The record of the Royal Society of London

THE RECORD

OF

THE ROYAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON

THIRD EDITION

ENTIRELY REVISED AND REARRANGED

LONDON
PRINTED FOR THE ROYAL SOCIETY

AT THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
AND SOLD BY HENRY FROWDE, AMEN CORNER, E.C.

1912

L8+*

PREFACE

THE first edition of this work appeared in the year 1897
under the editorship of the two Secretaries, the late
Professor Michael Foster and Professor A. W. Riicker.
Its object was to provide a compendium of information, largely
historical, regarding the rise and progress, the organization and
work of the Royal Society. A new edition was proposed to be
issued every five years, comprising such alterations and additions
as time might show to be necessary ; but eventually the Council
arranged that a second edition should be published at the end
of the year 1901 as an appropriate date at the beginning of a new
century. The chief feature in the second edition was the inclusion
of two lists of the Fellows of the Society from its foundation,
one arranged chronologically, the other alphabetically. In the
preparation of these lists much difficulty was experienced in veri-
fying some of the earlier names, and the lists were consequently
not quite complete or accurate.

Experience has shown that as the Annual ' Year-book ' contains
the requisite information regarding the current affairs of the
Society, and as the * Record ' deals mainly with matters of
historical interest, the interval of five years, originally con-
templated for the appearance of the successive editions of the
latter volume, is too short a period to warrant the labour and
expense which would be involved in such a frequent reissue.
The approaching celebration of the 250th anniversary of the
Society's foundation seemed, however, to the President and
Council to be an appropriate occasion for preparing a new
edition of the ' Record ' which should be thoroughly revised and
brought up to the present condition of the Society. Hence the
present third edition is now issued.

The material of the volume has been rearranged, and for
convenience of reference has been divided into chapters, in
the preparation of which the officers and the clerical staff have

242555

iv PREFACE

co-operated. The Treasurer, Sir Alfred B. Kempe, has revised and
brought up to date the ' Notes on the History of the Statutes '
in Chapter III, and the account of the history and objects of
the various Trusts of the Society forming Chapter IV. The
Secretaries, Sir Joseph Larmor, M.P., and Sir John Rose Bradford,
K.C.M.G., have likewise assisted in the various matters referred
to them. The Assistant Secretary, Mr. Robert Harrison, be-
sides rendering general assistance, has revised the list of Portraits.
The Clerk, Mr. T. E. James, has revised and completed the list of
the Medals and Medallions. The Assistant Librarian, Mr. A. H.
White, has supplied the account of the Library. Mr. James
and Mr. White have gone through the earlier pages of the
Charter-book, the Journal-books, and other documents, for the
purpose of making the Chronological Register and Alphabetical
List of Fellows more complete and accurate. In this laborious
task they have been greatly assisted by Sir Arthur Church, whose
minute acquaintance with the early Archives has been freely
placed at the Society's service. The President, Sir Archibald
Geikie, K.C.B., has rewritten the first chapter giving a narrative
of the Foundation and Early History of the Society, and has
supervised and edited the whole work.

The late Sir William Huggins, President in the years from 1900
to 1905, presented to the Society the blocks of the Plates which
illustrated his volume on * The Royal Society ', which was pub-
lished in 1906. Most of these Plates, consisting chiefly of re-
productions of portraits of former Fellows in the Society's
possession, have been made use of in the present volume, but the
portraits of Robert Boyle, John Evelyn, Christopher Wren, and
Hans Sloane have been re-photographed and the impressions are
printed from fresh plates. A few additions have been made com-
prising the portraits of Lord Kelvin, Lord Lister, and Charles
Darwin, and the view of the Interior Court of Gresham College
and of the Society's house in Crane Court, Fleet Street.

Burlington House,
May 15, 1912.

CONTENTS

PAGE

PREFACE iii

LIST OF PLATES . . . * . . . . . ,, .. . vii

CHAPTER I

FOUNDATION AND EARLY HISTORY OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY ... 1

CHAPTER II

THE CHARTERS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY :

Charta Prima, Praesidi, Concilio, et Sodalibus Regalis Societatis

Londini, a Rege Carolo Secundo concessa, A. D. MDCLXII .. , . 48

Charta Secunda, lisdem ab eodem concessa, A.D. MDCLXIII . . 69
Charta Tertia, lisdem ab eodem concessa, A. D. MDCLXIX . . .94

A License for purchasing in Mortmain to the yearly value of

One Thousand Pounds, granted by King George the First . 115

CHAPTER III

THE STATUTES OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY :

The Original Statutes enacted in 1663 . . . . .117

Statutes enacted in 1847 . . . . . ... .131

Statutes of 1905 . . ., . ,. ,. . ., , 145

Notes on the History of the Statutes . . . . . 159

CHAPTER IV

THE TRUSTS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY 174

Gassiot Declaration of Trust . . . . . . . 188

CHAPTER V

PRINCIPAL BENEFACTORS OF THE SOCIETY 193

vi CONTENTS

PAGE

CHAPTER VI

PATRONS AND OFFICERS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY SINCE ITS FOUNDATION 200

CHAPTER VII

MEDALLISTS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY, AND CROONIAN AND BAKERIAN
LECTURERS, WITH TITLES OF THEIR SUBJECTS :

Medallists . . . .... . . .210

The Croonian Lecture . . . . . . . .217

The Bakerian Lecture ........ 224

CHAPTER VIII

THE LIBRARY, RELICS, PORTRAITS, BUSTS, AND MEDALS :

The Library . . . ... . . . .233

Instruments and Historical Relics ...... 237

List of Portraits in Oil 239

List of Medallions, Busts, and Statuettes ..... 252

Medals 254

CHAPTER IX

THE COMMITTEES OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY . . . . . 269

CHAPTER X

THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY . . . . . 274

CHAPTER XI

GRANTS AND COMMITTEES WHICH THE ROYAL SOCIETY CONTROLS OR
ADMINISTERS, AND INSTITUTIONS ON THE GOVERNING BODIES OF
WHICH IT IS REPRESENTED . . 280

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS '» 309

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF FELLOWS, WITH THE DATES OF ELECTION . 433
INDEX 479

LIST OF PLATES

PLATE

I. Old Gresham College, reduced from an engraving (1739) in Ward's
* Lives of the Professors of Gresham College \ 1740.

To face page 6

II. The Green Court, Gresham College, between the North and South
Galleries or Piazzas. From an engraving of a portrait of
Nehemiah Grew, Sec. R. S., published in 1800.

To face page 12

III. King Charles II, from a portrait painted in the school of Lely,
in the possession of the Royal Society . To face page 16

IV. The Mace, presented by King Charles II . . To face page 24

V. The Honourable Robert Boyle, from a painting by F. Kerseboom, in
the rooms of the Royal Society . . . To face page 40

VI. Sir Christopher Wren, from a painting attributed to Michael Wright,
in the possession of the Royal Society . To face page 48

VII. John Evelyn, from a portrait painted by Sir Godfrey Kneller, in
the possession of the Royal Society . . To face page 64

VIII. Sir Isaac Newton, from a portrait by J. Van der Banck, in the
possession of the Royal Society . . . To face page 80

IX. The House of the Royal Society from 1710 to 1780 in Crane Court,
Fleet Street. From an engraving in Smith's * Historical and
Literary Curiosities \ London, 1845 . To face page 96

X. Sir Hans Sloane, from a painting by Sir Godfrey Kneller, in the
possession of the Royal Society . . . To face page 112

XI. Benjamin Franklin, from a portrait by Joseph Wright, in the
rooms of the Royal Society . . . To face page 144

XII. Thomas Young, from a portrait painted by H. P. Briggs after
Sir T. Lawrence, in the possession of the Royal Society.

To face page 176

Vlll

PLATE

XIII. Sir Humphry Davy, from a portrait by Sir Thomas Lawrence, in the

possession of the Royal Society . . . To face page 208

XIV. John Dalton, from a portrait by B. R. Faulkner, in the possession

of the Royal Society . . . ' . . To face page 224

XV. Michael Faraday, from a portrait by A. Blaikley, in the possession
of the Royal Society . .... To face page 240

XVI. Lord Kelvin. Photogravure by Messrs. Annan & Co. from a
photograph by Messrs. Dickinsons, New Bond Street.

To face page 256

XVII. Lord Lister. Photogravure by Messrs. Elliot & Fry, London.

To face page 272

XVIII. Charles Darwin. Photogravure by the Oxford University Press from
a painting by Walter W. Ouless, R.A. . To face page 288

XIX. The present Meeting-room in the Apartments of the Royal Society,
Burlington House ..... To face page 296

XX. The Principal Library in the same Apartments . To face page 304

CHAPTER I

FOUNDATION AND EARLY HISTORY OF THE
ROYAL SOCIETY

THE foundation of the Royal Society was one of the earliest
practical fruits of the philosophical labours of Francis Bacon.
The experimental method of research which that great man so
strenuously expounded in his writings was a vehement protest
against the deductive method which till then had been in vogue.
His great aim was to enforce the patient investigation of Nature
by observation and experiment. He desired that a body of
accurately ascertained facts should be amassed, from which
alone, in his opinion, the processes of Nature could be understood,
and a solid foundation could be laid on which discovery and
invention might proceed apace. By such means, he believed,
man could attain to ' the knowledge of causes and secret motions
of things, and the enlarging of the bounds of human empire, to
the effecting of all things possible.' l He held that ' there is much
ground for hoping that there are still laid up in the womb of
Nature many secrets of excellent use, having no affinity or
parallelism with anything that is now known, but lying entirely
out of the beat of the imagination, which have not yet been found
out. They too, no doubt, will some time or other, in the course
and revolution of many ages, come to light of themselves, just as
the others did ; only by the method of which we are now treating
they can be speedily and suddenly and simultaneously presented
and anticipated.' 2 So convinced was Bacon of the transcendent
importance of his experimental method that he seems to have
been unable to bring himself to admit that the inventions and
discoveries made before his time could have been due to science.
He regarded them rather as the happy accidents of chance.3

1 ' New Atlantis.' 9 Nov. Org. I. cix.

s Nov. Org. I. viii, Ixxxv ; II. xxxi. He strangely ignored Gilbert's great work on
Magnetism, which was published in 1600 before the earliest of Bacon's philosophical treatises

B

•2*-': : 'RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Bacon came early to believe that the method of investigation
which he advocated would be best promoted by the corporate
action of men who could devote their whole energies to its pursuit.
As far back as the year 1617, before the publication of his ' Novum
Organon ', he had already composed his ' New Atlantis ', in which
he embodied his ideal conception of how such corporate action
might be organized and established. His vivid imagination
portrayed, in a kind of allegorical picture, a carefully planned
and well-endowed college, consisting of a company of thirty-six
' Fellows ' l divided into groups, each of wrhich should be charged
with a special department of inquiry or research. The field of
enterprise was to embrace the whole of Nature, and was to be
both theoretical and practical, with the view, on the one hand, of
unravelling * the causes of things ', and, on the other, of obtaining
such a knowledge of facts as would lead to new discoveries and
inventions. One-half of the Fellows were to be employed in
collecting from foreign countries and abstracting from books and
from mechanical arts and liberal sciences all that had been
previously discovered or invented. The rest of the company,
consisting of six groups, were to be variously employed in trying
new experiments, tabulating former experiments and results, and
endeavouring to draw forth conclusions useful ' for man's life and
knowledge ' and to establish generalizations that might lead to
' greater observations, axioms, and aphorisms \2

Bacon died in 1626. His * New Atlantis ', which had remained
among his papers, was published the following year, and attracted
so much attention that in forty-three years no fewer than ten
editions of it had been issued. When we remember what a
succession of crises in the political history of this country these
years comprised, we may in some measure realize the strength of
the movement which the great philosopher had set on foot, and
which could thus advance in the midst of civil war and social
confusion. He did not live to see any attempt made to give

appeared. He even went so far as to affirm that the deductive philosophy which he
decried, and which was to be splendidly illustrated by Newton and other workers within
the Royal Society, had been destructive of practical invention — ' if the truth must be
spoken/ he says, s when the rational and dogmatic sciences began, the discovery of useful
works came to an end." Nov. Org. II. xxxi.

1 This word is used by Bacon. 2 ' New Atlantis.'

INFLUENCE OF FRANCIS BACON 3

tangible shape to his noble dream. But the seed which he sowed
had not fallen on waste ground. The political troubles had
indeed retarded the process of its germination. But there had
arisen in the country a remarkable group of men who, stirred by
similar ideals and working each in his own line, had taken up
experimental investigation, as the pursuit of their lives, or of
their leisure. Among these pioneers it is enough to recall the
names of Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, John Wallis, John
Evelyn, Robert Hooke, Christopher Wren, and William Petty.

Some interesting particulars respecting the intercourse of
these men in their scientific researches are to be found among
the letters of Robert Boyle. Thus, writing from London on
October 22, 1646, to M. Marcombes (who had been his French
tutor in England), Boyle alludes to his studies in 'natural
philosophy, the mechanics and husbandry, according to the
principles of our new philosophical college that values no
knowledge, but as it hath a tendency to use'. He asks his
correspondent to bring from abroad with him to England ' good
receipts or choice books on any of these subjects which you can
procure ; which will make you extremely welcome to our invisible
college '. Again, on February 16, 1646-7, he writes from London,
' The corner-stones of the invisible or (as they term themselves)
the philosophical college do now and then honour me with their
company,' and he speaks in eulogistic language of the enthusiasm
and modesty of these men. On May 8, 1647, in a letter to
Samuel Hartlib he refers again to the ' Invisible College V

There does not appear to have been for some years after this
correspondence any attempt to form a definitely organized College
or Society. The meetings were probably only friendly reunions
at Boyle's house or at the rooms of some of the other congenial
spirits, or not infrequently in taverns,2 where they might discuss
with each other the problems on which they were engaged or the
experiments which they wished to see undertaken.3 As one of

1 Works (1744), vol. i, pp. 17, 20, 24.

3 Aubrey records that ' they mett at the Bull-head Taverne in Cheapside (e.g. 1658,
1659, and after) till it grew to big for a clubb, and so they came to Gresham College
parlour '. ' Brief Lives,' ii, p. 302.

s Aubrey states that ' the first beginning of the Royal Society (where they putt discourse
in paper and brought it to use) was in the chamber of William Ball, Esq., eldest son of

B 2

4 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

them has recorded, * their first purpose was no more than only the
satisfaction of breathing a freer air, and of conversing in quiet one
with another, without being ingag'd in the passions and madness
of that dismal age.' ' For such a candid and impassionate company
as that was, and for such a gloomy season, what could have been
a fitter subject than Natural Philosophy ? ' l

As the ' first ground and foundation ' of the Royal Society was
laid at these meetings, it is interesting to have an authoritative
account of them from one who took part in them — the mathema-
tician Dr. John Wallis : 2

'About the year 1645, while I lived in London (at a time when,
by our civil wars, academical studies were much interrupted in
both our Universities), beside the conversation of divers eminent
divines, as to matters theological, I had the opportunity of being
acquainted with divers worthy persons, inquisitive into natural
philosophy, and other parts of human learning ; and particularly
of what hath been called the New Philosophy or Experimental
Philosophy. We did by agreements, divers of us, meet weekly in
London on a certain day [and hour, under a certain penalty, and
a weekly contribution for the charge of experiments, with certain
rules agreed upon amongst us],3 to treat and discourse of such
affairs ; of which number were Dr. John Wilkins (afterwards
Bishop of Chester [then chaplain to the Prince Elector Palatine, in
London]), Dr. Jonathan Goddard, Dr. George Ent, Dr. Glisson,
Dr. Merret (Drs. in Physick), Mr. Samuel Foster, then Professor
of Astronomy at Gresham College, or some place near adjoyning,
Mr. Theodore Haak* (a German of the Palatinate, and then
resident in London, who, I think, gave the first occasion, and first
suggested those meetings), and many others.

Sir Peter Ball, of Devon, in the Middle Temple. They had meetings at Taverns before,
but 'twas here where it formally and in good earnest sett up.' ' Brief Lives/ ii, p. 322.
William Ball, or Balle, was an astronomer and a man of influence among the philosophers.
He was named a member of Council in the first Charter, and was designated as the first
Treasurer of the Society in the second Charter.

1 Sprat, ' History of the Royal Society,' pp. 53, 55.

2 'Account of some Passages of his own Life,' addressed to Dr. Thomas Smith and
dated from Oxford, January 29, 1696-7. It was published in the Appendix to the Preface
by the editor, Thomas Hearne, to his edition of ' Peter Langtoft's Chronicle '. Oxford,
1725, pp. clxi-clxiv.

3 The passages in square brackets are taken from Wallis's ' A Defence of the Royal
Society ', 1678. 4 Misprinted Hank.

FIRST BEGINNINGS OF THE SOCIETY 5

' These meetings we held sometimes at Dr. Goddards lodgings
in Wood Street (or some convenient place near), on occasion of
his keeping an operator in his house for grinding glasses for
telescopes and microscopes ; sometimes at a convenient place
[The Bull Head] in Cheapside, and [in term-time] at Gresham
College [at Mr. Foster's lecture (then Astronomer Professor there) ,
and, after the lecture ended, repaired, sometimes to Mr. Foster's
lodgings, sometimes to some other place not far distant].

' Our business was (precluding matters of theology and state
affairs) to discourse and consider of Philosophical Enquiries, and
such as related thereunto: as Physick, Anatomy, Geometry,
Astronomy, Navigation, Staticks, Magneticks, Chymicks, Mechan-
icks, and Natural Experiment* ; with the state of these studies, as
then cultivated at home and abroad. We then discoursed of the
circulation of the blood, the valves in the Veins, the Vence Lactece,
the Lymphatick Vessels, the Copernican Hypothesis, the Nature of
Comets and New Stars, the Satellites of Jupiter, the oval Shape
(as it then appeared) of Saturn, the spots in the Sun, and its turning
on its own Axis, the Inequalities and Selenography of the Moon,
the several Phases of Venus and Mercury, the Improvement of
Telescopes, and grinding of Glasses for that purpose, the Weight
of Air, the Possibility or Impossibility of Vacuities and Nature's
Abhorrence thereof, the Torricellian Experiment in Quicksilver,
the Descent of heavy Bodies, and the degrees of Acceleration
therein ; and divers other things of like nature. Some of which
were then but New Discoveries, and others not so generally known
and embraced as now they are, with other things appertaining to
what hath been called The New Philosophy, which from the times
of Galileo at Florence, and Sir Francis Bacon (Lord Verulam)
in England, hath been much cultivated in Italy, France, Germany,
and other parts abroad, as well as with us in England.

' About the year 1648-9, some of our company being removed
to Oxford (first Dr. Wilkins, then I, and soon after Dr. Goddard)
our company divided. Those in London continued to meet there
as before (and we with them, when we had occasion to be there),
and those of us at Oxford, with Dr. Ward (since Bishop of
Salisbury), Dr. Ralph Bathurst (now President of Trinity College
in Oxford), Dr. Petty (since Sir William Petty), Dr. Willis (then

G RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

an eminent physician in Oxford), and divers others, continued
such meetings in Oxford, and brought those Studies into fashion
there ; meeting first at Dr. Petty's lodgings (in an apothecarie's
house), because of the convenience of inspecting Drugs, and the
like, as there was occasion ; and after his remove to Ireland
(though not so constantly) at the lodgings of Dr. Wilkins, then
Warden of Wadham College, and after his removal to Trinity
College in Cambridge, at the lodgings of the Honourable Mr. Robert
Boyle, then resident for divers years in Oxford.'

The Oxford Society became in 1651 the Philosophical Society
of Oxford, of which meetings continued to be held at irregular
intervals until 1690, when they ceased. The London Society
continued to meet until about the year 1658, ' usually at Gresham
College, at the Wednesday's and Thursday's lectures of Dr. Wren
and Mr. Rooke, where there joined with them several eminent
persons of their common acquaintance : the Lord Viscount
Brouncker, the now Lord Brereton, Sir Paul Neil, Mr. John
Evelyn, Mr. Henshaw, Mr. Slingsby, Dr. Timothy Clarke,
Dr. Ent, Mr. Ball, Mr. Hill, Dr. Croone, and diverse other
gentlemen, whose inclinations lay the same way. This custom was
observed once, if not twice, a week in term-time ; till they were
scattered by the miserable distractions of that fatal year ; till the
continuance of their meetings there might have made them run
the hazard of the fate of Archimedes : for then the place of their
meeting was made a quarter for soldiers.' l

A description of the rooms occupied by the Royal Society in
Gresham College has been preserved. ' The great hall, to which
the ascent from the court is by a few steps, is 37 feet long, near
20 feet broad, and. 25 or 30 feet high. This spacious room is a
noble entrance to the rest of the apartments of the Royal Society.
The next room is about 35 feet long, near 20 feet broad and
13 feet high ; and in this the Society always met upon St. Andrew's
Day for their anniversary elections. The inner room for their
ordinary weekly meetings is about 22 feet long and 18 feet broad.
These three rooms are all upon the same floor ; from the last, two
or three steps convey you into the gallery, which is 140 feet long
and 131-2 broad. Beyond is the Repository of their curiosities,

1 Sprat's * History of th* Royal Society' (1667), p. 57.

PLATE I

2

£

3 :

a SJ

S a

a -

£ xi

o =

THE FIRST MEETINGS AT GRESHAM COLLEGE 7

which with the tw6 rooms adjoining is about 90 feet long and
12 or 13 broad. Besides these rooms within, they have the use
of a fair colonnade under the gallery and of a spacious area about
140 feet long and 197 feet broad ' l (Plates I and II).

The entry of Monk with his army into London at the beginning
of February, 1660, brought the reign of terror in the country to
a close, and after the return of Charles II, towards the end of
May, life in the capital began to move again mainly on the old
lines. The meetings of the philosophers at Gresham College
were revived. The desirability of more formal organization
among the cultivators of science was soon recognized, and accord-
ingly on the 28th of November, 1660, the following memorandum
was drawn up :

' These persons following, according to the usuall custom of
most of them, mett together at Gresham Colledge to heare
Mr. Wren's lecture, viz. The Lord Brouncker, Mr. Boyle,
Mr. Bruce, Sir Robert Moray, Sir Paul Neile, Dr. Wilkins,
Dr. Goddard, Dr. Petty, Mr. Ball, Mr. Rooke, Mr. Wren,
Mr. Hill. And after the lecture was ended, they did, according
to the usual manner, withdrawe for mutuall converse. Where
amongst other matters that were discoursed of, something was
offered about a designe of founding a Colledge for the promoting
of Physico-Mathematicall Experimentall Learning.2 And because
they had these frequent occasions of meeting with one another, it
was proposed that some course might be thought of, to improve
this meeting to a more regular way of debating things, and
according to the manner in other countryes, where there were
voluntary associations of men in academies, for the advancement

1 From a pamphlet in the British Museum, entitled ' An Account of the Proceedings
of the Council of the Royal Society in order to remove from Gresham College', quoted
by Weld, ' History of Royal Society,' vol. i, p. 82. Gresham College was founded by
Sir Thomas Gresham, a wealthy merchant of London, who died in 1579. To carry out his
design he left a portion of his estate in trust to the City and the Mercers' Company,
directing that his town house in Bishopsgate Street should be fitted up as a College for
the accommodation of seven professors, who were severally to give lectures on divinity,
astronomy, music, geometry, civil law, physic, and rhetoric. The institution grew to be
an important intellectual centre in the City of London, and with its lecture-rooms and
professorial staff formed an appropriate home for Boyle's ' invisible College ' and the
more conspicuous body which eventually took shape as the Royal Society under the aegis
of Charles II.

2 This may perhaps have been Cowley's ' Proposition ' referred to below.

8 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

of various parts of learning, so they might doe something
answerable here for the promoting of experimentall philosophy.

* In order to which, it was agreed that this Company would
continue their weekly meeting on Wednesday, at 3 of the clock
in the tearme time, at Mr. Rooke's chamber at Gresham Colledge ;
in the vacation, at Mr. Ball's chamber in the Temple. And
towards the defraying of occasionall expenses, every one should,
at his first admission, pay downe ten shillings, and besides engage
to pay one shilling weekly, whether present or absent, whilest he
shall please to keep his relation to this Company. At this
Meeting Dr. Wilkins was appointed to the chaire, Mr. Ball to be
Treasurer, and Mr. Croone, though absent, was named for
Register.

'And to the end that they might the better be enabled to
make a conjecture of how many the elected number of this
Society should consist, therefore it was desired that a list might
be taken of the names of such persons as were known to those
present, whom they judged willing and fit to joyne with them in
their designe, who, if they should desire it, might be admitted
before any other.' l

A list was accordingly prepared and recorded, consisting of
forty-one names. Nearly all of the persons there enumerated
became members of the Society. Among the names it is interest-
ing to find that of ' Dr. Cowley ', in other words, Abraham Cowley,
the poet, who appears to have been keenly' interested in the
scientific movement which was then being set on foot. He was
formally elected into the Society on March 6, 1 660-1. 2 A few
months later in the same year he published a tract entitled ' A
Proposition for the Advancement of Experimental Philosophy ',
in which he propounded a scheme for the establishment of
a College near London, with an annual revenue of £4,000, and
a staff of twenty philosophers or professors, sixteen young
scholars, servants to the professors, and a due complement of
officials and underlings. Four of the professors were to be

1 Journal-book, vol. i, p. 1.

2 Though Cowley was one of the first members of the original Society, his name does
not appear on the list of Fellows after the date of the incorporation by Charter. The
reason assigned for the omission was that having gone to live in the country he was unable
to attend the meetings of the Society. Birch, Hist. Roy. Soc., i. p. 222.

ABRAHAM COWLEY S 'PROPOSITION' 9

always travelling beyond the seas, one in each of the four quarters
of the globe, where he was to be resident for three years, while
the remaining sixteen were to remain at the College, engaged
in studying and teaching ' all sorts of natural experimental
philosophy ' — ' briefly, all things contained in the Catalogue of
natural histories annexed to my Lord Bacon's " Organon " '. Not
only were the scholars to be trained in these subjects, but there
was to be also a school of about 200 boys who were to receive
from the professors free education * in things as well as words ', by
a method to be there established ' for the infusing knowledge and
language at the same time into them, that this may be their
apprenticeship in natural philosophy '. While Cowley recognized
the advantage of combining the literary and scientific domains in
his plan of education, he seems to have had a suspicion that his
scheme was ' too much for the charity or generosity of this age to
extend to '. He was careful, however, to insist that what he
contemplated was not to be confounded with Bacon's model in
the * New Atlantis ', which in his view was ' a project for experi-
ments that can never be experimented '. It is worthy of record
that a proposition for the establishment of combined classical
and scientific education should have been seriously advocated as
part of a scheme for the advancement of experimental philosophy
at the time when the foundations of the Royal Society were
being laid, and that this proposition should have been made
by a memorable personage in English literature whose name
appears on the first list of those from whom the Royal Society
originated.1

1 In his Life of Cowley Johnson states : ' A doctor of physick, however, he was made
at Oxford, in December 1657 ; and in the commencement of the Royal Society, he appears
busy among the experimental philosophers with the title of Doctor Cowley '. ' Lives of
the Poets,' vol. i, p. 11, G. B. Hill's edit. Sprat states that the publication of Cowley' s
tract 'very much hastened' the formation of the Royal Society (Hist., p. 59). But the
outlines of the organization of the Society had already been traced the year before that
tract appeared.

It deserves to be remembered that an earlier scheme for the endowment and cultivation
of science was sketched by another original member of the Society, John Evelyn, in
a letter to Robert Boyle dated September 3, 1659. He thought that some gentlemen who
' desire nothing more than to give a good example, preserve science, and cultivate
themselves, might join together in a society'. ' Had it been possible,' he says, ' I would
cheerfully devote my small fortune towards a design by which I might hope to assemble
some small number together who would resign themselves to live profitably and sweetly

10 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

A week after the preparation of the preliminary list of
suggested members of the proposed new Society, another meeting
was held (December 5), of which the following record is given in
the Journal-book :

*Sir Robert Moray brought in word from the Court, that the King had
been acquainted with the designe of this Meeting. And he did well approve
of it, and would be ready to give encouragement to it.

'It was ordered that Mr. Wren be desired to prepare against the next
meeting for the Pendulum Experiment.

'That Mr. Croone be desired to looke out for some discreet person skilled
in short-hand writing, to be an amanuensis.

' It was then agreed that the number be not increased, but by consent of
the Society who have already subscribed their names : till such time as the
orders for the constitution be settled.

' That any three or more of this company (whose occasions will permit
them,) are desired to meete as a Committee, at 3 of the clock on Fryday, to
consult about such orders in reference to the constitution, as they shall think
fitt to offer to the whole company, and so to adjourne de die in diem."1

At the same meeting the following obligation was agreed to :

' Wee whose names are underwritten, doe consent and agree that wee will
meet together weekely (if not hindered by necessary occasions), to consult and
debate concerning the promoting of experimentall learning. And that each
of us will allowe one shilling weekely, towards the defraying of occasionall
charges. Provided that if any one or more of us shall thinke fitt at any time
to withdrawe, he or they shall, after notice thereof given to the Company at
a meeting, be freed from this obligation for the future.'

To this are attached the signatures of nearly all those persons
comprised in the Catalogue of names prepared at the meeting
on the 28th of November, as also of seventy-three others, who
were subsequently elected into the Society, as may be seen in
the Journal-book.

together.' But he asks Boyle to join with him in attempting to put his design into
execution. His proposal was to purchase thirty or forty acres of land within twenty-five
miles of London, and if there were already no suitable dwellings, to erect buildings thereon
somewhat like those of the Carthusian Convent in Paris, with public rooms, laboratory, and
six apartments or cells for the habitation of the members of the Society. He coupled his
proposition with a detailed statement of the order that should be followed in the daily
work of the place. His visionary plan came to nothing, but next year he threw himself
heart and soul into the affairs of the Royal Society, in the Charter of which he was named
a member of the first Council.

EARLIEST MINUTES OF MEETINGS 11

On the 12th December another Meeting was held. The
following is the entry in the Journal-book :

' It was referred to my Lord Brouncker, Sir Robert Moray, Sir Paul Neil,
Mr. Matthew Wren, Dr. Goddard, and Mr. Christopher Wren, to consult
about a convenient place for the weekly meeting of the Society.

'It was then voted that no person shall be admitted into the Society
without scrutiny, excepting only such as are of the degree of Barons or above.

* Sir Kenelme Digby, Mr. Austen, and Dr. Bates, were then by vote chosen
into the Society.

'That the stated number of this Society be five and fifty. That twenty-
one of the stated number of this Society be the quorum for Elections.

'That any person of the degree of Baron or above may be admitted as
supernumerarys, if they shall desire it, and will conforme themselves to such
orders as are or shall be established.

' Whereas it was suggested at the Committee that the Colledge of Physitians
would afford convenient accommodation for the meeting of this Society ;
uppon supposition that it be graunted and accepted of, it was thought
reasonable, that any of the Fellowes of the said Colledge, if they shall desire
it, be likewise admitted as Supernumerarys, they submitting to the Lawes
of the Society, both as to the pay at their admission, and the weekly allow-
ance ; as likewise the particular works or tasks that may be allotted to them.

'That the Publick Professors of Mathematicks, Physick, and Naturall
Philosophy, of both Universitys, have the same priviledge with the Colledge
of Physitians, they paying as others at their admission, and contributing
their weekely allowance and assistance, when their occasions do permitt them
to be in London.

'That the quorum of this Society be nine for all matters excepting the
Businesse of Elections.

4 Concerning the Manner of Elections.

' That no man shall be elected the same day he is proposed. That at the
least twenty-one shall be present at each election.

'That the Amanuensis doe provide severall little scroles of paper of an
equall length and breadth, in number double to the Society present. One
halfe of them shall be marked with a crosse, and being roled up shall be layVl
in a heap on the table, the other halfe shall be marked with cyphers, and
being roled up shall be lay'd in another heap. Every person coming in his
order shall take from each heap a role, and throwe which he please privately
into an urne, and the other into a boxe. Then the Director, and two others of
the Society, openly numbering the crossed roles in the urn, shall accordingly
pronounce the election.

* That if two thirds of the present number do consent uppon any scrutiny,
that election to be good, and not otherwise.

12 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

4 Concerning the Officers and Servants of the Society.

'The standing Officers of this Society to be three, that is to say, a
President or Director, a Treasurer, and a Register. The President to be
chosen monthly.

' The Treasurer to continue one yeare, as also the Register.

'That there be likewise two servants belonging to this Society, an
Amanuensis, and an Operator.

'That the Treasurer doe every quarter give in an account of the Stock
in his hand, and all disbursements made to the President or Director, and
any three others to be appointed by the Society : who are to report it to
the Society.

'That any bill of charges brought in by the Amanuensis and Operator,
and subscribed by the President and Register for any experiment made, and
subscribed by the Curators of the experiment, or the major part of them, be
a sufficient warrant to the Treasurer for the payment of that sum.

' That the Register provide three bookes, one for the statutes and names
of the Society, another for experiments and the result of debates : and a third
for occasionall orders.

' That the salary of the Amanuensis be 4>OL per annum, and his pay for
particular business at the ordinary rate, either by the sheet or otherwise, as
the President and Register can best agree with him.

' That the salary of the Operator be foure pounds by the yeare, and for any
other service, as the Curators who employ him shall judge reasonable.

' That at every meeting, three or more of the Society be desired that they
would please to be reporters for that meeting, to sitt at table with the
Register and take notes of all that shall be materially offered to the Society
and debated in it, who together may form a report against the next meeting
to be filed by the Register.

' When the admission-money comes to 20/., then to stop.1

At a subsequent meeting, held December 19, 1660, it was
* ordered that the next meeting should be at Gresham Colledge,
and so from weeke to weeke till further order ', the suggestion
that the Society should meet at the College of Physicians being
given up.

On the 6th March, 1660-1, Sir Robert Moray was chosen
President, and on April 10 was re-elected * for an other month '.
He had been knighted by Charles I, and joined Charles II in his
exile. With the latter monarch he had much influence, which
he used greatly to the benefit of the infant Society.

PLATK II

J *

^ *

< *0

THE NAMING OF THE SOCIETY 13

On the evening of May 3 following, King Charles paid a visit
to the Society and was shown Saturn's rings and Jupiter and his
satellites * through his Majesty's great telescope, drawing thirty-
five feet; on which were divers discourses'.1 Ten days later
Evelyn records: 'May 14. His Majesty was pleased to discourse
with me concerning several particulars relating to our Society,
and the planet Saturn, &c., as he sate at Supper in the with-
drawing-room to his bedroom.' 2

The question of the name that should be given to the new
Society Mras doubtless the subject of much discussion at this time.
It would appear that the name ultimately chosen was first
publicly applied to the Society by Evelyn in the Dedication to
the Earl of Clarendon of his translation of Gabriel Naude's ' Avis
pour dresser une Bibliotheque ', wherein he lauded that nobleman
for his services * in the promoting and encouraging of the ROYAL
SOCIETY '. The book appeared about the middle of November.
By that time Evelyn seems to have accustomed himself to think,
and even in his Diary to write, of the company of philosophers
as the ' Royal Society '. His colleagues lost no time in
expressing their gratification to him for his public recognition of
them by this title. The entry in his Diary under date
December 3 is as follows : ' By universal suffrage of our philo-
sophic assembly, an order was made and registered, that I should
receive their public thanks for the honourable mention I made
of them by the name of Royal Society, in my Epistle Dedicatory
to the Lord Chancellor before my traduction of Naudaeus. Too
great an honour for a trifle.'3 It is allowable to believe that
during the frequent conversations' which Evelyn had with the
King that autumn, when so many subjects were discussed, the
important matter of the Society's name was considered. Charles
was now genuinely interested in the work of the philosophers,
and if he did not propose the title himself, he doubtless at once
approved of it, if it was suggested by his eminent and esteemed
courtier.

The question of a name had become somewhat urgent, for the

1 Evelyn's Diary, vol. ii, p. 168. Edit, of Austin Dobson, 1906.

2 Ibid. p. 170.

3 Ibid. p. 179 ; Journal-book of Royal Society, December 11, 1661.

14 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

desirability of obtaining for the Society a Royal Charter of
incorporation was discussed among the members during the
summer of 1661, with the result that on the 18th September of
that year a petition to \he King for a royal grant of incorporation
was read at a meeting of the Society. Probably in large measure
owing to Sir Robert Moray's influence, a favourable response to
the request was not long delayed, for at a meeting held on
October 16 * Sir Robert Moray acquainted the Society that
hee and Sr. Paul Neile kiss'd the King's hands in the Company's
Name, and is intreated by them to return most humble thancks
to His Majesty for the Reference he was pleased to graunt of
their Petition : and to this favour and honour hee was pleased to
offer of him selfe to bee enter'd one of the Society '.

The Charter of Incorporation (see p. 48) passed the Great Seal
on the 15th July, 1662. This is, therefore, the date of the
beginning of the Royal Society. The Charter was read before
the Society on the 13th August of the same year, and on the
29th the President, Council, and Fellows went to Whitehall and
returned their thanks to His Majesty.

As a further mark of the royal favour a mace ' of the same
fashion and bigness as those carried before his Majesty, to be borne
before our President on meeting days ' was presented (Plate IV).
The words of the order of 23rd May, 1663, are : 'A Warrant to
prepare and deliver to the Rt. Hon. William, Lord Viscount
Brouncker, President of the Royall Society of London for
improving Natural Knowledge by experiments, one guilt Mace of
one hundred and fifty oz. [troy weight] being a guift from His
Matie to the said Society.' This mace is of silver, richly gilt.
It consists of a stem handsomely chased, with a running pattern
of roses and thistles, terminated at the upper end by an urn-
shaped head, surmounted by a crown, ball, and cross. On the
head are embossed figures of a rose, harp, thistle, and fleur-de-lys,
emblematic of England, Ireland, Scotland, and France, on each
side of which are the letters C.R. Under the crown, and at
the top of the head, the royal arms appear very richly chased ;
and at the other extremity of the stem are two shields, the
one bearing the arms of the Society, the other the following
inscription :

THE GRANTING OF A CHARTER 15

Ex munificentia
Augustissimi Monarchae

Caroli II
Dei Gra. Mag. Brit. Franc, et Hib.

Regis &c.

Societatis Regalis ad Scientiam

Naturalem promouenda institutae

Fundatoris et Patroni

An. Dni. 1663

This mace is still in constant use. At every meeting of the
Council and of the Society it is placed on the table in front of
the President before the business is begun.1

The first Council of the incorporated Society as given in this
Charter was as follows : Viscount Brouncker (President), Sir
Robert Moray, Kt., Robert Boyle, William Brereton (afterwards
Lord Brereton), Sir Kenelme Digby, Kt., Sir Paul Neile, Henry
Slingesby, Sir William Petty, Kt., John Wallis, D.D., Timothy
Clarke, M.D., John Wilkins, D.D., George Ent, M.D., William
Erskine, Jonathan Goddard, M.D., Christopher Wren, William
Balle, Matthew Wren, John Evelyn, Thomas Henshawe, Dudley
Palmer, Henry Oldenburg (Secretary).

The first Charter, however, did not give the Fellows all the
privileges which they desired, and, representations having been
made, a second Charter (see p. 69), supplying the desired privileges
and retaining all the clauses of incorporation contained in the first
Charter, passed the Great Seal on the 22nd of April, 1663, and
was read before the Society on the 13th May following. In 1669
a third Charter (see p. 94) was given, but this does little more
than grant to the Society lands in Chelsea (the Chelsea College,
pp. 25, 27), and while confirming the powers given by the second
Charter makes some slight changes.

It is practically the second Charter which ensures the Society
its privileges, and by which the Society has since been, and
continues to be, governed. In this Charter the King declares
himself to be the Founder and Patron of the Society. It is
provided, as in the first Charter, that the Society shall be

1 The groundlessness of the legend that this mace of the Society was the e bauble '
turned out of the House of Commons by Oliver Cromwell has been exposed by Weld,
Hist. Roy. Soc., vol. i, p. 152, &c.

16

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

administered by a Council of twenty-one persons, of whom ten
shall retire each year on St. Andrew's Day, when a new election
of Council and officers shall take place. The election of the
Council, the President, the Treasurer, and the two Secretaries is
placed in the hands of the President, Council, and Fellows, as
is also the reception and admission of members. But, otherwise,
' the making of laws, statutes, and ordinances, and the transaction
of all matters relating to management of the Society and its
affairs ' is entrusted to the President and Council alone. Hence
by the Charter, the By-Laws, or Statutes (pp. 117-58) as they are
called, by which the Society is governed, are made and changed
by the President and Council. At p. 159 will be found some
Notes on the Statutes, which give a brief history of the suc-
cessive changes in the internal administration by the President
and Council from the foundation of the Society to the present time.
The Council and officers nominated in the first Charter were
re-nominated in the second, except that the names of Sir George
Talbot and Abraham Hill were substituted for those of Dr. Wallis
and Dr. Christopher Wren, and that William Balle was designated
Treasurer and John Welkins and Henry Oldenburg, Secretaries.
The second Charter contained a provision that all persons whom
the President and Council should receive into the Society within
two months from the date of the Charter should be named Fellows
of the Royal Society. In accordance with this provision, at a
meeting held on May 20, 1663, the following persons were
declared to be members, and they, together with four members
who were subsequently elected at a meeting held on June 22
(see Chronological Register of Fellows), constituted the original
Fellows of the Society :

William, Lord Brouncker. Pres.

James, Lord Annesley.

William Areskine, Esq.

John Alley n, Esq.

Elias Ashmole, Esq.

John Austen, Esq.

John Awbrey, Esq.

George, Duke of Buckingham.

George, Lord Berkeley.

Robert, Lord Bruce.

Robert Boyle, Esq.
Richard Boyle, Esq.
William Brereton, Esq.
Thomas Baines, M.D.
Isaac Barrow, B.D.
William Balle, Esq.
Peter Balle, M.D.
John Brook, Esq.
David Bruce, M.D.
George Bate, M.D.

PLATK III

KING CHARLES II
From a portrait painted in the school of Lely, in the possession of the Royal Society

THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS

17

William, Lord Cavendish.

Walter Charleton, M.D.

Timothy Clark, M.D.

Edward Cotton, D.D.

Daniel Colwall, Esq.

John Clayton, Esq.

Thomas Cox, M.D.

William Croone, M.D.

John, Earle Craford and Lindesay.

Henry, Marquis Dorchester.

William, Earle Devonshire.

Sir Kenelme Digby, Kt.

Sir John Denham, Knight of the Bath.

John Driden, Esq.

Seth, Lord Bipp. Exeter.

George Ent, M.D.

John Evelyn, Esq.

Andrew Ellise, Esq.

Sir Francis Fane, Knight of the Bath.

Sir John Finch, Kt.

Mons. Le Febure.

Francis Glisson, M.D.

Jonathan Goddard, M.D.

John Graunt, Esq.

Hatton, Christopher, Lord

Charles Howard, Esq.

William Hoare, M.D.

Sir Robert Harley, Kt.

Nathaniel Henshaw, M.D.

Thomas Henshaw, Esq.

James Hayes, Esq.

William Holder, D.D.

Theodore Haak, Esq.

William Hammond, Esq.

Abraham Hill, Esq.

John Hoskins, Esq.

Mr. Robert Hooke.

Richard Jones, Esq.

Alexander, Earle Kincardin.

Sir Andrew King, Kt.

John, Lord Lucas.

James Long, Esq.

Anthony Lowther, Esq.

John, Viscount Massereene.

Sir Robert Moray, Kt.

Sir Anthony Morgan, Kt.

Christofer Merrett, M.D.

James, Earle Northampton.

Sir Paul Neile, Kt.

Sir Thomas Notte, Kt.

William Neile, Esq.

Jaspar Nedham, M.D.

Henry Oldenburg, Esq.

Sir William Persall, Kt.

Sir William Petty, Kt.

Sir Richard Powle, Knight of the

Bath.

Sir Robert Paston, Kt. and Bart.
Sir Peter Pett, Kt.
Walter Pope, M.D.
John Pell, D.D.
Peter Pett, Esq.
Henry Powle, Esq.
Thomas Povey, Esq.
Dudley Palmer, Esq.
Henry Proby, Esq.
Phillip Packer, Esq.
William Quatremain, M.D.
Edward, Earle Sandwich.
Sir James Shaen, Kt.
Charles Scarburgh, M.D.
Thomas Stanley, Esq.
George Smith, M.D,
Henry Slingesby, Esq.
Alex. Stanhope, Esq.
Robert Southwell, Esq.
William Schroter, Esq.
Thomas Spratt, D.D.
Sir Gilbert Talbot, Kt.
Christofer Terne, M.D.
Samuel Tuke, Esq.
Cornelius Vermuyden, Esq.
Sir Cyrill Wyche, Kt.
Sir Peter Wyche, Kt.
John Wilkins, D.D.
Daniel Whistler, M.D.

18 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

John Wallis, D.D.
Edmund Waller, Esq.
Joseph Williamson, Esq.
Francis Willughby, Esq.
William Winde, Esq.

John Winthrop, Esq.
Matthew Wren, Esq.
Thomas Wren, M.D.
Christofer Wren, LL.D.
Edmund Wylde, Esq.

A special interest is attached to the foregoing list, inasmuch as
it affords an indication of the spirit in which the early founders
of the Royal Society chose the men whom they wished to be
associated with them in one common fellowship for the further-
ance of natural knowledge. The first feature to be noticed is the
comparatively small proportion of men who had much claim to
be considered scientific. The number of such men in the whole
community at that time was certainly not large.1 At one of the
meetings, held eighteen months before the granting of the Charter,
it had been resolved ' that the stated number of this Society be
five and fifty ', as if the intention had been to confine the member-
ship to those who were actually engaged in the pursuit of
experimental philosophy or at least had shown themselves to
be keenly interested in its progress. But during the interval
between December 12, 1660, and May 20, 1663, a much wider
conception was entertained as to the composition of the infant
society. The men of science, properly so called, who appear in
the list, are hardly one-fifth of the whole number. But they
include some whose names are held in remembrance wherever the
history of modern science is known — the Honourable Robert
Boyle, the most prominent man of science of his day, who in
many branches of investigation opened out paths that have led
to the modern development of chemistiy and physics ; John
Wilkins, Warden of Wadham College, afterwards Bishop of
Chester, one of the ablest and most active in the group of
originators of the Royal Society, who, besides successively filling
high offices in the Church and the Universities, produced a
series of scientific writings that displayed great mathematical
acumen, and forecasted the submarine navigation of the sea and
the practicability of the navigation of the air ; John Wallis,

1 In Boyle's letter of February 16, 1646-7, already quoted, after his eulogium of the
members of the ' invisible college ', he concludes with the recital of ' their chiefest fault,
which is very incident to almost all good things ; and that is, that there is not enough of
them '.

19

another distinguished mathematician, who ranked as one of the
leaders of science in his day ; Robert Hooke, brilliant, original,
and versatile as a physicist, with an inexhaustible fertility in
devising experimental proofs of physical deductions, a gift which
he employed unweariedly in the service of the Society, thus
largely contributing to the interest and success of the meetings ; l
John Evelyn, a true and typical virtuoso of the noblest kind,
scholar, and gentleman with the keenest interest in natural history
and a warm supporter of the experimental philosophy ; Francis
Glisson, Regius Professor of Physic at Cambridge, afterwards
President of the Royal College of Physicians, a pioneer in physio-
logy ; Francis Willughby, eminent as a zoologist and author of a
valuable work on Ornithology and also a History of Fishes, both of
which treatises were published by the Royal Society ; Jonathan
Goddard, Gresham Professor of Physic, Warden of Merton,
Oxford, whose laboratory and personal service were constantly at
the call of the Society ; Sir William Petty, singularly versatile
and ingenious, who, after his mathematical and anatomical studies,
surveyed the whole of Ireland, producing the most exact map of
the kind that had ever been constructed, who turned his
mechanical genius to the invention of various contrivances such
as a double-keeled vessel that should be steady on the water and
' a wheel to ride upon ', and who is perhaps most widely known as
one of the early founders and exponents of political economy ;
Walter Pope, Gresham Professor of Astronomy, and Johir--
Graunt, who even in his own lifetime was recognized and hon-
oured as the first to break ground in the scientific treatment
of vital statistics. In this gallery of worthies a place of special
distinction is due to Sir Christopher Wren, commonly thought of
only as an eminent architect, but who was undoubtedly the most
widely accomplished man of his time. An able mathematician,
Wren early turned his attention to the applications of mathe-
matics, so as to become a pioneer in dynamical science. He
was astronomical professor first at Gresham College and there-
after at Oxford. He was likewise a meteorologist before the

1 His ' Micrographia ', published in 1665 by the Royal Society, was one of the earliest
works in which the value of the microscope as an instrument of scientific research was
developed, and was illustrated with excellent plates.

c 2

20 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

investigation of the air had taken shape. He studied anatomy
and made original contributions to that branch of science, notably
in regard to the transfusion of blood from one animal to another.
He was one of the first naturalists to investigate the structure of
insects with the microscope. Being gifted with great skill and
accuracy as a draughtsman, he was able to produce remarkable
drawings of what he observed. His fame as the most dis-
tinguished architect that Britain has produced has somewhat
overshadowed his other accomplishments. To him the Royal
Society owes a deep debt of gratitude for the constant and loyal
service which he rendered to it in its early days. He was chosen
President in 1680.

This group of distinguished and ardent prosecutors of experi-
mental philosophy gathered around them within the pale of their
newly constituted society a representative company of all that
was most notable in the general society of the day. In literature,
having at the very outset elected Abraham Cowley, they
added the three most illustrious living poets of England-
John Dryden, John Denham, and Edmund Waller. They had
already among their original number one or two prominent
Churchmen who were not only theologians but true men of
science, such as Wilkins, afterwards Bishop of Chester, Ward, then
Bishop of Exeter, and Sprat, afterwards Bishop of Rochester. To
these they added a few others, the most conspicuous being Isaac
Barrow, who was not more distinguished as a divine than as a
Greek scholar and mathematician, the first occupant of the
Lucasian chair at Cambridge (in which he was succeeded by his
pupil, Isaac Newton) and afterwards Master of Trinity College.

In the list of original members of the Royal Society the peerage
was likewise represented by upwards of a dozen members, one of
whom, Lord Brouncker, an eminent mathematician, was chosen to
be the first President. Perhaps the most noteworthy peer was the
famous Duke of Buckingham, who among his various tastes and
occupations had some acquaintance with chemistry and took out
a patent for glass-making, but who is perhaps best remembered as
Dryden's Zimri.1 Politicians, men of affairs, civil servants, and

1 As both the poet and the duke were original members of the Royal Society, they may
have met at some of the Society's meetings.

SOME OF THE EARLY LEADERS 21

lawyers were also chosen into the Society in the first selection.
Among these we find the names of John Winthrop, Governor of
Connecticut, who had come to London bearing a loyal address
from his colony to the King and who subsequently sent many
4 rarities ' to the Society's Repository ; Sir Cyril Wyche, barrister
and ultimately one of the three lords justices entrusted with the
government of Ireland, who became President of the Society in
1683 ; Sir Joseph Williamson, who founded the London Gazette,
which is still published ; Abraham Hill, Commissioner of Trade,
who twice served a period of several years as Treasurer of the
Society ; Sir Robert Southwell, English envoy in Portugal, after-
wards principal Secretary of State for Ireland and President of
the Royal Society for five years from 1690.

It was natural that as the study of medicine involved practical
acquaintance with some departments of science, medical men
should be well represented among the original Fellows of the Royal
Society. Besides the Gresham Professor of Physic, already
referred to, there were William Croone, who was not only a
doctor of medicine but also Gresham Professor of Rhetoric, and
by whose benefaction the Croonian Lecture Fund of the Royal
Society was established ; Francis Glisson, already referred to ;
and Daniel Whistler, who was President of the Royal College
of Physicians in 1683, and a number of other prominent physicians
of the day.

Of a considerable proportion of the original Fellows of the
Society little or nothing is known. They were mostly, to use
Sprat's expression, ' gentlemen, free and unconfin'd,' that is, men
who were not connected with any of the professions, but ' who
by the freedom of their education, the plenty of their estates, and
the usual generosity of noble bloud, may be well suppos'd to be
most averse from sordid considerations V There is, however, one
of the company who deserves to be had in remembrance — John
Graunt, already referred to, the author of the ' Natural and
Political Observations on the Bills of Mortality', 1661, of which
Sir William Petty made such good use. So much did Graunt's
treatment of vital statistics attract attention that the King himself

1 History, p. 68.

22 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

recommended the election of the 'judicious author ' into the Royal
Society, ' in whose election it was so far from being a prejudice
that he was a shop-keeper of London, that his Majesty gave this
particular charge to his Society, that if they found any more
such tradesmen, they should be sure to admit them all without
any more ado.' 1

The second Charter granted arms to the Society, which were
thus defined. ' We give and grant ... to the President, Council
and Fellows ... in testimony of our royal favour towards them,
and of our peculiar esteem for them . . . these following blazons of
honour — in the dexter corner of a silver shield our three Lions of
England, and for Crest a helm adorned with a crown studded with
florets, surmounted by an eagle of proper colour holding in one
foot a shield charged with our Lions : supporters, two white
bounds gorged with crowns.' The motto which the Society chose
from Horace, * Nullius in verba,' was an expression of their
determination to withstand the domination of authority and to
verify all statements by an appeal to facts.

Soon after the incorporation of the Society a folio volume was
prepared of leaves of the finest vellum. It is bound in crimson
velvet with gilt clasps and corners, having on one side a gold
plate bearing the shield of the Society and on the other the eagle
crest. Into this volume the Charters were transcribed, and it is
thus known as the 'Charter-book'. After the Charters and Statutes
follow the signatures of the Fellows, commencing with that of the
King and on the same page those of the Duke of York [after-
wards James II], George [Prince of Denmark, and consort
of Queen Anne], and ' Rupert, Fellow '. In the Journal-book
under date January 11, 1664-5, it is recorded that 'the Charter-
book of the Society was produced wherein his Majesty had
written himself CHARLES R. FOUNDER : and his Highness the
Duke of York, JAMES, Fellow ; the Duke of Albemarle also
having entered his name at the same time '. Pepys relates that
being at Whitehall, ' I saw the Royal Society bring their new
book wherein is nobly writ their Charter and Laws, and comes to
be signed by the Duke as a Fellow and all the Fellows' hands
are to be entered there, and lie as a monument ; and the King

1 Sprat, loc. cit.

THE SOCIETY AND ST. ANDREW'S DAY 23

hath put his with the word Founder.' Prince Rupert, who was
elected in March, 1664, took much interest in some branches of
science and in the work of the Society. Prince George on
November 30, 1704, * was unanimously chosen a member of the
Society,' and on December 13 following wrote his name in
the book. After the royal signatures come the autographs of
the Fellows who have been admitted from that date down to
the present day. At the time of his admission each Fellow
first signs his name in the Charter-book beneath the declaration
that he will endeavour to promote the good of the Society and
obey its rules, and he then shakes hands with the President,
who declares him to be a duly elected Fellow of the Society.

The definite provision in the Charters that the annual election
of the Council and Officers should take place on St. Andrew's
Day, the 30th November, in each year has given rise to much
speculation as to why that particular day should have been
chosen. It has been taken for granted that the date was selected
with some reference to Scotland and her patron saint. But there
was perhaps no such original intention. It will be remembered
that when the meetings of the ' philosophic society ' were revived
at Gresham College after the political troubles, the first of them
was held on November 28, 1660, and that it was then that the
first steps were taken towards the formal organization of what
ultimately became the Royal Society. That date might thus be
appropriately held as the anniversary of the Society, but as it was
only two days removed from St. Andrew's Day, which is so
important a date in the ecclesiastical year, we can suppose that
the 30th November was chosen as a more familiar and prominent
date, and once chosen it would naturally lead to the belief that
St. Andrew is the patron saint of the Society.1

Whether this suggested explanation be well founded or not
the legend soon took shape that the Royal Society had some
special relation to the patron saint of Scotland. Thus, we find
that on the first anniversary after the granting of the second
Charter, that is on November 30, 1663, Evelyn made the follow-

1 The choice would be all the more likely from the Scotsman, Sir Robert Moray, having
been so active in procuring the granting of the Charter.

24 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

ing entry in his Diary : ' the first anniversary of our Society for
the choice of new officers, according to the tenor of our patent
and institution. It being St. Andrew's Day, who was our
patron, each Fellow wore a St. Andrew's Cross of ribbon on the
crown of his hat. After the election, we dined together, his
Majesty sending us venison.' l ' This early custom of the Fellows
wearing a St. Andrew's Cross of ribbon at the Anniversary
Meeting, as well as the practice of the President of keeping on
his hat in the Chair, except when addressing the Fellows, and his
wearing the large cornelian ring, bearing the Arms of the Society,
bequeathed by Martin Folkes for the perpetual use of the
President, have been long things of the past.' 2

The antiquary John Aubrey, who was one of the original
Fellows of the Society, has preserved the following note of a
conversation with Sir William Petty, who was also one of the
original Fellows : * I remember one St. Andrewe's Day (which is
the day of the generall meeting of the Royall Society for annual
elections), I sayd, " Methought 'twas not so well that we should
pitch upon the Patron Saint of Scotland's Day ; we should rather
have taken St. George or St. Isidore (a philosopher canonized)."
" No," sayd Sir William, " I had rather have had it been on
St. Thomas's Day, for he would not beleeve till he had seen and
putt his fingers into the holes ; according to the motto Nullius in
verbal ' 3

Although Charles II took much interest in the starting of his
Royal Society, he found difficulty in assisting its progress with
the financial support of which it necessarily stood in need. The
experiments which formed so large and important a part of
the Society's work must have involved considerable expense, all
which had to be defrayed by the Fellows themselves. The need
of additional funds was so urgent that in the same year in

1 Pepys, who became F.R.S. in 1664, entered in his Diary for November 30, 1668 : ' 1 did
see them choosing their Council, it being St. Andrew's Day, and I had his cross set on my
hat, as the rest had, and cost me 2*.'

2 ' The Royal Society, or, Science in the State and in the Schools,' by the late Sir William
Huggins, p. 12. In the Journal-book under date May 27, 1663, a resolution is recorded
that from the meetings of the Society ' no Fellow shall depart without giving notice to
the President ', and that ' the President, when in the Chair is to be covered, notwithstand-
ing the Fellows of the Society be uncovered '.

8 Aubrey's ' Brief Lives ', vol. ii, part ii, p. 480.

1'l.AIK IV

THE MACE, PRESENTED BY KING CHARLES II

EARLY FINANCIAL STRAITS 25

which the first Charter was granted application was made to the
King for a grant of lands or other property in Ireland, where the
Duke of Ormond, the Lord Lieutenant, was charged with the
rearrangement of confiscated property. The King even wrote
personal letters to the Duke strongly recommending the Society
for 'a liberal contribution from the adventurers and officers of
Ireland for the better encouragement of them in their designs '.
As nothing came of the royal appeal the Society in 1663 directly
petitioned the Duke himself, but without success.

Early in 1664 a proposal was considered * to solicit a grant
from the King of such lands as were left by the sea '. Another
suggestion was ' that the King might be spoken to, to confer such
offices in the Courts of Justice, or the Custom House, as were in
his Majesty's grant, upon some members of the Society for the
use of the whole '. At last a petition was sent up to the King
praying him to grant Chelsea College l and the lands belonging
to it to the Society. There were many legal obstacles to this
grant, but at last in the year 1669 the property was finally
conveyed to the Royal Society (see postea, p. 27). In the
meantime it was firmly resolved 'that every member of the
Council should think on ways to raise a revenue for carrying on
the design and work of the Society '. The need of strenuous
exertions to augment the income became all the more urgent as
increasing difficulty was found in obtaining the ordinary subscrip-
tions of the Fellows. At the end of eleven years (1673) it was
found that the arrears amounted to almost £2,000. (See note
on the 'Bonds', p. 173.) In later years, after the adoption of
a regulation that defaulters with their subscriptions beyond
a certain period of time lost their Fellowship, the contributions
have been paid without trouble.

Regular or stated meetings of the Royal Society have been
held weekly during the session from the beginning of its history,
but the day of the week and the hour of assembly have some-
what varied. At first in 1663 they took place on Wednesday at
2 p.m., but in July of the same year the hour was changed to

1 This was an institution founded by James I for the purpose of defending the
established Church and refuting heresies. It had a Provost and seventeen Fellows, all
theologians. But it did not thrive, and by the time of Charles II was turned into a kind
of hospital or prison for the prisoners and wounded men in the war with the Dutch.

26 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

3 p.m. In 1776 the time of the meeting was fixed for Thurs-
day at 6 p.m., but previous to this date changes had taken
place from Wednesday to Thursday and back again, and from
3 p.m. to 4 p.m., and again to 6 p.m. Since 1710 the meetings
have been on Thursdays, the hour being changed in 1780 from
6 to 8 p.m., and about 1831 to 8.30 p.m. In 1880 the meetings
ceased to be held in the evening, the hour being altered to
4.30 p.m., at which time it still remains. The Fellows, however,
are in the habit of meeting for general conversation in the tea-
room from 4 o'clock till the opening of the meeting at 4.30.

The habitat of the Royal Society has likewise undergone various
changes during the last two centuries and a half. The meetings con-
tinued to be held at Gresham College for some years, but they were
interrupted by two successive calamities which befell the City of
London. After June 28, 1665, they were for more than eightmonths
discontinued on account of the Great Plague, when the Court
and a large part of society fled from the pestilence. Some of the
Fellows of the Royal Society, however, who had public functions
to discharge, remained courageously in London, and at imminent
risk of infection continued the active prosecution of their duties.
Thus John Evelyn gave up his time and energies to the anxious
work that devolved upon him as one of the three Commissioners
appointed to take care of the sick and wounded and the prisoners
in the war which had been declared against Holland. Samuel
Pepys, too, stuck to his important Admiralty post with its multi-
farious engagements. The entries in the diaries of these two
contemporaries, especially that of Pepys, bring vividly before the
imagination the appalling nature of the scourge. Oldenburg
the Secretary, together with his family, likewise bravely remained
in London, and escaped the infection.

After the plague began to abate the meetings of the Society
were resumed at Gresham College on March 14, 1665-6. But
before long they were again rudely interrupted by the disaster of
the Great Fire of London, which broke out on the night of the
2nd September of that year. The meetings which were due on
the 5th and 12th of that month were not held, and though the
Society seems to have met on the 19th and some following
weeks at Dr. Pope's lodging, or in other rooms in Gresham

THE SOCIETY AND CHELSEA COLLEGE 27

College, it had to leave the College, which, on account of the fire,
was wanted as an Exchange until a new Exchange could be
erected. On January 9, 1666-7, the Society met at Arundel
House, in the Strand, originally the Bishop of Bath's Palace, on
the site now occupied by Arundel and Norfolk Streets, where
rooms had been placed at its disposal by Mr. Henry Howard,
who afterwards succeeded to the dukedom of Norfolk. This
became the head-quarters of the Society until near the end of the
year 1673.

During the seven years in which the meetings were held at
Arundel House the question of obtaining a habitation of their
own was discussed by the Fellows. As already stated, it was in
the early summer of the year 1667 that the King's gift of Chelsea
College was made, when land amounting to nearly thirty acres,
together with all the buildings upon the ground, was handed over to
the Society. This gift is thus mentioned by Evelyn : ' 24th Sep-
tember [1667]. Returned to London where I had orders to deliver
the possession of Chelsea College (used as my prison during the war
with Holland for such as were sent from the fleet to London) to
our Society, as a gift of his Majesty, our Founder.' The warrant
for a new Charter (the third) granting this property to the Royal
Society was dated May 24, 1 667. But some delay occurred in the
completion of the legal formalities connected with the benefaction,
and it was not until April 8, 1669, that the third Charter was
signed, by which the Chelsea property was vested in the President,
Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society. On the 19th of next
month Evelyn recorded that ' at a Council of the Royal Society
our grant was finished in which his Majesty gives us Chelsea
College and some land about it '.

Before three years had passed, however, the King thought that
the Chelsea property might be better employed for another pur-
pose, and he accordingly desired to repurchase it from the Royal
Society. Evelyn's chronicle of this change of purpose is contained
in the following entry in his Diary: '14th September, 1681.
Dined with Sir Stephen Fox, who proposed to me the purchasing
of Chelsea College, which his Majesty had sometime since given
to our Society, and would now purchase it again to build an
hospital or infirmary for soldiers there, in which he desired my

28 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

assistance as one of the Council of the Royal Society.' To this
proposal the President (Sir Christopher Wren) and the Council
assented, and a sum of £l,300 was paid in recompense for the
surrender. Thus the ground on which Chelsea Hospital stands
was once the property of the Royal Society.

But even after the Chelsea College and ground had been
promised, and before the property was repurchased by the King,
the Fellows fof the Society contemplated the erection of their
future home on a more central site. Mr. Henry Howard having
offered to present a portion of ground for the erection of a college
on the land near Arundel House, Committees were formed at the
beginning of the year 1667-8 for the purpose of collecting funds
for the building. On the 24th of January of that year, as Evelyn
narrates, ' we went to stake out ground for building a college for
the Royal Society at Arundel House, but did not finish it ; which
we shall repent of.' A few months later he states : ' 2nd April,
1668. To the Royal Society, where I subscribed 50,000 bricks
towards building a College.' In the course of a few months a con-
siderable sum of money was subscribed, and two plans for the
building, one by Mr. Howard and the other by Mr.Hooke,were sub-
mitted. But there appear to have been some legal difficulties as to
the title of the ground. At all events, the scheme was allowed to
drop, and the Society continued to meet under the hospitable roof
of Arundel House for five years more. At last the new Exchange
was completed and Gresham College became once more available.

On December 1, 1673, Evelyn made the following entry in his
Diary : ' To Gresham College whither the City had invited the
Royal Society by many of their chief aldermen and magistrates,
who gave us a collation, to welcome us to our first place of
assembly, from whence we had been driven to give place to the
City on their making it their Exchange, on the dreadful confla-
gration, till their new Exchange was finished, which it now was.'

Though it was doubtless in many respects of advantage to re-
occupy their old quarters in Gresham College, the desirability of
having premises of their own in which they could accommodate
their growing library and continually increasing collection of
* rarities ' was not lost sight of. Moreover, as years went on,
circumstances arose which made the tenancy of the rooms at

THE SOCIETY'S SEVERAL ABODES 29

Gresham College somewhat uncertain. At last, under the Presi-
dency of Sir Isaac Newton, the Council determined to leave that
institution. There was naturally a sentimental regret on the part
of a number of the Fellows to remove from what had been the
birthplace of the Society, to which it was attached by many
pleasant associations. But in 1710 a house was finally purchased
with borrowed money in Crane Court, Fleet Street (Plate IX), and
the Society met there under its own roof on November 8 of that
year. These premises continued to be the Society's abode for
seventy years, until in the autumn of 1780 rooms in Somerset
House were placed at its disposal by the Government. These
were occupied in time to allow the anniversary meeting to be held
there on November 30 of that year.

The Royal Society remained at Somerset House up till 1857
when, the apartments in that building being required for Govern-
ment offices, the Society was temporarily transferred to that part
of Burlington House which is now occupied by the offices of the
Royal Academy of Arts. The new wings with quadrangle and
gateway to Piccadilly were subsequently added, and in 1873 the
Society took up its quarters in the east wing, where apartments
were arranged to suit its requirements and which it has occupied
ever since. (Plates XIX, XX.)

During the early years of the Society the proceedings at an
ordinary meeting differed a good deal from what has now for
a long time become the settled practice. Instead of the reading
and discussion of formal papers attention was then mainly given
to experiments which were performed by the Fellows themselves
or by officials appointed by them.1 There was likewise an active
correspondence between the Society and observers at home and
abroad, which was reported at the meetings. The general
character of a meeting in the infancy of the Society may be
gathered from the following excerpt from the Journal-book of
date September 10, 1662 :

' Mersennus, his account of the tenacity of cylindrical! bodies was read by
Mr. Croone, to whome the prosecution of that matter by consulting Galilaeo,

1 Sprat states that the chief work at the meetings was the 'directing, judging,
conjecturing, improving and discoursing upon experiments '. Hist., p. 95.

30 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

was referred when the translation of that Italian treatise wherein he handleth
of this subject shall bee printed.

* It was ordered, that, at the next meeting Experiments should bee made
with wires of severall matters of ye same size, silver, copper, iron, &c., to see
what weight will breake them ; the curatour is Mr. Croone.

*The reading of the french manuscript brought in by Sr. Robert Moray
about taking heights and distances by Catoptricks was differred till the
description of the instrument should come.

* Dr. Goddard 1 made an experiment concerning the force that presseth the
aire into lesse dimensions ; and it was found, that twelve ounces did contract
^r part of Aire. The quantity of Air is wanting.

' My Lord Brouncker was desired to send his Glasse to Dr. Goddard, to
make further experiments about the force of pressing the aire into less
dimensions.

4 Dr. Wren was put in mind to prosecute Mr. Rook's observations con-
cerning the motions of the Satellites of Jupiter.

4 Dr. Charleton read an Essay of his, concerning the velocity of sounds,
direct and reflexe, and was desired to prosecute this matter ; and to bring his
discourse again next day to bee enter'd.

' Dr. Goddard made the Experiment to show how much aire a man's lungs
may hold, by sucking up water into a separating glasse after the lungs have
been well emptied of Aire. Severall persons of the Society trying it, some
sucked up in one suction about three pintes of water, one six, another eight
pintes and three quarters, &c. Here was observed the variety of whistles or
tones, which ye water made at the severall hights, in falling out of the glasse
again.

4 Mr. Evelyn's Experiment was brought in of Animal engrafting, and in
particular of making a Cock spur grow on a Cock's head.

4 It was discoursed whether there bee any such thing as sexes- in trees and
other plants ; some instances were brought of Palme trees, plum trees, hollies,
Ash trees, Quinces, pionies, &c., wherein a difference was said to be found,
either in their bearing of fruit or in their hardnesse and softness, or in their
medicall operations : some said that the difference which is in trees as to
fertility or sterility may bee made by ingrafting.

* Mention was made by Sr. Rob. Moray of a French Gentleman who having
been some while since in England, and present at a meeting of the Society,
discoursed that the nature of all trees was to run altogether to wood, which
was changed by a certaine way of cutting them, whereby they were made
against their nature to beare fruit, and that according as this cutting was done
with more or lesse skill, the more or less fruitfull the tree would bee.

1 Of Dr. Jonathan Goddard, Aubrey remarks that the Royal Society ' made him their
drudge, for when any curious experiment was to be donne, they would lay the taske on
him'. ' Brief Lives/ vol. 5, p. 269.

EXPERIMENTS AT THE MEETINGS 31

* A proposition was offered by Sr. Robert Moray about the planting of
Timber in England and the preserving of what is now growing.

' Mr. Boyle shew'd a Puppey in a certaine liquour, wherein it had been
preserved during all the hott months of the Summer, though in a broken and
unsealed glasse.

" Sir James Shaen proposed a Candidate by Sr. Rob. Moray.1

So important a part did experiments play in the early work of
the Royal Society that the Society (as in the Warrant for its
Mace) could be spoken of as one ' for the improving of Natural
Knowledge by experiments'. The experiment was performed
for and by itself, and not merely, as at present, in illustration of a
' paper communicated '. Papers were read then as now ; but the
reading of such papers formed only a part, and by no means
a great part, of the business of the meeting. Much time was '
spent in discussing the bearings of such experiments as were
shown, and in devising other experiments to be exhibited at some
subsequent meeting, or in instituting investigations to be earned
out in divers places and under various circumstances.

The importance of the experiments performed at the meetings
is shown by the Society early availing itself of the power granted
to it by the Charter of * appointing two or more curators of
experiments', and appointing to this office Robert Hooke, who
had been assistant to Boyle, admitting him also as a Fellow
of the Society. He was elected Curator to the Society on
January 11, 1664-5, ' for perpetuity, with a salary of £30 a year,
pro tempore? apartments being assigned to him for residence.
He held the appointment concurrently with the secretaryship, to
which he was elected in 1677. In 1684 Papin was chosen joint
Curator with Hooke, and continued so until 1687, when he
became Professor at Marburg. Both Hooke and Papin were
very active in providing experiments to be shown at the meetings.
The early Journal-books record hundreds of experiments devised
by Hooke.

There appear to have been additional Curators for special
departments, besides the general Curatorship of Hooke. Thus,
in November, 1667, Dr. Lomer was appointed ' Curator in
Anatomical Experiments'. In April, 1672, Dr. Grew was
appointed ' to be a Curator to the Royal Society for the Anatomy

32 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

of Plants for a year, upon subscriptions amounting to £50, to be
made by such members of the Society as should be willing to
contribute thereto ', and in December of that year the Council
promised to 'recommend him to the Society, to continue him
another year, if the subscribers would please to continue their
contributions'. Whether he was actually continued does not
appear. It will also be noticed that in the account of the
meeting of September 10, 1662, given above, Mr. Croone is
named as the Curator of a special series of experiments.

On February 27, 1683-4, 'Mr. Hally was desired to bring in
experiments at the meetings of the Society in the manner of a
Curator, and he should be considered for it as others had been.
He was desired to proceed first upon magnetism, which he
promised to doe.'

On May 27, 1685, Mr. Molt was 'imployed in making the
chymical operations', and in 1707 Dr. Douglas and Mr. Hawksbee
were similarly employed to prepare experiments, and were paid
for so doing, but do not appear to have borne the title of Curator.
Dr. Desaguliers, however, seems to have received this title. He
was elected a Fellow on July 15, 1714, and was excused his fees,
on account of his usefulness in the Curatorship.

Some of the early experiments were instituted at the instigation
of King Charles II ; and, in the first years of the Society's
existence, appear to have been often prepared in such form as
would be likely to interest him should he attend the meeting.
On one occasion he sent two loadstones and desired to have an
account of some of the more considerable experiments made with
them. To another meeting his contribution consisted of 'five
little glass bubbles, two with liquor in them, and the other three
solid, in order to have the judgment of the Society concerning
them'. Again, his Majesty inquired 'why the sensitive plants
stir and contract themselves upon being touched ', and five of the
most eminent Fellows — Dr. Wilkins, Dr. Clarke, Mr. Boyle,
Mr. Evelyn, and Dr. Goddard — were appointed ' curators for
examining the fact relating to these plants'. The King even
invoked the Society's co-operation in an important geodetic task.
We read in the Journal-book of October 21, 1669, that 'the
Bishop of Chester [John Wilkins] acquainted the Society that

SUBJECTS DISCUSSED AT EARLY MEETINGS 33

his Majesty had expressed his desire of having determined the
measure of a degree upon the Earth, and did expect the assistance
of this Society in it '. A committee, consisting of the President
(Lord Brouncker), the Bishop of Salisbury (Seth Ward), the
Bishop of Chester, Sir Robert Moray, Sir Paul Neile, Dr. Wallis,
Dr. Christopher Wren, Dr. Goddard, and Mr. Hooke, was
nominated to consider the subject and report to the Society.

In those days the insatiable curiosity that had been stimulated
by the ' Novum Organon ' led men to pry with eager enthusiasm
into every department of Nature. Bacon had complained that
* things of familiar and frequent occurrence do not arrest and
detain the thoughts of men, but are received in passing without
any inquiry into their causes '. He insisted that * things that are
mean or even filthy, no less than the most splendid and costly,
must be admitted into Natural History. Nor is Natural History
polluted thereby ; for the sun enters the sewer, no less than the
palace, yet takes no pollution.' It was in this spirit that the
philosophers of the middle of the seventeenth century originated
and organized their Society. Naturally they took a more com-
prehensive view of their aims and sphere of work than has in later
times been deemed necessary or expedient. Not only did they
deal with pure and applied science, but they extended their
inquiries far and wide among arts and industries, carrying out the
view of their great predecessor, that one of their paramount duties
lay in the fostering of the progress of discovery and invention in
all that concerned the material well-being of society.

The enumeration of topics discussed at the meetings of the
Royal Society during the first years of its history, contained in
the letter of Dr. Wallis already quoted, shows over what a wide
range the interest of the members extended. But the pages of
the Journal-book contain references to many other matters that
were considered, and sometimes made the subject of experiment.
How keenly alive the Society was to take advantage of every
opportunity of advancing knowledge may be estimated from the
elaborate series of observations on the depth, movements, and
composition of the ocean which were devised to be carried out
by the Earl of Sandwich on his voyage to Lisbon to bring over
the bride of Charles II. As the Society included some able

i)

34

astronomers, discussions of astronomical problems were not in-
frequently included in the proceedings, and Christopher Wren,
'that rare and early prodigy of universal science,' was even
charged by the Society, in the King's name, to make a globe of
the moon, on which he delineated the superficial features of the
satellite. On the biological side the inquiries were no less
varied. The vegetation of plants, the anatomy of trees, the
circular rings in their wood, the spirals of nut-trees, and other
botanical matters came up for consideration. Still more extended
and diverse were the inquiries in zoology. Christopher Wren,
who among his many accomplishments studied insects with the
microscope, described to the Society and exhibited drawings of
those which he examined. Other communications, accompanied
where possible by experimental illustration, included the effects of
poison on different animals, the effects on animals of being placed
in Boyle's air-pump, the ligature of vipers from the tail to the
head, the history and generation of insects, the history of vipers,
observations on a live chameleon, and many more. Medical
subjects were likewise discussed. In the Journal-book for June,
1661, curators are stated to have been appointed for * the proposal
of tormenting a man with the sympathetic powder ' ; while in
the same month, Sir Kenelm Digby gravely ' related that the
calcined pouder of toades reverberated, being applyed in baggs
uppon the stomach of a pestiferate body, cures it by severall
applications '. No art or craft appears to have been thought
unworthy of consideration with a view to the possible improve-
ment of its methods. We read in the Journal-book of a catalogue
of trades, and of inquiries into the history of engraving and
etching, shipbuilding, cloth-making, the manufacture of hats,
cider, copperas, and other articles.

An important feature in the history of the Royal Society has
been its long and intimate connexion with the Royal Observatory
at Greenwich. This institution, the most important observatory
in the world, and from which the longitudes in all countries are
now counted, was somewhat hurriedly established by Charles II.
The erection of a building was begun in 1675, for the purpose of
'finding out the longitude for perfecting navigation and astro-
nomy '. An ' astronomical Observator ' was appointed, and the

35

illustrious Flamsteed was chosen for the office. The expense of
erecting the building was not to exceed £500, but no provision was
made for fitting the establishment with the necessary instruments,
and for some fifteen years none were furnished by the Government.
In the meantime, however, the Royal Society lent such astro-
nomical instruments as it possessed, and Flamsteed, at his own
charges and with the assistance of friends, added others. In
December, 1710, Queen Anne appointed the President, and such
other of the Fellows of the Royal Society as he should think fit,
to be Visitors of the Observatory. This arrangement, with some
modifications, still subsists. At the accession of William IV the
Board of Visitors was reconstituted so as to consist of the President
and five Fellows of the Royal Society, the President and five
Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society, together with the
Savilian Professor of Astronomy at Oxford and the Plumian
Professor of Astronomy at Cambridge. The Board is reappointed
at the commencement of each sovereign's reign, but its constitu-
tion has remained nearly unchanged. At present there are six
representatives of the two Societies besides their presidents, and
the Hydrographer of the Navy has been added (pp. 298-301).

From the outset of its career much of the energy of the Society
was spent in foreign correspondence, in giving information or
advice upon inquiries that were received, in seeking news, or in
instigating researches in foreign places. The Letter-books of the
Society contain many letters that passed between the Society and
various learned bodies and individuals abroad ; the first Letter-
book begins with one dated July 22, 1661, and addressed by the
then President, Sir Robert Moray, to Monsieur de Monmort,
requesting the interchange of scientific communications. M. de
Monmort, a mathematician of note, was the patron of science at
whose house in Paris there assembled that small body of savants
who later, in 1666, were incorporated as the * Academic des
Sciences '.

In order to carry out investigations more efficiently, special
committees were appointed to make inquiries concerning par-
ticular questions, and to report thereon, as, for instance, when Sir
John Lawson desired that a committee might be appointed * to
examine Mr. Greatrix's Diving-instrument, or to direct a good

D 2

36 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

way for staying under water for a considerable time, to lay the
foundation of the mole at Tangier ' (Council Minutes, January 13,
1663). Moreover, permanent committees were instituted, each
to take charge of some special branch of natural knowledge, or
some group of industries. Thus, in the first year after the second
Charter, on March 30, 1664, the following eight committees
were appointed :

' 1. Mechanical. To consider of and improve all Mechanical Inventions.
[69 names. 1

2. Astronomical and Optical. [15 names.]

3. Anatomical. All the Physitians of the Society, Mr. Boyle, Dr. Wilkins,

Mr. Hook.

4. Chymical. Duke of Buckingham, Mr. Boyle, Sr. Kenelme Digby,

Mr. Charles Howard, Mr. Henshaw, Mr. Le Febure, Sr. Robert
Paston, All the Physitians of the Society.

5. Georgical. [32 names.]

6. For Histories of Trades. [35 names.]

7. For Collecting all the Phaenomena of Nature hitherto observed, and

all Experiments made and recorded. [21 names.]

8. For Correspondence. [20.] ' 1

The titles of these committees sufficiently show to how large
an extent the early energies of the Society were directed towards
the improvement of arts and industries. This side of the Society's
work was recognized as far back as the first year of its corporate
existence. In the Journal-book, under date October 15, 1662,
it is recorded that the King had given an additional proof
of his favour to the Society, by declaring his pleasure that no
patent should pass for any philosophical or mechanical invention,
but what was first put to the examination of the Society. Fifty
years later a similar direction was issued by Queen Anne : ' Her
Majesty has been pleased to give order that whatever new
mechanical invention be brought before the Privy Council in
order to obtain a Patent, the same shall be referred to the Exami-
nation of the Royal Society before the Patent be passed.' A still
more signal proof of the Queen's desire to promote the interests
of science and to make practical use of the Royal Society for that
purpose was shown at the same time. ' Her Majesty had given
order that her Ministers, Admirals, and Officers going abroad

1 MS. Journal-book, vol. ii, fol. 61.

THE REPOSITORY OF RARITIES 37

should receive Directions and Instructions from the Royal Society
for making Inquiries relating to the Improvement of Natural
Philosophy.' 1 Since those days the gradual increase in the num-
ber and scope of the Government departments has relieved the
Royal Society of most of these duties, but it still acts as a kind
of advisoiy board to the Government on matters wherein scientific
opinion is required. Some of its various committees are entirely
concerned with researches conducted at the request of one or other
of these official departments. Further information on this subject
will be found on subsequent pages (see Chapters IX and XI).

Another function of the Royal Society during the first century
of its history may be here referred to. The habit of collecting
what were called ' rarities ' was then in full vogue, and various
private collections were to be found in different parts of the
country, wherein, besides valuable and interesting specimens in
natural history and antiquities, all sorts of curiosities, natural and
artificial, were gathered together. There was at that time no
public institution to which zoological, botanical, geological, or
mineralogical specimens could be sent for examination or preser-
vation. The Society, therefore, properly undertook the task of
collecting, arranging, and cataloguing specimens in all depart-
ments of natural science, doubtless in those days including much
that might be curious, but had no real scientific value. Some
care, however, was exercised to prevent the inclusion of useless or
undesirable objects. Thus in a letter from Oldenburg to Boyle
of January 18, 1667-8, it is mentioned that persons, not Fellows,
who desired to present specimens to the Society were obliged to
show them first to the President * for fear of lodging unknownly
ballads and buffooneries in these scoffing times '.

The British Museum was not created until 1753. For nearly
a hundred years, therefore, the Royal Society's Repository was the
centre to which specimens of every kind were sent from all parts
of the country and from abroad.2 By the spring of 1666, that is in
three or four years, it had grown so much that a committee was

1 Journal-book, xi, p. 326, January 22, 1712-13. When the thanks of the Society were
given to the Queen for these marks of her consideration, she ' was pleased to express her
intention of countenancing and encouraging the studies of the Society'.

2 In his history of the early years of the Royal Society, Sprat remarks : ' All places and
corners are now busy and warm about this work ; and we find many noble rarities to be

38 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

appointed to put order in the Society's collection of ' natural
rarities V

But besides receiving the various objects that were presented
to it, the Society at one time employed an emissary to travel over
the country for the purpose of collecting other specimens, more
particularly in natural history.- Thus in the Journal-book under
date October 21, 1669, it is recorded that ' Thomas Willisell the
botanick Traveller, entertained by the Society, brought in his
collection of plants gathered in several parts of England and
Scotland, together with some rare Scottish fowl and fish '. It is
added that Dr. Merret ' digested these plants ', and Mr. Hooke
was instructed to ' take the whole collection into his custody, for
the Repository, making first an Inventory of them and producing
that before the Society '.3

In less than twenty years the Repository had increased so much
that a folio volume of nearly 500 pages was published as a cata-
logue and description of its contents. The title-page of this book
runs as follows : ' Musaeum Regalis Societatis or a Catalogue and
Description of the Natural and Artificial Rarities belonging to
the Royal Society and preserved at Gresham Colledge : made by
Nehemiah Grew M.D. Fellow of the Royal Society and of the
Colledge of Physitians : London, Printed by W. Rawlins for the
Author 1681.' The objects are there arranged methodically,
beginning with ' Humane Rarities ' and descending through the
various grades of the animal and vegetable kingdoms to the
different kinds of stones and metals. It presents an interesting
compendium from which the state of knowledge in regard to
natural history at that time may be inferred.

Within the range of the biological inquiries contemplated by

every day given in, not only by the hands of learned and professed philosophers ; but from
the shops of mechanics, from the voyages of merchants, from the ploughs of husbandmen,
from the sports, the fish-ponds, the parks, the gardens of gentlemen.' Hist. Roy, Soc.,
1667, p. 71. In 1779 when the Society was about to remove to Somerset House the con-
tents of the Repository were handed over to the British Museum.

1 Evelyn, Diary, April 1, 1666.

2 Thomas Willisell, the emissary thus employed, was furnished with a commission
bearing the Society's seal and recommending him ' to all generous and ingenuous spirits '
for their assistance ( in promoting a work so generally beneficial to all mankind '.

3 Evelyn's entry of the same date is as follows : ' Our English Itinerant presented an
account of his autumnal peregrination about England, for which we hired him, bringing
dried fowls, fish, plants, animals, &c.'

ANATOMICAL STUDIES 39

the group of men who originated the Royal Society human
anatomy was included. Special provision was made for the
prosecution of this subject by a clause in the second Charter which
gave the President, Council, and Fellows the same right * to
demand and receive the bodies of executed criminals, and to
anatomize them, as the College of Physicians and the Company
of Surgeons of London use or enjoy'. On January 20, 1663-4,
at a meeting of the Council, ' The general and particular Warrants
to demand Bodies for dissection, drawn up by Sr Anthony
Morgan, were read and approved.' The original copy of this
general Warrant, signed by Lord Brouncker, is preserved in the
Archives of the Society. The privilege appears to have been
exercised for a time with considerable vigour, Dr. Charleton
being appointed, by a Resolution of April 20th in the same year,
' to have the care of Dissecting Bodies for one year.' But
although there are several entries in the Council Minutes relating
to Anatomical Experiments, and in June, 1668, Henry Howard,
afterwards sixth Duke of Norfolk, gave the Society a room in
Arundel House for that purpose, no clear reference to the privi-
lege in question has been found later than the Minute of August
29, 1666, when it was ordered * That an Amanuensis should make
a Copy of the Warrant for demanding a Body for dissection, to
be performed in Gresham College by some of the Fellows of
the Society at their own charges '. Ultimately the practice fell
wholly into abeyance ; but the biological side of the Society's
operations was never lost sight of, and for many years past has
been in vigorous growth.

From the beginning of its history the Royal Society has devoted
much attention to the publication of the communications made
to it by its Fellows and others. Within three years from the
granting of the first Charter the issue of the Philosophical Trans-
actions was commenced, and it is still continued. Particulars
regarding this part of the Society's undertakings will be found in
the Statutes (pp. 117-58) and in the ' Notes on the History of the
Statutes ' (pp. 150-73). It may be enough in this place to remark
that from the appearance of the first number of the Transactions
on Monday, March 6, 1664-5, the preparation, printing, and
publication of this work were for some time ' the single act of

40 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

the respective Secretaries ' (being, in fact, in the first instance a
speculation on the part of Henry Oldenburg), though a certain
supervision was exercised by the President and Council. This
system was continued through 46 volumes consisting of 496
numbers. With the 47th volume, published in 1753 (the pub-
lication in numbers was thenceforward discontinued) , the publica-
tion was placed by new Statutes directly in the hands of the
President and Council, a Committee of Papers being established.
In addition to the Philosophical Transactions, the Society,
having powers by its Charter to appoint a printer and engraver,
published or sanctioned the publication of separate works on
natural knowledge. Among the works which received its
imprimatur are the following :

Hooke, Robert, ' Micrographia : or some Physiological Descriptions of

Minute Bodies made by Magnifying Glasses.1 Folio. London 1665.
Graunt, John, ' Natural and political Observations . . . made upon the Bills
of Mortality, with reference to the Government, Religion, Trade, Growth,
Air, Diseases, and the several changes of the City [of London].1 (3rd
edition, enlarged.) 8vo. London 1665.
Sprat, Thomas, ' The History of the Royal-Society of London, for the

Improving of Natural Knowledge.' 4to. London 1667.
Malpighi, Marcello, 4 Dissertatio epistolica de Bombyce ; Societati Regiae

Londini dicata.' 4to. Londini 1669.
Holder, William, ' Elements of Speech ; with an Appendix, concerning

Persons Deaf and Dumb.' 8vo. London 1669.

Evelyn, John, * Sylva, or a Discourse of Forest Trees.' Folio. London 1670.
Horrocks, Jeremiah, * Opera [Astronomica] posthuma.' 4to. Londini 1673.
Malpighi, Marcello, * Anatome Plantarum.' Folio. Londini 1675.
Willughby, Francis, ' Ornithologiae libri tres ; totum opus recognovit,

digessit, supple vit Joannes Raius.' Folio. Londini 1676.
Evelyn, John, ' A Philosophical Discourse of Earth, relating to the Culture

and Improvement of it for Vegetation . . .' 8vo. London 1676.
'Philosophical Collections' [by Robert Hooke].1 4to. London 1679-82.
' Lectiones Cutlerianae, or a Collection of Lectures : Physical, Mechanical,

Geographical, and Astronomical . . .' 4to. London 1679.
Also several separate Tracts, by Robert Hooke. 4to. 1679-82.
Papin, Denis, 4A New Digester, or Engine for softning Bones.' 4to.
London 1681.

1 ' Ordered and desired— That Mr. Hooke may publish (as he hath now declared he is
ready to doe) a sheet or two every fortnight of such Phylosophicall matters as he shall
meet with from his Correspond18, not making use of any thing conteind in the Register
Books without the leave of the Councel and Author.' Council Minutes, July 3, 1679.

v

THE HOXOUHAHM-: UOHKKT BOYLK
From a painting by F. Kersebooin, in the rooms or the Royal Society

WORKS PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY 41

Grew, Nehemiah, ' Musacum Regalis Societatis : or a Catalogue and
Description of the Natural and Artificial Rarities belonging to the Royal
Society, and preserved at Gresham Colledge."1 Folio. London 1681.

Grew, Neheniiah, 'The Anatomy of Plants. With an Idea of a Philo-
sophical History of Plants, and several other Lectures read before the
Royal Society.1 Folio. London 1682.

Willughby, F., « Historia Piscium.' London 1686.

Ray, John, * Historia Plantarum, Species hactenus editas aliasque insuper
multas noviter inventas et descriptas complectens . . .' Folio. 2 vols.
Londini 1686-8.

Flamsteed, John, ' Tide-table for 1687.1

Papin, Denis, ' A Continuation of the New Digester of Bones ; together with
some Improvements and new Uses of the Air-pump.1 4to. London 1687.

Newton, Isaac, ' Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. Autore
Is. Newton.' Imprimatur : S. Pepys, Reg. Soc. Praeses. Julii 5, 1686.
4to. Londini 1687.1

Malpighi, Marcello, ' Opera Posthuma."' Folio. Londini 1697.

'Commercium Epistolicum D. Johannis Collins, et aliorum de Analysi
promota : jussu Societatis Regiae in lucem editum.1 4to. Londini 1712.2

The foundation of the Royal Society was hailed as a notable
event by some of the most eminent literary men of the day.
Dryden in graceful verses extolled the achievements of Bacon, and
the work of his successors in the paths of experimental philosophy.3
Co wley, whose keen interest in the advancement of that philosophy
has been already referred to, composed a laudatory ode on the
Royal Society which appeared in 1667, prefixed to Sprat's History
of the Society. But these early felicitations were soon succeeded
by effusions of a wholly different tone. The general community
was not yet prepared to welcome so novel an experiment as the
association of a company of leisured men for the* purpose, not of

1 ' Ordered —That Mr. Newton's book be printed forthwith in a quarto of a fair letter.
Journal-book, May 19, 1686.

' Ordered that Mr. Newton's book be printed, and that E. Halley shall undertake the
business of looking after it, and printing it at his own charge, which he engaged to do.'
Council Minutes, June 2, 1686. The funds of the Society had been exhausted by the
publication of Willughby's book on fishes.

' Ordered that the President be desired to licence Mr. Newton's book entitule
" Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica", and dedicated to the Society.' Council
Minutes, June 30, 1686.

2 Some of the more important separate publications of subsequent years will be found
enumerated at p. 278.

8 Epistle to Dr. Charleton.

42 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

political intrigue or of literary or antiquarian co-operation, but of
devoting themselves to the earnest investigation of Nature. The
Society had hardly taken definite shape before it was assailed with
vituperation, and for about a century and a half it continued to
be a mark for the shafts of ridicule launched by some of the
foremost men of letters in each successive generation.

The volume which contained Cowley's complimentary poem
included also evidence that already, within less than four years
from its start, the institution of the Royal Society and the doings
of its members had roused the antagonism of two classes of
opponents. We learn that, on the one hand, ' some over-zealous
Divines do reprobate Natural Philosophy as a carnal knowledge,
and a too much minding worldly things,' while on the other side,
4 the men of the world and business esteem it meerly as an idle
matter of fancy and as that which disables us from taking right
measures in humane affairs.' ' The greatest part of men, if they
can bring inquirers [into Experimental Philosophy] under the
scornful titles of Philosophers, or Schollars or Virtuosi, it is
enough : they presently conclude them to be men of another
world, only fit companions for the shadow and their own melan-
choly whimsies.' l

That the aims and pursuits of the Society should have been
looked upon as tending to the subversion of religion seems strange
when it is remembered that the most notable among the early
Fellows was Robert Boyle, who, besides being the most illustrious
physicist of his day, was distinguished for his piety and benevo-
lence, for his active efforts to circulate translations of the Bible
in the East, and for his institution of the Boyle Lectures, still
annually given, in defence of Christianity. He wrote a remark-
able treatise which, under the title of ' The Christian Virtuoso ',
reveals his own pure and lofty character. In that work he begins
by remarking that some had thought it ' very strange that I,
whom they are pleased to look upon as a diligent cultivater of
experimental philosophy, should be a concerned embracer of the
Christian religion '.2 He adduces many proofs of how much
more the virtuosi see than others can 'of the diverse excellencies
displayed in the fabric and conduct of the universe, and of the

1 Sprat, Hist., pp. 26, 27. 2 Boyle's Works, 1792, vol. v, p. 512.

MISCONCEPTION AND MISREPRESENTATION 48

creatures it consists of. He will not admit that his intercourse
with men of science in any degree disposes him to atheism, and
he thinks that there are not so many speculative atheists as men
are wont to imagine. Having had a tolerably wide familiarity
with naturalists, not only of this but of foreign countries, he
declares that he has met with ' so few true atheists that I am
very apt to think that men's want of due information or their
uncharitable zeal has made them mistake or misrepresent many
for deniers of God, that are thought such, chiefly because they
take uncommon methods in studying His works, and have other
sentiments of them than those of vulgar philosophers.' l

Notwithstanding Boyle's earnest and eloquent Apologia, the
charges against science and scientific men which he so well
refuted continued to be brought forward all through the centuries.
They are hardly ever to be heard now, but there are not a few
living Fellows of the Royal Society who remember when they
were still from time to time fulminated from pulpit and platform.

Now and then depreciatory comments on the aims and objects
of the Royal Society were to be heard even within the walls of
the Universities. Thus on July 9, 1669, at the Oxford Encaenia,
as Evelyn records, ' Dr. South, the university Orator, made an
eloquent speech, which was very long, and not without some
malicious and indecent reflections on the Royal Society, as
underminers of the University, which was very foolish and untrue,
as well as unseasonable.' There must have been many who
listened with surprise to this attack, when they remembered the
noble share that the Warden and some of the Fellows of
Wadham College had taken only a few years before in the
fostering of science and the foundation of the Royal Society.

The popular misconception of the aims and practice of the
experimental philosophers found its fullest expression in the
writings of some of the more eminent literary men of the latter
half of the seventeenth and the first half of the eighteenth
century. It requires no great effort of imagination to realize how
easily this misconception arose and why it lasted so long. That
a company of intelligent men should think it worth their while
to devote themselves to inquiries into the most ordinary every-

1 Boyle's Works, 1792, vol. v, p. 515.

44 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

day phenomena ; that they should meet together to encourage
each other in such a pursuit, and with infinite labour and at no
small cost should organize experiments to prove what nobody
cared about or thought of disputing ; that they should give up
valuable time to the study of such unattractive things as ' beasts,
fishes, birds, snails, caterpillars, flies ' ; that they should collect
and arrange all manner of ' curiosities ' which were not worth
house-room and appeared to have no practical use or sensible
interest for anybody — all this seemed to be a novel mania on
which it was widely felt that no men with serious duties in life
ought to waste their time.

Moreover, it should not be forgotten that the general name of
' Virtuosi ', which was then in common use, included not only the
true men of science, sincerely anxious for the discovery of truth in
every department of nature, but also dilettanti lovers of all manner
of ' articles of vertu ', as well as mere vulgar collectors who had a
passion for gathering together whatever was ancient, uncommon,
or odd. The term, at first employed in rather a complimentary
sense, before long, on account of the vagaries of these indis-
criminate collectors of * rarities ', came to acquire a more or less
contemptuous meaning. And as it was not possible for the
ignorant public to discriminate between the true seeker after
science and the mere curio-hunter, the literary critic was naturally
nothing loath to take advantage of his opportunity and to class
the whole confraternity together, put them all into one common
pillory, and pelt them with sarcasm and ridicule.

The Royal Society soon after its start began to have experience
of this kind of treatment. Among the experiments conducted at
its early meetings were those of Hooke with the lately perfected
air-pump, or what was called * Mr. Boyle's engine ', whereby
some fundamental laws in the physics of the atmosphere were
demonstrated. To the ordinary mind, however, the occupation
of ' weighing the air ' seemed incredibly inane. So it appeared
even to Charles II, who, as Pepys records (February 1, 1663-4),
* mightily laughed at Gresham College, for spending time only in
weighing of ayre, and doing nothing else since they sat.' When
his Majesty, who took so friendly an interest in the Society's
success, could not resist making fun of what had been only one,

OPPOSITION OF LITERARY CIRCLES 45

but an important one, of the numerous subjects that had engaged
its attention, there were sure to be many ready to have their joke
at the expense of the philosophers. On the stage they were held
up to ridicule by Shadwell in his comedy of' The Virtuoso' (1676).
This dramatist, who, according to Dryden, ' never deviated into
sense,' must have perused with some diligence the early numbers
of the Philosophical Transactions in order to gather material
for his farcical travesty. Samuel Butler indulged his caustic
humour on the same subject, satirizing the Society in his ludi-
crous ' Elephant in the Moon ', and enumerating—

Their learned speculations.
And all their constant occupations.
To measure wind, and weigh the air,
And turn a circle to a square.1

Among the wits of Queen Anne's reign it continued to be the
practice to disparage the virtuosi in general and the Fellows of
the Royal Society in particular. Addison, for instance, in the
' Spectator' for December 31, 1711, wrote :

' Among those advantages which the public may reap from this paper, it is
not the least that it draws men's minds off from the bitterness of party, and
furnishes them with subjects of discourse that may be treated without warmth
or passion. This is said to have been the first design of those gentlemen who
set on foot the Royal Society ; and had then a very good effect, as it turned
many of the greatest geniuses of that age to the disquisitions of natural
knowledge, who, if they had engaged in politics with the same parts and
application, might have set their country in a flame. The air-pump, the
barometer, the quadrant, and the like inventions were thrown out to those

1 It is unnecessary to notice the attacks of the minor and now forgotten cavillers — the
Stubbes and Crosses and others who for various reasons assailed the infant Society.
Various foreigners who visited London have left their impressions of the Royal Society.
One of the earliest of these, Samuel Sorbiere, has given a kindly appreciation of the
Society and its Fellows in a little volume, ' Relation d'un voyage en Angleterre,' published
in Paris in 1664. He was elected into the Society and his name appears in the list of the
original Fellows. In 1710 London was visited by Z. C. von Uffenbach, who appears to
have seen little to admire and much to find fault with in the habitation of the Society at
Gresham College, the condition of its Repository, the character of the later volumes of the
Philosophical Transactions, and the standing of its Fellows, most of whom he regarded as
mere apothecaries and such-like persons, who hardly understood Latin (' Merkwiirdige
Reisen,' Frankfurt and Leipzig, 1753, vol. iii, p. 545 sq.). Faujas de Saint Fond, who
saw a good deal of the Royal Society in 1784 when Sir Joseph Banks was President, has
left a much more favourable account of it ('Voyage en Angleterre, en Ecos.se/ &c.,
tome I, chap, i and ii, Paris, 1797).

46 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

busy spirits, as tubs and barrels are to a whale, that he may let the ship sail
on without disturbance, while he diverts himself with those innocent amuse-
ments.'*

• As we have seen, 'those busy spirits' retired of their own
accord from the political troubles of the time to enjoy a freer and
calmer air in the study of Nature. In another paper, the class of
men who have nothing to do is said to include ' all contemplative
tradesmen, titular physicians, Fellows of the Royal Society,
Templars that are not given to be contentious, and statesmen
that are out of business V

There was sometimes a tone of singular bitterness in the
invective, as in a paper in the ' Tatler ' (No. 236, October 12, 1710)
attributed to Steele :

* There is no study more becoming a rational creature than that of Natural
Philosophy ; but, as several of our modern virtuosi manage it, their speculations
do not so much tend to open and enlarge the mind, as to contract and fix it
upon trifles. This in England is in a great measure owing to the worthy elec-
tions that are so frequently made in our Royal Society. They seem to be in a
confederacy against men of polite genius, noble thought and diffusive learning ;
and choose into their assemblies such as have no pretence to wisdom, but want
of wit, or to natural knowledge, but ignorance of everything else. I have
made some observations in this matter so long, that when I meet with a young
fellow that is an humble admirer of these sciences, but more dull than the
rest of the company, I conclude him to be a Fellow of the Royal Society.'

Swift, at greater length and with more laboured sarcasm,
caricatured the philosophers in his * Voyage to Laputa '. Pope,
too, assailed them, but with a lighter touch. Assembling them to
receive * titles and degrees ' from the Queen of Dulness, he placed
them in her presence among the—

More distinguished sort

Who study Shakespeare at the Inns of Court,
Impale a Glow-worm, or Vertu profess,
Shine in the dignity of F.R.S.2

It does not appear that this long-continued vituperation had
any sensible effect in impeding the advancement of natural
knowledge or hindering the progress of the Royal Society.

1 'Spectator/ March 12, 1710-11. 2 ' Dunciad/ Book iv. 567.

GROWING RECOGNITION OF THE SOCIETY 47

After the middle of the eighteenth century, as the aims of true
science and the objects of the Society came to be better under-
stood, the antagonism, at least in its more blatant forms, gradually
died away. On the one hand, men were brought to see that
a Society which was joined by a long succession of archbishops,
bishops, and other dignitaries of the Church, and which numbered
among its prominent members such laymen as Robert Hoyle and
Isaac Newton, could hardly be accused of irreligious designs. On
the other hand, in view of the splendour of the discoveries in
science which some of the Fellows had achieved, which the
Society had been eager and proud to publish, and which had cast
a fresh halo around the intellectual reputation of this country, the
old charge of frivolousness was seen to be strangely inapplicable.
There was likewise a growing recognition by Government and
by the country at large that the pursuit of science had many
practical bearings on the conditions of life, and that, apart from
its efforts to promote the advancement of natural knowledge,
the Royal Society could often render other important services to
the community.

Thus step by step the Society has not only outlived the
opposition with which it was once assailed, but has steadily
advanced in public estimation and has become a kind of council
to which the various departments in the Government can and do
appeal for advice and assistance in matters where expert scientific
knowledge is needed. For although the vast development of
physical and biological research during the last century has led to
the creation of many other Societies, each devoted more par-
ticularly to the cultivation of its own special branch of research,
the Royal Society remains at their head as the one great
institution in this country which embraces in its purview the
whole wide realm of Nature, and elects into its ranks the most
accomplished representatives of every department of science.

CHAPTER II

THE CHARTERS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY
CHARTA PRIMA,1

Praesidi, Concilio, et Sodalibus REGALIS SOCIETATIS

Londini, a Rege CAROLO SECUNDO concessa,

A.D. MDCLXII.

CAKOLUS SECUNDUS, Dei gratia Angliae Scotiae Franciae et Hiber-
niae Rex, Fidei Defensor, etc., omnibus, ad quos presentes Literae per-
venerint, salutem.

Diu multiimque apud nos statuimus, ut imperii fines, sic etiam artes
atque scientias ipsas promovere. Favemus itaque omnibus disciplinis ;
particular! autem gratia indulgemus philosophicis studiis, praesertim
iis quae solidis experimentis conantur aut novam extundere philoso-
phiam, aut expolire veterem. Ut igitur inclarescant apud nostros
hujusmodi studia, quae nusquam terrarum adhuc satis emicuerunt,
utque nos tandem universus literarum orbis non solum fidei defenso-
rem, sed etiam veritatis omnimodae et cultorem ubique et patronum,
semper agnoscat :

Sciatis, quod nos de gratia nostra speciali ac ex certa scientia et
mero motu nostris ordinavimus constituimus concessimus et declaravi-
mus, ac per presentes pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris
ordinamus constituimus concedimus et declaramus, quod de caetero in
perpetuum erit Societas, de Praesidente2 Concilio et Sodalibus con-
incorporation, and sistens, quae vocabitur et nuncupabitur Regalis Societas ; Et eandem
Societatem, per nomen Praesidis Concilii et Sodalium Regalis Societa-
tis, unum corpus corporatum et politicum in re facto et nomine realiter
et ad plenum, pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris, facimus
ordinamus creamus et constituimus per presentes, et quod per idem
nomen habeant successionem perpetuam ; Et quod ipsi et eorum
successores (quorum studia applicanda sunt ad rerum naturalium

1 The Latin text of the Charters here given has been printed from the
transcript in Weld's ' History of the Royal Society ' , after careful collation with
the enrolments at the Public Record Office, by Mr. R. E. G. Kirk, Record
Agent. Several corrections have been made, but for convenience' sake Weld's
extensions of the abbreviations used in the original have been retained.

2 Sic.

PI.ATK VI

SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN

From a painting attributed to Michael Wright, in the possession of the

Royal Society

CHARTA PRIMA 49

artiumque utilium scientias experimentorum fide ulterius promoven-
das), per idem nomen Praesidis Concilii et Sodalium Regalis Societatis
praedictae, sint et erunt perpetuis futuris temporibus personae habiles Capacity to purchase,
et in lege capaces ad habendum perquirendum percipiendum et possi-
dendum terras et tenementa prata pascua pasturas libertates privilegia
franchesias jurisdictiones et hereditamenta quaecunque sibi et successo-
ribus suis in feodo et perpetuitate, vel pro termino vitae vitarum vel
annorum, seu aliter quocunque modo, ac etiam bona et catalla, ac
omnes alias res, cujuscunque fuerint generis naturae speciei sive
qualitatis ; Necnon ad dandum concedendum dimittendum et assig- and to grant ;
nandum eadem terras tenementa et hereditamenta, bona et catalla, et
omnia facta et res necessarias faciendum et exequendum de et con-
cernentia eisdem,1 per nomen praedictum ; Et quod per nomen to sue and be sued ;
Praesidis Concilii et Sodalium Regalis Societatis praedictae placitare
et implacitari, respondere et responderi, defendere et defendi de
caetero in perpetuum valeant et possint, in quibuscunque Curiis placeis
et locis, et coram quibuscunque Judicibus et Justiciariis et aliis personis
et officiariis nostris heredum et successorum nostrorum, in omnibus et
singulis actionibus placitis sectis querelis causis materiis rebus et
demandis quibuscunque, cujuscunque sint aut erunt generis naturae
vel speciei, eisdem modo et forma, prout aliqui ligei nostri intra hoc
Regnum nostrum Angliae, personae habiles et in lege capaces, aut ut
aliquod corpus corporatum vel politicum intra hoc Regnum nostrum
Angliae, habere perquirere recipere possidere, dare et concedere, pla-
citare et implacitari, respondere et responderi, defendere vel defendi
valeant et possint, valeat et possit ; Et quod iidem Praeses Concilium
et Sodales Regalis Societatis praedictae et successores sui habeant in
perpetuum Commune Sigillum, pro causis et negotiis suis et successo- to have a Common

., T j •. v j i v T , Seal, alterable at pleo-

rum suorum quibuscunque agendis deserviturum ; et quod bene hceat aure.
et licebit eisdem Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus Regalis Societatis prae-
dictae, et successoribus suis pro tempore existentibus, Sigillum illud de
tempore in tempus frangere mutare et de novo facere, prout eis melius
fore videbitur expediri.

Et, quod intentio nostra regia meliorem sortiatur effectum, ac pro
bono regimine et gubernatione praedictae Regalis Societatis de
tempore in tempus, volumus, ac per presentes pro nobis heredibus et
successoribus nostris concedimus eisdem Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus
Societatis Regalis praedictae et successoribus suis, quod de caetero in
perpetuum Concilium praedictum erit et consistet ex viginti et una The Council to consist
personis (quarum Praesidem semper unum esse volumus) ; Et quod who^the^resident to
omnes et singulae aliae personae quae intra unum mensem proximum .** alwftys one^
sequentem post datum presentium per Praesidem et Concilium, et in

1 Sic.
E

The Fellows to be omni tempore sequenti per Praesidem Concilium et Sodales, in eandem
month, ^y the Presi- Societatem accipientur et admittentur ut Membra Regalis Societatis

praedictae, et in Registro per ipsos conservando annotatae fuerint,
the President, Council, erunt vocabuntur et nuncupabuntur Sodales Regalis Societatis prae-

and Fellows.

dictae : quos, quanto eminentius omnis generis doctrmae bonarumque

literarum studio clarescant, quanto ardentius hujusce Societatis
honorem studia et emolumentum l promoveri cupiant, quanto vitae
integritate morumque probitate ac pietate emineant, et fidelitate
animique erga nos Coronam et dignitatem nostram sincero affectu
polleant, eo niagis idoneoset dignos, qui in Sodalium ejusdem Societa-
tis numerum adsciscantur, omnino censeri volumus.

Et, pro meliori executione voluntatis et concessionis nostrae in hac

parte, assignavimus nominavimus constituimus et fecimus, ac per

presentes pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris assignamus

nominamus constituimus et facimus, praedilectum et fidelem nobis

William, viscount Willielmum, Vicecomitem Brouncker, Cancellarium praecharissimae

firat^resid'ent • ° ' consorti nostrae Reginae Catherinae, fore et esse primum et modernum

Praesidem Regalis Societatis praedictae ; volentes quod praedictus

to hold tin St. Willielmus, Vicecomes Brouncker, in officio Praesidis Regalis Societa-

he shall so long live)* tis predictae a datu presentium usque ad festum Sancti Andreae

of fhe1CoimciiebeOUt proximum sequen. post datum presentium continuabit, et quousque

chosen and sworn ; unus alius de Concilio Regalis Societatis praedictae pro tempore

existente ad officium illud debito modo electus praefectus et juratus

fuerit, juxta ordinationem et provisionem in his presentibus inferius

expressam et declaratam (si praedictus Willielmus, Vicecomes

but first to be sworn in Brouncker, tarn diu vixerit); sacramento corporali in omnibus et per

before the Lord Chan- . „* • -njj. J.-I.VJ.CJTJ. j j^

ceiior. omnia omcmm mud tangentia bene et fidehter exequendum, secundum

veram intentionem harum presentium, coram praedilecto et perquam
fideli Consanguineo et Consiliario nostro Edwardo, Comite Clarendon,
Cancellario nostro Angliae, prius praestito : cui quidem Edwardo,
Comiti Clarendon, Cancellario nostro praedicto, sacramentum prae-
dictum administrare plenam potestatem et authoritatem damus et

The President's Oath, concedimus, in haec verba sequentia, viz. : /, William, Viscount
BrouncJcer, doe promise to deale faithfullie and honestlie in all things
belonging to the trust committed to mee as President of this Itoyall
Societie, during my employment in that capacitie. Soe helpe mee God !
Assignavimus etiam constituimus et fecimus, ac per presentes pro
nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris facimus, dilectos nobis et

The first Council fideles Robertum Moray, Militem, unum a Secretioribus nostris
Conciliis in Regno nostro Scotiae, Robertum Boyle, Armigerum,
Willielmum Brereton, Armigerum, filium primogenitum Baronis de
Brereton, Kenelm. Digby, Militem, praecharissimae matri nostrae

1 Or emotumenta.

CHARTA PRIMA 51

Mariae Reginae Cancellarium, Paulum Neile, Militem, uiium Genero-
sorum Camerae privatae nostrae, Henricum Slingesby, Armigerum,
alium Generosorum praedictae privatae Camerae nostrae, AVillielmum
Petty, Militem. Johannem Wallis, in Theologia Doctorem, Timotheum
Clarke, in Medicinis Doctorem et unum Medicorum nostrorum,
Johannem Wilkins, in Theologia Doctorem, Georgium Ent, in
Medicinis Doctorem, Willielmum Aerskine, unum a Poculis nostris,
Jonathan. Goddard, in Medicinis Doctorem et Piofessorem Collegii
de Gresham, Christopherum Wren, in Medicinis Doctorem, Saville
Astronomiae Professorem in Academia nostra Oxoniensi, Willielmum
Balle, Armigerum, Matthaeum Wren, Armigerum, Johannem Evelyn,
Armigerum, Thomam Henshawe, Armigerum, Dudley Palmer, de
Greys Inn in comitatu nostro Middlesexiae, Armigerum, et Henricum
Oldenburg, Armigerum, una cum Praeside praedicto, fore et esse
primes et modernos viginti et unum de Concilio Regalis Societatis
praedictae; continuandos in eisdem officiis a datu presentium usque to continue as above,
ad praedictum festum Sancti Andreae Apostoli proximum sequen., et j
deinde, quousque aliae idoneae personae et habiles et sufficientes in
officia praedicta electae praefectae et juratae fuerint (si tarn din
vixerint, aut pro aliqua justa et rationabili causa non amotae fuerint) ;
sacramentis corporalibus coram Praeside praedictae Regalis Societatis, but first to take,
ad officia sua bene et fideliter in omnibus et per omnia officia ilia tan-
gentia exequenda, prius praestandis, secundum formam et effectum mutatis mutandis.
praedicti sacramenti, mutatis mutandis, Praesidi Regalis Societatis
praedictae per Cancellarium nostrum Angliae administrandi (cui qui-
dem Praesidi pro tempore existenti sacramenta praedicta administrare
plenam potestatem et authoritatem pro nobis heredibus et successori-
bus nostris damus et concedimus per presentes) : Et quod eaedem
personae sic, ut praefertur, ad Concilium praedictae Regalis Societatis
electae praefectae et juratae, et in posterum eligendae praeficiendae
et jurandae de tempore in tempus, erunt et existent auxiliantes con-
sulentes et assistentes in omnibus materiis rebus et negotiis meliorem
regulationem gubernationem et directionem praedictae Regalis Societa-
tis. et cujuslibet Membri ejusdem, tangentibus seu concernentibus.

Et ulterius volumus, ac per presentes pro nobis heredibus et suc-
cessoribus nostris concedimus praefatis Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus The President,
Regalis Societatis praedictae et successoribus suis, quod Praeses Con-
cilium et Sodales Regalis Societatis praedictae pro tempore existentes dent *° ^ OJ?_e)' *°

elect, annually, on

(quorum Praesidem pro tempore existentem unum esse volumus) de St. Andrew's Day, one

.r „ . ., out of the Council to

tempore in tempus perpetuis futuris temporibus potestatem et au- be President; who is
thoritatem habeant et habebunt nominandi et eligendi, et quod
eligere et nominare possint et valeant, quolibet anno in praedicto
festo Sancti Andreae, unum de Concilio praedictae Regalis Societatis chosen ; having first

E 2

52 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

taken the Oath before pro tempore existente, qui sit et erit Praeses Regalis Societatis prae-
dictae usque ad festum Sancti Andreae Apostoli exinde proximum
sequen. (si tarn diu vixerit, aut interim pro aliqua justa et rationabili
causa non amotus fuerit), et exinde quousque unus alius in officium
Praesidis Regalis Societatis praedictae electus praefectus et nominatus
fuerit ; quodque ille, postquam sic, ut praefertur, electus et nominatus
fuerit in officium Praesidis Regalis Societatis praedictae, antequam ad
officium illud admittatur, sacramentum corporale coram Concilio
ejusdem Regalis Societatis, aut aliquibus septem vel pluribus eorum,
ad officium illud recte bene et fideliter in omnibus officium illud
tangentibus exequendum praestabit, secundum formam et effectum
praedicti sacramenti, mutatis mutandis; (cui quidem Concilio, aut
aliquibus septem vel pluribus eorum, sacramentum praedictum ad-
ministrare, pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris, plenam pote-
statem et authoritatem de tempore in tempus, quotiescunque neces-
sarium fuerit, damus et concedimus per presentes;) et quod post
hujusmodi sacramentum sic, ut praefertur, praestitum, officium Prae-
sidis Regalis Societatis praedictae usque ad festum Sancti Andreae

On the Death or Apostoli exinde proximum sequen. exequi valeat et possit: Et si con-

AmotionofaPresi- . r ., A .. .... i- . • ,

dent, the Council and tigent Praesidem Kegalis Societatis praedictae pro tempore existentem

tempore, quamdiu fuerit in officio Praesidis ejusdem Regalis
to elect another, out Societatis, obire vel ab officio suo amoveri, quod tune et toties bene

of the Council : who is

to hold, during the liceat et licebit Concilio et Sodalibus praedictae Regalis Societatis,

(being first sworn), vel aliquibus septem vel pluribus eorum (quorum Praesidem 1 Concilii

chosen and" wom. & praedicti ad talem electionem semper unum esse volumus), alium de

praedicto numero Concilii praedicti in Praesidem Regalis Societatis

praedictae eligere et praeficere ; et quod ille sic electus et prae-

fectus officium illud habeat et exerceat durante residuo ejusdem anni,

et quousque alius ad officium illud debito modo electus et juratus

fuerit, sacramento corporali in forma ultime specificata prius prae-

stando ; et sic toties quoties casus sic acciderit.

If any of the Council Et ulterius volumus, quod quandocunque contigerit aliquem vel
retlre^and^ower'of1 aliquos de Concilio Regalis Societatis praedictae pro tempore
amotion is hereby existente mori, vel ab officio illo amoveri, vel decedere. (quos

given to the President

and Council or major quidem de Concilio Regalis Societatis praedictae et eorum quem-

part of them, whereof ? f r ^

the President to be libet pro male se gerendis aut aliqua alia rationabili causa amobiles

Council and^FeiiowB esse volumus, ad beneplacitum Praesidis et caeterorum de Concilio

th the^aJJpr P-drt tft Praecucto super viventium et in officio illo remanentium, vel majoris

be one), may supply partis eorundem, quorum Praesidem pro tempore existentem unum

fellows : and the esse volumus,) quod tune et toties bene liceat et licebit praefatis

1 Sic. The deceased or removed President could not take part in the election
of his successor. Cf. the second Charter.

CHARTA PRIMA 53

Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus Regalis Societatis praedictae, vel elected shall hold (be-

major! parti eorundem (quorum Praesidem Regalis Societatis prae- ifexf^t A£dTew'Uth°

dictae pro tempore existentem unum esse volumus), unum alium vel p.ay' *nd tiu another

plures alios de Sodalibus Regalis Societatis praedictae, loco sive locis

ipsius vel ipsorum sic mortuorum decedentium vel amotorum, ad

supplendum praedictum numenim viginti et unius personarum de

Concilio Regalis Societatis praedictae, nominare eligere et prae-

ficere ; et quod ille sive illi sic in officio illo electi et praefecti idem

officium habeat et habeant usque ad festum Sancti Andreae Apostoli

tune proximum sequen., et exinde, quousque unus alius vel plures alii

electus praefectus et nominatus fuerit, electi praefecti et nominati

fuerint ; sacramento corporali ad officium illud in omnibus et per

omnia officium illud tangentia coram Praeside et Concilio Regalis

Societatis praedictae, vel aliquibus septem vel pluribus eorum pro

tempore existentibus, bene et fideliter exequendum, secundum veram

intentionem presentium, prius praestando.

Et ulterius volumus, ac per presentes pro nobis heredibus et sue- On every St. Andrew's
cessoribus nostris concedimus praefatis Praesidi Concilio et Sodali- Of th'e^unciFare to?
bus praedictae Regalis Societatis et successoribus suis, quod ipsi et bechansed«
successores sui quolibet anno, in praedicto festo Sancti Andreae
Apostoli, plenam potestatem et authoritatem habeant et habebunt
eligendi nominandi praeficiendi et mutandi decem de Sodalibus Re-
galis Societatis praedictae, ad supplendum loca et officia decem pre-
dicti numeri viginti et unius de Concilio Regalis Societatis praedictae ;
quoniam regiam voluntatem nostram esse declaramus, et per pre-
sentes pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris concedimus, quod
decem de Concilio praedicto, et non amplius, per Praesidem Conci-
lium et Sodales Regalis Societatis praedictae annuatim mutati et
amoti fuerint.

Volumus etiam, et pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris
concedimus praefatis Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus praedictae
Regalis Societatis et successoribus suis, quod si contigerit Prae-
sidem ejusdem Regalis Societatis pro tempore existentem aegritu-
dine vel infirmitate detineri, vel in servitio nostro heredum vel
successorum nostrorum versari, vel aliter esse occupatum, ita qu(xl
necessariis negotiis ejusdem Regalis Societatis officium Praesidis
tangentibus attendere non poterit ; qiuxl tune et toties bene liceat
et licebit eidem Praesidi sic detento versato vel occupato unum de The President may

„ ... ,. .. ,,, . . . . f appoint one out of the

Concilio praedictae Regalis Societatis pro tempore existente, fore council to be his
et esse Deputatum ejusdem Praesidis, nominare et appunctuare ; DePnty-'
qui quidem Deputatus, in officio Deputati Praesidis praedicti sic
faciendus et constituendus, sit et erit Deputatus ejusdem Praesidis, unless he appoint

r •• . some other out of the

de tempore in tempus, toties quoties praedictus Praeses sic abesse council to be so.

54 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Such Deputy may, in
the President's ab-
sence, do all acts that
he himself could do if
present.

But he must first be
sworn before the
Council, or seven or
more of them.

The President, Coun-
cil, and Fellows may
have one Treasurer,
two Secretaries, a
Clerk, and two Ser-
jeants-at-Mace :

who are all to be sworn
before the President
and Council, or any
seven or more of them.

contigerit, durante toto tempore, quo praedictus Praeses in officio
Praesidis continuaverit ; nisi interim praedictus Praeses Regalis
Societatis praedictae pro tempore existens unum .-ilium de praedicto
Concilio ejus Deputatum fecerit et constituent ; Et quod quilibet
hujusmodi Deputatus praedicti Praesidis, sic ut praefertur fiendus l
et constituendus, omnia et singula, quae ad officium Praesidis prae-
dictae Regalis Societatis pertinent sen pertinere debent, vel per
praedictum Praesidem virtute harum Literarum nostrarum Paten-
tium limitata et appunctuata fore a facienda et exequenda, de tem-
pore in tempus, toties quoties praedictus Praeses sic abesse contigerit,
durante tali tempore, quo Deputatus praedicti Praesidis continua-
verit, facere et exequi valeat et possit, vigore harum Literarum
nostrarum Patentium, adeo plene libere et integre, ac in tarn am-
plis modo et forma, prout Praeses praedictus, si praesens esset, ilia
facere et exequi valeret et posset ; sacramento corporali super sancta
Dei Evangelia in forma et effectu ultime specificatis per hujusmodi
Deputatum ad omnia et singula, quae ad officium Praesidis perti-
nent, bene et fideliter exequenda, coram praefato Concilio praedictae
Regalis Societatis, vel aliquibus septem vel pluribus eorum, prius
praestando ; et sic toties quoties casus sic acciderit : cui quidem
Concilio vel aliquibus septem vel pluribus eorum pro tempore exis-
tentibus, sacramentum praedictum administrare potestatem et au-
thoritatem, quoties casus sic acciderit, damus et concedimus per
presentes, absque aliquo brevi commissione sive ulteriori warranto
in ea parte a nobis heredibus vel successoribus nostris procurando
seu obtinendo.

Et ulterius volumus, ac per presentes pro nobis heredibus et suc-
cessoribus nostris concedimus praefatis Praesidi Concilio et Sodali-
bus Regalis Societatis praedictae et successoribus suis, quod ipsi et
successores sui de caetero in perpetuum habeant et habebunt unum
Thesaurarium, duos Secretaries, unum Clericum, et duos Servientes
ad Clavas, qui de tempore in tempus super Praesidem attendant ;
quodque praedicti Thesaurarius Secretarii Clericus et Servientes ad
Clavas eligendi et nominandi, antequam ad officia sua separalia et
respectiva exequenda admittantur, sacramenta sua corporalia in for-
ma et effectu ultime specificatis, coram Praeside et Concilio ejusdem
Regalis Societatis, aut aliquibus septem vel pluribus eorum, [ad] officia
sua separalia et respectiva in omnibus ilia tangentibus recte bene
et fideliter exequenda praestabunt ; et quod post hujusmodi sacra-
menta sic ut praefertur praestita, officia sua respectiva exerceant et
utantur ; quibus quidem Praesidi et Concilio, aut aliquibus septem vel

Sic.

CHARTA PRIM A 55

pluribus eoiiim, sacramenta praedicta de tenipore in tempus admini-
strare praedictis separalibus et respectivis officiariis et successoribus
suis plenam potestatem et authoritatem damns et concedimus per
presentes : Et assignavimus nominavimus elegimus creavimus consti-
tuimus et fecimus, ac per presentes pro nobis heredibus et succes-
soribus nostris assignamus nominamus eligimus creamus constituimus
et facimus, dilectos subditos nostros Willielmum Balle, Armigerum, William Baiie
fore et esse primum et modernum Thesaurarium ; et praedictum
Johannem Wilkins et Henricum Oldenburg fore et esse primos et SLenry °.1<1(!nburs
modernos Secretaries praedictae Regalis Societatis ; continuandos in
eisdem officiis usque ad praedictum festum Sancti Andreae Apostoli
proximum sequen. post datum presentium : Quodque de tempore in
tempus et ad omnia tempora, in praedicto festo Sancti Andreae Apo- And on every St.
stoli (si non fuerit dies Dominicus, et si fuerit dies Dominicus, tune die
proxime sequenti), Praeses Concilium et Sodales praedictae Regalis
Societatis pro tempore existentes, aut major pars eorundem (quorum major part of them (<>f

_, . , . . ... whom the President t<>

Praesidem pro tempore existentem unum esse volumus), ahos probos et be one), are to elect
discretes viros, de tempore in tempus, in Thesaurarium, Secretaries, iveararer^Sec^etaries',
Clericum, et Servientes ad Clavas praedictae Regalis Societatis eligere ctleJlk' and $**}*«* <*-

at-Mace : who, atter

nominare et praeficere valeant et possint: qtiodque illi, qui in sepa- being sworn, are to

V ^' m ' J-^. ' • t _i 1 1- /.. officiate till the next

ralia et respectiva ofncia praedicta sic, ut praeiertur, electi praefecti st. Andrew's Day.

et jurati fuerint, officia ilia respectiva exercere et gaudere possint et
valeant usque ad praedictum festum Sancti Andreae extunc proxi-
mum sequen., sacramentis suis praedictis sic, ut praefertur, prius
praestandis ; et sic toties quoties casus sic acciderit. Et si contigerit And if any of them

.. , .. -j, . ,. • j r» T cs • die or be amoved, th«-

aliquem vel ahquos ofnciariorum praedictorum ejusdem Kegalis aocie- like election to be
tatis obire, vel ab officiis suis respectivis amoveri, quod tune et toties ^^ly^h^ptaoes,
bene liceat et licebit Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus praedictae Regalis for the residue of th«

\ year, and till others

Societatis, vel majori parti eorundem (quorum Praesidem pro tempore shall be duly elected
existentem unum esse volumus), alium vel alios in officium sive officia
illarum personarum sic defunctarum sive amotarum eligere et prae-
ficere ; et quod ille sive illi sic electus et praefectus electi et praefecti
officia praedicta respectiva habeat et exerceat habeant et exerceant
durante residue ejusdem anni, et quousque alius sive alii ad officia ilia
respectiva debito modo electus et juratus fuerit, electi et jurati
fuerint ; et sic toties quoties casus sic acciderit.

Et insuper volumus, ac de gratia nostra speciali ac ex certa scientia
et mero motu nostris concedimus praefatis Praesidi Concilio et
Sodalibus Regalis Societatis praedictae et successoribus suis, quod The President and
Praeses et Concilium praedictae Regalis Societatis pro tempore
existentes, et major pars eorundem (quorum Praesidem pro tempore ^)P
existentem unum esse volumus), pariter congregare et assemblare College or other public

, . . ,, . • i. ur i • I • * Place or Hall in

possint et valeant in collegio sive aho publico loco sive aula intra London, or within ten

miles of it; and make Civitatem nostram London, vel in aliquo alio loco conveniente intra
Laws, Statutes, and , .... . , v , . . . .

Ordinances, and do all decem milharia ejusdem Civitatis nostrae; et quod ipsi sic congregati

et assemblati habebunt et habeant plenam authoritatem potestatem et
Society. facultatem de tempore in tempus condendi constituendi ordinandi

faciendi et stabiliendi hujusmodi leges statuta jura ordinationes et
constitutions, quae eis, aut eorum majori parti, bona salubria utilia
honesta et necessaria juxta eorum sanas discretiones fore videbuntur,
et omnia quaecunque alia negotiis et rebus Regalis Societatis praedictae
spectantia * agendi et faciendi : quae omnia et singula leges statuta
jura ordinationes et constitutiones sic ut praefertur facienda volumus,
et per presentes pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris firmiter
injungendo praecipimus et mandamus, quod de tempore in tempus in-
violabiliter observata fuerint, secundum tenorem et effectum eorun-
dem ; ita tamen, quod praedicta leges statuta jura ordinationes et con-
stitutiones sic ut praefertur facienda, et eorum quaelibet, sint rationa-
bilia, et non sint repugnantia nee contraria legibus consuetudinibus
juribus sive statutis hujus Regni nostri Angliae.
Power is given to the Et ulterius de ampliori gratia nostra speciali ac ex certa scientia et

Council and Fellows r

to appoint one or more mero motu nostris dedimus et concessimus, ac per presentes pro nobis
- heredibus et successoribus nostris damus et concedimus, praefatis
m Concilio et Sodalibus praedictae Regalis Societatis et successoribus suis,

by writing under the plenam potestatem et authoritatem de tempore in tempus eligendi
signed by the Presi- nominandi et constituendi unum vel plures Tvpographos sive Im-

dent, to print such . fn_ -. •, 0 , , ......

things (touching or pressores, et Chalcographos seu Sculptores ; et ipsi vel ipsis per scrip-
Setyufshali be tum Communi Sigillo praedictae Regalis Societatis sigillatum, et manu
given them in charge Praesidis pro tempore existentis signatum, facultatem concedendi.

by the President and r * . .

Council, or any seven ut imprimant tana res materias et negotia praedictam [Regalem] 2

or more of them (of 0 . , ,. , .. ,. ,. .. „,

whom the President to Societatem tangentia vel concernentia, qualia praedictis Typographo
vel Impressori, Chalcographo vel Sculptori, vel Typographis vel Im-
pressoribus, Chalcographis vel Sculptoribus, de tempore in tempus per
Praesidem et Concilium praedictae Regalis Societatis, vel aliquos sep-
tem vel plures eorum (quorum Praesidem pro tempore existentem unum

They must be first esse volumus), commissa fuerint ; sacramentis suis corporalibus, ante-

sworn before the Presi- i «. • i i •••

dent and Council, or quam ad omcia sua exercenda admittantnr, coram Praeside et Concilio

^hem.ev< f Pro tempore existentibus, vel aliquibus septem vel pluribus eorum, in

forma et effectu ultime specificatis, prius praestandis : quibus quidem

Praesidi et Concilio, vel aliquibus septem vel pluribus eorum, sacra-

menta praedicta administrare plenam potestatem et authoritatem

damus et concedimus per presentes.

The same Right to Et ulterius, quod praedicti Praeses Concilium et Sodales praedictae

demand, receive, and _ .. . * .r ... ,. . .

anatomize the Bodies Kegalis bocietatis in pnilosopnicis suis studns meliorem sortiantur

1 Sic. 2 From the Patent Roll.

CHARTA PRIMA 57

eff'ectum, de ampliori gratia nostra speciali ac ex certa scientia et mero of executed Criminals,
motu nostris dedimus et concessimus, ac per presentes pro nobis ^The c^ie^or18*7'
heredibus et successoribus nostris damus et concedimus, praedictis coroon^'ifof Sur
Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus praedictae Regalis Societatiset succes- geons of London have

• -i • or UBe-

sonbus suis, quod ipsi et successores sui de tempore in tempus habeant

et habebunt plenam potestatem et authoritatem de tempore in tempus,
et ad talia tempestiva tempora, secundum eorum discretionem, re-
quirere capere et recipere cadavera talium personarum, quae mortem
manu carnificis passae fuerunt, et ea anatomizare, in tarn amplis modo
et forma, et ad omnes intentiones et proposita, prout Collegium Medi-
corum et Corporatio Chirurgorum Civitatis nostrae London eisdem
cadaveribus usi vel gavisi fuerunt, aut uti vel gaudere valeant et possint.

Et ulterius, pro melioratione experimentorum artium et scientiarum Licence to hold a
praedictae Regalis Societatis, de abundantiori gratia nostra speciali ac
ex certa scientia et mero motu nostris dedimus et concessimus, ac per
presentes pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris damus et ™th »u softs of

r . .... . . . Foreigners; by Letters

concedimus, praefatis Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus praedictae Regalis sealed with the Com-

0 . . ., . > j • • • j . mon Seal of the

oocietatis et successoribus sins, quod ipsi et successores sui de tempore Society, and signed by

in tempus habeant et habebunt plenam potestatem et authoritatem, pre^ncTof the^Coun-

per literas vel epistolas, sub manu praedicti Praesidis in presentia £^°r any seven or

Concilii, vel aliquorum septem vel plurium eorum, et in nomine

Regalis Societatis, ac Communi Sigillo suo praedicto sigillatas, mutuis

intelligentiis fruentur l et notitiis cum omnibus et omnimodis personis

peregrinis et alienis, utrum privatis vel collegiatis, corporatis vel

politicis, absque aliqua molestatione interruptione vel inquietatione

quacunque : Proviso tamen, quod haec indulgentia nostra sic ut

praefertur concessa ad ulteriorem non extendatur usum quam particu-

lare beneficium et interesse praedictae Regalis Societatis in materiis

seu rebus philosophicis mathematicis aut mechanicis.

Et ulterius dedimus et concessimus, ac per presentes pro nobis Licence to build a
heredibus et successoribus nostris damus et concedimus, praefatis Lond^n,°or withfiTten
Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus Regalis Societatis praedictae et sue- niiies of London.
cessoribus suis plenam potestatem et authoritatem erigendi aedificandi
et extruendi, aut erigi aedificari et extrui faciendi vel causandi, in-
tra Civitatem nostram London, vel decem milliaria ejusdem, unum vel
plura Collegium vel Collegia cujuscunque modi vel qualitatis, pro
habitatione assemblatione et congregatione praedictorum Praesidis
Concilii et Sodalium praedictae Regalis Societatis et successorum
suorum, negotia sua et alias res eandem Regalem Societatem concer-
nentia ad ordinandum et disponendum.

Et ulterius volumus, ac per presentes pro nobis heredibus et if any Abnsesor

., , . ,. _.•*_• vj • Differences arise, they

successoribus nostris ordmamus constituimus et appunctuamus, quod si gj^u ^ ref0rmed and

1 Sic, forfruendi.

58 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

settled by the Lord aliqui abusus vel discrepantiae in posterum orientur et accident de

Chancellor Clarendon , . * L ,. •••«'«

alone, while living: guDernatione aut alus rebus vel negotus praedictae Regans Societatis,

wVtf Canter- unc^e ejusdem constitutioni stabilimini et studiorum progressui vel
dKe« r re^us e* neg°t»s aliqua inferatur injuria vel impedimentum ; quod
the Lord Treasurer, tune et toties per presentes pro nobis heredibus et successoribus

the Bishop of London, • • r j- -it i •

the Lord Privy Seal, BOOTHS LordinamusJ l authonzamus nommamus assignamus et con-

praefatum praedilectum et perquam fidelem Consanguineum

time being, or four or et Consiliarium nostrum Edwardum, Comitem Clarendon, Cancellarium

more of them.

nostrum Regni nostri Angliae, per seipsum durante vita sua, et post
ejus mortem, tune Archiepiscopum Cantuariensem, Cancellarium vel
Custodem Magni Sigilli Angliae, Thesaurarium Angliae, Episcopum
Londinensem, Custodem Privati Sigilli, et duos Principales Secretaries,
pro tempore existentes, aut aliquos quatuor vel plures eorum, easdem
discrepantias et abusus reconciliare componere et reducere.

General clauses. Et ulterius volumus, ac per presentes pro nobis heredibus et

successoribus nostris firmiter injungendo praecipimus et mandamus
omnibus et singulis Justiciariis Majoribus Aldermannis Vicecomitibus
Ballivis Constabulariis et aliis officiariis ministris et subditis nostris
heredum et successorum nostrorum quibuscunque, quod de tempore in
tempus sint auxiliantes et assistentes praedictis Praesidi Concilio et
Sodalibus Regalis Societatis praedictae et successoribus suis in omnibus
et per omnia, secundum veram intentionem harum Literarum nostra-
rum Patentium.

E6 quod expressa mentio de vero valore annuo vel de certitudine
praemissorum sive eorum alicujus, aut de aliis donis sive concessionibus
per nos seu per aliquem progenitorum sive praedecessorum nostrorum
praefatis Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus Regalis Societatis ante haec
tempora factis, in presentibus minime facta existit ; aut aliquo
statuto actu ordinatione provisione proclamatione sive restrictione in
contrarium inde antehac habito facto edito ordinato sive proviso,
aut aliqua alia re causa vel materia quacunque, in aliquo non obstante.
In cujus rei testimonium has Literas nostras fieri fecimus Patentes.
TESTE ME ipso, apud Westmonasterium, quinto decimo die Julii, anno
regni nostri decimo quarto.

Per ipsum Regem.

HOWARD.2

1 From the Patent Roll.

2 This document, with those of a similar nature, subsequently granted to the
Society, are preserved in a strong box in the apartments of the Royal Society.
The first Charter is on four skins of vellum ; it was drawn by Sir Robert Sawyer,
then Attorney-General, and is remarkable for its clearness and legal terseness.
The first skin contains some remarkably handsome ornamented capitals and
flowers, with a finely executed Portrait of Charles II in Indian ink within the
initial letter C. The Great Seal of the Kingdom in green wax is appended to
the Charter.

59

Translation of First Charter, granted to the President,
Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society of London,
by King Charles the Second, A.D. 1662.

Charles the Second, by the grace of God King of England,
Scotland, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &c., to all to
whom these present Letters shall come, greeting.

We have long and fully resolved with Ourself to extend not only
the boundaries of the Empire, but also the very arts and sciences.
Therefore we look with favour upon all forms of learning, but with
particular grace we encourage philosophical studies, especially those
which by actual experiments attempt either to shape out a new
philosophy or to perfect the old. In order, therefore, that such
studies, which have not hitherto been sufficiently brilliant in any part
of the world, may shine conspicuously amongst our people, and that
at length the whole world of letters may always recognize us not only
as the Defender of the Faith, but also as the universal lover and
patron of every kind of truth :

Know ye that we, of our special grace and of our certain knowledge
and mere motion, have ordained, established, granted, and declared,
and by these presents for us, our heirs, and successors do ordain,
establish, grant, and declare, that from henceforth for ever there shall incorporation, and
be a Society, consisting of a President, Council, and Fellows, which
shall be called and named The Royal Society ; And for us, our heirs,
and successors we do make, ordain, create, and constitute by these
presents the same Society, by the name of The President, Council,
and Fellows of the Royal Society, one body corporate and politic in
fact, deed, and name, really and fully, and that by the same name
they may have perpetual succession ; and that they and their
successors (whose studies are to be applied to further promoting by
the authority of experiments the sciences of natural things and of
useful arts), by the same name of The President, Council, and Capacity to purchase,
Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, may and shall be in all future
times persons able and capable in law to have, acquire, receive, and
possess lands and tenements, meadows, feedings, pastures, lil>erties,
privileges, franchises, jurisdictions, and hereditaments whatsoever, to
themselves and their successors in fee and perpetuity, or for term of
life, lives, or years, or otherwise in whatsoever manner, and also goods
and chattels, and all other things, of whatsoever kind, nature, sort, or
quality they may be ; and also to give, grant, demise, and assign the and to grant ;
same lands, tenements, and hereditaments, goods and chattels, and to
do and execute all acts and things necessary of and concerning the

60 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

to sue and be sued ; same, by the name aforesaid ; And that by the name of The President,
Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid they may hence-
forth for ever be able and have power to plead and be impleaded, to
answer and be answered, to defend and be defended, in whatsoever
Courts and places, and before whatsoever Judges and Justices and
other persons and officers of us, our heirs, and successors, in all and
singular actions, pleas, suits, plaints, causes, matters, things, and
demands whatsoever, of whatsoever kind, nature, or sort they may or
shall be, in the same manner and form as any of our lieges within
this our Realm of England, being persons able and capable in law, or
as any body corporate or politic within this our Realm of England,
may be able and have power to have, acquire, receive, possess, give,
and grant, to plead and be impleaded, to answer and be answered,
to defend or be defended ; And that the same President, Council, and
Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, and their successors, may
and to have a Common have for ever a Common Seal, to serve for transacting the causes and
pleasure6™ affairs whatsoever of them and their successors ; and that it may and

shall be good and lawful to the same President, Council, and Fellows
of the Royal Society aforesaid, and to their successors for the time
being, to break, change, and make anew that Seal from time to time,
according as it shall seem most expedient to them.

And that our royal intention may obtain the better effect, and for

the good rule and government of the aforesaid Royal Society from

time to time, we will, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and

successors do grant to the same President, Council, and Fellows of

the Royal Society aforesaid, and to their successors, that henceforth

The Council to consist for ever the Council aforesaid shall be and consist of twenty-one

who^thePresident to persons (of whom we will the President to be always one) ; And that

be always one). aj] an{j singular other persons who within one month next following

The Fellows to be after the date of these presents shall be received and admitted by the

chosen in the first *

month, by the Presi- President and Council, and in all time following by the President,
after that month,'b.v Council, and Fellows, into the same Society, as Members of the Royal
Society aforesaid, and shall have been noted in the Register by them
to be kept, shall be and shall be called and named Fellows of the
Royal Society aforesaid : whom, the more eminently they are distin-
guished for the study of every kind of learning and good letters, the
more ardently they desire to promote the honour, studies, and
advantage of this Society, the more they are noted for integrity of
life, uprightness of character, and piety, and excel in fidelity and
affection of mind towards us, our Crown, and dignity, the more we
wish them to be especially deemed fitting and worthy of being
admitted into the number of the Fellows of the same Society.

And for the better execution of our will and grant in this behalf,

TRANSLATION OF FIRST CHARTER 61

we have assigned, nominated, constituted, and made, and by these
presents for us, our heirs, and successors do assign, nominate, con-
stitute, and make, our very well-beloved and trusty William, Viscount
Brouncker, Chancellor to our very dear consort, Queen Catherine, to
be and become the first and present President of the Royal Society
aforesaid ; willing that the aforesaid William, Viscount Brouncker, William, viscount
shall continue in the office of President of the Royal Society afore- STftStX?**11"
said from the date of these presents until the feast of St. Andrew
next following after the date of these presents, and until one other of to hold till St.
the Council of the Royal Society aforesaid for the time being shall h^shaU so long ifve)f
have been elected, appointed, and sworn to that office in due manner, th^Coun^be chosen
according to the ordinance and provision below in these presents and sworn ;
expressed and declared (if the aforesaid William, Viscount Brouncker,
shall live so long) ; having first taken a corporal oath well and faith-
fully to execute his office in and by all things touching that office, but first to be sworn
according to the true intention of these presents, before our very well- chanceUor.
beloved and very trusty Cousin and Councillor Edward, Earl of
Clarendon, our Chancellor of England : to which same Edward, Earl
of Clarendon, our Chancellor aforesaid, we give and grant full power
and authority, to administer the oath aforesaid in these words follow-
ing, that is to say :

I, William, Viscount Brouncker, do promise to deal faithfully and The President's Oath,
honestly in all things belonging to the trust committed to me as
President of this Royal Society, during my employment in that
capacity. So help me God !

We have also assigned, constituted, and made, and by these presents
for us, our heirs, and successors do make, our beloved and trusty
Robert Moray, Knight, one of our Privy Council in our Realm of The first Council

*

Scotland ; Robert Boyle, Esquire ; William Brereton, Esquire, eldest
son of the Baron de Brereton ; Kenelm Digby, Knight, Chancellor to
our very dear mother, Queen Maria ; Paul Neile, Knight, one of the
Gentlemen of our Privy Chamber ; Henry Slingesby, Esquire, another
of the Gentlemen of our aforesaid Privy Chamber ; William Petty,
Knight ; John Wallis, Doctor in Divinity ; Timothy Clarke, Doctor
in Medicine and one of our Physicians ; John Wilkins, Doctor in
Divinity ; George Ent, Doctor in Medicine ; William Aerskine, one
of our Cup-bearers ; Jonathan Goddard, Doctor in Medicine and
Professor of Gresham College ; Christopher Wren, Doctor in Medicine,
Saville Professor of Astronomy in our University of Oxford ;
William Balle, Esquire; Matthew Wren, Esquire; John Evelyn,
Esquire ; Thomas Henshawe, Esquire ; Dudley Palmer, of Grey's
Inn, in our County of Middlesex, Esquire ; and Henry Oldenburg,
Esquire, together with the President aforesaid, to be and become the

62 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

first and present twenty-one of the Council of the Royal Society

to continue as above, aforesaid ; to be continued in the same offices from the date of these

cause; 0rJ presents until the aforesaid feast of Saint Andrew the Apostle next

following, and thenceforth until other fitting and able and sufficient

persons shall have been elected, appointed, and sworn into the offices

aforesaid (if they shall live so long, or shall not have been amoved for

but first to take, be fore any just and reasonable cause) ; first taking corporal oaths before the

oat\PafnleniSike President of the aforesaid Royal Society, well and faithfully to

mutandis. execute their offices in and by all things touching those offices,

according to the form and effect of the aforesaid oath, mutatis

mutandis, to be administered to the President of the Royal Society

aforesaid by our Chancellor of England ; (to which same President

for the time being, for us, our heirs, and successors, we give and

grant by these presents full power and authority to administer the

oaths aforesaid ;) And that the same persons, so as it is aforesaid

elected, appointed, and sworn, and hereafter to be elected, appointed,

and sworn from time to time, to the Council of the aforesaid Royal

Society, shall be and become aiding, counselling, and assistant in all

matters, business, and affairs touching or concerning the better

regulation, government, and direction of the aforesaid Royal Society,

and of every Member of the same.

And further we will, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and
The President, Coun- successors do grant to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows
who^n ^President °f the Royal Society aforesaid, and to their successors, that the
to be one), to elect, President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid for the

annually, on St. J *

Andrew's Day, one out time being (of whom we will the President for the time being to be
President : who is to one) may and shall have from time to time in all future times for ever
power and authority to nominate and elect, and that they may be able
an(^ ^ave Power *° e^ec^ and nominate, every year, on the aforesaid

chosen ; having first feast of St. Andrew, one of the Council of the aforesaid Royal Society
the Council or seven for the time being, who may and shall be President of the Royal
Society aforesaid until the feast of St. Andrew the Apostle there-
after next following (if he shall live so long, or shall not be amoved
meanwhile for any just and reasonable cause), and thenceforth until
another shall have been elected, appointed, and nominated to the
office of President of the Royal Society aforesaid ; and that he, after
that he shall so have been elected and nominated, as it is aforesaid,
to the office of President of the Royal Society aforesaid, before he
be admitted to that office, shall take a corporal oath before the
Council of the same Royal Society, or any seven or more of them,
rightly, well, and faithfully to execute that office in all things touching
that office, according to the form and effect of the aforesaid oath,
mutatis mutandis (to which same Council, or to any seven or more of

TRANSLATION OF FIRST CHARTER 63

them, we give and grant by these presents for us, onr heirs, and

successors, full power and authority to administer the aforesaid oath

from time to time, as often as it shall be necessary) ; and that after

having so taken such oath, as it is aforesaid, he may be able and have

power to execute the office of President of the Royal Society aforesaid

until the feast of St. Andrew the Apostle thereafter next following ;

And if it shall happen that the President of the Royal Society afore- On the Death or

said for the time being, at any time, so long as he shall be in the dent, the Council and

office of President of the same Royal Society, shall die or be amoved

from his office, that then and so often it may and shall be good and to elect another, out

J ° of the Council : who

lawful to the Council and Fellows of the aforesaid Royal Society) or is to hold, during the
to any seven or more of them (of whom we will the President of the (beingfirst sworn)'
Council aforesaid to be always one at such an election),1 to elect and chosen and" worn. ^
appoint another of the aforesaid number of the Council aforesaid as
President of the Royal Society aforesaid ; and that he so elected and
appointed may have and exercise that office during the residue of the
same year, and until another shall have been in due manner elected
and sworn to that office, first taking a corporal oath in the form last
specified ; and so as often as the case shall so happen.

And further we will, that whenever it shall happen that any one or if any of the Council
any of the Council of the Royal Society aforesaid for the time being retire (and power of
shall die, or be amoved from that office, or retire (which same ™°

gen
[members] of the Council of the Royal Society aforesaid, and every and Council or major

J . . Par* °* them, whereof

one of them, we will to be amovable for misbehaviour or any other the President to be

reasonable cause, at the good pleasure of the President and of the rest

of the Council aforesaid surviving and remaining in that office, or of tL

the major part of the same, of whom we will the President for the *? be one)> may supply

•J . the vacancy out of

time being to be one), that then and so often it may and shall be good the Fellows : and the

and lawful to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the (being first sworn) tui

Royal Society aforesaid, or to the major part of the same (of whom ^^and

we will the President of the Royal Society aforesaid for the time being Election.

to be one), to nominate, elect, and appoint one other or several others of

the Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, in the place or places of him

or them so dead, retired, or amoved, to fill up the aforesaid number of

twenty-one persons of the Council of the Royal Society aforesaid ; and

that he or they so elected and appointed in that office may have the same

office until the feast of St. Andrew the Apostle then next following, and

thenceforth until one other or several others shall have been elected,

appointed, and nominated; first taking a corporal oath before the

President and Council of the Royal Society aforesaid, or any seven or

more of them for the time being, well and faithfully to execute that

1 So in the original ; see p. 52.

64 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

office in and by all things touching that office, according to the true
intention of these presents.

On every St. Andrew's And further we will, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and
more) of the Council successors do grant to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of
are to be changed. ^e aforesaid Royal Society, and to their successors, that they and
their successors, every year, on the aforesaid feast of St. Andrew the
Apostle, may and shall have full power and authority to elect,
nominate, appoint, and change ten of the Fellows of the Royal Society
aforesaid, to fill tip the places and offices of ten of the aforesaid number
of twenty-one of the Council of the Royal Society aforesaid ; for we
do declare it to be our royal pleasure, and by these presents for us,
our heirs, and successors we do grant, that ten of the aforesaid Council,
and no more, shall be annually changed and amoved by the President,
Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid.

We will also, and for us, our heirs, and successors do grant to the
aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the aforesaid Royal Society,
and to their successors, that if it shall happen that the President of
the same Royal Society for the time being is detained by sickness or
infirmity, or is employed in the service of us, our heirs, or successors,
or is otherwise occupied, so that he shall not be able to attend to the
The President may necessary affairs of the same Royal Society touching the office of
g*S£ to be his f the President, that then and so often it may and shall be good and lawful to
Deputy: fae same President so detained, employed, or occupied, to nominate

and appoint one of the Council of the aforesaid Royal Society for the
^me ^"g *° ^e anc^ become the Deputy of the same President ; which
Council to be so. same Deputy, so to be made and appointed in the office of Deputy of
the President aforesaid, may and shall be the Deputy of the same
President from time to time, as often as the aforesaid President shall
happen to be so absent, during the whole time in which the aforesaid
President shall continue in the office of President ; unless in the mean-
while the aforesaid President of the Royal Society aforesaid for the time
being shall have made and appointed one other of the aforesaid Council
Such Deputy may, in his Deputy ; And that every such Deputy of the aforesaid President so to
sence'do a^ actsthat ^ made and appointed, as it is aforesaid, may be able and have power
he himself could do if to <jo an(j execute all and singular things which pertain or ought to

present. < °

pertain to the office of President of the aforesaid Royal Society, or
which are limited and appointed to be done and executed by the afore-
said President, by virtue of these our Letters Patent, from time to time,
as often as the aforesaid President shall so happen to be absent, during
such time as he shall continue the Deputy of the aforesaid President,
by force of these our Letters Patent, as fully, freely, and wholly, and
in as ample manner and form, as the aforesaid President, if he were
present, would be able and have power and do and execute those things ;

PI..VIK VII

JOHN EVELYN

From a portrait painted by Sir Godfrey Kneller, in the possession of the

Royal Society

TRANSLATION OF FIRST CHARTER 65

a corporal oath first to be taken by such Deputy upon the holy But be must first be

Gospels of God, in the form and effect last specified, well and faith- SSSfl

fully to execute all and singular things which pertain to the office of more of them-

President, before the aforesaid Council of the aforesaid Royal Society,

or any seven or more of them ; and so as often as the case shall so

happen : to which same Council, or to any seven or more of them, for

the time being, we do give and grant by these presents power and

authority to administer the oath aforesaid as often as the case shall

so happen, without procuring or obtaining any writ, commission, or

further warrant in that behalf from us, our heirs, or successors.

And further we will, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and
successors do grant to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows The President,
of the Royal Society aforesaid, and to their successors, that they and m^ha
their successors henceforth for ever may and shall have one Treasurer, ^r, two Secretaries,

• 'a Clerk, and two

two Secretaries, one Clerk, and two Serjeants-at-Mace, who may from Serjeants-at-Mace :

time to time attend upon the President ; and that the aforesaid

Treasurer, Secretaries, Clerk, and Serjeants-at-Mace, to be elected

and nominated, before they be admitted to execute their several and

respective offices, shall take their corporal oaths in the form and effect who are ail to be

last specified, before the President and Council of the same Royal president and Coun-

Society, or any seven or more of them, rightly, weir, and faithfully to

execute their several and respective offices in all things touching the

same ; and that after having so taken such oaths, as it is aforesaid, they

may exercise and use their respective offices ; to which same President

and Council, or to any seven or more of them, we do give and grant

by these presents full power and authority to administer the oaths

aforesaid from time to time to the aforesaid several and respective

officers and their successors : And we have assigned, nominated, chosen,

created, appointed, and made, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and

successors do assign, nominate, choose, create, appoint, and make, our

beloved subjects William Balle, Esquire, to be and become the first and William Baiie ap-

present Treasurer, and the aforesaid John Wilkins and Henry Oldenburg j0hn wilkins and

to be and become the first and present Secretaries, of the aforesaid Royal secretaries!11

Society; to be continued in the same offices until the aforesaid feast of And on every st

St. Andrew the Apostle next following after the date of these presents : ^^^l^^

And that from time to time and at all times on the aforesaid feast of the President, Coun-'

Saint Andrew the Apostle (unless it shall be Sunday, and if it be Sunday, the major part ot

then on the day next following) the President, Council, and Fellows of gS^^S one),

the aforesaid Royal Society for the time being, or the major part of ***'

the same (of whom we will the President for the time being to be one), surer, Secretaries,

, \ , , , . j • , , i Clerk, and Serjeants-

may be able and have power to elect, nominate, and appoint other at.Mace : who, after

upright and discreet men, from time to time, as Treasurer, Secretaries, ^•at^t°™theenext
Clerk, and Serjeants-at-Mace of the aforesaid Royal Society ; and that St. Andrew's Day.

F

66 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

those who shall so have been elected, appointed, and sworn to the
aforesaid several and respective offices, as it is aforesaid, may be able
and have power to exercise and enjoy those respective offices until
the aforesaid feast of St. Andrew then next following, their aforesaid
oaths, as it is aforesaid, first to be taken ; and so as often as the case
And if any of them shall so happen : And if it shall happen that any one or any of the
6 officers aforesaid of the same Royal Society shall die, or be amoved

made of others to from their respective offices, that then and so often it may and shall

supply their places,

for the residue of the be good and lawful to the President, Council, and Fellows of the
shall be* duly elected aforesaid Royal Society, or to the major part of the same (of whom
we will the President for the time being to be one), to elect and appoint
another or others to the office or offices of those persons so deceased or
amoved ; and that he or they so elected and appointed may have and
exercise the respective offices aforesaid during the residue of the same
year, and until another or others shall have been in due manner
elected and sworn to those respective offices ; and so as often as the
case shall so happen.

And moreover we will, and of our special grace and of our certain

knowledge and mere motion do grant to the aforesaid President,

Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, and to their

The President and successors, that the President and Council of the aforesaid Royal

part of them (of whom Society for the time being, and the major part of the same (of whom

one) ma^meeUn'a we w^ the President for the time being to be one), may be able and

College or other public haVe power to meet together and assemble in a College or other public

place or Hall in r t ' r

London, or within ten place or Hall within our City of London, or in any other convenient
Laws, statutes, and place within ten miles of our same City ; and that they so met together
audother°thingsrtiat- an{^ assembled shall and may have full authority, power, and faculty
ing to the affairs of from time to time to draw up. constitute, ordain, make, and establish

the Society. f

such laws, statutes, acts, ordinances, and constitutions as shall seem to
them, or to the major part of them, to be good, wholesome, useful,
honourable, and necessary, according to their sound discretions, and to
do and perform all other things whatsoever belonging to the affairs
and matters of the Royal Society aforesaid ; all and singular which
laws, statutes, acts, ordinances, and constitutions so to be made as
it is aforesaid, we will, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and
successors, firmly enjoining, do order and command, that they shall
be inviolably observed from time to time, according to the tenor and
effect of the same : so nevertheless that the aforesaid laws, statutes,
acts, ordinances, and constitutions so to be made as it is aforesaid, and
every one of them, be reasonable, and not repugnant or contrary
to the laws, customs, acts, or statutes of this our Realm of England.
Power is given to the And further, of our more ample special grace and of our certain

Council and Fellows , ., , . , . , ,, -ii.i

to appoint one or more knowledge and mere motion, we have given and granted, and by these

67

presents for us, our heirs, and successors do give and grant to the Printer or Printers,
aforesaid Council and Fellows of the aforesaid Royal Society, and to ^avororE^vST;
their successors, full power and authority from time to time to elect, f nd to authorize them

' _/ 'by writing under the

nominate, and appoint one or more Typographers or Printers, and Common Seal, and
Chalcographers or Engravers, and to grant to him or them, by a dent, to print stwh
writing, sealed with the Common Seal of the aforesaid Royal Society, £S5i£jf?he* °r
and signed by the hand of the President for the time being, faculty to Spc^y) M 8ha11 be

. . . . * given them in charge

print such things, matters, and affairs touching or concerning the by the President and
aforesaid [Royal] Society, as shall have been committed to the or^ore'ofthem^of11
aforesaid Typographer or Printer, Chalcographer or Engraver, or jJbToSj ;President
Typographers or Printers, Chalcographers or Engravers, from time to
time, by the President and Council of the aforesaid Royal Society, or
any seven or more of them (of whom we will the President for the time
being to be one) ; their corporal oaths first to be taken, before they be They must be first
admitted to exercise their offices, before the President and Council for 3£5 Sco^cU^or
the time being, or any seven or more of them, in the form and effect ^^ven or more of
last specified ; to which same President and Council, or to any seven
or more of them, we do give and grant by these presents full power
and authority to administer the oaths aforesaid.

And further, in order that the aforesaid President, Council, and The same right t
Fellows of the aforesaid Royal Society may obtain the better effect in
their philosophical studies, of our more ample special grace and of our jj

certain knowledge and mere motion, we have given and granted, and Society, as the College

6 of Physicians and the

by these presents for us, our heirs, and successors, do give and grant, Corporation of Sur-
to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the aforesaid °

Royal Society, and to their successors, that they and their successors
from time to time may and shall have full power and authority from
time to time, and at such l seasonable times, according to their
discretion, to require, take, and receive the bodies of such persons as
have suffered death by the hand of the executioner, and to anatomize
them, in such ample form and manner, and to all intents and purposes,
as the College of Physicians and the Corporation of Surgeons of our
City of London have used or enjoyed, or may be able and have power
to use or enjoy, the same bodies.

And further, for the improvement of the experiments, arts, and
sciences of the aforesaid Royal Society, of our more abundant special
grace and of our certain knowledge and mere motion, we have given Licence to hold a

' . ' , Literary Correspon-

and granted, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and successors do dence, on Phiiosophi-

give and grant, to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the

aforesaid Royal Society, and to their successors, that they and their

successors from time to time may and shall have full power and sealed with the Com-

• 11 * ii_ e *J mon Seal of the

authority, by letters or epistles under the hand or the aforesaid society, and signed

1 So in the original.
F2

68 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

by the President in President, in the presence of the Council, or of any seven or more of

Council or any seven them, and in the name of the Royal Society, and sealed with their

or more of them. Common Seal aforesaid, to enjoy mutual intelligence and knowledge

with all and all manner of strangers and foreigners, whether private or

collegiate, corporate or politic, without any molestation, interruption,

or disturbance whatsoever : Provided nevertheless, that this our

indulgence, so granted as it is aforesaid, be not extended to further use

than the particular benefit and interest of the aforesaid Royal

Society in matters or things philosophical, mathematical, or

mechanical.

Licence to build a And further we have given and granted, and by these presents for

College or Colleges in , . , -. , ., „ .,

London, or within ten us, our heirs, and successors do give and grant to the aforesaid
miles of London. president, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, and to
their successors, full power and authority to erect, build, and construct,
or to make or cause to be erected, built, and constructed, within our
City of London, or ten miles of the same, one or more College or
Colleges, of whatsoever kind or quality, for the habitation, assembly,
and meeting of the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the
aforesaid Royal Society, and of their successors, for the ordering and
arranging of their affairs and other matters concerning the same Royal
Society,
if any abuses or And further we will, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and

differences arise, they . *

shall be reformed and successors do ordain, constitute, and appoint, that if any abuses or
chancellor clarendon differences hereafter shall arise and happen concerning the government
aAerwardsbytheg '' or °tner matters or affairs of the aforesaid Royal Society, whereby any
Archbishop of Canter- injury or hindrance may be done to the constitution, stability, and

bury, the Lord Chan- J J J i — . /», ,

ceiior, or Keeper, the progress of the studies, or to the matters and affairs, of the same ; that

Bishop of London, the then and so often, by these presents, for us, our heirs, and successors,

^e t^Secre^eTof we ^° authorize, [ordain,] nominate, assign, and appoint our aforesaid

state for the time very well-beloved and very trusty Cousin and Councillor Edward, Earl

of them. of Clarendon, our Chancellor of our Realm of England, by himself

during his life, and, after his death, then the Archbishop of Canterbury,

the Chancellor or Keeper of the Great Seal of England, the Treasurer

of England, the Bishop of London, the Keeper of the Privy Seal, and

the two Principal Secretaries for the time being, or any four or more

of them, to reconcile, compose, and adjust the same differences and

abuses.

General Clauses. And further we will, and by these presents, for us, our heirs, and

successors, firmly enjoining, do order and command all and singular the
Justices, Mayors, Aldermen, Sheriffs, Bailiffs, Constables, and other
officers, ministers, and subjects whomsoever of us, our heirs, and
successors, that they be from time to time aiding and assistant to the
aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid,

CHARTA SECUNDA 69

and to their successors, in and by all things, according to the true
intention of these our Letters Patent.

Although express mention of the true yearly value or of the
certainty of the premises, or of any of them, or of other gifts or grants
before these times made by us or by any of our progenitors or
predecessors to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the
Royal Society, is not made in these presents; or any statute, act,
ordinance, provision, proclamation, or restriction to the contrary
thereof heretofore had, made, enacted, ordained, or provided, or any
other thing, cause, or matter whatsoever, in any wise notwithstanding.

In witness whereof we have caused these our Letters to be made
Patent. Witness Ourself, at Westminster, the fifteenth day of July,
in the fourteenth year of our reign.

By the King himself.

HOWARD.

CHARTA SECUNDA,

lisdem ab eodem concessa, A.D. MDCLXIII.

CAROLUS SECUXDUS, Dei gratia Angliae Scotiae Franciae et Hiber-
niae Rex, Fidei Defensor, etc., omnibus ad quos hae Literae nostrae
Patentes pervenerint, salutem.

Diu multiunque apud nos statuimus, ut imperii fines, sic etiam
artes atque scientias ipsas promovere. Favemus itaque omnibus disci-
plinis ; particulari autem gratia indulgemus philosophicis studiis, prae-
sertim iis, quae solidis experimentis conantur aut novain extundere
philosophiam, aut expolire veterem. Ut igitur inclarescant apud no-
stros hujusmodi studia, quae nusquam terrarum adhuc satis emicue-
runt, utque nos tandem univergus literarum orbis non solum fidei
defensorem, sed etiam veritatis omnimodae et cultorem ubique et
patronum, semper agnoscat :

Sciatis, quod nos de gratia nostra speciali ac ex certa scientia et
mero motu nostris ordinavimus constituimus et concessimus, ac per
presentes pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris ordinamus con- incorporation an<i
stituimus et concedimus, quod de caetero in perpetuum erit Societas,
de Praeside Concilio et Sodalibus consistens, qui vocabuntur et nun-
cupabuntur Praeses Concilium et Sodales Regalis Societatis Londini
pro Scientia naturali promovenda (cuius quidem Societatis nos ipsos The King himself

r v j T r Founder and Patron.

Fundatorem et Patronum per presentes declaramus) ; Et eandem
Societatem, per nomen Praesidis Concilii et Sodalium Regalis Socie-
tatis Londini pro Scientia naturali promovenda, unum corpus cor-

70 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

poratum et politicum in re facto et nomine realiter et ad plenum pro
nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris facimus ordinamus creamus et
constituimus per presentes, et quod per idem nomen habeant suc-
cessionem perpetuam ; Et quod ipsi et eorum successores (quorum
studia ad rerum naturalium artiumque utilium scientias experimento-
rum fide ulterius promo vendas, in Dei Creatoris gloriam et generis
humani commodum, applicanda sunt), per idem nomen Praesidis Con-
cilii et Sodalium Regalis Societatis Londini pro Scientia naturali

Capacity to purchase ; promovenda, sint et erunt perpetuis futuris temporibus personae
habiles et in lege capaces ad habendum perquirendum percipiendum
et possidendum terras [et]1 tenementa prata pascua pasturas liber-
tates privilegia franchesias jurisdictiones et hereditamenta quaecun-
que sibi et successoribus suis in feodo et perpetuitate, vel pro termino
vitae vitarum vel annorum, seu aliter quocunque modo, ac etiam bona
et catalla, ac omnes alias res, cujuscunque fuerint generis naturae
speciei sive qualitatis (Statuto de alienatione in manum mortuam

and to grant ; non obstante) ; Necnon ad dandum concedendum [dimittendum] l

et assignandum eadem terras tenementa et hereditamenta, bona et
catalla, et omnia facta et res necessarias faciendum et exequendum

to sue and be sued ; de et concernentia eadem, per nomen praedictum ; Et quod per
nomen Praesidis Concilii et Sodalium Regalis Societatis Londini
pro Scientia naturali promovenda praedictum placitare et im-
placitari, respondere et responderi, defendere et defendi de caetero
in perpetuum valeant et possint, in quibuscunque Curiis placeis et
locis, et coram quibuscunque Judicibus et Justiciariis et aliis personis
et officiariis nostris heredum et successorum nostrorum, in omnibus
et singulis actionibus, turn realibus, turn personalibus, placitis sectis
querelis causis materiis rebus et demandis quibuscunque, cujuscunque
sint aut erunt generis naturae vel speciei, eisdem modo et forma,
prout aliqui ligei nostri intra hoc Regnum nostrum Angliae, per-
sonae habiles et in lege capaces, aut ut aliquod corpus corporatum
vel politicum intra hoc Regnum nostrum Angliae, habere perquirere
recipere possidere, dare et concedere, placitare et implacitari, re-
spondere et responderi, defendere vel defendi valeant et possint, va-

and to have a Common leat et possit ; Et quod iidem Praeses Concilium et Sodales Regalis
Societatis praedictae et successores sui habeant in perpetuum Com-
mune Sigillum, pro causis et negotiis suis et successorum suorum
quibuscunque agendis deserviturum ; et quod bene liceat et licebit
eisdem Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus Regalis Societatis praedictae,
et successoribus suis pro tempore existentibus, Sigillum illud de tern-
pore in tempus frangere mutare et de novo facere, prout eis melius
fore videbitur expediri.

1 From the Patent Roll.

CHARTA SECUNDA 71

Damus insuper et concedimus per presentes Praesidi Concilio et Grant of Anns, viz.
Sodalibus Regalis Societatis praedictae, eorumque in perpetuum DeIter\h^*h^Lions
successoribus, in favoris nostri regii erga ipsos nostraeque de ipsis °i En«land : and also
peculiaris existimationis praesenti et futuris aetatibus testimonium, porters.
haec honoris insignia sequentia, viz. : In Parmae argenteae angulo
dextro tres leones nostros Anglicos ; et pro Crista galeam corona
flosculis interstincta adornatam, cui supereminet aquila nativi coloris,
altero pede scutum leonibus nostris insignitum tenens ; Telamones
scutarios, duos canes sagaces albos, colla coronis cinctos (prout in
margine luculentius videre est ') : a praedictis Praeside Concilio et
Sodalibus ipsorumque successoribus, prout feret2 occasio, in per-
petuum gestanda producenda 3 possidenda.

Et, quod intentio nostra regia meliorem sortiatur effectum, ac pro The Council shall
bono regimine et gubernatione praedictae Regalis Societatis de ^rthom the Presi"0
tempore in tempus, volumus, ac per presentes pro nobis heredibus shau be always one).
et successoribus nostris concedimus eisdem Praesidi Concilio et
Sodalibus Societatis Regalis praedictae, et successoribus suis, quod
de caetero in perpetuum Concilium praedictum erit et consistet ex
viginti et una personis (quarum Praesidem pro tempore existentem,
vel ejus Deputatum, semper unurn esse volumus); Et quod omnes AU other persons who

•IT • i i «v shall be received and

et singulae aliae personae, quae intra duos menses proxnne sequentes admitted as Members
post datum presentium per Praesidem et Concilium, vel per aliquos by the President and

r Council, or any eleven

undecim vel plures eorum (quorum Praesidem pro tempore existentem, or more of them (of

, . „ I \ i j _u whom, &c.) or by two-

vel ejus Deputatum, semper unum esse volumus), vel per duas tertias thirds or more of
partes vel plures praedictorum undecim vel plurium, et in omni
tempore sequenti per Praesidem Concilium et Sodales, sive per

aliquos viginti et unum vel plures eorum (quorum Praesidem pro the President, Coun-

. . _f . r cU, end Fellows, or by

tempore existentem, vel ejus Deputatum, semper unum esse volumus), any twenty-one or
sive per duas tertias partes vel plures praedictorum viginti et unius ™hom°the President
vel plurium, in eandem Societatem accipientur et admittentur ut or ^ Deputy to be

one) or by two third

Membra Regalis Societatis praedictae, et in Registro per ipsos parts or more of the
conservando annotatae fuerint, erunt vocabuntur et nuncupabuntur more ; and shall be
Sodales Regalis Societatis praedictae, quamdiu vixerint, nisi ob cafted*™e#ow» of the

causam aliquam rationabilem, secundum Statuta Regalis Societatis said Royal Society,

for life, unless regu-

praedictae condenda, quemvis eorum amoveri contigerit : quos 4 lariy amoved.
quanto eminentius omnis generis doctrinae bonarumque literarum
studio clarescant, quanto ardent'ius hujusce Societatis honorem studia
et emolumentum 5 promoveri cupiant, quanto vitae integritate morum-
que probitate ac pietate emineant, et h'delitate animique erga nos
Coronam et dignitatem nostram sincero affectu polleant, eo magis

1 A representation of the Arms appears on the first skin of the Charter.

2 This word is omitted from the Patent Roll.

3 Sic. * ' Quas ' iu the Roll. 5 Or emolumenta.

72 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

idoneos et dignos, qui in Sodalium ejusdem Societatis numerum
adsciscantur, omnino censeri volumus.

Et, pro meliori executione voluntatis et concessionis nostrae in hac
parte, assignavimus nominavimus constituimus et fecimus, ac per pre-
sentes pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris assignamus nomina-
mus constituimus et facimus, praedilectum et fidelem nobis Williel-
viscount mum, Vicecomitem Brouncker, Cancellarium praecharissimae Consortis
nostrae Reginae Catharinae, esse primum et modernum Praesidem

to continue so till the Regalis Societatis praedictae: volentes quod praedictus Willielmus,

next St. Andrew's 6 ^ . . ' ~* • r .

Day, and till another Vicecomes Brotmcker, m omcio Praesidis Kegalis bocietatis praedictae,
should be^ho&en and a datu presentium usque ad festum Sancti Andreae proximum
sworn- sequentem post datum presentium, continuabit, et quousque unus

alius de Concilio Regalis Societatis praedictae pro tempore existente
ad officium illuddebito modoelectus praefectus etjuratus fuerit, juxta
ordinationem et provisionem in his presentibus inferius expressam et
declaratam (si praedictus Willielmus, Vicecomes Brouncker, tarn diu
He himself to be first vixerit) ; sacramento corporali in omnibus et per omnia officium illud
tangentia bene et fideliter exequendum, secundum veram intentionem

harum presentium, coram praedilecto et perquam fideli Consanguineo
et Consiliario nostro Edwardo, Comite Clarendon, Cancellario nostro
Angliae, prius praestito (cui quidem Edwardo, Comiti Clarendon,
Cancellario nostro praedicto, sacramentum praedictum administrare
plenam potestatem et authoritatem damus et concedimus), in haec

The President's Oath, verba sequentia, viz. : /, William, Viscount Brouncker, doe promise to
deale faithfully and honestly in all things belonging to the trust
committed to me as President of the Roy all Society of London for im-
proving naturall Knowledge, dureing my Imployment in that capacity.
Soe helpe me God!

The first Council Assignavimus etiam constituimus et fecimus, ac per presentes pro

nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris facimus, dilectos nobis et
fideles Robertum Moray, Militem, unum a Secretioribus nostris
Conciliis in Regno nostro Scotiae, Robertum Boyle, Armigerum,
Willielmum Brereton, Armigerum, filium primogenitum Baronis de
Brereton, Kenelmum Digby, Militem, praecharissimae matri nostrae
Mariae Reginae Cancellarium, Gilbertum Talbot,1 Militem, Jocalium
nostrorum Thesaurarium, Paulum Neile, Militem, unum Ostiariorum
Camerae privatae nostrae, Henricum Slingesby, Armigerum, unum
Generosorum praedictae privatae Camerae nostrae, Willielmum Petty,
Militem, Timotheum Clarke, in Medicinis Doctorem et unum Medi-
corum nostrorum, Johannem Wilkins, in Theologia Doctorem,
Georgium Ent, in Medicinis Doctorem, Willielmum Aerskine, unum

1 Sir Gilbert Talbot and Mr. Hill were not in the first Charter : they supply
the vacancies of Dr. Wallis and Dr. Wren.

CHARTA SECUNDA 73

a Poculis nostris, Jonathan. Goddard, in Mcdicinis Doctorem et Pro-
fessorem Collegii de Gresham, Willielinuin Balle, Armigerum,
Matthaeum Wren, Armigerum, Johannein Evelyn, Armigeruni,
Thoinam Henshaw, Armigerum, Dudley Palmer, de Greys Inn in
comitatu nostro Middlesexiae, Armigerum, Abrahamum Hill, de
London, Armigerum, et Henricum Oldenburg, Armigerum, una cum
Praeside praedicto, fore et esse primos et modernos viginti et unum de
Concilio et Sodalibus Regalis Societatis praedictae ; continuandos in To continue till next

/»>••/-, •!•• j'i.-vji i- i TI St. Andruw's Day. and

omens Conciln praedicti a datu presentium usque ad praedictum till others shall be
festum Sancti Andreae Apostoli proximum sequentem, et deinde, SSSfJS^JJSJjart
quousque aliae idoneae personae et habiles et sufficientes in officia cause; »«ving first

/ . taken, before the

praedicta electae praefectae et juratae fuennt (si tarn dm vixerint, President, the like

v • . i .• IM- p • i\ Oath as he took, mii-

aut pro aliqua justa et l rationabili causa non amotae luerint) ; <««« mutandu.
sacramentis corporalibus coram Praeside pro tempore existente
praedictae Regalis Societatis, ad officia sua bene et fideliter in omni-
bus et per omnia officia ilia tangentia exequenda, priiis praestan-
dis, secundum formam et eftectum praedicti sacramenti, mutatis
mutandis, Praesidi Regalis Societatis praedictae per Cancellarium
nostrum Angliae administrandi (cui quidem Praesidi pro tempore
existenti sacramenta praedicta administrare personis praedictis, et
aliis quibuscunque in posterum de tempore in tempus in Concilium
praedictum eligendis, plenam potestatem et authoritatem pro nobis
heredibus et successor! bus nostris damns et concedimus per presentes) :
Et quod eaedem personae sic, ut praefertur, ad Concilium praedictae
Regalis Societatis electae praefectae et juratae, et in posterum eligen-
dae praeficiendae et jurandae de tempore in tempus, erunt et existent
auxiliantes consulentes et assistentes in omnibus materiis rebus et
negotiis meliores regulationem gubernationem et directionem prae-
dictae Regalis Societatis, et cujuslibet Membri ejusdem, tangentibus
seu concernentibus.

Concedimus etiam Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus Societatis prae- The President, Coun-

j. , . ., vj . oil. and Fellows, or

dictae, et eorum in perpetuum successoribus, quod ipsi et successores any njne or more Of

eorum, seu aliqui novem vel plures eorum (quorum Praesidem pro

tempore existentem, vel eius Deputatum, semper unum esse volumus), at any time or P.1*0.6

. J r . . . " in London, or within

conventus seu congregationes de seipsis pro experimentorum et rerum t«n miles of it.
naturalium cognitione et indagine, aliisque negotiis ad Societatem
praedictam spectantibus, quoties et quando opus fuerit, licite facere et
habere possint in collegio sive aula sive alio loco commodo intra
Civitatem nostram Londini, vel [in] 2 aliquo alio loco commodo intra
decem milliaria ab eadem Civitate nostra. .

Et ulterius volumus, ac per presentes pro nobis heredibus et ^ "

s, or

1 ' Aut ' in the Patent Roll ; but see p. 51.

2 From the Patent Roll.

74 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

any thirty-one or successoribus nostris concedimus praefatis Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus

more of them (of whom „ ,. ~ . . ,. ., . \ j T» /-i

the President or his Regalis Societatis praedictae, et successoribus suis, quod Praeses Con-
thTmajor part ofsuTh ci"'um et Sodales Regalis Societatis praedictae pro tempore existentes,
thirty-one or more, sjve aliqui triffinta et unus vel plures eorum (quorum Praesidem pro

may upon every St. c *

Andrew's Day, an- tempore existentem, vel ejus Deputatum, unum esse volumus), seu

nually, elect one of the . T. ..... . it* j

Council to be their major pars praedictorum tngmta et unius vel plunum, de tempore in

tempus perpetuis futuris temporibus potestatem et authoritatem
dead or amoved,) till habeant et habebunt nominandi et eligendi, et quod eligere et nomi-

the next St. Andrew's &

Day, and till another nare possmt et valeant, quohbet anno, in praedicto lesto Sancti
having fi^TbeeA Andreae, unum de Concilio praedictae Regalis Societatis pro tempore

Couiiany seven entente, qui sit et erit Praeses Regalis Societatis praedictae usque ad
or more of them. festum Sancti Andreae Apostoli exinde proximum sequentem (si tarn
diu vixerit, ant interim pro aliqua justa et rationabili causa non
amotus fuerit), et exinde quousque unus alius in officium Praesidis
Regalis Societatis praedictae electus praefectus et nominatus fuerit ;
quodque ille postquam sic ut praefertur electus et nominatus
fuerit in officium Praesidis Regalis Societatis praedictae, antequam
ad officium illud admittatur, sacramentum corporale coram Concilio
ejusdem Regalis Societatis, aut aliquibus septem vel pluribus eorum.
ad officium illud recte bene et fideliter in omnibus officium illud tan-
gentibus exequendtim praestabit, secundum formam et effectum prae-
dicti sacramenti, mutatis mutandis ; (cui quidem Concilio, aut
aliquibus septem vel pluribus eorum, sacramentum praedictum
administrare, pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris, plenam
potestatem et authoritatem de tempore in tempus, quotiescunque
Praesidem eligere opus fuerit, damus et concedimus per presentes ;)
et quod post hujusmodi sacramentum sic ut praefertur praestitum,
officium Praesidis Regalis Societatis praedictae usque ad festum Sancti
Andreae Apostoli exinde proximum sequentem exequi valeat et possit :
On the Death or Et si contigerit Praesidem Regalis Societatis praedictae pro tempore
dent or1!? heretic, existentem aliquo tempore, quamdiu fuerit in officio Praesidis ejusdem
the Council or any Regalis Societatis, obire, decedere, vel ab officio suo amoveri, quod

Eleven or more of &

them may meet to tune et toties bene liceat et licebit Concilio Regalis Societatis prae-

choose a President out . .,.,.., t .

of the Council : and dictae, eorumque in perpetuum successoribus, sive aliquibus undecim

the person chosen by ••••.•• • i • j i • j j

them or the major vel pluribus eorum, coiivemre vel congregari ad eligendum unum de
part of them^bemg praedicto numero Concilii praedicti in Praesidem Regalis Societatis
during the residue of praedictae ; et quod ille, qui per Concilium praedictum, vel per prae-

the year, and until £ j • i i i • J-.

another shall be dictos undecim velplures, vel per majorem partem praedictorum undecim
et plurium, electus fuerit et juratus, ut praefertur, officium illud habeat
et exerceat durante residue jejusdem anni, et quousque alius ad officium
illud debito modo electus et juratus fuerit, sacramento corporali in
forma supra specificata prius praestando ; et sic toties quoties casus sic
acciderit.

CHARTA SECUNDA 75

Et ulterius volumus, quod quaiulocunque contigerit aliquem vel On the Death, Am«>-
aliquos de Concilio Regalis Societatis praedictae pro tempore existente any^thTco^cii °f

mori, vel ab officio illo amoveri, veldecedere ; quosquidem de Concilio (wh° «we hereby made

. ' * amovable by the

Kegalis Societatis praedictae et eorum queinhbet pro male segerendis President and Council
aut aliqua alia rationabili causa amobiles esse volumus, ad beneplaci- thePresident.'connoii,

turn Praesidis et caeterorum de Concilio praedicto (quorum Praesidem

pro tempore existentem, vel eius Deputatum, unum esse volumus), vel them(of whom, &c.)

. . J J . or the major part of

majoris partis eorundem ; quod tune et toties bene liceat et licebit such twenty-one or

praefatis Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus Regalis Societatis praedictae,

eorumque in perpetuuin successoribus, vel aliquibus viginti uni vel

pluribus eorundem (quorum Praesidem Regalis Societatis praedictae e,le?ted *h*u hold.

(being first sworn,) till

pro tempore existentem, vel eius Deputatum, unum esse volumus), vel the next St. Andrew's

.... ,. . • • .• • i i • v Day, and until an-

majori parti praedictorum viginti et unius vel plunum, unum almm other or others shall

vel plures alios de Sodalibus Regalis Societatis praedictae, loco sive **

locis ipsius vel ipsorum sic mortuorum decedentium vel amotorum, ad

supplendum praedictum numerum viginti et unius personarum de

Concilio Regalis Societatis praedictae, nominare eligere et praeficere ;

et quod ille sive illi sic in officio illo electi et praefecti idem officium

habeat et habeant usque ad festum Sancti Andreae Apostoli tune

proximum sequentem, et exinde quousque unus alius vel plures alii

electus praefectus et nominatus fuerit, electi praefecti et nominati

fuerint ; sacramento corporali ad officium illud in omnibus et per omnia

officium illud tangentia, coram Praeside et Concilio Regalis Societatis

praedictae, vel aliquibus septem vel pluribus eorum (quorum Praesi-

dem pro tempore existentem, vel ejus Deputatum, semper unum esse

volumus), bene et fideliter exequendum, secundum veram intentionem

praesentium, prius praestando.

Et ulterius volumus, ac per presentes pro nobis heredibus et sue- On st. Andrew's Day,

„. -T/-I •!• o j i-i_ ten of the Council (and

cessoribus nostris concednnus praefatis Praesidi Concilio et sodahbus no more) are to be
praedictae Regalis Societatis, et successoribus suis,1 quod ipsi et denM::ouncii*andreSI
successores sui, sive aliqui triginta et unus vel plures eorum (quorum ^"o^ore of then?

mom.

Praesidem pro tempore existentem, vel eius Deputatum, semper (of whom the Presi-

. . . dent or his Deputy

unum esse volumus), sive major pars praedictorum triginta et unius always to be one), or
vel plurium, quolibet anno, in praedicto festo Sancti Andreae Apostoli, thirty^ne'or mo '
plenam potestatem et authoritatem habeant et habebunt eligendi
nominandi praeficiendi et mutandi decem de Sodalibus Regalis Socie-
tatis praedictae, ad supplendum loca et officia decem praedicti numeri
viginti et unius de Concilio Regalis Societatis praedictae ; quoniam
regiam voluntatem nostram esse declaramus, ac per presentes pro
nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris concedimus, quod decem de
Concilio praedicto, et non amplius, per Praesidem Concilium et Sodales
Regalis Societatis praedictae annuatim mutati et amoti fuerint.
1 ' Imperpetuum ,' in the Patent Roll.

76 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

The President may
appoint one out of the
Council to be his
Deputy ;

who may act as such
in his absence, un-
less the President
make some other
Deputy out of the
Council.

The Deputy may, in
the absence of the
President, do all acts
that he himself could
do if present.

But he must first be
sworn before the
Council, or seven or
more of them.

Volumus etiam, et pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris
concedimus praefatis Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus praedictae Regalis
Societatis, et successoribus suis in perpetuum, quod si contigerit Prae-
sidem ejusdem Regalis Societatis pro tempore existentem aegritudine
vel infirmitate detineri, vel in servitio nostro heredum vel successorum
nostrorum versari, vel aliter esse occupatum, ita quod necessariis
negotiis ejusdem Regalis Societatis officium Praesidis tangentibus
attendere non poterit, quod tune et toties bene liceat et licebit eidem
Praesidi sic detento versato vel occupato unum de Concilio praedictae
Regalis Societatis pro tempore existente, fore et esse Deputatum
ejusdem Praesidis, nominare et appunctuare ; qui quidem Deputatus,
in oflficio Deputati Praesidis praedicti sic faciendus et constituendus,
sit et erit Deputatus ejusdem Praesidis, de tempore in tempus, toties
quoties praedictus Praeses sic abesse contigerit, durante toto tempore,
quo praedictus Praeses in officio Praesidis continuaverit, nisi interim
praedictus Praeses Regalis Societatis praedictae pro tempore existens
unum alium de praedicto Concilio ejus Deputatum fecerit et consti-
tuent ; Et quod quilibet hujusmodi Deputatus praedicti Praesidis,
sic ut praefertur faciendus et constituendus, omnia et singula, quae
ad officium Praesidis praedictae Regalis Societatis pertinent seu
pertinere debent, vel per praedictum Praesidem virtute harum
Literarum nostrarum Patentium limitata et appunctuata fore l facien-
da et exequenda, de tempore in tempus, toties quoties praedictus
Praeses sic abesse contigerit, durante tali tempore, quo Deputatus
praedicti Praesidis continuaverit, facere et exequi valeat et possit,
vigore harum Literarum nostrarum Patentium, adeo plene libere et
integre, ac in tarn amplis modo et forma, prout Praeses praedictus, si
presens esset, ilia facere et exequi valeret et posset ; sacramento
corporali super sancta Dei Evangelia in forma et effectu supra
specificatis per hujusmodi Deputatum, ad omnia et singula, quae ad
officium Praesidis pertinent bene et fideliter exequenda, coram praefato
Concilio predictae Regalis Societatis, vel aliquibus septem l vel
pluribus eorum, priiis praestando ; et sic toties quoties casus sic
acciderit ; cui quidem Concilio vel aliquibus septem vel pluribus
eorum pro tempore existente,2 sacramentum praedictum administrare
potestatem et authoritatem, quoties casus sic acciderit, damus et
concedimus per presentes, absque brevi commissione sive ulteriori
warranto in ea parte a nobis heredibus vel successoribus nostris
procurando seu obtinendo.

1 This number of seven is not lessened by the third Charter as to the two new
Oaths there enjoined ; but as to this Oath of Office, five are made sufficient.

2 Sic.

CHARTA SECUNDA 77

Et ulterius volumus, ac per presentes pro nobis heredibus et The Society may have
successoribus nostris concedimus praefatis Praesidi Concilio et Sodali- Secretaries,' t

bus Regalis Societatis praedictae, et successoribus suis, quod ipsi et p
successores sui de caetero in perpetuum habeant et habebunt unum £r ™ore; and *wo

Serjeants-at-Mace to

Thesaurarium, duos Secretaries, Curatores experimentoruni duos vel attend upon t

, _. . , , , . dent. All these are to

plures, Clericum unum vel plures, et praeterea duos Servientes ad be chosen and named
Clavas, qui detempore in tempus super Praesidem attendant : qucxique Council, and Fellows,
praedicti Thesaurarius Secretarii Curatores Clericus vel Clerici et or any thirty-one or

more ot them, (ot

Servientes ad Clavas per Praesidem Concilium et Sodales Regalis whom the President

. . or his Deputy to be

Societatis praedictae, sive per ahquos triginta et unum vel plures one,) or by the major
eorum(quorum Praesidem pro tempore existentem, vel ejus Deputatum, oneormore1: and they

unum esse volumus), vel per majorem partem praedictorum triginta et

unius vel plurium, eligendi et nominandi, antequam ad officia sua Deputy, and the Coun-

... . ii- c'l> or any seven or

speciaha et respectiva exequenda admittantur, sacramenta.sua cor- more of them.

poralia in forma et effectu supra specificatis, coram Praeside, vel ejus

Deputato, et Concilio ejusdem Regalis Societatis, aut aliquibus septem

vel pluribus eorum, officia sua separalia et respectiva in omnibus ilia

tangentibus recte bene et fideliter exequenda praestabunt ; et quod

post hujusmodi sacramenta 2 sic ut praefertur praestita, officia sua

respectiva exerceant et utantur ; quibus quidem Praesidi et Concilio,

aut aliquibus septem vel pluribus eorum, sacramenta praedicta de

tempore in tempus administrare praedictis separalibus et respectivis

officiariis et successoribus suis plenam potestatem et authoritatem

damus et concedimus per presentes : Et assignavimus nominavi- The first Treasurer

* • • ... . , /. . named; and also the

mus elegimus creavimus constituimus et fecimus, ac per presentes two first Secretaries.

pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris assignamus nominamus

eligimus creamus constituimus et facimus, dilectos subditos nostros

praedictum Willielmum Balle, Armigerum, fore et esse primum et

modernum Thesaurarium, et praedictum Johannem Wilkins et

Henricum Oldenburg fore et esse primos et modernos Secretaries

praedictae Regalis Societatis, continuandos in eisdem officiis usque ad

praedictum festum Sancti Andreae Apostoli proximum sequentem

post datum presentium : Quodque de tempore in tempus et ad omnia On every St. Andrew's

tempora, in praedicto festo Sancti Andreae Apostoli (si non fuerit Sunday?

dies Dominicus, et si fuerit dies Dominicus, tune die proximo sequente),

Praeses Concilium et Sodales praedictae Regalis Societatis pro tempore and Fellows, or any

. , * Thirty-one or more of

existentes, sive aliqui triginta et unus vel plures eorum (quorum Prae- them (of whom, &&),
sidem pro tempore existentem, vel ejus Deputatum, unum esse volumus), TOchThirty^one or '
sive major pars praedictorum triginta et unius vel plurium, probos et ^^^out^the*1^
discretos viros de tempore in tempus in Thesaurarium et Secretaries, Council to be Trea-

r ... . . , . surer and Secretaries ;

qui sunt et erunt de numero Concilii Regalis Societatis praedictae, who, after being

, . . i • i \ j MI- • • sworn, are to hold

ehgere nommare et praeficere valeant et possint ; quodque nil, qui in their offices till the

foiiowingSt. Andrew's separalia et respectiva officia praedicta sic ut praefertur electi praefecti
et jurati fuerint, officia ilia respectiva exercere et gaudere possint et
if the Elections of valeant usque ad praedictum festum Sancti Andreae extunc proximum
Treasurer, anTsecre- sequentem, sacramentis suis praedictis sic ut praefertur prius praestan-
taries, or any of them, ^is . ej. sjc toties quoties casus sic accident. Et si contigerit electiones

cannot conveniently ' . . .

be made or finished praedictas Praesidis, Concilii, Thesaurarii, Secretanorum, vel alicujus
Day, the President, vel aliquorum eorum, in festo Sancti Andreae praedicto commode
eoT8' fieri vel Perfici non Posse> damus et concedimus praedictis Praesidi

more of them, (of Concilio et Sodalibus, et successoribus eorum in perpetuum, quod ipsi,

whom, &c.) or the r r i x

major part of such vel aliqui triginta et unus vel plures eorum (quorum Praesidem pro

thirty-one, or more. . . i • TA i \ t

may appoint one or tempore existentem, vel ejus JJeputatum, unum esse volumus), vel

days! tm they shall be major Pars praedictorum triginta et unius vel plurium, licite possint

finished. nominare et assignare unum alium diem, quam proxime ad festum

Sancti Andreae praedictum commode fieri poterit, pro electionibus

praedictis faciendis vel perficiendis ; et sic de die in diem, donee

praedictae electiones perficiantur : Et si contigerit aliquem vel aliquos

officiariorum praedictorum ejusdem Regalis Societatis obire, decedere,

vel ab officiis suis respectivis amoveri, quod tune et toties bene liceat

if any of the said et licebit Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus praedictae Regalis Societatis,

b^amoved' the'presi- e^ eorum successoribus in perpetuum, sive aliquibus viginti et uni vel

dent, Council, and pluribus eorum (quorum Praesidem pro tempore existentem, vel ejus

twenty-one or more of Deputatum, unum esse volumus), seu majori parti praedictorum

them (of whom the • • , • . 11- i • IT- a* • • a* •

President or his De- viginti et unius vel plurium, ahum vel alios in omcium sive omcia
n?a^r part0ofes)uchthe illarum personarum sic defunctarum decedentium sive amotarum
twenty-one or more, eliorere et praeficere : et quod ille sive illi sic electus et praefectus

may elect others for ° r ' <

the residue of the year, electi et praefecti oiRcia praedicta respectiva habeant et exerceant

and till new ones shall , . , , . T • T- i <r> • -n

be elected and sworn, durante residuo ejusdem anni, et quousque alms sive am ad omcia ilia
respectiva debito modo electus et juratus fuerit, electi et jurati fuerint ;
et sic toties quoties casus sic acciderit.

The President and Et insuper volumus, ac de gratia nostra speciali ac ex certa scientia

of theCoun'drbemg61 e^ niero motu nostris concedimus praefatis Praesidi Concilio et Soda-
aiways duly sum- libus Regalis Societatis praedictae, et successoribus suis in perpetuum,

moned to extraordin- ° ...

ary meetings), or any quod Praeses et Concilium praedictae Regalis Societatis pro tempore

nine or more of them . . . .. ,. .. .

(of whom the President existentes (praemissa semper in conventibus extraordmarns omnium

Membrorum Concilii praedicti debita seu legitima summonitione vel
London or within ten citatione), sive aliqui novem vel plures eorum (quorum Praesidem pro

miles of London ; and

they, or the major tempore existentem, vel ejus Deputatum, unum esse volumus), pariter
make Laws, statutes, congregare et assemblare possint et valeant in collegio sive aula sive
^oco conveniente intra Civitatem nostram Londini, vel in aliquo

relating to the ajjo }oco conveniente intra decem milliaria ab eadem Civitate nostra ;

management of the ... . .

Society and its affairs; et quod ipsi sic congregati et assemblati, sive major pars eorum,

be valid : But their habebunt et habeant plenam authoritatem potestatem et facultatem

de tempore in tempus condendi constituendi ordinandi faciendi et

CHART A SECUNDA 79

stabiliendi hujusmodi leges statuta jura ordinationes et constitutiones, reasonable, and not

quae eis, aut eorum inajori parti, bona salubria utilia honesta et CODtrary to Iaw-

necessaria juxta eoruni sanas discretiones fore videbuntur, pro meliori

gubernatione regulatione et directione Regalis Societatis praedictae, et

cujuslibet Merabri ejusdem, omniaque ad gubernationem res bona

facultates redditus terras tenementa hereditanienta et negotia Regalis

Societatis praedietae spectantia agendi et faciendi ; quae oninia et

singula leges statuta jura ordinationes et constitutiones sic ut prae-

fertur facienda volumus, et per presentes pro nobis heredil)tis et

successoribus nostris firmiter injungendo praecipimus et mandamus,

quod de tempo re in tempus inviolabiliter observata fuerint, secundum

tenorem et effectum eorundem ; ita tamen, quod praedicta leges

statuta jura ordinationes et constitutiones sic ut praefertur facienda,

et eoruni quaelibet, sint rationabilia, et non sint repugnantia nee con-

traria legibus consuetudinibus juribus sive statutis hujus Regni nostri

Angliae.

Et ulterius de anipliori gratia nostra speciali ac ex certa scientia et The President, Conn-

• • j j • . oil. and Fellows, or

mero motu nostris dednnus et concessimus, ac per presentes pro any twenty-one or
nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris damus et concedinms, praefatis ™hom°the President
Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus praedietae Regalis Societatis. et sue- or his Deputy to be

. . . ,. ... ' , always one), or the

cessonbus suis in perpetuum, sive aliqmbus viginti et uni vel pluribus major part of such

T» . j . , i • TX twenty-one or more,

eorum (quorum Jrraesidem pro tempore existentem, vel ejus Deputa- may appoint one
turn, semper unum esse volumus), seu majori parti praedictorum ^

viginti et unius vel plurium, plenam potestatem et authoritatem de and authorize them,

* Jr by writing under the

tempore in tempus eligendi nominandi et constituendi unum vel Common Seal, and
plures Typographos sive Impressores, et Chalcographos seu Sculptores ; a^ to print such

et ipsi vel ipsis per scriptum Communi Sigillo praedietae Regalis

Societatis sigillatum, et manu Praesidis pro tempore existentis signa- Society) as shall be

c . given them in charge

turn, facultatem concedendi, ut imprimant tales res materias et by the President and

. . j • . r» 1 o • A i Council, or any seven

negotia praedictam Kegalem oocietatem tangentes vel concernentes, or more Of them (of
quales praedicto Typographo vel Impressori, Chalcographo seu ^bD^putytlfto*
Sculptori, vel Typographis vel Impressoribus. Chalcographis vel one), or the major part

J r ' of such seven or more.

Sculptoribus, de tempore in tempus per Praesidem et Concilium They must be first

J- r TJ V a • L L- iv 11 sworn before the Pre-

praedictae Regalis Societatis, vel aliquos septem vel plures eorum sident and Council, or

(quorum Praesidem pro tempore existentem, vel ejus Deputatum,

unum esse volumus), vel per majorem partem praedictorum septem

vel plurium, commissae fuerint ; sacramentis suis corporalibus, ante-

quam ad officia sua exercenda admittantur, coram Praeside et Concilio

pro tempore existentibus, vel aliquibus septem vel pluribus eorum, in

forma et effectu ultimo specificatis, prius praestandis ; quibus quidem

Praesidi et Concilio, vel aliquibus septem vel pluribus eorum, sacra-

menta praedicta administrare plenam potestatem et authoritatem

damus et concedimus per presentes.

80 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

The President, Conn- Et ulterius, quod praedicti Praeses Concilium et Sodales praedictae
any^ine^SToVof Regalis Societatis in philosophicis suis studiis rneliorem sortiantur
them (of whom, &c.) effectum, de ampliori gratia nostra special! ac ex certa scientia et mero

or the major part ot l *•

such nine or more, motu nostris dedimus et concessimus, ac per presentes pro nobis

right to demwiTaxTd heredibus et successoribus nostris damus et concedimus, praedictis

s^orissi^the' Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus praedictae Regalis Societatis, et suc-

bodies of executed cessoribus suis in perpetuum, quod ipsi et successores sui, sive aliqui

criminals, and to i-» • j •

anatomize them, as novem vel plures eorum (quorum Praesidem pro tempore existentem,
cians°aned the Com3-1 vel ejus Deputatum, unum esse volumus), sive major pars praedictorurn
London use^en joy. novem vel plurium, de tempore in tempus habeant et habebunt plenam
potestatem et authoritatem de tempore in tempus, et ad talia tem-
pestiva tempora, secundum eorum discretionem, per assignatum vel
assignatos suos,requirere capere et reciperecadaveratalium personarum,
quae mortem manu carnificis passae fuerunt, et ea anatomizare, in tarn
amplis modo et forma, et ad omnes intentiones et proposita, prout
Praesidens Collegii Medicorum et Societas Chirurgorum Civitatis
nostrae London (quibuscunque nominibus duae praedictae corpora-
tiones insignitae fuerint) eisdem cadaveribus usi vel gavisi fuerunt, aut
uti vel gaudere valeant et possint.

Licence is given to Et ulterius, pro melioratione experimentorum artium et scientiarum

them or any nme (as praec[ictae Regalis Societatis, de abundantiori gratia nostra speciali
major part of them, to ac ex certa scientia et mero motu nostris dedimus et concessimus, ac

hold a Correspond- .

ence, on Philosophical, per presentes pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris damus et
MechardcaT subjects, concedimus, praefatis Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus praedictae Regalis
with ail sorts ot Societatis, et successoribus suis in perpetuum, quod ipsi et successores

Foreigners, by Letters

signed by the Presi- sui sive aliqui novem vel plures eorum (quorum Praesidem pro tern-
dent or his Deputy, in . \ * \ • •
the presence of the pore existentem, vel ejus Deputatum, unum esse volumus), sive major

or more of^th" m^and Pars praedictorum novem vel plurium, de tempore in tempus habeant
in the name of the ej. habebunt plenam potestatem et authoritatem per literas vel epi-
stolas, sub manu praedicti Praesidis vel ejus Deputati, in presentia
Concilii VB! aliquorum septem vel plurium eorum, et in nomine Regalis
Societatis, mutuis intelligentiis fruentur et negotiis l cum omnibus et
omnimodis peregrinis et alienis, utrum privatis vel collegiatis, corpora-
tis vel politicis, absque aliqua molestatione interruptione vel inquie-
tate 1 quacunque : Proviso tamen, quod haec indulgentia nostra sic, ut
praefertur, concessa ad ulteriorem non extendatur usum, quam parti-
culare beneficium et interesse praedictae Regalis Societatis in materiis
seu rebus philosophicis mathematicis aut mechanicis.

Licence given to the Et ulterius dedimus et concessimus, ac per presentes pro nobis
andSFeUows,°orlto the heredibus et successoribus nostris damus et concedimus, praefatis
President and Coun- p^esidi Concilio et Sodalibus Regalis Societatis praedictae, et

cil, or the major part

1 In the first Charter, ' notitiis.'

vm

SIR ISAAC NEWTON
From a portrait by J. Van der Bauck, in the possession of the Royal Society

81

successoribus suis in perpetuum, sive Praesidi et Concilio Regalis ot them, to bnUd a
Societatis praedictae vel majori parti eorum, plenam potestatem et Lond^n.^with'i^tcli
authoritatem erigendi aedificandi et extruendi, aut erigi aedificari milesofit-
et extrui faciendi vel causandi, intra Civitatem nostram Londini,
vel decem milliaria ab eadem, unum vel plura Collegium vel Col-
legia cujuscunque modi et qualitatis, pro habitatione assemblatione
et congregatione praedictorum Praesidis Concilii et Sodalium prae-
dictae Regalis Societatis et successorum suorum, ad negotia sua
et alias res eandem Regalem Societatem concernentia ordinanda et
disponenda.

Et ulterius volumus, ac per presentes pro nobis heredibus et if any abuses shall
successoribus nostris ordinamus constituimus et appunctuamus, quod arise,C"hey shaiTb^06
si aliqui abusus vel discrepantiae in posterum orientur et accident ™f^Elar"of1ciaren
de gubernatione aut aliis rebus vel negotiis praedictae Regalis don (Lord chancellor)

. ...,.,... ,. alone, while living ;

Societatis, unde ejusdem constitutioni stabilimini et studiorum and after his death by

•ii j." v • f ... i . j. the Archbishop of

progressui vel rebus et negotns aliqua mferatur injtina vel impedi- Canterbury, the chan-
mentum ; quod tune et toties per presentes pro nobis heredibus tf^rea^se^f^he
et successoribus nostris authorizamus nominamus et constituimus Treasurer, Privy Seal,

, . Bishop of London, and

praefatum praedilectum et perquam ndelem Consangumeum et Con- two Principal Secre-
siliarium nostrum Edwardum, Comitem de Clarendon, Cancellarium beirTg' orrany6folur or
nostrum Regni nostri Angliae, per seipsum durante vita sua, et more of them.
post ejus mortem, tune Archiepiscopum Cantuariensem, Cancel-
larium vel Custodem Magni Sigilli Angliae, Thesaurarium Angliae,
Custodem Privati Sigilli, Episcopum Londinensem, et duos Prin-
cipales Secretaries pro tempore existentes, aut aliquos quatuor vel
plures eorum, easdem discrepantias et abusus reconciliare componere
et reducere.

Et ulterius volumus, ac per presentes pro nobis heredibus et General Clauses,
successoribus nostris firmiter injungendo praecipimus et mandamus
omnibus et singulis Justitiariis Majori bus Aldermannis Vicecomitibus
Ballivis Constabulariis et aliis officiariis ministris et subditis nostris
heredum et successorum nostrorum quibuscunque, quod de tempore
in tempus sint auxiliantes et assistentes praedictis Praesidi Concilio
et Sodalibus Regalis Societatis praedictae, eorumque in perpetuum
successoribus, in omnibus et per omnia, secundum veram intentionem
harum Literarum nostrarum Patentium.

E6 quod expressa mentio de vero valore annuo vel de certitudine
praemissorum sive eorum alicujus, aut de aliis donis sive conces-
sionibus per nos seu per aliquem progenitorum sive praedecessorum
nostrorum praefatis Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus Regalis Societatis
praedictae ante haec tempora factis, in presentibus minime facta
existit ; aut aliquo statuto actu ordinatione provisione proclama-
tione sive restrictione in contrarium inde antehac habito facto edito

82 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

ordinato sive proviso, aut aliqua alia re causa vel materia quacunque,
in aliquo non obstante.

In cujus rei testimonium has Literas nostras fieri fecimus Patentes.
TESTE Me ipso, apud Westmonasterium, vicesimo secundo die Aprilis,
anno regni nostri decimo quinto.1

Per breve de Private Sigillo.

HOWARD.

Translation of Second Charter, A.D. 1663.

Charles the Second, by the grace of God King of England, Scotland,
France, and Ireland, Defender of the P'aith, &c., to all to whom these
our Letters Patent shall come, greeting.

We have long and fully resolved with Ourself to extend not only
the boundaries of the Empire, but also the very arts and sciences.
Therefore we look with favour upon all forms of learning, but with
particular grace we encourage philosophical studies, especially those
which by actual experiments attempt either to shape out a new philo-
sophy or to perfect the old. In order, therefore, that such studies,
which have not hitherto been sufficiently brilliant in any part of the
world, may shine conspicuously amongst our people, and that at length
the whole world of letters may always recognize us not only as the
Defender of the Faith, but also as the universal lover and patron of
every kind of truth :

Know ye that we, of our special grace and of our certain knowledge

and mere motion, have ordained, established, and granted, and by

incorporation and these presents for us, our heirs, and successors do ordain, establish,

Corporate Name. ftn(j g^^, that henceforth for ever there shall be a Society consisting

of a President, Council, and Fellows, who shall be called and named

The President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society of London

for promoting Natural Knowledge (of which same Society we by

The King himself these presents declare Ourself Founder and Patron) ; And by these

Founder and Patron. presenj.s for us^ our neirs> an(J successors we do make, ordain, create,

and constitute the same Society, by the name of The President,
Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society of London for promoting
Natural Knowledge, one body corporate and politic, in fact, deed,
and name, really and fully, and that by the same name they may
have perpetual succession ; And that they and their successors
(whose studies are to be applied to further promoting by the

1 This Charter is on four skins of vellum ; and, like the first, contains some
very fine ornamented capital letters. The Arms of the Society, coloured, appear
on the first skin.

TRANSLATION OF SECOND CHARTER 83

authority of experiments the sciences of natural things and of

useful arts, to the glory of God the Creator, and the advantage of

the human race), by the same name of The President, Council, and

Fellows of the Royal Society of London for promoting Natural

Knowledge, may and shall be in all future times persons able and Capacity to purchase

capable in law to have, acquire, receive, and possess lands [and]

tenements, meadows, feedings, pastures, liberties, privileges, fran-

chises, jurisdictions, and hereditaments whatsoever to them and their

successors in fee and perpetuity, or for term of life, lives, or years,

or otherwise in whatsoever manner, and also goods and chattels, and

all other things, of whatsoever kind, nature, sort, or quality they

may be (the Statute concerning alienation in mortmain notwithstand-

ing) ; and also to give, grant, [demise,] and assign the same lands, and to grant ;

tenements, and hereditaments, goods and chattels, and to do and

execute all acts and things necessary of and concerning the same,

by the name aforesaid ; And that by the name of The President,

Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society of London for promoting

Natural Knowledge aforesaid, they may henceforth for ever be able

and have power to plead and be impleaded, to answer and be an- to sue and be sued ;

swered, to defend and be defended, in whatsoever Courts and places,

and before whatsoever Judges, Justices, and other persons and officers

of us, our heirs, and successors, in all and singular actions, both real

and personal, pleas, suits, plaints, causes, matters, things, and demands

whatsoever, of whatsoever kind, nature, or sort they may or shall be,

in the same manner and form as any of our lieges within this our

Realm of England, being persons able and capable in law, or as any

body corporate or politic within this our Realm of England, may

be able and have power to have, acquire, receive, possess, give, and

grant, to plead and be impleaded, to answer and be answered, to

defend or be defended ; And that the same President, Council, and

Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid and their successors for ever

may have a Common Seal, to serve for transacting all causes and and to have a Com-

affairs whatsoever of them and their successors ; and that it may '

and shall be good and lawful to the same President, Council, and
Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, and to their successors for
the time being, to break, change, and make anew that Seal from
time to time, as it shall seem most expedient to them.

We give and grant moreover by these presents to the President, Grant of Arms, vie.
Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, and to their ^uies three Lions of
successors for ever, in testimony of our royal favour towards them, and Ofnf crest, and Sup-
of our peculiar esteem for them, to the present and future ages, these porters.
following blazons of honour, that is to say : in the dexter corner of a
silver shield our three Lions of England, and for Crest a helm adorned

G2

84 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

with a crown studded with florets, surmounted by an eagle of proper
colour holding in one foot a shield charged with our lions : Supporters,
two white hounds gorged with crowns ; to be borne, exhibited, and
possessed for ever by the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows, and
their successors, as occasion shall serve.

And that our royal intention may obtain the better effect, and for

the good rule and government of the aforesaid Royal Society from

The Council shall time to time, we will, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and

^homJhe'iSr6 successors do grant to the same President, Council, and Fellows of the

dent or his Deputy ROyal Society aforesaid, and to their successors, that henceforth for

shall be always one). J •' '

ever the Council aforesaid shall be and consist of twenty-one persons
(of whom we will the President for the time being, or his Deputy, to
Ail other persons who be always one) ; And that all and singular other persons who
admitted as Members, within two months next following after the date of these presents shall
Cou^caPorSatyneievedn be received and admitted into the same Society as Members of the
or more of them (of Royal Society aforesaid, by the President and Council, or by any

whom, &c.) or by two- * * J . .•

thirds or more of eleven or more of them (of whom we will the President for the time

those eleven or more, ,. i- T\ u i \i_ AI-J

within two months ; being, or his Deputy, to be always one), or by two third parts or more
those^twomo^thsfby of the aforesaid eleven or more, and in all time following by the
the President, Coun- President, Council, and Fellows, or by any twenty-one or more of

cil, and Fellows, or by '. J J /

any twenty-one or them (of whom we will the President for the time being, or his
Deputy, to be always one), or by two third parts or more of the
aforesaid twenty-one or more, and shall have been noted in the

or more of the said Register by them to be kept, shall be, be called, and be named Fellows

twenty-one or more ; « » •«% i « . <» • i i i i n i«

and shall be regis- of the Royal Society aforesaid, as long as they shall live, unless it

tered ; shall be called , -,-, -, , 1 /. ., , -, ,, •, ••

Fellows of the said shall happen that any one 01 them be amoved tor any reasonable

cause' accordinS to the Statutes of the Royal Society aforesaid, which
amoved. are to be drawn up ; whom, the more eminently they are distinguished

for the study of every kind of learning and good letters, the more
ardently they desire to promote the honour, studies, and advantage of
this Society, the more they are noted for integrity of life, uprightness
of character, and piety, and excel in fidelity and affection of mind to-
wards us, our Crown, and dignity, the more we wish them to be
especially deemed fitting and worthy of being admitted into the
number of the Fellows of the same Society.

And for the better execution of our will and grant in this behalf,

we have assigned, nominated, constituted, and made, and by these

presents for us, our heirs, and successors do assign, nominate,

constitute, and make, our very well-beloved and trusty William,

William viscount Viscount Brouncker, Chancellor of our very dear consort Queen

berthefikretp^fddent; Catharine, to be the first and present President of the Royal Society

to continue so till the aforesaid ; willing that the aforesaid William, Viscount Brouncker,

Day, and till another shall continue in the office of President of the Royal Society aforesaid

TRANSLATION OF SECOND CHARTER 85

from the date of these presents until the feast of St. Andrew next (out of the Council)

following after the date of these presents, and until one other of the ^d ^ choBen ">d

Council of the Royal Society aforesaid for the time being shall have

been elected, appointed, and sworn to that office in due manner,

according to the ordinance and provision below in these presents

expressed and declared (if the aforesaid William, Viscount Brouncker,

shall live so long); having first taken a corporal oath well and He himself to be ftrst

faithfully to execute [his office] in and by all things touching that ^rdChanceUor!he

office, according to the true intention of these presents, before our very

well-beloved and very trusty Cousin and Councillor Edward, Earl of

Clarendon, our Chancellor of England : to which same Edward, Earl

of Clarendon, our Chancellor aforesaid, we give and grant full power

and authority to administer the oath aforesaid in these words following,

that is to say :

I, William, Viscount Brouncker, do promise to deal faithfully and The President's Oath,
honestly in all things belonging to the trust committed to me, as
President of the Royal Society of London for improving Natural Know-
ledge, during my employment in that capacity. So help me God !

We have also assigned, constituted, and made, and by these presents The first Council
for us, our heirs, and successors do make, our beloved and trusty
Robert Moray, Knight, one of our Privy Council in our Realm of
Scotland ; Robert Boyle, Esquire ; William Brereton, Esquire, eldest
son of the Baron de Brereton ; Kenelm Digby, Knight, Chancellor
to our very dear mother, Queen Maria ; Gilbert Talbot, Knight,
Treasurer of our Jewels ; Paul Neile, Knight, one of the Ushers of our
Privy Chamber ; Henry Slingesby, Esquire, one of the Gentlemen of
our aforesaid Privy Chamber ; William Petty, Knight ; Timothy
Clarke, Doctor in Medicine and one of our Physicians ; John Wilkins,
Doctor in Divinity; George Ent, Doctor in Medicine; William
Aerskine, one of our Cup-bearers ; Jonathan Goddard, Doctor in
Medicine and Professor of Gresham College ; William Balle, Esquire ;
Matthew Wren, Esquire ; John Evelyn, Esquire ; Thomas Henshaw,
Esquire ; Dudley Palmer, of Grey's Inn, in our County of Middlesex,
Esquire ; Abraham Hill, of London, Esquire ; and Henry Oldenburg,
Esquire, together with the President aforesaid, to be and become the
first and present twenty-one of the Council and Fellows of the Royal
Society aforesaid ; to be continued in their offices of the Council TO continue tai next

. , . ., ,, f -j f f St. Andrew's Day, and

aforesaid from the date 01 these presents until the aforesaid least 01 tui others shall be

St. Andrew the Apostle next following, and thenceforth until other fit-

ting and able and sufficient persons shall have been elected, appointed, j£* gk£;

and sworn into the offices aforesaid (if they shall live so long, or President, the like

. , . , , , \ a L °ath M he took' mu~

shall not have been amoved for any just and reasonable cause); first tatia mutandis.

taking corporal oaths before the President for the time being of the

86 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

aforesaid Royal Society, well and faithfully to execute their offices in
and by all things touching those offices, according to the form and
effect of the aforesaid oath, mutatis mutandis, to be administered to
the President of the Royal Society aforesaid by our Chancellor of
England; (to which same President for the time being, for us, our
heirs, and successors, we give and grant by these presents full power
and authority to administer the oaths aforesaid to the aforesaid
persons, and to any others whomsoever hereafter from time to time to
be elected into the Council aforesaid) ; And that the same persons, so
as it is aforesaid elected, appointed, and sworn, and hereafter to
be elected, appointed, and sworn from time to time, to the Council of
the aforesaid Royal Society, shall be and become aiding, counselling,
and assistant in all matters, business, and affairs touching or concern-
ing the better regulation, government, and direction of the aforesaid
Royal Society, and of every Member of the same.

The President, Coun- We also grant to the President, Council, and Fellows of the aforesaid
any 'nine or more°of Society, and to their successors for ever, that they and their successors,
them (of whom, &C.), or any njne or more of them (of whom we will the President for the

may hold assemblies *

at any time or place in time being, or his Deputy, to be always one), may be able lawfully to

London, or within ten f , T • * «' i •

miles of it. make and hold assemblies or meetings of themselves for the exami-

nation and investigation of experiments and of natural things, and
for other affairs belonging to the Society aforesaid, as often as and
whenever it shall be needful, in a College or Hall or other convenient
place within our City of London, or in any other convenient place
within ten miles of our same City.

And further we will, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and
The President, Coun- successors, do grant to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows
any thirty-one or of the Royal Society aforesaid, and to their successors, that the
whomthe Resident President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid for the
or his Deputy to be time being, or any thirty-one or more of them (of whom we will

one), or the major . ° * J

part of such thirty- the President for the time being, or his Deputy, to be one), or the
major part of the aforesaid thirty-one or more, may and shall have

l from time to time in a11 future times for ever Power and authority to
oil to be their Presi- nominate and elect, and that they may be able and have power to

dent, who shall con- .

tinue so, (if not dead elect and nominate, every year, on the aforesaid feast of St. Andrew,
one of the Council of the aforesaid Royal Society for the time being,
who maJ and sha11 be President of the Royal Society aforesaid until

having first been the feast of St. Andrew the Apostle thereafter next following (if he

sworn m before the A

Council, or any seven shall live so long, or shall not be amoved meanwhile for any just and
reasonable cause), and thenceforth until another shall have been
elected, appointed, and nominated to the office of President of the
Royal Society aforesaid ; and that he, after that he shall so have been
elected and nominated, as it is aforesaid, to the office of President of

TRANSLATION OF SECOND CHARTER 87

the Royal Society aforesaid, before he be admitted to that office, shall

take a corporal oath before the Council of the same Royal Society, or

any seven or more of them, rightly, well, and faithfully to execute

that office in all things touching that office, according to the form

and effect of the aforesaid oath, mutatis mutandis (to which same

Council, or to any seven or more of them, we give and grant by these

presents for us, our heirs, and successors full power and authority to

administer the oath aforesaid from time to time, as often as it shall be

needful to elect a President); and that after having so taken such

oath, as it is aforesaid, he may be able and have power to execute the

office of President of the Royal Society aforesaid until the feast of

St. Andrew the Apostle thereafter next following ; And if it shall

happen that the President of the Royal Society for the time being, at On the Death or Amo-

any time, so long as he shall be in the office of President of the same or°?f he*retire! the '

Royal Society, shall die, retire, or be amoved from his office, that ormoleof them^

then and so often it may and shall be good and lawful to the Council meet to choose a

. .,,,. - President out of the

of the Royal Society aforesaid, and to their successors for ever, or to Council : and the
any eleven or more of them, to assemble or meet for the election of them, or the'majo

one of the aforesaid number of the Council aforesaid as President of the

Royal Society aforesaid ; and that he who shall have been elected and Curing the residue of

,-..,, . the year, and until

svrorn by the Council aforesaid, or by the aforesaid eleven or more, or another shall be

i . i . ,, . ! f • i ' i *i • p • i elected and sworn.

by the major part of the aforesaid eleven or more, as it is aforesaid,
may have and exercise that office during the residue of the same year,
and until another shall have been in due manner elected and sworn to
that office, first taking a corporal oath in the form above specified ;
and so as often as the case shall so happen.

And further we will, that whenever it shall happen that any one On the Death, Amo-
or any of the Council of the Royal Society aforesaid for the time any 'of the Council,

being shall die, or be amoved from that office, or retire (which same a
[members] of the Council of the Royal Society aforesaid, and every JJ
one of them, we will to be amovable for misbehaviour or any other the President, Coun-
reasonable cause, at the good pleasure of the President and of the any twenty-one or
rest of the Council aforesaid, of whom we will the President for the ^^mn, &c.)or(the
time being, or his Deputy, to be one, or of the major part of maJ°r P*** of such

F J ' «* twenty-one or more,

the same), that then and so often it may and shall be good and may supply the va-

/» /i i • -ITU <• i T» i nancy from amongst

lawful to the aforesaid President, Council, and lellows of the Royal the Fellows; and the

Society aforesaid, and to their successors for ever, or to any twenty- elected s

one or more of the same (of whom we wiU the President of the

Royal Society aforesaid for the time being, or his Deputy, to be one), Day, and until another

J J J or others shall be

or to the major part of the aforesaid twenty-one or more, to elected.
nominate, elect, and appoint one other or several others of the
Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, in the place or places of him
or them so dead, retired, or amoved, to fill up the aforesaid number

88 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

of twenty-one persons of the Council of the Royal Society aforesaid ;
and that he or they so elected and appointed in that office may have
the same office until the feast of St. Andrew the Apostle then next
following, and thenceforth until one other or several others shall
have been elected, appointed, and nominated ; first taking a corporal
oath before the President and Council of the Royal Society aforesaid,
or any seven or more of them (of whom we will the President for the
time being, or his Deputy, to be always one), well and faithfully to
execute that office in and by all things touching that office, according
to the true intention of these presents.

On st. Andrew's Day, And further we will, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and
(and no mom) an to successors do grant to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows
of the aforesaid Royal Society, and to their successors [for ever], that

and Fellows, or any they and their successors, or any thirty-one or more of them (of

thirty-one or more of J » . i_ • i • TA u

them (of whom the whom we will the President for the time being, or his Deputy, to be

always one), or the major part of the aforesaid thirty-one or more,
oSc°h thhon^o? every y6^ on the aforesaid feast of st- Andrew the Apostle, may

more- and shall have full power and authority to elect, nominate, appoint,

and change ten of the Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, to fill
up the places and offices of ten of the aforesaid number of twenty-one
of the Council of the Royal Society aforesaid ; for we do declare it to
be our royal pleasure, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and
successors we do grant, that ten of the aforesaid Council, and no
more, shall be annually changed and amoved by the President,
Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid.

The President may ~v\re will also, and for us, our heirs, and successors do grant to the

appoint one out of the /• • i -r» i

Council to be his aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows or the aforesaid Royal
Society, and to their successors for ever, that if it shall happen that
the President of the same Royal Society for the time being is
detained by sickness or infirmity, or .is employed in the service of us,
our heirs, or successors, or is otherwise occupied, so that he shall not
be able to attend to the necessary affairs of the same Royal Society
touching the office of President, that then and so often it may and
shall be good and lawful to the same President so detained, employed
or occupied, to nominate and appoint one of the Council of the
aforesaid Royal Society for the time being to be and become the
who may act as such Deputy of the same President ; which same Deputy, so to be made
the President make and appointed in the office of Deputy of the President aforesaid, may
and shall be the Deputy of the same President from time to time, as
often as the aforesaid President shall happen to be so absent, during
the whole time in which the aforesaid President shall continue in the
office of President ; unless in the meanwhile the aforesaid President of
the Royal Society aforesaid for the time being shall have made and

TRANSLATION OF SECOND CHARTER 89

appointed one other of the aforesaid Council his Deputy ; And that

every such Deputy of the aforesaid President so to be made and

appointed, as it is aforesaid, may be able and have power to do and

execute all and singular things which pertain or ought to pertain to The Deputy may, in

the office of President of the aforesaid Royal Society, or which are p^aWeTttdo^Lts

limited and appointed to be done and executed by the aforesaid t,ha.tx. he himself could

»* J uo it present.

President, by virtue of these our Letters Patent, from time to time, as

often as the aforesaid President shall happen to be so absent, during

such time as he shall continue the Deputy of the aforesaid President,

by force of these our Letters Patent, as fully, freely, and wholly, and

in as ample manner and form, as the aforesaid President, if he were

present, would be able and have power to do and execute those But he must first be

things; a corporal oath first to be taken by such Deputy upon the SS£t?lSi«

holy Gospels of God, in the form and effect above specified, well and m»reofthem.

faithfully to execute all and singular things which pertain to the

office of President, before the aforesaid Council of the aforesaid Royal

Society, or any seven or more of them ; and so often as the case shall

so happen : to which same Council, or to any seven or more of them,

for the time being, we do give and grant by these presents, power

and authority to administer the oath aforesaid, as often as the case

shall so happen, without procuring or obtaining a writ, commission,

or further warrant in that behalf from us, our heirs, or successors.

And further we will, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and sue- The Society may have
cessors do grant to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the secretaries,'two or
Royal Society aforesaid, and to their successors, that they and their Experimen^one
successors henceforth for ever may and shall have one Treasurer, two Clerk or more, and

' . two Serjeants-at-Mace

Secretaries, two or more Curators of Experiments, one Clerk or more, to attend upon the
and moreover two Serjeants-at-Mace, who may from time to time attend are to be chosen and
upon the President; and that the aforesaid Treasurer, Secretaries, SJStcSuSi.wS1"
Curators, Clerk or Clerks, and Sergeants-at-Mace, to be elected and Fellows, or any thirty

0 , one or more of them,

nominated by the President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society (of whom the Presi-
aforesaid, or by any thirty-one or more of them (of whom we will the be one,) or by the
President for the time being, or his Deputy, to be one), or by the major Jh1rty4>n^orf more =
part of the aforesaid thirty-one or more, before they be admitted to and they must be

•' J sworn before the

execute their special1 and respective offices, shall take their corporal President or his De-
oaths in the form and effect above specified, before the President, or cu, or any seven or
his Deputy, and the Council of the same Royal Society, or any seven K
or more of them, rightly, well, and faithfully to execute their several
and respective offices in all things touching the same ; and that after
having so taken such oaths, as it is aforesaid, they may exercise and
use their respective offices ; to which same President and Council, or
to any seven or more of them, we do give and grant by these presents
1 So in the original ; qu. several.

90 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

full power and authority to administer the oaths aforesaid from time
to time to the aforesaid several and respective officers and their
The first Treasurer successors : And we have assigned, nominated, chosen, created,
twofirst Secretaries.6 appointed, and made, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and
successors do assign, nominate, choose, create, appoint, and make, our
beloved subjects the aforesaid William Balle, Esquire, to be and
become the first and present Treasurer, and the aforesaid John
Wilkins and Henry Oldenburg to be and become the first and present
Secretaries, of the aforesaid Royal Society ; to be continued in the
On every st. Andrew's same offices until the aforesaid feast of St. Andrew the Apostle next
Su*nday?and then on following after the date of these presents : And that from time to time
and at a11 times on the aforesaid feast of St- Andrew the Apostle (unless

and Fellows, or any it shall be Sunday, and if it be Sunday, then on the day next following),

thirty-one or more i i, -i

ofthem(ofwhom,&c.), the President, Council, and Fellows of the aforesaid Royal Society

° f°r the time being, or any thirty-one or more of them (of whom we

more, may elect will the president for the time being, or his Deputy, to be one), or

proper persons out of r J ' "

the Council to be Trea- the major part of the aforesaid thirty-one or more, may be able and

surer and Secretaries ;. • . . •I-IT

who, after being have power to elect, nominate, and appoint upright and discreet men,
wno are an^ shall be of the number of the Council of the Royal

following st. Andrew's §ociety aforesaid, as Treasurer and Secretaries, from time to time ;

and that those wliQ shall so have been elected, appointed, and sworn

to the aforesaid several and respective offices, as it is aforesaid, may

be able and have power to exercise and enjoy those respective offices

until the aforesaid feast of St. Andrew then next following, their

aforesaid oaths, as it is aforesaid, first to be taken ; and so as often as

if the Elections of the case shall so happen. And if it shall happen that the aforesaid

Treasurer, and Sec're- elections of President, Council, Treasurer, [and] Secretaries, or of any

one or anv °^ them, cannot conveniently be made or finished on the
be made or finished aforesaid feast of St. Andrew, we give and grant to the aforesaid

upon St. Andrew's Day, °

the President, Council, President, Council, and Fellows, and to their successors for ever, that
thirty-one or more of they or anyjthirty-one or more of them (of whom we will the President

or tfa1e(major0p^'rf of ' ^or the *^me being, or his Deputy, to be one), or the major part of the
such thirty-one, or s&{^ thirty-one or more, may lawfully name and assign one other day,

more, may appoint J , J J

one or more other day as near to the feast of St. Andrew aforesaid as can conveniently be
be finished. done, for making or finishing the aforesaid elections ; and so from

if any of the said day to day, until the aforesaid elections be finished: And if it shall
be a^oved^he^resi- happen that any one or any of the aforesaid officers of the same
Society shall die, retire, or be amoved from their respective

twenty-one or more offices, that then and so often it may and shall be good and lawful to

of them (of whom the i •»•» • j <-« -i i-nn e * • i

President or his the President, Council, and Fellows of the aforesaid Royal Society,

and to their successors for ever, or to any twenty-one or more of them
(of wnom we wil1 the President for the time being, or his Deputy, to
the residue of the be one), or to the major part of the aforesaid twenty-one or more, to

TRANSLATION OF SECOND CHARTER 91

elect and appoint another or others to the office or offices of those year, and till new
persons so deceased, retired, or amoved ; and that he or they so elected * el°cted

and appointed may have and exercise the respective offices aforesaid
during the residue of the same year, and until another or others shall
have been in due manner elected and sworn to those respective offices ;
and so as often as the case shall so happen.

And moreover we will, and of our special grace and of our certain The President and
knowledge and mere motion do grant to the aforesaid President, Srtt
Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, and to their ^23 to

successors for ever, that the President and Council of the aforesaid nary Meetings), or any

T» i • c i • / i i nine or more of them

Royal Society for the time being (due or lawful summons or citation (of whom the Presi-
being always first made of all the Members of the Council aforesaid be"one), may meetfin0
to extraordinary meetings), or any nine or more of them (of whom we n^
will the President for the time being, or his Deputy, to be one), may they> or

r J J part of them, may

be able and have power both to meet together and assemble in a make Laws, statutes,

College or Hall or other convenient place within our City of London,
or in any other convenient place within ten miles of our same City ;
and that they so met together and assembled, or the major part of Society and its affairs;

J . J 1 and all their acts shall

them, shall and may have full authority, power, and faculty from be valid : But their

time to time to draw up, constitute, ordain, make, and establish such reasonable, and not

laws, statutes, acts, ordinances, and constitutions as shall seem to w

them, or to the major part of them, to be good, wholesome, useful,

honourable, and necessary, according to their sound discretions, for

the better government, regulation, and direction of the Royal Society

aforesaid, and of every Member of the same, and to do and perform

all things belonging to the government, matters, goods, faculties, rents,

lands, tenements, hereditaments, and affairs of the Royal Society

aforesaid ; all and singular which laws, statutes, acts, ordinances, and

constitutions so to be made as it is aforesaid, we will, and by these

presents for us, our heirs, and successors, firmly enjoining, do order

and command, that they shall be inviolably observed from time to

time, according to the tenor and effect of the same : so nevertheless,

that the aforesaid laws, statutes, acts, ordinances, and constitutions so

to be made as it is aforesaid, and every one of them, be reasonable,

and not repugnant or contrary to the laws, customs, acts, or statutes

of this our Realm of England.

And further, of our more ample special grace and of our certain The President, Coun-
knowledge and mere motion, we have given and granted, and by these ^ twenty-one or
presents for us, our heirs, and successors do give and grant to the mhom0tho President
aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the aforesaid Royal °r hi« Deputy to be

always one), or the

Society, and to their successors for ever, or to any twenty-one or major part of such
more of them (of whom we will the President for the time being, or n^y
his Deputy, to be always one), or to the major part of the aforesaid p^

92 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

and authorize them, twenty-one or more, full power and authority from time to time to
elect, nominate, and appoint one or more Typographers or Printers,
rint such anc* Chalcographers or Engravers, and to grant to him or them, by a
things (touching or writing sealed with the Common Seal of the aforesaid Royal Society,
Sockt^af shall be* * and signed by the hand of the President for the time being, faculty
by th^Pr^ident'and6 to Print sucn things, matters, and affairs touching or concerning the
Coxuicii, or any seven aforesaid Royal Society, as shall have been committed to the aforesaid

or more of them (of .

whom the President Typographer or Printer, Chalcographer or Engraver, or Typographers
one^ort^nfajorpart or Printers, Chalcographers or Engravers, from time to time, by the
ThTyCmuesVtebe°firTt0re' President and Council of the aforesaid Royal Society, or any seven
sworn before the or more of them (of whom we will the President for the time being,

President and Conn- .

oil, or seven or more or his Deputy, to be one), or by the major part of the aforesaid seven
or more ; their corporal oaths first to be taken, before they be
admitted to exercise their offices, before the President and Council
for the time being, or any seven or more of them, in the form and
effect last specified ; to which same President and Council, or to any
seven or more of them, we do give and grant by these presents full
power and authority to administer the oaths aforesaid.

The President, Coun- And further, in order that the aforesaid President, Council, and
nine^r monTof thenf Fellows of the aforesaid Royal Society may obtain the better success
(of whom, &c.), or the jn i\ie[r philosophical studies, of our more ample special grace and of

major part of such r 3

nine or more, shall our certain knowledge and mere motion, we have given and granted,

have the same right jv.i . /> u • J J J

to demand and receive and by these presents torus, our heirs, and successors do give and
assignsfthe^b^dies of grant, to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the afore-
executed criminals, saj(j Royal Society, and to their successors for ever, that they and

and to anatomize J J ' •

them, as the College their successors, or any nine or more of them (of whom we will the

of Physicians and the v» ., ,».,..,. ,. ^ , , .,

Company of Surgeons President tor the time being, or his Deputy, to be one), or the major
enjoyn ( part of the aforesaid nine or more, may and shall have from time to

time full power and authority to require, take, and receive from time
to time, and at such seasonable times, according to their discretion,
by their assign or assigns the bodies of such persons as have suffered
death by the hand of the executioner, and to anatomize them, in as
ample manner and form, and to all intents and purposes, as the
President of the College of Physicians and the Company of Surgeons
of our City of London (by whatsoever names the two aforesaid
corporations shall have been distinguished) have used or enjoyed, or
may be able and have power to use and enjoy, the same bodies.
Licence is given to And further, for the improvement of the experiments, arts, and

them or any nine (as . c *.\* e -J r> i o • j. * uj • i

last above), or the sciences oi the aioresaid Royal Society, or our more abundant special
- grace and of our certain knowledge and mere motion, we have given
anc^ Sran^e^ an(^ ty these presents for us, our heirs, and successors do

chanical subjects, give and grant, to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of

with all sorts of i /» • i -r» i <-i • •

foreigners, by letters the aioresaid Royal Society, and to their successors tor ever, that they

TRANSLATION OF SECOND CHARTER 93

and their successors, or any nine or more of them (of whom we will signed by the Presi-
the President for the time being, or his Deputy, to I* one), or the

major part of the aforesaid nine or more, may and shall have from Council, or any seven

. J i or more of them, and

time to time full power and authority, by letters or epistles under in the name of the
the hand of the aforesaid President or his Deputy, in the presence of
the Council, or of any seven or more of them, and in the name of the
Royal Society, to enjoy mutual intelligence and affairs with all and
all manner of strangers and foreigners, whether private or collegiate,
corporate or politic, without any molestation, interruption, or dis-
turbance whatsoever : Provided nevertheless, that this our indulgence,
so granted as it is aforesaid, be not extended to further use than the
particular benefit and interest of the aforesaid Royal Society in
matters or things philosophical, mathematical, or mechanical.
And further we have given and granted, and by these presents for Licence given to the

i . i j j ii /• • i i-» • President. Council.

us, our heirs, and successors do give and grant to the aforesaid Presi- and Fellows, or to the
dent, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, and to SfJ

their successors for ever, or to the President and Council of the Roval of them, to build a

" College or Colleges in

Society aforesaid, or the major part of them, full power and authority London, or within ten

to erect, build, and construct, or to make or cause to be erected,

built, or constructed, within our City of London, or ten miles of

the same, one or more College or Colleges, of whatsoever kind or

quality, for the habitation, assembly, and meeting of the aforesaid

President, Council, and Fellows of the aforesaid Royal Society, and of

their successors, for the ordering and arranging of their affairs and

other matters concerning the same Royal Society.

And further we will, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and if any abuses shall

, , . . , . , happen, or differences

successors do ordain, constitute, and appoint, that it any abuses or arise, they shall be re-

differences hereafter shall arise and happen concerning the govern- [h^

ment or other matters or affairs of the aforesaid Royal Society, (Lord chancellor)

J • "' alone, while living ;

whereby any injury or hindrance may be done to the constitution, and after his death

L u-lM. J f4.U J- 4.1. J of • ' by the Archbishop of

stability, and progress or the studies, or to the matters and affairs, of Canterbury, the Chan-

the same ; that then and so often, by these presents, for us, our heirs, Great ^ai^
and successors, we do authorize, nominate, assign, and appoint our

aforesaid very well-beloved and very trusty Cousin and Councillor *nd tw° Principal

^ 11 /. i /> IT Secretaries, for tho

Edward, Earl of Clarendon, our Chancellor of our Realm of England, time being, or any

by himself during his life, and, after his death, then the Archbishop

of Canterbury, the Chancellor or Keeper of the Great Seal of England,

the Treasurer of England, the Keeper of the Privy Seal, the Bishop

of London, and the two Principal Secretaries for the time being, or

any four or more of them, to reconcile, compose, and adjust the same

differences and abuses.

And further we will, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and General Clauses.
successors, firmly enjoining, do order and command all and singular

94 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

the Justices, Mayors, Aldermen, Sheriffs, Bailiffs, Constables, and
other officers, ministers, and subjects whomsoever of us, our heirs, and
successors, that they be from time to time aiding and assistant to the
aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society afore-
said, and to their successors for ever, in and by all things, according
to the true intention of these our Letters Patent.

Although express mention of the true yearly value or of the
certainty of the premises, or of any of them, or of other gifts or
grants before these times made by us or by any of our progenitors or
predecessors to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the
Royal Society aforesaid, is not made in these presents ; or any statute,
act, ordinance, provision, proclamation, or restriction to the contrary
thereof heretofore had, made, enacted, ordained, or provided, or any
other thing, cause, or matter whatsoever, in any wise notwithstanding.

In witness whereof we have caused these our Letters to be made
Patent. Witness Ourself, at Westminster, the twenty-second day of
April, in the fifteenth year of our reign.

By writ of Privy Seal.

HOWARD.

CHART A TERTIA,1

lisdem ab eodem concessa, A.D. MDCLXIX.

CAROLUS SECUNDUS, Dei gratia Angliae Scotiae Franciae et Hiber-
niae Rex, Fidei Defensor, etc., omnibus ad quos hae Literae nostrae
Patentes pervenerint, salutem.

Sciatis, quod nos de gratia nostra speciali ac ex certa scientia et
mero motu nostris dedimus et concessimus, ac per presentes pro
nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris damus et concedimus,
dilectis et fidelibus nostris Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus Regalis
Societatis Londini pro Scientia naturali promovenda, et succes-
soribus suis in perpetuum, Totam illam peciam terrae arabilis
Grant of Lands in vocatam Teamshott, continentem per aestimationem viginti acras,
jacentem inter viam nostram ducentem a Westmonasterio versus
Chelsey ex parte boreali et occidentali, et peciam prati continentem
per aestimationem quatuor acras, parcellam octodecim acrarum prati
nuper in tenura Comitis Nottinghamiae vel assignatorum suorum, ex
parte australi, ac clausum prati vocatum Stony Bridge Close ex parte

1 The warrant for this Charter is preserved among the State Papers. It is
dated May 24, 1667.

CHARTA TERTIA 95

orientali, et peciam terrae arabilis nuper in occupations Thomae
Evans vel assignatorum suorum ex parte occidentali, per particulare
inde mentionatam esse annualis redditus sive valoris viginti triuin
solidorum et quatuor denariorum ; Necnon totum illud praedictum
clausum prati vocatum Stony Bridge Close, continens per aestima-
tionem quatuor acras, nuper in occupatione Johannis Deakes vel
assignatorum suorum, jacens inter rivum vocatum le Common Sewer
ex parte orientali, et praedictam peciam terrae vocatam Teamshott
ex parte occidentali, et pontem vocatum Stony Bridge ex parte
boreali, per particulare inde mentionatum esse annualis redditus
sive valoris viginti solidorum ; Necnon totam illam unam peciam
terrae arabilis in communi campo vocato East Field, continentem
per aestimationem tres acras, nuper in occupatione Thomae Frances
vel assignatorum suorum, jacentem inter praedictam peciam terrae
vocatam Teamshott ex parte orientali, peciam terrae arabilis nuper
in tenura Comitis Lincolniae vel assignatorum suorum ex parte
occidentali, parcellam prati de Earles Court land ex parte austral i,
et viam nostram ducentem a Westmonasterio versus Chelsey prae
dictam ex parte boreali et occidentali, per particulare inde men-
tionatam esse annualis redditus sive valoris quatuor solidorum ;
(quae quidem praemissa stint aut olim fuerunt parcella terrae
nostrae in Chelsey, existentis parcellae terrae Dominicalis Manerii
de Chelsey praedicta, ac nnper fuerunt parcella possessionum
Johannis, nuper Ducis Northumbriae, et quae nuper per prae-
charissimum avum nostrum beatae memoriae Jacobum Regem per
Literas suas Patentes, gerentes datum apud Westmonasterium,
octavo die Maii, anno regni sui Angliae octavo et Scotiae quadra-
gesimo tertio, concessa fuerunt aut mentionata esse concessa Prae-
posito et Sociis Collegii Regis Jacobi in Chelsey prope London,
ex fundatione ejusdem Jacobi, Regis Angliae, et successoribus suis
in perpetuum, tenenda de praefato Jacobo Rege, ut de Manerio
suo de East Greenwich, in comitatu Cantiae, per fidelitatem tantum,
in libero et communi soccagio, et non in capite, nee per servitium
militare ;) Ac etiam omnia et singula domus aedificia structuras
boscos subboscos arbores, ac totam terram fundum et solum eorundem
boscorum subboscorum et arborum, ac omnia alia jura jurisdictiones
franchesias privilegia libertates proficua commoditates advantagia
emolumenta et hereditamenta nostra quaecunque, cum eorum perti-
nentiis universis, cujuscunque sint generis naturae seu speciei, seu
quibuscunque nominibus sciantur censeantur nuncupentur seu
cognoscantur, situata jacentia et existentia, provenientia crescentia
renovantia sive emergentia, infra comitatum villas campos loca sive
hameletta praedicta, vel alibi ubictinque, praedictis terris et caeteris

96 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

praemissis vel alicui inde parcellae quoquo modo spectantia ; Necnon
reversionem et reversiones omnium et singulorum praemissorum
superius per presentes praeconcessorum, et cujuslibet inde parcellae,
dependentes vel expectantes de in vel super aliquam dimissionem
vel concessionem pro termino vel terminis vitae vel vitarum vel
annorum, aut aliter, de praemissis superius per presentes prae-
concessis seu de aliqua inde parcella quoquo modo factam, existentem
de recordo vel non de recordo; Necnon omnia et singula redditus
et annualia proficua quaecunque reservata super quibuscunque
dimissionibus vel concessionibus de et super praemissis per pre-
sentes praeconcessis, vel de et super aliqua inde parcella.

Dedimus etiam et concessimus, ac per presentes pro nobis heredi-
bus et successoribus nostris damus et concedimus, praefatis Praesidi
Concilio et Sodalibus Regalis Societatis Londini pro scientia natu-
rali promovenda, et successoribus suis in perpetuum, quod ipsi et
eorum successores de caetero in perpetuum habeant teneant et gau-
deant, ac habere tenere et gaudere valeant et possint, infra prae-
missa superius per presentes praeconcessa, ac infra quamlibet inde
parcellam, tot tanta talia eadem hujusmodi et consimilia jura juris-
dictiones libertates franchesias consuetudines privilegia proficua
commoditates advantagia emolumenta et hereditamenta quaecun-
que, quot quanta qualia et quae, ac adeo plene libere et integre,
ac in tarn amplis modo et forma, prout praedictus Johannes, nuper
Dux Northumbriae, aut praedictus Praepositus et Socii Collegii
Regis Jacobi in Chelsey prope London, ex fundatione ejusdem
Jacobi, Regis Angliae, aut aliquis alius sive aliqui alii, praedicta
terras tenementa et caetera praemissa cum suis pertinentiis, aut
aliquam inde parcellam, unquam antehac habentes possidentes aut
seisiti inde existentes, habens possidens aut seisitus inde existens,
unquam habuerunt tenuerunt usi vel gavisi fuerunt, habuit tenuit
usus vel gavisus fuit, seu habere tenere uti vel gaudere debuerunt
aut debuit, in praemissis superius per presentes praeconcessis, aut
aliqua inde parcella, ratione vel praetextu alicujus chartae doni
concessions vel confirmationis per nos seu aliquem progenitorum
vel antecessorum nostrorum, nuper Regum vel Reginarum Angliae,
antehac habitae factae vel concessae seu confirmatae, aut ratione
vel praetextu alicujus Actus Parliamenti vel aliquorum Actuum
Parliamentorum, aut ratione vel praetextu alicujus legitimae prae-
scriptionis usus seu consuetudinis antehac habitae seu usitatae, aut
aliter, quocunque legali modo jure seu titulo ; ac adeo plene libere
et integre, ac in tarn amplis modo et forma, prout nos aut aliquis
progenitorum vel antecessorum nostrorum, nuper Regum vel Regi-
narum Angliae, praedicta terras tenementa et caetera praemissa.

PI.ATK IX

From an engraving in Smitli's ' Historical and Literary
Curiosities'. London, 1845

CHARTA TERTIA 97

ant aliquam inde parcellam, habuimus et gavisi fuimus aut habuerunt
et gavisi fuerunt, sen habere et gaudere debuimus aut habere et
gaudere debuerunt aut debuit.

Damns ulterius, ac per presentes pro nobis heredibus et successor! -
bus nostris concedimus, praefatis Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus
Regalis Societatis Londini pro scientia natural! promovenda, et eorum
successoribus, omnia et singula praemissa superius per presentes
praeconcessa, cum eorum pertinentiis universis, adeo plene libere et
integre, ac in tarn amplis modo et forma, prout ea omnia et singula
praemissa, aut aliqua inde parcella, ad manus nostras, seu ad manus
aliquorum progenitorum vel antecessorum nostrorum, nuper Regum
vel Reginarum Angliae, ratione vel praetextu dissolutionis vel sursum
redditionis alicujus nuper monasterii prioratus sive hospitalis, aut
ratione vel praetextu alicujus Actus Parliamenti vel aliquorum Actuum
Parliamentorum, aut ratione alicujus attincturae sive forisfacturae,
aut ratione alicujus excambii vel perquisiti, aut alicujus doni vel con-
cessionis, aut ratione eschaetae, aut quocunque alio legali modo jure sen
titulo, devenerunt seu devenire debuerunt, ac in manibus nostris jam
existunt seu existere debent vel debuerunt.

HABEXDUM tenendum et gaudendum praedicta terras tenementa et Tenure,
hereditamenta, ac caetera omnia et singula praemissa superius per
presentes praeconcessa, cum eorum pertinentiis universis, praefatis
Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus Regalis Societatis Londini pro scientia
naturali promovenda, et successoribus suis in perpetuum ; Tenendum
de nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris, ut de Manerio nostro de
East Greenwich, in comitatu nostro Cantiae, per fidelitatem tantum,
in libero et communi soccagio, et non in capite, nee per servitium
militare ; Ac reddendo annuatim nobis heredibus et successoribus Kent,
nostris de et pro praedicta terra arabili vocata Teamshott viginti tres
solidos et quatuor denarios, ac de et pro praedicto clauso prati vocato
Stony Bridge Close viginti solidos, ac de et pro praedicta pecia terrae
arabilis in communi campo vocato East Field quatuor solidos, legalis
monetae Angliae, ad festa Sancti Michaelis Archangeli et Annuncia-
tionis beatae Mariae Virginis, ad Receptam Scaccarii nostri West-
monasterii heredum et successorum nostrorum, seu ad manus Balli-
vorum seu Receptorum praemissorum pro tempore existentium, per
aequales portiones annuatim solvendos in perpetuum.

Et ulterius de uberiori gratia nostra speciali ac ex certa scientia et Exonerations, acquit-
mero motu nostris volumus, ac per presentes pro nobis heredibus et
successoribus nostris concedimus praefatis Presidi Concilio et Sodalibus
Regalis Societatis praedictae, et successoribus suis, quod nos heredes
et successores nostri de caetero in perpetuum annuatim, et de tempore
in tempus, exonerabimus acquietabimus et indempnes conservabimus

H

98 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

tarn praefatos Praesidem Concilium et Sodales Regalis Societatis
praedictae, et successores suos, quam praedicta terras tenementa et
caetera omnia et singula praemissa superius expressa et specificata ac
per presentes praeconcessa, et quamlibet inde parcellam, cum eorum
pertinentiis universis, de et ab omnibus et omnimodis corrodiis redditi-
bus feodis servitiis annuitatibus pensionibus portionibus ac denariorum
summis ac oneribus quibuscunque de praemissis seu aliqua inde parcella
nobis heredibus vel successoribus nostris exeuntibus vel solvendis, vel
superinde versus nos heredes vel successores nostros oneratis vel one-
randis ; praeterquam de redditibus servitiis et tenuris superius in his
presentibus nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris reservatis, ac
praeterquam de dimissionibus et concessionibus de praemissis seu de
aliqua inde parcella antehac factis, ac conventionibus et conditioni-
bus in eisdem existentibus, ac conventionibus et oneribus, quae aliquis
firmarius seu aliqui firmarii praemissorum ratione indenturarum et
dimissionum suarum facere et exonerare tenetur seu tenentur.

Volumus etiam, ac per presentes pro nobis heredibus et successori-
bus nostris firmiter injungendo praecipimus tarn Commissionariis pro
Thesauro nostro, Thesaurario, Camerario, Subthesaurario, et Baroni-
bus Scaccarii nostri heredum et successorum nostrorum pro tempore
existentibus, quam omnibus et singulis Auditoribus et aliis officiariis et
ministris nostris heredum et successorum nostrorum quibuscunque pro
tempore existentibus, quod ipsi et eorum quilibet, super solam demon-
strationem harum Literarum nostrarum Patentium, vel Irrotulamenti
earundem, absque aliquo alio brevi seu warranto a nobis heredibus
vel successoribus nostris quoquo modo impetrando seu prosequendo,
plenam integram debitamque allocationem et exonerationem mani-
festam de et ab omnibus et omnimodis hujusmodi corrodiis redditibus
feodis pensionibus portionibus et denariorum summis ac oneribus
quibuscunque (praeterquam de servitiis redditibus tenuris ac arreragiis
redditus ac caeteris praemissis in his praesentibus, ut praefertur,
reservatis, et per praefatos Praesidem Concilium et Sodales Regalis
Societatis praedictae et successores suos solubilibus fiendis1 seu per-
formandis) de praemissis per presentes praeconcessis, seu de aliqua inde
parte vel parcella, nobis heredibus vel successoribus nostris exeuntibus
seu solvendis, vel superinde versus nos heredes vel successores nostros
oneratis seu onerandis, praefatis Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus Regalis
Societatis praedictae et successoribus suis facient, et de tempore in tern-
pus fieri causabunt ; Et hae Literae nostrae Patentes, vel Irrotulamen-
tum earundem, erunt de tempore in tempus tarn dictis Commissionariis
pro Thesauro nostro, Thesaurario, Cancellario,2 et Baronibus Scaccarii
nostri heredum et successorum nostrorum pro tempore existentibus,

1 Sic. 2 Sic ; see above.

CHARTA TERTIA 99

quam omnibus et singulis Auditoribus, et aliis officiariis et ministris
nostris heredum et successorum nostrorura (juibuscunque pro tempore
existentibus, sufficiens warrantum et exoneratio in hac parte.

Et cum nos [>er Literas nostras Patentes, gerentes datum apud \Vest- Recital of some parts
monasterium, vicesimo secundo die Aprilis, anno regni nostri decimo oi
quinto, Praesidi ConcilioetSodalibus Regalis Societatis praedictae factas,
inter alia concessimus praefatis Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus praedictae
Regalis Societatis, et successoribus suis in perpetuum, quod si contigerit
Praesidem ejusdem Regalis Societatis pro tempore existentem aegritu-
dine vel infirmitate detineri, vel in servitio nostro heredum vel successo-
rum nostrorum versari, vel aliter esse occupatum, ita quod necessariis
negotiis ejusdem Regalis Societatis officium Praesidis tangentibus
attendere non poterit ; quod tune et toties bene liceat et licebit eidem
Praesidi sic detento versato vel occupato unum de Concilio praedictae
Regalis Societatis pro tempore existente, fore et esse Deputatum
ejusdem Praesidis, nominare et appunctuare ; qui quidem Deputatus, in
officio Deputati Praesidis praedicti sic faciendus et constituendus, sit et
esset Deputatus ejusdem Praesidis de tempore in tempus, toties quoties
praedictus Praeses sic abesse contigerit, durante toto tempore, quo prae-
dictus Praeses in officio Praesidis continuaverit, nisi interim praedictus
Praeses Regalis Societatis praedictae pro tempore existens unum alium
de praedicto Concilio ejus Deputatum fecerit et constituerit ; Et quod
quilibet hujusmodi Deputatus praedicti Praesidis, sic ut praefertur
faciendus et constituendus, omnia et singula quae ad officium Praesidis
praedictae Regalis Societatis pertinent seu pertinere debent, vel per
praedictum Praesidem virtute istarum Literarum nostrarum Patentium
limitata et appunctuata fore * facienda et exequenda, de tempore in
tempus, toties quoties praedictus Praeses sic abesse contigerit, durante
tali tempore, quo Deputatus praedicti Praesidis continuaverit, facere
et exequi valeat et possit, vigore istarum Literarum nostrarum
Patentium, adeo plene libere et integre, ac in tarn amplis modo et
forma, prout Praeses praedictus, si praesens esset, ilia facere et exequi
valeat et possit ; sacramento corporali super sancta Dei Evangelia, in
forma et effectu in eisdem Literis nostris Patentibus specificatis, per
hujusmodi Deputatum, ad omnia et singula quae ad officium Praesidis
pertinent bene et fideliter exequenda, coram praefato Concilio prae-
dictae Regalis Societatis vel aliquibus septem vel pluribus eorum,
prius praestando ; et sic toties quoties casus sic accident ; cui quidem
Concilio, vel aliquibus septem vel pluribus eorum pro tempore existen-
tibus, sacramentum praedictum administrare potestatem et authori-
tatem, quoties casus sic acciderit, dedimus et concessimus per easdem
Literas nostras Patentes, absque brevi commissione sive ulteriori

1 Sic.
H 2

100 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

warranto in ea parte a nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris procu-
rando seu obtinendo ; Ac quod ipsi et successores eorum, seu aliqui
novem vel plures eorum (quorum Praesidem pro tempore existentem,
vel ejus Deputatum, semper unum esse volumus), conventus seu con-
gregationes de seipsis pro experimentorum et rerum naturalium cogni-
tione et indagine, aliisque negotiis ad Societatem praedictam spectan-
tibus, quoties et quando opus fuerit, licite facere et habere possint
in collegio sive aula sive alio loco commodo intra Civitatem nostram
London, vel in aliquo alio loco commodo intra decem milliaria ab
eadem Civitate nostra.
it takes notice that Et cum diversa et varia res potestates libertates et privilegia in
r- eisdem Literis nostris Patentibus praefatis Praesidi Concilio Sodalibus

ter, cannot he exe- Regalis Societatis praedictae concessa, virtute istarum Literarum

cuted but by the Pre- J .

sident and Council, or nostrarum Patentium, non sunt exercenda facienda performanda seu

seven or more of them. , . . ,. . T, ., ,/-.•!• T

by virtue of that exequenda, nisi per praedictos Praesidem et Concilium aut aliquos
septem vel plures eorum ; Et cum ulterius per praedictas Literas
nostras Patentes pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris dedimus
et concessimus praefatis Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus praedictae
Regalis Societatis, et successoribus suis in perpetuum, sive aliquibus
viginti et uni vel pluribus eorum (quorum Praesidem pro tempore
existentem, vel ejus Deputatum, semper unum esse volumus), seu
majori parti praedictorum viginti et unius vel plurium, plenam
potestatem et authoritatem de tempore in tempus eligendi nominandi
et constituendi unum vel plures Typographos sive Impressores, et
Chalcographos seu Sculptores, et ipsi vel ipsis, per scriptum Communi
Sigillo praedictae Regalis Societatis sigillatum, et manu Praesidis pro
tempore existentis signatum, facultatem concedendi, ut imprimant
tales res materias et negotia praedictam Regalem Societatem tangentes
vel concernentes, quales praedictis Typographo vel Impressori, Chalco-
grapho vel Sculptori, vel Typographis vel Impressoribus, Chalcographis
vel Sculptoribus, de tempore in tempus per Praesidem et Concilium
praedictae Regalis Societatis, vel aliquos septem vel plures eorum
(quorum Praesidem pro tempore existentem, vel ejus Deputatum,
unum esse volumus), vel per majorem partem praedictorum septem
vel plurium commissae fuerint ; sacramentis suis corporalibus, antequam
ad officia sua exercenda admittantur, coram Praeside et Concilio
pro tempore existentibus, vel aliquibus septem vel pluribus eorum,
prius praestandis; cui quidem Praesidi et Concilio, vel aliquibus
septem vel pluribus eorum pro tempore existentibus, sacramenta prae-
dicta administrare plenam potestatem et authoritatem dedimus et
concessimus per praedictas Literas nostras Patentes ; prout in eisdem
Literis nostris Patentibus, relatione inde habita, plenius liquet et
apparet :

CHARTA TERTIA 101

Nos,de abundantiori gratia nostra special! ac ex certa scientia et mero This Charter direct*
niotu nostris, dedimus et concessimus,ac per presentes pro nobis heredi-
bus et successoribus nostris damus et concedimus, praefatis Praesidi
Concilio et Sodalibus praedictae Regalis Societatis, et successoribus suis one or more others :
in perpetuum, quod de caetero in perpetuum, si contigerit Praesidem
ejusdeni Regalis Societatis pro tempore existentem aegritudine vel in-
firmitate detineri, vel in servitio nostro heredum vel successorum no-
stroruin versari, vel aliter esse occupatum, ita quod necessariis negotiis
ejusdem Regalis Societatis officium Praesidis tangentibus attendere non
poterit ; qu<xi tune et toties bene liceat et licebit eidam Praesidi sic
detento versato vel occupato unum de Concilio praedictae Regalis Socie-
tatis pro tempore existente, fore et esse Deputatum ejusdem Praesidis,
nominare et appunctuare ; qui quidem Deputatus, in officio Deputati
Praesidis praedicti sic faciendus et constituendus, sit et erit Deputatus
ejusdem Praesidis de tempore in tempus, toties quoties praedictus
Praeses sic abesse contigerit, durante toto tempore, quo praedictus
Praeses in officio Praesidis continuaverit, etiamsi interim Praeses
Regalis Societatis praedictae pro tempore existens unum alium vel
plures alios de praedicto Concilio ejus Deputatum et Deputatos
fecerit et constituent ; cui quidem Praesidi pro tempore existenti duos And it gives him
vel plures de praedicto Concilio ejus Deputatos ipso et eodem tempore
facere et constituere potestatem et authoritatem, quoties ei placuerit, oneaLd'the'sanne' **

damus et concedimus per presentes pro nobis heredibus et successo- time ; who m»y.

. t i -1.1 • TX of them, do the same

ribus nostris; Et quod quihbet hujusmodi Deputatus et Deputati Acts in his absence, as

,.,-,, • T • /• . p • i- • •• !• • he himself' could do if

praedicti Praesidis, sic ut praefertur faciendi et constituendi, omnia present.

et singula quae ad officium Praesidis praedictae Regalis Societatis

pertinent seu pertinere debent, vel per praedictum Praesidem virtute

praedictarum Literarum nostrarum Patentium, vel presentium, limitata

et appunctuata fore1 facienda et exequenda, de tempore in tempus,

toties quoties praedictus Praeses sic abesse contigerit, durante tali

tempore, quo Deputatus et Deputati praedicti Praesidis continuaverit et

continuaverint, facere et exequi valeat et possint, valeant et possint,

vigore harum Literarum nostrarum Patentium, adeo plene libere et in-

tegre, ac in tarn amplis modo et forma, prout Praeses praedictus, si prae-

sens esset, ilia facere et exequi valeret et posset ; sacramento corporali But they must first be

super sancta Dei Evangelia, in forma et effectu in eisdem Literis nostris council, or five or

Patentibus specificatis, per hujusmodi Deputatum et Deputatos, ad mor<

omnia et singula quae ad officium Praesidis pertinent bene et fideliter

exequenda, coram praefato Concilio praedictae Regalis Societatis, vel

aliquibus quinque 2 vel pluribus eorum, prius praestando ; et sic toties

quoties casus sic acciderit : cui quidem Concilio, vel aliquibus quinque

1 -Sic.

a N.B. — The Oaths of Obedience and Supremacy require seven ; see further on.

"fo'21 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

vel pluribus eorum pro tempore existentibus, sacramentum praedictum
administrare potestatem et authoritatem, quoties casus sic accident,
damus et concedimus per presentes, absque brevi commissione sive
ulteriori warranto in ea parte a nobis heredibus et successoribus
nostris procurando seu obtinendo ;
For the future, the Ac ulterius, quod de caetero in perpetuum ipsi et successores

President, Council, T • 11 T» • i

and Fellows, or any eorum, seu aliqui novem vel plures eoruni (quorum Praesidem pro

temPore existentem, vel ejus Deputatum, semper unum esse volumus),
Deputy to be always conventus seu congregationes de seipsis pro experimentorum et reruni

one), may hold their . . . ,7 .. . •

Assemblies anywhere naturalium cogmtione et indagine, aliisque negotiis ad Societatem
ENGLAND. praedictam spectantibus, quoties et quando opus fuerit, licite facere

et habere possint in collegio sive aula sive alio loco commodo intra

Regnum nostrum Angliae ;

All Powers, &c., which Ac ulterius, quod omnia et singula res po testates libertates et
heretoforebbutXbyCtheed pnvilegia in praedictis Literis nostris Patentibus praefatis Praesidi
President and Coun- Concilio et Sodalibus Regalis Societatis praedictae concessa, virtute

oil, or seven or more oi

them, may for the istarum Literarum nostrarum Patentium, quae non sunt exercenda

future be exercised by,,., „ , ,.. ,.. T. • i

the President and tacienda periormanda seu exequenda, nisi per praedictum Praesidem

more 'of 'them!7 ^6 * e^ Concilium, aut aliquos septem vel plures eorum, de caetero in per-

petuum exerceri fieri performari seu exequi possint et valeant per

praedictos Praesidem et Concilium, aut aliquos quinque vel plures

eorum.

For the future, the Ac ulterius de uberiori gratia nostra dedimus et concessimus, ac
^e^^may^appom ^ presentes pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris damus et
and one Engraver or concedimus, praefatis Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus praedictae

more, and authorize

him or them to print Regalis Societatis, et successoribus suis in perpetuum, quod de caetero

such things (touching . v * r._. n . .

or concerning the in perpetuum bene liceat et lice bit Praesidi Regal is Societatis
b^gtven totam^or praedictae pro tempore existenti, de tempore in tempus, eligere
them in £h^j^y^e nominare et constituere aliquem vel aliquos Typographum sive

oil, or any five or more Impressorem, Typographos sive Impressores, et Chalcographum

of them (of whom the V,, , • • i

President or his De- seu bculptorem, Cnalcographos seu sculptores, et ipsi vel ipsis

the 'major p°art ofsuch facultatem concedere, ut imprimant tales res materias et negotia

five or more. praedictam Regalem Societatem tangentes vel concernentes, quales

praedictis Typographo vel Impressori, Chalcographo seu Sculptori,

vel Typographis vel Impressoribus, Chalcographis vel Sculptoribus,

de tempore in tempus per Praesidem et Concilium praedictae Regalis

Societatis, vel aliquos quinque vel plures eorum (quorum Praesidem

pro tempore existentem, vel ejus Deputatum, unum esse volumus), vel

per majorem partem praedictorum quinque vel plurium, commissae

They must be first fuerint ; sacramentis suis corporalibus, antequam ad officia sua

sworn before the Pre- , j ... TI -j r>, -T

sident and Council, or exercenda admittantur, coram Praeside et Concilio pro tempore
°r m°re °f existente, vel aliquibus quinque vel pluribus eorum, prius prae-
standis ; et sic toties quoties casus sic accident : cui quidem Praesidi

CHARTA TERTIA 103

et Concilio pro tempore existentibus, vel aliquibus quinque vel pluri-
bus eorum, sacramenta praedicta administrare plenam potestatem et
authoritatem damus et concedimns per presentes.

Et ulterius volumus, ac per presentes pro nobis heredibus et General confirmatory
successoribus nostris concedimus praefatis Praesidi Concilio et
Sodalibus Regalis Societatis praedictae, et successoribus suis, quod
hae Literae nostrae Patentes, vel Irrotulamentum earundem, stabunt
et erunt in omnibus et per omnia bonae firmae validae sufficientes et
efFectuales in lege ad omnes respectus proposita constructiones et
intentiones erga et contra nos heredes et successores nostros, tarn in
omnibus Curiis nostris, quam alibi intra Regnum nostrum Angliae,
absque aliquibus confirmationibus licentiis vel tolerationibus de nobis
heredibus vel successoribus nostris quoquo modo in posterum pro-
curandis aut obtinendis :

Non obstante male nominando vel male recitando aut non recitando
praedicta terras tenementa et caetera praemissa, vel aliquam inde
parcellam ; Et non obstante non inveniendo officium aut inquisitionem
praemissorum, aut alicujus inde parcellae, per quae titulus noster
inveniri debuit, ante confectionem harum Literarum nostrarum
Patentium ; Et non obstante male recitando vel non recitando
aliquam dimissionem vel concessionem de praemissis vel de aliqua
inde parcella factam, existentem de recordo vel non de recordo ; Et
non obstante male nominando vel non nominando aliquam villam
hamelettum parochiam locum vel comitatum, in quibus praemissa vel
aliqua inde parcella existunt vel existit ; Et non obstante, quod de
nobis1 tenentium firmariorum sive occupatorum praemissorum, vel
alicujus inde parcellae, plena vera et certa non fit mentio ; Et non
obstantibus aliquibus defectibus de certitudine vel computatione aut
declaratione veri annui valoris praemissorum, aut alicujus inde
parcellae, aut annualis redditus reservati de et super praemissis, vel
de et super aliqua inde parcella, in his Literis nostris Patentibus
expressis et contentis; Et non obstante Statute in Parliamento
Domini Henrici, nuper Regis Angliae Sexti, progenitoris nostri, anno
regni sui decimo octavo, facto et edito ; Et non obstante 2 aliquibus
aliis defectibus, in non certe nominando naturam genus speciei2
quantitatem aut qualitatem praemissorum, aut alicujus inde parcellae ;
Et non obstante Statute de terris et tenementis ad manum mortuam
non ponendis, aut aliquo alio statute actu ordinatione proclamatione
provisione sive restrictione in contrarium inde antehac habito facto
edito ordinato seu proviso, in aliquo non obstante: SALVO tamen
Andreae Cole, Armigero, et omnibus aliis personis quibuscunque,

1 Error for nominibus ; so also in the Patent Roll.

2 Sic.

104 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

praeterquam nos heredes et successores nostros, tali jure clameo 1
interesse et demanda quaecunque, quale ipse vel ipsi seu eorum
aliquis habet seu habeant,2 aut de jure habere debent, de et in
praemissis, seu aliqua parte vel parcella inde.

The President and Et ulterius volumus, et per presentes pro nobis heredibus et

Deputy-Presidents are ., .. ,. ...... , ..

enjoined to take the successonbus nostris ordmamus et firmiter mjungendo praecipimus,
^heo&tho^s^rerr^y, quod Praeses Societatis praedictae pro tempore existens, et Deputati
before the Council, or eiUc antequam ipsi aut eorum aliqui ad executionem officii illius

seven or more of them, J \

previously to their admittantur, tarn sacramentuni corporale communiter vocatum The
Oath of Obedience, quam sacramentum corporale communiter vocatum
The Oath of Supremacy, super sacrosanctis Dei Evangeliis praesta-
bunt, et eorum quilibet praestabit, coram Concilio ejusdem Societatis,
aut aliquibus septem 3 vel pluribus eorum : cui quidem Concilio, aut
aliquibus septem vel pluribus eorum, sacramenta praedictaadministrare
pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris plenam potestatem et
authoritatem de tempore in tempus, quotiescunque opus fuerit, dam us
et concedimus per presentes.

Proviso semper, et voluntas et intentio nostra regia est, -quod terrae
et praemissa praedicta per presentes, ut praefertur, concessa, seu
eorum aliqua, non alienabuntur vel vendentur alicui personae sive
aliquibus personis quibuscunque ; aliquo in presentibus contento in
contrarium inde non obstante.

E6 quod expressa mentio de vero valore annuo vel de certitudine
praemissorum sive eorum alicujus, aut de aliisdonis sive concessionibus
per nos seu per aliquem progenitorum sive praedecessorum nostroruni
praefatis Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus Regalis Societatis de London,
et successoribus suis, ante haec tempora factis, in presentibus minimc
facta existit ; aut aliquo statute actu ordinatione provisione pro-
clamatione sive restrictione in contrarium inde antehac habito facto
edito ordinato sive proviso, aut aliqua alia re causa vel materia
quacunque, in aliquo non obstante.

In cujus rei testimonium has Literas nostras fieri fecimus Patentes.
TESTE Me ipso, apud Westmonasterium, octavo die Aprilis, anno
regni nostri vicesimo primo.

Per breve de Privato Sigillo.

PlGOTT.4

1 ' Jus clameum,' &c., in the Charter and in the Roll.

2 Sic.

3 N.B. — The Oath of Office may be taken before five only ; see before.

* This Charter is on three skins of vellum. The first skin contains an engraved
portrait of Charles II, very much inferior in execution to those in the preceding
Charters.

105

Translation of Third Charter, granting Chelsea College
and further Privileges, A. D. 1669.

Charles the Second, by the grace of God, King of England,
Scotland, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, £c., to all to
whom these our Letters Patent shall come, greeting.

Know ye that we, of our special grace and of our certain knowledge
and mere motion, have given and granted, and by these presents for
us, our heirs, and successors do give and grant, to our beloved and
trusty the President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society of
London for promoting Natural Knowledge, and to their successors for
ever, All that piece of arable land called Teamshott, containing by Grant of Lands in
estimation twenty acres, lying between our highway leading from
Westminster to Chelsey on the north and west side, and a piece of
meadow, containing by estimation four acres, parcel of eighteen acres
of meadow, late in the tenure of the Earl of Nottingham or his assigns,
on the south side, and a close of meadow called Stony Bridge Close on
the east side, and a piece of arable land, late in the occupation of
Thomas Evans or his assigns, on the west side, by the particular
thereof mentioned to be of the yearly rent or value of twenty-three
shillings and four pence ; And also all that the aforesaid close of
meadow called Stony Bridge Close, containing by estimation four acres,
late in the occupation of John Deakes or his assigns, lying between the
stream called the Common Sewer on the east side, and the aforesaid
piece of land called Teamshott on the west side, and the bridge called
Stony Bridge on the north side, by the particular thereof mentioned
to be of the yearly rent or value of twenty shillings ; And also all that
one piece of arable land in the common field called East Field,
containing by estimation three acres, late in the occupation of Thomas
Frances or his assigns, lying between the aforesaid piece of land called
Teamshott on the east side, a piece of arable land, late in the tenure
of the Earl of Lincoln or his assigns, on the west side, a parcel of
meadow of Earles Court land on the south side, and our highway
leading from Westminster to Chelsey aforesaid on the north and west
side, by the particular thereof mentioned to be of the yearly rent or
value of four shillings ; (which same premises are, or formerly were,
parcel of our land in Chelsey, being parcel of the Demesne land of the
Manor of Chelsey aforesaid, and lately were parcel of the possessions
of John, late Duke of Northumberland ; and which lately by our very
dear grandfather, of blessed memory, King James, by his Letters
Patent, bearing date at Westminster, the eighth day of May, in the
year of his reign of England the eighth, and of Scotland the forty-third,

106 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

were granted, or mentioned to be granted, to the Provost and Fellows
of the College of King James in Chelsey, near London, of the founda-
tion of the same James, King of England, and to their successors for
ever, to hold of the aforesaid King James, as of his Manor of East
Greenwich, in the County of Kent, by fealty only, in free and common
socage, and not in chief, nor by Knight service ;) And also all and
singular houses, buildings, structures, woods, underwoods, trees, and
all the land, ground, and soil of the same woods, underwoods, and
trees, and all other our rights, jurisdictions, franchises, privileges,
liberties, profits, commodities, advantages, emoluments, and heredita-
ments whatsoever, with all their appurtenances, of whatsoever kind,
nature, or sort they may be, or by whatsoever names they may be
known, deemed, called, or recognized, situate, lying, and being, issuing,
growing, renewing, or arising, within the county, towns, fields, places,
or hamlets aforesaid, or elsewhere wheresoever, to the aforesaid lands
and other the premises, or to any parcel thereof, in any manner
belonging ; And also the reversion and reversions of all and singular
the premises above by these presents before granted, and of every
parcel thereof, dependent or expectant of, in, or upon any demise or
grant for term or terms of life or lives or years, or otherwise, made of
the premises above by these presents before granted, or of any parcel
thereof, in any manner, being of record or not of record ; And also all
and singular the rents and yearly profits whatsoever, reserved upon
whatsoever demises or grants of and upon the premises by these
presents before granted, or of and upon any parcel thereof.

Aded pient Clauses. We have also given and granted, and by these presents for us, our

heirs, and successors do give and grant to the aforesaid President,
Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society of London for promoting
Natural Knowledge, and to their successors for ever, that they and
their successors henceforth for ever may have, hold, and enjoy, and
may be able and have power to have, hold, and enjoy, within the
premises above by these presents before granted, and within every
parcel thereof, as many, as great, such, the same, like, and similar
rights, jurisdictions, liberties, franchises, customs, privileges, profits,
commodities, advantages, emoluments, and hereditaments whatsoever,
as, such as, and which, and as fully, freely, and wholly, and in as ample
manner and form, as the aforesaid John, late Duke of Northumberland,
or the aforesaid Provost and Fellows of the College of King James in
Chelsey, near London, of the foundation of the same James, King of
England, or any other person or persons ever heretofore having or
possessing the aforesaid lands, tenements, and other the premises, with
their appurtenances, or any parcel thereof, or being seised thereof, ever
had, held, used, or enjoyed, or ought to have had, held, used, or

TRANSLATION OF THIRD CHARTER 107

enjoyed, in the premises above by these presents before granted or in
any parcel thereof, by reason or pretext of any charter of gift, grant,
or confirmation by us or by any of our progenitors or ancestors, late
Kings or Queens of England, heretofore had, made, or granted, or
confirmed, or by reason or pretext of any Act of Parliament or of
any Acts of Parliaments, or by reason or pretext of any lawful
prescription, use, or custom heretofore had or used, or otherwise, by
whatsoever lawful means, right, or title ; and as fully, freely, and
wholly, and in as ample manner and form, as we or any of our
progenitors or ancestors, late Kings or Queens of England, had and
enjoyed, or ought to have had and enjoyed, the aforesaid lands, tene-
ments, and other the premises or any parcel thereof.

We give further, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and suc-
cessors do grant to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of
the Royal Society of London for promoting Natural Knowledge, and
to their successors, all and singular the premises above by these
presents before granted, with all their appurtenances, as fully, freely,
and wholly, and in as ample manner and form, as all and singular
those premises or any parcel thereof came or ought to have come to
our hands, or to the hands of any of our progenitors or ancestors, late
Kings or Queens of England, by reason or pretext of the dissolution
or surrender of any late monastery, priory, or hospital, or by reason
or pretext of any Act of Parliament or of any Acts of Parliaments, or
by reason of any attainder or forfeiture, or by reason of any exchange
or purchase, or of any gift or grant, or by reason of escheat, or by
whatsoever other lawful means, right, or title, and now are, or ought
to be, in our hands.

To HAVE, hold, and enjoy the aforesaid lands, tenements, and Tenure.
hereditaments, and all and singular other the premises above by these
presents before granted, with all their appurtenances, to the aforesaid
President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society of London for
promoting Natural Knowledge, and to their successors for ever ; To
hold of us, our heirs, and successors, as of our Manor of East
Greenwich, in our county of Kent, by fealty only, in free and common
socage, and not in chief, nor by Knight service ; And rendering yearly
to us, our heirs, and successors of and for the aforesaid arable land
called Teamshott twenty-three shillings and four pence, and of and
for the aforesaid close of meadow called Stony Bridge Close twenty
shillings, and of and for the aforesaid piece of arable land in the
common field called East Field four shillings, of lawful money of
England, at the feasts of Saint Michael the Archangel and the Annun-
ciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, at the Receipt of the Exchequer
at Westminster for us, our heirs, and successors, or to the hands of

108 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

the Bailiffs or Receivers of the premises for the time being, by equal
portions yearly to be paid for ever.

Exonerations, acquit- And further, of our more abundant special erace and of our certain
tances, &c. . L °

knowledge and mere motion, we will, and by these presents for us,
our heirs, and successors do grant to the aforesaid President, Council,
and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, and to their successors,
that we, our heirs, and successors henceforth for ever yearly and from
time to time will discharge, acquit, and save harmless as well the
aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society afore-
said and their successors, as the aforesaid lands, tenements, and other
all and singular the premises above expressed and specified, and by
these presents before granted, and every parcel thereof, with all their
appurtenances, of and from all and all manner of corrodies, rents, fees,
services, annuities, pensions, portions, and sums of money, and charges
whatsoever from the premises or from any parcel thereof to us, our
heirs, or successors issuing or to be paid, or thereupon towards us,
our heirs, or successors charged or to be charged; except from the
rents, services, and tenures above in these presents to us, our heirs,
and successors reserved, and except from demises and grants of the
premises or of any parcel thereof heretofore made, and the covenants
and conditions being in the same, and the covenants and charges
which any farmer or farmers of the premises by reason of his or their
indentures and demises is or are bound to do and discharge.

We will also, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and successors,
firmly enjoining, do command as well the Commissioners for our
Treasury, the Treasurer, Chamberlain, Under-Treasurer, and Barons
of the Exchequer of us, our heirs, and successors for the time being,
as all and singular Auditors and other officers and ministers of us,
our heirs, and successors whomsoever for the time being, that they
and each of them, upon the mere showing of these our Letters
Patent, or of the Enrolment of the same, without any other writ or
warrant from us, our heirs, or successors in any manner to be sued
out or prosecuted, shall make and from time to time shall cause to be
made to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal
Society aforesaid and their successors full, whole, and due allowance
and manifest discharge of and from all and all manner of such cor-
rodies, rents, fees, pensions, portions, and sums of money, and charges
whatsoever (except from the services, rents, tenures, and arrears of
rent and other the premises in these presents reserved, as it is afore-
said, and by the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the
Royal Society aforesaid and their successors payable, to be done, or
to be performed) from the premises by these presents before granted,
or from any part or parcel thereof, to us, our heirs, or successors

TRANSLATION OF THIRD CHARTER 109

issuing or to be paid, or thereupon towards us, our heirs, or suc-
cessors charged or to be charged ; And these our Letters Patent, or
the Enrolment of the same, shall be from time to time, as well to the
said Commissioners for our Treasury, the Treasurer, Chancellor,1 and
Barons of the Exchequer of us, our heirs, and successors, for the thne
being, as to all and singular Auditors and other officers and ministers
of us, our heirs, and successors whomsoever for the time being, a
sufficient warrant and discharge in this behalf.

And whereas we, by our Letters Patent bearing date at West- Recital of some parts
minster, the twenty-second day of April, in the fifteenth year of °£
our reign, made to the President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal
Society aforesaid, among other things, granted to the aforesaid
President, Council, and Fellows of the aforesaid Royal Society, and
to their successors for ever, that if it shall happen that the President
of the same Royal Society for the time being is detained by sickness
or infirmity, or is employed in the service of us, our heirs, or suc-
cessors, or is otherwise occupied, so that he cannot attend to the
necessary affairs of the same Royal Society touching the office of
President, that then and so often it may and shall be good and
lawful to the same President, so being detained, employed, or occu-
pied, to nominate and appoint one of the Council of the afore-
said Royal Society for the time being to be and become the Deputy
of the same President ; which same Deputy, so to be made and
appointed in the office of Deputy of the President aforesaid, may
and should be the Deputy of the same President from time to time,
as often as it shall happen that the aforesaid President is so absent,
during the whole time in which the aforesaid President shall con-
tinue in the office of President, unless in the meanwhile the afore-
said President of the Royal Society aforesaid for the time being
shall have made and appointed one other of the aforesaid Council
his Deputy ; And that every such Deputy of the aforesaid President
so to be made and appointed, as it is aforesaid, may be able and have
power to do and execute all and singular things which pertain or
ought to pertain to the office of President of the aforesaid Royal
Society, or which are limited and appointed to be done and executed
by the aforesaid President by virtue of those our Letters Patent,
from time to time, as often as it shall happen that the aforesaid
President is so absent, during such time as the Deputy of the afore-
said President shall continue, by force of those our Letters Patent,
as fully, freely, and wholly, and in as ample manner and form, as
the President aforesaid, if he were present, may be able and have
power to do and execute the same ; a corporal oath first to be taken

1 'Chamberlain/ &c., above.

110 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

upon the holy Gospels of God, in the form and effect in our same
Letters Patent specified, by such Deputy, well and faithfully to execute
all and singular things which pertain to the office of President, before
the aforesaid Council of the aforesaid Royal Society, or any seven or
more of them ; and so as often as the case shall so happen ; to which
same Council, or to any seven or more of them, for the time being,
we gave and granted, by our same Letters Patent, power and authority
to administer the oath aforesaid, as often as the case shall so happen,
without procuring or obtaining a writ, commission, or further warrant
in that behalf from us, our heirs, and successors ; And that they and
their successors, or any nine or more of them (of whom we will the
President for the time being, or his Deputy, to be always one), may
lawfully be able to make and have assemblies and meetings of them-
selves for the examination and investigation of experiments and of
natural things, and for other affairs belonging to the Society afore-
said, as often as and whenever it shall be needful, in a College or Hall
or other convenient place within our City of London, or in any other
convenient place within ten miles from our same City : And whereas
it takes notice that divers and various matters, powers, liberties, and privileges granted
a« Char- *n our same Letters Patent to the aforesaid President, Council, and
e- Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, by virtue of those our Letters

sident and Council, or Patent, are not to be exercised, done, performed, or executed, unless

seven or more of them, J n 1' f 0.1.

by virtue of that by the aforesaid President and Council, or any seven or more of them :
And whereas further, by our aforesaid Letters Patent, for us, our
heirs, and successors we gave and granted to the aforesaid President
and Council of the aforesaid Royal Society, and to their successors
for ever, or to any twenty-one or more of them (of whom we will the
President for the time being, or his Deputy, to be always one), or to
the major part of the aforesaid twenty-one or more, full power and
authority from time to time to elect, nominate, and appoint one or
more Typographers or Printers, and Chalcographers or Engravers,
and to grant to him or them, by a writing sealed with the Common
Seal of the aforesaid Royal Society, and signed by the hand of the
President for the time being, faculty to print such things, matters,
and affairs touching or concerning the aforesaid Royal Society as
shall be committed to the aforesaid Typographer or Printer, Chal-
cographer or Engraver, or Typographers or Printers, Chalcographers
or Engravers, from time to time, by the President and Council of the
aforesaid Royal Society, or any seven or more of them (of whom we
will the President for the time being, or his Deputy, to be one),
or by the major part of the aforesaid seven or more ; their corporal
oaths to be first taken, before they be admitted to exercise their
offices, before the President and Council for the time being, or any

TRANSLATION OF THIRD CHARTER 111

seven or more of them ; to which same President and Council, or to
any seven or more of them for the time being, we gave and granted bv
our aforesaid Letters Patent full power and authority to administer
the oaths aforesaid ; as in our same Letters Patent, reference being
had thereto, it is more fully shown and appears :

We, of our more abundant special grace and of our certain This charter directs

iij j ••!. • j L j i i tllat the President's

knowledge and mere motion, have given and granted, and by Deputy shall continue

these presents for us, our heirs, and successors do give and grant,

to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the aforesaid ono or mor

Royal Society, and to their successors for ever, that from henceforth

for ever if it shall happen that the President of the same Royal

Society for the time being is detained by sickness or infirmity, or is

employed in the service of us, our heirs, or successors, or is otherwise

occupied, so that he cannot attend to the necessary affairs of the

same Royal Society touching the office of President ; that then and

so often it may and shall be good and lawful to the same President,

so being detained, employed, or occupied, to nominate and appoint

one of the Council of the aforesaid Royal Society for the time being

to be and become the Deputy of the same President ; which same

Deputy, so to be made and appointed in the office of Deputy of the

President aforesaid, may and shall be the Deputy of the same President

from time to time, as often as it shall happen that the aforesaid

President is so absent, during the whole time in which the aforesaid

President shall continue in the office of President, even though in the

meanwhile the President of the Royal Society aforesaid for the time

being shall have made and appointed one other or several others of

the aforesaid Council his Deputy and Deputies ; to which same

President for the time being we give and grant by these presents for And it gives him ex-

, . i , , . , j . press power to appoint

us, our heirs, and successors power and authority to make and appoint two or more Deputies,
two or more of the aforesaid Council his Deputies, at one and the oSeand'th^wune'**
same time, as often as it shall please him : And that every such tim« ; who may, each

' r • • • j them, do the same

Deputy and Deputies of the aforesaid President, so as it is aforesaid acts in his absence, as

. , , 11111 i j ne himself could do if

to be made and appointed, may be able and have power to do and present.
execute all and singular things which pertain or ought to pertain to
the office of President of the aforesaid Royal Society, or which are
limited and appointed to be done and executed by the aforesaid
President by virtue of our aforesaid Letters Patent or of these
presents, from time to time, as often as it shall happen that the
aforesaid President is so absent, during such time as the Deputy and
Deputies of the aforesaid President shall continue, by force of these
our Letters Patent, as fully, freely, and wholly, and in as ample
manner and form, as the President aforesaid, if he were present, would
be able and have power to do and execute the same ; a corporal oath

112 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

But they must first be to be first taken upon the holy Gospels of God, in the form and effect
m our same Letters Patent specified, by such Deputy and Deputies,

more of them. we|] an(j faithfully to execute all and singular things which pertain

to the office of President, before the aforesaid Council of the aforesaid
Royal Society, or any five or more of them ; and so as often as the
case shall so happen : to which same Council, or to any five or more
of them for the time being, we give and grant by these presents power
and authority to administer the oath aforesaid, as often as the case
shall so happen, without procuring or obtaining a writ, commission,
or further warrant in that behalf from us, our heirs, and successors :

For the future, the And further, that henceforth for ever they and their successors, or

IndFMow^^y anJ nine or more of them (of whom we wil1 the President for the time
nine of them (of whom being, or his Deputy, to be always one), may be able lawfully to make

the President or his ,,. • « i i •

Deputy to be always and have assemblies or meetings of themselves for the examination
Asse'mbiies anywhere and investigation of experiments and of natural things, and other
SotL-D6 Bealm °f affairs belonging to the Society aforesaid, as often as and whenever it

shall be needful, in a College or Hall or other convenient place within

our Realm of England :

Ail Powers, &c., which And further, that all and singular things, powers, liberties, and
hSSrfto/tert^S? privileges in our aforesaid Letters Patent granted to the aforesaid
President and Coun- President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, by

cil, or seven or more of J .

them, may for the virtue of those our Letters Patent, which are not to be exercised, done,
the President and performed, or executed save by the aforesaid President and Council,

moof themyfiveOT or anJ seven or more of them ; henceforth for ever may and shall be
able to be exercised, done, performed, or executed by the aforesaid
President and Council, or any five or more of them.

For the future, the And further, of our more abundant grace, we have given and

President may appoint LJJ-LJ.I j? i • j j

one Printer or more, granted, and by these presents tor us, our heirs, and successors do
more*! and authorize^ give and g™11*' to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of
him or them to print the aforesaid Royal Society, and to their successors for ever, that

such things (touching ,

or concerning the henceforth lor ever it may and shall be good and lawful to the
1* President of the Royal Society aforesaid for the time being, from
time to time» to elect» nominate, and appoint any Typographer or
cil, or any five or more Printer, Typographers or Printers, and Chalcographer or Engraver,

of them (of whom the Jf r _

President or his De- Chalcographers or Engravers, and to grant to him or them faculty to

the^jorp'arto^sTich Prmt such things, matters, and affairs touching or concerning the

five or more. aforesaid Royal Society as shall be committed to the aforesaid

Typographer or Printer, Chalcographer or Engraver, or Typographers

or Printers, Chalcographers or Engravers, from time to time, by the

President and Council of the aforesaid Royal Society, or any five or

more of them (of whom we will the President for the time being, or

his Deputy, to be one), or by the major part of the aforesaid five or

more ; their corporal oaths to be first taken, before they be admitted

PI.ATK X

Sin HANS SLOANE
From a painting by Sir Godfrey Kneller, in the possession of the Royal Society

TRANSLATION OF THIRD CHARTER 113

to exercise their offices, before the President and Council for the time They must be first

being, or any five or more of them ; and so as often as the case shall l^l ^"J? the .fre"

si u.ent aim Uouncil, or

. ,

so happen : to which same President and Council for the time being1, any ./*««<« more of

6' them.

or to any five or more of them, we give and grant by these presents
full power and authority to administer the oaths aforesaid.

And further we will, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and General conarmatory
successors do grant to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows °
of the Royal Society aforesaid and to their successors, that these our
Letters Patent, or the Enrolment of the same, shall stand and be in
and by all things good, firm, valid, sufficient, and effectual in law, to
all respects, purposes, constructions, and intents, towards and against
us, our heirs, and successors, as well in all our Courts as elsewhere
within our realm of England, without any confirmations, licences, or
tolerations from us, our heirs, or successors in any manner hereafter
to be procured or obtained :

Notwithstanding the badly naming or badly reciting, or not
reciting, the aforesaid lands, tenements, and other the premises or
any parcel thereof; And notwithstanding the not finding an office or
inquisition of the premises or of any parcel thereof, whereby our title
ought to have been found before the making of these our Letters
Patent ; And notwithstanding the badly reciting, or not reciting, any
demise or grant made of the premises or of any parcel thereof, being
of record or not of record ; And notwithstanding the badly naming
or not naming any town, hamlet, parish, place, or county in which
the premises or any parcel thereof are or is ; And notwithstanding
that full, true, and certain mention is not made of the names of the
tenants, farmers, or occupiers of the premises or of any parcel thereof;
And notwithstanding any defects of the certainty, or computation, or
declaration of the true yearly value of the premises or of any parcel
thereof, or of the yearly rent reserved of and upon the premises, or of
and upon any parcel thereof, in these our Letters Patent expressed
and contained ; And notwithstanding the Statute made and enacted
in the Parliament of the Lord Henry the Sixth, late King of
England, our progenitor, in the eighteenth year of his reign ; And
notwithstanding any other defects in not certainly naming the nature,
kind, sort, quantity, or quality of the premises or of any parcel
thereof; And notwithstanding the Statute concerning the not
putting of lands and tenements to mortmain, or any statute, act,
ordinance, proclamation, provision, or restriction to the contrary
thereof heretofore had, made, enacted, ordained, or provided, in
anywise notwithstanding: SAVING, nevertheless, to Andrew Cole,
Esquire, and to all other persons whomsoever, other than us, our heirs,
and successors, such right, claim, interest, and demand whatsoever,

I

114 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

as he or they or any one of them has or may have, or of right ought
to have, of and in the premises or any part or parcel thereof.
The President and And further we will, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and

successors do ordain, and firmly enjoining do command, that the
President of the Society aforesaid for the time being, and his

Supremacy, before the Deputies, before he or any of them be admitted to the execution of that

Council, or teven or •' .

more ot them, pre- office, shall take, and each of them shall take, as well the corporal
™ing. ' oath, commonly called the Oath of Allegiance, as the corporal oath,

commonly called the Oath of Supremacy, upon the holy Gospels of
God, before the Council of the same Society, or any seven or more of
them : to which same Council, or to any seven or more of them, we
give and grant by these presents, for us, our heirs, and successors,
full power and authority to administer the oaths aforesaid from time
to time, whensoever it shall be needful.

Provided always, and our Royal will and intention is, that the
lands and premises aforesaid granted by these presents, as it is
aforesaid, or any of them, shall not be alienated or sold to any person
or persons whomsoever ; anything in these presents contained to the
contrary thereof notwithstanding.

Although express mention of the true yearly value or of the
certainty of the premises or of any of them, or of other gifts or
grants before these times made by us or by any of our progenitors
or predecessors to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the
Royal Society of London, and to their successors, is not made in
these presents ; or any statute, act, ordinance, provision, proclamation,
or restriction to the contrary thereof heretofore had, made, enacted,
ordained, or provided, or any other thing, cause, or matter whatsoever,
in anywise notwithstanding.

In witness whereof we have caused these our Letters to be made
Patent. Witness Ourself, at Westminster, the eighth day of April,
in the twenty-first year of our reign.

By writ of Privy Seal.

PIGOTT.
NOTE.

An enrolment at the Record Office, of which the following is an abstract,
reconveys to King Charles II the three Closes granted by the third Charter.
Close Roll, 33 Chas. II, Part 3, No. 3.
(In English.)

Indenture, 8 Feb., 34 Chas. II, 1681[-2], between the King's most excellen
Majesty of the one part, and the President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal
Society (&c.) of the other part ; whereby (for 1,300/.) the latter bargain and sell
to the former 'All that piece of arable land called Teamshott', &c., 'all that
aforesaid Close of meadow called Stonebridge Close,' &c., < and also all that one
piece of arable land in a common field called Eastfeild,' &c., which were grante
by the King to the Society by letters patent 8 April, 21 Chas. II.

115

A LICENSE for purchasing in MORTMAIN to the yearly
value of One Thousand Pounds, granted to the Pre-
sident, Council, and Fellows of the ROYAL SOCIETY
of London, by King GEORGE the FIRST, in the year

MDCCXXV.1

* GEORGE by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and
Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, etc., to all to whom these
presents shall come, greeting. WHEREAS our trusty and well-beloved
the President, Council, and Fellows, of the Royal Society of our City
of London for improving natural knowledge, have by their Petition
humbly represented unto us, that our late Royal Predecessor, King
Charles the Second, by Letters Patents,2 bearing date the Two-and-
twentieth day of April, in the Fifteenth year of his reign, did ordain
constitute and appoint the said Royal Society of London for improving
natural knowledge, and did thereby grant them Licence to purchase
in Mortmain ; that since the grant of the said Letters Patents,
several well-disposed Persons have devised and granted to the
Petitioners, and their successors, divers lands and hereditaments, and
given several sums of money to them, for the use of the said corpora-
tion ; that the Petitioners being desirous to invest the same money in
the most durable manner, for the improvement of the said corporation,
have most humbly prayed us to grant to them our Royal Licence to
hold and enjoy the lands and hereditaments, which have been devised
and granted to them ; to purchase hold and enjoy to them, and their
successors for ever, for the use and benefit of the said corporation,
such manors, lands, tenements, and hereditaments, as they shall think
fit to purchase, or shall receive by will, or any deed of conveyance, not
exceeding the yearly value of One thousand pounds : We are graciously
pleased to grant their request. KNOW YE therefore, that we, of our
especial grace certain knowledge and meer motion, HAVE given and
granted, and by these presents for us our heirs and successors DO give
and grant, unto the President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal
Society of our city of London for improving natural knowledge afore-
said, and their successors, our especial Licence, full power, and lawful
and absolute authority, to hold and enjoy the lands and hereditaments,
which have been already devised or granted to the said corporation,
as aforesaid ; and also to purchase acquire take hold and receive in

1 Reprinted from Weld's ' History of the Royal Society'.
- So in the Original.

I 2

116 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Mortmain, in perpetuity or otherwise, to or to the use of or in trust
for them or their successors, for the use and benefit of the said
corporation, from any person or persons, bodies politic and corporate,
their heirs and successors respectively, such manors lands tenements
rents or hereditaments, as they shall think fit to purchase, or shall
receive by writ, or any deed of conveyance, not exceeding the yearly
value of One thousand pounds above all charges and reprizes. AND
we do hereby also for us our heirs and successors give and grant our
especial Licence, full power, and lawful and absolute authority, to any
person or persons, bodies politic or corporate, their heirs and successors
respectively, to grant, alien, sell, convey, and dispose of in Mortmain, in
perpetuity or otherwise, to or to the use of or in trust for the President
Council and Fellows of the Royal Society of our city of London for im-
proving natural knowledge aforesaid, and their successors, any manors
lands tenements rents or hereditaments whatsoever, not exceeding the
yearly value of One thousand pounds. AND LASTLY, we do hereby, for
us our heirs and successors, grant unto the President Council and Fellows
of the Royal Society of our City of London for improving natural know-
ledge aforesaid, and their successors, that these our Letters Patents,
or the Inrollment or Exemplification thereof, shall be in and by all
things good firm valid sufficient and effectual in the law, according to
the true intent and meaning thereof ; NOTWITHSTANDING the not rightly
naming or describing any of the manors lands tenements rents or here-
ditaments already devised or granted to the said corporation, or to be
granted devised aliened or disposed of in Mortmain to them, and their
successors, in fee or otherwise, as aforesaid : or any other omission im-
perfection defect matter cause or thing whatsoever to the contrary there-
of in anywise notwithstanding. IN WITNESS whereof we have caused
these our Letters to be made Patents. WITNESS Ourself at Westmin-
ster, the Seventeenth day of December, in the Eleventh year of our
reign.

' By writ of Privy Seal,

'COCKS.1

CHAPTER III

THE STATUTES OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY
I. THE ORIGINAL STATUTES ENACTED IN 1663

CHAP. I — Of the making and repealing of Lawn.

I. FOR the making of any Law or Statute of the Royal Society, the draught
thereof shall be read in Council, and put to the vote, on two several days of
their Meeting. The first day the question to be resolved by vote shall be to
this effect, viz. ' Whether the draught of the said Statute, then agreed upon,
shall be read at another Meeting ? " The second day the question shall be to
this effect, viz. ' Whether the draught of the said Statute, then agreed upon,
shall pass for a Law, or not ? '

II. For the repealing of any Law or Statute, or any part thereof, the Repeal
shall be propounded and voted in Council, on two several days of their Meeting.
The first day the question to be resolved by vote shall be to this effect, viz.
4 Whether the Repeal of such a Statute, or such part thereof, shall be pro-
pounded at another Meeting ? ' The second day the question shall be to this
effect, viz. * Whether such a Statute, or such part thereof, shall be repealed
or not?' And in case the said Repeal be agreed unto, the same shall be
recorded in the Journal-book of the Council ; and the Statute, or part of the
Statute repealed, shall be cancelled in the Statute-books.

CHAP. II — Of the Obligation to be subscribed.

EVERY Fellow of the Society, and every person elected a Fellow thereof,
shall subscribe the Obligation in these words following : —

We, who have hereunto subscribed, do hereby promise each for himself., that
we will endeavour to promote the good of the Royal Society of London for
improving natural knowledge, and to pursue the ends for which the same was
founded; that we will be present at the Meetings of the Society, as often as
conveniently we can, especially at the Anniversary Elections, and upon extraor-
dinary occasions ; and that we will observe the Statutes and Orders of the said
Society. Provided, that wJiensoever any of us shall signify to the President,
under his hand, that he desireth to withdraw from the Society, he shall be free
from this Obligation for the future.

And if any Fellow shall refuse to subscribe the said Obligation, he shall be
ejected out of the Society. And if any person elected shall refuse to subscribe
the same, the election of the said person shall be void ; neither shall any person
refusing to subscribe be admitted, or registered among the Fellows of the Society.

118 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

CHAP. Ill — Of the Payments by the Fellows to the Society.

I. EVERY person admitted a Fellow of the Society shall, on the day of his
admission, pay to the use of the Society the sum of Forty shillings, for
admission-money. And if any such person shall refuse, or fail to pay the said
sum, his election and admission shall be void ; except the said sum be remitted
in whole, or in part, by special order of the Council.

II. Every Fellow of the Society shall pay One shilling by the week, towards
the charges of experiments, and other expences of the Society, so long as he shall
continue a Fellow thereof: which continuance shall be accounted from the
time of his admission, until such time as he shall signify to the President,
under his hand, that he desireth to withdraw from the Society ; or until, upon
any other account, he shall cease to be a Fellow thereof. And if any Fellow
shall refuse to pay according to the rate aforesaid, he shall be ejected out of
the Society ; except the said Payment be remitted in whole, or in part, by
special order of the Council.

III. For the more convenient receiving and collecting the contribution of
One shilling by the week, to be paid by every Fellow toward the charges of
experiments, and other expences of the Society, the same, amounting to Fifty
two shillings by the year, shall be paid quarterly by equal portions, viz. by
Thirteen shillings at a time for one whole quarter ; and proportionably for
a part of a quarter, by any person admitted after the beginning, or withdraw-
ing from the Society before the end of any quarter of the year.

IV. The days, upon which the quarterly Payments of the contributions of
One shilling by the week to the Society shall become due, shall be the Twenty-
third day of September, the Twenty-third day of December, the Twenty-fifth
day of March, and the Twenty-fourth day of June.

V. Every Fellow of the Society shall upon each of the weekly Meetings,
that shall fall upon the days for the quarterly Payments, or upon the first,
second, or third Wednesdays next after each of the said days, bring or send
in to the Treasurer, or his Deputy, his quarterly contribution of Thirteen
shillings, or such proportion of it as shall be due. And if any Fellow shall
fail to bring or send in, as aforesaid (being not dispensed withal, as to the said
Payment, by special order of the Council), he shall be liable to ejection out of
the Society : upon which the Council shall proceed, as they shall see cause.

CHAP. IV — Of the Ordinary Meetings of the Society.

I. THE ordinary Meetings of the Society shall be weekly, upon Wednesday,
beginning about three of the clock in the afternoon, and continuing until six ;
unless the major part of the FeUows present shall, for that time, resolve to
rise sooner, or sit later. And no Fellow shall depart, without giving notice to
the President.

II. When the President taketh the Chair, the rest of the Fellows shall place
themselves orderly, and conveniently for the business of the Meeting; and

ORIGINAL STATUTES OF 16C3 119

those persons, that are not of the Society, shall withdraw : Excepting, that it
shall be free for any of his Majesty's subjects of England, Scotland, or Ireland,
having the title and place of a Baron, or having any higher title and place,
or any of his Majesty's Privy Council of any of his three kingdoms, and for
any foreigner of eminent repute, with the allowance of the President, to stay for
that time ; and that it shall be free for any other person, upon leave obtained
of the President and Fellows present, or the; major part of them, to stay for
that time. And the name of every person permitted to stay, of any person
that moved for him, and the allowance, shall be entered in the Journal-books.

III. When any Fellow speaketh, he shall address his speech to the Presi-
dent, and be uncovered, and the rest shall be silent.

IV. When two or more offer to speak together, the President shall determine
which of them shall speak first.

V. The business of the Society in their ordinary Meetings shall be, to order,
take account, consider, and discourse of philosophical experiments and obser-
vations ; to read, hear, and discourse upon letters, reports, and other papers,
containing philosophical matters ; as also to view, and discourse upon, rarities
of nature and art: and thereupon to consider, what may be deduced from
them, or any of them ; and how far they, or any of them, may be improved for
use or discovery.

CHAP. V — Of Experiments, and the Reports thereof.

I. No Experiment shall be made at the charge of the Society, but by order
of the Society or Council.

II. In order to the propounding and making of Experiments for the Society,
consideration shall be had of the importance of any Experiment, to the dis-
covery of any truth or axiom in nature, or to the use and benefit of mankind.

III. Two or more Curators shall be appointed (if it may consist with
convenience) of every Experiment, or natural Observation, that cannot
conveniently be made in the presence of the Society. Which Curators, or any
two or more of them, shall (as soon as conveniently may be) meet together at
time and place l by them agreed on, to make the said Experiment or Observa-
tion ; and also shall jointly draw up the Report of the matter of fact, in every
such Experiment or Observation ; or if any difference shall happen between them
in their apprehensions thereabout, the same shall be related in the Report.

IV. In all Reports of Experiments to be brought into the Society, the
matter of fact shall be barely stated, without any prefaces, apologies, or
rhetorical flourishes ; and entered so in the Register-book, by order of the
Society. And if any Fellow shall think fit to suggest any conjecture, con-
cerning the causes of the phaenomena in such Experiments, the same shall be
done apart ; and so entered into the Register-book, if the Society shall order
the entry thereof.

1 So in the Original.

120 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

CHAP. VI — Of the Election and Admission of Fellows.

I. EVERY person to be elected Fellow of the Society shall first, at one
Meeting, be propounded as a Candidate, in order to Election ; and after, at
some other Meeting (whereat there shall be present a competent number for
making Elections) shall be propounded, and put to the vote for Election :
Excepting, that it shall be free for every one of his Majesty's subjects ot
England, Scotland, or Ireland, having the title and place of a Baron, or having
any higher title and place, and every one of his Majesty's Privy Council of any
of the said kingdoms, to be propounded, and put to the vote for Election, on
the same day, there being present a competent number for making Elections.

II. Every Fellow, that is to propound any person as a Candidate, in order
to Election, shall, before the said person be propounded, make known unto
him the effect of the obligation to be subscribed, and the sum that is to be
paid for admission-money, and the rate of the constant payment for the
occasions of the Society ; and also, at the propounding of the said person,
shall satisfy the company that he hath informed him accordingly, and that
thereupon it is the desire of the said person to be of the Society.

III. The name of every person propounded as a Candidate, in order to
Election for a Fellow of the Society, together with the name of the Fellow
proposing, shall be entered in the Journal-book.

IV. In the Election of any person for a Fellow of the Society, the votes
shall be taken by way of ballot.

V. Every person, elected a Fellow, shall appear for his admission at some
ordinary Meeting of the Society, which shall be within four weeks after his Elec-
tion ; or within such further time as shall be granted by the Society or Council,
upon cause shewed to either of them. Otherwise his Election shall be void.

VI. The Admission of any Fellow of the Society shall be at some Meeting
thereof, in manner and form following : The President, taking him by the
hand, shall say these words,

I do by the authority, and in the name of the Royal Society of London for
improving natural knowledge, admit you a Fellow thereof.

VII. The Election and Admission of every person into the Society, with
the time thereof, shall be recorded in the Journal-book.

CHAP. VII— Of the Election of the Council and Officers.
^ I. AT the two ordinary Meetings of the Society, which shall be within the
fifteen days next preceding the day of the Anniversary Elections, the President
shall give notice of the said Elections ; and declare how much it importeth
the good of the Society, that such persons may be chosen into the Council, as
are most likely to attend the Meetings and business of the Council, out of
whom there may be made the best choice of the President and other Officers.
II. Every Fellow of the Society, in or near London, shall be called to the
Anniversary Meetings, for electing the Council and Officers for the year ensuing.

ORIGINAL STATUTES OF 1663 121

by particular summons signed by the President; which summons shall be
delivered to every such person, or left at his house or lodging, a week at the
least before the said day, together with printed lists of the names of the
Fellows of the Society. And the said summons shall be to this effect : —

These are to give notice, that on the day of being

the Council and Officers of the Royal Society are to be elected for the year
ensuing ; at which Election your presence is expected, at of the clock

in the

III. For the Anniversary Election of the Council (which is to consist of
eleven Members of the present Council, to be continued for the year next
ensuing ; and ten of the Fellows, not being Members of the Council, to be
added to them) there shall be a competent number of lists printed of all the
Fellows of the Society (excepting all the Members of the present Council) in
an alphabetical 01 aer ; and a competent number of the like lists of all the
Members of the present Council ; both which lists shall be distributed to all
the Fellows of the Society, summoned to the Anniversary Election.

IV. For the Election of the eleven Members of the present Council, to be
continued for the year next ensuing, every Fellow shall on the printed list
of the present Council, by a line drawn under each name, to the number of
eleven and no more, signify the persons to whom he giveth his suffrage for
their continuance, as aforesaid ; and closing up the said list shall deliver it in
to some person appointed to collect and receive the same.

V. All the lists being thus collected, one of the Secretaries shall open them
one by one, and in the first place shall take notice of the number of the names
distinguished, as is before prescribed, in each list (which if it be above eleven
in any, the same list shall be laid aside, and no notice taken of the suffrages
therein) and shall recite every name so distinguished ; and the other Secretary
shall, in a list for that purpose, note how often every several name is recited ;
and each of the Secretaries shall be assisted by a Scrutator, to be drawn by
lot by the President. This done, the Secretaries and Scrutators shall sum up
the suffrages, according to the notes affixed to every name : or in case of the
absence of one or both the Secretaries, one or two Scrutators more (to be in
like manner drawn by lot) shall supply their places ; whereof two shall be em-
ployed in the perusal of the lists, and recitation of the names, and the other
two in the noting of the names recited, as is before prescribed.

VI. After the noting and summing up of the votes, the Secretaries, or
Scrutators, shall recite all the names of the present Council having any votes
upon the present scrutiny, with the number of the votes to every name ; to
the end, that all the persons carrying the major part of the votes may be
known to be thus elected, if they be not more in number than eleven. But if
the persons, having the majority of votes, be more than eleven, he or they
(that have fewest suffrages) are to be secluded, until the number be reduced to
eleven ; or to a lesser number, if equality between persons having the fewest

122 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

suffrages do so require. And if the persons having the majority of votes, or
the persons remaining upon the aforesaid reduction, do not amount to the
number of eleven, then all the rest upon that list shall be put to the scrutiny
again, and every Fellow shall mark, as before, so many, and no more, as are
wanting ; and the method thereupon in all things shall be the same, as before,
until the number be complete. And in case of equal distribution of votes,
the number being greater than the number wanting, the proceeding shall be
repeated upon the said persons ; and if then they have still equal votes, the
President shall seclude one by lot, and the rest shall be put to the scrutiny again.

VII. For the Election of the ten Fellows not of the present Council, to be
added to the former eleven, to constitute the Council for the year next ensuing,
the proceedings upon the printed lists of the Fellows of the Society shall be in
all particulars observed, as upon the former lists, according as the cases shall
require.

VIII. In case of seclusion of any Member of the present Council, or of any
other Fellow by lot, the same person shall be brought in again to pass the
scrutiny, by putting him in competition with one that hath the least, or with
more of those that have the least equal number of votes.

IX. Forasmuch as the possible varieties in the equalities, and proportions,
of suffrages distributed among several persons, upon which Non-elections may
happen, are so great and manifold, that it would be tedious to obviate them
all in particular by Statutes : if therefore any case shall happen not provided
for, whereupon the Election cannot be made, or perfected, the same shall be
adjourned to the next convenient time ; and the Council in the interim shall
make provision, and offer some expedient to the Society, for the effecting thereof.

X. For electing the President, Treasurer, and Secretaries, every Fellow
present at the Anniversary Election of the Council shall, after the Election
made for the Members of the new Council, put upon a distinct list several
marks, first for the President, next for the Treasurer, and then for the
Secretaries, to be chosen severally out of the said new Council, for the year
following ; and the proceedings therein shall be after the same manner, as is
directed for the Anniversary Elections of the Council.

XI. For electing any Member of the Council, or any Officer to be elected
by the Society, upon such vacancies, as shall happen in the intervals of the
Anniversary Elections, the summons for such Election, and the proceedings in
it, shall be after the same manner, as is directed for the Anniversary Elections.

XII. Upon the vacancy of the President's place, which shall happen in
the intervals of the Anniversary Elections, one of the Secretaries shall cause
the Council to be summoned for the Election of a new President ; and the
Council meeting thereupon in the usual place, or any eleven or more of them,
shall proceed to the said Election, and not separate until the major part of the
number aforesaid shall have agreed upon a new President.

ORIGINAL STATUTES OF 1663 123

CHAP. VIII— Of the President.

I. THE business of the President shall be, to preside in all the Meetings,
and regulate all the debates, of the Society and Council ; to state and put
questions both in the affirmative and negative, according to the sense and
intention of the Meeting ; to call for Reports and Accounts from Committees,
Curators, and others ; to check irregularities, and to keep all persons to order ;
to summon all extraordinary Meetings of the Society and Council, upon any
urgent occasions ; and to execute, or see the execution, of the Statutes of the
Society.

II. Whensoever any question shall be desired to be put by any Fellow, at
any Meeting of the Society or Council, and seconded by another, the President
shall put the same ; unless upon debate the sense of the Meeting appear to be
otherwise.

III. The President shall take place of every Fellow of the Society, within
their college, or ordinary place of meeting ; as also in all other places, where
any number of the Fellows meet as a Society, or Council, or Committee ; and
being in the Chair is to be covered, while speaking unto or hearing particular
Fellows, notwithstanding their being uncovered.

IV. The President shall not preside at any Meeting of the Fellows of the
Society, except the ordinary Meetings of the Society or Council, at known
time and place l ; or such extraordinary Meetings of either as shall be called
by a general summons of each respectively ; or the Meetings of Committees
appointed by the Society or Council; and except Meetings for solemnities
only.

CHAP. IX — Of the Treasurer and his Accompts.

I. THE Treasurer, or his Deputy, shall receive to the use of the Society
all moneys, or sums of money, due or payable to the Society ; and out of such
moneys shall pay and disburse all moneys, or sums of money, due from
or payable by the Society, upon all occasions ; and shall keep particular
Accompts of all such receipts and payments.

II. Every sum of money, payable to the use of the Society, of Five pounds
or under, shall be paid by order of the President, under his hand ; and every
sum exceeding Five pounds shall be paid by order of the Council, signed by
the President, and registered by the Secretary ; and all bills of charges for
experiments shall be signed by the Curators thereof, before they be presented
to the President.

III. All moneys, or sums of money, whereof there shall not be present
occasion for expending or disposing to the use of the Society, shall be laid up
in an iron chest, having three different locks and keys, whereof one shall be
in the custody of the President, another of the Treasurer, and a third of one
of the Secretaries: and the Treasurer shall not have in his custody above

1 So in the Original.

124

Twenty pounds at once, for defraying the occasional expences of the Society ;
and accordingly he shall pay in moneys into the chest aforesaid, and take out
of the same, by order of the Council, as they shall judge expedient.

IV. The Treasurer shall have and keep a roll or list in parchment of the
Fellows of the Society, with a margin before and after the names ; in the
former whereof shall be noted the arrears due from every Fellow, in the latter
the receipts and payments of the Fellows, according to the weekly or quarterly
contribution to the Society; and the said roll shall be signed by him, for
attesting the truth thereof.

V. Upon the third Wednesday which shall be next after each of the
quarter-days, the Treasurer, or his Deputy, shall demand the quarterly pay-
ments or arrears of every Fellow, from whom the same shall be due ; and
forthwith after the said Wednesday shall send a Collector, appointed under
his hand and seal, with the roll or list of the Fellows of the Society signed by
him, wherein the arrears due from every Fellow are noted in the margin before
the names, for the collecting of the said arrears.

VI. The Accompts of the Treasurer shall be audited and examined four times
a year, within six weeks after each quarter-day, by a Committee of five of the
Council, or any three or more of them, whereof the President and one of the
Secretaries shall be two. And the same shall be done once a year before the
Anniversary Elections, by a Committee to be nominated by the President, with
the consent of the major part of the Fellows present, given by ballot, at one
of the three next preceding weekly Meetings of the Society; which shall consist
of Fellows that are not Members of the Council, to the number of five, whereof
any three or more shall be a Quorum, who shall make their report to the Society,
upon the Meeting next before the Anniversary Election, or upon the day of
the said election.

CHAP. X — Of the Secretaries.

I. THE Secretaries, or either of them, shall have the charge and custody of
the Charter-book, Statute-book, Journal-books of the Society and Council,
Register-books and Letter-books of the Society, as also of all papers and
writings belonging to the Society ; any of which they shall cause to be produced
at any Meetings of the Society or Council, as the case shall require, or as they
shall be ordered so to do by the Society or Council.

II. The Secretaries, or either of them, shall have inspection over the Clerk,
and shall give order and direction to him, concerning the entering and writing
of all matters in the Journal-books of the Society or Council, the Register-
books, or any other books of the Society, also concerning any orders or other
writings for the use and service of the Society.

III. The Secretaries, or either of them, shall attend at all Meetings of
the Society and Council ; where, when the President hath taken the Chair,
one of them shall read the orders and entries of the next preceding Meeting,

ORIGINAL STATUTES OF 1663 125

and shall after take notes of the orders and material passages of the present
Meeting, to be entered by the Clerk in the respective books, to which they
relate ; and when there shall be present a competent number for making
elections, they, or either of them, shall give notice of any Candidates that shall
stand propounded in order to election into the Society.

IV. The Secretaries, or either of them, shall draw up all letters to be written
to any persons in the name of the Society or Council (to be read and approved
of in some meeting of either respectively) except, for some particular cause or
consideration, some other person be appointed by the Society or Council to
draw up any such letter.

CHAP. XI— Of Curators by Office.

I. WHEREAS the ends of the institution of the Society may be most effectually
promoted by employing able and fit persons, who shall be Curators by office,
for the service and business of the Society, having such a liberal allowance, as
may be a sufficient maintenance for them, without seeking for or engaging in
any other employment ; therefore when the Society shall be endowed with a
standing revenue, that can bear it, provision shall be made for such Curators
accordingly. And because it may happen, that some persons, engaged in other
employments, may yet be of eminent usefulness for the business of Curators ;
therefore if any such shall be employed by the Society, such allowance shall
be made, as may be proportionable to the time bestowed in that service :
Provided that the allowance to any one Curator shall not exceed so much as
shall from time to time be equivalent to Two hundred pounds per annum, in
this present year 1663. Nor shall the number of such Curators be so great,
as to exhaust upon their said allowances above one half of the revenue, from
time to time belonging to the Society.

II. The employment and business of a Curator shall be, to take car.e of the
managing of all experiments and observations appointed by the Society or
Council, and report the same ; and to perform such tasks relating to the ends
of the constitution of the Society, as the Society or Council shall from time to
time appoint ; such as the examining of sciences, arts, and inventions, bringing
in histories of natural and artificial things.

III. Every person, to be chosen a Curator by office for the Society, shall be
of good fame and virtuous conversation, knowing in philosophical and mathe-
matical learning, addicted to and well versed in observations, inquiries, and
experiments concerning natural and artificial things.

IV. Every person, standing for the office of a Curator to the Society, shall be
propounded at some Meeting thereof, one month at the least before the intended
election ; to the end, that every Member may inform himself concerning him,
and acquaint the Society or Council with any exception or objection against
him : and every such person shall submit himself to the trial and examination of
the Council, or of such persons as shall be appointed by them, to be transacted

126 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

in the presence of the Council, concerning his qualifications, whether they be
such as are required in a Curator.

V. Whensoever any person is to be tried and examined before the Council,
in order to election for the office of a Curator to the Society, and whensoever
any such person is to be recommended from the Council to the Society for the
said election, every Member of the Council shall be summoned to the Meeting,
with express notice of the occasion thereof.

VI. Every person, propounded to the Society for the office of a Curator,
shall, before his examination by the Council, visit every Member thereof in
or near London, declaring to him his desire and intention for the said place ;
except such visitation be dispensed with by order of the Society or Council.

VII. Every person, approved by the Council for a Curator to the Society,
shall be recommended from the Council to the Society, in order to election, at
some Meeting a week or longer before the intended election-day ; and if any
person proposed, and not approved or recommended, shall find himself
aggrieved, or think that right hath not been done him, it shall be free for him
to appeal, or make his case known to the Society.

VIII. Every person, propounded to the Society for election into the office of
a Curator, shall at the first be elected for one year of probation only (except
the Society shall by vote taken by ballot resolve otherwise, in consideration
of the known merit of any particular person), and at the end of that year the
said person shall either be elected for perpetuity, or for a longer time of
probation, or shall be rejected.

IX. In order to the election of persons for Curators, the Fellows of the
Society shall be summoned, in the same manner and form, mutatis mutandis,
as is provided for the Anniversary Election of the Council and Officers.

X. The election of every person for a Curator shall be after this manner :
The names of all the competitors for a Curator's place shall first be read, and
then be put to the ballot, in order as they stand recommended by the Council
to the Society, adding such as, upon appeal, shall be ordered by the Society :
and when any one hath the plurality of suffrages, he shall stand elected,
without any further proceeding upon any other of the competitors ; and the like
method shall be for every vacant place : and in case of non-election it shall be
resolved by the Society, whether there shall be a proceeding again upon the
same person or persons at that Meeting, or any adjournment of the election to
another day.

XI. For the electing of a Curator for a longer time of probation, or for
l>erpetuity, the same rules concerning the summons for the Meetings shall be
observed, as in election for probation ; and the question shall be determined
by the major part of the votes taken by ballot.

XII. Every person elected Curator by office, shall also be a Fellow of the
Society, and shall subscribe the obligation to be subscribed by every Fellow ;
and be admitted Fellow in the usual form, if he were not so before ; neither

ORIGINAL STATUTES OF 1663 127

shall he continue a Curator any longer than he shall continue a Fellow of the
Society.

XIII. Every Curator of the Society shall forfeit his place as a Curator,
together with his relation as a Fellow, for any of the causes for which a Fellow
is to be ejected ; and also for any fraudulent dealing in matters concerning
the Society, or for negligence in the business of his place : before which ejection,
for the first, second, and third fault, he shall receive respective admonishment
by the President in Council, to be entered in the Council-book ; except the
fault shall be judged by the Society so enormous as to deserve a present
expulsion.

XIV. If any Curator shall be disabled by age, infirmity, or casualty con-
tracted in the service of the Society, some provision shall be made for him
during life, if the necessity of his condition shall so require, according as the
Council shall think fit.

CHAI>. XII— Of the Clerk.

I. THE Clerk of the Society shall constantly attend all the Meetings of the
Society and Council, precisely at the hour appointed, and not go away before
the Meeting be dissolved ; and he shall follow the directions of the Secretaries
in registering all matters, that shall be ordered to be entered, in the respective
books of the Society.

II. The Clerk shall not suffer any person, being no Member of the Society,
to read any book, record, or other writing, or any part thereof, belonging to
the Society ; nor give any copies thereof, nor any way communicate any
thing contained therein, to any such person : and in case he shall do contrary
thereunto, he shall forfeit his place.

III. The Clerk shall have Sixpence for every page in/b/io, of thirty lines
fairly and closely written, with a margin not exceeding one fourth part of the
page ; and according to the same rate for any larger or smaller page : and he
shall have Ten pounds by the year for his attendance at Meetings, to be paid
quarterly by equal portions.

CHAP. XIII — Of the Printer to the Society.

I. THE office of the Printer shall be to take care for the printing and vending
such books, besides catalogues, and such other things, as shall be committed
to him by order of the Society or Council ; in the doing of which he shall from
time to time observe, and submit unto the directions and orders of the Council,
both as to the correctness of the edition, the number of copies to be printed,
the form or volume, the goodness of the paper, character, figures and diagrams,
as likewise the price at which such books are to be sold ; nor shall he reprint
any of the said books, or print them in any translation or epitome, without
particular leave from the Council. And if in any of these particulars he shall
neglect, or disobey the directions of the Council, he shall either give such

128 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

satisfaction for his default, as the Council shall approve, or else be put out or

his place.

II. The Printer shall present of every book he prints by order of the
Society or Council, two copies, extraordinary well bound, to his Majesty : one
copy to Edward Earl of Clarendon, Lord Chancellor ; one copy to the President
of the Royal Society ; two copies to the library of the said Society, each of
them fairly bound : and one copy more to each of the Secretaries of the said
Society.

CHAP. XIV — Of Operators to the Society.

I. WHENSOEVER, and as long as, an Operator to the Society hath any work
to do for the Society, he shall do no work for any other person, that may hinder
his perfecting of that within the time limited, or requisite to have it finished.

II. An Operator, working for the Society, shall use all care and diligence to
dispatch all work for the Society, in as short a time as the same can be so
well and substantially done, as the nature of the thing requireth.

III. If any Operator shall in any bill or reckoning defraud, or endeavour to
defraud the Society, he shall forfeit his place or relation to them thereby.

IV. An Operator shall have Ten pounds by the year, for his attendance at
all the ordinary Meetings of the Society, as a constant salary, to be paid
quarterly at equal portions.

CHAP. XV — Of the Common Seal and Deeds.

I. THE Common Seal of the Society shall be kept in an iron chest, having
three locks, with three different keys ; whereof one shall be in the custody
of the President, the other1 of the Treasurer, and the third of one of the
Secretaries.

II. Every Deed or writing, to which the common Seal is to be affixed, shall
l)e passed and sealed in Council, and signed by the President on the fore part
near the label, and signed on the back side by the rest of the Members of the
Council present.

CHAP. XVI— Of the Books of the Society.

I. THERE shall be had and kept one Book, called the Charter-book, wherein
shall be fairly written the copy of the Charter, all his Majesty's Grants on
the behalf of the Society, the Obligation and Subscriptions thereto of the
Fellows of the Society, all the Statutes of the Society, the names and titles of
all the Benefactors to the Society with their donations, as also the Register
of all the Fellows of the Society.

II. There shall be had and kept a Book, called the Statute-book, wherein
shall be fairly written the Charter of the Society ; all the Laws, Statutes, and
Constitutions made, or to be made, concerning the government and regulating

1 So in the Original.

ORIGINAL STATUTES OF 1663 129

of the Society or Council ; as also a duplicate of the Register of the Fellows
of the Society.

III. There shall be had and kept Journal-books for the Society, and Council ;
wherein shall be entered all the orders and remarkable passages of the Society,
and Council, at their respective Meetings.

IV. There shall be had and kept Register-books, wherein shall be fairly
written all such observations, histories, and discourses of natural and artificial
things, as shall be ordered to be entered ; as also all such philosophical ex-
periments, together with the particular accounts of their processes, as shall be
ordered to be entered therein.

V. There shall be had and kept a Book of Letters, wherein shall be fairly
written all such letters, and extracts of letters, of the Society, or to the Society,
or to any Member thereof, concerning philosophical matters, as shall be ordered
to be entered.

VI. No Fellow shall give any copy or transcript of any matter contained in
the Register-books, or other Books of the Society, to any one that is not
a Member thereof; nor communicate the same to any such person to be tran-
scribed, without particular leave obtained at a Meeting of the Society ; except
the said matter were originally brought in, or communicated by himself.

CHAP. X VII— Of Benefactors.

EVERY Benefactor to the Society, whose gift amounts to the value of Five
pounds or more, shall have his name registered in the Catalogue of Benefactors,
with the mention of his gift. And every Benefactor, that shall present the
Society with any sum of money or gift, to the value of Fifty pounds sterling
or more ; or shall procure any advantage, that shall be estimated by the Society
to be of the like value ; upon acceptance shall, without election, have the
privilege of being present at the Meetings of the Society, and shall not be obliged
to payments. And if any of the Fellows of the Society shall present to the
same the like gift, or sum of money, he shall not be obliged to payments for
the future.

CHAP. XVIII— Of the Death or Recess of any Fellow.

UPON the Death, or the voluntary withdrawing, of any Fellow of the Society,
one of the Secretaries shall note such their Death or Recess in the margin
of the Register, against their names l ; and the Withdrawing of any Fellow
shall be recorded in the Journal-book.

CHAP. XIX — The Form and Causes of Flection.

I. WHENSOEVER there shall be cause for the Ejection of any Fellow out of the
Society, the President shall at some Meeting thereof cancel his name in the
Register, and at the same time pronounce him ejected in these words :—

1 So in the Original.
K

130 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

/ do by the authority, and in the name of the Royal Society of London for
improving natural knowledge, declare A. B. to be now ejected, and no longer a
Fellow thereof.

And the Ejection of every such person shall be recorded in the Journal-book.

II. If any Fellow of the Society shall contemptuously, or contumaciously,
disobey the Statutes or Orders of the Society ; or shall by speaking, writing,
or printing, publicly defame the Society ; or advisedly, and maliciously, do
any thing to the damage and detriment thereof, he shall be ejected out of the
Society.

STATUTES OF 1847 131

II. STATUTES ENACTED IN 1847

CHAP. I — Of the Election and Admission of Fellows.

I. No person shall be proposed, elected, or admitted a Fellow of the Society
on the day of the Anniversary Meeting for electing the Council and Officers.

II. Every Fellow, previously to his proposing a person as a Candidate for
election, shall inform him of the Obligation to be subscribed, of the sum to be
paid for admission money, and of the payments to be made to the Society,
before he can be admitted a Fellow.

III. Every such Candidate shall be proposed and recommended by a
certificate in writing signed by six or more Fellows, of whom three at least
shall certify their recommendation from personal knowledge. The certificate
shall specify the name, rank, profession, qualifications, and usual place of
residence of the Candidate ; and being delivered to one of the Secretaries,
shall be entered in a book to be kept for the purpose, with the date of delivery
and particulars as stated thereon.

IV. Any one of Her Majesty's subjects, who is a Prince of the Blood Royal,
or a Peer of the United Kingdom, or one of her Majesty's Privy Council, and
any Foreign Sovereign Prince, or the Son of a Sovereign Prince, may, never-
theless, be proposed at one of the ordinary Meetings of the Society by any one
Fellow, and upon being seconded by another Fellow, may be put to the Vote
for Election on the same day, provided public notice of such proposition shall
have been given by the proposer at the preceding Meeting of the Society.

V. At the first ordinary Meeting of the Society in March 1848, the names
of all Candidates duly proposed after the first day of March 1847, and in
subsequent years at the first ordinary Meeting in March, the names of all
Candidates proposed subsequently to the first Meeting in March of the
preceding year, shall be announced by the Secretary from a list arranged in
alphabetical order, without reference to the dates of the certificates of the
Candidates; and these certificates shall be suspended in the Meeting-room
until the day of Election.

VI. In the first week in April, a list shall be printed, containing the names
of all the Candidates so announced at the first Meeting in March, arranged
in alphabetical order without reference to the dates of the certificates, together
with the names of the Fellows by whom each Candidate is proposed and
recommended ; and a copy of such list shall immediately thereafter be sent to
every Ordinary Fellow.

VII. The Council shall select by ballot from such printed list of Candidates
a number not exceeding fifteen, to be recommended to the Society for election ;
but no such selection by the Council shall be valid unless eleven Members at
least be present and vote, a majority deciding, or in the event of equality the
President or his deputy having a casting vote.

K 2

132

VIII. At the first ordinary Meeting of the Society in May, the President, or
his deputy, shall read from the Chair the names of the Candidates whom the
Council have selected as most eligible, arranged in alphabetical order ; and
after such Meeting, a circular letter shall be forthwith sent to every Fellow,
naming the day and hour of election, and enclosing a printed list of the
selected Candidates, with space for such alterations as any Fellow may deter-
mine to make in pursuance of Statute X.

IX. The election of Ordinary Fellows, not included in the privileged classes
referred to in Statute IV. of this Chapter, shall take place on the first Thursday
of June ; unless the Council shall alter the day of Election to any other day in
the month of June, in which case due notice of such alteration shall be given
to every Ordinary Fellow.

X. On the day of Election two Scrutators shall be nominated by the
President, with the approbation of the Society, to assist the Secretaries in
examining the lists ; and each Fellow present and voting, shall deliver to one
of the Secretaries or Scrutators, one of the printed lists mentioned in
Statute VIII., having erased the name of any Candidate or Candidates for
whom he does not vote, and. if he shall have thought fit, having substituted
or added the name of any other Candidate or Candidates contained in the
printed list sent in pursuance of Statute VI. of this Chapter.

XI. One of the Secretaries shall take down the names of the Fellows who
vote, and the Scrutators, after examining the lists with the Secretaries, shall
report to the President or his deputy the names of the Candidates who shall
have been duly elected in compliance with the Charters, and the President or
his deputy shall announce those names from the Chair.

XII. Any Candidate announced at the first ordinary Meeting of the Society
in March, as aforesaid, who shall not have been elected, shall, if his proposers
.so desire, continue a Candidate; his name shall be placed in alphabetical
order with those of the new Candidates to be announced in March following,
without reference to the date of his Certificate ; and his Certificate shall be
suspended in the Meeting-room in the same manner as those of the new
Candidates.

XIII. Every person who is elected a Fellow shall appear for his admission
on or before the fourth ordinary Meeting of the Society after his Election, or
within such further time as shall, for some sufficient cause, be granted by the
Council : otherwise his Election shall be void.

XIV. The Admission of any Fellow into the Society shall be at some
ordinary Meeting, in manner and form following, he having first made the
payments required by the Statutes. Immediately after the reading of the
Minutes has been concluded, he shall subscribe the Obligation in the Charter-
lx>ok, and be introduced to the President, who, taking him by the hand, shall
say these words : I do, by the authority, and in the name, of the Royal Society
of London, for improving natural knowledge, admit you a Fellow thereof

STATUTES OF 1847 13:*

XV. The Election, the payments made previous to admission, and the
admission of every person into the Society, with the time thereof, shall be
recorded in the Journal-book.

XVI. No person shall be deemed a Fellow of the Society until he has made
the payments required by the Statutes : nor shall he be entitled to vote at
any election or Meeting of the Society until he shall have been admitted in
the manner and form above specified.

XVII. Persons may be elected into the Society, under the title of Foreign
Members, who are neither natives nor inhabitants of Her Majesty's dominions,
and shall be exempted from certain obligations which the ordinary Fellows are
enjoined by the Statutes to perform ; they shall be selected from among men
of the greatest eminence for their scientific discoveries and attainments.

XVIII. The Council shall from time to time, as they shall see fit, put in
nomination persons for election as Foreign Members, not exceeding, with those
already elected, the number of fifty.

XIX. Notice of such nomination shall be immediately forwarded, in writing,
to each Member of the Council ; and the opinion of the Council respecting
the eligibility of any Candidate, as Foreign Member, shall be taken by
ballot at a subsequent Meeting of the Council, which Meeting shall not be
held within less than one month after the first nomination of the Candidate ;
when, if two-thirds of the Members of the Council present be in favour of the
nomination, the Candidate shall be proposed at the next ordinary Meeting of
the Society, and shall be put to the vote at the following ordinary Meeting.

CHAP. II — Of the Obligation to be subscribed.

EVERY person elected a Fellow of the Society shall, before his admission,
subscribe the Obligation in the following words :

We who have hereunto subscribed, do hereby promise each for himself, that
he will endeavour to promote the good of the Royal Society of London, for
improving natural knowledge, atid to put sue the ends for which the same wax
founded ; that we will be present at the Meetings of the Society, as often a,v
conveniently we can, especially at the Anniversary Elections, and upon extra-
ordinary occasions ,• and that we will observe the Statutes and Orders of the
said Society. Provided, that zvhensoever any of us shall signify to the President
under his hand, that he desireth to withdraw from the Society, he shall be free
from this Obligation for the future.

And if any person elected shall refuse to subscribe the said Obligation, the
election of that person shall be void.

CHAP. Ill — Of the Payments to be made by the Fellows to the Society.

I. EVERY person elected a Fellow of the Society shall, before he is admitted,
pay the sum of ten pounds for Admission-money. And if any such person shall
refuse or fail to pay the said sum, he shall not be admitted, and his election

134 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

shall be void ; except the said sum be remitted in whole, or in part, by special
order of the Council.

II. Every person elected a Fellow, shall, besides the Admission money,
further pay in advance/owr pound* per annum, as long as he shall continue a
Fellow of the Society.

III. All who were Fellows of the Society before December the llth, 1834,
may at any time compound for their annual payments, by paying at once, as
hitherto, the sum of Forty pounds.

IV. All who have, or may become Fellows of the Society after December
the llth, 1834, may at any time compound for their annual payments, by
paying at once the sum of Sixty pounds.

V. All who have become Fellows of the Society after December the llth,
1834, and who have contributed a Paper, which has been printed in the Philo-
sophical Transactions, shall have the privilege of compounding for their annual
contributions for the sum of Forty pounds.

VI. Every Fellow of the Society liable to an annual payment shall bring or
send the same to the Treasurer, or the Assistant Secretary. And if any such
Fellow shall fail to pay the same before the first day of November in each
year, his name shall be suspended in the Public Meeting-room of the Society
as being in arrear, and shall continue so suspended until the sum due be paid.
And if any such Fellow shall fail to pay his subscription on or before the
Meeting of the Society next preceding St. Andrew's Day, no satisfactory
reason having been assigned to the President and Council for such non-
payment, he shall cease to be a Fellow of the Society. Provided, nevertheless,
that on a solicitation for re-admission being addressed to the President and
Council by an individual so circumstanced, within the space of one year
following St. Andrew's Day, the case of the individual so soliciting shall be
stated by the President from the Chair at one .of the ordinary Meetings of the
Society, and the question of his re-admission be put to the vote at the next
Meeting of the Society.

CHAP. IV— Of the Death or Recess of any Fellow.

THE Death or Recess of any Fellow of the Society shall be recorded in the
Journal-book of the Society, and the names of such persons announced from
the Chair, at the Anniversary Meeting for electing the Council and Officers.

CHAP. \—Of the Causes and Form of Ejection.

I. IF any Fellow of the Society shall contemptuously or contumaciously
disobey the Statutes or Orders of the Society or Council'; or shall, by speak-
ing, writing, or printing, publicly defame the Society ; or advisedly, maliciously,
or dishonestly, do anything to the damage, detriment, or dishonour thereof,
he shall be ejected out of the Society.

II. Whensoever there shall appear to be cause for the ejection of any

STATUTES OF 1847 135

Fellow out of the Society, the subject shall be laid before the Council ; and if
a majority of the Council shall, after due deliberation, determine by ballot to
propose to the Society the ejection of the said Fellow, the President shall in
that case, at some ordinary Meeting of the Society, announce from the Chair
auch determination of the Council ; and at the Meeting next after that at
which the said announcement has been made, the Society shall proceed to
determine the question ; and on its appearing that two-thirds of the Members
present have voted for the ejection of the said Fellow, the President shall
proceed to cancel his name in the Register, and at the same time pronounce
him ejected in these words : —

/ do, by the authority and in the name of the Royal Society of London, for
improving natural knowledge, declare A. B. to be now ejected, and no
longer a Fellow thereof.

And the Ejection of every such person shall be then recorded in the Journal-
book of the Society ; and his name, as ejected, be also read at the next
Anniversary Meeting for elections.

CHAP. VI — Of the Election of the Council and Officers.

I. AT the two ordinary Meetings of the Society, next preceding the day of
the Anniversary Election, the President shall give notice of the said Election ;
and declare how much it imports the good of the Society, that such persons
may be chosen into the Council, as are most likely to attend the Meetings and
business of the Council, out of whom there may be made the best choice of a
President and other Officers.

II. Every Fellow of the Society, in or near London, or within what was
formerly the limit of the three-penny post, and whose residence is known,
shall have notice of the Anniversary Meeting for electing the Council and
Officers for the year ensuing, by particular summons, which summons shall be
sent to the place of residence of such Fellow, a week at the least before the
day of Meeting ; and shall be to this effect :—

These are to give notice, that on the day of

the Council and Officers of the ROYAL SOCIETY are to be elected for the
year ensuing; at which Election your presence is expected, at of the
clock in the precisely.

III. The Council for the ensuing year, out of which shall be chosen the
President, Treasurer, Principal Secretaries, and Foreign Secretary, shall consist
of eleven Members of the existing Council, and of ten Fellows who are not
Members of the existing Council x.

IV. The President and Council shall, previous to the Anniversary Meeting,
nominate, by ballot, eleven Members of the existing Council, and also ten
Fellows, not Members of the existing Council, whom they recommend to the

1 At present one half of the Members of Council go out by rotation.

136 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Society for election into the Council for the ensuing year. The President and
Council shall, also, in like manner, nominate, by ballot, out of the proposed
Council, the persons whom they recommend to the Society for election to the
offices of President, Treasurer, Principal Secretaries, and Foreign Secretary,

for the ensuing year.

V. At the ordinary Meeting of the Society preceding the Anniversary
Meeting, the names of such persons so recommended for election as Council
and Officers for the ensuing year, shall be announced from the Chair.

VI. Lists, with the names of the Fellows recommended by the President
and Council, and having a blank column opposite for such alterations as any
Fellow may wish to make, shall be prepared for the use of the Fellows, one
week before the day of election.

VII. Two Scrutators shall be nominated by the President, with the appro-
bation of the Society, to assist the Secretaries in examining the lists.

VIII. Each Fellow voting, shall deliver his list to one of the Secretaries or
Scrutators ; and the name of each Fellow who shall so deliver in his list, shall
be noted by one of the Secretaries.

IX. The Scrutators, after examining the lists with the Secretaries, shall
report to the Society the names of those having the majority of votes for
composing the Council, and filling the offices of President, Treasurer, Principal
Secretaries, and Foreign Secretary ; the names of which persons shall then be
announced from the Chair.

X. For electing any Member of the Council, or any Officer to be elected
by the Society, upon such vacancies as shall happen in the intervals of the
Anniversary Elections, the summons for such Election, and the proceedings
in it, shall be after the same manner as is directed for the Anniversary
Election.

XI. Upon any vacancy of the President's place, occurring in the intervals
of the Anniversary Elections, the Treasurer, or in his absence one of the
Secretaries, shall cause the Council to be summoned for the Election of a new
President : and the Council meeting thereupon in the usual place, or any
eleven or more of them, shall proceed to the said Election, and not separate
until the major part of them shall have agreed upon a new President.

CHAP. VII— Of the President,

I. THE business of the President shall be to preside at all the Meetings, and
regulate all the debates, of the Society, Council, and Committees ; to state and
put questions both in the affirmative and negative, according to the sense and
intention of the Meetings ; to call for reports and accounts from Committees,
and others; to check irregularities, and to keep all persons to order; to
summon all Meetings of the Council, and Committee of Papers ; and to
execute, or see to the execution of, the Statutes of the Society.

II. The President shall take precedence of every Fellow of the Society, at

STATUTES OF 1847 137

their ordinary place of meeting; and also in all other places, where any
number of the Fellows meet as a Society, Council, or Committee ; and, being
in the Chair, shall be covered, while speaking to or hearing particular Fellows,
notwithstanding their being uncovered.

CHAP. VIII — Of the Treasurer and his Accounts.

I. THK Treasurer, or some person appointed by him, shall receive for the
use of the Society all sums of money due or payable to the Society ; and shall
pay and disburse all sums due from or payable by the Society ; and shall keep
particular Accounts of all such receipts and payments.

II. Every sum of money payable on account of the Society exceeding Ten
Pounds, shall be paid only by order of the Council : but payments for rates
or taxes, to any amount, may be made by the Treasurer, without any specific
order of the Council for that purpose.

III. All sums of money, which there shall not be present occasion for expend-
ing, or otherwise disposing of to the use of the Society, shall be laid out in such
Government or other securities as shall be approved of and directed by the
Council.

IV. The Treasurer shall keep a yearly account of all such Fellows of the
Society as pay the sum appointed as the composition in lieu of annual
payments ; and also of those who make the annual payments : and in this
account shall be noted the times up to which the annual payments have been
made, and the arrears due from each Fellow.

V. The Treasurer shall also keep a book of Cheque Receipts for annual pay-
ments, each Receipt to be signed by himself, and to be filled up with the name
of the Fellow paying, the sum paid, and the time for which payment is made :
these Receipts to be undersigned by the person who shall receive the money on
the Treasurer's behalf, who, upon the delivery of the Receipt to the Fellow
paying, is to enter upon that part of the Check which is left in the Book, the
above particulars, and also the day of payment.

VI. The Treasurer shall demand, or cause to be demanded, all arrears of
annual payments, as soon as convenient after the first day of May.

VII. The Accounts of the Treasurer shall be audited annually, a short time
preceding the Anniversary Elections, by a Committee consisting of five Members
of the Council, of whom the President and the Senior Secretary (or in his
absence the Junior) to be two ; and of five Fellows of the Society not Members
of the Council, who are to be nominated by the President, with the consent of
the major part of the Fellows present, given by ballot at one of the three next
preceding weekly Meetings ; any three or more of the said five Members of the
Council, whereof the President and one of the Secretaries shall be two, together
with any three or more of the said five Fellows, shall be a Quorum of the said
Committee : the Members of the said Committee who are of the Council shall
make their report to the Council held next after such Audit, on or before the

138 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Anniversary Election ; and the Members of the said Committee who are not of
the Council shall make the Report to the Society, upon the Meeting next
before the Anniversary Election, or on the day of the said Election.

VIII. The Treasurer shall have the charge of the Title Deeds of the Society's
Estates, the Bonds formerly given by the Fellows, the Policies of Insurance,
and Securities.

IX. As soon after the Audit as may be, and before the Anniversary Meeting,
the Treasurer shall cause an Abstract of the Society's Accounts of the pre-
ceding year to be printed for the use of the Fellows.

CHAP. IX — Of the Secretaries.

I. THK Secretaries, or either of them, shall have inspection over the Assistant-
Secretarv ; and shall give the Orders and Directions concerning the entering
and writing of all Minutes or matters in the Journal-books of the Society or
Council, or any other books of the Society ; and also concerning any orders or
other writings for the use and service of the Society.

II. The Secretaries shall attend all Meetings of the Society, Council, and
Committees of Papers ; where, when the President has taken the Chair, the
Senior Secretary shall read the Minutes, Orders, and entries of the preceding
Meeting ; and shall afterwards take minutes of the business and orders of the
present Meeting, to be entered by the Assistant-Secretary in the respective
books to which they relate.

III. At the Meetings of the Society, the Junior Secretary shall announce the
Presents made to them since the last Meeting; shall give notice of any
Candidate who stands proposed for election into the Society at that Meeting ;
and shall read the Letters and Papers presented to the Society in the order of
time in which they shall have been received, unless the President shall other-
wise direct.

IV. The Secretaries, or either of them, shall draw up all letters to be written
to any persons in the name of the Society or Council, (to be read and approved
of in some meeting of either respectively,) except, for some particular cause or
consideration, some other person be appointed by the Society or Council to
draw up any such letter. They shall likewise have the charge (under the
direction of the Committee of Papers) of printing the Philosophical Transac-
tions and correcting the Press.

V. The letters relating to the business of the Society, received during each
Session, shall be arranged and kept in the Apartments of the Society.

VI. The duty of the Secretary for Foreign Correspondence shall be to
receive and answer all letters from foreign parts relating to the business of the
Society, to return thanks for presents from Foreigners made to the Society, and
to forward to persons elected Foreign Members, the Diplomas certifying their
election into the Society.

STATUTES OF 1847 139

CHAP. X — Of the^Asfnstant-Secretary.

I. THE person who shall be chosen to the office of Assistant-Secretary, shall
cither not be a Fellow of the Society; or, if a Fellow, shall cease to be so,
upon his Election to, and acceptance of that office.

II. The appointment of a person to the office of Assistant-Secretary, shall
be by the Council, to whom the officer so appointed shall give security, at the
discretion of the Council ; and he shall reside in the Society's House.

III. The Assistant-Secretary shall be paid for his services, according to the
determination of the Council ; and shall not, besides such payments, receive
any perquisite or profit whatsoever. He shall be further subject to such Rules
and Orders as shall from time to time be made or given by the President
and Council, besides those annexed to the duty of his office ; and he shall con-
stantly be in attendance, during all Meetings of the Society, Council, and
Committees.

IV. He shall enter all the Minutes in the several Journal-books, and make
an Index to every such book : he shall lay before every Council their fair
Minute-book ; and before every Committee of Papers, the Society's Journal-
book, to show that the several entries are fairly made : and he shall have the
care of the writing of all Summonses of the Society, Council, and Committees.

V. He shall, under the direction of the Secretaries, have the charge and
custody of the Charter-book, Statute-book, Journal-books of the Society and
Council, Register-books, and Letter-books, as also of all Papers and Writings
belonging to the Society ; all which shall be kept in the house of the Society,
that they may be in readiness to be produced at any Meetings of the Society
or Council, as the case may require, or as shall be ordered by the Society,
Council, or President.

VI. He shall not suffer any person, not being a Fellow of the Society, to
read any Journal-book, Record, or Writing, or any part thereof, belonging to
the Society ; nor give any copy thereof, nor any way communicate anything
contained therein, to any such person.

VII. He shall follow the directions which may be given him from time to
time by the Treasurer. He shall enter in a Book, to be provided by the
Treasurer, all such sums as he may receive on account of the Society at the
instant of receiving such sums ; and for these sums, so entered by him, he shall
be answerable, until he shall have paid them to the Treasurer.

VIII. He shall attend the Library every day that it is open, from Eleven
in the morning to Four in the afternoon, for the accommodation of such
Fellows of the Society as shall come to read the printed books or manuscripts,
and of any other persons who shall bring a written permission from the
President or any other Member of the Council, or who shall be introduced by
a Fellow in person.

IX. He shall mark with the stamp of the Society, all books presented to, or
bought by, the Society, immediately after their coming into the possession of

140 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

the Society, and before they are laid on the Society's Table ; and he shall so
place them as to be readily found.

X. He shall receive from the Printer all the copies of the Philosophical
Transaction* ; and deliver out one copy to each Fellow who shall ask, or send
for it at the House of the Society.

XL He shall keep a Book, in which shall be entered an Account of the
number of the Transactions printed, and also an account of such as are sold ;
and he shall, previous to the Audit, certify the correctness of such account.

CHAP. XI — Oftlie Meetings of the Society.

I. THE Session of the Society shall commence on the third Thursday in
November, and end on the third Thursday in June.

II. The ordinary Meetings of the Society shall be weekly, (excepting
Christmas week, and the week following, and also Passion, Easter, and Whitsun-
weeks, Ascension-day, and also the weeks during which the Anniversary
Meeting and Annual Meeting for the election of Fellows are held,) on
Thursdays, and shall begin at half-past Eight o'clock in the Evening, precisely.

III. No stranger, excepting Foreign Ambassadors and Ministers, and other
distinguished persons specially invited by the President, shall, on any account,
be permitted to be present during the Meeting, unless by order of the President,
or by leave obtained of the Society upon the written recommendation of some
Fellow before the President takes the Chair ; and the name of every person
so permitted to be present, and of the Fellow who recommended him, shall be
entered in the Journal-book.

IV. The business of the Society in their ordinary Meetings shall be, to read
and hear letters, reports, and other papers, concerning Philosophical matters *.

V. At the ordinary Meetings of the Society, nothing relating to its Statutes
or management shall be brought forward or discussed 2.

VI. The Anniversary Meeting for the election of the Council and Officers,
and the Annual Meeting for the election of Fellows, shall take place at an hour
to be determined by the Council.

CHAP. XII— Of Special General Meetings of the Society.

I. THK President or Council may at any time call a Special General Meeting
of the Society when it may appear to them to be necessary.

II. Any six Fellows may, by notice in writing, signed by them, and
delivered to one of the Secretaries at an ordinary Meeting of the Society,
require a Special General Meeting of the Society to be convened, for the purpose
of considering and determining on the matters specified in such requisition.

1 Discussions upon these subjects are now permitted.

2 By a resolution of the Council made January 28th, 1836, this clause is intended to
prevent the discussion of.any subject not immediately connected with the usual business of
the ordinary Meetings.

STATUTES OF 1847 141

III. The Council shall, within one week after such requisition shall have
been so delivered, appoint a day for a Special General Meeting accordingly,
and give one week's notice thereof to each Fellow residing within the limits
of the three-penny post, stating in the notice the object of such Meeting. At
such Meeting no business shall be brought forward except what shall have
been so notified.

CHAP. XIII— Of the Publication of Paper*.

I. THE Members of the Council for the time being, shall constitute and be
a standing Committee, to whom the consideration of the Publication of such
Papers as shall have been read, or communicated to the Society at their weekly
Meetings, shall from time to time be referred. This Committee shall meet at
such times as shall be appointed by the President ; flue and sufficient notice of
such Meeting having been previously sent to every Member of the Committee.

II. No less number than Seven of the Members of the said Committee
(of which number the President, or in his absence a Vice-President, shall
always be one,) shall be a Quorum, capable of acting in relation to the said
Papers.

III. The majority of the said Committee, present at any Meeting thereof,
shall be at liberty to call in to their assistance, at that or any other subsequent
Meeting, any other Fellows of the Society, who are knowing and well-skilled
in the particular branch of Science to which the Paper under deliberation
relates ; and the persons so called in to assist may give their votes on all Papers
to be considered at the Meeting at which they shall be desired to assist, in the
same manner as if they were Members of the Committee.

IV. At every Meeting of the Committee, their method of proceeding upon the
Papers to be considered by them shall be thus : The entry in the Journal-book
of the Society, relating to any paper, upon which the opinion of the Committee
is to be taken, shall be read ; or, if any Member shall desire it, the paper itself
shall be read : after which the question shall be put, whether that paper shall
be printed in the Philosophical Transactions, unless the opinion of the majority
of the Committee shall be in favour of adjourning the consideration of it to a
subsequent Meeting. The question shall always be decided by ballot, and by
a majority of votes ; but if there be an equality of votes, the further consideration
of the question shall be adjourned to the next Meeting of the Committee, when
that question shall be taken into consideration before any other business is
entered upon : and if, at the second balloting upon the same question, there
be still an equality of votes, it shall be determined in the negative. The
decisions of the Committee respecting the printing of Papers in the Philo-
sophical Transactions shall be entered in the Minute-book of the Committee.

V. The Philosophical Transactions shall be printed at the sole charge, and
for the sole use and benefit, of the Society, and of the Fellows thereof; to the
intent that each of the present Fellows, who actually contributes and pays

142

towards the support of the Society, or who has compounded for such contri-
bution, according to the rules and orders established in relation thereto, or
who has for other particular reasons been exonerated and discharged from such
contribution, by order of the Council, may receive gratis (but under proper
limitations and restrictions) one copy of such of the Philosophical Transactions
as shall be printed as aforesaid : and that all persons who shall hereafter be
admitted Fellows, shall, under the same conditions, receive, and be entitled to
the like benefit and advantage.

VI. Once, at least, in every year, a proper portion of the Papers, which have
been communicated to the Society, and ordered for publication by the Com-
mittee, shall be printed, under the name and title of Philosophical Transactions
of the Royal Society of London ; and the time and manner of printing those
Papers shall be fixed and determined by the Council, as occasion shall require.
A number of the copies so printed, sufficient to supply the Fellows of the
Society, shall be delivered to the Assistant Secretary, who shall enter in a book,
to be provided for that purpose, the number of copies received by him, for
which he shall be accountable to the Council for the time being.

VII. The Assistant Secretary shall deliver gratis, at the Society's House, one
of the said copies to every Fellow of the Society (except as hereinafter excepted)
who shall demand the same, either in person, or by letter or other writing
under the hand of such Fellow as shall not come in person to make such
demand : and the person so receiving a copy of such Philosophical Transactions
shall at the same time sign the above-mentioned book, as having received the
said copy.

VIII. In order that the Fellows may be apprised of the time when it will be
proper for them to come or send for their respective copies, due and timely
notice shall be given in some one or more of the public newspapers of the day
upon which the Assistant-Secretary will begin to deliver out the said copies,
which day shall be fixed and appointed by the Council.

Provided always, that no Fellow whatsoever of the Society shall be entitled to
demand or receive any such copy of the Transactions, whose annual contribution
shall be one year in arrear, or whose Election and Payment of Admission fees
and regular Contributions shall not have preceded the date of the time appointed
for the delivery of the said Transactions; neither shall the Executor of any
deceased Fellow receive a copy of the Transactions published after the death
of such Fellow.

Provided also, that no Fellow of the Society shall receive, or be entitled to
receive, gratis, any copy or copies of the Transactions, so printed as aforesaid,
after one year shall have elapsed from the time of the Assistant-Secretary's
having begun to deliver out such copies respectively ; but his neglecting to
demand them for so long a time shall be deemed a forfeiture and dereliction of
his right thereto : unless the Council for the time being, upon being made
acquainted with the reason of such delay, shall order the same to be so

STATUTES OF 1847 143

delivered ; such order, however, shall not extend further back than to the last
five years preceding the date.

IX. If the number of copies so to be printed shall be greater than what will
be requisite to supply each of the Fellows with one copy, such supernumerary
copies, as also all such as shall remain in the hands of the Assistant-Secretary
after five years shall have elapsed from the time of his having begun to deliver
out such copies respectively, shall be disposed of, at such times, and in such
manner, as the Council shall direct.

CHAP. XIV — Of the Books and Papers of the Society.

I. THERE shall be had and kept a Book, called the Charter-book, wherein
shall be fairly written the copy of the Charters, all the Royal Grants on the
behalf of the Society, and the Obligation to be subscribed by the Fellows of
the Society in their own handwriting.

II. There shall be kept a Book, called the Statute-book, wherein shall be
fairly written all the Laws, Statutes, and Constitutions made, or to be made,
concerning the government and regulating of the Society or Council ; and also
a Register of the Fellows of the Society, with the times of their Election and
Admission.

III. There shall be kept Journal-books of the Society, and also of the
Council, wherein shall be entered all the Minutes, Orders, and business of the
Society and Council at their respective Meetings ; to which Journal-books any
Fellow may have access at such times as the Library is open.

IV. The original copy of every Paper read at the Society shall be considered
the proj)erty of the Society, if there be no previous engagement with its Author
to the contrary ; but any Author may have a copy of his own Papers by leave
of the Council.

V. All the Papers read at the Society in the course of each year, and not
withdrawn by leave of the Council, shall be delivered to the Committee of
Papers ; and shall be preserved for future inspection ; and shall never be lent
out of the Society's House without Order of the Council.

VI. The Library shall be open to the Fellows every day, Sundays excepted,
from Eleven in the morning till Four in the afternoon ; excepting on Good
Friday, and during Easter, Whitsun and Christmas weeks, when it shall be closed.

VII. Any Fellow may have the loan of any of the printed Books of the
Society, excepting such as the Council shall order not to be taken out of the
Library, by giving his note for the due return of them in the condition in
which he received them ; but he shall not be allowed to have in his possession
more than four volumes at a time. The loan of Manuscripts is exclusively
vested in the President and Council.

VIII. A List of all Books and Manuscripts borrowed from the Library of
the Royal Society, and of the Fellows of the Society to whom they are lent,
shall be kept in the Library.

144 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

IX. All Books whatsoever belonging to the Society shall be returned at a
time to be specified by the Council, in each year; and the Library shall be
closed for one month after such time, or for such shorter periods as the Council
may direct.

X. The value of such Books in the possession of any Fellow as are not
returned to the Library pursuant to the preceding Statute, shall be required
to l>e paid by the person who has so detained them.

CHAP. XV — Of the Common Seal and Deeds.

I. THK Common Seal of the Society shall be kept in an iron chest, having
three locks, with three different keys ; whereof one shall be in the custody of
the President, another of the Treasurer, and the third of the Senior Secretary.

II. Every Deed, or writing, to which the Common Seal is to be affixed,
shall l>e passed and sealed in Council, and signed by the President on the
fore part near the label, and signed on the back by the rest of the Members of
the Council present.

CHAP. XVI — Of the making and repealing of Laics.

I. FOR the making of any Law or Statute of the Royal Society, the draught
thereof shall be read in Council, and put to the vote, on two several days of
their Meeting. The first day the question to be resolved by vote shall be to
this effect, viz. 'Whether the draught of the said Statute, then agreed upon, shall
be read at another Meeting ? ' The second day the question shall be to this
effect, viz. ' Whether the draught of the said Statute, then agreed upon, shall
pass for a Law, or not ? '

II. For the repealing of any Law or Statute, or any part thereof, the Repeal
shall be proposed and voted in Council on two several days of their Meeting.
The first day the question to be resolved by Ballot shall be to this effect, viz.
' Whether the Repeal of such a Statute, or such part thereof, shall be proposed
at another Meeting ?' The second day the question shall be to this effect, viz.
* Whether such a Statute, or such part thereof, shall be repealed, or not ? '
And in case the said Repeal be agreed unto, the same shall be recorded
in the Journal-book of the Council ; and the Statute, or part of the Statute,
repealed, shall be cancelled in the Statute-book.

PI.ATK XI

BKN.TAMIN FRANKLIX
From a portrait by Joseph Wright, in the rooms of the Royal Society

145

III. STATUTES OF 1905, NOW (1912) IN FORCE

CHAP. I — Of the Election and Admission of Fellows.

I. No person shall be proposed, elected, or admitted a Fellow of the Society
on the day of the Anniversary Meeting for electing the Council and Officers.

II. Every Fellow, previously to his proposing a person as a Candidate for
Election, shall inform him of the Obligation to be subscribed, of the sum to be
paid for admission money, and of the payments to be made to the Society,
before he can be admitted a Fellow.

III. Every such Candidate shall be proposed and recommended by a certi- Certificate of
ficate in writing signed by six or more Fellows, of whom three at least shall Candldature-
certify their recommendation from personal knowledge. The certificate shall

specify the name, rank, profession, qualifications, and usual place of residence
of the Candidate ; and being delivered to one of the Secretaries, or to the
Assistant Secretary, shall be registered, with the date of delivery, in a book to
be kept for the purpose, and read at the next ordinary meeting ; and, unless
otherwise ordered, shall be suspended in some convenient place in the apart-
ments of the Society until the day of election.

IV. At the first Ordinary Meeting of the Society in January, the names of Names of
all Candidates proposed prior to the first day of that month, and subsequently fa beldates
to the last announcement of the names of Candidates, and also the names of announced
those Candidates whose certificates have been resuspended as hereinafter pro- m
vided, shall be announced by one of the Secretaries from a list arranged in
alphabetical order, without reference to the dates of the certificates of the
Candidates ; and these certificates shall remain suspended until the day of
Election.

V. In the first week in February, a list shall be printed, containing the List of
names of all the Candidates so announced at the first Meeting in January, t^be printed
arranged in alphabetical order, without reference to the dates of the certificates,
together with the names of the Fellows by whom each Candidate is proposed

and recommended ; and a copy of such list shall immediately thereafter be sent
to every Ordinary Fellow.

VI. The Council shall select by ballot from such printed list of Candidates Selection by

/ ' ' 1

a number not exceeding fifteen, to be recommended to the Society for Election ;
but no such selection by the Council shall be valid unless eleven Members at
least be present and vote, a majority deciding, or in the event of equality the
President having a second or casting vote.

VII. At the first Ordinary Meeting of the Society in March, the President Selected
shall read from the Chair the names of the Candidates whom the Council have
selected as most eligible, arranged in alphabetical order ; and after such Fellows.

I,

Date of
Election.

Election
Procedure.

Renewal of
Candidature.

Royal
Family.

Special
Elections.

146 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Meeting, a circular letter shall be forthwith sent to every Fellow, naming the
day and hour of Election, and enclosing a printed list of the selected Candi-
dates, with space for such alterations as any Fellow may determine to make in
pursuance of Statute IX of this Chapter.

VIII. The election of Ordinary Fellows not included in the privileged
classes referred to in Statutes XII and XIII of this Chapter, shall take place
on the first Thursday of May ; unless the Council shall alter the day of Election
to any other day in the month of May, in which case due notice of such altera-
tion shall be given to every Ordinary Fellow.

IX. On the day of Election two Scrutators shall be nominated by the
President, with the approbation of the Society, to assist the Secretaries in
examining the lists ; and each Fellow present and voting, shall deliver to one
of the Secretaries or Scrutators one of the printed lists mentioned in Statute VII
of this Chapter, having erased the name of any Candidate or Candidates for
whom he does not vote, and, if he shall have thought fit, having substituted
or added the name of any other Candidate or Candidates contained in the
printed list sent in pursuance of Statute V of this Chapter.

X. One of the Secretaries shall take down the names of the Fellows who
vote, and the Scrutators, after examining the lists with the Secretaries, shall
report to the President the names of the Candidates who shall have been duly
elected in compliance with the Charters, and the President shall announce those
names from the Chair.

XI. Any Candidate whose name shall have been printed in a previous list
of Candidates, but who shall not have been elected, shall, if his proposers, or
any one of them, so request in writing, before the 31st December immediately
preceding an election, be a Candidate at such election ; his name shall be placed
in alphabetical order with those of the new Candidates to be announced in
January following, and his certificate shall be suspended along with those of
the new Candidates. Provided always that the same certificate shall not be
valid for more than five years from the date thereof. Any additional qualifi-
cations of a Candidate may be set forth in a supplementary certificate to be
signed by not fewer than six Fellows.

XII. Any one of His Majesty's subjects who is a Prince of the Blood Royal
may be proposed at one of the Ordinary Meetings of the Society by any Fellow,
and may be put to the vote for Election on the same day, provided public
notice of such proposition shall have been given by the proposer at the pre-
ceding Meeting of the Society.

XIII. In cases in which the Council is of opinion that, in the interests of the
advancement of Natural Knowledge, it is desirable that persons be elected
Fellows of the Society otherwise than as provided by Statutes III to XII of
this Chapter, they may, once in every two years, recommend to the Society for
election not more than two persons, who, in their opinion, either have rendered
conspicuous service to the cause of science, or are such that their election would

THE STATUTES OF 1905 147

be of signal benefit to the Society. The persons so recommended shall be
selected by the Council by ballot, in accordance with the procedure established
by Standing Orders of Council. Provided always that no person shall be so
recommended unless he obtains two-thirds of the votes of the whole Council.

At the Ordinary Meeting of the Society next following the Meeting of
Council at which such selection is made, the person or persons nominated shall
be proposed for election by means of a certificate prepared in accordance with
Statute III of this Chapter, no distinction, however, being made between per-
sonal and general knowledge, and the ground on which the Candidate has been
nominated by the Council, that is to say, whether as having rendered conspi-
cuous service to the cause of science, or as such that his election would be of
signal benefit to the Society, being alone stated as the qualification. Such
certificate, on being allowed by the Society, shall be suspended in some con-
venient place in the apartments of the Society until the day on which a ballot
is taken upon it. The date for the ballot, which shall not be earlier than the
third Ordinary Meeting after that at which the certificate is read, shall be
announced at the head of the certificate.

XIV. Every person who is elected a Fellow shall appear for his admission Admission,
on or before the fourth Ordinary Meeting of the Society after the day of his
Election, or within such further time as shall, for some sufficient cause, be
granted by the Council ; otherwise his election shall be void.

XV. The admission of any Fellow into the Society shall be at some Ordinary
Meeting, in manner and form following, he having first made the payments
required by the Statutes. Immediately after the reading of the Minutes has
been concluded, he shall subscribe the Obligation in the Charter-book, and be
introduced to the President, who, taking him by the hand, shall say these
words : / do, by the authority and in the name of the Royal Society of London,

for Improving Natural Knowledge, admit you a Fellow thereof.

XVI. The Election, the payments made previous to admission, and the Admission
Admission of every person into the Society, with the time thereof, shall be forded'6
recorded in the Journal-book.

XVII. No person shall be deemed a Fellow of the Society until he has made
the payments required by the Statutes : nor shall he be entitled to vote at any
Election or Meeting of the Society until he shall have been admitted in the
manner and form above specified.

XVIII. Persons may be elected into the Society, under the title of Foreign Foreign
Members, who are neither natives nor inhabitants of His Majesty's dominions,

and shall be exempted from the operation of Chapters II and III of these
Statutes ; they shall be selected from among men of the greatest eminence for
their scientific discoveries and attainments.

XIX. The Council shall from time to time, as they shall see fit, put in Procedure
nomination persons for Election as Foreign Members, not exceeding, with °fYore\^
those already elected, the number of fifty. Members.

L 2

148 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

XX. A book shall be kept in which Fellows of the Society may enter the
names of those men of science whom they suggest as Foreign Members ; each
entry shall be signed by the proposer and be accompanied by a statement of
the principal grounds on which the suggestion is made, and shall be valid for
three years only.

XXI. When vacancies in the list of Foreign Members are to be filled up, a
list of the persons so entered shall be sent to each Member of the Council,
together with notice of the Meeting at which the list will be considered. At
the Meeting thus appointed further entries may be made, and the claims of
those men of science whose names have been duly entered in the book shall be
considered, and a selection of names shall be made, from among which the
Council, at a subsequent Meeting to be then appointed, may make nominations
to the Society.

XXII. At the second Meeting the selection of Candidates to be so nomi-
nated for Foreign Membership shall be by ballot ; when, if two-thirds of the
Members of the Council present be in favour of the nomination of any Candi-
date, his name shall be proposed at the next Ordinary Meeting of the Society,
and shall be put to the vote by ballot at the following Ordinary Meeting.

CHAP. II — Of the Obligation to be Subscribed.

EVEEY person elected a Fellow of the Society shall, before his admission, sub-
scribe the Obligation in the following words : —

Obligation to We who have hereunto subscribed, do hereby promise each for himself, that we

be subscribed w^j endeavour to promote the good of the Royal Society of London, for

Yellow. Improving Natural Knowledge, and to pursue the ends for which the same was

founded ; that we will be present at the Meetings of the Society, as often as

conveniently we can, especially at the Anniversary Elections, and upon extra-

ordinary occasions ; and that we will observe the Statutes and Orders of the said

Society. Provided, that whensoever any of us shall signify to the President

under his hand, that he desireth to withdraw from the Society, he shall be free

from this Obligation for the future.

And if any person elected shall refuse to subscribe the said Obligation, the
election of that person shall be void.

CHAP. Ill— Of the Payments to be made by the Fellows to the Society.
Annual I. EVERY person elected a Fellow of the Society shall, before he is admitted,

™

tions™ Pav tne sum °f ten pounds for admission money, the sum of four pounds for

the year of his election, and the same sum annually in advance so long as he
shall continue a Fellow of the Society. And if any such person shall refuse
or fail to pay the said sums, he shall not be admitted, and his Election shall
be void : except the said sums be remitted in whole, or in part, by special
order of the Council. Provided always that, except in the case of Fellows
elected under Statutes XII and XIII of Chapter I, the admission fee of each

THE STATUTES OF 1905 140

Fellow shall be paid out of the Fee Reduction Fund, and shall not be
demanded of the Fellow ; and that, except in the case of Fellows elected under
Statutes XII and XIII of Chapter I, Fellows elected before llth July, 1902,
by reason of their being Members of the Privy Council, and Fellows elected
before January, 1879, one pound of the annual contribution shall be paid out
of the Fee Reduction Fund.

II. All who have or may become Fellows of the Society may at any time Life Compo-
compound for their annual payments, by paying at once the sum of sixty S1
pounds.

III. All Annual Contributions shall be considered to be due on the 25th Annual Con-
day of March in each year. Every Fellow of the Society liable to an Annual d"eUMarch
Payment shall, previously to the 25th day of March in every year, bring or send 25th.

the same to the Treasurer or the Assistant Secretary. And if any such Fellow,
after notice sent by post to his usual address, in May, and again in September,
shall fail to pay the same before the first day of October in each year, his
name shall be suspended in the public Meeting-room of the Society as being in
arrear, and shall continue so suspended until the sum due be paid. And if Conse-
any such Fellow shall fail to pay his subscription on or before the first day of ^"^"pay-
November in each year, no satisfactory reason having been assigned to the men*-
President and Council for such non-payment, he shall cease to be a Fellow of
the Society. Provided, nevertheless, that on a solicitation for readmission
being addressed to the President and Council by an individual so circumstanced,
within the space of one year following St. Andrew's Day, the case of the
individual so soliciting shall be stated by the President from the Chair, at one
of the Ordinary Meetings of the Society, and the question of his readmission
be put to the vote at the next Ordinary Meeting of the Society.

CHAP. IV — Of the Death or Recess of Fellows.

I. THE Death or Recess of any Fellow of the Society shall be forthwith Record of
recorded in the Register of Fellows, and the names thus recorded shall be
announced from the Chair at the Anniversary Meeting for electing the Council
and Officers.

CHAP. V — Of the Causes and Form of flection.

I. IF any Fellow of the Society shall contemptuously or contumaciously Grounds for
disobey the Statutes or Orders of the Society or Council ; or shall, by speaking, " c
writing, or printing, publicly defame the Society ; or advisedly, maliciously,

or dishonestly do anything to the damage, detriment, or dishonour thereof, he
shall be ejected out of the Society.

II. Whensoever there shall appear to be cause for the ejection of any Procedure in
Fellow out of the Society, the subject shall be laid before the Council ; and i

a majority of the Council shall, after due deliberation, determine by ballot to
propose to the Society the ejection of the said Fellow, the President shall in

Notice of
Election of
Council and
Officers.

Summons to
Anniversary
Meeting.

Nomination
of the

Council and
Officers.

Election.

150

that case, at some Ordinary Meeting of the Society, announce from the Chair
such determination of the Council ; and at the Ordinary Meeting next after
that at which the said announcement has been made, the Society shall proceed
to determine the question; and on its appearing that two-thirds of the
Members present have voted for the ejection of the said Fellow, the President
shall proceed to cancel his name in the Register, and at the same time
pronounce him ejected in these words: —

I do, by the authority and in the name of the Royal Society of London,
for Improving Natural Knowledge, declare A.B. to be now ejected, and
no longer a Fellow thereof.

And the ejection of every such person shall be then recorded in the Journal-
book of the Society ; and his name, as ejected, be also read at the next
Anniversary Meeting for Elections.

CHAP. VI — Of the Election of the Council and Officers.

I. AT the two Ordinary Meetings of the Society next preceding the day of
the Anniversary Election, the President shall give notice of the said Election ;
and declare how much it imports the good of the Society, that such persons
may be chosen into the Council, as are most likely to attend the Meetings and
business of the Council, out of whom there may be made the best choice of a
President and other Officers.

II. Every Fellow of the Society resident in the United Kingdom shall have
notice of the Anniversary Meeting for electing the Council and Officers for the
year ensuing, by particular summons, which summons shall be sent to the
address of such Fellow, a week at the least before the day of Meeting, and
shall t>e to this effect : —

These are to give notice, that on the day of

the Council and Officers of the ROYAL SOCIETY are to be elected for the
year ensuing ; at which Election your presence is expected, at of the
clock in the precisely.

III. The Council for the ensuing year, out of which shall be chosen the
President, Treasurer, Principal Secretaries, and Foreign Secretary, shall consist
of eleven Members of the existing Council, and of ten Fellows who are not
Members of the existing Council.

IV. The President and Council shall, previous to the Anniversary Meeting,
nominate, by ballot, eleven Members of the existing Council, and also ten
Fellows, not Members of the existing Council, whom they recommend to the
Society for Election into the Council for the ensuing year. The President
and Council shall also, in like manner, nominate by ballot, out of the proposed
Council, the persons whom they recommend to the Society for election to the
offices of President, Treasurer, Principal Secretaries, and Foreign Secretary for
the ensuing year.

V. At the Ordinary Meeting of the Society preceding the Anniversary

THE STATUTES OF 1905 151

Meeting, the names of such persons so recommended for election as Council
and Officers for the ensuing year shall be announced from the Chair.

VI. Lists, with the names of the Fellows recommended by the President Balloting
and Council, and having a blank column opposite for such alterations as any "aPers-
Fellow may wish to make, shall be prepared for the use of the Fellows one

week before the day of Election.

VII. Two Scrutators shall be nominated by the President, with the Scrutators.
approbation of the Society, to assist the Secretaries in examining the lists.

VIII. Each Fellow voting shall deliver his list to one of the Secretaries or Mode of
Scrutators ; and the name of each Fellow who shall so deliver in his list shall otmS-
be noted by one of the Secretaries.

IX. The Scrutators, after examining the lists with the Secretaries, shall
report to the Society the names of those having the majority of votes for
composing the Council, and filling the offices of President, Treasurer, Principal
Secretaries, and Foreign Secretary ; the names of which persons shall then be
announced from the Chair.

X. For electing any Member of the Council, or any Officer to be elected by Elections to
the Society, upon such vacancies as shall happen in the intervals of the y
Anniversary Elections, the summons for such Election, and the proceedings in

it, shall be after the same manner as is directed for the Anniversary Election.
XL Upon any vacancy of the President's place, occurring in the intervals
of the Anniversary Elections, the Treasurer, or, in his absence, one of the
Secretaries, shall cause the Council to be summoned for the Election of a new
President : and the Council, meeting thereupon in the usual place, or any
eleven or more of them, shall proceed to the said Election, and not separate
until the major part of them shall have agreed upon a new President.

CHAP. VII— Of the President.

I. THE business of the President shall be to preside at all the meetings, and Business of
regulate all the debates, of the Society, Council, and Committees ; to state de^t r(
and put questions both in the affirmative and negative, according to the sense

and intention of the meetings ; to call for reports and accounts from
Committees, and others; to check irregularities, and to keep all persons to
order ; to summon all Meetings of the Council, and Committee of Papers ; and
to execute, or see to the execution of, the Statutes of the Society.

II. The President shall take precedence of every Fellow of the Society, at Precedence
their ordinary place of meeting ; and also in all other places, where any

number of the Fellows meet as a Society, Council, or Committee.

III. The President shall annually appoint two or more Members of Council Vice-
to be Vice-Presidents. In the absence of the President, one of the Vice-
Presi dents shall act as his deputy, and may do the same acts as the President
himself could do if present ; provided always that the Council may appoint
any Fellow to be Chairman of any Committee other than the Committee of

Duties of the
Treasurer.

Power to
make Pay-
ments.

Investment
of Moneys.

Audit of
Accounts.

Accounts to
be printed.

Charge of
Title Deeds.

Duties of the
Secretaries.

152 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Papers, and in the absence of the President, such Fellow shall act as Chairman
of such Committee.

CHAP. VIII— Of the Treasurer and his Accounts.

I. THE Treasurer, or some person appointed by him, with the approval of
the Council, shall receive for the use of the Society all sums of money due
or payable to the Society ; and shall pay and disburse all sums due from or
payable by the Society; and shall keep particular Accounts of all such
receipts and payments.

II. Every sum of money, payable on account of the Society, exceeding Ten
Pounds, shall be paid only by order of the Council ; but payments for rates or
taxes, to any amount, may be made by the Treasurer, without any specific
order of the Council for that purpose.

III. All sums of money, which there shall not be present occasion for
expending or otherwise disposing of to the use of the Society, shall be laid out
in such Government or other securities as shall be approved of and directed by
the Council.

IV. The Accounts of the Treasurer shall be audited annually, a short time
preceding the Anniversary Elections, by a Committee consisting of three
Members of the Council, of whom the President or one of the Secretaries to be
one ; and of three Fellows of the Society not Members of the Council, who are
to be nominated by the President, with the consent of the major part of the
Fellows present, given by ballot at one of the three next preceding weekly
meetings ; any one or more of the said three Members of the Council, together
with any one or more of the said three Fellows, shall be a Quorum of the said
Committee : the Members of the said Committee who are of the Council shall
make their Report to the Council held next after such audit, on or before the
Anniversary Election ; and the Members of the said Committee who are not
of the Council shall make their Report to the Society, upon the Meeting next
before the Anniversary Election, or on the day of the said Election.

V. As soon after the Audit as may be, and before the Anniversary Meeting,
the Treasurer shall cause an abstract of the Society's Accounts of the preceding
year to be printed for the use of the Fellows.

VI. The Treasurer shall have the charge of the Title Deeds of the Society's
Estates, the Policies of Insurance, and Securities, and shall have the general
care of the Society's property.

CHAP. IX— Of the Two Secretaries.

I. THE two Secretaries shall be responsible to the Council for the general
conduct of the Society's correspondence, publications, and all other business,
excepting that which relates to finance.

II. The Secretaries, or one of them, shall attend all meetings of the Society,
Council, and Committee of Papers ; where, when the President has taken the

THE STATUTES OF 1905 153

Chair, one of the Secretaries shall read the minutes, orders, and entries of the
preceding meeting ; and shall be responsible for the accuracy of the minutes of
the business and orders of the present meeting, to be entered by the Assistant
Secretary in the respective books to which they relate.

CHAP. X — Of the Foreign Secretary.

I. THE duty of the Secretary for Foreign Correspondence shall be to conduct Duties of the
correspondence with foreign parts, relating to the business of the Society, to

return thanks for presents from foreigners made to the Society, and to forward
to persons elected Foreign Members the Diplomas certifying their election into
the Society.

CHAP. XI — Of the Assistant Secretary.

, I. THE appointment of a person to the office of Assistant Secretary shall be Appointment
by the Council, to whom the Officer so appointed shall give security, at the Assistant
discretion of the Council ; and he shall hold office during the pleasure of the Secretary.
Council.

II. The person who shall be chosen to the office of Assistant Secretary, shall Assistant
either not be a Fellow of the Society or, if a Fellow, shall cease to be so upon aepenowf r
his appointment to, and acceptance of that office.

III. The Assistant Secretary shall be paid for his services according to the Payment of
determination of the Council. He shall be subject to such Standing Orders as secretary,
shall be made, and shall follow such directions as may be given by the Presi-
dent and Council. He shall give all his time to the work of the Society, and

shall attend in the Office of the Society as prescribed by such Standing Orders.

IV. The Assistant Secretary shall act under the general direction of the
Secretaries, and in their absence shall represent them.

He shall also act on the directions which may be given him from time to
time by the Treasurer in that part of his duties which relates to the finances
of the Society.

V. Subject to such Standing Orders and directions as aforesaid, the Assistant Duties of the
Secretary shall be charged with (1) the general administrative business of the

Society : (2) the control of the Offices and library and of all persons therein
employed, and the arrangement of the office work : (3) the conduct of the
general correspondence.

It shall be his duty, except on such special occasions as may be specified by
Standing Orders, or as may be determined by the President, to attend all
meetings of the Council and Committees and take the minutes thereof, which
minutes he shall submit to the Secretaries for their revision or approval.

VI. He shall, subject as aforesaid, have the charge and custody of the Charter-
book, Statute-book, Journal-books of the Society and Council, Register-books,
Manuscripts, and Archives belonging to the Society ; all which shall, except
in such cases as the Council shall otherwise order, be kept in the House of the

Fellows

Delivery of

156 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

always that the President and Council shall have power to publish either
papers or other matter in such form and under such conditions as they may
from time to time determine.

V. The Philosophical Transactions and the Proceedings shall be printed at
the sole charge, and for the use and benefit, of the Society, and of the Fellows
thereof; to the intent that each of the present Fellows, who actually contri-
butes and pays towards the support of the Society, or who has compounded
for such contribution, according to the rules and orders established in relation
thereto, or who has for other particular reasons been exonerated and discharged
from such contribution by order of the Council, may receive gratis, under
proper limitations, one copy of such of the Philosophical Transactions, and of
the Proceedings as shall be printed as aforesaid ; and that all persons who shall
hereafter be admitted Fellows shall, under the same conditions, receive, and be
entitled to, the like benefit and advantage.

VI. The Assistant Secretary shall deliver gratis one of the said copies of the
yya7Mflf^;w to every Fellow of the Society (except as hereinafter excepted)
who shall demand the same, either in person, or by letter.

Provided always, that no Fellow whatsoever of the Society shall be entitled
to demand or receive any such copy of the Transactions, whose election and
payment of Admission fees and regular Contributions shall not have preceded
the date of the time appointed for the delivery of the said Transactions ,•
neither shall the Executor of any deceased Fellow receive a copy of the Trans-
actions published after the death of such Fellow.

Limitation of Provided also, that no Fellow of the Society shall receive, or be entitled to
receive, gratis, any copy or copies of the Transactions, so printed as aforesaid,

Transaction*, after five years shall have elapsed from the time of the Assistant Secretary's
having begun to deliver out such copies respectively ; but his neglecting to
demand them for so long a time shall be deemed a forfeiture and dereliction of
his right thereto : unless the Council for the time being, upon being made
acquainted with the reason of such delay, and having regard to the circum-
stances of the application, and the amount of stock in hand, shall order such
copies as they may think fit to be so delivered.

Delivery of VII. The Assistant Secretary shall further cause to be distributed gratis to
all the Fellows of the Society, by post or otherwise, copies of the Proceedings
as soon as may be convenient after their appearance.

Charter

CHAP. XV— Of the Books and Papers of the Society.
I. THERE shall be had and kept a Book, called the Charter-book, wherein
shall be fairly written the copy of the Charters, all the Royal Grants on the
behalf of the Society, and the Obligation to be subscribed by the Fellows of
the Society in their own hand-writing.

H' There $ha11 be kept a B°°k' called the Statute-°ook, wherein shall be
fairly written, or printed, all the Laws, Statutes, and Constitutions made, or

THE STATUTES OF 1905 157

to be made, concerning the government and regulating of the Society or
Council; and also a Register of the Fellows of the Society, with the times of Register of
their Election and Admission.

III. There shall be kept Journal-books of the Society, and also of the Council, Journal-
wherein shall be entered all the minutes, orders, and business of the Society

and Council at their respective meetings ; to which Journal-books any Fellow
may have access at such times as the Library is open.

IV. A Book shall be kept, in which the title of each communication Register of
received, the date of its reception at the apartments of the Society, and the

name of the Fellow or Foreign Member who communicates it, shall be duly
entered in the order of its reception.

V. The original copy of every Paper received at the Society shall be Papers corn-
considered the property of the Society, if there be no previous engagement

with its author to the contrary; but any author may withdraw a paper, Withdrawal

provided it has not yet been read, or may, by leave of the Council, have a °

copy of his paper ; and it shall be in the power of the Council, if they think

fit, to return to any author such drawings or other illustrations accompanying

any paper communicated by him or on his behalf, which he may ask in writing

to be returned to him. All the Papers not withdrawn shall be delivered to

the Committee of Papers.

CHAP. XVI — Of the Archives of the Society.

I. THE scientific and historical manuscript collections of the Society, Manuscripts,
including the collections of engravings, and also confidential reports relating

to papers submitted to the Society, shall be preserved in the Archives, and
catalogued so as to be available to duly authorised persons for consultation
and study. The manuscripts of all papers read before the Society, of which
the publication has been deferred, shall be preserved in the Archives.

II. A catalogue of the manuscripts in the Archives shall be available for Catalogue,
reference at the rooms of the Society ; and permission may be granted by the
Council or Officers of the Society to Fellows or to any person duly introduced

by a Fellow, to consult and examine specified manuscripts not of a confidential
character.

III. No manuscript deposited in the Archives shall be removed from the Manuscripts
rooms of the Society without permission of the Council, on security given for

its safe custody and return.

CHAP. XVII— Of the Library.

I. THE Library shall be open to the Fellows on such days, and at such Library
hours, and subject to such regulations, as the Council may from time to time Re&ulatlons-
determine by Standing Orders.

158 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Care of the
Seal.

Sealing
Deeds.

Power to
make and
alter
Standing
Orders.

Procedure in
making or
altering
Statutes.

CHAP. XVIII — Of the Common Seal and Deeds.

I. THE Common Seal of the Society shall be kept in a box, the key of which
shall be kept in a sealed packet. When the Common Seal has to be used, this
packet shall be opened by the President in Council ; and at the Council meet-
ing at which it is so opened, the Common Seal having been replaced in the box,
and the box locked, the key shall again be enclosed in a packet, which shall be
sealed by the President with his private seal. The box and sealed packet shall
be kept at the Society's Apartments in an iron safe.

II. Every Deed or writing, to which the Common Seal is to be affixed,
shall be passed and sealed in Council.

CHAP. XIX — Of the Restraint of Dividends to Fellows.
I. THE Society shall not, and by its laws may not, make any Dividend,
Gift, Division, or Bonus in Money unto or between any of its Members.

CHAP. XX— Of the Standing Orders of the Society.

I. THE Council may from time to time make Standing Orders for the regu-
lation of the affairs of the Society, provided that such Standing Orders be not
contrary to anything contained in the Charters or Statutes of the Society.
Such Standing Orders may be made, amended or repealed at any meeting of
the Council, provided that notice of any proposed new Standing Order, amend-
ment or repeal has been given at the preceding Council. Such notice shall
specify the proposed new Standing Order, amendment or repeal.

CHAP. XXI — Of the Making, Amending, and Repealing of Laws.

I. FOR the making of any new Statute of the Society or for the amendment
or repeal of any Statute or any part thereof, notice of the proposed new
Statute, amendment or repeal shall be given at a meeting of the Council, and
such notice shall specify the proposed new Statute, amendment or repeal. The
Council shall thereupon appoint a day for the consideration of the proposal.
On such day the question to be resolved shall be to this effect, viz., * Whether
the proposed new Statute, amendment or repeal shall be proposed at another
meeting ? ' And if this be determined in the affirmative the Council shall
appoint a day for such proposal. On such day the question shall be to this
effect, viz., ' Whether the proposed new Statute, amendment or repeal shall
be agreed upon ?' And in case the said new Statute, amendment or repeal
be agreed unto, the same shall be recorded in the Statute Book of the Society,
and when so recorded shall pass for a law.

159

NOTES ON THE HISTORY OF THE STATUTES1

I. THE STATUTES FROM 1663 TO 1752.

DURING the succeeding ninety years changes were from time to time made in
the Statutes ; but no new version of the Statutes appears to have been drawn
up until the year 1752.2

* The laws of the Royal Society, like those of other communities, were altered
from time to time, until they appeared sufficient to embrace every contingency
that might occur, while they held their meetings in Gresham College, which
they continued to do for near the space of fifty years. But the arrangement
of the Society's affairs being somewhat altered upon possessing a house of their
own, it became necessary to make different establishments in many particulars
and to alter and augment some of their Statutes. However, the greater part
of them was still left in the original form, suited to the situation of the Society
at Gresham College.1 3

Between 1663 and 1752, the following seem to have been the most important
changes.

(a) The Election of Fellows.

In the original Statutes of 1663, Cap. VI, * Of the Election and Admission
of Fellows.' Stat. i provides that candidates be propounded at one meeting,
and put to the vote at some other meeting at which twenty-one fellows (as
prescribed by Charter) are present ; but that every one of his Majesty's
subjects having the title and place of Baron, or any higher title and place, and
every one of his Majesty's Privy Council, may be propounded and put to the
vote the same day. And Stat. iii of the same chapter provides that ' the name
of every person propounded as a Candidate, together with the name of the
Fellow proposing, shall be entered in the Journal-book ' ; by which it appears
that * propounding ' by one Fellow was sufficient.

In 1682, however, the following was proposed on August 2, and passed on
August 5 : —

* The Statute for Election of Fellows having by long Experience been found
insufficient for bringing in persons qualifyed for the ends of the Institution of
the Royal Society, few balloting in the negative and presuming the person to be
well known to the Member that Proposeth the Candidate, it is thought requisite
by the Councell to propose this Statute following, —

1 Reprinted with additions from ' Proceedings of the Royal Society ', vol. 50, p. 501.

2 The British Museum contains a small 8vo edition, dated 1 728, but this appears to be
a verbatim copy of the Statutes of 1663, except that Cap. VI, Sec. 7, begins with the
words 'The admission of, instead of ' The election and admission of.

3 Preface to Statutes, Edition of 1776.

160

* Every person that would propose a Candidate shall first give in his name to
some of the Councell, that so in the next Councell it may be discoursed viva
we whether the person is known to be so qualified as in probability to be
useftill to the Society. And if the Councell return no other Answer but that
they desire further time to be acquainted with the gentleman proposed, the
Proposer is to take that for an Answer. And if they are well assured that the
Candidate may be usefull to the Society then the Candidate shall be proposed
at the next meeting of the Society and ballotted according to the Statute in
that behalf, and shall immediately sign the usual Bond and pay his admission
money upon his Admission.'

Neither the Statutes of 1663, nor the Edition of 1752, make any mention of
the ' Bond for the payment of the contribution ' ; the words first occur in the
Edition of 1776, but the actual Bonds preserved in the Archives of the Society
date from January 1, 1674, onwards. (See Note on p. 173.)

In 1728, January 4th (1727 old style), the following Statute was passed, that
of 1682 being apparently repealed : —

' Everv Person to be Elected Fellow of the Society shall first at a Meeting
of the Society be propounded as a candidate to be approved by the Council,
and shall be recommended by three members, one of which at least shall be a
member of the Council, and one of them shall at the same Time mention and
specify the qualification of the said Candidate. And afterwards such Person
shall at another meeting of the Society (whereat there shall be a competent
Number for making Elections) be referred back from the Council if approved,
and shall then be propounded and put to the Vote for Election Saving
and Excepting that it shall be free for every one of his Majesties Subjects who
is a Peer or the son of a Peer of Great Britain or Ireland, and for every one
of his Majesties Privy Council of either of 'the said kingdoms to be propounded
by any single Person and to be put to the Vote for Election on the same Day,
there being present a competent Number for making Elections.'

This, however, was in turn, very soon, viz., in 1730, changed to the follow-
ing form, all mention of Council being omitted from the Statute : —

' X. Every person to be elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, shall be
propounded and recommended at a meeting of the Society by three or more
Members ; who shall then deliver to one of the Secretaries a paper, signed by
themselves with their own names, specifying the name, addition, profession,
occupation, and chief qualifications; the inventions, discoveries, works, writings,
or other productions of the candidate for Election ; as also notifying the usual
place of his habitation.

« A fair copy of which paper, with the date of the day when delivered, shall
lie fixed up in the common meeting room of the Society at ten several ordinary
meetings, before the said candidate shall be put to the ballot : Saving and
excepting, that it shall be free for every one of his Majesty's subjects, who is a
Peer or the Son of a Peer of Great Britain or Ireland, and for every one of his

NOTES ON HISTORY OF THE STATUTES 161

Majesty's Privy council of either of the said Kingdoms, and for every foreign
Prince or Ambassador, to be propounded by any single person, and to be put
to the ballot for Election on the same day, there being present a competent
number for making Elections.'

The Statute appears in this form in the Edition of 1752 as Stat. x of Cap. VI.

(b) The Admission of Fellows.

At the same meeting on January 4th, 1728, the two following Statutes were
enacted : —

* II. Every Person who is a Foreigner and every one of his Majesties
Subjects whose habitation or usual place of residence is at more than forty
miles distance from London, shall be and be deemed as a Fellow of the Society
immediately after he shall be Elected, and shall be registered in the Journal
Book of the Society as such : Provided always, that no such person shall have
liberty to Vote at any Election or meeting of the Society before he shall be
qualified pursuant to the Statutes. And if he shall neglect so to qualify him-
self the first time he comes to London when he may be present at a meeting of
the Society and can be admitted ; his election shall be declared Void, and his
Name shall be cancelled in the Register.

' III. No Person shall be Proposed, Elected, or Admitted a Fellow of the
Society upon St. Andrew's Day or the Day of the Anniversary meeting for
Electing the Council and Officers.'

These two paragraphs appear in the Edition of 1752 as Stats, viii and ix
respectively of Cap. VI.

As far, then, as the election and admission of Fellows are concerned, no new
Statutes were enacted in 1752 ; the Edition of that year simply adds to the
Statutes of 1663 the two enacted in 1727 and the one enacted in 1730.

(c) The Election of Council and Officers.

In the original Statutes, Cap. VII, ' Of the Election of the Council and
Officers,' makes arrangements that the eleven members of the existing Council
who are to be continued should first be determined, after that the ten new
members, and finally the officers. The Statutes of 1752 reproduce the chapter
in its original form of twelve statutes, with the addition of Stat. xiii, enacted
in 1735, which provides that in order to lessen the tediousness of the election,
Fellows may give in at the same time three lists — (1) of eleven old Members of
Council to continue, (2) of ten new Members, (3) of Officers.

(d) The Philosophical Transactions.

But the most important changes introduced in 1752, those which probably
led to the issue of the new version of the Statutes in that year, relate to the
'Philosophical Transactions'. In the old Statutes, Cap. XIII, 'Of the
Printer to the Society,' provides for the printing and binding of books, cata-

M

162 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

logues, and such other things by order of the Society or Council ; there are
no other provisions as to publications. From time to time the Council, acting
for the Society, gave the licence or imprimatur of the Society to certain books.
These were printed by the Society's printer, but not at the cost of the Society;
nor were they published at the risk of the Society. The cost and risk was
undertaken by the printer or by some other person or persons. The treatment
of the ' Philosophical Transactions ' was at first somewhat similar. These were
begun in 1665, but up to the 46th volume inclusive, published in 1749-50,
4 the printing of them was always, from time to time, the single act of the
respective Secretaries ' (Advertisement to ' Philosophical Transactions ', vol. 47),
though they were licensed by the Council. Thus with regard to the first
number the Council (Minutes, March 1, 1664) ordered * that the Philosophical
Transactions, to be composed by Mr. Oldenburg, be printed the first Munday
of every month, if he have sufficient matter for it, and that that Tract be
licensed by the Council of the Society, being first reviewed by some of the
Members of the same. And that the President be desired, now to Licence
the first papers thereof, being written in four sheets in folio, to be printed by
John Martyn and James Allestree.' This practice of licensing was, up to
1752, continued with reference to those papers read before the Society which
were published in the ' Transactions '.

In 1752 it was determined to place the publication of the ' Philosophical
Transactions ' directly in the hands of the Council, and the Edition of the
Statutes of 1752, while leaving Cap. XIII intact, adds the following two new
chapters (XX and XXI) enacted March 26th of that year : —

Cap. XX, 'Of the selecting of Papers laid before the Society, in order for
Publication,1 establishes and lays down regulations for the 'Committee of
Papers1. These regulations declare that the Quorum of the Committee of
Papers is to be five, and a provision is contained that no entry in the Minute-
book of the Committee is to be made of Papers ' thought improper to be laid
before the public '.

The Statute in its original form provides that the Committee ' shall be at
liberty to call in to their assistance . . . any other members of the Society
who are knowing and well skilled in any particular branch of Science that
shall happen to be the subject-matter of any paper which shall be then to
come under their deliberation ', and this practice is still in force. The custom
of the Committee is now, and for a long time has been, to ' call in to their
assistance' two or more Fellows, by asking for written reports, and such
Fellows so assisting are generally spoken of as « referees \ Though the records
of the Society show that even in the earliest days of the Society, communica-
tions made to the Society were frequently submitted to Fellows in order that
their opinions thereon might be obtained, the earliest mention which has been
found in the Society's records of a paper being technically ' referred ' is on
May 25, 1780, when a paper by Mr. Ludlow was 'referred' to Mr. Cavendish

NOTES ON HISTORY OF THE STATUTES 163

and Dr. Hutton. There does not appear to be a similar record until March 21,
1831, when a paper by Prof. Davy was referred to Mr. Faraday. By 1832,
however, the practice of referring papers seems to have become common. For
some time the name of the person (or persons) to whom the paper was referred
is stated in the Minutes of the Committee of Papers, and in all these cases,
including those just mentioned, the persons in question were members of the
Council. Soon, however, the name was omitted, the entry being simply
' referred \ There seems to be no means of ascertaining when * referees ""
outside the Council were first had recourse to, or when the practice of written
reports first began.

Cap. XXI, * Of the manner of Publication of the Papers laid before the
Society, and defraying the Expences thereof,' provides for the printing and
distribution of the * Philosophical Transactions \

(e) Payments by Fellows.

In order to defray the additional expenses thus incurred by the publication
and gratis distribution to the Fellows of the ' Philosophical Transactions ', the
4 admission-money ' is by Stat. ii of Cap. XXI raised from two guineas to five
guineas. In Cap. Ill of the Statutes of 1663, * Of the Payments by the Fellows
to the Society,' the admission-money is fixed at forty shillings, and indeed, in
the Edition of 1752, the same sum of forty shillings is retained in this Chapter,
the error apparently escaping notice. The change from forty shillings to forty-
two shillings (two guineas) seems to have taken place at some time in the
interval.

II. THE STATUTES FROM 1752 TO 1776.

In 1774 and 1775, the Council were engaged in considering the Statutes,
and in 1776 published a new Edition, containing several important changes.
An interesting preface to this Edition (from which a quotation is given at
p. 159), explains that in spite of large changes in the practices of the Society,
the Statutes had been kept as far as possible in their original form ; and,
indeed, the Statutes of 1752 differ from those of 1663 chiefly in the additions
described above.

In 1776, however, the Council determined to bring the Statutes into more
strict conformity with the practice of the Society, and in consequence the
Edition of 1776 differs widely from the two earlier versions. Five whole
chapters are omitted, viz. V, Of Experiments, and the Reports thereof; XI,
Of Curators by Office ; XIII, Of the Printer to the Society ; XIV, Of Opera-
tors to the Society ; XVII, Of Benefactors ; the twenty-one chapters of 1752
being thus reduced to sixteen. The preface explains how the changes in the
Society had long rendered these Statutes unnecessary.

The order of the several chapters is largely altered, the new arrangement
adopted being that which has on the whole been followed in subsequent
editions, and is still maintained.

M 2

164 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

(a) The Election of Fellows.

In the Statutes as amended in 1776 the regulations for the election of
Fellows remain on the whole unchanged, save that it is precisely stated that
twenty-one is 'the competent number1 for making an election, a majority of
two-thirds being necessary, and in the Statute relating to what came to be
called the ' privileged class ', the words ' Foreign Prince or Ambassador ' are
replaced by the words ' Foreign Sovereign Prince, or the son of a Sovereign
Prince, or an Ambassador to the Court of Great Britain \

(b) Composition Fee.

In the Edition of 1752, as stated above, no mention is made of any * bond '
or 'composition fee \ but in the next year, 1753 (June 7), the Statute, Cap. VI,
Stat. viii, concerning Foreigners and persons residing more than 40 miles from
London, was repealed, and the following enactment was substituted :—

' That no one of his Majesties subjects, or any other person residing in his
Majesties Dominions, who shall be elected a Fellow of the Society, shall be
deemed an actual Fellow thereof, nor shall the name of any such person be
Registered in the Journal Book, or printed in the List of Fellows of the Society,
until such Person shall have paid his admission Fee, and given the usual Bond,
or paid the Sum of Twenty-one pounds for the use of the Society in lieu of
contributions : But that upon such payment or giving Bond as aforesaid, it
shall be lawful for the Society to give leave for the name of any such person
so elected as aforesaid to be entered in the Journal Book, and printed in the
list of Fellows of the Society : Provided always that no such person shall have
liberty to Vote at any Election or Meeting of the Society, before he shall be
duly admitted a Fellow thereof pursuant to the former Statute.1

This is the first time that the Statutes contain any reference to a com-
position fee.

In 1766 (December 11) a Statute was passed increasing the composition fee
from twenty to twenty-six guineas ; and the Statute of 1753 just quoted re-
appears, with some slight changes, in the Edition of 1776 as Stat. viii of Cap. I,
the ' sum of twenty-one pounds ' being altered into ' the sum appointed ', and
this the Chapter on payments by Fellows states to be twenty-six guineas.

(c) Foreign Members.

The Statutes of 1776 contain, what the Statutes of 1752 and 1663 do not,
special regulations for Fellows ' residing in foreign parts and not subjects of
the British Dominions '.

So early as 1664 a Statute was passed providing that persons ' residing in
Forraigne parts \ who are elected Fellows, should not pay fees ; in 1716 a
reference occurs to Foreigners who are Fellows; and in 1737 a resolution
of Council (which did not become a Statute) proposed that Foreigners resident

in London might be on the Home List if they paid contributions. It would
appear, therefore, that although no mention of the matter was made in 1752,
from an early period a distinction was recognized between Fellows who were
Foreigners and others, and that the Fellows who were Foreigners did not, of
necessity, pay contributions to the Society. In the Register of Fellows, how-
ever, at this date no distinction of any kind is made.

It was apparently soon felt that the Foreign Members were too numerous
and in some cases not of sufficient distinction ; for in 1761 (March 19) the
Council, in order to ensure that * no persons residing in Foreign parts, not being
subjects of the Crown of Great Britain, be elected Fellows unless their Quali-
fications be very well known as well abroad as at home ', enacted a Statute
providing that in the case of such persons the certificate should be signed by
at least * three Foreign Fellows ', as well as at least * by three Fellows named in
the Home List'. And in 1765 (December 19) on a proposal 'to restrain the
number of Foreign Members ', it was resolved ' that no Foreigner be proposed
for election that is not known to the learned world, by some publication or
invention which may enable the Society to form a judgment of his merit, and
that till the number of Foreign Members be reduced to eighty, not more than
two shall be admitted in one year.' A special mode of procedure in the election
of Foreigners as Fellows was, at the same time, resolved upon, providing for an
election of two a year ; and a subsequent resolution (December 26) provides
that Foreign Members paying contributions shall ' have their names printed
in an alphabetical List next after that of the Home Members, as Foreign
Members1 contributing towards the expenses of the Society1, and so distinct
from * other Foreign Members' ' who do not contribute'. On January 16 of
the next year the limitation to eighty was withdrawn, and the above resolutions
were then embodied in the form of Statutes. These at the same time provided
that the new regulation should not extend to Foreign Princes or their sons,
and gave permission to Foreigners resident in Great Britain to become Fellows
in the usual way, which permission was extended on January 26, 1769, to
Foreigners who had been resident in Great Britain for the space of six months.
Soon after, namely on June 10, 1773, the word 'Foreigner' appears in the
* Register ' for the first time, being placed after the names of Stehelin, Le Roy,
and De Luc ; thenceforward it is used frequently.

In the Fjdition of 1776 these regulations, in a somewhat modified form, are
introduced as part of Stat. viii of Cap. I ; the limitation to the election of two
a year is omitted, and the certificates, signed by at least three Fellows upon
the Foreign List, and at least by three Fellows on the Home List, are directed
to be suspended from the 30th November until the weekly Meeting on, or
next after, the 30th May. Some years afterwards, however (March 8, 1787),
this part of Stat. viii was repealed, and a new Sec. 9 was added which provides

1 It may be remarked that in the early records of the Society the words ' Member ' and
' Fellow ' appear to be used indiscriminately.

166 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

a somewhat complex mode of procedure in the election, under the title of
' Foreign Members V of persons 'who are neither natives nor inhabitants of his
Majesty's dominions'. The number is limited to 100. Certificates signed
by six or more Fellows are to be presented at some meeting between Easter
and the Anniversary. At a meeting immediately before the following Easter
a selection of candidates is to be made, and the candidates so selected are to
be balloted for at the next meeting immediately after Easter. These regu-
lations are not, however, to apply to Sovereign Foreign Princes or their sons,
or to such Foreigners resident in Great Britain as may desire to become Fellows
in the usual way.

(d) The Officers of the Society, the Clerk, Librarian, $c.

No alterations are made in the Statutes of 1776 for the election of Council
and Officers ; but to meet the changes in the contributions there the regu-
lations for the Treasurer are modified. The duties of the Secretaries also
undergo modification, chiefly in reference to the Clerk and to the publication
of the ' Philosophical Transactions '.

Cap. X provides regulations for the qualifications, mode of election, duties
and remunerations of the Clerk, the Librarian, the Keeper of the Repository,
and the House-Keeper.

The Statutes of 1663 contain regulations for the Clerk, and prescribe
clerkly duties for him ; and the Society had at first neither House-Keeper
nor Librarian. When in 1710 the Society moved to Crane- Court, the
office of House- Keeper was established ; but the Clerk was then made House-
Keeper. As the Library and Repository increased the offices of Librarian and
Keeper of the Repository were established ; but both these offices were held by
the Clerk, under supervision, during a certain period at all events, of Fellows
chosen for that duty under the title of ' Inspectors '. But the Statutes of 1752
contain no regulations for these offices other than that of the Clerk, the
Statutes concerning whom remain exactly the same as in 1663 ; and in spite
of the special regulations present in the edition of 1776, it appears that the
Society had never more than one officer to carry out these several duties, and
that he .was called 'the Clerk', until at a later period (1823) the office of
Clerk was abolished, and that of Assistant Secretary instituted.

(e) The Ordinary Meetings of the Society.

^ In the edition of 1776, Cap. XI, « Of the Ordinary Meetings of the Society,'
Sec. 1 provides that the ordinary Meetings shall be held on 'Thursdays,
beginning at 6 p.m., and continue about an hour, as usual, at the discretion of
the President '. This Statute was passed in 1769.

The Statutes of 1663 (IV, Stat. i) provided that the ordinary meetings

1 Foreign Member as distinguished from Fellow. In the edition of 1776 and thence-
nvard the term Member, as applied to an ordinary Fellow, is never used.

NOTES ON HISTORY OF THE STATUTES 167

should be held on * Wednesday, beginning about three of the clock in the
afternoon, and continuing until six, unless the major part of the Fellows
present shall, for that time, resolve to rise sooner, or sit later'. And the
Statutes of 1752 reproduced exactly the Statute (IV, Stat. i) of 1663. Never-
theless, the records of the Society show that the day and hour of the ordinary'
meeting were more than once changed in the interval, as they have been since.
The following table shows the changes and their respective dates up to the
present time : —

1663. On Wednesdays, at 2 p.m.

July 1, 1663, changed to Wednesday, 3 to 6 p.m.

Feb. 5, 1666 „ Thursday at 3 p.m.

April 10, 1672 „ Wednesday.

Oct. 30, 1674 „ Thursday at 3 p.m.

Dec. 8,1690 „ Wednesday „ 4 „

March 1, 1710 „ Thursday „ 4 „

April 20, 1769 „ Thursday „ 6 „

June 15, 1780 „ Thursday „ 8 „

(?) 1831 „ Thursday „ 8.30p.m.1

Feb. 19,1880 „ Thursday „ 4.30 „

The first Statute enacting that no meeting should be held on certain days
or in certain weeks was passed in 1831 ; previously to that time the Statutes
simply said ' upon Wednesday ', or * upon Thursday '. But the practice of
having an Autumn recess was of much older date than 1831 ; moreover, the
Journal Book shows that from the earliest times it was customary to hold
no meetings on Ash Wednesday and certain other holy days, and that in
particular no meeting was held on the anniversary of the death of Charles I.
In 1661 the Journal Book omits the date, January 30, without remark,
although a meeting was due upon that day. On January 30, 1666, the
Minute appears, ' This day being the Anniversary Fast-Day, there was no
Meeting of the Society.' In 1667, the entry is, ' The Society met not, because
of the solemne Fast.' Similar entries occur in subsequent years, the last being
on January 30, 1834. After this date the custom was omitted.

(f) The Admission of Strangers to the Meetings of the Society.

In the Statutes of 1752, any of His Majesty's subjects having the title and
place of a Baron, or having any higher title or place, are permitted to be
present at the Meetings of the Society, ' with the allowance of the President ';
other persons may attend ' upon leave obtained of the President and Fellows
present'. In 1776 the mention of titled persons is omitted, and the Statute
simply provides for * strangers ' being present. Some years later, viz., in 1784,
a new section was added to Cap. XI as follows : —

1 Careful search has failed to show when this change was made, but it was probably
about this time.

168 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

« VI. That the meetings of the Society may not be wasted by unprofitable
debates, contrary to the intent and meaning of the fifth section of this chapter,
it is constituted, established, and ordained, that every motion or question,
proposed to be ballotted for by the Society, shall be fairly transcribed on
paper, and being signed by six or more Fellows of the Society, it shall be by
them delivered to one of the Secretaries at a meeting of the Society ; and shall
thereupon be read immediately after the declaration of the Presents on the
table ; and after being marked by the Secretary with the date of the day
when 'delivered, it shall be fixed up in the common Meeting-room of the
Society at the next ordinary Meeting; and on the Meeting next following the
same, it shall be put to the Ballot, unless those who have signed it agree to
withdraw it.

'But nothing contained in this Statute is to be construed to extend to
matters relative to elections, or the ordinary business of the Society.1

The motions or questions proposed to be ' ballotted for ' must therefore
have had reference to matters of science.

(gO Publications, Records, and Library.

In Cap. XII, of the Statutes as amended in 1776, the quorum of the
Committee of Papers is raised from five to seven, and the part of the Statute
providing that there should be no entry of rejected papers is omitted.

In Cap. XIII, ' Of the Manner of Publication of the Papers laid before the
Society,' the word * Librarian ' is substituted for that of « Clerk ' ; also the
period during which surplus copies not required by Fellows must remain
before they are disposed of by the Council, is extended from one year (as in
1752) to five years.

In the Statutes of 1776, Cap. XIV, « Of the Books and Papers of the
Society,1 differs somewhat from the corresponding Cap. XVI, ' Of the Books
of the Society,1 in the Statutes of 1752. The copy of Statutes, the List of
Benefactors, and the Register of Fellows is omitted from the Charter Book.1
The Statute concerning the Register Books, containing accounts of observa-
tions, experiments, &c., and the Statute concerning the Book of Letters, are
omitted.

A new Statute (Stat. v) was introduced in 1776, to the effect that the
original copy of every paper read at the Society shall be considered as the
property of the Society ; and another (Stat. vi) provides for the care of the
papers read. And, lastly, a new Statute (Stat. vii) introduces, for the first
time, into the Statutes regulations concerning the use of the Library. The

1 The Charter Book never did contain, as provided by the Statute, the Register of
Fellows, but only their signatures. The Society possesses, however, a volume now called
' The Register ', which contains the names, with dates of election, of all the Fellows from
the foundation of the Society up to the year 1875. Since that date the Register is
continued in a second volume.

NOTES ON HISTORY OF THE STATUTES 169

Library is to be open Tuesdays and Thursdays, from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m., and
Fellows may, by leave of the Society or of the Council, take out four volumes
for six weeks. If these are printed books, the Fellow gives merely his note ;
if MSS., a bond of <£J50 for each.

III. THE STATUTES FROM 1776 to 1831.

The next edition after that of 1776 appears to be that of 1819 ; it is, how-
ever, merely a reprint of that of 1776, with the additions of Cap. I, Stat. ix,
as to Foreign Members, and Cap. XI, Stat. vi, as to the conduct of ordinary
meetings, mentioned above (p. 165 and p. 167).

(a) Foreign Members.

In the next edition — that of 1823 — several important changes are intro-
duced. The number of Foreign Members is limited to fifty ; and ' they are
to be put in nomination as candidates at a meeting of the Council ', instead
of the previous complex procedure. The regulations for the election of the
Council and officers are much simplified, but not materially altered.

(b) Foreign Secretary.

In the edition of 1823 a new Statute, Cap. IX, Stat. iv, institutes a new
office, that of the 'Secretary for Foreign Correspondence1. Since 1719 the
proceeds of the bequest of Mr. Robert Keck had been ' bestowed on some one
of the Fellows ' appointed ' to carry on a foreign correspondence \ but the
Fellow performing these duties was appointed by Council at their pleasure,
and was styled Assistant to the Secretaries. The new Secretary for Foreign
Correspondence was to rank with the two Principal Secretaries.

(c) Assistant Secretary.

The office of Clerk was at the same time abolished and that of Assistant
Secretary was created. The old Statute relating to the Clerk was, in con-
sequence, largely modified. The Assistant Secretary is now made Librarian
and House- Keeper, but all mention of the Keeper of the Repository disappears
from the Statutes. The facilities for using the Library are increased.

(d) Annual Contributions.

The annual contribution is raised from 'a shilling a week1, or thirteen
shillings a quarter, to 'one pound a quarter1, the admission fee from five
guineas to ten pounds, and the composition fee from twenty-six guineas to
forty pounds.

IV. THE STATUTES FROM 1831 TO 1847.

The edition of 1831 ] contains a few changes which are of no great moment,
and chiefly refer to payments (Cap. Ill), the 'bond1 being omitted. The

1 One form of this Edition is simply a reprint of that of 1823, with an Appendix of
amended Statutes.

170

Statutes relating to the Assistant Secretary were amended, the separate
regulations for Librarian and House Keeper being omitted.

In 1835, the then-existing Statute, Cap. I, Stat. v (enacted in 1831), that
« no election for Fellows, or for Foreign Members, shall take place excepting on
the first ordinary meetings of the Society in December, February, April, and
June "", was repealed.

In the next edition, 1840, the most notable change concerns the election of
officers and Council. These are to be put in nomination by the President and
Council, according to the plan at present in use. A new Chapter, ' Of Special
General Meetings of the Society,1 is added. The composition fee is raised to
£60 in the case of Fellows elected after December 11, 1834, except such as
have contributed papers to the ' Philosophical Transactions ' ; the Statutes
concerning publications are thrown into one chapter ; and some slight changes
are made in the Statutes concerning the Treasurer and Secretaries. Cap. XI,
' Of the ordinary Meetings of the Society,1 provides for the recess from the
third Thursday in June to the third Thursday in November, and, as mentioned
above, for the omission of meetings on certain days.

V. THE STATUTES OF 1847.

Soon after, however, viz., in 1846, a Committee of Council was appointed to
consider the mode of Election of Fellows, with the result that in 1847 new
Statutes were enacted, regulating the Election of fifteen Fellows annually,
according to the plan at present in • use. These Statutes which mark an
important epoch in the history of the Society have been given above on
pp. 131 to 144.

VI. THE STATUTES FROM 1847 TO 1888.

The most notable changes which since 1847 have been proposed or enacted
are as follows : —

On November 3rd, 1864, the repeal of the Statute relating to the admission
of strangers to the meetings was moved, but negatived ; and again, on March
21st, 1867, a proposal that the public be admitted to the Ordinary Meetings
of the Society was negatived.

In 1865 the privileged class (Cap. I, Stat. iv) was extended to include Foreign
Princes * received by Her Majesty as Imperial Highness or Royal Highness '.

In 1866 the practice of paying for a proportional part of the year was
abolished, and the annual payment was made one in advance.

In 1871 a new Statute was enacted prohibiting the payment of dividends to
Fellows.

On October 30th, 1873, upon a motion to assimilate the mode of election
of the Privileged Class to that of Ordinary Fellows, to place in the hands of the
Council the selection of such candidates, and to require 'evidence of ascertained
special power and disposition to forward the aims of the Society from excep-

NOTES ON HISTORY OF THE STATUTES 171

tional, personal, or official advantages of position, or of great eminence in any
branch of learning, instead of any qualification based only on accident of line-
age or of political status \ the Statute concerned was referred to the considera-
tion of a Committee, and on April 23rd, 1874, a new Statute was enacted
limiting the privileged class to Princes of the Blood Royal and Members of
the Privy Council, the provision as to the election of the former being that
now in force (Cap, I, Stat. xii) and the mode of election of Privy Councillors
being assimilated to that of ordinary Fellows, * the fact of the candidate being
a member of the Privy Council being alone stated as the qualification.''

On December 17th of the same year (1874), a Committee was appointed to
consider the election of candidates for Fellowship, which Committee presented,
on November 30th, 1875, a long report giving reasons why no changes should
be made.

In 1878-9 changes were made in the payment of fees.

In 1879 the Statutes relating to Foreign Members were altered to their
present form.

In 1880 the hour of meeting was changed from the evening to the afternoon.

In 1885 the time during which the Library is open to Fellows was extended.

In 1888 the Statute, Cap. XI, Stat. ii, was altered to admit of an Ordinary-
Meeting being held on the day of Election of Fellows, and Statute, Cap. XIII,
Stat. vii, was altered to allow Fellows to receive their copies of the ' Philo-
sophical Transactions ' upon a request in writing.

VII. THE STATUTES FROM 1888 TO 1905.

In 1891 a new edition of the Statutes was published containing, among
other smaller changes made in that year, the following more important ones : —

In Chapter XI power was given to the Council to omit weekly meetings
with a view to increase, when desirable, the Christmas and Easter recess, and
greater freedom was allowed in the conduct of the weekly meetings.

In Chapter XIII certain changes were introduced in the hope of expediting
the publication of papers.

A new chapter (XVI) was added in order to insert a Statute passed in 1871
prohibiting dividends to Fellows.

In 1896 changes were again made, some in Chapter XI, ' Of the Meetings of
the Society,' but more in Chapter XIII, « Of the Publication of Papers.' Both
these chapters, especially the latter, were simplified, some of the regulations
previously existing as statutes being withdrawn from the Statutes and embodied
in ' Standing Orders \ In respect to * publication ', the main change effected
was the institution of Sectional Committees to assist the Council sitting as a
Committee of Papers or otherwise, with regard to the publication of papers
and other matters. In the first days of the Society several Committees were
formed to take charge of the several branches of science as well as for special
objects ; but these, after a while, and apparently after a short while, ceased to

172 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

exist. On May 31, 1838, 'Scientific Committees1 to assist the Council were
again established, but these were found not to work satisfactorily, and on
December 20, 1849, were abolished.

In 1902 that part of Statute iv of Chapter I which provided for the elec-
tion at any time of Privy Councillors was repealed, and a new Statute, now
Chapter I, Statute xiii, was passed which provided that in cases in which the
Council is of opinion that in the interests of the Advancement of Natural
Knowledge it is desirable to do so, they may, once in every two years recom-
mend for election not more than two persons who « either have rendered con-
spicuous service to the cause of science, or are such that their election would
be of signal benefit to the Society '. This change was accompanied by some
small alterations in the order of the Statutes of Chapter I.

In 1903 new Statutes were substituted for those Statutes of Chapter I which
regulated the date of election of Ordinary Fellows. They provided that the
names of candidates for election should be read out at the first ordinary meet-
ing of the Society in January, instead of in March as theretofore ; and that
the election should take place on the first Thursday in May instead of the first
Thursday in June.

VIII. THE STATUTES OF 1905.

In 1902, a Committee appointed to consider the duties of the Assistant
Secretary, and the organization of the Society, recommended that the whole
body of Statutes should be revised. In 1905 a Committee was appointed to
consider the question ; and, in accordance with their recommendations, exten-
sive alterations were effected by the Council on November 2nd, 1905. These
included the removal from the Statute-book of a number of Statutes, on the
ground that they dealt with matters of detail which would be more suitably
regulated by Standing Orders, some rearrangement of the order of the Statutes,
and a number of necessary verbal amendments.

There were, however, also several alterations of substance, viz. : —

(1) The majority in the Council required to empower the recommendation
of privileged persons for election as Fellows was altered, from four-fifths of
the members present, to two-thirds of the whole Council (Statute xiii of
Chapter I).

(2) It was specifically enacted that the Council should appoint the Chair-
men of Committees other than the Committee of Papers (Chapter VII,
Statute iii).

(3) Changes were made in the Statutes specifying the duties of the Treasurer
(Chapter VIII), and of the Secretaries (Chapter IX). The changes with regard
to the latter were necessitated mainly by the fact that —

(4) The Statutes as to the Assistant Secretary were recast, and it was ordered
that he should attend at meetings of the Council and take the minutes
(Chapter XI).

NOTES ON HISTORY OF THE STATUTES 173

(5) It was provided that the Session of the Society should commence a
fortnight earlier and end a week later than had previously been the case
(Chapter XII, Statute i).

(6) New Statutes were added as to the Archives of the Society (Chapter
XVII).

(7) Specific provision was also introduced for the making of Standing Orders,
and

(8) The procedure as to the making, amending, and repealing of Statutes was
altered, so as to render it necessary that notice should be given at a previous
Council meeting, before any proposal to deal with the Statutes can be con-
sidered ; the previous requirement that any alteration must be agreed to at
two different meetings of Council before it can become law remaining unaltered.

The Statutes as they now (1912) exist are given on pp. 145 to 158.

NOTE ON THE ' BONDS ' REFERRED TO ON PAGE 160.

As already stated (pp. 24, 25), difficulties were early experienced in obtain-
ing the annual subscriptions of the Fellows. The 'Bonds1 appear to have
been a device to ensure payment. They were printed forms in which the
subscribing Fellow bound himself to pay the annual sum of fifty-two shillings,
under the penalty of ' a penal sum of twenty pounds ' for which he and his
heirs were liable. It would seem that even this obligation was not entirely
successful, for after the year 1742, the ' penal sum ' was increased to fifty
pounds. There is an interesting collection of these Bonds in the Archives
of the Society. It forms two large folio volumes and is specially valuable for
the autographs of the Fellows, who also affixed their seals to the documents.
Among the witnesses to the early signatures the names of Henry Oldenburg
and Edmund Halley occasionally occur. The earliest of the Bonds is dated
January 1, 1674, and the last June 24, 1807.

CHAPTER IV

THE TRUSTS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY *

THE following succinct account of the various trusts which the Society
administers, their origin and progress, the application of the income of the
funds, and their present financial position, follows the alphabetical order in
which the trusts are arranged on the annual balance sheet of the Society.
Full particulars of capital, income, and expenditure in each case are clearly
given in that sheet and are reprinted in the ' Year-book \ A larger amount of
detail as to the foundation of the older funds will be found in Weld's 'History
of the Royal Society \ and in an anniversary address delivered by the late
Mr. Spottiswoode, as treasurer, in 1874.

No. 1. BAKERIAN AND COPLEY MEDAL FUND.

There has for many years been only one amalgamated fund for these two
objects. Through successive accumulations, owing in part to no medal having
been awarded in some years, it now consists of £4Q3 9*. 8d. 2% per cent.
Annuities. The Bakerian Lecture originated in 1775, through a bequest of
Mr. Henry Baker, F.R.S., of XJ100, for an oration or discourse, to be spoken
or read yearly by some one of the Fellows of the Society, on such part of
natural history or experimental philosophy, at such time and in such manner
as the President and Council of the Society for the time being shall please to
order and appoint. In case no lecture be given, there is a pain of forfeiture
attached to the bequest. The payment to the lecturer has for many years
been a fixed sura of £4?.

The Copley Medal, which has long been regarded as the highest scientific
distinction that the Royal Society can bestow, originated in a legacy of £100
from Sir Godfrey Copley, Bart., F.R.S., received in 1709. The testator
directed that this sum should be laid out in experiments or otherwise for the
benefit of the Society, as they shall direct and appoint. For many years the
interest of the fund was paid to Dr. Desaguliers, Curator to the Society,2
for various experiments made before it, but in 1736 Martin Folkes, who
subsequently became President of the Society, proposed to render Sir Godfrey
Copley's donation more beneficial than at that time it was. His suggestion

1 Reprinted in the main from a paper by the late Sir John Evans, K.C.B., Treas. R.S.,
in Roy. Soc. Proc., vol. Ivii, p. 202, but revised up to date, and with particulars of the
trusts subsequently added.

2 See ante, p. 32.

THE TRUSTS OF THE SOCIETY 175

was that instead of the annual experiment, ' a medal or other honorary prize
should be bestowed on the person whose experiment should be best approved,
by which means he apprehended a laudable emulation might be excited among
men of genius to try their invention, who, in all probability, may never be
moved for the sake of lucre.1 Eventually, in 1736, it was resolved that
a medal of the value of £ 5, to bear the arms of the Society, should be
awarded to the author of the most important scientific discovery or contribu-
tion to science by experiment or otherwise. The weight of the medal was
fixed at 1 oz. 2 dwts. of fine gold. In 1831 it was resolved that the Copley
Medal shall be awarded to the living author of such philosophical research,
either published or communicated to the Society, as may appear to the
Council to be deserving of that honour. The particulars of the subject of
the research are to be specified in the award, and there is to be no limitation
as to the period when the research was made, or the country to which the
author may belong.

Owing to the payments for the lecture and the medal being somewhat less
than the dividends received, a balance gradually accumulated in favour of the
fund, amounting to over ^100. In the year 1881, Sir Joseph Copley, Bart.,
transferred to the Society a sum of of?!, 666 13*. 4d. 3 per cent. Consols,
* to provide in perpetuity a yearly bonus of .^oO, to be given to the recipient
of the Copley Medal.' So long as the interest was at 3 per cent., the income
of £50 was produced, but now that it is reduced to 2^ per cent., it is
insufficient for the gift of a larger sum. While there was a balance in hand
in favour of the fund, the Council thought well to fulfil Sir Joseph Copley's
liberal intention. This balance has now, however, been exhausted, and the
amount of the gift, after providing for the cost of the medal, is about £4>Q.

The list of the recipients of this and the other medals in the gift of
the Royal Society will be found in Chapter VII.

No. 2. THE BRADY LIBRARY FUND.

The late Mr. Henry Bowman Brady, F.R.S., bequeathed to the Society in
1891 all his books and papers relating to the Protozoa, and also a sum of
£300, the interest of which, or the principal, or both, are from time to time
to be applied in the purchase of works on the same or kindred subjects to
be added to the collection. The fund now consists of ,^330 2^ per cent.
Consolidated Stock.

No. 3. THE BUCHANAN MEDAL FUND.

This fund dates from February, 1894, when a sum of .£276 12*. and the
dies for a medal were offered to the Society by the Committee of the fund
raised in honour of Sir George Buchanan, F.R.S., a distinguished physician,
who died in 1895. The amount has been invested in the purchase of

176 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

^258 9*. 2d. Metropolitan 3 per cent. Stock, producing rather less than £8
per annum. The medal, which is of gold, and of the value of about twenty
guineas, is awarded every five years for distinguished service in Hygienic
Science or Practice, in the direction either of original research or of pro-
fessional, administrative, or constructive work. The balance in hand accom-
panies the medal, which has no limit as to nationality. The first medal was
given to Lady Buchanan by the subscribers to the fund (see p. 216).

No. 4. THE CROONIAN LECTURE FUND.

This is one of the earliest institutions connected with the Society, and,
in name at least, carries us back to the days of its foundation. At the
meeting held on November 28, 1660, (ante, p. 8), when the design for
founding the Society was discussed, Mr. Croone, though absent, was nominated
as the Register, or as we should now call him Registrar, of the small band
of learned men who met weekly at Gresham College. Dr. Croone, as he
subsequently became, was from the beginning an active Fellow of the Society,
and on his death, in 1684, left a scheme for two lectureships which he
intended to found, one of which was for the Royal Society. In his will,
however, he made no provision for carrying out this purpose, but his widow,
who subsequently became Lady Sadleir, remedied the omission, and in her
will, dated September 25, 1701, bequeathed to the Society one-fifth of the
clear rent of the King's Head Tavern, in or near Old Fish Street, London, at
the corner of Lambeth Hill, 'for the support of a lecture and illustrative
experiment for the advancement of natural knowledge on local motion, or
(conditionally) on such other subjects as, in the opinion of the President for
the time being, should be most useful in promoting the objects for which the
Royal Society was instituted,' the remainder being paid to the Royal College
of Physicians, also for the support of a lecture to be delivered before them ;
a decree in Chancery, in 1728, empowered the Society to devote the whole
nett annual profits of the legacy to the payment for a single lecture and its
attendant expenses. The proper subject for the lecture is the nature or laws
of muscular motion, to be accompanied by some anatomical demonstration.
The first Croonian Lecture was delivered in 1738 by Dr. Stuart, the subject
l>eing 'The Motion of the Heart1. From 1786 to 1885 the property was let
for £15 per annum, so that the share of the Society was only about £3, but
since 1885 the rent of the estate has been materially increased, and the
Society now receives a sum of about <£J56 yearly as its share, which is paid
over by the Royal College of Physicians, which deals with the whole property.
The whole of the available balance is in each year paid to the lecturer or for
expenses.

A list of the Croonian Lectures from the beginning in 1738, together with
the subjects of their lectures, will be found in Chapter VII.

Pr,ATK XII

THOMAS YOUNG

From a portrait painted by H. 1*. Briggs after Sir T. Lawrence, in the
possession of the Royal Society

THE TRUSTS OF THE SOCIETY 177

No. 5. THE DARWIN MEMORIAL FUND.

In 1885 the Committee of the International Darwin Memorial Fund
resolved to transfer to the Royal Society the balance that remained in their
hands, in trust, to devote the proceeds from time to time towards the
promotion of biological studies and research. The amount was invested
in the purchase of =£"2,500 South-Eastern Railway 4 per cent. Debenture
Stock. In accordance with a resolution of the Council, a silver medal is
awarded biennially in recognition of work of acknowledged distinction
(especially in Biology) in the field in which Charles Darwin himself laboured.
The medal is accompanied by a grant of ,£100. The first medal was awarded
to Alfred Russel Wallace. The income of the fund being more than sufficient
to provide for the medal and accompanying grant, balances accumulated
which were invested in £560 South-Eastern Railway 3 per cent. Perpetual
Debenture Stock. Early in 1910 the Treasurer having called the attention
of the Council to the continued accumulation of balances, the Council after
consulting the Sectional Committees for Botany and Zoology and receiving
a report from a Joint Committee of those bodies, decided on their recom-
mendation 'that the surplus income of the Darwin Fund, after providing
for the Silver Medal and Money Gift prescribed by existing regulations,
be devoted, not to the provision of scholarships or medals, but to the
furtherance of biological research in the Darwinian field, and that it be
expended at the discretion of the Council on the advice of the Sectional
Committees for Botany and Zoology meeting jointly ."* (See p. 215.)

No. 6. THE DAVY MEDAL FUND.

By the will of Dr. John Davy, F.R.S., the service of plate presented to
Sir Humphry Davy for the invention of the safety lamp, was bequeathed to
the Society, to be melted down and sold, in order to found a medal to be given
annually for the most important discovery in chemistry. The amount received
in 1869 was invested in the purchase of £660 Madras Railway Stock, pro-
ducing about £33 per annum. This has since been converted into a Madras
Railway B Annuity of £36 0*. lldf., the capital becoming repayable by
a sinking fund on April 1, 1956. Some little time elapsed before the dies
could be prepared, and the first medal actually awarded was given, in duplicate,
to Bunsen and Kirchhoff in 1877 (see p. 215).

No. 7. TH.E DONATION FUND.

In 1828 William Hyde Wollaston, M.D., F.R.S., President of the Society
in 1820, gave the sum of £2,000 3 per cent. Consols, to be called the Donation
Fund, the dividends to be applied from time to time in promoting experimental
researches, or in rewarding those by whom such researches may have been

N

178 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

made, or in such other manner as shall appear to the President and Council
for the time being most conducive to the interests of the Society in particular,
or of science in general. The application of the funds extends to individuals
of all countries, but not to members of the Council of the Society. The
dividends are not to be hoarded parsimoniously, but expended liberally.
About .£1,400 more were contributed to the fund by Dr. Davies Gilbert
(President 1827 to 1830, who gave £>1,000) and others. In 1874 and 1875 two
legacies of ,£500 each were received from Sir Francis Ronalds, F.R.S., and
Sir Charles Wheatstone, F.R.S., and the fund for some years consisted of
J>6,339 Consols, which in 1888 was converted into ^5,030 Great Northern
Railway Perpetual 4 per cent. Guaranteed Stock, producing an income of
about .£200 per annum. In the year 1879 the late Sir Walter C. Trevelyan
bequeathed a sum of ,£1,500, the interest to be applied in the promotion of
scientific research. This was invested in the purchase of ,£1,396 Great
Northern Railway 4 per cent. Debenture Stock, now converted into ,£1,861
6*. 8rf. 3 per cent. Debenture Stock, and forms practically a part of the
Donation Fund. The interest of the Jodrell Fund is also transferred to it (see
No. 14, p. 181), so that the annual income is about .£385.

No. 8. FEE REDUCTION FUND.

This fund originated in 1878, its object being to relieve future Fellows of
the Society — except Privy Councillors and other privileged Fellows — of the
.£10 paid as an admission fee and of <£! out of the <£4 annual subscription.
Most liberal sums were subscribed : Sir Joseph Whitworth contributing
.£2,000, Sir William (later Lord) Armstrong, F.R.S., and Mr. James Young,
F.R.S., ,£1,000 each. The total sum contributed was ^10,111 5s. This
amount was duly invested, and, in accordance with the scheme, .£150 of the
interest thereon have been devoted annually to the payment of the admission
fees of the fifteen newly elected Fellows, and an annually increasing sum —
,£11 in 1879, and ^321 in 1909— has been employed in the reduction by .£1
of the subscriptions of the Fellows elected since 1878, and the balances have
been duly invested.

It seems to have been supposed, in 1878, that by these additions to the
capital the income of the fund would in course of time exceed .£600 a year,
and that a portion only of this sum would be required for the payment of
entrance fees and subscriptions, so that there would be a balance available ' in
aid of publications and for the promotion of research \ This supposition has
not, however, been realized, partly because of the fall in the rate of interest,
and partly also because younger men have been elected into the Society than
was formerly the case, so that the increase in the participators in the benefit
of the fund has not been balanced by deaths to the extent anticipated. The
result has been that in 1910 the income of the fund only reached ^467 4*. 9d..

THE TRUSTS OF THE SOCIETY 179

while the payments should have been ,£474, viz. : =£150 in respect of fifteen
entrance fees, and £324; towards the annual contributions of 324 Fellows
elected since 1878 and still living. There was thus in 1910, for the first time,
a deficit amounting to £Q 15*.

In response to an appeal from the President, in his Anniversary Address, for
additions to the capital of the fund, one Fellow contributed ,£21, and shortly
afterwards another Fellow, Prof. A. Schuster, made the munificent contribution
of ,£1,000. Further deficits are in consequence put a stop to for the present.
The capital of the fund now consists of <£9,533 London and North- Western
Railway 3 percent. Perpetual Debenture Stock, and =£6,346 17*. Metropolitan
3£ per cent. Stock.

No. 9. THE GASSIOT TRUST.

In the year 1871 the late Mr. John Peter Gassiot, F.R.S., conveyed to the
Society ,£10,000 Italian Irrigation Bonds, for the purpose of assisting in
carrying on and continuing magnetical and meteorological observations with
self-recording instruments, and any other physical investigations that may
from time to time be practicable and desirable in the Kew Observatory, in the
Old Deer Park, Richmond, Surrey. The trust deed is given in full at p. 188.

The proceeds were, until 1900, paid over to the Kew Committee appointed
in accordance with the trust deed. From time to time some of the Irrigation
Bonds are drawn, and some profits have been made on reinvestment.

By the scheme of organization of the National Physical Laboratory (see
p. 289) adopted in October, 1899, the Kew Observatory was incorporated
therewith. The proceeds of the Trust Fund were paid over by the Gassiot
Committee to the National Physical Laboratory Account of the Royal Society,
the Kew Observatory Committee having been dissolved. The Gassiot Com-
mittee, which consisted of those members of the Executive Committee of the
National Physical Laboratory who were Fellows of the Royal Society, met
every year, but their proceedings were little more than formal.

In 1910, after careful consideration, a new scheme for the management of
Kew Observatory was adopted by the President and Council, and was sub-
sequently approved by H.M. Treasury. Under this scheme the general
direction of Kew Observatory, and also of the Eskdalemuir and Valencia
Observatories, is entrusted to the Director of the Meteorological Office ; while
the Meteorological Committee, so far as is consistent with the terms of their
Parliamentary Grant, promote the maintenance of such magnetic, seismological,
or other meteorological or geophysical observations and researches at the three
Observatories as are from time to time recommended by the Gassiot Com-
mittee, in addition to the meteorological observations and researches initiated
by the Director of the Meteorological Office for the purposes of the Public
Meteorological Service. The Gassiot Committee was reconstituted as a
scientific committee on this basis. The proceeds of the Gassiot Trust Fund,

N 2

180 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

and the grant in aid made by the Treasury to the Royal Society for Eskdale-
muir Observatory, is to be used in such manner as the Gassiot Committee
approve for the maintenance of the work already referred to, in augmentation
of the sums assigned for the purpose by the Meteorological Committee.

No. 10. THE GORE FUND.

Dr. George Gore, F.R.S., who died in 1908, bequeathed one half of the
residue of his estate to the Royal Society for the purpose of assisting original
scientific discovery. The sum of ,£2,436 18*. Wd. was received under the
bequest, and was invested in £2,478 14*. 4J. India 3| per cent. Stock. The
Council, while reserving to itself the right to apply the capital in assisting
original scientific discovery in any way it might think desirable, directed that,
until it should otherwise order, the capital should remain invested and the
interest only be so applied.

No. 11. THE GUNNING FUND.

In 1891 His Excellency Dr. Robert Halliday Gunning gave the Society his
bond for =£"1,000, bearing interest at 4 per cent., to form a fund the annual
income of which shall be applied triennially towards the promotion of Physical
Science and Biology in such manner as to the President and Council may
appear most desirable. Upon Dr. Gunning's death in 1900 the bond was
discharged by his Executors, and the fund has been invested in <£1,081 5*. 6d.
Nottingham Corporation 3 per cent. Redeemable Stock. The rules for the
administration of this fund will be found in the ' Year-book '.

No. 12. THE HANDI.EY FUND.

By the will of Mr. E. H. Handley, dated 1840, the reversion of his property
was bequeathed to the Society after the death of his sister, the income to be
applied as a reward for important inventions in art or discoveries in science,
physical and metaphysical, or for assistance in the prosecution of any such
invention or discovery, but with power to the President and Council to apply
the income as they may deem best for the advancement of science.

Owing to the Statute of Mortmain, a considerable portion of the property
did not pass by this will, but eventually, in 1876, the sum of <£6,378 19*. was
received, which, after paying Legacy Duty at the rate of 10 per cent, and legal
expenses, left sufficient to purchase ,£6,047 7*. 9d. Reduced 3 per cents.
When the rate of interest was threatened a few years ago, this was converted
into ,£4,798 Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway 4 per cent. Guaranteed Stock,
producing about £190 per annum. Of late years this has been applied
towards the cost of preparing the Catalogue of Scientific Papers.

181

No. 13. HUGHES MEDAL FUND.

Under the will of the late Professor David Edward Hughes, F.R.S., who
died in January, 1900, a bequest] of ,£4,000 was made to the Royal Society
with a direction to award the income annually as a prize either in money or in
the form of a medal, or partly one and partly the other, for the reward of
original discovery in the Physical Sciences, particularly Electricity and Mag-
netism, or their applications, the prize or medal to be given under conditions
to be fixed from time to time by the Society on lines similar to those followed
in the bestowal of the Copley, Rumford, and Royal Medals.

The Council accordingly decided to award annually a gold medal, to be
called the * Hughes Medal ', not exceeding in value the sum of .£20, together
with the balance of the income of the fund, to such person as the President
and Council may consider the most worthy recipient, without restriction of sex
or nationality, as the reward of original discovery in the Physical Sciences,
particularly Electricity and Magnetism, or their applications, such discovery
or applications having been published not less than one year before the
award (p. 216).

The capital of the fund consists of £2,099 13*. Sd. Bath Corporation 3 per
cent. Redeemable Stock, and ,£2,094 6*. 6d. Local Loans 3 per cent. Stock.

No. 14. THE JODRELL FUND.

The late Mr. T. J. Phillips Jodrell, in 1876, placed at the disposal of the
Society the sum of ,£6,000, at first with the intention of encouraging in this
country original research in the Physical Sciences, but subsequently, in the
same year, with directions to apply the proceeds as part of the ordinary
revenue of the Society. In 1879, .£1,000 was, by Mr. JodrelPs directions,
transferred to the Fee Reduction Fund, and the remaining .£5,000 is repre-
sented by the sum of £5, 182 14*. IQd. 2£ per cent. Consols.

On the death of Mr. Jodrell, in 1889, the proceeds of the fund, in accord-
ance with a letter from him of April 5, 1878, devolved to and were incor-
porated with the Donation Fund. The income is at present about ,£128.

No. 15. THE JOULE MEMORIAL FUND.

In 1890 the Joule Memorial Committee transferred to the Society the
balance in their hands, the proceeds to be applied for the encouragement of
research, both in England and abroad, especially amongst younger men, in
those branches of physical science more immediately connected with Joule's
work. According to the regulations made by the Council (see * Year-book '),
a studentship or grant is to be made every second year to assist research as
already specified. These grants are to be made alternately in Great Britain
and abroad. The fund consists of ,£1,000 London, Brighton, and South Coast
Railway Guaranteed 5 per cent. Stock and ,£47 19*. 2 d. 2£ per cent. Annuities,
the annual income being about ,£50.

182 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

No. 16. THE KECK BEQUEST.

In the year 1719 a bequest of £500 was received from Robert Keck, F.R.S.,
who directed that the profits arising from it were * to be bestowed on some one
of the Fellows, whom they shall appoint to carry on a foreign correspondence \
For many years this bequest was merged in the general funds of the Society,
and the proceeds applied towards the payment of the Foreign Secretary. In
1881 it was again made to appear as a separate trust fund, and £666 13*. 4d.
Consols was allotted as the equivalent. This has, at the present time, been
converted into ,£960 Midland Railway 2| per cent. Debenture Stock, and the
proceeds are annually paid to the Foreign Secretary, who now receives no other
honorarium.

No. 17. THE MACKINNON RESEARCH STUDENTSHIP.

Under the will of the late Sir William Mackinnon, Director-General of the
Medical Department of the Army, the Society received, in 1897, a bequest of
the residue of his estate, subject to certain life annuities, upon trust, to be
applied to the foundation and endowment of such prizes or scholarships for
the special purpose of furthering Natural and Physical Science, including
Geology and Astronomy, and of furthering original research and investigation
in Pathology, as the Society may think best and most conducive to the pro-
motion of those sciences and of original discoveries therein ; such prizes and
scholarships to be called after the name of the testator.

The capital of the trust in the hands of the Society consists of ,£4,482 6*.
2^ per cent. Consols, £1,000 Metropolitan 2^ per cent. Stock, and £5,991
London and North- Western Railway 3 per cent. Debenture Stock. There are
at present two studentships of the annual value of £150, but the income will
increase when, on the cessation of an annuity, £3,334 London and North-
Western Railway 3 per cent. Debenture Stock will be transferred to the
Society.

The regulations governing the award of the Studentship will be found in
the * Year-book \

No. 18. THE ROSSE FUND.

This is a small fund, invested in £119 18*. 6d. Bank of Ireland Stock,
which was raised by the late Lord Rosse, F.R.S., for the maintenance of
magnetic observations at Valencia Observatory. It was transferred to the
Royal Society in 1910. The income is placed in the hands of the Meteoro-
logical Office, who undertake to pay the amount over to an observer at
Valencia Observatory, so long as the Gassiot Committee consider the
observations to be necessary. The Council of the Royal Society are at
liberty, if the observations as at present made are discontinued, to employ
the income for advancing the science of terrestrial magnetism in Ireland.

183

No. 19. THE RUMFORD FUND.

Count Rumford, F.R.S., in a letter to Sir Joseph Banks, dated July 12,
1796, informed him, as President of the Society, that he had purchased and
transferred •£'1,000 Stock in the funds of this country, to the end that the
interest of the same should be given once every second year as a premium
to the author of the most important discovery or useful improvement which
shall be made or published by printing, or in any way made known to the
public in any part of Europe during the preceding two years on heat or on
light, the preference always being given to such discoveries as shall, in the
opinion of the President and Council, tend most to promote the good of
mankind. The premium is to take the form of two medals, the one of gold
and the other of silver, to be together of the value of two years' interest on
the d£l,000, or £60 sterling. In case of there being no new discovery in
heat or light during any term of years which, in the opinion of the President
and Council, is of sufficient importance to deserve the premium, direction is
given to invest its value in the purchase of additional stock in the English
Funds, and the interest of this additional capital is to be given in money,
with the two medals, at each succeeding adjudication. In a subsequent
letter, Count Rumford suggests that the premium should be limited to new
discoveries tending to improve the theories of fire, of heat, of light, and
of colours, and to new inventions and contrivances by which the generation,
and preservation, and management of heat and of light may be facilitated.
Chemical discoveries and improvements in optics, so far -as they answer any
of these conditions, are to be within the limits of the premium, but the
Count wishes especially to encourage such practical improvements in the
management of heat and light as tend directly and powerfully to increase
the enjoyments and comforts of life, especially in the lower and more
numerous classes of society. The first recipient of the medals was Count
Rumford himself. Previously to 1846 it was not unfrequently the case that
no medal was adjudicated for four years. Indeed between 1818 and 1832
the only recipient was M. Fresnel. As a consequence the invested funds
have increased to £2,367 2*. 6d., but the interest is now only 2| per cent.
The annual income is at present about d£*59, and the sum of money that
accompanies the medals about £6Q (see p. 212).

No. 20. THE SCIENTIFIC RELIEF FUND.

This most excellent and valuable institution originated in the year 1859,
in a proposition of Mr. J. P. Gassiot, F.R.S., that a fund of this kind should
be founded for the aid of such scientific men, or their families, as may from
time to time require assistance. A circular announcing the project was

184 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

issued by the Society, in May, 1859, and by the following July £2, 500 had
been subscribed By the end of 1864, the amount of =£5,000 had been reached,
and by 1868 the fund consisted of ^6,052 17*. 8& New 3 per cent.

Annuities.

Until 1884 the amount remained stationary at a little under X 6,500, but
legacies, from the late Sir W. Siemens, of .£1,000, and from Mr. Bentham, of
about .£500, gave it a sensible help.

In November, 1885, however, a noble offer was made by Sir William
(afterwards Lord) Armstrong, to present a sum of about £6,500 to the fund
on the understanding that an equal sum should be raised by subscription,
and further that the fund might be used in cases of urgent necessity for the
remission of the fees of Fellows.

Although by the beginning of 1887 it was not found possible to raise
more than about .£4,200 by subscription, Lord Armstrong, in February, 1887,
munificently increased his contribution to ^7,800, so that in all ^12,000
were added to the fund. Since that date about .£800 more have accrued
from bequests from Mr. H. B. Brady and others, and from donations. The
permanent invested capital of the fund now consists of

.£6,000 London and North- Western Railway 4 per cent. Guaranteed

Stock ;
.£7,131 2*. 9d., Great Northern Railway 3 per cent. Debenture Stock ;

and
,£4,340 South-Eastern Railway 5 per cent. Debenture Stock ;

producing an income of about .£670.

The administration of the fund is entrusted to a committee consisting
of ten members, of whom two retire annually, and applications for grants are
made through the Presidents of chartered and incorporated scientific societies,
under regulations which will be found in the ' Year-book \

No. 21. THE SORBY RESEARCH FUND.

The late Dr. H. C. Sorby, F.R.S., who died in 1908, by his will bequeathed
a sum of .£15,000 to the Society, to be held in trust for the establishment
of a Professorship or Fellowship for original scientific research ; the object
being to promote the discovery of new facts, rather than the teaching of
what is known. The testator directed that the Fellowship should be
associated with the University of Sheffield so long as, in the opinion of
the Council of the Royal Society, the University is efficiently equipped in
laboratories and appliances. If such efficient equipment is lacking then the
income is to be administered in such manner as the Council shall think best
for the promotion of original research.

The scheme for the administration of the fund, and the rules made
thereunder in accordance with the directions of the testator, provide that

THE TRUSTS OF THE SOCIETY 185

the income shall be administered, and appointments to the Fellowships made,
by a Committee consisting of

(1) Four persons appointed by the Council of the Royal Society ;

(2) One person appointed by the Council of the University of Sheffield; and

(3) Two persons appointed by the Senate of the University of Sheffield.
The scheme and rules are set out in the ' Year-book '.

The capital of the fund is invested in ^l 5,503 16*. 6d. India 3-| per cent.
Stock, and .£246 5s. 6d. 2^ per cent. Consols.

No. 22. SYLVESTER MEDAL FUND.

Soon after the death of Professor J. J. Sylvester, F.R.S., in 1897,
a number of his friends considered the advisability of founding some suitable
memorial in honour of his name and life-work. The suggestion met with
a ready response from all parts of the world, and a powerful and represen-
tative International Committee was formed. A sum of nearly ,£900 was
subscribed, and it was decided to found a medal and prize for the encourage-
ment and reward of working mathematicians throughout the world. The
Council of the Royal Society undertook the trust conditionally upon the
medal being awarded triennially and irrespective of nationality. A medal,
accompanied by a grant of the balance of the Sylvester Medal Fund, is
accordingly awarded triennially for the Encouragement of Mathematical
Research. The fund is invested in ,£795 16*. 5d. Local Loans Stock (see
p. 216).

No. 23. THE TRAVELLING EXPENSES FUND.

In 1908 Professor A. Schuster, F.R.S., gave .£1,500 to the Society to form,
together with any additions that might be made thereto at any time by
voluntary contributions, the capital of a fund, of which the income is to be
used to pay the travelling expenses of the delegates sent by the Royal Society
to the meetings of the International Association of Academies, and, when
a sufficient balance has accumulated, to pay the travelling expenses of the
Royal Society delegates to other international meetings, and the maintenance
of such delegates. The regulations for the administration of the fund, settled
in accordance with the wishes of Professor Schuster, are to be found in the
* Year-book \

The capital of the fund is invested in ,£1,504 19*. 6d. Bristol Corporation
3£ per cent. Redeemable Stock.

No. 24. THE TYNDALL MINING RESEARCH FUND.

In 1910 Mrs. Tyndall, in pursuance of a wish expressed by her husband, the
late Professor Tyndall, F.R.S., entrusted to the Society the sum of <£1,000, to
be administered at the discretion of the President and Council for the purpose
of encouraging and furthering research in all matters pertaining to mining,

186 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

including such questions as ventilation, temperature, diseases incident to miners,
and any other lines of scientific inquiry conducive to the improvement of
mining and the lot of miners. The fund is invested in ^1,010 1,. New
Zealand 3| per cent. Stock.

No. 25. THE WINTRINGHAM FUND.

In 1794 a sum of ^1,200 Consols was bequeathed to the Society by
Sir Clifton Wintringham, M.D., F.R.S., payable on the decease of his widow,
and subject to certain conditions; the interest or dividends to be for the
purchase of a silver cup, of .£30 value, to be given to such person as should
in ten months after advertisement present the most satisfactory experimental
examination of one of three subjects chosen by vote of the Society. It was
not, however, until 1842 that, after a tedious law suit, an amount of .£1,200
Consols was transferred to the Society. It was then found that the conditions
of the will were so stringent, and involved so much expense, that it was prac-
tically impossible to fulfil them, even when the rate of interest on Consols was
3 per cent, instead of, as at present, 2^ per cent., and there being a further
provision that in case of failure on the part of the Society to fulfil the inten-
tions of the testator, the income of the fund should be paid over to the
Governors of the Foundling Hospital, that institution has in each year
received the interest accruing from the fund.

In addition to the medals included in the above trusts, two medals are
annually presented by His Majesty the King, the award being entrusted to
the Society : —

ROYAL MEDALS.

The Royal Medals were founded by H.M. King George IV, the proposal to
found them being conveyed in a letter from Sir Robert Peel to Sir Humphry
Davy dated December 3, 1825. They were at first awarded for the most
important discoveries completed and made known to the Royal Society
in * the year preceding the day of their award ', but soon after the foundation
this was changed to * within five years preceding the day of such award'.
H.M. King William IV continued the foundation under the condition that
the subject-matter of the inquiry should be previously settled and propounded
by the Council three years preceding the day of the award.

Queen Victoria upon ascending the throne continued the grant of two Royal
Medals annually under the annexed resolutions, proposed by the Council, and
approved by Her Majesty, viz. :—

' That the Royal Medals be given for such Papers only as have been pre-
sented to the Royal Society, and inserted in their " Transactions ".

' That the triennial cycle of subjects be : —

*1. Astronomy ;Physiology,includingtheNaturalHistoryof OrganizedBeings.
4 2. Physics ; Geology, or Mineralogy.
'3. Mathematics; Chemistry.

THE TRUSTS OF THE SOCIETY 187

'That, in case no paper coming within these stipulations should be con-
sidered deserving of the Royal Medal in any given year, the Council have the
power of awarding such medal to the author of any other paper on either of
the several subjects forming the cycle that may have been presented to the
Society, and inserted in their "Transactions", preference being given to the
subjects of the year immediately preceding ; the award being in such case
subject to the approbation of Her Majesty.'

On June 13, 1850, it was resolved that these regulations ' should be altered,
substituting for them regulations to the following effect : That the Royal
Medals in each year should be awarded for the two most important contribu-
tions to the advancement of Natural Knowledge, published originally in Her
Majesty's dominions within a period of not more than ten years, and not less
than one year of the date of the award, subject, of course, to Her Majesty's
approval '.

It was at the same meeting resolved: — 'That it is desirable that, in the
award of the Royal Medals, one should be given in each year to each of the
two great divisions of Natural Knowledge.'

It is upon these lines that the Royal Medals are still awarded.

Upon his accession to the throne King Edward VII continued the grant of
the Royal Medals.

His Majesty King George V has likewise been graciously pleased to follow
in this matter the practice of his royal predecessors (see pp. 193, 213).

Since 1900, by order of the Council, a Memorandum has been inserted in the
' Year-book ', containing the following passage with reference to the creation
of new trusts for the award of medals : —

* Every year the Council have to award several medals, including the Copley,
Royal, Rumford, Davy, Darwin, Buchanan, Sylvester, and Hughes Medals, or
some of these, and have been led by experience to the conclusion that it is
neither to the advantage of the Society nor in the interests of the advancement
of Natural Knowledge that this already long list of medals should in future be
added to, and that, therefore, no further bequests to be awarded as prizes for
past achievements should be accepted by the Society.'

188

GASSIOT DECLARATION OF TRUST

THIS INDENTURE made the twenty-ninth day of June one thousand eight
hundred and seventy-one BETWEEN JOHN PETER GASSIOT of Clapham
Common in the county of Surrey Esquire F.R.S. of the one part and THE
PRESIDENT COUNCIL AND FELLOWS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY
(hereinafter called the said Royal Society) of the other part.

WHEREAS the said John Peter Gassiot is possessed of Italian Irrigation
Bonds of the nominal value of Ten thousand pounds having the security of the
Italian Government besides being secured on the revenues of the Cavour Canal.

AND WHEREAS the said John Peter Gassiot is desirous of devoting the said
Bonds and the produce thereof and the income thereof to the purposes herein-
after expressed and accordingly has caused the said Bonds (which pass by
delivery) to be handed over to the said Royal Society, and the same are now
in their custody as they do hereby acknowledge.

Now THIS INDENTURE WITNESSETH and it is hereby agreed and declared
between and by the persons parties hereto and the said John Peter Gassiot
DOTH by this deed which is intended to be executed by him in the presence
of and to be attested by two credible witnesses and to be forthwith enrolled
in the High Court of Chancery DIRECT that the said Royal Society their
successors and assigns shall hold the said Bonds and the moneys thereby
secured as a fund for the purpose of assisting and carrying on and continuing
magnetical and meteorological observations with self-recording instruments
and any other physical investigations that may from time to time be found
practicable and desirable in the Kew Observatory in the Old Deer Park at
Richmond in the County of Surrey now belonging to Her Majesty's Govern-
ment or in the event of that Government at any time declining or ceasing to
continue placing that building at the disposition of the said Royal Society
then in any other suitable building that the Council for the time being of the
said Royal Society may determine.

AND for the carrying out of such purpose as aforesaid upon trust that the
said Royal Society their successors and assigns shall receive the principal
moneys secured by the said Bonds as and when they shall be compellable to
receive the same and (subject to the proviso hereinafter contained for rein-
vestment of the said principal moneys on like Italian Irrigation Bonds if the
same can be obtained) invest the moneys to be received by them as aforesaid
in the name of the said Royal Society their successors or assigns in or upon
any Parliamentary Stocks or public funds of Great Britain or on the Stock of
the Bank of England or Ireland or any East India Stock or at interest upon
Government or real or leasehold securities in England Wales or Ireland either

THE TRUSTS OF THE SOCIETY 189

subject or not subject to prior mortgages or incumbrances (so as such lease-
hold securities shall not have a less time to run than sixty years at the date of
investment) or in or upon the mortgages bonds debentures or other securities
of any Railway Company or other Company in the United Kingdom incor-
porated by Act of Parliament or Charter or of the Commissioners or Trustees
for any public undertaking or undertakings who may be authorized by Act of
Parliament to borrow money and do and shall at their own discretion from
time to time vary the same stocks funds or securities into or for other stocks
funds or securities of a like nature.

AND do and shall be possessed of the said sum of Ten thousand pounds
Italian Irrigation Bonds and the moneys to be received or arise or be
produced in respect thereof and the stocks funds or securities on which the
same may be invested (hereinafter called the said Trust Fund) and the annual
produce thereof upon trust to pay to a Committee of the said Royal Society
(to be appointed in manner hereinafter mentioned) the annual produce of
the said Trust Fund or so much of such annual produce as the said
Committee may or shall from time to time require to the intent that the
same may be applied by the said Committee generally towards continuing
and maintaining such Observatory as is hereinbefore mentioned and providing
for the expenses of conducting and carrying on such observations and inves-
tigations as are hereinbefore referred to. And also for or towards the repairs
or insurance of any such Observatory or for the repair or insurance or
improvement of the present instruments in use for any of the purposes afore-
said or for providing and keeping in repair insuring and improving any new
instruments as the said Committee may from time to time in their absolute
discretion deem expedient and generally for carrying out the objects of the
Trust hereby created in such manner as may from time to time be determined
by the said Committee having regard to any conditions under which the right
to use any Observatory may be held.

AND UPON TRUST from time to time to invest any surplus of the annual
produce of the said Trust Fund in the names or name of the said Royal
Society their successors or assigns upon any such stocks funds or securities as
hereinbefore are mentioned to be from time to time varied as to the said
Royal Society their successors or assigns shall seem proper.

AND IT is HEREBY AGREED AND DECLARED that any such surplus annual
produce as aforesaid and the stocks funds and securities upon which the
same shall be invested and the accumulations thereof shall be held and
applied by the said Royal Society their successors or assigns upon the same
trusts and for the same purposes as are hereby declared of the said original
Trust Fund and shall be considered part thereof yet so nevertheless that any
such accumulations as aforesaid shall from time to time on the request of

190 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

the said Committee be paid over to them in order to be dealt with in the
same manner as is hereby provided with reference to the annual produce of
the said Trust Fund.

PROVIDED ALWAYS AND IT is HEREBY AGREED AND DECLARED that inasmuch
as the Italian Irrigation Bonds are redeemable by annual drawings when
and so often as any such Bond shall be drawn so much of the money paid on
the redemption of such Bond as shall according to the then market price in
London be the value of similar Bonds shall be invested as capital in the
purchase of a similar Bond if the same can then be obtained and the residue
thereof shall be deemed to be and shall be dealt with as income for all the
purposes of these Presents.

PROVIDED ALWAYS AND IT is HEREBY AGREED AND DECLARED that the entire
management of the annual produce of the said Trust Fund shall be entrusted
to a Committee to be from time to time appointed by the Council for the
time being of the said Royal Society and that the services of such said
Committee (like those of the present Meteorological Committee nominated
at the request of Her Majesty's Government) shall be entirely gratuitous.

AND IT is HEREBY FURTHER AGREED AND DECLARED that an annual statement
of receipts and expenditure shall be prepared by the said Committee together
with anv report or reports that the said Committee may from time to time
deem to be desirable and that such statement of receipts and expenditure
and such report or reports shall be presented to the said Royal Society and
that such report or reports or an epitome or abstract thereof shall be published
in the proceedings of the said Royal Society or in such other form as the
Council of the said Royal Society may from time to time determine.

AND IT IS HEREBY FURTHER AGREED AND DECLARED that the aforesaid

Committee shall make such bye-laws and regulations in reference to their
meetings and other proceedings as they may from time to time think proper
and that any resolution of the Committee for the payment by the said Royal
Society their successors or assigns either to such Committee or to any other
person or persons of any moneys under the trusts of these Presents shall be
a sufficient warrant for such payment and shall completely exonerate the said
Royal Society their successors and assigns.

PROVIDED ALWAYS AND IT is HEREBY FURTHER AGREED AND DECLARED that if
by reason of the said Kew Observatory or any other suitable observatory that
may be substituted for the said Kew Observatory being at any time discon-
tinued the observations shall cease to be recorded and the investigations shall
cease to be made for the space of twelve consecutive calendar months or for
such further period (not exceeding in the whole including the before-mentioned
twelve calendar months thirty-six consecutive calendar months) as the Council

THE TRUSTS OF THE SOCIETY 191

of the Royal Society shall determine the said Trust Fund together with all
accumulations (if any) shall be paid over to the person who shall for the
time being be de facto the Treasurer of the Corporation for Middle Class
Education in the metropolis and the suburbs thereof incorporated by Royal
Charter bearing date the twelfth day of June One thousand eight hundred
and sixty-six to the intent that the same may be applied for the use and
benefit of such Corporation in such manner as it may think fit and as a part
of its general funds and the receipt of such Treasurer as aforesaid shall be
a sufficient discharge to the person or persons paying over the said Trust
Fund in manner aforesaid.

PROVIDED ALWAYS AND IT is HEREBY FURTHER AGREED AND DECLARED that if
at the date of the failure in manner aforesaid of the trusts hereby created in
favour of the said Royal Society the said Corporation for Middle Class Educa-
tion in the metropolis and the suburbs thereof shall have ceased to exist as
a Corporation then and in such case the said Royal Society shall direct such
a disposition of the said Trust Fund and any accumulations thereof in favour
of some other charitable object or objects as to the said Royal Society shall at
their absolute discretion seem fit.

PROVIDED ALWAYS AND IT is HEREBY FURTHER AGREED AND DECLARED that in
the event of the said Kew Observatory or any such substituted observatory as
aforesaid being discontinued as aforesaid it shall be lawful for the said Royal
Society to apply the whole or any parb of the annual produce of the said
Trust Fund and any such accumulations as aforesaid and the annual produce
of such accumulations arising during any period not exceeding thirty-six
calendar months then next following such discontinuance and also (with the
consent of the said John Peter Gassiot during his life and after his decease at
the discretion of the said Royal Society) any part not exceeding one equal
fourth part of the principal money arising from or representing the said
original Trust Fund in and towards obtaining a site for a new observatory
and building completing or furnishing such new observatory as to the said
Royal Society shall seem fit and that any and every such new observatory
shall when completed be deemed to be a substitute observatory for the said
Kew Observatory for all purposes within the meaning and intent of these
Presents.

PROVIDED ALWAYS AND IT is HEREBY AGREED AND DECLARED that the said
Royal Society their successors or assigns shall not be accountable or responsible
for the loss by accident or fraud of or damage to or the destruction by fire of
the said Italian Irrigation Bonds or any of them or any other securities in
which the Trust Fund or any part thereof may be invested or for the acts or
defaults of any banker broker or other person with whom the said bonds or any
of them or any other securities or the said Trust Fund or any part thereof

192 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

may at any time be deposited or left either for temporary custody or for the
purpose of being paid off or reinvested or otherwise.

PROVIDED ALWAYS that as an authority to the said Committee for any act
or thing which may be required by the Council of the said Royal Society to
be done by such Committee any writing signed by any person purporting
to be the Treasurer of the said Royal Society shall be a sufficient direction
and sanction.

IN WITNESS whereof the said John Peter Gassiot hath hereunto set his hand
and seal and the said President Council and Fellows of the Royal Society have
hereunto set their Common Seal the day and year first above written.

Signed sealed and delivered

the presence of . . . J (Seal.)

(Signed) WALTER WHITE, Asst. Sec., R.S.
(Signed) HENRY B. WHEATLEY, Clerk.

The seal of the Royal Society \

was affixed here in the I (Seal )

presence of ..... j

(Signed) WALTER WHITE, Asst. Sec., R.S.
(Signed) HENRY B. WHEATLEY, Clerk.

CHAPTER V

PRINCIPAL BENEFACTORS OF THE SOCIETY

AT a Meeting of Council holden December 14, 1663, it was

* Ordered, that the Secretary bring in a list of the Names of all the Bene-
factors to the Society, together with their Donations, and the time when they
presented them.

* Ordered, that the Benefactors be registered in loose vellum sheets.1
Similar orders were made on December 3, 1674, on April 27, 1682, and on

several subsequent dates. Unfortunately these early lists of Benefactors are
not now extant, and no list drawn up at the present day can pretend to be
complete. The subjoined list is compiled principally by aid of the Index to
the MS. Council Minutes, and is complete only in respect of benefactions of
o^50 and upwards there recorded. The dates given are, in most cases, those
of the Council Meetings in the minutes of which the gifts are recorded. Many
more names would be added if the lists of subscribers to special funds were
consulted, but in these cases only the names of the founders of such funds are
here given.

KING CHARLES II.

1662. July 15. Granted to the Society a Charter of Incorporation.

1663. August 3. Presented the Society with a mace of silver, richly gilt,
weighing 150 oz. troy weight.

1667. September 27. Granted the Society Chelsea College and lands, which
were ultimately conveyed by Royal Patent dated April 8, 1669 (see
pp. 25, 27, 94, 105).

KING GEORGE III.

1768. March 24. Ordered the sum of <£J4,000 clear of fees to be paid to the
Society, to enable them to send expeditions to observe the Transit of
Venus. The surplus left, after paying all the expenses connected with
the expeditions, was ordered by the King to be carried to the credit of
the Society.

KIXG GEORGE IV.

1825. December 15. Founded two Gold Medals of the value of Fifty
guineas each (see Royal Medals, pp. 186, 213).

KING WILLIAM IV.

1833. March 28. The grant of two Royal Medals continued.

o

194 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

QUEEN VICTORIA.
1838. July 5. The grant of two Royal Medals continued.

KING EDWARD VII.
1901. May 22. The grant of two Royal Medals continued.

KINO GEORGE V.
1910. July 7. The grant of two Royal Medals continued.

1663. December 14. W. Balle. Gift of .£100 and ' an iron Chest having
three Locks and Keyes \ This chest is still in use.

1664. June 22. Sir John Cutler. Settled an annual stipend of £oQ a year
upon Robert Hooke, for a Lectureship, empowering the President, Council,
and Fellows of the Society to appoint the subjects and number of lectures.

1665-6. February 21. Daniel Colwall. Gift of ^100.— ' Voted, that the
Fifty pounds in cash ; that were formerly presented by Mr. Colwall, be
delivered out, to be added to another Fifty pounds presented by the
same, to pay for the Collection of Rarities, formerly belonging to
Mr. Hubbard.'

1666-7. January 2. Henry Howard (afterwards sixth Duke of Norfolk).
Gift to the Society of ' the Library of Arundel House, to dispose thereof
as their property ' (see p. 233). The Society ' ordered that Mr. Howard
should be registered as a benefactor '.

1673. November 27. Dr. Wilkins, Bishop of Chester. Bequest of ^400.
invested January 21, 1674-5, in a Fee Farm Rent at Lewes.

1685. November 11. Samuel Pepys. A gift of £50, 'to be laid out as the
Council shall judge most convenient.' The money was used to pay for
50 Plates to Willughby's ' Historia Piscium \

1708—1718. Sir Isaac Newton. ^190.— At the Meeting of the Council on
January 21, 1707, the President, Sir Isaac Newton, 'proposed to the
Councill of the Society that if they would please to accept of free Gifts,
of about 10 or 20 pounds, from any of their members, English or
Foreigners, to be paid after the death of the Donors, for promoting
Natural Philosophy, he had a prospect of obtaining some such Gifts ; and
the Councill agreed to accept of them with thanks.' At the meeting on
January 12, 1708-9, 'the President gave the Society twenty pounds
instead of the like sume he intended after his death ; which was order'd
to be put up by itself, and to be subject to such End or Benefaction as
the President shall direct.' On December 14, 1710, 'the President
acquainted the Councill that he would give towards the easing of the
Debt of ye Society for ye House [in Crane Court], besides the twenty
pounds he had reserved, One Hundred Pounds.1 On November 6, 1718,
' the Treasurer acquainted the Council that Sir Isaac Newton had lately
paid him as a Gift to the Society seventy pounds.'

BENEFACTORS OF THE SOCIETY 195

1709. February 23. Dame Mary Sadleir, Relict of Dr. William Croone.
Founded the Croonian Lecture (see pp. 176, 217) by bequest of 'One Fifth of
the Clear Rent of a house at the corner of Lambeth Hill ', for that purpose.

1710. March 17. Lord Halifax. .£100.

1710. December 14. Dr. Hans Sloane, Secretary R.S. £100.

1710. December 14. Alexander Pitfield, Treasurer R.S. £100.

1711. May 30. R. Balle. .£50.
1711. June 26. T. Isted. £50.

1711. June 26. Sir David Hamilton. £5Q.

1712. April 8. Richard Waller. £100. Waller built the ' Repository '
for the Society at a cost of ,£400 and accepted .£300 as payment in full,
on condition that he should be registered as a benefactor.

1716. July 5. Francis Aston. Bequest of an estate at Mablethorpe, in
Lincolnshire, consisting of 55 acres, 2 roods, and 2 perches, and ' half the
overplus of his estate above Debts and Legacies \ realizing .£445 Qs. 7d.

1717. June 20. Sir Godfrey Copley, Bart. .£100 in trust for the Royal
Society, *to be laid out in experiments, or otherwise, for the benefit
thereof, as they shall direct and appoint.' The will was dated October 14,
1704, and proved in the Prerogative Court, April 11, 1709 ; first applied
to the purchase of a medal in 1736 (see pp. 174, 210).

1717. October 24. S. Hill. ^50.

1717. October 24. Thomas Paget, D.D. Bequest of two houses in Coleman

Street, worth about .£100 per annum.
1719. October 26. Robert Keck. Bequest of .£500 to the Society * to

support their forreign correspondence \
1741. December 16. Martin Folkes. <£100, as a present to the Society * to

assist them in the present low state of their Revenue \
1754. November 14. Samuel Hickman. Bequest of £100.
1754. November 21. Martin Folkes. Bequest of £200 in money and a

portrait of Sir Francis Bacon.

1769. February 2. Robert Smith, D.D. Bequest of £>100.
1775. Henry Baker. Bequest of .£100, the interest to be applied for an

oration or discourse in Natural History or Experimental Philosophy (see

Bakerian Lecture, pp. 174, 224).
1786. July 27. Earl Stanhope. Bequest of £500.
1796. May 5. William Benson Earle. Bequest of £210 'for the purchase

of Books for the Society's Library \
1796. November 24. Count Rumford. Gift of <£1,000 Stock to found the

Rumford Medals (see pp. 183, 212).
1828. December 11. William Hyde Wollaston, M.D. Gift of £2,000

3 per cent. Consols, to be called the Donation Fund, the dividends to be

applied in promoting experimental researches (see p. 177).
1828. December 11. Davies Gilbert. Gift of ,£1,000 to the Donation Fund.

O 2

196 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

1829. January 22. J. Guillemard. Gift of £100 to the Donation Fund.
1839. March 7. Sir Clifton Wintringham. Bequest of ,£1,200 3 per cent.
. Consolidated Bank Annuities, for the annual award of a Silver Cup to

the Author of the most satisfactory Experimental Examination of one

of certain subjects (see p. 186).
1843. November 30. Edwin Hill Handley. Bequest of ,£6,378 19.?. Founder

of the Handley Fund (see p. 180).
1843. November 30. Thomas Botfield. Bequeathed 'such a sum of money,

by way of donation, as would have been payable if he had been made

a Life Member ' of the Royal Society. (£60.)
1854. June 29. B. Oliveira. Gift of £50 for the Promotion of Science.

1864. October 27. Beriah Botfield. Bequest of £70.

1865. December 21. B. Oliveira. Bequest of ,£4,000. reduced after
a chancery suit to £1,506 17*. Id. (Minutes, October 28, 1869). This
was applied to the construction of the telescope afterwards lent to
Dr. Huggins, since presented to the University of Cambridge.

1869. April 22. Dr. John Davy, bequeathed the Service of Plate presented
to Sir Humphry Davy for the invention of the Safety Lamp, in fulfil-
ment of Sir H. Davy's intentions, to be melted down and sold, in order
from the proceeds to found a medal (see p. 177). It produced ,£736 8*. 5d.

1871. June 15. John Peter Gassiot. Securities representing £10,000 ' given
to the Royal Society upon trust, for the purpose of assisting in carrying
on and continuing magnetical and meteorological observations ... in
the Kew Observatory1 (see pp. 179, 188).

1873. October 30. E. H. Sterling. ' Donation of £100 to the funds of
the Society.1

1874. June 18. Sir Francis Ronalds. Bequest of £500 ' for the Augmenta-
tion of the Wollaston [Donation] Fund' (see p. 177).

1874. October 29. Henry Dircks. Bequest of one-fourth of his residue,
amounting (see Minutes, May 18, 1876) to £878 12*. Wd.

1875. November 30. Sir Charles Wheatstone. Bequest of £500 for the
Donation Fund, and several portraits.

1876. February 17. T. J. Phillips Jodrell. Gift of £6,000 to be applied
in any manner 'most conducive to the encouragement, among our
countrymen, of original research in the Physical Sciences' (see p. 181).

1877. (President's Address, Roy. Soc. Proc., vol. 26, p. 429.) A sum of
£500 contributed anonymously by five Fellows to the Society's funds.

1878. April 11. James Young. A donation of £1,000, 'for the general
purposes of the Society.' This donation was devoted to the 'Publication
Fund' (June 27, 1878), afterwards merged in the Fee Reduction Fund
(November 7, 1878).

1879. January 16. Sir Joseph Whitworth. Gift of £2,000 to the Fee
Reduction Fund.

BENEFACTORS OF THE SOCIETY 197

1879. January 16. Sir William (afterwards Lord) Armstrong. Gift of

.£1,000 to the Fee Reduction Fund.
1879. February 27. Sydney Ellis. *An unconditional bequest to the

Society of .£1,000;

1879. April 24. Sir Walter Calverley Trevelyan, Bart. Bequest of ^1,500
to the Society, * the interest to be applied to the promotion of scientific
research.'

1880. December 16. Miss H. E. Pipe. Gift of ^105 in aid of the publica-
tion of Mr. W. K. Parker's papers.

1881. March 24. Sir Joseph Copley, Bart. Gift of .£1,666 13*. 4d. 3 per
cent. Consols 'to provide in perpetuity a yearly bonus of £50 to be
given to the recipient of the Copley Medal \

1884. January 17. Sir William Siemens. Bequest of ,£1,000 free of
legacy duty, to the Scientific Relief Fund.

1884. October 30. George Bentham. Bequest of ,£1,000 to the Scientific
Relief Fund ; afterwards reduced to ,£567 by an informality in the will.

1885. April 23. James Budgett. Gift of <£100 in aid of the publication
of Professor W. K. Parker's Researches.

1886. February 18. Dr. Ludwig Mond. Donation of 500 guineas to the
Scientific Relief Fund.

1886. November 30. Sir William (afterwards Lord) Armstrong. Donation

of ^SOO to the Scientific Relief Fund (see p. 183).
1888. March 15. Dr. J. F. Main. A telescope and the piers built for it

at St. Moritz.
1891. February 19. Henry Bowman Brady, F.R.S. Bequest of all his books

and papers relating to the Protozoa, and .£300 free of duty, upon trust

for the purchase of works on the same or kindred subjects.

1891. October 29. His Excellency Dr. Robert Halliday Gunning gave the
Society his bond for ,£1,000 to found the Gunning Fund (see p. 180).

1892. December 8. Dr. Ludwig Mond, F.R.S. Gift of .£2,000 « to assist in
carrying on the Catalogue of Scientific Papers '.

1893. May 18. Earl of Derby. Bequest of .£2,000.

1894. June 21. Dr. Ludwig Mond. Contribution towards the cost of the
Subject Index to the Catalogue of Scientific Papers. ' One-half of the
total expenditure in excess of the sum of ,£1,500 available for this purpose
out of the ,£2,000 already placed at the disposal of the Society [see above],
provided the Society or others are willing to contribute the remainder of
such sum.'

1897. November. Sir William Mackinnon. Residue of his estate upon
trust for the foundation and endowment of prizes and scholarships for
the purpose of furthering Natural and Physical Science, and of furthering
original research and investigation in Pathology (see p. 182).

1900. January. Professor David Edward Hughes, F.R.S. Bequest of .£4,000.

198 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Income to be awarded annually for the reward of original discovery in
the Physical Sciences, particularly Electricity and Magnetism (see p. 181).
1902. July. Dr. Ludwig Mond, F.R.S. Gift of ,£6,000, payable in four
annual instalments of ,£1,500, to assist in carrying on the Catalogue of
Scientific Papers.

1902. October. Mr. Andrew Carnegie. Gift of XJ1,000 for the same purpose.

1903. June. Anonymous. Gift of ,£1,000 for the same purpose.

1904. November. Anonymous. Gift of =£500 for the same purpose.

1904. November. Mr. Frank McClean, F.R.S., bequeathed «£2,000 for the
general purposes of the Society.

1905. October. Mrs. Tyndall. Gift of ,£1,000 for the general purposes
of the Society, in accordance with the wishes of Professor John Tyndall,

F.R.S.

1906. October. Miss Wolfe. Gift of ,£100 for scientific research.

1906. November. Dr. Ludwig Mond, F.R.S. Gift of ,£6,000, payable in
three annual instalments of ,£2,000, to assist in carrying on the Catalogue
of Scientific Papers.

1907. November. Anonymous. Gift of ,£500 for the scientific purposes of
the Society.

1908. October. Professor A. Schuster, F.R.S. Donation of <£1,500, the
income therefrom to be used towards defraying the travelling expenses of
delegates sent by the Society to meetings of the International Association
of Academies, and other Scientific Congresses.

1908. November. Dr. Ludwig Mond, F.R.S. Donation of ^2,000 towards
the cost of the Catalogue of Scientific Papers.

1909. January. Dr. H. C. Sorby, F.R.S. Bequest of .£15,000 for the
purpose of establishing a Professorship or Fellowship for original research
in connexion with the University of Sheffield. See page 184.

1909. January. Professor Nevil Story Maskelyne, F.R.S. Donation of ,£50

towards the expense of the publications of the Society, as a mark of his

appreciation of their scientific value.
1909. February. Dr. George Gore, F.R.S. Bequest of one-half of the residue

of his estate, amounting to ,£2,436 18*. 10d., for the purpose of assisting

scientific discovery.
1909. June. Miss Wolfe. Bequest of one-third of the residue of her estate

to the Society free of restrictions. ,£8,200 has been received, and there

will be a further sum on the sale of some real estate.
1909. July. Mrs. Tyndall. Gift of ^1,000 for the purpose of encouraging

mining research. See page 185.
1909. November. Dr. Ludwig Mond, F.R.S., bequeathed to the Society,

subject to the life interest of his wife, the sum of <£50,000, ' the income

of which is to be employed in the endowment of research in Natural

Science, more particularly but not exclusively in Chemistry and Physics,

BENEFACTORS OF THE SOCIETY 199

by providing rewards for new discoveries, and pecuniary assistance (in-
cluding scholarships) to persons pursuing scientific investigations, and
in supplying apparatus and appliances for Laboratories and Observatories,
and, so far as consistent with the Mortmain and Charitable Uses Act,
1888, or other similar provisions, in improving existing or erecting new
Laboratories and Observatories, and in such other manner as the Royal
Society shall decide to be best calculated to promote Scientific Research.
And also in providing so far and in such amounts as the Council of the
Royal Society shall from time to time determine for the publication and
circulation of the reports and papers communicated to the said Society,
and for the preparation and publication of Catalogues and Indexes of
Scientific Literature which the Royal Society may have undertaken or may
in the future undertake.11

1909. November. Anonymous. A former benefactor, not a Fellow, gave
,^500, * with the usual anonymity, for scientific purposes under the aegis of
the Royal Society.1

1909. December. Major Daniels. Gift of dPIOO for the scientific purposes
of the Society.

1911. May. Professor A. Schuster, F.R.S. Gift of £J1,000 for the purposes
of the Fee Reduction Fund.

CHAPTER VI

PATRONS AND OFFICERS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY
SINCE ITS FOUNDATION

PATRONS

His Majesty Km; CHARLES II, Founder.

„ „ JAMES II, Fellow.

„ GEORGE I, Patron.
„ GEORGE II, Patron.

., „ GEORGE III, Patron.

., „ GEORGE IV, Patron.

„ „ WILLIAM IV, Patron.

Her Majesty QUEEN VICTORIA, Patron.
His Majesty KING EDWARD VII, Patron.

„ „ GEORGE V, Patron.

PRESIDENTS

Tenure of Office.
William, Viscount Brouncker Apr. 22, 1663-Nov. 30, 1677

b. 1620 (?); d. April 5, 1684. Adhered to Chas. I, and after the Restoration was
appointed by Chas. II Chancellor of the Queen Consort, and Keeper of her Great
Seal (1662) ; one of the Commissioners for executing the office of Lord High
Admiral (1664), and Master of St. Catherine's Hospital (1681). Mathematician ;
the first to introduce continued fractions.

Sir Joseph Williamson, Kt Nov. 30, 1677-Nov. 30, 1680

tt. 1633; d. 1701. M.A.,D.C.L. (Oxon.). Statesman and diplomatist. Keeper of
the State Paper Office (1661); Editor (1665) of < Oxford Gazette', afterwards
' London Gazette '. Secretary of State (1674-8). Subsequently employed on
diplomatic missions.

Sir Christopher Wren, Kt Nov. 30, 1680-Nov. 30, 1682

A. Oct 20, 1632; d. Feb. 25, 1722-3. M.A., D.C.L. (Oxon.), LL.D. (Camb.).
Professor of Astronomy at Gresham College (1657). Savilian Professor of
Astronomy at Oxford (1661-73). Discoverer in the fundamental principles of
Dynamics, including the law of reaction. Architect of St. Paul's Cathedral and
many London Churches. Prominent member of the circle which was incorporated
as the Royal Society.

FORMER PRESIDENTS 201

Tenure of Office.
Sir John Hoskins, Bart Nov. 30, 1682-Nov. 30, 1683

A. July 23, 1634 ; d. Sept. 12, 1705. Master in Chancery. Evelyn describes him as
' a most learned virtuoso, as well as lawyer '.

Sir Cyril Wyche, Kt Nov. 30, 1683-Nov. 30, 1684

ft. 1632(?); d. Dec. 29, 1707. M.A.,D.C.L. (Oxon.). Statesman and man of science.
One of the Lords Justices governing Ireland (1693-5). Ambassador in Turkey
(1695).

Samuel Pepys Dec. 1, 1684-Nov. 30, 1686

ft. Feb. 23, 1632-3 ; d. May 26, 1703. M.A. (Camb.). Author of the celebrated
Diary and collector of the Pepysian Library. Clerk of the Acts of the Navy (1660).
Surveyor-General of the Victualling Office (1665). Master of Trinity House (1676).
Secretary to the Admiralty (1686).

John, Earl of Carbery (Lord Vaughan) . . . Nov. 30, 1686 -Nov. 30, 1689

b. 1640 ; d, Jan. 16, 1712-13. Governor of Jamaica (1674-8).
Thomas, Earl of Pembroke, K.G Nov. 30, 1689-Nov. 30, 1690

ft. 1656 ; d. Jan. 22, 1732-3. First Lord of the Admiralty (1690). Lord Privy Seal
(1692). Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1707). Lord High Admiral (1708).
Mathematician and Antiquary.

Sir Robert Southwell, Kt Dec. 1, 1690-Nov. 30, 1695

ft. 1635 ; d. 1702. D.C.L. (Oxon.). Envoy extraordinary to the Court of Portugal
(1672). Appointed by William 111 Principal Secretary of State for Ireland (1690).
Contributed papers to the ' Philosophical Transactions ', principally on physio-
logical and chemical subjects.

Charles Montagu (afterwards Earl of Hali-
fax, K.G.) Nov. 30, 1695-Nov. 30, 1698

6. April 16, 1661; d. May 19, 1715. M.A. (Camb.). Appointed a lord of the
Treasury (1692), Chancellor of the Exchequer (1694). Aided by Somers, Locke,
Newton, and Halley, he determined to remedy the depreciation of the currency,
and succeeded in passing the Re-coinage Bill (1696). First Lord of the
Treasury (1697).

John, Lord Somers Nov. 30, 1698-Nov. 30, 1703

ft. 1652 ; d. April 26, 1716. Appointed Solicitor-General upon accession of William
and Mary ; Attorney-General (1692) ; Lord Keeper of the Great Seal (1693) ;
Lord Chancellor (1697) ; deprived of office and impeached, but acquitted (1700).
Took a leading part in effecting the Union with Scotland (1707). Lord President
of the Council (1708).

Sir Isaac Newton, Kt Nov. 30, 1703-Mar. 20, 1727

ft. Dec. 25, 1642 ; d. March 20, 1727. Discovered the Binomial Theorem, in the
beginning of 1665 ; the direct method of fluxions or elements of the differential
calculus, Nov., 1665 ; the unequal refrangibility of the rays of light, Jan., 1666 ;
the integral calculus, May, 1666. Made his first reflecting telescope, 1668.
Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge, 1669. In 1686 the MS. of
the ' Principia ' was presented to the Royal Society, and in 1687 it was published.
Warden of the Mint (1695) ; Master of the Mint (1699). Publication of the
' Opticks ', 1704. Knighted by Queen Anne, 1705.

202 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Tenure of Office.

Sir Hans Sloane, Bart Nov. 30, 1727-Nov. 30, 1741

b. April 16, 1660 ; d. Jau. 11, 1753. Fellow of the Coll. Phys. (1687). Afterwards
accompanied Duke of Albemarle to Jamaica, where he collected natural history
specimens for fifteen months. Created a baronet by George I, an honour to
which no English physician had before attained. Physician-General to the
Army (1716). Pres. Coll. Phys. (1727). Secretary R.S. (1693-1712). Founder
of Botanic Garden, Chelsea (1721) : his museum of natural history and other
specimens purchased by Government (1754). There are twenty-four papers by
Sir Hans Sloane in the ' Philosophical Transactions '.

Martin Folkes Nov. 30, 1741-Nov. 30, 1752

b. Oct. 29, 1690; d. June 28, 1754. M.A. (Camb.), D.C.L. (Oxon.). Appointed
Vice-President of the Royal Society by Sir 1. Newton (1723). Pres. Soc. of
Antiquaries (1750). Contributed ten papers to the ' Philosophical Transactions '.

George, Earl of Macclesfield Nov. 30, 1752-Mar. 17, 1764

6. 1697 ; d. March 17, 1764. D.C.L. (Oxon.). Mathematician and Astronomer. In
1739 aided by James Bradley erected an Astronomical Observatory at Shirburn
Castle, Oxfordshire, with the finest instrumental equipment then existing. His
series of personal observations extended from June 4, 1740, to his death. He
was mainly instrumental in procuring the change of style in 1752, being virtually
the author of the ' Bill for Regulating the Commencement of the Year ', which
passed the Peers in 1751. He contributed papers to the ' Philosophical Trans-
actions '.

James, Earl of Morton (Lord Aberdour) . . Nov. 30, 1764-Oct. 12, 1768

6. 1702 ; d. Oct. 12, 1768. Astronomer. Instrumental in founding (1739) the
Philosophical (afterwards the Royal) Society of Edinburgh. Was one of the
Commissioners of Longitude, and took an active part in the preparations for
observing the Transit of Venus in 1769. One of the earliest Trustees of the
British Museum, and Keeper of the Records of Scotland. Contributed several
papers to the * Philosophical Transactions '.

James (afterwards Sir James) Burrow . . . Oct. 27, 1768-Nov. 30, 1768

b. Nov. 28, 1701 ; d. Nov. 5, 1782. Legal Reporter and Antiquary. Master of the

Crown Office, and Senior Bencher of the Inner Temple. Contributed five papers

on Earthquakes to the ' Philosophical Transactions '. He was elected to the

chair only to serve until the ensuing anniversary.

Elected a second time, July 2, 1772, to fill the chair till the following anniversary.

James West Nov. 30, 1768-July 2, 1772

l>. 1704 (?) ; d. July 2, 1772. Politician and Antiquary. M.A. Balliol Coll., Oxford.
iVI.P. for St. Albans (1741-68). Joint Secretary to the Treasury (1741-62). A
Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries (1727). ' Astronomy is indebted to Mr. West
for the preservation of several manuscript volumes and papers of Flamsteed's '
(Weld, vol. ii, p. 50).

Sir John Pringle, Bart Nov. 30, 1772-Nov. 30, 1778

A. April 10, 1707 ; d. Jan. 18, 1782. Studied medicine at Leyden, and settled as
a physician in Edinburgh. M.D. (Leyden). Appointed (1734) Joint Professor
of Pneumatics [i. e. Metaphysics] and Moral Philosophy in Edinburgh. Physician

FORMER PRESIDENTS 203

Tenure of Office.

to the Earl of Stair (1742), and Physician-General to the Forces in Flanders (1744).
Afterwards Physician to the Forces ordered to march against the Pretender's
adherents in Scotland. Reformed military medicine and sanitation. His ' Observa-
tions on the Diseases of the Army' (1752) attained a European reputation, and has
become a classic. In 1764 Physician in Ordinary to the Queen. In 1774 Physician
to the King. Author of medical works, especially on Military Hygiene, and of
several papers read before the Royal Society/

Sir Joseph Banks, Bart Nov. 30, 1778-June 19, 1820

b. Feb. 13, 1743-4; rf. June 19, 1820. D.C.L. (Oxon.). In 1766 accompanied
Lieut. Phipps to Newfoundland and Labrador, where he made collections in
Natural History. In 1768 joined Captain Cook in his first voyage of discovery.
In 1772 fitted out and accompanied a scientific expedition to Iceland, where he
made large Natural History collections, and purchased numerous Icelandic books
and manuscripts, all of which he presented to the British Museum. Baronet
(1781) ; Privy Councillor (1797).

William Hyde Wollaston June 29, 1820-Nov. 30, 1820

b. Aug. 6, 1766 ; d. Dec. 22, 1828. Studied for Medicine, and became a Tancred
Fellow at Cambridge. M.D. (Camb.). In 1789 settled at Bury St. Edmunds as
a physician. From 1797 to his death a constant contributor to the ' Philosophical
Transactions', in which appear thirty-nine important papers in Chemistry,
Astronomy, Optics, Mechanics, Acoustics, Mineralogy, Crystallography, Physio-
logy, Pathology, and Botany. He was the discoverer of palladium (1804) and
rhodium (1805), and was the first to notice the dark lines in the solar spectrum.
In 1828 he described his method for rendering platinum malleable. He
established the Donation Fund of the Royal Society (see p. 177).

Sir Humphry Davy, Bart Nov. 30, 1820-Nov. 6, 1827

b. at Penzance, Dec. 17, 1778 ; d. at Geneva, May 29, 1829. LL.D. (Dublin).
Superintendent of Dr. Beddoes's Pneumatic Institution at Bristol (1798), where he
discovered the anaesthetic properties of nitrous oxide. Director of the Laboratory
of the Royal Institution (1801). Isolated the metals of the alkalis (1806). De-
monstrated the elementary nature of chlorine (1810). Investigated the properties
of iodine (1813). Invented the Miner's Safety-lamp (1815) ; the first safety-lamp
is still in the possession of the Society. Copley Medallist (1805). He contributed
forty-six memoirs and lectures to the ( Philosophical Transactions '.

Davies Gilbert (formerly Giddy) Nov. 6, 1827-Nov. 30, 1830

b. March 6, 1767 ; d. Nov. 7, 1839. M. A., D.C.L. (Oxon.). High Sheriff of Cornwall
(1792-3). M.P. for Bodmin (1806). ' He took a prominent part in parliamentary
investigations connected with the arts and sciences ' (' Diet. Nat. Biog.'). In
1819 he suggested, with success, the establishment of the Observatory at the Cape
of Good Hope. He contributed several papers to the ' Philosophical Trans-
actions ' .

H.R.H. The Duke of Sussex Nov. 30, 1830-Nov. 30, 1838

Augustus Frederick, sixth son of George III. b. Jan. 27, 1773; rf. April 21, 1843.
During his tenure of office he constantly presided at all meetings of the Council
and Society.

204 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Tenure of Office.

Joshua Alwyne Compton, Marquess of North-

ampton Nov. 30, 1838-Nov. 30, 1848

h. Jan. 1, 1790 ; d. Jan. 17, 1851. Geologist and Mineralogist. One of the earliest
Presidents of the Geological Society ; Pres. Brit. Assoc. 1836 and 1848.

William Parsons, Earl of Rosse Nov. 30, 1848-Nov. 30, 1854

//. June 17, 1800 ; d. Oct. 31, 1867. Astronomer. Commenced experiments for
improving the reflecting telescope (1827) ; began observations with the 60-foot
reflector which he constructed at Parsonstown (1845) ; discoverer of spiral nebulae.
Researches on nebulae and other celestial phenomena in ' Philosophical Trans-
actions ', 1840, '44, '50, '61, and '68. Chancellor of University of Dublin (1862).

John, Lord Wrottesley Nov. 30, 1854-Nov. 30, 1858

b. Aug. 5, 1798 ; d. Oct. 27, 1867. Practical Astronomer, carrying on observations
at two small observatories, one at Blackheath, the other at Wrottesley. Gold
Medal of the Astronom. Soc. for a catalogue of Stars (1839). Pres. Astronom.
Soc. (1841). Pres. Brit. Assoc. (1860).

Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, Bart Nov. 30, 1858-Nov. 30, 1861

b. 1783 ; d. Oct. 21, 1862. Physiologist and Surgeon. For thirty years on the Staff
of St. George's Hospital. Medical Adviser to three successive Sovereigns. First
President of the Medical Council. Author of a work on the Diseases of the Joints,
and of numerous papers in the 'Philosophical Transactions', and the ' Transactions
of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society'. Copley Medallist (1811).

Sir Edward Sabine, K.C.B Nov. 30, 1861-Nov. 30, 1871

b. Oct. 14, 1788; d. June 26, 1883. D.C.L. (Oxon.), LL.D. (Camb.). General
(1870). On active service 1812-16. Astronomer with Sir John Ross's Expedition
in search of Nortli West Passage (1818). Accompanied Parry's first expedition
(1819). Had a large part in establishing the science of terrestrial magnetism.
Appointed to conduct pendulum experiments in different latitudes (1819), and
Joint Commissioner to determine the difference of longitude between the
observatories of Paris and Greenwich (1825).

Sir George Biddell Airy, K.C.B Nov. 30, 1871-Nov. 30, 1873

b. June 27, 1801 ; d. Jan. 2, 1892. Senior Wrangler (1823). M.A., LL.D. (Camb.),
D.C.L. (Oxon.). Lucasian Professor at Cambridge (1826). Plumian Professor of
Astronomy and Director of Cambridge Observatory (1828). Astronomer Royal
(1835-81) ; did a great work in the reorganization of Greenwich Observatory.
Chairman of the Commission charged with the construction of Standard Weights
and Measures (1834). Pres. Brit Assoc. (1851). Organized Expedition for
Observing Transit of Venus (1874).

Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, O.M., G.C.S.I. . Nov. 30, 1873-Nov. 30, 1878
b. June 30, 1817 ; d. Dec. 11,1911. M.D., D.C.L., LL.D. Botanist to Sir J. C. Ross's
antarctic voyage (' Erebus ' and ' Terror '). Botanist to the Geological Survey.
Expedition to India and the Himalayas (1848) ; to Syria (1860). Pres. Brit.
Assoc. (1868). Botanical expedition to Morocco (1871) and across America (1877).
Director of Royal Gardens at Kew (1865-85). K. C. S. I. (1877). Original member
of the Order of Merit.

205

Tenure of Office.

William Spottiswoode Nov. 30, 1878-June 27, 1883

ft. Jan. 11, 1825 ; d. June 27, 1883. Mathematician, Physicist, and Oriental Scholar.
Queen's Printer. Lecturer in Mathematics at Balliol College. ' Meditationes
Analyticae' (1847). Numerous papers on the Polarization of Light and other
physical subjects in the ' Philosophical Transactions', ' Phil. Mag.', ttc. Pres.
Math. Soc. (1871). Pres. Brit. Assoc. (1878).

Thomas Henry Huxley, P.C July 5, 1883-Nov. 30, 1885

b. May 4, 1825 ; d. June 29, 189o. D.C.L. (Oxon.). Lecturer on General Nat. Hist,
at the Royal School of Mines. Naturalist to the Geological Survey (1855) ; sub-
sequently Prof, of Biology in the Royal College of Science. Fullerian Professor
of Physiology in the Royal Institution (1856-8). Hunterian Professor at the Royal
College of Surgeons (1863-70). Pres. Geolog. Society, and of the Brit. Assoc.
(1870). Inspector of Fisheries (1881). Trustee of the Brit. Museum. Member
of many Royal and other Commissions.

Sir George Gabriel Stokes, Bart Nov. 30, 1885-Nov. 30, 1890

6. Aug. 13, 1819 ; d. Feb. 1, 1903. Senior Wrangler (1841). Lucasian Professor of
Mathematics at Cambridge (1849-1902). Lecturer on Physics at the Royal
School of Mines (1854-60). Pres. Brit. Assoc. (1869). Author of Burnett
Lectures on Light (Aberdeen) and Gifford Lectures on Natural Theology (Edin-
burgh), and of fundamental memoirs in the ' Philosophical Transactions ', the
' Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society', and other journals.

Lord Kelvin (Sir William Thomson), P.C.,

O.M., G.C.V.O Nov. 30, 1890-Nov. 30, 1895

b. June 26, 1824 ; d. Dec. 17, 1907. Second Wrangler and first Smith's Prizeman at
Camb. (1845). LL.D., D.C.L., D.Sc., M.D. Prof, of Nat. Philosophy in
Glasgow Univ. (1846-1899). Pres. Brit. Assoc. (1871). Original discoverer in
the foundations of thermodynamics, and of electrical theory and practice including
modern electrical engineering. Author of ' Treatise on Natural Philosophy ', in
conjunction with Professor Tait. Original member of the Order of Merit.
Buried in Westminster Abbey by the side of Sir Isaac Newton.

Lord Lister, P.C., O.M Nov. 30, 1895-Nov. 30, 1900

ft. April 5, 1827 ; d. Feb. 10, 1912. D.C.L., LL.D., D.Sc. Professor of Surgery in
the University of Glasgow (1860-69). Professor of Clinical Surgery in the Univ.
of Edinburgh (1869-77), and in King's College, Lond. (1877-93). Pres. Brit.
Assoc. (1896). Sergeant Surgeon to H.M. Queen Victoria. Emeritus Prof, of
Clinical Surgery in King's Coll., Lond., and Consulting Surgeon to King's Coll.
Hospital. Author of Croonian Lecture on ' Coagulation of Blood ; early Stages
of Inflammation ', ' Phil. Trans.' ; and other papers on Physiological and Patho-
logical subjects in the ' Trans, of the Roy. Soc. of Edinburgh ' and in the ' Trans,
of the Path. Soc., London', reprinted in two quarto volumes of 'Scientific
Papers '. Founder of the principles and practice of antiseptic surgery. Original
member of the Order of Merit.

Sir William Huggins, K.C.B., O.M Nov. 30, 1900-Nov. 30, 1905

ft. Feb. 7, 1824; d. May 13, 1910. D.C.L., LL.D., D.Sc. Established a private
Observatory at Tulse Hill (1856) Pres. Roy. Astron. Soc. (1876-8). Pres.

206 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Tenure of Ojjice.

Brit. Assoc. (1891). Rede Lecturer (1869). Author of many memoirs in the
' Philosophical Transactions', and elsewhere, collected in ' Scientific Papers'
1909. Author (with Lady Huggins) of 'An Atlas of Representative Stellar
Spectra '. Extended Kirchhoff 's spectroscopic work on the sun, and applied it
to the other heavenly bodies, thus taking a leading part in the foundation of
the science of Astrophysics. Original member of the Order of Merit.

John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh

P.C., O.M Nov. 30, 1905-Nov. 30, 1908

b. Nov. 12,1842. Sec. R.S. (1887-96). Professor of Experimental Physics, Cambridge
(1879-84). Professor of Natural Philosophy, Royal Institution (1887-1905).
Author of ' Theory of Sound', 2 vols., 2nd ed. 1896, ' Scientific Papers,' 4 vols.,
1869-1901. Nobel Laureate in Physics (1904). Chancellor of Cambridge University
since 1908. Original member of the Order of Merit.

Sir Archibald Geikie, K.C.B . Nov. 30, 1908-

6. Edinburgh, December 28, 1835. Hon. D.C.L. (Oxon.), D.Sc., LL.D., Ph.D.
Appointed to the Geological Survey (1855). Director Geological Survey Scotland
(1867-82), first Murchisou Professor of Geology and Mineralogy, Edinburgh
(1871-82). For. Sec. R.S. (1890-4) ; Sec. R.S. (1903-8). Pres. Geol. Soc. (1891-2,
1906-8) ; Pres. Brit. Assoc. (1892). Director-General Geological Survey United
Kingdom (1882—1901). Author of numerous memoirs in geology, more especially
on volcanism, glaciation, origin of scenery; also of a Textbook of Geology and
other scientific works ; and of biographies of Edward Forbes, R. I. Murchison,
A. C. Ramsay, &c.

TREASURERS

Date of Election.

April 22, 1663. William Balle.

Nov. 30, 1663. Abraham Hill.

Nov. 30, 1665. Daniel Col wall.

Dec. 1, 1679. Abraham Hill.

Nov. 30, 1700. Alexander Pitfield.

Nov. 30, 1728. Roger Gale.

Nov. 30, 1736. James West.

Nov. 30, 1768. Samuel Wegg.

Nov. 30, 1802. William Marsden.

Nov. 30, 1810. Samuel Lysons.

July 29, 1819. Davies Gilbert.

Nov. 30, 1827. Henry Kater.

Nov. 30, 1830. Sir John William Lubbock, Bart.

Nov. 30, 1835. Francis Baily.

Nov. 30, 1838. Sir John William Lubbock, Bart.

TREASURERS AND SECRETARIES

207

Date of Election .
Nov. 30, 1845.
Nov. 30, 1850.
Nov. 30, 1861.
Nov. 30, 1870.
Nov. 30, 1878.
Nov. 30, 1898.

George Rennie.
Lt.-Col. E. Sabine.
Prof. W. A. Miller.
William Spottiswoode.
Sir John Evans, K.C.B.
Sir Alfred Bray Kempe.

Date of Election.
April 22, 1663.
April 22, 1663.
Nov. 30, 1668.
Nov. 30, 1672.
Nov. 30, 1673.
Nov. 30, 1675.
Nov. 30, 1677.
Nov. 30, 1677.
Nov. 30, 1679.
Nov. 30, 1681.
Nov. 30, 1682.
Nov. 30, 1684.
Nov. 30, 1685.
Dec. 16, 1685.
Dec. 16, 1685.
Nov. 30, 1687.
Nov. 30, 1693.
Nov. 30, 1709.
Nov. 30, 1710.
Nov. 30, 1713.
Jan. 13, 1714.
Dec. 1, 1718.
Nov. 30, 1721.
Nov. 30, 1727.
Nov. 30, 1730.
Nov. 30, 1747.
Nov. 30, 1752.
Nov. 30, 1759.
Nov. 30, 1765.
Nov. 30, 1773.

SECRETARIES

John Wilkins, D.D.
Henry Oldenburg.
Thomas Henshaw.
John Evelyn.
Abraham Hill.
Thomas Henshaw.
Nehemiah Grew. M.D.
Robert Hooke.
Thomas Gale, D.D.
Francis Aston.
Robert Plot, D.C.L.
William Musgrave, M.D.
Tancred Robinson, M.D.
Sir John Hoskins, Bart.
Thomas Gale, D.D.
Richard Waller.
Hans Sloane, M.D.
John Harris, D.D.
Richard Waller.
Edmund Halley, D.C.L.
Brook Taylor, LL.D.
John Machin.
James Jurin, M.D.
William Rutty, M.D.
Cromwell Mortimer, M.D.
Peter Da vail.
Thomas Birch, D.D.
Charles Morton, M.D.
Matthew Maty, M.D.
Samuel Horsley, LL.B.

208 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of Election.

Nov. 30, 1776. Joseph Planta.

Nov. 30, 1778. Paul Henry Maty, M.A.

May 5, 1784. Charles Blagden, M.D.

Nov. 30, 1797. Edward Whitaker Gray, M.D.

Nov. 30, 1804. William Hyde Wollaston, M.D.

Jan. 22, 1807. Sir Humphry Davy, Bart.

Nov. 30, 1812. Taylor Combe.

Nov. 30, 1816. William Thomas Brande.

Nov. 30, 1824. Sir John Frederick William Herschel, Bart.

Nov. 30, 1826. John George Children.

Nov. 30, 1827. Peter Mark Roget, M.D.

Nov. 30, 1827. Lieut.-Col. Edward Sabine, R.A.

Nov. 30, 1830. John George Children.

Nov. 30, 1837. Samuel Hunter Christie.

Nov. 30, 1848. Thomas Bell.

Nov. 30, 1853. William Sharpey, M.D.

Nov. 30, 1854. Prof. George Gabriel Stokes.

Nov. 30, 1872. Prof. Thomas Henry Huxley.

Nov. 30, 1881. Prof: Michael Foster.

Nov. 30, 1885. Lord Rayleigh.

Nov. 30, 1896. Arthur William Rucker.

Nov. 30, 1901. Joseph Larmor.

Nov. 30, 1903. Sir Archibald Geikie.

Nov. 30, 1908. John Rose Bradford.

FOREIGN SECRETARIES

Date of Election.

April 11, 1723. Philip Henry Zollman.

April 18, 1728. Dr. Dillenius and Dr. Scheuchzer.

Aug. 29, 1748. Thomas Stack, M.D.

Nov. 20, 1751. James Parsons, M.D.

Mar. 4, 1762. Matthew Maty, M.D.

Dec. 11, 1766. John Bevis, M.D.

Feb. 13, 1772. Paul Henry Maty.

June 30, 1774. Joseph Planta.

Jan. 14, 1779. Charles Hutton.

June 17, 1784. Charles Peter Layard.

Mar. 22, 1804. Thomas Young, M.D.

Nov. 30, 1830. Charles Konig.

Pr.ATK XIII

SIR HUMPHRY DAVY

From a portrait by Sir Thomas Lawrence, in the possession of the
Royal Society

SECRETARIES AND FOREIGN SECRETARIES 209

Date of Election.

Nov. 30, 1837. Capt. William Henry Smyth, R.N.

Nov. 30, 1839. John Frederic Daniell.

Dec. 1, 1845. Lieut.-Col. Edward Sabine, R.A.

Nov. 30, 1850. Capt. William Henry Smyth, R.N.

Nov. 30, 1856. William Hallowes Miller.

Nov. 30, 1873. Alexander W. Williamson.

Nov. 30, 1889. Archibald Geikie.

Nov. 30, 1893. Sir Joseph Lister, Bart.

Nov. 30, 1895. Edward Frankland.

Nov. 30, 1899. Thomas Edward Thorpe.

Nov. 30, 1903. Francis Darwin.

Nov. 30, 1907. John Rose Bradford.

Nov. 30, 1908. Sir William Crookes.

ASSISTANT SECRETARIES

Nov. 30, 1810. Stephen Lee.

April 6, 1826. James Hudson.

April 2, 1835. John David Roberton.

Dec. 14, 1843. Charles Richard Weld.

May 2, 1861. Walter White.

Mar. 25, 1885. Herbert Rix.

Jan. 16, 1896. Robert W. F. Harrison.

CHAPTER VII

MEDALLISTS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

AND

CROONIAN AND BAKERIAN LECTURERS WITH
TITLES OF THEIR SUBJECTS

MEDALLISTS
The Copley Medal

is awarded to the living author of such philosophical research, either published
or communicated to the Society, as may appear to the Council to be deserving
of that honour. The subject or subjects of research, on account of which the
medal is awarded, must be specified in making the award. No limitation is
imposed either as to the period of time within which that research was made,
or to the particular country to which its author may belong. The medal may
not be awarded to any person who is a Member of the Council at the time
when the award is made The medal may be given more than once to the
same person if the Council deem it expedient. As far as circumstances admit,
it is awarded annually. (See p. 174.)

Copley Medallists

1731. Stephen Gray.

1732. Stephen Gray.

1734. John Theophilus Desaguliers.

1736. John Theophilus Desaguliers.

1737. John Belchier.

1738. James Valoue.

1739. Stephen Hales.

1740. Alexander Stuart

1741. John Theophilus Desaguliers.

1742. Captain Christopher Middle-

ton.

1743. Abraham Trembley.

1744. Henry Baker.

1745. Sir William Watson.

1746. Benjamin Robins.

1747. Go win Knight.

1748. Rev. James Bradley.

1749. John Harrison.

1750. George Edwards.

1751. John Canton.

1752. Sir John Pringle.

1753. Benjamin Franklin.

1754. William Lewis.

1755. John Huxham.

1757. Lord Charles Cavendish.

1758. John Dollond.

1759. John Smeatbn.

1760. Benjamin Wilson.
1764. John Canton.

1766. William Brownrigg.
Edward Delaval.
Hon. Henry Cavendish.

1767. John Ellis.

1768. Peter Woulfe.

1769. William Hewson.

1770. Sir William Hamilton.

1771. Matthew Raper.

1772. Joseph Priestley.

211

1773. John Walsh.

1775. Rev. Nevil Maskelyne.

1776. Captain James Cook.

1777. John Mudge.

1778. Charles Button.

1780. Rev. Samuel Vince.

1781. Sir William Herschel.

1782. Richard Kirwan.

1783. John Goodricke.
Thomas Hutchins.

1784. Edward Waring.

1785. Major-General William Roy.

1787. John Hunter.

1788. Sir Charles Blagden.

1789. William Morgan.

1791. James Rennell.

John Andrew De Luc.

1792. Benjamin Count Rumford.

1794. Alessandro Volta.

1795. Jesse Ramsden.

1796. George Atwood.

1798. Sir George Shuckburgh Evelyn.
Charles Hatchett.

1799. Rev. John Hellins.

1800. Edward Howard.

1801. Sir Astley Paston Cooper.

1802. William Hyde Wollaston.

1803. Richard Chenevix.

1804. Smithson Tennant.

1805. Sir Humphry Davy.

1806. Thomas Andrew Knight.

1807. Sir Everard Home.

1808. William Henry.

1809. Edward Troughton.
1811. Benjamin Collins Brodie.

1813. William Thomas Brande.

1814. James Ivory.

1815. David Brewster.

1817. Captain Henry Kater.

1818. Sir Robert Seppings.

1820. John Christian Oersted.

1821. Captain Edward Sabine.
John Frederick William Her-
schel.

1822. Rev. William Buckland.

1823. John Pond.

1824. JohnBrinkley,BishopofCloyne.

1825. Francois Arago.
Peter Barlow.

1826. Sir William South.

1827. William Prout.

1827.
1831.
1832.

1834.
1835.
1836.

1837.
1838.

1839.
1840.

1841.
1842.
1843.
1844.
1845.
1846.
1847.

1848.
1849.
1850.
1851.
1852.

1853.
1854.
1855.
1856.
1857.
1858.
1859.
1860.
1861.
1862.
1863.
1864.
1865.
1866.
1867.
1868.
1869.
1870.
1871.
1872.
1873.

Captain Henry Foster.

George Biddell Airy.

Michael Faraday.

Baron Simeon Denis Poisson.

Giovanni Plana.

William Snow Harris.

Jons Jacob Berzelius.

Francis Kiernan.

Antoine C. Becquerel.

John Frederic Daniell.

Karl Friedrich Gauss.

Michael Faraday.

Robert Brown.

Justus Liebig.

Jacques Charles Fra^ois Sturm.

George Simon Ohm.

James MacCullagh.

Jean Baptiste Andre Dumas.

Carlo Matteucci.

Theodor Schwann.

Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verrier.

Sir John Frederick William

Herschel.

John Couch Adams.
Sir Roderick Impey Murchison.
Peter Andreas Hansen.
Richard Owen.
Baron Alexander von Hum-

boldt.

Heinrich Wilhelm Dove.
Johannes Miiller.
Jean Bernard Leon Foucault.
Henry Milne-Edwards.
Michel Eugene Chevreul.
Sir Charles Lyell.
Wilhelm Eduard Weber.
Robert Wilhelm Bunsen.
Louis Agassiz.
Thomas Graham.
Rev. Adam Sedgwick.
Charles Darwin.
Michel Chasles.
Julius Pliicker.
Karl Ernst von Baer.
Sir Charles Wheatstone.
Henri Victor Regnault.
James Prescott Joule.
Julius Robert Mayer.
Friedrich Wb'hler.
Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand

Helmholtz.

P2

212 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

1874. Louis Pasteur.

1875. August Wilhelm Hofmann.

1876. Claude Bernard.

1877. James Dwight Dana.

1878. Jean Baptiste Boussingault.

1879. Rudolph J. E. Clausius.

1880. James Joseph Sylvester.

1881. Karl Adolph Wiirtz.

1882. Arthur Cayley.

1883. Sir William Thomson.

1884. Carl Ludwig.

1885. August Kekule.

1886. Franz Ernst Neumann.

1887. Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker.

1888. Thomas Henry Huxley.

1889. Rev. George Salmon.

1890. Simon Newcomb.

1891. Stanislao Cannizzaro.

1892. Rudolph Virchow.

1893. Sir George Gabriel Stokes.

1894. Edward Frankland.

1895. Carl Weierstrass.

1896. Carl Gegenbaur.

1897. Albert von Kolliker.

1898. Sir William Huggins.

1899. Lord Rayleigh.

1900. Marcellin Berthelot.

1901. Joseph Willard Gibbs.

1902. Joseph, Baron Lister.

1903. EduardSuess.

1904. Sir William Crookes.

1905. Dmitri Ivanovitch Mendeleeff.

1906. Elias Metchnikoff.

1907. Albert A. Michelson.

1908. Alfred Russel Wallace.

1909. George William Hill.

1910. Sir Francis Galton.

1911. Sir George Howard Darwin.

The Rumford Medal,

consisting of a gold medal with a silver copy struck in the same die, is awarded
once every second year 'to the author of the most important discovery or
useful improvement which shall be made and published by printing or in any
way made known to the public in any part of Europe during the preceding
two years on Heat or on Light, the preference always being given to such
discoveries as, in the opinion of the President and Council of the Royal
Society, tend most to promote the good of mankind.

'If during any term of years from the last award no new discovery or
improvement shall have been made in any part of Europe relative to Light or
Heat, in the opinion of the President and Council of sufficient importance to
deserve the award, it may not be given, but the value of it may be reserved,
and being laid out in the purchase of additional stock may augment the
capital ; and the interest of the same, by which the capital may from time to
time be so augmented, may be given in money ' at a subsequent award with
the medal. (See p. 183.)

Rumford Medallists

1800. Benjamin Count Rumford.

1804. John Leslie.

1806. William Murdock.

1810. Etienne Louis Malus.

1814. William Charles Wells.

1816. Sir Humphry Davy.

1818. David Brewster.

1824. Augustin Jean Fresnel.

1832. John Frederic Daniell.

1834. Macedonio Melloni.

1838. James David Forbes.

1840. Jean Baptiste Biot.

1842. Henry Fox Talbot.

1846. Michael Faraday.

1848. Henri Victor Regnault.

1850. Francois Jean Dominique

Arago.
1852. George Gabriel Stokes.

MEDALLISTS

213

1854. Neil Arnott.

1856. Louis Pasteur.

1858. Jules Jamin.

1860. James Clerk Maxwell.

1862. Gustav Robert Kirchhoff.

1864. John Tyndall.

1866. Armand Hippolyte Louis

Fizeau.

1868. Balfour Stewart.
1870. Alfred Olivier Des Cloizeaux.
1872. Anders Jonas Angstrom.
1874. Joseph Norman Lockyer.
1876. Pierre Jules C&ar Janssen.
1878. Alfred Cornu.
1880. William Huggins.
1882. William de W. Abney.

1884. Tobias Robertus Thalen.

1886. Samuel Pierpont Langley.

1888. Pietro Tacchini.

1890. Heinrich Hertz.

1892. Nils C. Duner.

1894. James Dewar.

1896. Philipp Lenard.

Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen.
1898. Oliver Joseph Lodge.
1900. Antoine Henri Becquerel.
1902. Charles Algernon Parsons.
1904. Ernest Rutherford.
1906. Hugh Longbourne Callendar.
1908. Hendrik Antoon Lorentz.
1910. Heinrich Rubens.

The Royal Medals,

consisting each of a gold medal with a silver copy struck in the same die, are
awarded annually by the Sovereign upon the recommendation of the Council,
for the two most important contributions to the advancement of Natural Know-
ledge, published originally in His Majesty's dominions within a period of not
more than ten years, and of not less than one year of the date of the award.

In the award of the Royal Medals one is given in each year to each of the
two great divisions of Natural Knowledge. (See pp. 186, 193.)

Royal Medallists

1826. John Dalton.
James Ivory.

1827. Sir Humphry Davy.
Friedrich Georg Wilhelm

Struve.

1828. Johann Friedrich Encke.
William Hyde Wollaston.

1829. Charles Bell.
Eilhard Mitscherlich.

1830. David Brewster.
Antoine Jerome Balard.

1833. Auguste Pyrame De Candolle.
Sir John Frederick William

Herschel.

1834. John William Lubbock.
Charles Lyell.

1835. Michael Faraday.

Sir William Rowan Hamilton.

1836. George Newport.

Sir John F. W. Herschel.

1837. Rev. William Whewell.

1838. Thomas Graham.
Henry Fox Talbot.

1839. James Ivory.
Martin Barry.

1840. Sir John F. W. Herschel.
Charles Wheatstone.

1841. Robert Kane.
Eaton Hodgkinson.

1842. William Bowman.
John Frederic Daniell.

1843. James David Forbes.
Charles Wheatstone.

1844. Thomas Andrews.
George Boole.

1845. George Biddell Airy.
Thomas Snow Beck.

1846. Michael Faraday.
Richard Owen.

1847. George Fownes.
William Robert Grove.

1848. Thomas Galloway.

214 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

1848. Charles James Hargreave.

1849. Colonel Edward Sabine.
Gideon A. Mantell.

1850. Benjamin Collins Brodie.
Thomas Graham.

1851. Earl of Rosse.
George Newport.

1852. James Prescott Joule.
Thomas Henry Huxley.

1853. Charles Darwin.

1854. August Wilhelm Hofmann.
Joseph Dalton Hooker.

1855. John Russel Hind.
John Obadiah West wood.

1856. Sir John Richardson.
William Thomson.

1857. Edward Frankland.
John Lindley.

1858. Albany Hancock.
William Lassell.

1859. George Bentham.
Arthur Cayley.

1860. William Fairbairn.
Augustus Waller.

1861. William B. Carpenter.
James Joseph Sylvester.

1862. Rev. Thomas Romney Robinson.
Alexander William Williamson.

1863. Rev. Miles J. Berkeley.
John Peter Gassiot.

1864. Jacob Lockhart Clarke.
Warren De la Rue.

1865. Joseph Prestwich.
Archibald Smith.

1866. William Huggins.
William Kitchen Parker.

1867. John Bennet Lawes and Joseph

Henry Gilbert.
Sir William Logan.

1868. Alfred Russel Wallace.
Rev. George Salmon.

1869. Sir Thomas Maclear.
Augustus Matthiessen.

1870. William Hallowes Miller.
Thomas Davidson.

1871. John Stenhouse.
George Busk.

1872. Thomas Anderson.
Henry John Carter.

1873. George James Allman.
Henry Enfield Roscoe.

1874. Henry Clifton Sorby.
William Crawford Williamson.

1875. William Crookes.
Thomas Oldham.

1876. William Froude.

Sir C. Wyville Thomson.

1877. Frederick Augustus Abel.
Oswald Heer.

1878. John Allan Broun.
Albert C. L. G. Gunther.

1879. William Henry Perkin.
Andrew Crombie Ramsay.

1880. Joseph Lister.
Andrew Noble.

1881. Francis Maitland Balfour.
John Hewitt Jellett.

1882. William Henry Flower.
John W. Baron Rayleigh.

1883. Thomas Archer Hirst.
J. S. Burdon Sanderson.

1884. George Howard Darwin.
Daniel Oliver.

1885. David Edward Hughes.
Edwin Ray Lankester.

1886. Francis Galton.
Peter Guthrie Tait.

1887. Colonel Alexander Ross Clarke.
Henry Nottidge Moseley.

1888. Baron Ferdinand von Mueller.
Osborne Reynolds.

1889. Walter Holbrook Gaskell.
Thomas Edward Thorpe.

1890. David Ferrier.
John Hopkinson.

1891. Charles Lapworth.
Arthur William Riicker.

1892. John Newport Langley.
Charles Pritchard.

1893. Arthur Schuster.
Harry Marshall Ward.

1894. Victor Alexander Haden

Horsley.
Joseph John Thomson.

1895. James Alfred Ewing.
John Murray.

1896. Charles Vernon Boys.
Sir Archibald Geikie.

1897. Andrew Russell Forsyth.
Sir Richard Strachey.

1898. Walter Gardiner.
John Kerr.

MEDALLISTS

215

1899. George Francis Fitzgerald.
William Carmichael Mclntosh.

1900. Percy Alexander MacMahon.
Alfred Newton.

1901. William Edward Ayrton.
William Thomas Blanford.

1902. Horace Lamb.
Edward Albert Schafer.

1903. Sir David Gill.
Horace T. Brown.

1904. David Bruce.
William Burnside.

1905. John Henry Poynting.

1905. Charles Scott Sherrington.

1906. Alfred George Greenhill.
Dukinfield Henry Scott.

1907. Ernest William Hobson.
Ramsay H. Traquair.

1908. John Milne.
Henry Head.

1909. Augustus E. H. Love.
Ronald Ross.

1910. John Joly.
Frederick Orpen Bower.

1911. George Chrystal.
William Maddock Bayliss.

The Davy Medal

is awarded annually for the most important discovery in Chemistry made in
Europe or Ariglo- America. (See p. 177.)

1877.
1878.
1879.

1880.
1881.
1882.

1883.
1884.

1885.
1886.

1887.
1888.
1889.
1890.
1891.

Davy Medallists

Robert Wilhelm Bunsen.

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff.

Louis Paul Cailletet.

Raoul Pictet.

Paul Emile Lecoq de Bois-

baudran.
Charles Friedel.
Adolf Baeyer.

Dimitri Ivanovitch Mendeleeff.
Lothar Meyer.
Marcelin Berthelot.
Julius Thomsen.
Adolph Wilhelm Hermann

Kolbe.

Jean Servais Stas.
Jean Charles Galissard de

Marignac.

John A. R. Newlands.
William Crookes.
William Henry Perkin.
Emil Fischer.
Victor Meyer.

1892. Francois Marie Raoult.

1893. Jac. Hen. van't Hoff.
Joseph Achille Le Bel.

1894. Per Theodor Cleve.

1895. William Ramsay.

1896. Henri Moissan.

1897. John Henry Gladstone.

1898. Johannes Wislicenus.

1899. Edward Schunck.

1900. Guglielmo Koerner.

1901. George Downing Liveing.

1902. Svante August Arrhenius.

1903. Pierre Curie and Madame Curie.

1904. William Henry Perkin, Jun.

1905. Albert Ladenburg.

1906. Rudolf Fittig.

1907. Edward W. Morley.

1908. William Augustus Tilden.

1909. Sir James Dewar.

1910. Theodore W. Richards.

1911. Henry Edward Armstrong.

The Darwin Medal,

which is accompanied by a grant of ,^100, is given biennially in reward of
work of acknowledged distinction (especially in Biology) in the field in which
Mr. Darwin himself laboured. The award may be made either to a British
subject or a foreigner, and without distinction of sex. (See p. 177.)

216 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Darwin Medallists
1890. Alfred Russel Wallace.

1892. Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker.
1894. Thomas Henry Huxley.
1896. Giovanni Battista Grassi.
1898. Karl Pearson.
1900. Ernst Haeckel.

1902. Francis Galton.
1904. William Bateson.
1906. Hugo de Vries.
1908. August Weismann.
1910. Roland Trimen.

The Buchanan Medal,

which is accompanied by a grant of the balance of the Buchanan Medal Fund
which may have accumulated since the last award, is awarded every five years
in respect of distinguished services to Hygienic Science or Practice in the
direction either of original research or of professional, administrative, or
constructive work, without limit of nationality or sex. (See p. 175.)

Buchanan Medallists

1897. Sir John Simon. 1902. Sydney A. Monckton Copeman.

1907. William Henry Power.

The Sylvester Medal,

which is accompanied by a grant of the balance of the income of the Sylvester
Medal Fund, is awarded triennially for the encouragement of Mathematical
Research, irrespective of nationality. (See p. 185.)

Sylvester Medallists

1901. Henri Poincare.
1904. Georg Cantor.

1907. Wilhelm Wirtinger.
1910. Henry Frederick Baker.

Hughes Medal.

A Gold Medal, bearing a bust of the late Professor D. E. Hughes, F.R.S., is
awarded annually, together with the balance of the income of the Fund, to such
person as the President and Council may consider the most worthy recipient,
without restriction of sex or nationality, as the reward of original discovery in the
Physical Sciences, particularly electricity and magnetism or their applications,
such discovery or applications having been published not less than one year
before the award. If in any year the Council do not see fit to award the
medal, owing to no one being deemed sufficiently worthy of it, the income for
that year is invested and added to the principal of the Fund. (See p. 181.)

1902. Joseph John Thomson.

1903. Wilhelm Hittorf.

1904. Sir Joseph Wilson Swan.

1905. Augusto Righi.

1906. Mrs. Hertha Ayrton.

Hughes Medallists

1907. Ernest Howard Griffiths.

1908. Eugen Goldstein.

1909. Richard Tetley Glazebrook.

1910. John Ambrose Fleming.

1911. Charles Thomson Rees Wilson.

217

THE CROONIAN LECTURE

LIST OF LECTURERS AND SUBJECTS

1738. Alexander Stuart.

' On the Motion of the Heart, founded on some Anatomical Observations and
Experiments.' Phil. Trans., vol. 40, Supplement ; vol. 41, p. 675.

1739. Frank Nicholls.

' An Enquiry into Muscular Motion.' Journal Book, vol. xviii, p. 70.

1740. Alexander Stuart.

' On the Peristaltic Motion of the Intestines.'

Journal Book, vol. xviii, pp. 227-9.

1740. Alexander Stuart.

' Microscopical Observations on several parts of live Frogs.'

Journal Book, vol. xviii, p. 290.

1741. James Douglas.

' Description of the several Muscles, Membranes and parts belonging to the
Uvula of the Palate, and concerned in its action ; as also of the several
parts subservient to the uses of the Tuba Eustachiana.'

Journal Book, vol. xviii, p. 377.

1742. James Douglas.

'Description and Structure of the Human Bladder, with the Uses of its
Muscles and Membranes.' Journal Book, vol. xviii, p. 419.

1744.1 James Parsons.

' An Introductory Discourse on Muscular Motion.'

Phil. Trans., vol. 43, Supplement.

1745. James Parsons.

'On Muscular Motion.' Phil. Trans., vol. 43, Supplement.

1746. James Parsons.

' Description of the several Muscles of the Face ; with their particular
Functions and Uses.' Phil. Trans., vol. 44, part i, Supplement.

1747. Browne Langrish.

' On the Theory of Muscular Motion.'

Phil. Trans., vol. 44, part ii, Supplement.

1750. James Parsons.

f On Muscular Motion.' Journal Book, vol. xxi, p. 357.

1751. James Parsons.

' Critical Remarks upon the Motion and Uses of the Human Pelvis.'

Journal Book, vol. xxi, pp. 641, 652.
1752 and 1753. Not recorded.

1754 to 1758. Charles Morton.

Minutes of Council, vol. iv, pp. 168, 189 : and Annual Accounts.

1759 and 1760. Not recorded.

1 Lecture revived, ' the deficiency of the Fund being made good by the Rents.'

218 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

1761. Charles Morton. (?)

Annual Accounts.

1762 to 1774. Not recorded.

1775 and 1776. John Hunter.

Minutes of Council, vol. vi, pp. 283, 335.

1777 to 1781. John Hunter.

' On the Construction and Application of Muscles and the Power by which
they are actuated.'

Journal Book, vol. xxxi, p. 194 : and Annual Accounts, 1781.

1782. John Hunter.

' On the Density and Firmness of a Muscle as contributing to its Strength
and Agility.' Journal Book, vol. xxxi, p. 194.

1783. Not recorded.

1784. Foart Simmons.

' On the Irritability of the Muscular Fibres.'

Journal Book, vol. xxxi, p. 642.

1785. Edward Whittaker Grey.

' An Examination into Haller's Theory of Muscular Motion.'

Journal Book, vol. xxxii, p. 259.

1786. Edward Whittaker Grey.

'On the Effects of different kinds of Salts applied as Stimulants on the
Muscles.' Journal Book, vol. xxxii, p. 468.

1787. George Fordyce.

' On Muscular Motion.' Phil. Trans., vol. 78, p. 23.

1788. Sir Gilbert Blane, Bart.

' On the Nature of the Muscles, and on the Theory of Muscular Motion.'

Journal Book, vol. xxxiii, p. 268.

1789. Sir William Blizard.

' On the Theory of Muscular Motion.' Journal Book, vol. xxxiv, p. 9.

1790. Sir Everard Home, Bart.

* On the Mechanism employed in producing Muscular Motion.'

Journal Book, vol. xxxiv, p. 200.

1791. Matthew Baillie.

'A general view of the Nature of the Muscles, and an enumeration of the
most striking facts connected with the Theory of their Motion.'

Journal Book, vol. xxxiv, p. 419.

1792. Not recorded.

1793. Sir Everard Home, Bart.1

' On Mr. Hunter's Experiments to ascertain whether the Crystalline Humour
of the Eye be muscular.' Journal Book, vol. xxxv, p. 166.

1794. Sir Everard Home, Bart.

' On the Crystalline Humour of the Eye.' Phil. Trans., 1795.

1 The decease of Mr. Hunter took place before the Lecture, on which he was engaged by
appointment of the Council, was completed.

THE CROONIAN LECTURE 219

1795. Sir Everard Home, Bart.

'On the Mechanism employed in producing Muscular Motion.'

Phil. Trans., 1795.

1796. Sir Everard Home, Bart.

' On the Crystalline Humour of the Eye.' Phil. Trans., 179G.

1797. John Abernethy.

' A general Review of the latest Opinions relative to Animal Life and Motion.'

Journal Book, vol. xxxvi, p. 340.

1798. Sir Everard Home, Bart.

' Experiments and Observations upon the Structure of Nerves.'

Phil. Trans., 1799.

1799. Sir Everard Home, Bart.

' On the Structure and Uses of the Membrana Tympani.' Phil. Trans., 1800.

1800. Sir Everard Home, Bart.

' On the Irritability of Nerves.' Phil. Trans., 1801.

1801. Sir Everard Home, Bart.

' On the power of the Eye to adjust itself to different distances when
deprived of the Crystalline Lens.' Phil. Trans., 1802.

1802. Not recorded.

1803. John Pearson.

* On Muscular Motion.' Journal Book, vol. xxxviii, p. 137.

1804. Sir Anthony Carlisle.

' On Muscular Motion.' Phil. Trans., 1805.

1805. Sir Anthony Carlisle.

' On the Arrangement and Mechanical Action of the Muscles of Fishes.'

Phil. Trans., 1806.

1806. John Pearson.

' Remarks on Muscular Power, and on some of the circumstances by which it
is increased, diminished, or finally abolished.'

Journal Book, vol. xxxix, p. 176.

1807. Sir Anthony Carlisle.

' On the Natural History and Chemical Analysis of the substances which
constitute the Muscles of Animals.' Journal Book, vol. xxxix, p. 451.

1808. Thomas Young.

' On the Functions of the Heart and Arteries.' Phil. Trans., 1809.

1809. William Hyde Wollaston.

e Observations on the Mode of Action of Voluntary Muscles, and on the
causes which derange, and assist, the Action of the Heart and Blood Vessels.'

Phil. Trans., 1810.

1810. Benjamin Collins Brodie.

' Physiological Researches, respecting the Influence of the Brain on the
Action of the Heart, and on the Generation of Animal Heat.'

Phil. Trans., 1811.

1811 and 1812. Not recorded.

220 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

1813. Benjamin Collins Brodie.

* On the Influence of the Nervous System on the Action of the Muscles in
general and of the Heart in particular.' Journal Book, vol. xli, p. 347.

1814 to 1816. Not recorded.

1817. Sir Everard Home, Bart.

* On the Changes the Blood undergoes in the act of Coagulation.'

Phil. Trans., 1818.

1818. Sir Everard Home, Bart.

' On the Conversion of Pus into Granulations, or New Flesh.'

Phil. Trans., 1819.

1819. Sir Everard Home, Bart.

' A further Investigation of the component parts of the Blood.'

Phil. Trans. , 1820.

1820. Sir Everard Home, Bart.

' Microscopical Observations on the following subjects : — On the Brain and
Nerves ; showing that the Materials of which they are composed exist in the
Blood ; on the Discovery of Valves in the branches of the vus breve, lying
lietween the villous and muscular coats of the Stomach ; on the Structure of
the Spleen.' Phil. Trans., 1821.

1821. Sir Everard Home, Bart.

' On the Anatomical Structure of the Eye ; illustrated by Microscopical
Drawings, executed by F. Bauer.' Phil. Trans., 1822.

1822. Francis Bauer.

' Microscopical Observations on the Suspension of the Muscular Motions of
the Vibrio Tritici.' Phil. Trans., 1823.

1823. Sir Everard Home, Bart.

' On the Internal Structure of the Human Brain, when examined in the
Microscope, as compared with that of Fishes, Insects "and Worms.'

Phil. Trans., 1824.

1824. Sir Everard Home, Bart.

' On the existence of Nerves in the Placenta.' Phil. Trans., 1825.

1825. Sir Everard Home, Bart.

' On the Structure of a Muscular Fibre from which are derived its Elongation
and Contraction.' Phil. Trans., 1826.

1826. Sir Everard Home, Bart.

' An Enquiry into the mode by which the Propagation of the Species is
carried on, in the Common Oyster, and in the large Fresh-water Muscle.'

Phil. Trans., 1827.

1827. Sir Everard Home, Bart.

' On the Muscles peculiar to Organs of Sense in particular Quadrupeds and
Fishes-' Journal Book, vol. xlv, p. 143.

1828. Not appointed.

1829. Sir Everard Home, Bart.

' A Report on the Peculiarities met with in the Stomach of the Zariffa.'

Journal Book, vol. xlv, p. 580.

THE CROONIAN LECTURE 221

1830 to 1850. Not appointed.

1851. Richard Owen.

' On the Megatherium.' Proceedings, vol. 6.

1852 to 1856. Not appointed.

1857. James Paget.

' On the Cause of the Rhythmic Action of the Heart.' Proceedings, vol. 8.

1858. Thomas Henry Huxley.

' On the Theory of the Vertebrate Skull.' Proceedings, vol. 9.

1859. Not appointed.

1860. James Bell Pettigrew.

' On the Arrangement of the Muscular Fibres of the Ventricular Portion of
the Heart of the Mammal.' Proceedings, vol. 10 ; Phil. Trans., 1864.

1861. Charles Edouard Brown-Sequard.

' On the Relations between Muscular Irritability, Cadaveric Rigidity, and
Putrefaction.' Proceedings, vol. 11.

1862. Albert Kolliker.

' On the Termination of Nerves in Muscles, as observed in the Frog : and on
the disposition of the Nerves in the Frog's Heart.' Proceedings, .vol. 12.

1863. Joseph Lister.

' On the Coagulation of the Blood.' Proceedings, vol. 12.

1864. Hermann Helmholtz.

' On the Normal Motions of the Human Eye in relation to Binocular Vision.'

Proceedings, vol. 13.

1865. Lionel S. Beale.

' On the ultimate Nerve-fibres distributed to Muscle and some other Tissues,
with Observations upon the Structure and probable Mode of Action of a
Nervous Mechanism.' Proceedings, vol. 14.

1866. Not appointed.

1867. J. S. Burdon Sanderson.

' On the Influence exercised by the Movements of Respiration on the
Circulation of the Blood.' Phil. Trans., vol. 157.

1868. Not appointed.

1869. Not appointed.

1870. Augustus V. Waller.

' On the Results of the Method, introduced by the Author, of investigating
the Nervous System, more especially as applied to the Elucidation of the
Functions of the Pneumogastric and Sympathetic Nerves in Man.'

Proceedings', vol. 18.

1871 and 1872. Not appointed.

1873. Benjamin Ward Richardson.

' On Muscular Irritability after Systemic Death.' Proceedings, vol. 21.

222 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

1874. David Ferrier.

< The Localization of Function in the Brain.' Proceedings, vol. 22 (Abstr.).

1875. David Ferrier.

< Experiments on the Brain of Monkeys. Second Series.'

Phil. Trans., 1875.

1876. G. J. Romanes.

' Preliminary Observations on the Locomotor System of Medusae.'

Phil. Trans., 1876.

1877. J. S. Burden Sanderson and F. J. M. Page.

' On the Mechanical Effects, and on the Electrical Disturbance, consequent
on Excitation of the Leaf of Dionaea muscipula.' Proceedings, vol. 25.

1878. H. N. Moseley.

« On the Structure of the Stylasteridae : a Family of the Hydroid Stony
Corals.' PI"1- Trans., 1878.

1879. W. K. Parker.

' On the Structure and Development of the Skull in the Lacertilia. Part 1.
On the Skull of the Common Lizards (Lacerta agilis, L. viridis, and Zootoca
riviparu): Phil. Trans., 1879.

1880. Rev. S. Haughton.

' On some Elementary Principles in Animal Mechanics, No. IX. The
Relation between the Maximum Work done, the Time of Lifting, and the
Weights lifted by the Arms.' Proceedings, vol. 30.

1881. G. J. Romanes and J. C. Ewart.

' Observations on the Locomotor System of Medusae.' Phil. Trans., 1881.

1882. W. H. Gaskell.

' On the Rhythm of the Heart of the Frog, and on the Nature of the Action
of the Vagus Nerve.' Phil. Trans., 1882.

1883. H. N. Martin.

' On the Direct Influence of Gradual Variations of Temperature upon the
Rate of Beat of the Dog's Heart.' Phil. Trans., 1883.

1884 and 1885. Not appointed.

1886. L. C. Wooldridge.

' The Coagulation of the Blood.' Proceedings, vol. 40.

1887. H. G. Seeley.

' On Pareiasaurus bombidens (Owen) and the Significance of its Affinities to
Amphibians, Reptiles, and Mammals.' Phil. Trans., B, 1888.

1888. W. Kuhne.

' Ueber die Entstehung der vitalen Bewegung.' Proceedings, vol. 44.

1889. Dr. Roux.

'Les Inoculations preventives.' Proceedings, vol. 46.

1890. H. Marshall Ward.

' The Relations between Host and Parasite in certain Epidemic Diseases of

Proceedings, vol. 47-

THE CROONIAN LECTURE 223

1891. Francis Gotch and Victor Horsley.

* On the Mammalian Nervous System ; its Functions and their Localisation
determined by an Electrical Method.' Phil. Trans., B, vol. 182.

1892. Angelo Mosso.

* Les Phenomenes psychiques et la Temperature du Cervean.'

Phil. Trans., B, vol. 183.

1893. Rudolph Virchow.

'The Position of Pathology among Biological Studies.'

Proceedings, vol. 53.

1894. S. Ramon y Cajal.

' La Fine Structure des Centres nerveux.' Proceedings, vol. 55.

1895. T. W. Engelmann.

' On the Nature of Muscular Contraction.' Proceedings, vol. 57.

1896. Augustus D. Waller.

' Observations on Isolated Nerve.' Phil. Trans., B, vol. 188.

1897. Charles S. Sherrington.

' The Mammalian Spinal Cord as an Organ of Reflex Action.'

Phil. Trans., B, vol. 190.

1898. Wilhelm Pfeffer.

' The Nature and Significance of Functional Metabolism in the Plant.'

Proceedings, vol. 63.

1899. J. S. Burdon Sanderson.

' On the Relation of Motion in Animals and Plants to the Electrical
Phenomena which are associated with it.' Proceedings, vol. 65.

1900. Paul Ehrlich.

' On Immunity with Special Reference to Cell Life.' Proceedings, vol. 66.

1901. C. Lloyd Morgan.

' Studies in Visual Sensation.' Proceedings, vol. 68.

1902. Arthur Gamgee.

1 On certain Chemical and Physical Properties of Haemoglobin.'

Proceedings, vol. 70.

1903. C. Timiriazeff.

' The Cosmical Function of the Green Plant.' Proceedings, vol. 72.

1904. Ernest Henry Starling and William Maddock Bayliss.

'The Chemical Regulation of the Secretory Process.' Proceedings, vol. 73.

1905. William Bate Hardy.

* On the Globulins.' Proceedings, B, vol. 79.

1906. John Newport Langley.

' On Nerve Endings and on Special Excitable Substances in Cells.'

Proceedings, B, vol. 78.

1907. John Bretland Farmer.

' Structural Constituents of the Nucleus, and their Relation to the Organi-
zation of the Individual.' Proceedings, B, vol. 79.

1908. Gustaf Retzius.

' The Principles of the Minute Structure of the Nervous System as revealed
by Recent Investigations.' Proceedings, B, vol. 80.

1909. Edward Albert Schafer.

< The Functions of the Pituitary Body.' Proceedings, B, vol. 81.

1910. Georg Klebs.

'Alterations in the Development and Forms of Plants as a Result of
Environment.' Proceedings, B, vol. 82.

1911. Thomas Gregor Brodie.

' A New Conception of the Glomerular Activity.'

1912. Keith Lucas.

< The Process of Excitation in Nerve and Muscle.'

THE BAKERIAN LECTURE

LECTURERS AND SUBJECTS
1775. Peter Woulfe.

'Experiments made in order to ascertain the nature of some Mineral
Substances, and in particular to see how far the Acids of Sea-Salt and of
Vitriol contribute to Mineralize Metallic and other Substances.'— Part I.

Journal Book, vol. xxix, p. 135.
1776 and 1777. Peter Woulfe.

1778. John Ingen-Housz.

' Electrical Experiments to explain how far the Phenomena of the Electro-
phorus may be accounted for by Dr. Franklin's Theory of Positive and
Negative Electricity.' Phil. Trans., vol. 68.

1779. John Ingen-Housz.

'Improvements in Electricity.' Phil. Trans., vol. 69.

1780. Tiberius Cavallo.

' Thermometrical Experiments and Observations.' Phil. Trans., vol. 70.

1781. Tiberius Cavallo.

' An Account of some Thermometrical Experiments.' Phil. Trans., vol. 71.

1782. Tiberius Cavallo.

' An Account of some Experiments relating to the Property of Common and
Inflammable Airs of pervading the Pores of Paper.'

Journal Book, vol. xxxi, p. 203.

1783. Tiberius Cavallo.

' Description of an improved Air Pump.' Journal Book, vol. xxxi, p. 401.

1784. Tiberius Cavallo.

' An Account of some Experiments made with the new improved Air Pump.'

Journal Book, vol. xxxi, p. 631.

1785. Tiberius Cavallo.

' Magnetical Experiments and Observations.' Phil. Trans., vol. 76.

1786. Tiberius Cavallo.

' Magnetical Experiments and Observations.' Phil. Trans., vol. 77.

PLATE XIV

JOHN D ALTON
From a portrait by B. II. Faulkner, in the possession of the Royal Society

THE BAKERIAN LECTURE 225

1787. Tiberius Cavallo.

' Of the Methods of manifesting the Presence, and ascertaining the Quality, *
of small Quantities of Natural or Artificial Electricity."

Phil. Trans., vol. 78.

1788. Tiberius Cavallo.

* On an Improvement in the Blow Pipe.' Journal Book, vol. xxxiii, p. 267.

1789. Tiberius Cavallo.

' Magnetical Experiments and Observations.'

Journal Book, vol. xxxiv, p. 3.

1790. Tiberius Cavallo.

* A Description of a new Pyrometer.' Journal Book, vol. xxxiv, p. 208.

1791. Tiberius Cavallo.

' On the Method of Measuring Distances by means of Telescopes furnished
with Micrometers.' Journal Book, vol. xxxiv, p. 429.

1792. Tiberius Cavallo.

' An Account of the Discoveries concerning Muscular Motion, which have
been lately made, and are commonly known by the name of Animal
Electricity.' Journal Book, vol. xxxiv, p. 609.

1793. George Fordyce.

' An Account of a New Pendulum.' Phil. Trans., 1794.

1794. Samuel Vince.

' Observations on the Theory of the Motion and Resistance of Fluids ; with
a Description of the Construction of Experiments, in order to obtain some
fundamental Principles.' Phil. Trans., 1795.

1795 and 1796. Samuel Vince. (?)

1797. Samuel Vince.

' Experiments upon the Resistance of Bodies moving in Fluids.'

Phil. Trans., 1798.

1798. Samuel Vince.

' Observations upon an unusual Horizontal Refraction of the Air ; with
Remarks on the Variations to which the lower Parts of the Atmosphere are
sometimes subject.' Phil. Trans., 1799.

1799. Samuel Vince. (?)

1800. Thomas Young.

' On the Mechanism of the Eye.' Phil. Trans., 1801.

1801. Thomas Young.

' On the Theory of Light and Colours.' Phil. Trans., 1802.

1802. William Hyde Wollaston.

' Observations on the Quantity of Horizontal Refraction ; with Method of
measuring the Dip at Sea.' Phil. Trans. , 1803.

1803. Thomas Young.

* Experiments and Calculations relative to Physical Optics.'

Phil. Trans., 1804.

Q

226 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

1804. Samuel Vince.

' Observations on the Hypotheses which have been assumed to account for
the cause of Gravitation from Mechanical Principles.'

Journal Book, vol. xxxviii, p. 334.

1805. William Hyde Wollaston.

< On the Force of Percussion.' Phil. Trans. , 1806.

1806. Sir Humphry Davy, Bart.

« On some Chemical Agencies of Electricity.' Phil. Trans., 1807.

1807. Sir Humphry Davy, Bart.

' On some new Phenomena of Chemical Changes produced by Electricity,
particularly the Decomposition of the fixed Alkalies, and the Exhibition of
the new Substances which constitute their Bases.' Phil. Trans., 1808.

1808. Sir Humphry Davy, Bart.

' An Account of some new Analytical Researches on the Nature of certain
Bodies, particularly the Alkalies, Phosphorus, Sulphur, Carbonaceous Matter,
and the Acids hitherto undecompounded ; with some general Observations
on Chemical Theory.' Phil. Trans., 1809, pp. 39, 450.

1809. Sir Humphry Davy, Bart.

' On some new Electro-Chemical Researches, on various objects, particularly
the Metallic Bodies from the Alkalies and Earths ; and on some Combinations
of Hydrogen. ' Phil. Trans. , 1810.

1810. Sir Humphry Davy, Bart.

' On some of the Combinations of Oxymuriatic Gas and Oxygen, and on the
Chemical Relations of these Principles to Inflammable Bodies.'

Phil. Trans., 1811.

1811. Sir Humphry Davy, Bart. (?)

1812. William Hyde Wollaston.

' On the Elementary Particles of certain Crystals.' Phil. Trans., 1813.

1813. William Thomas Brande.

' On some new Electro-Chemical Phenomena.' Phil. Trans., 1814.

1814 to 1818. No record.

1819. William Thomas Brande.

' On the Composition and Analysis of the inflammable Gaseous Compounds
resulting from the destructive Distillation of Coal and Oil ; with some
Remarks on their relative heating and illuminating power.'

Phil. Trans., 1820.

1820. Captain Henry Kater.

' On the best kind of Steel, and form, for a Compass Needle.'

Phil. Trans., 1821.

1821. Captain Edward Sabine.

'An Account of Experiments to determine the Amount of the Dip of the
Magnet* Needle in London, in August 1821 ; with Remarks on the
uments which are usually employed in such determinations.'

Phil. Trans., 1822.

1 822. No record.

THE BAKERIAN LECTURE 227

1823. John F. W. Herschel.

' On certain Motions produced in Fluid Conductors when transmitting the
Electric Current.' Phil. Trans., 1824.

1824 to 1825. No record.

1826. Sir Humphry Davy, Bart.

'On the Relations of Electrical and Chemical Changes.' Phil. Trans., 1826.

1827. George Pearson.

' Researches to discover the Faculties of Pulmonary Absorption with respect
to Charcoal.' Journal Book, vol. xlv, p. 201.

1828. William Hyde Wollaston.

' On a Method of rendering Platina malleable/ Phil. Trans., 1829.

1829. Michael Faraday.

' On the Manufacture of Glass for Optical Purposes.' Phil. Trans., 1830.

1830. No record.

1831. No record.

1832. Michael Faraday.

' Experimental Researches in Electricity ; Second Series.'

Abstracts of Papers, vol. iii, p. 95.

1833. Samuel Hunter Christie.

' Experimental Determination of the Laws of Magneto-Electric Induction
in different masses of the same metal, and of its intensity in different metala.'

Abstracts of Papers, vol. iii, p. 177.

1834. Not appointed.

1835. Charles Lyell.

' On the Proofs of a gradual Rising of the Land in certain parts of Sweden.'

Phil. Trans., 1835.

1836. John William Lubbock.

' On the Tides of the Port of London.' Phil. Trans. , 1836.

1837. William Henry Fox Talbot.

( Further Observations on the Optical Phenomena of Crystals.'

Phil. Trans., 1837.

1838. James Ivory.

' On the Theory of the Astronomical Refractions.' Phil. Trans., 1838.

1839. William Snow Harris.

f Inquiries concerning the Elementary Laws of Electricity.'

Phil. Trans., 1839.
^1840. George Biddell Airy.

' On the Theoretical Explanation of an apparent new Polarity of Light.'

Phil. Trans., 1840.

1841. George Newport.

' On the Organs of Reproduction and the Development of the Myriapoda.'

Phil. Trans., 1841.

1842. James David Forbes.

' On the Transparency of the Atmosphere and the Law of Extinction of the
Solar Rays in passing through it' Phil. Trans., 1842.

Q 2

228 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

1843. Charles Wheatstone.

' An Account of several new Instruments and Processes for determining the
Constants of a Voltaic Circuit.' Phil. Trans., 1843.

1844. Richard Owen.

'A Description of certain Belemnites, preserved, with a great proportion of
their soft parts, in the Oxford Clay, at Christian-Malford, Wilts.'

Phil. Trans., 1844.

1845. Charles Giles Bridle Daubeny.

' Memoir on the Rotation of Crops, and on the Quantity of Inorganic Matters
abstracted from the Soil by various Plants under different circumstances.'

Phil. Trans., 1845.

1846. James David Forbes.

' Illustrations of the Viscous Theory of Glacier Motion.' Phil. Trans., 1846.

1847. William Robert Grove.

' On certain Phenomena of Voltaic Ignition and the Decomposition of Water
into its constituent Gases by Heat.' Phil. Trans., 1847.

1848. Rev. William Whewell.

' Researches on the Tides. ' Thirteenth Series. On the Tides of the Pacific,
and on the Diurnal Inequality. Phil. Trans., 1848.

1849. Michael Faraday.

' Experimental Researches in Electricity.' Twenty-Second Series.

Phil. Trans., 1849.

1850. Thomas Graham.

' On the Diffusion of Liquids.' Phil. Trans. , 1850.

1851. Michael Faraday.

' Experimental Researches in Electricity.' Twenty-Fourth Series.

Phil. Trans., 1851.

1852. Charles Wheatstone.

' Contributions to the Physiology of Vision. Part. II. On some remarkable
and hitherto unobserved Phenomena of Binocular Vision (continued).'

Phil. Trans., 1852.

1853. Col. Edward Sabine.

' On the Influence of the Moon on the Magnetic Declination at Toronto,
St. Helena, and Hobarton.' Phil. Trans., 1853.

1854. Thomas Graham.

' On Osmotic Force.' Phil. Trans., 1854.

1855. John Tyndall.

' On the Nature of the Force by which Bodies are repelled from the Poles of
a Magnet ; to which is prefixed an account of some experiments on Molecular
Influences.' Phil. Trans., 1855.

1856. William Thomson.

' On the Electrodynamic Qualities of Metals.' Phil. Trans., 1856.

1857. Michael Faraday.

' Experimental Relations of Gold (and other metals) to Light.'

Phil. Trans., 1857.

THE BAKERIAN LECTURE 22i>

1858. John Peter Gassiot.

• On the Stratifications and Dark Band in Electrical Discharges as observed
in Torricellian Vacua.' Phil. Trans., 1858.

1859. Edward Frankland.

' Researches on Organo-metallic Bodies." Fourth Memoir.

Phil. Trans., 1859.

1860. William Fairbairn.

' Experimental Researches to determine the Density of Steam at different
Temperatures, and to determine the Law of Superheated Steam. '

Phil. Trans., 1860.

1861. JohnTyndall.

' On the Absorption and Radiation of Heat by Gases and Vapours, and on the
Physical Connection of Radiation, Absorption and Conduction.'

Phil. Trans., 1861.

1862. Warren De la Rue.

' On the Total Solar Eclipse of July 18, 1860, observed at Rivabellosa,. near
Miranda de Ebro, in Spain.' Phil. Trans., 1862.

1863. Henry Clifton Sorby.

' On the Direct Correlation of Mechanical and Chemical Forces.'

Proceedings, vol. 12, 1863.

1864. John Tyndall.

* Contributions to Molecular Physics : being the Fifth Memoir of Researches
on Radiant Heat.' Phil. Trans., 1864.

1865. Henry Enfield Roscoe.

' On a Method of Meteorological Registration of the Chemical Action of
Total Daylight.' Phil. Trans., 1865.

^

1866. James Clerk Maxwell.

' On the Viscosity or Internal Friction of Air and other Gases.'

• Phil. Trans., 1866.

1867. Frederick Augustus Abel.

' Researches on Gun-Cotton. (Second Memoir.) On the Stability of Gun-
Cotton.' Phil. Trans., 1867.

1868. Henry Enfield Roscoe.

' Researches on Vanadium.' Phil. Trans. , 1868.

1869. Thomas Andrews.

' The Continuity of the Gaseous and Liquid States of Matter.'

Phil. Trans., 1869.

1870. John William Dawson.

' On the Pre-Carboniferous Flora of North Eastern America, and more
especially on that of the Erian (Devonian) Period.' Proceedings, vol. 18.

1871. Charles William Siemens.

' On the Increase of Electrical Resistance in Conductors with Rise of
Temperature, and its Application to the Measure of Ordinary and Furnace
Temperatures : also on a simple Method of measuring Electrical Resistances;'

Proceedings, vol. 19.

230 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

1872. William Kitchen Parker.

' On the Structure and Development of the Skull of the Salmon (Salmo
mlar, L.).' Proceedings, vol. 20.

1873. Earl of Rosse.

' On the Radiation of Heat from the Moon, the Law of its Absorption by our
Atmosphere, and its variation in Amount with her Phases.'

Proceedings, vol. 21.

1874. J. Norman Lockyer.

'Researches in Spectrum Analysis in connection with the Spectrum of the
Sun.' Part III. Phil. Trans., 1874.

1875. William Grylls Adams.

' On the Forms of Equipotential Curves and Surfaces and on Lines of Flow.'

Proceedings, vol. 24.

1876. Thomas Andrews.

' On the Gaseous State of Matter.' Proceedings, vol. 24.

1877. William Crawford Williamson.

' On the Organization of the Fossil Plants of the Coal Measures.' Part IX.

Phil. Trans., 1878.

1878. William Crookes.

' On Repulsion resulting from Radiation. Part V.' Phil. Trans., 1878.

1879. William Crookes.

' On the Illumination of Lines of Molecular Pressure and the Trajectory of
Molecules.' Phil . Trans. , 1879.

1880. Captain William de W. Abney.

' On the Photographic Method of Mapping the least refrangible end of the
Solar Spectrum.' Phil. Trans., 1880.

1881. JohnTyndall.

' Action of free Molecules on Radiant Heat, and its conversion thereby into
sound.' Phil. Trans., 1882.

1882. Heinrich Debus.

' On the Chemical Theory of Gunpowder.' Phil. Trans., 1882.

1883. William Crookes.

' On Radiant Matter Spectroscopy : the Detection and wide Distribution of
Yttrium.' Phil. Trans., 1883.

1884. Arthur Schuster.

' Experiments on the Discharge of Electricity through Gases. Sketch of a
Theory.' Proceedings, vol. 37.

1885. William Huggins.

' On the Corona of the Sun.' Proceedings, vol. 39.

1886. Captain William de W. Abney and Major-General Edward Robert

Festing.
' Colour Photometry.' Phil. Trans., 1886.

1887. Joseph John Thomson.

' On the Dissociation of some Gases by the Electric Discharge.'

Proceedings, vol. 42 (Abstract).

THE BAKERIAN LECTURE 281

1888. J. Norman Lockyer.

• Suggestions on the Classification of the various Species of Heavenly Bodies.
A Report to the Solar Physics Committee.' Proceedings, vol. 44.

1889. Arthur William Rucker and Thomas Edward Thorpe.

' A Magnetic Survey of the British Isles for the Epoch January 1, 1886.'

Phil. Trans., A, vol. 181.

1890. Arthur Schuster.

' The Discharge of Electricity through Gases. Preliminary Communication.'

Proceedings, vol. 47.

1891. George Howard Darwin.

' On Tidal Prediction.' Phil. Trans., A, vol. 182.

1892. James Thomson.

'On the Grand Currents of Atmospheric Circulation.'

Phil. Trans., A, vol. 183.

1893. Harold B. Dixon.

' The Rate of Explosion in Gases.' Phil. Trans., A, vol. 184.

1894. Thomas Edward Thorpe and J. W. Rodger.

* On the Relations between the Viscosity (internal friction) of Liquids and
their Chemical Nature.' Phil. Trans., A, vol. 186.

1895. A. G. Vernon Harcourt and William Esson.

' On the Laws of Connexion between the Conditions of a Chemical Change
and its Amount. III. Further Researches on the Reaction of Hydrogen
Dioxide and Hydrogen Iodide.' Phil. Trans., A, 1895.

1896. William Chandler Roberts- Austen.

' On the Diffusion of Metals.' Phil. Trans., A, 1896.

1897. Osborne Reynolds and W. H. Moorby.

' On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat.' Phil. Trans., A, vol. 190.

1898. William James Russell.

' Further Experiments on the Action exerted by certain Metals and other
Bodies on a Photographic Plate.' Proceedings, vol. 63.

1899. James Alfred Ewing and W. Rosenhain.

'The Crystalline Structure of Metals.' Phil. Trans., A, vol. 193.

1900. William Augustus Tilden.

' On the Specific Heat of Metals and the Relation of Specific Heat to Atomic
Weight.' Phil. Trans., A, vol. 194.

1901. James Dewar.

'The Nadir of Temperature and Allied Problems.'

Proceedings, vol. 68 (Abstract).

1902. Lord Rayleigh.

' On the Law of the Pressure of Gases between 75 and 150 Millimetres of
Mercury.' Phil. Trans., A, vol. 198.

1903. C. T. Heycock and F. H. Neville.

' On the Constitution of the Copper-tin Series of Alloys.'

Phil. Trans., A, vol. 202.

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

1904. Ernest Rutherford.

< The Succession of Changes iii Radio-active Bodies.'

Phil. Trans.,, A, vol. 204.

1905. Horace T. Brown.

'The Reception and Utilisation of Energy by the Green Leaf.'

Proceedings, B, vol. 76.

1906. John Milne.

' Recent Advances in Seismology.' Proceedings, A, vol. 77.

1907. Thomas Edward Thorpe.

' The Atomic Weight of Radium.' Proceedings, A, vol. 80.

1908. Charles H. Lees.

* The Effects of Temperature and Pressure on the Thermal Conductivities
of Solids.' Phil. Trans., A, vol. 208.

1909. Sir Joseph Larmor.

' On the Statistical and Thermodynamical Relations of Radiant Energy/

Proceedings, A, vol. 83.

1910. John Henry Poynting and Guy Barlow.

' The Pressure of Light against the Source : the Recoil from Light.'

Proceedings, A, vol. 83.

1911. Robert John Strutt.

'A Chemically- Active Modification of Nitrogen Produced by the Electric
Discharge.' Proceedings, A, vol. 85.

1912. Hugh Longbourne Callendar.

' On the Variation of the Specific Heat of Water, with Experiments by a new
Method.' Phil. Trans., A, vol. 212.

CHAPTER VIII
THE LIBRARY, RELICS, PORTRAITS, BUSTS, AND MEDALS

THE LIBRARY

AT the beginning of its existence the Royal Society proceeded to form
a library.1 In 1667, at the instance of John Evelyn, Mr. Henry Howard
(afterwards sixth Duke of Norfolk) presented the Society with ' The Library
of Arundel House, to dispose thereof as their propriety, desiring only that in
case the Society should corne to faile, it might return to Arundel House ; and
that this inscription Ex dono Henrici Howard Norfolciemis might be put
upon every book given them1. 'The Society received this noble donation
with all thankfulnesse, and ordered that Mr. Howard should be registered as
a benefactor.' 2

This Library was not removed from Arundel House until the winter of
1678-9, shortly before the demolition of that building. It was then
transferred to Gresham College, which, as stated in Chapter I, was the home
of the Society down to 1710. A catalogue was drawn up by William Perry,
a Fellow of the Society, and ordered to be printed. This catalogue, which
was published in 1681, was made to comprise, in separate lists, the other
books in the possession of the Society, which included those bequeathed by
Mr. George Ent,3 and those presented by their authors and others.

The Arundel House Library was a valuable collection of both printed books
and manuscripts. Some of the MSS. were reputed to have come originally
from the famous library which King Mathias Corvinus had formed at Buda-
Pest, passing thence in later years into the possession of Bilibald Pirckheimer
of Nuremberg. Pirckheimer died in 1530, leaving a large library. A century
later this library came into the possession of Thomas, Earl of Arundel, the
famous collector, who purchased it during his embassy to Vienna in 1636.
Many of the books still in the Society's possession contain Pirckheimer's
bookplate designed by Albert Diirer. The Arundel House Library is

1 De Sorbiere, who visited the Society at Gresham College ill 1663, refers to the beginning
of a library (' Voyage en Angleterre ' (1664), p. 87). He was one of the two foreigners
elected as original Fellows of the Royal Society (see p. 45 note and Chronological List
of Fellows).

1 Journal Book, January 2, 1666-7.

3 Not to be mistaken for Sir George Eut, M.D., one of the original Fellows of the
Society.

234 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

succinctly described by Evelyn in his * Diary ' under date August 29, 1678, and
in a letter to Samuel Pepys dated August 12, 1689. As presented to the
Royal Society it consisted of about 2,500 printed books and 570 MSS.

The Society's records show that the Arundel collection, or Norfolk Library
as it was commonly called, was long kept separate from the other books. In
the course of the next two centuries, however, during which the Society had to
make four removals, and would seem always to have suffered from deficient
library accommodation, the Norfolk books became ultimately more or less
merged in the Society's general library, thus escaping special supervision ;
and they were never again brought together as a complete collection. The
second library catalogue printed by the Society (1825) made no distinction
between the books of the Norfolk Library and those of the Society's general
library, nor was any distinction made in the classified catalogues printed
in 1839-41.

When making arrangements for the last removal, from the rooms in old
Burlington House to the Society's present quarters, the Council, on the
recommendation of the Library Committee, resolved (June 20, 1872) *to
dispose of superfluous books from the collection of works in miscellaneous
literature'. A large number of such books, including many of the Norfolk
books, were accordingly disposed of. The most valuable of the books of
purely literary interest retained by the Society were collected together in 1883,
under the superintendence of the Treasurer (Sir John Evans), and these, after
being in large part appropriately re-bound, are now kept under lock and key
in a dust-proof case. Among many valuable and interesting items which they
include are a Caxton Chaucer (1484 ?), a Second Folio Shakespeare, two
volumes from the press of Fust and Schoeffer printed on vellum and finely illu-
minated ('Liber Sextus Decretalium', 1465, and Cicero <De Officiis' 1466), a fine
copy of Euclid (Edltio Princeps, 1482), a copy of the ' Nuremberg Chronicle '
(1493), Bartholomaeus de Proprietatibus (1495 ?), a fine example of Diirer's
' Historia Mariae ', &c., a number of Editiones Principes of the Latin classics,
many Aldines, a large collection of Luther's and other scarce Reformation
Tracts, and many other works of literary or typographical interest. In view
of its great value, an exact bibliographical catalogue of this collection, as
now existing, has recently been prepared and printed.1 The Manuscripts in
the Norfolk Library were sold to the British Museum in 1830 and 1835,
the proceeds (about .£3,720) being devoted to the purchase of scientific
books.

The Society's Library has been enriched from time to time by gifts and

1 'Catalogue of a Collection of Early Printed Books in the Library of the Royal
Society/ 1910. This Catalogue was prepared by two members of the library staff of the
British Museum— Mr. Henry M. Mayhew, who died after completing about a third of his
task, and Mr. R. Farquharson Sharp, who finished the work and passed it through the
press.

THE LIBRARY 235

bequests, among which may be mentioned, besides the books bequeathed by
George Ent already referred to, a bequest of books by Francis Aston, Sec.R.S.,
in 1715, a valuable collection of books and tracts bearing on the history of
science presented by Henry Dircks, C.E., in 1865, and a bequest, by the late
Mr. H. B. Brady, F.R.S., of his library of books on the Protozoa, accompanied
by a continuation fund. The scientific books in the Library now number
nearly 100,000 volumes. In making additions especial attention has for many
years past been paid to scientific serials, and the collection of Journals and of
the Transactions of Academies and Societies is now a very large one. A
Catalogue of the Scientific Books, in two parts, was issued in 1881-3, Part I
containing the Serial Literature and Part II being the general Catalogue of
separate works, exclusive of Serials. A new Catalogue of the Serials is now
passing through the press.

Regulations for the use of the Library are laid down by Standing Orders of
Council, and are printed in the Year Book. Under these regulations, books
out on loan are called in by order of Council once a year, at the beginning
of the long Vacation ; and during the month of August no book is allowed to
leave the house.

Besides the Library of printed books the Society possesses a rich collection
of early scientific correspondence, official records, and other manuscripts.
These include the original MS., with Newton's corrections, from which the
first edition of the ' Principia ' was printed, the MS. volume of the ' Commercium
Epistolicum ' relating to the Leibnitz-Newton controversy on the invention of
the method of fluxions ; the MS. of John Aubrey's * Memoires of Naturall
Remarques in the County of Wilts', written in 1685 ; a collection of over 300
Dutch letters by Leeuwenhoek ; a collection of letters and the MSS. of four
works by Malpighi, with original drawings ; a collection of letters by Henry
Oldenburg, the first Secretary, and Dr. J. Beale written to Robert Boyle,
Oldenburg's commonplace book containing drafts of his letters to Milton and
to Boyle, the autograph MS. of Wallis's 'Treatise on Logic', published in
the folio edition of his works, a large collection of Newtoniana in six great
volumes presented by the Rev. Chas. Tumor, an album of letters of
Priestley with portraits and other memorials collected by James Yates, F.R.S.,
and another in two volumes relating to John Canton, F.R.S., and his corre-
spondents.

The manuscripts and the MS. letters are catalogued in the « Catalogues of
Miscellaneous Manuscripts ', compiled by J. O. Halliwell-Phillipps, F.R.S., in
1839, and W. E. Shuckard in 1840, respectively. Among series not there
catalogued are the * Letter-Books ', containing copies of the early scientific
correspondence from the beginning of the Society to the end of the seventeenth
century ; the ' Register Book ' containing copies of scientific memoirs commu-
nicated to the Society; and a series of nineteen volumes containing the
Certificates of Candidature in which the qualifications of candidates are stated,

236 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

with the signatures or names of proposers and supporters appended ; these
began with the year 1731.

In addition to the volumes above enumerated there are four long sets of
guard-books, of which one consists of thirty -nine volumes and includes the MSS.
of early memoirs communicated to the Society, grouped for the most part under
subjects. This series contains documents dating from before the grant of the
Charter to the year 1741. It consists of about 2,500 items, which have
recently been completely catalogued by Sir Arthur Church, F.R.S., under the
title of 'Classified Papers', and an alphabetical list of the authors with
references has been printed by him.1 The second series of guard-books is
arranged chronologically, and comprises both memoirs and letters to the
number of 3,650. It consists of 127 volumes and covers the period 1741 to
1806. This series has also been catalogued by Sir Arthur Church.2 The
third and fourth series consist of the original MSS. of (i) papers which have
been published in the ' Philosophical Transactions ' and the * Proceedings ', and
(ii) the papers read before the Society but 'archived', without being published.
These are bound in separate sets, and are preserved in the lower part of the
Society's building.

Other MSS. connected with individual Fellows are — the great collection of
Boyle papers, bound in fifty-three volumes; five volumes of Dr. Sherard's
correspondence, being letters addressed to William Sherard, F.R.S., many years
British Consul at Smyrna and founder of the Sherardian Professorship of
Botany at Oxford; and the Boole MSS., being six cases of papers by
Prof. George Boole. F.R.S., relating to mathematics and logic. These
collections are classified and arranged. The Sherard letters have been
numbered and catalogued and an Index Nominum to them has been printed by
Sir Arthur Church.

All the manuscripts in the Archives are available for consultation by
Fellows of the Society and persons duly introduced, under conditions pre-
scribed by Statute (Chap. XVI).

1 ' Some Account of the " Classified Papers " in the Archives [of the Royal Society]
with an Index of Authors, compiled by A. H. Church, D.Sc., F.R.S., Oxford, Printed for
the Author, 1907.' In addition to what is contained in this pamphlet Sir Arthur Church
has prepared a complete manuscript catalogue of the titles of the Papers in this series,
forming a large folio volume. By this great labour he has provided the Society with
a means of readily finding any paper belonging to the period named.

2 ' Some Account of the " Letters and Papers" of the Period 1741-1806 in the Archives
[of the Royal Society] with an Index of Authors, compiled by A. H. Church, D.Sc., F.R.S.,
Oxford, Printed for the Author, 1908.' In this case also Sir Arthur Church has compiled
a voluminous manuscript Calendar of the subjects of the letters and papers, thereby greatly
facilitating reference to them. These manuscript volumes are deposited in the Library
of the Royal Society.

237

INSTRUMENTS AND HISTORICAL RELICS

i. RELICS OF Siu ISAAC NEWTON

1. Solar Dial cut in stone, made by the hand of Sir Isaac Newton when

a boy, taken out in 1844 from the wall of the Manor House at
Woolsthorpe, in which he was born, and presented the same year
to the Royal Society by the Rev. Chas. Turnor, F.R.S., to whose
family the house belonged.

2. Two rules made of the wood of Sir Isaac Newton's apple-tree at Wools-

thorpe. Presented by Rev. Chas. Tumor, F.R.S.

3. Original Reflecting Telescope of Sir Isaac Newton, made with his own

hands, in 1671. ('Phil. Trans.,' vol. 7, p. 4004.) Presented to the
Royal Society by Messrs. Heath and Wing, Math. Inst. Makers, Strand,
London; Feb. 6, 1766. 4 parts.

4. The MS. of the ' Principia \ from which the First Edition was printed,

with autograph corrections by Sir Isaac Newton.

5. An autograph order, dated July 27, 1720, addressed by Sir Isaac Newton

to Dr. John Francis Ffouquier, directing him to apply certain sums
belonging to Newton in purchasing, on Newton's account, South Sea
Stock. Presented by Dr. Wollaston, P.R.S.

6. The original mask of Newton's face, which belonged to Roubiliac, from the

cast taken after death. Presented in 1839 by Prof. Hunter Christie,
Sec.R.S.

7. Sir Isaac Newton's Watch.

8. A lock of Sir I. Newton's Hair. Presented by Henry Garling, Oct. 25, 1847.

9. Armchair, formerly belonging to Sir Isaac Newton. Bequeathed in 1812

to Richard Saumarez. Bequeathed to the Royal Society in 1891 by the
late Mr. Thomas Kerslake, of Clevedon.

ii. OTHER RELICS AND INSTRUMENTS

1. Air-pump, with double barrel. Presented to the Royal Society by the

Hon. Robert Boyle, in 1662.

2. Sir William Petty's Double-bottomed boat.

' Upon the reading of a letter, sent out of Ireland to the Secretary, concerning the
expectation, which 'the Committee, that heretofore had given the Society au
Account of Sr William Petty's new ship, did entertain for hearing the sense of the
Society thereupon, it was

'Ordered, That the Committee should be put in minde by the Secretary that
the Matter of Navigation, being a State-concerne, was not proper to be managed by
the Society ; And that Sr William Petty, for his private satisfaction, may, when
he pleases, have the sense (if he hath it not already) of particular Members of the
Society, concerning his new Invention.' — Council Minutes, May 27, 1663.

' The Papers of the next Philosophical Transactions, having been considered of,
and the account therein given concerning the Structure and Advantages of Sr William
Petty's Double-bottom'd ship ; it was resolved, that the publication of them should
be differed, till his Ma*7 had been made acquainted with the particulars therein,
relating to the said ship.' — Council Minutes, April 26, 1665.

238 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

3. Huygens's Aerial Telescope.

(1) An Object-glass of 122 feet focal length, with an eye-

glass of 6 inches, and original apparatus for adjust-
ment, made by Huygens, and presented by him to the
Royal Society in 1691.

(2) The apparatus for using Huygens's object-glass, con- ^ 12 parts.

structed by Hooke.

(3) Additional apparatus, by Dr. Pound. Presented by Dr.

Bradley.

(4) Ditto, by Mr. Cavendish.

4. An Object-glass by Huygens, of 170 feet focal length. Presented to the

Royal Society by Sir Isaac Newton, P.R.S.

5. An Object-glass by Huygens, with two eye-glasses by Scarlet, for a

Telescope of 210 feet. Presented by the Rev. Gilbert Burnet, M.A.,
F.R.S., in 1724.

6. An Object-glass (Venetian), of 90 feet focal length : which belonged to

Flamsteed. Presented to the Royal Society by James Hodgson, F.R.S.,
in 1737.

7. Chronometer, by Arnold.

8. Chronometer, by Arnold.

Both these Chronometers accompanied Captain Cook on his second and third
Voyages.

9. Armed Loadstone.

Grew's c Catalogue of Rarities ' (p. 364) mentions an Orbicular Loadstone or Ter-
[r]ella, given by Sir Christopher Wren, the size of which, so far as the stone is
concerned, agrees with the above ; it is conjectured that it may be the same.

10. A Galvanic Battery, made by Dr. Wollaston, in a tailor's thimble.

Presented to the Royal Society by Sir A. W. Franks, June 28, 1879.
In a letter to the late William Spottiswoode, P.R.S., which accompanied this
present, Sir (then Mr.) Augustus Wollaston Franks says that this little battery
was given by his godfather, Dr. Wollaston, to his mother, then Miss Sebright.
See also an anecdote about this battery in Weld's ' History of the Royal Society',
vol. 2, p. 309.

11. Dr. Priestley's Electrical Machine.

12. The original Model for Davy's Safety Lamp.

13. The Mountain Barometer used by the late Mr. Charles Darwin, F.R.S.,

during his voyage round the world in H.M.S. * Beagle '. Presented by
his executors in December, 1899.

14. A case of radiometers and otheoscopes used by Sir William Crookes to

illustrate his papers read before the Society between 1875 and 1878 in
connexion with his researches on 'Repulsion Resulting from Radiation'.
Presented by Sir William Crookes, For.Sec.R.S., October, 1911.
The remainder of the instruments lately in the possession of the Society
have been deposited in the Science Museum, South Kensington.

239
LIST OF PORTRAITS IN OIL

IN THE POSSESSION OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Presented by
Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel (1586-1646). Sir Isaac Newton

Connoisseur and Art Collector : formed at Arundel House the first considerable
art collection in England. Filled high State offices previous to the civil wars.
The Arundel Library, purchased by him in Germany, and containing the greater
part of the collection of Bilibald Pirckheimer, was presented to the Royal Society
by his grandson in 1667.

By T. Murray, after Van Dyck.

Francis Aston, F.R.S. (died 1715).

Sec.R.S. 1681-5, and a benefactor of the Society ; member of the Committee
appointed by the Society to report upon the controversy between the friends of
Newton and Leibnitz as to the invention of the Differential Calculus.

By F. Kerseboom.

Francis Bacon (1561-1626). Martin Folkes, P.R.S., 1754

Appointed Attorney-General 1613, Lord Keeper of the Great Seal 1617, and
Lord Chancellor, with the title of Baron Verulam, in 1618. Subsequently deprived
of his high offices, he devoted himself to philosophical pursuits, and is famous as
the originator of the modern school of experimental philosophy.

Painted in the Studio of Paul Van Somer.

Sir Joseph Banks, Bart., Pres.R.S. )

,,„.„ 1QOA. Lion Jose de Mendoza Rios, 1818

(I/ 4o— lo^U^.

Elected F.R.S. 1766 ; President 1778-1820. (See also p. 203.)
By Thomas Phillips, R.A.
Sir John Barrow, Bart., F.R.S.) „ -n-n c

(1764-1848). John Barr°W Es(l" RR'S" 1866

Civil Servant, Traveller, and Author. Secretary to the Admiralty for forty
years, and there, assisted by the Royal Society, he originated and organized many
Arctic voyages of discovery. Active in establishing the Royal Geographical
Society. Created a Baronet in 1835. Elected F.R.S. in 1805 and served
frequently on the Council.

By Stephen Pearce after a portrait by J. Jackson, R.A.

Charles Theodore, Elector Palatine of)

\ The Elector of Bavaria, 1785

Bavana.

Succeeded to the sovereignty of Bavaria in 1777. Benjamin Thompson, F.R.S.,
afterwards founder of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, was in his service
1784-95, and was by him created Count Rumford.

Painter unknown.

Thomas Birch, D.D., F.R.S. (1705-66).

Theologian and Author. Elected F.R.S. 1735 ; Secretary 1752-65. Published
a ' History' of the Royal Society containing a detailed record of its early
activities.

By J. Wells.

240 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

The Honourable Robert Boyle, F.R.S. (1627-91). His Executors, 1692

The most eminent man of science of his day ; took a leading part in establish-
ing the Royal Society : was one of its first Council ; chosen President in 1680,
hut declined the office ; contributed fifty-eight papers to the ' Philosophical
Transactions '.

By J. Kerseboom (attributed also to John Riley).

The Honourable Robert Boyle, F.R.S. Sir C. Wheatstone, F.R.S., 1876
Painting after Kerseboom.

James Bradley, D.D., F.R.S. (1693-1762). The Rev. Mr. Peach, 1790

Savilian Professor of Astronomy 1721 ; Astronomer-Royal 1742-62. Celebrated
for the accuracy of his observations which are fundamental in positional astronomy ;
discovered aberration and nutation. Elected F.R.S. 1718.

By J. Richardson.

Tycho Brahe (1546-1601).

The great Danish Astronomer on whose work Kepler built.
Painter unknown.
Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, Bart., Pres.R.S.)

(1783-1862). Slr R C' Brodie' 1873

Surgeon and Physiologist. Elected F.R.S. 1810; President 1858-61. (See
p. 204.)

By A. Thompson, after G. F. Watts, R.A.

Viscount Brouncker, Pres.R.S. (1620-84). Viscount Brouncker

Eminent Mathematician. One of the most active promoters of the Royal
Society and its first President. (See p. 200.)

Studio copy after Sir Peter Lely.

George Buchanan (reputed) (1506-82). Thomas Povey, Esq.

Scottish Historian, Scholar, and Theologian. Regent of University of Coimbra,
Portugal, 1547 ; subsequently Principal of St. Ceonards College, St. Andrews,
and Lord Privy Seal (Scotland).

Attributed to Pourbus (? Adriaen Keij).

Paul Buissiere, F.R.S. Peter Buissiere, Esq.

French Surgeon and Physiologist established at Copenhagen. Elected F.R.S.
1698 ; contributed papers to 'Philosophical Transactions' : letters preserved in
Archives R.S.

Painter unknown.

Sir James Burrow, Pres.R.S. (1701-82). Sir James Burrow, 1777

Elected F.R.S. 1737; Pi
p. 202.)

By Jean-Baptiste Vanloo.

Elected F.R.S. 1737; President for short periods in 1768 and 1772 (See
p. 202.)

PLATK XV

MICHAKL FARADAY
From a portrait by A. Blaikley, in the possession of the Royal Society

LIST OF PORTRAITS IN OIL 241

Presented by
Executors of John
Samuel Chandler, D.D., F.R.S. (1693-1766). Chandler, Esq., F.R.S., 1781

An eminent Dissenting Theologian. Elected F.R.S. 1754.
By M. Chamberlain.

Sir John Chardin, F.R.S. (1643-1713). G. Handford, Esq., 1887

Traveller. Published notes of his travels as a jewel merchant in Persia and
India. Protestant refugee to England 1681. Knighted 1681. Envoy to Holland
1684. Elected F.R.S. 1682.

By Michael Dahl (doubtful).

King Charles II, Founder of the R.S. (1630-85). King Charles II (?)

Founded also the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, and the Royal Mathematical
School of Christ's Hospital. (See Chapter I.)

Painted in the School of Lely.

John George Children, F.R.S. (1777-1852). Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., 1873

Electrician and Chemist. Elected F.R.S. 1807 ; Secretary 1826.
By S. Pearce (doubtful).

Daniel Colwall, F.R.S. (died 1690). D. Colwall, Esq.

Elected F.R S. 1663; Treasurer 1665-79; inaugurated the Society's 'Reposi-
tory' 1666.

A copy after an unknown artist.

William Clift, F.R.S. (1775-1849). Mrs. Owen, 1858

Naturalist and Osteologist. Conservator of the Hunterian Museum 1799-1844.
Elected F.R.S. 1823, and served on the Council. Contributed papers to the
( Philosophical Transactions'.

By Henry Schmidt.

Taylor Combe, F.R.S. (1774-1826). Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., 1873

Numismatist. Keeper of Coins (1803) and Antiquities (1807-26) in British
Museum. Elected F.R.S. 1806.

Painter unknown.

Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543). Dr. Wolf, 1776

Founder of Astronomy. Professor of Mathematics at Rome. His treatise
' De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium ' which discloses the ' Copernican System '
was published in 1543.

Copy after an older portrait.

Sir William Crookes, O.M., F.R.S. Subscribers, 1911

Chemist and Physicist. Discoverer of Thallium, and of mechanical and
electrical phenomena of rarefied gases. Copley, Royal, and Davy Medallist, and
three times Bakerian Lecturer. Elected F.R.S. 1863 ; For. Sec. R.S. 1908- .

By E. A. Walton.

R

242 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Presented by
John Dalton, D.C.L., F.R.S. (1766-1844). A Memorial Committee, 1841

Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in New College, Manchester,
1793-9. Founder of the atomic theory in Chemistry. Elected F.R.S. 1822 ;
awarded the first Royal medal in 1826.
By B. R. Faulkner.

Sir Humphry Davy, Bart., Pres.R.S. (1778-1829). Lady Davy, 1829

Chemist and Physicist : discoverer of the alkali metals. Elected F.R.S. 1803;
Secretary 1807-12 ; President 1820-7. (See also p. 203.)
By Sir Thomas Lawrence, P.R.A.

William Derham, D.D., F.R.S. (1657-1735). George Scott, Esq.

Eminent Divine, Natural and Experimental Philosopher. Published many of
John Ray's MSS. Elected F.R.S. 1702, and contributed forty-five papers to the
' Philosophical Transactions '.
By G. White.

Rene Descartes (1596-1650). Dr. Maty, 1776

Great Mathematician and Philosopher.
A copy after Franz Hals.

John Dollond, F.R.S. (1706-61). George Dollond, Esq., F.R.S., 1842

Practical Optician. Copley Medallist 1758. Inventor of the achromatic
telescope and the modern heliometer. Elected F.R.S. 1761.

By W. F. Witherington, R.A., from the original by Wilson in the
Greenwich Observatory.

Sir John Evans, K.C.B., F.R.S. (1823-1908). Subscribers, 1900

Archaeologist, Geologist, Numismatist, and Antiquary. Author of volumes on
stone and bronze implements, and on ancient coins. Elected F.R.S. 1864;
Treasurer 1878-98.

By A. S. Cope, A.R.A.

John Evelyn, F.R.S. (1620-1706). Mrs. Evelyn, 1707

Eminent Virtuoso and Diarist. Commissioner for Privy Seal 1685-7. Active
promoter and original Fellow of the R.S., and Secretary from 1673 to 1675.
By Sir Godfrey Kneller.

Sir William Fairbairn, F.R.S. (1789-1874). Sir W. Fairbairn, 1874

Engineer. Pres. Brit. Assoc. 1861 ; Pres. Inst. Mech. Eng. 1854. Elected
F.R.S. 1850.

By B. R. Faulkner.

Michael Faraday, F.R.S. (1791-1867). J. P. Gassiot, F.R.S., 1873

Chemist and Natural Philosopher. Spent his life at the Royal Institution,
beginning as assistant to Sir H. Davy. After early discoveries in chemistry,
created the modern science of electricity and magnetism. Scientific adviser to
Trinity House 1836. Elected F.R.S. 1824 ; declined the Presidency.

By A. Blaikley.

LIST OF PORTRAITS IN OIL 243

Presented by
Rev. John Flamsteed, F.R.S. (1646-1719).

First Astronomer Royal : his observations formed the framework of modern
,astronomy. Elected F.R.S. 1677 ; contributed forty-four papers to the 'Philo-
sophical Transactions '.

I. By T. Gibson, in 1712. John Belchier, Esq., 1785

II. School of Lely.

Martin Folkes, Pres.R.S. (1690-1754). Martin Folkes

Mathematician and Antiquary. Elected F.R.S. 1713 ; Vice-President 1723 ;
President 1741-53. (See p. 202.)

By William Hogarth.

Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle, F.R.S. (1657-1757). Dr. Maty, F.R.S., 1776

Author, Writer, and Mathematician, nephew of Corneille. Secretary to the
Academic des Sciences for forty-four years, and famous for his eloges of deceased
members. Chosen a Fellow in 1732.

Copy after H. Rigaud.

Sir Michael Foster, K.C.B., F.R.S. (1836-1907). Subscribers, 1908

Physiologist. Founder of the Biological School of Cambridge, and elected
(1883) Professor of Physiology. Pres. Brit. Assoc. 1899. Elected F.R.S. 1872;
Secretary 1881-1903.

By Hon. J. Collier (a replica).

Benjamin Franklin, LL.D., F.R.S. (1706-90). Caleb Whitefoord, F.R.S., 1790

American Philosopher and Statesman. In 1757 came to England as agent for
Pennsylvania. Elected F.R.S. 1756 ; and contributed papers on electrical subjects
to the ' Philosophical Transactions '. Copley Medallist 1753.

By Joseph Wright.

Thomas Gale, D.D., F.R.S. (1636-1702).

Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ; Professor of Greek 1666 ; High Master
of St. Paul's School 1677 ; Dean of York 1697. Elected F.R.S. 1677, and
Secretary 1681.

Attributed to John Riley.

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642).

Mathematician, Physicist, and Astronomer.
After Justus Sustermans.

Gassendi (Pierre Gassend) (1592-1655). Bequeathed by Dr. T. Paget, 1717

Philosopher and Man of Science. Professor of Theology at Aix 1613-23 ; of
Mathematics in the Royal College of Paris 1645. Published many scientific
works on astronomical, mathematical, and other subjects.

Painter unknown.

Jl 2

244 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Presented by
Davies Gilbert, Pres.R.S. (1767-1839). Davies Gilbert, Esq., 1834

Elected F.R.S. 1816 ; Treasurer 1820 ; President 1827-30. (See p. 203.)
By Thomas Phillips, R.A.

Thomas Graham, F.R.S. (1805-69). Mrs. J. C. Inglis, 1902

Chemist. Discovered the law of the diffusion of gases, and made other important
discoveries in Chemistry. Elected F.R.S. 1836. Professor of Chemistry in
University College, London, 1837-55. First President of the Chemical Society
1840. Master of the Mint 1855-69.
By G. F. Watts, R.A.

Edward Whitaker Gray, M.D., F.R.S. (1748-1806). Sir A. Callcott, 1830

Botanist. Keeper of Natural History Collections and Antiquities, and
Secretary of British Museum 1787. Elected F.R.S. 1779 ; Secretary 1797.
By Sir Augustus Callcott, R.A.

John Edward Gray, Ph.D., F.R.S. (1800-75). The Botanical Society, 1859

Naturalist. Keeper of Zoological Collections at British Museum 1840-74 ;
author of numerous zoological papers and other works. Elected F.R.S. 1832.

By Mrs. Carpenter.

Theodore Haak, F.R.S. (1605-90).

Philosopher and Theologian. Employed by Parliament to translate ' Dutch
Annotations upon the whole Bible ' 1657. One of the originators of the Royal
Society, and an original Fellow.

By J. Richardson.

Albrecht von Haller, F.R.S. (1708-77).

Swiss Natural Philosopher. Professor of Medicine, Anatomy, Botany and
Surgery at Gottingen University 1736-50. Elected F.R.S. 1739.

I. By. C. von Stoppelaer. Dr. Sharpey, F.R.S., 1877

II. Painter unknown. Sir J. Paget, F.R.S., 1892

Edmund Halley, LL.D., F.R.S. (1656-1742).

Capt. R.N. 1700 ; Savilian Professor of Geometry at Oxford 1703 ; Astrono-
mer Royal 1721. Elected F.R.S. 1678 ; Clerk to the Royal Society 1686-98 ;
Secretary 1713-21. Obtained the MS. of Newton's ' Principia ' for the R.S. and
bore the cost of publication (1687). Predicted the return of Halley's comet.
Contributed eighty-one papers to the ' Philosophical Transactions ' on optics,
mechanics, mathematics, astronomy, magnetism, &c.

I. Copy after Sir Godfrey Kneller.

II. Attributed to Michael Dahl.

William Harvey, M.D. (1578-1657). Dr. John Mapletoft, F.R.S., 1683

M.D. (Padua) 1602 ; F.R.C.P. 1607 ; Lumleian Lecturer of the Royal College
of Physicians from 1616, when he first publicly stated his discovery of the
circulation of the blood. In 1623 Physician Extraordinary to James I ; after-
wards Physician to Charles I.

By De Reyn (after Com. Jonson).

LIST OF PORTRAITS IN OIL 245

Presented by
Sir John Frederick William Herschel, Bart.,

F.R.S. (1792-1871).

Astronomer and Mathematician. Senior Wrangler 1813. President Astr.
Soc. 1827-32. Active in introduction of modern analysis into England. Made
numerous and important astronomical and physical discoveries ; followed up his
father's astronomical discoveries, particularly with reference to double stars;
writer and discoverer in Sound and Light ; introduced fundamental improvements
in photography. Created Baronet 1838. Elected F.R.S. 1813; Copley
Medallist 1821.

By C. A. Jensen.

Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury (1588-1679).

Philosopher ; author of works on metaphysics, ethics, and political philosophy.
Lived mainly at Chatsworth, where he wrote * The Leviathan '. Mathematical
tutor to Charles II when Prince of Wales (1647).

I. Attributed to William Dobson. Bequeathed by Dr. T. Paget, 1717

II. Believed to be the portrait by John Baptist Caspars (or Gaspers) presented to
the Society by John Aubrey, F.R.S., in 1670, and referred to in Aubrey's Brief
Lives (Clark's Ed. 1898, vol. i, p. 354).

James Holman, R.N., F.R.S. (1786-1857). Lieut. Holman, 1857

Blind Traveller. Served in the Navy 1798-1811. From 1819 onwards travelled
unattended all over the world. Published * Voyage round the World ' and other
narratives. Elected F.R.S. 1827.

By George Chinnery.

Sir Everard Home, Bart., F.R.S. (1756-1832). Sir E. Home, Bart.

Surgeon. Pupil of John Hunter ; Master (1813) and first President (1821) of
Royal College of Surgeons. Elected F.R.S. 1785 ; contributed 107 papers to
the * Philosophical Transactions ' ; Copley Medallist 1807. Eleven times Croonian
Lecturer.

By Thomas Phillips, R.A.

Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, O.M., Pres.R.S. (1817-1911). Subscribers, 1881

Botanist and Traveller, and pioneer in the theory of evolution from the side
of geographical distribution. Elected F.R.S. 1847; President 1873-8. (See
p. 204.)

By Hon. John Collier.

Sir William Huggins, K.C.B., O.M., Pres.R.S. (1824-1908). Subscribers, 1905

Pioneer and Discoverer in astrophysics. Elected F.R.S. 1865 ; President 1900-5.
(See p. 205.)
By Hon. John Collier.

John Hunter, F.R.S. (1728-93). Sir E. Home, Bart., 1850

Surgeon and Comparative Anatomist. Founder of the Huuterian Museum of the
R. Coll. of Surgeons. Elected F.R.S. 1767 ; Copley Medallist 1787.
By Robert Home.

(The dog in this picture is mentioned in ' Phil. Trans.', Vol. 77, p. 257.)

246 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Presented by
John Huxham, M.D., F.R.S. (1692-1768). J. C. Huxham Esq., F.R.S.

Physician. Author of medical works published in Latin at Leipzig. Elected
F.R.S. 1739 ; contributed numerous papers on philosophical and medical subjects
to the ' Philosophical Transactions '.
By T. Rennel.
James Prescott Joule, F.R.S. (1818-89). A number of Fellows R.S., 1883

Physicist. Studied under Dalton ; experimental founder of the Mechanical
Theory of Heat. The final determinations of ' Joule's mechanical equivalent of
heat' were communicated to the Royal Society in various papers. Elected F.R.S.
1850 ; Royal Medallist 1852 ; Copley Medallist 1860.
By Hon. John Collier.

James Jurin, M.D., F.R.S. (1684-1750). Rev. W. A. Totton, 1868

Physician to Guy's Hospital 1725-32; Pres.R.C.P. 1750. Pioneer in exact
physiology. Elected F.R.S. 1718; Secretary 1721-7.
By James Worsdale.

Lord Kelvin (Sir William Thomson), Pres.R.S.) Subscribers, 1899

(1824-1907).

The most important Physicist, mathematical and experimental, of his day.
One of the founders of thermodynamics and pioneer in electrical science, both
theoretical and technical. Elected F.R.S. 1851 ; President 1890-5. (See p. 205.)
By W. Q. Orchardson, R.A.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, F.R.S. (1646-1716). Dr. Wilson, 1883

Mathematician, Physicist, and Philosopher. Contemporary and rival of Sir
Isaac Newton. Elected For.Mem.R.S. 1673 ; in 1675 contributed a paper to the
' Philosophical Transactions'.
An English copy after a German original.

John Locke, F.R.S. (1632-1704). J. Belchier, Esq., 1785

Philosopher and Publicist, friend of Sir Isaac Newton. Elected F.R.S. 1668.
Secretary to the newly constituted Council of Trade 1673-5, when he collaborated
with Newton in the work of the Mint, including the reorganization of the
coinage. Commissioner of Appeals 1689-1704.

By Sir Godfrey Kneller.

George, Earl of Macclesfield, Pres.R.S.) ^ , . __ , .,

(1697-1764) Macclesfield, 1754

Astronomer. Elected F.R.S. 1722; President, 1752-64. Published the
Macclesfield Correspondence, mainly of Sir Isaac Newton and his companions.
(See p. 202.)
By Thomas Hudson.

John Macculloch, M.D., F.R.S. (1773-1835). Mrs. Macculloch

Geologist. Chemist to the Board of Ordinance 1803; Geologist to the
Trigonometrical Survey 1814 ; Pres. Geol. Soc. 1816-17. Published a Geological
Map of Scotland and a work on Scottish geology, which is now a classic. Elected
F.R.S. 1820.
By B. R. Faulkner.

LIST OF PORTRAITS IN OIL 247

Presented by
Marcello Malpighi (1628-94). Marcello Malpighi, 1680

Professor of Medicine in the University of Bologna, 1056. Chief Physician
and Chamberlain to Innocent XII (1691) ; discoverer of the capillary vessels ;
observed the passage of the blood through them in living animals. Elected an
Honorary Member R.S. on March 4, 1668-9. His collected works, dedicated to
the Society, were published in London under its auspices.

By A. M. de Tobar.

Capt. George Manby, F.R.S. (1765-1854). Madame Barrot, 1900

Inventor of an apparatus for saving life from shipwreck, which was extensively
employed. Elected F.R.S. 1831.
By S. Lane.

Gideon Algernon Mantell, LL.D., F.R.S. (1790-1852). W. Mantell, Esq., 1859

Geologist. Elected F.R.S. 1825 ; Royal Medallist 1849. Communicated a
long series of papers to the ' Philosophical Transactions'.

By J. J. Masquerier.

Nevil Maskelyne, D.D., F.R.S. (1732-1811). Mrs. Mervin Storey

Astronomer. Sent by Royal Society to observe Transit of Venus in 1761.
Astronomer Royal 1765 ; established the Nautical Almanack 1766. Elected
F.R.S. 1768 ; Copley Medallist 1775. Contributed papers to the 'Philosophical
Transactions'. The diagram reproduced in the picture is from his paper on a
prismatic micrometer published in the ' Phil. Trans.', Vol. 67.

By L. F. G. Van der Piiyl (1785).

Abraham de Moivre, F.R.S. (1667-1754). E. Wortley Montague, Esq.

Mathematician. Published ' Doctrine of Chances ' and f Miscellanea Analytica '
in 1730 which created 'imaginary trigonometry'. Elected F.R.S. 1697; con-
tributed numerous papers to the ' Philosophical Transactions'. Newton, when old,
was accustomed to send those who asked him questions about the ' Principia ' to De
Moivre.

By Joseph Highmore.

Henry More, D.D., F.R.S. (1614-87). Bequeathed by Dr. T. Paget, 1717.

Theologian. One of the Cambridge Platonists ; published theological and
philosophical works ; an original Fellow of the Society ; contributed papers to
the ' Philosophical Transactions'.

Painting of the School of Lely.

Sir Isaac Newton, Pres.R.S. (1642-1727).

Elected F.R.S. 1671 ; in 1703 was chosen President, an office to which he was.
annually re-elected during the remaining twenty-five years of his life. (See p. 201 . )

I. By Charles Jervas. Sir Isaac Newton, 1717

II. By Vander Banck. C. B. Vignoles, Esq., F.R.S., 1841

III. After Vander Banck, but signed by him. Martin Folkes, Esq., Pres.R.S.

248 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Presented by

Spencer Joshua Alwyne Compton, Marquis of | M ig rf North ton
Northampton, Pres.R.S. (1790-1851).

Geologist and Mineralogist. Elected F.R.S. 1830, and President 1838-48.
(See p. 204.)

By Thomas Phillips, R.A.

\ £.
Henry Oldenburg, F.R.S. (1626-77). Purchased by the Royal Society

First Secretary R.S. 1663-7; published and edited the 'Transactions' 1664-
77, contributing largely to them himself. Conducted extensive correspondence
with foreign savants, including Leibniz and Spinoza, which has been of high
importance to the scientific history of the time.

Attributed to John Van Cleef.

Thomas Paget, D.D. (died 1717).

A benefactor of the Society, having bequeathed to it property in London.
Painting of the School of Kneller by Mary Beale.

George Peacock, D.D., F.R.S. (1791-1858). Subscribers, 1860

Mathematician. Senior Wrangler ; with Woodhouse, Herschel, and Babbage
introduced analytical methods and the differential notation into the mathematical
course ; Lowndean Professor of Astronomy 1836-58 ; Dean of Ely 1839-58.

By D. Y. Blakiston.

Samuel Pepys, Pres.R.S. (1633-1703). Samuel Pepys.

The Diarist and Secretary to the Admirality. Elected F.R.S. 1663; Presi-
dent 1684-5. (See p. 201.)

After Sir Godfrey Kneller.
Richard Price, D.D., F.R.S. (1723-91). A. Morgan, Esq., F.R.S., 1876

Dissenting Divine and writer on moral, political, and economic science, whose
works exerted a great political influence ; an intimate friend of Franklin, was
invited by Congress in 1778 to transfer himself to America. Elected F.R.S. 1765.
Attributed to B. West, P.R.A.

Sir John Pringle, Bart., Pres.R.S. (1707-82). Sir John Pringle, 1777

Physician. Elected F.R.S. 1745 ; President 1772. (See p. 202.)
By Sir Joshua Reynolds.

Jesse Ramsden, F.R.S. (1735-1800). Sir E. Home, Bart., F.R.S., 1850

Practical Optician and Mechanician. Inventor of well-known telescopic eye-
piece ; famous as an instrument-maker throughout Europe. Elected F.R.S.
1786 ; Copley Medallist 1795.

By Robert Home.

John William Strutt, Baron Rayleigh, O.M., Pres.R.S. Subscribers, 1903

Mathematician and Physicist. Elected F.R.S. 1873; Secretary 1887-96;
President 1905-8. (See p. 206.)

By Sir George Reid, P.R.S.A.

LIST OF PORTRAITS IN OIL -249

by

William Parsons, Earl of Rosse, K.P., Pres.R.S.)
(1800-67). { tarlofRos.se, 1860

Astronomer. Constructed the great six-foot reflector at Parsonstown, and
detected with it the structure of the nebulae. F.R.S. 1831 ; President 1848-54.
(See p. 204.)

By J. Catterson Smith.

General Sir Edward Sabine, Pres.R.S. (1788-1883). Mrs. Sabine, 1866

Explorer and Physicist. Promoted the subject of terrestrial magnetism.
Elected F.R.S. 1818 ; Copley Medallist 1821 ; Secretary R. S. 1827 ; For.Sec.R.S.
1845-50 ; President 1861-71. (See p. 204.)

By S. Pearce.

Heinrich Christian Schumacher, For.Mem.R.S.) „ yv Iff E 1847

(1790-1850). J

Astronomer. Studied under Struve and Gauss ; Professor of Astronomy at
Copenhagen 1808, and Director of the Observatory 1813 ; established and con-
ducted for twenty-seven years the ' Astrouomische Nachrichten ' . Elected
For.Mem.R.S. 1821.

By H. Wolf.

Sir Hans Sloane, Bart., Pres.R.S. (1660-1753). Sir Hans Sloane, 1716

Physician,, Botanist, and Virtuoso. F.R.S. 1684; Secretary 1693-1712;
President 1727-41. (See p. 202.)

Face by Sir Godfrey Kneller.

John Smeatpn, F.R.S. (1724-92).

Civil Engineer. Built third Eddystone Lighthouse 1756-9, and constructed
the Forth and Clyde Canal. Elected F.R.S. 1753 ; Copley Medallist 1759.

I. By Mather Brown. A. Aubert, Esq., F.R.S.

II. By J. Richardson. A. Aubert, Esq., F.R.S.

John, Baron Somers, Lord Chancellor, Pres.R.S. (1652-1716). Sir J. Jekyll

Lawyer and Statesman. President R.S. 1698-1703. (See p. 201.)
After Sir Godfrey Kneller.

Sir Robert Southwell, Pres.R.S. (1635-1702). Sir Robert Southwell, 1695

Diplomatist. Elected F.R.S. 1663; President 1690-5. (See p. 201.)
After Sir Godfrey Kneller.

Sir Henry Spelman (1561-1641).

Historian and Antiquarian. Buried by express direction of Charles 1 in
Westminster Abbey.

By P. Moreelse.

250 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Presented by
William Spottiswoode, Pres.R.S. (1825-83). Subscribers, 1885

Mathematician and Physicist. Elected F.R.S. 1853 ; Treasurer 18/0 ; President
1878-83. (See p. 205.)
By the Hon. John Collier.

Sir George Gabriel Stokes, Bart., Pres.R.S. (1819-1903). Subscribers, 1891

Mathematician and Physicist. Discoverer in the theory of radiation. Elected
F.R.S. 1851 ; Secretary 1854-72 ; President 1885-90. (Seep. 205.)

By H. von Herkomer, R.A.

Johann Christoph Sturm (1635-1703). Theodore Haak, F.R.S., 1683

Professor of Mathematics at Altdorf 1669-1703. Author of works on the
physical sciences.

Attributed to Hey man Dullaert.

H.R.H. The Duke of Sussex, Pres.R.S. (1773-1843). The Duke of Sussex

Elected F.R.S. 1828; President 1830-8. (See p. 203.)
By Thomas Phillips, R.A.

Brook Taylor, LL.D., F.R.S (1685-1731). Sir W. Young, Bart., F.R.S.

Mathematician. His ' Methodus Incrementorum ' developed the method of
finite differences, and contained ' Taylor's Theorem ', fundamental in analysis.
Elected F.ll.S. 1712 ; Secretary 1714. Contributed many papers to the
' Philosophical Transactions '.

Painter unknown.

Vincenzio Viviam, F.R.S. (1622-1703). Dr. Wilson, 1883

Physicist and Mathematician. Pupil of Galileo and Torricelli. Constructed
the first barometer under the latter's supervision. Elected For.Mem.R.S. 1696.

By Piero Dandini.

Richard Waller, F.R.S. R. Waller, Esq., F.R.S., 1711

Elected F.R.S. 1681 ; Secretary 1687-1709 ; edited the ' Philosophical Trans-
actions ' 1691-5. Author of several physiological papers in the ' Transactions '.

By T. Murray after Sir Godfrey Kneller.

John Wallis, D.D., F.R.S. (1616-1703). Mr. Wallis, 1704

Mathematician, Scholar, Theologian. Savilian Professor of Geometry 1649.
His ' Arithmetica Infinitorum ' contained germs of the differential calculus.
Was one of the originators of the Royal Society, and contributed papers to the
'Transactions'. The Archives R.S. contain numbers of his letters on scientific
subjects.

By Gerard Soest.

251

Presented by
Sir William Watson, M.D., F.R.S. (1715-87). Sir W. Watson

Physician, Physicist, and Naturalist. Published botanical, electrical, and
medical papers, 1744-68. Elected F.R.S. 1741 ; Copley Medallist 1745. Con-
tributed sixty-one papers to the ' Philosophical Transactions '.

By Lemuel Abbot.

Sir Charles Wheatstone, F.R.S. (1802-75). Sir C. Wheatstone, 1876

Physicist. Professor of Experimental Physics, King's College, London, 1834.
Discoverer of the stereoscope and in the theory of vision ; celebrated for his
discoveries in electrical science, including improvements in telegraphy. Elected
F.R.S. 1836.

By C. Martin.

John Wilkins, D.D., F.R.S (1614-72).

Distinguished in mechanical science and in philology. Warden of Wadham
College, Oxford, 1648-59 ; Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, 1659 ; Bishop
of Chester 1668 ; active promoter of the meetings of philosophers which led
to the formation of the Royal Society ; nominated by Charles II one of the first
Council. Author of an ' Essay towards a real Character and a Philosophical
Language ' which was printed by the Society's order.

A copy after Mary Beale.

Sir Joseph Williamson, Pres.R.S. (1633-1701). Sir J. Williamson, 1684

Statesman arid Diplomatist. Elected F.R.S. 1663; President 1677-80.
(See p. 200.)

By Sir Godfrey Kneller.

William Hyde Wollaston, Pres.R.S. (1766-1828). Dr. Wollaston's family

Physiologist, Chemist, Mineralogist, and Physicist. Discovered the dark lines
in the spectrum. Elected F.R.S. 1793; Secretary 1804; President 1820.
(See p. 203.)

By J. Jackson, R.A.

Sir Christopher Wren, Pres.R.S. (1632-1723). S. Wren, Esq.

Architect and Man of Science. President 1680-82. (See p. 200.)
Attributed to Michael Wright.

Thomas Young, M.D., F.R.S. (1773-1829). Hudson Gurney, Esq., 1842

Mathematician, Physician, Physicist, and Egyptologist. Eminent over the
whole range of natural philosophy ; established the wave theory of light ; pioneer
in the theory of vision. Prof, of Nat. Phil, at Roy. lust. 1801-3. Physician
to St. George's Hospital 1811-29. Secretary of Board of Longitude 1818.
Elected F.R.S. 1794 ; For. Sec. 1804-29.

By H. P. Briggs, R.A., after Sir T. Lawrence.

252 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

OTHER PAINTINGS

Subject.

Description.

Painter, Engraver,
or Sculptor.

Donor.

Date
of gift.

1. Representing a Deputa-

Oil painting

E. Armitage, R.A.

J. P. Gassiot, Esq.,

1873

tion from the Council

F.R.S.

of the Royal Society

consisting of the Pre-

sident (Lord Wrottes-

\

ley), Mr. Grove, and
Mr. Gassiot to Mr.

Faraday to urge him

to accept the Presi-

dentship, May, 1857

2. Manor House, Wools-

Ditto

. . . .

Rev. C. Turnor,

thorpe, the birthplace

F.R.S.

of Sir Isaac Newton

3. Ditto, from another

Ditto

. . . .

Rev. C. Turnor,

point of view
4. Village Church, Wools-

Ditto

F.R.S.
Rev. C. Turnor,

thorpe

F.R.S.

*** Where the entries after a name are incomplete, particulars are wanting.

Subject.

Description.

Painter, Engraver,
or Sculptor.

Donor.

Date
of gift.

Banks, Sir Joseph,

Marble bust . .

Sir F. Chantrey,

Sir F. Chantrey,

1819

Bart., Pres.R.S.

R.A.

R.A.

Brodie, Sir Benjamin

Plaster bust . .

Original model of

Sir B. C. Brodie,

1867

C., Bart., Pres.R.S.

the bust by

Bart.

W. Behnes

Burney, Dr., F.R.S. ..

Plaster bust . .

Charles II, King, Foun-

Marble bust . .

J. Nollekens

Ordered by the

1779

der and Patron

Council R.S.

Cuvier, Georges

Bronze bust . .

P. J. David, Esq.

Darwin, Charles, F. R. S.

Bronze medal-

Allan Wyon

lion

Darwin, Charles, F.R.S.

Plaster medal-

Sir E. Boehm

Sir John Evans . .

1905

lion

Darwin, Erasmus,

Medallion, in

f m

J. Evans, Esq.,

F.R.S.

Wedgwood

Treas.R.S.

(

Wax medallion

J. Tayler

Davy, Sir Humphry. J

Bust in plaster,

Purchased by the

1899

Bart., Pres.R.S.

as restored by

Council R.S.

(

Miss Levick

Dollond, George,
F.R.S.

Marble bust . .

— Garland

A.W.Dolland,Esq.

1894

Dollond, John, F.R.S.

Marble bust . .

— Garland

G. Dolland, Esq.

1843

F.R.S.

Donkin, Bryan, F.R.S.
Euler, Leonard

Bust in plaster
Plaster medal-

••

Bryan Donkin, Esq.

1895

lion

LIST OF MEDALLIONS, ETC.

253

Subject.

Description.

Painter, Engraver,
or Sculptor.

Donor.

Date
of gift.

Evans, John, Treas.

Bronze medal-

John Evans. Esq.

1889

R.S.

lion

Fairbairn, Sir William,

Marble bust . .

P. Park

T. Fairbairn, Esq.

1862

F.R.S.

Falconer, Hugh, F.R.S.

Marble bust . .

T. Butler

A Memorial Com-

1866

mittee

Marble bust . .

M. Noble

H. Bence Jones,

1873

Faraday, Michael,

Esq., F.R.S.

F.R.S.

Plaster bust . .

J. H. Foley, R.A.

Purchased by the

1885

Council R.S.

Folkes, Martin, Pres.

Plaster bust . .

Earl Stanhope

1871

R.S.

Forbes, Edward,F.R.S.

Plaster bust . .

J. G. Lough

Miss Lough-Bishop

1889

Franklin, Benjamin,

Plaster bust . .

Earl Stanhope

1871

F.R.S.

George III, King,

Marble bust . .

J. Nollekens

Ordered by the

1773

Patron

Council R.S.

Gilbert Davies, Pres.

Marble bust . .

R. Westmacott,

The Baroness Basset

1844

R.S.

R.A.

Herschel, Sir William,

Medallion por-

J. Wedgwood, after

Sir J. D. Hooker,

1901

F.R.S.

trait

J. Flaxman

K.C.I.E., F.R.S.

Hey, William, F.R.S.

Plaster bust . .

(Chantrey executed

Rev. J. B. Reade,

1864

a marble bust

F.R.S.

from this plaster)

Hood, Thomas

Plaster bust . .

E. Davis

E. Davis, Esq. . .

1867

Hooker, Sir Joseph D.,

Medallion por-

F. Bowcher

Sir J. Evans, F.R.S.

1900

F.R.S.

trait in bronze

Hooker, Sir William,

Medallion por-

J. Wedgwood

Sir J. D. Hooker,

1899

F.R.S.

trait

K.C.I.E., F.R.S.

Horsley, Bishop, Sec.
R.S.

Miniature

W. S. Lethbridge

Purchased by the
Council R.S.

1893

Humboldt, F. H. Alex-

Bronze statuette

ander von, For.Mem.

R.S.

Huxley, Prof. Thomas

Medallion por-

F. Bowcher

Sir J.Evans, F.R.S.

1900

Henry, Pres. R.S.

trait in bronze

Joule, James Prescott,

Plaster bust . .

B. A. Joule, Esq. . .

1893

F.R.S.

Kelvin, Lord, F.R.S...

Medallion in en-

. .

W. H. Nichols, Pres.

1905

graved glass

Soc.Chem.Industr.

Laplace, Pierre Simon

Plaster bust . .

de, For.Mem.R.S.

Lyell, Sir Charles,

Marble bust . .

W. Theed, after

Leonard Lyell, Esq.

1878

F.R.S.

J. Gibson, R.A.

Mond, Dr. Ludwig,

Medallion por-

Sir A. Geikie,

1912

F.R.S.

trait in silver

President

Newton, Sir Isaac, 1
Pres. R.S. |

Marble bust . .
Plaster statuette
Plaster statuette

L. F. Roubiliac . .
W. Theed
H. J. Jones, after

J. Winter, Esq. . .

[1785*]

1858

L. F. Roubiliac's

statue at Trinity

College, Cam-

bridge

Oersted, Jens Christian,

Plaster bust . .

Bissen, of Copen-

Miss Harmer

1864

For.Mem.R.S.

hagen

Wax relief

— Hagbolt

Sir J. D. Hooker,

1890

Rennell, James Major,

F.R.S.

F.R.S.

Porcelain medal-

lion

Richardson, John, M.D.

Medallion por-

Sir J. D. Hooker,

—

trait in plaster

K.C.I.E., F.R.S.

254

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Subject.

Description.

Painter, Engraver,
or Sculptor.

Donor.

Date
of gift.

Ronalds, Sir Francis,

Plaster bust . .

E. Davis

S. Carter, Esq. . .

1871

F.R.S.

Ross, Capt. James

Medallion por-

Sir J. D. Hooker,

—

Clark, R.N.
Sabine, General Sir

trait in plaster
Marble bust . .

J. Durham

K.C.I.E., F.R.S.
J. P. Gassiot, Esq.,

1860

Edward, Pres.R.S.

F.R.S.

Sloane, Sir Hans, Pres.

Miniature

J. Fellows

Purchased

1895

R.S.

Smith, Adam, F.R.S.

Medallion por-

J. Wedgwood, after

R. H. Inglis Pal-

1901

trait

J. Tassie

grave,Esq.,F.R.S.

Smith, Henry John

Marble bust . .

J. E. Boehm, R.A.

A Committee of

1885

Stephen, F.R.S.

(a Replica)

Subscribers

Somerville, Mrs.

Marble bust . .

Sir F. Chantrey,

H.R.H.theDukeof

1849

R.A.

Sussex and other

subscribers

Spottiswoode, William,

Bust in marble

T. Woolner, R.A.

W. H. Spottis-

1894

Pres.R.S.

woode, Esq., and

C. Spottiswoode,

Esq.

Watt, James, F.R.S.

Marble bust . .

J. Hofferman, after

— Watt, Esq.

18A3

Sir F. Chantrey,

R.A.

Whitehurst, John,

Miniature,

W. H. Craft

A. R. Binnie, Esq.

1897

F.R.S.

enamelled on

copper

In addition to the paintings and sculptures, the Royal Society possesses
a large collection of engraved portraits arranged in portfolios ; and a number
of photographs of Fellows.

MEDALS1

Aberdeen. Marischal College.

Astronomy, seated, holds a celestial sphere. Rev. Inscription, PREMIUM MATHEMATI-

CUM GRAYANUM. 2-0. M.

Aldrovandi, Ulisse.

Medal struck in commemoration of the tercentenary of Aldrovandi of Bologna.
Bust of Aldrovandi. Rev. Inscription and date 1907. 2-60. JE.

Ampere, Andre Marie, For.Mem.R.S.

Bust of Ampere. Rev. Inscription spaced on the field. 2-0. JE.

1 A full description of each medal was given in the first and second editions of this
'Record', to which reference may be made by numismatists. Since these editions
appeared the collection has been increased by some fifty additional medals. The sizes of
the Medals described in this Catalogue are given in inches and decimals.

MEDALS 255

Amsterdam. Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen.

Medal founded by M. Hoeufft, 1837, a gold example of which is awarded annually
for a Latin poem. Poetry, holding in one hand a lyre, with the other places a laurel
wreath upon the head of a poet who holds a scroll on which is inscribed CERTAMINA
POETICA. Rev. Within a laurel wreath, ACADEMIA REGIA DISCIPIJNARVM NEDERLANPICA.
2-96. JR.

Baglivi, Giorgio, P\R.S.

Bust of Baglivi. Rev. A tripod encircled by a snake, between a mortar, retort and
other implements of medicine. 1-55. M.

Baly, William, F.R.S.

Bust of Baly. Rev. Representation of the facade of the Royal College of Physicians.
2-28. M.

Barker, Robert, F.R.S.

Head of Barker. Rev. Within an ornamental border, the head of Salus above, with
adjacent drapery, and that of JEsculapius below, with attributes. 2-15. M.

Barthelemy, Jean Jacques, For.Mem.R.S.

Head of Barthelemy. Rev. Inscription spaced on the field. l«6o JK.

Batavia. Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen.

Medal struck in celebration of the centenary of the Society, 1778-1878. Inscription
within a wreath of tropical flowers. Rev. A cocoa-nut tree (Cocos nucifera, Linn.)
with outlines of Java mountains behind. 2-89. JE.

Becquerel, Antoine Cesar, For.Mem.R.S.

Head of Becquerel. Rev. Inscription spaced on the field. 2-0. A:.

Beneden, Pierre J. van, For.Mem.R.S.

Arms of the University of Louvain with crest and supporters. Rev. Inscription
to Van Beneden spaced on the field. 1-98. JE.

Head of Van Beneden. Rev. Above, branches of laurel and

palm intertwined with scroll inscribed PAL^ONTOLOGIA . ANATOMIA . ZOOJ.OGIA and inscrip-
tion below. 2-18. JE.

Berthollet, Claude Louis, Comte, For.Mem.R.S.

Head of Berthollet. Rev. Inscription spaced on the field within wreatli of oak
leaves. 2-0. JE.

Berzelius, Jons Jakob, For.Mem.R.S.

Bust of Berzelius. Rev. Fame flying towards Night, who is seated, her left arm
rests on a sphinx, and near are emblems of the sciences. 2-22. M.

Bichat, Xavier. See Paris, Societe Medicale d'Emulation.
Bigsby, John Jeremiah, F.R.S. See London, Geological Society.
Black, Joseph. See Glasgow, University.

256 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Brahe, Tycho.

Bust of Brahe ; round the neck a chain, to which a medallion portrait is attached.
Rev. Inscription spaced on the field. 1-64. JR.

Brodie, Sir Benjamin Collins, F.R.S.

Head of Brodie. Rev. A female figure personifying Science. 2-85. JR.

Brunei, Sir Marc Isambard, F.R.S.

Head of Brunei. Rev. A representation of the Thames Tunnel. 1-70. Metal.

Brussels. Academie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres.

Medal celebrating the 100th anniversary of the foundation of the Academy by the
Empress Maria Theresa. Bust of Maria Theresa. Rev. Inscription spaced on the
field. 2-0. JR.

Buchanan, Sir George, F.R.S. See London, Royal Society.

Buffbn, Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de, For.Mem.R.S.

Bust ofBuffon. Rev. Inscription spaced on the field within wreath of oak leaves.
2-0. x.

— Another without wreath. 1-60. JR.

Canning, George, F.R.S.

Head of Canning. Rev. Clio with scroll bearing legend, TO GREAT MEN. 2«46. JR.

Cannizzaro, Stanislao, For.Mem.R.S.

Bust of Cannizzaro. Rev. An olive branch partly encircling the field on which is
an inscription commemorative of Cannizzaro's 70th birthday, 13 July, 1896. 2-2. JR.

Cassini, Jean Dominique, For.Mem.R.S.

Bust of Cassini. Rev. Inscription spaced on field. 1-60. x..

Challenger Medal.

Bust of Athena, with owl, and behind, the terrestrial globe. In the field a dolphin,
and Neptune with trident and dredge. Below, two mermaids support a scroll on which
is inscribed VOYAGE OF H-M-S- CHALLENGER 1873-76. Rev. The genius of the ' Challenger '
Expedition represented by a Knight in armour, who throws down his gauntlet to the
sea. Cast. 2-87. JR.

This medal was founded to commemorate the work connected with the ' Challenger '
Expedition. It was presented by Dr. John Murray, F.R.S., to the naval officers and
members of the civilian staff of the Expedition, to contributors of memoirs, and to
other persons who took part in the promotion of the Expedition, or the publication of
the scientific results.

Chaptal, Jean Antoine, Comte de Chanteloup, For.Mem.R.S.
Bust of Chaptal. Rev. Inscription spaced on field. 2-10. JR.

Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of, F.R.S.

Bust of the Earl. Rev. Within an ornamental border, COMES DE CHESTERFIELD .
MDCCXLIH. 2-15. JR.

19O7

MEDALS 257

Chevreul, Michel Eugene, For.Mem.R.S. Centenary Medal.

. Bust of Chevreul (O. Roty). Rev. A young girl offers Chevreul, who is seated, pen in
hand, a laurel wreath. Inscription, LA JEUNESSE FRANCAISE AU DOYEN DBS ETUDIANTS.
2-70. x.

Christiana. K. Norske Frederiks Universitet.

Inscription within a laurel wreath. Rev. Mercury seated, wearing Phrygian cap,
offers drink to a lion out of a patera. 1-67. GILT.

K. Norske Frederiks Universitet.

Medal founded 1872, on the occasion of the celebration of the union of Norway as one
Kingdom one thousand years prior. A female figure representing Norway. Rev.
Inscription within an olive wreath. 2-08. JE.

K. Norske Frederiks Universitet.

Medal founded 1873, on the occasion of the crowning of King Oscar II. Busts
conjoined of Oscar II of Sweden and Norway, and Sophia his Queen, both crowned.
Rev. Clio, seated, holding a scroll and pen. 1-68. &.

K. Norske Frederiks Universitet.

Busts conjoined of Charles XV of Sweden and Norway, and Louisa his Queen, both
crowned. Rev. The goddess Athena reading a scroll. 1-68. JE.

Clarke, Rev. William Branwhite, F.R.S. See Sydney, Royal Society of New
South Wales.

Combe, Taylor, F.R.S.

Head of Combe. Rev. Within a laurel wreath an inscription. 1-78. JR.
Combe was Secretary of the Royal Society 1812-24.

Conduit, John, F.R.S.

Bust of Conduit. Rev. Truth introduces Conduit to Hampden and to Newton.
2-26. JE.

Conduit succeeded Sir Isaac Newton, who was his uncle by marriage, as Master of the
Mint.

Cook, James, F.R.S.

Bust of Capt. Cook. Rev. A female clad in draperies, representing Navigation,
holding a rudder. 1-7. &..

Memorial medal to Capt. Cook, instituted by the Royal Society in 1780, assisted by
the voluntary subscriptions of the Fellows. The medal, designed by Lewis Pingo, was
struck in gold, silver, and bronze.

Copenhagen. Universitet.

Medal struck in celebration of the 400th anniversary. Busts conjoined of Christian I
(founder) and Christian IX. Rev. Denmark, seated, clasps the extended hand of
the goddess Athena. 1-86. ^E.

Copernicus, Nicholas.

Bust of Copernicus. Rev. Inscription spaced on the face. M.DCCC.XVIII. 1«6. M,

Copley Medal. See London, Royal Society.

S

258 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Cuvier, Georges, Baron, For.Mem.R.S.

Head of Cuvier. Rev. Inscription spaced on field within wreath of oak leaves.
2-0. JE.

Czuczor, Gergely, and Janos Fogarasi.

Busts conjoined. Rev. Inscription. MDCCCLXXIV. 1-68. GILT.
This medal was struck in commemoration of the completion of their great dictionary
of the Hungarian language.

Dalton, John, F.R.S. See Manchester. Literary and Philosophical Society.

Darwin, Charles Robert, F.R.S.

Medallic Portrait. Cast. Bust of Darwin, CHARLES DARWIN 1881. Rev. plain. 4-5. JE.

Darwin Medal. See London, Royal Society.
Davy Medal. See London, Royal Society.

Descartes, Rene.

Bust of Descartes. Rev. Inscription spaced on the field. 1819. 1«6. M.

Doncaster. Horticultural Society.

Bust of Linnaeus. 1835. Rev. Within a wreath of flowers, the arms and crest of
Doncaster. 2-1. M.

Donders, Franz Cornells, For.Mem.R.S.

Struck in honour of his Jubilee, celebrated at Utrecht in 1888. Head of Donders.
Rev. Inscription within an olive wreath. 2-6. M.

Dumas, Jean Baptiste Andre, For.Mem.R.S.

Head of Dumas. Rev. Inscription spaced on field. 240. JE.

Edinburgh. Royal Society.

The Keith Prize Medal. Bust of John Napier of Merchiston (the inventor of
logarithms). Rev. Inscription within a laurel wreath. 1-75. IE.

Edward VII, King. Patron, 1901.

Medal commemorative of the coronation of King Edward VII, 1902. 2-0. JE.

Evans, John, F.R.S. See London, Numismatic Society.
Fogarasi, J. See Czuczor and Fogarasi.

Folkes, Martin, P.R.S.

Bust of Folkes. Rev. Within an ornamental compartment, SOCIETATIS REGALJS

LONDINI SODAIJS . M.DCC.XL. 2-15. JE.

Folkes was President of the Royal Society for eleven years, having been elected
in 1741.

Fontenelle, Bernard le Bouyer de, F.R.S.

Bust of Fontenelle. Rev. Inscription spaced on field. 1-60. M.

MEDALS 259

Fordyce, George, F.R.S., and John Hunter, F.R.S.

Heads of Fordyce and Hunter, jugate. Rev. A serpent erect casting its
slough. 1-7. m.

Franklin, Benjamin, F.R.S.

Bust of Franklin. Rev. plain. 1-40. JE.

Bust of Franklin, and inscription PRINTER . PHILOSOPHER .

SCIENTIST . STATESMAN . DIPLOMATIST. Rev. History, laureate, records Franklin's achieve-
ments on a panel ; before her, figures personifying Literature, Science, Philosophy.

Struck by the Congress of the United States to commemorate the 200th anniversary
(1906) of the birth of Franklin. 4-0. JE.

Freind, John, F.R.S.

Bust of Freind. Rev. An ancient and a modern physician meeting and grasping right
hands. 2-26. x.

Galilei, Galileo.

Bust of Galileo. Rev. Inscription spaced on the field. 1-6. JE.
Gauss, Carl Friedrich, For.Mem.R.S.

Bust of Gauss. Rev. Inscription within an ivy wreath and another around. 2-75. •«.

Another copy. 2-75. JE.
Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis, For.Mem.R.S.

Head of Gay-Lussac. Rev. Inscription spaced on field within wreath of oak leaves.
2-0. JE.

George V, King. Patron.

Medal commemorative of the coronation of King George V, 1911. 2-0. JE.

Glasgow. University.

Bust of Joseph Black. Rev. Inscription spaced on field. 2-76. JE.
A medical class medal of the University of Glasgow, where the great chemist was
a professor.

Gray, John Edward, F.R.S., and Maria E. Gray.

Busts conjoined of Gray and Mrs. Gray. Rev. Inscription within an olive wreath
(two copies). 2-26. JE.

Haidinger, Wilhelm, For.Mem.R.S.

Head of Haidinger. Rev. In relief, the Eastern hemisphere, around which are the
signs of the zodiac. MDCCCVI. 2-52. JE.

Halley, Edmund, F.R.S.

Bust of Halley. Rev. Within an ornamental border, ASTRONOMUS REGIS MAGKJE

BRITANNIA. MDCCXLIV. 2-15. JE.

Halley was Secretary of the Royal Society, 1713-21.

Hamilton, Sir William, F.R.S.

Bust of Hamilton. Rev. The representation of a Greek vase in relief. Cast. 4-25. x..

Hansteen, Christopher, For.Mem.R:S.

Bust of Hansteen. Rev. Inscription within a wreath of oak and olive, and another
around. 1-5. JE.

s 2

260 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Heidelberg. Universitat.

Medal in celebration of the 500th anniversary of the University. Bust of Frederick
of Baden, Protector of the University. Rev. The Genius of Heidelberg : oval panels,
bearing the bust of the Elector Rupert, founder of the University, 1356 ; and that of the
Elector Charles Frederick, who reconstituted the same in 1803. In the distance, in low
relief, the Castle of Heidelberg. MDCCCLXXXVI. 2-9. s..

Hermite, Charles, For.Mem.R.S.

Bust of Hermite. Rev. Inscription spaced on the field, partly encircled by a myrtle
branch, the stem tied with ribbon. 24 . DECEMBRE . 1892. — SOUSCRIPTION INTER-
NATIONALE. 2-38 x 1-75. JE.

Hirn, Gustav Adolph.

Medal, rectangular, struck in 1890, as a tribute of admiration for M. Hirn and his
labours. Bust of Hirn. Rev. Science, seated, watches the flames of a fire burning
upon an antique and raised altar, symbolical of thermodynamics. A balance recalls
the applications of M. Hirn's researches on vapour. Behind rise branches of laurel,
among which the inscription SCIENTIA. 2-42 x 1-8. JE.

M. Hirn died Jan. 14, 1890, just before the issue of this medal.

Howard, John, F.R.S. See London, Statistical Society.
Hughes, David Edward, F.R.S. See London, Royal Society.

Hume, Joseph, F.R.S.

Bust of Hume. Rev. A wreath of oak leaves with inscription below. 1-52. JE.

Hunter, John, F.R.S. See Fordyce, George.

Bust of Hunter. Rev. Within a laurel wreath, the armorial

bearings of Yorkshire College, Leeds, with inscription below. 2-2. x.

Hunter, William, F.R.S.

Bust of Hunter. Rev. Inscription spaced on the field. 2-76. .as.

Huxley, Thomas Henry, F.R.S. See London, Royal College of Science.

International Association of Academies.

Rectangular medal struck by the French Government to commemorate the first
meeting of the International Association of Academies, at Paris, 1901, M. le Prof. J. G.
Darboux presiding. Rev. The Genius of Science, laureate, addresses a band of female
students seated before her. 3-10 x 2-25. JE.

Janssen, Pierre J. C., For.Mem.R.S., and J. Norman Lockyer, F.R.S.

Commemorative medal. Heads of Janssen and Lockyer, jugate. Rev. Apollo
driving his chariot through the heavens. Inscribed around, ANALYSE DBS PROTUBERANCES

SOLAIHES . 18 AOUT 1868. 2-75. JE.

Jussieu, Bernard de, For.Mem.R.S.

Bust of de Jussieu. Rev. Inscription spaced on field. 1-60. &.

Keith Medal. See Edinburgh, Royal Society.

MEDALS 261

Lord Kelvin (Sir William Thomson).

Medallic Portrait in bas-relief. Cast. Bust of Lord Kelvin. 4J in. M.

Koerner, Wilhelm.

Bust of Koerner. Struck (1910) in commemoration of his 70th anniversary. 2-20. *:.

Lawrence, Sir William, Bart, F.R.S.

Head of Lawrence. NAT : 1783 OB : 1867. Rev- Within an olive wreath, a shield
bearing the arms of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, with inscription within a border.
1-52. JE.

Lee, John, F.R.S. See London, Numismatic Society.

Linnaeus, Carolus.

Bust of Linnaeus. Rev. Cybele standing, murally crowned, with lion crouching by
her side. 2*1. &.

Lord Lister (Sir Joseph Lister).

Medallic Portrait in bas-relief. Cast. Bust of Lord Lister. 4* in. JE.

Locke, John, F.R.S.

Bust of Locke. Rev. Justice and Liberty seated side by side on a sarcophagus, at
their feet a winged infant with open book and playthings. 1-65. &.

Bust of Locke. Rev. Inscription spaced on the field. 2-1. JR.

Lockyer, J. Norman, F.R.S. See Janssen, Pierre J. C.

London. Medal struck to commemorate the visit of H.M. Queen Victoria to
the Corporation of London, Nov. 9, 1837.

Bust of Queen Victoria. Rev. A representation of the frontage of the Guildhall,
with the Royal Standard floating above. 2-16. M.

British Association. See Montreal, McGill University.

City and Guilds of London Institute.
Siemens Medal. Head of Siemens. Rev. Inscription within an ivy wreath. 2-02. M.

Geological Society.

Bigsby Medal. Head of Bigsby. Rev. In the centre, a representation of a species of
echinoderm with inscription around. Beyond, within a border, AWARDED BY THE

GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OP LONDON FOB WORK OF GREAT MERIT. 1'78. M.

A gold example of this medal is awarded biennially by the Geological Society. The
Royal Society possesses another specimen of nearly similar design but larger type ; it
was struck in bronze, and subsequently discarded for the smaller size in gold.

Geological Society.

Bigsby Medal. See note above. 2-52. M.

Geological Society.

Prestwich Medal. Bust of Prestwich. Rev. A representation of a specice of
arachnid. Struck in gold and awarded triennially. 2*25. JE.

262 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Ixmdon. Geological Society.

Wollaston Medal. Bust of Wollaston. Rev. Within branches of palm and laurel,

THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

The example is that awarded to Dr. Hugh Falconer, F.R.S. 1-75. jv.

King's College.

Siemens Medal. Head of Siemens. Rev. The arms, crest, and supporters of King's
College, London. 1-7. -ffl.

King's College.

Todd Medal. Bust of Todd. Rev. The arms, crest, and supporters of King's
College, London. 3-0. JE.

Numismatic Society.

Bust of John Lee, F.R.S. (first President). Rev. Inscription spaced on the
field. 1-75. JE.

Numismatic Society.

Jubilee Medal, 1887. Bust of John Evans, F.R.S. Rev. Inscription within an
olive wreath, and around. 2-26. JR. (Another copy in bronze.)

Royal Astronomical Society.

Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society. Bust of Newton. Rev. Herschel's
telescope. 1-9. M.

This medal was ordered to be struck when the Society received its Royal Charter of
Incorporation in 1831, it replacing an earlier type, The first impression was issued in
1834. It is struck in gold, and awarded annually or otherwise, as the Council
determines.

— Royal College of Science.

Bust of Huxley. Rev. A draped female representing the Progress of Science.
Behind an altar and a tree ; in the background the facade of the Royal Collegeof Science.-
2-5. JR.

Memorial medal awarded by the Royal College of Science.

The Society also possesses a silvered electrotype of the obverse, and a cast in bronze,-
replicas of the original model.

Royal Exchange.

Medal struck to commemorate the laying of the first stone of the Royal Exchange.
Bust of Queen Victoria [Patron]. Rev. Inscription spaced on the field, (17 JANUARY
1842). 1-78. M.

— Royal Society.

Buchanan Medal. Head of Sir George Buchanan, F.R.S. Rev, Hygeia, daughter
of Aesculapius, and goddess of health, attended by a maiden. Behind, a flying figure"
carrying a scythe representing the angel of death. Below, the prone figure of a
man. 2-12. m. (For an account of this medal see pp. 175, 216.)

MEDALS 263

•

London. Royal Society.

Copley Medal. Athena, seated amidst emblems of her own attributes, and of the
arts and sciences, holds out in the right hand a wreath ; in her left arm is the Ephesian
Artemis ; on her breast the head of Medusa ; near her the armorial shield of Sir
Godfrey Copley, F.R.S. Rev. The armorial shield of the Royal Society, with crest
and supporters. 1-7. x.

On the obverse of this specimen is inscribed, in the exergue, CAROLO LYELL, KQ : 1868.
(For an account of this medal see pp. 174, 210.)

Royal Society.
Copley Medal. Another copy, but without exergual inscription. 1-7. JR.

Royal Society.

Darwin Medal. Bust of Darwin. Rev. Within a wreath, composed of the leaves
and flowers of plants identified with Darwin's researches, the inscription CAROLVS
DARWIN between the dates MDCCCIX and MDCCCLXXXII. 2-25. x. (For an account of
this medal see pp. 177, 215,)

Royal Society.

Davy Medal. Bust of Sir Humphry Davy, F.R.S. Rev. Inscription spaced on the
field. 2-98. M. (For an account of the Davy Medal see pp. 177, 215.)

Royal Society.

Davy Medal. Anothef copy, inscribed ROBERT WILHELM BUNSEN : GUSTAV ROBERT
KIRCHHOFF. Dated 1877. 2-98. x.

Royal Society.

Hughes Medal. Head of David Edward Hughes, F.R.S. Rev. An eagle flying
through space. 2-25. x. (For an account of this medal see pp. 181, 216.)

Royal Society.

Royal Medal. Bust of Queen Victoria. VICTORIA REGINA soc : REG : LOND :
PATRONA . MDCCCXXXVIII. Rev. A representation of the statue of Sir Isaac Newton, by
Roubiliac, in the Chapel of Trinity College, Cambridge, with on either side devices
illustrative of Newton's discoveries. 2-86. .*.

(For an account of these medals see pp. 186, 193, 213.)

Royal Society.

Rumford Medal. A tripod, surmounted by a flame, with inscription around,
NOSCERE QU.*: vis ET CAUSSA. Rev. Inscription within an ornamental border of leaves.
3-4. M. (For an account of this medal see pp. 183, 212.)

This type was discontinued by order of the Council, Jan. 15, 1863, and on the
recommendation of the Master of the Mint. See description below of medal now-
awarded.

Royal Society.

Rumford Medal. Head of Rumford. Rev. Inscription within a wreath of oak and
laurel leaves bound with ribbons. 3«4. x.

• f

Royal Society.

Rumford Medal. Another copy. 3-4. x..

264

London. Royal Society.

Sylvester Medal. Bust of Sylvester. Rev, Inscription within a laurel wreath, tied
below with rihbon. 3-0. JE. (For an account of this medal see pp. 185, 216.)

St. Thomas's Hospital.

Solly Medal. Head of Solly. Rev. Inscription around, and inside on the field.
2-76. JE.

Statistical Society.

Howard Medal. Bust of Howard. Rev. A sheaf of corn, erect, with inscription
around, and within a border. 3-0. JE.

Malpighi, Marcello, For.Mem.R.S.

Bust of Malpighi. Rev. Within a wreath of oak and laurel, tied below with ribbon,

IT FAMA PER OBBEM. 1-86. JE.

Commemorative medal struck in 1897 in connexion with the Malpighi Festival at
Crevalcore, Italy, the birthplace of the distinguished seventeenth-century naturalist,
Marcello Malpighi. The bust is modelled from a medallic portrait executed by Ferdinand
of St. Urbino in 1691.

Manchester. Literary and Philosophical Society.

Dalton Medal, founded in 1864. Head of John Dalton. Rev. Within a laurel
wreath a sphinx, upon a base and below are three circles, arranged triangle-wise.
2-3. JE.

Literary and Philosophical Society.

Wilde Medal, founded in 1895, by Henry Wilde, F.R.S. Bust of Athena, with
attributes. Rev. Inscription within a laurel wreath, spaced on the field. 2-0. JR.

Marlborough, Charles Spencer, Duke of, F.R.S.

Bust of the Duke. Rev. Inscription, DUX DE MARLBOROUGH. M.DCC.XLII.
2-16. JE.

Martius, Carl Friedrich Philipp von, For.Mem.R.S.

Bust of Martius. Rev. Inscription within a border, spaced on the face. 1-9. M.

Milne-Edwards, Henri, For.Mem.R.S.

Bust of Milne-Edwards. Rev. Inscription spaced on the field. 2-65. JE.

Modena. Societa Italiana delle Scienze.

Medal in celebration of the centenary of the Society. An eagle upon her nest, with
wings expanded, the rayed sun above. Rev. Inscription within a circle. 2-22. JE.

Moivre, Abraham de, F.R.S.

Bust of De Moivre. Rev. Inscription within an ornamental border. 2-15. JR.

Montreal. McGill University.

Head of Sir Isaac Newton. Rev. Above, the arms, crest, and motto of the Molson
family. Inscription within an olive wreath, and around. 1-78. JE.

MEDALS 265

Montreal. McGill University.

Head of Watt. Rev. A wreath of maple and rose leaves, with thistles and roses.
Inscribed around, IN MEMORY OP THE MEETING OF THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION AT MONTREAL
1884. 1-78. JE.

Muratori, Ludovico Antonio, For.Mem.R.S.

Bust of Muratori. Rev. Inscription within a laurel wreath, MDCC-CLXXIK 2-16. JE.

Newton, Sir Isaac, P.R.S.

Bust of Newton. Rev. Science, with wings on her head, seated, leans upon a table,
and holds a diagram of the solar system. M.DCC.XXVI. 2-04. JR.

Bust of Newton. Rev. A representation of Newton's monu-
ment in Westminster Abbey ; on the base, NAT . 1642 . M . 1726. 1-68. JE.

• Bust of Newton. Rev. A wreath of flowers enclosing an

inscription. 1*32. JE.

Bust of Newton. Rev. A device of a caduceus, with cornu-
copiae and laurel branch. Inscription, HALFPENNY. 1793. 1-12. JE.

Another copy. Same as preceding, but smaller, and rev.
without caduceus ; the inscription, FARTHING. 1793. 0-88. JE.

Bust of Newton. Rev. Inscription spaced on the field.

1-63. JE.

Nordenskiold, Adolphus Ericus, Baron.

Bust of Nordenskiold. Rev. The Genius of Science, laureate, holding aloft a lamp
illuminating the north polar region of a globe beneath.

This medal was struck by the Societe' des Sciences de Finlande in honour of Baron
Nordenskiold. 2-21. JE.

Papin, Denis, F.R.S.

Bust of Papin. Rev. Inscription spaced on field within wreath of oak leaves. 2-0. JE.

Paris. Societe d'Encouragement pour Plndustrie Nationale.

Head of Lavoisier. Rev. Inscription in centre, spaced on the field and encircled by
a laurel wreath. 2-0. a.

The example was awarded to Walter Weldon, F.R.S. , in 1877.

Societe Medicale d'Emulation de Paris.

Head of Bichat. Rev. The upright staff of Aesculapius with entwined serpent.
M.DCCC.VII. Medalet. JE.

Parkes, Edmund Alexander, F.R.S.

, Head of Parkes, B . 1819— D . 1876. Rev. Within a laurel wreath, PARKBS

MEMORIAL MEDAL. 2*2. JE.

Philadelphia. Numismatic and Antiquarian Society.

Medal struck to commemorate the 21st anniversary of the foundation of the Society.
Bust of Eli K. Price. Rev. The arms, crest, and motto of the Society and inscription
within a border. 1-66. JE.

266 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Presl, Johann Svatopluk, and Karl Bofivoj Presl.

Busts, opposite each other, of K. B. Presl and J. S. Presl. Rev. A branching tree
ferii with inscription around. 3-4. .at.

Prestwich, Joseph, F.R.S. See London, Geological Society.

Princeton. University.

Medal struck in celebration of the 150th anniversary of the university. Obv. The
facade of the university in low relief, and conventional treatment ; trees in the
foreground. Below, AVLA NASSOVICA MDCCCXCVI. Rev. Inscription spaced on the field.
3-0. x.

Pulteney, William, Earl of Bath.

Bust of Pulteney. Rev. Within a wreath of oak, COMES DE BATH . MDCCXLIV.
2-15. JB.

Purkyne, Johann E., For.Mem.R.S.

Bust. Rev. Dedicatory inscription to Purkyne, 1868. 1-74. M.

Quetelet, Lambert Adolphe Jacques, For.Mem.R.S.

Head of Quetelet. Rev. Inscription spaced on the field, MDCCCLX. 1«75. JR.

Rotterdam. Bataafsch Genootschap der Proefondervindelijke Wijsbegeerte.
Medal struck in celebration of the Batavian Society's centenary, 1769-1869. 1-59. JE.

Rumford Medal. See London, Royal Society.

San Francisco. Astronomical Society of the Pacific.

Comet Medal, founded in 1890. Across field a comet, in relief, and scattered stars.
Rev. Inscription spaced on the field. 2-37. JR.

Schemnitz. Konigl. Ungarische Berg- und Forst-Akademie.

Medal in celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Academy, 1770-1870. Bust of
Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary. Rev. Knowledge, laureate, seated, holding lamp
and book : mountains and town in distance. The arms of Schemnitz. 2-74. M.

Siemens, Sir Charles William, F.R.S. See London, City and Guilds Institute,
and King's College.

Sloane, Sir Hans, Bart., P.R.S.

Bust of Sir Hans Sloane. Rev. Inscription, PRXSES SOCIETATIS REGI.S LONDINENSIS.
MDCCXLIV. 2-15. JR. Another copy. 2-15. JE.

Soane, Sir John, F.R.S.

Bust of Soane. Rev. A representation of the elevation of the north-west angle of
the Bank of England, with an inscription. 2-26. JE.

Solly, Samuel, F.R.S. See London, St. Thomas's Hospital.

Stas, Jean Servais, For.Mem.R.S.

Head of Stas. Rev. Inscription spaced on the field. 2-02. A\.

MEDALS 267

Stokes, Sir George Gabriel, Bart., F.R.S.

Bust of Stokes. Rev. Inscription spaced on the field, within a wreath of myrtle, tied
below with ribbon.

Struck in commemoration of the jubilee of Sir G. G. Stokes as Lucasian Professor
of Mathematics in the University of Cambridge. 2-5. JE.

Stukeley, William, F.R.S.

Head of Stukeley, with wreath of oak leaves. Rev. Representation of Stonehenge.
Cast. 3-32. JE.

Sydney. Royal Society of New South Wales.

Bust of Rev. William Branwhite Clarke, F.R.S. Rev. Within a wreath, composed
of the palms and flowering plants of Australia, FOR RESEARCHES IN NATURAL SCIENCE.
2-18. JR.

Sylvester, James Joseph, F.R.S.

Bust. Rev. Within a wreath of oak leaves, a Latin inscription recording his tenure
of a professorship in Johns Hopkins University for seven years from 1876 to 1883. 2-52. JE.

See London, Royal Society.

Thiersch, Friedrich von.

Bust of Thiersch, born June 14, 1784, died February 25, 1855. Rev. Inscription
within an ornamental border. 1-89. JE.

Thomsen, Julius, For.Mem.R.S.

Bust of Thomsen (Professor of Chemistry in the University of Copenhagen), 1826-96.
2-28. JE.

Tiedemann, Friedrich, For.Mem.R.S.

Bust of Tiedemann. Rev. A star-fish, with inscription. 1-76. JE.

Todd, Robert Bentley, F.R.S. See London, King's College.

Upsala. Universitet.

Medal struck in celebration of the 400th anniversary of the University. Head of
Oscar II of Sweden and Norway. Rev. The Genius of Upsala, laureate, seated, holding
aloft the lamp of knowledge. On the left of the figure emblems of the arts ; above,
the pole star casts its rays. In the field a flying bat. Inscription, EX TENEBRIS

PER UMBRAS AD I.I i KM . 2-22. JE.

Virchow, Rudolf, For.Mem.R.S.

Medallion cast in honour of Prof. Virchow on the occasion of his 70th birthday.
Bust of Virchow. Rev. Anatomy seated, and Science winged. Cast. 7x7. JE.

Voltaire, Marie Fra^ois A. de, For.Mem.R.S.

Head of Voltaire. Rev. Inscription spaced on field, within wreath of oak leaves.
2-0. JE.

Wales, Frederick, Prince of, F.R.S.

Bust of the Prince. Rev. Two genii, among clouds, supporting the Prince's
coronet, with plumes and motto. 2-15. JE.

268 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Watt, James, F.R.S.

Bust of Watt, 1736-1819. Rev. Representation of a steam engine, with sun and

planet motion, and inscription below, STEAM ENGINE AS CONSTRUCTED BY JAMES WATT.

1-86. M.
Head of Watt. On truncation, A. j. STOTHARD. ; below, F. L.

CHANTBEY. R.A. D. Rev. Clio, in almost upright position, leaning against low pillar, on

which rests her left hand, with scroll, bearing legend, TO GREAT MEN ; in right hand

a pen. 2-46. M.

See also Montreal, McGill University.

Whitworth, Sir Joseph, Bart., F.R.S.

Bust of Whitworth. Rev. A representation of Whitworth's measuring machine.
Inscription above. 2-26. M.

Wisconsin. University.

Medal (rectangular) struck in celebration of the 50th anniversary of the University.
View, in low relief, of the University. Rev. A youth, bearing a torch. Legend, NVMEN
LVMEN. 2»45. x 1*85. M.

Wollaston, William Hyde, F.R.S. See London, Geological Society.

Wray, Daniel, F.R.S.

Bust of Wray. Rev. Inscription, NIL ACTVM REPVTANS CVM QVID SVPERESSET AGENDVM.
2-7. JE.

Wren, Sir Christopher, P.R.S.

Bust of Wren. Rev. The West front of St. Paul's Cathedral. 3-92. M.

Wurtz, Charles Adolphe, For.Mem.R.S.

Bust of Wurtz. Rev. A winged figure holding a palm branch ; at foot, chemical
apparatus. 2-74. &..

CHAPTER IX
THE COMMITTEES OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

FROM the beginning of its history the Royal Society has found it necessary
to carry on its scientific work by means of Committees of its members. To
each of these Committees some special branch of the work is entrusted and
they report the result of their deliberations and inquiries to the President and
Council, who consider their reports and where necessary decide on the course of
action to be followed. Reference was made in Chapter I of this volume to
some of the Committees that were organized in the early years of the Society's
existence (see in particular pp. 35, 36). It may be of interest to put on record
in this place some account of the various Committees which are now in opera-
tion, as an indication of the wide range of scientific investigation and official
duty which comes within the scope of the Society's activity and the manner in
which its organization is dealt with.

Some of the Committees are entrusted with the supervision of matters which
are continually in progress from year to year ; others are appointed for tem-
porary purposes. There is thus a convenient subdivision of them into Standing
and Occasional Committees. But in all cases they are only appointed for one
year, being reappointed by each new Council, which decides whether to continue
or change the composition of their membership. In some cases a Committee,
at first appointed only for a temporary purpose, may by the continuance of
the inquiries with which it was entrusted, be prolonged for an indefinite
period.

SECTIONAL COMMITTEES.

These form an important group of the Standing Committees. They act as
referees and advisers to the President and Council in the several departments
of Natural Knowledge. To them are referred questions relating to the
acceptance or publication of papers in the ' Transactions ' or * Proceedings \ to
the selection of Croonian and Bakerian Lecturers, and to other matters in regard
to which their opinions are of authority. They consist entirely of Fellows of
the Society and are chosen with a view to secure, so far as is possible, a repre-
sentation of each branch of science, and to obtain the assistance of Fellows
who, from their connexion with other societies, or otherwise, are specially
qualified to advise the Council in respect to particular subjects. They are at
present six in number, and their titles and scope of subjects are as follows :

1. Mathematics Committee for Mathematics, Mathematical Physics, Crystal-

270 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

lography, and Mathematical Astronomy : consists of six members, of whom
two retire each year, three forming a quorum.

2. Physics and Chemistry Committee for Experimental Physics, Observa-
tional Astronomy, Meteorology, Chemistry, and Metallurgy : consists of twelve
members, of whom four retire each year, five being a quorum.

3. Geology Committee for Geology, Palaeontology, Mineralogy, and
Geography : consists of nine members, of whom three retire each year, and four
are a quorum.

4. Botany Committee for Botany : consists of nine members, of whom three
retire each year, with four as a quorum.

5. Zoology Committee for Zoology and Comparative Anatomy : consists of
nine members, of whom three retire each year, and four make a quorum.

6. Physiology Committee for Animal Physiology and Medical Subjects:
consists of twelve members, of whom four retire annually, and five are
a quorum.

Each of these Committees is presided over by a Chairman who is each year
appointed by the Council, and is the channel of communication between the
Committee and the Council or Officers. The retirement of the members of the
Committees is determined by seniority and takes place automatically on the
31st December of each year.

OTHER STANDING AND OCCASIONAL COMMITTEES.

Antarctic Meteorological Observations Committee. This Committee was
appointed in connexion with the National Antarctic Expedition of 1900-1904
with the view of assisting the observers of that expedition in the preparation
and publication of their results. It has been continued as the publication is
still incomplete, but the whole will it is expected be issued this summer
(1912).

Catalogue of Scientific Papers Committee appointed to supervise the execu-
tion and completion of the Society's Catalogue of the scientific papers published
during the nineteenth century, of which an account is given in Chapter X.

'•Challenger'1 Reports Committee. A small Committee consisting of
naturalists who are consulted by correspondence as to whether and how far
applications from institutions and individuals at home, in the colonies, and
abroad for copies of the various volumes of the results of the * Challenger '
expedition should be complied with.

Finance Committee, of which the Treasurer is Chairman, is appointed for
the purpose of consulting generally as to the investments and expenditure of
the Society and advising the Council thereon.

Gassiot Committee was originally appointed for the purpose of supervising
the work of the Kew Observatory. It now considers the work of the meteoro-
logical and magnetic observatories with which the Royal Society is connected,
and administers the Gassiot and other Trust Funds which are applicable

COMMITTEES OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY 271

to their maintenance. The history and present constitution of this Committee
will be found stated on p. 179.

Glass-workers' Cataract Committee was appointed at the request of the
Home Office to investigate the disease of the eyes known as * Glass-workers1
Cataract ', with the view of ascertaining its nature and cause and discovering
if possible some means of prevention or cure. The researches of this Committee
are still in progress.

Indian Government Advisory Committee. This Committee was appointed in
1899, at the request of the Secretary of State for India, to advise the Govern-
ment of India on matters connected with scientific inquiry in that empire ;
and, by further request from the Secretary of State in October 1902, it was
continued as a Standing Committee. The annual reports and programmes
of work of the Board of Scientific Advice in India are submitted to this
Committee, and its opinion is invited by the Secretary of State on matters
which arise therefrom.

International Association of Academies Committee was instituted for the pur-
pose of co-operating with the academies of other countries in the international
scientific matters which constitute the business of the Association, and particu-
larly in regard to matters which on the part of this country should be brought
before the Association or respecting which the action of the British delegates
should be decided in advance.

International Catalogue Committee. This Committee was originally
appointed to initiate and promote the arrangements whereby the work of
preparing a Catalogue of Scientific Literature, which the Royal Society had
undertaken to complete for the nineteenth century, should be thereafter taken
over and continued by international co-operation, as related in Chapter XI
(p. 294). Its chief function now is to prepare for the meetings of the Conven-
tion of the Catalogue which take place in London every five years and
are attended by delegates from the different countries that subsidize the
Catalogue.

Joint Permanent Eclipse Committee, consisting of eleven Fellows of the Royal
Society and eleven representatives of the Royal Astronomical Society, who
decide upon and supervise the expeditions which from time to time are
dispatched to different parts of the world for the purpose of observing solar
eclipses.

Library Committee, appointed for looking after the proper upkeep and
administration of the library, with authority to expend each year without
further reference a sum not exceeding £250 in the purchase of books and not
more than £150 in the binding of books belonging to the Society.

Observatories Committee. This Committee was appointed in July 1897 in
the place of a previously existing Committee known as the Indian Observa-
tories Committee, which had been nominated by the President of the Society
in May 1885 at the request of the Astronomer Royal and with the approval

272 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

of the Secretary of State for India, ' for ensuring the continued efficiency of the
Madras and Bombay Observatories,1 but which had not been regarded as a
Committee of the Royal Society. The existing Committee discusses the
reports and schemes of work of the Imperial Observatories in India, and
advises the Secretary of State upon them and generally with regard to the
organization of Astronomical and Meteorological Observations in that empire.
Its functions, however, are not in terms limited to the consideration of Indian
questions.

Scientific Relief Committee, appointed for the purpose of administering
privately the Scientific Relief Fund which has been formed with the object of
aiding such scientific men, or their families, as may through misfortune have
become in need of pecuniary assistance. The Committee consists of ten Fellows
each serving for five years and two retiring annually. Each application for a
grant from this Fund must come from the President of one of certain specified
scientific societies and may be made in regard to any deserving man of science,
whether connected with the Royal Society or not. A short sketch of the
history of the Fund is given at p. 183, and the regulations in force for the
administration of the Fund will be found in the Year-Book.

Seismology Committee. This Committee was appointed in July 1902 to
consider and advise on the question, referred to the Council by H.M. Govern-
ment, of the participation of Great Britain in an International Organization
of Seismological Observations. It has since been continued for the purpose of
taking general cognizance of this department of science and promoting the co-
ordination of the work of the various agencies concerned in it.

Soiree Committee appointed for the purpose of arranging the invitations to
the soirees and dinners of the Society and deciding upon the exhibits to be
shown at the soirees.

Solar Research Committee, appointed in December 1904 as a Standing
Committee in response to an invitation from an International Solar Conference
held at St. Louis, U.S., in that year, advises the Council on questions arising
from time to time in connexion with the triennial meetings and the work of
the International Union for Solar Research, such as the establishment and
equipment of stations for solar observations in various parts of the world, and
the co-ordination of their work.

Sorby Research Fund Committee, appointed to administer an endowment left
by Henry Clifton Sorby for the promotion of original scientific research. The
composition of the Committee and other particulars connected with the Fund
are given at p. 184.

Tropical Diseases Committee. This Committee dates its origin from the
formation of the Tsetse Fly Committee in 1896. It was formed at the request
of the Colonial Office as a result of the consideration by the Royal Society of
a report of Major Bruce on the Tsetse fly disease in Zululand to the Governor
of Natal and Zululand in December 1895 and forwarded to the Royal Society.

COMMITTEES OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY 273

The Committee superintended the prosecution of researches into the causation
of this malady for some years. In July 1898 in response to a request from
the Right Honourable Joseph Chamberlain, Secretary of State for the Colonies,
the President and Council appointed a Committee to confer with the Colonial
Office regarding researches into Malaria in Africa ; this Committee was known
as the Malaria Committee and for several years superintended researches carried
out by a number of observers both in Africa and India. The conclusions
arrived at were published in a series of Malaria Reports issued by the Society.
In 1902 the Tsetse Fly Committee and the Malaria Committee were amalga-

J

mated under the name of the Tropical Diseases Committee, and subsequently
to that date a number of important researches into the causation of Sleeping
Sickness and of Mediterranean Fever were carried out under the control of
the Committee with the aid of funds provided by the Colonial Office and
Treasury. The results of these investigations have been from time to time
published in the ' Reports of the Sleeping Sickness Commission of the Royal
Society ' and the * Reports of the Mediterranean Fever Commission '.

Tyndall Mining Bequest Committee, appointed to administer the bequest
of which the particulars are stated at p. 185.

T

CHAPTER X

THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

THE principal scientific publications of the Society of a serial character are
the 'Philosophical Transactions' (4to) and the 'Proceedings' (8vo). There
is also published annually 'The Year-Book of the Royal Society', and at
intervals ' The Record of the Royal Society ', of which the present volume is
the third issue. The 'Catalogue of Scientific Papers' for the Nineteenth
Century, which has been in course of publication in a long series of volumes
since 1867, is now approaching completion (p. 275).

THE 'PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS'.

Some account of the origin of the ' Philosophical Transactions ' has already
been given (pp. 39, 161). The original form, initiated in 1665, was in small
quarto with the title ' Philosophical Transactions : giving some Accompt of
the present Undertakings, Studies, and Labours of the Ingenious in many
considerable parts of the world '. In 1792, in the 82nd volume, a larger quarto
was introduced, which has been continued down to the present time. From
1887 the 'Transactions', beginning with volume 178. have been divided into
two series : Series A, containing Papers of a Mathematical or Physical
character, now in volume 212 ; and Series B, containing Papers of a Biological
character, now in volume 202. The individual papers which they comprise
have also since 1875 been published separately and placed on sale to the
public, The Council in 1906 enacted regulations for the sale at reduced rates
of series of past volumes, which are advertised from time to time in the
Proceedings. The early volumes are now difficult to procure. Eighteen
volumes of an abridgement of the Philosophical Transactions up to 1800
were prepared by Hut ton, Shaw, and Pearson in 1809.

THE 'PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY'.

At a meeting of Council on May 10, 1832, it was 'Resolved — That the
printing of the Abstracts of such papers as have been printed in the
" Philosophical Transactions " from the year 1800 inclusive be proceeded in ;
and that the Treasurer and Secretaries be requested to superintend the
printing of the Abstracts '. The first volume of these Abstracts, comprising
the years 1800 to 1814, was published the same year, and the Abstracts for
the years 1815 to 1830 in the year following.

Up to this point the series presents merely a collection of abstracts,
arranged in the order of the full papers as they had been issued in the
' Philosophical Transactions ' ; but with the third volume a new system was
adopted, the Abstracts being arranged under meetings and following the order

PUBLICATIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY 275

in which the papers were read, the report of each meeting being beaded by
a brief account of the business which preceded the reading of the papers. The
* short title ', in fact, becomes from this time onwards ' Proceedings of the Royal
Society ' ; but the title-page still stands ' Abstracts of the Papers printed in
the Philosophical Transactions ', a description which is not strictly accurate,
since, even so early in the series as the third volume, many Abstracts were
published of papers which never appeared in the * Philosophical Transactions '.

With the seventh volume (1854-5), a still further change began. Many
papers were published in full in this and the subsequent volumes which were
not published in the * Philosophical Transactions " at all. These papers were
for many years only the briefer or less important communications, the more
bulky or more valuable papers being reserved for the quarto form. In time
even this distinction became less marked, some papers of great importance
appearing only in the ' Proceedings '. In this connexion, it may be noted that
the Statute (Chap. Ill, Stat. V), which stands in the edition of 1871 and
previous editions, privileging * All who have become Fellows of the Society
after December the llth, 1834, and who have contributed a paper, which has
been printed in the " Philosophical Transactions " ' to compound for their
annual contributions for the sum of Forty Pounds, instead of Sixty Pounds,
disappears in the next edition ; and in the year 1887 a further remnant of the
distinction is effaced by the removal from the List of Fellows of the marginal
letter P, which had hitherto been placed against the names of those Fellows
who had contributed a paper to the ' Philosophical Transactions '„

The bulk of the ' Proceedings ' increased so much that in 1904 the Society
determined to divide them into two series : (A) Mathematical and Physical
Papers and (B) Biological Papers; and at the same time the page was
enlarged into royal octavo form. The last volume (75) of the original series
is made up of a collection of Obituary Notices of Fellows deceased, which had
previously been issued from time to time as a separate publication. The new
series, beginning in 1905 with volume 76 in each division, has now in 1912
reached volume 86 in the Mathematical and Physical Series and volume 85 in
the Biological Series.

* CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC PAPERS.'1

The Royal Society's * Catalogue of Scientific Papers ' is the outcome of a
movement which dates back more than half a century. At the Glasgow
meeting of the British Association which was held in 1855, a communication
from Professor Henry, of Washington, was read, ' containing a proposal for
the publication of [a catalogue of] philosophical memoirs scattered throughout
the Transactions of Societies in Europe and America, with the offer of
co-operation on the part of the Smithsonian Institute.' This proposal was
referred to a committee consisting of Mr. Cayley, Mr. Grant, and Professor

1 Reprinted in part from * Nature', vol. 45, p. 338.
T 2

276 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

(afterwards Sir George Gabriel) Stokes ; and their report was presented next
year at the Cheltenham meeting of the Association. The scheme set forth in
this report was that of a catalogue embracing only the mathematical and
physical sciences, but comprising a subject catalogue as well as a catalogue
according to the names of authors. There were to be paid editors, 'familiar
with the several great branches respectively of the sciences to which the
catalogue relates,1 and the work was to include, besides Transactions and
Proceedings of Societies, journals, ephemerides, volumes of observations, and
« other collections not coming under any of the preceding heads \

In this form the scheme came before the Royal Society in March 1857,
General Sabine having requested, on the part of the British Association, the
co-operation of the Society in the undertaking. The scheme, after discussion,
was narrowed to a manuscript catalogue, the question of printing being
deferred ; it was to be a catalogue of periodical works in the Royal Society's
library only ; the suggested American co-operation, moreover, was dispensed
with, and the work was undertaken at the Society's own charge. In one impor-
tant respect, however, the scheme was greatly widened ; for the idea of confining
the catalogue to the mathematical and physical sciences, which had been put
forward in the report to the British Association, was abandoned, and it was
decided 'that all the sciences should be comprehended'. The tentative
restrictions were, of course, finally relaxed. It was resolved to extend the
indexing to works contained in other libraries but not in the library of the
Royal Society ; and in 1864, when the question of printing had to be deter-
mined, it was decided to offer the Catalogue to Government for publication.

The cost to the Society of compiling the material for the first series of the
Catalogue was considerable, and many of the Fellows had spent no small
amount of time, not only in superintending the progress of the work at home,
but in corresponding with Academies abroad, with the view of making the list
of serials to be catalogued as complete as might be. It was therefore with
good reason that the Lords of the Treasury, in resolving to print the Catalogue
at the public expense, stated that they had regard ' to the importance of the
work, with reference to the promotion of scientific knowledge generally, to the
high authority of the source from which it comes, and to the labour gratuitously
given by members of the Royal Society for its production '. The printing of
this first series of the Catalogue, covering the scientific serials from the year
1800 to 1863, was commenced by the Stationery Office in 1866, seven Fellows
of the Royal Society undertaking to read the proof-sheets gratuitously. The
sixth and last volumes of the series, completing the alphabet, were issued
in 1872.

An additional decade of serials, embracing the years 1864-73, containing
about 90,000 titles, and filling two additional quarto volumes (vols. 7 and 8),
was completed in January 1876, and published by Her Majesty's Stationery
Office in 1879. But a difficulty now arose from the fact that the Treasury

PUBLICATIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY 277

informed the Society that the * " Catalogue of Scientific Papers " would not be
continued as a publication of the Stationery Office '. Parliament voted, how-
ever, a gift towards the charges of publication, and a portion of this gift,
supplemented by the Royal Society's own funds, was devoted to the issue of
vol. 9, which the Cambridge University Press, aided by a subsidy from the
Society, published in 1891. The question how to meet the expense of future
volumes was, however, still an unsolved problem until in December 1892
Dr. Ludwig Mond, F.R.S., made the Society the handsome donation of 0^2,000
to assist in carrying on the Catalogue and Index. Partly by aid of this gift,
vol. 10 was published in 1894, and vol. 11, completing the decade 1874-83, in
1896.

In addition to the foregoing volumes, the President and Council in 1902
issued a supplementary volume, in which were catalogued all the most impor-
tant papers that appeared from 1800 to 1883 in periodicals not hitherto indexed.

The question of a Subject Catalogue had been often considered, and the
Society at an early stage had embarked on a Subject Index to the main Catalogue
arranged under names of authors. The preliminary preparation of the copy,
involving the reduction of all the titles to one language, and the scheme of
classification, were long under consideration. A portion of Dr. Ludwig
Mond's gift, which has been mentioned above, was devoted to this branch of
the work ; and in June 1894 he supplemented this important aid by the
still more munificent promise to contribute one-half of the total expenditure
upon the Index in excess of that portion of his former gift already devoted
to this purpose, provided the Society or others were willing to contribute
the remainder of the cost (see p. 197). By this means it was hoped that the
Index to the Catalogue would in due time become an accomplished fact, and
that thus the whole series from 1800 to 1900, under Authors and Subjects,
would be completed. The President and Council had thus virtually under-
taken to complete this Catalogue up to the end of the nineteenth century,
from which date its purpose is continued by the International Catalogue of
Scientific Literature elsewhere referred to (p. 294).

The expense of this work, arising from the enormous increase in scientific
publications during the latter part of the century, would have been beyond
the unaided financial resources of the Royal Society. The task could not
have been contemplated, notwithstanding the great amount of time
ungrudgingly given to helping on the undertaking by many of the
Fellows and others, had it not been for the liberal donations received
from several sources, especially from Dr. Ludwig Mond. It is esti-
mated that the completion of the Catalogue of Authors will entail at least
eight additional volumes closely printed in quarto ; while the indexes for the
seventeen sciences in the scheme of classification adopted in the International
Catalogue, extending over the nineteenth century, will amount to not less
than thirty volumes royal octavo.

278 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

The material for the entries in the main Catalogue according to Authors
has now been almost completely collected. This has involved the indexing of
over 1,500 Journals and Transactions ; and the accumulation of about 800,000
titles for the Indexes for the century, and about 413,000 titles for the
remaining portion for the years 1883-1900 of the Catalogue of Authors.
The titles in the Catalogue so far as already published number about 390,000.
While the collection of this material was going on, the Index volumes for Pure
Mathematics and Mechanics were prepared and have been published, while
the Index for Physics, which will appear in two volumes, is now going
through the press. It is intended to go to press with the completion of the
main Catalogue according to Authors in the autumn of 1912. In the matter
of the printing and publication of the Catalogue, the Royal Society has
secured the very efficient collaboration of the Cambridge University Press,
who have undertaken to bear the responsibility for the expenses incurred.

THE YEAR-BOOK.

This volume is published annually as early in the year as may be practic-
able. It is intended to provide the Fellows with a convenient compendium
of information regarding the membership and various activities of the Society.
It contains a brief Calendar of the chief fixed dates of the Society's meetings,
lists of the Fellows and Foreign Members with their addresses, of the
Committees and Boards, of the Statutes and Standing Orders, regulations
regarding Medals, Funds, and other matters, the Report of the Council for the
preceding year, with a full statement of the income and expenditure and the
condition of the Society's finances, the progress and state of the Society at the
time, a list of the grants made from the Donation Fund, the accounts of the
International Catalogue and of the National Physical Laboratory, the minutes
of the ordinary meetings of the Society for the foregoing year, and other details.

OCCASIONAL PUBLICATIONS.

From time to time the Royal Society has undertaken the publication, in
separate form, of scientific memoirs which were regarded as important but
which were not suited for the pages of the ' Philosophical Transactions '. A list
of some of those issued in the early years of the Society's history has been
given in Chapter I of this volume (p. 40). A corresponding list of some of
the more important publications of this kind since the middle of the last
century is here presented.

* The First Principles of Observational Seismology, being an account and
discussion of the Great Neapolitan Earthquake of 1857.' By Robert
Mallet, C.E., F.R.S. 2 vols. 8vo. London 1862.
' Observations of the International Polar Expeditions 1882-3.— Fort Rae.'

4to. 1886.
' The Eruption of Krakatoa and subsequent Phenomena.' 4to. 1888.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY 279

* A Monograph on the Horny Sponges.1 By R. von Lendenfeld. 4to. 1899.'
' Magnetic and Meteorological Observations made by the " Southern Cross "

Antarctic Expedition, 1898-1900.' 4to.
' Reports to the Malaria Committee of the Royal Society.1 8vo. 8 Reports.

1900-3.
' Reports to the Evolution Committee of the Royal Society.1 5 Reports.

1902-9.
' Reports of the Commission on Mediterranean Fever.1 8vo. 7 Reports.

1905-7.
' Reports of the Sleeping Sickness Commission of the Royal Society.1 Demy

8vo. 1903-11. Nos. 1-11 (still in progress).
' The Atoll of Funafuti : Borings into a Coral Reef and the Results.1 1903.

4to.
'The Sub-mechanics of the Universe.1 By Osborne Reynolds, F.R.S.

Large 8vo. 1903.
' Report on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar.1 By W. A.

Herdman, F.R.S. With Supplementary Reports by other Naturalists

upon the Marine Biology. 4to. 5 vols. 1903-6.
' Report of a Magnetic Survey of South Africa.1 By J. C. Beattie, D.Sc.

4to. 1909.
' Catalogue of a Collection of Early Printed Books in the Library of the

Royal Society.1 (Non-scientific books and tracts mainly belonging to

* Norfolk Collection '.) Crown 4to (see ante, pp. 194, 233, 234).
' National Antarctic Expedition, 1901-1904, Reports on Meteorology,

Physics, and Magnetism.1 3 vols. 4to. 1908- . Also Album of Photo-
graphs and Sketches illustrative of the Expedition. 1 vol. 4to, with

portfolio. 1908. A final volume on the Meteorology is approaching

completion.

CHAPTER XI

GRANTS AND COMMITTEES WHICH THE ROYAL SOCIETY
CONTROLS OR ADMINISTERS, AND INSTITUTIONS ON THE
GOVERNING BODIES OF WHICH IT IS REPRESENTED

OWING to its age and the position which it has long held among the scientific
institutions of the country, the Royal Society has been called upon to under-
take many duties outside of the sphere of its own more immediate activities.
In some cases it has been invited to be represented on the Boards of Electors to
Chairs in the Universities or on the Governing Bodies of the Public Schools.
In others, it has been entrusted with the general control of important public
institutions. The Society has likewise been frequently consulted by the
Government of the day in regard to matters of scientific concern, and has been
requested to undertake physiological and pathological investigations, some of
which have continued for years and have involved the sending out of com-
missions of inquiry and research to tropical regions. The following list will
show the varied character of these external duties which are at present dis-
charged by the Society.

I. GOVERNMENT GRANT FOR SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS.

For the origin of the annual Parliamentary Grant for Scientific investi-
gations' it is necessary to go back to the year 1849. On November 16 of
that year, a letter addressed confidentially by Lord John Russell to the Earl
of Rosse was read to the Council, together with the draft of Lord Rosse's
reply, and on December 20 a Committee, consisting of the Lord Chief Baron,
Professor Owen, Sir Roderick Murchison, Dr. Miller, and the officers, was
appointed 'to consider and report to the Council respecting the application
of the proposed Grant by Her Majesty's Government for the promotion of
scientific inquiries \ This Committee presented their Report to the Council
on March 7, 1850, recommending that —

* First, and chiefly, the Grant be awarded in aid of private individual scientific

investigation.

* Secondly, in aid of the calculation and scientific reduction of masses of

accumulated observations.

'Thirdly, in aid of astronomical, meteorological, and other observations,
which may be assisted by the purchase and employment of new
instruments.

GRANT FOR SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS 281

' Fourthly, and subordinately to the purposes above named, in aid of such
other scientific objects as may, from time to time, appear to be of
sufficient interest, although not coming under any of the foregoing
heads.'

The Report, from which the foregoing sentences are quoted, was adopted
and a ' Committee of Recommendations ' appointed.

The sum granted by the Government and administered by that Committee
was ,£1,000. On January 6, 1851, Lord John Russell wrote to the President
informing him that he should * set apart one thousand pounds, from the fund
for Special Service, to be applied by the Council of the Royal Society in the
same manner as the Grant made for scientific purposes last year '. The same
sum was granted in 1852, 1853, and 1854, but, upon the President applying
in 1855 'for the annual Grant of £1,000', he was informed by a letter from
H.M. Treasury that these Grants were special, and that the limited amount of
the fund from which they had been made would not admit of 'an annual
Grant to the Royal Society ', but it was suggested that a Parliamentary vote
for the amount of the Grant might be taken.

In their reply the Council, while accepting the latter suggestion, emphasized
the fact that the Government Grant was not ' a grant to the Royal Society ',
but ' a contribution on the part of the nation towards the promotion of science
generally in the United Kingdom ', and that the Council regarded themselves
' as Trustees of the Grant, and accountable to the public for its due adminis-
tration as long as it should be continued '.

From that time to the year 1881 the sum of ,£1,000 was annually voted by
Parliament for the promotion of science in the United Kingdom, and was
administered by the Council of the Society upon the advice of a Committee
consisting of the Members of the Council, twenty-one Fellows not members of
the Council, and the Presidents of the Chemical, Geological, Linnean, and
Royal Astronomical Societies (Council Minutes, Jan. 27, 1859). This Com-
mittee was at first appointed triennially, but after 1862 annually.

In July 1856 the attention of the Council was called to a motion which
had been made in the House of Commons for the appointment of a Committee
to consider the question, whether any measures could be adopted by the
Government or Parliament that would improve the position of science or its
cultivators in this country, and it was agreed that as the appointment of the
Committee had been deferred until the next Session of Parliament with a view
of permitting the question to be meanwhile maturely considered by scientific
men, it was expedient that the subject should receive the early attention of the
Council. The Government Grant Committee were, therefore, requested to
draw up a Report containing such suggestions as might occur to them, and
present it to the Council after the recess.

This Report was presented on January 15, 1857, and contained numerous
suggestions, one of which was 'That the sum placed at the disposal of the

282 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Royal Society for the advancement of science be not necessarily limited to the
annual Grant of £1,000, when on any occasion special reasons may be assigned
for an additional sum '. No such increase of the Grant was made, however,
until nearly twenty years later, when (on April 29, 1876) a letter was received
from the Lord President of the Council proposing ' that further aid should be
given to research by according permission to the Government Grant Committee
to recommend in certain cases the payment of personal allowances to gentlemen
during the time they are engaged in their investigations ; that a sum of ,£5,000,
including the above-mentioned .£1,000, should be taken annually; that the
Royal Society should be invited to aid Her Majesty's Government with their
advice and assistance in its appropriation and expenditure, and as to the sums
to be granted in each case, reporting annually to the Lords of the Committee
of Council on Education on the progress made and the desirability or non-
desirability of renewing the Grant ; and that this experiment should be tried
for five years '. The Lord President further proposed that * the administration
and expenditure of the Grant, and accountability for it, should be vested in the
Science and Art Department, that all instruments purchased for investigations
should be left in its charge when no longer required ', and that the presidents
of certain societies * should be ex-offldo members of the Government Grant
Committee '.

After some correspondence, it was finally agreed that the Grant of ,£1,000
should remain as before, and that a vote of £"4,000 should be taken on the
conditions expressed in the Lord President's letter. For five years these two
Grants ran concurrently, the Grant of £1,000 being known as ' The Government
Grant', and the Grant of £4,000 as 'The Government Fund'.

Four Sub-Committees were appointed to consider applications and report
upon them .to the General Committee, namely : A. Mathematics, Physics,
and Astronomy. B. Biology. C. Chemistry. D. General Purposes.

The General Committee, which was now called the Government Fund
Committee, was constituted in the same way as before, with the addition of
several more ex-officio members, the Presidents of the following societies
forming the ex-officio list: The Royal Society of Edinburgh, Royal Irish
Academy, Royal Astronomical Society, Mathematical Society, Chemical
Society, Linnean Society, Zoological Society, Geological Society, Physical
Society, Institution of Civil Engineers, Institute of Mechanical Engineers,
General Council of Medical Education, Royal College of Physicians, Royal
College of Surgeons, and the British Association. It was further agreed on
November 30, 1877, that the Royal Society of Edinburgh and the Royal Irish
Academy should each send an additional representative besides the President.
The Committee, thus constituted, reported to the Council, with whom lay the
final decision upon the recommendations.

On January 11, 1877, the Council received and adopted a code of Regulations
which had been drawn up by the General Purposes Sub-Committee. To these

GRANT FOR SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS 283

the Council, on their own initiative, added the further Rule: 'That no
proposition or application involving a Grant to an existing Member of the
Committee be entertained/ At the next meeting it was reported that two
Members of the Government Fund Committee had resigned their seats, as they
intended to make applications ; and that as one of them was an ex-offido
Member, the Education Department had been consulted as to the manner in
which the Lords of the Committee of Council on Education would wish the
place of a Member ex-officio who resigned to be supplied.

The Secretary of the Department, in reply, while indicating the way in
which this should be done, stated that their Lordships trusted that this self-
denying ordinance had not been adopted under any misapprehension of their
own views or wishes. ' They desire, it may be clearly understood, that they
had no wish to impose such a rule as that stated in your letter. On the
contrary — while fully appreciating the motives which probably induced the
Royal Society to impose it — they cannot but express the regret which they
would feel if it should lead to the loss of the services of some of the most
active and distinguished men of science in aid of the distribution of a Grant
which, being of a new and tentative character, peculiarly requires the support
of those in whose judgement and knowledge the country would place the
greatest reliance."" The rule in question was not, however, at that time
reversed.

The assignments recommended were each year submitted to the Science and
Art Department for approval, and the question of the nature of the vouchers
to be rendered having been raised, it was decided that 'the receipt of the
gentlemen to whom the payments are made will be accepted as a sufficient
voucher, without receipts for all the details of the expenditure \

In the following year (1878) a difficulty began to be experienced by the
Department in ascertaining when the investigations were completed, and when
the instruments used in the investigations should be called in, and a letter
was addressed to the Royal Society upon the subject. A circular was in
consequence drawn up by the Society, requesting all who had received Grants
to give account of their instruments, and the information thus obtained was
communicated to the Department. The process of obtaining full and accurate
account of instruments, and the question of when to call them in, have always
been matters of some difficulty, which of late have been somewhat more
successfully met by an annual return, which every grantee is required to
make.

The Fund of ^4,000 a year (which had hitherto run concurrently with the
Government Grant of dfi'ljOOO) having been initiated as a five years1 experiment,
a letter was addressed early in 1881 by the Science and Art Department to
the Secretary of the Royal Society reminding him that the five years would
soon come to an end, and asking for a Report upon the results of the
experiment. A ' Report by the President and Council ' was accordingly drawn

284 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

up, in which, after reciting the constitution and Regulations of the Fund,
they furnished a table of the five years' Grants, with the following totals for
the whole period : —

Total amount applied for, £50,4-01.

Amount granted for Personal Allowance, ,£7,800.

Amount granted for Non-Personal Expenses, ,£11,800.

The report suggests that if unused balances, instead of reverting to the
Treasury, * could be reserved and kept in hand, provision might be made for
some larger purposes than those to which the Fund has hitherto been devoted ' ;
and with respect to personal grants, while it does not suggest that these should
be entirely discontinued, it does not recommend 'the present method of
administering them '. Some correspondence between the Treasury, the
Committee of Council on Education, and the Royal Society ensued, and it
was finally agreed (March, 1882), (1) that the Grant of .£1,000, which had
hitherto been provided under the Vote for Learned Societies, should be
discontinued ; (2) that the ,£4,000 which had for the previous five years been
provided under the Vote for the Science and Art Department should be
replaced by a like sum * as a Grant in aid of the Royal Society ' ; (3) that this
Grant should be managed by a reconstituted Government Grant Committee,
and should be ' primarily applicable to non-personal payments ', but that the
Committee should be ' at liberty to recommend occasional personal payments
from it, which, however, would only be made with the express sanction of the
Treasury, obtained in every case'; (4) that accounts and vouchers of the
expenditure should be rendered as in the case of the Grant for Meteoro-
logical purposes, the money being issued by the Treasury 'only upon
satisfactory evidence that previous grants had been spent to a sufficient
extent, and that no excessive balance was being accumulated over a series
of years '.

In the correspondence concerning details which followed this general
arrangement the Council again insisted, as they had done in 1855, that the
Grant was not a Grant to the Royal Society, but to Science. ' With regard
to the title under which the Vote is proposed to be made,' wrote the President,
' inasmuch as the Society derives no pecuniary benefit from the Grant, but in
administering it undertakes an onerous and difficult task, the President and
Council would be glad if the terms could be so modified as to prevent any
misapprehension with regard to this point on the part of the public.' The
Secretary of the Treasury, in his reply, called attention to the fact that ' a Grant
in aid means a Grant of which the detailed expenditure is not subject to the
same detailed appropriation as the expenditure of an ordinary Grant ', and that
this was ' the reason for using the expression here '. Ultimately, in a Treasury
Letter dated April 8, 1882, it was agreed that the estimate should be
submitted to Parliament in the following terms : —

GRANT FOR SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS 285

* A. Royal Society.

Grant for Scientific Investigations undertaken with the sanction of
a Committee appointed for the purpose.1

The question of detailed vouchers was authoritatively settled by the above-
quoted letter, dated March 24, 1882, a decision which was confirmed by
a letter dated May 7, 1885.

The constitution of the Government Grant General Committee under the
new scheme was identical with that of the Government Fund Committee
which it superseded, but the Sub-Committees under this scheme were
rearranged. The Code of Regulations adopted at this time was amended
and consolidated on December 6, 1883. In 1888 the Regulations were again
under consideration, and on July 5 of that year a code was adopted, and com-
municated to Her Majesty's Treasury, by whom it was approved.

In the letter accompanying this code, the Royal Society drew the attention
of the Treasury to the fact that, whereas in 1882 their Lordships had laid it
down that * no excessive balance was to be accumulated over a series of years ',
the Secretary of the Treasury had in 1885 stated, in answer to an appeal for
a Grant in aid of observing the Solar Eclipse of 1886, that ' My Lords desire
to keep State aid to scientific investigations as much as possible within the
limits of the <£)4,000 per annum annually placed by Parliament at the
disposal of the Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society \ The
Secretary of the Royal Society explained that it was in consequence of the
desire thus expressed by their Lordships that it was now proposed to establish
a Reserve Fund, not at any time to exceed ^2,000. The Secretary further drew
attention to the substitution of several relatively small Boards for the previous
large Sub-Committees; to the rule admitting extended Grants; to the
special precautions under which personal Grants would be made, and which
their Lordships would probably consider obviated the necessity of submitting
each Grant for their Lordships1 approval ; and to the additions of the ex-
officio list.

In 1894 the Council at the instance of the General Committee asked Her
Majesty's Treasury to increase the amount of the Grant, but without success.

Amendments have been made from time to time in the Regulations since
1888. In March 1894 Instructions for the Government Grant Boards, and
in February 1895 Instructions for a Committee appointed for the purpose of
administering a Grant, were drawn up.

On June 23, 1901, new Regulations were made as to the audit of the
accounts, the sale of apparatus, or its presentation to the National Physical
Laboratory. Owing to a difficulty which arose when it became necessary to
initiate legal proceedings against a grantee, an alteration was made, on May
19, 1904, with the approval of H.M. Treasury, making it clear that the
administration of the Fund was placed in the hands of the Royal Society, the
functions of the Government Grant Committee being limited to the selection

286 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

of the persons to whom the grants are to be made, to the determination of the
amounts of the various grants, and the conditions on which they are granted.
At the same date, with the like approval, a new Regulation (VI. 34) was made
under which the President and Council are authorized to set aside, in each
year, out of the Reserve Fund, such sum as they may consider desirable to
provide for expenses incurred by the Society in matters referred to it by the
Government. The opportunity was also taken to effect a number of other
minor amendments.

On April 30, 1908, alterations were made in the dates for receiving
applications, and for the meeting of the Committee ; and on June 23, 1910,
the Treasury authorized an increase of the amount provided for administrative
expenses from ,£200 to <£*250 per annum.

The Regulations now in force are to be found in the ' Year-Book'.

The Government Grant for Scientific Investigations is administered by the
President and Council of the Royal Society. The General Committee by
which the applications are decided upon is at present composed as under.

The President and Council of the Royal Society for the time being,
The President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and one other Representative,
The President of the Royal Irish Academy and one other Representative,
The Presidents of —

The British Association,

The London Mathematical Society,

The Royal Astronomical Society,

The Physical Society,

The Institution of Civil Engineers,

The Institution of Mechanical Engineers,

The Institution of Electrical Engineers,

The Chemical Society,

The Iron and Steel Institute,

The Geological Society,

The Royal Geographical Society,

The Linnean Society,

The Zoological Society,

The Royal Anthropological Institute,

The Royal College of Physicians,

The Royal College of Surgeons,
The Members, for the time being, of the seven advisory Boards named below.

The actual examination of the applications for grants from the annual sum
of .£4,000 voted by Parliament is delegated to seven Boards, the scope of each
is shown in the subjoined table.

A. Applications relating to Mathematics, Mathematical Physics, Crystallo-
graphy, and Mathematical Astronomy.

B. Applications relating to Experimental Physics, Observational Astronomy,
and Meteorology.

C. Applications relating to Chemistry and Metallurgy.

PUBLICATION GRANT 287

D. Applications relating to Geology, Palaeontology, Mineralogy, and
Geography.

E. Applications relating to Botany.

F. Applications relating to Zoology and Comparative Anatomy.

G. Applications relating to Animal Physiology and Medical Subjects.
The Boards, each of which consists of eight members, having previously

received printed lists of all the applications for the year, meet simultaneously
at the rooms of the Royal Society to consider the several applications and
decide which should be recommended for approval by the General Committee.
This Committee meets as early as possible after the simultaneous meetings of
the Boards and its decisions are reported to the Council for approval.

II. PUBLICATION GRANT.

In 1895 the heavy burden of the expense falling upon the Royal Society
in respect of its scientific publications led the Council to memorialize the
Government with the view of obtaining assistance from the Treasury towards
the cost of the publications of the Society and of other scientific publications.
In response to this application the Government agreed to make a grant in
aid, amounting to <£* 1,000 per annum, to the Royal Society, on the under-
standing that it would, by means of the grant, assist not merely the Society's
own publications but also the adequate publication of scientific matter
through other channels and in other ways.

The Regulations under which this Grant is at present administered were
adopted by the Council on November 7, 1901. They will be found in the
Society's ' Year-Book '.

III. THE NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY.

The earlier efforts of individuals towards the foundation in this
country of a National Physical Laboratory led in 1897 to the appointment by
H.M. Treasury of a Committee, with Lord Rayleigh as Chairman, to consider
and report upon the desirability of the project. This Committee reported on
July 6, 1898, and recommended that a Public Institution should be founded
for standardizing and verifying instruments, for testing materials, and for the
determination of physical constants ; and that the proposed Institution
should be under the control of the Royal Society. The Committee further
suggested that the Institution should be established by extending the Kew
Observatory.

The recommendations of the Committee were accepted by the Treasury, and
the Royal Society was invited to carry them into effect. A scheme of
organization was accordingly drawn up early in 1899 and agreed upon by
the Treasury and the Royal Society. This provided that the name of the
institution should be the National Physical Laboratory, and that its ultimate

288 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

control should be vested in the President and Council of the Royal Society.
Arrangement was made also for the formation of a Governing Body consisting
of a General Board and an Executive Committee. Under this scheme the
General Board consists of the President, Treasurer, and Secretaries of the
Royal Society, the Vice-Chairman of the Board, who is also Chairman of
the Executive Committee, and is appointed by the President and Council
of the Royal Society, the Permanent Secretary of the Board of Trade, and
thirty-six ordinary members. Of the ordinary members twenty-four are
appointed by the President and Council of the Royal Society, and two each
by the Councils of the following institutions : —

The Institution of Civil Engineers,

The Institution of Mechanical Engineers,

The Institution of Electrical Engineers,

The Iron and Steel Institute,

The Institution of Naval Architects,

The Society of Chemical Industry.

The Executive Committee consists of the President, Treasurer, and one of
the Secretaries of the Royal Society, the Chairman of the Executive Committee,
the Permanent Secretary of the Board of Trade, and twelve ordinary members.
The twelve ordinary members are nominated by the President and Council of
the Royal Society, one-half being chosen from the representatives on the
General Board of the six institutions above named. One-sixth of the mem-
bers of the General Board and of the Executive Committee retire annually.
Special arrangements were also made initially for the appointment of repre-
sentatives on the Executive Committee from the previously existing Kew
Observatory Committee of the Royal Society.

Dr. R. T. Glazebrook, F.R.S., was appointed in 1899 to be the first Director
of the Laboratory.

Work was originally commenced at the Kew Observatory, but it was found
that the plan of extending the Observatory presented difficulties, and in
December, 1900, H.M. Queen Victoria made a grant of Bushy House,
Teddington, to the Commissioners of Works for the uses of the National
Physical Laboratory, conditions as to maintenance being agreed upon between
the Commissioners and the Royal Society.

A grant of .£14,000, afterwards increased to ,£19,000, was made by the
Treasury towards the initial alterations, additional buildings, and equipment
at Teddington. The basement and ground floor of Bushy House were utilized
for the Physics Laboratory ; for the Engineering Laboratory a building 80 feet
by 50 feet was erected. These alterations were completed in 1901, and the
Laboratory was formally opened by the King and Queen (then Prince and
Princess of Wales) on March 19, 1902.

The Laboratory at this date comprised two departments at Teddington,
for Physics and Engineering respectively. The Kew Observatory at Richmond

THE NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY 289

was incorporated with the Laboratory and constituted the Observatory
Department, under the able superintendence of Dr. Charles Chree, F.R.S.
The Physics Department included Divisions for Electricity (General Electrical
Measurements and Fundamental Units), Thermometry, Metrology, and Metal-
lurgy. Divisions for Optics, Electrotechnics and Photometry, and Tide
Prediction were added in the following year.

The history of the Laboratory since 1902 has been one of continual growth,
involving the extension of the existing Divisions of the work, and the formation
of new Departments. The staff at Teddington at the end of 1902 numbered
twenty-six persons : in addition to the Director there was one Superintendent, in
charge of the Engineering Department, and four Assistants, three of whom
were Heads of Divisions of the Physics Department. In January 1912 the
staff' at Teddington numbered 136, including three Superintendents, one
Senior and five Principal Assistants, and seventeen Assistants, in addition to
Junior Assistants and other scientific workers. The Divisions of the Physics
Department were all originally housed in Bushy House. In 1904 a promise
was received from the Treasury of a further grant, to be spread over a number
of years, towards the additional buildings and equipment which had become
necessary. Buildings for Electrotechnics and Metrology were accordingly
planned.

The Electrotechnics building was completed early in 1906, and was formally
opened by Viscount Haldane in June of that year. A donation of ^5.000
towards its equipment was shortly afterwards received from Sir John Brunner.
This enabled satisfactory arrangements to be made for the testing of electrical
instruments of all kinds, and for photometric work. A 100,000 volt trans-
former for insulation tests was installed later.

The Metrology Building was completed in 1907, but was not occupied till
the following year. It was specially designed to secure the constancy of tem-
perature essential for the carrying out of length-measurements of the highest
accuracy, and a long mural base was provided for testing on the flat, or in
catenary, surveying tapes up to 150 feet in length. This Division also deals
with measurements of area and volume (e. g. the testing of areameters and of
glass vessels), while more recently the work of verification of masses has been
transferred to it. In 1907 the Laboratory was requested by H.M. Commis-
sioner of Police to undertake the testing of taximeters of the London cab
service, and this work was also entrusted to the Metrology Division. The
majority of the tests of taximeters are carried out at Teddington, but for the
re-testing of previously verified instruments a Taximeter Testing Sub-Station
was provided at Lambeth. Recently, in 1911, an extension has been added to
the Metrology Building for the re-erection of the standard screw-cutting lathe
of the War Office.

The provision of the Electrotechnics and Metrology Buildings left room for
the further expansion of the remaining Divisions in Bushy House. The

U

290 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Electrical Standards Division obtained accommodation for the erection of the
ampere balance, and later of the Lorenz resistance apparatus. The Division
for General Electrical Measurements, which in addition to the testing of iron
sheet for magnetic hysteresis and total power loss, is concerned with measure-
ments of capacity and inductance, was able to install apparatus for the testing
of wavemeters and other instruments for use in wireless telegraphy. In the
Optics Division new equipment was provided for testing photographic lenses
and shutters, the lenses of oculists1 trial cases, prism binoculars, and for other
purposes. In the Thermometry Division an additional room was fully
equipped for the rapid testing of standard and other mercury thermometers,
enabling some of this work, where higher accuracy was required, to be trans-
ferred from Kew. From the commencement, special provision had been made
at Teddington for high temperature thermometry and pyrometry, and in 1907
a new furnace room was built out at the north-west corner of Bushy House,
and provided later with a 15- kilowatt alternator and other equipment for
electric furnace work involving considerable power consumption. The Kelvin
tide-predicting machine, placed in the charge of the Laboratory in 1903 by
the India Office, for the determination of the tides for the Indian ports and
other tide-prediction work, is also installed in Bushy House.

The Engineering Department has undergone considerable extension since
1902. In 1903 a special building was provided for the accommodation of
a Whitworth Standard Screw-cutting Lathe constructed to designs approved
by a War Office Committee ; and a 50-foot steel tower was erected in the
grounds for the wind pressure research. In 1906 two bays were added to the
Engineering Building, and a 100-ton machine was provided for the testing
work transferred to the Laboratory from Cooper's Hill. In 1909 the Labora-
tory was asked by the Government to undertake experimental work in
Aeronautics, and the further space necessary for a wind channel, motor- testing
plant, &c., was provided by the addition of two more bays to the Engineering
Building, while a shed 80 feet square was built to accommodate a whirling
table. At the same time the earlier wind tower was replaced by two 60-foot
towers, 110 yards apart, to facilitate the study of lateral variation in the wind.
In 1911 the Department was asked to undertake the testing of road materials
for the Government Road Board, and an additional building has been erected
for this work.

The Physics Department originally comprised a Division for Metallurgy and
Chemistry, occupying a few rooms in Bushy House. In 1906 by arrangement
with the India Office, the test work for the Government of India, formerly
carried out at Cooper's Hill, was transferred to the Laboratory, and a new
building for this work was provided. A new Department of Metallurgy and
Metallurgical Chemistry was also constituted. In 1910 a gift of .£10,000 was
received from Sir Julius Wernher for the erection of a building to advance the
study of Metallurgy. This was planned to be continuous with the building

THE NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY 291

for the India Office work, and was completed in the autumn of 1911, enabling
the whole of the earlier equipment for Metallurgy to be transferred from
Bushy House. The plans for the Metallurgy Building involved the trans-
ference, already mentioned, of the War Office lathe to an extension of the
Metrology Building.

One further new Department remains to be mentioned. From the date of
the opening of the Laboratory the possibility of finding funds for the
construction at Teddington of a large tank for experiments on models of ships
had been under consideration by the Executive Committee of the Laboratory.
In April 1908 an offer was made by Mr. A. F. Yarrow to the Institution of
Naval Architects of the sum of ,£20,000 for the construction of such a tank,
provided it were established at the National Physical Laboratory and
a sufficient sum contributed from other sources for its maintenance for a num-
ber of years. A Guarantee Fund was raised by the Institution ; and the
construction of the tank was commenced in 1909 and completed towards the
end of 1910. It was formally opened by Lord Rayleighon July 5, 1911 ; and
on a commemorative tablet it is described as ' The William Froude National
Tank, erected by A. F. Yarrow for the service of the nation \ The work is
carried on under the guidance of an Advisory Committee, mainly composed ot
representatives of the Institution of Naval Architects.

The Kew Observatory continued its work as the ' Observatory Department '
of the Laboratory until the year 1910. During this period it was found
necessary to remove the magnetic work to a site free from magnetic disturbance
due to electric traction ; and, with the assistance of the Government, a Magnetic
Observatory was established at Eskdalemuir, Dumfriesshire. The buildings
were commenced in 1904, and a Superintendent was appointed in 1907. On
July 1, 1910, the control of the meteorological research work carried out at
Kew, and of the Eskdalemuir Observatory, was transferred to the Director of
the Meteorological Office, the Kew Observatory becoming the Central
Observatory of the Meteorological Office. The testing of clinical and other
thermometers, telescopes, binoculars, watches, and other instruments still
continues, however, to be carried out at the Kew Observatory, pending the
provision of accommodation for this work at Teddington.

For this purpose further new buildings at Teddington are necessary.
Towards these the sum of ^15,000 has recently been promised by the
Treasury, and the minimum accommodation required is now being arranged
for. The buildings planned, and commenced early in 1912, include an
Optics Building, which will provide room for the testing of optical instru-
ments now done at Kew and for the Optics Division at Teddington, and an
Administration Building, with offices and library, and a section for the
receipt and despatch of instruments. These buildings will be completed
early in 1913.

A few notes are added on the researches which have been conducted at

U2

292

the Laboratory. In 1901, from funds furnished by the generosity of Sir
Andrew Noble, equipment was provided for work on the fundamental high
temperature scale, which has since been continuously in progress. The
earlier work consisted in a comparison of platinum thermometers and
thermo-junctions with the gas thermometer, up to the highest tem-
perature which could then conveniently be measured with these instruments.
The account of this work published in 1903 was followed in 1904 by
a description of a new type of electric furnace, with a re-determination
of the melting-point of platinum. The subsequent investigations have
been directed mainly to the finding of some satisfactory refractory material
for the construction of gas thermometer bulbs for use at very high tempera-
tures. Other types of electric furnace have been devised in the course of the
work, and various difficulties have been encountered. lonization phenomena
in furnaces have been studied.

Research on electrical units and standards dates from the time of the
foundation of the Laboratory. Dr. Glazebrook continued to serve as Secretary
to the Electrical Standards Committee of the British Association, and
continuity with the previous researches carried out by him for that Committee
was thus maintained. The course of the investigations at Teddington has
been marked by a series of papers on mercury standards of resistance, the
ampere balance, the normal Weston cadmium cell, the silver voltameter,
methods of high precision for the comparison of resistances, the variation of
manganin resistances with humidity, and a variety of other researches on
standard resistances, and standard cells. An ampere balance was constructed
in 1906-7, and a standard Lorenz apparatus for the determination of the
ohm in absolute measure, the gift of the Drapers1 Company, has recently
been completed. An extensive research on the measurement of capacity
and inductance, including the construction of standards of inductance of
high accuracy, has been conducted.

The Photometry Division has devoted continuous attention to the establish-
ment of satisfactory methods and standards for the measurement of the
illumination given by different sources of light.

The investigations carried out in the Metrology Division have been
directed mainly to the construction and maintenance of standards of length,
and to the devising of suitable methods of length measurements of all kinds,
including measurements of screws and of tapes and wires for surveying
purposes. Many researches have been undertaken for the Engineering
Standards Committee — a fully representative body working under the
auspices of the engineering profession and the Government for the purpose
of defining and providing practical and interchangeable standards in con-
struction.

The research work in the Engineering Department has, for the most part,
been carried on with the continuous assistance and advice of the Institution of

THE NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY 293

Civil Engineers, who have contributed generously towards the support of the
work of the Laboratory. A research on wind-pressure was at once com-
menced, directed to the determination of a method of estimating the wind-
pressure on large structures from the results of experiments on small models
in the Laboratory. An account of the earlier experiments on models in an
air channel was published in 1903, and this work was followed by the in-
vestigation of the wind-pressure on larger surfaces in the open. The next
step was to determine what relation the maximum pressure intensity in a given
period of time over a considerable area, such as that of a large engineering
structure, bears to the maximum intensity occurring at a single point of the
area. The last stage of this research, to determine the effect on this relation
of the more or less exposed character of the site, has now been entered upon.

A second extensive research has been in progress in the Engineering
Department to determine the behaviour of materials under repetition of
stresses of various kinds. Papers published in the course of this research
relate to the construction of an alternating stress-testing machine, the
resistance of iron and steel to reversals of direct stress, a new fatigue test for
iron and steel, a repeated impact testing machine and the resistance of
materials to impact, and other work of a similar character.

Research in Aeronautics was commenced in 1909, and considerable progress
has been made in the study of the forces due to the wind on airships and
aeroplanes.

In the Metallurgy Division the work initiated by Sir William Roberts- Austen
was continued at the Laboratory for the Alloys Research Committee of the
Institution of Mechanical Engineers and with the support of that Institu-
tion. The several reports made to this Committee deal respectively with
iron-nickel-manganese-carbon alloys, alloys of aluminium and copper, alloys
of copper aluminium and manganese, and alloys of aluminium and zinc.
A large number of other papers on metallurgical subjects have been published.

The investigations on ship-models in the Tank Department were commenced
in 1911, and this work will in future constitute an important branch of the
research-work carried out by the Laboratory.

During the period in which the Kew Observatory was a Department of the
National Physical Laboratory, the Superintendent, Dr. Charles Chree, F.R.S.,
published a valuable series of memoirs reducing and discussing the magnetic
observations recorded at the Observatory, as well as magnetic observations
taken at Falmouth, and the magnetic and meteorological records obtained
by expeditions to the Antarctic regions. (See p. 301.)

In the year 1908 the conditions regulating the character of the test-work
undertaken by the Laboratory for manufacturers and other private bodies were
further defined by a Committee appointed by the Treasury, of which the
Right Hon. Gerald W. Balfour acted as Chairman.

The total capital expenditure of the Laboratory up to December 31, 1911,

294 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

has been ,£104,399 7s. Id. The grants for buildings and equipment received
from H.M. Treasury during this period amount to a total of .£'57,150, the
remainder being for the most part provided from private sources. The
ordinary expenditure during the year 1911 amounted to .£30,571 14*. 10d.,
of which <£! 7,398 3*. 7d. was met by payments for testing- work done.

IV. INTERNATIONAL CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE.

In the foregoing chapter an account was given of the Royal Society's
' Catalogue of Scientific Papers \ of which twelve volumes have been published
comprising the period from 1800 to 1883. It had long been apparent that the
production of so great a work would soon be beyond the resources of the
Society or indeed of any single body. International co-operation appeared to
be the only means of securing the continuation of the work. As already
stated, the President and Council of the Royal Society were willing to
complete at their own charges the volumes required to bring their
' Catalogue ' down to the end of the nineteenth century, but they felt that
some other arrangement must be made for the further prosecution of the
Catalogue beyond that period.

Accordingly, the Royal Society sought the opinion of a large number of
representative bodies and individuals abroad, and as the replies were
almost uniformly in favour of the work being undertaken by international
co-operation, steps were taken to summon an international conference of
delegates appointed by the various Governments. This Conference was held
in London on July 14 to 17, 1896, and was followed by Conferences held in
London on October 11 to 13, 1898, and on June 12 and 13, 1900.

The Conference held in 1900 agreed upon a scheme for the publication of
an International Catalogue of Scientific Literature. It was then laid down
that the supreme control of the Catalogue should be vested in an International
Convention. In the intervals between the meetings of the International
Convention, the administration of the Catalogue was to be vested in an
International Council, the editing and publication being carried on by
a Central Bureau. All difficulties were finally removed by the Royal Society
undertaking in October 1900 to act as the publishers of the Catalogue on
behalf of the International Council, thereby giving the necessary legal status
to the undertaking, and also agreeing to advance the capital required to start
the enterprise, the understanding being that this capital should be repaid
during the next five years. The contracts entered into at the time were for
publishing five annual issues of the Catalogue corresponding to the five years
1901-1905.

At the first meeting of the International Council aforesaid in London, on
December 12, 1900, it was decided to commence the preparation of the
Catalogue from January 1, 1901, that each annual issue of the Catalogue
should consist of seventeen volumes, and that the price of the set to subscribers

INTERNATIONAL LITERATURE CATALOGUE 295

should be £17. Dr. H. Forster Morley was appointed Director of the
Central Bureau, and an Executive Committee of the International Council
was also formed. The Central Bureau is established in offices at 34 and 35
Southampton Street, Strand, London, W.C. Schedules of Classification and
the Instructions for the use of Regional Bureaus have been elaborated and
are issued in English, French, Italian, and German.

The second meeting of the International Council was held in London on
May 23 and 24, 1904. At this meeting it was decided 'That in view of the
success already achieved by the International Catalogue of Scientific
Literature, and of its great importance to scientific workers, it is imperative
to continue the publication of the Catalogue beyond the first five annual
issues '.

The first meeting of the International Convention was held in London on
July 25 and 26, 1905, and was attended by accredited representatives from
Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Holland, India, Italy, Japan,
Mexico, Russia, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States of
America. The Convention received and adopted the resolution of the
International Council of the previous year, recommending that the work be
continued for a second period of five years ; and they requested the Royal
Society to continue to act as the publishing body, and in that capacity to
conclude a contract with Messrs. Harrison & Sons for printing and publishing
the volumes of the Catalogue that would index the scientific literature of the
years 1906-1910. The Convention also asked the Royal Society to make
provision for the working capital required.

In response to these resolutions, the Council of the Royal Society arranged
for an extension, with certain modifications, of the then existing contracts,
so that they should cover the printing and publishing of the Catalogue up to
the end of the tenth annual issue. The Society has advanced sums amounting
altogether to ,^7,500 for working expenses, upon which annual interest is paid.

At the meeting of the International Convention in 1905 the Schedules of
Classification underwent careful revision. The Convention also approved
a proposal for the amalgamation of Volume N (Zoology) of the Catalogue
with the Zoological Record published by the Zoological Society of London.
The amalgamation was agreed to for the five years 1906-1910, and it has
recently been extended to cover the period 1911-1915.

At a third meeting of the International Council held in London on July
29 and 30, 1907, details of the work of the Regional Bureaus established in
the various co-operating countries were taken into consideration, and it was
decided to issue a new edition of the Instructions for the use of Regional
Bureaus. The fourth meeting of the International Council was held in
London on June 3 and 4, 1909.

The second meeting of the International Convention was held in London
July 12 to 13, 1910. It was attended by accredited representatives from

296

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Holland, India, Italy, Japan,
New South Wales, Russia, South Australia, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and
the United States of America. At this Convention it was resolved ' That in
view of the success already achieved by the International Catalogue of
Scientific Literature and of the great importance of the objects which it
promotes, it is imperative to continue the publication of the Catalogue during
the period 1911-1915 and, on the recommendation of the International
Council, during the subsequent five years 1916-1920'. All the delegates
present voted in favour of this resolution with the exception of the representa-
tive of Germany, who stated that his country desired to reserve its decision.
The German Government has, however, since the meeting of the Convention
announced its intention of continuing its support of the undertaking for the
third quinquennial period.

The Convention of 1910 also resolved 'That in view of the resolution
arrived at to continue the Catalogue for a further period of five years,
the Royal Society of London be requested to act, as in the past, as the
publishing body and to make the necessary contracts '. The Council of the
Royal Society has therefore agreed with the printers for the extension of
the contracts for printing and publishing the Catalogue until the end of the
fifteenth annual issue, namely, the one indexing the literature of 1915.

The contributions of the various countries have taken the form of promises
to subscribe for a certain number of complete sets of the volumes or their
equivalent. The following is a list of the sets thus subscribed for at the
present time : —

Austria ....

94

Belgium .

7

Canada .

. 7

Cape Colony .

. 6

Cuba :

. 1

Denmark

. 6

Egypt .

. 24

Finland ....

. 24

France ....

. 35

Germany

. 45

Greece ....

. 2

Holland .

. 8

Hungary.

. 4

India and Ceylon

. 21

Italy ....

. 27

Japan ....

. 15

Mexico ....

. 5

New South Wales

24

New Zealand .

Norway .

Nova Scotia

Orange River Colony

Poland . . .

Portugal .

Queensland

Russia .

South Australia

Spain .

Sweden .

Switzerland

Transvaal Colony

United Kingdom

United States of America

Victoria .

West Australia

Total

1
5
1
1
1
1
1

30
2
1
5
8
1

45

58

1

1

369

PLATE XIX

INTERNATIONAL LITERATURE CATALOGUE 297

The branches of science included in the Catalogue are as follows :-

A. Mathematics.

B. Mechanics.

C. Physics.

D. Chemistry.

E. Astronomy.

F. Meteorology.1

G. Mineralogy.2
H. Geology.

J. Geography.3

K. Palaeontology.

L. General Biology.

M. Botany.

N. Zoology.

O. Anatomy.

P. Physical Anthropology.

Q. Physiology.4

R. Bacteriology.

Volumes are issued in paper covers, but may also be obtained bound
in buckram at an extra charge per volume, or for part of volume when
bound separately. For those who may prefer a card catalogue to a Cata-
logue in book-form, copies of every volume specially printed upon one side
only of thin paper have been published. The entries can then be cut out
and pasted upon cards of any desired size. An extra charge is made for
these thin paper copies.

In the case of Zoology an experiment is being made by offering for sale the
separate parts of the volume which correspond to divisions of the animal
kingdom.

Eight complete annual issues of the Catalogue corresponding to the period
1901-1908 have now been published. The greater part of the ninth issue is
also published. The volumes composing the tenth issue are at present
appearing.

The following table gives the total number of papers indexed in each science
for the nine issues covering the period 1901-1909 : —

A. Mathematics

B. Mechanics

C. Physics .

D. Chemistry

E. Astronomy

F. Meteorology

G. Mineralogy
H. Geology

J. Geography

16748

K.

9200

L.

35032

M.

72631

N.

16071

O.

14083

P.

14338

Q.

18210

R.

22417

Palaeontology
General Biology
Botany .
Zoology .
Anatomy
Anthropology .
Physiology
Bacteriology .

. 7251

. 8123

. 55394

. 10786

. 17316

. 26029

. 98422

. 46915

Total 488966

1 Including Terrestrial Magnetism.

2 Including Petrology and Crystallography.
s Mathematical and Physical.

4 Including Experimental Psychology, Pharmacology, and Experimental Pathology.

298. RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

This is the number of entries for the Catalogue according to Authors.
For each entry in this Catalogue there are on the average two or three entries
in the Catalogue according to Subjects. Since the beginning of the under-
taking two million index cards have been received at the Central Bureau ; as
these cards index the scientific literature for the eleven years 1901-1911, they
thus give an average of about 180,000 entries per annum.

An arrangement has recently been made with the International Seismological
Association whereby the section of 'Internal Dynamics' in the volume for
Geology will be enlarged by additional entries prepared under the auspices of
the Seismological Association, and will be issued with separate title-page to
the members of the Association.

V. THE ROYAI, OBSERVATORY, GREENWICH.

Allusion was made in Chapter I (p. 34) to the foundation of this Observatory
by Charles II and to its earlier history. The connexion of the Royal Society
with the Observatory has been close from the ^beginning. In 1710 the Society
was appointed to be Visitors and Directors, a function which they continued
to perform until the accession of King William IV, when, by a new warrant
then issued, the President and six of the Fellows of the Royal Astronomical
Society were added to the same number of the Royal Society to constitute the
Board of Visitors, the President of the Royal Society being Chairman of the
Board. A new warrant is issued at the beginning of each sovereign's reign.
The following is that of King George V : —

WARRANT FOR THE BOARD OF VISITORS OF THE ROYAL OBSERVATORY,

GREENWICH.

GEORGE THE FIFTH by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas King,.
Defender of the Faith, to all to whom these Presents shall come, Greeting.

Whereas it pleased His late Majesty King Edward the Seventh by Warrant
under His Rpyal Sign Manual, bearing date the 23rd day of May in the First
Year of His Reign to constitute and appoint the President of the Royal
Society for the time being, and the President of the Royal Astronomical
Society for the time being, together with certain other Persons therein named
and described, to be regular Visitors of the Royal Observatory at Greenwich.
Now know ye, that We have revoked and determined, and do by these Presents
revoke and determine, the said Appointment, and every clause, article, and
thing therein contained. And further know ye, that We have been given to
understand that it would contribute very much to the improvement of
Astronomy and Navigation, if We should appoint regular Visitors of Our
Royal Observatory at Greenwich, with sufficient powers for the execution of
that trust. We have, therefore, thought fit, in consideration of the great

THE ROYAL OBSERVATORY, GREENWICH 299

learning and experience, and other necessary qualifications of the Royal Society
and the Royal Astronomical Society, to constitute and appoint, as We do by
these Presents constitute and appoint, you —

The President for the time being of the Royal Society,

The President for the time being of the Royal Astronomical Society,
together with Our Right Trusty and Well-beloved Counsellor —

John William, Baron Rayleigh, Member of the Order of Merit,
and Our Trusty and Well-beloved —

Sir Joseph Norman Lockyer, Knight Commander of Our Most Honourable
Order of the Bath,

Sir Arthur William Rucker, Knight,

Sir Joseph Larmor, Knight,

William Grylls Adams, Esquire,

Arthur Schuster, Esquire,

Fellows of the Royal Society ;
and —

Sir William de Wiveleslie Abney, Knight Commander of Our Most
Honourable Order of the Bath,.

Sir David Gill, Knight Commander of Our Most Honourable Order of the
Bath,

Sir Robert Stawell Ball, Knight,

Robert Bellamy Clifton, Esquire,

James Whitbread Lee Glaisher, Esquire,

Edward Ball Knobel, Esquire,

Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society ;
and —

The Savilian Professor of Astronomy at Oxford for the time being,

The Plumian Professor of Astronomy at Cambridge for the time being,

The Hydrographer of Our Navy for the time being,

to be regular Visitors of Our Royal Observatory at Greenwich during Our
pleasure ; provided always, that neither the Astronomer Royal for the time
being, nor any of his Assistants shall be a Visitor of Our said Royal Observatory.
And we do authorize and require you from time to time to order and direct
Our said Astronomer and Keeper of Our said Royal Observatory to make such
Astronomical Observations and calculations as you in your judgement shall
think proper.

And that you do survey and inspect our instruments in Our said Observatory,
and as often as any shall be found defective or insufficient for the present
wants of Astronomy, that you do inform Our Lord High Admiral, or the
Commissioners for executing the Office of Lord High Admiral, that so the
said instruments may either be exchanged or repaired or new ones may be
procured. And that you do from time to time make such suggestions and
representations to Our Lord High Admiral, or to the Commissioners for

300 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

executing the Office of Lord High Admiral, touching the said Observatory,
and its library and instruments, the observations and calculations as shall, in
your judgement, be conducive to the credit of Our Observatory and to the
promotion of astronomical and natural science.

And Our further will and pleasure is. that Our Astronomer and Keeper of
the said Observatory for the time being do deliver to you every three months,
if required by you in writing, under the hand of your Chairman, a true and
fair copy of all the observations he shall have made and of all the calculations
relating to those or other observations made at Our said Observatory. And
that such number of copies of the said observations and calculations be printed
as Our Lord High Admiral, or the Commissioners for executing the Office of
Lord High Admiral, shall consider expedient. And when Our said Astronomer
and the Councils of the said Royal Society and Royal Astronomical Society
shall have been supplied with as many copies as they may desire to distribute
for the benefit of science, the remainder shall be sold at such price as Our Lord
High Admiral, or the Commissioners for executing the Office of Lord High
Admiral, shall fix.

And Our further will and pleasure is, that you do meet annually at Our
said Observatory on the first Saturday in the month of June, or, should
circumstances render that day inconvenient, on such other day, at that period
of the year, as the President of the Royal Society (being a Visitor) may decide,
and also at such other times as may seem expedient to the President of the
Royal Society (being a Visitor), or if not, to Our Lord High Admiral, or the
Commissioners for executing the Office of Lord High Admiral. And that at
such meeting the President of the Royal Society (being a Visitor) shall take
the chair, or in his absence the President of the Royal Astronomical Society
(being a Visitor), or in the absence of both the said Presidents, that the
members present shall elect a chairman for the time being among themselves.
And that at every such meeting seven members shall form a quorum.

And Our further will and pleasure is, that you be empowered to appoint
a Secretary, who shall perform the usual duties of Secretary at your meetings,
and shall take charge of your books and papers, and shall receive for his
trouble such stipend as to Our Lord High Admiral, or to the Commissioners
for executing the Office of Lord High Admiral, shall seem fit. And also that
Our said Lord High Admiral or Commissioners shall be empowered to pay
such sums as they may think proper, in the nature of reimbursement of
expenses, to such of the visitors as attend.

And Our further will and pleasure is, that if any one of Our Visitors (not
being such by virtue of his office) shall not attend the Annual Meeting for
three successive years without assigning such an excuse for his absence as shall
be deemed sufficient by a majority of Our Visitors present at a meeting, he
shall cease to be a Visitor ; and as often as a vacancy shall occur in the lists of
Visitors selected from the Fellows of the Royal Society or of the Royal

THE ROYAL OBSERVATORY, GREENWICH 301

Astronomical Society, by death, resignation, or otherwise, the same shall be
filled up by the President of the Society (being a Visitor) in whose list such
vacancy may have happened, from the Fellows of that Society, but if such
President be not a Visitor the appointment shall be made by the Council of
the Society of which he is President, from the Fellows thereof. And for so
doing this shall be your Warrant.
And so We bid you farewell.

Given at Our Court at Saint James's, the Eleventh day of June 1910,
in the First Year of Our Reign.
To the President of the Royal Society,

the President of the Royal Astrono- T> u- ,, . . , ~

* By His Majesty s Command,

mical Society, and the other Persons

herein appointed Visitors of Our

WINSTON S. CHURCHILL.

Royal Observatory of Greenwich.

VI. KEW OBSERVATORY.

This Observatory is situated in the Old Deer Park, Richmond. The
present building was erected by King George III in 1769 for the purpose of
observing the transit of Venus which occurred in that year. It was maintained
by Government until the year 1842 when it passed into the hands of the
British Association for the Advancement of Science, which continued to manage
it through a committee until 1871, when the Chairman of the Committee
placed in the hands of the Royal Society as trustees an endowment of <^10,00().
The Society then took over the control of the Observatory, and appointed
a Committee to administer the endowment and supervise the scientific work of
the Observatory. This arrangement continued until 1899 when the Observa-
tory was incorporated with the National Physical Laboratory (see pp. 179, 289),
and the Kew Observatory Committee as a scientific body was dissolved. A com-
mittee, however (known as the Gassiot Committee), whose members were also
members of the Executive Committee of the Laboratory, continued to watch
over the Gassiot Fund, and to pay the proceeds thereof to the National Physi-
cal Laboratory.

In course of time it was found that some alteration of this organization was
required. Accordingly a new scheme for the Management of Kew Observatory,
with other Observatories, was framed, which came into operation on July 1,
1910. Under this scheme the Gassiot Committee, appointed by the Royal
Society to administer the Gassiot Trust Fund, was reconstituted as a Scientific
Committee for the purpose of recommending observations and researches in
magnetism, seismology, meteorology, and geophysics to be carried out at Kew,
Eskdalemuir, and Valencia Observatories, which were now placed under the
general direction of the Meteorological Committee (see p. 302). The proceeds
of the Gassiot Trust Fund, and the grant in aid made by the Treasury to the
Royal Society for Eskdalemuir Observatory, are used in such manner as the

302 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Gassiot Committee may approve for the maintenance of these observations
and researches, in augmentation of the sums assigned for the purpose by the
Meteorological Committee.

VII. THE METEOROLOGICAL COMMITTEE.

The present Meteorological Committee is the official descendant of the
Meteorological Department of the Board of Trade, established in 1854, the
history of which is given in the Report by the Committee of Inquiry nominated
by the Roval Society, the Board of Trade, and the Admiralty, respectively,
which was printed and presented to Parliament in 1866. This Department
was superseded in 1867 by the Meteorological Committee of the Royal Society.
In 1877 the Committee transferred their charge to the Meteorological Council,
a paid body, consisting of a chairman and four members, nominated by the
President and Council of the Royal Society, and approved by the Lords Com-
missioners of the Treasury, with the Hydrographer of the Admiralty as an
official member. In 1905 the Meteorological Council was replaced by a Com-
mittee appointed by H.M. Treasury, and containing two representatives of
the Royal Society. The Gassiot Committee above described co-operates with
this Meteorological Committee in promoting the scientific study of the branches
of science to which the Gassiot Trust relates, viz. Meteorology, Terrestrial
Magnetism, Atmospheric Electricity, Seismology, and the cognate subjects.

VIII. THE BOTANIC GARDENS, CHELSEA, FORMERLY KNOWN AS
' THE PHYSICK GARDEN \

In February 1721 (1722 new style) Sir Hans Sloane by a deed, one part of
which is in the possession of the Society, granted unto and to the use of the
Society of Apothecaries for ever, subject to a yearly rent of <£*5 and to certain
conditions, a plot of ground formerly leased to that Society by Lord Cheyne,
and known as ' The Physick Garden \ The most important condition is « That
the Garden should at all times hereafter be continued as a Physick Garden '
by the Society of Apothecaries, which shall yearly present to the Royal
Society * fifty specimens or samples of distinct plants, well dryed and preserved,
and which grew in the said Garden the same year, together with their respec-
tive names or reputed names, and so as the specimens or samples of such plants
be different, or specifically distinct, and no one offered twice, until the compleat
number of two thousand plants have been delivered \

The deed further provides that if these conditions be not fulfilled, or if the
Society shall at any time convert the Garden into buildings for habitations or
for any other uses save as a Physick Garden, Sir Hans Sloane, his heirs and
assigns, may enter and hold the premises in trust for the Royal Society, which,
however, must pay the said rent, and in like manner deliver fifty plants from
the Gardens annually to the College of Physicians, and if the Royal Society
fail to comply, the Gardens are to be held in trust for the College of Physicians,

THE BOTANIC GARDENS, CHELSEA 303

subject to the same conditions as those originally imposed on the Society of
Apothecaries.

The deed recites that the Society of Apothecaries had ' lately resolved upon
and sett apart an annuall summe for the maintaining of the " Garden " forever ',
a consideration for the Grant which is not mentioned in the abstract of the
Deed published in the ' Memoirs of the Botanic Garden at Chelsea ', by
Mr. Henry Field and Dr. R. H. Semple, printed in 1878.

The Society of Apothecaries duly presented in each year fifty distinct plants
to the Royal Society up to 1762, when the number of two thousand was com-
pleted. After that year plants were still presented up to 1774, when a total
of 2,550 plants was attained, and from that date the records of the Royal
Society appear to contain no entry concerning the Garden until the year 1861,
when the Society of Apothecaries, having expressed to the President of the
Royal Society their intention of relieving themselves of the responsibility of
maintaining the Botanic Gardens at Chelsea, and the matter having been
referred to a Committee, the following Minute of Council appears in reply
to an inquiry from the Society of Apothecaries as to the decision of the
Council : —

'Oct. 24, 1861. Resolved that thanks be returned to the Master and
Wardens of the Society of Apothecaries for their obliging communication, and
that they be informed that the President and Council of the Royal Society do
not feel in a position to take any steps in the matter referred to, until they
receive notice of proceedings on the part of the Heirs of Sir Hans Sloane con-
sequent on the determination of the Society of Apothecaries.'

The Garden is said to have contained three acres one rood and thirty-five
perches of ground, but this area appears to have been exclusive of the foreshore
of the River Thames. On page 88 of the ' Memoirs of the Botanic Garden at
Chelsea1 above mentioned, it is stated that so long ago as 1707 directions were
given for wharfing the Garden towards the river, and that a similar order was
made in 1728. In 1771 an embankment was made at an expense of about <^?400.
' This embankment was designed only in order to recover ground which had
originally belonged to the Garden, but had in process of time been washed
away by the river.'

In 1870 the Chelsea Embankment was constructed, and, as the * Memoirs'
state, the Apothecaries' Society, 'as tenants of the Chelsea Garden,' lost their
immediate access to the river and sacrificed their portion of the foreshore,
while a road intervened between the garden and the river. As compensation,
a handsome wall, railing, and entrance gates facing the Embankment were
built by the Metropolitan Board of Works.

It is further stated in the same ' Memoirs ' that a strip of reclaimed land
has * been thrown in with the older portion since the construction of the
new river-side embankment'. In 1890 the Royal Society had some cor-
respondence with the Society of Apothecaries on occasion of a proposal that

304 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

the Gardens should be sold for building purposes; but the proposal was
abandoned. In 1898, however, the Society of Apothecaries became desirous
of being relieved of the burden of maintaining the Garden, and applied to
the Charity Commissioners to formulate a scheme for its administration.
A scheme was accordingly drawn up by the Charity Commissioners and
submitted to the Council of the Royal Society. A Committee appointed by
the Council carefully considered the scheme and suggested several modifica-
tions, which were approved, and the scheme as finally amended was sealed by
the Charity Commissioners on February 21, 1899.

Under this scheme the Garden is to be administered exclusively for the
promotion of the study of Botany with special reference to the requirements
of general education, scientific instruction and research in Botany (including
Vegetable Physiology), and instruction in Technical Pharmacology, as far as
the culture of medicinal plants is concerned. The Garden is now administered
by a body of Trustees and by a Committee of Management. The Trustees are
the Trustees of the London Parochial Charities, and the Committee of
Management consists of 'seventeen competent persons', sixteen being
Representative Members, and one being an ex-ojficio or Nominated Member.
The Representative Members are appointed as follows : —

Nine by the above-mentioned Trustees, for a term of four years.

One by the Treasury, for a term of five years.

One by the Lord President of the Council, for a term of five years.

One by the Technical Education Board of the London County Council, for
a term of three years.

One by the Royal Society, for a term of four years.

One by the Society of Apothecaries and the Royal College of Physicians, in
turn, for a term of four years.

One by the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, for a term of four
years, and

One by the Senate of the University of London for a term of four years.

The ex-officio Member is ' the person for the time being entitled to the said
yearly rent of .£5 ' under Sir Hans Sloane's Deed of Gift. Under this scheme
the Committee is to provide for the maintenance of botanical collections of
living plants for teaching purposes, and, so far as practicable, for the supply
of botanical specimens for the purpose of external instruction. The Com-
mittee may also provide instruction, by means of lectures or otherwise, in
Botany, with special reference to the requirements of Elementary Education.

IX. THE LA WES AGRICULTURAL TRUST.

Mr. (afterwards Sir) John Bennet Lawes, soon after entering into possession
of his hereditary property at Rothamsted l in 1834, began to make experi-

1 Kothamsted is in Hertfordshire, twenty-five miles from London, near Harpenden, on
the Midland Railway.

PLATK XX

1 £

THE LA WES AGRICULTURAL TRUST 305

merits with different manurial substances, first with plants in pots, and
afterwards in the field. At the outset the researches of De Saussure on
vegetation chiefly guided him. Of all his experiments those gave the most
striking results in which the neutral phosphate of lime, in bones, bone-ash,
and apatite, was rendered soluble by means of sulphuric acid, and the mix-
ture was applied for root-crops. The success obtained on a small scale in 1837,
1838, and 1839, led to more extensive trials in the field in 1840 and 1841,
and subsequently. In 1843 more systematic field experiments were commenced ;
and Dr. (afterwards Sir) J. Henry Gilbert became associated with Mr. Lawes
in the conduct of the experiments. The foundation of the Rothamsted Experi-
mental Station may be said to date from that time (1843).

The Rothamsted station has from the commencement been disconnected
from any external organization, and has been maintained entirely at the
cost of the late Sir John Lawes, who set apart a sum of .^100,000, the
Laboratory, and certain areas of land, for the continuance of the investiga-
tions after his death. In February 1889 Trustees were appointed, and the
necessary Trust Deed was executed. In accordance with the provisions of the
Deed, a Committee of Management was soon afterwards appointed, and entered
upon its duties. The Trustees are Lord Avebury, F.R.S., Lord Walsingham,
F.R.S., and the Right Hon. A. Lyttleton, K.C. The Committee consists of
nine members, of whom one is the owner of Rothamsted, four are nominated
by the Royal Society, one by the Chemical Society, one by the Linnean
Society ; and two by the Royal Agricultural Society of England.

From June 1843 until the death of Sir John Lawes, which occurred in
August 1900, Sir J. H. Gilbert was the Director of the Experimental Station
and collaborated with Lawes in all the work. Gilbert died in Dec. 1901, and
in Oct. 1902 Mr. A. D. Hall, F.R.S., became Director of the Station.

In 1855 the Laboratory was built with the funds collected by public
subscription amongst the agriculturists of England. In 1888 the Sample
House was added for the storage of the very large number of samples
of experimentally grown crops, soils, &c., that had been accumulated. In
1904 a wing was added to the Laboratory by Mr. J. H. Mason, M.P., for
bacteriological investigations upon the soil, and further extensions are now
(1912) in progress.

The field experiments were started upon such fields of the Rothamsted
Home Farm as were suitable for the purpose, and five of these fields were con-
veyed to the Lawes Agricultural Trust by the provisions of the original Trust
Deed. In 1911 a long lease was granted by the late Sir Charles Lawes-
Wittewronge of further areas of land adjoining the original experimental fields,
so that the Station is now in control of a farm of about 300 acres in area.

The original trust funds have been added to from time to time by various
benefactors ; more particularly by the Goldsmiths' Company, which gave in
1907 the sum of .£10,000 for the endowment of investigations upon soil. The

X

306 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Station now also receives a grant from the Board of Agriculture from the
Research Fund provided by the Development Commissioners.

The staff now consists of Director, Chemist, Goldsmiths' Soil Investigator,
Bacteriologist, Botanist, Organic Chemist, and two assistants.

The investigations conducted at Rothamsted may be classified as follows : —

1. Field Experiments. On the original experimental fields the treatment of
the plots has in many cases been carried on without break or alteration since
1843 and in nearly all cases since 1852. One field is devoted to wheat, a
second to barley, a third to root crops, a fourth to leguminous crops, and a
fifth to hay. The plan of the experiments has been to divide these fields
into plots, each of which receives a different manurial treatment which is
repeated year by year, and is so arranged as to provide all the possible variations
in the supply of nutriment to the plant. On another field the same crop is
not grown continuously, but a rotation of crops is followed. The effect of the
manures upon the yield of the crops may be considered to have been settled
long ago by these experimental plots, but they continue to yield material for
the investigation of the part played by the different constituents of the plant
upon its general nutrition, and upon the composition of crops grown under
various conditions of nutriment. The soil has also become profoundly altered
by the long-continued manurial treatment and affords material which throws
light upon the behaviour of other soils of naturally abnormal composition.
Other experimental fields have since been added to investigate the residue left
by different fertilizers, the effect of green crops and other additions of organic
matter to the soil, the value of certain new fertilizers, &c., &c.

2. Feeding Experiments. During the earlier years of the experiments a
number of trials with animals were made at Rothamsted in order to determine
the composition of oxen, sheep, and pigs and of their increase in fattening. The
relation of food to live weight increase, the relative value in the nitrogenous
and non-nitrogenous constituents of food, the relation of nitrogenous food to
work, and the sources of fat in the animal's body were determined. These
investigations were conducted with all the precision that was then obtainable,
and though much of the work has since been superseded by more refined
methods of research, they provide many of the fundamental data upon which
the theory of animal nutrition was built up.

3. Investigations on the biology of the soil. Much of the earlier work of the
Station was concerned with the question of the sources of nitrogen in vege-
tation, and the work of Lawes, Gilbert, and Pugh may be taken to have finally
settled the question that the higher plants themselves do not assimilate
atmospheric nitrogen. After the discovery by Helreigel and Wilfarth in 1866
of the nitrogen-fixing bacteria living in symbiosis on the roots of leguminous
plants, much of their work was repeated and verified at Rothamsted, and
several confirmations of their observations were obtained upon a field
scale. Later work has largely been concerned with the effects of the other

THE LAWES AGRICULTURAL TRUST 307

nitrogen-fixing organisms living free in the soil, and from one of the experimental
fields considerable light has been thrown upon the origin of the accumulated
nitrogen in virgin soils. The research of the late R. Warington, F.R.S., upon
nitrification and the organisms concerned therein was conducted in the
Rothamsted laboratory. Latterly the existence in the soil of another group
of larger organisms which reduce its fertility by keeping in check the develop-
ment of bacteria has been demonstrated, and this subject is now under investi-
gation, both in the laboratory and in the field.

4. Miscellaneous. Other investigations have dealt with the botanical com-
position of the herbage of meadows and the change brought about by manurial
and other treatment, the nitrogen constituents of rain and drainage waters,
the effects of plant growth and of manures upon the acidity or alkalinity of
the soil, the removal of calcium carbonate from the soil, and the effects of
manures and soils upon the composition of farm crops.

X. STANDARD WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

The Imperial Standard Yard and Pound in actual use for all important
comparisons are at the Standards Office. Four copies of each of them are
deposited in other places in case of injury or loss of the standards. One set
of copies is in the custody of the Royal Society.

x 2

.'*08

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

XI. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS.

UNIVERSITIES.

Oxford. Boards of Electors to the —

Saviliau Professorship of Geometry

Savilian Professorship of Astronomy

Sedleian Professorship of Natural Philosophy

Professorship of Experimental Philosophy

Wykeham Professorship of Physics

Waynflete Professorship of Chemistry

Waynflete Professorship of Mineralogy

Professorship of Geology.
Cambridge. Board of Electors to the —

Lowndean Professorship of Astronomy and Geometry '
Liverpool University Court, one representative named by the Council of the Royal Society.
Bristol University Court, „ „ ,, ,, ,,

The President of the Royal Society
is an ex officio member.

PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

Governing bodies of : —

Charterhouse School, one representative appointed by the Council of the Royal Society.

Christ's Hospital,

Dulwich College,

Eton College,

Harrow School,

Rugby School,

Shrewsbury School,

Westminster School,

Winchester College,

OTHER INSTITUTIONS.

Athenaeum Club (Committee). The President. Ex officio.

British Museum (Trustee). „ „

City and Guilds of London Institute

(Governor). • „ „

Hunterian Museum (Trustee).

Imperial Cancer Research Fund.

Imperial College of Science and Tech-
nology.

Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine.

Military Education (Advisory Board).

Plague in India (Advisory Committee).

Soane Museum.

Tropical Diseases Advisory Board.

The President of the Royal Society is also ex officio an honorary member of the Royal

Irish Academy.

Two representatives appointed by the Council.

One representative appointed by the Council.
Two representatives appointed by the Council.
One representative appointed by the Council.
Two representatives appointed by the Council.
One representative appointed by the Council.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS1

named
nd Roval

1 Fellows.

Date of
Election

1663

Apr. 22 Brouncker, William, Viscount, President.

Moray, Sir Robert, Kt.

Boyle, Robert.

Brereton, William ; afterwards Lord.

Digby, Sir Kenelm, Kt.

Talbot, Sir Gilbert, Kt.

Neile, Sir Paul, Kt.

Slingsby, Henry.

Petty, Sir William, Kt.

Clarke, Timothy, M.D.

Wilkins,John,D.D., Secretary ; afterwards Bp. of Chester,

Ent, George, M.D. ; afterwards Kt.

Erskyn (Aerskine), William.

Goddard, Jonathan, M.D.

Balle, William, Treasurer.

Wren, Matthew.

Evelyn, John.

Henshaw, Thomas.

Palmer, Dudley.

Hill, Abraham.

Oldenburg, Henry, Secretary.

May 20 Alleyn, John.

Annesley, James, Lord.

Ashmole, Elias.

Austen, John.

Awbrey, John.

Ball, Peter.

Barrow, Isaac, D.D.

Bate, George, M.D.

Bayne, Thomas, M.D. ; afterwards Kt.

Berkeley, George, Lord ; afterwards Earl.

Boyle, Richard.

Brook, John ; afterwards Bt.

Bruce, David, M.D.

Bruce, Robert, Lord ; afterwards Earl of Aylesbury.

Buckingham, George, Duke of.

1 The Old Style calendar is observed ; until 1762 the year begins on March 26.

310

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Original Fellows.

Date of
Election

May 20

1663 (continued)

Cavendish, William, Lord ; afterwards Duke of Devonshire.

Charlton, Walter, M.D.

Clayton, John ; afterwards Kt.

Colwall, Daniel.

Cotton, Edward, D.D.

Coxe, Thomas, M.D.

Crawford and Lyndsay, John, Earl of.

Croone, William, M.D.

Denham, Sir John, Kt. of the Bath.

Devonshire, William, Earl of.

Dorchester, Henry, Marquess of.

Dryden, John (the poet).

Ellis, Andrew.

Fane, Sir Francis, Kt. of the Bath.

Finch, Sir John, Kt.

Glisson, Francis, M.D.

Graunt, John.

Haak, Theodore.

Hammond, William.

Harley, Sir Robert, Kt.

Hatton, Christopher, Lord.

Hayes, James ; afterwards Kt.

Henshaw, Nathaniel, M.D.

Hoare, William, M.D.

Holder, William, D.D.

Hooke, Robert ; afterwards LL.D.

Hoskins, John ; afterwards Bt. (P.R.S. 1682).

Howard, Charles.

Jones, Richard ; afterwards Earl of Ranelagh.

Kincardine, Alexander, Earl of.

King, Sir Andrew, Kt.

Le Febure, Nicasius.

Long, James ; afterwards Bt.

Lowther, Anthony.

Lucas, John, Lord.

Massareene, John, Viscount.

Merret, Christopher, M.D.

Morgan, Sir Anthony, Kt.

Needham, Jasper, M.D.

Neile, William.

Northampton, James, Earl of.

Nott, Sir Thomas, Kt.

Packer, Philip.

Paston, Sir Robert, Bt. and K.B. ; afterwards Earl of

Yarmouth.
Pell, John, D.D.
Persall, Sir William, Kt.
Pett, Peter.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 311

final Fellows.

Date <if
Election

May 20

June 22

July 1

«
8
15
22

»»
29

j»

Aug. 5
19

1663 (contimied)

Pett, Sir Peter, Kt.

Pope, Walter, M.D.

Povey, Thomas.

Powle, Henry.

Powle, Sir Richard, K.B.

Proby, Henry.

Quatremain, William, M.D.

Sandwich, Edward, Earl of.

Scarburgh, Charles, M.D. ; afterwards Kt.

Schroter, William.

Shaen, Sir James, Kt. and Bt.

Smyth, George, M.D.

Southwell, Robert ; afterwards Kt. (P.R.S. 1690).

Sprat, Thomas ; afterwards D.D., Bishop of Rochester.

Stanhope, Alexander.

Stanley, Thomas.

Terne, Christopher, M.D.

Tuke, Samuel ; afterwards Kt.

Vermuyden, Cornelius ; afterwards Kt.

Waller, Edmund.

Wallis, John, D.D.

Ward, Seth, Bishop of Exeter.

Whistler, Daniel, M.D.

Williamson, Joseph ; afterwards Kt. (P.R.S. 1677).

Willughby, Francis.

Winthrop, John.

Wren, Christopher, D.C.L. and LL.D. ; afterwards Kt.

(P.R.S. 1680).
Wren, Thomas, M.D.
Wyche, Sir Cyril, Kt. (P.R.S. 1683).
Wyche, Sir Peter, Kt.
Wylde, Edmund.
Wynde, William.

Birkenhead, Sir John, Kt.
Bysshe, Sir Edward, Kt.
Huyghens, Christian.
Sorbiere, Samuel.

Isham, Sir Justinian, Bt.

Power, Henry, M.D.

Fraizer, Alexander, M.D. ; afterwards Kt.

Vabres de Fresars, V. Beaufort.

Harley, Sir Edward, Kt. of the Bath.

Ford, Henry ; afterwards Kt.

Talbot, Sir John, Kt.

Waterhouse, Edward.

Ashley, Antony, Lord ; afterwards Earl of Shaftesbury.

Bathurst, Ralph, M.D. ; afterwards D.D.

312

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

[1664 N.S.]

[1665 N.S.J

Date of
Election

Aug. 19

Oct. 28
Nov. 4
11

>»
18

«

Dec. 9
16

Jan. 6
27

Feb. 3
Mar. 23

Mar. 30
Apr. 20
May 25
June 1
Nov. 2

23

Dec. 7

14

«

21

28

Jan. 9

18
25
Feb. 8

5)

15

22

Mar. 22

1663 (continued)

Beal, John ; afterwards D.D.

Pettus, Sir John, Bt.

Argyle, Archibald, Earl of.

Coxe, Thomas.

Gomeldon, William.

Potter, Rev. Francis.

Peterborough, Henry, Earl of.

Willis, Thomas, M.D.

Leighton, Sir Ellis, Kt.

Creed, John.

Dungarvan, Charles, Lord.

Lowther, Sir John, Bt.

Smith (Smyth), Edward.

Tweeddale, John, Earl of.

Williams, Roger.

Burnet (Burnett), Gilbert; aft. D.D. and Bp. of Salisbury

Carkess, James.

1664

Hevelius, Johannes (recte Hewelcke).

Vossius, Rev. Isaacus ; afterwards D.C.L.

More, Henry, D.D.

Neale, Thomas.

Godolphin, William ; afterwards Kt.

Hoare, James.

Newburgh, John.

Woodford, Samuel.

Atkyns, Sir Robert, Kt.

Cutler, Sir John, Kt.

Bagenall, Nicholas.

Thynne, Thomas; afterwards Bt. and Viscount Wey-

mouth.

Harvey, John.
Glanvill, Rev. Joseph.
Rolt, Thomas.
Slanning, Sir Nicholas, K.B.
Churchill, Sir Winston, Kt.
Portman, Sir William, Kt., Bt., and K.B.
Albemarle, George, Duke of.
King Charles II (Founder).

York, James, Duke of; afterwards King James II.
Stafford, William, Viscount.
Brunswick, Ferdinand Albert, Duke of.
Clarendon, Edward, Earl of.
Blount, Colonel Thomas.
Pepys, Samuel (P.R.S. 1684).
Carteret, Philip ; afterwards Kt.
Coxe, Daniel, M.D.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 318

Date of
Election

1664 (continued)

Mar. 22

Sheldon, Gilbert, D.D., Archbishop of Canterbury.

»>

Rupert, Prince.

1665

Mar. 29

Stearne, Richard, D.D., Archbishop of York.

«

Henchman, Humphrey, D.D., Bishop of London.

»>

Dolben, John, D.D., Dean of Westminster ; afterwards

Abp. of York.

May 3

Corbet, Sir Richard, Bt.

n

Dorset, Richard, Earl of.

10

De Vaux, Sir Theodore, Kt.

»»

Manchester, Edward, Earl of.

17

Hayward, Sir William, Kt.

24

Thruston, Malachy, M.D.

June 14

Carlisle, Charles, Earl of.

28

De Dumas, Vital.

»»

De Lionne, Hugues Louis.

Mar. 21

Cock, Captain George.

u

Harrington, William.

1666

May 9

Copplestone, John.

23

Yester, John, Lord ; afterwards Marquess of Tweeddale.

5»

Auzout, Adrian.

J»

Crisp, Thomas ; afterwards Kt.

June 13

Parker, Samuel ; afterwards D.D. and Bishop of Oxford.

27

Nelthorpe, Edward.

July 18

King, Edmond ; afterwards M.D. and Kt.

Aug. 29

Stormont, David, Viscount.

Nov. 14

Laney, Benjamin, Bishop of Lincoln ; afterwards of Ely.

«

Mercator, Nicholas.

»

Robartes, John, Lord ; afterwards Earl of Radnor.

21

Lindsey, Robert, Earl of.

28

Howard, Henry ; afterwards Duke of Norfolk.

?»

Morley, George, Bishop of Winchester.

Dec. 12

Rycaut, Paul ; afterwards Kt.

Feb. 14

Lake, Thomas.

Mar. 14

Pearson, John, D.D. ; afterwards Bishop of Chester

(Exposition of the Creed).

1667

Mar. 28

Clifton, Sir Clifford, Kt. and Bt.

Apr. 4

Bullialdus, Ismael (rectt Bulliau).

»»

Petit, Pierre.

»»

Smethwick, Francis.

May 16

Skippon, Philip ; afterwards Kt.

30

Harley, Thomas.

314

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

[1668 N.S.]

[1669 N.S.]

Date of
Election

1667 (continued)

June 20

Gascoigne, Sir Bernard, Bt. (recte Bernardo Guasconi).

„

Needham, Walter, M.D.

Oct. 3

Curtius, Sir William, Kt. and Bt.

17

Berkeley, Sir Maurice, Kt. and Bt.

„

Reymes, Col. Bullen.

55

Lower, Richard, M.D.

M

Collins, John.

24

Beringhen, Theodor von.

„

Clerke, Henry, M.D.

„

Stuart (Stewart), Sir Nicholas, Bt.

Nov. 7

Wray, John, M.A. (Ray after 1670).

„

Aglionby, William, M.D.

21

Leyonbergh, Johann.

Soame, William.

M

Ubaldini, Count Carlo.

„

Berkeley, Sir Charles, Bt. ; afterwards Earl.

„

Oudart, Nicholas.

Dec. 5

Du Moulin, Jacques, M.D.

„

Downes, John, M.D.

Jan. 2

Brown, Edward, M.D.

„

Conway, Edward, Lord.

9

Eustace, Sir Maurice, Kt.

„

Hotham, Rev. Charles.

Feb. 6

Straffbrde, William, Earl of.

„

Allen, Thomas, M.D.

13

Le Hunt, William.

20

r* 1 r^TVOT*

&\J

JL L\f W cl ^ ^^.

Ward, Esay.

1668

Apr. 9

Cunha, Don Antonio Alvares da.

16

Anglesey, Arthur, Earl of.

n

Harby, Sir Erasmus, Bt.

30

Flatman, Thomas.

„

Woodroffe, Benjamin ; afterwards D.D.

May 14

Colwall, John.

28

Colepeper (Collepepyr), Thomas.

June 11

Gregory (Gregorie), James.

„

Arderne, James, D.D.

Aug. 6

Courthope, Peter.

Nov. 5

Howard, Edward (of Norfolk).

26

Fitzhardinge, Maurice, Viscount.

55

Lucy, Sir Kingsmill, Bt.

„

Locke, John.

M

Finch, Daniel.

Dec. 3

Chamberlayne, Edward ; afterwards LL.D. and D.C.L.

10

Banks, Sir John, Bt.

Jan. 14

Titus, Col. Silas.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 315

Date of
Election

1668 (continued)

Jan. 21
28

Feb. 4
Mar. 4

Oct. 28
Nov. 18

Dec. 9

Apr. 21
Dec. 15
Mar. 23

Nov. 2

Jan. ITS*
18
25

May 22
Oct. 30
Nov. 6

Apr. 9
June 4
Nov. 6

27

«
>»

»

Dec. 11

Hoare, James.

Horneck, Anthony ; afterwards D.D.

Castle, George, M.D.

Malpighi, Marcello.

1669

Jeffreys, Edward.
Harrington, Thomas.
Hiarne, Urban.
Souza, Don Gaspar Merez de.
Stiernhielm, Georg.

1670

Helmfeld, Gustavus.
Monceaux, Andre.
Williams, Sir John, Kt. and Bt.
Matthews, Sir Philip, Bt.

1671

Reading, Robert ; afterwards Bt.
Lister, Martin ; afterwards M.D.
Grew, Nehemiah, M.D.
Newton, Isaac ; Kt. in 1705 (P.R.S. 1703).
Holies, Capt. Sir Frescheville, Kt.
Tillotson, John, D.D. ; afterwards Archbishop of Can-
terbury.

1672

Cassini, Jean Dominique.

Vernon, Francis.

Howard, Henry, Ld., of Castle Rising; afterwards

Duke of Norfolk.
Howard, Thomas.

1673

Bernard, Edward, B.D.
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Freiherr von.
Herbert, Lord Charles ; afterwards Marquess of Wor-
cester.

Howard, John Stafford.
Isham, Sir Justinian, Bt.
Lawrence, Sir John, Kt.
Ford, Sir Richard, Kt.
Player, Sir Thomas, Kt.
Winn, Rowland.

Birch, Andrew ; afterwards M.D.
Robartes, Francis.
Strangeways, Col. Giles.

316

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

[1675 N.S.]

[1676 N.S.]

[1677 N.S.]

[1678 N.S.]

Date of
Election

1673 (continued)

Dec. 11

Le Gassick, John, M.D.

55

Slusius, Renatus Franciscus.

55

Castell, Edmund, D.D.

1674

Nov. 30

Jenkes, Henry ; afterwards D.D.

Dec. 3

Moore, Sir Jonas, Kt.

Jan. 14

Whichcote, Sir Paul, Bt.

55

Milles, Daniel, B.D.

Feb. 18

Percivale, Sir Philip, Bt.

1675

Nov. 30

Halifax, George, Viscount ; afterwards Marquess of.

Feb. 10

Mapletoft, John, M.D. ; afterwards D.D.

55

Sheers, Capt. Henry.

?5

Hall, Henry.

55

Travagino, Francesco.

1676

Nov. 30

Edgcumbe, Sir Richard, Bt.

55

Clutterbuck, Sir Thomas, Kt.

»

King, John.

Feb. 8

Croke, Sir George, Kt.

55

Baldwin, Christopher Adolphus.

55

Flam steed, John.

55

Colwall, Daniel.

55

Ent, George.

5?

Hill, Oliver.

1677

Dec. 6

\\' "VMf 1 rl*"l Wl

TT VlHlllcllll} ~— »

„

Gale, Thomas, D.D. )

„

Plot, Robert, D.C.L. (adm.)

„

Smith, Thomas ; afterwards D.D.)

13

Colleton, Sir Peter, Kt.

„

Herbert, John.

5»

Wheler, George ; afterwards Bt. and D.D.

Jan. 17

Langham, Sir James, Bt.

„

Keckringius, Theodorus.

31

Chetwynd, Walter.

„

Dickenson, Edmund, M.D.

»

Lane, Joseph.

1678

Nov. 30

Aston, Francis.

55

Mayow, John, D.C.L.

55

Van de Bemde, John.

55

Perry, William.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 317

1679 N.S.]

1680 N.S.]

Date of
Election

Nov. 30

Feb.

6

»»

20

Dec. 1

18
Jan. 29

Feb.
Mar.

5
12

Apr. 1

Dec.

29
16-

Apr. 6

27

Nov. 9

1678 (continued)

Cliiverus, Dethlevus.

Halley, Edmund ; afterwards

Capt. R.N., and D.C.L.
Moxon, Joseph.
Hannisius, David.
Spanheim, Ezekiel von.
Sheridan, Thomas.
Waller, Sir William.

1679

Tyson, Edward, M.D.

Paman, Henry, M.D.

Naper, William.

Sarotti, Giovanni Ambrosio.

Bridgeman, William.

Pigot, Thomas.

Heusch, Johann Christian, M.D.

Firmin, Thomas.

Hough ton, John.

Leeuwenhoeck, Antonj van.

Perkins, Peter.

Moore, Jonas.

1680

Nelson, Robert.
Clenche, Andrew, M.D.
Wood, Capt. John, R.N.
Pighius, Jacobus, M.D.
^Slare, Frederick, M.D. (adm.).

1681

Wood, Robert, D.C.L.

Deane, Sir Anthony, Kt.

Chamberlen, Hugh, M.D.

Percivale, Sir John, Bt.

Meredith, Roger.

Rogers, John.

Salusbury, Oliver.

Novell, - — , Dr.

Ward, Sir Patience, Kt.

Waller, Richard.

Sambrooke, Jeremy ; afterwards Kt.

Braddon, Laurence.

Goodwyn, .

Jordis, John Philip, M.D.

Eve, Henry.

Payne, William.

Penn, William (Founder of Pennsylvania).

Astronomer Royal,

318

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

[1684 N.S.]

[1685 N.S.]

Date of
Election

Nov. 23

30

Dec. 7
14

Apr. 26
July 12
Nov. 8

29
30

Dec. 13
20

May 2

5»

July 4
18
25

Nov. 30

Mar. 19

Apr. 30
Nov. 12

5*

19

Dec. 1
Jan. 21

May

1681 (continued)

Gwynne, Sir Rowland, Kt.
Crull, Jodocus, M.D.
Robinson, Richard, M.D.
Lodwik, Francis.
Leti, Gregorio.
Dorislaus, Isaac.
Justel, Henry, D.C.L.
Blackburne, Samuel.

1682

Haddu, Muhammad ibn (Moroccan Ambassador).

Mills, Walter, M.D.

Turner, John.

Paget, Edward.

Papin, Denis, M.D.

Borghese, Marcantonio, Principe.

Faria, Giuseppe de.

Chardin, Sir John, Kt.

Beuninghen, Conrad van.

Pitt, Robert, M.D.

1683

Gould, William.

Haynes, Edward.

Wetenhall, Edward, D.D., Bp. of Cork and Ross.

Moulin, Allen, M.D.

Willughby, Charles, M.D.

Vincent, Nathaniel, D.D.

Bailey, Arthur.

Musgrave, William, B.C.L.; since M.D.

1684

Munchausen, Benjamin von.

D'Ablancourt, Fremont.

Monson, James.

Beaumont, Richard.

Baker, Rev. Thomas.

Pitfeild, Alexander.

Robinson, Tancred ; afterwards Kt. and M.D.

Clarendon. Henry, Earl of.

Vaughan, John, Lord ; afterwards Earl of Carbery

(P.R.S. 1686).
Sloane, Hans, M.D. ; afterwards Bt. (P.R.S. 1727).

1685

Pembroke and Montgomery, Thomas, Earl of (P.R.S.

1689).
Villermont, Esprit Cabart de.

'1686 N.S.]

[1687 N.S.]

Date of
Election

May 13

Nov. 25
Feb. 3

Nov. 3

»»

17

Dec. 8
Mar. 9

Dec. 14

Nov. 30

Nov. 30

Dec. 1
Nov. 30

Nov. 30

1685 (continued)

Beaumont, John.

Leigh, Charles, M.D.

Btilkeley, Sir Richard, Bt.

Gordon, Sir Robert, Bt.

Molyneux, William.

Ashe, St. George ; afterwards D.D. and Bp. of Clogher.

1686

Molyneux, Thomas, M.B.; afterwards Bt.

Harwood, John ; afterwards LL.D.

Havers, Clopton, M.D.

Mears, - — .

Sylvius, Jacobus, M.D.

1687

Valvasor, Johann Weikhard, Freiherr von.
Wotton, William ; afterwards D.D.
Hautefeuille, Jean de.
Middleton, Benjamin.
Duillier, J. Nicolas Fatio de.

1688

Pechlin, Joannes Nicolaus, M.D.

Vieussens, Raymond, M.D.

Stampfer, Joannes Adamus.

Adair, John.

Clayton, Sir Robert, Kt.

Stillingfleet, Edward ; afterwards M.D.

Gresham, Charles.

1689

Witsen, Nicolaus.
Stanley, William, D.D.
Raphson, Joseph.
Moult, George.

Grandi, Jacomo.

1690

1691

Copley, Sir Godfrey, Kt. and Bt. (Founder of the Copley

Medal).
Day, Thomas.
Torriano, Alessandro ; afterwards LL.D.

1692

Trumbull, Sir William, Kt., D.C.L.
Isaac (Issac), Dr. Charles ; afterwards Kt.

320

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

1692 (continued)

Nov. 30

Dec 14

Nov. 30

Nov. 30

Oct. 23
Nov. 27

30

Dec. 18

Apr. 29

Heinson, Johann Theodor.

Lany, Rev. Edward ; afterwards D.D.

Southwell, Edward.

'Gregory (Gregorie), David, M.D.

Blackwell, Jonas.

Lane, Ralph.

Douglas, Lord George (adm.).

Marsigli, Luigi Ferdinando, Conte.

Dolaeus, Joannes, M.D.

Tarbat, George, Lord ; afterwards Earl of Cromarty.

Paule, Louis, M.D.

1693

Woodward, John, M.D.

Briggs, Robert.

Kirke, Thomas.

Henley, John.

Radnor, Charles Bodvill, Earl of.

Willoughby, Sir Thomas, Bt. ; afterwards Ld. Middleton

Franck-von-Franckenau, Georg.

Wren, Christopher.

1694

Brydges, James ; afterwards Duke of Chandos.
Jackson, John.
Gordon, Patrick.

1695

Bottom, Domenico, M.D.

Doody, Samuel. \

Petiver, James. I (adm.).

Connor, Bernard, M.D.

Del Bene, Tommaso.

Montagu, Charles ; afterwards Earl of Halifax

(P.R.S. 1695). Kadm.).

Bentley, Richard ; afterwards D.D.
Pujolas. Moise.

1696

Smith, Edward, D.D. ; afterwards Bp. of Down and

Connor (adm.).

Scarlotti, Pomponio, Barone di.
Vivian i, Vincenzo.
Fornassari, Ippolito A.
Bridgeman, Orlando ; afterwards Kt.
Byrd, William.

Harris, John ; afterwards D.D.
Bon-Figliolo, Silvestro.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 321

1698 N.S.]

99 N.S.]

Date of
Election

1696 (continued)

Apr. 29 Bidloo, Gothofridus, M.D.

July 15 Foley, Thomas ; afterwards Lord Foley.

Lowndes, Ralph.

Chadwick, — — .

Ryley, Philip ; afterwards Kt.

Spoleti, Francesco.
Nov. 30 Petty, Henry ; afterwards Earl of Shelburne.

Bernard, Charles.

Newey, John.

Cockburn, William, M.D.

Howard, Hugh.

1697
Nov. 30 Basnage de Beauval, Jacques.

Hutton, John, M.D.
Moivre, Abraham.

Stepney, George.

Thoresby, Ralph.
Mar. 23 Cassini, Jacques.

Prior, Matthew (the poet).

Lucy, Sir Berkeley, Bt.

Guglielmini, Domenico.

Emmet, Maurice.

Fryer, John, M.D.

Moles worth, Robert; afterwards Viscount Molesworth.

1698

July 6 Becker, Balthasar, M.D.

Baglivi, Giorgio.

Geoffroy, Estienne Francois.
Nov. 9 Reay, George, Lord.

Seafield, James, Viscount ; afterwards Earl of Finlater.

Norris, Edward, M.D.

Stanley, John ; afterwards Kt. and Bt.

Isted, Thomas.

Haistwell, Edward.
30-p^Somers, John, Lord (P.R.S. 1698).

Spencer, Charles, Lord ; afterwards Earl of Sunderland.
Jan. 11 Dorset, Charles, Earl of.

Shirley, R.

Worth, George.

Agricola, George Andre.

Krieg, David, M.D.

Williams, .

Cowper, William.

1699

Nov. 30 Browne, Thomas, M.D.
Bowes, Martin.

V

322

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

[1702 N.S.]

[1703 N.S.]

1 Bourdelin ap-
pears in the an-
nual lists from
1703 until 1710.
On June 28, 1711,
his death was an-
nounced to the
meeting of the
R.S. and it was
ordered that his
name should be
erased from the
next list.

2 Hotton's name
appears in the
annual lists from
1703 until 1708.

3 P. Boothe signed

Date of
Election

Nov. 30

Dec. 20

Oct. 30
Nov. 30

Nov. 30

Dec. 3

»
31

Jan. 14
Mar. 18

May 6

Nov. 30

Feb. 3

May 2
Nov. 30

1699 (continued)

Buissiere, Paul.
Silvestre, Pierre.
Menkenius, Johann Burchard.
Cunningham, James.
Lonsdale, John, Viscount.
Pound, James, M.B.

1700

Hammond, Anthony (adm.).

Sperling, Otto.

Cyprianus, Abraham, M.D.

Sydenham, Sir Philip, Bt., M.D.

du Bois, Charles.

Keill, John, M.D.

1701

Drake, James, M.D.

Leyoncrona, Christ, de.

Percivale, Sir John, Bt. ; afterwards Earl of Egmont.

Shadwell, John, M.D. ; afterwards Kt. (adm.).

Arthington, Cyril (adm.).

Le Vassor, Michael (adm.).

Cheyne, George ; afterwards M.D.

De la Pryme, Abraham.

1702

Tompson, Robert.

Vernon, .

Chamberlayne, John.
Lowthorp, John.
Young, James.

Ludlow, .

Chardellou, Jean.
Derham, William.

1 Bourdelin, Claude, M.D.

2 Hotton, Pieter.

3 Boothe, Peniston; afterwards D.D. and Dean of Windsor.

1703

Breynius, Johannes Philippus.
Hickes, John.
Morland, Joseph, M.D.
Dudley, Sir Matthew, Bt.
Morton, Rev. John.
Mead, Richard, M.D.
Areskine, Robert, M.D.
Oliver, William, M.D.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 323

• Charter-Book
. admission, bat
[•name does not
wear in any an-
lillist.

1706 N.S.]

. Jane 5,
to the
1-Book, but
:• appear in
inal list.

Date of
Election

Nov. 30

Nov. 30

Nov. 30

Feb. 13

Apr. 3

June 5

Nov. 20

1703 (continued)

Shaw, Joseph.

Hodgson, James.

Stubs, Rev. Philip.

Valisnieri, Antonio.

Rivinus, August Quirinus, M.D.

Scheuchzerus, Joannes Jacobus, M.D.

Timone, Emanuele, M.D.

Robartes, Russell.

1704

George of Denmark, Prince.
Morland, Samuel.
Fuller, John.
Fellowes, William.
Tooke, Andrew.

Annesley, .

Clavell, Walter.
Arbuthnot, John, M.D.

1705

Heathcote, Sir Gilbert, Kt.

Mortimer, John.

Lennard, Dacre Barret.

Hauksbee, Francis.

Thorpe, John ; afterwards M.D.

Worsley, Henry.

King, William, D.D., Archbishop of Dublin.

Nicolson, William, Bp. of Carlisle ; afterwards Abp. of

Cashel.

Buys, Willem.
Burnet, William.

Bisse, Philip; afterwards D.D. and Bishop of Hereford.
Savery, Capt. Thomas.

1706

Cowper, William ; afterwards Earl.

Townshend, Charles, Viscount.

Poulett, John, Earl.

Orrery, Charles, Earl of.

Duillier, Jean Christophe Fatio de.

Briancon, Comte de.

Guiscard, Antoine, Marquis de.

Van Vrijberge, Willem.

1 Garth, Samuel, M.D. ; afterwards Kt.

Gallucci, .

Lancisi, Giuseppe Maria, M.D.
Douglas, James, M.D.
Wanley, Humphrey.

Y2

324

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

[1707N.S.J

Date of
Election

Nov. 20
Dec. 4

Mar. 19

May 28

»»
Dec. 1

Apr. 7

May 12
Nov. 30

May 4

1706 (continued)

Shippen, Robert ; afterwards D.D.

Nicholson, Col. Francis.

Sherard, James; afterwards Hon. M.D.

Forster, Thomas.

Knight, John.

Frankland, Thomas.

Frankland, William.

Holt, Rowland.

Morland, Benjamin.

1707

Roxburghe, John, Duke of.

Montrose, James, Duke of.

Trevor, Sir Thomas, Kt. ; afterwards Lord.

Ayres, Thomas.

Venables, James.

Hoy, Thomas, M.D.

Plumptre, Henry, M.D.

1708

Pratt, Benjamin, D.D.

Woodford, Thomas.

Mills, Thomas, B.D., Bishop of Waterford.

Markham, Sir George, Bt.

Hamilton, Sir David, M.D., Kt.

Williams, .

Bridges, John.

Whalley, Thomas.

Stamford, Thomas, Earl of.

Chesterfield, Philip, Earl of.

Cornaro, Francesco.

Lavater, Jean Rodrigue, M.D.

Fellowes, William.

Balle, Robert.

Tighe, Richard.

Lawrence, Sir Edward, Kt.

Foley, Richard.

Tilli, Michael Angelo, M.D.

Lloyd, Owen.

Ayres, Charles Nicholas.

Hutcheson, Archibald.

1709

Magalotti, Conte Lorenzo.
Cressener, Henry.

Newton, Henry, D.C.L. ; afterwards Kt.
Leopold, Jean Frederic, M.D.
Grandi, Guido.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 325

1712 N.S.]

Date of
Election

May 4

Nov. 8

Nov. 30

Nov. 30

Mar. 20

Oct. 23

1709 (continued}

Hunter, Col. Robert.
Tufhell, Samuel.

1710

Bianchi, Vendramin.
Wolfius, Jean Christian.
Barnes, Joshua, B.D.
Brigstocke, Owen.
Machin, John.
Tanner, Joseph.
Poleni, Giovanni.
Geekie, Alexander.

1711

Hill, Rev. Samuel.
Collet, Philibert.
Gyllenborg, Carl, Count.
Sandilands, Alexander, M.D.
Wyvill, Sir Marmaduke, Bt.

Linda, .

Douglas, Col. Walter.

Bonet, Ludwig Friedrich.

Bellers, Fettyplace.

Cheselden, William.

Craig, John.

Jones, William.

Cotes, Roger.

Greene, Thomas.

Parker, Sir Thomas, Kt. ; afterwards Ld. Chan, and

Earl of Macclesfield.

Dupplin, George, Viscount ; afterwards E. of Kinnoull.
Harley, Robert, Lord ; afterwards Earl of Oxford.
Taylor, Brook ; afterwards LL.D.
Freind, John, M.D.

Sprat, Yen. Thomas ; Archdeacon of Rochester.
Aland, John Fortescue ; afterwards Ld. Fortescue of

Credan.

Le Neve, Peter.
Kempe, John.
Pellet, Thomas, M.D.
Keill, James, M.D.

1712

Grimani, Pietro ; afterwards Doge of Venice.
Duliolo, Rinaldo.
Richardson, Richard, M.D.
Massey, Richard Myddleton, M.D.

326

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

[1713 N.S.]

[1714 N.S.]

Date of
Election

Oct. 23

Dec. 1

Jan. 22
29

May 21
June 11

July 27
Mar. 11

July 29

Nov. 11
30

June 9

1712 (continued)

1 (adm.).

Rawlinson, Thomas.

Bower, Thomas, M.D.

Averani, Giuseppe.

Molyneux, Samuel.

Bernoulli, Jean, M.D.

Tempest, William.

Blair, Patrick ; afterwards M.D.

Bradley, Richard.

Inglis, John, M.D. (adm.).

Baldini, Giovanni Antonio, Conte.

Bianchini, Francesco.

1713

D'Aumont de Rochebaron, Louis, due.
Mellarede, Pierre de.

Kreienberg, von.

Rosenkrantz, Iver, Baron.

Barrett, Richard.

Oliphant, Charles, M.D.

Toilet, George.

Jablonski, Daniel Ernest.

Colson, John.

Mather, Cotton, D.D.

Brattle, William.

Leveret, Col. John.

Turner, Edmond.

Bromfield, Thomas, M.D.

Keck, Robert (Benefactor, Keck Bequest).

Bernoulli, Nicholas, M.D.

1714

Menzicoff, Prince Alexander de.
Folkes, Martin ; afterwards D.C.L. (P.R.S. 1741).
Varignon, Pierre.

Rawlinson, Rev. Richard ; afterwards D.C.L. (a non-
juror bishop).

Desaguliers, Rev. John Theophilus ; afterwards D.C.L.
Steigertahl, Johann Georg, M.D.
Jett, Thomas.
Stuart, Alexander.
Watkins, Thomas.

1716

Hodges, Thomas.
's Gravesande, Willem Jakob.
Ruysch, Friedrich, M.D.
Vincent, Levinus.
Marpurgher, Paul Jacob.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 327

[1717 N.S.]

1 Torti's name first
appears in the list
of 1717.

[1718 N.S.]

Date of
Election

June 9

Nov. 10

30

Apr. 5

Nov. 30

Mar. 21

Mar. 28

»
Nov. 14

30

Mar. 13

1715 (continued)

Newborough, Maj. Gen. George, Ld., D.C.L.; after-
wards Earl of Cholmondeley.

Louville, Jacques Eugene d'Allonville, le Chevalier de.
Geoffrey, Claude Joseph.
Montmort, Pierre Remond de.
Sherlock, John.

Pemberton, .

Paisley, James, Lord ; afterwards Earl of Abercorn.

Troni, Nicolo.

Valentini, Michaele Bernardo.

Conti, Antonio, Conte de\

Godfrey, John.

Moore, John.

Effen, Justus van.

Fleury, Fra^ois Wicardel, Chevalier de.

Tozzi, Bruno.

1716

Nicholson, Henry, M.D.
Wicksted, John Churchill.

Cartwright, .

Volkra, Otto Christopher, Count.
Diescau, Johann Adolph, Baron von.
Monte Leone, Marques de.
Hodges, Sir Joseph, Bt.
Salvini, Antonio Maria.
Amyand, Claude.

Hollins, .

Guise, Col. John ; afterwards Lieut. -General.
D'Orci, Giuseppe, Marchese.
Simon, William.
Paul, Robert.
Hadley, John.

1717

Scheurer, Samuel, D.D.

Gale, Roger.

Hugo, Johann August, M.D.

Muratori, Luigi Antonio.

Jurin, James, M.D.

Barham, Henry.

Jeffreys, Walter.

1 Torti, Francesco.

Littlehales, Edmond, M.D.

Gee, Orlando.

Yale, Elihu (Benefactor of Yale University).

Welsted, Robert, Dr.

Wagstaffe, William, M.D.

328

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

[1719 N.S.J

[1720 N.S.]

Date of
Election

Mar. 13

July 3

t 6

V

?»

Dec. 1

11

Feb. 5

»

Mar. 12

«

Apr. 9

»

Nov. 5

30
Feb. 25

1717 (continued)

Stukeley, Rev. William, M.B. ; afterwards M.D.
Hales, Rev. Stephen ; afterwards D.D.
Montagu, John, Duke of.

1718

Mickleton, James.

Whiteside, John.

a Ripa, Ludovicus.

Cotesworth, Caleb, M.D.

Bradley, James ; afterwards D.D.

Saunderson, Nicholas ; afterwards LL.D.

Gay, Robert.

Bury, Sir Thomas, Kt., Lord Chief Baron.

Cadogan, Charles ; afterwards Lord.

Conduitt, John.

Campbell, James, M.D.

Stephens, William, M.D.

Crawys, Samuel.

Langny, Thomas Fantet de.

Bates, Thomas.

Bamber, John ; afterwards M.D.

Hollier, John, M.D.

Lawson, Sir Wilfrid, Bt.

Beckett, William.

Jussieu, Antonie, M.D.

Michaelotti, Pietro Antonio.

Linck, Johann Heinrich.

Bellers, John.

Smith, Robert ; afterwards LL.D. and D.D. (founded

Smith's Prizes).
Keyssler, Johann Georg.
Meres, Sir John, Kt.
Dalrymple, .

1719

Cavendish, Lord James.
Busby, John.
Hill, James.
Rand, Isaac.
Williams, Rev. Moses.
Strachey, John.
Salengre, Albert Henri de.
McLaurin, Colin.
Georges, John.
Bale, Charles, M.D.
St. John, Oliver.
Stanley, George.
Stuart, Charles, M.D.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 329

II N.S.]

12 N.S.]

Date of
Election

Feb. 25

Mar. 10

June 30

Nov. 3

30

Mar. 9

Nov. 2

30

Feb. 1
Mar. 15

May 24

1719 (continued)

Sherard, William, D.C.L.

Palmer, Jeffrey.

Ketelbey, Abel.

Manningham, Richard, M.D. ; afterwards Kt.

Warburton, John.

Mathew, Gen. William.

1720

Recanati, Giambattista.

North and Grey, William, Lord.

Heathcote, Henry.

Pearce, Zachary ; afterwards D.D. and Bp. of Rochester.

Cuming, Alexander ; afterwards Bt.

Rutty, William, M.D.

Papillon, David.

Sanders, Samuel.

Beighton, Henry.

Dereham, Sir Thomas, Bt.

Des Maizeaux, Peter.

Hoffmann, Friedrich.

Douglas, John.

Pemberton, Henry, M.D.

Graham, George.

Sprengell, Conrad, M.D. ; afterwards Kt.

East, William.

Hale, Richard, M.D.

1721

Hewett, Sir Thomas, Kt.

Savile, Sir George, Bt.

Dudley, Paul.

Barrowby, William, M.D.

Beale, John, M.D.

Woolhouse, John Thomas, M.D.

Western, William.

Browne, John.

Sussex, Talbot, Earl of.

Miles, Rev. Thomas.

Vater, Abraham, M.D.

Musgrave, Dr.

Bacon, Thomas Slater.

Lucas, Richard.

Molesworth, Col. Richard ; afterwards Lord.

1722

Sloane, William.
Morland, Samuel.

330

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

[1723 N.S.]

1 Cotton Mather
appears as elected
on 11 April, 1723,
his election in 1713
not having been
duly recorded.

[1724 N.S.]

Date of
Election

Nov. 1

8
30

Jan. 17
Mar. 21

[Apr. 11
May 2

9
June 27

Nov. 14

»j

21

30

Feb. 6
Mar. 12

1722 (continued)

Harris, Rev. Samuel.

Taylor, Charles.

Parker, George, Lord ; afterwards E. of Macclesfield

(P.R.S. 1752).

Burlington, Richard, Earl of.
Hucks, Robert.
Borneman, Johan Philip.
St. Albans, Charles, Duke of.
Dickins, Ambrose.
Queensberry, Charles, Duke of.
Morgagni, Giambattista.
Yarmouth, William, Earl of.
Evelyn, Sir John, Bt.
White, John.

Cassano, Prince de, Nicolo Alerbe d'Aragona.
Le Due, Anthony, M.D.

1723

1 Mather, Cotton, D.D.]

D'Anteny, Gebhard.

Fenton, West.

Degge, Simon.

Armstrong, Col. John.

Glover, Philip.

Thornhill, Sir James, Kt.

Hewer, Hewer Edgley.

Wollaston, Francis.

Monro, Alexander; afterwards M.D.

Jones, Henry.

Samuda, Isaac de Sequeira, M.D.

Ferrari, Domenico, LL.D.

Deidier, Antoine, M.D.

Romney, Robert, Lord.

Fagnani, Conte Giulio Carlo de\

Ord, Ralph.

Burnet, Rev. Gilbert.

Ward, John ; afterwards LL.D.

Holloway, Benjamin.

Richmond, Charles, Duke of.

Meres, John.

Byrom, John.

Vernon, Rev. Edward ; afterwards D.D.

Ellys, Rev. Anthony ; afterwards D.D. and Bishop of

St. David's.
Ord, Robert.
Lethieullier, Smart.
Cruquius, Nicolaus.
De Lisle, Joseph Nicholas.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 331

Date of
Election

1723 (continued}

Mar. 12

May 7

June 25

Nov. 30

Apr. 15

Apr. 29
Nov. 4

Dec. 9

May 12

Kendall, John.
Dobyns, John.
Dalkeith, Francis, E. of ; afterwards D. of Buccleugh.

1724

Fahrenheit, Daniel Gabriel.

Scheuchzer, John Gaspar, M.D.

Leicester, Ralph.

Dillenius, Joannes Jacobus, M.D.

Jacobseus, Joannes Adolphus.

Eames, John.

Danvers, Joseph ; afterwards Bt.

Powis, Sir Littleton, Kt.

Ranby, John.

Chase, Stephen, M.D.

Diodate, John, M.D.

1725

Galvao, Antonio.

Hill, Thomas.

Nesbit, Robert, M.D.

Hickman, Nathan ; afterwards M.D.

Roby, Thomas, M.D.

Poley, Richard.

Hunt, Thomas.

Stone, Edmund.

Cronhelm, Andreas Henry de.

Capeller, Maurice Antonio de.

White, Taylor.

Teissier, George Lewis ; afterwards M.D.

Theobald, James.

De la Faye, Charles.

Neuman, Caspar.

Houstoun, Robert, M.D.

Bevan, Silvanus.

Abgali, Mohammed Ben Ali.

1726

Bridges, Sir Brook, Bt.
Hassell, Richard.
Jeffreys, John.
Allen, Edmond.
Stanyan, Temple.
Eyre, Kingsmill.
Ketelbey, Robert Johnston.
Gerdes, Henry Walther, D.D.
Palmer, Thomas.

332

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

[1727N.S.]

Date of
Election

1726 (continued)

May 12

Gilbert, Sir Jeffrey, Kt.

26

Beard, Richard, M.D.

July 7

Stanhope, Charles.

55

Hargraves, James.

55

Boylstone, Zabdiel.

Nov. 3

Rudge, Edward.

55

Pawlet, Edward.

55

Stirling, James.

55

Belidor, Bernard Forrest de.

17

Graham, Richard.

55

White, Thomas.

30

Holland, Richard, M.D.

55

Schomberg, Meyer.

55

Billers, William ; afterwards Kt.

»

Robinson, Col. Thomas ; afterwards Bt.

Mar. 9

Trevor, Hon. Thomas ; afterwards Lord Trevor.

55

Andrews, Joseph.

55

Ahlers, Cyriacus.

JS

Rollings, John, M.D.

55

Mansberg, Anton Adam, Baron de.

55

Fuller, John.

•5

Hoadly, Benjamin, M.D.

55

West, James (P.R.S. 1768).

>5

Hughes, E.

*5

Folkes, William.

55

Harper, John.

S»

Cyrillo, Nicola, M.D.

1727

Mar. 30

Martyn, John.

May 9

King George I, Patron.

15

George, Prince of Wales.

June 8

Cavendish, Lord Charles.

22

Lamotte, Rev. Charles.

55

Zollman, Philip Henry.

55

Gary, Walter.

»5~

Jussieu, Bernard de, M.D.

55

Jacobsen, Theodore.

55

Carr, William.

»

Clifton, Francis, M.D.

July 11

King George II, Patron.

Nov. 9

Lloyd, Philemon.

55

Robins, Benjamin.

23
Jan. 11

Oxford and Mortimer, Edward, Earl of (adm.).
Pye, Sir Robert, Bt.

Feb. 8
15

Fairfax, Hon. Henry Colepeper.
Hope, John, Lord ; eld. son Earl of Hopetoun.
Horseman, Stephen.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 333

"1729 N.S.]

Date of
Election

Feb. 15
22

May 2

June 27

Oct. 24

»>
»»

Nov. 14

Dec. 5

«

>9
J>

17

19

Jan. 9

»
IB

«

Mar. 6

n
»»
20

May 8

June 5
»

1727 (continued)

Philipps, Erasmus ; afterwards Bt.
Pocock, Rev. Thomas.

1728

Gray, Robert.

Hanbury, William.

Dugood, William.

Nicholls, Frank, M.D.

Clarke, Samuel.

Beccari, Jacopo Bartolommeo.

Wheler, Rev. Granville.

Weichman, Ch. Frederick.

Schoepflin, Johann Daftiiel.

Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau de.

Senex, John.

Burman, Ericus, M.D.

Mortimer, Cromwell, M.D.

Royen, Adrianus van, M.D.

Saint Hyacinthe, Paul de.

Seba, Albertus.

Nourse, Edward.

Manfredi, Eustachio, M.D.

King, Peter, Lord.

Trevor, John ; afterwards Lord.

Collinson, Peter.

Leibknecht, Johann Georg.

Palmer, Samuel.

Aga, Cassem Algiada.

Frederick ; afterwards Prince of Wales.

Delawarr, John, Lord ; afterwards Earl.

Gage, Thomas, Viscount.

Morand, Sauveur Francois.

Garangeot, Rene Jacques Croissant.

Durand, Rev. David.

Heathcote, George.

Molieres, Joseph Privat de, Abbe.

Lobb, Theophilus, M.D.

Wray, Daniel.

Klein, Jacobus Theodoras.

Atwell, Rev. Joseph ; afterwards D.D.

1729

Mather, Robert.

Du Fay, Charles Francois de Cisternay.

Horsley, John.

Long, Roger, D.D.

D'Arcy, Hon. James.

Carpenter, Col. George ; afterwards Lord.

334

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

[1730 N.S.]

Date of
Election

Oct. 16

Nov. 6

Dec. 11

J5

Jan. 8
15

22

Feb. 5

26

Apr. 23

55
55

30

55
55
55

May 14
Oct. 22

1729 (continued)

Swinton, Rev. John.

Gibbs, James (the architect).

Clerk, Sir John, Bt.

Koleseri de Keres-eer, Samuel.

Kinck, Rev. Peter.

Freke, John.

Alruz, Johann Wilhelm, M.D.

Greene, William.

D'Alev a Dehn, Count Conrad.

Thorn, Frederic de.

Carbone, Joanne Baptista.

Petit, Jean Louis.

Chambers, Ephraim.

Heucher, Johann Heinrich, M.D.

Ramsay, Chevalier Andrew Michael.

Rolli, Dr. Paolo Antonio.

Coleraine, Henry, Lord.

Gouldsmyth, Jonathan, M.D.

Wilmot, Edward, M.D. ; afterwards Bt.

Brown, Littleton.

Hanckewitz, Ambrose Godfrey.

Oliver, William, M.D.

Walker, Thomas ; afterwards LL.D.

Miller, Philip.

Castro-Sarmento, Jacob de, M.D.

Frobenius, Joannes Sigismundus Augustus, M.D.

Hampe, Joannes Henricus, M.D.

More, Robert.

Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, baron de la Brede

et de.

Dod, Peirce, M.D.
Bogdani, William.
Dixon, William.
De Ruischer, Melchior.

1730

Klingenstierna, Samuel.
Castell, Louis Bertrand, Pere.
Beaufain, H. Berenger de.
Dry, Henry.
Patoun, Archibald.
Graeme, William, M.D.
Boerhaave, Herman, M.D.
Degge, Simon.
Anson, Thomas.
Justice, James.
Allen, John, M.D.
Garcin, Laurent, M.D.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 335

1731 N.S.]

1732 N.S.]

1733 N.S.]

Date of
Election

Oct. 22
Dec. 10

17
Mar. 18

Mar. 25
May 27

July 1
Oct. 28
Nov. 4
18

Dec. 9

Jan. 27
Feb. 3

Mar. 9

»»
16

«
23

Mar. 30

Apr. 20

27

May 11

»
June 15

22
Nov. 9

V

16

23

Jan. 18

5>

25

1730 (continued)

Cray, Jeremiah.
Banks, Joseph.
Campbell, Colin.
Campbell, George.
Miiller, Gerhard Friedrich.
Heister, Laurence, M.D.
Amman, John, M.D.
Moleswortb, Hon. Coote, M.D.

1731

Calvert, Hon. Benedict Leonard.
Ayloffe, Sir Joseph, Bt.
Giuntini, Hieronymus, M.D.

Bentinck, Hon. William ; afterwards Duke of Port-
land.

Triewald, Martin.
Petre, Robert James, Lord.
Fellowes, William.

Lorraine, Francis, Duke of ; aft. Emperor of Germany.
Kinski, Philip, Count.
Baltimore, Charles, Lord.
Bathurst, Hon. Benjamin.
Nauze, Louis de la.
Barry, Edward, M.D. ; afterwards Bt.
Serenius, Jacob ; afterwards D.D.
Edwards, Sir James, Bt.
Barker, Robert, M.D.
Dummer, Thomas Lee.

Robartes, John ; afterwards Earl of Radnor.
Gray, John.
Pfutschner, Baron.
Bassand, Jean Baptiste, baron.

1732

Hall, Fayrer.

Fuller, Rose, M.D.

Girardin, Jean Patrice Piers de.

Cowper, William, Earl.

Strathmore, James, Earl of.

Crawford, John, Earl of.

Fullerton, William, M.D.

Weidler, Johann Friedrich.

Bacon, Vincent.

Montijo, Conde de.

Belchier, John.

Fontenelle, Bernard le Bouyer de.

Houstoun, William, M.D.

Gray, Stephen.

336

[1734 N.S.]

[1735 N.S.]

Date of
Election

Feb. 1
22

Mar. 8
15

Apr. 12
19

26
May 3

24

Oct. 25
Dec. 6
Jan. 10

24

Feb. 14
Mar. 7

Apr. 4

May 16

»
June 13

Oct. 24
31

Nov. 7

»

14
21

Jan. 9
23

Feb. 6

20

1732 (continued)

Taglini, Carlo.
Bateman, William, Viscount.
Hody, Edward, M.D.
Douglas, George, M.D.

1733

Maitland, William.

Aberdour, James, Lord ; afterwards Earl of Morton

(P.R.S. 1764).
Catesby, Mark.
Sellius, Godfrey, LL.D.
Frederick, Charles ; afterwards Kt.
Gersten, Christian Ludwig.
Doppelmayer, Dr. Johann Gabriel.
Cardross, Henry David, Lord ; afterwards Earl of

Buchan.

Grive, Jean de la, Abbe,
a Ripa, Ludovicus.
Crivelli, Giovanni.
Hunauld, Francis Joseph, M.D.
Orange, William C. H. K, Prince of.
Ouchterlony, Alexander.

1734

Winthrop, John.

Harrington, Edward, M.D.

Langrish, Brown ; afterwards M.D.

Leprotti, Antonio.

Shaw, Thomas, D.D.

Revillas, Didacus de, Padre.

Williams, Stephen, M.D.

Hop, Baron Hendrik.

Spilman, James.

Stevens, John.

Domcke, Georg Peter.

Bignon, Jean Paul, Abbe.

Muschenbroeck, Pieter van.

Hamilton, John.

King, John, Lord.

Mairan, Jean Jacques d'Ortous de.

Du Hamel du Monceau, Henri Louis.

Nollet, Jean Antoine, Abbe.

Galliani, Celestino, Abp. of Thessalonica.

Sainthill, Peter.

Chandler, John.

Wyvill, Sir Marmaduke, Bt.

Hadley, George.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 337

[1736 N.S.]

N.S.]

Date of
Election

Feb. 20
Mar. 13

Mar. 27

»»

. ?>

Apr. 17

»
24

May 22
Nov. 6

Jan. 29
Feb. 5

12
19
26

Mar. 11

5»

18

Mar. 25
Apr. 8
May 6

27
June 10

July 1
8

Nov. 11
25

Dec. 9
23

Feb. 10

Mar. 24

1734 (continued)

Birch, Thomas ; afterwards D.D.
Southwell, Thomas, Lord.

1735

Lovell, Thomas, Lord ; afterwards Earl of Leicester.

Freman, William.

Godin, Louis.

Clare, Martin.

Clarke, Samuel.

Tyrconnel, John, Viscount.

Gilkes, Moreton.

Suasso, Alvaro Lopez.

Tilson, George.

Modena, Francesco Maria d'Este, Prince of.

Stanhope, Philip, Earl.

Celsius, Andreas.

Fawconer, Jonathan.

Cocchi, Antonio, M.D.

Mendoca, Diego de.

Cerati, Gasparo.

Jattica, Jacobus.

Molyneux, Sir Daniel, Bt.

Legge, Hon. Edward.

Werlhof, Paul Gottlieb, M.D.

Mitchell, Andrew ; afterwards Kt.

Lange, Sir John de, Kt.

Cooke, Benjamin.

Jones, Roger, M.D.

1736

Hartley, David, M.D.

Hamilton, James, Duke of.

Coutinho, Marco Antonio de Azevedo.

Kelsall, Henry.

Drake, Francis.

Smithson, Sir Hugh ; afterwards D. of Northumberland.

Seip, Johann Philip, M.D.

Algarotti, Francesco.

Bankes, Robert, M.D.

Lowther, Sir James, Bt.

Cervi, Joseph, M.D.

Maflfei, Scipio, Marchese.

Da Costa, Moses.

Lloyd, George.

Short, James.

z

338

[1738 N.S.J

[1739 N.S.]

Date of
Election

Apr. 7

»

28

May 5
June 23
Oct. 27
Nov. 17
Jan. 19

26

Feb. 9

23

Mar. 23

Apr. 20
May 4
June 1

8
15

Oct. 26
Nov. 2

»
9

Feb. 15
Mar. 8

Apr. 5

«
12

June 7
21
28

Nov. 1

1737

Burrow, James ; afterwards Kt. (P.R.S. 1768).

Middleton, Capt. Christopher.

Popple, Henry.

Scott, George Lewis.

Taylor, Robert, M.D.

Clairaut, Alexis Claude.

Essex, William, Earl of.

Assemanni, Stephanus Evodius, Abp. of Apamea.

Smith, Edward.

Bernard, Rev. John Peter.

Stack, Thomas, M.D.

Filenius, Petrus ; afterwards D.D.

Mann, Nicholas.

Segner, Dr. Johann Andreas.

Darnley, Edward, Earl of.

Loudoun, John, Earl of.

Walker, Capt. William.

Hutton, Addison, M.D.

Way, Lewis.

Naude, Philip.

Kennedy, Gilbert, M.D.

Gambier, James.

1738

Maud, John.

Gori, Antonio Francesco.

Belius, Rev. Matthias (recte Matyas Bel).

Baster, Job, M.D.

Cantwell, Andrew, M.D.

Davies, Richard ; afterwards M.D.

Rogers, Joseph, M.D.

Ellicott, John.

Bernard, Herman, M.D.

Xavier de Menezes, Francisco ; Conde da Ericeyra.

Reaumur, Rene Antoine Ferchault de.

Fourmont, Etienne.

Browne, William, M.D. ; afterwards Kt.

Bon, Francois Xavier, marquis de St. Hilaire.

Mead, Samuel.

Myddelton, John.

1739

Huxham, John, M.D.

Monnier, Pierre Charles le.

Rowe, Henry.

Montagny, Dr. Joseph de.

Lieutaud, Joseph, M.D.

Sawbridge, John.

Haller, Dr. Albertus ; afterwards Baron.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 389

1740 N.S.J

741 N.S.]

Date of
Election

1739 (continued)

Nov. 8

Stehelin, John Peter.

Dec. 20

Leeds, Thomas, Duke of.

«

Rixtel, Jan van.

Jan. 17

Haselden, Thomas.

31

Le Cat, Claude Nicholas, M.D.

Feb. 7

Raymond, Robert, Lord.

»»

Gill, Westby.

»

Button, Georges Louis Leclerc ; afterwards comte de.

Mar. 6

Lovell, Thomas, Lord.

20

Sandwich, John, Earl of.

1740

May 1

Hawley, James, M.D.

15

Lockyer, Charles.

«

Carvalho e Mello, Sebastian Joseph de ;

afterwards

Marques de Pombal.

June 5

Panicis, Josephus de, M.D.

19

Skinner, Samuel.

Oct. 23

Stevens, Henry Stuart.

«

Davall, Peter.

»

Hellot, Jean.

Nov. 6

Zanotti, Eustachio.

Sacchetti, Rev. Giulio.

Giacometti, Rev. Michel Angelo.

13

Hunt, Rev. Thomas ; afterwards D.D.

Pitot, Henri.

Caumont, Joseph de Seytres, marquis de.

Copping, Rev. John.

5J

Jallabert, Jean, M.D.

20

Arundel, Hon. Richard.

27

Foley, Thomas, Lord.

Dec. 11

Martine, George, M.D.

18

Lieberkuhn, Joannes Nathaniel, M.D.

»

Fouchy, Jean Paul Grandjean de.

Jan. 8

Norden, Capt. Frederic Lewis.

29

Chauncy, Charles, M.D.

55

Yorke, Hon. Philip ; afterwards Earl of Hardwicke.

Feb. 5

Portuga, Benito de Moura.

12

Superville, Daniel de, M.D.

26

Zanotti, Francesco Maria.

»

Bremond, Francois de.

Mar. 12

Baker, Henry (Bakerian Bequest).

19

Salis, Jerom de.

1741

Mar. 26

Turner, Shallet.

Apr. 9

Watson, William ; afterwards M.D. and Kt.

16

Duval, Francis Philip, M.D.

340

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

[1742 N.S.]

[1743 N.S.]

Date of
Election

May 7
28

Nov. 'l2
Dec. 10

17

»»
Jan. 7

14

21
Feb. 4

11
Mar. 11

18

Mar. 25

Apr. 1

8

May 20

June 17

»

24

Oct. 28
Nov. 4

25
Dec. 9

16

»
23

Jan. 27

1741 (continued)

Parsons, James, M.D.

Knight, Ralph.

Welin, John.

Holmes, George.

Le Sueur, Thomas, Pere.

Jacquier, Francis, Pere.

Vigny, Pierre de.

Harrington, William, Lord ; afterwards Earl of.

Robertson, John.

Battie, William, M.D.

Milward, Edward, M.D.

Lonsdale, Henry, Viscount.

Lock, John.

Pococke, Richard, D.C.L. ; afterwards Bp. of Ossory.

Bedford, John, Duke of.

Smythe, Sidney Stafford ; afterwards Kt.

Reynardson, Samuel.

Wilbraham, Thomas, LL.D. ; afterwards M.D.

1742

Russell, Michael.

Bristow, William.

Peirce, Jerry.

Nihill, James, M.D.

Milles, Jeremiah ; afterwards D.D.

Nicholas, William.

Batt, John Thomas ; afterwards M.D.

Pratt, Charles ; afterwards Earl Camden.

Bliss, Rev. Nathaniel.

Home, James.

Brownrigg, William, M.D.

Lisle, Samuel, D.D. ; afterwards Bishop of Norwich.

Lawry, Rev. John.

Mason, Charles ; afterwards D.D.

Finch, Hon. Henry.

Bayes, Thomas.

Bowman, Walter.

Fourmont, Michel.

Coste, Pierre.

Lediard, Thomas.

Talbot, William.

Kirch, Dr. Christfried.

Wintringham, Clifton, M.D. ; afterwards Bt. (Win-

tringham Bequest).
Phillips, John ; afterwards Bt.

Lyttelton, Charles; afterwards D.C.L. and Bp. of Exeter.
Rutherforth, Thomas ; afterwards D D
Wilhelmius, Wilhelmus.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 341

Date of
Election

1742 (continued)

Feb. 10

24
Mar. 10

Apr. 21
May 12

19
June 9

16

Nov. 3
17

Dec. 8
15

Jan. 12

26

Feb. 23
Mar. 8

Apr. 12

26

May 10

»?

June 7
Nov. 15

Dec. 6

Jan. 10

»
«
31

Creed, James ; afterwards Kt.

Lever, James.

Henricksen, Henry.

New come, Peter.

Stiles, Francis Hoskins Eyles ; afterwards Bt.

Chute. Francis.

Shelvocke, George.

Gua de Malves, Abbe Jean Paul de.

1743

Sarayva, Matthew, M.D.

Paman, Roger.

Trembley, Abraham.

Miles, Rev. Henry, D.D.

Dayrolles, Solomon.

Rich, Daniel.

Stafford, William, Earl of.

Voltaire, Francois Marie Arouet de.

Bonnet, Charles.

Masson, Jean, Chevalier de Besse.

Ames, Joseph.

Pembroke, Henry, Earl of.

Clayton, Robert, D.D., Bishop of Cork ; aft. of Clogher.

Marlborough, Charles, Duke of.

Locmaria, le Marquis de.

Solenthal, Baron H. F. de.

Lyttelton, Hon. George ; afterwards Lord.

Pitt, Hon. William ; afterwards Earl of Chatham.

Windham, William.

Bruni, Giuseppe Lorenzo, M.D.

Sotheby, Col. William.

Nicholls, John.

1744

Rawdon, Sir John, Bt. ; afterwards Earl of Moira.

Hope- Weir, Hon. Charles.

Sallier, Claude, Abbe.

Pickering, Roger.

Capello, Pietro Andrea.

Bath, William, Earl of.

Nixon, Rev. John.

Fischer, Johann Benjamin.

Montesquieu, Jean Baptiste, baron Secondat de.

Adee, Swithin, M.D.

Boffrand, Germain.

Le Dran, Henri Francois.

Legge, Hon. Henry Bilson.

Keene, Benjamin ; afterwards Kt.

342

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

[1746 N.S.]

[1747 N.S.]

Date of
Election

Feb. 7
14

Mar. 7
21

Apr. 25
May 2

5»

23
30

June 13

20

Oct. 31

Dec. 5

?>
12

Mar. 13
20

Apr. 10
17

»
May 15

29
June 19

Oct. 23

Nov. 20

27

Dec. 11

Jan. 8

»>
22

1744 (continued)

Monnier, Dr. Louis Guillaume le.
Willoughby of Parham, Hugh, Lord.
Hickman, Samuel.
Merrill, John.

1745

Knight, Gowin, M.B.

Wyche, Peter.

Saunders, William, M.D.

Mace, William.

Bedford, William, M.D.

Castiglione, Giovanni F. M. M. Salvemini da.

Hardenberg, Baron von.

Hoblyn, Robert, B.C.L.

Pepusch, John Christopher, Mus.D.

Ellis, Welbore; afterwards D.C.L. and 1st Baron

Mendip.

Sherwood, Noah.
Lewis, William, M.B.

Pringle, John, M.D. ; afterwards Bt. (P.R.S. 1772).
Anson, Admiral George ; afterwards Lord.
Simpson, Thomas.
Montagu, Edward.
Arderon, William.
Hamilton, Captain the Hon. John.
Marinoni, Giovanni Giacomo.
Murdoch, Rev. Patrick.

1746

Guyon, Claude Marie, Abbe.

Pelham, Rt. Hon. Henry.

Trew, Christopher Jacob, M.D.

Squire, Samuel ; afterwards D.D.. Bishop of St. David's

Hoffman, Tycho.

Dashwood, Sir Francis, Bt. ; afterwards Lord Le

Despencer.
Milles, Edward.
Blake, Francis.

Cork and Orrery, John, Earl of.
Beaufort, Louis de.
Thompson, Sir Peter, Kt.

Robinson Morris, Matthew ; afterwards Lord Rokeby.
Castlemain, John, Viscount ; afterwards Earl of Tilney
Ulloa, Antonio de.
Prideaux, Benjamin.
Winckler, Johann Heinrich.
Clephane, John, M.D.
Needham, John Turberville.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 848

[1748 N.S.]

Date of
Election

1746 (continued)

Jan. 22

Allamand, Johann Nicholaus Sebastian.

«

Layard, Daniel Peter, M.D.

»>

Euler, Leonhard.

29

Fauquier, William.

Feb. 12

Holford, Peter.

19

Walpole, Hon. Horatio.

«

Parker, Rev. William, D.D.

»

MacFarlane, Alexander.

26

Brocklesby, Richard, M.D.

1747

Mar. 26

Nicolini, Antonio, Marchese.

«

Hamilton, Hon. Charles.

?»

Rinuccini, Falco, Marchese.

Apr. 30

Iremonger, Joshua.

May 21

Bosanquet, Benjamin.

»»

Ravaud, David.

«

Hollman, Samuel Christian.

June 18

Chapelle, Jean Baptiste de la.

July 2

LobKowitz, Ferdinand Philip, Prince.

Oct. 22

Lincoln, Henry, Earl of; afterwards Duke of New-

castle.

Nov. 12

Silvester, John, M.D. ; afterwards Kt.

»>

Passeri, Giovanni Battista, Abbe.

19

Parker, Thomas, Lord ; afterwards Earl of Macclesfield.

26

Da Costa, Emanuel Mendes.

Dec. 10

Baden-Dourlach, Carl Friedrich, Margrave of.

«

Savile, Sir George, Bt. ; afterwards LL.D.

17

Fitzwilliam of Meryon, Richard, Viscount.

»5

Tyrawley, James, Lord.

Jan. 14

Lyonet, Pierre.

21

Devonshire, William, Duke of.

»>

Reade, Henry.

»>

Munck, Jan de.

Mar. 10

Scott, George.

»

Young, William ; afterwards Bt.

»»

Czernichew, Count.

24

Manteufell, Christopher, Graf von.

1748

Apr. 21

Osorio, 11 Cavaliere.

May 19

Campbell, Hugh.

26

Lee, William.

June 9

Hughes, Rev. Griffith.

23

Yonge, Sir William, K.B.

Nov. 3

Charleton, Rice.

n

Dingley, Robert.

17

Joye, Charles.

344

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

[1749 N.S.]

1 Not his brother
Augustinasinthe
annual printed
lists.

[1750 N.S.]

Date of
Election

1748 (continued)

Nov. 17

Simon, James.

Dec. 8

Hill, John.

15

Mitchell, John, M.D.

55

La Condamine, Charles Maria de.

22

Burnett, Sir Thomas, Kt.

55

D'Alembert, Jean le Rond.

Jan. 19

Ashe, William Windham.

26

Feake, Charles, M.D.

55

Munckley, Nicholas, M.D.

Feb. 9

Cramer, Gabriel.

55

Dixon, Abraham.

16

Montaudouin, Nicholas de.

Mar. 9

Cornish, Capt. Samuel ; afterwards Bt.

1749

Apr. 6

Boze, Claude Gros de.

13

Sharp, Samuel.

55

Wilkes, John.

55

Mitford, William.

20

Boyer, Jean Baptiste, M.D.

55

Molinelli, Pietro Paolo, M.D.

May 4

Andrade, Antonio Freyre de.

55

Swieten, Gerhard van, M.D.

11

Porter, James ; afterwards Kt.

25
June 15

Sauvages de la Croix-Royale, l Francois Boissier.
Williamson, Rev. John ; afterwards D.D.

Oct. 26

Newcastle, Thomas, Duke of.

55

Ligonier, Sir John ; afterwards Lord ; K.B.

Nov. 2

Baillou, Chevalier de.

9

Medina- Sidonia, Duque de.

55

Oglethorpe, Lt.-Gen. James Edward.

55

Webb, Philip Carteret.

55

Juan[-y-Santacilla], Jorge.

23

Grafton, Charles, Duke of.

Dec. 7

Cardigan, George, Earl of.

14

Waldegrave, James, Earl of.

Jan. 11

St. George, Chevalier de.

25

Alcock, Nathan, M.D.

• 55

Heberden, William, M.D.

55

Bell, George.

55

Bouguer, Pierre.

55

Formey, Samuel.

Feb. 1

Askew, Anthony, M.B.

8

Ellis, Henry.

55

Folard, Charles, Chevalier de.

»5

22

Tressan, Louis Elizabeth de la Vergne, comte de.
Townsend, Admiral Isaac.

55

Browne, Isaac Hawkins.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 345

Date of
Election

1749 (continued)

Feb. 22

Tough, Rev. Charles.

»»

Le Thieuillier, Louis Jean, M.D.

»»

Struyck, Nicholas.

Mar. 8

Mounsey, James.

22

Canton, John.

»

Hayter, Thomas, D.D., Bishop of Norwich.

»>

D'Argenville, Antoine Joseph de Sallier.

1750

May 3

Bernoulli, Daniel.

10

Barboza, Johannes Mendez Saquet.

17

Borlase, Rev. William ; afterwards D.D.

31

Montagu, Edward Wortley.

June 21

Roderick, Richard.

Nov. 1

Walmesley, Rev. Father Charles.

«

Herrissant, Francois David, M.D.

»

Guasco, Octavien de, comte de Clavieres, Abbe.

Dec. 6

Downe, Henry, Viscount.

»

Warner, Joseph.

13

Yorke, Hon. Charles (Lord Chancellor).

Jan. 17

Cassini de Thury, Cesar Francois.

»

Camper, Peter, M.D.

24

Bacon, John.

»»

Shard, Isaac Pacatus.

Feb. 7

Watson, Robert, M.D.

Mar. 14

Mountaine, William.

1751

May 16

Heathcote, Sir Thomas, Bt.

June 6

Venturi, Marsilio.

13

Mauduit, Israel.

>»

Brookesbank, Joseph.

Oct. 31

Silveyra, Joachim Jose Fidalgo da.

Nov. 7

Rockingham, Charles, Marquess of.

Dec. 5

Wilson, Benjamin.

19

Maty (Matty), Matthew, M.D.

1752

Jan. 16

Morton, Charles, M.D.

»

Torkos, Justus Johann, M.D.

Feb. 13

Fetherstonhaugh, Sir Matthew, Bt.

»

Russell, Richard, M.D.

20

Guignes, Joseph de.

Mar. 5

Steavens, Thomas.

Apr. 16

Whyte, Robert, M.D.

n

Shaw, Peter, M.D.

May 7

Hoare, Sir Richard, Kt.

*»

Huber, Johann Jacob.

34G

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

1752 (continued)

May 28

June 4

Nov. 9
Dec. 14
21

Jan. 25

Feb. 1
8

»

15

22

Mar. 1
8
15

22

Apr. 5
May 3
24
31

June 21
Nov. 15
Dec. 6

Feb. 7

14
21

Quesnay, Francois.

Mazeas, Guillaume.

Hyde, John.

Pond, Arthur.

Moss, Rev. Charles, D.D. ; afterwards Bp. of Bath and

Wells.

Burrell, Peter.
Cadogan, William, M.D.
Hazard, Richard.
Pacey, Henry B.
Brakenridge, William, D.D.
Faget, Jean Baptiste.
Caldwell, Sir James, Bt.

1753

Allix, William.

Thomas, Noah ; afterwards Kt.

Marchmont, Hugh, Earl of.

Clanricarde, John, Earl of.

Akenside, Mark, M.D.

Fauquier, Francis.

Petley, Charles.

Dudley, Charles.

Bellin, Jacques Nicolas.

Malouin, Paul Jacques.

Hortega, Joseph.

Hardinge, Caleb, M.D.

Smeaton, John.

Gabry, Peter, M.D.

Harcourt, Simon, Earl.

Price, William.

Wetstein, John James.

Linnaeus, Carolus, M.D.

Hoare, Joseph, B.D.

Green, Richard, D.D.

Wegg, Samuel.

Wall, Chevalier Richard.

Northey, William.

Symmer, Robert.

Hardwicke, Philip, Earl of (Lord Chancellor).

1754

Lock, William.
Girle, John.
Postlethwayt, James.
Ellis, John.

Aberdour, Sholto Charles, Lord ; afterwards Earl of
Morton.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 347

Date of
Election

Mar. 7

»»

14
28
Apr. 4

May 9

»

23

30

June 18

July 4
Nov. 7

14
Dec. 5

Jan. 9

»

16

23

Feb. 20

Mar. 18

n
20

Apr. 24

May 1
29

June 12

Dec. 11

Jan. 8

1754 (continued)

Brander, Gustavus.

Crusius, Lewis ; afterwards D.D.

Hammond, Bartholomew.

Shaftesbury, Anthony, Earl of.

Castlecomer, John, Viscount.

Cooksey, Rev. John.

Blacow, Rev. Richard.

Caumont, R., M.D.

Sharpe, Rev. Gregory, LL.D.

Chevalier, Rev. John.

Raper, Matthew.

Raynal, Guillaume Thomas, Abbe.

Gray, Charles.

Lewis, George.

Wetstein, Rev. Caspar.

Dartmouth, William, Earl of.

Clarke, Sir Thomas, Kt. (Master of the Rolls).

Chandler, Samuel ; afterwards D.D.

Hudson, John.

1755

Blair, Rev. John, LL.D.

Daubenton, Louis Jean Marie.

Dodson, James.

Dawkins, James, D.C.L.

Henry, William, D.D.

Hirst, William.

Colebrooke, Josiah.

Hundertmark, Carl Friedrich, M.D.

Petti ward, Roger, D.D.

Hiibner, Martin.

Rasumousky, Count Cyrille.

Helvetius, Jean Claude Adrian, M.D.

Bayardi, Ottavio Antonio.

Paderni, Camillo.

Forster, Nathaniel, D.D.

Beccaria, Giovanni Battista.

Charlemont, James, Viscount ; afterwards Earl.

Owen, Rev. Henry, M.D.

Morris, Robert Hunter.

Valltravers, Rodolph de.

Barthelemy, Jean Jacques, Abbe.

Richmond, Charles, Duke of.

Ascanius, Peter, M.D.

1756

Jacour, Chevalier de.
Bougainville, Louis Antoine de.

848

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

1756 (continued)

Jan. 15
22
Feb. 5

Mar. 18
25

»
Apr. 1

29
May 6

13

»>
June 3

»

Nov. 4
11

55

25

Mar. 17
Apr. 21

»

May 5
12
19

June 9
16

55

30

Nov. 10
17

55

24

»
Dec. 8

Feb. 9
16

«

23

Mar. 2
9

Pancrazzi, Giuseppe Maria.

Schlosser, Jan Albert, M.D.

Peyssonel, Jean Andre.

Ashby, Shuckburgh.

Daviel, Jacques.

Wollaston, Charlton ; afterwards M.D.

FitzGerald, Keane.

Jurin, James, M.D.

Franklin, Benjamin ; afterwards LL.D.

Russell, Alexander, M.D.

Howard, John ; afterwards LL.D. (the philanthropist).

Lantsheer, Jacob Frederick, LL.D.

Kidby, John.

Brand, Thomas.

Gregory, John, M.D.

Manetti, Xaverius, M.D.

Albini, Conte Maff'eo d'.

Percival, Thomas.

1757

Venuti, Ridolh'no, Abbate.

Mello e Castro, Martinho de.

Thistlethwayte, Alexander.

Lisle, Thomas, D.D.

Romilly, Isaac.

Romney, Robert, Lord.

Hudson, Charles Grave ; afterwards Bt.

Morris, Corbyn.

Ehret, George Dionysius.

Donati, Dr. Vitaliano.

Frisi, Paolo ; padre.

Celesia, Cavaliere Paolo.

Upton, John.

Hollis, Thomas.

Bose, Georg Matthias.

Edwards, George.

Roger, Charles.

Braganza, Joano, Duque de.

Barton, Philip.

Natter, Lorenz.

Bootle, Robert.

1758

Wegg, George.

Godschall, William Man.

Gmelin, Philip Friedrich, M.D.

Ross, John, D.D. ; afterwards Bp. of Exeter.

Huntingdon, Francis, Earl of.

Almeyda, Theodore de.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 349

Date of
Election

1758 (continued)

Mar. 16
Apr. 6

20

»
27

May 25
June 15
Nov. 16

»
Dec. 7

Feb. 1
8

Mar. 8
15
22

Apr. 5
May 31
June 14
Nov. 8

22
Dec. 6

Jan. 10
17
24

Feb. 21

j>
Mar. 6

»

20

27

Apr. 24

J»

May 1
June 12

Nov. 17
20
27

Schuvaloft', John de.

Larnbe, Robert, LL.D. ; afterwards Bp. of Peterborough.

Grindall, Richard.

Marsili, Giovanni, M.D.

Allioni, Carlo, M.D.

Verney, Ralph, Earl.

Tufnell, George Forster.

Maskelyne, Rev. Nevil ; afterwards D.D.

Stuart, James (' Athenian Stuart ').

Hadley, John ; afterwards M.D.

Bushe, Amyas.

Drury, Sir Thomas, Bt.

Gisborne, Thomas, M.D.

Torres, Joseph Ignacio de, M.D.

1759

Anderson, John.

Foscarini, Marco (afterwards Doge of Venice).
^Carafa, Giovanni, Duca di Noia.
Salvador, Joseph.
Saunders, Erasmus, D.D.
Wright, Edward, M.D.
Hooper, Edward.
Venuti, Filippo.
vLloyd, John, M.B.
Petit, John Lewis ; afterwards M.D.
Delaval, Edward Hussey.
\Blanshard, Wilkinson, M.B.
Royen, David van, M.D.

1760

Zanotti, Eustachio.
Lacaille, Nicolas Louis de.
\Pereira, Jacob Rodrigue.
Saluzzo (Saluces), Giuseppe, Conte di.
Gorter, David de, M.D.
Pyer, Samuel.
Wilkes, Israel.
Tissot, S. A. D.
Bernard, John, M.D.
Meerman, Gerard, LL.D.
Comyn, James.
Cavendish, Hon. Henry.
Michell, John, B.D.
Musgrave, Samuel ; afterwards M.D,
King George III, Patron.
Ryves, Thomas.
Loten, John Gideon.

350

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

176O (continued)

Nov. 27

Dec. 4

11

»
18

Jan. 15

»

22

Feb. 5
19

Mar. 12
Apr. 2

9

23
May 7

28

June 11
Nov. 5

12

»

19
Dec. 10

Feb. 4

5J

18
Mar. 18

Apr. 1
22

»

June 17
July 1
Nov. 11

»
25

Dec. 9
23

York, Edward, Duke of.

Himsel, Nicholas de, M.D.

Cumberland, William, Duke of.

Albertini, Giambattista, Principe di San Saverino.

Ferner, Benedict.

Baldwin, Roger.

Le Sue, Jean Joseph.

1761

Boscovich, Roger Joseph.

Reynolds, Joshua; afterwards Kt., P.R.A.

Adanson, Michel.

Dumaresq, Daniel, D.D.

Genevois, Jean Alexandre.

Hamilton, Hugh ; afterwards D.D. and Bp. of Ossory.

Haemstede, Rev. Hendrik van.

Bootle, Richard Wilbraham.

Darwin, Erasmus, M.D.

Eckersall, George.

Adam, Robert (the architect).

Dollond, John.

Panzano, Martin.

Hudson, William.

Devonshire, William, Duke of.

Gaertner, Joseph, M.D.

Wood, Thomas, LL.D.

Heberden, Thomas, M.D.

Ferrers, Washington, Earl.

1762

Baker, George, M.D. ; afterwards Bt.

Ducarel, Andrew Coltee, D.C.L.

White, Charles.

Fronchin, Theodore, M.D.

Luloss, Johan.

Burrow, Robert.

Dodgson, Charles ; afterwards Bishop of Ossory.

Turbilly, Fra^ois Henri, marquis de.

Abeille, Louis Paul.

Brereton, Owen Salusbury.

Holstein, John Louis, Count.

Fitzherbert, William.

Webb, Robert.

Tyndall, Thomas.

Pulteney, Richard ; afterwards M.D.

Felton, Samuel.

Platt, Joshua.

Bohadsch, Johann Baptist.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 351

Date of
Election

1763

Feb. 10

«
17

Mar. 10

»»

Apr. 21

May 12

June 2
9

23

Nov. 10
17
24

Jan. 12

»
19

»
26

Feb. 16

»

»

23

»»

Mar. 8

«
»»
15

29
Apr. 5

May 3
10
17

Helvetius, Johan Anton.
Nivernois, Louis Jules, due de.
\Wollaston, George; afterwards D.D.
Biichner, Count Andreas Elias.
Morosini, Lorenzo.
Matani, Antonio, M.D.
Gronovius, Laurence Theodore.
Hornsby, Thomas ; afterwards D.D.
Shepherd, Anthony, B.D.
Raulin, Joseph, M.D.
Waring, Edward ; afterwards M.D.
Watson, Jonathan.
Duane. Matthew.
Harris, James.
Fothergill, John, M.D.
Gallean, Charles Hyacinth Antoine, due de.
Turton, John, M.B.
Ferguson, James.
Lalande, Joseph Jerome le Francois de.

1764

Duclos, Charles.

Yeoman, Thomas.

Charles William Ferdinand, Prince of Brunswick.

Strati co, Count Simone.

Camus, Charles Etienne Louis.

Kennicott, Benjamin, D.D.

Powell, William Samuel, D.D.

Berthoud, Ferdinand.

Swinney, Sidney, D.D.

Albinus, Bernard Siegfried, M.D.

Gaubius, Hieronymus David.

Schaffer, Jacob Christian.

Hillsborough, Wills, Earl of; afterwards Marquess of

Downshire.

Warren, Richard, M.D.
Lloyd, Charles.
Picquigny, Louis Marie Joseph d' Albert d'Ailly, due de ;

afterwards due de Chaulnes.
Harvey, Eliab.

Moltke, Adam Gottlob, Count of Bregentved.
Meuschen, Fredrik Christian.
Morris, Michael, M.D.
Pott, Percival.
Franks, Naphthali.

Chabert, Joseph Bernard, marquis de.
Campbell, John.

352

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

1764 (continued)

June 7 Solander, Daniel Charles, M.D.

Pallas, Peter Simon, M.D.
21 Egmont, John, Earl of.

Stewart, Matthew, D.D.

Willett, Ralph.
28 Feronce, Jean Baptiste de.

Webb, Sir John, Bt.

Wilkinson, John, M.D.
July 5 Sharpe. Fane William.

Glasse, Samuel, D.D.

12 Wargentin, Peter.
Roebuck, John, M.D.

Nov. 22 Cigna, Giovanni Francesco, M.D.
Dec. 6 Messier, Charles.

13 Trevor, Robert, Lord ; afterwards Viscount Hampden.

1765

Jan. 24 Stebbing, Henry, D.D.

Feb. 14 Werthern, Johann Georg Heinrich, Graf von.

28 Nicoll, John.

Mar. 7 . Percival, Thomas ; afterwards M.D.
Stanley, Edward.
Morgan, John, M.D.
21 Carburi, Conte Giovanni Battista.
28 Jebb, Richard ; afterwards Bt.
Apr. 25 Beaumont, Jean Baptiste Jacques Elie de.

Bergman, Torbern Olof.
May 9 Harrison, William.
16 Canvane, Peter, M.D.
23 Caraccioli, Marchese Domenico.
June 13 Cuthbert, John.

Houghton, Henry ; afterwards Bt.
Tennent, John, M.D.

20 Cope, Sir John Mordaunt, Bt.
Bentinck, John.

Lewin, John.

27 Cardross, David, Lord ; afterwards Earl of Buchan.
Barnewall, Hon. Matthias.
Hopkins, Daniel ; afterwards M.D.
Nov. 7 Bruhl, Johann Moritz, Graf von.

14 Redern, Sigismond, Graf von.

21 Bevis, John, M.D.

„ Lowth, Robert, D.D. ; afterwards Bishop of Oxford.
Dec. 5 Price, Richard, D.D.

Kaye, Rev. Richard ; afterwards LL.D. and Bt.
19 Mayer, Christian.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 353

Date of
Election

1766

Jan. 16
23

Feb. 13
20

Mar. 18

»»
20

Apr. 10
24

May 1

8

»
15

»

29
June 5

12
19
Nov. 6

Dec. 11

Jan. 8
15
22
29

Feb. 5

<»
12

26

Mar. 19
26

I^anden, John.

Keate, George.

Montigny, Charles Daniel Trudaine de.

Mills, John.

Winthrop, John.

Grosley, Pierre Jean.

Stephens, Tyringham.

Graeme, William.

Astle, Thomas.

Letch, John, M.D.

Coyer, Francois Gabriel, Abbe.

Strange, John.

Monro, Donald, M.D.

Harper, Samuel.

Anguish, Thomas.

Banks, Joseph; afterwards D.C.L. and Bt. (P.R.S. 1778).

Hasted, Edward.

Williams, Dionysius.

Morse, Leonard.

Lort, Michael, B.D.

Lee, Arthur, M.D.

Portland, William Henry, Duke of.

Webber, William.

Riz, David.

Priestley, Joseph, LL.D.

Forster, Thomas. *

Hamilton, William ; afterwards Kt. and D.C.L.

(archaeologist).
Poland, Stanislaus Augustus, King of.

1767

Putman, Rev. Henry.

Exeter, Brownlow, Earl of.

Pollok, Allan, M.D.

Holwell, John Zephaniah.

Tissington, Anthony.

Woulfe, Peter.

Hunter, John (anatomist).

Nasmyth, Sir James, Bt. (botanist).

Fludyer, Sir Thomas.

Hope, John, M.D.

Eyre, Richard, D.D.

Baltimore, Frederick, Lord.

Pennant, Thomas.

Mytton, John.

Butt, John Martin, M.D.

Wright, Richard ; afterwards M.D.

Kirby, Joshua.

A a

354

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

1767 (continued)

Mar. 526
Apr. 2

30

May 7
14
21

«
28

June 4
18

July 9

Dec. l'o

»
«
17

Feb. 18
25

Mar. 17
24

?»
Apr. 14

21
May 5

«
12
June 2

«

16

Sept. 1
Nov. 10

Roy, Col. William; afterwards Maj. -General.

Winterton, Edward, Earl.

Grinfield, Steddy.

Malliet, John.

Watson, Henry.

Parker, John ; afterwards Lord Boringdon.

James, William.

Horsley, Samuel ; afterwards D.C.L., Bp. of St. Asaph.

Hunter, William, M.D.

Geach, Francis ; afterwards M.D.

King, Edward.

Smith, Adam (' The Wealth of Nations ').

Mylne, Robert.

Chamier, Anthony.

Steevens, George.

Dillon, Hon. Charles ; afterwards Dillon Lee.

Weston, Robert.

Barrington, Hon. Dainas.

Howard, Hon. Charles ; afterwards Duke of Norfolk.

Minet, Daniel.

LEpinasse, Charles.

Witchell, George.

Bennet, Richard Henry Alexander.

Watson, William, M.B. ; afterwards M.D. and Kt.

Manning, Owen, B.D.

Greville, George, Lord ; afterwards Earl of Warwick.

Radnor, William, Earl of.

1768

Huck, Richard, M.D. ; afterwards Huck-Saunders.

Moore, Charles.

Dargent, James.

Howard, Charles ; afterwards Duke of Norfolk.

Harris, Daniel.

Horsfall, James.

Penneck, Richard.

Nugent, Christopher, M.D.

Cowley, John Lodge.

Majendie, John James ; afterwards D.D.

Darker, John.

Dundas, Thomas ; afterwards Bt. and Lord.

Heathcote, John.

Spallanzani, Lazzaro.

Bertier, Joseph Etienne.

Morell, Thomas, D.D.

Christian VII, King of Denmark.

Emlyn, Thomas.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 3.55

Date of
Election

Nov. 24

Feb. 2
9
16
23

Mar. 16

Apr. 13
20

May 11
25

June 1

>»
8
Nov. 16

Jan. 11

»
Mar. 1

8

«
15

Apr. 5

26
May 3

«
10

»»

17

31

June 21

July 5
Nov. 8

«
22

Jan. 31
Feb. 14

1768 (continued}

Clive, Robert, Lord.
I^ashley, Thomas, M.D.

1769

Watson. Richard ; afterwards D.D. and Bp. of Llandaft'.

Caverhill, John ; afterwards M.D.

Waring, Richard Hill.

Greive, James, M.D.

Dimsdale, Thomas, M.D. (Russian Baron).

Huxham, John Corham.

Wollaston, Rev. Francis, LL.B.

Sharpe, William.

Burzynski, Thaddeus Joseph, Count de.

Ingenhousz, John, M.D.

Raspe, Rudolf Eric.

Morand, Jean Francois Clement, M.D.

Wyatt, William.

Ibbetson, John.

Masseran,

1770

Prince de.

Lane, Timothy.
^Farr, William, M.D.

Beauclerk, Hon. Topham.

Hewson, William.

Welsh, James, M.D.

Planta, Andrew Joseph.

Russell, Francis.

Macarthy, Justin.

Bayford, David ; afterwards M.D.

Salis, Henry Jerome de ; afterwards D.D.
„ Collignon, Charles, M.D.
l»itcairn, William, M.D.

Dickson, Thomas, M.D.

Douglas, Charles ; afterwards Bt. and Admiral.

Bergius, Peter J&nas, M.D.

Le Roy, Charles, M.D.

Healde, Thomas, M.D.

Thomas, Edward.

Browne, Isaac Hawkins ; afterwards D.C.L.

Walsh, John.

Thomson, Rev. Samuel Welles, D.D.

Arbuthnot, John.

1771

Erskine, Robert.
Dalrymple, Alexander.

A a 2

356

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

1771 (continued)

Feb. 17
21
28

Mar. 14
Apr. 11
May 2

«

16

30

June 6

Nov. 7
14

Dec. 5
12

Jan. 9

16

Feb. 13
20
27

Apr. 2

«
9

30

May 7
28

?»
June 4

»»

18
25
July 9

Nov. 12
19

Dec. 24

Baker, John Wynn.

King, Rev. John Glen ; afterwards D.D.

Tyrwhitt, Thomas (Chaucerian scholar).

Howard, Samuel.

Tunstall, Marmaduke.

Maseres, Francis.

Paradise, John ; afterwards D.C.L.

Maty (Matty), Paul Henry.

Walker, George.

Poczobut, Rev. Father Martin.

Limbourg, John Philip de, M.D.

Stephens, Philip ; afterwards Bt.

Petty, James.

Frere, John.

Courland, Peter, Duke of.

Duncan, Sir William, Bt.

Way, Benjamin.

Phipps, Hon. Constantine John ; afterwards Lord Mul-

grave.
Hopton, Richard Cope.

1772

Jodrell, Richard Paul.

Aubert, -Alexander.

Booth, Benjamin.

Jackson, Rev. Cyril ; afterwards D.D.

Pigott, Nathaniel.

Greville, Hon. Charles Francis.

Carnac, Brigadier-General John.

Forster, Johann Reinhold ; afterwards LL.D.

Folkes, Martin ; afterwards Bt.

Swinden, Philip van.

Pownall, Thomas (' Governor Pownall ').

Jones, William ; afterwards Kt.

Milman, Francis ; afterwards M.D. and Bt.

Lytton, Richard Warburton.

Perrin, William Philip.

Kuckahn, Tesser Samuel.

Caldani, Marc1 Antonio Leopoldo.

Gosset, Rev. Isaac, M.A. ; afterwards D.D.

Blagden, Charles, M.D. ; afterwards Kt.

Poore, Edward.

Greg, John.

Seaforth, Kenneth, Earl of.

Jackson, Humphry.

Mahon, Charles, Viscount ; afterwards Earl Stanhope.

Lauder. John.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 357

Date of
Election

1773

Feb. 18

25
Mar. 4

»»

18
25
Apr. 1

>5

22
29

May 20

»>
27

June l'o

17
Nov. 18

5»

25
Dec. 16

Feb. 17
Mar. 3

»

10

17

Apr. 21
28

May 12

5>

19

June 2

Yorke, Hon. John.
Bethune, John.

Lever, Ash ton ; afterwards Kt.
Bayley, Thomas Butterworth.

Guernsey, Heneage, Lord ; afterwards E. of Aylesford.
Earle, William Benson.
Brydone, Patrick.
Falconer, William, M.D.
Ives, John.

Polwarth, Alexander, Lord.
Carmarthen, Francis, Marquess of.
Plymouth, Other, Earl of.
Livius, Peter.
Blyke, Richard.
<41enley, William.
Bancroft, Edward ; afterwards M.D.
Dummer, Thomas.
Smith, John ; afterwards Bt.
O'Brien, Sir Lucius Henry, Bt.
Frankland, Thomas ; afterwards Bt.
Garden, Alexander, M.D.]
Stehelin, Jacob de.
Le Roy, Jean Baptiste.
De Luc, Jean Andre.
Preston, Jacob.

Wynn, Sir Watkin Williams, Bt.
Lettsom, John Coakley, M.D.
Dixon, Jeremiah.
Lind, John.
Burney, Charles, Mus.Doc.

1774

Planta, Joseph.

Paoli, Gen. Pasquale de.

Nooth, John Mervin, M.D.

Teighe, Michael, M.D.

Musgrave, Sir William, Bt.

^Magalhaens (or Magellan), Jean Hyacinth de.

Young, Arthur.

Duval, Rev. Philip ; afterwards D.D.

Michell, Richard.

Gould, Rev. William ; afterwards D.D.

McKenzie, Murdoch.

fllis, John,
igott, Granado.
Poissonnier, Pierre, M.D.
Eckhardt, Anton Georg.
De Born, le Chevalier Ignace.

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

1774 (continued)

June 9

16
Nov. 10

24
Dec. 8

V

15
22

Feb. 2
16
23

Mar. 2
9
16
23
30

Apr. 27
May 4
18
25
June 1

22
Nov. 9

Jan. 11

j>

18

25

Feb. 15
29

Mar. 14
21

Walker, James, M.D.

Craufurd, Patrick George.

Twiss, Richard.

Hutton, Charles ; afterwards LL.D.

Duroure, Francis.

Cotton, Robert Salusbury.

Bagnall, John.

Adye, John Willett.

Lloyd, John.

Shuckburghf-Evelyn], Sir George Augustus William, Bt.

1775

Hunter, Alexander, M.D.

Melvill, General Robert.

Milles, Rev. Jeremiah ; afterwards D.D.

Cullum, Rev. Sir John, Bt.

Gough, Richard.

Barker, Sir Robert, Kt.

Garthshore, Maxwell, M.D.

Rawlinson, Sir Walter, Kt.

James, William ; afterwards Bt.

Napier, James ; afterwards Kt.

Hey, William.

Dutens, Rev. Louis.

Constable, William.

Henry, Thomas.

Latham, John ; afterwards M.D.

Sterling, Robert.

Sejour, Achille Pierre Dionis du.

Le Sage, Georges Louis.

Jones, Rev. William.

Call, John ; afterwards Bt.

Pitt, John.

Hatton, George Finch.

Justamond, John Obadiah.

Hume, Sir Abraham, Bt.

1776

Bruce, James (the African Explorer).

Combe, Charles ; afterwards M.D.

Elliot, John ; afterwards Admiral.

Ker, Robert.

Fordyce, George, M.D.

Cook, James (the Circumnavigator).

Marsham, Hon. Charles ; afterwards Earl Romney.

Prime, Samuel.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 350

Date of
Election

1776 (continued)

Apr. 18
25

May 9

«
16

n

23

»»

June 6

«

»>
«

13

J>

20

Nov. 7
Dec. 19

Jan. 9

«

Feb. 13

»

20
Mar. 13

Apr. 10
17
24

May 1

8

?>
»

29

June 3

n
19

Nov. 13
27

Dec. 18

Norton, Sir Fletcher ; afterwards Lord Grantley.

Chambers, Sir William, Kt.

Cooper, William, D.D.

Taylor, John ; afterwards Bt.

Meyrick, Owen Putland.

Alleyne. John.

Chetwode, Sir John, Bt.

Stewart, John.

Stinton, George, D.D.

Calderwood, William.

Kezzonico, il principe Abondio.

Villoison, Jean Gaspar d'Ansse.

Davila, Pedro.

Atwood, George.

Crofts, Thomas.

Nairne, Edward.

Hemming, Samuel.

Palmerston, Henry, Viscount.

Wales, William.

Chesterfield, Philip, Earl of.

1777

Russell, William.

Forster, Georg ; afterwards M.D.

Mackworth, Sir Herbert, Bt.

Cowper, George Nassau Clavering, Earl.

Grosvenor, Richard, Lord ; afterwards Earl.

Brown, William.

Bhuldham, Molyneux, Lord ; Admiral.

Bridgen, Edward.

Wolf, Nathaniel Matthew, M.D.

Osborne, John.

Shuttleworth, Robert.

Hamilton, Anthony, D.D.

Nolcken, Gustavus Adam, Baron.

Cullen, William, M.D.

Pelham, Charles Anderson ; afterwards Lord

borough.

Amiens, Edward, Lord.
Peachey, John ; afterwards Lord Selsey.
Mudge, John.

Ortega, Casimir Gomez de, M.D.
Toaldo, Giuseppe.
White, Thomas.
Wegg, George Samuel.
Russell, Patrick, M.D.
Lind, James, M.D.

Yar-

300

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

1778

Jan. 8
Feb. 12

19
Mar. 5

12

jj

26

Apr. 2
9

»»

30

»
May 14

5J

June 4
18

»»
25

Nov. 5

12
Dec. 24

Jan. 21
Feb. 4
11

18
25

Mar. 11

18

Apr. 15

«
22

29
May 6

Fraser, Hon. Archibald Campbell.

Dobson, Matthew, M.D.

Wyatt, John.

Englefield, Henry Charles ; afterwards Bt.

Partridge, Henry.

Walsingham, Hon. Robert Boyle ; afterwards Lord

Walsingham.
De Grey, Thomas.
Wright, William, M.D.
Watson, James ; afterwards Kt.
Layard, Rev. Charles Peter ; afterwards D.D.
Caulfeild, Wade Toby.
Nash, Joseph.

Cave, Thomas ; afterwards Bt.
Heath, Benjamin.
Hodgkinson, Robert Banks.
Howard, William Augustus, M.D.
Else, Joseph.
Shadwell, Lancelot.
Worsley, Sir Richard, Bt.
Hay, Alexander, M.D.
Preston, Rev. William.
Lockman, Rev. John, D.D.
Douglas, Rev. John ; afterwards D.D., Bp. of Carlisle,

and then of Salisbury.
Dawkins, Henry.
Fothergill, Anthony, M.D.
Alstroemer, John.

1779

Wen man, Hon. Thomas Francis.

Carysfort, John Joshua, Earl of.

Seward, William.

Gray, Edward Whitaker, M.D.

Tyson, Rev. Michael.

Jebb, Rev. John. M.D.

Richardson, Rev. Robert, D.D.

Farr, Samuel, M.D.

Vage, Thomas ; afterwards M.D.

Dagge, Henry.

Glenie, Lieut. James.

Bromfield, Robert, M.D.

Topham, John.

Buxton, George, M.D.

Thompson, Benjamin; afterwards Kt. and Count

Rumford.

Payne, Sir Ralph, K.B. ; afterwards Lord Lavington.
Smyth, James Carmichael, M.D.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 361

Date of
Election

1779 (continued)

May 6

»»
13

June 3
17

«

24

Nov. 4
11

«
18

Dec. 9
16

Jan. 10
20
27

Feb. 10

17
24

Mar. 2

9

Apr. 6

J»

13
27

May 25
June 1
8
15
Nov. 9

»»

16

Feb. 8

15

Mar. 1
8

Poli, Giuseppe.

Rogerson, John, M.D.

Whitehurst, John.

Hainsford, Maj.-Gen. Charles.

Dupre, Josias.

Kippis, Andrew, D.D.

Fullarton, William.

Murray, Hon. James.

Simmons, Samuel Foart, M.D.

Henniker, John ; afterwards Bt. and Baron.

Grant, John.

Jennings, John.

Wilmot, John.

Cavallo, Tiberius.

Hamersley, Hugh.

1780

Gloucester, William Henry, Duke of.

Belluga, Bernardo de.

Onslow, Hon. Edward.

Anspach und Bayreuth, Christian Friedrich Carl

Alexander, Margraf von.
Upper Ossory, John, Earl of.
Kirwan, Richard.
Desaguliers, Lieut.-Gen. Thomas.
Silvester, John.
Marsham, Robert.
Petre, Robert Edward, Lord.

Althorp, George John, Vise. ; afterwards E. Spencer.
Casaux, Charles, marquis de.
Moultou, Pierre.
Duroure, Lieut.-Col. John.
Qrd, John.

Podmanctzky, Baron Joseph Louis de.
Milner, Rev. Isaac ; afterwards D.D.
Atholl, John, Duke of.
Pepys, Lucas, M.D. ; afterwards Bt.
Hurlock, Philip.
Penton, Henry.

1781

Daschaw, Paul, Prince.

Hay garth, John.

Young, George ; afterwards Kt.

Lee, John, M.D.

De Ferrars, George, Lord ; afterwards Earl of Leicester.

King, Capt. James, R.N., LL.D.

Yeats, Thomas Pattinson.

362

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

1781 (continued)

Mar. 8

15
22
29

Apr. 5
May 3

10

17

55

June 14
July 5
Nov. 8

15
Dec. 6

20

Jan. 17

Feb. 14

«

21

28

55

55

Mar. 14

5?

Apr. 11

55

25
Nov. 7

Jan. 9
16

Lightfoot, Kev. John.

Rennell, James.

Davies, Capt. Thomas.

Franks, William.

Cheston, Richard Brown.

Agar, Welbore Ellis.

Calvert, Peter, LL.D.

Wevelinchoven, Anthony de.

Lewisham, George, Viscount ; afterwards Earl of

Dartmouth.

Barbiano and Belgiqjoso, Charles Maria Lewis, Count of.
Price, Richard Parry.

Bowdler, Thomas, M.D. (Editor of Shakspeare).
Shepherd, Rev. Richard ; afterwards D.D.
Price. James ; afterwards M.D.
Fly, Rev. Henry ; afterwards D.D.
Vyse, William, LL.D.
Reynolds, Henry Revell, M.D.
Blackburne, Thomas, M.D.
Edgworth, Richard Lovell.
Leslie, Patrick Duguid, M.D.
Windham, Joseph.
Egerton, Rev. Francis Henry.
Jodrell, Paul ; afterwards M.D. and Kt.
Herschel, William ; afterwards LL.D. and K.H.
Leith, Theodore Forbes, M.D.

1782

North, Hon. George Augustus ; afterwards Earl of

Guilford.

Coxe, Rev. William.

-Broussonet, Peter Maria Augustus, M.D.
Beaufoy, Henry.

Peachey, Sir James ; afterwards Lord Selsey.
Wilbraham, Roger.
Bristol, Frederick Augustus, Earl of ; D.D. and Bishop

of Derry.

Greig, Sir Samuel.
Hurlock, Joseph.
Braithwaite, Daniel.
Pitcairn, David ; afterwards M.D.
Guthrie, Matthew, M.D.
Gunning, John.
Anker, Bernt.

1783

Wyndham, Henry Penruddock.
Wedgwood, Josiah.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 363

Date of
Election

1783 (continued)

Jan. 23

«

Mar. 6
13
20

Apr. 3
May 8
15
29
June 5

July 10

Feb. 19

Apr. 22

29

May 13

«
27

June 10
17
24

Aug. 12

Dec. 16

23

Jan. 13
Feb. 3

«

24
Mar. 17

Apr. 21

«

28
May 12

26
June 9

16

Hollingbery, Rev. Thomas, D.D.

Marsden, William ; afterwards D.C.L.

Raper, Matthew.

Wilson, John.

Law, John ; afterwards D.D. and Bishop of Clonfert.

Sheffield, John, Lord ; afterwards Earl of Sheffield.

Brownlow, John, Lord.

Fournier, Gideon.

Barnard, Thomas, D.D., Bishop of Killaloe.

Caramanico, Francesco oT Aquino, Prince of.

Dreyer, Christopher William de.

Tooke, Rev. William.

Page, Capt. Thomas Hyde ; afterwards Kt.

1784

Breadalbane, John, Earl of.
Kinnaird, George, Lord.
xGresley, Rev. Thomas, D.D.
Sheldon, John.

Salisbury, James, Earl of; afterwards Marquess.
Yonge, Sir George.

Harwood Busick, M.B.; afterwards M.D. and Kt.
Mount Edgcumbe, George, Viscount ; afterwards Earl.
Hoare, Henry Hugh.

Malaspina di Sanna/zaro, Luigi Marchese di.
Sinclair, John ; afterwards Bt.
Whitefoord, Caleb.
Gordon, Alexander, Duke of.
Bavaria, Carl Theodor, Elector Palatine of.
Potter, Thomas.
Blane, Gilbert, M.D.

1785

Tennant, Smithson ; afterwards M.D.

Buckinghamshire, John, Earl of.

Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley, Earl of.

Morton, George, Earl of.

Pretyman, Rev. George ; afterwards D.D., Bishop of

Lincoln, and Bt. ; assumed name of Tomline.
Graham, Aaron.
Hallifax, Robert, M.D.

Woide, Rev. Charles Godfrey ; afterwards D.C.L.
Pringle, Lieut.-Col. Robert.
Holford, Stayner.

Smith, James Edward ; afterwards M.D. and Kt.
Beauvoir, Rev. Osmond, D.D.
Udny, Robert.
Neave, Richard.

364

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

Nov. 24

Dec. 8

55
15

55

22

Jan. 12

»)
19

Feb. 2
9
23

Mar. 9

16
23

Apr. 6
May 4

j»
11

18

25

55

June 1
15

55

22

Nov. 9
16
23

Jan. 11
18
25

Feb. 15

1785 (continued)

Ussher, Rev. Henry.

Watt, James ; afterwards LL.D.

Withering, William, M.D.

Boulton, Matthew.

Galton, Samuel.

Keir, James.

Henniker, Major John ; afterwards Lord Henniker.

Cracherode, Rev. Clayton Mordaunt.

Sullivan (Sulivan), Richard Joseph ; afterwards Bt.

1786

Ramsden, Jesse.
Hunter, John, M.D.
^Arden, Charles George, Baron.
Grimston, James Bucknal.
Thomson, Alexander ; afterwards Kt.
Parkinson, Rev. Thomas.
Holliday, John.
Scale, Rev. John Barlow.
Whitefield, Rev. Henry, D.D.
Thomson, William, M.B. ; afterwards M.D.
Eden, Rt. Hon. William ; afterwards Baron Auckland.
Goodricke, John.
Vallancey, Col. Charles.
Molesworth, Richard.
D'Auvergne, Philip, Capt. R.N. ; afterwards due de

Bouillon.

Crawford, Adair, M.D.
Webster, Sir Godfrey, Bt.
Palmer, William Finch.
Martyn, Rev. Thomas, B.D.
Hevvett, Rev. John.
Marlborough, George, Duke of.
Rees, Rev. Abraham, D.D.
Turner, Edmund.
Young, William ; afterwards Bt.
Vince, Rev. Samuel.
MacBean, Col. Forbes.
Oldershaw, Rev. John.

Wollaston, Rev. Francis John Hyde ; afterwards B.D.
Rose, Rev. William.

1787

Fordyce, Sir William, Kt.
Piggott, Arthur ; afterwards Kt.
Pitt, William Morton.
Middleton, Henry Willoughby, Lord.
Home, Everard ; since Kt.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 365

Date of
Election

Feb. 15
22

Mar. 15
29

Apr. 19

May 3

17

June 14
Nov. 8

22

Dec. 6

Jan. 17
Feb. 21
Mar. 6

w

Apr. 3

10
17
24
May 1

1787 (continued)

Staunton, Sir George Leonard, Bt.

Erskine, Hon. Thomas ; afterwards Lord Erskine.

Salisbury, Richard Anthony ; formerly Markham.

Fife, James, Earl of.

Coutinho, L. Pinto de Sousa (Chevalier de Pinto).

Cullum, Sir Thomas Gery, Bt.

Macie, James Lewis ; afterwards James Smithson.

Rawdon, Francis, Lord ; afterwards Earl of Moira and
Marquess of Hastings.

Ord, Craven.

Blizard, William ; afterwards Kt.

Bentinck, William.

Saxe-Gotha and Altenburg, Ernest, Duke of.

Ash, John, M.D.

Vay de Vaja, Baron Nicolas.

Parsons, William.

Loughborough, Alexander Wedderburn, Lord ; after-
wards Earl of Rosslyn.

Parkyns, Thomas Boothby ; afterwards Lord Rancliffe.

Goodenough, George Trenchard.

Relhan, Rev. Richard.

1788

Crisp, John.

Darwin, Robert Waring, M.D.

Northumberland, Hugh, Duke of.

Sibthorp, John, M.D.

Hardinge, George.

Crell, Florens Laurentius Fridericus, M.D.

Perronet, Jean Rodolphe.

Guyton de Morveau, Louis Bernard.

Lorgna, Antonio Mario.

Bugge, Thomas.

Jacquin, Nicolas Joseph de, M.D.

Hedwig, Johann, M.D.

Bulgaris, Eugenius, Archbishop of Cherson.

Mann, Theodor Augustin.

Bowdoin, James.

Thunberg, Carolus Petrus, M.D.

De Saussure, Horace Benedict.

Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent.

Adair, James.

Johnson, Robert Augustus.

Pole-Carew, Reginald.

Pearce, William, D.D.

Supple, Richard Brooke ; afterwards Bt., and de

Capell Brooke.
Wall, Martin, M.D.

366

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

May 29
June 5

»

12

Nov. 13
27

Jan. 26

»

29
Feb. 26

Mar. 5
19

Apr. 2
30

May 14

Nov. 5
12
19

Jan. 21

Feb. 11
18

Mar. 18
Apr. 29

May 6
13

June 3

1788 (continued}

Rashleigh, Philip.

Finlay, John.

Glasgow, George, Earl of.

Wilkins, Charles.

Arden,Sir Richard Pepper, Kt.; afterwards B. Alvanley.

Gibbon, Edward (the Historian).

1789

Cumberland, Henry Frederick William, Duke of.

York, Frederick, Duke of.

^Gillies, John, LL.D.

Shaw, George. M.D.

Jenner, Edward ; afterwards M.D. (Discoverer of Vac-
cination).

Fitzwilliam of Meryon, Richard, Viscount.

Bennet, Rev. Abraham.

Davies, Jonathan, D.D.

Herzberg, Ewald Friedrich, Graf von.

Berthollet, Claude Louis.

Laplace, Pierre Simon, marquis de.

Cassini, Jean Dominique, comte de.

Le Gendre, Adrien Marie.

Mechain, Pierre Francois Andre.

Wilcke, John Charles.

Bode, John Elert.

Heyne, Christian Gottlob.

Kiistner, Abraham Gotthelf.

Michaelis, John David.

Goodenough, Samuel, D.C.L. ; afterwards Bp. of Car-
lisle.

Eardley, Samson, Earl of.

Morse, Col. Robert.

Rogers, George.

Wood, Robert.

179O

Hillsborough, Arthur, Earl of ; afterwards Marquess of

Downshire.

Fisher, Rev. Richard ; afterwards Belward.
Beaufoy, Mark.
Reeves, John.

Green, Maj.-Gen. Sir William, Bt.
Stanley, John Thomas ; afterwards Bt.
Elford, William ; afterwards Bt.
Warren, Charles.
Morgan, William.
Barnard, Frederick Augustus.
Baillie, Matthew, M.D.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 367

Date of
Election

179O (continued)

June 3
24

Nov. 4
11
25

Feb. 17

24

Mar. 10

17
24

j>
31

Apr. 14
May 5

26

June 23

30

Nov. 17

Dec. 15

Jan. 19
Feb. 2

16
Mar. 1

Jekyll, Joseph.

Elphinstone, Hon. George Keith ; afterwards Lord

Keith.

Metcalfe, Philip.

Robertson, James, M.D. ; afterwards J. R. Barclay.
Hardwicke, Philip, Earl of.

1791

Farmer, Rev. Richard, D.Dj

Heberden, William ; afterwards M.D.

-Xownley, Charles.

Pocock, George.

Grant, Lewis Alexander.

Best, George.

Macleod, Col. Norman.

Spranger, John.

Poniatowski, Prince Michael.

Freire, Cypriano Ribeiro.

Lambert, Aylmer Bourke.

Walker, Fowler.

Fraser, William ; afterwards Bt.

Chalmers, George.

Hawkins, John.

D'Aubant, Lieut.-Col. Abraham.

Walker, Thomas.

Eyre, Sir James, Kt.

Volta, Alessandro.

Scarpa, Antonio.

Pictet, Marc Auguste.

Lagrange, Joseph Louis Marie, comte de.

Delambre, Jean Baptiste Joseph.

L'Huilier, Simon.

Bruce, John.

Stanley, Richard.

Pearson, George, M.D.

Seally, Rev. John, D.C.L.

Giddy, Davies; afterwards Gilbert (P.R.S. 1827).

Bisshopp, Sir Cecil, Bt. ; afterwards Lord Zouche.

Huddart, Joseph.

Turnbull, John.

Willis, Henry Norton.

1792

Six, James.

Long, Charles.

Montagu, Rt. Hon. Frederick.

Weston, Rev. Stephen.

368

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

1792 (continued}

Mar. 8
15

Apr. 19
26

May 10

June 7

»»

28

Nov. 15

?»

22
Dec. 20

Feb. 7
14

Mar. 7

Apr. 11

«

5>

18
May 9

j»
June 6

«

20
Nov. 7

V

21
Dec. 12

Jan. 23
Feb. 6
Mar. 6

13
20

Hussey, Rev. Thomas, D.D.

Chappelow, Rev. Leonard.

Clarke, Rev. James Stanier.

Hoare, Sir Richard Colt, Bt.

Komarzewski. Lt.-Gen. John.

Macartney, George, Lord ; afterwards Earl.

Bosville, William.

Davies, Samuel.

Shackleford, Rev. Richard Dickson, D.D.

Alison, Rev. Archibald, B.C.L.

Pennant, David.

Solly, Samuel.

Currie, James, M.D.

1793

Ingilby, Sir John, Bt.

Scott, Sir John, Kt. ; afterwards Earl of Eldon.

Scott, Sir William, Kt. ; afterwards Baron Stowell.

Abbot, Charles ; afterwards Baron Colchester.

Richards, Richard.

Douglas, Andrew.

Stephens, Francis.

Mendoza y Rios, Joseph.

Lichtenberg, Gottfried Carl.

Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich.

Tighe, Robert Stearne.

Saunders, William, M.D.

Wollaston, William Hyde, M.D. (P.R.S. 1820).

Bosanquet, Samuel.

Day, Sir John, Kt.

Abbot, John Far.

Campbell, Lord Frederick.

Wells, William Charles, M.D.

Greatheed, Richard Wilson.

Mountmorres, Harvey, Viscount.

Gostling, George.

1794

Watkins, Rev. Thomas.

North, Hon. Frederick.

JVIitford, Sir John, Kt. ; afterwards Lord Redesdale.

Earle, James ; since Kt.

Plumer, Thomas.

Wynne, Rt. Hon. Sir William, Kt.

Hutchinson, Rt. Hon. John Hely.

Henslow, Sir John, Kt.

Schmeisser, John Godfrey.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 369

Date of
Election

1794 (continued)

Mar. 27

Apr. 3
May 1
22

»
29

July 3

10

Nov. 13

20

Dec. 11

Feb. 12
26
Mar. 5

19

5>
«

26
Apr. 16

23

May 21
June 4

Keate, Thomas.
Walker, John.

Greville, Hon. Robert Fulke.
Walter, Johann Gottlieb, M.D.
Edwards, Bryan,
grieve, John, M.D.
Jenkinson, Hon. Robert Banks ; afterwards Lord

Hawkesbury, and Earl of Liverpool.
Young, Thomas ; since M.D.
Mackenzie, Francis Humberstone ; afterwards Lord

Seaforth.
Peirson, Peter.
Aldersey, Robert.
JIulme, Nathaniel, M.D.
Majendie, Lewis.
Martin, Matthew.
Symmons, John.
Dirom, Major Alexander.
Sotheby, William.
Blackburne, John.
Ross, Lieut.-Col. Patrick.

1795

Radnor, Jacob, Earl of.

Gillan, Hugh, M.D.

.Boringdon, John, Lord ; afterwards Earl of Morley.

Morpeth, George, Lord.

Douglas, Rt. Hon. Sylvester; afterwards Lord Glen-

bervie.

Montagu, Matthew.

^Pegge, Christopher, M.D. ; afterwards Kt.
Mathias, Thomas James.
Hutchinson, Rev. Benjamin.
Young, Samuel.
Heath, Rev. George, D.D.
Jilane, William.
Fontana, Gregorio.
Oriani, Barnaba.
Rittenhouse, David.

Schreber, Johann Christian Daniel von, M.D.
Fortis, Alberto.
Willett, John Willett.
Klaproth, Martin Heinrich.
Veltheim, August Ferdinand, Graf von.
Hamilton, Archibald/
Crathorne, Henry.
Robertson, Rev. Abraham.
Campbell, John ; afterwards Lord Cawdor.

Bb

370

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

1795 (continued)

Nov. 19

Feb. 1
Mar. 3

17
Apr. 14

5»
»

28
May 5

n

26

June 2
Nov. 10

«
17

24
Dec. 22

Jan. 14
26

Feb. 2

Mar. 2

9

23
30

Apr. 27
May 4

18

j)
25

5»

June 1

15
22

Petrie, William.
Smith, Matthew.

1796

Gibbes, George Smith ; since M.D.

Correa de Serra, Joseph, LL.D.

Langford, Rev. William, D.D.

Larkins, William.

Mordaunt, Lieut.-Gen. Thomas Osbert.

Abernethy, John.

Wilson, Glocester.

Lax, Rev. William.

Riou, Capt. Edward, R.N.

Dairy mple, Admiral John.

Hyett, Benjamin.

Lefevre, Charles Shaw.

Latham, William.

Sumner, George Holme.

Howley, Rev. William ; afterwards D.D., Bishop of

London, Abp. of Canterbury.
Rogers, Samuel.
Smith, Robert.
Valentia, George, Viscount.
Hellins, Rev. John.
Pemberton, Christopher Robert, M.D.

1797

Gloucester, William Frederick, Duke of.

Capper, Robert.

Lysons, Samuel.

Hamond, Sir Andrew Snape, Bt.

Hatchett, Charles.

Aust, George.

Somerset, Edward Adolphus, Duke of.

Parr, Bartholomew, M.D.

Ferris, Samuel, M.D.

Eaton, Rev. Stephen.

Towneley, John.

Wirtemberg, Frederic Charles William, Prince of.

St. Aubin, Sir John, Bt.

Ellis, George.

Lysons, Rev. Daniel.

Browne, Henry.

Clifford, Hon. Robert.

Battine, William, LL.D.

Cruikshank, William.

Freeman, Charles.

Titsingh, Isaac.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 371

Date of
Election

1797 (continued)

July 6

Nov. 23
Dec. 7

14

Mar. 22

29

Apr. 19

May 10
June 7

21

28
Nov. 8

15
Dec. 6

13

Jan. 17
Apr. 4
11

?»
18

May 2
23
30

Nov. 7
14
21

Dec. 12

Jan. 9

16

Feb. 6
Apr. 24
May 8

Brodie, James.
Spalding, John.
Whitmore, Rev. George.
Egremont, George, Earl of.
Holmes, Rev. Robert, D.D.
Heaviside, John.

1798

Greene, Thomas.
Rennie, John.
Ryan, John.
Lee, Stephen.
Duncan, Alexander.
Gallitzin, Prince Demetrius.
Afzelius, Adam, M.D.
Schroeter, Johann Jerom.
Marum, Martin van, M.D.
Paterson, Lieut.-Col. William.
Hills, Philip.
Fergusson, Finlay.
Mudge, Capt. William.
Jackson, Samuel.
Gay, Nicholas.
Gregg, Henry.
Hobhouse, Benjamin.

1799

Howard, Edward.

Drummond, William.

East, Edward ; since Kt. and Bt.

Clark, James, M.D.

Hills, Philip.

Popham, Capt. Home, R.N.

Blair, Archibald.

Cocks, Hon. Reginald.

Mills, Abraham.

Sabine, Joseph.

Moussin Puschkin, Count Apollon of.

Carnegie, Sir David, Bt.

Roberts, Edward, M.D.

Bute, John, Marquess of.

1800

Jones, Thomas.

Scott, John Corse.

Henley, Frederick Morton, Lord.

Pelham, Thomas ; afterwards Earl of Chichester.

Crichton, Alexander, M.D.

Bb2

372

Date of
Election

1800 (continued)

May 8
15
22
29

June 12
19
26

Nov. 27
Dec. 18

Jan. 8

15

Feb. 26
Mar. 5

5?

12

j>

26
Apr. 16

23
30

May 7
21

«

June 4
11

55

18
25

Nov. 12

Dec. 10

24

Feb. 18
25

Exeter, Henry Cecil, Earl of.
Macdonald, John.
Parry, Caleb Hillier, M.D.
^Jordan, Gibbes Walker.

Pole, Rear-Adm. Charles Morice ; afterwards Bt.
Carrington, Robert, Lord.
Hippisley, Sir John Cox, Bt.
Meyrick, James.
Maton, William George, M.B.
Dickinson, Charles.
Douglas, Rev. William.

Carrington, Codrington Edmund ; afterwards Kt.
Symes, Lieut-Col. Michael.
Mountnorris, Arthur, Earl of.

1801

Marsh, Rev. Herbert ; afterwards D.D. and Bishop of
Peterborough.

Turner, Samuel.

Smith, Capt. Matthew, R.N.

Stirling, Sir Walter, Bt.

Chenevix, Richard.

Ellis, John.

Balme, Rev. Edward.

Antrobus, Edmund.

Isted, George.

Wilson, Giffin.

Long, William.

Davy, Martin, M.D.

Latham, John, M.D.

Hailstone, Rev. John.

Bligh, Capt. William, R.N.

Williams, John Lloyd.

Roberts, Roger Elliot.

Gordon, Lt.-Col. James Willoughby ; afterwards Bt.

Nixon, Rev. Robert, B.D.

Ash, Edward, M.D.

Hastings, Warren, Governor-General of India; after-
wards D.C.L.

Yorke, Rt. Hon. Charles Philip.

Forster, Rev. Edward.

Wissett, Robert.

1802

Cooper, Astley Paston ; afterwards Bt.
Knox, Hon. George.
Burney, Charles; afterwards D.D.
Bournon, Jacques Louis, comte de.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 373

Date of
Election

1802 (continued)

Mar. 4

>»
11

Apr. 1
May 6

»
20

June 24
July 1
8
Nov. 11

Dec. 9
16
23

Jan. 13

Feb. 10

17

»

24
Mar. 3

10

>»
17

24

«

31

Apr. 28

May 19

Nov. 17

24

Feb. 2
23

Mar. 1
8

«
15
Apr. 12

Liptrap, John.

Bavaria, Maximilian Joseph, Elector Palatine of.

Ware, James.

Fowler, Richard, M.D.

Knatchbull, Edward ; afterwards Bt.

Millington, Langford.

Douglas, Alexander, Marquess of; afterwards Duke of

Hamilton.

Mansfield, William, Earl of.
Cruickshank, William.
Biggin, George.
Trotter, John.
Seymour, Lord Webb.
Castlereagh, Henry Robert, Viscount.
Turner, Dawson.
Woodhouse, Robert.
Minto, Gilbert, Lord.
Hilliard, Edward.

1803

Blaquiere, John, Lord de.
Upton, Hon. Fulke Greville.
\Raine, Rev. Matthew, D.D.
Rackett, Rev. Thomas.
Glandore, John, Earl of.
Brougham, Peter Henry ; afterwards Lord Brougham

and Vaux.

Smith, John Spencer.
Blizard, Thomas.
Brinkley, Rev. John; afterwards D.D. and Bishop of

Cloyne.

Forbes, James.
Pearson, John.

Charleville, Charles William, Viscount.
Staunton, Sir George Thomas, Kt. ; afterwards D.C.L.
Wilson, James.

Davy, Humphry ; afterwards Kt. and Bt. (P.R.S. 1820).
Gregory, Richard.

1804

Dillwyn, Lewis Weston.

Huntmgfbrd, George Isaac, D.D., Bp. of Gloucester.

Anker, Carsten.

Howell, Thomas Bayly.

Carlisle, Anthony ; afterwards Kt.

Conolly, Valentine.

Piazzi, Rev. Giuseppe.

Zach, Franz Xaver, Freiherr von.

374

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

1 Died the day be-
fore.

Date of
Election

Apr. 12

26
May 10

17

31
June 7

21

Nov. 15
Dec. 6

13

Jan. 10

JJ

31
Feb. 14

21
Mar. 7

14

21
28

Apr. 25
May 2
23
30

June 13
July 4

Nov. 7
14
21

Jan. 16

23
Feb. 13

20

27
Mar. 13

20

1804 (continued)

Gibers, Wilhelm, M.D.
Gauss, Carl Friedrich, Ph.D.
Kirkwall, John, Viscount.
Hutchinson, Andrew, M.B.
Nares, Rev. Robert.
Short, Charles.
Robertson, Robert, M.D.
Harrison, Thomas.
Hanmer, Sir Thomas, Bt.
Wrangham, Rev. Francis.
Turner. Col. Tomkyns Hilgrove.
Hope, Thomas.
Cockshutt, James.
Finch, Thomas.

1805

1 Winnington, Sir Edward, Bt.

Warberg, Olaus.

Rudge, Edward.

^Morris, George Paulet, M.D.

Blaquiere, Hon. William.

Ferguson, Robert.

Fermor, Hon. Thomas William ; afterwards Earl of

Pomfret.

Knight, Thomas Andrew.
Holford, Robert.
Smith, William.

Cust, Hon. John ; afterwards Earl Brownlow.
Bristol, Frederick William, Earl of.
Babington, William, M.D.
Rigaud, Stephen Peter.
Murdoch, Thomas.

Barrow, John ; afterwards LL.D. and Bt.
Dysart, Wilbraham, Earl of.
Loveden, Edward Loveden.
Whidbey, Joseph.
Dimsdale, Nathaniel (Russian Baron).

1806

Guillemard, John.
Carr, Rev. William Holwell.
Thomas, Honoratus Leigh.
Malet, Sir Charles Warre, Bt.
Smith, William.
Foster, Rt. Hon. John.
Wigram, Robert ; afterwards Kt.
Horsburgh, James.
Nicholl, Sir John.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 375

Date of
Election

1806 (continued)

Mar. 20

Apr. 17
»>
«
«

May 1

15

22

June 12

»>
19

Nov. 13
Dec. 18

Jan. 8
15
22

Feb. 5

19

26
Mar. 5

12

Apr. 16
23

»
May 7

>5

14
June 4

11

Nov. 19
Dec. 10

17

Jan. 14

»>
28

Clayton, Sir Richard, Bt.

Arnold, James Henry.

Cuvier, Georges, baron.

Lacepede, Bemard Germain Etienne de la V., comte.

Prevost, Pierre.

Harding, Charles.

Moor, Edward.

Griffiths, John.

Buchanan, Francis, M.D. ; afterwards Hamilton.

Kearney, John, Bishop of Ossory.

Hall, Sir James, Bt.

Sharp, Richard.

Higgins, William.

Stirling, Rear-Adm. Charles.

Penn, William.

Reid, Thomas.

1807

Mahon, Philip Henry, Vise. ; afterwards Earl Stanhope.

Cline, Henry.

Leslie, Maj.-Gen. Hon. John.

Stratton, George Frederick.

Harrison, George.

Playfair, Rev. John, D.D.

Burgess, Thomas, D.D., Bp. of St. David's; afterwards of

Salisbury.

Pond, John (Astronomer Royal in 1811).
Greenough, George Bellas.
Garrow, William.
Combe, Taylor.
Children, John George.
Gell, William.
Hodgson, William.
Jacob, William.
Winchilsea, George, Earl of.
Solly, Richard Horsman.
Blake, William.
Nicholson, Maj.-Gen. Robert.
Humphreys, Col. David.
Allen, William.
Petit, Louis Hayes.
Trye, Charles Brandon.

1808

Auriol, James Peter.
Hamilton, Alexander (Orientalist).
Uridgewater, John William, Earl of.
Pepys, William Hasledine.

376

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIET1

Date of
Election

1808 (continued)

Feb. 11

18

Mar. 24

31
Apr. 7

28
May 12

26
June 2

July 7
Nov. 10

24
Dec. 8

15

Jan. 19
Feb. 9
16
23

Mar. 2
9
23

Apr. 13

May i'l

»
June 8

22
Dec. 7

21

Jan. 18
Feb. 1
15
22

Mar. 8
15

Bree, Robert, M.D.

St. John of Bletsoe, St. Andrew, Lord.

Hope, Capt. William Johnstone, R.N. ; afterwards

Admiral and K.C.B.
Good, John Mason.
^Watson, William.
Aberdeen, George, Earl of.
Mount Edgcumbe, Richard, Earl of.
Goldingham, John.
Astle, Edward.
Marcet, Alexander, M.D.
Selkirk, Thomas, Earl of.
White, William Henry.
Chisholm, Colin, M.D.
Duckett, George.
Salis, Jerome de.
Howard, Lt.-Col. Hon. Fulke Greville.

1809

McLeay, Alexander.

Rowley, Lieut.-Col. John.

Warburton, Henry.

Henry, William, M.D.

Willan, Robert, M.D.

Heathfield, Francis Augustus, Lord. .

Barnwell, Charles Frederick.

Gillon, John.

Noguier, John Anthony.

Brande, William Thomas ; afterwards D.C.L.

Cowper, Peter Leopold, Earl.

Smith, John. F.S.A.

Burney, Capt. James, R.N.

Bingley, Robert.

Beauclerk, Lord Amelius ; afterwards Admiral, G.C.H.

and G.C.B.
Hoare, Charles.
St. Vincent, John, Earl of.

1810

Ktinig, Charles Dietrich Eberhard.
Canning, George ; afterwards Lord Garvagh.
Brodie, Benjamin Collins ; afterwards Bt. (P.R.S. 1858).
Bickerton, Admiral Sir Richard Hussey, Bt. ; after-
wards K.C.B.

Halford, Sir Henry, M.D., Bt. (formerly Vaughan).
-Tuthill, George Leman ; afterwards M.D. and Bt.
Troughton, Edward.
Cotton, Joseph.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 377

Date of
Election

1810 (continued)

Mar. 15

22

May 10

«
31
June 7

»>
28

July 5

12

Nov. 22
Dec. 6
13

Jan. 17
Feb. 21

»

28

Mar. 7
14

21
28

«
Apr. 4

May 16

»

23

30

June 13
27

July 4

Nov. 14
21

Dec. 5
12

Sparke, Bowyer Edward, Bishop of Chester.

Darnley, John, Earl of.

Shee, Sir George.

Brisbane, Lieut.-Col. Thomas Macdougall.

Hope, Thomas Charles, M.D.

Stracey, Edward.

Thornton, Edward.

Moore, Daniel.

Cadell, William Archibald.

Croker, John Wilson.

Hodgson, Rev. Robert.

Ridge, George.

Lowther, William, Viscount.

Wharton, Richard.

Wix, William.

Johnston, Sir Alexander, Kt.

Lygon, Hon. William Beauchamp.

Robertson, James.

Baker, John.

1811

Milton, Charles William, Viscount.

Corry, Rt. Hon. Isaac.

Macartney, James ; afterwards M.D.

Dealtry, Rev. William ; afterwards D.D.

Kaye, Rev. John.

Baker, Sir Frederick, Bt.

Carstairs, John.

Wade, Walter, M.D.

Dixon, Rev. Richard.

Thomson, Thomas, M.D.

Congreve, William ; afterwards Bt.

Lansdowne, Henry, Marquess of.

Chaloner, Robert.

Egan, Thomas, M.D.

Dent, John.

Elliot, John.

Anderdon, John Proctor.

Hibbert, George.

Ellis, Henry, LL.B.

Smith, Rear-Adml. Sir Wm. Sidney ; afterwards G.C.B.

Hoblyn, Thomas.

Sampson, Rev. Thomas, D.D.

Rowley, Rev. George.

Stevenson, William Ford.

Locker, Edward Hawke.

Brown, Robert ; afterwards D.C.L.

Franks, William.

378

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

1811 (continued)

Dec. 19

Jan. 9

Feb. 20
27
Mar. 5

12

Apr. 9
16
23

55
May 7

55

14

28
June 11

55

18
Nov. 5

19

26

Dec. 10

17
24

Feb. 4
11
25

55

Mar. 4
11
18

Apr. 8

29
May 6

27

June 24
Nov. 11

Randolph, John, D.D., Bishop of London.
Hollana, Henry Richard Vassall Fox, Lord.

1812

Hasted, Rev. Henry.

Hooker. William Jackson ; afterwards D.C.L. and K.H.

Parry, Charles Henry, M.D.

Groombridge, Stephen.

Bennet, Hon. Henry Grey.

Phipps, Hon. Augustus.

Lowry, Wilson.

Lawson, James.

Dwyer, Rev. Edmund.

Crampton, Philip.

Hall, Benjamin.

Davis, Richard Hart.

Saunders, George.

Eardley-Wilmot, John Eardley ; afterwards Bt.

Solly, Samuel.

Speer, William.

Campbell, Hon. John.

Bridge, Rev. Bewick.

Morris, Edward.

Montyon, Antoine Jean Baptiste Robert' Auget,

baron de.

Tomline, William Edward.
Salt, Henry.
Hare, Francis George.
Towneley, Peregrine Edward.
Wood, William.

1813

Fitzgerald, Rt. Hon. Maurice.

Pemberton, George.

Fleming, John, M.D.

Wix, Rev. Samuel.

Inglis, Robert Harry ; afterwards Bt.

Simmons, Richard, M.D.

Johnstone, John, M.D.

Hamilton, William Richard.

Hardwicke, Lieut.-Col. Thomas.

Warren, Pelham, M.D.

Berzelius, Jons Jakob, Baron, M.D. (For. Mem.).

Talbot, Charles Chetwynd, Earl.

Herschel, John Frederick William ; afterwards Bt.

Vaughan, William.

Mackintosh, Sir James, Kt.

Magee, William, D.D.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 379

Date of
Election

1813 (continued)

Nov. 11

Feb. 10
17
24

Mar. 3
10
17
24

May 5

19

>?

w

June 9

«

16
23

»

30

Nov. 10
17

Dec. 15

»
22

Jan. 19

Feb. 16
23
Mar. 2

»
9

»
16

>»

»

Apr. 6

Horner, Leonard.

I^awrence, William ; afterwards Bt.

1814

Elmsley, Rev. Peter.

Davy, John.

Law, George Henry, Bishop of Chester.

Hay, Robert William.

Sims, John, M.D.

Dickenson, John.

Brunei, Marc Isambard ; afterwards Kt.

Neave, Sir Thomas, Bt.

Yelloly, John, M.D.

Boughton, Sir Charles William Rouse, Bt.

Boughton, William Edward Rouse.

Daniell, John Frederic.

Middleton, Thomas Fanshawe, D.D., Bp. of Calcutta.

Hobhouse, John Cam ; afterwards Lord Broughton.

Carlisle, Nicholas.

Weyland, John.

Ducie, Thomas Reynolds Moreton, Lord.

Italinsky, Chevalier A. d'.

Boyle, Hon. Courtenay.

Stewart, Dugald.

Beaufort, Francis, Capt. R.N.

Seppings, Robert.

Deane, Rev. William ,

Rudge, Rev. James.

Kater, Capt. Henry.

Rashleigh, William.

Burney, Rev. Charles Parr.

1815

Bold, Peter Patten.
Holland, Henry, M.D.
Grey, Thomas, M.D.
Whishaw, John.
Eliott, Sir William Francis.
Hartopp, George Harry Fleetwood.
Dawkins, James.
Cocks, James, Lieut.-Col.
jloget, Peter Mark, M.D.
Bond, Phineas.
D'Oyly, Rev. George, B.D.
Allan, Thomas.
Haighton, John. M.D.
Ivory, James ; afterwards Kt.
Humboldt, Baron Alexander von (For. Mem.).

.'380

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

1815 (continued)

Apr. 6

»

Biot Jean Baptiste | (For M
Gay-Lussac, Joseph L.OUIS j v

13

Mackenzie, Sir George Steuart, Bt.

«

Leake, Major William Martin.

27

Carr, Thomas William.

5»

Rickman, John.

May 4

Brewster, David ; afterwards Kt.

11

Harrison, William.

June 1

Blackford, Barrington Pope.

«

Mackenzie, Charles.

5?

Parker, Thomas Lister.

8

Warrender, Sir George, Bt.

15

Phelps, John Delafield.

Nov. 9

Fitton, William Henry, M.D.

16

Travers, Benjamin.

5»

Ward, Hon. John William.

23

Pettiward, Roger.

Dec. 14

Beaufoy, Henry.

21

Hawkins, Sir Christopher, Bt.

»>

Turner, Samuel.

1816

Jan. 11

Byron, George Gordon, Lord.

j?

Gumming, Rev. James.

J5

Broderip, Charles.

25

Douglas, Col. ; afterwards General Sir Howard.

Feb. 8

?»

Austria, Archduke John of ) /r, ,, .
Austria, Archduke Louis of ] (*or' Mem'>

«

Bland, Michael.

15

Leach, William Elford, M.D.

?»

Norfolk, Bernard, Duke of.

5»

Gray, Francis, Baron.

22

Colebrooke, Henry Thomas.

29

Fellowes, Sir James, Kt., M.D.

«

Pollock, Frederick.

J>

Hook, Rev. James, LL.D.

Mar. 7

Handfield, John, Lieut. -Col.

»»

Pasley, Charles William, Lieut.-Col.

14

Babbage, Charles.

5?

Batten, Rev. Joseph Hallet, D.D.

»»

Beckett, John.

»

McGrigor, Sir James.

28

Hall, Basil, Capt. R.N.

»

Markland, James Heywood.

Apr. 4

Gardiner, Rev. Samuel John.

25

Kingston, John.

M

Smith, Thomas.

May 2

Fitzgerald, Rt. Hon. William Vesey.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 381

Date of
Election

1816 (continued)

May 23

55

30
June 20

55
27

55

July 4
Nov. 7

21

55
30

Jan. 9

23

Feb. 13

Mar. 6

13

20

27

Apr. 24
May 1

55
15

55

June 5

12

19
26

Nov. 20
Dec. 11

18

Jan. 8

55

15
29

xBaber, Rev. Henry Hervey.
Hosack, David, M.D.
Morgan, Charles.
Frazer, Lieut.-Col. Sir Augustus.
Dal ton, Henry.
Stanhope, John Spencer.
Storer, John, M.D.
Thursby, Rev. George Augustus.
Ellis, Hon. George Agar.
Chapman, Stephen Remnant, Lieut.-Col.
Mountnorris, George, Earl of.
Saxe-Coburg, Leopold, Prince of.

1817

Lambton, William, Lieut.-Col.

Hanmer, Edward.
.^Carpue, Joseph Constantine.

Petre, William Francis Henry, Lord.

Bromhead, Edward French.

Raffles, Thomas Stamford ; afterwards Kt.

Macmichael, William, M.D.

Selsey, Henry John, Lord ; afterwards Earl of Selkirk.
-^Burroughs, gir William, Bt.

Douglas, Hon. Frederic Silvester North.

Warre, John Ashley.
^Melville, Robert, Viscount.

Mackie, Rev. John William.

Ebrington, Hugh, Viscount.

Baillie, John, Lieut.-Col.

Turnbull, Peter Evan.

Legh, Thomas.

Maddy, Rev. John, D.D.

Napier, Macvey.

Reeves, John.

.'J'orrington, George, Viscount.

Johnson, James Rawlins.

Strutt, William.

J&ranville, Augustus Bozzi, M.D.

Somerville, William, M.D.

Ouseley, Sir Gore, Bt.

1818

Bute, John, Marquess of.

Hume, Joseph.
vCrurney, Hudson.

Mayne, John Thomas.

Peacock, George.
.Tavel, Rev. George Frederic.

382

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

i Not J. P. Hauy,
as entered in the
annual lists of
Foreign Members

Date of
Election

Feb. 26

Mar. 5

12

Apr. 2
9

«
16
23
30

»?

May 7
28

June 11

??
Nov. 5

12

Dec. l'o

17

Jan. 14
21

28

«
??

Feb. 4
11

1818 (continued)

" (For. Mem.).

Buckland, Rev. William, D.D.

Burrow, Rev. Edward John.

Drury, Rev. Henry.

Swinburne, Sir John Edward, Bt.

Croft, John ; afterwards Bt.

Kirby, Rev. William.

Malthus, Rev. Thomas Robert.

Prony, Baron Gaspard Clair Francois

Marie Riche de
Bowditch Nathaniel
Arago, Francois Jean Dominique
Poisson, Simeon Denis
1 Hauy, Rene Just, Abbe
Badham, Charles, M.D.
Lloyd, Edward, Capt. R.N.
Tooke, William.
Bostock, John, M.D.
Prudhoe, Algernon Percy, Lord.
Murray, Lord James.

Sabine, Capt. Edward; afterwards K.C.B. (P.R.S. 1861).
Grenville, William Wyndham, Lord.
Beatty, William, M.D.
Chantrey, Francis, R.A. ; afterwards Kt.
Crawford, John.
Barretto, Joseph.
Carne, Joseph.
Heath, George Crauford.
Money, William Taylor.
Whitaker, Rev. Thomas Dunham.
Macclesfield, George, Earl of.
Watson, Frederick Beilby ; afterwards Kt.
Barn well, Rev. Frederick Henry.
Churchill, Francis, Lord.
Torrens, Major Robert.

1819

Tweedie, Charles.

Austria, Maximilian, Archduke of (For. Mem.).

Barlow, Sir Robert, Kt. ; afterwards Admiral and K.C.B.

Brooke, Rev. John.

Currey, George Gilbert, M.D.

Gompertz, Benjamin.

Phillips, Thomas, R.A.

Rainier, John Sprat, Capt. R.N.

Foster, John Leslie.

Morier, James.

Ellis, Henry.

Hamilton, Rev. Robert, D.D.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 383

Date of
Election

Feb. 11
18

25
Mar. 11

18
Apr. 1

22

May 13
20

27
June 10

»»
24

July 1

Nov. 11

?>
18

n

25

Dec. 9

?>

16

23

Jan. 13
20

Feb. 17
Mar. 2

31
16

Mar. 23

1819 (continued)

Lunn, Francis.

Chevalier, Thomas.

Harvey, Charles.

Maxwell, Capt. Sir Murray, Kt.

Cassillis, Archibald, Earl of; afterwards Marq. of Ailsa.

Ormerod, George.

Abel, Clarke.

Greatorex, Thomas.

Prout, William, M.D.

Fisher, John, Bishop of Salisbury.

Rosebery, Archibald John, Earl of.

Stockier, Francisco de Borja Garcao ) ,« ^jrorn \

T* -rm -I • V I i OI • xVXvrlll* /•

Bauza, Felipe j

Brooke, Henry James.

Marryat, Frederick, Capt. R.N.

Campbell, Rt. Hon. Lord John.

Butler, George, D.D.

Cooper, John Hutton, Lieut.-Col.

Clerk, Sir George, Bt.

Ker, Henry Bellenden.

Mackenzie, Colin, Lieut.-Col.

Magrath, George, M.D.

Ramsbottom, John.

Pearson, Rev. William.

Yeats, Grant David, M.D.

Hunt, Rev. George.

Walter, Rev. Henry.

Brookes, Joshua.

Hustler, Rev. James Devereux.

Le Marchant, Alfred.

Smith, Joseph.

Conybeare, Rev. William Daniel.

Collingwood, George Lewis Newnham.

Ives, Rev. Jeremiah.

De la Beche, Henry Thomas ; afterwards Kt.

Dollond, George.

1820

Fitz-Clarence, Lieut.-Col. George.
Farquhar, Robert Towsend.
Corrie, Rev. John.
Sewell, Sir John.
Card, Rev. Henry.
Kyd, Lieut.-Gen. Alexander.
Friend, Mathew Curling.
Higman, John Philips.
Ricketts, Charles Milner.
Sleath, Rev. John, D.D.

384

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

1820 (continued)

Mar. 23

Saussure, Theodore de (For. Mem.).

Apr. 13

Colby, Thomas, Capt. R.E.

»

Tylden, Lieut. -Col. Sir John Maxwell, Kt.

55

Whewell, William.

20

55

Haggitt, Rev. Francis, D.D.
Phillipps, Thomas ; afterwards Bt.

27

Hall, John.

55

Goulburn, Henry.

May 4

Nepean, Rt. Hon. Sir Evan, Bt.

«

Noehden, George Henry.

18

Clarke, Loftus Longueville.

55

Franklin, William, M.D.

55

Macculloch, John, M.D.

55

Napier, Henry E., Capt. R.N.

King George IV, Patron.

June 8

Fallows, Rev. Fearon.

»5

Lewis, Thomas Frankland.

Nov. 16

Althorp, John Charles, Viscount.

55

Lefevre, John George Shaw.

55

Thomson, John Deas.

Dec. 7

Watt, James.

14

Swainson, William.

21

Cockburn, Sir George, K.C.B.

1821

Jan. 18

Stokes, Charles.

Feb. 1

Camac, William.

55

Sedgwick, Rev. Adam.

8

Bauer, Francis.

55

Gordon, Thomas.

55

Macaulay, Zachary.

15

Parry, Capt. William Edward.

55

South, James ; afterwards Kt.

22

Baily, Francis.

55

Forster, Edward.

Mar. 1

Jennings, Rev. Philip.

8

Bicknell, John Laurens.

Brandreth, Thomas Shaw.

Bright, Richard, M.D.

Hallam, Henry.

Howard, Luke.

Strangways, Hon. William Thomas Homer Fox.

Wilbraham, George.

15

Bridgman, William.

22

Dibdin, Rev. Thomas Frognall.

55

Tooke, Thomas.

29

Andrew, James.

Apr. 5

Cartwright, Rev. Edmund, D.D.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 385

Date of
Election

1821 (continued)

Apr. 12

May 17
24

31
June 7

21
28

July 5
12

Nov. 15

Dec. 6
13
20

Feb. 7
21
28

Mar. 7
14
21

28

Apr. 18

5»

25

May 23
June 6

13

27

Nov. 7

Bland, Rev. Miles.

Oersted, Hans Christian | ,„ ... ,

Schumacher, Heinrich Christian /

Monro, Charles.

Cotton, William.

Hawkins, Edward.

Turner, Charles Hampden.

Wilmot, Robert John.

Catton, Rev. Thomas.

Caley, John.

Clarke, William Stanley.

Russell, Jesse Watts.

Stodart, James.

Paris, John Ayrton, M.D.

Majendie, Ashhurst.

Knowles, John.

Franck, James, M.D.

Cohen, Francis.

Haughton, Graves Chamney.

Lubbock, Sir John William, Bt.

Soane, John, R.A. ; afterwards Kt.

Cooke, John, M.D.

Ure, Andrew, M.D.

Colebrooke, Sir James Edward, Bt.

Thomson, James.

1822

Vansittart, Rt. Hon. Nicholas ; afterwards Lord Bexley.

Forbes, William Nairn.

Batty, Capt. Robert.

Lawrence, Sir Thomas, P.R.A.

Dalton, John.

Phillips, Richard.

Butter, John, M.D.

Rennie, George.

Webb, Frederick.

Bankes, William John.

Davis, John Francis ; afterwards Bt.

Kidd, John, M.D.

Earle, Henry.

De Candolle, Augustin Pyramus (For. Mem.).

Rennell, Rev. Thomas, B.D.

Lemon, Sir Charles.

Christian Frederick, Crown Prince of Denmark.

Ross, Capt. Daniel.

Butler, Rev. Samuel, D.D.

Sawbridge, Henry Barne.

Dartmouth, William, Earl of.

C C

386

Date of
Election

1822 (continued)

Nov. 7

Townley, George.

14

Edgeworth, Lovell.

»

Snodgrass, Thomas.

5>

Tulk, Charles Augustus.

21

Codrington, Rear-Adm. Sir Edward.

Dec. 5

Peel, Rt. Hon. Sir Robert.

«

Boughey, Sir John Fenton.

»

Mudge, Capt. Richard Zachary.

19

Daubeny, Charles Giles Bridle, M.D.

1823

Jan. 9

Vivian, John Henry.

Feb. 13

Baron, John, M.D.

20

Franklin, John, Capt. R.N. ; afterwards Kt.

May 1

Northumberland. Hugh, Duke of.

8

Clift, William.

29

Barlow, Peter.

»

Brooke, Arthur Brooke de Capell ; afterwards Bt.

j»

Evans, Rev. Lewis.

»

Harford, John Scandret.

»j

Solly, Samuel Reynolds.

»

Traherne, Rev. John Montgomery.

June 12

Rennie, John ; afterwards Kt.

19

Murray, Maj.-Gen. Sir George.

Nov. 20

Bayley, John.

„

Cresswell, Rev. Daniell, D.D.

27

Storey, Anthony Mervin Reeve.

Dec. 11

»

Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph, baron ) /1? ,T x
Vauquelin, Louis Nicholas / ^or' *

1824

Jan. 8

Faraday, Michael.

15

Scudamore, Charles, M.D.

22

Amyot, Thomas.

Feb. 5

WaVell, William, M.D.

19

Maltby, Rev. Edward, D.D.

26

Jebb, John, Bishop of Limerick.

>»

King, Phillip Parker, Capt. R.N.

5>

Malcolm, Maj-Gen. Sir John ; afterwards G.C.B.

Mar. 4

Orford, Horatio, Earl of.

„

Parish, Woodbine ; afterwards K.H.

11

Shuckburgh, Sir Francis.

18

Lushington, Edmund Henry.

25

Webb, Philip Barker.

Apr. 1

Goodenough, Rev. Edmund, D.D.

8

Gage, John ; afterwards John Gage Rokewode.

29

Macintosh, Charles.

5>

Vernon, Rev. William V.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 387

Date of
Election

1824 (continued)

May 6
13

June 3

17

Nov. 18
Dec. 9
16

»
23

Jan. 20
27

Feb. 3
17
24

Mar. 3
10

Apr. 14
21

May 5

12
June 9

Nov. 24

Jan. 12

19
Feb. 2

9

16

Foster, Henry, Lieut. R.N.

Clavering, Douglas Charles, Capt. R.N.

Powell, Rev. Baden.

Smith, Maj. Charles Hamilton.

Thomson, John, M.D.

Scoresby, Rev. William.

Penn, Richard.

Thenard, baron Louis Jacques (For. Mem.).

Bell, John.

Wetherell, Sir Charles.

Beechey, Frederick William, Capt. R.N.

1825

Mangles, James, Capt. R.N.
Fisher, Rev. George.

JStrangford, Percy Clinton Sidney, Viscount.
Harvey, Henry.
Green, Joseph Henry.
Richardson, John, M.D.
Tiarks, Dr. John Lewis.
D'Urban, Maj. -Gen. Sir Benjamin.
Southey, Henry Herbert, M.D.
Home, Everard, Capt. R.N.
Harvey, George.
_Smirnove, John.
Taylor, John.

Morrison, Rev. Robert, D.D.
Clarke, Charles Mansfield.
Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm
Brongniart, Alexandre

Chaptal, Jean Antoine, comte de

Chanteloup.
Encke, Johann Franz
Fresnel, Augustin Jean
Mantell, Gideon Algernon.

1826

Canning, Rt. Hon. George.

Christie, Samuel Hunter.

JEdmonstone, Neil Benjamin.

Hawkins, John.

Davy, Edmund.

Franklin, Capt. James.

Holman, James.

Lyell, Charles ; afterwards Kt. and Bt.

Ogle, James Adey, M.D.

Carleton, Hon. Rev. Richard.

Taylor, George Watson.

c c 2

h(For. Mem.).

388

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

1826 (continued)

Feb. 23

Mar. 9

16

Apr. 6
13

>i
20

May 4
11
25

June 1
8

»
15

Nov. 16
23

Dec. 7
21

Feb. 1

»
8

«
Mar. 1

8
»
»
«
15

22

29

Apr. 26
May 10

, Lieut.-Gen. Sir Rufane Shaw.
Nicoll, Rev. Alexander.
Vigors, Nicholas Ayhvard.
Wilks, Col. Mark.
Douglas, William Robert Keith.
Pearson, William.
Weaver, Thomas.
Mylne, William Chadwell.
Murchison, Roderick Impey ; afterwards Kt.
Copley, Sir John Singleton, Bt.
Sharpe, John.

Bourne, Rt. Hon. William Sturges.
Chaumette, Lewis Andrew de la.
Philip, Alexander Philip Wilson, M.D.
Jameson, Robert.
Nayler, Sir George.
Denham, Major Dixon.
Vyvyan, Sir Richard Rawlinson.
Brown, Nicholas.

Smyth, William Henry, Capt. R.N.
Bell, Charles ; afterwards Kt.
Bouvard, Alexis ]

Chevreul, Michel Eugene [ (For. Mem.).
Dulong, Pierre Louis j
Scrope, George Julius Poulett.

Joseph Francis Oscar, Crown Prince of Sweden and
Norway.

1827

Pettigrew, Thomas Joseph.

Melville, Alexander.

Moreau, Cesar.

Prichard, James Cowles, M.D.

Mayo, Rev. Charles.

Everest, Capt. George.

Ampere, Andre Marie

Erman, Paul

Morichini, Domenico Pini

Plana, Giovanni Antonio \- (For. Mem.).

Soemmering, Samuel Thomas von

Stromeyer, Friedrich .

Struve, Friedrich Georg Wilhelm>

Mahon, Philip Henry, Viscount; afterwards Earl

Stanhope.

Blackman, James, M.D.
Clarence, H.R.H. William Henry, Duke of.
Bicheno, James Ebenezer.
Blanshard, Richard.

Date of
Election

1827 (continued)

May 24

31

June 14
Nov. 15

22

Jan. 10

17

Feb. 14
21
28

Mar. 6
13

20

27

Apr. 17

»

»»

24

May 8
15

j>
22

June 5

12
Nov. 20

Dec. 11

Pendarves, Edward William Wynne.

Miller, Lieut.-Col. George.

Harwood, John, M.D.

Guthrie, George James.

Wavell, Maj.-Gen. Arthur Goodall.

Wynn, Rt. Hon. Charles Watkin Williams.

Telford, Thomas.

Mackinnon, William Alexander.

Phillips, William.

Beamish, Maj. North Ludlow.

Lyon, George, Capt. R.N.

Hall, Thomas Henry.

1828

Betham, William.

Bell, Thomas.

Horsfield, Thomas, M.D.

Hamilton, Rev. Henry Parr.

Lindley, John.

Broderip, William John.

Baylay, Rev. William Frederick.

Lardner, Rev. Dionysius.

Williams, John.

Chambers, William Frederick, M.D.

Hutchison, Alexander Copland.

Goldsmid, Isaac Lyon.

Sutherland, Alexander Robert, M.D.

Babington, Benjamin Guy.

Grant, Rt. Hon. Charles.

Goderich, Frederick, Viscount.

Mayo, Herbert, M.D.

Walker, James.

Cumberland, H.R.H. Ernest Augustus, Duke of.

Ritchie, William.

Mitscherlich, Eilhard ) /u -\r \
t> i -n 11 >• (For. Mem.).

Buch, Baron Leopold von j

Sussex, H.R.H. Augustus Frederick, Duke of (P.R.S.

1830).

Barnard, Edward.
Daniell, Edmund Robert.
Clifton, Marshall Waller.
.Forshall, Rev. Josiah.
Thompson, Major Thomas Perronet.
Prinsep, James.
Borlase, George Simon.
Baird, Andrew, M.D.
Ross, James Clark, Commander R.N.

390

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

1829

Jan. 15

29
Feb. 5

19
26

Mar. 5
12

«
19

Apr. 9

May 28
June 4

18

Nov. 26
Dec. 10

Jan. 14
28

Feb. 11

»
18

?j

55

Mar. 4

»

n
11

«

18

25
Apr. 1

Lubbock, John William ; afterwards Bt.

Cole, William Willoughby, Viscount ; afterwards Earl

of Enniskillen.
Steuart, John Robert.
Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de (For. Mem.).
Forbes, John, M.D.
Crombie. Rev. Alexander.
Coddington, Rev. Henry.
Evelyn, George.
Tennyson, Charles.
Edwards, W. F., M.D.
Maxwell, John.
Wollaston, Alexander Luard.
Phillips, Charles, Capt. R.N.
Hennell, Henry.
Wallich, Nathaniel, M.D.
Elliotson, John, M.D.
Hutchinson, Capt. George Henry.
Dunstanville, Francis, Baron de.
Pole, William.

Pollock, David ; afterwards Kt.
Maitland, Ebenezer Fuller.
Bosworth, Rev. Joseph.
Wortley, Hon. John Stuart.
Cooper, Bransby Blake.
Robinson, Isaac.
Cavendish, William.

1830

Colquhoun, James Nisbet, Capt. R.A.

Douglas, George.

Farquharson, Rev. James.

Broughton, Samuel Daniel.

Shaw, John.

Collier, Charles.

Moss, Joseph William.

Nicholl, Whitlock, M.D.

Blake, Capt. Benjamin.

Knowles, Francis Charles.

Turner, Edward, M.D.

Lloyd, John Augustus.

Stanley, Edward.

Meredith, William George.

Audubon, John James.

Knight, James Lewis ; afterwards Bruce, and Kt.

Lee, Robert, M.D.

Wall, Charles Baring.

Burns, John, M.D.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 391

Date of
Election

1830 (continued)

Apr. 1

»
22

May 6

»>
27

June 10

»!•
»

Dec. 9

»
23

Jan. 13
20

Feb. 10
24

Mar. 3
10

»>

17

»>

5J

Apr. 14
21
28

May 5
12

June 2

16
Dec. 8

Cubitt, William ; afterwards Kt.
Sheepshanks, Rev. Richard.
Willis, Rev. Robert.
Grover, Capt. John.
Straton, Maj.-Gen. Joseph.
Vetch, Capt. James.
Pusey, Philip.
Wyatville, Sir Jeffrey.
Woolmore, John.
Watson, Ralph.

Northampton, Spencer Joshua Alwyne Compton, Mar-
quess of (P.R.S. 1838).
Hawkins, John Heywood.
Greswell, Rev. Richard.
Guest, Josiah John ; afterwards Bt.
Brunei, Isambard Kingdom.
Gordon, Henry Percy.
Warren, Rev. John.
Smith, James (of Jordan Hill).

1831

Selkirk, Thomas James, Earl of.
Blake, William John.
JBgerton, Sir Philip de Malpas Grey.
Carr, Robert James, D.D., Bishop of Chichester.
Wilson, Isaac, M.D. ; afterwards Kt.
Lee, John.

Walker, Rev. Robert.
King William IV, Patron.
Caldcleugh, Alexander.
Morris, John Carnac.
Talbot, Christopher Rice Mansel.
Talbot, William Henry Fox.
Turnbull, Rev. Thomas Smith.
Hodgson, Joseph.

Shee, Sir Martin Archer, Kt., P.R.A.
Henderson, James.
Beverly, Charles James.
Manby, Capt. George William.
Harris, William Snow.
Wilkins, William.
Coleman, Edward.
Roos, Hon. Frederick de.
Davies, Griffith.
Maclear, Thomas.
Hardwick, Philip.

Oxmantown, Lord ; afterwards William, Earl of Rosse
(P.R.S. 1848).

392

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

1831 (continued)

Dec. 8

Palmer, Henry Robinson.

22

Graham, Rt. Hon. Sir James R. G., Bt.

1832

Feb. 2

Morgan, Charles Octavius.

55

Lister, Joseph Jackson.

55

Gravatt, William.

55

Ponsonby, Hon. William Francis Spencer.

55

Pechell, Sir Samuel J. Brooke, Capt. R.N.

55

Madden, Frederick.

55

Gray, John Edward.

55

Barry, Alexander.

Apr. 5

Hall, Marshall, M.D.

55

Stephens, Archibald John.

55

Russell, Sir William, Bt.

55

\Barry, Sir David, Kt.

55

Elliott, Charles Boileau.

June 9

Churchill, Lord Henry John Spencer.

9?

Agar, Hon. George Charles.

55

Disney, John.

•»

Clark, James.

55

Hope, James, M.D.

55

Glover, Venerable George.

55

Sadler, Michael Thomas.

55

Stratford, William Samuel.

55

Forbes, James David.

55

Elphinstone, Howard.

55

Damoiseau, Marie Charles Theodore,

baron de

55
55

Blainville, Henri Marie Ducrotay de 1 /T,
Carlini, Francesco f (Por- Mem->-

55

Cauchy, Augustin Louis

55

Tiedemann, Friedrich

Dec. 6

Burton, Decimus.

55

Cooper, Charles Purton.

55

Sanford, Edward Ayshford.

1833

Feb. 7

Chandler, Rev. George, D.D.

55

Greig, Woronzow.

J>

Nolan, Rev. Frederick.

Apr. 18

Botfield, Thomas.

55

Burnett, Sir William, Kt.

55

Clerke, Maj. P. H. Shadwell.

55

Dundas, Robert Adam.

55
55

Saunders, Rev. Augustus Page.
Davies, Thomas Stephens.

May 2

Darnley, Edward, Earl of.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 393

Date of
Election

1833 (continued)

June 6

June 20

»
Dec. 5

Jan. 9
Feb. 6

Apr. 10

June 5

(For. Mem.).

Lihou, John, Capt. H.N.

Desfontaines, Rene

Jacobi, Carl Gustav Jacob

Lindenau, Bernhard August von

Meckel, Job. Fred.

Pontecoulant, Philippe Gustave Doulcet |

de

Buccleucb, Walter Francis, Duke of.
Denman, Sir Thomas, Kt. ; afterwards Lord Denman.
Copland, James, M.D.
Pearson, Edwin.
Terry, Charles.

1834

Tyrconnel, John Delavel, Earl of.
Chesney, Francis Rawdon, Capt. R.A.
^£opeland, Thomas.
Cust, Sir Edward, K.C.B.
Home, James,
peeves, John Russell.
Sykes, Lieut.-Col. William Henry.
Waterhouse, John.

Adare, Edward Richard Windham, Viscount.
Ansell, Charles.
Booth, Felix.
Humes, Lieut. Alexander.
Corbaux, Francis.
Folkes, Sir William Browne, Bt.
Freshfield, James William.
Gilbert, John Davies.
Griffith, Edward.
Halswell, Edmund.
Henry, William Charles, M.D.
Hudson, Robert.
Lloyd, Rev. William Forster.
Phillips, John.
Smee, Capt. Walter Nugent.
Spence, William.
Thornton, Henry Sykes.
Warburton, John, M.D.
Wilson, Horace Hayman.
Breadalbane, John, Marquess of.
Teignmouth, Charles John, Lord.
Elliot, Hon. George.
Hope, Rev. Frederick William.
Jekyll, Joseph.
Murphy, Rev. Robert.
Rose, Sir George, Kt.

394

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

1834 (continued)

June 5

Twining, Richard.

55

Whatton, William Robert.

55

Witt, George, M.D.

Dec. 18

Barlow, Rev. John.

55

Bellamy, Rev. James William.

55

Brockedon, William.

55

Galloway, Thomas.

55

Hawkins, Bisset, M.D.

55

Hay, Andrew Leith.

55

Kiernan, Francis.

55

Lowe, George.

55

Owen, Richard ; afterwards K.C.B.

55

Phillips, Benjamin.

'5

Saumarez, Richard.

55

Tynte, Charles John Kemys.

55

Wilkinson, John Gardner ; afterwards Kt.

1835

Feb. 5

Betham, Albert William.

55

Edye, John.

55

Hamett, John, M.D.

55

Harris, John Greathed.

55

Tattam, Rev. Henry.

5>

Tupper, Martin.

Apr. 2

Burnes, James, M.D.

55

Delafield, Joseph.

55

Featherstonhaugh, George William.

55

Gordon, James Alexander, M.D.

55

Harvey, Col. Sir Robert John.

55

Leybourn, Thomas.

55

Moore, George.

55

Morgan, Arthur.

55

Oakes, Charles Henry.

55

Pelly, John Henry.

55

Taunton, Richard, M.D.

55

Tite, William ; afterwards Kt.

55

Warren, Samuel.

55

Wigram, James.

55

Williams, Charles James Blasius, M.D.

June 4

Beaumont, Edward Blackett.

55

Borrer, William.

55

Davidson, John.

55

Dobson, Sir Richard.

55

Jones, Thomas.

55

Mayo, Thomas, M.D.

»5

Oliveira, Benjamin.

55

Symonds, William, Capt. R.N.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 395

Date of
Election

1835 (continued)

June 4

Nov. 19
26

Jan. 21

»»
«
j»
»j
28

Feb. 4

»

i'l

?»

18
Mar. 3

5)

10
17
24

Apr. 28
May 5

June 16

Dec. 15

22

Jan. 19

Feb. 23
Mar. 16
Apr. 6

• (For. Mem.).

Beaumont, Elie de

Cuvier, Georges Leopold Christian

FreVleric Dagobert
Flourens, Marie Jean Pierre
JIansen, Peter Andreas
Rosenberger, Otto August
Hawkins, Rev. William Bentinck Latham.
Alexander, Robert.
Elliott, Charles.
Molesworth, Sir William, Bt.

1836

Airy, George Biddell ; afterwards K.C.B. (P.R.S. 1871).

Budd, George.
x Lloyd, Rev. Humphrey.
"Taylor, Rev. William.

Wheatstone, Charles ; afterwards Kt.

Clark, William, M.D.

Marcet, Francis.

Drory, George William.

Grant, Robert Edmond, M.D.

Llewelyn, John Dillwyn.

Baillie, David.

Robertson, Archibald.

Crosse, John Green.

Minto, Gilbert, Earl of.

Field, Joshua.

Johnson, Edward John.

Burt, T. Seymour, Capt. R.E.

Beamish, Richard.

Chapman, John James, Capt. R.A.

Burton, Edward.

Cox, William Sands.

Lewis, Thomas Locke, Capt. R.E.

Monteh'ore, Moses Haim ; afterwards Kt. and Bt.

Graham, Thomas.

Wood, William Page; afterwards Kt., and Lord
Hatherley.

1837

Cabbell, Benjamin Bond.
Holland, Charles, M.D.
Rastrick, John Urpeth.
Solly, Samuel.
Partridge, Richard.
Burnet, John.
Hunter, Robert.
Royle, John Forbes, M.D.

;39G

Date of
Election

1837 (continued)

Apr. 6
13
20

27

15

Jan. 18

25

Feb. 8

22

95

Mar. 1
15

JJ

29
Apr. 5

May 3

Wellsted, James Raymond.
White, William Archibald Armstrong.
Skey, Frederic Carpenter.
Becquerel, Antoine Cesar \

Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried /«, ,» ,
-v A j T 1. r (For. Mem.).

Krusenstern, Adam Johann von

Mirbel, C. F. Brisseau

Boase, Henry Samuel, M.D.

Clarke, William Tierney.

Walton, Rev. William.

Westmacott, Richard.

Ayrton, William.

Carson, James, M.D.

Hopkins, William.

Smith, Capt. John T.

Bigsby, Robert.

Frere, George Edward.

Portlock, Joseph Ellison, Capt. R.E.

Johnston, James Finlay Weir.

1838

Donkin, Bryan.

Hansler, Sir John Jacob.

Johnson, Rev. George Henry Sacheverell.

Porter, George Richardson.

Arnott, Neil, M.D.

Cureton, Rev. William.

Eastlake, Sir Charles Lock, P.R.A.

Bateman, James.

Glynn, Joseph.

Miller, William Hallowes.

Reade, Rev. Joseph Bancroft.

^odd, Robert Bentley, M.D.

Tweedie, Alexander, M.D.

Denison, William Thomas ; afterwards Kt., and K.C.B.

Locke, Joseph.

Wilson, Alexander.

Jervis, Capt. Thomas Best.

Twiss, Travers ; afterwards Kt.

McGillivray, Simon.

Hardwick, John.

Macneill, John.

Tuson, Edward William.

Burnet, Thomas, D.D.

Carnac, Sir James Rivett, Bt.

Merewether, John, D.D.

Outram, Benjamin Fonseca, M.D.

Pereira, Jonathan, M.D.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 397

Date of
Election

1838 (continued)

May 3
24
31

June 20
Nov. 22
Dec. 6
20

Jan. 10

»>
17

«

24

31

Feb. 7

n

14
21

»>
28

55

Mar. 7

>»

14

21

Apr. 11
18

«
25

May 2
9

)»

30

, \ \

June 6
20

Stirling, Edward Hamilton.

Tuscany, Leopold II, Grand Duke of.

Hymers, Rev. John.

Queen Victoria, Patron.

Briggs, Col. John.

Kelland, Rev. Philip.

Agassiz, Jean Louis Rodolphe )

Martius, Carl Friedrich Philip P. von ]

1839

Frodsham, William James.

Hilton, John.

Botfield, Beriah.

Hardy, Peter.

Darwin, Charles Robert.
^Williams, John Wesley.

Yates, James.

Heywood, James.

VIoseley, Rev. Henry.

Carrington, Robert John, Lord.

Conolly, Capt. Arthur.
\geid, William, Lieut.-Col. R.E. ; afterwards K.C.B.

Denham, Henry Mangles.

Drew, Richard.

Godwin, George.

Gulliver, George.

Swanston, Clement Tudway.

Fletcher, Thomas William.

Gaskin, Rev. Thomas.

Ormsby, H. Alexander.

Graves, John Thomas.

Maitland, Rev. Samuel Roffey.

Rigg, Robert.

Sylvester, James Joseph.

Farre, Arthur, M.D.

Sharpey, William, M.D.

Turner, Rev. Charles.

Hansteen, Christopher \

Melloni, Macedonio [ (For Mem .

sOuetelet, Lambert Adolphe Jacques [

Savart, Felix J

Davenport, Edward Davies.

Halliwell, James Orchard; afterwards Halliwell-
Phillipps.

Mackmurdo, Gilbert Wakefield.

Thorp, Charles, D.D.

Barker, George.

Acland, Sir Thomas Dyke, Bt.

398

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

1839 (continued)

June 20

»

Dec. 5
12

19

Jan. 9
23
30

Feb. 6

»

13

«

20
27

Mar. 5
Apr. 2

55

9

»
30

May 7

«
21

95
»
55

June 4

June 18

Nov. 19
26

Jan. 7
14

Guest, Edwin.

Hogg, John.

Rogers, John.

Roupell, George Leith, M.D.

Drummond, Henry.

1840

Whatman, James.
Smith, John Pye, D.D,
^^Annesley, James.
Parkinson, John.
Pritchard, Rev. Charles.
Barry, Martin, M.D.
Phillimore, Joseph.
Caldecott, John.
, Kenwood, William Jory.
JBoileau, John Theophilus.
Richmond, Charles, Duke of.
Jeffreys, John Gwyn.
Gassiot, John Peter.
Henderson, Thomas.
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, H.R.H. Prince Albert of (the

Prince Consort).

Lyttelton, George William, Lord.
Jones, Thomas Wharton.
Malcolmson, John Grant, M.D.
Auldjo, John.
Sharp, William, M.D.
Burge, William.
Ewer, Walter.
Grant, Thomas Tassell.
Lawson, Henry.
Cook, Thomas.
Hutton, William.

Stanley, Edward, Bishop of Norwich.
Liebig, Justus )

Miiller, Johann [ (For. Mem.).

Sturm, Jacques Charles Francois)
Bonner, Lieut. -Col. John George.
Narrien, John.

Dumas, Jean Baptiste Andre (For. Mem.).
Kater, Edward.
Archibald, Charles Dickson.
Grove, William Robert ; afterwards Kt.

1841

Jeffreys, Julius.
Enderby, Charles.
Melvill, James Cosmo.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 399

Date of
Election

1841 (continued}

Jan. 21

Feb. 4
11

«
18

25

5»

Mar. 4

»

18

Apr. 22
29

May 6

13

«
20

27

June 10

»
»)

5)
JJ

17

«

Nov. 18

j>

25
Dec. 16

Jan. 6
13

Blakistone, Peyton, M.D.

Brandreth, Henry Rowland, Capt. R.E.

Edye, Joseph.

Atcherley, David Francis.

Vivian, Rt. Hon. Sir Richard Hussey.

^artwright, Samuel.

Clendinning, John, M.D.

Hodgkinson, Eaton.

Jenkins, Sir Richard, G.C.B.

Melbourne, William, Viscount.

Tierney, Rev. Mark Aloysius.

Sievier, Robert William.

Kerrison, Robert Masters, M.D.

Lewis, Rt. Hon. Thomas Frankland.

Bowman, William ; afterwards Bt.

Monteagle, Thomas, Lord.

De Grey, Thomas Philip, Earl.

Wrottesley, John, Lord (P.R.S. 1854).

Woodward, Charles.

Byng, Rt. Hon. George Stevens; afterwards Earl of

Strafford.
Listen, Robert.
Spry, Henry Harpur.
Davis, Hart.

Denham, Rev. Joshua Frederick.
Hoppus, Rev. John.
Knight, Henry Gaily.
Wood, Lieut. -Col. Thomas.
Carnarvon, Henry John George, Earl of.
Cursetjee, Ardaseer.

Westminster, Robert Grosvenor, Marquess of.
Baring, Sir Thomas, Bt.
Blore, Edward.
Seaward, Samuel.
Smee, Alfred.
Crewe, Hungerford, Lord.
Alderson, James, M.D. ; afterwards Kt.
Seymour, Edward James, M.D.
Allen, William, Capt. R.N.

Smith, Sir John Mark Frederick, Lieut.-Col. R.E.
Lovelace, William, Earl of.
Bennett, John Joseph.

1842

Newbold, Thomas John.
Baily, Edward Hodges, R.A.
Donkin, William Fishburn.

400

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

1842 (continued)

Jan. 13
20
27

Feb. 10
17

Mar. 3

V

10

Apr. 14
May 5

26
Nov. 17

Dec. 15
22

Jan. 19

Feb. 2

23

Mar. 9
16

30

Apr. 6

May 11

«

18

25

»»
June 1

Nov. 23
Dec. 7

Riddell, Charles James Buchanan.
Frederick William IV, King of Prussia.
vPratt, Samuel Peace.
Taylor, Thomas Glanville.
Broughton, Robert Edwards.
Morison, Maj.-Gen. William.
Stanley, Owen, Capt. R.N.
Johnson, Cuthbert William.
Toynbee, Joseph.

Christmas, Rev. Henry ; afterwards Noel-Fearn.
Fielding, George Hunsley, M.D.
Jesse, John.
Xink, Henry Frederic]
Ohm, Georg Simon [ ,-n ,, ,
Poncelet, Jean Victor j ^
Rose, Heinrich j

Chapman, Thomas.
Bowerbank, James Scott.
Towneley, Charles.
Norfolk, Henry Howard, Duke of.
Creuze, Augustin F. B.
Widdrington, Samuel Edward, Capt. R.N.

1843

Gould, John.

Heywood, Sir Benjamin, Bt.

§olly, Edward.

Heath, John Benjamin.

MacCullagh, James.

Rees, George Owen, M.D.

Rendel, James Meadows.

Miers, John.

O'Shaughnessy, William Brooke, M.D. ; afterwards

O'Shaughnessy Brooke, and Kt.
Miller, Joseph.
Blake, Henry Wollaston.
Heygate, James, M.D.
Basevi, George.
Le Couteur, Col. John.
Tulloch, James.
Amott, James Moncrieff.
Hoskins, Samuel Elliott, M.D.
Boileau, Sir John Peter, Bt.
Wright, Rev. John.
Laing, Rev. David.

Crozier, Francis Rawdon Moira, Capt. R.N.
Hood, Charles.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 401

Date of
Election

1844

Jan. 11
Feb. 1

Feb. 29

Mar. 7
21
Apr. 18

May 9
16

June 6
13

Dec. 12

Jan. 9
Feb. 6

«
13

20

Mar. 6
Apr. 3

>»
10

May 8
22

June 5

19
Nov. 20

Dec. 18

Ansted, David Thomas.

Bury, Edward.

Stanford, John Frederick.
"Ronalds, Francis ; afterwards Kt.

Carpenter, William Benjamin, M.D.

Kerigan, Thomas.

flyett, William Henry.

Quain, Richard.

Crum, Walter.

Webster, John, M.D.

Jones, Thomas Rymer.
^Hargreave, Charles James.

Haddington, Thomas, Earl of.

Bishop, John.

Larcom, Thomas Aiskew, Capt. R.E.

Billing, Archibald, M.D.

Saxony, Frederick Augustus II, King of.

Barrow, John.

1845

Simon, John ; afterwards K.C.B.

Miller, William Allen, M.D.

Wilson, Rev. John, D.D.

Monteith, Maj.-Gen. William.

Forbes, Edward.

Fownes, George.

Martin, James Ranald ; afterwards Kt.

Washington, John, Capt. R.N.

Falconer, Hugh, M.D.

Wilson, William James Erasmus ; afterwards Kt.

Dickinson, John.

Jackson, Col. Julius.

Stebbing, Rev. Henry, D.D.

Tupper, Martin Farquhar.

.Harrison, Thomas Charles.

Rennie, James.

Bandon, James, Earl of.

Adair, Robert Alexander Shafto; afterwards Lord

Waveney.
Johnston, Alexander Robert ; afterwards Campbell -

Johnston.
Sopwith, Thomas.

Thesiger, Sir Frederick ; afterwards Lord Chelmsford.
Barlow, Peter William.
Taylor, Alfred Swaine.
Wilberforce, Samuel, Bishop of Oxford.
Lankester, Edwin, M.D.

Dd

402

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

1846

Jan. 15

22

29

Feb. 5
19

26

Mar. 26
Apr. 2
23

30

May 7
June 11
18

Jan. 7
21

Feb. 4
18
25

Mar. 4
18

«

Apr. 15

22

Neilson, James B.

Bird, Golding, M.D.

Booth, Rev. James, LL.D.

Grainger, Richard Dugard.

Thompson, Theophilus, M.D.

Addison, William.

Buist, George.

Cooper, Samuel.

Matheson, James.

West, William.

Wilson, John, M.D.

Kay, Joseph Henry, Lieut. R.N.

Moore, John Arthur.

Newport, George.

Cautley, Lieut.-Col. Proby Thomas ; afterwards K.C.B.

Henry, Thomas Hetherington.

Argelander, Friedrich Wilhelm August]

Kupffer, Adolph Theodor j- (For. Mem.).

De la Rive, Auguste Arthur. j

Johnson, Percival Norton.

Jones, Henry Bence, M.D.

Armstrong, William George ; afterwards Lord.

Goodsir, John.

Gilbart, James William.

Liddell, John, M.D.

Sutherland, Alexander John, M.D.

1847

Back, Sir George ; afterwards Admiral.

Acland, Henry Wentworth Dyke, M.D. ; afterwards Bt.

Le Verrier, Urbain Jean Joseph (For. Mem.).

Rudge, Edward John.

Hardwicke, Charles Philip, Earl of.

Brooke, Charles.

Christie, James Robert.

Webster, Thomas.

Baly, William, M.D.

Ellis, Thomas Flower.

Maitland, John Gorham.

Plowden, William Henry Chicheley.

Alexander, Henry.

Burrows, George.

Dwarris, Sir Fortunatus William Lilley.

Hall, William Hutcheson.

Hooker, Joseph Dalton ; afterwards G.C.S.I., O.M.

(P.R.S. 1873).
Percy, John, M.D.
Simpkinson, Sir John A. Francis.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 403

Date of
Election

1847 (continued)

Apr. 22
May 6
June 3
Nov. 25

Mar. 30

June 9

Dec. 14

Feb. 22

June 7

21
Nov. 22

June 6

Mountcashel, Stephen, Earl of.
Russell, Lord John.
Morpeth, George, Viscount.
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of.

1848

(For. Mem.).

Ritter, Carl

Milne-Edwards, Henri

Bishop, George.

Challis, Rev. James.

Clerk, Henry, Capt. R.A.

Fergusson, William.

Fox, Robert Were.

James, Capt. Henry.

Latham, Robert Gordon.

Lefroy, John Henry, Capt. R.A.

Mac William, James Ormiston, M.D.

Oldham, Thomas.

Playfair, Lyon ; afterwards Lord Playfair.

Porrett, Robert.

Stenhouse, John.

Thomson, Allen.

Sumner, John Bird, Archbishop of Canterbury.

1849

Baring, Sir Francis Thornhill, Bt. ; afterwards Lord

Northbrook.
Adams, John Couch.
Andrews, Thomas.

Austen,Robert Alfred Cloyne; afterwards Godwin- Austen
Barry, Charles, R.A. ; afterwards Kt.
Brodie, Benjamin Collins ; afterwards Bt.
Dalrymple, John.
Glaisher, James.
Kane, Sir Robert John.
Lassell, William.
Leeson, Henry Beaumont.
Ramsay, Andrew Crombie ; afterwards Kt.
Russell, John Scott.
Sibson, Francis.
Stephenson, Robert.
Yorke, Lieut.-Col. Philip.
Lee, James P., Bishop of Manchester.
Macaulay, Thomas Babington ; afterwards Lord.

1850

Barlow, William Henry.

Busk, George.

Curling, Thomas Blizard.

D d 2

404

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

1850 (continued)

June 6

13
Nov. 21

June 5

June 19

June 3

Day, George Edward.

De la Rue, Warren.
X£ airbaim, William ; afterwards Bt.

Graves, Robert James.

Ibbetson, Capt. Levett Landon Boscawen.

Jones, Charles Handfield.

Joule, James Prescott.

Miller, John Fletcher.
JJawlinson, Major Henry Creswicke ; afterwards Bt.

Schunck, Edward.

Sharpe, Daniel.

.Tomes, John ; afterwards Kt.

Londesborough, Albert, Lord.

Dove, Heinrich Wilhelm^

Liouville, Joseph

PlirkynS, Johann E.

Weber, Wilhelm Eduardj

V (For. Mem.).

1851

Babington, Charles Cardale.
Beck, Thomas Snow.

Jgunbury, Charles James Fox ; afterwards Bt.
Doo, George T.
Eastwick, Edward Backhouse.
Elliot, Capt. Charles.

Fitz Roy, Capt. Robert ; afterwards Vice- Admiral.
Hind, John Russell.
Hofmann, Augustus William.
Huxley, Thomas Henry (P.R.S. 1883).
Logan, William Edmond ; afterwards -Kt.
Paget, James ; afterwards Bt.

'Stokes, George Gabriel ; afterwards Bt. (P.R.S. 1885).
Thomson, William ; afterwards Lord Kelvin (P.R.S.

1890).

Waller, Augustus Volney.
Argyll, George Douglas Campbell, Duke of.

1852

Barclay, Arthur Kett.
Cape, Rev. Jonathan.
Cayley, Arthur.
Gray, Henry.
Harding, Wyndham.
Henfrey, Arthur.
Higginbottom, John.
Mercer, John.
Pattinson, Hugh Lee.
Price, Rev. Bartholomew.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 405

Date of
Election

1852 (continued)

June 3

Nov. 25

Jan. 13
Mar. 17
June 2

Nov. 24

Apr. 27
June 1

>• (For. Mem.).

Simms, William.
^Strickland, Hugh Edwin.

Tyndall, John. ^

Ward, Nathaniel Bagshaw.
^ Younghusband, Charles Wright, Capt. R.A.

Brongniart, Adolphe Theodore]

Lament, Johann

Peiree, -Benjamin

Regnault, Victor

1853

Granville, George, Earl.

Palmerston, Henry John, Viscount.
^Apjohn, James, M.D.

Appold, John George.

Broun, John Allan.
. Claudet, Antoine Jean Francois.

Cooper, Edward Joshua.

Frankland, Edward ; afterwards K.C.B.

Gladstone, John Hall.

Inglefield, Capt. Edward ; afterwards Kt.

Jukes, Joseph Beete.

MacAndrew, Robert.

Manby, Charles.

Prestwich, Joseph ; afterwards Kt.

Rankine, William John Macquorn.

Saunders, William Wilson.

Spottiswoode, William (P.R.S. 1878).

Strzelecki, Paul Edmund de; aftenvards K.C.M.G.

Harrowby, Dudley, Earl of.

1854

Ashburton, William Bingham Baring, Lord.
Allman, George James.
.Brayley, Edward William.
Bryson, Alexander.
Clarke, Jacob Lockhart.
Dickinson, Joseph, M.D.
Gunn, Ronald Campbell.
Hunt, Robert.

Lawes, John Bennet ; afterwards Bt.
Mallet, Robert.
May, Charles.

Moore, Thomas E. L., Capt. R.N.
Strachey, Capt. Richard ; afterwards G.C.S.I.
Thomson, Robert Dundas, M.D.
Whitbread, Samuel Charles.

406

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

1854 (continued)

June 1
15

Feb. 15
22
June 7

14

June 5

Nov. 20

Williamson, William Crawford.
Baer, Carl Ernst von
X^hasles, Michel • (For. Mem.).

Wohler, Friedrich

1855

Hatherton, Edward John Littleton, Lord.

Ducie, Henry John Reynolds Moreton, Earl of.

Connell, Arthur.

Farr, William, M.D.

Fischer, William Lewis Ferdinand.

Fletcher, Isaac.

Hamilton, William John.

Hawkshaw, John ; afterwards Kt.

Hippisley, John.

Luke, James.

Osier, Abraham Follett.

Thomson, Thomas, M.D.

Vignoles, Charles Blacker.

Walker, Charles Vincent.

Wight, Robert, M.D.

Williamson, Alexander William.

Wilson, George Fergusson.

Dirichlet, Gustav Lejeune\

Pliicker, Julius ,_,

Rathke, Heinrich f (For- Mem-)-

Riimker, Carl J

1856

Balfour, John Hutton, M.D.

Binney, Edward William.

Bowring, Sir John.

Burgoyne, Sir John Fox, Bt.

Gosse, Philip Henry.

Hark ness, Robert.

Hawkins, Caesar Henry.

Johnson, Manuel John.

Moore, John Carrick.

Noad, Henry Minchin.

Potter, Edmund.

Robinson, Rev. Thomas Romney, D.D.

Salter, Henry Hyde.

Smith, Archibald.

Spratt, Thomas Abel Brimage, Capt. R.N.

Haidinger, Carl ) /T1 __

Secchi, Antonio / ^For' Mem')-

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 407

Date of
Election

June 11

Feb. 18
June 3

17
Nov. 25

Dec. 16

Jan. 27

June 2
9

1857

Beale, Lionel Smith.
Boole, George.
^Buckton, George Bowdler.
Davidson, Thomas.
Grote, George.

xHill, Rowland ; afterwards K.C.B.
Kirkman, Rev. Thomas Penyngton.
Marcet, William, M.D.
Marshall, John, F.R.C.S.
Smith, Andrew, M.D.
Smith, Robert Angus.
Smyth, Charles Piazzi.
Sorby, Henry Clifton.
Welsh, John.
Whitworth, Joseph ; afterwards Bt.

1858

Talbot de Malahide, James, Lord.

Balfour, Thomas Graham, M.D.

Boxer, Edward Mounier, Capt. R.A.

Currey, Frederick.

Forbes, David.

Garrod, Alfred Baring, M.D. ; afterwards Kt.

Harvey, William Henry, M.D.

Haughton, Rev. Samuel.

Hennessy, Henry.

Livingstone, David, LL.D.

Lubbock, John ; afterwards Bt., and Lord Avebury.

Rogers, Henry Darwin.

Savory, William Scovell ; afterwards Bt.

Smyth, Warington Wilkinson ; afterwards Kt.

Waugh, Lieut.-Col. Andrew Scott.

Williams, Thomas, M.D.

Pakington, Sir John, Bt. ; afterwards Lord Hampden.

Bun sen, Robert Wilhelm J

Poinsot, Louis I (For. Mem.).

Siebold, Carl Theodor von)

Bickersteth, Robert, Bishop of Ripon.

1859

Tait, Archibald Campbell; afterwards Archbishop of

Canterbury.

Schomburgk, Sir Robert Hermann.
Beckles, Samuel Husbands.
Calvert, Frederick Grace.
Carter, Henry John.
Galton, Douglas ; afterwards K.C.B.
Herapath, William Bird, M.D.

408

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

1859 (continued}

June 9

Dec. 15

Feb. 2
Mar. 22
May 24

June 7

21
Nov. 22

Dec. 6

Jan. 6

June 6

Humphry, George Murray ; afterwards Kt.
Ilunt, Thomas Sterry.

^Mucdonald, John Denis ; afterwards K.C.B.
Odling, William.
^Patterson, Robert.
Penn, John.
Watson, Thomas, M.D.
JWoodcroft, Bennett.
Yolland, William, Lieut.-Col. R.E.
Stanley, Henry Edward, Lord ; afterwards Earl of

Derby.

1860

Ryan, Rt. Hon. Sir Edward.
Belper, Edward, Lord.
^De Grey and Ripon, George Frederick Samuel

Robinson, Earl ; afterwards Marquess of Ripon.
Bache, Alexander Dallas
Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand

Kolliker, Albert von , T (For- MemO-

Verneuil, Philippe Edouard Poulletier

de

Abel, Frederick Augustus ; afterwards Bt.
Baring, Thomas.
Bateman, John Frederic.
Brown-Sequard, Edward, M.D.
Harrington, Richard Christopher.
Galton, Francis ; afterwards Kt.
Gilbert, Joseph Henry ; afterwards Kt.
Jardine, Sir William, Bt.
Key, Thomas Hewitt.
Lister, Joseph; afterwards Lord Lister, and O.M.

(P.R.S. 1893).
JVlain, Rev. Robert.
Mylne, Robert William.

Palmer, Roundell ; afterwards Earl of Selborne.
Quekett, John Thomas.
Smith, Edward, M.D.
Sheffield, George, Earl of.
Walpole, Rt. Hon. Spencer Horatio.
Erie, Rt. Hon. Sir William.
Ellesmere, George Granville Francis Egerton, Earl of.

1861

Bate, Charles Spence.
Debus, Heinrich.
De Morgan, Campbell Greig.
Hirst, Thomas Archer.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 409

Date of
Election

June 6

June 5

19

Nov. 20

Feb. 12
19

j»
Apr. 16

30
June 4

1861 (continued)

Matthiessen, Augustus.
Maxwell, James Clerk.
Mueller, Ferdinand ; afterwards Baron.
Newmarch, William.
xP^trkes, Edmund Alexander, M.U.
Pole, William.
Sclater, Philip Lutley.

Shadwell, Sir Charles F. A., Capt. ; afterwards Adm.
Smith, Henry John Stephen.
Stokes, William, M.D.
Stonej^George-Johnstone.

1862

Bentham, George.

Bristow, Henry William.
_C.larke, Alexander Ross, Capt. R.E.

Dawson, John William ; afterwards Kt.

Evans, Frederick John Owen ; afterwards K.C.B.
Clicks, John Braxton, M.D.

Hook, Rev. Walter Farquhar, D.D.

Rolleston, George.

Siemens, Charles William ; afterwards Kt.

Simpson, Maxwell.

Stewart, Balfour.

Teale, Thomas Pridgin.

Tennant, Sir James Emerson ; afterwards Bt.

Todhunter. Isaac.
\Williams, Charles Greville Hanson.

Despretz, Cesar M. \

Neumann, Franz Ernst I (For. Mem.).

Weber, Ernst Heinrich )

Caithness, James Sinclair, Earl of.

1863

Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, Patron, 1901.

Bouverie, Rt. Hon. Edward Pleydell.

Thomson, William, D.D., Archbishop of York.

Head, Sir Edmund Walker, Bt.

Magnus, Heinrich Gustav (For. Mem.).

Cooke, Edward William.

Crookes, William ; afterwards Kt. and O.M.

Eardley-Wilmot, Frederick Marow, Col. R.A.

Fergusson, James.

Field, Frederick.

Harley, Rev. Robert.

Hind, John Russell.

Merrifield, Charles Watkins.

Oliver, Daniel

410

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

1863 (continued}

June 4

18

June 2

Feb. 9

Mar. 16
23

Apr. 27
June 1

,,, .

fl

JPavy, Frederick William, M.D.
Pengelly, William.

Roscoe, Henry Enfield ; afterwards Kt.
Salmon, Rev. George, D.D.
Salter, Samuel James Augustus.
Stanley, Rev. Arthur Penrhyn, D.D.
Kummer, Ernst Eduard ) ,,

Steenstrup, Johannes Japetus Smith} ^

1864

Barkly, Sir Henry, K.C.B.

Brinton, William, M.D.

Cobbold, Thomas Spencer, M.D.

Ellis, Alexander John.

Evans, John ; afterwards K.C.B.

Flower, William Henry ; afterwards K.C.B.

Grubb, Thomas.

Hay, Sir John Charles Dalrymple, Bt. ; afterwards

Admiral and G.C.B.

Jenner, William, M.D. ; afterwards Bt. and G.C.B.
Locock, Sir Charles, Bt., M.D.
Sanders, William.
Smythe, William James, Col. R.A.
Strange, Lieut-Col. Alexander.
Warington, Robert.
Wood, Nicholas.
Bernard, Claude

Foucault, Jean Bernard Leon . (For. Mem.).
Wurtz, Adolph Charles

1865

Dufferin and Claneboye, Frederick Temple Blackwood,
Lord ; afterwards Marq. of Dufferin and Ava.

Turner, Sir George James, Lord Justice.

Donoughmore, Richard John Hely Hutchinson, Earl of.

Orleans, Louis Philippe d1, comte de Paris.

Cockle, Hon. James ; afterwards Kt.

Dawes, Rev. William Rutter.

Geikie, Archibald ; afterwards K.C.B. (P.R.S. 1908).

Gore, George.

Grant, Robert.

Gray, George Robert.

Harley, George, M.D.

Jenkin, Henry Charles Fleeming.

Huggins, William; afterwards K.C.B. and O.M.
(P.R.S. 1900).

McClintock, Sir Francis Leopold.

McDonnell, Robert, M.D.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 411

Date of
Election

1865 (continued)

June 1

Nov. 23

June 7

May 9

June 6

Dec. 19

Mar. 26

Parker, William Kitchen.
Tennyson, Alfred ; afterwards Lord Tennyson.
Thwaites, George Henry Kendrick.
^Walker, James Thomas, Lieut.-Col. R.E.
Villiers, Rt. Hon. Charles Pelham.

1866

Bucknill, John Charles, M.D.

Farrar, Rev. Frederick William.

Guy, William Augustus.

Hector, James, M.D. ; afterwards K.C.M.G.

Kaye, John William.

Miiller, Hugo.

Murchison, Charles, M.D.

Perkin, William Henry ; afterwards Kt.

Pratt, Rev. John Henry.

Richards, George Henry, Capt. R.N. ; afterwards K.C.B.

Richardson, Thomas.

Russell, William Henry Leighton.

Selwyn, Rev. William, D.D.

Townsend, Rev. Richard.

Watts, Henry.

Donders, Franz Cornelius

Riemann, Georg Friedrich Bernhard (For. Mem.).

Rose, Gustav

1867

Bovill, Sir William, Lord Chief Justice.

Baird, William, M.D.

Dawkins, William Boyd.

Duppa, Baldwin Francis.

Gunther, Albert Charles Lewis Gotthilf, M.D.

Haast, Julius ; afterwards K.C.M.G.

Haig, Robert Wolseley. Capt. R.A.

Hanbury, Daniel.

Hulke, John Whitaker.

Hull, Edward.

Lowe, Edward Joseph.

Napier, James Robert.

Richardson, Benjamin Ward, M.D. ; afterwards Kt.

Sanderson, John Scott Burdon, M.D. ; afterwards Bt.

Stainton, Henry Tibbats.

Tomlinson, Charles.

Rosse, Laurence Parsons, Earl of.

1868

Bischoff, Theodor Ludwig Wilhelm \ ~,Qr Mem x
Clausius, Rudolph Julius Emmanuel j

412

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

1868 (continued)

Mar. 26

j*
June 4

Dec. 10

Jan. 28

Apr. 29

June 3

Dec. 16

June 2

Mohl, Hugo von • (Fo

Schwabe, Samuel Heinrich / v

Ball, John.

!Bastian, Henry Charlton, M.D.

Cameron, John, Lieut.- Col. R.E.

Clifton, Robert Bellamy.

Crofton, Morgan William.

Davis, Joseph Barnard, M.D.

Duncan, Peter Martin.

Griess, John Peter.

Harcourt, Augustus George Vernon.

Key, Rear-Adm. Astley Cooper; afterwards G.C.B.

Ommanney, Rear-Adm. Erasmus ; afterwards K.C.B.

Pettigrew, James Bell, M.D.

Stone, Edward James.

Tristram, Rev. Henry Baker.

Vaux, William Sandys Wright.

Houghton, Richard Monckton Milnes, Lord.

1869

Salisbury, Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoigne Cecil, Mar-
quess of.

De Candolle, Alphonse }
Delaunay, Charles Eugene \ (For. Mem.).
Pasteur, Louis )

Baker, Sir Samuel White.
Bigsby, John Jeremiah, M.D.
Chambers, Charles.
Esson, William.
Foster, George Carey.

Gull, William Withey, M.D. ; afterwards Bt.
Lockyer, Joseph Norman ; afterwards K.C.B.
McClean, John Robinson.
Mivart, St. George Jackson.
Reynolds, John Russell, M.D. ; afterwards Bt.
Robinson, Vice-Adm. Sir Robert Spencer, K.C.B.
Tennant, James Francis, Maj. R.E.
Thomson, Wyville ; afterwards Kt.
Thuillier, Henry E. Landor, Col. R.A. ; afterwards Kt.
Walker, Edward.
Napier of Magdala, Robert Cornells, Lord.

1870

Froude, William.

Greenhow, Edward Headlam, M.D.

Jago, James, M.D.

Maskelyne, Nevil Story.

Masters, Maxwell Tylden, M.D.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 413

Date of
Election

187O (continued)

June 2

Nov. 24

May 25
June 8

Nov. 23

Jan. 18
June 6

Mem

Newton, Alfred.

^Noble, Andrew ; afterwards Bt. and K.C.B.
Osborn, Sherard, Capt. R.N.
Parkinson, Rev. Stephen.
Parsons, Robert Mann, Capt. R.E.
Ransom, William Henry, M.D.
Scott, Robert Henry.

Verdon, George Frederic ; afterwards K.C.M.G.
Voelcker, John Christopher Augustus.
Wilks, Samuel, M.D. ; afterwards Bt.
Sutherland, George Granville William Sutherland,

Duke of.

Angstrom, Anders Jons )

Plateau, Joseph Antoine Ferdinand j

1871

Lowe, Rt. Hon. Robert ; afterwards Vise. Sherbrooke.

Besant, William Henry.

Budd, William, M.D.

Callender, George William.

Carruthers, William.

Etheridge, Robert.

Guthrie, Frederick.

Herschel, John, Capt. R.E.

Moncrieff, Capt. Alexander ; afterwards K.C.B.

Quain, Richard, M.D. ; afterwards Bt.

Schorlemmer, Carl.

Thomas, Edward.

Tylor, Edward Burnet ; afterwards Kt.

Varley, Cromwell Fleet wood.

Walden, Arthur, Viscount; afterwards Marquess of

Tweeddale.
Wood, John.
Pedro II, Emperor of Braxil.

1872

Goschen, Rt. Hon. George Joachim ; afterwards Vise.

Adams, Andrew Leith.

Adams, William Grylls.

Clark, Frederick Le Gros.

Cleland, John, M.D.

Foster, Michael, M.D. ; afterwards K.C.B.

Fox, Wilson, M.D.

Gamgee, Arthur, M.D.

Hincks, Rev. Thomas.

Jevons, William Stanley.

Johnson, George, M.D. ; afterwards Kt.

414

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

1872 (continued)

June 6

Jan. 16
June 12

Nov. 27

Dec. 18

June 4

Jones, Thomas Rupert.

Montgomerie, Thomas George, Maj. R.E.

Ormerod, Edward Latham, M.D.

Routh, Edward John.

Russell, William James.

1873

Childers, Rt. Hon. Hugh Culling Eardley.

Aitken, William, M.D. ; afterwards Kt.

Armstrong, Sir Alexander, M.D., K.C.B.

Ball, Robert Stawell ; afterwards Kt.

Beddoe, John, M.D.

Bramwell, Frederick Joseph ; afterwards Bt.

Calver, Edward Killwick, Capt. R.N.

Ellery, Robert Lewis John.

Grant, Lieut.-Col. James Augustus.

Markham, Clements Robert ; afterwards K.C.B.

Paget, George Edward, M.D. ; afterwards K.C.B.

Royston-Pigott, George West, M.D.

Salvin, Osbert.

Strutt, Hon. John William ; afterwards Lord Rayleigh,

and O.M. (P.R.S. 1905).
Woodward, Henry.
Young, James.
Erman, Georg Adolf
Gray, Asa
Halloy, Jean Baptiste Julien

D'Omalius d' r (For. Mem.).

Henle, Franz Gustav Jakob
Hermite, Charles
Struve, Otto Wilhelm
Cardwell, Rt. Hon. Edward ; afterwards Viscount.

1874

Bell, Sir Isaac Lowthian ; afterwards Bt.

Blanford, William Thomas.

Brady, Henry Bowman.

Brunton, Thomas Lauder, M.D. ; afterwards Bt.

Clifford, William Kingdon.

Franks, Augustus Wollaston ; afterwards K.C.B.

Henrici, Olaus Magnus F. E.

Hewett, Prescott Gardner ; afterwards Bt.

Howard, John Eliot.

Maine, Sir Henry James Sumner, K.C.S.I.

Mills, Edmund James.

Perry, Rev. Stephen Joseph, S.J.

Rumsey, Henry Wyldbore, M.D.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 415

Date of
Election

June 4

Feb. 18
Apr. 8

1874 (continued)

22
29
June 3

Jan. 20
Feb. 10
June 1

Sehvyn, Alfred Richard Cecil.

Wilson, Charles William, Maj. R.E. ; afterwards K.C.B.

1875

Northcote, Rt. Hon. Sir Stafford Henry; afterwards

Earl of Iddesleigh.

Carnarvon, Henry Howard Molyneux Herbert, Earl of.
Forster, Rt. Hon. William Edward.
Beneden, Pierre Joseph van
Bertrand, Joseph Louis Francois
Des Cloizeaux, Alfred Louis Olivier
Fizeau, Hippolyte Louis

Fries, Elias Magnus y (For. Mem.).

Janssen, Pierre Jules Cesar
Kekule, August
KirchhofF, Gustav Robert
Ludwig, Carl
Gurney, Rt. Hon. Russell.
Colvile, Rt. Hon. Sir James William.
Archer, William.

Bennett, James Risdon, M.D. ; afterwards Kt.
Brandis, Dietrich ; afterwards K.C.I. E.
Caird, James ; afterwards K.C.B.
Casey, John.
Duprey August.
Geikie, James.

Glaisher, James Whitbread Lee.
Hennessey, John Baboneau Nickterlien.
Klein, Edward Emanuel, M.D.
Lankester, Edwin Ray ; afterwards K.C.B.
Nares, George Strong, Capt. R.X. ; afterwards K.C.B.
Newall, Robert Stirling.
Roberts, William Chandler ; afterwards Roberts- Austen

and K.C.B.
Scott, Henry Young Darracott, Major-Gen. R.E.

1876

Aberdare, Henry Austin Bruce, Lord.
Sclater-Booth,Rt. Hon. George ; afterwards LordBasing.
Disraeli, Rt. Hon. Benjamin ; afterwards Earl of

Beaconsh'eld.
Abney, William de Wiveleslie, Capt. R.E. ; afterwards

K.C.B.

Armstrong, Henry Edward.
Clarke, Rev. William Bran white.
Croll, James.
Dunkin, Edwin.

416

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

June 1

May 3

»
June 7

Dec. 13

Feb. 14

><
June 6

1876 (continued)

Erichsen, John Eric ; afterwards Bt.

Ferrier, David, M.D. ; afterwards Kt.

Lane-Fox, Col. Augustus Henry ; afterwards Lt.-Genl.

Pitt-Rivers,
(rarrod, Alfred Henry.
Hayward, Robert Baldwin.
Meldrum, Charles.

Reed, Edward James ; afterwards K.C.B.
Rutherford, William, M.D.
Swinhoe, Robert.
Thorpe, Thomas Edward ; afterwards Kt.

1877

Coleridge, John Duke, Lord.
Frere, Rt. Hon. Sir Henry Bartle Edward.
Dewar, James ; afterwards Kt.
Fayrer, Sir Joseph, M.D. ; afterwards Bt.
Ferrers, Rev. Norman Macleod.
Fraser, Thomas Richard, M.D. ; afterwards Kt.
Hodgson, Brian Haughton.
Judd, John Wesley.
•JVlcIntosh, William Carmichael, M.D.
McLachlan, Robert.
Mallet, John William.
Medlicott, Henry Benedict.
Moseley, Henry Nottidge.
Reynolds, Osborne.

Roberts, William, M.D. ; afterwards Kt.
Thomson, James.

Turner, William ; afterwards K.C.B.
Berthelot, Marcelin
Decaisne, Joseph

Du Bois-Reymond, Emil Heinrich
Kolbe, Adolph Wilhelm Hermann \. (For. Mem.).
Leuckart, Rudolph
Newcomb, Simon
Tchebitchef, Tafnutij

1878

Smith, Rt. Hon. William Henry.

Gregory, Rt. Hon. Sir William Henry, K.C.B.

Baker, John Gilbert.

Balfour, Francis Maitland.

Bonney, Rev. Thomas George.

Cotterill, James Henry.

Elliot, Sir Walter, K.C.S.I.

Greenwell, Rev. Canon William.

Hawksley, Thomas.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 417

Date of
Election

1878 (continued}

June 6

Apr. 3

June 12

Jan. 8
June 3

Hopkinson, John.

Jackson, John Hughlings, M.D.

Lindsay, James Ludovic, Lord ; afterwards Earl of

Crawford and Balcarres.
Roberts, Samuel.
Schiifer, Edward Albert.
Sprengel, Hermann Johann Philipp.
Symons, George James.
Tomes, Charles Sissmore.

1879

Cross, Rt. Hon. Richard Assheton ; afterwards Viscount.
Auwers, Arthur
^Cremona, Luigi
Quatrefages de Breau, Jean Louis

Armand de (For. Mem.).

Quincke, Georg Hermann
Schwann, Theodor
Stas, Jean Servais
Anderson, John, M.D.
Berkeley, Rev. Miles Joseph.
Bessemer, Sir Henry.
Brown, Alexander Crum.
Buller, Walter Lowry ; afterwards K.C.M.G.
Darwin, George Howard ; afterwards K.C.B.
Everett, Joseph David.

Francois de Chaumont, Francis Stephen Bennet, M.D.
Liveing, George Downing.
Matthey, George.
Romanes, George John.
Schuster, Arthur.
Seeley, Harry Govier.
Williamson, Benjamin.
Wright, Thomas, M.D.

1880

Northbrook, Thomas George Baring, Earl of.

Attfield, John.

Blanford, Henry Francis.

Clifford- Allbutt, Thomas, M.D. ; afterwards K.C.B.

Dallinger, Rev. William Henry.

Thiselton-Dyer, William Turner ; afterwards K.C.M.G.

Godwin-Austen, Lieut.-Col. Henry Haversham.

Graves, Charles, Bishop of Limerick.

Hughes, David Edward.

Jeffery, Henry Martyn.

M'Coy, Frederick ; afterwards K.C.M.G.

Moulton, John Fletcher ; afterwards Lord Justice.

E e

418

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

188O (continued}

June 3

17
Nov. 25

Jan. 13
Feb. 3

May 12

June 2

Dec. 15

Jan. 12

Mar. 9
16

June 8

Niven, Charles.

Rae, John.

Reynolds, James Emerson, M.D.

Tilden, William Augustus ; afterwards Kt.

Beresford-Hope, Rt. Hon. Alexander James Beresford.

Jessel, Rt. Hon. Sir George.

1881

Gladstone, Rt. Hon. William Ewart.

Grant Duff, Rt. Hon. Mountstuart Elphinstone ; after-
wards G.C.S.I.

Daubree, Gabriel Auguste \

Marienac, Jean Charles Gallisard de I /T^ , r x

Nageli, Carl <For- Mem')'

Weierstrass, Carl Wilhelm von j

Ayrton, William Edward.

Bates, Henry Walter.

Bristowe, John Syer, M.D.

Christie, William Henry Mahoney ; afterwards K.C.B.

Dickie, George, M.D.

Kempe, Alfred Bray ; afterwards Kt.

Macalister, Alexander, M.D.

McLeod, Herbert.

Phillips, John Arthur.

Preece, William Henry ; afterwards K.C.B.

Samuelson, Bernhard ; afterwards Bt.

Stoney, Bindon Blood.

Traquair, Ramsay H., M.D.

Watson, Rev. Henry William.

Wright, Charles Romley Alder.

Harcourt, Rt. Hon. Sir William George Granville
Venables Vernon.

1882

Fawcett, Rt. Hon. Henry.

Bramwell, Rt. Hon. Sir George William Wilshere;

afterwards Lord.

Mundella, Rt. Hon. Anthony John.
Edinburgh, H.R.H. the Duke of; afterwards Duke of

Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
Ball, Valentine.

Brady, George Stewardson, M.D.
Buchanan, George, M.D. ; afterwards Kt.
Clarke, Charles Baron.
Darwin, Francis.
Dittmar, William.
Gaskell, Walter Holbrook, M.D.
Glazebrook, Richard Tetley.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 419

Date of
Election

June 8

Dec. 14

June 7

Dec. 13

Jan. 31

June 12

1882 (continued}

Godman, Frederick Du Cane.

Hutchinson, Jonathan ; afterwards Kt.

Liversidge, Archibald.

Malet, John C.

Niven, William Davidson ; afterwards K.C.B.

Palgrave, Robert Harry Inglis ; afterwards Kt.

Weldon, Walter.

Chamberlain, Rt. Hon. Joseph.

1883

Aitchison, Surgeon-Major James Edward Tierney, M.D.
Browne, James Crichton, M.D. ; afterwards Kt.
J)obson, Surgeon-Major George Edward.
Duncan, James Matthews, M.D.
Fitzgerald, George Francis.
Flight, Walter.
Frost, Rev. Percival.
Gill, David ; afterwards K.C.B.
Groves, Charles Edward.
Grubb, Howard ; afterwards Kt.
Langley, John Newport.
Reinolcl, Arnold William.
Trimen, Roland.
Venn, John.
Walker, John James.
Fry, Sir Edward, Lord Justice.

1884

De Bary, Anton \

Gegenbaur, Carl

Kronecker, Leopold \ (For. Mem.).

Virchow, Rudolph

Wiedemann, Gustav

Allman, George Johnston.

Balfour, Isaac Bayley.

Baxendell, Joseph.

Bell, James.

Hartley, Walter Noel ; afterwards Kt.

Herschel, Alexander Stewart.

Hudleston, Wilfred Hudleston.

Lamb, Horace.

McKendrick, John Gray, M.D.

Ransome, Arthur, M.D.

Roy, Charles Smart, M.D.

Riicker, Arthur William ; afterwards Kt.

Thomson, Joseph John ; afterwards Kt. and O.M.

Warren, Col. Sir Charles, G.C.M.G. ; afterwards K.C.B.

E e 2

420

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

1884 {continued)

June 12
Dec. 18

May 21
June 4

Dec. l'o

June 4

10

Watson, Morrison, M.D.

Cornu, Alfred ) /u »* \

T^ T TA • t-j. t (For. MemA
Dana, James D wight J

1885

Bowen, Sir Charles Synge Christopher, Lord Justice.

Baird, Andrew Wilson, Major R.E.

Carpenter, Philip Herbert.

Clark, Sir Andrew, Bt.

Common, Andrew Ainslie.

Creak, Ettrick William.

Divers, Edward.

Hicks, Henry, M.D.

Hicks, William Mitchinson.

Japp, Francis Robert.

Marshall, Arthur Milnes, M.D.

Martin, Henry Newall.

O'Sullivan, Cornelius.

Perry, John.

Ringer, Sydney.

Vines, Sidney Howard.

Baeyer, Adolf

Klein, Felix

Kowalewski, Alexander Onufrievitch

Loven, Sven Ludwig

(For. Mem.).

1886

Bidwell, Shelford.

Colenso, William.

Dixon, Harold Baily.

Festing, Edward Robert, Maj.-Gen. R.E.

Forsyth, Andrew Russell.

Green, Alexander Henry.

Horsley, Victor Alexander Haden ; afterwards Kt.

Meldola, Raphael.

Pye-Smith, Philip Henry, M.D.

Russell, Henry Chamberlaine.

Sedgwick, Adam.

Unwin, William Cawthorne.

Warington, Robert.

Wharton, William James Lloyd, Capt. R.N. ; after-
wards K.C.B.

Wilde, Henry.

Rosebery, Archibald Philip Primrose, Earl of.

Thurlow, Thomas John Hovell-Thurlow Cumming
Bruce, Lord.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 421

Date of
Election

Jan. 13
June 9

Jan.' 12
Mar. 22

May 3
31

June 7

Apr. 4
June 6

1887

Halsbury, Rt. Hon. Hardinge Stanley Giffard, Lord.
Buchanan, John Young.
^Cash, John Theodore, M.D.
Douglass, Sir James Nicholas.
Ewing, James Alfred ; afterwards K.C.B.
Forbes, George.

Growers, William Richard, M.D. ; afterwards Kt.
Kennedy, Alexander B. W. ; afterwards Kt.
King, George ; afterwards K.C.I.E.
Kirk, Sir John, G.C.M.G.
Lodge, Oliver Joseph ; afterwards Kt.
Milne, John.

Pickard-Cambridge, Rev. Octavius.
Snelus, George James.
Walsingham, Thomas, Lord.
Whitaker, William.

Hanbury-Tracy,
Athole (Lord

(For. Mem.).

1888

Balfotir, Rt. Hon. Arthur James.
Sudeley, Charles Douglas Richard

Lord.
Macdonald, Rt. Hon. John Hay

Kingsburgh).

Becquerel, Alexandre Edmond
Kopp, Hermann

Pfliiger, Eduard Friedrich Wilhelm
Sachs, Julius
Andrews, Thomas.
Bottomley, James Thomson.
Boys, Charles Vernon.

Church, Arthur Herbert ; afterwards K.C.V.O.
Greenhill, Alfred George ; afterwards Kt.
Jervois, Sir William F. D., Lieut.-Gen. R.E.
Lapworth, Charles.
Parker, Thomas Jeffery.
Poynting, John Henry.
Ramsay, William ; afterwards K.C.B.
Teale, Thomas Pridgin.
Topley, William.
Trimen, Henry.
Ward, Henry Marshall.
White, William Henry ; afterwards K.C.B.

1889

De Worms, Rt. Hon. Baron Henry ; afterwards Lord

Pirbright.
Aitken, John.
Ballard, Edward, M.D.

422

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

1889 (continued)

June 6

Dec. 5

June 5

Feb. 5

Mar. 12
June 4

Basset, Alfred Barnard.

Brown, Horace Tabberer.

Clark, Latimer.

Cunningham, David Douglas.

Fletcher, Lazarus.

Hemsley, William Botting.

Hudson, Charles Thomas.

Hughes, Thomas McKenny.

Poulton, Edward Bagnall.

Sollas, William Johnson.

Todd, Charles ; afterwards K.C.M.G.

Tomlinson, Herbert.

Yeo, Gerald Francis, M.D.

Cannizzaro, Stanislao |

Chauveau, Jean Baptiste Auguster (For. Mem.).

Rowland, Henry Augustus. )

1890

Baker, Sir Benjamin, K.C.M.G.

Bosanquet, Robert Holford Macdowall.

Burbury, Samuel Hawkesley.

Gardiner, Walter.

Kerr, John.

Lea, Arthur Sheridan.

MacMahon, Percy Alexander, Maj. R.A.

Norman, Rev. Alfred Merle.

Perkin, William Henry.

Pickering, Spencer Umfreville.

Roberts, Isaac.

Sharp, David.

Teall, J. J. Harris.

Thome, Richard Thome ; afterwards K.C.B.

Weldon, Walter Frank Raphael.

1891

Jackson, Rt. Hon. William Lawies; afterwards Lord

Allerton.

Hannen, Rt. Hon. James, Lord.
Anderson, William ; afterwards K.C.B.
Bower, Frederick Orpen.
Conroy, Sir John, Bt.
Cunningham, Daniel John, M.D.
Dawson, George Mercer.
Elliott, Edwin Bailey.
Frankland, Percy Faraday.
Gilchrist, Percy Carlyle.
Halliburton, William Dobinson, M.D.
Heaviside, Oliver.

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 423

Date of
Election

1891 (continued)

June 4

Nov. 26

Jan. 21
Mar. 3
May 19

Dec. 15

June 1

• (For. Mem.).

Marr, John Edward.
Mond, Ludwig.
Shaw, William Napier.
Thompson, Silvanus Phillips.
Tizard, Thomas Henry, Capt. R.N.
Agassiz, Alexander \

Gould, Benjamin Anthorp For M
Strasburger, Eduard
Tacchini, Pietro J

1892

Herschell, Rt. Hon. Farrer, Lord.

Devonshire, Spencer Compton Cavendish, Duke of.

'Kiihne, Willy

Mascart, Eleuthere Elie Nicolas

Mendeleeff, Dmitri Ivanovich

Newton, Hubert Anson J

Armstrong, Robert Young, Lieut.-Col. R.E.

Beddard, Frank Evers.

Fleming, John Ambrose.

Foster, Clement Le Neve ; afterwards Kt.

Gadow, Hans Friedrich.

Giffen, Robert ; afterwards K.C.B.

Gotch, Francis.

Herdman, William Abbott.

Hutton, Frederick Wollaston, Capt. R.E.

Joly, John.

Larmor, Joseph ; afterwards Kt.

Miall, Louis Compton.

Peach, Benjamin Neeve.

Pedler, Alexander ; afterwards Kt.

Waller, Augustus Desire, M.D.

Morley, Rt. H9n. John ; afterwards Vise, and O.M.

1893

Burnside, William.

Dunstan, Wyndham Rowland.

Ellis, William.

Ewart, James Cossar, M.D.

Gairdner, William Tennant, M.D. ; afterwards K.C.B.

Hobson, Ernest William.

Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle, -K.C.I.E.

Newton, Edwin Tulley.

Sherrington, Charles Scott, M.D.

Stirling, Edward Charles, M.D.

Thornycroft, John Isaac ; afterwards Kt.

Trail, James William Helenus, M.D.

Wallace, Alfred Russel ; afterwards O.M.

424

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

1893 (continued)

June 1

5»

8
Dec. 14

Apr. 26

»>

»

June 7

Jan. 24
June 13

Dec. 12

Worthington, Arthur Mason.

Young, Sydney.

York, George, Duke of; afterwards Prince of Wales,

and King George V. Patron, 1910.
Bryce, Rt. Hon. James ; afterwards O.M.

1894

Hail Ion. Henri Ernest]

Poincare, Henri I (For. Mem.).

Suess, Eduard j

Bateson, William.

Boulenger, George Albert.

Bradford, John Rose, M.D. : afterwards K.C.M.G.

Callendar, Hugh Longbourne.

Cheyne, William Watson ; afterwards Bt.

Froude, Robert Edmund.

Hill, Micaiah John Muller.

Jones, John Viriamu.

Love, Augustus Edward Hough.

Lydekker, Richard.

Penrose, Francis Cranmer.

Scott, Dukinfield Henry.

Smith, Rev. Frederick John ; afterwards Jervis-Smith.

Swan, Joseph Wilson ; afterwards Kt.

Veley, Victor Herbert.

1895

Davey, Rt. Hon. Horace, Lord.

Barry, John Wolfe ; afterwards K.C.B.

Bourne, Alfred Gibbs.

Bryan, George Hartley.

Eliot, John ; afterwards K.C.I.E.

Green, Joseph Reynolds.

Griffiths, Ernest Howard.

Heycock, Charles Thomas.

Hickson, Sydney John.

Holden, Henry Capel Lofft, Maj. R.A.

McClean, Frank.

Macewen, William, M.D. ; afterwards Kt.

Martin, Sidney Harris Cox, M.D.

Minchin, George Minchin.

Power, William Henry ; afterwards K.C.B.

Purdie, Thomas.

Gaudry, Albert

Kohlrausch, Friedrich

Langley, Samuel Pierpont (For. Mem.).

Lie, Sophus

Metchnikoff, Elias

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 425

Date of
Election

1896

Mar. 12
June 4

Nov.

26

Dec. 17

Mar. 4

Apr. 1
June 3

Nov. 25

Temple, Rt. Hon. Sir Richard, Bt.

Clarke, Sir George Sydenham, Lieut.-Col. R.E.

Collie, John Norman.

Downing, Arthur Matthew Weld.

Elgar, Francis.

Gray, Andrew.

Hinde, George Jennings.

Miers, Henry Alexander ; afterwards Kt.

Mott, Frederick Walker, M.D.

Murray, John ; afterwards K.C.B.

Pearson, Karl.

^tebbing, Rev. Thomas Roscoe Rede.

Stewart, Charles.

Wilson, William Edward.

Woodward, Horace Bolingbroke.

Wynne, William Palmer.

Heim, Albert \

Lippmann, Gabriel I /v M ,
•\fi.L T tu /-<•• i. M-Tor. Mem.).
Mittag-Lemer, Gosta

Schiaparelli, Giovanni j

Gorst, Rt. Hon. Sir John Eldon.

1897

Amagat, Emile Hilaire

Cohn, Ferdinand

Gibbs, Josiah Willard

Heidenhain, Rudolph P. H.

Koch, Robert

Wislicenus, Johannes

Bell, Robert.

Broadbent, Sir William Henry, Bt.

Chree, Charles.

Elwes, Henry John.

Haldane, John Scott, M.D.

Haswell, William A.

Howes, George Bond.

Kipping, Frederic Stanley.

Mathews, George Ballard.

Murray, George Robert Milne.

Neville, Francis Henry.

Nicholson, Henry Alleyne, M.D.

Thomson, John Millar.

Trouton, Frederick Thomas.

Turner, Herbert Hall.

van't Hoff, Jacobus Hendrik

Lacaze-Duthiers, Henri de

Pfeffer, Wilhelm

Zirkel, Ferdinand

(For. Mem.).

(For. Mem.).

426

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

1898

Jan. 20
27
June 9

Dec. 15

Jan. 26
June 1

Dec. 14

June 14

Lindley, Rt. Hon. Sir Nathaniel ; afterwards Lord.
Maxwell, Rt. Hon. Sir Herbert Eustace.
Baker, Henry Frederick.
Brown, Ernest William.
Buchan, Alexander.
Harmer, Sidney Frederic.
Lister, Arthur.

McMahon, Lieut.-Gen. Charles Alexander.
Osier, William ; afterwards Bt.
Parsons, Hon. Charles Algernon ; afterwards K.C.B.
Preston, Thomas.
Reid, Edward Waymouth.
Scott, Alexander.
Seward, Albert Charles.
Shenstone, William Ashwell.
Taylor, Henry Martyn.
Wimshurst, James.

Curzon of Kedleston, George Nathaniel, Lord ; after-
wards Earl.

1899

Lefevre, Rt. Hon. George John Shaw ; afterwards

Lord Eversley.

Barrett, William Fletcher ; afterwards Kt.
Booth, Charles.

Bruce, Major David ; afterwards Kt.
Fenton, Henry John Horstman.
Gamble, James Sykes.
Haddon, Alfred Cort.
Head, Henry, M.D.
Hele-Shaw, Henry Selby.
Morgan, Conwy Lloyd.
Reid, Clement.

Starling, Ernest Henry, M.D.
Tanner, Henry William Lloyd.
Threlfall, Richard.
Tutton, Alfred Edwin Howard.
Windle, Bertram Coghill Alan ; afterwards Kt.
Boltzmann, Ludwig \
Dohrn, Anton

Fischer, Emil I (For. Mem.).

Neumayer, Georg von
Treub, Melchior /
Romer, Rt. Hon. Sir Robert, Lord Justice.

1900

Burch, George James.
David, T. W. Edgeworth.

Date of
Election

June 14

June 21
Nov. 22

May 9
June 6

Mar. 20
May 15
June 5

1900 (continued)

Farmer, John Bretland.

Hill, Leonard.

Home, John.

Lister, Joseph Jackson.

MacGregor, James Gordon.

Manson, Patrick, M.D. ; afterwards K.C.M.G.

Muir, Thomas.

Rambaut, Arthur Alcock.

Sell, William James.

Spencer, Walter Baldwin.

Walker, James.

Watts, Philip; afterwards K.C.B.

Wilson, Charles Thomson Rees.

North, Rt. Hon. Sir Ford.

Northumberland, Henry George Percy, Duke of.

1901

Leydig, Franz von (For. Mem.).

Alcock, Alfred William.

Dyson, Frank Watson.

Evans, Arthur John ; afterwards Kt.

Gregory, John Walter.

Jackson, Henry Bradwardine, Capt. R.N. ; afterwards

K.C.B.

Macdonald, Hector Munro.
Mansergh, James.
Martin, Charles James.
Ross, Ronald, Major; afterwards K.C.B.
Schlich, William ; afterwards K.C.I.E.
Smithells, Arthur.
Thomas, Michael R. Oldfield.
Watson, William.
Whetham, William C. Dampier.
Woodward, Arthur Smith.

1902

Stirling, Rt. Hon. Sir James.

Goldie, Sir George D. Taubman, K.C.M.G.

Baker, Herbert Brereton.

Bovey, Henry Taylor.

Boyce, Rubert ; afterwards Kt.

Brown, John.

Hardy, William Bate.

Harker, Alfred.

Hough, Sydney Samuel.

Kidston, Robert.

Mather, Thomas.

Michell, John Henry.

428

Date of
Election

1902 (continued}

June 5

19

Nov. 27

June 11

May 5

}• (For. Mem.).

Newall, Hugh Frank.

Petrie, William Matthew Flinders.

Pope, William Jackson.

Saunders, Edward.

Willey, Arthur.

Alverstone, Hichard Everard Webster, Lord.

Long, Rt. Hon. Walter Hume.

Plunkett, Rt. Hon. Horace Curzon ; afterwards

K.C.V:O.

Bregger, Waldemar Christofer
Darboux, Gaston.
Hering, Ewald
Hill, George William
Michelson, Albert Abraham
Richthofen, Baron Ferdinand von
Solms-Laubach, Graf Hermann zu
Thomsen, Julius

1903

Bayliss, William Maddock.

Bridge, Thomas William.

Copeman, Sydney Arthur Monckton.

Darwin, Horace.

Hiern, William Philip.

Mallock, Henry Reginald Arnulph.

Masson, David Orme.

Perkin, Arthur George.

Rutherford, Ernest.

Sampson, Ralph Allen.

Stead, John Edward.

Strahan, Aubrey.

Symington, Johnson.

Townsend, John Sealy.

Whitehead, Alfred North.

1904

Brodie, Thomas Gregor.

Burrard, Sidney Gerald.

Dixon, Alfred Cardew.

Dobbie, James Johnston.

Holland, Thomas Henry ; afterwards K.C.I.E.

Joly, Charles Jasper.

Marshall, Hugh.

Meyrick, Edward.

Muirhead, Alexander.

Nuttall, George Henry Falkiner.

Shipley, Arthur Everett.

Travers, Morris William.

Date of
Election

May 5

June 16

May 11

May 3

Nov. 1

1904 (continued)

Wager, Harold William Taylor.

Walker, Gilbert Thomas.

Watts, AVilliam Whitehead.

Strathcona, Donald Alexander Smith, Lord.

1905

Adami, John George.

Bone, William Arthur.

Campbell, John Edward.

Dines, William Henry.

Field, Arthur Mostyn, Capt. R.N. ; afterwards K.C.B.

Forster, Martin Onslow.

Goodrich, Edwin Stephen.

Hopkins, Frederick Gowland.

Lamplugh, George William.

MacBride, Ernest William.

Oliver, Francis Wall.

Prain, David ; afterwards Kt.

Searle, George Frederick Charles.

Strutt, Hon. Robert John.

Whittaker, Edmund Taylor.

De Vries, Hugo \

Hermann, Ludimar ,,, ,, N

TT j -i A KFor, Mem.).

Lorentz, Hendnk Antoon

Moissan, Henri )

1906

Andrews, Charles William.

Beilby, George Thomas.

Blackman, Frederick Frost.

Bromwich, Thomas John FAnson.

Cowell, Philip Herbert.

Heape, Walter.

Jeans, James Hopwood.

Lees, Charles Herbert.

Lyons, Henry George, Capt. R.E.

Macallum, Archibald Byron,

Marsh, James Ernest.

Mitchell, Peter Chalmers.

Swinburne, James.

Wilson, Harold Albert.

Wright, Almroth Edward ; afterwards Kt.

Haldane, Rt. Hon. Richard Burdon; afterwards

Viscount, and Lord Chancellor.
Iveagh, Edward Cecil Guinness, Viscount.
Connaught and Strathearn, H.R.H. The Duke of.

430

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

1907

May 2

Adams, Frank Dawson.

55

Anderson, Hugh Kerr.

55

Benham, William Blaxland Shoppee.

55

Blythswood, Archibald Campbell Campbell, Lord.

55

Bragg, William Henry.

55

Chattaway, Frederick Daniel.

55

Crossley, Arthur William.

55

Cushny, Arthur Robertson.

55

Duddell, William.

55

Gamble, Frederick William.

55

Petavel, Joseph Ernest.

55

Pocklington, Henry Cabourn.

55

Ridley, Henry Nicholas.

„

Smith, Grafton Elliot.

55

Young, William Henry.

June 6

Pawlow, Ivan Petrovitch \

55
55

Pickering, Edward Charles [ ,,-, , , ,
Retzius, Magnus Gustaf

55

Righi, Augusto

1908

May 7

Barlow, William.

55

Berkeley, Randal Thomas Mowbray, Earl of.

55

Clerk, Dugald.

55

Dendy, Arthur.

55

Dixon, Henry Horatio.

55

Gardiner, John Stanley.

55

Gowland, William.

55

Grace, John Hilton.

55

Hamilton, David James.

55

Major, Charles Immanuel Forsyth.

55

Nevill, Edmund Neville.

55

Rivers, William Halse Rivers.

55

Russell, Hon. Bertrand Arthur William.

55

Stapf, Otto.

55

Thorpe, Jocelyn Field.

June 4

Becquerel, Antoine Henri \

55

Helmert, Friedrich Robert ,F ^

55

Kitasato, Shibamiro (ror. i m.).

55

Mitchell, Silas Weir

Nov. 5

Asquith, Rt. Hon. Herbert Henry.

55

Bedford, Herbrand Arthur Russell, Duke of.

1909

Mar. 25

Hale, George Ellery \

«5

55

Kronecker, Hugo
Picard, Charles Emile (For< Mem')'

55

Ramon y Cajal, Santiago

CHRONOLOGICAL REGISTER OF FELLOWS 431

Date of
Election

May 6

May 5

June 30

May 4

1909 (continued)

Baly, Edward Charles Cyril.
Barlow, Sir Thomas, Bt.
Barnes, Rev. Ernest William.
Bather, Francis Arthur.
Hadfield, Sir Robert Abbott.
Hall, Alfred Daniel.
Harden, Arthur.
Jukes-Browne, Alfred John.
Kerr, John Graham.
Lewis, William James.
McClelland, John Alexander.
Orr, William McFadden.
Rendle, Alfred Barton.
Smith, James Lorrain.
Wilson, James Thomas.

1910

Barcroft, Joseph.
Bourne, Gilbert Charles.
Coleman, Arthur Philemon.
Dixey, Frederick Augustus.
Filon, Louis Napoleon George.
Fowler, Alfred.
Garrod, Archibald Edward.
Hardy, Godfrey Harold.
Harker, John Allen.
Hewitt, John Theodore.
Hopkinson, Bertram.
Lapworth, Arthur.
Leishman, Sir William Boog.
Plimmer, Henry George.
Soddy, Frederick.
Arrhenius, Svante August
Bornet, Jean Baptiste Edouard I
Ehrlich, Paul
Volterra, Vito
Weismann, August

1911

Barnes, Howard Turner.
Brown, Adrian John.
Cohen, Julius Berend.
Dixon, Walter Ernest.
Donnan, Frederick George.
Hills, Edmond Herbert.
Lang, William Henry.
Leathes, John Beresford.
Minchin, Edward Alfred.

(For. Mem.).

432

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Date of
Election

May 4

Nov. 9

23

Mav 2

1911 (continued}

Muir. Robert.

Oldham, Richard Dixon.

Pocock, Reginald Innes.

Porter, Alfred William.

Richmond, Herbert William.

Stoney, George Gerald.

Backlund, Jons Oskar

Groth, Paul Heinrich Ritter von

Kayser, Heinrich - (For. Mem.).

Le Bel, Joseph Achille

Timiriazeff, Clement A.

Cromer, Evelyn Baring, Earl of, O.M.

Rothschild, Hon. Lionel Walter.

1912

Arnold, John Oliver.

Bark la, Charles Glover.

Cockayne, Leonard.

Dixon, Arthur Lee.

Heath, Sir Thomas Little, K.C.B.

Jones, Humphrey Owen.

Lyle, Thomas Ranken.

McDougall, William.

Messel, Rudolf.

Moore, Benjamin.

Nettleship, Edward.

Newstead, Robert.

Oram, Sir Henry John, K.C.B.

Prior, George Thurland.

Punnett, Reginald Crundall.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF FELLOWS

FROM THE FOUNDATION OF THE SOCIETY
TO MAY 2ND, 1912

Reference to the Chronological Register is given by the date of election

Abbot, C

Abbot, J. F. .

Abeille, L. P.

Abel,C

Abel, F. A

Abercorn, Earl of (see Paisley, Lord

Aberdare, Lord

Aberdeen, Earl of .

Aberdour, Lord

Aberdour, Lord ~.

Abernethy, J.

Abgali, Mohammed Ben Ali .

Abney, W. deW. .

Acland, H. W. D. .

Acland, T. D.

Adair, J

Adair, J.

Adair, R. A. S. .

Adam, R.

Adami, J. G

Adams, A. L.

Adams, F. D.

Adams, J. C. .

Adams, W. G.

Adanson, M. .

Adare, Viscount .

Addison, W

Adee,S

Adye, J. W. . ^ .

Afzelius, A. .
-Aga,C. A. . . . .

Agar, G. C

Agar, W. E

Agassiz, A. .

Agassiz, J. L. R. .
^Aglionby, W.

Agricola, G. A.

Ahlers,C

Ailsa, Marq. of (see Cassillis, Earl of)

Airy, G. B

Aitchison, J. E. T. .

Aitken, J

Aitken,W. .....

Akenside, M.

Aland, J. F

Albemarle, Duke of

Albert, Prince Consort .

Albert Edward, Prince of Wales

1793
1793
1762
1819
1860

1876
1808
1733
1754
1796
1725
1876
1847
1839
1688
1788
1845
1761
1905
1872
1907
1849
1872
1761
1834
1846
1744
1774
1798
1728
1832
1781
1891
1838
1667
1698
1726

1836
1883
1889
1873
1753
1711
1664
1840
1863

Albertini, G. .
Albini, M. d' .
Albinus, B. S.
Alcock, A. W.
Alcock, N. .
Aldersey, R. .
Alderson, J. .
Alexander, H.
Alexander, R. . .
Alfred, Luke of Edinburgh
Algarotti, F. .
Alison, A. ...
Allamand, J. N. S. .
Allan, T. .
Allen, E. .
Allen, J.
Allen, T.
Allen, W. .
Allen, W. .
Allerton, Lord (see Jackson, W. L.]
Alleyn, J. . .
Alleyne, J. .
Allioni,C. .
Allix, W.
Allman, G. J.
Allman, G. J.
Almeyda, T. de
Alruz, J. W. .
Alstroemer, J.
Althorp, George, Viscount
Althorp, John, Viscount .
Alvanley, B. (see Arden, R. P
Alverstone, Lord
Amagat, E. H.
Ames, J.
Amiens, Lord
Amman, J. .
Ampere, A. M.
-Amyand, C. .
Amyot, T. .
Anderdon, J. P.
Anderson, H. K.
Anderson, J. .
Anderson, J. .
Anderson, W.
Andrade, A. F. de
Andrew, J. .
Andrews, C. W.
Andrews, J. .

1760
1756
1764
1901
1749
1794
1841
1847
1835
1882
1736
1792
1746
1815
1726
1730
1667
1807
1841

1663
1776
1758
1753
1854
1884
1758
1729
1778
1780
1820

1902
1897
1743
1777
1730
1827
1716
1824
1811
1907
1759
1879
1891
1749
1821
1906
1726

Ff

434

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Andrews, T. .

1849

-^Atwell, J

1728

Andrews, T. .

1888

Atwood, G. .

1776

Anglesey, Earl of .

1668

Aubert, A. .

1772

Angstrom, A. J. .,

1870

Aubrey (see Awbrey).

Anguish, T. .

1766

Auckland, Baron (see Eden, W.).

Anker, B.

1782

Audubon, J. J. . .

1830

Anker, C. .....

1804

Auldjo, J

1840

Annesley, — .

1704

Auriol, J. P

1808

Annesley, J. .

1840

Aust, G

1797

Annesley, Lord ....

1663

Austen, J.

1663

Ansell, C

1834

Austen, R. A. C. .

1849

Anson, G. .....

1745

Austria, Archduke John of

1816

Anson, T. .....

1730

Austria, Archduke Louis of

1816

Anspach und Bayreuth, Margraf von

1780

Austria, Archduke Maximilian of

1819

Ansted, D. T

1844

Auwers, A. .

1879

Antrobus, E. ....

1801

- Auzout, A. .

1666

Apjohn, J. .

1853

Avebury, Lord (see Lubbock, J.).

Appold, J. G.

1853

Averani, G. . >

1712

Arago, F. J. D

1818

- Awbrey, J. .

1663

Arbuthnot, J.

1704

Aylesbury, Earl of (see Bruce, Lord).

Arbuthnot, J.

1770

Aylesford, Earl of (see Guernsey,

Archer, W. .

1875

Lord).

Archibald, C. D

1840

Ayloffe, J

1731

Arden, C. G

1786

Ayres, C. N. .

1708

Arden, R. P

1788

Ayres, T

1707

Arderne, J. .

1668

Ayrton, W. .

1837

Arderon, W. .

1745

Ayrton, W. E. .

1881

Areskine, R. .

1703

Argelander, F. W. A.

1846

Argyle, Archibald, Earl of

1663

_

Argyll, George, Duke of .

1851

Babbage, C. .

1816

a Ripa, L. .....

1718

Baber,H.H

1816

a Ripa, L.

1733

Babington, B. G. .

1828

Armstrong, A. ....

1873

Babington, C. C. .

1851

Armstrong, H. E. .

1876

Babington, W. ....

1805

Armstrong, J.

1723

Bache, A. D. . . .--..••••„

1860

Armstrong, R. Y. .

1892

Back, G

1847

Armstrong, W. G. .

1846

Backlund, J. 0

1911

Arnold, J. H.

1806

Bacon, J. .....

1750

Arnold, J. O

1912

Bacon, T. S

1721

Arnott, J. M.

1843

—Bacon, V. .....

1732

Arnott, N

1838

Baden-Dourlach, C. F. .

1747

Arrhenius, S. A.

1910

Badham, C. .

1818

Arthington, C.

1701

Baer, C. E. von . . . __ .

1854

Arundel, R

1740

Baeyer, A. .

1885

Ascanius, P. .

1755

Bagenall, N. .

1664

Ash, E

1801

Baglivi, G

1698

1787

Bagnall, J. . . . . .

1774

Ashburton, Lord ....

1854

Bailey, A. .....

1683

Ashby, S

1756

Baillie, D

1836

Ashe, St. G

1685

Baillie, J

1817

Ashe,W.W

1748

Baillie, M

1790

Ashley, Lord ....

1663

Baillon, H. E

1894

Ashmole, E. .

1663

Baillou, Chevalier de

1749

Askew, A. .....

1749

Baily, E. H

1842

Asquith, H. H

1908

Baily, F. .....

1821

Assemanni, S. E. . . .

1737

Baird, A. .....

1828

Astle, E.

1808

Baird A. W. .

1885

Astle, T

1766

Baird W.

1867

Aston, F

1678

Baker, B

1890

Atcherley, D. F. .

1841

Baker, F

1811

Atholl, Duke of ....

1780

Baker, G

1762

Atkyns, R. .

1664

Baker, H

1740

Attfield, J

1880

Baker, H.B

1902

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF FELLOWS

435

Baker, H. F 1898

Baker, J. . . . . 1810

Baker, J. G 1878

Baker, J. W 1771

Baker, S. W 1869

Baker, T 1684

Baldini, G. A 1712

Baldwin, C. A 1676

Baldwin, R 1760

Bale, C 1719

Balfour, A. J 1888

Balfour, F. M 1878

Balfour, I. B. . . . .1884

Balfour, J. H 1856

Balfour, T. G 1858

Ball, J 1868

-Ball, P 1663

Ball, R. S 1873

Ball, V 1882

Ballard, E 1889

Balle, R 1708

Balle, W 1663

Balme, E 1801

Baltimore, Charles, Lord . . 1731

Baltimore, Frederick, Lord . . 1767

Baly, E. C. C 1909

Baly, W 1847

Bamber, J 1718

Bancroft, E 1773

Bandon, Earl of .... 1845

Bankes, R 1736

Bankes, W. J 1822

Banks, J 1668

Banks, J 1730

Banks, J 1766

Barbiano and Belgiojoso, Count of . 1781

Barboza, J. M. S 1750

Barclay, A. K 1852

Barclay, J. R. (see Robertson, J.).

Barcroft, J 1910

Barham, H 1717

Baring, F. T 1849

Baring, T 1841

Baring, T 1860

Barker, G 1839

- Barker, R 1731

Barker, R 1775

Barkla, C. G 1912

Barkly, H 1864

Barlow, J 1834

Barlow, P 1823

Barlow, P. W 1845

Barlow, R 1819

Barlow, T 1909

Barlow, W 1908

Barlow, W. H 1850

Barnard, E 1828

Barnard, F. A 1790

Barnard, T 1783

Barnes, E. W 1909

Barnes, H. T. . ' . . . 1911

Barnes, J 1710

Barnewall, M. .... 1765

Barnwell, C. F 1809

Barnwell, F. H 1818

Baron, J 1823

Barrett, R 1713

Barrett, W. F. . . . .1899

Barretto, J 1818

Barrington, D 1767

Barrington, T 1669

—Barrow, I. . . . . . 1663

Barrow, J 1805

Barrow, J 1844

Barrowby, W 1721

Barry, A 1832

Barry, C 1849

Barry, D 1832

Barry, E 1731

Barry, J. W 1895

Barry, M 1840

Barfjielemy, J. J 1755

Barton, P 1757

Basevi, G 1843

Basing, Lord (see Sclater-Booth, G.).

Basnage de Beauval, J. . . . 1697

Bassand, J. B 1731

Basset, A. B. . . . . 1889

Baster, J 1738

Bastian, H. C 1868

Bate, C.S 1861

Bate, G 1663

Bateman, J 1838

Bateman, J. F 1860

Bateman, Viscount . . . 1732

Bates, H. W 1881

Bates, T 1718

Bateson, W 1894

Bath, Earl of .... 1744
Bath and Wells, Bp. of (see Moss, C.).

Bather, F. A 1909

Bathurst, B. . . . . . 1731

Bathurst, R 1663

Batt,J.T 1742

Batten, J. H 1816

Battie, W 1741

Battine,W 1797

Batty, R 1822

Bauer, F 1821

Bauza, F 1819

Bavaria, Elector Palatine of . . 1784

Bavaria, Elector Palatine of . . 1802

Baxendell,J 1884

Bayardi, O. A 1755

Bayes, T 1742

Bayford, D 1770

Baylay, W. F 1828

Bayley.J 1823

Bayley, T. B 1773

Bayliss, W. M 1903

Bayne, T 1663

Beaconsfield, Earl of (see Disraeli, B.).

Beal, J 1663

Beale,J 1721

Beale,L.S 1857

Beamish, N. L 1827

Beamish, R 1836

- Beard, R 1726

£2

436

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Beatty, W. .

Beauclerk, Lord .

Beauclerk, T.

Beaufain, H. B. de .

Beaufort, F. .

Beaufort, L. de

Beaufoy, H. .

Beaufoy, H. .

Beaufoy, M. .

Beaumont, E. B. .

Beaumont, E. de . -.

Beaumont, J.

Beaumont, J. B. J. Elie de

Beaumont, R.

Beauvoir, 0 .

Beccari, J. B.

Beccaria, G. B. .

Beck, T. S. .

Becker, B. .

Beckett, J. .

Beckett, W. .

Beckles, S. H.

Becquerel, A. C. .

Becquerel, A. E. .

Becquerel, A. H. .

Beddard, F. E.

Beddoe, J. .

Bedford, Duke of .

Bedford, Duke of .

Bedford, W. .

Beechey, F. W. .

Beighton, H.

Beilby, G. T. .

Bel, M. (see Belius, M.).

Belchier, J. .

Belidor, B. F. de .

Belius, M.

Bell, C.

Bell.G.

Bell, I. L. .

Bell, J.

Bell, J.

Bell, R.

Bell, T.

Bellamy, J. W.

Sellers, F. .

Sellers, J.

Bellin, J. N. .

Belluga, B. de

Belper, Edward, Lord .

Bel ward (see Fisher, R.).

Beneden, P. J. van

Benham, W. B. S. .

Bennet, A. .

Bennet, H. G.

Bennet, R. H. A. .

Bennett, J. J.

Bennett, J. R.

Bentham, G. .

Bentinck, J. .

Bentinck, W.

Bentinek, W.

Bentley, R. .

Beresford-Hope, A. J. B.

1818
1809
1770
1730
1814
1746
1782
1815
1790
1835
1835
1685
1765
1684
1785
1728
1755
.1851
1698
1816
1718
1859
1837
1888
1908
1892
1873
1741
1908
1745
1824
1720
1906

1732
1726
1738
1826
1749
.1874
1824
1884
1897
1828
1834
1711
1718
1753
1780
1860

1875
1907
1789
1812
1767
1841
1875
1862
1765
1731
1787
1695
1880

Bergius, P. J. . ... -.*: . 1770

Bergman, T. O. . . . . 1765

Beringhen, T. von . . . . 1667

Berkeley, C 1667

Berkeley, Earl of .... 1908

Berkeley, Lord .... 1663

Berkeley, M 1667

Berkeley, M.J 1879

Bernard, C 1696

Bernard, C 1864

Bernard, E. .... 1673

Bernard, H 1738

Bernard,! 1760

Bernard, J. P. . . . . 1737

Bernoulli, D 1750

Bernoulli, J 1712

Bernoulli, N 1713

Berthelot, M 1877

Berthollet, C. L. .... 1789

Berthoud, F 1764

Bertier, J. E 1768

Bertrand, J. L. F 1875

Berzelius, J. J. . . . 1813

Besant, W. H 1871

Bessel, F. W 1825

Bessemer, H 1879

Best, G 1791

Betham, A. W. . . . . 1835

Betham, W. . . . . 1828

Bethune, J 1773

Beuninghen, C. van . . . 1682

Bevan, S 1725

Beverly, C. J 1831

Bevis,J 1765

Bexley, Lord (see Vansittart, N.).

Bianchi, V 1710

^Bianchini, F 1712

Bicheno, J. E 1827

Bickersteth, R 1858

Bickerton, R. H. . . . . 1810

Bicknell, J. L. . . . 1821

Bidloo,G 1696

Bidwell, S 1886

Biggin, G 1802

Bignon, J. P 1734

Bigsby, J. J 1869

Bigsby, R 1837

Billers, W 1726

Billing, A 1844

Bingley, R. . . . . . 1809

Binney, E. W 1856

Biot, J. B 1815

Birch, A 1673

Birch, T. ..... 1734

Bird,G 1846

Birkenhead, J. . . . 1663

Bischoff, T. L. W. . . . . 1868

Bishop. G 1848

Bishop, J 1844

Bisse, P. . ... . . 1705

Bisshopp, C 1791

Blackburne, J 1794

Blackburne, S 1681

Blackburne, T 1781

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF FELLOWS

437

Blackford, B. P 1815

Blackman, F. F. .. . . . 1906

Blackman, J 1827

Blackwell, J 1692

Blacow, R 1754

Blagden, C 1772

Blainville, H. M. D. de . . . 1832

Blair, A 1799

Blair, J 1755

^ Blair, P 1712

Blake, B 1830

Blake, F 1746

Blake, H. W 1843

Blake, W 1807

Blake, W. J 1831

Blakistone, P 1841

Bland, M 1816

Bland, M 1821

Blane, G 1784

Blane, W 1795

Stanford, H. F. . . . ' . 1880

Blanford, W. T 1874

Blanshard, R 1827

Blanshard, W 1759

Blaquiere, Lord de . . . . 1803

Blaquiere, W 1805

Bligh, W 1801

Bliss, N 1742

Blizard, T 1803

Blizard,W 1787

Blore, E 1841

-Blount, T 1664

Blumenbach, J. F 1793

Blyke, R 1773

Blythswood, Lord .... 1907

Boase, S. H 1837

Bode, J. E 1789

-Boerhaave, H 1730

Boffrand, G 1744

Bogdani, W 1729

Bohadsch, J. B 1762

Boileau, J. P 1843

Boileau, J. T 1840

Bold, P. P 1815

Boltzmann, L 1899

- Bon, F. Xavier .... 1738

Bond, P 1815

Bone, W. A 1905

Bonet, L. F 1711

Bon-Figliolo, S 1696

Bonner, J. G 1840

Bonnet, C 1743

Bonney,T. G 1878

Boole, G 1857

Booth, B 1772

Booth, C 1899

Booth, F 1834

Booth, J 1846

Boothe, P 1702

Bootle, R 1757

Bootle, R. W 1761

Borghese, M 1682

Boringdon, Lord .... 1795
Boringdon, Lord (see Parker, J.).

Borlase, G. S. . . . i 1828

Borlase.W 1750

Borneman, J. P 1722

Bornet, J. B. E 1910

Borrer, W 1835

Bosanquet, B 1747

Bosanquet, R. H. M. . . 1890

Bosanquet, S 1793

Boscovich, R. J 1761

Bose, G. M 1757

Bostock, J 1818

Bosville, W 1792

Bosworth, J. .... 1829

Botfield, B. . . . . 1839

Botfield, T 1833

Bottomley, J. T 1888

— Bottoni, I) 1695

Bougainville, L. A. . . . 1756

Boughey, J. F 1822

-Boughton, C. W. R. . . . 1814

Boughton, W. E. R. . . . 1814

Bouguer, P 1749

Bouillon, due de (see D'Auvergne, P.).

Boulenger, G. A 1894

Boulton, M. . . . . .1785

Bourdelin, C 1702

Bourne, A. G 1895

Bourne, G. C 1910

Bourne, W. S 1826

Bournon, J. L. de . . . 1802

Bouvard, A. . . . . . 1826

Bouverie, E. P 1863

Bovey, H. T. . . . . 1902

Bovill,W. 1867

Bowditch,N. .... 1818

Bowdler,T 1781

Bowdoin, J 1788

Bowen,C.S.C 1885

Bower, F. 0 1891

Bower, T 1712

Bowerbank, J. S 1842

Bowes, M 1699

Bowman, W 1742

Bowman, W 1841

Bo wring, J. . . . . . 1856

Boxer, E. M 1858

Boyce, R 1902

Boyer, J. B 1749

Boyle, C - 1814

Boyle, Richard . . . . 1663

-Boyle, Robert . . . .1663

-Boylstone,Z 1726

Boys, C. V. . . . .... 1888

Boze,C. G. de .... 1749

Braddon, L 1681

Bradford, J. R 1894

-Bradley, J * 1718

Bradley, R 1712

Brady, H. B 1874

Brady, G. S 1882

Braganza, Joano, Duque de . . 1757

Bragg, W.H. . . . . 1907

Braithwaite, D 1782

-Brakenridge, W 1752

438

Bramwell, F. J 1873

Bramwell, G. W. W. . . . 1882

Brand, T 1756

-Brande, W. T 1809

Brander,G 1754

Brandis,D. ..... 1875

Brandreth, H. R 1841

Brandreth, T. S 1821

Brattle, W 1713

Brayley, E. W 1854

Brazil, Emperor of ... 1871
Breadalbane, Earl of . . .1784

Breadalbane, Marquess of . . 1834

Bree, R 1808

Bregentved, Count of (see Moltke,

A. G.).
Bremond, F. de . . . .1740

Brereton, 0. S 1762

Brereton, W 1663

Brewster, D 1815

Breynius, J. P. . . . 1703

Brianyon, comte de 1706

Bridge, B 1812

Bridge, T. W 1903

Bridgeman, 0 1696

Bridgeman, W 1679

Bridgen, E 1777

Bridges, B 1726

Bridges, J 1708

Bridgewater, Earl of ... 1808

Bridgman, W 1821

Briggs, J 1838

Briggs, R 1693

Bright, R 1821

Brigstocke, O. . . . . 1710

Brinkley, J 1803

Brinton, W 1864

Brisbane, T. M 1810

Bristol, Earl of .... 1782

Bristol, Earl of .... 1805

Bristow,H.W 1862

Bristow, W 1742

Bristowe, J. S 1881

Broadbent, W. H 1897

Brockedon, W 1834

Brocklesby, R 1746

Broderip, C 1816

Broderip.W.J 1828

Brodie,B.C 1810

Brodie,B.C 1849

Brodie,J 1797

Brodie,T.G 1904

Br0gger, W.C 1902

Bromfield, R 1779

Bromfield, T 1713

Bromhead, E. F 1817

Bromwich, T. J. I' A. . . . 1906

Brongniart, A 1825

Brongniart, A. T 1852

Brook, J 1663

Brooke, A. B. de C. . . . 1823

Brooke, C 1847

Brooke, de Capell (see Supple, R. B.).

Brooke, H. J. . 1819

Brooke, J. ..... 1819

Brooke, W (see O'Shaughnessy).

Brookes,! 1819

Brookesbank, J. . . . . 1751

Brougham, P. H 1803

Broughton, Lord (see Hobhouse, J. C.).

Broughton, R. E 1842

Broughton, S. D. . . . . 1830

Broun, J. A 1853

Brouncker, Viscount . . . 1663

Broussonet, P. M. A. . . . 1782

Brown, A. C 1879

Brown, A. J 1911

Brown, E 1667

Brown, E. W 1898

Brown, H. T 1889

Brown, J 1902

Brown, L 1729

Brown, N 1826

Brown, R 1811

Brown, W 1777

Browne, H 1797

Browne, I. H 1749

Browne, I. H 1770

Browne, J. . . . . . 1721

Browne, J. C 1883

Browne, T. . . . . . 1699

Browne, W 1738

Brownlow, Earl (see Cust, J.).

Brownlow, Lord .... 1738

Brownrigg, W 1742

Brown-Sequard, E. . . .- 1860

Bruce, D 1663

Bruce, D 1899

Bruce, J 1776

Bruce, J. . . . . 1791
Bruce, J. L. K. (see Knight, J. L.).

Bruce, Lord 1663

Bruhl, J. M 1765

Brunei, I. K 1830

Brunei, M.I 1814

Bruni, G. L 1743

Brunswick, Duke of ... 1664

Brunswick, Prince of ... 1764

Brunton, T. L 1874

Bryan, G. H 1895

Bryce, J 1893

Brydges, J 1694

Brydone, P 1773

Bryson, A 1854

Buccleuch, Duke of . . .1833
Buccleugh, Duke of (see Dalkeith,

Earl of).

Buch, L. von .... 1828

Buchan, A 1898

Buchan, Earls of (see under Cardross).

Buchanan, F 1806

Buchanan, G 1882

Buchanan, J.Y 1887

Buchner, A. E 1763

Buckingham, Duke of . . . 1663

Buckinghamshire, Earl of . . 1785

Buckland, W. . . . . 1818

Bucknill,J. C 1866

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF FELLOWS

439

Buckton, G. B.

Budd, G. .

Budd, W. .

Buffon, G. L. L. .

Bugge, T. .
• Buissiere, P. .

Buist, G.

Bulgaris, E. .

Bulkeley, R.

Buller, W. L.
— Bullialdus, I.

Bunbury, C. J. F. .

Bunsen, R. W.

Burbury, S. H.

Burch, G. J.

Burge, W. .

Burgess, T. .

Burgoyne, J. F.

Burlington, Earl of

Burman, E. .

Burnes, A. .

Burnes, J.

Burnet (Burnett), G.

Burnet, G. .

Burnet, J.

Burnet, T. .

Burnet, W. .

Burnett, T. .

Burnett, W. .

Burney, C. .

Burney, C. .

Burney, C. P.

Burney, J. .

Burns, J.

Burnside, W.

Burrard, S. G.

Burrell, P. .

Burroughs, W.

Burrow, E. J.

Burrow, J. .

Burrow, R. .

Burrows, G. .

Burt, T. S. .

Burton, D. .

Burton, E. .

Bury, E.

Bury, T.

Burzynski, T. J.

Busby, J.

Bushe, A.

Busk, G.

Bute, Marquess of .

Bute, Marquess of .

Butler, G. .

Butler, S. .

Butt, J. M. .

Butter, J.

Buxton, G. .

Buys, W.

Byng,G.S. .
-Byrd, W.

Byrom, J.

Byron, Lord .
E.

1857
1836
1871
1739
1788
1699
1846
1788
1685
1879
1667
1851
1858
1890
1900
1840
1807
1856
1722
1728
1834
1835
1663
1723
1837
1838
1705
1748
1833
1773
1802
1814
1809
1830
1893
1904
1752
1817
1818
1737
1762
1847
1836
1832
1836
1844
1718
1769
1719
1758
1850
1799
1818
1819
1822
1767
1822
1779
1705
1841
1696
1723
1816
1663

Cabbell, B. B. . 1837

Cadell,W. A 1810

Cadogan, C 1718

Cadogan, W 1752

Caird, J 1875

Caithness, Earl of . . . . 1862
Calcutta, Bp. of (see Middleton, T. F.).

Caldani, M. A. L 1772

Caldcleugh, A 1831

Caldecott, J 1840

Calderwood, W 1776

Caldwell,J 1752

Caley.J 1821

Call.J 1775

Callendar, H. L. . . . . 1894

Callender, G. W 1871

Calver, E. K 1873

Calvert, B. L 1731

Calvert.F. C 1859

Calvert, P 1781

Camac, W 1821

Camden, Earl (see Pratt, C.).

Cameron, J 1868

Campbell, C 1730

Campbell, F. (Lord) . . . 1793

Campbell, G 1730

Campbell, H. .... 1748

Campbell, J 1718

Campbell, J 1764

Campbell, J 1795

Campbell, J 1812

Campbell, J. (Lord) . . . 1819

Campbell, J. E 1905

Campbell-Johnston (see Johnston,

A. R.).

Camper, P 1750

Camus, C. E. L 1764

Canning, G 1810

Canning, G 1826

Cannizzaro, S 1889

Canterbury, Abp.of (see Howley, W.).
Canterbury, Abp.of (see Sheldon, G.).
Canterbury, Abp.of (see Sumner, J. B.).
Canterbury, Abp. of (see Tait, A. C.).
Canterbury, Abp. of (see Tillot-

son, J.).

Canton, J. . . . 1749

Cantwell, A. .

Canvane, P. .

Cape, J.

Capeller, M. A. de .

Capello, P. A.

Capper, R. .

Caraccioli, D.

Carafa, G. .

Caramanico, Prince of

Carbery, Earl of (see Vaughan

Carbone, J. B.

Carburi, G. B.

Card, H.

Cardigan, Earl of .

Cardross, Lord

Cardross, Lord

Lord).

1738
1765
1852
1725
1744
1797
1765
1759
1783

1729
1765
1820
1749
1733
1765

440

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Cardwell,E 1873

Carkess,J 1663

Carleton, R 1826

Carlini, F 1832

Carlisle, A 1804

Carlisle, Bp. of (see Douglas, J.).
Carlisle, Bp. of (see Goodenough, S.).
Carlisle, Bp. of (see Nicolson, W.).

Carlisle, Earl of . . . . . 1665

Carlisle, N 1814

Carmarthen, Marquess of . . 1773

Carnac, J 1772

Carnac, J. R 1838

Carnarvon, Earl of . . . .1841

Carnarvon, Earl of . . . . 1875

Came, J 1818

Carnegie, D 1799

Carpenter, G 1729

Carpenter, P. H 1885

Carpenter, W. B 1844

Carpue,J.C 1817

Carr,R.J 1831

Carr.T.W 1815

Carr,W 1727

Carr,W.H 1806

Carrington, C. E 1800

Carrington, Lord .... 1800

Carrington, Lord .... 1839

Carrington, R. C 1860

Carruthers, W 1871

Carson, J 1837

Carstairs, J 1811

Carter, H. J 1859

Carteret,P 1664

Cartwright, — .... 1716

Cartwright, E 1821

Cartwright, S 1841

Carvalho e Mello, S. J. de . .1740

Cary, W 1727

Carysf ort, Earl of .... 1779

Casaux, marquis de 1780

Casey, J 1875

Cash, J. T 1887

Cashel, Abp. of (see Nicolson, W.).

Cassano, Prince de . - » . . 1722

Cassillis, Earl of . . . . 1819

Cassini,J 1697

Cassini, J. D 1672

Cassini, J. D. .... 1789

Cassini de Thury, C. F. . . . 1750

Castell, E 1673

Castell, L. B 1730

Castiglione, G. S. da . . . 1745

Castle, G 1668

Castlecomer, Viscount . . . 1754

Castlemain, Viscount . . . 1746

Castlereagh, Viscount . . . 1802

Castro-Sarmento, J. de . . . 1729

Catesby, M 1733

Catton, T 1821

Cauchy, A. L 1832

Caulfeild, W. T 1778

Caumont, J. de S 1740

Caumont, R. . . 1754

Cautley, P. T. . . . . 1846
Cavallo, T. ..... 1779

Cave, T 1778

Cavendish, H 1760

Cavendish, Lord . . . . 1663
Cavendish, Lord C. . . . 1727
Cavendish. Lord J. . . .1719

Cavendish, W 1829

Caverhill, J 1769

Cawdor, Lord (see Campbell, J.).

Cayley, A

Celesia, P. .
Celsius, A. .
Cerati, G. .....

Cervi, J. .....

Chabert, Marquis de

Chadwick, — ....

Challis,J

Chalmers, G. . . . * >
Chaloner, R. .
Chamberlain, J. .
Chamberlayne, E. .
Chamberlayne, J. . . ' «
Chamberlen, H.

Chambers, C. ....
Chambers, E. ....

Chambers, W

Chambers, W.F

Chamier, A. .

Chandler, G

Chandler, J. . . . . .

Chandler, S

Chandos, Duke of (see Brydges, J.).
Chanteloup, comte de (see .Chaptal,
J. A.).

Chantrey, F 1818

Chapelle, J. B. de la . . . 1747

Chapman, J. J 1836

Chapman, S. R 1816

Chapman, T 1842

Chappelow, L 1792

Chaptal, J. A 1825

Chardellou, J 1702

Chardin,J 1682

Charlemont, Viscount . . . 1755
Charleville, Viscount . . . 1803
Charles II, King . . . 166*>

Charles, Prince of Brunswick . . 1764

Charleton,R 1748

Charlton, W 1663

Chase, S 1724

Chasles,M 1854

Chatham, Earl of (see Pitt, W.).

Chattaway, F. D 1907

Chaulnes, due de (see Picquigny).
Chaumette, L. A. de la . . . 1826

Chauncy, C 1740

Chauveau, J. B. A 1889

Chelmsfprd, Lord (see Thesiger, F.).

Chenevix, R 1801

Cherson, Abp. of (see Bulgaris, E.).

Cheselden, W 1711

Chesney, F. R 1834

Chester, Bp. of (see Law, G. H.).

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF FELLOWS

441

Chester, Bp. of (see Pearson. J.).
Chester, Bp. of (see Sparke, B. E.).
Chester, Bp. of (see Wilkins, J.).
Chesterfield, Earl of . . .1708
Chesterfield, Earl of . . .1776

Cheston, R. B 1781

Chetwode.J 1776

Chetwynd, W 1677

Chevalier, J 1754

Chevalier, T 1819

Chevreul, M. E 1826

Cheyne, G 1701

Cheyne, W. W 1894

Chichester, Bp. of (see Carr, R. J.).
Chichester, Earl of (see Pelham, T.).

Childers, H. C. E 1873

Children, J. G 1807

Chisholm, C. . . . . 1808
Cholmondeley, Earl of (see New-
borough, Lord).

Chree, C 1897

Christie, J. R 1847

Christie, S.H 1826

Christie, W. H. M 1881

Christian VII, King of Denmark . 1768

Christian, Crown Prince of Denmark 1822

Christmas, H. . . . . . 1842

Church, A. H 1888

Churchill, Lord .... 1818

Churchill, Lord .... 1832

Churchill, W 1664

Chute, P 1742

Cigna, G. F 1764

Clairaut, A. C 1737

Clanricarde, Earl of ... 1753

Clare, M 1735

Clarence, Duke of . . . . 1827
Clarendon, Earl of. . . .1664
Clarendon, Earl of. . . .1684

Clark, A 1885

Clark, F. LeG 1872

Clark, J 1799

Clark, J 1832

Clark, L 1889

Clark, W 1836

Clarke, A. R 1862

Clarke,.C.B 1882

Clarke, C. M 1825

Clarke, G. S 1896

Clarke, J. L 1854

Clarke, J. S 1792

Clarke, L. L 1820

Clarke, S 1728

Clarke, S 1735

Clarke, T 1663

Clarke, T 1754

Clarke, W. B 1876

Clarke, W. S 1821

Clarke, W. T 1837

Claudet, A. J. F 1853

Clausius, R. J. E 1868

Clavell, W. . . ... 1704

Clavering, D. C 1824

Clayton, J 1663

Clayton, R 1688

Clayton, R 1743

Clayton, R 1806

Cleland, J 1872

Clenche, A 1680

Clendinning, J 1841

Clephane, J 1746

Clerk, D 1908

Clerk, G 1819

Clerk, H 1848

Clerk, J 1729

Clerke, F. H. S 1833

Clerke, H 1667

Clifford, R 1797

Clifford, W. K. . . . . . 1874

Clifford-Allbutt, T. . . . 1880

Clift,W 1823

Clifton, C 1667

Clifton, F 1727

Clifton, M. W 1828

Clifton, R. B 1868

Cline, H 1807

Clive.Lord ... . 1768

Clogher, Bp. of (see Ashe, St. G., and

Clayton, R., 1743).
Clonfert, Bp. of (see Law, J.).
Cloyne, Bp. of (see Brinkley, J.).

Clutterbuck, T 1676

Cliiverus, D 1678

Cobbold,T.S 1864

Cocchi, A 1735

Cock, G 1665

Cockayne, L 1912

Cockburn, G 1820

Cockburn,W 1696

Cockle, J 1865

Cocks, J 1815

Cocks, R 1799

Cockshutt, J 1804

Coddington, H 1829

Codrington, E 1822

Cohen, F 1821

Cohen, J. B 1911

Cohn,F 1897

Colby, T. . . . 1820

Colchester, Baron (see Abbot, C.).

Cole, Viscount .... 1829

Colebrooke, H. T 1816

Colebrooke,J 1755

Colebrooke, J. E 1821

Coleman, A. P 1910

Coleman, E 1831

Colenso,W 1886

Colepeper (Collepepyr), T. . . 1668

Coleraine, Lord .... 1729

Coleridge, Lord .... 1877

Collet, P 1711

Colleton,P 1677

Collie, J.N 1896

Collier, C 1830

Collignon,C 1770

Collingwood, G. L. N. . . . 1819

Collins, J 1667

Collinson,P. 1728

442

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Colquhoun, J. N .....

Colson,J ......

Colvile,J. W .....

Colwall, D ......

Colwall, D ......

Colwall, J ......

Combe, C ......

Combe, T ......

Common, A. A .....

Comyn,J ......

Conduitt, J ......

Congreve, W .....

Connaught and Strathearn, Duke of
Connell.A ......

Connor, B ......

Connor, Bp. of Down and (see

Smith, E.).
Conolly, A ......

Conolly, V ......

Conroy, J ......

Consort, the Prince . . .
Constable, W .....

Conti, A. de' .....

Conway, Lord ....

Conybeare, W. D .....

Cook, J ......

Cook, T ......

Cooke, B ......

Cooke, E. W ......

Cooke, J ......

Cooksey, J ......

Cooper, A. P .....

Cooper, B. B .....

Cooper, C. P .....

Cooper, E.J. ....

Cooper, J. H .....

Cooper, S ......

Cooper, W ......

Cope, J.M ......

Copeland, T ......

Copeman, S. A. M .....

Copland,! ......

Copley, G ......

Copley, J. S ......

Copping, J ......

Copplestone, J.

Corbaux, F ......

Corbet, R ......

Cork, Bp. of (see Clayton, R.).

Cork and Orrery, Earl of . . .

Cork and Ross, Bp. of (see Weten-

hall, E.).
Cornaro, P ......

Cornish, S ......

Cornu, A ......

Correa de Serra, J .....

Corrie, J ......

Corry, I ......

Coste, P ......

Cotes, R. .....

Cotes worth, C. . .

Cotterill, J. H .....

Cotton, E ......

Cotton, J. . . .

1830
1713
1875
1663
1676
1668
1776
1807
1885
1760
1718
1811
1906
1855
1695

1839
1804
1891
1840
1775
1715
1667
1819
1776
1840
1735
1863
1821
1754
1802
1829
1832
1853
1819
1846
1776
1765
1834
1903
1833
1691
1826
1740
1666
1834
1665

1746

1708
1748
1884
1796
1820
1811
1742
1711
1718
1878
1663

Cotton, R. S. . 1774

Cotton, W 1821

Courland, Duke of . . . .1771

Courthope, P. ...» 1668

Coutinho, L. P. de Sousa . . . 1787

Coutinho, M. A. de A. . . . 1736

Cowell,P. H 1906

Cowley, J. L 1768

Cowper, Earl .... 1732

Cowper, Earl .... 1777

Cowper, Earl . . . . 1809

Cowper, W 1698

Cowper, W 1706

Cox, W. S 1836

Coxe, D 1664

Coxe, T. (M.D.) .... 1663

Coxe,-T 1663

Coxe, W. ..... 1782

Coyer, F. G 1766

Cracherode, C. M 1785

Craig, J 1711

Cramer, G 1748

Crampton, P 1812

Crathorne, H 1795

Craufurd, P. G 1774

Crawford, A 1786

Crawford, Earl of .... 1732

Crawford, J 1818

Crawford and Balcarres, Earl of (see

Lindsay, Lord).

Crawford and Lyndsay, Earl of . 1663

Crawys, S. ..'.'. . . 1718

Cray, J 1730

Creak, E. W 1885

Creed, J. ... . . 1663

Creed, J 1742

Creel, F. L. F. . . -A 1788

Cremona, L 1879

Cressener, H 1709

Cresswell,D 1823

Creuze, A. F. B 1842

Crewe, Lord 1841

Crichton, A 1800

Crisp, J 1788

Crisp, T 1666

Crivelli,G 1733

Croft, J 1818

Crofton,M. W 1868

Crofts, T 1776

Croke,G 1676

Croker,J. W 1810

Croll, J 1876

Cromarty, Earl of (see Tarbat, Lord).

Crombie, A 1829

Cromer, Earl of . . . .1911

Cronhelm, A. H. de . . . 1725

Crookes, W 1863

Croone, W 1663

Cross, R. A 1879

Crosse, J. G 1836

Crossley,A.W 1907

Crozier, F. R. M 1843

Cruickshank, W 1802

Cruikshank, W 1797

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF FELLOWS

443

Crull, J 1681

Crum, W 1844

Cruquius, N. .... 1723

Crusius, L. . . . . . 1754

Cubitt, W 1830

Cullen, W 1777

CuIlum,J 1775

Cullum, T. G 1787

Cumberland, Duke of ... 1760

Cumberland, Duke of ... 1789

Cumberland, Duke of . . . 1828

Cuming, A 1720

Cumming, J 1816

Cunha, A. A. da . . . . 1668

Cunningham, D. D. . . . 1889

Cunningham, D. J. . . . 1891

Cunningham, J 1699

Cureton, W 1838

Curling, T. B 1850

Currey, F 1858

Currey.G.C 1819

Currie.J 1792

Cursetjee, A 1841

Curtius, W 1667

Curzon of Kedleston, Lord . . 1898

Cushny, A. R 1907

Cust, E 1834

Cust, J 1805

Cuthbert, J 1765

Cutler, J 1664

Cuvier,G 1806

Cuvier.G. L 1835

Cyprianus, A 1700

Cyrillo, N 1726

Czernichew, Count .... 1747

D

D'Ablancourt, F 1684

Da Costa, E. M 1747

Da Costa, M 1736

Dagge, H 1779

D'Alembert, J. le R. . . . 1748

D'AlevaDehn,C 1729

Dalkeith, Earl of .... 1723

Dallinger, W. H 1880

Dalrymple, — .... 1718

Dalrymple, A 1771

Dalrymple, J 1796

Dalrymple, J 1849

Dalton, H 1816

Dalton, J 1822

Damoiseau, M. C. T. . . . 1832

Dana,J. D. ..... 1884

Daniell, E. R 1828

Daniell,J.F 1814,

Danvers, J 1724

d'Aragona, N. A. (see Cassano).

Darboux, G 1902

D'Arcy, J 1729

Dargent, J 1768

D'Argenville, A. J. de Sallier . . 1749

Darker, J 1768

Darnley, Earl of .... 1737

Darnley, Earl of .... 1810

Darnley, Earl of .... 1833

Dartmouth, Earl of . . . 1754

Dartmouth, Earl of ... 1822
Dartmouth, Earl of (see Lewisham,

Viscount).

Darwin, C. R. .... 1839

Darwin, E 1761

Darwin, F 1882

Darwin, G. H 1879

Darwin, H 1903

Darwin, R. W 1788

Daschaw, Paul, Prince . . . 1781

Dashwood, F 1746

/-D'Anteny, G 1723

D'Aubant, A 1791

Daubenton, L. J. M. . . . 1755

Daubeny, C. G. B 1822

Daubree,G.A 1881

D'Aumont de Rochebaron, Louis due 1713

D'Auvergne, P 1786

Davall, P 1740

Davenport, E. D 1839

Davey, Lord 1895

David, T. W. E 1900

Davidson, J 1835

Davidson, T 1857

Daviel,J 1756

Davies,G 1831

Davies,J 1789

Davies.R 1738

Davies,S 1792

Davies,T 1781

Davies.T.S 1833

Davila,P 1776

Davis, H. . . . . . . 1841

Davis, J.B 1868

Davis, J.F 1822

Davis, R. H 1812

Davy, E 1826

Davy, H 1803

Davy,J 1814

Davy, M 1801

Dawes, W. R 1865

Dawkins, H 1778

Dawkins, J. . • . . . • 1755

Dawkins, J 1815

Dawkins, W. B 1867

Dawson, G. M 1891

Dawson, J. W 1862

Day, G. E 1850

Day, J 1793

Day.T 1691

Dayrolles.S 1743

Dealtry.W 1811

Deane, A 1681

Deane,W 1814

De Bary, A 1884

DeBorn,! 1774

Debus, H 1861

Decaisne, J. . . . • • 1877

DeCandolle, A 1869

De Candolle, A. P 1822

De Dumas, V 1665

De Ferrars, Lord .... 1781

444

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Degge, S

1723

Dickinson, J. . . .

. 1854

Degge, S

1730

Dickson, T

. 1770

De Grey, Earl

1841

Diescau, J. A.

. 1716

De Grey and Ripon, Earl

1860

Digby,K. . . .

. 1663

DeGrey, T. . ' .

1778

Dillenius, J. J.

. 1724

Deidier, A. .

1723

Dillon, C

. 1767

De la Beche, H. T

1819

Dillwyn, L. W. .

. 1804

De la Brede (see Montesquieu).

Dimsdale, N.

. 1805

DelaFaye, C

1725

Dimsdale, T.

. 1769

Delafield, J

1835

Dines, W. H.

. 1905

Delambre, J. B. J. .

1791

Dingley, R

. 1748

De la Pryme, A. .

1701

Diodate, J. .

. 1724

De la Rive, A. A. .

1846

Dirichlet, G. L. .

. 1855

DelaRue, W

1850

Dirom, A.

. 1794

Delaunay, C. E.

1869

Disney, J. . . ...

. 1832

Delaval.E. H

1759

Disraeli, B. .

. 1876

Delawarr, Lord J. .

1728

Dittmar, W

. 1882

Del Bene, T

1695

Divers, E

. 1885

De Lionne, H. L. .

1665

Dixey, F. A

. 1910

De Lisle, J. N

1723

Dixon, A. ....

. 1748

De Luc, J. A.

1773

Dixon, A. C. .

. 1904

De Moivre, A. ....

1697

Dixon, A. L. .

. 1912

De Morgan, C. G. .

1861

Dixon, H. B.

. 1886

Dendy, A

1908

Dixon, H. H.

. 1908

Denham, D. .

1826

Dixon, J. . . . i

. 1773

Denham, H. M. .

1839

Dixon, R. . . .

. 1811

Denham, J. .

1663

Dixon, W

. 1729

Denham, J. F.

1841

Dixon, W. E.

. 1911

Denison, W. T

1838

Dobbie, J. J. .

. 1904

Denman, T. .

1833

Dobson, G. E.

. 1883

Denmark, Christian VII, King of .

1768

Dobson, M. .

. 1778

Denmark, Crown Prince of

1822

Dobson, R. .

. 1835

Denmark, Prince George of

1704

Dobyns, J. .

. 1723

Dent, J

1811

Dod,P

. 1729

Derby, Earl of (see Stanley, Lord).

Dodgson, C

. 1762

Dereham, T. .

1720

Dodson, J. .

3 . 1755

Derham, W. .....

1702

Dohrn, A

. 1899

Derry, Bp. of (see Bristol, Earl of).

Dolaeus, J. .

. 1692

De Ruischer, M. .

1729

Dolben, J.

. 1665

Desaguliers, J. T. .

1714

Dollond, G

. 1819

Desaguliers, T.

1780

Dollond,J

. 1761

De Saussure, H. B.

1788

Domcke, G. P.

. 1734

Des Cloizeaux, A. L. O. .

1875

Donati, V. .

. 1757

Desfontaines, R. .

1833

Donders, F. C. . . »

. 1866

Des Maizeaux, P. .

1720

Donkin, B. . . ••«. -V

. 1838

Despretz, C. M.

1862

Donkin, R. S.

. 1826

d'Este, F. M. (see Modena, Prince of).

Donkin, W. F.

. 1842

De Vaux, T

1665

Donnan, F. G. . .

. 1911

Devonshire, Duke of ...

1747

Donoughmore, Earl of .

. 1865

Devonshire, Duke of

1761

Doo,G. T

. 1851

Devonshire, Duke of ...

1892

Doody, S

. 1695

Devonshire, Duke of (see Cavendish,

Doppelmayer, J. G. . *•••

. 1733

Lord).
Devonshire, Earl of ...

1663

Dorchester, Marquess of .
D'Orci.G

. 1663
. 1716

DeVries, H

1905

Dorislaus, I. .

. 1681

Dewar, J.

1877

Dorset Earl of

1665

De Worms, Baron H.

1889

Dorset, Earl of

! 1698

Dibdin, T. F

1821

Douglas, A. .

. 1793

Dickenson, E.

1677

Douglas, C

. 1770

Dickenson, J.

1814

Douglas, F. S. N. .

. 1817

Dickie, G

1881

Douglas, G. .

. 1732

Dickins, A. .

1722

Douglas, G

. 1830

Dickinson, C.

1800

Douglas, H. . . . i

. 1816

Dickinson, J.

1845

Douglas, J. . . . ••«•<*

. 1706

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF FELLOWS

445

Douglas, J 1720

Douglas, J 1778

Douglas, Lord George . . . 1692

Douglas, Marquess of ... 1802

Douglas, S 1795

Douglas, W nil

Douglas, W 1800

Douglas, W. R. K 1826

Douglass, J.N 1887

Dove, H. W 1850

Down and Connor, Bp. of (see

Smith, E.).

Downe, Viscount .... 1750

Downes, J 1667

Downing, A. M. W. . . . 1896
Downshire, Marq. of (see Hills*

borough, Earl of).

D'Oyly, G 1815

Drake, F 1736

Drake, J 1701

Drew, R 1839

Dreyer, C. W. de .... 1783

Drory, G. W 1836

Drummond, H 1839

Drummond, W 1799

Drury, H 1818

Drury, T 1758

Dry, H 1730

Dryden, J 1663

Duane, M 1763

Dublin, Abp. of (see King, W.).

duBois, C 1700

Du Bois-Reymond, E. H. . . 1877

Ducarel, A. C. .... 1762

Ducie, Earl of .... 1855

Ducie, Lord 1814

Duckett, G 1808

Duclos, C 1764

Duddell, W. . . . . . 1907

Dudley, C 1753

Dudley, M 1703

Dudley, P 1721

DuFay,C.F. deC. . . . 1728

Dufferin and Claneboye, Lord . . 1865

Dugood, W 1728

Du Hamel du Monceau, H. L. . . 1734

Duillier, J. C. F. de . . . 1706

Duillier, J. N. F. de . . . 1687

Duliolo.R. . ... 1712

Dulong, P. L. ... 1826

Dumaresq, D. ... 1761

Dumas, J. B. A. . . . 1840

Dummer, T. ... 1773

Dummer, T. L. ... 1731

Du Moulin, J. ... 1667

Duncan, A. . ... 1798

Duncan, J. M. . . . 1883

Duncan, P.M. . . . 1868

Duncan, W. . ... 1771

Dundas, R. A. ... 1833

Dundas, T. . ... 1768

Dungarvan, Lord . . . 1663

Dunkin.E 1876

Dunstan, W. R. ... 1893

Dunstanville, Baron de .
Duppa, B. F.
Dupplin, Viscount
Dupre, A.
Dupre, J.
Durand, D. .
D'Urban, B. .
Duroure, F. .
Duroure, J. .
Dutens, L. .
Duval, F. P. .
Duval, P. ...
Dwarris, F. W. L. .
Dwyer, E.
Dyer, S.
Dysart, Earl of
Dyson, F. W.

E

Eames, J. .
Eardley, Earl of .
Eardley-Wilmot, F. M. .
Eardley- Wilmot, J. E. .
Earle, H.
Earle, J.
Earle, W. B. .
East, E.

1829
1867
1711
1875
1779
1728
1825
1774
1780
1775
1741
1774
1847
1812
1760
1805
1901

1724
1789
1863
1812
1822
1794
1773
1799

East, W 1720

Eastlake,C. L 1838

Eastwick, E. B 1851

Eaton, S 1797

Ebrington, Viscount . . . 1817

Eckersall,G 1761

Eckhardt, A. G. .... 1774

Eden, W. 1786

Edgcumbe, R 1676

Edgeworth, L 1822

Edgworth, R. L 1781

Edinburgh, Duke of ... 1882

Edmonstone, N. B. . . . 1826

Edward, Duke of York . . . 1760
Edward VII, King (see Albert
Edward, Prince of Wales).

Edwards, B 1794

Edwards, G 1757

Edwards, J 1731

Edwards, W. F 1829

Edye, J 1835

Edye, J 1841

Effen, J. van .... 1715

Egan, T 1811

Egerton, F. H 1781

Egerton, P. de M. G. . . . 1831

Egmont, Earl of .... 1764
Egmont, Earl of (see Percivale, J., 1701).

Egremont, Earl of . . . . 1797

Ehrenberg, C. G 1837

Ehret, G. D 1757

Ehrlich,P. . ' . . . . 1910
Eldon, Earl of (see Scott, J.).

Elford,W 1790

Elgar.F 1896

Eliot, J 1895

Eliott.W.F 1815

446

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Ellery, R. L. J 1873

Ellesmere, Earl of .... I860

Ellicott,J 1738

Elliot, C 1851

Elliot, G 1834

Elliot, J 1776

Elliot, J 1811

Elliot, W 1878

Elliotson, J 1829

Elliott, C 1835

Elliott, C.B 1832

Elliott, E. B 1891

Ellis, A 1663

Ellis, A. J 1864

Ellis, G 1797

Ellis, G. A 1816

Ellis, H 1749

Ellis, H 1811

Ellis, H 1819

Ellis, J 1754

Ellis, J 1774

Ellis, J 1801

Ellis, T. F 1847

Ellis, W 1745

Ellis, W. . . . . . 1893

Ellys, A 1723

Elmsley, P 1814

Elphinstone, G. K. . . . 1790

Elphinstone, H 1832

Else, J 1778

Elwes, H. J 1897

Ely, Bp. of (see Laney, E.).

Emlyn, T 1768

Emmet, M 1697

Encke, J. F 1825

Enderby, C 1841

Englefield, H. C 1778

Enniskillen, Earl of (see Cole, Vis-
count).

Ent, G 1663

Ent, G 1676

Ericeyra, Conde da (see Xavier de
Menezes).

Erichsen, J. E 1876

Erie, W 1860

Erman, G. A 1873

Erman, P 1827

Erskine, R. ...... 1771

Erskine, T 1787

Erskyn (Aerskine), W. . . . 1663

Essex, Earl of .... 1737

Esson, W 1869

Etheridge, R 1871

Euler, L 1746

Eustace, M 1667

Evans, A. J. .... 1901

Evans, F. J. 0 1862

Evans, J 1864

Evans, L 1823

Eve, H 1681

Evelyn, G 1829

Evelyn, J 1663

Evelyn, J 1722

Everest, G 1827

Everett, J. D 1879

Eversley, Lord (see Lefevre, G. J. S.).

Ewart, J. C 1893

Ewer,W. . * . . . 1840

Ewing, J. A. ... . . * 1887

Exeter, Bp. of (see Lyttelton, C).

Exeter, Bp. of (see Ward, S.).

Exeter, Earl of .... 1767

Exeter, Earl of .... 1800

Eyre, J 1791

Eyre, K 1726

Eyre, R 1767

F

Faget, J. B. . . ... . 1752

Fagnani, G. C. de . . ... . 1723

Fahrenheit, D. G . 1724

Fairbairn, W 1850

Fairfax, H. C 1727

Falconer, H 1845

Falconer, W 1773

Fallows, F - . 1820

Fane, F ; . 1663

Faraday, M. . . . ; . . 1824

Faria, G. de . . . „ . 1682

Farmer, J. B 1900

Farmer, R 1791

Farquhar, R. T 1820

Farquharson, J. . . . 1830

Farr, S 1779

Farr,W 1770

Farr, W 1855

Farrar, F. W 1866

Farre, A 1839

Fauquier, F. .... 1753

Fauquier, W 1746

Fawcett, H. .... 1882

Fawconer, J. .... 1735

Fayrer, J. . . . . 1877

Feake,C 1748

Featherstonhaugh, G. W. . . . 1835

Fellowes, J. .... 1816

Fellowes, W 1704

Fellowes, W 1708

Fellowes, W 1731

Felton, S 1762

Fenton, H. J. H 1899

Fenton, W 1723

Ferguson, J. . . . .1763

Ferguson, R 1805

Fergusson, F 1798

Fergusson, J 1863

Fergusson, W. . 1848

Fermor, T. W. . . < 1805

Ferner, B. . . . . 1760

Feronce, J. B. de . . . . 1764

Ferrari, D 1723

Ferrers, Earl . . .•».,' . 1761

Ferrers, N.M. . . .. '. 1877

Ferrier, D. . . . . 1876

Ferris, S 1797

Festing, E. R 1886

Fetherstonhaugh, M. . . . 1752

Field, A. M 1905

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF FELLOWS

447

Field, F 1863

Field, J 1836

Fielding, G. H 1842

Fife, Earl of 1787

Filenius, P 1737

Filon, L.N.G 1910

Finch, D 1668

Finch, H 1742

Finch, J 1663

Finch, T 1804

Finlater, Earl of (see Seafield, Vis-
count).

Finlay, J 1788

Firmin, T 1679

Fischer, E 1899

Fischer, J. B 1744

Fischer, W. L. F 1855

Fisher, G 1825

Fisher, J 1819

Fisher, R 1790

Fitton,W. H 1815

Fitz-Clarence, G 1820

Fitzgerald, G. F 1883

FitzGerald, K 1756

Fitzgerald, M 1813

Fitzgerald, W. V 1816

Fitzhardinge, Viscount . . . 1668

Fitzherbert, W 1762

FitzRoy, R 1851

Fitzwilliam of Meryon, Viscount . 1747

Fitzwilliam of Meryon, Viscount . 1789

Fizeau, H. L 1875

Flamsteed, J 1676

Flatman, T 1668

Fleming, J 1813

Fleming, J. A 1892

Fletcher, 1 1855

Fletcher, L 1889

Fletcher, T.W 1839

Fleury, F. W. de .... 1715

Flight, W 1883

Flourens, M. J. P 1835

Flower,— 1667

Flower, W. H 1864

Fludyer,T 1767

Fly, H 1781

Folard,C 1749

Foley, Lord 1740

Foley, R 1708

Foley, T 1696

Folkes, M 1714

Folkes, M 1772

Folkes, W 1726

Folkes, W. B 1834

Fontana, G 1795

Fontenelle, B. le B. de . . . 1732

Forbes, D 1858

Forbes, E 1845

Forbes, G 1887

Forbes, J 1803

Forbes, J 1829

Forbes, J. D 1832

Forbes, W. N 1822

Ford, H 1663

Ford, R 1673

Fordyce, G 1776

Fordyce, W 1787

Formey, S 1749

Fornassari, I. A 1806

Forshall, J 1828

Forster, E 1801

Forster, E 1821

Forster, G 1777

Forster, J. R 1772

Forster, M. 0 1905

Forster, N 1755

Forster, T 1706

Forster, T 1766

Forster, W. E 1875

Forsyth, A. R 1886

Fortescue of Credan, Lord (see Aland,

J. F.).

Fortis, A 1795

Foscarini, M 1759

Foster, C. Le Neve . . . . 1892

Foster, G. C 1869

Foster, H 1824

Foster, J 1806

Foster, J. L 1819

Foster, M 1872

Fothergill, A 1778

Fothergill, J 1763

Foucault, J. B. L 1864

Fouchy, J. P. G. de . . . 1740

Fourmont, £ 1738

Fourmont, M 1742

Fournier, G. .... 1783

Fourier, J. B. J 1823

Fowler, A 1910

Fowler, R 1802

Fownes, G 1845

Fox, R. W 1848

Fox, W 1872

Fraizer, A 1663

Franck, J 1821

Franck-von-Franckenau, G. . . 1693

Fran?ois de Chaumont, F. S. B. . 1879

Frankland, E 1853

Frankland, P. F 1891

Frankland, T 1706

Frankland, T. . .... 1773

Frankland, W 1706

Franklin, B 1756

Franklin, J 1823

Franklin, J 1826

Franklin, W. . 1820

Franks, A. W 1874

Franks, N 1764

Franks, W . , 1781

Franks, W. ..... 1811

Fraser,A.C 1778

Fraser, T. R 1877

Fraser,W 1791

Frazer, A 1816

Frederick ; aft. Prince of Wales . 1728

Frederick, C. . . . . 1733

Frederick Augustus II, King of

Saxony 1844

448

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Frederick William IV, King of Prussia 1842

Freeman, C 1797

Freind, J 1711

Freire, C. R 1791

Freke, J 1729

Freman,W 1735

Frere, G. E 1837

Frere,H.B.E 1877

Frere, J 1771

Freshfield, J. W 1834

Fresnel, A. J 1825

Friend, M. C 1820

Fries, E.M 1875

Frisi,P 1757

Frobenius, J. S. A 1729

Frodsham, W.J 1839

Fronchin, T 1762

Frost, P 1883

Froude, R. E 1894

Froude,W 1870

Fry, E 1883

Fryer, J 1697

Fullarton, W 1779

Fuller, J 1704

Fuller,! 1726

Fuller, R 1732

Fullerton, W 1732

G

Gabry, P 1753

Gadow, H. F 1892

Gaertner, J 1761

Gage, J 1824

Gage, Viscount .... 1728

Gairdner, W. T 1893

Gale, R 1717

Gale,T 1677

Gallean, C. H. A 1763

Galliani, C 1734

Gallitzin, Prince .... 1798

Galloway, T 1834

Gallucci, — 1706

Galton, D 1859

Galton, F 1860

Galton, S 1785

Galvao, A 1725

Gambier, J 1737

Gamble, F. W 1907

Gamble, J. S 1899

Gamgee, A 1872

Garangeot, R. J. C. 1728

Garcin, L 1730

Garden, A. ..... 1773

Gardiner, J.S 1908

Gardiner, S.J 1816

Gardiner, W 1890

Garrod, A. B 1858

Garrod, A. E 1910

Garrod, A. H 1876

Garrow, W 1807

Garth, S 1706

Garthshore, M. 1775
Garvagh, Lord (see Canning, G.).

Gascoigne, B 1667

Gaskell, W. H. . . 1882

Gaskin, T. . . . . . 1839

Gassiot, J. P 1840

Gaubius, H. D 1764

Gaudry.A 1895

Gauss, C. F J804

Gay,N 1798

Gay, R 1718

Gay-Lussac, J. L. . . . , 1815

Geach, F. /. . . . 1767

Gee, O. ..... 1717

Geekie, A 1710

Gegenbaur, C. . . 1884

Geikie,A. ..... 1865

Geikie, J 1875

Gell, W 1807

Genevois, J. A. . . . 1761

Geoffrey, C.J 1715

Geoffrey, E.F 1698

George, Prince of Wales . . . 1727

George I, King .... 1727

George II, King .... 1727
George III, King . . . .1760

George IV, King .... 1820
George V, King (see York, Duke of).

Georges, J 1719

Gerdes,H. W 1726

Gersten, C. L 1733

Giacometti, M. A. . . . . 1740

Gibbes, G. S. . . . N . 1796

Gibbon, E " . 1788

Gibbs,J 1729

Gfibbs,J.W 1897

Giddy, D 1791

Giffen, R 1892

Gilbart, J. W 1846

Gilbert,! 1726

Gilbert, J. D 1834

Gilbert,!. H 1860

Gilbert (see Giddy, D.).

Gilchrist, P. C 1891

Gilkes, M 1735

Gill,D 1883

Gill, W 1739

Gillan, H 1795

Gillies,! 1789

Gillon, ! , 1809

Girardin, !. P. P. de . , . 1732

Girle, ! 1754

Gisborne, T 1758

Giuntini, H. . . . , 1731

Gladstone, !. H. . 1853

Gladstone, W. E 1881

Glaisher,! 1849

Glaisher, !. W. L 1875

Glandore, Earl of . . . . 1803

Glanvill, !. ..... 1664

Glasgow, Earl of . . . . 1788

Glasse, S. ...... 1764

Glazebrook, R, T 1882

Glenbervie, Lord (see Douglas, S.).

Glenie,! 1779

Glisson,F 1663

Gloucester, Bp. of (see Huntingford).

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF FELLOWS

449

Gloucester, Duke of ...

1780

Grainger, R. D. .

. 1846

Gloucester, William Frederick, Duke

Grandi, G

. 1709

of

1797

Grandi, J. .

. 1690

Glover, G

1832

Grant, C

. 1828

Glover, P

1723

Grant, J.

1779

Glynn,J

1838

Grant, J. A. .

1873

Gmelin, P. F

U58

Grant, L. A. .

. 1791

Goddard, J. .

1663

Grant, R

, 1865

Goderich, Viscount

1828

Grant, R. E

1836

Godfrey, J. . .

1715

Grant, T. T. .

. 1840

Godin, L. .....

1735

Grant Duff, M. E. .

. 1880

Godman, F. Du Cane

1882

Grantley, Lord (see Norton, F.).

Godolphin, W

1664

Granville, A. B. .

. 1817

Godschall, W. M

1758

Granville, Earl

. 1853

Godwin, G. .

1839

Graunt, J. .

. 1663

God win- Austen (see Austen, R. A. C. ).

Gravatt, W

1832

Godwin- Austen, H. H. .

1880

Graves, C.

. 1880

Goldie,G. D. T

1902

Graves, J. T

. 1839

Goldingham, J.

1808

Graves, R. J. . . .

. 1850

Goldsmid, I. L.

1828

's Gravesande, W. J.

. 1716

Gomeldon, W.

1663

Gray, A

. 1873

Gompertz, B.

1819

Gray, A

. 1896

Good,J.M

1808

Gray, Baron ....

. 1816

Goodenough, E.

1824

Gray, C

. 1754

Goodenough, G. T. .

1787

Gray, E. W

. 1779

Goodenough, S.

1789

Gray, G. R

. 1865

Goodrich, E. S

1905

Gray, H

. 1852

Goodricke, J.

1786

Gray, J

. 1731

Goodsir, J. .

1846

Gray,J.E

. 1832

Goodwyn, — ....

1681

Gray, R

. 1728

Gordon, Duke of .

1784

Gray, S

. 1732

Gordon, H. P

1830

Greatheed, R. W. .

. 1793

Gordon, J. A.

1835

Greatorex, T.

. 1819

Gordon, J. W

1801

Green, A. H. .

. 1886

Gordon,?

1694

Green, J. H. .

. 1825

Gordon, R. .

1685

Green, J. R. .

. 1895

Gordon, T

1821

Green, R.

. 1753

Gore, G

1865

Green, W

. 1790

Gori, A. F

1738

Greene, T

. 1711

Gorst,J. E

1896

Greene, T

. 1798

Gorter, D. de

1760

Greene, W. ....

. 1729

Goschen, G. J.

1872

Greenhill, A. G. .

. 1888

Gosse, P. H

1856

Greenhow, E. H. .

. 1870

Gosset, I. .....

1772

Greenough, G. B. .

. 1807

Gostling, G. .

1793

Greenwell, W.

. 1878

Gotch, F

1892

Greg, J

. 1772

Gough, R. . . . . .

1775

Gregg, H

. 1798

Goulburn, H. ...

1820

Gregory (Gregorie), D. .

. 1692

Gould, B. A

1891

Gregory (Gregorie), J. .

. 1668

Gould, J

1843

Gregory, J. .

. 1766

Gould, W

1683

Gregory, J. W.

. 1901

Gould W ...

1774

Gregory, R. .

. 1803

Gouldsmyth, J. .

1729

Gregory, W. H. .

. 1878

Gowers, W. R

1887

Greig, S

. 1782

Gowland, W

1908

Greig, W

. 1833

Grace J H ...

1908

Greive, J. . . . .

. 1769

Graeme, W. .....

1730

Grenville, Lord

. 1818

Graeme, W. .

1766

Gresham, C

. 1688

Grafton, Duke of .

1749

Gresley, T

. 1784

Graham, A. .

1785

Greswell, R

. 1830

Graham, G. .

1720

Greville, C. F.

. 1772

Graham, J. R. G

1831

Greville, Lord

. 1767

Graham, R

1726

Greville, R, F.

. 1794

Graham, T

1836

Grew, N

. 1671

450

Grey, T. .

Griess, J. P. .

Grieve, J. .

Griffith, E. .

Griffiths, E. H.

Griffiths, J. .

Grimani, P. .

Grimston, J. B.

Grindall, R. .

Grinfield, S. .

Grive, J. de la

Gronovius, L. T. .

Groombridge, S. .

Grosley, P. J.

Grosvenor, Lord .

Grote, G.

Groth, P. H. .

Grove, W. R.

Grover, J.

Groves, C. E.

Grubb.H. .

Grubb,T. .

Gua de Halves, J. P. de .

Guasco, 0. de

Guasconi, B. (see Gascoigne,

Guernsey, Lord

Guest, E. .

Guest, J. J. .

Guglielmini, D.

Guignes, J. de

Guifiord, Earl of (see North

Guillemard, J.

Guiscard, marquis de

Guise, J.

Gull,W.W. .

Gulliver, G. .

Gunn, R. C. .

Gunning, J. .

Gunther, A. C. L. G.

Gurney, H. .

Gurney, R. .

Guthrie, F. .

Guthrie, G. J.

Guthrie, M. .

Guy, W. A. .

Guyon, C. M.

Guyton de Morveau, L. B.

Gwynne, R. .

Gyllenborg, C.

H

Haak,T.
Haast, J. von
Haddington, Earl of
Haddon, A. C.
Haddu, Muhammad ibn
Hadfield, R. A.
Hadley, G. .
Hadley, J. .
Hadley, J. .
Haemstede, H. van
Haggitt, F. .
Haidinger, C.
Haig, R. W. .

B.)

G. A.).

1815
1868
1794
1834
1895
1806
1712
1786
1758
1767
1733
1763
1812
1766
1777
1857
1911
1840
1830
1883
1883
1864
1742
1750
1667
1773
1839
1830
1697
1752

1806
1706
1716
1869
1839
1854
1782
1867
1818
1875
1871
1827
1782
1866
1746
1788
1681
1711

1663
1867
1844
1899
1682
1909
1734
1716
1758
1761
1820
1856
1867

Haighton, J. . , . . . 1815

Hailstone, J. . . • ; . . 1801

Haistwell, E. * 1698

Haldane,J. S 1897

Haldane, R. B 1906

Hale, G. E 1909

Hale, R 1720

Hales, S 1717

Halford, H 1810

Halifax, Earl of (see Montagu, C.).

Halifax, Viscount .... 1675

Hall, A. D 1909

Hall.B 1812

Hall,B. . . . »''•'• . 1816

Hall, F 1732

Hall, H 1675

Hall,J 1806

Hall,J 1820

Hall, M 1832

Hall,T.H 1827

Hall,W. H 1847

Hallam, H 1821

HalIer,A 1739

Halley, E. . . . » . 1678

Halliburton, W. D 1891

Hallifax, R. ..... 1785

Halliwell, J. O. (aft. Halliwell-

Phillipps) . . . V . 1839

Halloy, J. B. d' .... 1873

Halsbury, Lord .... 1887

Halswell, E 1834

Hamersley, H 1779

Hamett, J 1835

Hamilton, A 1777

Hamilton (see Buchanan, F.) .

Hamilton, A 1795

Hamilton, A 1808

Hamilton, C 1747

Hamilton, D 1708

Hamilton, D.J 1908

Hamilton, Duke of . . . . 1735
Hamilton, Duke of (see Douglas,

Marquess of).

Hamilton, H 1761

Hamilton, H. P 1828

Hamilton, J 1734

Hamilton, J 1745

Hamilton, R. . . . ' . 1819

Hamilton, W 1766

Hamilton, W.J 1855

Hamilton, W.R 1813

Hammond, A 1700

Hammond, B 1754

Hammond, W. . . . . 1663

Hamond, A. S 1797

Hampden, Lord (see Pakington, J.).
Hampden, Viscount (see Trevor, Lord).

Hampe,J. H 1729

Hanbury, D 1867

Hanbury, W. . . . 1728

Hanckewitz, A. G. . . . 1729

Handfield, J 1816

Hanmer, E 1817

Hanmer, T 1804

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF FELLOWS

451

H.I num. Lord . . . .1891

Hannisius, D. 1678

Hansen, P. A 1835

Hansler, J. J 1838

Hansteen,C 1839

Harby, E 1668

Harcourt, A. G. V 1868

Harcourt, Earl .... 1753

Harcourt, W. Vernon . . . 1881

Harden, A. » 1909

Hardenberg, Baron von . . . 1745

Harding, C 1806

Harding, W 1852

Hardinge, C 1753

Hardinge,G 1788

Hardwick, J 1838

Hardwick, P 1831

Hardwicke, Earl of . . . 1753

Hardwicke, Earl of . . . 1790

Hardwicke, Earl of ... 1847
Hardwicke, Earl of (see Yorke, P.).

Hardwicke, T 1813

Hardy, G. H 1910

Hardy, P. 1839

Hardy, W. B 1902

Hare,F. G 1812

Harford, J. S 1823

Hargraves, J 1726

Hargreave, C. J 1844

Barker, A 1902

Barker, J. A 1910

Harkness, R 1856

Harley, E 1663

Harley, G 1865

Harley, Lord 1711

Harley, R 1663

Harley, R 1863

Harley, T 1667

Harmer, S. F 1898

Harper, J 1726

Harper, S 1766

Harrington, E 1734

Harrington, Lord .... 1741

Harrington, W 1665

Harris, D 1768

Harris, J 1696

Harris, J.' 1763

Harris, J. G 1835

Harris, S 1722

Harris, W. S 1831

Harrison, G 1807

Harrison, T 1804

Harrison, T.C 1845

Harrison, W 1765

Harrison, W 1815

Harrowby, Earl of. . . . 1853

Hartley, D 1736

Hartley, W.N 1884

Hartopp, G. H. F 1815

Harvey, C 1819

Harvey, E 1764

Harvey, G 1825

Harvey, H 1825

Harvey, J 1664

Harvey, R. J 1835

Harvey, W. H 1858

Harwood, B 1784

Harwood, J 1686

Harwood, J 1827

Haselden, T 1739

Hassell, R 1726

Hasted, E 1766

Hasted, H 1812

Hastings, Marquess of (see Rawdon,

Lord).

Hastings, W 1801

Haswell, W. A 1897

Hatchett, C 1797

Hatherley, Lord (see Wood, W. P.).

Hatherton, Lord .... 1855

Hatton, G.F 1775

Hatton, Lord . . . .1663

Haughton, G. C 1821

Haughton, S 1858

Hauksbee, F 1705

Hautefeuille, J. de . . . . 1687

Haiiy, R. J 1818

Havers, C 1686

Hawkins, B 1834

Hawkins, C 1815

Hawkins, C. H 1856

Hawkins, E 1821

Hawkins, J 1791

Hawkins, J 1826

Hawkins, J. H 1830

Hawkins, W. B. L 1835

Hawkesbury, Lord (see Jenkinson,

R. B.).

Hawkshaw, J 1855

Hawksley, T 1878

Hawley, J 1740

Hay, A 1778

Hay, A. L 1834

Hay,J.C.D 1864

Hay, R.W 1814

Hayes, J 1663

Haygarth,J 1781

Haynes.E 1683

Hayter, T 1749

Hayward, R. B 1876

Hayward,W 1665

Hazard, R 1752

Head, E. W 1863

Head, H 1899

Healde, T 1770

Heape, W 1906

Heath, B 1778

Heath, G 1795

Heath, G. C 1818

Heath, J. B 1843

Heath, T. L. . . . . . 1912

Heathcote, G 1705

Heathcote, G 1728

Heathcote, H 1720

Heathcote, J 1768

Heathcote, T 1751

Heathfield, Lord .... 1809

Heaviside,J 1797

Gg2

452

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Heaviside, O.
Heberden, T.
Heberden, W.
Heberden, W.
Hector, J. .

Hedwig, J

Heidenhain, R. P. H. .
Heim, A. ....
Heinson, J. T.
Heister, L. .
Hele-Shaw, H. S. .
Hellins, J. .

Hellot, J

Helmert, F. R.

Helmfeld, G

Helmholtz, H. L. F. von .
Helvetius, J. A.
Helvetius, J. C. A. .
Hemming, S.
Hemsley, W. B. .
Henchman, H.
Henderson, J.
Henderson, T.
Henfrey, A. .
Henle, F. G. J. .
Henley, J.
Henley, Lord

Henly, W

Hennell,H

Hennessey, J. B. N.
Hennessy, H.
Henniker, J. .
Henniker, J. .
Henrici, O. M. F. E.
Henricksen, H.

Henry, T

Henry, T. H.

Henry, W. ....

Henry, W

Henry, W. C.

Henshaw, N. .

Henshaw, T. .

Henslow, J. .

Henwood, W. J. .

Herbert, J. .

Herbert, Lord C. .

Herdman, W. A. .

Hereford, Bp. of (see Bisse, P.).

Herepath, W. B. .

Bering, E

Hermann, L. .
Hermite, C. .
Herrissant, F. D. .
-Herschel, A. S.
Herschel, J. .
Herschel, J. F. W. .

Herschel, W

Herschell, Lord

Herzberg, E. F. .

Heucher, J. H.

Heusch, J. C.

Hevelius, J. .

Hewelcke (see Hevelius, J.).

Hewer, H. E.

1891

Hewett, J. . . . .

. 1786

1761

Hewett, P. G.

. 1874

1749

Hewett, T. . ,

1721

1791

Hewitt, J. T.

. 1910

1866

Hewson, W. . . . , *

. 1770

1788

Hey,W

. 1775

1897

Heycock, C. T.

. 1895

1896

Heygate, J. .

. 1843

1692

Heyne,C.G

. 1789

1730

Heywood, B.

. 1843

1899

Heywood, J. . . .

. 1839

1796

Hiarne, U. . . . , ''$

. 1669

1740

Hibbert, G

. 1811

1908

Hickes, J. . . . . .

. 1703

1670

Hickman, N. . . , •

. 1725

1860

Hickman, S. . . . . '

. 1744

1763

^Hicks, H

. 1885

1755

Hicks, J. B

. 1862

1776

Hicks, W. M. . .

. 1885

1889

Hickson, S. J. . . .

. 1895

1665

Hiern,W.P. .

. 1903

1831

Higginbottom, J. .

. 1852

1840

Higgins, W. ....

. 1806

1852

Higman, J. P.

. 1820

1873

Hill, A

. 1663

1693

Hill.G.W. . . ,J .

. 1902

1800

Hill,J

. 1719

1773

Hill,J

. 1748

1829

Hm,L

. 1900

1875

Hill, M. J. M.

. 1894

1858

Hill,O

. 1676

1779

Hill, R

. 1857

1785

Hill,S

. 1711

1874

Hill,T

. 1725

1742

Billiard, E

. 1802

1775

Hills, E. H

. 1911

1846

Hills, P

. 1798

1755

Hills, P

. 1799

1809

Hillsborough, Earl of

. 1764

1834

Hillsborough, Earl of

. 1790

1663

Hilton, J

. 1839

1663

Himsel, N. de

. 1760

1794

Hincks, T

. 1872

1840

Hind, J. R

. 1851

1677

Hind, J. R

. 1863

1673

Hinde, G. J. . . . _ ,

. 1896

1892

Hippisley, J. . . . .

. 1855

Hippisley, J. C.

. 1800

1859

Hirst, T. A

. 1861

1902

Hirst, W

. 1755

1905

Hoadly, B

. 1726

1873

Hoare, C

. 1809

1750

Hoare, H. H. . . .

. 1784

1884

Hoare, J.

. 1664

1871

Hoare, J. . . .

. 1668

1813

Hoare, J.

. 1753

1781

Hoare, R.

. 1752

1892

Hoare, R. C

. 1792

1789

Hoare, W

. 1663

1729

Hobhouse, B.

. 1798

1679

Hobhouse.'J. C. . ' .

. 1814

1664

Hoblyn, R

. 1745

Hoblyn, T

. 1811

1723

Hobson,E. W.

. 1893

453

Hodges, J. . . . .

. 1716

Hopton, R. C.
Home, J.

. 1771
. 1742

Hodges, T
Hodgkinson, E.
Hodgkinson, R. B. .
Hodgson, B. H. .
Hodgson, J
Hodgson, J. .
Hodgson, R. .
Hodgson, W.
Hody, E
Hofmann, A. W. .
Hoffman, T
Hoff (see van't Hoff).
Hoffmann, F.
Hogg, J.
Holden, H. C. L. .
Holder, W
Holford, P
Holford, R
Holford, S
Holland, C
Holland, H
Holland, Lord
Holland, R
Holland, T.H. .
Holies, F
Holliday, J. .
Hollier, J.
Hollingbery, T. .
Hollings, J. .
Hollins, — .
Hollis, T
Hollman, S. C.
Holloway, B.
Holman, J
Holmes, G
Holmes, R. .
Holstein, J. L.
Holt, R
Holwell,J. Z.
Home, E
Home, E
Hood, C
Hook,J
Hook,W. F
Hooke, R
Hooker, J. D.
Hooker, W.J.

. 1715
. 1841
. 1778
. 1877
. 1703
. 1831
. 1810
. 1807
. 1732
. 1851
. 1746

. 1720
. 1839
. 1895
. 1663
. 1746
. 1805
. 1785
. 1837
. 1815
. 1811
. 1726
. 1904
. 1671
. 1786
. 1718
. 1783
. 1726
. 1716
. 1757
. 1747
. 1723
. 1826
. 1741
. 1797
. 1762
. 1706
. 1767
. 1787
. 1825
. 1843
. 1816
. 1862
. 1663
. 1847
. 1812
. 1759

Home, J.

. 1834

Home, J.

1900

Horneck, A. .

. 1668

Horner, L. .
Hornsby, T

. 1813
. 1763

Horsburgh, J.

. 1806

Horseman, S.
Horsfall, J. .

. 1727

. 1768

Horsfield, T

. 1828

Horsley, J. .

1729

Horsley, S. .

1767

Horsley, V. A. H. .
Hortega, J. .

. 1886
. 1753

Hosack, D. .
Hoskins, J. .

H ok ins. S. E.

. 1816
. 1663
. 1843

Hotham, C. .
Hotton, P
Hough, S. S
Houghton, H.
Houghton, J.
Houghton, Lord .
Houstoun, R.
Houstoun, W.
Howard, C. .
Howard, C. .
Howard, C. .
Howard, E
Howard, E
Howard, F. G.
Howard, H. .
Howard, H. .
Howard, H. .
Howard, J. .
Howard, J. E.
Howard, J. S.
Howard, L. .
Howard, S
Howard, T
Howard, W. A. .
Howell, T. B.
Howes, G. B.
Howley, W. .
Howorth, H. H. .
Hoy,T
Huber, J. J. .
Hiibner, M. .
Huck, R. (aft. Huck-Saunders)
Hucks, R.

. 1667
. 1702
. 1902
. 1766
. 1679
. 1868
. 1725
. 1732
. 1663
. 1767
. 1768
. 1668
. 1799
. 1808
. 1666
. 1672
. 1696
. 1756
. 1874
. 1673
. 1821
. 1771
. 1672
. 1778
. 1804
. 1897
. 1796
. 1893
. 1707
. 1752
. 1755
. 1768
. 1722

Hop, H

TTnnp "F1 W

. 1734
1834

. 1767

Huddart, J. .
Hudleston, W. H. .
Hudson C G

. 1791

. 1884
. 1757

Hope, J.
Hope, Lord ....

TTnr*» T

. 1832
. 1727
1804

Hudson, C. T.

. 1889

Hour T H

1810

. 1754

Hope, W. J
Hope-Weir, C.
Hopkins, D. .
Hopkins, F. G.
Hopkins, W. .

. 1808
. 1744
. 1765
. 1905
. 1837
. 1910

Hudson, R. .
Hudson, W
Huggins, W. .
Hughes, D. E.
Hughes, E. . s
Hughes, G. .
Hughes, T. McK. .
Hugo, J. A. .

. 1834
. 1761
. 1865
. 1880
. 1726
. 1748
. 1889
. 1717

Hopkinson, J.
Hoppus, J

. 1878
. 1841

454

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

M ulkr J W

1867

Iveagh, Viscount . .

1906

Hull E .....

1867

Ives, J. .....

1773

1794

Ives, J. .....

1819

Humboldt, A. von ....

1815

Ivory, J. .....

1815

Hume, A. . . . ,

1775

1818

J

Humphreys, D.
Humphry, G. M. .
Hunauld, F. J

1807
1859
1733

Jablonski, D. E
Jackson, C. .
Jackson, H. .

1713
1772
1772

Hundertmark, C. F.

1755

Jackson, H. B.

1901

Hunt, G

1819

Jackson, J. .

1694

Hunt, R

1854

Jackson, J. .

1845

Hunt, T. . . .

1725

Jackson, J. H. . ...

1878

Hunt, T

1740

Jackson, S. . . . .

1798

Hunt,T.S

1859

Jackson, W. L.

1891

1775

Jacob, W.

1807

Hunter, J. .

1767

Jacobaeus, J. A. .

1724

Hunter, J.

1786

Jacobi,C. G. J

1833

Hunter, R

1709

Jacobs en, T. ....

1727

Hunter, R. .

1837

Jacour, Chevalier de

1756

Hunter, W. .

1767

Jacquier, F. ....

1741

Huntingdon, Earl of ...
Huntingford, G. I. .
Hurlock, J

1758
1804
1782

Jacquin, N. J. de .
Jago, J. .....
Jallabert, J. .

1788
1870
1740

Hurlock, P

1780

James, H. .....

1848

Hussey, T. ,

1792

James II, King (see York, Duke of).

Hustler, J. D

1819

James, W. ,

1767

17O8

1775

Hutcneson, A. ....
Hutchinson, A. ....

J. / \/O

1804

Jameson, R. .

1826

Hutchinson, B.

1795

Janssen, P. J. C. .

1875

Hutchinson, G. H. .

1829

Japp, F. R

1885

Hutchinson, J. ....

1882

Jardine, W. .

1860

Hutchinson, J. H. .

1794

Jattica, J. . . .

1735

Hutchison, A. C. .

1828

Jeans, J. H. .

1906

Hutton, A. . . ...

1737

Jebb,J

1779

Hutton, C. .

1774

Jebb,J

1824

Hutton, F. W. .

1892

Jebb, R

1765

Hutton, J. .

1697

Jeffery, H. M

1880

Hutton, W

1840

Jeffreys, E. .

1669

Huxham, J. .

1739

Jeffreys, J. .

1726

Huxham, J. C.

1769

Jeffreys, J. .

1841

Huxley, T. H

1851

Jeffreys, J. G.

1840

Huyghens, C

1663

Jeffreys, W. .

1717

Hyde, J

1752

Jekyll,J

1790

Hyett, B

1796

Jekyll,J

1834

Hyett, W. H

1844

Jenkes, H. .

1674

Hymers, J

1838

Jenkin, H. C. F

1865

Jenkins, R. . . . . .

1841

I

Jenkinson, R. B. . . ,

1794

Ibbetson, J

1769

Jenner, E. . « .

1789

Ibbetson, L. L. B. .

1850

Jenner, W. . . . ,

1864

Iddesleigh, Earlof (seeNorthcote, S.E.

1779

Ingenhousz, J.

*1769

Jennings, P. .

1821

Ingilby, J.

1793

Jervis, T. B

1838

Inglefield, E. . .

1853

Jervis -Smith (see Smith, F. J.).

Inglis, J. .....

1712

Jervois, W. F. D

1888

Inglis.R. H

1813

Jesse, J. . . . .*"'.,.

1842

Iremonger, J. . .

1747

Jessel, G. . . .

1880

Isaac (Issac), C. .

1692

Jett, T. . . . t • .

1714

Isham, J. .....

1663

Jevons, W. S.

1872

Isham, J. .....

1673

Jodrell, P. .

1781

Isted, G

1801

Jodrell, R. P. . . .. r .

1772

Isted, T. .

1698

Johnson, C. W. ....

1842

Italinsky, Chevalier A. d'

1814

Johnson, E. J.

1836

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF FELLOWS

455

Johnson, G. . . . . . 1872

Johnson, G. H. S 1838

Johnson, J. R -1817

Johnson, M. J 1856

Johnson, P. N 1846

Johnson, R. A 1788

Johnston, A 1810

Johnston, A. R 1845

Johnston, J. F. W 1837

Johnstone, J 1813

Joly, C. J 1904

Joly, J. 1892

Jones, C. H 1850

Jones, H 1723

Jones, H. B 1846

Jones, H. 0 1912

Jones, J. V 1894

Jones, R 1663

Jones, R 1735

Jones, T 1800

Jones, T 1835

Jones, T. R 1844

Jones, T. R 1872

Jones, T. W 1840

Jones, W 1711

Jones, W 1772

Jones, W 1775

Jordan, G. W 1800

Jordis, J. P 1681

Joseph, Crown Prince of Sweden . 1826

Joule, J. P 1850

Joye, C 1748

Juan[-y-Santacilla], J. . . . 1749

Judd, J. W 1877

Jukes, J. B 1853

Jukes-Browne, A. J. . . . 1909

Jurin,J 1717

Jurin, J 1756

Jussieu, A 1718

Jussieu, A. L. de . . . . 1829

Jussieu, B. de . . . 1727

Justamond, J. O. . . . . 1776

Justel, H 1681

Justice, J 1730

K

Kane, R. J 1849

Kastner.A.G 1789

Kater, E 1840

Kater, H 1814

Kay, J. H 1846

Kaye,J 1811

Kaye, J. W 1866

Kaye, R 1765

Kayser.H 1911

Kearney, J 1806

Keate, G 1766

Keate.T 1794

Keck,R 1713

Keckringius, T 1677

Keene,B 1744

Keill, J ' . 1700

Keill.J 1711

Keith, Lord (see Elphinstone, G. K.).

Keir, J ' » 1785

Kekule, A 1875

Kelland, P. . . igss

Kelsall, H 1730

Kelvin, Lord (see Thomson, W.).

Kempe, A. B 1881

Kempe, J 1711

Kendall, J 1723

Kennedy, A. B. W 1887

Kennedy, G. .... 1737

Kennicott, B. . 1704

Ker, H. B. ... | 1819

Ker, R 1775

Kerigan, T 1844

Kerr, J . 1390

Kerr, J. G 1909

Kerrison, R. M 1841

Ketelbey, A 1719v

Ketelbey, R. J 1726

Key, A. C 1868

Key.T. H i860

Keyssler, J. G 1718

Kidby, J 1756

Kidd, J 1822

Kidston, R 1902

Kiernan, F 1834

Killaloe, Bp. of (see Barnard, T.).

Kincardine, Earl of ... 1663

Kinck, P 1729

King, A 1663

King, E 1666

King, E 1767

King,G 1887

King, J 1676

King, J 1781

King, J. G 1771

King, Lord 1728

King, Lord 1734

King, P. P 1824

King, W 1705

Kingsburgh, Lord (see Macdonald,
J. H. A.).

Kingston, J 1816

Kinnaird, Lord .... 1784
Kinnoull, Earl of (see Dupplin, Vis-
count).

Kinski, P 1731

Kipping, F.S 1897

Kippis, A 1779

Kirby,J 1767

Kirby, W. 1818

Kirch, C 1742

Kirchhoff, G. R 1875

Kirk, J 1887

Kirke,T 1693

Kirkman, T. P. . . .... 1857

Kirkwall, Viscount . . . 1804

Kirwan, R 1780

Kitasato.S 1908

Klaproth, M. H 1795

Klein, E. E 1875

Klein, F 1885

Klein, J. T 1728

Klingenstierna, S. .. * . ;. . 1730

456

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Knatchbull, E.

. 1802

Lantsheer, J. F. .

. 1756

Knight, G. .
Knight, H. G.

. 1745
. 1841

Lany, E. . -. •.
Laplace, P. S.

. 1692
. 1789

. 1706

Lapworth, A. . •_ .

. 1910

Knight, J. L.

. 1830

Lapworth, C.

. 1888

. 1741

Larcom, T. A.

. 1844

Knight, T* A.

. 1805

Lardner, D. .

. 1828

Knowles F C

. 1830

Larkins, W. ....

. 1796

. 1821

Larmor, J. .

. 1892

Knox G

. 1802

Lashley, T

. 1768

Koch R

. 1897

Lassell, W. ....

. 1849

. 1895

Latham, J. .

. 1775

Kolbe, A. W. H. .

. 1877

Latham, J. .

. 1801

Koleseri de Keres-eer, S.

. 1729

Latham, R. G.

. 1848

Kolliker, A. von .

. 1860

Latham, W. ....

. 1796

Komarzewski, J. .

. 1792

Lauder, J. .

. 1772

Konig, C. D. E. .

. 1810

Lavater, J. R.

. 1708

Kopp, H. .

. 1888

Lavington, Lord (see Payne, R.).

Kowalewski, A. O.

. 1885

Lavoisier, A. L.

. 1788

Krieg, D.

. 1698

Law, G. H. . . . -.

. 1814

Krienberg, — von .

. 1713

Law, J.

. 1783

~v \ "or

1909

1854

jYTonecKer, xl. . .
Kronecker, L.

'. 1884

Lawrence, E.

. 1708

Krusenstern, A. J. von .

. 1837

Lawrence, J.

. 1673

Kuckahn, T. S. .

. 1772

Lawrence, T.

. 1822

Kiihne, W. .

. 1892

Lawrence, W.

. 1813

IdinmiGr E !E

1863

1742

Kupffer, A. T.

! ! 1846

Lawson, H. .

. 1840

Kyd, A.

. 1820

Lawson, J. .

. 1812

Lawson, W. ....

. 1718

L

Lax, W

. 1796

Lacaille, N. L. de .

. 1760

Layard, C. P.

. 1778

Lacaze-Duthiers, H. de .

. 1897

Layard, D. P.

. 1746

Lacepede, B. G.

. 1806

Lea, A. S

. 1890

La Condamine, C. M. de .

. 1748

Leach, W. E.

. 1816

Lagrange, J. L. M. .

. 1791

Leake, W. M.

. 1815

Laing, D.

. 1843

Leathes, J. B.

. 1911

Lake, T.

. 1666

LeBel,J. A

. 1911

Lalande, J. J.

. 1763

Le Cat, C. N.

. 1739

Lamb, H.

. 1884

Le Couteur, J.

. 1843

Lambe, R. .

. 1758

Le Despencer, Lord (see Dashwood,

Lambert, A. B.

. 1791

F.).

Lambton, W.

. 1817

Lediard,T

. 1742

Lamont, J. .

. 1852

LeDran, H. F.

. 1744

Lamotte, C. .

. 1727

Le Due, A. .

. 1722

Lamplugh, G. W. .

. 1905

Lee, A. ....

- 1766

Lancisi, G. M.

. 1706

Lee, J. .

. 1781

Landen, J. .

. 1766

Lee, J. .

. 1831

Lane, J.

. 1677

Lee,J.P

. 1849

Lane, R.

. 1692

Lee, R

. 1830

Lane, T.

. 1770

Lee, S

. 1798

Lane-Fox, A. H. .

. 1876

Lee, W

. 1748

Laney, B.

. 1666

Leeds, Duke of ...

. 1739

Lang, W. H. .

. 1911

Lees, C. H. .

. 1906

Lange, J. de .

. 1735

Leeson, H. B. . . »

. 1849

Langford, W.

. 1796

Leeuwenhoeck, A. van . »

. 1679

Langham, J. .

. 1677

Le Febure, N. . . \

. 1663

Langley, J. N.

. 1883

Lefevre, C. S.

. 1796

Langley, S. P.

. 1895

Lefevre, G. J. S. .

. 1899

Langny, T. F. de .

. 1718

Lefevre, J. G. S. .

. 1820

Langrish, B. .

. 1734

Lefroy, J. H.

. 1848

Lankester, E.

. 1845

Le Gassick, J.

. 1673

Lankester, E. R. .

. 1875

Le Gendre, A. M. .

. 1789

Lansdowne, Marquess of

. 1811

Legge, E

. 1735

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF FELLOWS

457

Legge, H. B. . . . 1744

Legh, T. . . . 1817

LeHunt, W. . . . 1667

Leibknecht, J. G. . . 1728

Leibniz, G. W. . . 1673
Leicester, Earl of (see De Ferrars,

Lord).

Leicester, Earl of (see Lovel, Lord).

Leicester, R. ... 1724

Leigh, C. . ... 1685

Leighton, E. . ... 1663

Leishman, W. B. . . . 1910

Leith, T.F. . ... 1781

Le Marchant, A. ... 1819

Lemon, C. . ... 1822

LeNeve.P. . ... 1711

Lennard, D. B. . . . 1705

Leopold, J.F. . . 1709

Leopold, Prince of Saxe-Coburg . 1816

Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany 1838

L'Epinasse, C 1767

Leprotti, A 1734

LeRoy,C 1770

LeRoy, J. B 1773

LeSage, G. L 1775

Leslie, J. . . . . . 1807

Leslie, P. D 1781

LeSue,J.J 1760

Le Sueur, T 1741

Letch, J 1766

Le ThieuiUier, L. J. . . . 1749

Lethieullier, S 1723

Leti, G 1681

Lettsom, J. C 1773

Leuckart, R 1877

LeVassor, M 1701

Lever, A 1773

Lever, J 1742

Leveret, J 1713

LeVerrier,U.J.J 1847

Lewin,J 1765

Lewis, G 1754

Lewis, T. F 1820

Lewis, T.F 1841

Lewis, T. L 1836

Lewis, W. ; 1745

Lewis, W.J 1909

Lewisham, Viscount . . .1781

Leybourn, T 1835

Leydig, F. von .... 1901

Leyonbergh, J. 1667

Leyoncrona, C. de . . • 1701

L'Huilier, S 1791

Lichtenberg, G. C 1793

Liddell,J 1846

Lie, S 1895

Ueberkuhn, J. N 1740

Liebig,J 1840

Lieutaud, J 1739

Lightfoot, J. .v ... 1781

Ligonier, J. * 1749

Lihou, J 1833

Limbourg, J. P. de . . . • 1771
Limerick, Bp. of (see Graves, C.).

Limerick, Bp. of (see Jebb, J.).
Linck, J. H. . . . .
Lincoln, Bp. of (see Laney, B.).
Lincoln, Bp. of (see Pretyman, G.).
Lincoln, Earl of . . .

Lind, J

Li in I. J. .....

Linda, — .....

Lindenau, B. A. von

Lindley, J. .

Lindley, N. .

Lindsay, Lord ....

Lindsey, Earl of .

Link, H. F

Linnaeus, C. . . . .
Liouville, J. .
Lippmann, G.
Liptrap, J. .

Lisle, S

Lisle, T

Lister, A. .....

Lister, J. .....

Lister, J. J. .
Lister, J. J. .
Lister, M. .....

Liston, R. .
Littlehales, E.

Liveing, G. D

Liverpool, Earl of (see Jenkinson,

R. B.).

Liversidge, A.
Livingstone, D.
Livius, P. ...
Llandaff, Bp. of (see Watson, R.).
Llewelyn, J. D.

Lloyd, C

Lloyd, E

Lloyd, G

Lloyd, H

Lloyd, J.

Lloyd, J. .....

Lloyd, J. A

Lloyd, 0

Lloyd, P

Lloyd, W. F

Lobb, T

Lobkowitz, Prince ....
Lock, J.

Lock, W

Locke, J. .....

Locke, J. «

Locker, E. H

Lockman, J. .
Lockyer, C. .
Lockyer, J. N.
Locmaria, Marquess de .
Locock, C. .

Lodge, O.J

Lodwik, F. ...

Logan, W. E.

Londesborough, Lord

London, Bp. of (see Henchman, H.).

London, Bp. of (see Howley, W.).

London, Bp. of (see Randolph, J.).

1718

1747
1773
1777
1711
1833
1828
1898
1878
1666
1842
1753
1850
1896
iso-j
1742
1757
1898
1860
1832
1900
1671
1841
1717
1879

1882
1858
1773

1836
1764
1818
1736
1836
1759
1774
1830
1708
1727
1834
1728
1747
1741
1754
1668
1838
1811
1778
1740
1869
1743
1864
1887
1681
1851
1850

458

Long, C.
Long, J.
Long, B.
Long, W. .
Long, W. H.
Lonsdale, Viscount
Lonsdale, Viscount
Lorentz, H. A.
Lorgna, A. M.
Lorraine, Duke of .
Lort, M.
Loten, J. G. .
Loudoun, Earl of .
Loughborough, A. W.
LouviJle, J. E. d'A.
Love, A. E. H.
Loveden, E. L.
Lovelace, Earl of .
Lovell, Lord .
Lovell, Lord .
Loven, S. L. .
Lowe, E. J. .
Lowe, G.
Lowe, R.
Lower, B.
Lowndes, B.
Lowry, W. .
Lowth, B.
Lowther, A. .
Lowther, J. .
Lowther, J. .
Lowther, Viscount .
Lowthorp, J.
Lubboek, J. .
Lubbock, J. W. .
Lubboek, J. W. .
Lucas, Lord .
Lucas, B.
Lucy, B.
Lucy, K.
Ludlow, — .
Ludwig, C. .
Luke, J.
Luloss, J.
Lunn, F.

Lushington, E. H. .
Lydekker, B.
Lyell, C.
Lygon, W. B.
•Lyle, T. B. .
Lyon, G.
Lyonet, P. .
Lyons, H. G.
Lysons, D. .
Lysons, S.
Lyttelton, C.
Lyttelton, G.
Lyttelton, Lord
Lytton, B. W.

Macalister, A.
Macallum, A. B.
Mac Andrew, B.

1792
1663
1729
1801
1902
1699
1741
1905
1788
1731
1766
1760
1737
1787
1715
1894
1805
1841
1735
1739
1885
1867
1834
1871
1667
1696
1812
1765
1663
1663
1736
1810
1702
1858
1821
1829
1663
1721
1697
1668
1702
1875
1855
1762
1819
1824
1894
1826
1810
1912
1827
1747
1906
1797
1797
1742
1743
1840
1772

1881
1903
1856

Macarthy, J. . . . . . 1770

Macartney, J. . . . .1811

Macartney, Lord .... 1792

Macaulay, T. B. . . . . . 1849

Macaulay, Z 1821

MacBean, F. . •.> . . 1786

MacBride.E.W 1905

McClean,F. . . . 7VK . 1895

McClean, J. B. . . .'. . 1869

McClelland, J. A 1909

Macclesfield, Earl of . . . 1818
Macclefefield, Earls of (see Parker,

T., 1711 ; Lords Parker, 1722,

1747).

McClintock, F. L 1865

M'Coy, F 1880

MacCullagh, J 1843

Macculloch, J 1820

Macdonald, H. M 1901

Macdonald, J. 1800

Macdonald, J. D 1859

Macdonald, J. H. A. . . . 1888

McDonnell, B 1865

McDougail,W 1912

Mace, W. . . . . . 1745

Macewen, W 1895

MacFarlane, A 1746

McGillivray, S 1838

MacGregor, J. G 1900

McGrigor,J. .... 1816

Machin, J 1710

Macie, J. L 1787

Macintosh, C 1824

Mclntosh, W. C 1877

McKendrick, J. G 1884

Mackenzie, C. 1815

Mackenzie, C 1819

Mackenzie, F. H 1794

Mackenzie, G. S 1815

McKenzie, M 1774

Mackie, J. W 1817

Mackinnon, W. A 1827

Mackintosh, J 1813

Mackmurdo, G. W. . . . 1839

Mackworth, H 1777

McLachlan, B. . . 1877

McLaurin, C 1719

Maclear, T 1831

McLeay, A. . . . . 1809

McLeod, H 1881

Macleod, N 1791

McMahon, C. A. . . . , . 1898

MacMahon, P. A 1890

Macmichael, W. . . . . 1817

Macneill, J 1838

MacWilliam, J. 0 1848

Madden, F 1832

Maddy, J 1817

Maffei, S 1736

Magalhaens (Magellan),*L H. de . 1774

Magalotti, L. . . » . 1709

Magee, W. . . , . . 1813

Magnus, H. G 1863

Magrath, G 1819

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF FELLOWS

459

Mahon, Viscount , 1772

Mahon, Viscount .... 1807

Mahon, Viscount .... 1827

Main, R. .".... 1860

Maine, H. J. S 1874

Mairan, J. J. d'Ortous de . . 1734

Maitland, E. F 1829

Maitland, J. G 1847

Maitland, S.R 1839

Maitland, W 1733

Majendie, A. .... 1821

Majendie, J. J 1768

Majendie, L 1794

Major, C. I. F. , . . 1908

Malaspina di Sannazzaro, Marchese di 1 784

Malcolm, J 1824

Malcolmson, J. G 1840

Malet, C. W 1806

Malet, J. C 1882

Mallet, J. W 1877

Mallet, R 1854

Malliet, J 1767

Mallock, H. R. A 1903

Malouin, P. J 1753

Malpighi, M 1668

Maltby, E 1824

Malthus,T.R 1818

Manby, C 1853

Manby, G. W 1831

Manchester, Bp. of (see Lee, J. P.).

Manchester, Earl of ... 1665

Manetti,X 1756

Manfredi, E 1728

Mangles, J 1825

Mann, N 1737

Mann, T. A 1788

Manning, 0 1767

Manningham, R. . . . .1719

Mansberg, A. A 1726

Mansergh, J 1901

Mansfield, Earl of .... 1802

Manson, P 1900

Mantell, G. A 1825

Manteufell,C 1747

Mapletoft, J 1675

Marcet, A 1808

Marcet, F 1836

Marcet, W 1857

Marchmont, Earl of ... 1753

Marignac, J. C. G. de . . . 1881

Marinoni, G. G 1745

Markham, C. R 1873

Markham, G 1708

Markham (see Salisbury, R. A.).

Markland, J. H 1816

Marlborough, Duke of . . . 1743

Marlborough, Duke of . • 1786
Marpurgher, P. J. . . . .1715

Marr, J. E 1891

Marryat,F 1819

Marsden,W 1783

Marsh, H • • 1801

Marsh, J. E 1906

Marshall, A. M 1885

Marshall, H. .

Marshall, J. .

Marsham, C. .

Marsham, R.

Marsigli, L. F.

Marsili, G.

Martin, C. J. .

Martin, H. N.

Martin, J. R.

Martin, M.

Martin, S. H. C. .

Martine, G. .

Martius, C. F. P. P. von

Martyn, J. .

Martyn, T. .

Marum, M. van

Mascart, E. E. N. .

Maseres, F. .

Maskelyne, N.

Maskelyne, N. S. .

Mason, C. .

Massareene, Viscount

Masseran, — Prince de .

Massey, R. M.

Masson, D. O.

Masson, J. .

Masters, M. T.

Matani, A. .

Mather, C. (see list 1723)

Mather, R. .

Mather, T. .

Matheson, J. .

Mathew, W. .

Mathews, G. B. .

Mathias, T. J.

Maton, W. G.

Matthews, P.

Matthey, G. .

Matthiessen, A.

Maty (Matty), M. .

Maty (Matty), P. H.

Maud, J.

Mauduit, J. .

Maupertuis, P. L. M. de .

Maxwell, H. E. .

Maxwell, J. .

Maxwell, J. C.

Maxwell, M. .

May, C.

Mayer, C. .

Mayne, J. T.

Mayo, C.

Mayo,H.

Mayo, T.

Mayow, J. .

Mazeas, G. .

Mead, R.

Mead,S.

Mears, — ...

Mechain, P. F. A. .

Meckel, J. F. .

Medina-Sidonia, Duque de

Medlicott, H. B. .

Met Tina n. G. .

1857
1776
1780
1692
1758
1901
1885
1845
1794
18!).-,
1740
1838
1727
1786
1798
1892
1771
1758
1870
1742
1663
1770
1712
1903
1743
1870
1763
1713
1729
1902
1846
1719
1897
1795
1800
1670
1879
1861
1751
1771
1738
1751
1728
1898
1829
1861
1819
1854
1765
1818
1827
1828
1835
1678
1752
1703
1738
1686
1789
1833
1749
1877
1760

460

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Melbourne, Viscount . . . 1841

Meldola,R 1886

Meldrum, C 1876

Mellarede, P. de . . . •. 1713

Mello e Castro, M. de . . . 1757

Melloni,M 1839

MelviIJ,J.C 1841

Melvill,R 1775

Melville, A 1827

Melville, Viscount .... 1817

Mendeleeff, D. 1 1892

Mendip, Baron (see Ellis, W.).

Mendoca, Diego de 1735

Mendoza y Rios, J. . . .1793

Menkenius, J. B 1699

Menzicoff, Prince A. de . .• . 1714

Mercator.N 1666

Mercer, J 1852

Meredith, R 1681

Meredith, W. G 1830

Meres, J. 1718

Meres, J 1723

Merewether.J 1838

Merret, C 1663

Merrifield, C. W 1863

Merrill, J 1744

Messel,R 1912

Messier, C 1764

Metealfe,P 1790

Metchnikoff, E 1895

Meuschen, F. C 1764

Meyrick, E 1904

Meyrick, J 1800

Meyrick, O. P 1776

Miall,L.C 1892

Michaelis, J. D 1789

Michaelotti, P. A 1718

Michell, J 1760

Michell, J. H 1902

Michell, R 1774

Michelson, A. A 1902

Mickleton, J 1718

Middleton, B 1687

Middleton, C 1737

Middleton, Lord . . . .1787
Middleton, Lord (see Willoughby, T.).

Middleton, T. F 1814

Miers, H. A. . . . . . 1896

Miers, J 1843

Miles, H 1743

Miles, T 1721

Miller, G 1827

Miller, J 1843

Miller, J. F 1850

Miller, P 1729

Miller, W. A 1845

Miller, W.H 1838

Milles, D 1674

Milles, E 1746

Milles, J 1742

Milles, J 1775

Millington, L 1802

Mills, A 1799

Mills, E.J. . . . 1874

Mills, J 1766

Mills, T 1708

Mills, W 1682

Milman,F 1772

Milne, J. . . , . . 1887

Milne-Edwards, H. . . . 1848

Milner,! 1780

Milton, Viscount . . . .1811

Milward, E 1741

Minchin, E. A 1911

Minchin, G. M 1895

Minet, D 1767

Minto, Earl of .... 1836

Minto, Lord 1802

Mirbel,C.F.B 1837

Mitchell, A 1735

Mitchell, J 1748

Mitchell,?. C 1906

Mitchell, S. W. . . . ' . 1908

Mitford,J 1794

Mitford, W 1749

Mitscherlich, E 1828

Mittag-Leffler, G 1896

Mivart, St. G. J 1869

Modena, Prince of . . . . 1735

Mohl,H.von 1868

Moira, Earls of (see under Rawdon).

Moissan,H 1905

Molesworth, C 1730

Molesworth, R. . . . . 1697

Molesworth, R 1721

Molesworth, R 1786

Molesworth, W 1835

Molieres, J. P. de .... 1728

Molinelli, P. P 1749

Moltke, A. G 1764

Molyneux, D 1735

Molyneux, S 1712

Molyneux, T 1686

Molyneux, W. . . . . . 1685

Monceaux, A. .... 1670

Moncrieff,A 1871

Mond, L. ..... 1891

Money, W. T 1818

Monnier, L. G. le . . . . 1744

Monnier, P. C. le .... 1739

Monro, A 1723

Monro, C 1821

Monro, D. . . . . . 1766

Monson, J 1684

Montagny, J. de . . . . 1739

Montagu, C 1695

Montagu, Duke of . . . . 1717

Montagu, E. . . . . . 1745

Montagu, E. W 1750

Montagu, F 1792

Montagu, M 1795

Montaudouin, N. de . . 1748

Monte, L 1716

Monteagle, Lord . * . . 1841

Montefiore, M. H 1836

Monteith, W. .... 1845

Montesquieu, C. de Secondat . . 1729

Montesquieu, J. B. . . . 1744

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF FELLOWS

4G1

Montgomerie, T. G. . . . 1872
Montgomery (see Pembroke and

Montgomery, Earl of).

Montigny, C. D. T. de . ' 1766

Montijo, Conde de . . 1732

Montmort, P. R. de . 1715

Montrose, Duke of . . 1707

Montyon, A. J. B., Baron de 1812

Moor, E. . . , 1806

Moore, B. . 1912

Moore, C. . 1768

Moore, D. . . . 1810

Moore, G. . . . 1835

Moore, J. . . . 1674

Moore, J. . . . 1679

Moore, J. . . . 1715

Moore, J. A. . . . 1846

Moore, J. C. . . . 1856

Moore, T. E. L. . . 1854

Morand, J. F. C. . . 1769

Morand, S. P. . . 1728

Moray, R. . 1663

Mordaunt, T. O. . . 1796

More,H. . . . 1664

More, R. . . . 1729

Moreau, C. . . . 1827

Morell, T. . . . 1768

Morgagni, G. . . 1722

Morgan, A. . . . 1663

Morgan, A. . ' . . 1835

Morgan, C. . . . 1816

Morgan, C. L. . . 1899

Morgan, C. O. . . 1832

Morgan, J. . . . 1765

Morgan, W. . . . 1790

Morichini, D. P. . . 1827

Morier, J. ..." 1819

Morison, W. . . . 1842

Morland, B. . . . 1706

Morland,J. . . . 1703

Morland, S. . . . 1704

Morland, S. . . . 1722
Morley, Earl of (see Boringdon Lord).

Morley, G. . . . 1666

Morley, J. . . . 1892

Morosini, L. . . . 1763

Morpeth, Lord . 1795

Morpeth, Viscount . . 1847

Morris, C. . . . 1757

Morris, E. . . . 1812

Morris, G. P.. . . 1805

Morris, J. C. . . . 1831

Morris, M. . . . 1764

Morris, R. H. . . 1755

Morrison, R. . . . 1825

Morse, L. . . . 1766

Morse, R. . . . 1789

Mortimer, C.. . . 1728

Mortimer, J. . . . 1705

Morton, C. . . . 1752

Morton, Earl of . . 1785
Morton, Earls of (see also under

Aberdour).
Morton, J 1703

Moseley, H. . ... 1839

Moseley, H. N. . . . 1877

Moss, C. . ... 1752

Moss.J. W. . ... 1830

Mott, F. W. . ... 1896

Moulin, A. . ... 1683

Moult, G. . ... 1689

Moulton, J. F. ... 1880

Moultou, P. . ... 1780

Mounsey, J. . ... 1749

Mountaine, W. ... 1750

Mountcashel, Earl of ... 1847

Mount Edgcumbe, Earl of . . 1808

Mount Edgcumbe, Viscount . . 1784

Mountmorres, Viscount . . . 1793

Mountnorris, Earl of . . . 1800

Mountnorris, Earl of ... 1816

Moussin Puschkin, Count Apollon of 1799

Moxon, J 1678

Mudge, J 1777

Mudge, R.Z 1822

Mudge, W 1798

Mueller, F 1861

Muir, R 1911

Muir, T 1900

Muirhead, A 1904

Mulgrave, Lord (see Phipps, C. J.).

Miiller,G.F 1730

Muller, H 1866

Miiller, J 1840

Munchausen, B. von . . . 1684

Munck,J.de 1747

Munckley, N 1748

Mundella, A. J. . . . . 1882

Muratori, L. A 1717

Murchison, C 1866

Murchison, R. 1 1826

Murdoch, P 1746

Murdoch, T 1805

Murphy, R 1834

Murray, G 1823

Murray, G. R. M 1897

Murray, J 1779

Murray, J 1896

Murray, Lord J 1818

Muschenbroeck, P. van . . . 1734

Musgrave, Dr 1721

Musgrave, S 1760

Musgrave, W. .... 1683

Musgrave, W 1774

Myddelton,J 1738

Mylne, R 1767

Mylne, R. W. . . . . I860

Mylne, W. C 1826

Mytton,J 1767

Nageli, C 1881

Nairne, E 1776

Naper, W HW9

Napier, H. E 1820

Napier, J 1776

Napier, J.R MW

Napier, M ,.1817

462

Napier of Magdala, Lord . . 1869

Nares,G.S 1875

Nares, R 1804

Narrien, J 1840

Nash,J 1778

Nasmyth, J 1767

Natter, L 1757

Naude.P 1737

Nauze, L. de la . . . 1731

Nayler, G 1826

Neale,T 1664

Neave,R 1785

Neave, T 1814

Needham, J. . . . . . 1663

Needham, J.T 1746

Needham, W. . . . 1667

Neile,P ' . 1663

Neile, W 1663

Neilson,J. B 1846

Nelson, R 1680

Nelthorpe, E. .... 1666

Nepean, E 1820

Nesbit, R 1725

Nettleship, E 1912

Neuman, C 1725

Neumann, F. E 1862

Neumayer, G. 1899

Nevill.E.N 1908

Neville, F. H 1897

Newall, H. F 1902

Newall, R. S 1875

Newbold, T.J. . . . . 1842
Newborough, Lord . . . .1715

Newburgh, J 1664

Newcastle, Duke of . . .1749
Newcastle, Duke of (see Lincoln,
Earl of).

Newcomb,S 1877

Newcome, P 1742

Newey, J 1696

Newmarch, W 1861

Newport, G 1846

Newstead, R 1912

Newton, A. . . . . . 1870

Newton, E. T 1893

Newton, H 1709

Newton, H. A 1892

Newton, I. . . . . . 1671

Nicholas, W 1742

Nicholl, J 1806

Nicholl,W 1830

Nicholls, F 1728

Nicholls, J 1743

Nicholson, F 1706

Nicholson, H 1716

Nicholson, H. A 1897

Nicholson, R 1807

Nicolini, A. . . . , . 1747

Nicoll, A 1826

Nicoll, J 1765

Nicolson,W 1705

Nihill, J 1742

Niven, C 1880

Niven, W. D. . 1882

Nivernois, L. J.

Nixon, J. .....

Nixon, R. . .

Noad, H. M

Noble, A. . . . : .

Noehden, G. H. . . .

Noel-Fearn (see Christmas, H.).

Noguier, J. A.

Nolan, F

Nolcken, G. A. .

Nollet, J. A

Nooth, J. M

Norden, F. L

Norfolk, Duke of (see Howard, H.,
1666).

Norfolk, Duke of (see Howard, H.,
1696).

Norfolk, Duke of (see Howard, C.,
1767).

Norfolk, Duke of (see Howard, C.,
1768).

Norfolk, Duke of .

Norfolk, Duke of .

Norman, A. M.

Norris, E

North, F

North, F

North, G. A

Northampton, Earl of . ( .

Northampton, Marquess of ' .

North and Grey, Lord .

Northbrook, Earl of ...

Northbrook, Lord (see Baring, F. F.).

Northcote, S. H. . ^ .

Northey, W. .

Northumberland, Duke of

Northumberland, Duke of

Northumberland, Duke of

Northumberland, Duke of (see Smith-
son, H.).

Norton, F

Norwich, Bp. of (see Hayter, T.).

Norwich, Bp. of (see Lisle, S.).

Norwich, Bp. of (see Stanley, E.).

Nott, T. . . . .

Nourse, E. . . . • .

Novell, — Dr. . .

Nugent, C. .

Nuttall, G. H. F

1763
1744
1801
1856
1870
1820

1809
1833
1777
1734
1774
1740

Oakes, C. H. .
O'Brien, L. H.
Odling, W. .
Oersted, H. C.
Ogle, J. A. .
Oglethorpe, J. E.
Ohm, G. S. .
Olbers, W. .
Oldenburg, H.
Oldershaw, J.
Oldham, R. D.
Oldham, T. .
Oliphant, C. .

0

1816
1842
1890
1698
1794
1900
1782
1663
1830
1720
1880

1875
1753
1788
1823
1900

1776

1663
1728
1681
1768
1904

1835
1773
1859
1821
1826
1749
1842
1804
1663
1786
1911
1848
1713

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF FELLOWS

Oliveira, B. .

Oliver, D

Oliver, F. W.

Oliver, W

Oliver, W

Ommanney, E.
Onslow, E. .

Oram, H. J

Orange, Prince of .
Ord, C.

Ord, J

Ord, Ralph

Ord, Robert

Orford,Earlof .

Oriani, B. .....

Orleans, Louis Philippe d'

Ormerod, E. L

Ormerod, G. .
Ormsby, H. A.

Orr, W. McF

Orrery, Earl of ....

Ortega, C.G

Osborn, J. . . .
Osborn, S.
O'Shaughnessy, W. B. .

Osier, A. F

Osier, W

Osorio, Cavaliere ....
Ossory, Bp. of (see Dodgson, C.).
Ossory, Bp. of (see Hamilton, H.).
Ossory, Bp. of (see Kearney, J.).
Ossory, Bp. of (see Pococke, R.).

O'Sullivan, C

Ouchterlony, A. ....

Oudart, N

Ousley, G

Outram, B. F

Owen, H

Owen, R. .....

Oxford, Bp. of (see Lowth, R.).
Oxford, Bp. of (see Parker, S.).
Oxford, Bp. of (see Wilberforce, S.).
Oxford, Earl of (see Harley, Lord).
Oxford and Mortimer, Earl of. .
Oxmantown, Lord ....

Pacey, H. B.
Packer, P. .
Paderni, C. .
Page, T. H. .
Paget, E. .
Paget, G. E. .
Paget, J.
Paisley, Lord
Pakington, J.
Palgrave, R. H. I. .
Pallas, P. S. .
Palmer, D. .
Palmer, H. R.
Palmer, J. .
Palmer, R. .
Palmer, S. .
Palmer, T. .

1836

Palmer, W. F. . »•

• '. 1786

1863

Palmerston, Viscount

. 1776

1905

Palmerston, Viscount . .

. 1853

1703

Paman, H. .

. 1679

1729

1 '.i in. i ii. R. .

1743

1868

Pancrazzi, G. M. .

. 1756

1780

Panicis, J. de

. 1740

1912

Panzano, M. .

1761

1733

Paoli, P. de .

1774

1787

Papillon, D. .

1720

1780

Papin, D. .

1682

1723

Paradise, J. .

1771

1723

Paris, Comte de .

. 1865

1824

Paris, J. A. .

1821

1795

Parish, W. .

. 1824

1865

Parker, J.

1767

1872

Parker, Lord .

. 1722

1819

Parker, Lord .

1747

1839

Parker, S. .

1666

1909

Parker, T. .

. 1711

1706

Parker, T. J. .

. 1888

1777

Parker, T. L.

. 1815

1777

Parker, W. .

. 1746

1870

Parker, W. K. .

. 1865

1843

Parkes, E. A.

. 1861

1855

Parkinson, J.

. 1840

1898

Parkinson, S.

. 1870

1748

Parkinson, T.

. 1786

Parkyns, T. B.

. 1787

Parr, B.

. 1797

Parry, C. H. .

. 1800

Parry, C. H. .

. 1812

1885

Parry, W. E. .

. 1821

1733

Parsons, C. A.

. 1898

1667

Parsons, J. .

. 1741

1817

Parsons, R. M.

. 1870

1838

Parsons, W. .

. 1787

1855

Partridge, H.

. 1778

1834

Partridge, R.

. 1837

Pasley, C. W.

. 1816

Passeri, G. B.

. 1747

Pasteur, L. .

. 1869

Paston, R. .

. 1663

1727

Paterson, W.

. 1798

1831

Patoun, A. .

. 1730

Patterson, R.

. 1859

Pattinson, H. L. .

. 1852

1752

Paul, R.

. 1716

1663

Paule, L.

. 1692

1755

Pavy, F. W. .

. 1863

1783

Pawlet, E. .

. 1726

1682

Pawlow, I. P.

. 1907

1873

Payne, R. .

. 1779

1851

Payne, "\Jf. .

. 1681

1715

Peach, B. N. .

. 1892

1858

Peachey, J. .

. 1777

1882

Peachey, Sir J.

. 1782

1764

Peacock, G. .

. 1818

1663

Pearce, W. .

. 1788

1831

Pearce, Z.

. 1720

1719

Pearson, E. .

. 1833

1860

Pearson, G. .

. 1791

1728

Pearson, J. .

. 1666

1726

Pearson, J. .

. 1803

464

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Pearson, K 1896

Pearson, W 1819

Pearson, W 1826

Pechell, S. J. B. . . . . 1832

Pechlin, J. N 1688

Pedler, A 1892

Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil . . 1871

Peel, R 1822

Pegge,C 1795

Peirce, B 1852

Peirce, J 1742

Peirson, P 1794

Pelham, C. A 1777

Pelham, H 1746

Pelham, T 1800

Pell, J 1663

Pellet, T 1711

Pelly.J. H 1835

Pemberton, — . . . .1715

Pemberton, C. R 1796

Pemberton, G 1813

Pemberton, H 1720

Pembroke, Earl of . . . . 1743

Pembroke and Montgomery, Earl of 1685

Pendarves, E. W. W. . . 1827

Pengelly, W 1863

Penn, J 1859

Penn,R 1824

Penn, W 1681

Penn, W 1806

Pennant, D 1792

Pennant, T 1767

Penneck, R 1768

Penrose, F. C 1894

Penton, H 1780

Pepusch, J. C 1745

Pepys, L 1780

Pepys, S 1664

Pepys, W. H 1808

Percival, T 1756

Percival, T 1765

Percivale, J 1681

Percivale, J. .... 1701

Percivale, P 1674

Percy, J 1847

Pereira, J 1838

Pereira, J. R 1760

Perkin, A. G. .... 1903

Perkin, W. H 1866

Perkin, W. H 1890

Perkins, P 1679

Perrin, W. P 1772

Perronet, J. R 1788

Perry, J 1885

Perry, S. J *. 1874

Perry, W 1678

Persall, W 1663

Petavel, J. E 1907

Peterborough, Bp. of (see Marsh, H.).

Peterborough, Earl of. . . 1663

Petit, J. L 1729

Petit, J. L 1759

Petit, L. H 1807

Petit, P. . 1667

Petiver, J. . . . . 1695

Petley, C. . . . . . 1753

Petre, Lord 1731

Petre, Lord . . . . . 1780

Petre, Lord 1817

Petrie, W 1795

Petrie, W. M. F 1902

Pett,P 1663

Pett, SirP 1663

Pettigrew, J. B 1868

Pettigrew, T. J 1827

Pettiward, R 1755

Pettiward, R 1815

Pettus, J 1663

Petty, H 1696

Petty, J 1771

Petty, W. . . . . . 1663

Peyssonel, J. A. . . . 1756

Pfeffer,W 1897

Pfliiger, E. F. W 1888

Pfutschner, Baron .... 1731
Phelps,J. D. . . . . .1815

Philip, A. P. W 1826

Philipps, E 1727

Phillimore, J 1840

Phillipps, T 1820

Phillips, B. ..... 1834

Phillips, C 1829

Phillips, J 1742

Phillips,! 1834

Phillips, J. A 1881

Phillips, R 1822

Phillips, T 1819

Phillips, W 1827

Phipps, A 1812

Phipps,C.J 1771

Piazzi,G 1804

Picard, C. E 1909

Pickard-Cambridge, O. . . . 1887

Pickering, E. C 1907

Pickering, R 1744

Pickering, S. U 1890

Picquigny, L. M. J. . . . 1764

Pictet, M. A 1791

Piggott, A 1787

Pighius, J 1680

Pigot, T 1679

Pigott, G 1774

Pigott, N. . . . 1772
Pirbright, Lord (see De' Worms).

Pitcairn, D 1782

Pitcairn,W 1770

Pitfeild, A'. 1684

Pitot, H 1740

Pitt, J 1775

Pitt, R 1682

Pitt, W 1743

Pitt.W.M 1787

Pitt-Rivers (see Lane-Fox, A. H.).

Plana, G. A 1827

Planta, A. J 1770

Planta,J 1774

Plateau, J. A. F 1870

Platt, J. 1762

405

Player, T. .

Playfair, J. .

Playfair, L. .

Plimmer, H. G. .

Plot, R.

Plowden, W. H. C. .

Plucker, J. .

Plumer, T. .

Plumptre, H.

Plunkett, H. C.

Plymouth, Earl of .

Pocklington, H. C. .

Pocock, G. .

Pocock, R. I.

Pocock, T. .

Pococke, R. .

Poczobut, M.

Podmanctzky, J. L. de

Poincare, H. .

Poinsot, L. .

Poisson, S. D.

Poissonnier, P.

Poland, King of .

Pole.C.M. .

Pole, W.

Pole, W.

Pole-Carew, R.

Poleni, G. .

Poley, R.

Poli, G.

Pollock, D. .

Pollock, F. .

Pollok, A. .

Polwarth, Lord

Pombal, Marquess de (see Carvalho e

Mello, S. J. de).
Pomfret, Earl of (see Fermor, T. W.).

Poncelet, J. V

Pond, A

Pond, J

Poniatowski, Prince
Ponsonby, W. F. S.
Pontecoulant, P. G. D. de

Poore, E

Pope, W

Pope, W. J

Popham, H. .

Popple, H. .....

Porrett, R

Porter, A. W

Porter, G. R

Porter, J. . . . ...

Portland, Duke of .

Portland, Duke of (see Bentinck, W.).

Portlock, J. E

Portman, W. ....
Portuga, B. de M. .
Postlethwayt, J. .

Pott, P

Potter, E

Potter, F

Potter, T

Poulett,Earl

Poulton, E. B

1673

Pound, J. . .

. 1699

1807

Povey, T.

. 1663

1848

Powell, B. .

. 1824

1910

Powell, W. S.

. 1764

1677

Power, H.

. 1663

1847

Power, W. H.

. 1895

1855

Powis, L.

. 1724

1794

Powle, H. .

. 1663

1707

Powle, R. .

. 1663

1902

Pownall, T. .

. 1772

1773

Poynting, J. H. .

. 1888

1907

Prain, D.

. 1905

1791

Pratt, B.

. 1708

1911

Pratt, C.

1742

1727

Pratt, J. H. .

. 1866

1741

Pratt, S. P. .

. 1842

1771

Preece, W. H.

. 1881

1780

Preston, J. .

. 1773

1894

Preston, T. .

. 1898

1858

Preston, W. .

. 1778

1818

Prestwich, J.

. 1853

1774

Pretyman, G.

. 1785

1766

Prevost, P. .

. 1806

1800

Price, B.

. 1852

1829

Price, J.

. 1781

1861

Price, R.

. 1765

1788

Price, R. P. .

. 1781

1710

Price, W.

. 1753

1725

Prichard, J. C.

. 1827

1779

Prideaux, B. .

. 1746

1829

Priestley, J. .

. 1766

1816

Prime, S.

. 1776

1767

Pringle, J. .

. 1745

1773

Pringle, R. .

. 1785

Prinsep, J. .

. 1828

Prior, G. T. .

. 1912

Prior, M.

. 1697

1842

Pritchard, C.

. 1840

1752

Proby, H. .

. 1663

1807

Prony, G. C. F. de .

. 1818

1791

Prout, W. .

. 1819

1832

Prudhoe, Lord

. 1818

1833

Prussia, William IV, King of

. 1842

1772

Pujolas, M. .

. 1695

1663

Pulteney, R. .

. 1762

1902

Punnett, R. C.

. 1912

1799

Purdie, T. .

. 1895

1737

Purkyne, J. E.

. 1850

1848

Pusey, P. ...

. 1830

1911

Putman, H. .

. 1767

1838

Pye, R.

. 1727

1749

Pye-Smith, P. H. .

. 1886

1766

1837

Q

1664

Quain, R 1844

1740

Quain, R 1871

1754

Quatref ages de Breau, J. L. A. de 1 879

1764

Quatremain, W. . . . 1663

1856

Queensberry, Duke of . . 1722

1663

Quekett, J. T. . . . I860

1784

Quesnay, F 1752

1706

Quetelet, L. A. J. . . . 1839

1889

Quincke,G. H. . . . 1879

466

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

R

Rackett, T 1803

Radnor, Earl of .... 1693

Radnor, Earl of . . . . 1767

Radnor, Earl of . . . . 1795
Radnor, Earl of (see Robartes, J.).
Radnor, Earl of (see Robartes, Lord).

Rae,J 1880

Raffles, T.S 1817

Raine, M. . . . . . 1803

Rainier, J. S 1819

Rainsford, C 1779

Rambaut, A. A 1900

Ramon y Cajal, S 1909

Ramsay, A. C 1849

Ramsay, A. M. . . . . 1729

Ramsay, W 1888

Ramsbottom, J 1819

Ramsden, J. .... 1786

Ranby, J 1724

Rancliffe, Lord (see Parkyns, T. B.).

Rand, I. . . . . . 1719

Randolph, J. . . . 1811

Ranelagh, Earl of (see Jones, R.).

Rankine, W. J. M. . . . 1853

Ransom, W. H 1870

Ransome, A. .... 1884

Raper, M 1754

Raper, M 1783

Raphson, J 1689

Rashleigh, P 1788

Rashleigh, W 1814

Raspe, R. E 1769

Rastrick, J. U 1837

Rasumousky, C. . . . . 1755

Rathke, H 1855

Raulin, J 1763

Ravaud, D 1747

Rawdon, J 1744

Rawdon, Lord .... 1787

Rawlinson, H. C 1850

Rawlinson, R. 1714

Rawlinson, T 1712

Rawlinson, W 1775

Ray, J. (see Wray, J.).
Rayleigh, Lord (see Strutt, J. W.).

Raymond, Lord .... 1739

Raynal, G. T. .... 1754

Reade, H 1747

Reade, J. B 1838

Reading, R. .... 1671

Reaumur, R. A. F. de . . . 1738

Reay, Lord 1698

Recanati, G. .... 1720

Redern, S 1765

Redesdale Lord (see Mitford, J.).

Reed, E. J 1876

Rees, A 1786

Rees, G. 0 1843

Reeves, J 1790

Reeves, J. . . . . 1817

Reeves, J. R. . . . . 1834

Regnault, V. .... 1852

Reid, C. . 1899

Reid, E. W. . . . . . 1898

Reid, T. ..... 1806

Reid, W 1839

Reinold, A. W 1883

Reman, R 1787

Rendel, J. M. . 1843

Rendle, A. B 1909

Rennell, J 1781

Rennell, T .' 1822

Rennie, G 1822

Rennie, J 1798

Rennie, J 1823

Rennie, J 1845

Retzius, M. G. . . J . . 1907

Revillas, D. de . . . 1734

Reymes, B. . . . . . 1667

Reynardson, S. . . » ' . 1741

Reynolds, H. R. . . ... 1781

Reynolds, J 1761

Reynolds, J. E 1880

Reynolds, J. R 1869

Reynolds, 0 1877

Rezzonico, il principe Abondio . 1776

Rich, D 1743

Richards, G. H 1866

Richards, R. .... 1793

Richardson, B. W. . . . 1867

Richardson, J 1825

Richardson, R 1712

Richardson, R 1779

Richardson, T 1866

Richmond, Duke of ... 1723

Richmond, Duke of ... 1755

Richmond, Duke of . . . 1840

Richmond, H. W 1911

Richthofen, F. von . . . 1902

Ricketts, C. M. . 1820

Rickman, J. . . . . . 1815

Riddell, C. J. B 1842

Ridge, G 1810

Ridley, H. N. . . .. ' ^ . 1907

Riemann, G. F. B. . . . 1866

Rigaud, S. P. . . . . 1805

Rigg, R 1839

Righi, A 1907

Ringer, S 1885

Rinuccini, F. .... 1747

Riou, E 1796

Ripon, Bp. of (see Bickersteth, R.).
Ripon, Marquess of (see De Grey and
Ripon).

Ritchie, W 1828

Rittenhouse, D. . . > . 1795

Ritter, C. . . . . . 1848

Rivers, W. H. R 1908

Rivinus, A. Q 1703

Rixtel, J. van . . . . 1739

Riz, D. . . . . . 1766

Robartes, F 1673

Robartes, J. .... 1731

Robartes, Lord .... 1666

Robartes, R 1703

Roberts, E 1799

Roberts, 1 1890

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF FELLOWS

467

Roberts, R. E. . . .
Roberts, S. .

Roberts, W

Roberts, W. C. (aft. Roberts- Austen)
Robertson, A. ....

Robertson, A. ....

Robertson, J.
Robertson, J.
Robertson, J.
Robertson, R.
Robins, B. .....

Robinson, I. ....

Robinson Morris, M.

Robinson, R. . . . .

Robinson, R. S. . »

Robinson, T. . \ .

Robinson, T. ....

Robinson, T. R. .

Roby, T

Rochester, Bp. of (see Pearce, Z.).
Rochester, Bp. of (see Sprat, T.).
Rockingham, Marquess of
Roderick, R. ....

Roebuck, J. .
Roger, C. .....

Rogers, G

Rogers, H. D

Rogers, J

Rogers, J. .....

Rogers, J

Rogers, S. .

Rogerson, J. ....

Roget, P. M

Rokeby, Lord (see Robinson, M.).
Rokewode, J. G. (see Gage, J.).
Rolleston, G. ....

Rolli, P. A

Rolt, T

Romanes, G. J.

Romer, R

Romilly, I. .

Romney, Earl (see Marsham, C.).
Romney, Lord ....
Romney, Lord .
Ronalds, F.
Roos, F. de
Roscoe, H. E
Rose, G.
Rose, G.
Rose, H.
Rose, W.

Rosebery, Earl of .
Rosebery, Earl of .
Rosenberger, O. A.
Rosenkrantz, I.
Ross, D.
Ross, J.
Ross, J. C.
Ross, P.
Ross, R.

Rosse,Earlof (seeOxmantown, Lord).
Rosse, Earl of ....
Rosslyn, Earl -of (see Loughborough,
A. W.).

1801
1878
1877
1875
1795
1836
1741
1790
1810
1804
1727
1829
1746
1681
1869
1684
1726
1856
1725

1751
1750
1764
1757
1789
1858
1681
1738
1839
1796
1779
1815

1862
1729
1664
1879
1899
1757

1723
1757
1844
1831
1863
1834
1866
1842
1786
1819
1886
1835
1713
1822
1758
1828
1794
1901

1867

Rothschild, L. W. . . . - . 1911

Roupell, G. L 1839

Routh, E. J. . . . . . 1872

Rowe, H 1739

Rowland, H. A 1889

Rowley, G 1811

Rowley, J 1809

Roxburghe, Duke of ... 1707

Roy, C. S 1884

Roy, W 1767

Royen, A. van .... 1728

Royen, D. van .... 1759

Royle, J. F 1837

Royston-Pigott, G. W. . . . 1873

Rucker, A. W. . . . 1884

Rudge, E 1726

Rudge, E 1805

Rudge, E. J. .... 1847

Rudge, J 1814

Rumford, Count (see Thompson, B.).

Riimker, C 1855

Rumsey, H. W 1874

Rupert, Prince .... 1664

Russell, A 1756

Russell, B. A. W 1908

Russell, F 1770

Russell, H. C 1886

Russell, J. S 1849

Russell, J. W 1821

Russell, Lord J 1847

Russell, M 1742

Russell, P 1777

Russell, R 1752

Russell, W 1777

Russell, W 1832

Russell, W. H. L. . . . . 1866

Russell, W. J 1872

Rutherford, E 1903

Rutherford, W 1876

Rutherforth, T 1742

Rutty, W 1720

Ruysch, F 1715

Ryan, E I860

Ryan, J 1798

Rycaut, P 1666

Ryley, P 1696

Ryves, T 1760

S

Sabine, E 1818

Sabine, J 1799

Sacchetti, G 1740

Sachs, J 1888

Sadler, M. T 1832

St. Albans, Duke of . . . 1722
St. Asaph, Bp. of (see Horsley, S.).

St. Aubin,J 1797

St. David's, Bp. of (see Burgess, T.).

St. David's, Bp. of (see Ellys, A.).

St. David's, Bp. of (see Squire, S.).

St. George, Chevalier de . .1749

St. Hilaire, Marquess de (see Bon,

F. X. de).

Sainthill, P f 1734

Hh 2

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Saint Hyacinthe, P. de . . .1728

St. John, 0 1719

St. John of Bletsoe, Lord . . 1808

St. Vincent, Earl of ... 1809

Salengre, A. H. de . . . . 1719

Salis, H.J. de .... 1770

Salis, J. de 1740

Salis, J. de 1808

Salisbury, Bp. of (see Burgess, T.).
Salisbury, Bp. of (see Burnet, G.).
Salisbury, Bp. of (see Douglas, J.).
Salisbury, Bp. of (see Fisher, J.).

Salisbury, Earl of . . . . 1784

Salisbury, Marquess of . . . 1869

Salisbury, E. A 1787

Sallier, C 1744

Salmon, G 1863

Salt, H 1812

Salter, H. H 1856

Salter.S. J. A 1863

Salusbury.O 1681

Saluzzo (Saluces), G. . 1760

Salvador, J 1759

Salvin, 0 1873

Salvini, A. M 1716

Sambrooke, J 1681

Sampson, R. A 1903

Sampson, T 1811

Samuda, I. de S 1723

Samuelson, B 1881

Sanders, S 1720

Sanders, W. . .. . . . 1864

Sanderson, J. S. B. . . . 1867

Sandilands,A 1711

Sandwich, Earl of . . . .1663
Sandwich, Earl of . . . .1739

Sanford, E. A 1832

Sarayva, M 1743

Sarotti, G. A 1679

Saumarez, R 1834

Saunders, A. P 1833

Saunders, E 1759

Saunders, E. .... 1902

Saunders, G 1812

Saunders, W. .... 1745

Saunders, W 1793

Saunders, W. W 1853

Saunderson, N. . . . .1718

Saussure, T. de . . . 1820

Sauvages de la Croix-Royale, F. B. . 1749

Savart, F 1839

Savery, T 1705

Savile, G 1721

Savile, G. . . .. . . 1747

Savory, W. S 1858

Sawbridge, H. B 1822

Sawbridge, J 1739

Saxe-Coburg, Leopold, Prince of . 1816
Saxe-Gotha and Altenburg, Ernest,

Duke of ..... 1787
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke of (see

Edinburgh, Duke of).
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Prince Albert

of 1840

Saxony, Frederick Augustus II, King

of 1844

Scarburgh, C 1663

Scarlotti, P. . .... . 1696

Scarpa, A 1791

Schafer, E. A 1878

Schaffer,J. C 1764

Scheuchzer, J. G 1724

Scheuchzerus, J. J. . . . 1703

Scheurer, S 1717

Schiaparelli, G 1896

Schlich, W 1901

Schlosser, J. A 1756

Schmeisser, J. G 1794

Schoepflin, J. D. . . . . 1728

Schomberg, M 1726

Schomburgk, R. H. . . . 1859

Schorlemmer. C 1871

Schreber, J. C. D. von . . . 1795

Schroeter, J. J. . . . . 1798

Schroter, W 1663

Schumacher, H. C. . . . 1821

Schunck, E 1850

Schuster, A 1879

Schuvaloff, J. de . . . . 1758

Schwabe, S. H 1868

Schwann, T 1879

Sclater, P. L 1861

Sclater-Booth, G 1876

Scoresby, W 1824

Scott, A 1898

Scott, D. H 1894

Scott, G 1747

Scott, G.L 1737

Scott, H. Y. D 1875

Scott, J 1793

Scott, J. C 1800

Scott, R. H 1870

Scott, W 1793

Scrope, G. J. P 1826

Scudamore, C 1824

Seafield, Viscount . . . .1698
Seaforth, Earl of . . . .1772
Seaforth, Lord (see Mackenzie, F. H.).

Scale, J:B 1786

Seally, J 1791

Searle,G. F. C 1905

Seaward, S 1841

Seba, A 1728

Secchi, A 1856

Sedgwick, A 1821

Sedgwick, A 1886

Seeley, H. G 1879

Segner, J. A 1737

Seip, J. P 1736

Sejour, A. P. D. du . . . 1775
Selborne, Earl of (see Palmer, R.).

Selkirk, Earl of .... 1808

Selkirk, Earl of .... 1831
Selkirk, Earl of (see Selsey, Lord).

Sell,W. J 1900

Sellius, G 1733

Selsey, Lord 1817

Selsey, Lord (see Peachey, J.).

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF FELLOWS

469

Selsey, Lord (see Peaohey, Sir J.).
Selwyn, A. R. C. . . . .

Selwyn, W

Senex, J. . .

Seppings, R. ....
Serenius, J. . . .
Seward, A. C.

Seward, W

Sewell, J

Seymour, E. J.

Seymour, Lord ....

Shackleford, R. D.

Shadwell, C. F. A

Shadwell, J

Shadwell, L

Shaen, J. .....

Shaftesbury, Earl of ...
Shaftesbury, Earl of ...
Shaftesbury, Earl of (see Ashley
Lord).

Shard, I. P

Sharp, D

Sharp, R

Sharp, S

Sharp, W

Sharpe, D. .

Sharpe, F. W

Sharpe, G. .

Sharpe, J. .....

Sharpe, W

Sharpey, W. .

Shaw, G

Shaw, J

Shaw, J

Shaw, P

Shaw, T

Shaw, W. N

Shee, G

Shee, M. A

Sheepshanks, R

Sheers, H

Sheffield, Earl of .

Sheffield, Lord ....

Shelburne, Earl of (see Petty, H.).

Sheldon, G

Sheldon, J. . . . . .

Shelvocke, G. . ... .

Shenstone, W. A. . . . .

Shepherd, A. ....

Shepherd, R. . .

Sherard, J. . . . . .

Sherard, W

Sherbrooke, Viscount (see Lowe, R.)-

Sheridan, T

Sherlock, J. .
Sherrington, C. S. .
Sherwood, N. . . .
Shipley, A. E.

Shippen, R

Shirley, R

Short, C

Short, J

Shuckburgh, F.
Shuckburgh[-Evelyn], G. A. W.

Shuldham, Lord

1874

Shuttleworth, R.

1866

Sibson, F. .

1728

Sibthorp, J. .

1814

Siebold, C. T. von

1731

Siemens, C. W.

1898

Sievier, R. W.

1779

Silvester, J. .

1820

Silvester, J. .

1841

Silvestre, P. .

1802

Silveyra, J. J.

1792

Simmons, R.

1861

Simmons, S. F.

1701

Simms, W. .

1778

Simon, J.

1663

Simon, J.

1754

Simon, W. .

1785

Simpkinson, J. A.

F.

Simpson, M. .

Simpson, T. .

1750

Sims, J.

1890

Sinclair, J. .

1806

Six, J. .

1749

Skey, F. C. .

1840

Skinner, S. .

1850

Skippon, P. .

1764

Slanning, N. .

1754

Slare, F.

1826

Sleath, J. .

1769

Slingsby, H. .

1839

Sloane, H. .

1789

Sloane, W. .

1703

Slusius, R. F.

1830

Smeaton, J. .

1752

Smee, A.

1734

Smee, W. N. .

1891

Smethwick, F.

1810

Smirnove, J.

1831

Smith, A. .

1830

Smith, A.

1675

Smith, A.

1860

Smith, C. H. .

1783

Smith (Smyth), E.

Smith, E. .

1664

Smith, E. .

1784

Smith, E. .

1742

Smith, F. J. .

1898

Smith, G. E. .

1763

Smith, H. J. S.

1781

Smith, J.

1706

Smith, J.

1719

Smith, J.

Smith, J.

1678

Smith, J. E. .

1715

Smith, J. L. .

1893

Smith, J. M. F.

1745

Smith, J. P. .

1904

Smith, J. S. .

1706

Smith, J. T. .

1698

Smith, M. .

1804

Smith, M. .

1736

Smith, R. .

1824

Smith, R.

1774

Smith, R. A.

H

ha

1777

1777

1849

1788

1858

1862

1841

1747

1780

1699

1751

1813

1779

1852

1748

1845

1716

1847

1862

1745

1814

1784

1792

1837

1740

1667

1664

1680

1820

1663

1684

1722

1673

1753

1841

1834

1667

1825

1767

1856

1857

1824

1663

1696

1737

1860

1894

1907

1861

1773

1809

1819

1830

1785

1909

1841

1840

1803

1837

1795

1801

1718

1796

1857

470

Smith, T.

Smith, T.

Smith, W.

Smith, W.

Smith, W. H . . .

Smith, W. S. .

Smithells, A. . . .

Smithson, H. . . .

Smithson, J. (see Macie, J. L.).

Smyth, C. P. . . . - .

Smyth, G

Smyth, J. C

Smyth, W. W

Smyth, W. H

Smythe, S. S

Smythe, W. J. .

Snelus, G. J. .

Snodgrass, T.

Soame, W. .

Soane, J. .....

Soddy, F

Soemmering, S. T. von .
Solander, D. C.
Solenthal, H. F. de

Sollas, W. J

Solly, E

Solly, R. H

Solly, S

Solly, S

Solly, S

Solly, S. R

Solms-Laubaeh, H. zu .

Somers, Lord ....

Somerset, Duke of .

Somerville, W.

Sopwith, T. .

Sorbiere, S. .

Sorby, H. C

Sotheby, W

Sotheby, W

South, J

Southey, H. H

Southwell, E

Southwell, Lord .

Southwell, R

Souza, G. Merez de

Spalding, J. .

Spallanzani, L.

Spanheim, E. von ....

Sparke, B. E.

Speer, W

Spence, W

Spencer, Earl (see Althorp, Viscount).
Spencer, Lord ....

Spencer, W. B

Sperling, O.
Spilman, J.
Spoleti, F.

Spottiswoode

Spranger, J.
Sprat, T.
Sprat, T.
Spratt, T. A. B.
Sprengel, H. J. P.

W.

1677

Sprengell, C. .v :.'

. . . 1720

1816

Spry, H. H. .

. 1841

1805

Squire, S.

. 1746

1806

Stack, T.

. 1737

1878

Stafford, Earl of .

. 1743

1811

Stafford, Viscount .

: .. . 1664

1901

Stainton, H. T. .

. 1867

1736

Stamfer, J. A.

. 1688

Stamford, Earl of .

. 1708

1857

Stanford, J. F.

.;, ; . 1844

1663

Stanhope, A.

. 1663

1779

Stanhope, C.

. 1726

1858

Stanhope, Earl

. . . 1735

1826

Stanhope, Earl (see '.

tfahon, Vis-

1741

count, 1772).

1864

•Stanhope, Earl (see '.

ytahon, Vis-

1887

count, 1807).

1822

Stanhope, Earl (see ]

ifahon, Vis-

1667

count, 1827).

1821

Stanhope, J. S.

. 1816

1910

Stanley, A. P.

. 1863

1827

Stanley, E. .

. 1765

1764

Stanley, E. .

. 1830

1743

Stanley, E. .

. 1840

1889

Stanley, G. . . .

. 1719

1843

Stanley, J. .

. 1698

1807

Stanley, J. T.

. 1790

1792

Stanley, Lord

. 1859

1812

Stanley, 0. .

. 1842

1837

Stanley, R. .

. 1791

1823

Stanley, T. .

. 1663

1902

Stanley, W. .

. 1689

1698

Stanyan, T. .

. 1726

1797

Stapf, O.

. 1908

1817

Starling, E. H.

. 1899

1845

Stas, J. S. .

. 1879

1663

Stau-nton, G. L.

. . . 1787

1857

Staunton, G. T. .

. 1803

1743

Stead, J. E. .

. 1903

1794

Stearne, R. .

. 1665

1821

Steavens, T. . .

. 1752

1825

Stebbing, H.

.. .-i . 1765

1692

Stebbing, H.

. 1845

1734

Stebbing, T. R. R.

. ' . . 1896

1663

Steenstrup, J. J. S.

.. . . 1863

1669

Steevens, G. .

. 1767

1797

Stehelin, J. de . .

. 1773

1768

Stehelin, J. P.

. . . 1739

1678

Steigertahl, J. G. .

. 1714

1810

Stenhouse, J.

. 1848

1812

Stephens, A. J.

. 1832

1834

Stephens, F. .

. . . 1793

Stephens, P. . '•;.'''

. 1771

1698

Stephens, T. .

. 1766

1900

Stephens, W.

. 1718

1700

Stephenson, R.

. 1849

1734

Stepney, G. .

. 1697

1696

Sterling, R. .

. 1775

1853

Steuart, J. R.

. 1829

1791

Stevens, H. S. .

. 1740

1663

Stevens, J. .

. 1734

1711

Stevenson, W. F. .

. 1811

1856

Stewart, B. .

. 1862

1878

Stewart, C. . ..'...• *

. 1896

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF FELLOWS

171

Stewart, D 1814

Stewart, J 1776

Stewart, M 1764

Stiernhielm, G 1669

Stiles, F. H. E 1742

Stillingfleet, E 1688

Stinton, G 1776

Stirling, C. ...... 1806

Stirling, E. C. . . .... 1893

Stirling, E. H 1838

Stirling, J. . . . . . 1726

Stirling, J 1902

Stirling, W 1801

Stockier, F. de B. G 1819

Stodart, J 1821

Stokes, C 1821

Stokes, G. G 1851

Stokes, W 1861

Stone, E 1725

Stone, E. J 1868

Stoney, B. B 1881

Stoney,G. G 1911

Stoney, G. J 1861

Storer, J 1816

Storey, A. M. R 1823

Stormont, Viscount . . .1666
Stowell, Baron (see Scott, W.).

Stracey, E 1810

Strachey, J 1719

Strachey, R 1854

Strafford, Earl of (see Byng, G. S.).
Strafforde, Earl of . . .1667

Strahan, A 1903

Strange, A 1864

Strange, J 1766

Strangeways, G. . . , 1673

Strangford, Viscount . . . 1825

Strangways, W. T. H. F. . . 1821

Strasburger, E. . . . . 1891

Stratford, W. S 1832

Strathcona, Lord .... 1904

Strathmore, Earl of ... 1732

Stratico, S 1764

Straton, G. F 1807

Stratton, J. . . . . . 1830

Strickland, H. E 1852

Stromeyer, F 1827

Strutt, J. W 1873

Strutt, R. J 1905

Strutt, W 1817

Struve, F. G. W 1827

Struve, 0. W 1873

Struyck, N 1749

Strzelecki, P. E. de , . . 1853

Stuart, A. , 1714

Stuart, C 1719

Stuart, J 1758

Stuart (Stewart), N. . ... 1667

Stubs,? 1703

Stukeley, W. . . . . . 1717

Sturm, J. C. F. . . . 1840

Suasso, A. L. . . . . . 1735

Sudeley, Lord .... 1888

Suess, E - . 1894

Sullivan, R. J 1785

Sumner, G. H. . . . J .- 1796

Sumner, J. B 1848

Sunderland, Earl of (see Spencer, Lord).

Superville, D. de . . . . 1740

Supple, R. B. . 1788

Sussex, Duke of . . . . 1828

Sussex, Earl of . . ... 1721

Sutherland, A. J 1846

Sutherland, A. R. . . . 1828

Sutherland, Duke of ... 1870

Swainson, W 1820

Swan, J. W. . . . . . 185)4

Swanston, C. T 1839

Sweden and Norway, Crown Prince

of . . . . . . 1826

Swieten, G. van .... 1749

Swinburne, J. . 1900

Swinburne, J. E. . . . 1818

Swinden, P. van .... 1772

Swinhoe, R 1876

Swinney, S 1764

Swinton, J 1729

Sydenham, P 1700

Sykes, W. H 1834

Sylvester, J. J 1839

Sylvius, J 1686

Symes, M 1800

Symington, J 1903

Symmer, R 1753

Symmons, J. .... 1794

Symonds, W 1835

Symons, G. J 1878

Tacchini, P. .

Taglini, C. .

Tait, A. C. .

Talbot, C. R. M. .

Talbot, Earl .

Talbot, G. .

Talbot, J. .

Talbot, W. H. Fox

Talbot, W. .

Talbot de Malahide, Lord

Tanner, H. W. L. .

Tanner, J. .

Tarbat, Lord

Tattam, H. .

Taunton, R. .

Tavel, G. F. .

Taylor, A. S. .

Taylor, B. .

Taylor, C. .

Taylor, G. W.

Taylor, H. M.

Taylor, J. .

Taylor, J. .

Taylor, R. . .

Taylor, T. G. .

Taylor, W. .

Tchebitchef , P.

Teale,T.P. .

Teale.T.P. .

1891
1732
1859
1831
1813
1663
1663
1831
1742
1858
1899
1710
1692
1835
1835
1818
1845
1711
1722
1826
1898
1776
1825
1737
1842
1836
1877
1862
jsss

472

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Teall, J. J. .
Teighe, M. .
Teignmouth, Lord .
Telford, T. .
Tempest, W. .
Temple, R. .
Tennant, J. E.
Tennant, J. F.
Tennant, S. .
Tennent, J. .
Tennyson, A.
Tennyson, C.
Terne, C.
Terry, C.
Tessier, G. L.
Thenard, L. J.
Theobald, J. .
Thesiger, F. .
Thiselton-Dyer, W. T.
Thistlewayte, A. .
Thorn, F. de .
Thomas, E. .
Thomas, E. .
Thomas, H. L.
Thomas, J. .
Thomas, M. R. O. .
Thomas, N. .
Thompson, B.
Thompson, P.
Thompson, S. P. .
Thompson, T.
Thompson, T. P. .
Thomsen, J.
Thomson, A.
Thomson, A.
Thomson, J.
Thomson, J.
Thomson, J. D.
Thomson, J. J.
Thomson, J. M.
Thomson, R. D. .
Thomson, S. W. .
Thomson, T.
Thomson, T.
Thomson, W.
Thomson, W.
Thomson, W.
Thomson, W.
Thoresby, R.
Thorne, R. T.
Thornhill, J.
Thornton, E.
Thornton, H. S. .
Thornycroft, J. I. .
Thorp, C. .
Thorpe, J. .
Thorpe, J. F.
Thorpe, T. E.
Threlfall, R.
Thruston, M.
Thuillier, H. E. L. .
Thunberg, C. P. .
Thurlow, Lord
Tlmrsby, G. A. .

1890
1774
1834
1827
1712
1896
1862
1869
1785
1765
1865
1829
1663
1833
1725
1824
1725
1845
1880
1757
1729
1770
1871
1806
1877
1901
1753
1779
1746
1891
1846
1828
1902
1786
1848
1821
1824
1820
1884
1897
1854
1770
1811
1855
1786
1851
1863
1869
1697
1890
1723
1810
1834
1893
1839
1705
1908
1876
1899
1665
1869
1788
1886
1816

Thwaites, G. H. K. ; ". . 1865

Thynne, T 1664

Tiarks, J. L 1825

Tiedemann, F. . . . . 1832

Tierney, M. A 1841

Tighe,R 1708

Tighe, R. S. . . . . . 1793

Tilden, W. A 1880

Tilli,M. A 1708

Tillotson, J 1671

Tilney, Earl of (see Castlemain).

Tilson, G 1735

Timiriazeff, C. A. . . . 1911

Timone, E. . . ... 1703

Tissington, A. . . . . 1767

Tissot, S. A. D 1760

Tite, W 1835

Titsingh, 1 1797

Titus, S 1668

Tizard, T. H 1891

Toalde, G 1777

Todd, C 1889

Todd, R. B 1838

Todhunter, 1 1862

Toilet, G 1713

Tomes, C. S 1878

Tomes, J . 1850

Tomline, W. E 1812

Tomline (see Pretyman, G.).

Tomlinson, C 1867

Tomlinson, H. .... 1889

Tompson, R 1702

Tooke, A 1704

Tooke, T 1821

Tooke, W 1783

Tooke, W 1818

Topham, J 1779

Topley, W. . . . . . 1888

Torkos, J. J 1752

Torrens, R 1818

Torres, J. I. de . . . .1758

Torriano, A 1691

Torrington, Viscount . . . 1817

Torti, F 1717

Tough, C 1749

Towneley, C. .... 1842

Towneley, J 1797

Towneley, P. E 1812

Townley, C 1791

Townley, G 1822

Townsend, 1 1749

Townsend, J. S. . . . . 1903

Townsend, R. . . . . 1866

Townshend, Viscount . . . 1706

Toynbee, J 1842

Tozzi, B 1715

Traherne, J. M 1823

Trail, J. W. H 1893

Traquair, R. H 1881

Travagino, F. . . . 1675

Travers, B 1815

Travers, M. W 1904

Trembley, A 1743

Tressan, L. E. de la V. .1749

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF FELLOWS

473

Treub, M 1899

Trevor, J 1728

Trevor, Lord .... 1764

Trevor, T. 1707

Trevor, T. . . _^-4- . . 1726

Trew, C. J. • feCP • . 1746

Triewald, M. . . . '. . 1731

Trimen, H 1888

Trimen, R 1883

Tristram, H. B 1868

Troni, N. . . . 1715

Trotter, J 1802

Troughton, E 1810

Trouton, F. T 1897

Trumbull, W. . . • . . 1692

Trye,C. B 1807

Tufnell,G. F 1758

Tufnell, S 1709

Tuke, S 1663

Tulk, C.A 1822

Tulloch, J 1843

Tunstall, M 1771

Tapper, M 1835

Tupper,M. F 1845

Turbilly, F. H 1762

Turnbull, J 1791

Turnbull, P. E 1817

Turnbull, T.S 1831

Turner, C. H 1821

Turner, D 1802

Turner, E 1713

Turner, E 1830

Turner, G. J 1865

Turner, H. H 1897

Turner, S 1741

Turner, S 1801

Turner, S 1815

Turner, T. H 1804

Turner, W 1877

Turnor, C 1839

Tumor, E 1786

Turnor, J 1682

Turton, J 1763

Tuscany, Leop. II, Grand Duke of . 1838

Tuson, E. W 1838

Tuthill, G. L. .... 1810

Tutton, A. E. H 1899

Tweeddale, Earl of . . .1663
Tweeddale, Marquess of (seeWalden,

Viscount).
Tweeddale, Marquess of (see Yester,

Lord).

Tweedie,A. . . . . . 1838

Tweedie,C 1819

Twining, R 1834

Twiss, R 1774

Twiss, T 1838

Tylden.J. M 1820

Tylor, E. B 1871

Tyndall, J 1852

Tyndall,T. 1762

Tynte.C.J. K 1834

Tyrawley, Lord .

Tyrconnel, Earl of . . . .1834

Tyrconnel, Viscount
Tyrwhitt, T. .
Tyson, E. .
Tyson, M. .

u

Ubaldini, C. .
Udny, R. .
Ulloa,A.de .
Unwin, W. C.
Upper Ossory, Earl of
Upton, F. G. .
Upton, J.
Ure, A.
Ussher, H. .

Vabres de Fresars, V. B. .
Vage, T.

Valentia, Viscount .
Valentini, M. B. .
Valisnieri, A.
Vallancey, C.
Valltravers, R. de .
Valvasor, J. W.
Van de Bemde, J. .
Vansittart, N.
van't Hoff, J. H. .
Van Vrijberge, W. .
Varignon, P. .
Varley, C. F. .
Vater, A.
Vaughan, Lord
Vaughan, W.
Vaughan (see Halford, H.
Vauquelin, L. N. .
Vaux, W. S. W. .
Vay de Vaja, N. .
Veley, V. H. .
Veltheim, A. F. .
Venables, J. .
Venn, J.
Venturi, M. .
Venuti, F. .
Venuti, R. .
Verdon, G. F.
Vermuyden, C.
Verneuil, P. fi. P. de
Verney, Earl .
Vernon, — .
Vernon, E. .
Vernon, F. .
Vernon, W. V.
Vetch, J.

Victoria, Queen .
Vieussens, R.
Vignoles, C. B.
Vigny, P. de .
Vigors, N. A.
Villermont, E. C. de
Villiers, C. P.
Villoison, J. G. d'Ansse .
Vinoe,S.

1735
1771
1679
1779

1667
1785
1746
1886
1780
1802
1757
1821
1785

1663
1779
1796
1715
1703
1786
1755
1687
1678
1822
1897
1706
1714
1871
1721
1684
1813

1823
1868
1787
1894
1795
1707
1883
1751
1759
1757
1870
1663
1860
1758
1702
1723
1672
1824
1830
1838
1688
1855
1741
1826
1685
1865
1776
1786

474

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Vincent, L. .
Vincent, N. .
Vines, S. H. .
Virchow, B. .
Vivian, J. H. .
Vivian, R. H.
Viviani, V. .
Voelcker, J. C. A. .

Volkra,O.C

Volta, A

Voltaire, F. M. A. de
Volterra, V. .
Vossius, I. .

Vyse.W

Vyvyan, B. B.

W

Wade, W

Wager, H. W. T. .
Wagstaffe, W.
Waldegrave, Earl of
Walden, Viscount .
Wales, Albert Edward, Prince of
Wales, Frederick ; aft. Prince of
Wales, George, Prince of .
Wales, George, Prince of .

Wales, W

Walker, C.V.

Walker, E

Walker, F

Walker, G

Walker, G. T.

Walker, J

Walker, J

Walker, J. ....

Walker, J

Walker, J.J

Walker, J. T.

Walker, B

Walker, T

Walker, T

Walker, W

Wall, C. B

Wall.M

Wall,B

Wallace, A. B.

Wallich,N

Waller, A. D.
Waller, A. V.

Waller, E

Waller, B

Waller, W

Wallis, J

Walmesley, C.

Walpole, H

Walpole, S. H.

Walsh, J

Walsingham, Lord .
Walsingham, B. B.

Walter, H

Walter, J.G

Walton, W

Wanley, H

Warberg, O. .

1715
1683
1885
1884
1823
1841
1696
1870
1716
1791
1743
1910
1664
1781
1826

1811
1904
1717
1749
1871
1863
1728
1727
1893
1776
1855
1869
1791
1771
1904
1774
1794
1828
1900
1883
1865
1831
1729
1791
1737
1830
1788
1753
1893
1829
1892
1851
1663
1681
1678
1663
1750
1746
1860
1770
1887
1778
1819
1794
1837
1706
1805

Warburton, H. . ." 1809

Warburton, J. . 1719

Warburton, J 1834

Ward,E 1667

Ward, H. M. . . . . . 1888

Ward, J. ..... 1723

Ward, J. W.. . . . . 1815

Ward, N. B 1852

Ward, P 1681

Ward, S 1663

Ware, J 1802

Wargentin, P 1764

Waring, E 1763

Waring, B. H 1769

Warington, B 1864

Warington, B 1886

Warner, J 1750

Warre, J. A 1817

Warren, C 1790

Warren, C 1884

Warren, J 1830

Warren, P 1813

Warren, B 1764

Warren, S 1835

Warrender, G 1815

Warwick, Earl of (see Greville, Lord).

Washington, J 1845

Waterford, Bp. of (see Mills, T.).

Waterhouse, E 1663

Waterhouse, J 1834

Watkins, T 1714

Watkins, T 1794

Watson, F. B 1818

Watson, H 1767

Watson, H. W 1881

Watson, J 1763

Watson, J 1778

Watson, M 1884

Watson, B 1750

Watson, B 1769

Watson, B 1830

Watson, T 1859

Watson, W 1741

Watson, W. . , . , . 1767

Watson, W 1808

Watson, W 1901

Watt.J. . . ... 1785

Watt,J 1820

Watts, H. . . . . . 1866

Watts, P 1900

Watts, W. W 1904

Waugh, A. S 1858

Wavell,A. G 1827

Wavell, W 1824

Waveney, Lord (see Adair, B. A. S.).

Way, B 1771

Way, L 1737

Weaver, T 1826

Webb, F 1822

Webb, J 1764

Webb, P. B 1824

Webb, P. C 1749

Webb, B 1762

Webber, W. . . . 1766

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF FELLOWS

475

Weber, E. H. . . . .1862

Weber, W. E 1850

Webster, G 1786

Webster, J 1844

Webster, T 1847

Wedgwood, J 1783

Wegg,G 1758

Wegg, G. S 1777

Wegg.S 1753

Weichman, C. F 1728

Weidler, J. F 1732

Weierstrass, C. W. von . . . 1881

Weismann, A. .... 1910

Weldon, W 1882

Weldon,W.F. R 1890

Welin, J 1741

Wellington, Duke of . . . 1847

Wells, W. C 1793

Wellsted, J. R 1837

Welsh, J 1770

Welsh, J 1857

Welsted, R 1717

Wenman, T. F 1779

Werlhof,P.G 1735

Werthern, J. G. H 1765

West, J 1726

West, W 1846

Western, W 1721

Westmacott, R 1837

Westminster, Dean of (see Dolben, J.).

Westminster, Marquess of . . 1841

Weston, R 1767

Weston, S 1792

Wetenhall, E 1683

Wetherell, C 1824

Wetstein, C 1754

Wetstein, J.J 1753

Wevelinchoven, A. de . . .1781

Weyland, J 1814

Weymouth,Viscount(seeThynne,T.).

Whalley, T 1708

Wharton, R 1810

Wharton, W. J. L 1886

Whatman, J 1840

Whatton, W. R 1834

Wheatstone, C 1836

Wheler.G 1677

.Wheler.G 1728

Whetham, W. C. D. . . . 1901

Whewell.W 1820

Whichcote, P 1674

Whidbey, J 1805

Whishaw, J 1815

Whistler, D 1663

Whitaker, T. D 1818

Whitaker, W 1887

Whitbread, S. C 1854

White, C 1762

White, J 1722

White, T 1725

White, T 1726

White, T 1777

White, W. A. A 1837

White, W. H 1808

White, W. H. . 1888

Whitefoord, C. . . 1784

Whitehead, A. N. . . . 1903

Whitehurst, J. . .1779

Whiteside, J. . .1718

Whitfeld, H. . .1786

Whitmore, G. .1797

Whitworth, J. . . 1857

Whittaker, E. T. . . 1905

Whyte, R. . . 1752

Wicksted, J. C. . . .1716

Widdrington, S. E. . 1842

Wiedemann, (J. . 1884

Wight, R. . . 1855

Wigram, J. . . 1835

Wigram. R. . . . 1806

Wilberforce, S. . . 1845

Wilbraham, G. . .1821

Wilbraham, R. . . .1782

Wilbraham, T. . .1741

Wilcke, J. C. . . 1789

Wilde, H. . . . . 1886

Wilhelmius, W. . . 1742

Wilkes, I. ... . 1760

Wilkes, J. . . 1749

Wilkins, C 1788

Wilkins, J. . . . 1663

Wilkins, W. . . . 1831

Wilkinson, J. . .1764

Wilkinson, J. G. . . 1834

Wilks, M. . . 1826

Wilks, S. . 1870

Willan. R. . . . . 1809

Willett, J. W. . 1795

Willett, R. . . . 1764

Willey, A. . . 1902

William IV, King . . 1831

Williams, — 1698

Williams, — 1708

Williams, C. G. H. 1862

Williams, C. J. B 1835

Williams, D. . . . 1766

Williams, J. . . 1670

Williams, J. . . 1828

Williams, J. L. . . . 1801

Williams, J. W. . . . 1839

Williams, M 1719

Williams, R, . . . 1663

Williams, S. . . 1734

Williams, T. . . . . 1858

Williamson, A. W. ... 1855

Williamson, B. .

Williamson, J. •. 1663

Williamson, J. . . 1749

Williamson, W. C 1854

Willis, H. N. . . 1791

Willis, R 1630

Willis, T 1663

Willoughby of Parham, Lord . . 1744
Willoughby, T. . . . . 1693
Willughby, C. .1683

Willughby, F 1663

Wilmot, E. . . . 1729
Wilmot, J 1779

470

RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Wilmot, R. J. . . . . 1821

Wilson, A 1838

Wilson, B 1751

Wilson, C. T. R 1900

Wilson, C. W 1874

Wilson, G 1796

Wilson, G 1801

Wilson, G. F 1855

Wilson, H. A 1906

Wilson, H. H 1834

Wilson, I. ... . 1831

Wilson, J 1783

Wilson, J 1803

Wilson, J 1845

Wilson, J 1846

Wilson, J. T 1909

Wilson, W. E 1896

Wilson, W. J. E 1845

Wimshurst, J 1898

Winchester, Bp. of (see Morley, G.).
Winchelsea, Earl of . . .1807

Winckler, J. H 1746

Windham, J 1781

Windham, W 1743

Windle, B. C. A 1899

Windsor, Dean of (see Boothe, P.).

Winn, R 1673

Winnington, E 1805

Winterton, Earl . . . .1767

Winthrop, J 1663

Winthrop, J 1734

Winthrop, J 1766

Wintringham, C 1742

Wirtemberg, Prince of . . . 1797

Wislicenus, J. 1897

Wissett, R 1801

Witchett, G 1767

Withering, W 1785

Witsen, N 1689

Witt, G 1834

Wix, S 1813

Wix, W 1810

Wood, J 1680

Wood, J 1871

Wood, N 1864

Wood, R. . . . . 1681

Wood, R 1789

Wood, T. . . . . . 1761

Wood, T 1841

Wood, W 1812

Wood, W. P 1836

Woodcroft, B 1859

Woodford, S 1664

Woodford, T 1708

Woodhouse, R 1802

Woodroffe, B 1668

Woodward, A. S 1901

Woodward, C 1841

Woodward, H 1873

Woodward, H. B. . . . • . 1896

Woodward, J. 1693

Wohler, F 1854

Woide, C. G. . . . 1785

Wolf, N. M. . . 1777

1710
1829
1756
1723
1769
1786
1763
1793
1721
1830

Wolfius, J. C. .

Wollaston, A. L. .

Wollaston, C.

Wollaston, F.

Wollaston, F. . . .

Wollaston, F. J. H.

Wollaston, G.

Wollaston, W. H. .

Woolhouse, J. T. .

Woolmore, J.

Worcester, Marquess of (see Herbert

Lord C.).
Worsley, H. .

Worsley, R

Worth, G

Worthington, A. M.
Wortley, J. S.

Wotton, W

Woulfe, P

Wrangham, F.

Wray, P

Wray, J. (also Ray)

Wren, C

Wren, C

Wren, M.

Wren, T

Wright, A. E.
Wright, C. R. A. .

Wright, E

Wright, J

Wright, R

Wright, T

Wright, W

Wrottesley, Lord .
Wurtz, A. C.

Wyatt, J

Wyatt, W

Wyatville, J.

Wyche, C

Wyche, P

Wyche, P

Wylde, E

Wynde,W

Wyndham, — .

Wyndham, H. P. .

Wynn, C. W. W. .

Wynn, W. W.

Wynne, W. .

Wynne, W. P.

Wyvill.M. . .

Wyvill, M

Xavier de Menezes, F.

Yale, E 1717

Yarborough, Lord (see Pelham, C. A.).

Yarmouth, Earl of ... 1722
Yarmouth, Earl of (see Paston, R.).

Yates, J 1839

Yeats, G. D 1819

Yeats, T. P 1781

Yelloly, J 1814

1663
1663
1745
1663
1663
1677
1783
1827
1773
1794
1896
1711
1734

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF FELLOWS

477

Yeo, G. F. .

Yeoman, T. .

Yester, Lord

Yolland, W. .

Yonge, G. .

Yonge, W. .

York, Abp. of (see Dolben, J.).

York, Abp. of (see Stearne, R.).

York, Abp. of (see Thomson, W.).

York, James, Duke of .

York, Edward, Duke of

York, Frederick, Duke of

York, George, Duke of .

Yorke, C.

Yorke, C. P.

Yorke, J.

Yorke, P.

Yorke, P.

Young, A.

1889

Young, G.

.

1764

Young, J.

1666

Young, J.

. .

1859

Young, S.

,

1784

Young, S.

.

1748

Young, T.

Young, W.

Young, W.

.

Young, W. H.

.

1664

Younghusband, C.

W. .

1760

1789

Z

1893

Zach, F. X. .

t ,

1750

Zanotti, E. .

§ ,

1801

Zanotti, E. .

• . •

1773

Zanotti, F. M.

1740

Zirkel, F. .

t B

1849

Zollman, P. H.

» • •

1774

Zouche, Lord (see

Bisshopp, C.)-

1781
1702
1873
1795
1893
1794
1747
1786
1907
1S.V2

1804
1740
1760
1740
1897
1727

INDEX

Aberdour, Lord (Earl of Morton), President,
202.

Addison, Joseph, makes contemptuous
reference to the Royal Society, 46.

Admission of Fellows, 23, 161.

Airy, Sir George B., President, 204.

Albemarle, Duke of, 22.

Antarctic Meteorological Observations Com-
mittee, 270.

Archives of the Royal Society, Statute con-
cerning, 157 ; contents of, 236.

Arms of the Royal Society, 22.

Armstrong, Lord, benefactions by, 197.

Arundel House, Strand, meetings of Royal
Society at, 27 ; proposal to build a house
for Royal Society in the neighbourhood
of, 28 ; Library from, 233.

Assistant Secretary of the Society, Statutes
concerning, 139, 153, 169, 172 ; list of
those who have held the office, 209.

Aston, Francis, benefaction by, 195 ;
Secretary, 207.

Athenaeum Club and the Royal Society, 308.

Aubrey, John, 3 note ; cited, 24, 30.

Bacon, Francis, influence of, 1, 3, 5, 33 ;

New Atlantis of, with its design of a

college for research, 2, 9 ; Novum Or-

ganon of, 2, 9.
Bakerian and Copley Medal Fund, 174, 195,

224.
Bakerian Lecture, list of lecturers and

subjects, 224.

Balle, R., benefaction by, 195.
Balle, William, 3 note, 8 ; benefaction of,

194 ; Treasurer, 206.
Banks, Sir Joseph, President, 203.
Barrow, Isaac, 20.
Benefactors of the Royal Society, Statute

concerning, 129, 163 ; list of, 193.
Bentham, G., bequest from, 197.
Books of the Society, see Charter- book.
Botanic Garden, Chelsea, 302.
Boyle, Robert, 3 ; his Invisible College, 37 ;

member of first Council, 15, 18 ; his

Christian Virtuoso, 42.
Brady Library Fund, 175 ; bequest by

H. B. Brady, 197.
Brereton, W., 15.
British Museum (created in 1758), received

the contents of the Repository of the

Royal Society in 1779, 38; Royal

Society represented on the Board of

Trustees of, 308.
Brodie, Sir B. C., President, 204.

Brouncker, Viscount, President, 6, 11 14
15, 20, 200.

Buchanan Medal Fund, 175 ; Medallists
216.

Buckingham, Duke of (Dryden's Zimri), 20.

Budgett, J., benefaction by, 197.

Burlington House, Royal Society's apart-
ments in, 29 (Plates XIX and XX).

Burrow, Sir James, President, 202.

Busts in possession of the Royal Society, 252.

Butler, Samuel, travesties the early doings
of the Royal Society, 45.

Cambridge University, Lowndean Chair of

Astronomy and Geometry, the President

of the Royal Society an ex officio member

of Board of Electors, 308.

Carbery, Earl of (Lord Vaughan), President,

201.

Carnegie, Andrew, benefaction by, 198.
Catalogue of Scientific Papers, 275 ; Com-
mittee, 270.

' Challenger ' Reports Committee, 270.
Charles II, restoration of, 7 ; visits the
Royal Society, 13 ; his interest in the
Society, 10, 13, 15, 21, 24, 25, 32, 34, 44 ;
Founder and Patron, 15, 22 ; suggested
experiments to the Society, 32 ; fist of
his benefactions to the Society, 193.

Charter, the First, granted to the Royal
Society, 14, 48-58 ; English translation
of, 59-69 : the Second, 15, 22, 69-82 ;
English translation of, 82-94 : the Third,
15, 27, 94-104 ; English translation of,
105-14.

Charter-book and other books of the Royal
Society, 22 ; Statutes concerning, 128,
143, 156, 168.

Charterhouse School and the Royal Society,
308.

Chelsea Botanic Garden, 302.

Chelsea College, Royal Society petitions for
possession of, 25 ; granted to Society, 27 ;
repurchased by King Charles, 27.

Christ's Hospital and the Royal Society, 308.

City and Guilds of London Institute and the
Royal Society, 308.

Clarke, Timothy, 15.

Clerk of the Royal Society, Statutes relating
to, 127, 166.

Colwall, Daniel, benefaction by, 194;
Treasurer, 206.

Committees of the Royal Society, 36, 269.

Composition fee of Fellows, 164.

Copley, Sir Godfrey, benefaction by, 195.

480

INDEX

Copley, Sir Joseph, benefaction by, 197.

Copley Medallists, list of, 210. .

Council of the Royal Society, 15, 120, 135,
150, 161, 170.

Cowley, Abraham, one of the first list of
adherents of the Royal Society, 8, 20 ;
his scheme for a college to advance
experimental philosophy, 8 ; his lauda-
tory Ode on the Royal Society, 41.

Crane Court, Royal Society's house in, 29
(Plate IX).

Croone, William, 21 ; benefaction by his
widow, 195.

Croonian Lecture Fund, 176 ; list of
lecturers and subjects, 217.

Curators of Experiments at the Royal
Society, 31 ; Statutes relating to, 125,
163.

Cutler, Sir John, benefaction by, 194.

Daniels, Major, benefaction from, 199.
Darwin Memorial Fund, 177 ; Medallists,

215.
Davy, Sir Humphry, benefactor of Royal

Society, 196 ; President, 203 ; Secretary,

208.

Davy Medal Fund, 177 ; Medallists, 215.
Degree of the Earth, Charles II requests the

Society to measure, 32, 33.
Denham, John (the poet), 20.
Derby, Earl of, bequest from, 197.
Digby, Kenelme, 15, 34.
Dirks, Henry, benefaction by, 196.
Donation Fund, 177.
Dryden, John (the poet), an original Fellow

of the Royal Society, 20 ; his verses on

Bacon and his successors, 41.
Dulwich College and the Royal Society, 308.

Earle, W. B., bequest by, 195.

Edward VII, continues the grant of the

Royal Medals, 194.
Ejection of Fellows, Statutes regarding, 129,

134, 149.
Election, earliest mode of election at the

Royal Society, 11 ; Statutes concerning,

120, 131, 145, 159, 164, 170.
Ellis, Sydney, bequest from, 197.
Ent, George, 4.

Eton College and the Royal Society, 308.
Evelyn, John, 3, 6 ; his scheme for the

endowment of research, 9 ; one of the

first Council, 19 ; cited, 13, 23, 27, 28, 30,

38, 43 ; remained in London during the

Plague, 26.
Experimental Philosophy, rise of, 1, 4, 7, 9,

Experiments, as part of the early work of
the Royal Society, 31, 32, 119, 163.

Faujas de Saint Fond, visit of, to Royal

Society, 45.
Fee Reduction Fund, 178.

Fellow, use of the word to indicate a member
of a scientific body, 2.

Fellows, alphabetical list of, 432 ; chrono-
logical list of, 309.

Finance Committee, 270.

Folkes, Martin, 24 ; benefaction by, 195 ;
President, 202.

Foreign members of the Royal Society, 164,
169, 171.

Foreign Secretary of the Royal Society,
Statute concerning, 153, 169 ; list of
Foreign Secretaries, 208.

Funds or Trusts of the Royal Society, 174.

Gassiot Committee, 270, 302.

Gassiot Trust, 179, 188 ; benefaction by
J. P. Gassiot, 196.

Geikie, Sir Archibald, President, 206 ; Secre-
tary, 208 ; Foreign Secretary, 209.

George III, benefaction of, to Royal Society,
193.

George IV, founder of the Royal Medals, 193.

George V, continues the grant of the Royal
Medals, 194.

George, Prince of Denmark (consort of
Queen Anne), signs the Charter-book, 22.

Gilbert, Davies, benefaction by, 195 ;
President, 203 ; Treasurer, 206.

Gilbert's work on Magnetism, 1 note.

Glassworkers' Cataract Committee, 271.

Glisson, Francis, 4, 19.

Goddard, Jonathan, 4, 5, 19, 30.

Gore Fund, 180 ; bequest from Dr. George
Gore, 198.

Government grant for Scientific Investiga-
tions, 280.

Graunt, John, 21.

Greenwich Observatory, erection of, by
Charles II, 34 ; early connexion of, with
Royal Society, 34, 35 ; Board of Visitors
of, 35 ; Warrant for Constitution of, 298.

Gresham College, 3 note, 5, 7, 12 ; account
of rooms occupied by Royal Society at, 6,
26, 28 (Plates I and II).

Gresham, Sir Thomas, 7 note.

Grew, Nehemiah, 31, 38, 41, 207.

Guillemand, J., benefaction by, 196.

Gunning Fund, 180 ; benefaction by
R. H. Gunning, 197.

Haak, Theodore, 4.

Halifax, Earl of, President, 201 ; benefac-
tion by, 195.

Halley, Edmund, 32, 41 ; Secretary, 207.

Hamilton, Sir David, benefaction of, 195.

Handley Fund, 180 ; bequest by Edwin H.
Handley, 196.

Harrow School and the Royal Society, 308.

FTickman, S., bequest by, 195.

Hill, Abraham, 21, 206.

Hooke, Robert, 3, 19, 31, 44, 207.

Hooker, Sir Joseph D., President, 204.

Hoskins, Sir John, President, 201, 207.

INDEX

481

Howard, Henry (afterwards Duke of

Norfolk), 27, 28 ; benefactor, 194, 233.
Huggins, Sir William, President, 205 ;

cited, 24.
Hughes Medal Fund, 181 ; Medallists, 216 ;

benefaction by David E. Hughes, 197.
Hunterian Museum and the Royal Society,

308.
Huxley, T. H. , President, 205 ; Secretary, 208.

Imperial Cancer Research Fund and the

Royal Society, 308.
Imperial College of Science and Technology

and the Royal Society, 308.
Indian Government Advisory Committee.

271.
Instruments belonging to the Royal Society,

237.
International Association of Academies

Committee, 271.
International Catalogue Committee, 271 ;

International Catalogue of Scientific

Literature, 294.

Invisible College of Robert Boyle, 3, 7.
Isted, T., benefaction by, 195.

James II signs the Charter- book, 22.
Jodrell Fund, 181 ; benefaction by T. J.

Phillips Jodrell, 196.

Joint Permanent Eclipse Committee, 271.
Joule Memorial Fund, 181.

Keck bequest, 182, 195.
Kelvin, Lord, President, 205.
Kew Observatory, 300.

Lawes Agricultural Trust, 304.
Librarian of the Royal Society, 166.
Library of the Royal Society, Statutes

concerning, 157, 168 ; history of, 233 ;

Committee, 271.
Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine and

the Royal Society, 308.
Lister, Lord,.President, 205; Foreign Sec. 209.
London, Great Plague and Great Fire of, 26.
London, City of, invites Royal Society back

to Gresham College, 28.

Macclesfield, Earl of, President, 202.
Mace, granted by Charles II to Royal

Society, 14 (Plate IV).
Mackinnon Research Studentships, 182 ;

benefaction by Sir William Mackinnon,

197.

McClean, Frank, bequest from, 198.
Medallions, belonging to the Royal Society,

252.

Medallists of Royal Society, list of, 210.
Medals in possession of the Royal Society,

254.
Meetings of the Royal Society, days and

hours of, 25 ; early character of, 29 ;

Statutes concerning, 118, 140, 154, 155,

166, 171.

Mcrret, C., 4.

Meteorological Committee, 302.

Military education (Advisory Board) and

the Royal Society, 308.
Mond, Dr. Ludwig, benefactions by, 197, 198.
Montagu, Charles (Earl of Halifax),

President. 201.

Moray, Sir Robert, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15.
Morton, Earl of. President, 202.

National Physical Laboratory, 287.

Neile, Paul, 15.

Newton, Isaac, and the deductive philo-
sophy, 2 note ; succeeded Barrow at
Cambridge, 20 ; President of the Society,
29, 201 ; publication of his Pn'nctpia,41 ;
benefactions of, to Royal Society, 194 ;
Relics* of, in possession of the Society,
237.

Northampton, Marquess of, President, 204.

Observatories Committee, 271.

Officers of the Royal Society, Statutes

relating to, 120, 135, 150, 161, 166.
Oldenburg, Henry, Secretary, 15, 16, 207.
Olivcira, B., benefactions by, 196.
Operators of the Royal Society, Statute

concerning, 128, 163.
Orrnond, Duke of, appeal to, for aid to the

Royal Society, 25.
Oxford, Philosophical Society of, 6.
Oxford University, Chairs in the Boards of

Electors of which the President of the

Royal Society is an ex officio member, 308.

Paget, Thomas, benefaction by, 195.
Papin, D., 31.

Patents, referred to the Royal Society, 36.
Patrons of the Royal Society, 200.
Payments made by the Fellows of the

Society, 118. 133, 148, 163, 164, 169.
Pembroke, Earl of, President, 201.
Pcpys, Samuel, cited, 22, 24, 44 ; remains

in London during the Plague, 26 ;

benefaction of, 194 ; President, 201.
Petty, William, 3, 5, 15, 19, 24, 237.
Philosophical Transactions, 39, 161, 274.
Physicians, Royal College of, and the

Royal Society, 11.

Pipe, Miss H. E., benefaction by, 197.
Pitfield, A., bcnef action by, 195.
Plague in India (Advisory Board) and the

Royal Society, 308.

Plague of London and the Royal Society, 26.
Pope, Alexander, his sarcastic allusion to the

Royal Society, 46.
Pope, Walter, 19.
Portraits belonging to the Royal Society,

239.
President of the Royal Society, privileges

of, 24 ; Statutes relating to, 123, 136, 151 ;

former Presidents, 12, 14, 200.
Pringle, S'ir John, President, 202.

482

INDEX

Printer to the Royal Society, Statute con-
cerning, 127, 163.

Privileged persons, election of, into the
Society, 172.

Privy Councillors and the Society, 131, 172.

' Proceedings ' of the Royal Society, 275.

Publication Grant, 287.

Publications of the Society, 39, 40, 41, 274 ;
Statutes relating to, 141, 155, 161, 168.

Ray, John, 41.

Rayleigh, Lord, President, 206; Secretary,
208.

Relics belonging to Royal Society, 237.

Repository of the Royal Society, 37, 38.

Ronalds, Francis, benefaction by, 196.

Rooms successively occupied by the Royal
Society, 26.

Rosse Fund, 182 ; Earl of Rosse, President,
204.

Royal Irish Academy and the Royal
Society, 308.

Royal Medallists, list of, 213.

Royal Medals, 186.

Royal Society, account of the origin of,
4, 7 ; subjects discussed at its early
meetings, 5, 10 ; preliminary list of
earliest projectors of, 8 ; modes of election
at, 11; earliest proposed organization of,
12 ; name of, when determined, 13 ; ob-
tains its first charter, 14 ; true date of
origin of, as an incorporated society, 14 ;
list of original fellows of, 16, 18 ; arms
granted to, 22 ; motto of, 22 ; early
impecuniosity of, 24, 25, 160, 173 ; peti-
tions for a grant of lands in Ireland, 25 ;
solicits a grant of lands reclaimed from
the sea, 25 ; petitions to obtain Chelsea
College, 25 ; College granted, 27 ; repur-
chased by Charles II, 27 ; days and hours
of meetings of, 25 ; successive abodes of,
26, 27, 29 ; proposes to erect a building,
28 ; arrangement of business at the
meetings of, 29 ; experiments at meetings
of, 31 ; comprehensiveness of scientific
aims of, 33 ; practical inquiries of, into
industrial matters, 34, 36 ; foreign cor-
respondence of, 35 ; early committees
of, 36 ; requested to examine patents of
mechanical inventions, 36 ; requested to
direct and instruct government officials
going abroad, 37 ; forms a ' Repository
of Rarities ', 37 ; employed an emissary
to collect objects in Natural History, 38* ;
Human Anatomy undertaken by, with the
right to demand the bodies of criminals
for dissection, 39 ; the ' Philosophical
Transactions ' of, 39, 161, 274 ; separate
works published by, during the first half-
century, 40, and during last half of nine-
teenth century, 278 ; opposition offered
to, in its early years, 42, 47 ; Charters of,
48-114; Statutes of, 117-73 ; Trusts of.
174 ; principal Benefactors of, 193 ;

Patrons of, 200 ; Presidents of, 200-6 ;
Treasurers, 206 ; Secretaries, 207 ; Foreign
Secretaries, 208 ; Assistant Secretaries,
209 ; Medallists of, 210-16 ; Croonian
Lecturers of, 217 ; Bakerian Lecturers
of, 224 ; Library of, 233 ; Instruments
and Historical Relics belonging to, 237 ;
list of Portraits in possession of, 239 ;
Medallions, busts, and statuettes in
possession of, 252 ; Medals belonging to,
254 ; Committees of, now in operation,
269 ; Grants and Committees which the
Royal Society controls or administers^
and Institutions on the Governing Bodies
of which it is represented, 280 ; Educa-
tional and other institutions on which
the Society is represented, 308 ; Chrono-
logical Register of Fellows of, 309 ;
Alphabetical List of Fellows of, 432.

Rugby School and the Royal Society, 308.

Rumford Fund, 183, 195, 212 ; Medallists,
212.

Rupert, Prince, signs the Charter-book,
22, 23.

Sabine, Sir Edward, President, Treasurer,
Secretary, Foreign Sec., 204,207, 208,209.

St. Andrew's Day and the Royal Society,
6, 23.

Schuster, Prof. A., benefactions from, 198r
199.

Scientific Relief Committee, 272; Fund, 183.

Sea, researches in, devised by the Royal
Society, in 1662, 33.

Seal of the Royal Society, Statutes con-
cerning, 128, 144, 158.

Secretaries of the Royal Society, Statutes
relating to, 124, 138, 153 ; List of, 207.

Sectional Committees of the Royal Society,
269.

Seismology Committee, 272.

Sensitive plants, King Charles's inquiry
about, 32.

Shadwell, Thomas, his play of The Virtuoso
ridicules the scientific men of the time, 45.

Shrewsbury School and the Royal Society,
308.

Siemens, Sir W., benefaction by, 197.

Slingesby, Henry, 15.

Sloane, Hans, benefaction by, 195 ; Presi-
dent, 202 ; Secretary, 207.

Smith, Robert, D.D., benefaction by, 195.

Soane Museum and the Royal Society, 308.

Soiree Committee, 272.

Solar Research Committee, 272.

Somers, Lord, President, 201.

Somerset House, Royal Society's apart-
ments in, 29.

Sorbiere, Samuel, 45.

Sorby Research Fund, 184 ; Committee,
272 ; bequest by H. C. Sorby, 198.

South, Robert, D.D., attacked the Royal
Society at the Oxford Encaenia, 43.

Southwell, Robert, 21, President, 201.

INDEX

488

Spottiswoode, William, President, 205, 207.
Sprat, Thomas, his History of the Royal

Society, 4, 9, 21, 22, 29, 37 ; an original

Fellow, 20.

Stanhope, Earl, bequest by, 195.
Statutes of the Royal Society, 16 ; those

made in 1663, 1 17-30 ; made in 1847, 131-

44 ; at present in force, 145-58 ; Notes

on the history of the Statutes, 159-73.
Steele, Richard, his sarcastic allusion to the

Royal Society, 46.
Sterling, E. H., benefaction by, 196.
Stokes, Sir George G., President, 205 ;

Secretary, 208.
Strangers, admission of, to meetings of the

Society, 167.

Sussex, Duke of, President, 203.
Sylvester Medal Fund, 185 ; Medallists, 216.

Taverns, early scientific meetings at, 3, 5.

Thomson, Sir William (Lord Kelvin),
President, 205.

Travelling Expenses Fund, 185.

Treasurer of the Royal Society, Statutes
relating to, -123, 137, 152; List of
Treasurers, 206.

Trevelyan, Sir W. C., bequest from, 197.

Tropical Diseases Committee, 272 ; Ad-
visory Board, 308.

Trusts of the Royal Society, 174.

Tyndall Mining Research Fund, 185 ;
Committee, 273.

Tyndall, Mrs., benefactions from, 198.

Universities and the Royal Society, 11, 308.

Vaughan, Lord, 201.

Victoria, Queen, continues the grant of the

Royal Medals, 194.
Virtuosi, The, 44.

Wadham College and the Royal Society, 6,
18, 43.

Waller, Edmund (the poet), 20.

Waller, Richard, benefaction by, 195.

Wallis, John, 3, 33 ; his account of the
beginning of the Royal Society, 4 ; mem-
ber of first Council, 15, 18.

Ward, Seth, 5, 20.

West, James, President, 202.

Westminster School and the Royal Society,
308.

Wheatstone, Charles, bequest from, 196.

Whistler, Daniel, 21.

Whitworth, Joseph, benefaction by, 196.

Wilkins, John, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 15, 18, 207 ;
benefaction by, 194.

William IV, continues the grant of the Royal
Medals, 193.

Williamson, Joseph, President, 21, 200.

Willis, Thomas, 6.

Willoughby, Francis, 19.

Winchester College and the Royal Society,
308.

Winthrop, John, 21.

Wintringham Fund, 186 ; bequest by
Sir C. Wintringham, 196.

Wolfe, Miss, benefactions from, 198.

Wollaston, William Hyde, 177, 195 ; Presi-
dent, 203 ; Secretary, 208.

Wren, Christopher, 3, 6, 11, 19, 34 ; Presi-
dent, 200.

Wrottesley, Lord, President, 204.

Wyche, Sir Cyril President, 21, 201.

Year-book of the Royal Society, 278.
York, Duke of (afterwards James II), signs

the Charter-book, 22.
Young, James, benefaction by, 196.

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