.04 B8
■' . . s
bV
0-7-,
^^0^
^oV''
>P'^^.
.4 o^
U
i¥^ ^'X \.'
* .^^
o */T.** A
't.o^
O * » , 1 • ,0 ^,5^ • „ ■
,<C'
s-^>
Reconstruction in Oktibbeha County
BY F. Z. BROWNE
Reprinted from the Publications of the Mississippi
Historical Society, Vol. XIII.
o'^Br
Reprinted from the Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society, Vol. XIII, 1913
RECONSTRUCTION IN OKTIBBEHA COUNTY.
By F. Z. Browne.^
As the courthouse in Oktibbeha county was destroyed by fire with
most of the public records in 1S75 the material for this paper has of
necessity been wholly drawn from the testimony of participants and
eye-witnesses.
From the time of the surrender of the civil government of Mississippi
on May 22 until June 13, 1865, when provisional Governor Sharkey,
who had been appointed by the president in his official capacity as
commander-in-chief of the army, took charge, the administration of
civil affairs in Mississippi was entirely under the supervision of the
military authorities.
A large portion of the army of occupation still being in the State
it was thought expedient by those in authority that companies of
cavalry or infantry should be stationed at strategic points. In accord-
ance with this policy a company of cavalry comxmanded by Captain
Graves was quartered in 1865 in the main street of Starkville, the
county seat of Oktibbeha county. Martial law was at once estab-
lished, and Captain Graves' word was law. As a species of retributive
' Fred ZoUicoffer Browne was bom at Kosciusko, Mississippi, December 27,
1878. He is the eldest son of Dr. J. A. and Mary Elizabeth Browne.
On his father's side he comes of the German Lutheran and Scotch-Irish Presby-
terian stock of North and South Carolina. Hi? paternal grandfather, George Henry
Browne, who was a graduate of Newberry College, South Carolina, came with his
wife, Margaret McClintock, to Mississippi before the War of Secession, and was
the first orgmizer of the Lutheran Church in the State.
Through his mother, Elizabeth Jackson Browne, Mr. Browne is related to some
of the best known families of Mississippi and Tennessee. Sam. A. Jackson of
Kosciusko, Mississippi, widely and favorably known throughout the State, was his
uncle.
His maternal grandmother was Susan A. ZoUicoffer, a niece of General Felix
Kirk ZoUicoffer of Tennessee.
Mr. Browne is a graduate of the University of Mississippi and of Princeton
Theological Seminary. He has also received the M.A. degree from Princeton
University. November 29, 191 1, he married Miss Susie Walton McBee of Lexing-
ton, Mississippi. He is now pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Starkville,
Mississippi. — Editor.
273
By tr^nsf^r
The White House
-' "• ^r. 1913
274 Mississippi Historical Society.
justice for real or fancied wrongs committed upon the colored race,
white men were arrested and fined upon the slightest pretexts. The
only way of relief from the intolerable situation was found in the fact
that with Graves and his soldiers the jingle of the guinea in the hand
of the white man was found to be a most efficacious salve for the hurt
that honor feels. Graves was so absolutely venal that like the Romans
in the time of Jugurtha he would have sold himself if he could have
found a purchaser.
The first authenticated case of rape by a negro on a white woman
in Oktibbeha county occurred while Graves held sway in Starkville.
The negro was arrested and brought to town and released by Graves
upon payment of $ioo in gold. Upon the payment of $ioo more by
the grandfather of the outraged girl Graves permitted the released
negro to be run to death by hounds.
To the great relief of all, the Graves' regime was short. He was
transferred elsewhere in 1865 and Captain Foster took his place.
Captain Foster discharged well and faithfully the duties of his trying
and difficult position. In the hour of their humiliation he showed a
genuine respect and consideration for those who had shown themselves
to be foemen worthy of his steel. He won the respect of all with whom
he came in contact.
With the occupation of the town by Federal troops a branch of the
freedmen's bureau was established in Starkville. C. A. Sullivan, a
native son of Oktibbeha county, called in derision a scalawag, was its
first head. He was a lawyer of some ability, and had been a Confeder-
ate soldier. Like all renegades, he was most zealous in showing his
devotion to the cause of his erstwhile enemies. His influence on the
negroes and on political conditions in general was very bad. Knowing
that he was most cordially hated he went armed all the time.^
W. S. James, the sheriff of Oktibbeha county under the Confederate
regime, having died about the time of the inauguration of martial
law, Crockett Sullivan was appointed sheriff and tax collector. He
was, if possible, a worse character than his brother. By him the plun-
dering of the county under a form of law was begun. He collected
taxes levied at exorbitant rates, never making any settlements, and
finally decamped to Alabama.
*These facts were obtained from conversations with Prof. Rhett Maxwell.
Reconstruction in Oktibbeha County — Browne. 275
In the fall of 1866, H. C. Powers, one of the most interesting of the
characters of the period, came to Oktibbeha county from Cleveland,
Ohio. Mr. Powers was a cousin of Governor R. C. Powers and was a
man of culture, ability, and business experience. Mr. Powers began
his career in Mississippi, not as a carpetbagger, but as a planter of
means. Having failed at planting he went into politics and became
the most influential leader of the RepubUcans in the county. Though
placed in a difficult situation as the dispenser of Republican patronage
in the county and often reviled and misunderstood, Mr. Powers
throughout this stormy period was always the friend of the white man
and an advocate of good government. This was shown by the fact
that through his advice and influence Colonel Muldrow,^ a man of
marked ability, afterwards grand cyclop of the local Ku Klux Klan
and congressman for years from the Oktibbeha district, was elected a
member of the State legislature along with Ben Chiles, an ignorant
colored man, at a time when there were eight hundred more negroes
than white men registered in Oktibbeha county.
As Muldrow voted so voted Ben Chiles. WHienever a vote was
called for or an opinion asked, Ben would say "I must see my friend
Colonel Muldrow. " It was well for Oktibbeha county and the State
that Muldrow was there and that he was consulted. After the defal-
cation of Crockett Sullivan in 1867, Powers was appointed sheriff by
Governor Ames. In 1868 he was elected on the Republican ticket
to this office in the regular election over Henry McCright and J. W.
James. He was an honest and capable officer. His task was a very
difficult one, for he was hated by many because of the fact that he
was a Northern RepubHcan and had been elected by the negro vote.
Then, too, the negroes, grossly ignorant, and inordinately puffed up
in this year of jubilee of their new found freedom, were exceedingly
hard to control. Through their loyal leagues and other organizations
they began to demand a share for themselves in the State and county
government. The Republican leaders generally were soon almost in
the position of him who was "Hoist with his own petard. "
At one time when the negroes were organizing and marching to and
fro over the county to the various voting places the white men, grown
desperate, went to Powers and told him that they would kill him if
*A sketch of Col. H. L. Muldrow by Hon. Geo. J. Leftwich will be found in the
Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society, X, 269-279. — Editor.
276 Mississippi Historical Society.
he did not put a check on such conduct. Powers professed himself
a friend of the white man's government and promised to do what he
could. The feeling against him was so bitter after his reelection as
sheriff over the Democratic candidates that an effort was made by the
desperate and disgruntled element to prevent his making bond. When
his bond was made by some of the most prominent Democrats of the
county who knew his real character and worth, a further effort was
made to have him impeached and thrown out of of&ce for dishonesty.
In answer to this charge Powers said, " Gentlemen, have an expert to
examine my books and I will pay all expenses." The investigation
was made and the books were found absolutely correct. The State
afterwards refunded to Powers the amount paid out by him for the
investigation.
After a time even the most headstrong and impulsive element in
the Democratic party came to understand Powers better. As will
be seen later, it was an open secret that it was his influence more than
that of any one else with those high in authority in the Federal govern-
ment that saved the leaders of the Ku Klux Klan in Oktibbeha county
from serving a term in the Federal prison at Albany.
Powers accepted without reservation that famous political maxim
that to the victors belong the spoils. Along with one Loomis, who also
hailed from Cleveland, Ohio, he secured the contract for building the
Artesia to Starkville spur of the Mobile and Ohio railroad. The work
was done with convict labor, which was secured from the legislature
through political influence. The county Republican organization,
which was at this time in the heyday of its power, voted bonds and
collected heavy taxes galore. Loomis amassed a fortune as a con-
tractor and went back North. His operations covered a wide range
of territory in the State. At one time he had an office in Jackson.
It is a striking tribute to the honesty of Powers that he lived and died
a comparatively poor man.*
As has been remarked, the ignorant freedman, drunk with the con-
sciousness of freedom and led astray by designing political agitators,
seemed to think that it was un-Republican not to organize into loyal
leagues and other clubs and march over the county. Generally they
* Thomas Gillespie is authority for information as to the building of the spur
line of the Mobile and Ohio to Starkville.
Reconstruction in Oktibbeha County — Browne. 277
were in a state of unrest^ like sheep without a shepherd — all looking
eagerly for that supposedly promised gift of forty acres and a mule
to each head of a family. In their excited and unsettled condition
they reverted to the savage customs of their African ancestors, who
had been trained to rally to some central point when the sound of their
rude war drums was heard over hill and jungle. This was to them
what the fiery cross was to the Gael or the beacon fire to the Saxon or
North American Indian. Late at night the children of the Southern
planters shivered with a nameless dread as the throbbing drums an-
nounced to them that the negroes were assembling and marching,
they knew not why nor where.
When the negroes were becoming very insolent and unruly Dr.
Ellis, of the Trim Cane neighborhood in Oktibbeha county, a United
States Commissioner, issued a warrant for the arrest of a negro, Gabe
Dotson, who had been guilty of some misdemeanor. This warrant
was served by Bob Ellis, a nephew of Dr. Ellis, who was at that time
clerking for Mr. Hub Sanders. Robert Ellis made the arrest and
immediately the whole league or the organized body of negroes in
that community armed themselves and marched into Starkville.
They had been organized and drilled by Bob McDuffie, a negro who
it was said had picked up some crude ideas of military science from
service as body servant of his master in the Confederate army. As
they marched up the main street of Starkville their guns were carried
in a wagon in the midst of the column and were covered with corn
shucks and thus concealed. Robert Ellis, who in the discharge of his
duty had arrested their compatriot, was the main object of their search.
When they reached the vicinity of the present courthouse in Starkville
one of their number, named Samson Wynn, espying Ellis on the street,
approached him and began to curse him. Ellis immediately shot him
down. Bob McDuffie, the negro with the drum, seeing this, struck it
and immediately the negroes rushed for their guns and began to fall in
line returning the fire and shooting down Ellis. By this time all the
white men on the street were rushing for their guns and the negroes
were firing on them. A general and bloody battle, in which the negroes
would have been exterminated, seemed imminent. Sheriff Powers,
hearing the firing, rushed out of his office about the time that the drum
signal to begin firing was given. The negroes in their excitement not
knowing difference between a white Republican and any other white
278 Mississippi Historical Society.
man, he was shot in the neck with duck shot and quite painfully
wounded. Robert Ellis, who was seriously but not mortally wounded,
came limping painfully to the door of Mr. Hub Sanders' store and
Sanders let him in. The negroes, armed and organized, had possession
of Main street for a time. Capt. Hub Sanders and all the white men in
town had rushed for their guns, however, and were preparing for an
organized attack which the negroes could not have withstood. Know-
ing what was in preparation, Col. H. L. Muldrow rushed out among
the negroes and urged them to disband at once and return to their
homes and thus avoid further bloodshed.^
Afraid of the white man's anger and demoralized no doubt by the
fact that they had shot Powers, the negroes hearkened to this wise
advice and scattered to their homes. They were not to escape so
easily, however. A night or two later a posse, including fifty or sev-
enty-five men from Clay county, went to out arrest the ring leaders.
Among others, Gabe Dotson's house was visited. The desperate
negro shot at them from his cabin and one Ab. Ramey of West Point
was wounded. After the shooting the negro ran for his life, but must
have been overtaken, as he was never heard of again.
Learning a lesson from this riot. Powers had guards placed around
the town to prevent any more negro bands from marching into it.
From 1866 to 1871, at which latter date the Ku Klux began to
get in its work, were the halcyon days of negro and carpetbag rule
in Oktibbeha county. Owing to the strictness of the test oaths and
to the fact that many Democrats had either failed to register or had
lost their registration certificates, there was at one time during this
period a majority of eight hundred negro and Republican voters in
the coimty. At this time, the whites were also intimidated by the
power of the United States government behind the carpetbagger.
They had not yet learned how to keep the negro from the polls or how
to "cancel" his vote after he had been there. The negroes organized
and marched in solid column to the polls on election days. At one
time they wore yellow shirts, that is as far as they were able to do so,
as a sort of uniform or badge of organization. At another time they
appeared, each with an ear of corn suspended from the neck. In
^Mr. Hub Sanders, Confederate soldier, Ku Kluxer and sheriff of Oktibbeha
county for sixteen years, is the source of information as to the riot.
Reconstruction in Oktibbeha County — Browne. 279
this palmy time of the negro and carpetbagger in old Oktibbeha an
old negro named Dave Higgins made a speech to his fellow Ethiops in
the course of which he admonished them after this fashion "You nig-
gers quit 'busing the white folks, for some white folks is as good as
niggers."
During this period many negroes were elected to office in Oktibbeha
county. Ben Chiles, already mentioned in connection with Colonel
Muldrow, was in the legislature as were also Randall Nettles, Caesar
Simmons, and Anderson Boyd. All these "legislators" have long
since passed away with the exception of Ben Chiles and Randall
Nettles. For years Ben was a well known character on the Starkville
streets and has only recently died. When joked by the young white
men with reference to his career in the legislature he would retort
"Honey that sho is one place where you can never go" — or words to
that effect.
Caesar Hyde, John Gamble, and Juniper Yeates were at various
times members of the board of supervisors. A negro named Jim
McNichols held at one time the office in which there were surely great
opportunities for " emolument " — that of county treasurer. As we
find no record of his having become rich, he must have been like the
rest of them, a mere catspaw for the white men who were wielding the
real power.
Ignorance and corruption could not long hold sway over the Anglo-
Saxon, and the white man soon began to come into his own. In no
uncertain tones the voices of the real rulers of the county were heard.
Rendered desperate by such unspeakable conditions the native white
people determined that by fair means or foul a check should be placed
on negro and carpetbag misrule. Soon ballot stufiing, open intimida-
tion, and bribery of negro voters at the polls were resorted to. Here
if at any period in the world's history, the end justified the means.
What was this end? I answer "The preservation of white suprem-
acy and the keeping intact of the heritage of the fathers." Yes, the
ballot boxes in Oktibbeha county were stuffed and, as Mr. Page an
old member of the Ku Klux and war horse of Democracy remarked,
"They were stuffed with mighty good stuffin." As few of the negroes
could read, the clerk of the election was usually a Democrat. A fav-
orite method of "carrying elections" in Oktibbeha was for the clerk
of the election to memorize the entire list of names and offices on the
28o Mississippi Historical Society.
Democratic ticket and then read the Republican ballots as if they were
Democratic.
An amusing story is told in this connection of an old negro preacher
who was one of the clerks of an election. Determined to carry the
election for white supremacy the Demorats made him drunk. One
Hale, a Republican candidate, stood uneasily by while the stuffing
went merrily on and his political doom was being writ. Ever and
anon he would punch the sleeping negro, saying in an anxious tone,
"Wake up parson!" After a time seeing the utter futility of further
anxiety or effort he exclaimed "Pshaw! Pshaw!" and departed. Just
about this time the drunken negro opened his eyes and looked all
around and said " Do you tink anyting has gone wrong ? " No,
nothing had gone wrong, but that particular box had gone right!
Sometimes more strenuous measures than ballot box stuffing and
moral suasion were resorted to in Oktibbeha. The doctrine of the
Jesuits was pressed to its limits even to the extreme of physical vio-
lence as a punishment for bad faith. In their loyal leagues the negroes
had been taught to give acquiescence to their former masters and
pretend to vote the Democratic ticket, but in reaUty to vote the Re-
publican.
Upon one occassion an election hung in the balance and much de-
pended upon the result, the Democrats armed and desperate, stood
around the polls and even snatched the ballots from the hands of
negroes and intimidated them in various other ways.
On one occasion Rhett Maxwell had secured a negro's promise
that he would vote the Democratic ticket. As the negro went in to
vote Captain McDowell, who was standing near by, said to Maxwell
"Watch that negro, he is going to vote the Republican ticket."
Maxwell knew that the negro had the Democratic ticket in his right
hand, but when he came to vote he voted the Republican ticket,
which was in his left. So incensed was Captain McDowell at this
breach of faith that when the negro came out he struck him a heavy
blow with his fist, knocking him down. Captain McDowell and Mr.
Maxwell are men of the highest probity and honor, the former being
a Presbyterian elder and the latter a prominent Baptist. Both say
that in defence of white supremacy, their families, and all that is dear
to them they would act the same way, if placed again in similar cir-
cumstances. Theirs was the spirit of Virginius who slew his daughter
Reconstruction in Oktibbeha County — Browne. 281
rather than see her dishonored. Desperate diseases require des-
perate remedies.
All of this course, was wrong in principle and proved a fruitful
source of moral obliquity. Some men, who stuffed the ballot boxes
when it seemed necessary, had their moral faculties so blunted that
after a time they stuffed them when there was no real necessity.
As soon as these measures of expediency ceased to be called for
in the closing of the imminent deadly breach through which the hosts
of carpetbag misrule were rushing to prey upon the defenseless South
— their use was discouraged by the Southern leaders. Gen. J. Z.
George early sounded the note of warning against the use of such
methods. He early saw the creeping miasma of moral obliquity and
advised the Southern white man to turn aside from such methods;
to get guns and of necessary stand at the polls and use open violence
rather than fraud.
The Ku Klux Klan was organized in Starkville in about 1868.
The best men of the county were in it. Colonel Muldrow, than
whom no man was more loved and honored, was grand cyclops — chief
organizer and head of the Klan. Other prominent members were
Messrs. Gay, Page, Carothers, Rhett, Murray, Maxwell, Thomas and
George Gillespie, Hub Sanders, and Henry Fox. Their usual meet-
ing place was in a grove near George Gillespie's house about a quarter
of a mile from the town of Starkville. The Klan adopted and carried
out only preventive and remedial measures in Oktibbeha county.
They were particularly active about election times frightening and,
sometimes as an extreme measure, whipping unruly negroes. Though
some irresponsible parties masqueraded as Ku Klux and ran to "an
excess of riot," it is the proud and truthful boast of the regular organ-
ization in the county of Oktibbeha that at no time were their hands
stained with human blood. They rode in nondescript costumes de-
signed by themselves. Usually their only disguise were sheets draped
about their persons.^
The negroes were not always as badly deceived as they appeared.
An old negro named Johnson Gillespie, who had belonged to Dr. W.
E. Gillespie of Starkville, said to his yoimg master, "Marse George,
* Sources of information as to Ku Klux Klan were Messrs. George Gillespie
Hub Sanders, and Murray Maxwell.
282 Mississippi Historical Society.
what are these things that go around at night called Ku Klux?"
George Gillespie answered "I do not know, but they say they are the
spirits of the dead." The old negro answered "If dey are the sper-
rits of de just who went to heaben I don't tink dey would want to
come back to this country, and if dey are the sperrits of the wicked
it is a poor hell that will not hold them."
The most picturesque and interesting character among the carpet-
baggers of Oktibbeha was one McLaughlin. He had zeal, but not
according to knowledge, and the fanaticism if not the courage of old
John Brown. He had been a presiding elder in the Northern Meth-
odist church, and when he came South he assisted in the organization
of the negro Methodist church and accepted the same position in its
economy. Soon after his arrival in Starkville he became the head
of the freedman's bureau. He was also an organizer of loyal leagues,
chief fomenter of political unrest, and an encourager of social equality.
At the freedman's bureau headquarters near the present courthouse
in Starkville he established a sort of cooperative store or stock com-
pany. Stock was $5 per share and corn or other produce was accepted
in lieu of money. A negro's credit was in proportion to the number
of shares he held. As McLaughlin lived at the store on terms of
social equaHty with the negroes, it naturally became a negro head-
quarters. Encouraged by him the negroes became more and more
insolent every day. White men and women were crowded into the
gutters by the marching negroes. It was about this time that as a
consequence of the Ellis riot Captain McCright was appointed by
Sherifif Powers to guard the town.
Conditions finally became so unbearable that thirty or forty men
from the western part of the county organized to come in and as they
expressed it either " get " McLaughlin or drive him away. Some of
these men were in the regular Ku Klux organization and some were
not. The night this party started for Starkvilee Hub Sanders, a res-
ident, had ridden out to collect a party to guard the town. When
some distance out, some shots were fired as a Ku Klux signal in the
distance. Sanders and his men then turned back and met the other
party who were going in after McLaughlin. Sanders advised them
not to go as Captain McCright, an old Confederate soldier, was on
guard and would defend McLaughlin to the death. Part of the party
under George Gillespie went on anyway, Sanders refusing to go with
Reconstruction in Oktibbeha County — Browne. 283
them. Leaving the main road and thus eluding the guard they came
around through the section now known as Hard Scrabble to McLaugh-
lin's store. McLaughlin and the negroes with him in fear of some such
raid had piled up three or four hundred bushels of corn against the
door. The party secured a long pole and using it as a battering ram
drove the door from its hinges; McLaughlin and the negroes with
him meanwhile crying murder at the top of their voices. Aroused
by the clamor the town guard under McCright came up and drove
the party away. The reputable element among the Ku Klux only
wanted to frighten McLaughlin and drive him away, but there were
those in the party who would have killed him.'' McLaughlin, who
had been warned before and had refused to go, was glad enough to
leave this time. W. B. Montgomery, a prominent citizen, acted as
go-between and arranged that McLaughlin should depart the next day.
Strange to relate under the principle that you must fight the devil
with fire McLaughlin asked that "Devil Jim Bell" a local fire eater
be selected to guard him on the way to the railroad station. While
W. B. Montgomery was in consultation with McLaughlin at the f reed-
men's bureau headquarters as to ways and means of escape a party
came and offered their services as a "guard" for McLaughlin to May-
hew, twelve miles away. Montgomery fortunately called to mind the
spirit of the old adage "Beware of the Greeks bearing gifts" and
after looking them over decided that McLaughlin would never get
to Mayhew with them, alive. So with the connivance of Mont-
gomery, who was determined to avoid bloodshed, McLaughlin was
dressed in a woman's clothes and slipped out through Hard Scrabble
to the nearest railroad station and finally landed safely in Holly
Springs. Breathing forth threatenings and slaughter, he was back in
a few days with United States marshals and a troop of cavalry at
his back.
There were three separate dens of Ku Klux in Oktibbeha county.
One had its headquarters at Starkville, another at the Choctaw agency
in the country and the third and last at Double Springs. Men from
all three dens had participated to a greater or less extent in the har-
rying of McLaughlin. All of them had united in the determination
^ My sources of information on McLaughlin were Professor Maxwell, Hub
Sanders and George Gillespie.
284 Mississippi Historical Society.
to drive him from the country. The negroes, not at all times so badly
scared and deceived as had been supposed, had penetrated the dis-
guises of many of the Ku Klux and lodged information against them.
McLaughlin's special animosity seemed to be directed against Jim
Bell, the man whose services as guardian he had requested. Bell sat
in the streets and shouted "Hello Yanks" to the troops as they went
directly towards his house and then, hearing they were after him,
fled. The troops burst into Bell's house and surprised his wife and
sister-in-law in their night clothes. Trusting to the aforementioned
negro sources of information McLaughlin had every man arrested and
indicted whom he thought had had anything to do with his hurried
exodus. So unreliable was his information, however, that he failed
to have arrested a single man who had been an active participant.
Many of the leading Ku Klux, however, were caught in the drag net
and carried to Holly Springs. While the arrests were being made
the soldiers were quartered for a night or two in the courthouse in
Starkville. The conduct of the soldiers in breaking into Jim Bell's
house had so aroused the county that a party of thirty men made up
at Steele's mill near Starkville were in full march to attack the sol-
diers when the counsel of older and wiser heads prevailed and they
yielded to the entreaties of Captain Beattie and Rogers and Judge
Hopkins.
Rhett Maxwell, Murray Maxwell, Y. Z. Harrington, Jim Watt,
Wiley Moss, William Bell, Col. Graves, Aleck Hogan, John Yeates,
and others, to the number of twenty-six, were arrested. These ar-
rests, of course, created intense excitement. Some of the more des-
perate spirits meditated a cross country expedition for the pur-
pose of disposing finally of McLaughlin, who was teaching a negro
school in Holly Springs. The counsel of wiser heads again prevailed.
The committal trial was held at Holly Springs. No trouble was had
in securing bond for the accused, as bondsmen went up from Stark-
ville and the most prominent citizens of Marshall county vied with
each other in the effort to sign the bail bonds.
The accused men were arraigned before Judge R. A. Hill at Oxford
at the next succeeding term of the Federal court. Judge Hill, a very
fair and impartial judge, showed his sympathy for the accused men,
but there is no doubt that as Ku Klux they came very near making a
trip to the Federal prison at Albany. In this time of need Powers,
Reconstruction in Oktibbeha County — Browne. 285
the Republican leader in Oktibbeha county, showed himself the
white man's friend. He used his influence with those in authority and
declared that not a man who was under arrest in Oxford had been
concerned in the raid on McLaughlin's store. This assurance, coming
from such a source, had great effect. The prosecuting attorney of the
Federal court in session at Oxford was a carpetbagger named G. Wiley
Wells. Many of those on trial were old soldiers. Armed and abso-
lutely fearless, they were ready for any desperate enterprise. At one
time they seriously considered attacking and chaining up G. Wiley
Wells and the trial judge and all Republican ofl&cials and escaping
across the country to Texas. In a spirit of desperate bravado they
would shout G. Wiley Wells after the fashion of a court crier at all
hours of the night. One night all the accused, draping themselves
in sheets, participated in a mock Ku Klux parade to the room occu-
pied by G. Wiley Wells. Knocking on the door they cried in stentorian
tones for G. Wiley Wells to come out and view them. Needless to
say he did not emerge. Really intimidated — knowing the nature of
the men with whom he was deahng and realizing that they repre-
sented the real voice of the people ^ — Wells and other Republican
Federal court officials had the cases postponed, and they never came
up again for trial. Soon after the postponenent F. S. Pate, a Repub-
lican lawyer of Oktibbeha county made the proposition that he would
extricate all from the trouble who would pay him $100. George Gil-
lespie and Hub Sanders had been arrested and arraigned in Stark-
ville, but had not been carried to Oxford with the others. Never-
theless they were very uneasy. Gillespie, who was at the time a
man of means, states that when he heard that something was in the
air and that there was a possible way of escape, he took the Mobile and
Ohio train and rode it continuously for a time from Corinth to
Meridian "looking for the hole." He finally found it, and paid for him-
self and a friend Drake and several others. Sanders and all of the
others who could raise the money also paid. They had a wholesome
respect acquired in the war for the United States government and
wished to be very certain that this matter would never come up again.
F. S. Pate, the Republican lawyer who opened the way of escape, was
a native of Lowndes county, Mississippi. He secured the appoint-
ment as chancellor in the Oktibbeha district and held it imtil the
overthrow of the carpetbag regime.
286 Mississippi Historical Society.
McLaughlin, who was a poor sort of creature at best, went to St.
Louis from Holly Springs and became assistant to the district attorney.
He seems to have suffered a partial change of heart. Some five or six
years ago he visited Starkville. Some one saw him on the street and
pointing him out to Professor Maxwell said "There is your friend,"
Maxwell then said to him "Hello there, do you know who I am?"
"You are Mr. Maxwell" replied McLaughlin. "Didn't you swear
lies on me at Holly Springs" said Maxwell. "I was mistaken"
humbly replied McLaughlin.
Any low vagabond and camp follower from the North who was
willing to affiliate with the negroes was able to make a poHtical tool
of them at this time. Contemporary with McLaughlin in Oktibbeha
county was one McBride, who had been whipped out of Chickasaw
coimty where he had taught a negro school. Becoming the teacher
of a negro school at Osborn, he was found guilty of rape committed
on one of his pupils and forced to leave the country. One Leak, a
carpetbagger also taught a negro school in the county and was at one
time president of the board of supervisors. He was whipped on the
streets of Starkville by Thomas Gillespie for writing an insulting note
to Gillespie's sister when she asked him to pay a just debt. He died
of pneumonia in Starkville not long after he received this thrashing.
Another low vagabond was "Shirt" Wilson, so-called because he
was tried for the theft of a shirt from the negro with whom he was
living. Though making a speech in his own defense he was convicted
and jailed, but falling over in a fit he was released and permitted to
leave the county.
The man who gave the most trouble in the county and held the
negro vote together the longest were not these low characters, but
men of good family and reputation, many of them natives of the
county, who became Republicans after the war for the spoils of office.
W. E. Saunders, the two Sullivans, Woodward, Hale, and F. S. Pate
were men of this type.
In the early seventies the Democratic political organizations of the
county made it a point to intimidate and if necessary whip the lead-
ers of the negro drum companies and break up the meetings of these
organizations. If possible the drums were always secured and de-
stroyed and threats made of more drastic treatment if any further
Reconstruction in Oktibbeha County — Browne. 287
meeting, marching or drumming was attempted. These measures
of expediency were not always carried through without bloodshed.
Before a political speaking at the Choctaw agency, the democratic
organization arranged to have signals given with horns if trouble
should arise. The negroes marched to the speaking in solid phalanx
with drum beating. This proving very offensive to the Democrats,
an agreement was made between the parties that both horn blowing
and drum beating should cease, after which both parties dispersed.
On his way home from the speaking young Sessums met a negro named
Todd Hudgins, carrying an arm full of guns toward Chapel Hill, a
negro church which was a favorite assembling ground of the negroes.
Sessums asked Hudgins what he was going to do with so many guns
so late in the evening, the negro answered "We are going to kill every
woman and child in this beat tonight. Our club meets at Chapel
Hill and I am carrying the guns to them." This was all that was
necessary to make young Sessums resolve on desperate measures.
Ascending a high hill, he sounded the notes of alarm upon his horn.
As soon as they could secure their guns all the able-bodied white
Democrats answered his signal by joining him near Chapel Hill.
Marching in company formation, under the leadership of Thomas
Peters, they advanced at once on the negro church. As they rounded
a bend in the road near the church the negroes, who had already as-
sembled, fired on them. The whites at once returned the fire, kill-
ing one negro outright and wounding about thirty, some of whom
afterwards died. The negroes scattered like sheep at the first fire,
the white men holding the field and getting possession of the guns.
The ringleaders in the disturbance were arrested by H. C. Powers,
the Republican sheriff, and sent to Washington to testify before the
Congressional committee. With them was sent Henry Outlaw, the
negro leader. They were acquitted, Outlaw himself swearing that the
negroes were at fault. An interesting sidelight on his testimony is
furnished by the fact that the Democrats told Henry on the way up
that he would never see Mississippi again if he did not tell the truth.
No man was ever loved more by the people of Starkville than Col.
H. L. Muldrow, who was familiarly called by his friends the little
giant of Oktibbeha county. He it was who with the connivance of
Powers was sent to the Mississippi legislature to act as a check upon
288 Mississippi Historical Society.
the ignorant negroes in that body. He it was who in 1868 as grand
Cyclops became the chief organizer of the Ku Klux Klan in the Masonic
building in Starkville. He it was who with his law partner, General
Nash, was counsel for the accused men of Oktibbeha in Oxford who
were suffering from a persecution rather a prosecution. Years after,
when an attempt was being made to defeat him for some public office,
one of the men whom he had defended told of how on one occasion
when the case seemed to be going against them and a term in Federal
prison stared them in the face, Muldrow followed the accused to
their rooms and told them almost with tears that he was one with
them and would be beaten with the same stripes with which they were
aflElicted.
Colonel Muldrow's triumphant canvass for Congress in 1875, when
the white man had begun to come again into his own, was the occasion
of one of the most exciting incidents of the Reconstruction period.
There was to be a joint discussion at the fair grounds in Starkville
between Muldrow and Finis H. Little, the RepubHcan candidate, with
whom were his lieutenants, Lee and Frazee. The negro Republican
organizations of Oktibbeha having assembled the rank and file of
their membership to the number of about twelve or fifteen hundred
at "I John Church," upon the site of which the present dairy barn of
the Agricultural and Mechanical College now stands, announced that
they intended to march to the speaking in solid colimin through the
streets of Starkville. The whites had had enough of negro marching
and drumming, and determined to resist any such demonstration to
the death. In pursuance of this resolution a body of men much in-
ferior in numbers to the negroes, but officered by old soldiers and suffi-
cient to have exterminated them, was assembled in the streets of
Starkville. Colonel Doss, the last colonel of the 14th Mississippi, and
Captain McDowell of Starkville were in command. The negroes had
been warned not to attempt the march. Rhett Maxwell, now Pro-
fessor Maxwell of the Agricultural and Mechanical College, had said
to a negro leader, one De Loache "You shall not march." De Loache
had answered "We will." Maxwell then told him to go to a certain
store and buy the finest suit of clothes on sale there. This was to be
his if he marched. The implication was that he would only need it
for his coffin. So answered King Harold, Harald Hardrada, King of
Reconstruction in Oktibbeha County — Browne. 289
Norway when he told him that he could have only six feet by two of
English ground.^
The little force of white men in Starkville had been reinforced from
West Point by Albert Cottrell and others who brought a cannon with
them. When the news came that the negroes in the face of all warn-
ing had said that they would march through Starkville streets, if they
had to wade through blood, plans of battle were quickly formed. The
Starkville cannon under Captain Hub Sanders and the cannon from
West Point under Captain Cottrell were loaded to the muzzle with
buckshot and scrapiron and planted on an elevation commanding the
street up which the negroes were to march. After the first discharge
the negroes were to be charged in front and flank by the force imder
Colonel Doss and Captain McDowell.
When the pickets who had been sent out returned and reported
that the negro column was actually in motion all was expectancy, ex-
citement, and grim determination. The younger element particu-
larly were spoiling for the fray and could hardly be restrained by their
leaders. The negroes marched in solid formation, the drum beating
at their head. Their guns were carried in wagons in the midst of
the column. When the head of the column reached a point near
where the Baptist church now is. Captains Sessums and Beattie of the
Democratic executive committee, wishing to avoid if possible a useless
slaughter, suggested that it would be a good idea to go and stop them.
Acting upon this suggestion Captain McDowell, saying that he would
not ask any man to do what what he would not do himself, rode forth
alone and reined up his horse directly in front of the advancing col-
umn of negroes.
The old Confederate soldier showed himself a Horatius indeed that
day; for who could tell what these semi-barbarians would do? In
order to succor Captain McDowell in case of an attack, Godfrey, a
Louisianian, rode up close behind him. Rhett Maxwell and Jim Gunn
and Jim Bell also sat on their horses near by. Paying little attention
to McDowell, the negroes came on. The negro with the drum was
beating it violently at the head of the column. Captain McDowell
^ These facts were obtained from Hub Sanders, Professor Maxwell, and Captain
McDowell.
290 Mississippi Historical Society.
was forced by them to back his horse for a considerable distance.
Finally a negro leveled a derringer at the Captain as he commanded
them to disperse and go back. Immediately the Captain covered
him with his pistol and the negro instead of firing fell flat on the
ground. The Captain's horse having backed upon a small bridge that
spanned a ditch at that point in the road, the negro with the drum
ran forward beating it violently. His object was to frighten the horse
and force the Captain off the bridge. Then he would no doubt have
been set upon and clubbed before his friends could have reached him.
The old soldier was equal to the situation. Having already "floored"
the negro with the derringer he now leveled his pistol at the drummer
with the stern command ''Strike that drum again and I'll kill you."
At this juncture an old negro about seventy-five years old rushed up to
the head of the column and shouted, "Beat that drum; I am as ready
to die now as any time." Keeping the drummer covered McDowell
answered, "Well, old man, you will die if he beats it." Needless to say
there was no more drumming just then. The old soldier's heroism
had saved the situation. Overawed by the coolness and determi-
nation of McDowell and those who had ridden up to his support the
negroes wavered and halted. By mere moral suasion and force of
will and dauntless bravery in the face of odds the Anglo Saxon was
triumphant. The sight of the two cannons on the hill had also done
much toward creating a healthy sentiment in favor of retreat. Capt.
Hub Sanders was sitting by his cannon calmly smoking. A negro,
Bob Bell, gazing with distended eyes, exclaimed that he could stand
one bullet but not a sack full.
After McDowell had ridden off and while the negroes were still
standing irresolute, Capt. W. H. Chiles walked up and beckoning to
the yellow negro drummer said, "Come with me." As they started
off a negro in the column cried, "Don't go with that white man."
At this Chiles turned and drawing his pistol walked into the column
asking to be shown the negro who had spoken. Taking the negro
drummer up the street a short distance, he showed him stacked away
in a store one hundred and seventy-five guns — and said impressively
"Beat that drum again and we'll kill you." The negro answered,
"Boss, I don't believe I will beat it any more." Hearing of the at-
tempted march of the negroes and knowing that cannon had been
planted in the road ahead to stop them. Judge Orr of Columbus, a
prominent Republican, rode up to the head of their column and told
Reconstruction in Oktibbeha County — Browne. 291
them that the white men were in a temper to exterminate them if
they attempted to proceed. H. C. Powers, the Republican sheriff,
also entered their ranks and implored them to turn back. After lin-
gering sullenly in the road for a time they gave heed to this advice
and dispersed.
The Democratic secret political organization, known as "Square
Robinson," initiated members in Oktibbeha county about 1872. Their
method of salutation was ''Have you seen Robinson?" The reply
to this was "What Robinson?" To this the first speaker answered
"Square Robinson." Murray Maxwell, George Gillespie, Hub
Sanders, and Glenn Bell were members. This organization was
formed for the purpose of controlling the elections and seeing to it
that, whether by fair or questionable means, they went Democratic.
The Red Shirts also had their day in Oktibbeha coimty. There
was nothing secret about this movement. The man who wore a red
shirt simply proclaimed to the world the fact that a Democratic heart
beat beneath it. The Red Shirts were very much in evidence around
the polls on election days. A negro named Graham Spencer said to
J. W. Rousseau, "What do all these red shirts mean? I know what
they mean — they mean blood. If the white folks wants blood they
can get it." At this point in his remarks Rousseau struck him over
the head with a hickory stick, knocking him down. Getting up in a
half-dazed condition he started down the road and met a negro named
Nelson Thompson. "What is the matter," asked the negro, "Mr.
Rousseau is up there trjdng to start up a riot, " repUed Spencer. This
blow seems to have started Spencer in the right direction for he lost
interest in politics and began to preach the gospel soon after.
The history of Oktibbeha is to a large extent the history of the
other counties of the State. Immediately after the war the men of
Mississippi were too much dazed and broken in spirit to effectively
attempt to cheat of their prey the hordes of carpetbag vultures who
poured in upon them — for it was not the eagle that preyed upon the
vitals of the bound Prometheus, but the vulture. After a time, rising
from lethargy and despair, the manhood of the State began to assert
itself. Bound hand and foot and unable to adopt open and legitimate
methods, history repeated itself, and they took the way of an oath-
bound secret organization — the Ku Klux Klan. Well says Garner,^
' History of Reconstruction in Mississippi, 353.
292 Mississippi Historical Society.
"History abounds with illustrations of the truth that the secret conclave, the
league and the conspiracy are the sequences of political proscription and dis-
franchisement. The Illumines in France, the Tugenbund in Germany, the Car-
bonari in Italy, and Nihilism in Russia are notable examples. In the Southern
States opposition to the Congressional policy of reconstruction did not take the
form of armed and organized resistance, but of secret retahation upon its agents,
and especially favored beneficiaries regardless of race, color, or nativity."
Square Robinson and the Red Shirt movement is Mississippi were
simply designed to perpetuate and establish what the Ku Klux move-
ment had so well begun. Through these organizations the Demo-"
crats secured only a temporary control of the political situation.
Then too, such methods were fruitful sources of moral obliquity and
were therefore fraught with danger to the young manhood of the
South. At best the snake was scotched, not killed; the negro vote
was ever to be reckoned with; and as long as this entered as an element
into the situation the question of white supremacy hung suspended
like Mahomet's coffin between earth and heaven. The problem was
how to give it a firm foundation and establish it forever. The Con-
stitutional Convention of 1890 solved this problem in a satisfactory
manner by formulating and attaching to the election laws of the State
"the educational qualification. Gen. J. Z. George, the formulator of
this most important legislation, was most ably seconded in his efforts
by Barksdale and other able and farseeing Mississippians. General
George being an able constitutional lawyer, the Franchise legislations
modeled after similar legislation which in the constitution of Northern
states had been designed for the purpose of curbing the vote of the
ignorant alien, easily stood the test of the Supreme Court of the United
States. Similar legislation soon became a part of the fundamental
law of all Southern States. Mississippians as pioneers had wrought a
glorious work. A new era had dawTied for the South. May such
terrible dangers never confront the men of Mississippi and Oktibbeha
county again, but if they should arise may we be given strength to
meet and overcome them.
It is fitting that this paper should close with the words of Professor
Maxwell, a beloved member of the faculty of the Agricultural and
Mechanical College, a prominent Baptist and a man beloved all over
the State. When asked by the writer whether he would act again as
he had acted should similar conditions arise, he answered "Yes, I
would do the same things now, only I would pray God's blessing upon
me while doing them."
Reconstruction in Oktibbeha County — Browne.
293
•si
03
s
•3"
OS
8
s
2
m
i
-
s
M
10
00
•0
§
05
i>
00
(M
t^
"5
CD
S
1
■*
■*
eo
5
(M
OS
-
&
Si
•30.
OJ
1
CO
of
"3
lO'O
3
ooo_
a
1
<N>0
1
1
or~o
05 00 03
M
1
P
P^
h3
P5
H
■a
1
OJ-*a>
'^ OCO
tocooo
tCoi"
S
>
tt5_
8
00
l-H
m
i-i
-
pq
H
01
H
1
Eh
oOt^Oj
<M00O
10 10*0
d
t~-*oo
C<1>0-<1<
>
1
>o
c
oc
c
g
10 O <0 *-<»-• »i3
O 00 !>■ COCO
C5 i-H CO lO lO <
o: O CO ec CJ ^-
»0 O CD to «0 GO
Oi CO C^» Tj* 1-1 t~-
O lO (-* CD 000
CO t~- Tt« 05 C-* CO
i-* Tt< CO o^ r^ T-H
Q QQQQ
294
Mississippi Historical Society.
1>H
noi'jtJindod: i^s^ox
nSiaio j[ jB^Oi
BOjijv
ptiBijez^IAvg
aouBi^j
Au^xniaQ
puBpoog
pnBiaji
pn'B pnB|§n3
eAHT!^ IB^ox
BBsnw[JV
iC3[0n?n83
BUBjeinoi
■BiSjoao
88Bsannex
puB T3lnl§JIA
BUIIOJBQ
q'jnog
■BraBqBjv
]dcliseiss{i^
1
Ph
enBag pnc
SBaj JO ejaqsng
MtOO
(OOiO
JO sxaqsng
BaOC|B^O<J^38Mg
JO sjaqsng
CD CD CO
■jBaqAiJOSieqeng
OaoOi-1
B'iVQ JO Biaqeng
e%vo n\ 93J0V
00
CO
"?
oooBqox
JO epnnoj
o :
o
00
T— 1
ujOQ JO eiaqsng
tocoeo
OCCO
5DCOC»
niOQ m saioy
t*
s
EH
<
P
s
(-1
no?;>oo JO eai^a
Oi 00O5
»O00(M
esTtom
nowoo ui Bajoy
g
s
o
■<
s
t3
89I0V '19XI%0 IIV
(MO
050
>
sajov '^eajo^
pnB puBjpoojVi
MM
Ooi
0200
eajoy ^oj,
(TO
g
"5
S
K
■<
1-1
Q
O
g
Biaziinjaj
JO ?soo
XjaniqaBj\[
pnB e^nani
-S[clmj }o anjB^
1"
no-
sSnipiing puB
3nipnpuj 'an['Bj\^
•OOOOJ
B3J0V
mtoos
stnjB^
JO jaqran^
mcooo
tOrtcq
o
oc
o
a
00
Reconstruction in Oktibbeha County — Browne.
295
'apBtaaraojj »•*
JO eponoj
'jiaaojj
JO spanoj;
'xBMsaag;
ecfonp
-oj£ napjBQ
!>83[jBiv JO atuBA
B^onpojj
preqoio JO 3"^ FA
JO enox '^BH
JO aniBA
'paja^qStiBig
BIB nil uy
JO spuno<j
JO spnnoj;
'looM
3ioo?g aAiT
JO ani^A
I IOt>.—<
anjAig
daaqg
9I«B0 jgq^o
uax-o 3ui>iiOjV^
BM.00 qo|mi
B9pij\[ puB sassy
sasjOH
00 05 "^
cocqco
>.
1
^
1
13 u
00 o> »o i« Tt< c» w 1 c^ 1
ti
^0
3
T3
00
■as
>5
s^^
t^
•ii>>
2;
g)S
H
tf
00
a
on
I-
rH
•iio
§
T3^
0)
C<3 00 ■* -H CVI rt
o>
Of)
"S £
tH
Ph43
fn
02
s
«
<!
(H
P^
r~ .q. «5 OS 00 C<1 IN
00
<N
W
PS
p
^
w
H
Q
f^
<!
H
^^
S)
CC
«
W
ffl
S
C3
■* >(5 -H M C
'A
00
CO
l-H
>
H
i-l
n
<!
H
i
"o
^
a
§ rt « § § S"^
— IIOO "
d
^~* ^
,„_,
t.
ts
. H
'
296
Mississippi Historical Society.
":
10
i
s
CO
00
«
n
d
<
om(M
a
m
J
to
a
W
■a
P4
^ ^
CO
<;
EH
02
&
E-1
<!
P^
<;
<
rice-*
01
ot^o
CI 100
>
a
1
1
00 "OO
<
00 IN "5
1
i
1
i
;3 to
;^5
C3 V
w§
aw
a o
000000000000
uTJt^iOiooio-rt^iooocir--.
05 lO COOO O t^CO t^iO o o *o
cc ■^j'" CO i« ^ TjT ■^' t^ »o CO CO* ci
000000000000
OO-^OQOOOO'^O-^COOO
■^"^f-corft— os^oc^oocieo
irTcsi -^i^'i-r cS T^ c^ t^ CO ^ i~^
-^OiCOCOM— ' I
50000000000
-ooo«ooooii
00000000000*0
LOOiOOOOO>0000<N
) CD »0 C<« r- « CO
■< 00 »"* ^^ CO ^ CO CD C
tel-
S M O
I— I S-^
'.-a a
IS G G q3 be a b
■ggc3b«ac32Sg 5SS
M^ O «^^ 3 S 3 C^^
00
00 00
B -^
Ml _
_ 3
3 c^
Reconstruction in Oktibbeha County — Browne.
297
Eh
JO enjBA
00
s3nn;ig
00
00 <»
eoogipg
■0
aaqnin^
MTO
5|
iC!>J3dOJ<J
JO anjBA
8
sSatMIS
1
!
jaqran^
M
00
m
!5
S
H
9
CO
iC'jjadojj
JO ani^A
Eh
W
sSuiwg
00
w
I3qmn2<[
lOrt
2
Q
g
X-jjadojj
JO anpA
"5
•0
00
a
i
h- 1
eSni'mg
ii
TOCO
5
c
03
«
jaqnin^
•HCO
*-4 *-H
1
s
•<
if')J8ClOJ<J
JO aniBA
OJ
sSnii-Hg
00
J3
a
i9qmn2>j
05
^_^
1
H
to
a
f^
'H
C3
D
03
cq
a
^^
c^
•a
Tl
a
00
•0
fc
a
\^
3
ri
cl
•*
03
T)<
2
Ji
03
00
H
a>
a
'^
s
a
3
fe
00
is
H
13
-d
1
s
a>
m
u
>
ca
a
s
Oi
a
H
03
(B
,,_,
<!',
,_^
03
<o
H
CQ
P
'^
CO
J
n
<a
a
H
(S
•a
a
^
OS
O!
(U
00
><i
03
'-
i2
CO
n
S
P.
«ij
T3
H
CI
3
T3
3
OS
^^
J^
as
--
WAO pUB 01
00
'
p'Ba'jj ^oauBQ
10"
T3
ai^uia^
t^
J
—
u
a[BK
a
m
(D
aiBoie^
a
±^
a
^
CO
S
8IBH
(M
<
1
?
l^oi
5£
1
00
1
1
'^
298
Mississippi Historical Society.
— ^
00
00
'J
n
P
g
^ a
T3
■d
a
PQ
1
§
.a
s
<
§
1
T3
a
m
CO
00
I— 1
CO
H
n
<
H
3
U5
PL,
e2
8
CO
H
a
6
00!M_
CON
02
n
H
<
>
m
m
1
CC 5DO0
Oi C- (>J
Ift i-Tr-T
-;5 >>
COC3
c
a
or
1
COMPLETE CONTENTS OF THE PUBLICATIONS OF
THE MISSISSIPPI HISTORICAL SOCIETY,
ARRANGED BY VOLUMES
Contents of Volume I
I. Mississippi's "Backwood's Poet," by Prof. Dabney Lipscomb. 2. Mis-
sissippi as a Field for the Student of Literature, by Prof. W L. Weber. 3 Suf-
frage in Mississippi, by Hon R. H. Thompson. 4. Spanish Policy in Mississippi
after the Treaty of San Lorenzo, by Prof. Franklin L. Riley. 5. Time and Place
Relations in History with some Mississippi and Louisiana Applications, by Prof.
Henry E. Chambers. 6. The Study and Teaching of History, by Prof. Herbert
B. Adams 7. Some Facts in the Early History of Mississippi, by Prof. R. W.
Jones. 8. Prehistoric Jasper Ornaments in Mississippi, by Chan. R. B. Fulton.
9. Suggestions to Local Historians, by Prof. Franklin L. Riley. 10. Some Inac-
curacies in Claiborne's History in Regard to Tecumseh, by Mr. H. S Halbert.
II. Did Jones County Secede? by Prof. A. L Bondurant 12 Index.
Contents of Volume IL
The Historical Element in Recent Southern Literature, by Prof C. Alphonso
Smith. 2. Irwin Russell — First Fruits of the Southern Romantic Movement,
by Prof W L Weber 3. William Ward, a Mississippi Poet Entitled to Distinc-
tion, by Prof. Dabney Lipscomb 4. Sherwood Bonner, Her Life and Place in
Literature of the South, by Prof. A L. Bondurant. 5. "The Daughter of the
Confederacy," Her Life, Character and Writings, by Prof. C. C. FerreU. 6. Sir
William Dunbar, the Pioneer Scientist of Mississippi, by Prof. Franklin L. Riley.
7. History of Taxation in Mississippi, by Prof. C. H. Brough. 8. Territorial
Growth of Mississippi, by Prof. J. M White. 9. Early Slave Laws of Mississippi,
by Alfred H Stone, Esq. 10. Federal Courts, Judges, Attorneys and Marshals
of Mississippi, by Dr T M Owen. 11. Running Mississippi's South Line, by
Judge Peter J. Hamilton. 12. Elizabeth Female Academy — The mother of Female
Colleges, by Bishop Chas B. Galloway. 13 Early History of Jefferson College,
by Mr J. K. Morrison 14. The Rise and Fall of Negro Rule in Mississippi, by
Dr. Dunbar Rowland. 15. Glimpses of the Past, by Mrs. H. D. Bell. 16. His-
toric Adams Coxmty, by Hon Gerard C. Brandon. 17. The Historical Oppor-
tunity of Mississippi, by Prof R. W. Jones. 18. Nanih Waiya, the Sacred Mound
of the Choctaws, by Mr H. S Halbert 19. Index.
Contents of Volume III.
I. Report of the Proceedings of the Third Annual Meeting, by Dr. Franklin
L Riley. 2. The Campaign of Vicksburg, Mississippi, in 1863 — from April 15th
to and including the Battle of Champion HiUs, or Baker's Creek, May i6th, 1863,
by Gen. Stephen D. Lee. 3. Siege of Vicksburg, by Gen. Stephen D. Lee. 4.
The Black and Tan Convention, by Col. J. L. Power. 5. Plantation Life in
Mississippi Before the War, by Dr. Dunbar Rowland. 6. Private Letters of
Mrs Humphreys, Written Immediately before and after the Ejectment of Her
Husband from the Executive Mansion, by Mrs. Lizzie George Henderson. 7.
299
300 Mississippi Historical Society.
Importance of the Local History of the Civil War, by Mrs. Josie F Cappleman.
8. William C. Falkner, Novelist, by Prof. A. L. Bondurant. 9. James D. Lynch,
Poet Laureate of the World's Columbian Exposition, by Prof Dabney Lipscomb.
10. Bishop Otey as Provincial Bishop of Mississippi, by Rev. Arthur Howard Noli.
11. Richard Curtis in the Country of the Natchez, by Rev Chas. H. Otken. 12.
The Making of a State, by Miss Mary V. Duval. 13. Location of the Boundaries
of Mississippi, by Dr. Franklin L. Riley. 14. Report of Sir William Dunbar to
the Span'sh Government, at the Conclusion of His Services in Locating and Survey-
ing the Thirty-first Degree of Latitude. 15. A Historical Outline of the Geograph-
ical and Agricultural Survey of the State of Mississippi, by Dr. Eugene W. Hilgard.
16 History of the Application of Science to Industry in Mississippi, by Dr. A. M.
Muckenfuss. 17. William Charles Cole Claiborne, by Prof. H. E. Chambers.
18. Transition from Spanish to American Control in Mississippi, by Dr. Franklin
L. Riley. 19. Grenada and Neighboring Towns in the 30's, by Capt. L. Lake.
20. History of Banking in Mississippi, by Dr. Charles Hillman Brough. 21. Origin
and Location of the A. & M. College of Mississippi, by Mr. J. M. White. 22.
Funeral Customs of the Choctaws, by Mr. H. S. Halbert. 23. Danville's Map of
East Mississippi, by Mr. H. S. Halbert. 24. Index.
Contents of Volume IV.
I. Report of the Fourth Annual Meeting, April 18-19, iqoIj by Dr. Franklin L.
Riley. 2. Campaign of Generals Grant and Sherman against Vicksburg in De-
cember, 1862, and January ist and 2d, 1863, known as the "Chickasaw Bayou
Campaign," by Gen. Stephen D. Lee. 3. Sherman's Meridian Expedition from
Vicksburg to Meridian, February 3d to March 6th, 1863, by Gen. Stephen D. Lee.
4. Capture of Holly Springs, December 20, 1862, by Prof. J. G. Deupree. 5.
Battle of Corinth and Subsequent Retreat, by Col. James Gordon. 6. Work of
the United Daughters of the Confederacy, by Mrs. Albert G. Weems. 7. Local
Incidents of the War Between the States, by Mrs. Josie Frazee Cappleman, 8.
The First Struggle Over Secession in Mississippi, by Dr. Jas. W. Gamer. 9. Re-
construction in East and Southeast Mississippi, by Capt. W. H. Hardy. 10. Legal
Status of Slaves in Mississippi before the War, by Hon. W. W. Magruder. ii.
Mississippi's Constitution and Statutes in Reference to Freedmen and their Al-
leged Relation to the Reconstruction Acts and War Amendment, by A. H. Stone,
Esq. 12. History of Millsaps College, by Bishop W. B. Murrah. 13. Lorenzo
Dow in Mississippi, by Bishop C. B. Galloway. 14. Early Beginnings of Baptists
in Mississippi, by Rev. Z. T. Leavell. 15. Importance of Archaeology, by Judge
Peter J. Hamilton. 16. The Choctaw Creation Legend, by H. S. Halbert, Esq.
17. Last Indian Council on the Noxubee, by H. S. Halbert, Esq. 18. The Real
Philip Nolan, by Rev. Edward Everett Hale. 19. Letter from George Poindexter
to Felix Houston, Esq. 20. The History of a County, by Mrs. Helen D. Bell.
21. Recollections of Pioneer Life in Mississippi, by Miss Mary J. Welsh. 22.
Political and Parliamentary Orators and Oratory in Mississippi, by Dr. Dunbar
Rowland. 23. The Chevalier Bayard of Mississippi — Edward Cary Walthall, by
Miss Mary Duvall. 24, Life of Gen. John A. Quitman, by Mrs. Rosalie Q. Duncan.
25. T. A. S. Adams, Poet, Educator and Pulpit Orator, by Prof. Dabney Lipscomb.
26. Influence of the Mississippi River upon the Early Settlement of its Valley, by
Richard B. Houghton, Esq. 27. The Mississippi Panic of 1813, by Col. J. A.
Watkins. 28. Repudiation of the Union and Planter's Bank Bonds, by Judge
J. A. P. Campbell. 29. Index.
Contents of Volume V.
I. Administrative Report of the Mississippi Historical Commission, by Dr.
Franklin L. Riley. 2. An Account of Manuscripts, Papers and Documents Per-
taining to Mississippi in Public Repositories Beyond the State: (i) Foreign Archives
Contents of Volumes I-XIII. 301
by Judge Peter J. HamUton. (2) Federal Archives, by Dr. Thomas M. Owen,
(3) State Archives, by Dr. Franklin L. Riley. (4) Libraries and Societies, by Prof.
James M. White. 3. An Account of Manuscripts, Papers and Documents in
Public Repositories Within the State of Mississippi: (i) State Offices, by Dr.
Franklin L. Riley. (^) County Offices, by Prof. James M. White and Dr. Franklin
L. Riley. (3) Municipal Offices, by Prof. J. M. White and Dr. Franklin L. Riley.
(4) Federal Offices, by Dr. Franklin L. Riley. (5) Educational Institutions.
(6) Church Organizations. (7) Professional, Literary and Industrial Organiza-
tions, by Prof. James M. White. (8) Benevolent and Miscellaneous Associations.
(9) Libraries and Societies, by Prof. James M. White and Dr. Franklin L. Riley.
4. An Account of Manuscripts, Papers and Documents in Private Hands: (i)
Papers of Prominent Mississippians, by Prof. James M. White. (2) Private
Collectors and Students, by Dr. Franklin L. Riley. (3) Newspapers, by Prof.
James M. White. (4) War Records, by Dr. Franklin L. Riley. 5. Aboriginal
and Indian History: (i) Published Accounts of Prehistoric Remains, by Mr. H. S.
Halbert and Capt. A. J. Brown. (2) Small Indian Tribes of Mississippi, by Mr
H. S. Halbert. 6. Points and Places of Historic Interest in Mississippi: (i) Ex-
tinct Towns and Villages of Mississippi, by Dr. Franklin L. Riley. (2) Battlefields.
7. Index.
Contents of Volume VI.
I . Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Mississippi Historical Society
by Dr. Franklin L. Riley. 2. Report of the Secretary and Treasurer, 1898-1892,
by Dr. Franklin L. Riley. 3. Battle of Brice's Cross Roads, by Gen. Stephen D.
Lee. 4 Battle of Harrisburg, or Tupelo, by Gen. Stephen D. Lee. 5. The
Clinton Riot, by Dr. Charles Hillman Brough. 6. Conference between Gen.
George and Gov. Ames, by Hon. Frank Johnston. 7. Mississippi's First Constitu-
tion and Its Makers, by Dr. Dunbar Rowland. 8. Secession Convention of i860,
by Judge Thomas H. Woods. 9. Causes and Events that Led to the Calling of the
Consritutional Convention of 1890, by Judge S. S. Calhoon. 10. Penitentiary
Reform in Mississippi, by Hon. J. H. Jones. 11. History of the Measures Sub-
mitted to the Committee on Elective Franchise, Apportionment and Elections in
the Constitutional Convention of 1890, by Hon. J. S. McNeilly. 12. Suffrage
and Reconstruction in Mississippi, by Hon. Frank Johnston. 13. Some Historic
Homes in Mississippi, by Mrs. N. D. Deupree. 14. Early Times in Wayne County,
by Hon. J. M. Wilkins. 15. Industrial Mississippi in the Light of the Twelfth
Census, by Dr. A. M. Muckenfuss. 16. The Mississippi River and the Efforts to
Confine it in its Channel, by Maj. Wm. Dunbar Jenkins. 17. Origin of the Pacific
Railroads, and Especially of the Southern Pacific, by Hon. Edward Mayes. 18.
The Origin of Certain Place Names in the State of Mississippi, by Mr. Henry Gan-
nett. 19. The Catholic Church in Mississippi During Colonial Times, by Rev.
B. J. Bekkers. 20. Robert J. Walker, by Hon. Geo. J. Leftwich 21. Story of
the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit, by Mr. H. S. Halbert. 22. The Yowanne, or
Hiowanni Indians, by Judge Peter J. Hamilton. 23. Location and Description of
Emmaus Mission, by Mr. John H. Evans. 24. Benard Romans' Map of 1772, by
Mr. H. S. Halbert. 25. Antiquities of Newton County, by Capt. A. J Brown.
26. Route of DeSoto's Expedition from Taliepacana to Huhasene, by Prof. T. H.
Lewis. 27. Report of the Department of Archives and History, by Dr. Dunbar
Rowland. 28. Index.
Contents of Volume VII.
I. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meering of the Mississippi Historical Society,
by Dr. Franklin L. Riley. 2. The Rank and File at Vicksburg, by Col. J. H. Jones.
3. A Mississippi Brigade in the Last Days of the Confederacy, by Hon. J. S. Mc-
Neilly. 4. Yazoo County in the Civil War, by Judge Robert Bowman. 5. John-
ston's Division in the Battle of Franklin, by Gen. Stephen D. Lee. 6. Reminis-
302 Mississippi Historical Society.
cences of Service with the First Mississippi Cavalry, by Prof. J. G. Deupree.
7. Makeshifts of the War Between the States, by Miss Mary J. Welsh. /8. Recon-
struction in Yazoo County, by Judge Robert Bowman. 9. Life of Col. Felix
Lebauve, by Dr. P. H. Saunders. 10. Life of Greenwood Leflore, by Mrs. N. D.
Deupree. 11. Thomas Grifion — a Boanerges of the Early Southwest, by Bishop
Chas. B Galloway. 12. Lafayette Rupert Hamberlin, Dramatic Reader and Poet,
by Prof. P. H. Eager. 13; Recollections of Reconstruction in East and Southeast
Mississippi, by Capt. W. H. Hardy. 14. Life of Col. J. F. H. Claiborne, by Dr.
Franklin L RUey. 15. Senatorial Career of Gen. J. Z. George, by Dr. J. W. Gamer.
16. Cotton Gin Port and Gaines' Trace, by Geo. J. Leftwich, Esq. 17. The Cholera
in 1840, by Maj. Wm. Dunbar Jenkins. 18. Historic Clinton, by Dr. Charles
Hillman Brough. 19. LaCache, by Rev. Ira M. Boswell. 20. Some Historic
Homes in Mississippi, by Mrs. N. D. Deupree. 21. Choctaw Mission Station in
Jasper County, by Capt. A. J. Brown. 22. Lowndes County, Its Antiquities and
Pioneer Settlers, by Col. Wm. A. Love. 23. Mingo Moshulitubbee's Prairie
Village, by Col. Wm. A. Love. 24 The Chroniclers of DeSoto's Expedition, by
Prof. T. H. Lewis. 25. Origin of Mashulaville by Mr. H. S. Halbert. 26. British
West Florida, by Judge Peter J. Hamilton. 27. The Floods of the Mississippi, by
Dr John W. Monette. 28. Navigation and Commerce on the Mississippi, by
Dr. John W. Monette. 29. Index.
Contents of Volume VIII.
I Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Mississippi Historical
Society, by Dr. Franklin L Riley 2. Alleged Secession of Jones County, by
Goode Montgomery, Esq. 3. Index to Campaigns, Battles and Skirmishes in
Mississippi from 1861 to 1865, by Gen. Stephen D. Lee. 4. A sketch of the Career
of Company B, Armistead's Cavalry Regiment, by Judge R C. Beckett. 5. De-
tails of Important Work of Two Confederate Telegraph Operators, etc., by Gen.
Stephen D Lee 6. The Hampton Roads Conference, by Hon. Frank Johnston.
7. Some Unpublished Letters of Burton N. Harrison, by Prof. James Elliott Walms-
ley. 8. Confederate Cemeteries and Monuments in Mississippi, by Dr. R. W.
Jones. 9. The Confederate Orphans' Home of Mississippi, by Miss Mary J
Welsh. 10.. Recollections of Reconstruction in East and Southeast Mississippi,
by Capt. W. H. Hardy. 11: Reconstruction in Wilkinson County, by Col. J. H.
Jones. 12. Some effects of Military Reconstruction in Monroe County, by Judge
R C. Beckett. 13. Life of Hon. James T. Harrison, by Judge J. A. Orr. 14.
The public Services of Senator James Z. George, by Hon. Frank Johnston. 15.
The Ante-Bellum Historical Society of Mississippi, by Rev. Z. T. Leavell. 16.
Mississippi's Primary Election Law, by Gov. E. F. Noel. 17. A Note on Missis-
sippi's Population 1850-1860, by Dr. Edward Ingle. 18. The Cotton Oil Industry,
by Supt. W. D. Shue. 19. The State of Louisiana verstts the State of Mississippi,
by Hon. Monroe McClurg. 20. Cartography of Mississippi in the i6th century,
by Mr. William Beer. 21. Choctaw Land Claims, by Dr. Franklin L. Riley.
22. The Removal of the Mississippi Choctaws, by J. W. Wade, Esq. 23. Early
History and Archaeology of Yazoo County, by Judge Robert Bowman 24. Auto-
biography of Gideon Lincecum. 25. Choctaw Traditions About Their Settlement
in Mississippi and the Origin of Their Mounds, by Dr. Gideon Lincecum. 26.
Chickasaw Traditions, Customs, etc., by Mr. Harry Warren. 27. Some Chickasaw
Chiefs and Prominent Men, by Mr. Harry Warren. 28. Missions, Missionaries,
Frontier Characters and Schools, by Mr. Harry Warren. 29. Index.
Contents of Volume IX.
I. Proceedings of Eighth Public Meeting of the Mississippi Historical Society,
by Dr. Franklin L. Riley. 2. A Forgotten Expedition to Pensacola in January,
1 86 1, by Judge Baxter McFarland. 3. Mississippi at Gettysburg, By Col. Wil-
3477-251
Contents of Volumes I-XIII^ 303
liam A. Love. 4. Reconstruction in Monroe County,' by Hon. George J. Left-
wich. 5. Reconstruction and its Destruction in Hinds County, by Hon. W. C.
Wells. 6. The Enforcement Act of 1871 and The Ku Klux Klan in Mississippi, '
by Hon. J. S. McNeilly. 7. A trip from Houston to Jackson, Miss., in 1845, by
Judge J. A. Orr. 8. The Presidential Campaign of 1844 in Mississippi, by Prof.
J. E. Wahnsley. q. Life and Literary Services of Dr. John W. Monette, by Dr.
Franklin L. Riley. 10. The Public Services of E. C. Walthall, by Prof. Alfred W.
Gamer. 11. Monroe's Efforts in Behalf of the Mississippi Valley During His Mis-
sion to France, by Dr. Beverly W. Bond. 12. A Sketch of the Old Scotch Settle-
ment at Union Church, by Rev. C. W. Grafton. 13. Lands of the Liquidating
Levee Board through Litigation and Legislation, by J. W. Wade, Esq. 14. His-
toric Localities on Noxubee River, by Hon. William A. Love. 15. "A Genuine
Accoxmtof the Present State of the River Mississippi," etc.. Anonymous. 16.
A Contribution to the History of the Colonization Movement in Mississippi, by
Dr. Franklm L. Riley. 17. Life of Apushimataha, by Gideon Lincecum. 18.
Trip Through the Piney Woods by Col. J. F. H. Claiborne, iq. A Brief History
of the Mississippi Territory, by James Hall. 20. Index.
Contents of Volume X. '-
I. Proceedings of Decennial Meeting of the Mississippi Historical Society, by
Prof. Franklin L. Riley. 2. General Stephen D. Lee; His Life, Character and
Services, by Prof. Dabney Lipscomb. 3. The Work of the Mississippi Historical
Society, by Prof. Franklin L. Riley. 4. The War in Mississippi after the Fall of
Vicksburg, July 4, 1863, by Gen. Stephen D. Lee. 5. The Vicksburg Campaign,
by Hon. Frank Johnston. 6. The Tupelo Campaign, by Capt. Theodore G. Car-
ter. 7. Reconstruction in Carroll and Montgomery Counties, by Fred M. Witty,
Esq. 8. Reconstruction in Lee County, by Mr. W. H. Braden. 9. Reconstruc-
tion in Attalla County, by Mr. E. C. Coleman, Jr. 10. The Developmet of Man-
ufacturing in Mississippi, by Prof. A. M. Muckenfuss. 11. History of Prohibition
in Mississippi, by Col. W. H. Patton. 12. Beginnings of Presbyterianism in Missis-
sippi, by Rev. T. L. Haman. 13. A Chapter in the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1878,
by Mrs. W. A. Anderson. 14. Aaron Burr in Mississippi, by Bishop Charles B.
Galloway. 15. Jefferson Davis at West Point, by Prof. Walter L. Fleming. 16
Henry Lowndes Muldrow, by Hon. George J. Leftwich. 17. History of Port
Gibson, Mississippi, by Rev. G. H. Hawkins. 18. Yazoo County's Contribution
to Mississippi Literature, by Judge Robt. Bowman. 19. Biographical Sketch of
Dr. M. W. PhiUips, by Prof. Franklin L. Riley. 20. Diary of a Mississippi Planter,
by. Prof. Franklin L. Riley. 21. Complete Contents of Volumes I-X of the
Publications of Mississippi Historical Society, Topically Arranged. 22. Author's„„
Index to Voliunes I-X of the Publications of the Mississippi Historical Sodety.
Alphabetically Arranged. 23. Complete Contents of the Publications of the Mis-
sissippi Historical Society, Arranged by Volumes. 24. General Index of Volumes
I-X of Publications of Mississippi Historical Society.
Contents of Volume XI. .
I. Proceedings of the Tenth Public Meeting of the Mississippi Historical Society,
by Prof. Franklin L. Riley. 2. Charles Betts Galloway, by Hon. Edward Mayes.
3. The Mississippi River as a Political Factor in American History, by Prof. Frank-
lin L. Riley. 4. Demarcation of the Mississippi-Louisiana Boundary, by Prof.
Franklin L. Riley. 5. Evolution of Wilkinson County, by Col. J. H. Jones. 6.
Antebellum Times in Monroe County, by Judge R. C. Beckett. 7. Reconstruc-
tion in Monroe County, by Mr. E. F. Puckett. 8. Reconstruction in Lawrence
and Jefferson Davis Counties, by Miss Hattie Magee. 9. Reconstruction in New- /
ton County, by Miss Ruth Watkins. 10. Reconstruction in Pontotoc County, by "^ /
Mr. M. G. Abney. 11. Reconstruction in Leake County, by Miss Nannie Lacey. -^^
J
304 Mississippi Historical Society.
12. Reconstruction in DeSoto County, by Prof. Irby C. Nichols. 13. Beginning
of a New Period in the Political History of Mississippi, by Prof. G. H. Brunson.
14. The French Trading Post and the Chocchuma Village in East Mississippi, by
Mr. H. S. Halbert. 15. David Ward Sanders, by Gov. E. F. Noel. 16. Marking
the Natchez Trace, by Mrs. Dunbar Rowland. 17. The Mayhew Mission to
the Choctaws, by Hon. W. A. Love. 18. General Jackson's Military Road, by
Hon. W. A. Love. 19. Index.
Contents of Volume XII.
I. Proceedings of the Eleventh Public Meeting of the Mississippi Historical
Society, by Dr. Franklin L. Riley. 2. First Marriage of Jefferson Davis, by Dr.
Walter L. Fleming. 3. Nullification in Mississippi, by Miss Cleo Hearon. 4.
Did the Reconstruction Give Mississippi Her Public Schools? by Miss Ehse Tim-
berlake. 5. The Civil War Hospital at the University, by Mrs. J. C. Johnson. 6.
Autobiographical Sketch of Dr. F. A. P. Barnard. 7. Sketches of Judge A. B.
Longstreet and Dr. F. A. P. Barnard, by Dr. J. W. Johnson. 8. A Boy's Recollec-
tion of the War, by Hon. W. O. Hart. 9. Reconstruction in Marshall County,
by Miss Ruth Watkins. 10. Reconstruction in Yalobusha and Grenada Counties, •
by Miss J. C. Brown. 11. Climax and Collapse of Reconstruction in MississippijV'
1874-1896, by Capt. J. S. McNeilly. 12. Index.
Contents of Volume XIII.
/
I. Reconstruction in Panola County, by John W. Kyle. 2. Reconstruction in "•'
Scott County, by Forrest Cooper. 3. Reconstruction in Lafayette County, by
Miss Julia Kendel. 4. Reconstruction in Oktibbeha County, by Rev. F. Z. Browne.
5. Complete Contents of the Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society,
arranged by Volumes. 6. Index.
Volumes I and II, neatly bound together in cloth (360 pages), will be sent,
charges collect, to any address on receipt of $3.00. This edition is limited. A few
copies of Volume I (no pages), unbound, may be purchased for $1.00 each. Vol-
ume II (250 pages), in separate binding, is no longer on sale. Volumes III (380
pages), IV (508 pages), V (394 pages), VI (568 pages), VII (542 pages), VIII (598
pages), IX (589 pages), X (580 pages), XI, (448 pages), XII (504 pages), XIII
(326 pages), bound in cloth, will be sent to any express address, charges prepaid
for $2.00 each.
AU persons interested in advancing the cause of Mississippi history are eligible
to membership in the Society. There is no initiation fee. The only cost to mem-
bers is annual dues, $2.00, or life dues, $30.00. Members receive all publications
during their connection with the Society free of charge.
Address all communications to
FRANKLIN L. RILEY,
University, Mississippi,
Secretary avd Treasurer.
-^^0^
O >
^^-'^^
0'
4 o^
0.,.
^-•
C° /• ^^ o.
^..^^
0^ ^^
a'"
