azim.  When 
it  was  rumoured  that  he  had  been  slain  in 
battle,  Zelica  joined  the  haram  of  the  Veiled 
Prophet  as  ' '  one  of  the  elect  of  paradise." 
Azim  returned  from  the  wars,  discovered 
her  retreat,  and  advised  her  to  flee  with 
him,  but  she  told  him  that  she  was  now 
the  prophet's  bride.  After  the  death  of 
the  prophet,  Zelica  assumed  his  veil,  and 
Azim,  thinking  the  veiled  figure  to  be  the 
prophet,  rushed  on  her  and  killed  her. — 
Moore:  Lalla  Rookh  ("  The  Veiled  Pro- 
phet," etc.,  1817). 

Zelis,  the  daughter  of  a  Persian  officer. 
She  was  engaged  to  a  man  in  the  middle 
age  of  life,  but  just  prior  to  the  wedding 
he  forsook  her  for  a  richer  bride.  The 
father  of  Zelis  challenged  him,  but  was 
killed.  Zelis  now  took  lodging  with  a 
courtezan,  and  went  with  her  to  Italy ; 
but  when  she  discovered  the  evil  courses 
of  her  companion,  she  determined  to  be- 
come a  nun,  and  started  by  water  for 
Rome.  She  was  taken  captive  by  cor- 
sairs, and  sold  from  master  to  master, 
till  at  length  Hingpo  rescued  her,  and 
made  her  his  wife. — Goldsmith:  A  Citizen 
of  the  World  (1759). 

Zelma'ne  (3  syl.),  the  assumed  name 
of  Pyr'oclfis  when  he  put  on  female  attire. 
— Sir  P.  Sidney :  Arcadia  (1590). 

Sir  Philip  has  preserved  such  a  matchless  decorum 
that  Pyrocles"  manhood  suffers  no  stain  for  the 
effeminacy  of  Zelnianc.— Z^wi. 

Zeln'co,  the  only  son  of  a  noble 
Sicilian  family,  accomplished  and  fasci- 
nating, but  spoilt  by  maternal  indulgence, 
and  at  length  rioting  in  dissipation.  In 
spite  of  his  gaiety  of  manner,  he  is  a 
standing  testimony  that  misery  accom- 


ZEMIA. 


1240       ZEUXIS  AND  PARRHASIOS. 


panics  vice. — Dr.  John  Moore  :  Zeluco  (a 
novel,  1786). 

Ze'mia,  one  of  the  four  who,  next  in 
authority  to  U'riel,  preside  over  our  earth. 
— Klopstock:  The  Messiah,  iii.  (1748). 

Zemsem,  a  fountain  at  Mecca.  The 
Mohammedans  say  it  is  the  very  spring 
which  God  made  to  slake  the  thirst  of 
Ishmael,  when  Hagar  was  driven  into  the 
wilderness  by  Abraham.  A  bottle  of  this 
water  is  considered  a  very  valuable  pre- 
sent, even  by  princes. 

There  were  also  a  great  many  bottles  of  water  from 
he  fountain  of  Zeiuzem,  at  Mecca.— ^raWaw  Nightt 
"  The  Purveyors  Story  "). 

Zemzem,  a  well  where  common 
believers  abide  who  are  not  equal  to 
prophets  or  martyrs.  The  prophets  go 
direct  to  paradise,  and  the  latter  await 
the  resurrection  in  the  form  of  green 
birds. — Sa/e  :  Al  Korhn. 

Zenerophon,  the  beggar-girl  who 
married  king  Cophet'ua  of  Africa.  She 
is  more  generally  called  Penel'ophon. — 
Shakespeare  :  Love's  Labour's  Lost,  act  iv. 
sc.  I  {1594). 

ZeXLJebil,  a  stream  in  paradise,  flowing 
from  the  fountain  Salsabil  [q.v.).  The 
word  means  "  ginger." 

Their  attendants  \in  paradise\  shall  go  round  with 
Tessels  of  silver,  .  .  .  and  there  shall  be  given  to  them 
to  drink  cups  of  wine  mixed  with  the  water  of 
ZenJebiL— 5a&  •  Al  Kordn,  Ixxvi. 

Zenobia,  queen  of  Palmyra,  who 
claimed  the  title  of  "  Queen  of  the  East." 
She  was  defeated  by  Aurelian  and  taken 
prisoner  in  a.d.  273. 

Zeno'cia,  daughter  of  Chari'no,  and 
the  chaste  troth-plight  wife  of  Arnoldo. 
While  Arnoldo  is  wantonly  loved  by  the 
rich  Hippol'yta,  Zenocia  is  dishonourably 
pursued  by  the  governor  count  Clo'dio. — 
Fletcher:  The  Custom  of  the  Country 
(1647). 

Zeplialiuda,  a  young  lady  who  has 
tasted  the  delights  of  a  London  season, 
taken  back  to  her  home  in  the  country,  to 
find  enjoyment  in  needlework,  dull  aunts, 
and  rooks. 

She  went  from  opera,  park,  assembly,  play. 

To  morning  walks,  and  prayers  three  hours  a  day  j 

To  part  her  time  'twixt  reading  and  Bohea, 

To  muse,  and  spill  her  solitary  tea. 

O'er  her  cold  coffee  trifle  with  her  spoon. 

Count  the  ^ow  clock,  and  dine  exact  at  noon. 

Pope :  EpistU  to  Miss  Blount  (1715). 

Zeph'on,  a  cherub  who  detected  Satan 
squatting  in  the  garden,  and  brought  him 
before  Gabriel  the  archangel.  The  word 
means   "searcher   of   secrets."      Milton 


makes  him  "the  guardian  angel  of  para- 
dise.' 

Ithuriel  and  Zephon,  with  winged  speed 
Search  thro'  this  garden,  leave  unsearched  no  nook ; 
But  chiefly  where  those  two  fair  creatures  lodge, 
Now  laid  perhaps  asleep,  secure  of  harm. 

Milton  :  Paradist  Lest,  iv.  788  (1665). 

Zephyr.    (See  Morgane,  p.  726, ) 

Zerbinette  (3  syl.),  the  daughter  of 
Argante  (2  syl.),  stolen  from  her  parents 
by  gipsies  when  four  years  old,  and 
brought  up  by  them.  (For  the  tale,  see 
Leandre,  p.  6c2. ) — Molie7-e  :  Les  Four- 
beries  de  Scapin  (1671). 

Zerbi'no,  son  of  the  king  of  Scotland, 
and  intimate  friend  of  Orlando. — Ariosto : 
Orlando  Furioso  (151 6). 

Zerli'na,  a  rustic  beauty,  who  was 
about  to  be  married  to  Masetto,  when 
don  Giovanni  allured  her  away  under  the 
promise  of  making  her  a  fine  ladv. — 
Mozart :  Don  Giovanni  (opera,  1787). 

Zerli'na,  in  Auber's  opera  of  Fra 
Diavolo  (1830). 

Zesbet,  daughter  of  the  sage  Oucha 
of  Jerusalem.  She  had  four  husbands  at 
the  same  time,  viz.  Abdal  Motallab  (the 
sage),  Yaarab  (the  judge),  Abou'teleb  (a 
doctor  of  law),  and  Teraimdari  (a  soldier). 
Zesbet  was  the  mother  of  the  prophet 
Mahomet.  Mahomet  appeared  to  her 
before  his  birth  in  the  form  of  a  venerable 
old  man,  and  said  to  her — 

"  You  have  found  favour  before  Allah.  Look  upon 
me ;  I  am  Mahomet,  the  great  friend  of  God,  he  who 
is  to  enlighten  the  earth.  Thy  virtues,  Zesbet,  and  thy 
beauty  have  made  me  prefer  thee  to  all  the  daughters 
of  Mecca.  Thou  shah  for  the  future  be  named  Aminta 
\sic\."  Then,  turning  to  the  husbands,  he  said,  "  You 
have  seen  me ;  she  is  yours,  and  you  are  hers.  Labour, 
then,  with  a  holy  zeal  to  bring  me  into  the  world  to 
enlighten  it.    All  men  who  shall  follow  the  law  which  I 


shall  preach,  may  have  four  wives ;  but  Zesbet  shall  be 
tlie  only  woman  who  shall  be  lawfully  the  wife  of  four 
husbands  at  once.  It  is  the  least  privilege  I  can  grant 
the  woman  of  whom  I  choose  to  be  \iox\\." —Conite  de 
Caylus:  Oriental  Tales  ("History  of  the  Birth  of 
Mahomet,"  1743). 

(The  mother  of  Mahomet  is  generally 
called  Amina,  not  Aminta. ) 

Zens  (i  syl.\,  the  Grecian  Jupiter. 
The  word  was  once  applied  to  the  blue 
firmament,  the  upper  sky,  the  arch  of 
light ;  but  in  Homeric  mythology,  Zeus 
is  king  of  gods  and  men  ;  the  conscious 
embodiment  of  the  central  authority  and 
administrative  intelligence  which  holds 
states  together  ;  the  supreme  ruler  ;  the 
sovereign  source  of  law  and  order  ;  the 
fountain  of  justice,  and  final  arbiter  of 
disputes. 

Zeuzis  and  Farrhas'ios.  In  a 
contest   of    skill,    Zeuxis    painted   some 


ZILLAH. 


1241 


ZOBEIDE. 


prapes  so  naturally  that  birds  pecked  ai 
them.  Confident  of  success,  Zeuxis  said 
to  his  rival,  "  Now  let  Parrhasios  draw 
aside  his  curtain,  and  show  us  his  pro- 
duction." "  You  behold  it  already," 
replied  Parrhasios,  ' '  and  have  mistaken 
it  for  real  drapery."  Whereupon  the 
prize  was  awarded  to  him,  for  Zeuxis 
had  deceived  the  birds,  but  Parrhasios 
had  decoived  Zeuxis. 

If  Myro's  painting  of  a  cow  was  mis- 
taken by  a  herd  of  bulls  for  a  living 
animal ;  and  ApellSs's  painting  of  the 
horse  Bucephalos  deceived  several  mares, 
who  ran  about  it  neighing. 

\  QuiNTiN  Matsys,  of  Antwerp,  fell 
In  love  with  Lisa,  daughter  of  Johann 
Mandyn  ;  but  Mandyn  vowed  his  daugh- 
ter should  marry  only  an  artist.  Matsys 
studied  painting,  and  brought  his  first 
picture  to  show  Lisa.  Mandyn  was  not 
at  home,  but  had  left  a  picture  of  his 
favourite  pupil. Frans  Floris,  representing 
the  "fallen  angels,"  on  an  easel.  Quintin 
painted  a  bee  on  the  outstretched  limb  ; 
and  when  Mandyn  returned  he  tried  to 
brush  it  off,  whereupon  the  deception 
was  discovered.  The  old  man's  heart 
was  moved,  and  he  gave  Quintin  his 
daughter  in  marriage,  saying,  ' '  You  are 
a  true  artist,  greater  than  Johann  Man- 
dyn." 

IT  Velasquez  painted  a  Spanish  ad- 
miral so  true  to  life  that  king  Fehpe  IV,, 
entering  the  studio,  thought  the  painting 
was  the  admiral,  and  spoke  to  it  as  such, 
reproving  the  supposed  officer  for  being 
in  the  studio  wasting  his  time,  when  he 
ought  to  have  been  with  the  fleet. 

Zillab.,  beloved  by  Hamuel  a  brutish 
sot.  Zillah  rejected  his  suit,  and  Hamuel 
vowed  vengeance.  Accordingly,  he  gave 
out  that  Zillah  had  intercourse  with  the 
devil,  and  she  was  condemned  to  be 
burnt  alive.  God  averted  the  flames, 
which  consumed  Hamuel,  but  Zillah 
stood  unharmed  ;  and  the  stake  to  which 
she  was  bound  threw  forth  white  roses, 
"the  first  ever  seen  on  earth  since  para- 
dise was  lost." — Southey.  (See  Rose, 
p.  933.  col.  2,  last  art.) 

Zimmerman  [Adam],  the  old 
burgher  of  Soleure  ;  one  of  the  Swiss 
deputies  to  Charles  "the  Bold"  of  Bur- 
gundy.— Sir  W.  Scott :  Anne  of  Geier- 
itein  {time,  Edward  IV.). 

Zim'ri,  one  of  the  six  Wise  Men  of 
the  East  led  by  the  f  uiding  star  to  Jesus. 


Zimri  taucht  the  people,  but  they  treated  him  witb 
contempt;  yet,  when  ayinK,  he  prevailed  on  one  o( 
them,  and  then  expired.— A7<»>j<«rA  .•  Th4  Messiah,  v. 
(1771^ 

Zim.ri,  in  Dryden's  satire  of  Absalom 
and  Achitophel,  is  the  second  duke  of 
Buckingham,  As  Zimri  conspired  against 
Asa  king  of  Judah,  so  the  duke  of  Buck- 
ingham "formed  parties  and  joined  fac- 
tions."— I  Kings  xvi.  9. 

Some  of  the  chiefs  were  princes  In  the  land: 
In  the  first  rank  of  these  did  Zimri  stand,— 
A  man  so  various  that  he  seemed  to  be 
Not  one,  but  all  mankind's  epitomi; 
Stiff  in  opinion,  always  in  the  wrong, 
Was  everything  by  turns,  and  nothing  long. 

Pt.  L  54S-SSO  (1681). 

Zine^bi  {Mohammed),  king  of  Syria, 
tributary  to  the  caliph  Haroun-al-Raschid; 
of  very  humane  disposition. — Arabian 
Nights  ("  Ganem,  the  Slave  of  Love  "). 

Ziueu'ra,  in  Boccaccio's  Decameron 
(day  II,  Nov.  9),  is  the  "Imogen"  of 
Shakespeare's  Cymbeline.  She  assumed 
male  attire  with  the  name  of  Sicurano 
da  Finals  (Imogen  assumed  male  attire 
and  the  name  Fideld) ;  Zineura's  husband 
was  Bernard  Lomellin,  and  the  villain 
was  Ambrose  (Imogen's  husband  was 
Posthiimus  Leonatus,  and  the  villain 
lachimo).  In  Shakespeare,  the  British 
king  Cymbeline  takes  the  place  assigned 
by  Boccaccio  to  the  sultan. 

Ziska  or  Zizka,  John  of  Trocenov, 
a  Bohemian  nobleman,  leader  of  the 
Hussites.  He  fought  under  Henry  V.  at 
Agincourt.  His  sister  had  been  seduced 
by  a  monk ;  and  whenever  he  heard  the 
shriek  of  a  catholic  at  the  stake,  he  called 
it  "his  sister's  bridal  song."  The  story 
goes  that  he  ordered  his  skin  at  death  to 
be  made  into  drum-heads  ( 1360-1424). 

•.*  Some  say  that  John  of  Trocznov 
was  called  "  Ziska"  because  he  was  "one- 
eyed  ;  "  but  that  is  a  mistake — Ziska  was  a 
family  name,  and  does  not  mean  "one- 
eyed,"  either  in  the  Polish  or  the  Bo- 
hemian language. 

For  every  page  of  paper  shall  a  hide 
Of  yours  be  stretchecl  as  parchment  on  a  drum. 
Like  Ziska's  skin,  to  beat  alann  to  all 
Refractory  vassals. 

Byron  :  H'trfur,  I.  (i8aa). 
But  be  it  as  it  is,  the  time  may  come 
His  name  IJVa^eUon's}  shall  beat  th'  alarm  like  Ziska's 
drum. 

Byron  :  Age  o/Bronxe,  iv   (1819). 

Zobeide  [Zo-bay'-del,  half-sister  of 
Amine.  She  had  two  sisters,  who  were 
tamed  into  little  black  dogs  by  way  of 
punishment  for  casting  Zobeidd  and  ' '  the 
prince "  from  the  petrified  city  into  the 
sea.  Zobeid^  was  rescued  by  the  "  fairy 
serpent,"  who  had   metamorphosed  the 


ZODIAC. 


1242 


ZOUNDS. 


two  sisters,  and  ZobeidS  was  enjoined  to 
give  the  two  dogs  a  hundred  lashes  every 
day.  Ultimately,  the  two  dogs  were  re- 
stored to  their  proper  forms,  and  married 
two  calenders,  "  sons  of  kings  ;  "  Zobeid^ 
married  the  caliph  Haroun-al-Raschid  ; 
and  AminS  was  restored  to  Amin,  the 
caliph's  son,  to  whom  she  was  already 
married. — Arabian  Nights  {"  History  of 
Zobeid^"). 

N.B. — While  the  caliph  was  absent 
from  Bagdad,  Zobeidfi  caused  his  favour- 
ite (named  Fetnab)  to  be  buried  alive,  for 
which  she  was  divorced.  —  Arabian 
Nights  ("  Ganem,  the  Slave  of  Love  "). 

Zodiac.  The  twelve  signs  of  the 
Zodiac  are  associated  with  the  twelve 
Roman  deities,  thus — 

SJ>rinz. 
The  Ram  is  wise  Minerva's  sign, 
Tiie  Bull  to  Venus  we  assign. 
The  T-wins  to  Phoebus  the  divine. 

Summer, 
Mercury  the  Crab  delights. 
For  Jupiter  the  Lion  fights. 
Ceres  the  yir^in's  care  invites. 

Autumn. 
Vulcan  the  equal  Balance  brings. 
For  warlike  Mars  the  Scorpion  stings. 
To  dawn  Sagittarius  clings. 

pyinUr, 
The  Goat  to  Vesta  we  allot. 
Juno  prefers  the  IVater-pot. 
And  Neptune  has  his  Fishes  got. 

Zohak,  the  giant  who  keeps  the 
"  mouth  of  helL"  He  was  the  fifth  of  the 
Pischdadian  dynasty,  and  was  a  lineal 
descendant  of  Shedad  king  of  Ad.  He 
murdered  his  predecessor,  and  invented 
both  flaying  men  alive  and  killing  them 
by  crucifixion.  The  devil  kissed  him 
on  the  shoulders,  and  immediately  two 
serpents  grew  out  of  his  back  and  fed 
constantly  upon  him.  He  was  dethroned 
by  the  famous  blacksmith  of  Ispahan', 
and  appointed  by  the  devil  to  keep  hell- 
gate. — D'  Derbelot :  Bibliothique  Orientale 
{1697). 

Zohara,  the  queen  of  love,  and  mother 
of  mischief.  When  Harllt  and  Martit 
were  selected  by  the  host  of  heaven  to  be 
judges  on  earth,  they  judged  righteous 
judgment  till  Zohara,  in  the  shape  of  a 
lovely  woman,  appeared  before  them  with 
her  complaint.  They  then  both  fell  in 
love  with  her  and  tried  to  corrupt  her, 
but  sLe  flew  from  them  to  heaven  ;  and 
the  two  angel-judges  were  shut  out, 

*ir  The  Persian  Magi  have  a  somewhat 
similar  tradition  of  these  two  angels,  but 
add  that  after  their   "fall,"  they  were 


suspended  by  the  feet,  head  downwards, 
in  the  territory  of  Babel. 

IF  The  Jews  tell  us  that  Shamhozai, 
"  the  judge  of  all  the  earth,"  debauched 
himself  with  women,  repented,  and  by 
way  of  penance  was  suspended  by  the 
feet,  head  downwards,  between  heaveii 
and  earth. — Bereshit  Rabbi  (in  Gen.  vi.  2), 

Zohauk,  the  Nubian  slave  ;  a  disguise 
assumed  by  sir  Kenneth.— .S/r  W.  Scott: 
The  Talis7nan  (t  ime,  Richard  I, ). 

Zoilos  (in  Latin.Zoi/wj),  a  grammarian, 
witty,  shrewd,  and  spiteful.  He  was  nick- 
named "Homer's  Scourge"  {Homero- 
mastix),  because  he  assailed  the  Iliad 
and  Odyssey  with  merciless  severity.  He 
also  flew  at  Plato,  Isoc'rat^s,  and  other 
high  game. 

The  Sword  of  Zoilos,  the  pen  of  a  critic. 

Zoilns.  J.  Dennis  the  critic;  whose 
attack  on  Pope  produced  The  Dunciad 
(1657-1733). 

Zoleikha  (3  syl.\  Potiphar's  wife,— 
Sale:  A I  Koran,  xii.  (note). 

Zone.    Tennp^son  refers  to  the  zone  or 
girdle  of  Ori'on  m  the  lines- 
Like  those  three  stars  of  the  airy  giant's  zone, 
That  glitter  burnished  by  the  frosty  dark. 

Tennyson  :  The  Princess,  v.  (1830). 

Zophiel  \Zo-fel\  "of  cherubim  the 
swiftest  win^. '  The  word  means  *'  God's 
spy. "  Zophiel  brings  word  to  the  heavenly 
host  that  the  rebel  crew  were  preparing  a 
second  and  fiercer  attack. 

Zophiel,  of  cherubim  the  swiftest  wing, 
Came  flying,  and  in  mid-air  aloud  thus  cried : 
'  Ann,  warriors,  arm  for  fight." 

Milton  :  Paradise  Lost,  vi.  535  (1665). 

Zorai'da  (3  syl.),  a  Moorish  lady, 
daughter  of  Agimora'to  the  richest  man 
in  Barbary.  On  being  baptized,  she  had 
received  the  name  of  Maria ;  and,  eloping 
with  a  Christian  captive,  came  to  Anda- 
lusi'a. — Cervantes:  Don  Quixote,  I.  iv. 
9-1 1  (*'  The  Captive,"  1605). 

Zorphee  (2  syl.),  a  fairv  in  the 
romance  of  Amadis  de  Gaul  (thirteenth 
century). 

Zosimus,  the  patriarch  of  the  Greek 
Church.— .SiV  W,  Scott:  Count  Robert  of 
Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Zounds,  a  corrupt  contraction  of  "  his 
wounds,"  as  zooks  is  "his  hooks,"  and 
z' death  ' '  his  death, "  Of  course,  by  "  his  " 
Jesus  Christ  is  meant,  "  Odd  splutter"  is 
a  contraction  of  Gots  pint  und  hur  nails 
(*'  God's  blood  and  the  nails  "),  Sir  John 
Perrot,  a  natural  son  of  Henry  VIII,,  was 


ZULAL.  1243 

the  first  to  use  the  oath  of  "  God's 
wounds,"  which  queen  Elizabeth  adopted, 
but  the  ladies  of  her  court  minced  it  into 
zounds  and  zouterkins. 

Znlal,  that  soft,  clear,  and  delicious 
water  which  the  happy  drink  in  paradise. 

"  Ravishing  beauty,  universal  mistress  of  hearts," 
replied  I :  "  thou  art  the  water  of  Zulal.  1  bum  with  the 
thirst  of  love,  and  must  die  if  you  reject  mc."—ComU 
<U  Caylus.  OrUntal  Tales  ("  The  Baslcet,"  1743). 

Zuleika  [Zu-la>^-ka\,  daughter  of 
Giaffer  [Djaf'-Jir]  pacha  of  Aby'dos. 
Falling  in  love  with  Selim,  her  cousin, 
she  flees  with  him,  and  promises  to  be  his 
bride  ;  but  the  father  tracks  the  fugitives 
and  shoots  Selim,  whereupon  Zuleika 
dies  of  a  broken  heart. — Byron  :  Bride  of 
Abydos  (1813). 

Never  was  a  faultless  character  more  delicately  or 
more  Justly  delineated  than  that  of  lord  Byron's 
"  Zuleika."  Her  piety,  her  intelligence,  her  strict 
sense  of  duty,  and  her  undeviating  love  of  truth 
appear  to  have  been  originally  blended  in  her  mind, 
ratbw  than  inculcated  by  education.    She  is  always 


ZULZUL. 

natural,  always  attractive,  always  affectionate  ;  tnd  It 
must  be  admitted  that  her  affections  are  not  unworthily 
bestowed.— C.  EUis. 

Zuleika  (3  syl),  Joseph's  wife.  The 
Times,  in  its  report  of  the  prince  of  Wales 
at  the  mosque  of  Hebron,  and  referring 
to  Joseph's  tomb,  says — 

It  is  less  costly  than  the  others ;  and  it  is  remarkable 
that,  although  his  wife's  name  was  Zuleika  (according 
to  Mussulman  tradition),  and  is  so  inscribed  in  the 
certificates  given  to  pilgrims,  yet  no  grave  bearing  that 
name  is  shown. 

Zulichinm  [The  enchanted  princess 
of),  in  the  story  told  by  Agelastes  the 
cynic,  to  count  Robert. — Sir  W.  Scott: 
Count  Robert  of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Zulzul,  the  sage  whose  life  was  saved 
in  the  form  of  a  rat  by  Gedy  the  youngest 
of  the  four  sons  of  Corcud.  Zulzul  gave 
him,  in  gratitude,  two  poniards,  by  the 
help  of  which  he  could  climb  the  highest 
tree  or  most  inaccessible  castle. — Gueu- 
lette:  Chinese  Tales  ("Corcud  and  Hi* 
Four  Sons,"  1723). 


PRINTED   BY 
ILLIAM    CLOWES   AND    SONS,    LIMITED, 
LONDON   AND   BECCLES. 


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