Full text of "Records and papers of the New London county historical society .."

Records and Papers

NEW LONDON COUNTY

Historical Society.

VOLUME III. PART I.

PRICE FIFTY CENTS.

Heserr* Storage
RECORDS AND PAPERS

OF THE

NEW LONDON COUNTY

HISTORICAL SOCIETY,

VOLUME III. PART I.

Edited by the Secretary.

new london, connecticut,

Published ky the Society.

1906.

/V7/V7

UBHABY of CONGRESS
Iwocouiei Kecelved

AUG 24 «y06

. CopyriRni tnuy
CLAS^ A Wte. No.
COPY A.

CorVKlCHT, 1906, BY

The New London County Historical Society.

BiNCHAM Paper Box Company, Printers,
New London, Connecticut.

CONTENTS.

f '•

Foreword, . . . • •

The John Winthrop Monument, .
The Work of the Commissioners,
The Sculptor,
Winthrop Square, .
The Boulder Pedestal, .
The Tablet, .

Details of Preparation for May Sixth,

Outline of Committee Work,

Citizens' Committee,

Reception Committee, .

List of Officers and Committees,

Special Orders for Escort to Governo

Roberts,
Orders for Afternoon Parade,
Invited Guests,

New London's Two Hundred Fifty-ninth Birthday,
A Midnight Soliloquy, by Cornelia W. Cha-

pell, Jr.,

Military Escort to the Governor, ,
Program, Unveiling Ceremonies, .
Introductory Remarks, Ernest E. Rogers,
Invocation, Rev. J. Romeyn Danforth, .
Address of Welcome, Mayor Mahan, .
Response, Governor Roberts,
Delivery of Statue, Ex-Governor McLean,
Unveiling of Statue, , . . •

Pack.

11-22
II
14
15
19
22

23-41

23
27
28

32
36
38

42 -82
42

45
48
48

50
51
53
54

CONTENTS.

Page.

Acceptance of Statue, Kx-Governor Waller, 56

Historical Address, Hon. Daniel Davenport, 58

The Luncheon, ...... 72

Afternoon Parade and Rexiew, ... 73

C\)nclusion, . . . . . • • -83-92

Final Committee Meeting-, .... 83

Te.xt of Circular issued by P'inance Committee. 85
Statement of Celebration Funtl, with List of

Contributors, ...... 87

Statement of Pedestal Fund, with List of Con-
tributors, ....... 89

Replies to Invitations, ..... 90

The Old Town Mill, 93

New Connecticut or the Western Reserve, by

William C. Oilman, ..... 97
The Parentage of Phebe Brown - Lee- Larrabee-

Cornish, by Lieut.- Col. C. D. Parkhurst, . 112
Four Lost Legacies of the Early N. E. Civil Polity,

by Rev. Leonard Woolsey Bacon, D. D., . 127
Publications of the Society, ..... 142
Records of the Society, June 17, 1904, — Septem-
ber I, 1905, 143

Gifts, September i, 1903, — September i, 1905, . 161

Officers and Committees, . . . . . 163

List of Members, September i, 1905, . . . 164

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Statue of John Winthrop the Younger,
The Statue and its Surroundings,
Bronze Tablet, ,..•••
Facsimile of Invitation, ....
Unveiling of Statue, ....

The Old Town Mill and Surroundings in

1820,

The Old Town Mill in 1905,

Manuscript, "A Genealogy of my Mother,"

ontis

piece

^^acing

page

((

123

Page 87.
91.

" 104.

" 106.

" 109.

" 123.

" 124.

" 125.

line 17
" 32
5
" 15
' 17
" 17
" 12
" 23
" 16

ERRATA.

For"Receits," read -Receipts."

" "that,'- read "than."

.' "Gonzaulus," read " Gunsaulus "
^^ " Schnectady," read "Schenectady."
- "thoughout." read "throughout."
" "Bischard," read " Birchard."
4 1 n f " read " s."

" "Larribee," read " Larrabee."
^' " predecessors," read "predecessors.

HISTORY AND DEDICATION

OF THE MONUMENT TO

Governor John Winthrop the Younger

Erected in the city which he founded

A. D. 1646

By the State of Connecticut

NEW LONDON, MAY 6, 1905.

Publication Committee.

loMAlHAN TrI'MHULL, ELIZABETH GoRlON, F^RKEST E. ROGERS.

The Act of Incorporation allows the New London County
Historical Society to hold property, and any bequest may be
made for specific purposes, as a fund for permanent building,
for printing, or for the general expenses of the Society.

The form of such bequest is as follows :

I give and bequeath to the New London County Historical
Society, the sum of dollars, the same to

be applied to the fund of said Society to

be used under the direction of the officers of said Society, for
the purpose named.

'rill-, Sl'AIlK 1)1 |()ll\ WlNlllkOI' I'HK YolNT.KR.

FOREWORD.

On May 6, 1896, the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the
settlement of New London, Connecticut, there was laid in that city
the cornerstone of a monument to John Winthrop the Younger. Part
III, Volume II, of the Records and Papers of the New London County
Historical Society contains a detailed account of the celebration held
at that time, and the preliminary arrangements for it. In order to
show the connected history of the movement from its beginning in
1895 to the completion of the statue, ten years later, the following sum-
mary of important facts, taken largely from The Day of May 6, 1905,
is given.

The bronze statue unveiled today is not wholly a memorial to John
Winthrop, the founder of New London, as is the general impression,
but is erected by the State in memory of John Winthrop the Younger,
one of the earlier governors, who served the colony well by securing
from King Charles the Second of England, the charter which gave
Connecticut so much more liberty than was accorded to other colonies.
The fact that Winthrop also founded a city in 1646 is merely one of
the many important events of his life, but it caused his statue to be
placed in New London, where he lived, and with which town his
name is so intimately connected.

Nearly ten years ago the movement for a memorial to Winthrop
was started by Ernest E. Rogers, who, noticing that there were no
memorials of any kind in New London, and believing that the first to
be erected should be to the founder of the city, introduced the follow-
ing resolutions at the annual meeting of the New London County
Historical Society, September 2, 1895 :

" Whereas, the 6th of May, 1S96, will be the 250th anniversary of the
founding of New London bj John Winthrop the Younger, subsequently gov-
ernor of the colony, and

"Whereas, it is eminently fitting and proper that the New London
County Historical Society should originate plans for the erection of a public
memorial to Governor John Winthrop,

6 FOREWORD.

" Moved, that this Societv take the initial and active steps toward
placing on the elevation in the new park a statue of Governor Winthrop of
commanding size, the cornerstone to be laid not later than the above men-
tioned date.

" Moved, that a committee of three, of which the President of the
Societv shall be an ex-officio member, be appointed by the Society to de-
velop plans and methods for securing the necessary funds, and to report to a
special meeting of the Society to be held during the third week of Septem-
ber."

These resolutions were referred to the Advisory Committee of the
Historical Society, with instructions to report not later than Decem-
ber I. On November i6 the committee reported to the Society in
favor of the project, and recommended that the city, through the
Common Council and Board of Trade, be invited to join in the move-
ment. A committee was appointed and empowered to represent the
Society, and Miss Fannie Potter, the Secretary, notified the Common
Council and Board of Trade of this action and recommendation.
The approval of those bodies was given, and a committee was ap-
pointed by each to co-operate with that of the Historical Society in
the preparations for laying a cornerstone.

The celebration on May 6, 1896, had a three-fold program, the
dedication of the soldiers' and sailors' monument on the parade
being one project, the celebration of the city's 250th anniversary an-
other, and the laying of the cornerstone for the Winthrop monument
a third. This made a more varied program than was the case in to-
day's celebration.

The portion of the program devoted to the laying of the corner-
stone took place in the forenoon. The ceremonies of laying the stone
were in charge of local Masons and the grand officers of Connecticut
were also present, besides members of Bay View Lodge of Niantic.
The Masons formed in line in Union Street and marched to the scene
where the ceremony was to take place, being escorted by 400 school
boys in line. The boys formed a solid body on one side of the parklet
and the Masons had the center of the scene. The ceremonies
included prayer by Rev. James Wilson Bixler, D. U., remarks by
President A. H. Chappell of the Board of Trade, and an address on
the Founder of the City by Rev. S. Leroy Blake, D.D., late pastor

FOREWORD. 7

of the First Church of Christ. The lowering and setting of the stone
and sealing of its contents was conducted in accordance with the rites
of the order.

Even after the cornerstone was laid, and the work thus given an
auspicious start, the project did not move forward with the desired
rapidity and success. For several years nothing was done toward
securing funds, but finally Hon. Augustus Brandegee, who was an ad-
mirer of Winthrop, offered to start a popular fund with a donation of
five hundred dollars, if the public would give the rest within a specified
period. In January, 1900, it was announced that this amount would
be doubled, provided that the remaining sum necessary for the mon-
ument should be raised by July 4 of the same year. Both offers
stood neglected, however, as no other donations for this purpose were
made.

On December 31, 1899, Hon. Charles Augustus WiUiams, then
President of the New London County Historical Society, died. In
response to the urging of members of the organization, Mr. Ernest E.
Rogers finally accepted the Presidency, and succeeded to the duties
of the position. The Society has had various other enterprises in hand,
but from that time the project to secure the statue of Winthrop was
made foremost, and given its strongest efforts.

At a special meeting, it was voted that a, committee of five be
appointed to endeavor to secure a state appropriation for the statue,
inasmuch as no funds seemed forthcoming from local sources. In
January, 1901, a committee was appointed consisting of Hon. Robert
Coit, Alfred H. Chappell, Walter Learned, Mayor M, Wilson Dart,
and Postmaster John McGinley, President of the Board of Trade.
This committee was instructed to draw up and present to the General
Assembly a bill making the desired appropriation. Mr. Coit drew
the bill, and his son, William B. Coit, then representative from New
London, presented it in the Assembly, and watched zealously over its
interests while it was before the Legislature.

In order to secure an appropriation for the statue, it was necessary
to show that the memorial was not strictly local. Accordingly the
bill was given the support of the Connecticut Historical Society, the

8 P^OREWORD.

New London County Historical Society and the Connecticut Society,
Sons of the American Revolution, as well as the following local socie-
ties: John Winthrop Club. St. John's I<iterary Association, Salton-
stall Club, and Nathan Hale Branch, Sons of the American Revolution.
Committees representing the above societies were appointed to ap-
pear before the Appropriations Committee on March 14, 1901. in the
Capitol at Hartford, and were as follows:

Connecticut Historical Society: Rev. Lindall Winthrop Salton-
stall. Rev. W. DeLoss Love, Prof. Henry Furguson, Arthur L. Ship-
man, Albert C. Bates. New London County Historical Socit-ty:
Ernest E. Rogers, President, Charles B. Ware, Treasurer. City of
New London : Hon. M. Wilson Dart, Mayor, Hon. Robert Coit,
Alfred H. Chappell, Walter Learned, John McGinley, President Board
of Trade. Connecticut Society, Sons of the American Revolution :
Jonathan Trumbull. Winthrop Club : Asa O. Goddard, Hon. Cyrus
G. Beckwith, Maj. Hadlai A. Hull, Ex-Gov. Thomas M. Waller. St.
John's Literary Association : Bryan F. Mahan, John C. Geary, William
J. Brennan. Saltonstall Club : Henry P. BuUard. Nathan Hale
Branch, Sons of the American Revolution: Dr. Frederic Farnsworth.

The Hartford Courant of March 15, 1901, gives the following out-
line of the hearing:

Hon. Robert Coit, of New London, briefly sketched the career of Win-
throp, whose home was in New London, dwelling particularly on his suc-
cess in procuring a charter for the State. The only memorial to Winthrop
is the portrait that leads the line of Governors' portraits in the State Li-
brary. Mr. Coit also referred to the fact that New London had furnished
four governors, and adhered to his belief that the statue should be in that
city. To Chairman Roberts' inquiry if less than ten thousand dollars would
do, Mr. Coit said that no proper statue could be secured for less, and that it
was not worth while to put up a cheap statue. New London wanted a work
of art, such as a former governor deserved.

Jonathan Trumbull of Norwich spoke of the ^vork accomplished by indi-
viduals, as when the Sons of the American Revolution rescued and perpet-
uated Trumbull's War Office. When General Hawley was invited to make
the address at the dedication of this building, he said : " Your Societv has
done nobly, but this work ought to have been done by the State of Connec-
ticut." Mr. Trumbull then spoke of Winthrop's great influence on the his-
tory of the State. With the exception of the statue of Governor Hubbard here
on the Capitol grounds, Connecticut had not done honor to the memory of her

FOREWORD. 9

statesmen. General Putnam had been honored most abundantly, as had
John Mason, Colonel Knowlton, and other military heroes, but little had
been done for the statesman. He concluded by saying that he had suggest-
ed giving up for two years the five thousand dollar annual appropriation for
the Norwich Hospital, so, if it were to be looked at in that narrow wa}', the
state treasury would not suffer by this appropriation.

Arthur L. Shipinan, representing the Connecticut Historical Society,
decidedly favored the resolution, though it might be better if the statue
were placed here at the capital. Mr. Shipman then reviewed the important
events in Winthrop's life, and spoke in favor of the memorial.

Rev. Mr. Saltonstall of this city said he would speak on the practical
side. It was a good thing for Hartford and all the State to beautify any
city in the State. He also saw great educational benefit in such a statue and
like memorials.

Representative Whittlesey, of New London, thought the State should not
be niggardly in honoring the man who founded the State Government.

Ex-Speaker Brandegee, of New London, would like to see more than ten
thousand dollars appropriated for the purpose.

Ex-Mayor Cyrus G. Beck with, of New London, said that at present
there was hardly a proper marking of Winthrop's grave, and that now
something should be done. Winthrop's remains rest in the churchjard of
King's Chapel, Boston.

Postmaster McGinley, of New London, made an eloquent appeal. In
these days of ingress of citizens from other countries, it was well to keep
before the people the memory of the country's founders.

In his report to the Historical Society, the following September, of
the work done, Hon, Robert Coit, Chairman of the Legislative Com-
mittee, said it was like asking a soldier returning from an unsuccess-
ful war to give an account of his actions during the campaign. An
effort had been made to impress upon the Appropriations Committee
the propriety and feasibility of an appropriation for such a worthy
and historical cause, and the committee was ably assisted by
citizens of prominence in the State, but success did not crown their
persistent efforts. There were many petitions for similar appropria-
tions, and while the committee were impressed with the real worth of
the cause presented, there was no money available for a Winthrop
statue. Therefore the Committee on Appropriations recommended
that it be referred to the Legislature, to meet two years later. Mr.
Coit considered the reference to the next Legislature a polite way of
bowing the petitioners and petition out of court.

lo FOREWORD.

In January, 1903, at the General Assembly, Representative William
B. Coit again introduced the resolution, and it was referred to the
Committee on Unfinished Business. In that way the bill obtained
precedence over newer bills, and great credit is due Mr. Coit for his
untiring efforts during two sessions of the Legislature, in helping push
the project to a successful issue.

The following act was passed, April 22, 1903, creating a com-
mission and providing funds for the statue :

Section i. — That the (iovernor shall appoint three Commissioners to
procure and cause to be placed upon a suitable pedestal in the town of New
London, to be provided bv or through the New London County Historical
Society, a suitable bronze statue of John Winthrop, Governor of the Colony
of Connecticut from 1657 to 1676.

Section 2. — Said Commissioners are hereby authorized to make a con-
tract in behalf of the State with some competent artist for the making of
such statue and placing it on the pedestal, provided that the entire cost to
the State of such statue and of placing it on the pedestal shall not exceed the
sum of $10,000.

Section 3. — The sum of $10,000 is hereby appropriated to be expended
under the direction of said Commissioners, and the Comptroller is hereby au-
thorized and directed to draw his order on the Treasurer for the cost of said
statue not to exceed the amount above specified, on the presentation of
vouchers appro\ed by said Commissioners.

THE JOHN WINTHROP MONUMENT.

THE WORK OF THE COMMISSIONERS.

Under an Act passed by the General Assembly of 1903, Governor
Abiram Chamberlain appointed Hon. Robert Coit of New London,
Col. Norris G. Osborn of New Haven, and ex Governor George P.
McLean of Simsbury, as Commissioners "to procure and cause to be
placed upon a suitable pedestal in the town of New London, to be
provided by or through the New London County Historical Society, a
suitable bronze statue of John Winthrop, Governor of the Colony of
Connecticut from 1657 to 1676." An appropriation of ten thousand
dollars was placed at their disposal for the purpose.

At the first meeting of the Commissioners, held with Mr. Coit in
New London, the question of an artist for the statue was fully consid-
ered. Being anxious to recognize New London County in the studio,
Mr. Coit suggested that the work be entrusted to Bela Lyon Pratt, of
Boston, a former Norwich resident. In the summer of 1903, Mr.
Pratt was engaged to make the statue, and the completed work proves
how admirably the decision of the Commissioners was justified.

Subsequent meetings were held in New Haven, Boston, Hartford,
and again in New London. The work was carried on under the di-
rection of the Commissioners, Mr. Pratt first submitting a design
which differed in one material respect from the statue as it now
stands. This had an Indian crawling up from behind Winthrop, sug-
gesting a guide in the wilderness, but that figure was rejected with the
approval of Mr. Pratt. A working model or study, which is a care-
fully proportioned model, two and one-half feet high, was then made
and inspected by the Commissioners at the artist's studio in Boston.
After careful consideration, a few modifications were made in the
garments and face, the Commissioners being upheld in these by the
judgment of the artist. When the changes had been made to the sat
isf action of all, Mr. Pratt perfected the study in detail. After approval
by the Commissioners, the full-sized clay model was made and cast in

12 THE JOHN WINTHROP MONUMENT.

plaster late in 1904. J'rom this the statue, requiring thirty-seven
hundred pounds of metal, was cast by the Henry Bonnard Bronze
Co. of New York.

Hon. Robert Coit, Chairman of the Commission, died June 19,
1904, and a few weeks later the following communication was received
by the President of the New London County Historical Society:

State ok Connkcticut, Executive Dept.,
Hartford, August 5, 1904

Mk. Ernest E. Rogers, New London, Conn.

Mv Dear Sir : You are hereby appointed on the Commission for the
erection of a statue in memory of John Winthrop, to till vacancy caused
by the death of the Honorable Robert Coit.

Trusting you will accept the same, I remain, with high regard.

Sincerely yours,

A. Chamberlain.

Yoiu- associates on the Commission are Col. N. G. Osborn, ex-Gov.
George P. McLean.

A meeting was held with Mr. Rogers in New London, March 28,
1905, at which time arrangements were made for the Commissioners'
part in the unveiling ceremonies, and other details regarding their
work considered. It was suggested that May 6 be made a Govern-
ors' Day, " thus further dignifying the office which Winthrop did so
much to make memorable in the colonial history of Connecticut.
Winthrop was governor for a generation, and he was the man who
laid the foundations of so many of the traditions which have since
been preserved by incumbents of that office."

There were six ex-Governors living, and it was decided to invite
them, with Governor Roberts, as special guests of the occasion.

It was voted that Ernest E. Rogers, President of the Historical
Society and of the State Commission, should preside at the unveil-
ing exercises, also that the delivery of the statue from the State
Commissioners be made by ex-Governor McLean. Other details of
the program as arranged, were an address of welcome by Mayor
Mahan, a response by Governor Roberts, and the acceptance of the
statue by ex-Governor Waller. After the meeting, the Commissioners

THE JOHN WINTHROP MONUMENT. 13

drove to the site of the statue in Bulkeley Square, and inspected the
boulder pedestal whi'^.h had previously been placed in position.

Mr. J. Frank Salter, of the firm of John Salter & Son, of Groton,
made the following proposition to place the statue and set the tablet
at cost :

Groton, Conn., Maixh 22, 1905.
Mr. Ernest E. Rogers,

Chairman John Winthrop Statue Commission.

Dear Sir : We note in our dail3' paper that the bronze statue will arrive
about April 15th. As our firm gave the cornerstone, including the mortise
in stone for box, cutting of dates and all tools, etc., for the laying, we would
appreciate the honor of erecting the statue and placing the bronze tablet,
and would do the work at exact cost, which would be a very small sum. As
you know, we have cut and erected a great many marble and granite statues,
and could handle this one with the greatest care and the least expense, giv-
ing the matter our personal attention.

Awaiting your pleasure, we are

Yours very truly,

(Signed) John Salter & Son.

As the erection of the statue on its pedestal was included in the
contract with Mr. Pratt, this letter was forwarded for his considera-
tion, Mr. Salter's offer was warmly appreciated, and he was at once
engaged for the important work, to which he gave his careful and ex-
perienced attention in person, making no charge for his time and
services in superintending the setting of the statue and tablet.

The finished statue reached New London, April 1 1 , 1905, consigned
to the sculptor, and was his property until accepted by the Commis-
sioners. A telegraph message, " John Winthrop has arrived,"
brought a prompt response from Mr. Pratt, who came to New London
the following day and superintended the placing of the statue on the
pedestal. Two days later the work was completed and the monument
temporarily veiled.

At a meeting of the Commissioners held in the Crocker House,
April 28, the sculptor was present by special invitation. At the close
of the executive session, the party, accompanied by ex-Governor
Waller, drove to the statue, the covering of which was removed for a
short time. After thorough inspection of the completed work, the

14 THE JOHN WINTHROP MONUMENT.

Commissioners pronounced it satisfactory in every respect, and handed
Mr. Pratt an order on the Comptroller of the State for the final pay-
ment of six thousand dollars, due after the erection of the statue.
The covering was then replaced, where it remained until a white veil
of the regulation kind was substituted, in preparation for the unveiling
ceremonies of May 6, when the final and formal duties of the Win-
throp Statue Commission were completed.

A correspondent of the New Haven Register has said :

In the case ot John Winthrop, as in the case of many of the founders
and patriots, lessis known about him than would be commonly supposed.
The people of New London, who have naturally been proud of the young
man who founded their town, giving it the name of " New " London, in-
stead of London, as some of his followers wished, and calling the beautiful
river, which flows into the Sound, the Thames, after the river left at home,
have fashioned a John Winthrop after their own imaginations. This is
perfectly natural in the absence of human documents to prove to the con-
trary, but it is not necessarily a judgment to accept in attempting to impart
his character to bronze. It was the duty of the artist to catch the spirit of
the times in which the younger Winthrop lived and to suggest the pioneer
work which he accomplished. With the approval of the Commission he
sought for the Puritan figure, in the faith that in that way the highest
honor would be done the Governor anc; those who shared with him in the
perils of the settlement.

The success of his study we are sure will be acknowledged by those who
have the pleasure of studying the artist's finished figure, as it stands, of
heroic size, on a boulder fashioned by nature near the scene of his labors,
and facing the stern column of Groton Heights, across the river. Nowhere
in the country will there be found a happier and more dignified revival in
bronze of the manhood which was necessary to the settlement of New Lon-
don and the organization of the Colony of Connecticut.

THE SCULPTOR.

Bela Lyon Pratt, the son of George and Sarah Whittlesey Pratt,
was born in Norwich, Connecticut, December ii, 1867. His artistic
talent showed itself early in life, as he modeled and drew at home when
a child. He entered the Yale School of Fine Arts at the age of six
teen, where he studied under Professors Niemeyer and Weir. In 1887
he entered the Art Students' League of New York, where his teachers
were Augustus St. Gaudens, F. Edwin Elwell, William Chase and

THE JOHN WINTHROP MONUMENT. 15

Kenyon Cox. He worked for Mr. St. Gaudens in his studio for a
time before going to Paris in 1890, where he studied under Chapu
and Falquire. He entered the Ecole Nationale des Beaux Arts at the
head of his class the same 3'ear, and received three medals and two
prizes while in Paris. He returned to the United States in 1892 ; was
appointed instructor in modeling at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts
in 1893, and still holds that position.

Among his more well known works have been two colossal groups
on the water gate of the Peristyle at Chicago ; the Lady of Sorrows,
a life-size figure at Aurisville, N. Y. ; the Eliot Medal for Harvard
University ; six seven-foot figures for the main entrance to the Library
of Congress at Washington ; the twelve-foot figure, Philosophy, in
rotunda of the Library of Congress ; a series of four medallions, Spring,
Summer, Autumn and Winter, in pavilion of Library of Congress ;
Victory for the battleship Massachusetts ; Puritan bust for the Avery
Memorial Monument at Poquonoc ; bronze group for the battleship
Kearsarge ; decorative tablet for the battleship Alabama ; the Yale
Bi-Centennial Medal ; two groups for the Pan-American Exposition,
Buffalo ; a group and three single figures for the Manufactures
and Liberal Arts Building, Pan-American Exposition ; the Butler Mon-
ument, Lowell, Mass. ; three groups for the Electricity Building, St.
Louis Fair ; two marble figures for the Fountain of Youth, and a cen-
otaph for Bishop Neeley at Portland, Me.

Mr. Pratt is at present at work upon a cenotaph of John Cotton for
the First Church of Boston ; an heroic relief of General Stevenson, for
the State House, Boston; a bust of Bishop Huntington, Emanuel
Church, Boston ; a medallion of Dr. Homans for the new Harvard
Medical School ; a figure in bronze for the battleship Rhode Island
and a relief of Dr. Donald for Trinity Church, Boston.

WINTHROP SQITARE.

The question of a site for the statue was fully considered before
the laying of the cornerstone in 1896. Four locations were sug-
gested : The open space in front of the Court House, the Memorial

i6 THE JOHN WINIHROP MOMMENT.

Park, the Antientest Buriall Place, and the old Town Square. The
latter spot was finally chosen and is rich in historic associations.

l-rances Manwaring Caulkins writes concerning it, in an article
published in The Repository in 1S5S: "There are various points of
interest connected with the Town Square on which the present Alms-
house stands which it may not be amiss briefly to note. It has always
been public property, being a lot reserved by the town for their own
use at the first settlement. But originally it was a rough and precipi-
tous hill top, considerably higher than at present, large quantities of
earth and stone having been removed from the surface at different
times.

During the two hundred years that have passed since the settle-
ment, it has been the theatre of a variety of shifting scenes. It was
early used for a lookout post against the Indians, and for a beacon-
hill on which to erect signals to call the people together. It was the
honored site of three successive meeting-houses, where those fine old
Puritans, Blinman, Bulkeley, Bradstreet and Adams preached, before
there was any other church of any other denomination whatever,
within twelve miles of the place. There hung the first bell in the
town — the gift of Governor Winthrop.* There also stood the first
Court House in the place. In the year 1745 it was transformed into
a tented field, where the troops assembled previous to their sailing for
Louisburg, under Lieutenant-Governor Wolcott. It has been used
likewise for the sad spectacle of a public execution upon the scaffold ;
for military exercises ; for stocks and whipping post, and finally for
the site of an Almshouse and Liberty Pole."

Referring to the locality, a prominent citizen afterward wrote :
"All the earliest traditions, all the most inspirmg memories of the

* As the bell was given to the town in 1698, It was undoubtedly the gift of Governor Fitz John
Winthrop, the son of John Winthrop the Younger. According to Miss Caulkins' " History of New
London," it would seem that this was the second bell, the first one having been purchased to signalize
the entrance of Mr. Saltonstall on his official duties. Page 197. The bell, given by Winthrop, has
more than a passing interest, for it first rung out the curfew, in the primitive settlement, and the
old Norman custom, then introduced, still prevails in this twentieth century. It was accepted by a
formal vote of the town July 18, i6y8, with " great thankfulness," and a vote was taken that it "be
forthwith hanged and placed on the top of the meeting house at charge of the town, the townsmen
to procure it to be done." It was hung in the tower of the third or Saltonstall meeting house, then
nearing completion, and the se.\ton instructed to " ring the bell upon the Sabbath day and all
other publique days of meeting allso to ring the bell every night at nine of the clock, winter and
summer. " For nearly two hundred and eight years, the ancient custom of ringing the bell has been
continued, with the slight alteration of ringing it at eight o'clock instead of nine on Saturday nights,
and the town would miss much from its busy life today if the curfew bell ceased to ring.

(72

<
w

H
<!
H

THE JOHN WINTHROP MONUMENT. 17

town gather around this locaUty. Here is the ' God's acre ' attached
to the first meeting-house which was erected in 1652 near the
site now occupied by the Bulkeley School House. In this meeting-
house John Winthrop, the founder, and the little band he led from
the Old Bay Colony, were wont to meet to give thanks to the Almighty
with Bible in one hand, to resist the devil, and in the other, the old
flint-lock musket to fight the Indians." * * * * "His daily walk was
around and near this spot, and his chosen home, with its adjoining
mill, just below this hillside in plain view from the spot. It was here
that Winthrop must have often stood looking forth upon our Faire
Harbour, and down upon the old mill, the cove, and the strip of land
which still bears his name."

Before the 250th anniversary of the founding of the town, a formal
vote was taken at a meeting of the Citizens' Committee, held March
10, 1896, and this historic site was unanimously chosen for the
proposed monument. At the same time it was voted : That this
committee hereby respectfully petition the Honorable Court of Com-
mon Council to dedicate such portion of the land as may be neces-
sary for the site for a monument to John Winthrop, Jr., on Bulkeley
Square, to that purpose, and place the same under the control of the
Park Commissioners.

A week later the Court of Common Council voted : That so much
of the space east of Hempstead Street and southwest of the Bulkeley
School yard, being a portion of the ancient Town Plot so called, as
may be necessary for the purpose, is hereby discontinued as a high-
way and dedicated as a park for the location of the monument to
John Winthrop, the founder of the City of New London, and his
Honor, the Mayor, with the members of the Street Committee of this
Court of Common Council is hereby authorized to lay out, curb,
grade and enclose so much thereof as in their judgment shall be
suitable and appropriate for the purpose, and lay thereon the foun-
dation for said monument, and said space, and monument when
erected, shall be under the charge of the Park Commissioners, and
hereafter known and called Winthrop Square.

No steps were taken to make the improvements specified in the

i8 THE JOHN' WIXTHROP MONUMENT.

above vote for more than eight years; accordingly the Historical
Society sent to the Mayor of the city the following communication :

Ni:w London, Conn., June 17, 1904.

Hon. Hkvan I-^. Mmian, Mavor,

Citv of New London.

Sir : I have the honor to inform you that at a meeting of the Board of
Directors of this Society held the 17th instant, I was instructed to ask that
you lay before the Honorable Court of Common Council this our request that
Winthrop Park, formerly a section of the old Town Square on which a
cornerstone for a monument to Governor John Winthrop the Younger, was
laid May 6, 1S96, be curbed, graded and a suitable foundation laid for the
reception of the Winthrop Statue to be placed by the State of Connecticut
on the pedestal for which this Society is responsible; that the work be done
this season agreeable to the specification's recommended by Sculptor Bela L.
Pratt, which specifications together with a map of the Park accompany this
communication.

Very respectfully.

(Signed) Elizabeth Gorton,

Secretary.

This request was presented to the Common Council at its July
session, and the following favorable action was taken by that body
August I :

WiiKREAs, at the last meeting of this Council, his Honor, the Mayor,
laid before this body the request of the New London County Historical
Society that Winthrop Park — a small triangular piece of ground formerly a
section of the old Town Square — be curbed, graded, and a foundation made
for the Winthrop Statue ; and since it was desired by said petitioners that
the work be done this season.

Resolved, that the Street Committee be and herebj' is authorized to
procure bids according to plans and specifications accompanying said
request, and that said committee be and hereby is empowered to award
contract and have work completed before November 1st.

The work was begun early in November and completed within the
month, the park having been curbed and partially graded, and a cubi-
cal foundation seven feet square laid, including the cornerstone on its
east side. When Mr. Pratt had placed the pedestal so as to afford the
most advantageous position for the statue, it was found that the apex
of the roughly triangular boulder was directly above the cornerstone.

THE JOHN WINTHROP MONUMENT. 19

After pedestal and statue had been set, the grading was finished, the
enclosure turfed, and the surrounding street macadamized, thus
making everything ready some time before May 6, the day of the
celebration.

THE BOULDER PEDESTAL.

While the State in its appropriation provided for the statue itself,
it was necessary, under the provisions of the bill, for the New London
County Historical Society to obtain funds for the pedestal. Following
a suggestion of the sculptor, it was decided to use a native boulder,
accordingly, in the spring of 1904, search was begun for a suitable
stone. Several were found and photographs sent to Mr. Pratt, but
none of them was quite satisfactory. In September, a boulder, which
the committee considered well fitted for the purpose, was discovered
on the farm of John T. Hicks, in Waterford, near Alewife Cove.
Upon request, Mr. Pratt came to inspect it, and at once saw that it
was particularly well adapted as a base for his statue, therefore, steps
were immediately taken to secure it. Mr. Hicks, when asked if he
would sell the stone and what value he placed upon it, generously
declined a money consideration, saying it was his pleasure to aid the
project by the gift of the boulder, and he would further grant the right
of way across his fields for its removal. That the transaction might
be perfectly legal, a receipted bill for the nominal sum of one dollar
was given to the Historical Society by Mr. Hicks.

It was decided not to move the boulder until the necessary amount
was pledged for the work, also, not to make personal solicitation for
funds : — the latter, because it was believed that the people of New
London would respond with voluntary contributions when the facts
were known. The following appeal was printed in the local papers,
and brought forth a generous response from the public :
To THE Editor :

At the annual meeting of the New London County Historical Society the
undersigned were appointed a committee on the Winthrop monument.
Since the state has generously contributed ten thousand dollars for the statue,
and the city has patriotically placed in excellent condition the ground where
the memorial will be located, it is thought best that the raising of the
fund for the pedestal, for which this Society is responsible, be thrown open

JO Tin-: JOHN wtxthrop monument.

to the public, as it will be the onl.v opportunity remaining for the citizens
of New London to participate in thus honoring the founder of the town.

The pedestal chosen hv the sculptor is a natural boulder weighing about
twenty tons, and is situated in Waterford. The cost of moving the stone
to Winthrop Park, including other incidental expenses in connection with
the pedestal, will approximate six hundred dollars.

The Society subscribes Hfty dollars to start a popular fund, and invites
the citizens and various organizations of the city to contribute in com-
memorating the character and public services of that eminent statesman
and govern"or, John Winthrop the lounger, the founder of New London.
That'everv one'mav share in the memorial, the smallest contributions will be
acceptable.

The contract will be awarded when sufficient pledges are received, and as
it is desirable to let the contract immediately, volunteer pledges may be
given to anv member of the committee, but the funds should be sent to the
treasurer, Charles C. Perkins, 52 State Street.

Ernest E. Rogers,
Frank L. Palmer,
Charles C. Perkins,
New London, December 2S, 1904. Committee.

A gift of fifty dollars from a member, the previous September,
enabled the Society to head the subscription list with that amount,
while the interest and assistance of the daily press secured many
additions to the fund. It is interesting to know that the money given
by Lucretia Shaw Chapter, D. A. R., was raised by the loan exhibit
held in 1896, when the cornerstone of the monument was laid, and the
statue itself seemed a dim possibility. This sum, with the accumula-
tion of nine years' interest, amounted to one hundred twenty dollars
and thirty-eight cents and proved to be the largest single gift received
for the pedestal. A gift of ten dollars in 1895, from the originator
of the project, was also accumulating interest in a Savings Bank,
and in this way fourteen dollars and thirty-five cents was added to
the Pedestal Fund.

The contract for moving the boulder was given to Post Brothers,
of New London. It was announced through the press the middle of
February, that all moneys needed for its removal to Bulkeley Square
had been received, although small contributions were still coming in.
All these would be most welcome, as any surplus would be used in
issuing Part I, Volume III, of the Records and Papers of the New
London County Historical Society, containing an account of the cele-
bration and other matters of interest. The report of the Treasurer of
the Pedestal Fund will be found in the concluding chapter.

THE JOHN WINTHROP MONUMENT. 21

On Wednesday, February 15, preparations for moving the boulder
were begun on the farm of Mr. Hicks. Its actual removal com-
menced two days later, as some excavation was necessary in order to
handle the stone, although it rested on top of the ground. The
weather had been very cold, and the icy roads were in the best pos-
sible condition for the transportation of the heavy weight ; had the
frost been out of the ground, its progress would have been greatly
retarded.

The boulder began its journey on a platform moved on rollers, and
good progress was made at the beginning. Six days later it reached
the highway, when the drag on which it rested was placed on a freight
car which had been obtained for the purpose. A movable railroad of
steel rails spiked to ties, was then constructed, and the car ran on this
until the trolley line became available. The engineers of the Consol-
idated Railroad advised the contractors that they would not guarantee
the Ocean Avenue bridge over their tracks to sustain more than fifteen
tons. As the estimated weight of the boulder was twenty tons, great
danger would be incurred in an attempt to move it across the bridge.
This difficulty was overcome by the ingenuity of Post Brothers, who
laid two twenty-inch yellow pine timbers upon the roadway, supporting
them on the granite abutments of the bridge. Resting the car upon
these, no great strain came on the bridge proper, so that the stone was
carried over in safety, and the circuitous route otherwise necessary
was avoided.

The boulder was taken from its original location in Great Neck,
up Denison Hill and along Ocean Avenue to the junction of Montauk
Avenue and Bank Street, where it arrived on March 1 1 , and remained
for several days, attracting much attention from passers-by. A Mont-
ville trolley car was then brought into use as motive power, and a
night trip made over the main line to Broad and Hempstead Streets,
where the truck was taken from the rails, and in a few hours the
boulder reached its future resting place in Bulkeley Square. On
March 16, it was placed in its permanent position under the super-
vision of Mr. Pratt, and a few weeks later, the grade of the enclosure
was raised to hide the junction of pedestal and foundation.

22 THE JOHN WINTHROP MONUMENT.

It is curious to note the exact correspondence in shape of the
boulder and the parklet on which it rests, for they really seem made
for each other. While much thought was given to the selection of
this boulder, and its triangular shape appreciated, yet its exceptional
conformity to the parklet on which it rests was not fully realized until
it was placed in position. The stone was used exactly as taken from
the field ; its symmetrical form, with flattened base and summit, making
changes unnecessary, while the shape and area of the curbed enclosure
were determined by the lines of the adjacent streets. The boulder
dates from the glacial period, and on its last preceding journey
must have been moved by the prehistoric icepacks of the north.
While our town was still a wilderness of " tangled forests, stony pas-
tures, rugged hill tops and miry swamps," and the red men held undis-
puted possession, that stone, in hoary age, was keeping its lonely vigil
on the hillside.

It has been well said : " There is something in the grim rough-
ness of the boulder strongly suggestive of the stern character of the
seventeenth century Puritans and of the hard fight they had against
nature and nature's proteges, the Indians." * * * ''That heroic
bronze figure standing upon it typifies, in an artistic manner, the
rugged characteristics of the man who braved the wilderness, and
whose strength of character made him a leader among the men of his
time."

THE TABLET.

As his personal share in the memorial, Mr. Pratt asked the privi-
lege of furnishing the bronze tablet for the pedestal. This graceful
and acceptable gift was most warmly appreciated by the committee
and all interested. To the surprise of all, the finished plate was found
in the box with the statue, the Bonnard Company having pushed the
supplementary order through in remarkably short time. A natural
perpendicular face on the south side of the boulder furnished an ideal
setting for the tablet, only the slightest cutting being necessary to
hold it in place. The bronze plate measures 20x30 inches; it is
most simple in design, yet dignified and eminently appropriate for its
purpose and surroundings.

i i i i ji(Hp i nB^ i i i I | | -'"-^--'""ivr i - ••T ~nr~Tif~~~'T~' |

The Bronze Tablet.

DETAILS OF PREPARATION FOR MAY SIXTH.

OUTLINE OF COMMITTEE WORK.

In accordance with a vote passed at the annual meeting of the

Historical Society, September i, 1904, the following communication,

duly signed by the Secretary, was sent to Hon. Bryan F. Mahan,

Mayor of New London :

New London, Conn., Dec. 30, 1904.
Hon. Bryan F. Mahan, Mayor of New London.

Sir : I have the honor to inform vou that at the annual meeting of the
New London County Historical Society, it was voted to invite the Honora-
ble Court of Common Council and the Board of Trade to appoint commit-
tees to co-operate with this Society in arranging for the ceremonies attending
the unveiling, on May 6, 1905, of the statue of Gov. John Winthrop the
Younger, the founder of New I^ondon. Agreeable thereto, you are respect-
fully and cordially requested to lay this matter before the Honorable Court
of Common Council for the appointment of such a committee.

This Society has appointed a committee consisting of Ernest E. Rogers,
Frank L. Palmer and Charles C. Perkins.

A similar letter was sent to Hon. James P. Johnston, President of
the Board of Trade, who, on January 2, 1905, appointed a committee
consisting of Judge William B. Coit, Percy C. Eggleston and Charles
S. Starr.

At the January meeting of the Common Council, the communica-
tion was read, but no definite action taken. On the sixth of February
Mayor Mahan appointed Frederick C. Burrows, Stephen J. Downey
and Alfred H. Pollock to co-operate with the committees from the
Historical Society and Board of Trade in making plans for the coming
celebration.

The first meeting of this joint committee was called by the Presi-
dent of the Historical Society in the following notice sent to the
members:

New London, Conn., Feb. 8, 1905.
Dear Sir : There will be a meeting in the rooms of this Society at 8 p. m.,
Friday, (the loth inst.), of the committees appointed by the Court of Com-

.-4 DK TAILS OK PREPARATION FOR MAY SIXTH.

mon Council, the Board of Trade, and the New London County Histcrical
Society, to arrange tor the ceremonies attending the unveiling of the statue
of Gov. John Winthrop. Ernest E. Rogers, President.

At this meeting organization was effected by the choice of Ernest
E. Rogers for permanent chairman, and Alfred H. Pollock for per-
manent secretary. It was voted to confine the celebration to one
day, Saturday, May 6. Chairmen of various standing committees
were appointed as follows, and given power to select their own asso-
ciates :

Reception. Mayor Bryan F. Mahan.

Invitation, Alfred II. Chappell.

Finance, John Ilopson.

Speakers, Judge William B. Coit.

Parade, Stephen J. Downev.

Decoration, Charles S. Starr.

It was voted : That the joint committee of nine be increased by
the chairmen of all standing committees. The committee thus
formed constituted the Executive Committee of the Winthrop Monu-
ment Celebration, which had charge of making the general arrange-
ments for May 6. It was decided to make the parade both military
and civic, and to endeavor to have detachments from the forts in this
artillery district in addition to the local National Guardsmen, also to
invite school children and New London organizations to take part in
the parade. The Committee on Parade was authorized to request the
proper government officials to send war ships and companies of
United States troops from the nearby forts, to participate in the cere-
monies dedicating the John Winthrop Monument. It was voted :
That no debts shall be incurred by any committee, except by contract,
which must have the approval of the Finance Committee.

Seven other meetings of the Executive Committee were held be-
fore the celebration. A summary of these has been taken from the
minutes of the Secretary, Alfred H. Pollock.

February 13: Chairmen of three standing committees, Speakers,
Parade and Decoration, reported their choice of assistants.

February 24: Mr. Hopson accepted chairmanship of Finance
Committee, and Mr. Chappell that of the Invitation Committee.
Charles S. Starr, chairman Decoration Committee, and Mr. Coit for

DETAILS OF PREPARATION FOR MAY SIXTH. 25

the Committee on Speakers, reported that their plans were developing
rapidly and satisfactorily. Stephen J. Downey, chairman Parade
Committee, reported that he had met representatives from the various
fire companies, that they had voted to take part in the celebration,
and that arrangements for the parade were in progress. It was voted :
That the invitations for the military and local civic societies be placed
in charge of the Parade Committee, and for the Foot Guards, civilians,
and special guests be left with the Invitation Committee. It was
practically decided that the exercises at the unveiling of the monu-
ment should be held in the morning, and the parade take place in the
afternoon.

March 3 : The chairmen of the Finance and Invitation Commit-
tees, having chosen their helpers, reported their names. Mr. Chap-
pell submitted a sketch of the proposed invitations, and spoke of his
plan to have a cut of the Winthrop statue upon them. Mr. Rogers
was requested to write Mr. Pratt, the sculptor, and ask him to forward
to Livermore & Knight, Providence, Rhode Island, a silver print of
the statue to be used for this purpose. It was voted : That the en-
graved invitations be signed by Bryan F. Mahan, Mayor of New Lon-
don, James P. Johnston, President Board of Trade, Ernest E. Rogers,
President New London County Historical Society, and Alfred H.
Chappell, Chairman Invitation Committee.

A standing committee on Souvenirs, to prepare a booklet and
procure buttons, badges and postal cards, was appointed, with Percy
C. Eggleston as chairman and member of the Executive Committee.

March 15: Mr. Chappell of the Invitation Committee, reported
that the photograph of the statue was in the hands of the engravers,
and that the invitations would be ready in ample time. He also asked
for suggestions regarding those to be invited.

Captain Downey, chairman of the Parade Committee, said that he
would have the regulars from the forts, blue- jackets from one of the
naval vessels, and possibly a regiment of militia, to participate in the
parade; also, that he was meeting with good success among the civic
societies.

The members of the Reception Committee were named, and a vote

26 DETAILS OF PREPARATION FOR MAY SIXTH.

taken that Mayor Mahan, the chairman, should add as many as he
deemed necessary to said committee.

Mr. Rogers said that a few of the Mohegan Indians would be
present May 6, and he was requested to make the necessary arrange-
ments for them to appear in the parade, as he did at the time the
corner-stone was laid.

The Souvenir Committee reported that it was feasible to have but-
tons and pins with cut of the Winthrop statue, and gave the estimated
cost, also reported progress on the souvenir booklets. It was voted:
That the committee be empowered to purchase the buttons, and ad-
vise the Finance Committee regarding them.

March 29 : Charles S. Starr, chairman Decoration Committee, re-
ported progress. Mr. Eggleston said that twenty-five hundred souvenir
buttons had been ordered, also badges for the Reception, Invitation,
Finance, Decoration and Parade Committees. Captain Downey
reported that many civic organizations had acccepted the invitation to
take part in the parade, and the committee was assured of having the
troops from the forts in this artillery district. Ernest E. Rogers reported
concerning the Mohegan Indians, and stated that Mr. Henry R.
Bond had offered to furnish dinner for them as he did nine years ago.
It was voted: That the Secretary officially thank Mr. Bond for his
kindness in entertaining the Mohegan Indians.

The personnel of ihe Reception Committee of thirty-five citizens
was announced.

April 7: Discussion of details of the work of the Souvenir Com-
mittee. John Hopson, of the Finance Committee, reported the deci-
sion to send out circulars for popular subscriptions, and said that the
committee would probably supplement these by personal solicitation.
A draft of the proposed appeal was submitted and approved. Subse-
quently fifteen hundred of these circulars, attractively printed, with
subscription blanks and return stamped envelopes enclosed, were
mailed to citizens of New London. After discussing various plans
for entertaining the city's guests, the matter was left in charge of
the Reception Committee and its assistants.

May 3 : Final reports from the various standing committees pre-

DETAILS OF PREPARATION FOR MAY SIXTH. 27

vious to the Winthrop Day celebration were given. Charles S. Starr,
chairman Decoration Committee, reported that the reviewmg and
grand stand on Bulkeley Square would be completed Friday morning,
May 5. For the Committee on Souvenirs, Mr. Eggleston gave a de-
tailed report. Badges for the several committees had been procured,
buttons and pins placed on sale, as well as souvenir postal cards and
booklets. He announced the total receipts and expenditures to date,
and said that in all probability his committee would not require any
assistance from the general fund, but might turn some money into that
fund from advertisements and the sale of souvenirs. Stephen J.
Downey reported all arrangements for the parade completed.

Henry C. Chappell reported for the Invitation Committee, giving
the expenditures for engraved invitations, admission cards, luncheon
cards and other 'printing. One hundred invitations with reply cards
had been sent to out-of-town people, two hundred and fifty with no
reply cards, and about one hundred and twenty to New Londoners.

It was voted : That the chairman of the sub-committee on car-
riages arrange for transporting the Winthrop family to the exercises.
Alderman Burrows was given charge of this matter. It was voted :
That the Secretary notify the Reception Committee to meet at the
Crocker House, at 9.30 a. m., Saturday, May 6, 1905. Other plans
regarding the celebration were discussed in detail.

CITIZENS' COMMITTEE.

The Citizens' Committee was composed of two hundred fifty-nine
citizens, — one member for each year that had elapsed since the found-
ing of the city.

A meeting of this committee was held prior to the celebration, so
that citizens in general could have an opportunity to express opinions,
make suggestions, etc. This meeting was held Thursday evening,
April 13, in the Council Chamber of the City Hall. Chairman Mayor
Mahan, having important business elsewhere, asked for the appoint-
ment of a presiding officer, and Professor Walter A. Towne was
chosen. A large number of citizens were present, filling seats and

28 DETAILS OF PREPARATION FOR MAY SIXTH,

standing room, and many phases of the work were presented by mem-
bers of the various committees. It was voted : That the Citizens'
Committee co-operate with the Reception Committee in the entertain-
ment of guests who will be in the city on May sixth.

RECEPTION COMMITTEE.

The first meeting of the Reception Committee was held April 19,
in the Common Council Chamber, to make arrangements for receiving
the guests of the city on May 6. Admiral Stanton was chosen chair-
man, and Alfred H. Pollock, secretary. Mr. Chappell, of the Invita-
tion Committee, was called upon for the number of people to be
entertained. He spoke of several acceptances and regrets received,
and said that according to his estimate given to the Citizens' Com-
mittee, from one hundred fifty to two hundred of the city's guests
would be present, and the Reception Committee could plan for the
entertainment of that number. This did not include the Governor's
Foot Guard, one hundred and eighteen men, with band of twenty-five
pieces.

Sub-committees were appointed as follows :

For entertainment of guests : Daniel J. Lucy, John McGinley,
Samuel Belden, Carey Congdon, Dr. Albert W. Crosby, Dr. Edward
Prentis.

For reception and escort of Governor and Staff : Congressman
Frank B. Brandegee, Theodore Bodenwein Secretary of State, Sena-
tor William J. Brennan, Ex-Mayor Cyrus G. Beckwith, Representatives
Charles B. Waller and Daniel M. Cronin.

For providing carriages : Carlos Barry, Jr., chairman, with
power to select nine assistants. The completed committee consisted
of Edward S. Neilan, Walter Lewis, Chas. B. Whittlesey, Charles B.
Jennings, Frank V. Chappell, David Mackenzie, Richard B. Wall,
Benjamin L. Armstrong and Frank L. Palmer.

The second meeting was held April 22, and reports were pre-
sented by the sub-committees. Mr. Barry said that he had arranged
to have all necessary carriages for the morning procession,

DETAILS OF PREPARATION FOR MAY SIXTH. 29

which was to escort the Governor to Bulkeley Square, and for con-
veying the guests of the city from the Crocker House to the grand
stand. Congressman Brandegee announced that the parlors and two
adjoining rooms at the Crocker House had been reserved for the use
of the visitors, who would there be received by the Committee, pro-
vided with transportation to the exercises, and instructed as to the
return for luncheon. Mr. Lucy reported that arrangements had been
made with Landlord Parker of the Crocker House, to provide luncheon
for all the guests, excepting the Second Company, Governor's Foot
Guard, who would be entertained by the State at the Mohican Hotel.

An account of the final meeting of all committees, held after the
celebration, is given in the concluding chapter.

OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES.

Executive Committee. — Hon. Brjan F. Mahan, Mayor: Ernest
E. Rogers, Chairman; Alfred H. Pollock, Secretary; Frank L. Palmer, Al-
fred H. Chappell, John Hopson, Charles C Perkins, Capt. Stephen J.
Downey, Frederick C. Burrows, Hon. William B. Coit, Charles S. Starr,
Percy C. Eggleston.

Finance Committee. — John Hopson, Chairman; George B. Prest,
Treasurer; Winthrop E. McGinley, Secretary; Hon. George F. Tinker,
James Hislop, Dr. Edward Prentis, Dr. Frederick Farnsworth, Alfred H.
Pollock, Horace H. Daboll.

Reception Committee. — Hon. Bryan F. Mahan, Chairman; Hon.
Thomas M. Waller, Hon. Frank B. Brandegee, Walter Learned, Frank L.
Palmer, Frank H. Chappell, Admiral Oscar F. Stanton, Commander Sam-
uel Belden, James Hislop, John McGinley, Lee S. Denison, Benjamin L.
Armstrong, Hon. Theodore Bodenwein, Hon. William J. Brennan, Hon.
Cyrus G. Beckwith, Hon. Charles B. Whittlesey, Walter Lewis, Charles B.
Jennings, Dr. Edward Prentis, Judge William Belcher, Carey Congdon, Dr.
Albert W. Crosby, George B. Prest, Louis C. Jones, Hon. George F. Tinker,
Hon. Charles B. Waller, Hon. Daniel M. Cronin, Frank \'. Chappell,
Daniel J. Lucy, Rev. J. Romeyn Danforth, Edward S. Neilan, Prof. Walter
A. Towne, David Mackenzie, Carlos Barry, Jr., Richard B. Wall.

Entertainment. — Daniel J. Lucy, John McGinley, Commander Samuel
Belden, Carey Congdon, Dr. Albert W. Crosby, Dr. Edward Prentis.

Welcoming. — Hon. Frank B. Brandegee, Hon. Theodore Bodenwein,
Hon. William J. Brennan, Hon. Cyrus G. Beckwith, Hon. Charles B. Waller,
Hon. Daniel M. Cronin, and any others appointed by Mr. Brandegee.

DETAILS OF PRKl'ARATION FOR MAY SIXTH.

Carriages. — Carlos Barry, Jr.. Edward S. Neilan, Walter Lewis, Charles

B. Jennings, Charles B. Whittlesey, ^>ank V. Chappell, David Mackenzie,
Richard B. Wall, Benjamin L. Armstrong, Frank L. Palmer.

LwiTATiON CoM.MiTTEK. — Alfred H. Chappell, Chairman; Hon. Bryan
F. Mahan, Hon. James P. Johnston, Lieut. John McCjinley, Jr., Capt. Henry

C. Chappell.

Paradk Committee. — Capt. Stephen J. Downey, Chairman ; Gen. George
Haven, Lieut. John McGinley, Jr.

Decoration Committee. — Charles S. Starr, Chairman ; George Whit-
tlesey, Harris Pendleton, Charles Chittenden, Harold H. Starr, Edward
Barker.

Si'EAKERs' Committee. — Hon. William B. Coit, Chairman; Rev. James
W. Bixler, Charles B. Jennings.

Souvenir Committee. — Percy C. Eggleston, Chairman ; Charles C.
Perkins, Alfred H. Pollock.

CITIZENS' COMMITTEE.

Ernest E. Rogers,
F. C. Burrows,
S. J. Downey,
F. L. Palmer,
C. C. Perkins,
W. B. Coit,
C. S. Starr,
P. C. Eggleston,
A. H. Chappell,
John Hopson,
Frederick Farnsworth,
Walter II. Richards,
Abijah Dickinson,
William T. Hopson,
Thomas W. Casey,
Henry M. Chapin,
Edgar B. Pierce,
Joseph Smith, 2d,
Hon. T. M. Waller,
Hon. F. B. Brandegee,
Hon. Theo. Bodenwein,
Hon. W. J. Brennan,
Hon. C. G. Beckwith,
Hon. G. F. Tinker,
Hon. C. B. Waller,

Bryan F. Mahan, Mayor.
Chairman. Alfred H.

Simon Hess,

E. K. Kapstein,

E. T. Kirkland,

James Newcomb,

R. T. Palmer,

Frederick Mercer,

George N. Putnam,

J. A. Moon,

E. D. Stone,

D. S. Marsh,

Edwin Keeney,

W. B. Thomas,

C. C. Jeffrey,

George Goldie,

II. D. Barrows,

William Astheimer,

Judge Alfred Coit,

T. A. Scott,

W. S. Calvert,

Jacob Linicus,

I. U. Lyon,

B. H. Hilliar,

Ricardo Morgan,

Giles Bishop,

Pollock, Secretary.
D. J. McAdams,
George H. Powers,
T. F. Foran,
P. W. Russell,

B. B. Gardner,
J. H. Root,

F. J. Beckwith,
George Holmes,
J. E. Harris,
W. A. Fones,
W. H. Chapman,
John O'Hea,
F. L. Comstock,
Peter Dorsey,
Dr. C. B. Graves,
Carlos Barry,
George P. Fenner,
Judge W. C. Noyes,
W. E. Withey,
H. O. Burch,

C. C. Lippitt,
Thomas Howe,
J. P. Shea,

A. C. Lippitt,

DETAILS OF PREPARATION FOR MAY SIXTH.

Hon. D. N. Cronin,
Walter Learned,
F. H. Chappell,
Admiral O. F. Stanton,
Com. Samuel Belden,
James Hislop,
John McGinley,
Lee S. Denison,

B. L. Armstrong,
Walter Lewis,

C. B. Jennings,

Dr. Edward Prentis,
Hon. William Belcher,
Carey Congdon,

C. B. Whittlesey,
Dr. A. W. Crosby,
George B. Prest,
Louis C. Jones,

F. V. Chappell,

D. J. Lucy,

Rev. J. R. Danforth,

E. S. Neilan,
Prof. W. A. Towne,
David Mackenzie,
Carlos Barry, Jr.,
R. B. Wall,

J. P. Johnston,
H. C. Chappell,
Rev. J. W. Bixler,
Gen. George Haven,
Lieut. John McGinley,
Harris Pendleton,
H. H. Starr,
George Whittlesey,
Hon. M. W. Dart,
Billings P. Learned,

G. H. Thomas,
W. H. Bentley,
Rev. A. P. Grint,
C. W. Butler,

C. W. Strickland,
C. Royce Boss,

F. M. Ladd,
L. E. Whiton,

G. C. Morgan,
Charles Prentis,

A. O. Goddard,
F. W. Hull,
J. A. Allyn,
W. B. Keeney,
E. N. Crocker,
C. J. Viets,

E. D. Barker,
R. C. Morris,
C. H. Klinck,

F. D. Crandall,
L. E. Daboll,
Rev. T. P. Joynt,
T. O. Thompson,

C. C. Elwell,
F. W. Dow,
W. H. Reeves,
Arnold Rudd,
R. P. Freeman,
George K. Crandall,
R. R. Congdon, Jr.,
Dr. George S. Morgan,
Robert Congdon,
George A. Sturdy,

J. H. Brown,
Peter Huber,
M. W. Bacon,
E. C. Ford,
William Kingsbury,
Gilbert Bishop,
Henry Schwaner,
J. D. Cronin,
J. F. Murray,
J. R. Linsley,
Dr. F. N. Braman,
William T. May,
W. A. Murray,
A. L. Dean,

D. D. Latham,
W. H. Slocum,
William S. Chappell,
H. C. Macomber,

C. A. Benjamin,

E. H. Caulkins,
Dennis McMahon,
H. D. Stanton,
Jacob Fisher,

F. W. Gumble,
W. W. Smith,
Henry Meschendorf,
A. R. Darrow,
Fred H. Davis,
H. D. Utley,
H. C. Randale,
C. J. Hewitt,
C. H. Morris,
F. H. Parmelee,
M. H. Beckwith,
S. W. Caulkins,
S. C. Dudley,
George G. Avery,
Thomas Edgar,
J. B. Leahy,
George R. Morris,
James P. Duffy,
R. A. Brubeck,
Dr. A. W. Nelson,
Goetz Bachert,
H. C. Weaver,
James Moran,
Daniel Buckley,
H. R. Bond,
W. E. Hobron,
C. A. Prince,
H. C. Holmes,
A. J. Beckwith,
Rev. J. P. Elder,
J. A. Southard,
Rev. W. S. Mclntire,
C. L. Ockford,
Reuben Lord,
C. W. Denison,
Edward Keefe,
William Sayle,
F. E. P^engar,

A. T. Miner,
Antone E. Foster,
Hugh McPartland,

B. A. Armstrong,
William H. Clarke,
F. L. McGuire,

P. J. Ryan,
E. J. Dray,

DKTAILS OF PREPARATION FOR MAY SIXTH.

E. L. Da Silva,

Georfje C. Strong.

Dr. J. G. Stanton,

K. T. Brown.

E. L. Palmer,

Rev. F. G. McKeever,

C. W. Chapin,

P. L". Dun ford.

H. A. Hull,

J. S. Boss,

W. F. M. Rogers,

J. C. Gearv.

William II. Richards,

11. J. Hirsc-h,

Ilenrv Holt Smith,

E. D. Steele,
Samuel Corkey,
Horace Daboll,
H. F. Daboll,
Simon Ewald,

F. E. Parker,
Stephen Wightman,
S. J. Renter,
Frank H. Smith,
George Crosby,

A. F. Anderson,
D. R. Loos ley,
Fred Chittenden,
A. S. Smith,
Hon. Ralph Wheeler,
H. L. Crandall.

E. M. Sweeney,

F. S. Newcomb,
C. B. Douglas,
S. A. Brown,

S. T. Adams,
F. E. Barker,
Albert Chene\ ,
J. W. Tripp,
W. R. Pollock,
J. F. Salter,
Joseph C. Comstock,
A. B. Burdick,
Walter Fitzmaurice,
S. D. Lawrence,
C. E. Rice,

SPECIAL ORDERS FOR ESCORT TO GOVERNOR ROBERTS.

State of Connecticut.

Adjutant-General's Office.
Special Orders )

No. 69. i Hartford, April 21, 1905.

I. The Staff of the Commander-in-Chief will report to Brigadier-General
George M. Cole, Adjutant-General, in full dress uniform (dismounted) in
attendance upon His Excellency the Governor at the dedication of the John
Winthrop Monument, New London, Conn., May 6th, 1905, on train leaving
Hartford at 8 a. m. Members of the Staff who do not reside in Hartford,
may report in New London, upon arrival of Governor's train, about
10.15 a. m.

n. The First and Second Companies Governor's Foot Guard, Third
Battalion, Third Infantry, (Companies A, C, I and M), First and Second
Companies Coast Artillery, First Platoon, Machine-Gun Batterj', and Second
Division, Naval Battalion, are detailed for one day's duty as escort to the
Commander-in-Chief, at the dedication of the John Winthrop Monument:
reporting to Lieutenant-Colonel Henry S. Dorsey, Third Infantry, who is
detailed with, and to command all National Guard troops in the escort, at
the railroad station. New London, Conn. Captain Percy H. Morgan, Third
Infantry, will report (mounted) to Colonel Dorsey for this tour of dutv.

III. Company Commanders, whose Companies are not stationed in
New London, will make requisition on the Acting Quartermaster-General
for transportation. Company Commanders are directed to provide subsis-
tence for their command, at a cost not to exceed forty cents (40c.) per en-
listed man.

DETAILS OF PREPARATION FOR MAY SIXTH. 33

IV. Triplicate pay-rolls for duty, duly signed bj each member parading,
and sworn to by the Commanding Officer, will be required, two copies to be
forwarded to this office within two days from date of duty performed.
By order of the Commander-in-Chief,
George M. Cole,
Official : Adjutant-General.

Wm. E. F. Landers,

Assistant Adjutant-General.

State Armory.
Orders 1

No. I. i New London, Conn., April 27, 1905.

I. In accordance with S. O. No. 69, A. G. O., c. s., I hereb}' assume
command.

II. Capt. Perc}- H. Morgan, 3rd Inf., C. N. G., is appointed Acting
Adjutant.

III. The several organizations will report at the Union R. R. Station,
New London, at 10 o'clock a. m., or as soon thereafter as their train arrives,
for escort to the Commander-in-Chief, at the unveiling of the statue of
John Winthrop.

IV. The dress uniform will be worn with white gloves and white col-
lars, showing not over one-half inch.

V. The organizations will be dismissed immediately after arriving at
the statue, and will report at the State Armory at 1.15 p. m.

Henry S. Dorsey,

Lt.-Col. 3rd Inf., C.N. G.,

Commanding.

Headqi .\rters
First Company Governor's Foot Guard.

General Orders )

No. 4. i Hartford, Conn., April 29, 1905.

I. In compliance with Special Orders, No. 69, A. G. O., Hartford,
April 21, 1905, members of this command will assemble at the Armory
promptly at 7.15 o'clock, a. m., Saturday, May 6th, 1905, for one day's duty
as escort to the Commander-in-Chief, at the dedication of the John Winth-
rop Monument, in New London, Conn. The fine for non-attendance on
this occasion is $6.00.

Staff, Non-Commissioned Staff and Band will report at same time and
place.

Weather permitting, the full-dress uniform, with cross belts, white

34 DETAILS OF PRKPARATION FOR MAY SIXTH.

gloves and gun slings will be worn, and especial care must be taken in
order that the same be not necessarily soiled or otherwise injured.

II. Capt. P. H. Ingalls is hereby relieved from further duty as Surgeon,
but will continue as Chief-of-Staft.

Dr. H. G. Howe is hereby appointed Surgeon with rank ot Captain, and
will be obeyed and respected accordingly.

By order of
Orticial : Major Fred. R. Bill.

W. E. A. Bl I.KELEY,

3rd Lieut, and Adjt.

HEADqUARTERS

Second Company Governor's Foot Guard.
Organized 1775.
Special Order )

No. 30. J New Haven, Conn., May 2, 1905.

I. Pursuant to Special Orders No. 69, A. G. O., Hartford, Conn., dated
April 21, 1905, you are hereby ordered to report at your Armory, 39 Whiting
Street, on Saturday, May 6, 1905, at 7 o'clock a. m., for one day's duty as
escort to the Commander-in-Chief at the dedication of the John Winthrop
Monument, in New London, Conn.

II. You will report in full dress uniform, scarlet coat, white vest
and breeches, black velvet leggins, dress belt, bearskin hat, standing collar,
black shoes and white gloves. Fatigue cap attached to button on left hip
of coat.

III. Commissioned and Non-commissioned Staffs, Band and Drum
Corps will report at the same hour and place.

IV. Assembly will be sounded at 7.50 a. m. Adjutant's call at 8 o'clock
a. m. sharp. Train leaves S.25 a. m.

V. Triplicate pay-rolls for duty must be signed by each member before
leaving the Armory.

Smith G. Weed,
Official : Major Commandant.

Albert W. Mattoon,

Ensign and Adjutant.

Third Battalion, Third Infantry,
Connecticut National Guard.
(Official Business.)
Order \

No. 2. • Norwich, April 27, 1905.

I. In accordance with S. O. No. 69, A. G. O., c. s., and S. O. No. 15,
R. H. c. s., the Third Battalion, Third Infantry; (Companies A, C, I and

DETAILS OF PREPARATION FOR MAY SIXTH. 35

M,) are detailed for one day's duty as escort to the Commander-in-Chief, at
the dedication of the John Winthrop Monument ; reporting to Lieutenant-
Colonel Henry S. Dorsey, Third Infantry, who is detailed with, and to
command all National Guard troops in the escort, at the Railroad Station,
New London, Conn.

II. Company Commanders, whose Companies are not stationed in New
London, will make requisition on the Acting Quartermaster-General for
transportation. Company Commanders are directed to provide subsistence
for their command at a cost not to exceed forty cents, (40c.) per enlisted
man.

III. Triplicate pay-rolls for duty, duly signed breach member parading,
and sworn to by the Commanding Officer, will be required; two (2) copies
to be forwarded to the Adjutant-General's office within two (2) days from
date of duty performed.

By order of
Official : Major Charles W. Bucklee.

Emerson N. Coleman, Jr.,

First Lieutenant and Adjutant.

HEADqUARTERS COAST ARTILLERY.

CoNNECTiciT National Guard.
Orders \
No. 3. i New London, April 27, 1905.

I. Pursuant to S. O. No. 69, A. G. O., c. s., dated Hartford, April 21,
1905, the Artillery Corps, consisting of Staff, Non-Commissioned Staft,
First and Second Companies Coast Artillery with members of Hospital
Corps attached, are detailed for one day's duty as escort to the Commander-
in-Chief at the dedication of the John Winthrop Monument, New London,
May 6, 1905.

II. This Organization will assemble in dress uniform at the Armory at
8.00 o'clock, a. m. ; first call at 7.50 a. m. ; and reporting at 10.00 a. m. at the
railroad station to Lieutenant-Colonel Henry S. Dorsey, Third Infantry,
who is detailed with, and to command all National Guard troops in the
escort.

III. Company Commanders are directed to provide subsistence for
their commands, at a cost not to exceed forty cents per enlisted man.

IV. Triplicate pay-rolls for duty, duly signed by each member parading,
and sworn to by the Commanding Officer, will be required ; two copies to
be forwarded to this office within two days from date of duty performed.

By order of
Official : Major Hull.

Ernest E. Rogers,

1st Lieutenant, C. A., C. N. G., Adjutant.

36 DETAILS OF PRKPAK ATION FOR 1SIA^• SIXTH.

QuARTKRs First Machine Gun Battery.

Hartford, Conn., February 27, 1905.

I. In iucordaiK-o with S. O. No. 69, A. G. C, dated Hartford, Conn ,
April Ji. 1905, the members of First Platoon Machine Gun Battery, are
hereby ordered to report at Armory in dress uniform at 6.50 o'clock a. m.,
on May 6th, 1905, for one day's tour of duty as escort to the Commander-
in-Chief at the dedication of the John Winthrop Monument in New London.

II. Bv authority of " State Militia Law" a line of five dollars shall be
imposed and collected for each absentee.

Per order,

Hk.nry a. Grimm,
ist Lieutenant, Conunanding ist Pla. M. G. B., C N. G.

Second Division Naval Battalion, C. N. G.

Orders |

No. 2. i Hartford, May i, 1905.

L Pursuant to S. O. No. 69, A. G. O.. dated April 21, 1905, the mem-
bers of this command will assemble at the ist Regiment Armory, Saturday,
May 6, 1905, at 7 o'clock a. m., for one day's duty as escort to the Com-
mander-in-Chief, at New London.

IL The bill of dress will be as follows : blue overshirt, jersey, blue
trousers, blue flat cap, neckerchief, knife lanyard and leggins.

HL A fine of five dollars will be imposed for each unexcused absence.
Howard J. Bloomer,

Lieutenant C. N. G., Commanding.

ORDERS FOR AFTERNOON PARADE.

Treasury Department.
Office of the Secretary,

Washington, April 12, 1905

First Lieut. R. O. Crisp, U. S. R. C. S.,

Temporarily Commanding V. S. Steamer Gresham,
New London, Connecticut.
Sir:

I. You are informed that the chairman of the Parade Committee of the
Winthrop Monument Celebration, which is to take place at New London,
on the 6th proximo, has requested that the officers and crew of the Gresham
be granted permission to participate in the parade on that day.

n. You are directed, agreeably to said request, to confer with Mr.
Stephen J. Downey, Chairman of the Committee, and have the officers

DETAILS OF PREPARATION FOR MAY SIXTH. 37

and crew of your command participate in the parade on the occasion
referred to.

Respectfully,

(Signed) H. A Taylor,

Assistant Secretary.

Treasury Department.

Office of the Secretary,

Washington, April 20, 1905.
Captain O. S. Willey, R. C. S.,

Commanding U. S. Steamer Mohawk,
Woods Hole, Massachusetts.
Sir :

I. It is the intention of the Department that the Mohawk shall be at
New London, Connecticut, for the purpose of participating in the Celebra-
tion of the Winthrop Monument, to be held at that place on May 6th next.

II. You are therefoi'e directed to have your command at that port on the
5th proximo, and upon arrival you will confer with Mr. Stephen J. Downey,
Chairman of the Parade Committee, with a view to having the officers and
crew of the Mohawk participate in the parade to be held the next day.

III. You will see that the work of overhauling the Mohawk is pushed to
completion so that your command may be in readiness to leave Woods Hole
in time to arrive at New London the date named — May 5th next.

Respectfully,

(Signed) L. M. Shaw,

Secretary.

Navy Department.
Bureau of Navigation.

Washington, April 26, 1905.
Sir :

After the Minneapolis has coaled and is read}- for sea, vou will proceed
to New London, Connecticut, in time to arrive at that place by the i;th
proximo, for the purpose of participating in the ceremonies attending the
unveiling of a statue in that city provided by the State of Connecticut to
John Winthrop, who founded New London in 1646.

The Department desires you to take such part in the ceremonies as you
may, after inquiry and investigation, consider appropriate.

You are also authorized to fire a salute upon the occasion, if you should
deem such desirable.

Very Respectfully,

(Signed) Paul Morton,
The Commanding Officer, Secretary.

U. S. S. Minneapolis,
Newport News, Va.

38 DKTAILS O?^ PRKI'ARATION FOR MA^■ SIXTH.

The parade was reviewed by His Excellency, the Governor, the
Mayor, and guests, at the Winthrop statue. Bulkeley Place, in accor-
dance with the following order issued by General George Haven :

IlKAlXy^ ARTERS ChIEF M.XRSHAL,

WiNTHRoi' Monument Celebration.
General Order )

No. 2. ' New London, May i, 1905.

That portion of G. O. No. i, relative to re\'iewing the parade at the
City Hall is hereby revoked.

Moving lip Bulkeley Place the parade will be reviewed at the Winthrop
monument by His Excellency, the Governor, the Mayor and guests of the
City.

By order of

Geor(;e Haven,
John McGinlev, Jr., Chief Marshal.

Assistant Adjutant-General.

INVITED GUESTS.

UNITED states OFFICIALS.

President Theodore Roosevelt; Vice-President Charles W.Fairbanks:
Secretarv of the Treasury Leslie M. Shaw: Senator Orville H. Piatt: Sen-
ator Morgan G. Bulkeley ; Congressman George L. Lilley : Congressman
E. Stevens Henrv : Congressman Neheniiah D. Sperry : Congressman
Frank B. Brandegee : Congressman Ebenezer J. Hill.

CONNECTICUT STATE OFFICIALS.

Governor Henry Roberts : Lieutenant-Governor RoUin S. Woodruff
Secretary of State Theodore Bodenwein : Treasurer James F. Walsh
Comptroller Asahel W. Mitchell : Attorney-General William A. King
Adjutant-General George M. Cole.

EX-GO\ ERXORS OF CONNECTICIT.

Hon. Thomas NL Waller; Hon. O. Mncent Coffin: Hon. Phineas C.
Lounsbury ; Hon. George P. McLean ; Hon. Abiram Chamberlain; Hon
Morgan G. Bulkeley.

MAYORS OF CITIES IN CONNECTICUT.

Stephen Charters, Ansonia ; l^enis Mulvihill, Bridgeport ; John R. Booth,
Danbury ; Benjamin Hubbell, Derby; William F. Henney, Hartford:
George S. Seeley, Meriden : Albert R. Crittenden, Middletown ; Samuel

DETAILS OF PREPARATION FOR MAY SIXTH. 39

Bassett, New Britain: John P. Studley, New Haven; Bryan F. Mahan, New
London: George B. Buxton, Norwalk ; Charles F. Thayer, Norwich:
Franklin W. Perry, Putnam ; George Forster, Rockville ; Charles E. Dow,
South Norwalk; Homer S. Cummings, Stamford : John P. Elton, Water-
bury ; Oscar O. Tanner, Willimantic.

EX-MAYORS OF NEW LONDOX.

Hon. Thomas M. Waller: Hon. George E. Starr; Hon. George F. Tin-
ker; Hon. Ralph Wheeler : Hon. James P. Johnston : Hon. Cyrus G. Beck-
with; Hon. M. Wilson Dart.

APPROPRIATIOXS COMMITTEE, GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF I903.

Alexander T. Pattison, Simsbury : Everett J. Lake, Hartford: William
Howard Wakelee, Southbury ; John W. Atwood, Plainfield ; Louis Agassiz
Fisk, Branford; George Greenman, Norwich; Freeman A. Libby, Putnam;
Edward H. Persons, Winchester; Louis J. Korper, Willington.

MEMBERS OF WINTHROP STATUE COMMISSION.

Ernest E. Rogers; Ex-Gov. George P. McLean; Col. Norris G. Osborn.

PRESIDENTS OF CONNECTICUT UNIVERSITIES.

Arthur T. Hadley, LL. D., Yale; Rev. Bradford Paul Raymond, D. D.,
LL. D., Wesleyan : Rev. Flavel Sweeten Luther, D. D., LL. D., Trinity
College.

OFFICIALS OF CONNECTICUT PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES.

Col. Geo. Bliss Sanford, U. S. Army, President Society of the Cincin-
nati in the State of Connecticut; Prof. Theodore S. Woolsey, Governor
Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Connecticut: Mrs. Morgan G.
Bulkeley, President Connecticut Society of the Colonial Dames of America ;
Mrs. Sara T. Kinney, State Regent Daughters of the American Revolution;
Jonathan Trumbull, President Connecticut Society Sons of the American
Revolution ; Morgan G. Bulkeley, President Sons of Revolution in the State
of Connecticut, and Commander Military Order Foreign Wars, Connecticut
Commanderv; William C. Hillard, Commander Department of Connecticut
Grand Army of the Republic; Frederick L. Averill, Commander Corps of
Connecticut Spanish War Veterans.

SPECIAL MILITARY GUESTS.

Major Fred. R. Bill, First Company, Governor's Foot Guard; Major
Smith G. Weed, Second Company, Governor's Foot Guard; Major Gilbert
P. Hurd, First Company, Governor's Horse Guard ; Lieut. M. H. Barton,
Governor's Horse Guard; Brig-Gen. Russell Frost and Staff, C. N. G. :
Col. Gilbert L. Fitch and Staff, Third Regiment, C. N. G. ; Brig.-Gen.
Frederick Grant, Commander Department of the East, New York City, and
Staff.

40 DETAILS OF PREPARATION FOR MAY SIXTH.

NAVAL (M'FICERS.

Captain Adolph Marix, Surgeon O. D. Norton, Lieut. -Com. B. C. P.
Sampson, Paymaster II. R. Insley, Chaplain J. McD. Bellows, from cruiser
Minneapolis; Captain Thomas D.Walker and five officers, revenue cutter
Gresham : Captain O. S.Willie and six officers, revenue cutter Mohawk;
Admiral Colby M. Chester, U. S. Naval Observatory, Washington.

JOHN \\IXTlIROI'"s l.INEAI- DESCKXDAXTS.

Mrs. Mary Winthrop Smith (Mrs. R. B. Smith), New London ; Mrs.
Margaret Winthrop Carroll (Mrs. Benjamin Carroll), New London; Mrs.
Isabella Winthi-op Beebe (Mrs. Nathan Beebe), New London; Mrs. Ella
Winthrop Leeds (Mrs. Albert Leeds), New London; Frederick W. Win-
throp and family, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; Mrs. Anna Winthrop Colby (Mrs.
Edward Colby), New London ; Henry C. Winthrop and family. New London ;
Mrs. Mary Winthrop Pratt (Mrs. Dean Pratt), Saybrook Point; Mrs. Jane
Winthrop Chester (Mrs. George Chester), San Mateo, Fla. ; Dean Winthrop
Pratt and family. New York ; Robert C. Winthrop and family, Boston : Mr.
and Mrs. Horace Beebe and family. New London.

OFFICIALS OF IPSWICH, MASS.*

Hon. George A. Schofield, chairman Board of Selectmen ; Charles
Goodhue, Selectman; Charles Hull, Selectman ; Charles Branford, Town
Clerk.

APPROPRIATIONS COMMITTEE, I9O5.

Alexander T. Pattison, Simsbury ; D. Newton Barney, Farmington ;
Frank T. Maples, Norwich ; Alton Farrel, Ansonia ; Richard H. Pascal!,
Portland; Stone J. Bergstrom, New Britain; Floyd Cranska, Plainfield ;
Marvin H. Tanner, Winchester; Edward P. Briggs, Sherman; George T.
Sperry, Washington : Edwin Hallock, Derby.

BOARD OF ALDERMEN OF NEW LONDON.

A.T.Miner; Hugh McPartland ; Edward Dray ; J. A. Allen ; Irvin U.
Lyon; P. J. Ryan; Charles Prentis ; Fred E. Fengar : Charles H. Morris;
Benjamin L. Armstrong; John F. Murray ; William H. Clark ; George H.
Thomas; F. E. Gledhill.

Invitations were also sent to the Presidents of Connecticut Histor-
cal Societies, to all who in any way participated in the unveiling
ceremonies, to the sculptor of the statue and to all honorary members
of the New London County Historical Society. Among these are the
following :

' The town of Ipswich was founded by Winthrop, twelve years before he came to New London.

X
N

, V

1 ^ ^

S:^

N^ vV

>>^

1 ^

v..

^ ^

X
^

N
J^

N
V

^^ ^

DETAILS OF PREPARATION FOR MAY SIXTH. 41

Hon. Donald G. Mitchell (Ik Marvel) ; L. Vernon Briggs : Prof.
Franklin B. Dexter, Litt. D.,Yale University Library ; Daniel Coit Oilman,
LL. D., President Carnegie Institution; W. J. Tucker, D. D., President
Dartmouth College; Miss Ellen D. Earned; Edmund Clarence Stednian ;
Rev. Samuel Hart, D. D. ; Rev. Edw^in S. Lines, D. D. : George S. Godard,
State Librarian; Albert C. Bates; Rev. W. De Loss Love, Ph. D. ; Prof.
Williston Walker, D. D. : Rev. George P. Fisher, D. D., LL. D. ; Charles
H. Smith, LL. D. : Prof. Henry P. Johnston, College of the City of New
York; Hon. Daniel Davenport; Hon. William L. Douglass, Governor of
Massachusetts ; Hon. Curtis Guild, Lieutenant-Governor of Massachusetts ;
Bela L. Pratt, Boston ; Gen. A. L. Goodrich, Hartford ; Azel W. Hazen, D. D.,
Middletown; Hon. Henry Wade Rogers, Dean of Yale Law School; F. W.
Smith, Vice-President Bridgeport Historical Society; Edward Robinson,
Director Museuin of Fine Arts, Boston ; Prof. John F. Weir, Yale School of
Fine Arts; Charles S. Mellen, President of N. Y., N. H. & H. R.R. ; John
R. Hegeman, President Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. ; Gen. William A.
Aiken, Norwich ; Hon. H. Wales Lines, ^Nleriden.

In addition to the above, some twenty-five Historical Societies
received invitations, without entertainment cards, as a mark of cour-
tesy from the New London County Historical Society.

Many present and former New Londoners, with other prominent
citizens of the State, were invited to be present, but were not enter-
tained by the city. Four hundred tickets for the grand stand were
issued, and the seats were well occupied at the exercises.

NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH
BIRTHDAY.

A MIDNIGHT SOLILOQUY.

Verily, this is the time of marvels ! After my sleep of two centuries
and a half, I, John Winthrop the Younger, sometime Governor of His
Majesty's Colony of Connecticut, am for a brief time permitted,
through the developments of science, to behold, hear and transmit,
with wondrously increased sense-capacity, some few of the crowding
impressions of this memorable day. The mysterious happenings of
the past weeks and months are made plain to me, for I find that it is
two hundred and fifty-nine years since I laid the foundations of this
my beloved town of Nameeug. That I stand on my old Town Square
I am repeatedly assured, but even the general appearance of the land
has become strange, from the multiplicity of buildings pushing in on
every side. Yet the Great River is as ever fair, the hills rise beyond
it as of old, perpetuating the name of my English birthplace, while
the Buriall Place near by, — now, alas, sadly crowded, — and the
mill stream on the Home Lot still plashing over the sturdy wheel,
convince me that the days of yore are still held in honor. But it is not
of those that I may speak : I would record present-day occurrences,
since this is my privilege, though past and present are in such curious
combination and contrast before me that it is oftentimes difficult to
distinguish one from the other.

Blessed be he who so thoughtfully placed beneath me this bit of
granite from a neighboring field ! It is indeed a joy to find this un-
changed and familiar reminder of my life here, and indeed, no point
of vantage could be better chosen. This morning's sky was overcast
with gray, but all around me shone brilliant banners and hangings,
emblems of the great republic which has developed from the scattered
colonies of early days. The boom of a cannon at the fort below the

NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY. 43

town marked the hour of reveille, and, at the signal, flags fresh from
the hand of the makers were unfurled from Liberty Pole and City
Hall ; — the latter bearing the local insignia of ship and motto, " Free-
dom on the Sea," so characteristic of later busy maritime days. People
began to gather at an early hour, finding view-points all about ; throngs
were attracted from the out-lying country-side, and the inauguration
of electric transportation from the towns to eastward added the induce-
ment of novelty in travel to a large number. The city itself was in
immaculate order with well-swept streets and gaily adorned houses ;
only brilliant sunshine was lacking, but even this deficiency had its
compensation in the greater physical comfort of the guests of the day,
who sat facing the south. In the harbor lay the battleship Minneap-
olis, attended by the revenue cutters Gresham and Mohawk. Many
gold-laced dignitaries of Army and Navy were present on the grand
stand, but the warmest welcomes were perhaps extended to men who
wore the garb of citizens. One son of the town, whose election as
United States Senator had been confirmed on the previous day, was
given an especial ovation, and some half-dozen former governors of
the state, seated in a row, attracted much attention. It was a pleasure
to look into the faces of so many of my successors : — all of those living,
with one exception, had responded to the invitation to do honor to the
first of their line. Amid the clash of brass instruments, and escorted
by the Governor's Foot Guards, resplendent in scarlet coats and huge
bearskin caps, the present Chief Magistrate of the State of Connecti-
cut took his position among his predecessors. The Square was filled
with a blaze of color, and I freely confess that the spectacle, as such,
made far greater appeal to eyes unaccustomed to such brilliancy, than
did the eloquence of the speakers to a mind given to study. The faint
echo of an Indian war-whoop caused a sudden feeling of terror to at
least one of the assembly, but when I searched for its origin, and
found that it proceeded from a single mounted brave in holiday paint
and feathers, I realized with equal suddenness that he, like others,
was merely a friendly spectator of the events of the day. Of the
exercises proper I find it unnecessary to speak, save to mention the
strange thrill I felt when I found myself the cynosure of all eyes through

44 NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTV-NINTII BIRTHDAY.

the simple pulling of a cord by my youngest descendant, and when the
Governor's Salute, in my honor, crashed in response from the warships.
At another interesting moment, the skilful artist who had arrayed me
in my unwonted bronze garments, stood forth before the audience, and
received a tribute of congratulatory applause.

For a brief time at mid-day there was comparative quiet, though
many sight-seers wandered to and fro in the streets, and soon after-
ward a second and more general procession revealed new spectacular
delights. Beside the Foot Guards, the regular troops from the Govern-
ment forts, and the bluejackets of the Navy appeared, giving new
impressions of the defenders of this great country, while civic pro-
tection was represented by long lines of men in gay uniforms, drag-
ging shining machines, which, despite their fine trappings and polished
surfaces, were ready for instant use, if need arose, in subduing a con-
flagration. Much applause greeted these along the line of march, for
the old-time " firemen's parades " have ceased to be, and members of
the town's prominent families are enrolled among the local volunteer
companies. Then followed ranks of boys from the public schools, —
far more in number than all the inhabitants of my original settle-
ment, — giving wondrous promise for the future growth and well-being
of the city. Several benevolent societies representing the citizens of
foreign descent were in strong contrast to a handful of aboriginal
inhabitants, the last of the Mohegan Indians, whose skins now appear
scarcely less white than those of their supplanters. On one of the
broad and well-shaded thoroughfares a display of complicated drill
and manoeuvring by the Governor's Guards was an imspeakable
delight. The conception of such uniformity and precision in a large
body of men was entirely foreign to my mind, and made the contrast
between the past and the present more than ever forcible.

With the passing of this second procession the special festivities of
the day came to an end, and I soon realized that the little world of
New London was settling back into its normal course. New interests
are but transitory things in these latter days, and there is constant
search for more novelty. Even this once tranquil spot is pervaded by
a spirit of unrest, and I heartily welcome the peace of earlier days

NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY. 45
which enfolds me as I reach the conclusion of this fragmentary record
of a glimpse into the twentieth century.

MILITARY ESCORT TO THE GOYERNOR.

Two distinct features marked the celebration of Winthrop Day, —
the unveiling ceremonies in the morning, and the military, 'naval and
civic parade in the afternoon. The moie important of the two was
the unveiling of the statue, with its attendant ceremonies, and Con-
necticut did well to recognize it as a State function, for, as first Gov-
ernor of the Colony, and the securer of its charter, Winthrop's public
life was devoted to the state in far larger degree than to the city of
New London, which was but his place of residence. The morning
procession was strictly a military escort to His Excellency, Governor
Henry Roberts, and was possible only through the generosity of
the State in appropriating twenty-five hundred dollars for the
purpose. The local troops reported at ten o'clock to Lieutenant-
Colonel Henry S. Dorsey at the railroad station. Soon after that
hour, Companies A, C and M of the Third Battalion, Third Infantry,
arriving from the north, reported, and a few minutes later, the First and
Second Companies Governor's Foot Guard, First Platoon Machine
Gun Battery, Second Division Naval Battalion, Hatch's First
Infantry Band from Hartford, and the Governor and Staff came in from
the west on two special trains. As they alighted from the trains, the
Foot Guards attracted much attention in their gorgeous full-dress
uniforms, and the preliminary practice drill of one of the companies, on
the platform, was witnessed by an interested crowd of spectators. After
the troops had been formally presented to His Excellency, the Comman-
der-in-Chief, they started up the street, gay in its holiday attire of stars
andstripes, the band playing " Hail to the Chief," and other patriotic airs,
and it was difficult in places to make way through the enthusiastic lines
of people gathered to do them honor. Let us leave them for a mo-
ment, as the procession is forming, to glance at the expectant multi-
tude gathered near the veiled statue on Bulkeley Square. The members
of the Reception Committee, at their headquarters in the Crocker

46 NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY.

House, had been kept busy, welcoming the guests and sending them
in carriages to the scene of the morning exercises. The whole locality
was crowded with people, who pressed in as close to the statue as was
allowed, and extended as far in all directions as sight or sound of the
proceedings permitted. Many of our own townspeople were among the
number, preferring to get good positions around the statue which was to
be unveiled, rather than linger farther down town. In front of the Bul-
keley School rose the huge grand stand, built in three tiers, and already
well filled with the city's guests from our own and neighboring states,
the front rows only being reserved for the party soon to arrive. But
we must hasten back through the crowded streets to see the military
pageant, for the procession is ready to start, at ten thirty, the appointed
moment. The formation was on State Street, right resting on Union
Street, and the line of march up State to Broad, to Hempstead, to
Bulkeley Square in the following order :

Lieutenant-Colonel Henry S. Dorsej, Third Infantry, Commanding.

Captain Percy H. Morgan, Third Infantry, Acting Adjutant.

Foot Guard Band and Drum Corps.

Major F. R. Bill,

First Company Governor's Foot Guard, Hartford.

Major S. G. Weed,

Second Company Governor's Foot Guard, New Haven.

Hatch's First Infantry Band, Hartford.

Third Battalion, Third Infantry.

Major Charles W. Bucklee.

Company A.

Company C.

Company I, New London.

Company M.

Major Hadlai A. Hull,

First Company Coast Artillery, New London.

Second Companj' Coast Artillery, New London.

First Platoon, Machine Gun Battery, Hartford.

Second Di\ision, Naval Battalion, Hartford.

IN CARRIAGES.

Governor Henry Roberts.

Brigadier-General George M. Cole, Adjutant-General.

Edward M. Day, Executive Secretary.

Hon. Frank B. Brandegee, U. S. Senator-elect.

NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY. 47

Major Walter L. Goodwin, Aide-de-Camp.

Major Warren L. Hall, Aide-de-Camp.

Major Samuel F. Beardslej, Aide-de-Camp.

Lieutenant-Commander John L. Bunce, Naval Aide.

Colonel Theodore H. McDonald, Quartermaster-General.

Colonel Oliver C. Smith, Surgeon-General.

Colonel William E. F. Landers, Assistant Adjutant-General.

Colonel Henry C. Morgan, Assistant Quartermaster-General.

Colonel M. Moody Downer, Commissary-General.

Colonel William H. Hall, Paymaster-General.

Colonel James E. Cooper, Judge Advocate-General.

Congressman George L. Lilley.

Ex-Governor George P. McLean, Commissioner Winthrop Statue.

Colonel Norris G. Osborne, Commissioner Winthrop Statue.

Ernest E. Rogers, Commissioner Winthrop Statue.

Bela Lyon Pratt, Sculptor Winthrop Statue.

Honorable Bryan F. Mahan, Mayor.

Ex-Governor Thomas M. Waller, Park Commissioner.

Honorable Theodore Bodenwein, Secretary of State.

Honorable Daniel Davenport.
Honorable William B. Coit.
Rev. J. Romeyn Danforth.

Henry C. Winthrop.

Master Henry C. Winthrop, Jr.

Jonathan Trumbull.

Frederic Bill.

Following these, came the Executive Committee of the Winthrop
Monument Celebration, in carriages.

Arriving on Hempstead Street, the Foot Guard companies were
halted with left resting on Granite Street, and the remainder of the
escort flanked both sides of the street between Broad and Bulkeley
Square, and stood at present arms, while the carriages passed to the
speakers' stand. Hatch's First Infantry Band took position on the
parklet by the statue; the Infantry, Artillery, Machine Gun Battery and
Naval Battalion were swung into column, marched up Granite Street
en route to Armory for dismissal until afternoon parade; the Foot

4S NEW LONDON'S TWO IILNDRKD I'll T\-N[N 111 HIRTIIDAV.

Guard companies were then drawn up Hanking the parklet on the north
and south. Meantime the Governor and Stai'f, the newly elected
Senator, whose house stands within a stone's throw of the statue,
speakers, Army and Navy officers, had taken position on the stand
and at the stroke of eleven o'clock, Ernest E. Rogers, President of the
State Commission, rapped for order and the following program was
carried out :

UNVEILING CEREMONIES.

Introductory Remarks — Ernest E. Rogers, President New London

County Historical Society.
Invocation— Rev. J. Romeyn Danforth, Pastor First Church of

Christ, New London.
Address of Welcome— Hon. Bryan F. Mahan, Mayor of New Lon-
don.
Response — His Excellency Henry Roberts, Governor of Connecticut.
Delivery of Statue to the New London County Historical Society —

Ex-Governor George P. McLean, Statue Commissioner,

Simsbury,
and Unveiling by Master Henry C. Winthrop, Jr., of New^ London?

a direct descendant of Governor Winthrop.
Acceptance of Statue for the Society — Ex-Governor Thomas M.

Waller, Park Commissioner of New London.
Music.

Historical Address — Hon. Daniel Davenport, Bridgeport.
Music.

INTRODUCTORY RE>L\RKS— ERNEST E. ROGERS.

Your Excellency the Governor of Connecticut, Your Honor the Mayor

of New London, Ladies and Gentlemen :

Over two and a half centuries have rolled away since the founding
of this town by John Winthrop the Younger, and nearly the same
length of time has elapsed since he procured the royal charter for the

NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY. 49

Colony of Connecticut. During all those years no memorial has been
reared in recognition of his services. The privilege of erecting such
a memorial to that eminent Puritan, founder, governor and statesman,
has been left for the people of this generation to accomplish. Through
the ten long years of intermingled waiting and working, the loyalty of
the promoters of the project has never wavered and the work has
been continued with untiring energy to its completion.

Today we are assembled to pay a merited tribute to the life, ser-
vices, and character of the most conspicuous historical figure of the
colonial period of this commonwealth.

The charter he procured made this colony free in all but name,
and those lofty principles of freedom and patriotism for which he
lived and wrought have been defended by the lives, when necessary,
of succeeding generations.

Here in this ancient section of his own town, standing on a native
boulder — • uncut, save smoothed by the hand of time ; adjacent to the
spot where he expected to be buried ; near where he attended divine
worship ; with the schoolhouse of Nathan Hale, that noblest of all
heroes, on the left; facing directly toward that monumental shaft on
the opposite heights of Groton ; with the " Faire Harbour " on the
right, this statue will tower above the passers-by, as did Winthrop
in life above his contemporaries. At last, in this town with which
Winthrop was so intimately connected, " To commemorate his great ser-
vices to this commonwealth the State of Connecticut erects this monu-
ment."

I now have the honor of inviting your attention to the unveiling
ceremonies.

Governor Winthrop was an adherent of the First Church of
Christ, and the present pastor of that same church, Rev. J. Romeyn
Danforth, will now offer prayer.

INVOCATION — REV. J. ROMEYN DANFORTH.

Our father's God, we humbly invoke thy presence in blessing upon
this day and its observance here. Thou art the same yesterday, to-day

50 NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY.

and forever. In thee there is no variableness, neither shadow that is
cast by turning.

Over sea and wilderness and river thou didst lead thine Israel of
old. They reared upon the river's bank a monument of stones. Here,
also, would we lift our monument in likeness unto him who, under thy
great name, was our first governor.

Bless thou, we pray thee, all who bear office in state and nation
and community. Rule thou in the hearts of our rulers. Defend thou
our defenders. Be thou with all who dwell here and the strangers
this day within our gates. Bless thou all who are assembled here and
all whose thoughts to-day are turning hither.

Bless thou the influence of this monument upon our children and
our children's children, that all may know that the hand which led
our fathers hither sustains their children here.

Oh Lord, bless us and keep us, make thy face to shine upon us
and be gracious unto us, lift up the light of thy countenance upon us,
and give us peace, through Him who is the Prince of Peace. Amen.

The guests from far and near were assured of their cordial wel-
come to the " Old Harbour Town," in a short, formal address given by
the Mayor of the city.

MAYOR MAHAN'S ADDRESS OF WELCOME.

Fellow Citizens :

Almost from the dawn of civilization the people of all nations
have honored the memory of their great men. For this reason mon-
uments, mausoleums and statues are erected that the living may be
taught by great examples, and ambition may be stirred in those who
follow us by study of the lives of those who were truly great.

To- day we have gathered here to do honor to the memory of one of
Connecticut's greatest governors, as well as the founder of this our
beautiful city. Two hundred and fifty-nine years ago John Winthrop
the Younger and his sturdy band founded this city, then a forest,
almost a wilderness, now a city with beautiful churches, substantial

NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY. 51

schools, great manufacturing establishments, newspapers, and libraries
with books as thick as the leaves in the forest — everything which
makes the city beautiful.

It is not for me to tell you the story of Winthrop's life. That sub-
ject will be treated by one who is a direct descendant of one of the
pioneers of the New Haven Colony. The pleasant duty has been
assigned to me, to bid you welcome to this beautiful city. We are
proud to be honored by the presence of such a distinguished body of
eminent men, representing the state and the nation. We are espec-
ially pleased to be honored by representatives of Connecticut in the
highest and most dignified law-making body in the world ; by repre-
sentatives of the Army and Navy who have bravely maintained on land
and sea the honors of our country ; by the Governor and ex-Governors
of our beloved state. In the name and in behalf of the people of New
London, I extend to you all a most cordial and hearty welcome to this
city by the sea. I know that I but express the wish of the good
people of this community that during your stay in our midst, you
may enjoy the hospitality of our city, and that you may carry to your
homes nothing but the most pleasing memory of the city founded by
John Winthrop.

To this address, the Chief Executive of the State responded in a
happy vein, expressing appreciation of the city's courtesy, and ex-
tolling briefly the virtues and attainments of the man who founded it.

GOVERNOR HENRY ROBERTS' RESPONSE.

Mr. President, Your Honor Mayor Mahan and Fellow Citizens :

The cordial welcome of Mayor Mahan is sincerely appreciated^
It is a great pleasure to visit your thriving city on this notable occa-
sion. The State Government has very properly responded to your
invitation to be represented to-day by her executive officers and
militia, and the Appropriations Committee, with the aid of the Assem-
bly, with good judgment has provided the necessary means for this
representation, and if I have assisted in any way in this result I assure
you it gives me great satisfaction to have done so.

52 NEW LONDON\S TWO IRXDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY.

We are accomplishing a most worthy purpose and a long neglected
obligation in these ceremonies. John Winthrop the Younger, for
many years Governor of the Connecticut Colony, and who played so
prominent a part in its affairs and future destinies, was a character
for whom it was meet that long ago some memorial appreciative of his
services should have been erected. It has been left to the citizens of
New London, with generous help from the State Government, to erect
this monument on the soil which for so many years was the scene of
his activities.

A person so accomplished as Winthrop — scholar, scientist, traveler,
pioneer, man of affairs, one who was so beloved and honored and to
whom the largest and most vital interests of the colony were intrusted
— is justly honored to-day, and his achievements emphasized as an
object lesson for future generations; and as the statue of Putnam in
the beautiful and attractive village of Brooklyn, in our state, tells to the
beholder the story of his bravery, quick response to duty, and of his
fidelity and loyalty to a cause of justice and liberty; or that of Nathan
Hale, or Knowlton, at Hartford, of the willing sacrifice of their lives
for the love of country, and for the sake of freedom, so this monu-
ment will speak of him who performed so large and valuable service
in the early beginnings of our colony and future state, and the more
of these memorials we have of all that was fine and helpful and pa-
triotic in Connecticut history in deeds and events, the greater will be
the stimulus to emulate this inspiring historic past.

Let me compliment the Commission on the completion of its work,
so satisfactorily and acceptably accomplished. This monument will
ever be attractive and interesting to the visitor, an ornament to your
fair city, and will serve to preserve in fitting remembrance the deeds
and virtues of John Winthrop the Younger.

A pleasant finale to Governor Roberts' address, was the presentation
to the New London County Historical Society of two mementoes of
the occasion having special historic interest. These were photo-
graphs of the Letter of Credit for five hundred pounds issued by
John Talcott, Treasurer of the Colony of Connecticut, in favor of

NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY. 53

John Winthrop, Jr., toward the expenses of his trip to secure
the charter ; and of the Commission written and signed by
our second colonial governor, Edwin Hopkins, appointing John Win-
throp, Jr., first magistrate at Nameock (New London), October 27, 1647.
These photographs are the first reproductions of the original docu-
ments in the State Library in Hartford, and were made and given
through the kindness of Mr. George S. Godard, Librarian. The
Commission has upon it the oldest known wax impression of the seal
of Connecticut, containing the customary fifteen vines.
In introducing ex-Governor McLean, Mr. Rogers said:
Connecticut is known as the Constitution State, with its first con-
stitution draughted by Thomas Hooker in 1639, and the charter pro-
cured by John Winthrop, Jr., in 1662. The present constitution of
this state was adopted in 181 8, and it is through no fault of ex Gov-
ernor George P. McLean that we did not have a constitution of 1902.
The statue of John Winthrop, Jr., will now be delivered to the
New London County Historical Society by ex-Governor George P.
McLean of the Winthrop Statue Commission.

DELIVERY OF STATUE— EX-GOVERNOR McLEAN.

Everything that is, is a monument. Great and small, good and
bad, animate and inanimate things all stand for something that has
gone before in the solemn mystery of the universe.

The building of memorials by men is a serious matter, and the
making of statues of men is a still more serious matter.

The man who needs a statue to perpetuate his memory should
never have one, and brazen images of men whose estates or friends
can afford them are generally sheer impertinences when placed in
public places.

The statue of a truly good man is an inspiration, and it is the
statue of a wise and good man that we have met to unveil to-day.
Long and loyally this patriot and scholar helped to steady the habits
of exile and fanatic. Satan and sorcery, royalty and red men tried
his soul, and the souls of his sane associates. But that long, wild

54 NKW LONDON'S TWO lU'NDRED P^IFTV-NINTH BIRTHDAY.

Story is a short one now — that tragedy of a continent is a passionless
page of history now. All in due time this heroic Puritan finished the
work he had been created to do. All in due time reason broke the
red sword of Leviticus. Indians and Quakers and witches repented
of their sins and the king signed the charter. And the man who
secured that charter and brought it to American soil, consciously or
unconsciously brought with him the deed of an empire and the gospel
of democracy. It is the spirit of this man, idealized by the genius of
the sculptor, that we have met to welcome and honor today. Here on
the sacred spot where two hundred and fifty years ago he came to ask
the blessing of God upon the struggling colony of a king, here standing
upon a rock that has scoffed at the rain of ages, here facing yonder shaft
that marks the bravest spot in this brave state, here facing the little
schoolhouse where the bravest man in brave Connecticut was once a
teacher, here the first and original state of the great Union, with pride
in his wisdom and with gratitude for his goodness, erects his statue.
Here the living, in the full joy of a triumphant present, meet to dedi-
cate that statue, in recognition of the blessed assurance that, above
the shifting dust of man's philosophy, above the crumbling spires of
human creeds, above the darkening clouds of disbelief, out of the
eternal blue of infinite truth, a good life radiates forever.

And now, sir, with the profound hope that the generations of the
future will reverence and maintain the sacred principles of liberty and
charity which he loved, and for which he lived and labored, I commit
to the keeping of your worthy Society this masterly figure of John
Winthrop the Younger.

UNVEILING OF STATUE.

As ex-Governor McLean finished speaking, all eyes were turned
expectantly toward the veiled statue. Master Henry C. Winthrop,
Jr., the youngest male descendant of the distinguished governor bear-
ing the family name, was chosen as the most fitting person to withdraw
the veil which hid the outlines of the statue from the waiting throng.
This feature of the program, an account of which is taken from the

NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY. 55

Day of May sixth, was most interesting, and called forth cheer after
cheer from the spectators.

Master Winthrop, a bright boy, ten years of age, was born in New
London August twenty-seventh, 1895, and has hved here all his life.
He is an attendant at the Saltonstall School, where he stands well in
his classes and bids fair to make a worthy representative of a dis-
tinguished family.

The cord controlling the veil was held by Master Winthrop a few
moments before the signal came to him. At the proper moment,
he stepped forward and skilfully withdrew the fastenings of the veil,
which dropped and revealed the statue in all its majesty of outline.

Telephone communication with the lighthouse and custom house
had been established several minutes before this event took place, and
word that the veil had fallen was conveyed quickly to these points and
the signals to the Minneapolis, Gresham and Mohawk given. The
response was so prompt that the salute guns began to boom in less
than a minute after Master Winthrop had performed his part. There
were seventeen guns, the governor's salute, from each vessel, and their
distant boom furnished punctuation for ex-Governor Waller's speech of
acceptance.

Mr. Waller was selected for this task, not only as one of the park
commissioners, and therefore one of the future custodians of the
monument, but as a member of the New London County Historical
Society, into whose hands the statue was delivered by ex-Governor
McLean of the State Commission. The formality of a transfer from
the Historical Society to the park commissioners was thus avoided.

Mr. Rogers introduced Mr. Waller in the following words :

New London has furnished this commonwealth four governors,
three in colonial days, John Winthrop, Fitz John Winthrop, the Rev.
Gurdon Saltonstall, and in our day — the one who will now address us.
Ex-Governor Thomas M. Waller, Park Commissioner of New Lon-
don, will now accept the statue for the Society and place it in the
custody of the City.

S6 NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY.

ACCEPTANCE OF STATUE — EX-GOYERNOR WALLER.

Mr. Chairman, Your Excellency and Gentlemen of the State Com-
mission :

By the courtesy of the Mayor of the city, the ex-officio chairman of
the Park Commission, of which I am a member, and the added courtesy
of the President of the New London County Historical Society, to
which I belong, I have the honor, in the name and behalf of the
Society and the City too, to congratulate the state commissioners, for
whom one of their members has so eloquently spoken, upon the
fidelity and judgment with which they have discharged the honorable
duty the Executive Department of our commonwealth so confidently
imposed on them.

And I have also fervently to congratulate the gifted sculptor,
whom we are proud to know is a son of Connecticut and of this
county, whose genius has given to us and to posterity, in the noble
statue we are to-day dedicating with so many expressions of patriotic
love and reverence, an impressive and faithful presentment of the
animating lofty spirit, as well as the face and figure, of him whose
memory it is designed forever to perpetuate and honor.

And I have to assure His Excellency, the Governor, who has so
fittingly honored this occasion with his pleasing address and his
dignified official presence here, that the Society and the City, for
which I am speaking, appreciate the distinction the State has conferred
by placing in their lovmg care and custody forever, this statue of the
Puritan pioneer, statesman and soldier ; one of the earliest and ablest
governors of the Colony of Connecticut, and the revered founder of
this, our loved, ancient and historic city by the sea.

To the thoughtful mind, as it recalls the heroic colonial history of
our state and country, the statue of John Winthrop the Puritan, on
its rougti, huge boulder pedestal, (so appropriately unveiled by
his youngest lineal male descendant, one of the bright children in
our public schools), that we are now beholding, is more than a
statue; it is rather a consecrated shrine and altar to love of liberty, to
freedom of conscience, and, before God and the law, to the equality of
man. For these are the principles that in their fullness, in our gov-

NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY. 57

ernment for and by the people, we are now enjoying; and of these
principles, as in the remote light of their day they saw them, John
Winthrop and his Puritan compatriots were heroic, faithful, devoted
disciples, when such faith and devotion meant exile from happy homes
across the ocean, the hardships of the wilderness, and the peril of life.
The Puritans are gone, — centuries gone, — but their good work
survives them, for you will see, as you look around you, this statue,
shrine and altar does not stand alone. The towering monument on
Groton Heights, opposite, across the river ; the memorial granite
pillar and figures on the parade ground of our city, looking toward
the sea ; the stately column on the park within our view, and that old
schoolhouse yonder from which you see the stars and stripes now
floating, the schoolhouse in which Nathan Hale, the martyr spy, was
a teacher before he was a soldier, and that is now being sacredly
cared for by our Daughters of the American Revolution ; — each and all
of these are not only enduring memorials of the heroism of the sons of
Connecticut since the days of John Winthrop, on the land and on the
sea, but they are enduring memorials, as well, to the courageous, exalted
spirit of our Puritan New England forefathers, that has been trans-
mitted and kept alive and aglow in the hearts of their descendants
and successors from their time to this, as we pray God it may be kept
alive and aglow forever, so that the motto on the escutcheon of our
beloved state, — ''qui transtulit sustinef' — He who transplanted sus-
tains, — shall be as true in the future as it has ever been true in the
past.

During the musical selection which followed the speech of accep-
tance, the Foot Guard companies withdrew from their station around
the statue, one company going to the Mohican Hotel and the other to
the Crocker House, where well spread tables awaited their coming.

Hon. Daniel Davenport, who delivered the historical address, was
introduced as follows :

One of the chief founders of the New Haven Colony was John
Davenport. The charter procured by John Winthrop embraced the

58 NEW LOXDOXS TWO IILNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTIinAY.

territories of the Connecticut and New Haven Colonies, which were
subsequently united. I have the honor to introduce as orator of the day
the Hon. Daniel Davenport of Bridgeport, a lineal descendant of John
Davenport, the contemporary of John Winthrop.

HISTORICAL ADDRESS — HON. DANIEL DAVENPORT.

For ten years after the settlement of this town, its inhabitants
desired that it might be called London, but the Connecticut General
Assembly refused to sanction it. But on March 24, 1658, John Win-
throp the Younger, being then governor of the colony, drew u^d, and the
Assembly passed the following act, which breathes so much of the
feelings and characteristics of the man, that I quote it in full : " Where-
as, it has been the commendable practice of the inhabitants of all the
colonies of these parts, that, as this country hath its denomination
from our dear native country of England, and thence is called New
England, so the planters, in their first settling of most new plantations
have given names to these plantations of some cities and towns in
England, thereby intending to keep up, and leave to posterity, the
memorial of several places of note there, as Boston, Hartford, Windsor,
York, Ipswich, Braintree, Exeter; this court, considering that there
has yet no place in any of the colonies been named in memory of the
city of London, there being a new plantation within this jurisdiction
of Connecticut, settled upon that fair river Mohegan in the Pequot
country, being an excellent harbor and a fit and convenient place for
future trade, it being also the only place which the English in these
parts have possessed by conquest, and that upon a very just war upon
that great and war-like people, the Pequots, we therefore, that we
might thereby leave to posterity, that we memory of that renowned
city of London, from whence we had our transportation, have thought
fit, in honor to that famous city, to call the said plantation New Lon-
don, and the river the Thames."

REAL FOUNDER OF NEW LONDON.

The John Winthrop, who, in these beautiful words, glow-ing with
pride and love for both Old and New England, and full of statesman-

NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY. 59
like forecast to link forever the history of the new world with the old,
by the perpetual and daily use of household words, was truly the
founder of New London. He had projected its settlement, selected
its site, and embarked his fortune in its foundation. Hither he had
brought the first company of its inhabitants, marked out its plan, built
its mill, organized its town government, gathered its church, deter-
mined its bounds, and conducted the negotiations whereby the sur-
rounding Indian tribes covenanted to hve in peace with it forever.
Here his two youngest children had been born. He had been active
and foremost in its affairs for thirteen years, and now that he had left
it, to reside in Hartford for the rest of his life, as the Governor of the
Colony, he crowned his services to the place in those stately lines by
forever' associating in the thoughts of mankind, its name with the
great city of the motherland.

And now, after the lapse of two hundred and fifty years, we are
assembled, fellow-citizens, in this very town, with whose origin and
growth his name and that of his descendants is so inseparably and im-
perishably connected, to honor his memory by unveiling this statue in
the presence of its municipal authorities, and of the Governor and
other officials of the State of Connecticut, whose creator he in large
measure was.

WINTHROP LIVES IN MEMORY.

The skill of the sculptor, moulding the rigid and enduring bronze
into the graceful, majestic and impressive form now standing before
us, comes in aid of memory and imagination to give distinctness to
our conception of his noble personality. Although ourselves but re-
mote descendants of those who looked upon his honored person in
life, we feel that something of the attractiveness, something of the
majesty which so impressed them in the living original, abides in this
monumental statue, and we believe that in every succeeding age, the
respect and affection of our children for his character and services
will find pure and rational gratification in beholding it.

We know, indeed, that this monument is not necessary to keep
alive his memory to the remotest posterity. He will, indeed, live in
the heart of ages, while this granite and bronze shall endure, and

6o M:\V LONDON'S TWO IHNDREl) FIFTY-NINTH BIRTI1I)A^■.

when they, loo, shall have perished, as perish they will, he will still be
remembered and reverenced for his services to the human race. His
monument is the living State of Connecticut, and the part he took in
helping to plant that immortal tree of liberty, which there first took
root, and has flourished till its branches now cover the continent.

HIS LIFE AND SERVICES.

The occasion, fellow-citizens, requires some account of the life and
services of John Winthrop, Jr., pioneer, traveler, scholar, statesman,
diplomat, lawyer, physician, man of science, magistrate and governor*
" Posterity," said John Quincy Adams, " delights in details." This
duty must necessarily be performed with great brevity, and in the dis-
charge of it, I shall be obliged to confine myself chiefly to those parts
of his history and character which belonged to him as a public man.

He was born in Groton, England, in the county of Suffolk, sixty miles
northeast of London, on the twenty-second of February, 1606, (new^
style). He was the descendant of a Puritan family of great prominence
in eastern England. Cotton Mather in his Magnalia Christi Americana
thus describes his lineage: "Mr. Adam Winthrop, the son of a
worthy gentleman of the same name, was himself a worthy, a discreet
and a learned gentleman, particularly eminent for skill in the law, not
without remark for love to the Gospel under Henry the Eighth ; and
brother to a remarkable favorer of the reformed religion in the days of
Queen Mary, into whose hands the famous martyr Philpot committed
his papers, which afterwards made no considerable part of our Martj-r
Books. This Mr. Adam Winthrop had a son of the same name also?
and of the same endowments and employments with his father ; and
this third Adam Winthrop was the father of that renowned John Win-
throp, who was the father of New England, and the founder of the
Colony which, upon many accounts, like him who founded it, may
challenge the first place among the glories of New England."

inoi, OF HIS father's house.

To this John Winthrop, at the age of eighteen, was born a son, the
John Winthrop, Jr., whom we honor here to-day. In childhood he was

NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY. 61

the idol of his father's house, of which many proofs remain. In his
boyhood he was transferred to the celebrated Free Grammar School
at Bury St. Edmunds, where he prepared for college. At sixteen, he
was admitted a student at Trinity College, Dublin, and was graduated
in due course. With what degree of reputation he left the university
is not now precisely known. We know only that his diligence and
success there received the highest approval of his father, no mean
judge of literary acquirements, and that he there laid deep and solid
the foundations of that extensive acquaintance with the Hebrew,
Greek and Latin languages, and the literature of England and of conti-
nental Europe, which was so often remarked upon even in that age of
sound scholarship.

Choosing the law for his profession, as his father had before him, he
was, on the twenty-fourth of February, 1624, admitted to the Inner
Temple, London, where he prosecuted his legal studies with diligence
and success, and acquired that familiarity with the principles of the
English common law and of the English constitution, which was so useful
to him in after life. During the period of these studies he read over and
over again all the year books, reports and law treaties in print, and at
the Tower of London and other antiquarian repositories, examined
and carefully studied the records from the foundation of the English
monarchy down to his own time. He dedicated, moreover, no small
portion of his time to the study of pure mathematics, to investigations
into physics and chemistry, and even to anatomy and architecture.
These studies he followed all his life.

During his residence in the Inner Temple also, he made the inti-
mate acquaintance of those great judges and lawyers who took such a
distinguished part in the struggles between the Crown and Parliament
in that exciting century. From early life, the bent of his mind was
toward politics, a propensity which the state of the times, if it did not
create, doubtless very much strengthened. Public subjects must have
occupied the thoughts and filled up the conversation in the circles in
which he moved ; and the momentous questions which at that time
not only agitated but convulsed England, could not but seize on a
mind like his, ardent, sanguine and patriotic.

(>2 NEW LONDON'S TWO lllNDRED FIFTV-NINTII IJIR'ITIDAY.

Before he was called to the bar, however, he abandoned the law to
accept the position of secretary to the commander of one of the royal
ships in the fleet of one hundred vessels of the famous Duke of Buck-
ingham, which sailed from Portsmouth, June twenty-second, 1627, for
the relief of the Huguenots at Rochelle, then under siege by Cardinal
Richelieu. During this voyage and the operations attending it, he
became acquainted with the Duke and many of the highest officials in
the court of Charles the First. Upon the failure of the expedition
he returned to England late in 1627.

His active and adventurous spirit next led him to ask permission
of his father to emigrate to New England with John Endicott in 1628,
but it was not granted.

On the twentieth of June, 1628, he left England to make the grand
tour of the continent, then an important element in the education of
men destined to high preferment in the state. The next fourteen months
were spent in travel under the most advantageous circumstances, ex-
tending as far east as Constantinople, with the English embassy at
which place he was connected. He planned a trip from there to the
Holy Land, but the expedition proved too difificult for him to under-
take. Much of his time, while abroad, was spent in Venice, then in
the height of its magnificence. He is said to have visited France,
Switzerland, Holland, and North Germany, everywhere meeting men
eminent for their learning or high station. As his father said long
afterwards, "God gave him favor in the eyes of all men with whom he
had to do, by land or sea." He reached England on his return late in
August, 1629, not having in his absence once heard from home, so
great were the difficulties of correspondence in those days.

When he landed at twenty-three years of age, he was probably the
most accomplished young man of his time, with every prospect of ad-
vancement to the highest political and diplomatic preferment. The
England to which he returned was then one of the most interesting
places on earth. It was the age of great men. Shakespeare, Bacon,
Ben Jonson, Cervantes and Galileo, Coke and Raleigh, Milton and
Cromwell, Richelieu and William of Orange were his contemporaries.
The discovery of America, the invention of printing, and the Protes-

NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY. 63

tant Reformation, all occurring about the same time a century before,
had operated to stir the minds and imaginations of men to the greatest
activity. The progress of the arts during the long reign of Elizabeth
had made existence in the equable climate of England very tolerable
and pleasant. No man left it in those days, either for pleasure or
profit, who did not long to return to it.

During his absence; however, his father had undertaken the work
of founding New England, and had already made arrangements to
dispose of his possessions in England and go out as Governor of the
newly organized Colony of Massachusetts Bay. Upon learning of his
son's arrival in London, he at once wrote to him in regard to the
project, and received from him this ever memorable reply, dated at
London, August twenty-first, 1629 : " For the business of New England,
I can say no other thmg, but that I believe confidently that the whole dis-
position thereof is of the Lord, who disposeth all alterations by His
blessed will to His own glory and the good of His ; and therefore, do
assure myself that all things shall work together for the best therein.
As for myself, I have seen so much of the vanity of the world that I
esteem no more of the diversities of countries, than as so many inns,
whereof the traveler that hath lodged in the best or in the worst, find-
eth no difference, when he cometh to his journey's end ; and I shall
call that my country, where I may most glorify God and enjoy the
presence of my dearest friends. Therefore, herein I submit myself
to God's will and yours, and with your leave, do dedicate myself (laying
by all desire of other employments whatsoever) to the service of God
and the company herein, with the whole endeavors both of body and
mind."

To this great work, therefore, he devoted himself with the most
untiring energy for the remaining forty-seven years of his life, They
were to be years of the greatest dangers, hardships and toil, and of
the most varied activity.

The time was now come when, under the providence of God, the

. civilization of Europe was to be transferred to the New World, and

safe and sufficient arrangements made, under political institutions,

for the organized growth of those free principles which, in after ages,

64 NEW LONDON'S TW(3 IIlNDREn FIFT^-NINTl I HIRTIIDAY.

were to govern the whole world : and the subject of our sketch was to
be one of the most efficient and distinguished instruments in accom-
plishing the results.

WHERE ENTERPRISE WAS RORN.

It was in the northeastern corner of what is now the United States,
a space no larger than a man's hand upon the national map, reaching
from the border of Canada to Long Island Sound, and from the Hud-
son River on the west to the Atlantic on the east, that the great en-
terprise was to be achieved. That region, while of great natural
beauty, with its forests, mountains and lakes and bold, rocky coast, its
surface broken into hills and crossed by noble rivers, was destitute of
material gifts. The" soil was thin, sterile, and hard to cultivate, ex-
cepting the few acres along the rivers and particularly in the valley of
the Connecticut. The climate was most uninviting to Europeans,
very cold in winter in the northern section, and chilly and variable on
the coast, while in summer the heat was tropical. There was no
mineral wealth; granite, marble and sandstone being the only riches
beneath the surface. The products of the soil, the forest and the
ocean were all that was to be depended upon as the material basis of
that civilization which was to be.

In the southern section of this region, upon the northern shore of
Long Island Sound, lay a small tract, one hundred miles long and
fifty broad, as yet unexplored by civilized man, and inhabited by wild
beasts and warlike barbarians. Its beautiful shore was dotted with
islands and indented with bays, and here three great rivers, as yet
unnamed, flowing from the north reached the sea.

To transform this New England wilderness into a civilized country
was a vast undertaking. A mighty ocean separated it from the elder
world. The home government was to give no aid, nor even protec-
tion, for its accomplishment ; indeed, it existed only to give the settlers
disturbance, to increase their dangers, and to cause them lo.ss. They
were to come here at their own charges and often at the ruin of
their fortunes, as private adventurers. The barbarous and war like
inhabitants resisted from the first all coalescence with the new-comers.

NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY. 65

To subdue this waste, to plant corn-fields in these primeval forests, to
establish here orderly governments and educational and religious
institutions, to face all the physical ills of life in those strange sur-
roundings, was enough to appall the stoutest heart.

THE FIRST IMMIGRANTS.

The next ten years after the date of that letter to his father were
to witness the transplantation of twenty thousand English people to
the shores of New England, there to plunge into the wilderness. After
that, no more were to come for a century. Erom them the United States
as we know it was to spring. We are apt to overlook the fact that in
bringing about this movement, great organizing and missionary work
had to be done. In disposing the minds and purposes of these
twenty thousand persons to emigrate to New England, the younger
Winthrop had perhaps more to do than any other man. He was truly
a pioneer.

When he became interested in the work, there were less than five
hundred white people in all New England. In the Plymouth Colony,
after ten years of struggle, there were still less than three hundred
inhabitants. How many Puritan homes in England did he visit to
point the way to New England as the true means of escape from the
religious and political tyranny of Charles of Laud and Strafford.
That persuasive tongue to which the Indian in his wigwam, the Dutch
Governor of New York, and the English king upon his throne were, in
after years, alike to yield, was a potent instrument in bringing about
the Puritan exodus between 1630 and 1640. Among all the great
men, from Columbus down to the present time, who have labored
consciously or unconsciously, to make the United States what it is
to-day, a just sense of historical proportion requires us to place the
younger Winthrop in the front rank.

He did not sail for America with his father in the summer of 1630,
but remained behind to close up his father's affairs and dispose of
his ancestral domains in the county of Suffolk. In February, 1631,
he married, and set sail in the fall of that year with the rest of his
father's family for Boston, where he arrived November second, 1 63 1 . In

ri6 NEW LONDON'S TWO IR'NDRED ITF'TV-NINTII IJIRTHDAV.

May of the following j^ear he was chosen an assistant of the Massa-
chusetts Colony, and in 1633 he was selected to found and settle the
town of Ipswich, Mass., as a frontier settlement for protection against
the French and the Indians. In 1634 his wife died, and he returned
to England on business for the colony.

On this voyage he was shipwrecked on the coast of Ireland, and
after incredible dangers reached the shore. He traveled thence
through Ireland, Scotland and England until he reached London.
Everywhere on his way he visited the leading personages of the time
and was received and entertained with the highest distinction. It
was on this trip that events occurred which indissolubly thereafter
<;onnected his history with that of Connecticut.

COMMISSIONED AS GOVERNOR.

In 1630, the council of Plymouth had granted a patent to Robert
Earl of Warwick, of all that tract which is now embraced in the State
of Connecticut. That has been doubted by some for want of record
eviden^.e of it, but the action of those who had the best reason to
know of its existence is sufficient proof of it. In 1631 he transferred
it to Lord Say and Seal, Lord Brook, John Pym, John Hampden and
others, the most distinguished men of the time, who had made various
unsuccessful attempts to begin a settlement upon it. In 1634 these
■ proprietors learned that schemes were on foot by parties in Massachu-
setts and Plymouth Colonies to occupy it, and that the Dutch had
already taken possession of a portion of it. In order to prevent the
acquisition of title to any portion of their tract, by squatter sover-
eignty and to repel the Dutch, they entered into negotiations with
young Winthrop to proceed to Connecticut and build a large fort at the
mouth of the Connecticut river, and commissioned him to be the
Governor of the River Connecticut.

Waiting just long enough to marry, as a second wife, the step-
daughter of the celebrated Hugh Peters, he set sail and arrived in
Boston in the autumn of 1635. He at once issued a proclamation to
the emigrants who had begun to settle at Hartford, Windsor and
Wethersfield, demanding to know " by what right and preference

NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY. 67

they had lately taken up their plantation." It is said that they agreed
to give up any lands demanded by him, or to return on having their
expenses paid. He also learned on his arrival that the Dutch were
about to send an expedition to build a fort at the mouth of the Con-
necticut. He at once despatched a party to anticipate them. His
men had just succeeded in throwing up a work sufficient for defense
and had mounted a few guns when a Dutch ship from New Amster-
dam appeared, bringing a force intended to appropriate the same
place. Finding themselves anticipated, they retired, and this action
of Winthrop's practically secured Connecticut to the English for all
time.

He named the place Saybrook from Lord Say and Lord Brook,
and was thus the first to give an abiding English name to any portion
of the soil of Connecticut. The next year he built a fort there, which
continued for many years to be one of the most important defenses
to Connecticut. The town of Saybrook thus founded by him in the
very inception of the settlement of the State, was the scene of the
repulse of Governor Andros from Connecticut in 1675, fp^ty years
later, in the midst of King Philip's War, under the direction of the
same governor, John Winthrop, whose instructions to the command-
ing officer were in these words : " And you are to keep the King's
colors standing there, under his majesty's lieutenant, the Governor of
Connecticut. But you are required in his majesty's name to avoid
striking the first blow ; but if they begin, then you are to defend your-
selves, and do your best to secure his majesty's interest and the peace
of the whole Colony of Connecticut in our possession." Between these
two events, both occurring in the lifetime of the same man, and under
his authority as governor, in both instances, what a world of history
lay.

PURCHASE OF FISHERS ISLAND.

In 1638 and 1639 he was living at Ipswich, Mass., engaged m the
manufacture of salt, and in 1640 he bought Fishers Island. In 1641
he went to England to organize a company for the manufacture of iron
in New England, and returned in 1643 with workmen, tools and stock.

r.N MvW LOM)ON-S TWO IIINDRED FIFTV-XIN'ril BIRTHDAY.

and began the smelting and refining of iron at Lynn and Braintree,
Mass. He was the first person in New England to engage in that
business and was the pioneer iron manufacturer in the United States.
In 1645 he projected, surveyed, and began the settlement of New
London, and on May sixth, 1646, he received from the General Court
of Massachusetts a commission to establish a town government here.
That year he moved his family here from Massachusetts and continued
to reside here until his removal to New Haven in 1656 and 1657,
where he went to engage in the manufacture of iron near Lake Salton-
stall in East Haven.

In 1651 he was chosen an assistant of the Connecticut Colony.
The same year he received a license from the Connecticut General
Court to mine lead, copper and other metals in the public domain of
the colony, and he was, for many years, incessantly engaged all over
the colony in prospecting for the same. He made repeated visits for
weeks at a time to a mountain in the northwestern part of the town of
East Haddam, attended by a single servant. More than two centuries
afterwards, there was discovered near Middletown some twelve hun-
dred feet of shafting, skilfully constructed in an argentiferous lead
mine which he is supposed to have worked.

CHOSEN GOVERNOR FOR MANY YEARS.

In 1657 he was elected Governor of Connecticut and again in 1659,
and every year thereafter until 1676, when he died, the fundamental
orders having been changed to permit of his annual re-election. He
was eighteen times chosen Governor of Connecticut, an honor hereto-
fore accorded to no other man. During all these years the colony
was constantly engaged in controversies with its neighbors as to
boundaries and other delicate matters, and in internal strife of the
bitterest character, and the wisdom, moderation and tact which he
showed in composing and settling them proved him to be one of the
best administrators.

Through his whole life in New England he was engaged in the
active practice of medicine, and his reputation in that respect was of
the highest. By direction of the Colony of New Haven, the governor

NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY. 69

invited him formally to take up his residence there, that they might
have the benefit of his medical and surgical skill, and offered to pre-
sent him with the finest house in New Haven. He purchased the
house himself and resided in it for nearly two years.

He brought with him to Massachusetts in his youth a library of a
thousand volumes, the choicest books of the time. He was a Fellow
and one of the founders of the Royal Society of England, and in con-
stant correspondence with eminent scientific men, and published
several papers in the Philosophical Transactions of much value. He
was the owner of the first telescope brought to this country, which is
now to be seen in Harvard College, and prosecuted his studies in
astronomy with great success, from his calculations predicting the
existence of another satellite of Jupiter, the actual discovery of which
was reserved till the last century.

In September, 1658, Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of the Com-
monwealth of England, died, and the structure of government which
he had reared with so much effort and bloodshed crumbled to pieces.
Winthrop's relations with him had been very close, his father-in-law,
Hugh Peters, having been Cromwell's chaplain during the Protect-
orate.

THE TIME OF TROUBLE.

In May, 1660, Charles II. was restored to the throne of his ances-
tors, with an outburst of popular feeling and loyalty which boded ill
for all who had been concerned in the dethronement and execution of
his father. Hugh Peters was promptly seized, tried and executed, and
his head stuck up on Temple Bar. The corpses of Cromwell and
others were torn from their graves and hung in chains on Tyburn
Hill, and their heads cut off and stuck up on Westminster Hall, where
they remained for many years. The Puritans of New England had
been in full sympathy with Cromwell and the Roundheads in all their
measures, and had reason to expect severe treatment from Charles
and his revengeful cavaliers. Two of the regicides had fled to New
Haven and were warmly welcomed and sheltered by the Rev. John
Davenport, the intimate friend of Winthrop.

7t) \i:\V LONPONS TWO lUXDRKI) FIFTV-NINTII BIRTHDAY.

In 1 66 1 the Cobny of Connecticut tardily concluded to recognize
Charles as their lawful sovereign, to send him an address of congratu-
lation, and to petition him to grant them a charter, confirming to them
all the privileges which they had so long enjoyed in the territory cov-
ered by the patent to Lord Say and Seal. They sent Winthrop to the
court of Charles to secure a charter for them. He arrived in London
in the fall by way of Amsterdam, having sailed thither from New
York. When he arrived he took lodgings in Coleman street, near St.
Stephen's Church, where his friend, Davenport, had preached for so
many years. He found his own and his father's friend, Sir Henry
Vane, in the Tower awaiting trial for his participation in the events
with which \Yinthrop had been in full sympathy. His trial was going
on during the time of Winthrop's efforts to obtain the charter, and he
was convicted and executed a few days after the charter was granted.
John Milton, another of Winthrop's friends, who had walked side by
side with Hugh Peters at Cromwell's funeral, was in hiding for his
life. Edward Hyde, Lord Clarendon, whose knowledge of mankind
was so great that he was called the chancellor of human nature, whose
daughter had married the Duke of York, afterwards James IL, was
prime minister and seekmg to gather to himself absolute power over
the colonies. The only friend Winthrop had at court was the aged
Lord Say and Seal, who had been active in bringing about the restora-
tion of Charles.

DIPLOMAT OF HIGH ORDER.

In this court, from this monarch, and at the hands of this prime
minister, Winthrop had the address to secure the charter for Connecti-
cut, which our fathers ever after regarded as the very ark of their
liberties. Not only that, he secured one for Rhode Island of equally
liberal provisions, which was expressly stated to be granted to that
colony upon "the confidence reposed by us in Mr. John Winthrop."
This success demonstrates that Winthrop's skill as a negotiator and
diplomat was of the highest order.

Again in 1664, at the time of the surrender of New York to the
English by the Dutch, which forever established the supremacy of the

NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY. 71

English upon the Atlantic seaboard from Nova Scotia to Florida, he
was present at the request of the English commander, and conducted
the negotiations which resulted in the surrender.

In the charter of Connecticut, its boundaries were fixed to embrace
also the Colony of New Haven, an act of the greatest foresight, though
most distasteful to Mr. Davenport. He, however, before his death,
came to see the wisdom of it.

During King Philip's War, Winthrop was chosen one of the com-
missioners of Connecticut to the Congress of the United Colonies of
New England, and was in attendance thereon at Boston when he was
taken sick and died in April, 1676. He was buried in King's Chapel
Graveyard, Boston, in the same tomb with his honored father.

He died amid the horrors of a frightful Indian war. Out of ninety
towns in Massachusetts and Plymouth Colonies, twelve had been
utterly destroyed, and more than forty others had been the scene of
fire and slaughter. Hardly a family in New England but was in
mourning. A thousand men, the bravest and the best of New England,
had lost their lives, and scores of women and little children perished
under the tomahawk.

RESIGNED LARGE INTERESTS.

His father had received a large estate from the mother of young
Winthrop and had spent it all in establishing the Colony of Massa-
chusetts. Not only that, but the son had cheerfully resigned for the
same purpose, the large interests in the same which had been entailed
to him. No more touching words can be found than those in a letter
from the father to the son, referring to these matters : " You are chief
of two families ; I had by your mother three sons and three daughters,
and I had with her a large portion of outward estate. These now are
all gone ; mother gone ; brethren and sisters gone ; you only are left
to see the vanity of these temporal things and learn wisdom thereby
which may be of more use to you, through the Lord's blessing, than all
that inheritance which might have befallen you ; and for which this
may stay and quiet your heart, that God is able to give you more than
this ; and that it being spent in the furtherance of this work, which

72 XKW LONOOX'STWO IirXDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY.

hath prospered so well, through His power hitherto, you and yours
may certainly expect a liberal portion in the prosperity and blessing
thereof hereafter ; and rather because it was not forced from you by
a father's power, but freely resigned by yourself, out of a loving and
filial respect unto me, and your own readiness unto the work itself.
B'rom whence as I often do take occasion to bless the Lord for you,
so do I also commend you and yours to His fatherly blessing, for a
plentiful reward to be rendered unto you."

When the younger Winthrop died, his father's prediction was ful-
filled. He left to his descendants immense landed estates, which, with
the growth of the colony, came to be of far greater value to them than
what the elder and the younger Winthrop had sacrificed in the cause.
And what was of still more consequence, he left behind him children
worthy to be his descendants, who rose to positions of the highest im-
portance in New England.

In these facts, collected from many scattered sources, I have pre-
sented an outline of the career of John Winthrop, Jr., and I commend
them to the considerate attention of posterity. What was accomplished
by him for the sake of liberty and truth, home and country, and in
preparing this beautiful heritage for us and our children, and our
children's children, is replete with instruction and counsel. All this
may be forgotten by us, and be unknown to our descendants, but it is
part of the history of Connecticut and is written in the book of God's
remembrance. For holy faith, triumphant zeal and beneficent design,
the record stands unsurpassed in the annals of man.

THE LUNCHEON.

Immediately after the unveiling ceremonies, one hundred and
seventy-five guests assembled at the Crocker House, and enjoyed for
an hour and a half, the City's hospitality at a somewhat hurried and
informal, yet bountiful luncheon. The number of local people invited
was small, the invitations being limited to the city officials, a few
members of committees, and to those who had been most closely asso-
ciated with the work. These, acting as hosts, had the pleasure of

NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY. 73

welcoming the Governor, ex-Governors and U. S. Senators of Con-
necticut, prominent officials of the Army and Navy, municipal, civil
and military officers of the State, and other distinguished guests, who
had gathered in the city to honor the memory of Winthrop. It
was not arranged, for lack of time, to have the usual toasts and
speeches, but the clatter of dishes and the clinking of glasses had
hardly begun, when, upon the urgent request of the Committee, ex-
Governor Waller assumed the role of toast-master, and from then to
the close, under his persuasive but peremptory leadership, the bril-
liant gathering, — among whom were well-known and gifted talkers, —
was highly entertained by a series of bright, impromptu speeches.
These were received with bursts of enthusiastic applause and merri-
ment, and the occasion will long be remembered as one of the pleas-
ant features of the day. The hospitality of Senator-elect Brandegee
in extending to all present a cordial invitation to his home after the
parade, was much appreciated. The brief intermission between the
morning and afternoon programs of the day, soon passed, and all too
quickly the hour arrived for returning to the grand stand on Bulkeley
Square to review the parade.

AFTERNOON PARADE AND REVIEW.

The following officers composed the staff of General George
Haven, Chief Marshal :

Captain Stephen J. Downey. Chief of Staff; Lieutenant John McGinley,
Jr., Assistant Adjutant-General; Major Richard P. Freeman, Jr., Captain
Frank V. Chappell, Lieutenant J. Augustus Prince, Lieutenant M. H. Bar-
ton, Aids ; Sergeants George Benham and John T. Sherwin, Orderlies.

The line of march was as follows : State Street to Main, to Williams,
to Huntington, to Bulkeley Place, to Hempstead, to Granite, to Channing,
to Broad, to Hempstead, to Franklin, to Jaj', to Truman, to Blinman, to
Bank, to State.

Following was the order of formation of the parade :

FIRST DIVISION.

Chief Marshal and Staff.
First Infantry Band of Hartford.

74 NEW LONDON'S TWO IRNDRi:!) KlFTV-NIN'ni BIRTHDAY

I'nitcd States Coast Artillery.

Sailors and Marines, U. S. S. Minneapolis.

Sailors, I'. S. Revenue Marine Service.

Coast Artillery Battalion, C. N. G.

Battalion Third Infantry, C. N. G.

Second Division, Naval Battalion, C. N. G.

Platoon, Machine Gun Battery, C. N. G.

Colt's Band of Hartford.

First Company Governor's Foot Guard.

Second Company Governor's Foot Guard.

\V. W. IVrkins Post, No. 47, G. A. R., in Carriages.

Military and Naval Guests in Carriages.

SECOND DIVISION.

George C. Avery, Marshal.

Thomas F. Dorsey, John C. Geary, James P. Newman, Thomas H. Allen,

lames P. Sullivan, Silas P. Bailey, Aids.

John Stanners, Chief Ens^ineer; Charles H. Rose, First Asst. Engineer;

Joseph W. Goldie, Second Asst. Engineer.

New London Fire Police. "

William M. Sistare, Captain; Charles Stevens, Lieutenant:

George H. Sistare, Sergeant.

25 men in line.

Westerly Band, of Westerly, R. L

F. L. Allen Hook & Ladder Co.

foseph G. Harrigan, Foreman; Eugene J. Leahy, Jr., First Asst. Foreman:

Robert A. Spellman, Second Asst. Foreman.

40 men in line.

Niagara Engine Co. Band, of New London.

Niagara Engine Co., No. i.

Charles R. Brown, Foreman; Frank Church, First Asst. Foreman;

Everton C. Hayes, Second Asst. Foreman.

125 men in line.

Hedley and Hutchinson's Band of Providence, R. I.

Nameaug Engine Co., No. 2.

Ruel S. Baker, Foreman ; Wallace L. Hale, First Asst. Foreman ;

William F. Woods, Second Asst. Foreman.

90 men in line.

Jewctt City Band, of Jewctt City, Conn.

William B. Thomas Hose Co., No. 3.

Manuel J. Martin, Foreman; Frank Evelyn, First Asst. Foreman:

James F'oley, Second Asst. Foreman.

50 men in line.

N'cw London \'etcran Firemen's Association.

NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NIXTII BIRTHDAY. 75

Standard Band of New London.

Konomoc Hose Co., No. 4.

William R. Pollock, Foreman: Andrew J. Rowley, First Asst. Foreman;

Alfred W. Stoll, Second Asst. Foreman.

125 men in line.

Imperial Band of New London.

C. L. Ockford Hose Co., No. 5.

George H. Denison, Jr., Foreman; George W. Francis, First Asst. Foreman;

William O'Brien, Second Asst. Foreman.

40 men in line.

Band.

Visiting Firemen.

THIRD DIVISION.

William L. Davies, Marshal.

Dr. John N. Dimon, A. C. Burgess, Aids.

Uniform Rank, Knights of Pythias.

Float — Daughters of Libertj' and American Mechanics.

Improved Order of Red Men.

Groton Drum Corps.

Jibboom Club.

Bulkeley School.

Nathan Hale School.

Parochial School.

Boy's Club, Y. M. C. A.

Mohegan Indians.

Herwegh Lodge, O. d. H. S.

St. Joseph's Portuguese Society.

Italian Mutual Benefit Society.

From the detailed description, published in the Day, the follow-
ing facts have been gathered :

The parade proved to be, in every respect, all that had been prom-
ised for it. The first division, consisting of military organizations,
formed on Huntington Street, south of State Street. The second di-
vision, composed of firemen, took position on Huntington Street,
north of State Street, and the third division, of miscellaneous civic
societies, occupied Broad Street Avith its right resting on Huntington
Street. They fell easily into position, and were ready to start prompt-
ly at two o'clock. General George Haven and staff, accompanied by
Hatch's band, coming first in line. A direct descendant of Uncas,
dressed in Indian costume, mounted on a black pony, followed the

76 NEW LONDON'S TWO HINDRKD KIFTV-NINTM BIRTHDAY.

Marshall's staff. The regular troops from Fort Trumbull, a company
of some forty men of the One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Company,
United States Coast Artillery, were given the extreme right of line,
their uniforms of blue trimmed with red, distinguishing them from the
militia companies. Next came the marines and sailors from the
United States cruiser Minneapolis, at anchor in the lower harbor,
headed by their own band, and followed by companies of sailors from
the revenue cutters Gresham and Mohawk. The jackies made a fine
appearance, being well trained for the unusual event of marching on
shore, by the daily practice drills held in the Armory and on the streets
the preceding week.

Following the United States soldiers and sailors, came a large body
of the state militia, numbering approximately four hundred men.
Included in the body were some of the finest organizations in the
Connecticut National Guard.

The right of line was accorded to the Coast Artillery Battalion,
owing to the seniority of Maj. Hadlai A. Hull, who commands it, and
the Third Infantry Battalion, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel
Henry S. Dorsey, came immediately behind it. This battalion
includes Companies A and C of Norwich, Company I of New London,
and Company M of Danielson.

The second division of the Naval Battalion, from Hartford, fol-
lowed the Infantry Battalion, and was in turn succeeded by a platoon
of the Machine Gun Battery with two of the rapid fire guns. The
First and Second Companies Governor's Foot Guard, headed by
Colt's Band of Hartford, were followed by members of W. W. Perkins
Post, Grand Army of the Republic, and distinguished military and
naval guests in carriages.

The firemen, in the second division, attired in new uniforms,
were heartily applauded all along the line of march. All of the local
liremen purchased new uniforms for the occasion, making the neces-
sary expenditures out of their own treasuries, as the city could not, at
that time, legally appropriate money for the purpose. The freshly
polished metal and leather of hose wagons, harnesses and other ap-
paratus, were well in keeping with the immaculate suits of the men.

NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY. 77

The interest and co-operation of the fire companies was much appre-
ciated by the committee in charge, and it was a pleasure, when the
financial account was made up, to appropriate fifty dollars to each
company, and twenty-five dollars to the fire police.

Marshal George C. Avery and his aids headed the division. They
were followed by chief John Stanners and his two assistants, with
the New London Fire Police, numbering some twenty-five men. The
F. L. Allen Hook & Ladder Co., accompanied by the Westerly band
of twenty-five musicians, was the first organization to appear. The
company's large truck, newly-painted, was drawn by horses in glitter-
ing harness.

The Niagara Engine Co., No. i, was preceded by its own band,
recently formed. About one hundred and twenty-five men appeared
in line and drew the hose reel at the end of a long rope. The reel was
decorated with white carnations, and in the seat at the top was a
little girl dressed in red. The auto-chemical and steamer were also
in the line and attracted much attention all along the route.

Nameaug Engine Co., No. 2, had secured Hedley «Sc Hutchinson's
band of thirty pieces, from Providence, to head its line of ninety men,
and had, beside their regular hose wagon, the old hand reel, which was
trimmed with red carnations. The Niagaras' and Nameaugs' lines
were each followed by carriages containing honorary members.

The William B. Thomas Hose Co., No. 3, might well be proud
of its new hose cart, just received from the makers, and now, for the
first time, displayed in public. After the omnibus containing members
of the New London Veteran Firemen's Association, came the old-
fashioned hand engine, formerly used by the company. It was
interesting to note the contrast between that, and the new one
preceding it.

The Konomoc Hose Co., No. 4, with its large representation of
members, and gaily-decorated hose cart, elicited great applause. The
Standard band of forty pieces, which led the company, was the largest
one in line, and had three leaders with batons, one a boy of about

7S NKW LOXDOX'S TWO lUNDRED ITFTY-MXTII BIRTHDAY,
twelve years, and the trio entertained the throng with marvelous feats
of baton tossing.

The C. L. Ockford Hose Co., with comparatively new wagon,
the Imperial band at its head, was the last local company in line, and
was represented by some forty members. Following these, came a
line of visiting firemen, among whom was the Castleton Hose Co., of
Staten Island.

The third division was headed by Marshal William L. Davies and
his aids. The right of line was accorded to the Uniform Rank
Knights of Pythias, who, in their parade regalia, attracted much at-
tention. Hawkins Company, No. i8, the local body, with Captain
Winder K. Reed at its head, was well represented.

Next came a large float, prepared by members of the Order of
United American Mechanics and its auxiliary, the Daughters of Lib-
erty. Young women on the sides of the float, wearing white dresses,
liberty caps, and each carrying an American flag, represented the
thirteen original states. On a higher deck, were eight men dressed
in the old continental uniforms, and above them a sailor and soldier in
modern garb. There were children impersonating Uncle Sam, George
Washington and Molly Pitcher, with two continental soldiers in a
tableau about a cannon. Ihe whole was surmounted by a liberty
bell, trimmed with the national colors.

The Improved Order of Red Men came next in line. The local
Nonowantuc Tribe was reenforced by visiting chiefs and warriors, and
all were in full war paint and feathers, the officers being mounted.

The Jibboom Club, headed by the Groton Drum Corps, made a
fine appearance, and the boys, directly following that organization,
did remarkably well. Herwegh Lodge, Order of Herman Sons, St.
Joseph's Portuguese Society, the Italian Mutual Benefit Society and
the Siciliana Society gave variety to the spectacle. These foreign
societies were dressed in the bright colored regalias of their orders,
and carried, beside their own national flags, the stars and stripes
of their adopted home.

Along the line of march, business blocks, public buildings and
private residences were artistically decorated, and the bright colored

NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY. 79

bunting, so effectively used, gave an air of unusual festivity to the
city. Amid the wealth of stars and stripes, might frequently be seen
portraits of the Founder, which seemed to be looking down, with
peculiar satisfaction, upon the scene where evidences of progress
were visible on every side. The natural beauty of New London added
much to the picturesqueness of the sight as the parade made its way,
through the winding streets, beneath the archway of beautiful trees
just beginning to show their tender, green foliage of the springtime.
May sixth was a day on which the city opened wide her doors and
received, as welcome guests, thousands of people from far and near,
who had gathered within her borders, to enjoy the birthday celebra-
tion of Winthrop's old town.

One of the interesting features of the parade was the line of school
boys in the third division. Three schools were represented, and the
pupils from each had been so thoroughly drilled, by officers of the
Connecticut National Guard, that they marched with the precision of
well-trained soldiers. The Bulkeley boys were instructed by Lieuten-
ant John McGinley, Jr., of the First Company, Coast Artillery ; the
Nathan Hale boys by Captain David Connor, Company I, Third
Infantry; and the Parochial School boys by Captain J. J. Murphy of
the First Company. Each school was headed by its own drummers
and fifers, and commanded by officers selected from its own member-
ship.

Following is a list of the boys who marched :

BULKELEY SCHOOL BOYS.

Captain, E. Lawrence Chandler.
First Lieutenant, Nathaniel H. Averv.

Second Lieutenant, Edward Prentis, Jr.

Moss Baratz, Harry M. Beebe, Harold Bosworth,

C. P. Barry, D. Dow Bentley, Max Boyer,

Ismar Baruch, Charles Biglin, H. H. Bradford,

Pember K. Beckwith, Harvey Bingham, Joseph Brennan,

Cecil A. Beebe, Norman J. Bond, Freeman F. Brown,

8o \1-:\V LONDON'S TWO lllNnRKi:) ITFTV-NINTII HIRTHDAV.

Harold M. Hiown,
William J. Caldwell.
Frank P. Caso.v,
James S. Casev,
John H. Chapman,
Ira L. ChappcU.
Royce G. Codv,
Leonard L. Coit,
Charles Collins,
E. T. Collins,
Harry A. Comeau,
Arthur E. Conant,
J. Stanton Cook,
Joseph A. Copp,
Joseph F. Corcoran,
Harry P. Corson,
Daniel F. Cranker,
Joseph N. Cranker,
Coleman Crocker,
John R. Da\is,
W. A. Dohohue,
Paul A. Douglass,
Walter E. Dray,
Frederic J. Dunn,
Clark D. Edgar,
Edward A. Fcnwick,
Frank Fitzmaurice,
John A. Fletcher,
George F. Freeman,
John C. Glynn,
Stanley Goldsmith,
E. J. L. Gragan,
Stanley P. Grint,
Walter S. Grisvvold,
H. W. Gussman,

William 15. Hart.
Herman L. 1 layiics,
R. 11. llcdlund,
John J. Henley,
P.J. Holiandersky,
William H. Hull.
John H. James, Jr.,
Frank S. Joseph,
Arthur T. Keefe,
James A. Kelley,
John J. Kelley, Jr.,
Benjamin King,
Waldo Lathrop,
Patrick F. Leary,
R. Scott Linsley,
Thomas F. Magnier.
R. R. McDonald,

A. B. McGinley,
S. E. McGinley,
Thomas McGinley,

B. W. McLaughlin,
Michael McNeil,
D. Mendlesohn,
Louis H. Meyers,
Albert Mix.
Walter J. Moran,

C. L. Morgan,
Frank L. Morrison,
Fred. J. Morrison,
James H. Murray,
T. R. Murray, Jr.,
Horace A. Newbury,
John O'Brien,
John T. O'Neil,

R. N. Patter^on,

R. A. Peabody,
J. Milton Phillips,
I'rancis A. Powell,
Charles Prentis, Jr.,
J. Coleman Prince,

B. W. Rademacher. Jr.

C. B. Reagan,
James \). Ryan,
John J. Ryan, Jr.,
P. L. Schellans,
S. f. Schwa ner,
Philip Sheridan,
Samuel G. Slavin,
Harold P. Small,
Elmer F. Smith,
Ralph P. Smith,
Max N. Solomon,
Thomas Soltz,
Charles H. Starr,
George F. Starr,
James W. Taylor,
A. N. Tittany, Jr.,
Walter C. Tilden,
Harry R. Tisdale,
John ^L Toolin,
W . Marcus Towne,
H. E. L'nderhill,
George Wall,
Francis J. Warren,
W. C. Waterman,
W. Arnold White,
Henry W. Williams.
James E. \\'ood,

F. C. Woodstock.

NATHAN HALE GRAM^L\R SCHOOL.

Senior Captain, Clinton Kenyon.

First Lieutenant, Robert Bacon. Second Lieutenant, George L^pton.

Junior Captain, Warren Beebe.

First Lieutenant, Claude Kenton. Second Lieutenant, lohn William;

Avery W. Andrews,
H. H. Appledorn,

Walter J. Auwood,
Frank G. E Baier,

Edmund J. Bailey,
A. ^L Beckwith,'

NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY. 8i

W. T. Beckwith,
Walter L. Beckwith,
Edward S. Beebe,
Henry H. Beebe,
Cecil A. Benham,
Bert Bent,

Joseph A. Benvenuti,
William C. Besselievre,
Robert C. Bishop,
Leroy F. Blake,
C W. Bowser,
Ed. M. Breen,
J. Charles Brown,
Frank W. Brown,
Elmer B. Browne,
Frank S. Bunnel,
William H. Burns,
Irvin D. Capwell,
George F. Casey,
Walter S. Casey,
William T. Casey,
Robe'rt Chamberlain,
Alfred H. Chap pell,
C. E. Chipman,
Elwood H. Church,
Eugene S. Clark,
George G. Clark,
Joseph C. Collins,
R. G. Comstock,
William B. Conner,
Herbert O. Crandall,
Robert Crandall,
Rogert Crandall,
Charles F. Cremins,
R. G. Cruickshank,
A. L. Davidson,
Arthur L. Dean,
Roger L. Denison,
Harold S. Dennison,
Frank W. DeWolf ,
Ralph H. Dimmock,
E. L. Douglass,
Philip E. Douglass,
Timothy P. Dyer,
Emil M. Elfenbein,
Herman Elfenbein,

Isaac Elionsky,
F. Gordon Ferrell,
Clarence B. Folsom,
John K. Foran,
LeRoy H. Forde,
Leon A. Forsyth,
LeRoy E. Forsyth,
John M. Foster,
Joseph Foster,
Benjamin F. Francis,
Charles B. Gardner,
Curtis A. Gates,
Ernest F. Gates,
William J. Gilbert,
Joseph Glater,
A. Goldberg,
x\lex. Goldberg,
Wolcott W. Gumble,
W. A. Gurney,
Henry J. Haas,
Harold B. Hale,
Floyd L. Hanney,
^'ictor Hedlund,
F. A. Hodgkins,
Henry E. Horton,
Leroy B. Howard,
Robert M. Howard,
Benjamin B. Howell,
George A. Hunt,
Herbert G. Huntley,
Abraham Katz,
Richard Keily,
James T. Kenure,
Wolcott O. Kenyon,
Guy R. Knowlton,
Alfred Labensky,
Harry Levinson,
Morris Lubschansky,
William MacKay,
Charles A. Manfredo,
Henry Manfredo,
R. E. Mansfield,
C. J. Marshall,
George A. Martin,
John S. McGrath,
j. W. McKenna,

James D. McLaughlin,
T. P. McLaughlin,
Tyler McNamara,
Abraham S. Meyer,
William H. Mills,
George L. Mix,
Edward J. Mo ran,
George A. Morgan,
G. Kenneth Morgan,
Stanley D. Morgan,
Clarence F. Noble,
George C. Noble,
Nelson R. Oliver,
O. Eugene O'Neil,
William W. Page,
Ralph L. Parlow,
H. D. Pendleton,
Albert J. Perry,
Perr}' Plattus,
John T. Porter,
O. L. Reynolds,
Henry Rippin,
Ernest W. Rogers,
Ralph B. Rogers,
J. Frank Rollins,
John J. Rowe,
N. E. Sampson,
Walter L. Samson,
S. Frank Samuels,
Charles A. Satti,
George E. Saunders,
Charles S. Sawer,
Roy C. Searle,
Joseph C. Sheeham,
William Sistare,
Charles L. Smiddy,
Leon J. Smith,
Reuben P. Smith,
John H. Stanners,

E. Walter Staplins,

F. R. Swanson,

M. M. Tarnapolsky,
George W. Taylor,
R. E. Thayer,
Irving C. Thomas,
W. G. Thomas,

82 M:\V LONDON'S two IILNDRKI) KIFTY-NINTII BIRTHDAY

F. S. Thompson,
William E. Toolin,
T. Edison Troland,
M. Claude ^'icke^^,
Carl II. S. Viets.
Leo E. Wade,

Richard S. W^all,
Arthur L. Ward,
C. M. Watrous,
Alfred L. Wheeler.
Leo B. Williams,
llanv Wilson,

Ostar T. Wilson,
Norman Winskill,
Clarence Winslow,
F. L. Wright,
M. Roscoe Wright.

The Nathan Hale Drum Corps, which furnished music for marching,
was composed of William Sistare, Oscar Wilson, Wolcott Kenyon, Frank
Rollins, Wolcott Gumble, Walter Staplins, Fred Swanson, Arthur Beck-
with, Claude \Mckerv, George Noble.

PAROCHIAL SCHOOL BOYS.

Captain, James Miller.
First Lieutenant, A. J. Bentley, Jr. Second Lieutenant, James Ryan.

Charles Archer,
Christopher Barry,
Albert Caracausa,
Christopher Collins,
John Connell,
David Connors,
Timothy Corcoran.
Frank Cullen,
George Damns,
James Doyle,
Walter Elliot,
James Flaherty,
Tonv Gomez,

John Harrington,
John Hogan,
John James,
John Leary,
John Linehan,
John Lucy,
John Mansfield,
Frank McPartland,
Thomas Meach,
William Melville,
John Moran,
Matthew Mulcahy,
Daniel Noonan,

John O'Donnell,
James Perkins,
John Ruddy,
Michael Shea,
William Sheridan,
John Spellman,
Albert St. Germain,
Arthur St. Germain,
Clement Sugrue,
James Sullivan,
Charles Wasmer,
George Wasmer.

CONCLUSION.

FINAL COMMITTEE MEETING.

On Monday evening, May twenty-ninth, 1905, a final meeting of the
Executive Committee, with all standing and sub-committees, was
held in the Council Chamber of the City Hall, to conclude details of
the work, make final reports, etc.

John Hopson, chairman of the Finance Committee, gave a most
gratifying report, showing that there was a balance on hand of nearly
five hundred dollars, for use in publishing an account of the cel-
ebration. The good management of the committees was largely
responsible for the reduction of expenses, but there were two chief
causes for tnis condition of the treasury. First : The State appropri-
ation of twenty-five hundred dollars, for the expenses of the militia
companies and naval reserves, was generous enough to include
entertainment for both companies of the Governor's Foot Guard, thus
entailing no expense in that direction. Second : A substantial sum
was paid in by the Souvenir Committee, whose badges, programs, etc.,
proved a source of income, instead of outgo which is apt to be
the case.

Charles S. Starr, reporting for the Decoration Committee, alluded
to the universal manner in which the city was decorated, and gave
the statement of expenses for erection of the grand stand, veiling the
statue and incidentals, which were well within the appropriation made
for the purpose.

Alfred H. Chappell, of the Invitation Committee, reported all bills
paid, and said that owing to his necessary absence from the city, much
of the clerical work had been done most creditably, by his son,
Henry C. Chappell, and the chairman and other members acted
largely in advisory capacity. The committee commenced work
immediately after its appointment, and was kept busy until the last

CONCLUSION.

moment before the celebration, so great was the demand for invita-
tions from all sides.

The report of the Reception Committee, given by Admiral Oscar
F. Stanton, showed that everything had passed off smoothly in the
domain of that committee, and there were ,no outstanding bills.
Guests were met with carriages at the trains, and taken to the
Crocker House, where they were officially received, and later escorted
to the grand stand on Bulkeley Square. After the morning exercises,
luncheon was served to one hundred seventy-five people, who praised
without stint the hospitality of the City of New London.

The Speakers' Committee secured Judge Daniel Davenport, of
Bridgeport, a direct lineal descendant of John Davenport, the founder
of the New Haven Colony, to deliver the historical address.

The duties of the Parade Committee, of which Capt. Stephen J.
Downey was chairman, required much thought and attention to detail.
It was no light task to arrange for the three divisions in the after-
noon parade, and to see that places were judiciously assigned to each
organization participating.

The Souvenir Committee reported receipts and expenditures as
follows :

Receipts.

By advertising in booklet,
By sale of booklets,
By sale of buttons.
By sale of postals.

Total receipts, .....

Expenditures.
Bingham Paper Box Co. (printing), .
The Whitehead and Hoag Co. (2485 buttons), .
The Whitehead & Iloag Co. (385 badges),
Springfield Photo Eng. Co. (half tones), .
The Kenyon Studio (photographs),
Expressage on half tones, buttons, badges and booklets
100 envelopes for badges, .....
204 stamps for mailing badges, ....

Total expenditures, ....

Balance after paying all expenses,

May 17th, bv check to George B. Prest, Treasurer,

$132.00
82.31

97-54
29.10

$340.95 $340-95

$ 58.00
66.00
42.60
22.00

3-94

1.65

.28

2.04

$196.51 $196.51

$144.44
144.44

CONCLUSION.

The following table gives an itemized account of gross income, gross
cost and net profit on each separate item of booklets, buttons and souvenir
cards :

By advertising in booklets.
By sale of booklets.

Cost of booklets,

By sale of buttons, .
Cost of buttons,

By sale of postals,
Cost of postals.

$132.00
82.31

$214.31
76.19

$138.12 Profit on booklets,

$ 97.54
67.65

29.89 Profit on buttons,

$ 29.10

7-25

$138.12

29.89

$21.85 Profit on postals,
Total net profit on booklets, buttons and postals,

11.85

$189.86

F'roni these profits of $189.86 we paid for 385 badges, from which there
was no income, and also paid for mailing the badges to members of com-
mittees, etc. After paying all expenses, we had left to turn over to the
Treasurer of the Finance Committee, the sum of $144.44.
Respectfully submitted by

PERCY C. EGGLESTON, Chairman,
ALFRED H. POLLOCK,
CHARLES C. PERKINS,

Committee on Souvenirs.

A rising vote of thanks was given to the chairman of the Execu-
tive Committee for directing the work of the celebration, to which he
replied that thanks were due to all who had so loyally and efificiently
labored to make the occasion a success.

TEXT OF CIRCULAR ISSUED BY FINANCE COMMITTEE.

New London, Conn., April 29, 1905.

The Winthrop Monument Finance Committee is charged with the

duty of raising the money required to pay for suitably engraved letters

of invitation, programmes, badges, bands of music, speakers and

reviewing stands, decorations, carriages, care and entertainment of

CONCLUSION.

invited guests. The Committee is of the opinion that the event
appeals so directly and forcibly to the patriotism and good citizenship
of New London that personal solicitation is unnecessary.

The Committee having in charge the various features of the cele-
bration requires a minimum of eighteen hundred dollars, and wish to
have to use for additional desirable and creditable features twenty-
five hundred dollars. The Records and Papers of the Historical
Society show that the expenses of the celebration of May sixth, eigh-
teen hundred and ninety-six, amounted to nineteen hundred sixty-nine
dollars and thirty-three cents.

The receipts were :

subscriptions

, $ioo each,

50 "

25 "

15 "

10 "

5 "

2 "

1 "

Miscellaneous.

Total

receipts,

Total

expenses,

Balance,

$i,ooo.co

400.00

325.00

60.00

230.00

260.00

6.00

3.00

10.75

$2,294.75
i>969-33

? 325-42

New London has earned the reputation for considerate, thoughtful
and generous hospitality. It is confidently hoped that quick voluntary
subscriptions to an amount justifying this reputation will be immedi-
ately received.

" The Beauty of the House is Order,
The Glory of the House is Hospitality."

If more than enough money is subscribed, the remainder will be
paid over to the treasury of the Historical Society, or will be returned
to the giver in the proportion an individual gift bears to the whole
expense, if this is desired.

CONCLUSION. 87

Please mail your subscriptions in enclosed envelope to George B.
Prest, Treasurer, New London, Conn. Messrs. Nichols & Harris,
Starr Bros., F. H. Parmelee will also receive subscriptions.

George F. Tinker,
James Hislop,
Edward Prentis,
Frederick Farnsworth,
Alfred H. Pollock,
Horace H. Daboll,
John Hopson, Chairman,
George B. Prest, Treasurer,
WiNTHROP E. McGinley, Secretary.

Finance Committee.

STATEMENT OF CELEBRATION FUND, WITH LIST OF
CONTRIBUTORS.

Receits.

From Popular Subscriptions, ....... $1,708.00

From Souvenir Committee, P. C. Eggleston, Chairman, . 144-44

$1,852.44
Expenditures.

For Engraved Invitations, ........$ 131.50

Incidental Expenses of Invitation and Reception Committees, I7'75

Printing and Stationery, ........ 4821

Erecting Grand Stand, ........ 100.00

Decorating Grand Stand and Veiling Statue, .... 38.00

Miscellaneous Expenses, Decoration Committee, . . . ^8 55

Stamped Envelopes, Finance Committee, ..... 44-76

Hatch's First Infantry Band, including transportation and

dinner, .......... 238.00

Carriages, ........... 126.50

Lvincheon for Guests, . . . . . . , . 273.15

Sundries, ........... i7-i5

Appropriations :

F. L. Allen Hook & Ladder Co., 50.00

Niagara Engine Co., No. i, ...... 50.00

Nameaug Engine Co., No. 2, . . . . . . 50.00

W. B. Thomas Hose Co., No. 3, . . . • . 50.00

Amount carried forward, . . . . . . . . $1,253.57

88 CONCLUSION.

Amount brought torward, ........ $1,253.57

Konomoc Ilose Co., No. 4, ...... . 50.00

C. L. Ockford Hose Co., No. 5, 50.00

Fire Police, ^5-oo

Balance paid Carl J. Viets, Treasurer New London County

Historical Society, 473-87

$1,852.44
JOHN HOPSON, Chairman.
GEORGE B. PREST, Treasurer.

The first subscription received in response to the appeal of the
Finance Committee was one dollar from a newsboy. Sums ranging
from this amount to one hundred dollars were subscribed by the fol-
lowing persons : *

J. A. Allen,
Mrs. H. V. Allyn,
Helen L. Alhn,
A. F. Anderson,
Benjamin Andre,
G. G. Averv & Son,

M. D. Buckley,
Charles Buhecker,
A. B. Burdick,
Mrs. E. E. Burke,
James Butler,
L. C,

Babcock Printing Press Arthur W. Calkins,

M'f'g. Co.,
Mrs. H. S. Badet,
David Banks, Jr.,

E. D. Barker,

F. E. Barker,
J. W. Barlow,
Charles Barr,

The Allen Beemun Co.,
Samuel Belden,
Frederic Bill.
T. P. Bindloss,
Giles Bishop,
J. W. Bixler,
J. C. Bliss,
Frank S. Bond,

E. T. Bragaw,
Miss Brainard,
Brainerd iV Armstrong

Co.,
Mrs. Brand,

F. B. Brandegee,
E. T. Brown,

Benjamin M. Carroll,
Thomas W. Casey,
Cash,

Thomas P. Chaney,
Mrs. C. W. Chapell,
Miss C. W. Chapell,
W. H. Chapman,
F. V. Chappell,
W. S. Chappell,
A. Cheney,

E. C. Chipman,

F. J. Clancy,
Thomas Cleary,
W.. B. Coit,
Catherine B. Copp,
Julia Copp,

G. K. Crandall,
J. D. Cronin,
Albert W. Crosby,
L. E. Daboll,
Norman W. IJaboll,
Rev. J. R. Danforth,

A. R. Darrow,
M. Wilson Dart,
F. H. Davis,

N. Dreyfus,
Samuel Dudley,
Philip C. Duntord,
Thomas Ealahan,
Eaton & Wilson,
Percy C. Eggleston,
C. C. Elwell,
Frederic Farnsworth,
Mrs. F. E. Fish,

B. A. Fones,
W. A. Fones,
Harry C. Gardner,
S. A. Goldsmith,
Charles B. Graves,
Charles B. Greene,
George Guest,
Henry W. Guest,
Philip Z. Hankey,
Charles R. Hanscom,
Mrs. ^L S. ILirris,

C. J. Hewitt,
Heyman J. Hirsch,
W.'a. Holt,

Hopson & Chapin M't""g.

Co.,
William T. "Hopson,

CONCLUSION.

Charles A. Hornb}-,
Thomas Howe,

F. W. Hull,
David Hustace,
Charles B. Jennings,
James P. Johnston,
L. C. Jones,
Thomas P. Joynt,
H. W. Kaiser,

E. M. Kapstein,
Arthur Keefe,
Mrs. G. A. Keeney,
Nelson M. Keenev,
William Kingsbury,
C. P. Kirkland,
E. T. Kirkland,
Charles H. Klinck,
E. T. Ladd,
S. D. Lawrence,
Miss Learned,
A. C. Learned,
Miss E. D. Learned,
Mrs. J. C. Learned,
Antonio Leverone,
L. Lewis & Co.,
Charles W. Linicus,

G. M. Long & Co.,
Lyon iS: Ewald,
Ir\in U. Lvon,

William T. May,
John McGinley, Jr.,
H. McPartland,
Mrs. C. S. Mead,
Alfred Mitchell,
W. A. Murray,

F. S. Newcomb,
James Newcomb,

N. L. Business Men's

Association,
N.L.Gas & Electric Co.,
Nichols & Harris,
An Obscure Citizen,
Sol Ockooneff,
The Palmer Bros. Co.,
Fred. C. Palmer,
C. D. Pierce,
E. B. Pierce,
Samuel Prince,
George N. Putnam,
S. J. Renter,
H. E. Russell,
P. J. Ryan,
J. J. Ryon,

G. T. Salter,
T. A. Scott,

L. K. Shipman,
Toney Silva,
Clark E. Smith,
Frank H. Smith,

Henry H. Smitli,
Joseph Smith, 2nd,
Sons American Re%olu-

tion,
J. A. Southard,
B. Spitz,
O. F. Stanton,

E. D. Steele,
Strauss & Macomber,
Charles W. Strickland,
George C. Strong,
Daniel Sullivan,

Tate & Neilan,
Thames Lodge, A. O.

V. W., Groton,
George F. Tinker,
N. J. Traggis,
Elisha Turner,
R. B. Wall,
Thomas ISL Waller,
H. L. Watrous,
L. L. Watrous,
H. C. Weaver,
Miss Louise B. Weaver,
Ralph Wheeler,
D. E. Whiton M'fg. Co

F. C. Wight,

A. H. Wilkinson,
Carl A. Williams.

STATEMENT OF PEDESTAL FUND, WITH LIST OF
CONTRIBUTORS.

Receipts.

From Popular Subscriptions, ..... $726.73

$7,6.73

ExPEXniTURES.

Elisha Post, moving and setting boulder, . . . $465.00

John Salter & Son, setting tablet, .... 8. 00

Sundries, ......... 37 -So

510.80

Balance paid Carl J. Mets, Treasurer New London County

Historical Society, ........ 215.93

$726.73
CHARLES C. PERKINS, Treasurer.

COXCLl'SION.

Mi>. llanict W. Allvn,

Mrs. Alice S. Turner Har-
low,

Miss Mar\ Eddye Ben-
jamin,

Frederic Bill.

Board of Trade,

The Brainerd iV Arm-
strong Company,

Jonathan Brooks Society,
C. A. R..

James Lawrence Chew.

Coast Artillery, C. N. G.
— First Company,

Company I, Third Infan-
try, C. \. G.

Miss Marv M. Foote,

A Friend (S. M. F.),
Rev. Alfred Poole Grint,
Hebrew Society,
Stephen Hempstead So-
ciety, C. A. R.
Mrs. Mary T. Allen Henry,
Charles Shepard Lee,
Stephen Mead Lee,
Lucretia Shaw Chapter,

1). A. R.
Mrs. Richard W. Mans-
field,
Rev. Franklin G. Mc-

Keever,
Frank Roberts Mead,
Mohegan Lodge No. 55,
L O. (). F.,

New London County
Historical Society,
Mr. James Newcomb,
Mrs.James Newcomb,
Nichols i^ Harris,
Post l^rothers,
S. Victor Prince,
Ernest E. Rogers,
Frank Smith,
Starr Brothers,
St. John's Literary

Society,
Hon. Geo. F. Tinker,
Mrs. Peter Turner,
Miss Louise B. Wea-
ver,
John Winthrop Club

REPLIES TO INVITATIONS.

Invitations to attend the unveiling ceremonies brought many letters
of acceptance and of regret, a few of which are given below\

PRESIDENT Roosevelt's reply.

White House, Washingtox.
The President regrets his inability to accept the courteous invitation to
be present at the dedication of the John Winthrop Monument on Saturday,
May the sixth, nineteen hundred and five, at eleven o'clock.

GOVERNOR ROBERTS' ACCEPTANCE.

State of Connecticut, Executive Department,
Hartford, April 14, 1905.
Mr. Alfred H. Cuappell,

Chairman Invitation Committee,

New London, Connecticut.
My Dear Sir :

I have the honor to acknowledge your very kind invitation to His Excel-
lency Henry Roberts, Governor of the State of Connecticut, to be present at
the dedication of the John Winthrop Monument, Saturday, May the sixth,
at eleven o'clock a. m., and in reply I am requested by Governor Roberts to

CONCLUSION. 91

express to you his high appreciation of _\our kind invitation, and to say that
he expects to be present accompanied by his staff.
Very respectfully yours,

Edward M. Day, Executive Secretary.

FROM THE SCULPTOR OF THE STATUE.

Lakeville Place, Jamaica Plain.
Mr. and Mrs. Pratt accept with great pleasure the Committee's kind
invitation to the dedication of the Winthrop Monument on May the sixth.
Boston, April 16, 1905.

EDMUND CLARENCE STEDMAN'S REGRETS.

Lawrence Park, Bronxville, N. Y.,

24 April, 1905.
Alfred H. Chappell, Esq.,

Chairman of Invitation Committee, New London.
Dear Sir •

I sincerely regret that an engagement which requires me to be in Wash-
ington on the sixth of May precludes my acceptance of the invitation of your
Committee to be present at the dedication of the John Winthrop Monument
at New London.

The interest of your citizens in the dedicatory ceremonies would be fully
shared by me — as a son of Connecticut, reared in New London County, and
proud of my honorary membership in the New London County Historical
Society, whose President's name heads your official invitation. In addition,
I well remember a notable day spent in New London and Groton, — in 1853,
I think, — when I first saw and listenened to the most eminent Winthrop
then bearing the historic name. He pronounced his eloquent oration, at
the base of the Groton Monument, upon the tragical events at Fort Gris-
wold, which that sightly obelisk commemorates.

In after years, when the Hon. Robert C. Winthrop was an old man, he
recurred with peculiar satisfaction to his memories of that day.

After a lapse — since then — of more that half a century, I certainly would
visit New London, if I were able, on an occasion still more closely linked
with the grand old Puritan name. It will indeed be memorable with the
special fitness and import that must attach to the unveiling of your heroic
Statue of the Founder of New London and the first Governor of Connecticut
by Royal Charter. Very respectfully yours,

Edjmund Clarence Stedman.

FROM DONALD G. MITCHELL, (iK MARVEL).

To Mr. Alfred H. Chappell, Chairman, Etc., Etc.,

Dear Sir : I beg to acknowledge your very courteous invitation to the
dedication of the Winthrop Monument, and regret that the disabilities of

CONCLISION.

age will compel me to decline. Pray count me, however, in full sympa-
thy with the patriotic spirit which has prompted your memorial festivities;
and at some future day I hope that \our fast-growing city may find some
point upon the border of your beautiful harbor, for some kindred memorial
in honor of that other Colonial worthy — Gurdon Saltonstall — who, at the
close of the seventeenth century, and thro' many years of the eighteenth,
gave dignity and distinction to the offices he held — first as Pastor of the New-
London Chvirch, and next as Colonial Governor.

Very respectfully yours,
Edgewood, New Haven. 4th May, 1905. Don'd G. Mitchell.

[J <

THE OLD TOWN MILL.

So closely was the Founder of New London identified with its early
business activity, that an account of the celebration held in his honor
seems incomplete without speaking of the old mill which he estab-
lished. Whether this is the original building, erected in Winthrop's
time, or the one of 1742 mentioned by Joshua Hempstead in his Diary,
is of little moment, so long as it is known that the mill has been in
operation from the time it was established to the present day. Here,
in the heart of a busy city, remains this ancient landmark, a connecting
link between those early days and the twentieth century.

At the beginning of all the early settlements, the estabUshment
of a mill was a matter of great importance, and it meant much to the
people in the little town of Nameeug, when sixteen of their number met,
November tenth, 1650, to "arrange a system of co-operation with Mr.
Winthrop in establishing a mill to grind corn." Six persons were se-
lected to build the dam, and instructed to make it " substantial and suf-
ficient," receiving, for their labor, two shillings per day. Six others
were appointed "to rate the town, to defray the charge." Mr. Win-
throp and his heirs were given the sole privilege of grinding corn for
the town, and for many years had a monopoly of the business. The
location previously chosen for his home lot,— where a substantial
stone dwelling-house had been built soon after his arrival,— was one of
great natural beauty, and had, flowing through it, a stream sufficiently
large to turn a mill-wheel. On this ideal spot, so much admired by
succeeding generations from that day to the present, was built the
primitive mill.

Miss Caulkins, in her History of New London, writes: "The
gradual diminution or failure of the small streams and springs since
the settlement of the country, is a natural consequence of the clearing
up of forests, and the cultivation of the ground. The ' Mill River,' of
Governor Winthrop is still, however, a considerable stream ; the mill
itself is yet in operation, and the shadowy, rocky glen in which it is

94 CONCLUSION.

situated, has no appearance of having been disturbed since Winthrop's
time. A mill is always an addition to a rural landscape, and seems to
belong, as of necessity, to a stream and a valley. The one of which
we now speak is almost buried in umbrage. We can scarcely imagine
that the aspect of the glen was more wild and primeval, or its gloom
more deep, when the few inhabitants of the town assembled, in 165 1,
to build the dam, than it is at the present day. This mill seat, com-
bined with the antiquity and secluded beauty of the mansion and
grounds to which it has so long formed an accompaniment, is un-
doubtedly one of the most romantic and picturesque spots in New
London."

The same author, in an article on John Winthrop, published in the
Repository, June 14, i860, says:

" The Winthrop house lot covered that spur or projection on the
northeast side of the harbor, which has ever since been known as
Winthrop's Neck. It comprised a garden, grove, pond, mill seat,
orchard, corn field and ox pasture. He built his house of stone. It
stood not upon the site occupied by the later Winthrop mansion — but
further upon the Neck, 'near the cove, southeast of the town mill.'
His family came from Boston in October, 1646, but they spent the
first winter on Fishers Island. After this, the stone house upon the
Neck was the family residence for a period of eleven years. In 1657
Mr. Winthrop was chosen Governor of the Colony, and the next year,
at the earnest solicitation of the General Assembly, he removed to
Hartford. The Winthrop house on the Neck was subsequently occu-
pied by Major Edward Palmes, who married Lucy, Mr. Winthrop's
second daughter. When the Winthrops again became residents in
New London, they built on a different part of the original family estate.
The stone house, with the garden and orchard, were secured to Mrs.
Palmes by a deed which was confirmed by the last will of her father.
A second house, not of stone, was built on the same site and the
property remained in a branch of the Palmes family till 1741, when it
was sold to John Plumbe. It continued in the Plumbe family for
many years. The house was consumed by the British on the sixth of
September, 1781."

CONCLUSION. 95

On the ancient estate of the Winthrops, a short distance from the
mill, stood the old mansion, remembered as a familiar landmark by
many people of the present day. This was torn down in 1S92, and the
Winthrop Schoolhouse built on its historic site.

THE OLD MILL AT NEW LONDON.

Written, in 1S96, by Marj G. Brainard, of New London.

The same old mill that Winthrop built;
Few were the men that saw it rise ;
To-day it passes on their life,
Transmitted through the centuries.

In quietude this lowly house
Has stood beside the peaceful glen.
And seen the busy years go by,
Full of the toils of busy men.

Has stood through revolution's blood.
Recorded Arnold's guilty raid.
And looked on England's ships of war.
From out its oft secluded shade ;

Has seen our churches and our schools
With tower and spire rise one by one ;
Has heard the chimes of Sabbath bells
Ring out their call from sire to son.

Has heard the rising city's din.

The railroad's shriek, the steamboat's call,

Yet never, through the tumult lost

The dash of its own waterfall.

And nien have come and men have gone,
Houses been built and homes laid low ;
And now, the same old mill-stone turns
E'en as two centuries ago.

How many through this wild ravine
Have wandered in their youthful day.
And where the water rushed between,
Have skipped from rock to rock their way.

96 CONCLUSION.

Then, from the miller's humble door,
With borrowed cup, have rushed in haste
To where the ever-flowing trough
Poured for each thirsty lip a taste.

How many by the placid pond,
The little wharf, the dainty bridge.
Have watched the willows as they dipped
Their fringes in the water's edge.

Or, lingering near this quiet spot
In the soft moonlight, pale and still,
Have listened to the water's gush
And drank the peace of the old mill.

Some changes — 'tis not all the same;
The years could never leave us all ;
Time's footsteps make their impress felt.
However silent be their fall.

Some little, low, deserted room,
With lacy cobwebs hanging o'er,
Some widening rifts among the laths
Show what was once that is no more.

And still the water wends its way
With rush and gush of happy sound,
And throws its arch of sparkling spray,
And pushes the big wheel around.

Long may the ancient millstone grind !
Long may the ancient mill be seen !
Long wave the trees, long flow the pond !
Long rest the rocks in their ravine !

Long, through the narrow, open door
And little window o'er the wheel,
May sunshine gleam upon the floor
O'er golden heaps and bags of meal.

Soft be the touch of rushing time.
Swift as thy need the prompt repairs ;
Reverent the care shall pass thee on
As thou hast been, to waiting years.

NEW CONNECTICUT, OR THE WESTERN RESERVE.

BY WILLIAM C. OILMAN OF NORWICH, CONN.

Read before the Society at its Annual Meeting in New London,
September i, 1905.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen, Members of the New London
County Historical Society:

In accepting his invitation I ventured to suggest to your President,
that " New Connecticut, or the Western Reserve." might be an appro-
priate topic, but, now that the time has come, I confess considerable
diffidence, first, because here present, are others more competent than
myself to speak on this subject, and second, because I am like the
man who was appointed a committee of one to investigate his own
conduct. He reported in part and said, if he had known how much
there was to do he would not have undertaken the job !

I was aware that Mr. Alfred Mathews had published an interest-
ing and instructive volume entitled, " Ohio and Her Western Reserve."
But with deference to him as a historian, we, who are loyal to old
Connecticut, may doubt whether his title is quite felicitous, for we must
maintain that it is the Western Reserve of Connecticut, and not of
Ohio.

I did not know at that time that Miss Ellen D. Earned, the historian
of Windham County, had published in the Connecticut Magazine two
papers with the title that I had unconsciously plagiarized for my own
text. She has accepted my apology and favored me with some valuable
suggestions.

As my personal knowledge of the Reserve is very limited, limited
indeed, to two trips by night on a limited train, I shall not ask you to
go too deep into history, lest we return with nothing fresher than a dry
salt codfish, or the remainder biscuit after a voyage, but if we may
drift around on the surface in a " shallop," where the navigation is

98 m:\v connectiltt or the western RESER\'E.

good, we shall perhaps gather in some interesting flotsam and jetsam
and appropriate it as lawful salvage.

Before going to New Connecticut, or The Western Reserve, it may
be well to glance for a moment at the beginnings of Old Connecticut,
which, as you remember, was settled first by three separate indepen-
dent colonies, founded within a few years of each other, on the west
bank of the Connecticut River, at Windsor, Wethersfield and Hart-
ford ; all transplanted from three separate towns near Boston, a fact
fitly symbolized in the State Flag and Seal by three separate vines,
and the legend or motto, " Qui transtulit sustinet." He who trans-
planted will sustain. The head and front of the Hartford Colony
was their minister. Rev. Thomas Hooker, famous as a great preacher
and eminent as a statesman, who did his own thinking, had positive
convictions and courage to maintain them.

It is reported that he said he came to Hartford, or Newtown as it
was then called, because "the houses were too near together in Mass-
achusetts, and he wanted more room to pasture his cows," meaning
of course, that he wanted a larger held in which to work out his own
theories of civil and religious freedom.

The three colonies were composed of strong men of the same race
and the same faith ; they were near neighbors and friends, but before
long found it desirable, for mutual protection and welfare, to establish
a little government of their own.

Thomas Hooker preached a noteworthy sermon, in which he set
forth what he regarded as the fundamental principles of a just gov-
ernment. His chief points, briefly stated were, first, the right of the
people to choose their own officers and magistrates ; second, the duty
of the people to exercise this right according to the laws of God ; and
third, their right to limit the powers of their officers. This, then, was
a government of the people, by the people, for the people, democra-
cy, pure and simple. The sermon was the basis of a constitution,
which, if not drafted by Hooker himself, was inspired by him, and
has been commended by eminent historians as " The most remark-
able document of the kind ever written."

Benjamin Trumbull, whose history of Connecticut has been ably

NEW CONNECTICUT OR THE WESTERN RESERVE. 99

edited by your vice-president, Mr. Jonathan Trumbull, says, "It is
one of the most free and happy constitutions that has ever been
formed." Prof. Alexander Johnston says, " Truly, the birthplace of
American freedom is Hartford." John Fiske, the historian, calls
Thomas Hooker, "The father of American Democracy."

Dr. Leonard Bacon, and others who need not now be named, all
speak in the same strain, and recently, the Hon. Epaphroditus Peck of
Bristol, in an address at New London, commented on it in an able
and interesting manner, from the point of view of a lawyer. One of
your own members, Mr. L. E. Whiton, says, "Those fundamental
orders are famous as the first written constitution in all history which
recognizes only the supreme sovereignty of God and of the people."
(See his discriminating paper "Aristocracy versus Democracy" in the
Connecticut Magazine.)

Under this constitution the three colonies continued happily for
several years, but to determine and maintain their right to the soil on
which they lived they needed a charter, for although they had bought
the land in good faith from the Indians, an Indian title, even with a
warrantee, was by no means secure. Besides that, the Dutch at New
Amsterdam knew there was good fishing at the mouth of the Connec-
ticut River and that Hartford was a good place for traffic with the In-
dians for beaver skins. The Dutch having "taken Holland" wanted
the rest of the earth, and especially the corner of it called Connecti-
cut. They found noble streams, like the Hudson and Connecticut, a
pleasant relief from the monotony of their lazy, meandering canals at
home.

In the meantime, John Winthrop the Younger, whom you have just
commemorated as the founder of New London, had come to Connec-
ticut and built a fort near Saybrook, under the auspices of Lord Say
and Seal, and his associates. Afterwards he was made governor, and
five years later, was requested by the colonists to go to England, and
present to King Charles II. a loyal address and petition for a charter.

Winthrop was a man of sound judgment, of university education,
of fine presence and courtly manners, and, what was better for the
errand he undertook, he was a man of great tact. Whether or not the

lOO NEW CONNECTICTT OR THE WESTERN RESERVE.

five hundred pounds, which had been voted to him for his expenses,
helped him to pass the barriers of court ceremonial that hedge about
a king, is not now important, but he was granted an audience, was
graciously received, and at his first interview with the king made a favor,
able impression, when he begged him to accept a ring which had been
given to Winthrop's grandfather by King Charles I., a gift which, as a
memento of his own father, was most gratifying to the king.

On another occasion, while Winthrop's petition was still in abey-
ance, a courtier one day showed the king a Massachusetts pine tree
shilling, saying, "Your Majesty, this is what your colonists are doing;
they are actually coining their own money! " The king said nothing,
but kept it till Winthrop's next visit, when he brought it out and said,
" What does this mean, and what is this tree on this coin ? "

Winthrop looked at it, and seeing nothing to indicate what the
tree was, nor what it signified, replied, " That, Your Majesty, is the
'royal oak' whose strong branches and thick foliage sheltered you at
Boscobel when your enemies passed beneath it seeking your life."

"Oddsfish! " said the king. What he meant by this expression we
may not venture to inquire, but he said, " Oddsfish, how loyal my
colonists are, when they commemorate even my misfortunes on their
coins ! "

A legend of the Pine Tree shilling has been pleasantly told, as you
will remember, by John Fiske and by Nathaniel Hawthorne.

Not long after, Winthrop returned to America having secured a
charter, which, he said, "was as full and large for bounds and privi-
leges as could be desired."

It is easy to be generous with what does not belong to one, and to
give away what one does not want, and the king, with royal gener-
osity, found it very easy to remove the western boundary line of Conn-
ecticut all the way across the continent to the Pacific Ocean, and to
grant the whole intermediate territory to "The Governor and Com-
pany of the English Colony of Connecticut in New England in
America."

The king did not know what he was giving, nor did the colonists
know what they were receiving ; for this great domain, its lakes,

NEW CONNECTICUT OR THE WESTERN RESERVE. loi

rivers, prairies, forests, mines and mountains had not been explored
by white men, nor had any Indian traversed the length and breadth
of it.

In the meantime the New Haven colony had been established, but
it was comparatively far away and did not immediately affiliate with
the Connecticut colony at Hartford. Eventually, however, New Ha-
ven and all the small plantations allied to it came in, not without re-
luctance, and united with the Connecticut colony under the charter
secured by Governor Winthrop.

This, of course, was the same charter that marvelously disap-
peared and was hidden in the famous Charter Oak, when Sir Ed-
mund Andros tried to take it from the colony in 1687.

At a dinner given by the Connecticut Historical Society in 1840,
Colonel William L. Stone, the historian, proposed this sentiment:

" The oak of Boscobel and the oak of Hartford. The latter saved
the charter, which, but for the former, King Charles would not have
lived to grant."

Connecticut was very busy at this time in fencing in and planting
and cultivating and populating the home lot, and was not, as yet, pre-
pared to go further and develop the great farm beyond, although the
colonists well knew it was there and would in time become an inval-
uable possession for their descendants.

But " Westward Ho" is our watchword, and we must pass by two
colonies planted by Connecticut in the valleys of Northeastern Penn-
sylvania; colonies that came to an untimely end after a succession of
conflicts culminating but not ending in the awful massacre of Wyo-
ming. We may not pause to rehearse the tragic story which has been
fully told by Charles Miner, a son of New London County ; and more
recently by Henry T. Blake of New Haven, but without further delay
come now to IVew Connecticut or the Western Reserve.

The royal grants of territory, liberal as they were, strangely over-
lapped each other. Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia,
all had claims, yet at the close of the Revolutionary war the land had
never been surveyed or apportioned, and no colony really knew what
it owned. In 1783, after the war, General Jedediah Huntington, one

loj m:\v connkcticut or the western reserve.

of the illustrious Huntington generals of Norwich, New London
County, Connecticut, and General Rufus Putnam of Massachusetts,
and others, had a conference which was followed by the formation
of the " Ohio Company," composed of 283 officers of (}eneral Wash-
ington's army. They desired to obtain from the general government a
grant of land in Southern Ohio, which had been claimed by Virginia,
and to carry out this plan they sent for their old comrade. Rev. Ma-
nasseh Cutler, of Ipswich, Mass. And who was he ? He was born
at Killingly, Connecticut, and after graduating at Yale College, was
interested in the whaling business at Martha's Vineyard, studied law,
practiced for awhile, gave up the profession, studied for the ministry
and settled down at Ipswich. When the war for independence broke
out, he cheered the minute men at Lexington, became a chaplain in
the army and gained considerable reputation as a fighting parson.
Towards the close of the war he returned to Ipswich and, finding that
the regular doctor of the place was still in the army, he studied medicine
and practiced with some success, and afterwards attained eminence as
a botanist, botany being an almost unknown science in this country at
that time, and classified over three hundred species. He was also
(but this of less importance), one of six white men who first reached the
summit of Mt. Washington.

On receiving this summons from his friends he drove down with
his horse and chaise from Ipswich to Southern Ohio, a distance of
about 750 miles, in twenty-nine days.

With Winthrop Sargent he went to congress and made a contract
with the government in behalf of the Ohio Company, for 1,500,000
acres of the so-called Virginia military lands in southern Ohio, to be
taken as soon as necessary legislation should be enacted. He then
returned home, but the wheels of legislation moving more slowly than
the wheels of his gig, in 1787 he again took his horse and chaise
and drove down to New York, where congress was in session. One
may suppose that by this time his vehicle resembled the " Deacon's
One Hoss Shay ! " He was a born politician and a born lobbyist,
and in one week succeeded in pushing through congress a measure
which that august body had been struggling with for three years.

NEW COXNECTICrT OR THE WESTERN RESERVE. 103

It was the immortal " Ordinance of 1787," the " Ordinance of Free-
dotn'' which forever prohibited slavery and established the authority
of the United States in all the territory north and west of the Ohio
river. This was the great work of the Rev. Manasseh Cutler. He
was recognized in his day as an all round man of science, a practical
philosopher, second only to Benjamin Franklin. In his " Description
of Ohio," 1787 — evidently impressed by the experiments of "Poor
John Fitch," he cautiously remarks, "In all probability steamboats
will be found to do infinite service in all our extensive river naviga-
tion ! "

Before taking leave of him a word must be said of a prote'ge' of his,
a man as remarkable in his way as Dr. Cutler himself, John Chapman
by name, of Ipswich, an eccentric, simple youth, generally regarded as
feeble minded. As it is a disputed question whether his mental defi-
ciency resulted from disappointment in love or from the kick of a
vicious mule, we may safely give him the benefit of the doubt in con-
sidering the question, " The Lady or the Mule ? "

He determined to go to northern Ohio and was warmly advised by
Dr. Cutler to carry with him a quantity of apple seeds, which would
assure him of a welcome from all the farmers. This appealed to the
young man's fancy and to thoughts that lightly turned from love.

It is said that he carried with him, to New Connecticut, thirty-two
sacks full of seeds gathered from the cider mills of Massachusetts.
He traveled through the Reserve for years, giving away his seeds or
planting them with his own hands, collecting more seeds from the
cider mills, raising young trees and returning from time to time to
watch and tend them. He wandered solitary and alone, came and
went, no one knew whence or whither, loving the forests, the skies
flowers and young children. On one occasion he appeared unexpect-
edly after a long absence, clad in strange garments fashioned from
some of his old sacks, and wearing on his head a battered tin pan.
To say he was harmless is faint praise, for what due encomiums can
be paid to him who caused a whole state to blossom like a garden ?
He was familiarly known far and wide as " Johnny Appleseed."

The story of his life has recently been told by the Rev. Dr. Hillis

I04 NKW COXXKCTILTT OR TIIK WKSTKRX RKSKRXE.

in the form of a romanca entitled " The Quest of John Chapman,"
but no romance is needed to add pathos and interest to his life's his-
tory as elsewhere recorded.

Rev. Dr. Gonzaulus, reviewing Dr. Hillis' book, says that although
Johnny Appleseed had departed long before his time, he has heard
his story from men who knew him and remembered him well, and
that he, himself, in his youth, visited a tract four miles long, known as
the " Yankee Road," lined with orchards, beautiful in the spring with
flowers, and in the fall with fruit; a living monument to Johnny Ap-
pleseed.

By the last census it appears that Ohio's apple crop in 1900 was 20,-
600,000 bushels, and this, it may be claimed, was remotely the work
of Johnny Appleseed.

At the close of the war for independence, the great northwest ter-
ritory was unsettled and unexplored. The large claims of the colo-
nies were unadjusted and neither of them was able to govern or con-
trol these wild lands. One after another, New York in 1780, Virginia
in 1784, Massachusetts in 1785, ceded their rights to the general gov-
ernment, all except Connecticut, who, having been unjustly deprived
of her possessions in Pennsylvania, was slow to give up something
for nothing; but in 1786 she surrendered all her rights, title and in-
terest in her western territory to the general government, reserving
for herself, however, a tract on the border of Lake Erie, 120 miles in
length, from the western boundary of Pennsylvania, and over 60 miles
in width north and south. This was the famous "Western Reserve."
Its area was about 3,500,000 acres, considerably larger than the whole
area of the state of Connecticut.

Dr. Kane, the Arctic explorer, tells a story of a colored man who
had a guest at a dinner which consisted chiefly of beans, to which full
justice was done. At the proper time he said to his wife, "You may
bring on the reserve." "There aint no reserve," she replied. "Very
well," he answered, with a bland smile in which was a trace of disap-
pointment, " you may bring back the beans."

Connecticut was wise enough, whatever else she relinquished, to
make sure of the Reserve, before she gave up the beans.

NEW CONNECTICUT OR THE WESTERN RESERVE. 165
Daring the Revolutionary war a man whonn we will not name,
though we must confess he was a degenerate son of New London
County, burned this town and watched the massacre at Groton, the
British general Tryon, from New York, having already burned Dan-
bury, Norwalk, Fairfield and other towns on the shore of Long Island
Sound. The state of Connecticut adjusted to the last penny the
claims of those who had suffered by these depredations, and set apart
500,000 acres at the west end of the Reserve for their benefit. This
tract, known as the " sutferers' lands," or the "fire lands," was
distributed pro rata among the claimants.

At an earUer date, 1788, General Samuel Holden Parsons, of Lyme,
New London County, also of Revolutionary fame, had become the
grantee of 25,000 acres in Mahoning County, known as the Salt Spring
tract. He was an important and influential man in Ohio, was
appointed by President Washington as the first judge of the north-
west territory, and was engaged by Connecticut to settle the claims of
the Indians in the Reserve.

Although this 3,500,000 acres was but a bagatelle in comparison
with what Connecticut had surrendered, it was in fact a pretty large
white elephant, too large in fact for Connecticut to manage at such a
distance. Connecticut owned the soil indeed, but, having yielded
jurisdiction over it to the United States, she could not make laws nor
enforce them, nor exercise any rights other than such as are common
to all owners of land.

What shall we do about it, became a serious question. It was
happily answered by the formation of the Connecticut Land Com-
pany, which entered into a contract with the state for the purchase of
the entire Reserve, with the exception of the " sufferers' lands," and the
" salt tract," for the sum of $1,200,000. Three millions of acres is a
good deal of land, but $1,200,000 was a good deal of money in those

days.

It should ever be remembered that the State of Connecticut appro-
priated this sum to the state school fund, it is said, at the suggestion
of General Joseph Williams, of Norwich, New London County, which,
under the wise and prudent management of James Hillhouse, another

lor. XKW CONNKCTIdT OR TIIK WESTERN RESERVE.

son of New London County, was increased to 51,700,000 during his
fifteen years of service. Since that time, although the income has
been used for the support of the schools, the fund has been increased
by judicious investments to more than 52,022,000.

The Connecticut Land Company, consisting originally of about
thirty-eight members, was not a corporation, but rather a partnership.
Its members gave bonds to the state for payment of the purchase
money in installments, its purpose being, of course, to dispose of the
land as rapidly as possible to actual settlers. The company engaged
as its general agent and manager General Moses Cleveland, of Canter-
bury, a graduate of Yale College, who had served with distinction in
the war. He was a man of indomitable energy, and under his direc-
tion a band of fifty or sixty surveyors and settlers assembled at
Schnectady, went up the Mohawk river in barges and so on to Oswego
and Buffalo. Then, following the shore of Lake Erie, they arrived at
the mouth of the Conneaut river, at the northeast corner of the
Reserve, on the Fourth of July, 1796, twenty years after the signing of
the Declaration of Independence.

One historian says that on the arrival of Cleveland and his party
"they fired a national salute with half a dozen fowling pieces, pledged
each other in the sparkling liquid of the lake, and sat down with
thankfulness to a good dinner."

General Garfield, afterwards President Garfield, quoting General
Cleveland's own journal, says that he and his party " arrived at
5 o'clock in the afternoon on the Fourth of July, lined up on the shore
of the lake, fired a national salute of fifteen rounds and one more for
New Connecticut, gave three cheers, dined, drank several pails of
grog, and, after a good supper, retired in remarkably good order."

These two versions do not conflict. We are at liberty to believe
either, neither, or both ; but, as General Cleveland said they had
" several pails of grog," it is fair to believe, remembering the ancient
maxim, " in vino Veritas " that he knew what he was talking about.

Leaving a portion of his company, General Cleveland proceeded
westward to the mouth of the Cuyahoga river, where he made the

NEW CONNECTICUT OR THE WESTERN RESERVE. 107

first beginning of the city named Cleveland in his honor, which is now
the chief city in the state of Ohio.

General Cleveland ventured to prophecy that in time the new
settlement "might become as important as Windham, Connecticut."
Windham County to-day has a population of perhaps 50,000, including
the prosperous city of Willimantic, while the city of Cleveland has a
population of 400,000. General Cleveland builded better than he
knew.

One of the early settlers in the Western Reserve, the first indeed
who went there with his family on his own account, was James Kings-
bury, a son of New London County, born in Norwich. He made the
long journey through the wilderness from New Hampshire, where he
had been living, with his wife and three children, a yoke of oxen, a
horse and a cow, and at his home in Conneaut was born his son,
the first white child born in New Connecticut. After almost incred-
ible hardships from the severe winter, from illness and starvation, he
removed to Cleveland, where he filled many offices of honor and dis-
tinction, and died at a good old age, having proved himself vvorthy of
the trusts reposed in him.

In 1801, Samuel Huntington, of Norwich, New London County, the
nephew and adopted son of Governor Huntington of the same name,
went with his wife and family and servants to make their home in the
Reserve. Like other Connecticut people, they went with high expec-
tations. They called it the promised land, the land of hope, the new
paradise, and best of all, New Connecticut.

He left Norwich in a coach and four, his company all told number-
ing sixteen persons and ten horses, making the journey to Albany
and so through the whole length of New York to Cleveland, where, it
is reported, he was attacked by wolves on his entrance to the settle-
ment. He became famous in the annals of Ohio, was a large land
holder, was made major-general of the militia, was appointed chief
justice of the supreme court, and was elected governor of the state.
He complained, however, that it cost him $1,200 a year to collect his
modest salary of $900.

Another pioneer settler in the Western Reserve in 1800 was John

loS Xi:W CONXKCTICrT OR TllK WKSTERN RESER\E.

Walworth of Groton, New London County. He was postmaster at
Cleveland when the population was less than fifty, and the receipts of
the office for the first three months were only $2.83. On the arrival
of the mails, twice a week, he distributed the letters personally, carry-
ing them in his hat, and thus inaugurated "free delivery." After this
arduous task he locked the office door and " went fishing with the
boys." He was also collector of customs and judge of the superior
court until his death in 1812, and was universally respected and es-
teemed.

The affairs of the Connecticut l^and Company were wound up in
1 810, a smaller company, the Erie Company, having been formed by
members of the Connecticut Company who desired to combine their
several allotments in one large tract, with the purpose of selling at a
moderate profit to actual settlers. The agents and trustees of this
company were Moses Cleveland, already named, Daniel Lathrop Coit
of Norwich and Joseph Perkins of Lisbon, New London County.

They were fortunate in securing the services of Simon Perkins,
also of Lisbon, who went to the Reserve in their interest, for the pur-
pose of exploring and surveying and selling their lands. He settled
at Warren, where he became postmaster, was the original proprietor of
the town of Akron, was a general in the War of 1812, accumulated a
large fortune, and was worthy of the respect and honors accorded to
him.

Mr. Coit never resided in Ohio, but made five journeys thither, re-
maining for considerable periods. His first journey in 1801 was on
horseback from Norwich, through the mountains of Pennsylvania to
Pittsburg, and so north to Warren and Cleveland. His last journey
in 1826 was by steamboat from New York to Albany, thence by the
newly-opened Erie Canal to Buffalo, and then across the lake by
steamer to Cleveland.

What a marvellous change was this in twenty-five years!

He was concerned not only as a land holder by purchase and as an
original member of the Connecticut Land Company, but received by
inheritance from his father, formerly of New London, an interest in
the " fire lands," where the township of Norwich, Ohio, was founded.

NEW CONNECTICUT OR THE WESTERN RESERVE. 109

Writing to Governor Huntington in 1810, he said his policy was to
sell his lands at a fair price, not holding for a large advance. He was
willing to sell his interests in Norwich (Ohio), which, he said, " had a
good name and was a good place, to a good man for a good price, say
for seventy-five cents an acre ! " He also had a tract at Cleveland, of
over a thousand acres, which he was willing to sell for three dollars
an acre. What would an acre of land in the heart of Cleveland be
worth to-day ?

The influence of the Land of Steady Habits and of sons of New
London County was not confined to the Reserve alone ; it is felt to
this day throughout the State. The people in Southern Ohio, many
of them of the highest respectability, were for the most part Jefferso-
nian Democrats, while in the Reserve the majority were Federalists ;
but however divided they were on the political questions of the day,
they were, from the beginning, united in their opposition to slavery and
their loyalty to the principles of freedom thoughout the length and
breadth of the Northwest Territory; while later on, " the underground
railroad," running from the river to the lake, never lacked engineers,
agents or way stations.

Glancing at an atlas or gazetteer it is interesting to notice the
names of Connecticut men and Connecticut towns, adopted as the
names of places in New Connecticut ; and to your Society in particu-
lar, it must be a matter of no little interest that sons of New London
County, only a few of whom have now been named, exerted a power-
ful influence in shaping the destinies of the Western Reserve.

The men of Connecticut who settled the Reserve, trained in the
faith and practice of their New England ancestors, in going to their
new home, changed their skies indeed, but not their principles. At
the beginning of the century, over a hundred years ago, the Connec-
ticut Missionary Society sent out as pioneer missionaries, Rev.
Thomas Robbins, afterwards remembered as the founder and libra-
rian of the Connecticut Historical Society ; the Rev. Joseph Badger,
known throughout the length and breadth of Ohio, and the Rev.
David Bacon, ancestor of a distinguished line of descendants well
known in New London County, who, when he was returning from

no NEW CONNECTICUT OR THE WESTERN RESER\E.

Ohio to Connecticut for a visit, "preferred to walk." Those were
"times that tried men's soles!"

But the settlers were by no means narrow-minded or intolerant.
We read of no laws for the exclusion of Quakers or infidels or
heretics. On the contrary, although they did not themselves readily
embrace divers and strange doctrines, they gave shelter to all sorts
and conditions of men. from Moravians to Millerites and Mormons,
to Shakers and Socialists, and even the eccentric itinerant preacher,
Lorenzo Dow, had for a brief period hearers who, like those who lis-
tened to liim in New London County, went away amused if not con-
vinced.

Every historian of Connecticut and of Ohio has something to say
about the Western Reserve, but so far as I know, its full history is yet
to be written. Mr. Garfield's admirable discourse at Burton, Ohio,
in 1873, shows that he was master of his subject, but he, himself, inti-
mated that his work was but a beginning, and urged others to pursue
the study, while historic material was still accessible.

Old Connecticut has reason to be proud of her daughter. New
Connecticut, and, indeed, the daughter may well be proud of herself.
She has furnished two Presidents of the United States, eight generals
in the Union Army and a score of United States Senators and distin-
guished statesmen of national reputation, while her schools, colleges,
eleemosynary institutions and churches have maintained the best tra-
ditions of Old Connecticut.

So also the whole State of Ohio may be proud of her own history.

To do justice to this magnificent commonwealth, stretching from
Lake Erie to "the beautiful river," as the Indian name Ohio signifies,
to her lake, commerce and river navigation, her railways, her finan-
cial institutions, her schools, colleges and churches, her thriving
cities, her manufactures, her mines and her farms, words are inade-
quate.

She has furnished six Presidents of the United States, two chief
justices, one of them Judge Waite, a son of New London County, and
five associate justices of the Supreme Court, and not less than twenty-
five members of the Cabinet. She claims Grant and Sherman and

NEW CONNECTICUT OR THE WESTERN RESERVE. iii

Sheridan, besides more than two score general officers as her most
conspicuous representatives in the war for the Union.

Can any State show a more splendid record of public service .-'
More than all this, the great body of her citizens, strong and stal-
wart, physically and intellectually, as their own forest trees, are
"high-minded men who constitute a state," and the whole sisterhood
of states may well arise and pay high honor to New Connecticut or
the Western Reserve, and to the noble State of Ohio.

Note. — In preparing this address, I have borrowed freely from many
writers to whom, were it possible, I would express mj' obligations, and also
to the Librarians of the Otis Library, Norwich, the Connecticut Historical
Society, Hartford, and the Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland.

THE PARENTAGE OF PHEBE BROWN -LEE- L'ARRABEE-

CORNISH.

1?Y LIEUTENANT-COLONEL C. T). PARKHURST, OF FORT PREP.LE,
PORTLAND, MAINE.

Written for pulilication in the Records and Papers.

Years ago this woman loomed up on the genealogical horizon, and
attracted more than passing notice in the various attempts to find her
parents. A brief resume of the discussion, and the reasons therefor,
may prove of interest.

I St. Savage says, in his account of Greenfield Larrabee, that he
had by wife, Phebe Brown, of Providence^ widow of Thomas Lee, cer-
tain children. Here, therefore, is a definite location given to her by
him, on what authority I do not know.

2d. The Lee manuscript, by Rev. Joseph Lee, sometime minister
of the Gospel, at Crystal Ponds, Southold, L. I., reproduced in the
Salisbury Family History and Genealogy, Vol. 3, p. 7, et seq., has
an account of Thomas Lee and family sailing from England, in 1641,
accompanied by a Mr. Brown, Lee's wife's father. It finally says,
" Mr. Brown afterwards moved to Providence ; " then follows : — " The
widow of said Thomas Lee sometime after married to Larrabee, who
lived in Norwich, and left children by him." Here, then, we have a
positive statement that " Mr. Brown afterwards removed to Providence
and that " the widow of said Phomas Lee sometime after married
Larrabee ; " hence the only logical sequence was that she had gone to
Providence with her father, and was therefore " of Providence " as
Savage says when she became Larrabee's wife.

Austin, in his Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island, p. 258,
under head of John Brown, son of Chad Brown, says : —

1649, Nov. 3. He (John Brown) and five others drew lots for the
home share of Mr. Lea, deceased, whose widow was to receive 30
shillings.

PARENTAGE OF FHEBE BROWN-LEE-LARRABEE-CORNISH. 113

Arguing on this, various genealogists said that here is Mrs. Lee,
the widow of Thomas Lee, accounted for as in Providence, under the
family of Chad Brown ; that it would be natural for a widowed
daughter coming over to America to go to Providence, where her
father was living, &c., &c. Austin says, as to Chad Brown, " He left
a will, as shown by allusions in deeds to his sons." But I do not
know that this will has ever been found. Austin gives no record of
it, hence it is pretty safe to say that it is not of record on the early
Providence Records, and I fail to find it in any of the " Will Books "
of the Providence records in my possession.

But genealogists contended that the action mentioned in Austin,
under John Brown, in drawing lots, &c., was an action under Chad
Brown's will, and that therefore the Widow Lea (Lee) was a benefi-
ciary under this will, and hence a daughter of Chad Brown, of Provi-
dence.

To quote from the correspondence in my possession would be to
go beyond the limits of this article, and furthermore, would be a
breach of confidence. Suffice it to say that I was never convinced by
the arguments set forth, and finally filed away the whole matter
marked " doubtful," to await developments at some future day.

One reason for my skepticism was the apparent fact that " Mr.
Brown " came over in 1641, as shown by the Lee manuscript above
referred to, and Chad Brown came over in 1638, and no record exists
of his having gone back to England to come over a second time, in
company with a daughter, Phebe Lee, her husband Thomas, and her
small children. The Lee manuscript was positive in its statement that
Thomas Lee and family were " in company with a Mr. Brown, whose
daughter he (Lee) had married." This apparently called for another
man than Chad Brown, who was already in the country, and living in
Providence.

Finally, from somewhere, where now I cannot say from loss of
notes, I came across and copied what purported to be an " Extract
from the Hempstead Diary," which told the whole story very circum-
stantially. I filed this away to await the publication of the " Diary,"
expecting thus to verify the " Extract." I knew the " Diary " was

114 PARKNTAGE OF rilEBIi BROWN-LEE-LARRABEE-CORMSII.

soon to be published, and I could well afford to wait for its appear-
ance to verify the " Extract," and thus have an authentic document
with which to set forth the facts as to Phebe Brown's parentage, and
to show conclusively that she was not Chad Brown's daughter, but
was undoubtedly the daughter of " old William Browne of Long
Island."

But lo ! and behold ! when the Diary came out there was no such
"Extract" to be found between its covers! True enough, on page
530, I found an account of a visit of Joshua Hempstead to some of
his relatives on Long Island ; the so-called " Extract " was a con-
densed account of this visit, agreeing substantially with the Diary ;
but the latter part, entitled "A Genealogy of my Mother, taken from
Aunt Barthard, 1723," was not to be found in the hook: hence whether
it was a " fake " or not I did not know, and set to work to find out.

Copies of the article were therefore made and sent out on a hunt
for its origin. These all had negative results. Finally an article was
written for publication in the Boston Transcript giving this Extract,
and hoping to attract attention, and thus get at its origin and authen-
ticity. After this article had been sent to the Transcript some papers
came along, bearing directly upon the subject, and giving new light
thereon. An attempt was made to recall the article from the Trans-
cript to rewrite it ; but it was too late ; the paper with the article
printed therein and my letter crossed each other in the mail. This
led 10 a series of articles in the Transcript, of which this article is a
condensation.

The original article, "A Genealogy of my Mother," &c., is as fol-
lows, as I copied it. I omit the " Extract from the Diary" as of no
present interest.

"A Genealogy of my Mother, taken from Aunt Barthard, 1723.
The following I took from my father's papers : —

Joshua Hempstead, son of Joshua, son of Robert.

" My grandmother was the daughter old William Browne. He lived

in the County Essex, and town of R , England. Came over to

New England in the year 1645. Her grandmother came also, and
grandmother died on the voyage with small-pox, and the eldest son,

PARENTAGE OF PIIEBE BROWN-LEE-LARRABEE-CORNTSH. 115

John. They had three children that came over, viz : — Harmony,
Phebe, and Mary. Harmony lived at Providence, had three sons.

"Phebe had three husbands; the first named Lee, the second
Larrabee, the third Cornish. Lee died with small-pox coming over
and left three children, Jane, Phebe, Thomas. Larrabee had five
children, viz: — John, EUzabeth, Joseph, and Sarah. Joseph died
young.

" Cornish had two sons, viz : — James, and one still-born. She died
in childbed at Northampton, Mass.

"Mary Brown married Robert Marvin, lived at Southampton, L. L,
and at Hempstead. Old grandfather Browne died at Long Island
with his daughter, Mary Marvin. Their predecessors were ministers
ever since Queen Mary's time."

The above is the literal copy of my original copy, and as I sent it
to the Transcript.

Among the papers that I received, that threw new light on the sub-
ject, was another copy of this same paper, sent me by the kindness of the
Genealogist of the New London County Historical Society ; comparing
these two copies showed at once that they were not alike ; but they were
so similar as to at once show a common origin, and the existence there-
fore, somewhere, of a paper from which they had probably both come.

Correspondence followed, and finally what is believed to be the
original has been located, and a photograph thereof is promised ; the
original is too precious to risk in transmission ; from the photograph
it is hoped finally to decipher the original text, and thus correct the
mistakes that have apparently been made in the various copies.

The second copy of this " Genealogy " that I received is as
follows : —

"A Genealogy of my Mother, 1723. Taken from Aunt Barthard.

"The following I took from father's papers (Joshua Hempstead) ;
My grandmother was the daughter of old William Browne ; he lived
in the County Essex and town of Ruppert, in England.

" Came over to New England in the year 1645. Her grandmother
came also and grandmother died on the voyage with small-pox, and
the eldest son, John. They had three children that came over, viz : —

1 16 PARENTAGE OF PIIEBE BR()\VX-LEE-LARRABEE-LOR\ISH.

Harmon}-, Phebe, and Mary; Harmony lived in Providence, had
three sons. Phebe had three husbands, the first child (sic) Lee, the
second Lovicia (sic), third Cornish. Lee died with small-pox a coming
over, and left three children (viz) Jane, Phebe, and Thomas. Lovicia
(sic) had five children (viz) Grandchild, John, Elizabeth, Joseph,
Sarah. Joseph died young. Cornish had two sons (viz), James and
one still-born, with which she died in childbed at Northampton, Mass.
Mary Browne married Robert Marvin, lived at Southampton, Long
Island, and at Hempstead.

" Old great-grandfather Browne died at Long Island, with his
daughter, Mary Marvin ; their predecessors were ministers ever smce
Queen Mary's time.

" Genealogia to Mr. Robert Hempstead at Southold, Suffolk Co.,
Long Island."

Now, as said above, a comparison shows that this last copy is not
the same as that first given ; it begins differently, omits part at the
very beginning, supplies the name, " Ruppert," of the town where
they lived, and then evidently has misreadings of certain words, and
finally, it ends up with a sentence, or phrase, that the first did not have
at all ; this phrase probably explains the origin and reason for tne
original paper's existence. Robert Hempstead wanted a record, he
asked his father for it. Joshua calls upon his "Aunt" for data, sets it
down, and sends it along, just the same as you and I send data now-
a-days for preservation. It is this original copy that I hope to have
photographed for deciphering.

For it is evident that there have been misreadings of the old, and
probably faded, and very likely crabbed and curious handwriting of
the original, and it becomes of importance to have a new reading of
this original to correct all errors.

It is unnecessary to go into the detail of the genealogical data con-
tained in this paper to prove the authenticity thereof, and hence the
authenticity of the paper itself. That may be taken up later on ; at
present, perhaps, we can settle certain other things, and get them out
of the way.

PARENTAGE OF PHEBE BROWN-LEE-LARRABEE-CORNISH. 117

I St. As to the drawing of lots for the home share of Mr. Lea,
whose widow is to have 30 shillings.

An examination of the printed records of the Town of Providence
shows as follows : —

Vol. II. pp. 42-43. Early Records of the Town of Providence,
Record Commissioners printed edition, 1893.

"The 3d of the 9th m., 1649 (called).

******
Agreed that the Lot called Mns Lea's shall be given by lot to one
of these 6 Psons, (paying presently 30 shillings for the use of Mris
Lea aforesaid) viz : — John Browne, Pardon Tillinghast, William Venor,
Christopher Smith, John Joanes, and John Elderkin, and that the
said Lot shall be instead of a home Lot.

******

(Note. — Whether the same date or not does not appear, due to blanks in
the text before the following. — C D. P.)

Determined by lot that Pardon Tillinghast shall have the Lot
called Mris Lea's, paying presently 30s as aforesaid."

Now this is a town meeting action. It is not that of a Court of
Probate. And this is absolutely the first and last appearance of
" Mris Lea " upon the records of the Town of Providence.

And no record of any " Mr. Lea " is to be found at all. It is by
no means certain that " Mris Lea " was a widow, or for that matter,
that she had any tangible existence. The title " Mris " stands for
" Mistress," an honorary title given to single women of a certain de-
gree in the social scale of the Colonial period. And we simply have
"that Lot called Mris Lea's," and that is all. Why so-called I don't
know, as I was not there, and there is nothing now to be found to
account for it.

That in itself explodes the idea of any action under the will of
Chad Brown. The record of this town meeting action is to be found
in Austin, under the heading, Tillinghast, as well as under heading,
John Brown; any one of the "6 Psons" who drew lots could just as
well have been " Mris Lea's " brother as to suppose John Brown alone
to have had that relationship. Hence, that argument fails.

2d, This action was in 1649. Before that time Phebe (Brown) Lee

ii8 PARENTAGE OF PIIEBE BRO\V\-LEE-LARRAJ5EE-CORNlSlI.

h id married Greenfield Larrabee, and was busy, not only with her
young Lee children, but with a son, Greenfield, born 164S, April 20th :
she was prbbably living in Saybrook, and not traveling to Providence
to raffle off " home lots." The rather savage surroundings of an almost
unbroken wilderness were being overcome, and a new home being
established, hence the probabilities that she was not in Providence,
and very likely never saw the town.

Referring now to the " Genealogy," we see that it rests upon the
authority of "Aunt Barthard." The question naturally arises, who
was she ?

Search has failed to show anyone named " Barthard " as living
anywhere in New P'lngland at that time. But the names " Birchal,"
" Burchard," and •' Birchard " have been found.

Years ago I got it from an apparently authentic source that Jane 2
Lee, Thomas,! m (1) Samuel Hyde, and (2) John Bircha/; turning to
the Hyde Genealogy, an account is given of the first settlement of
Norwich, in 1660, and the names of the first settlers. Among the
names of " the thirty-five original proprietors " is found the name,
John Burchar(/.

Turning now to Hemp. Diary, p. 116, there appears: — "1721,
Novr. 22. * * * and went to See Aunt Birchard & lodged at Cuz.
Samll Hides at night." Previous entries show that Joshua had been
up to Windham, then down to Lebanon, where " we lodged at
S. Hides ; " the next day he made his visit to Aunt Birchard ; and on
the 23d he came down to Norwich, and the 24th " I came home near
night." So we have not only found an "Aunt Birchard," living in
1 72 1, but have probably found her residence, somewhere near
Lebanon.

" Birchard " and " Barthard" are so similar that one could be read
for the other without any trouble. Hence, we are probably safe in
saying that the first misreading of the original Genealogy was in
making it "Aunt Barthard," instead of "Aunt Birchard."

"Aunt Birchard "was Jane Lee, Elizabeth Larrabee's half-sister,
and hence Joshua Hempstead's " half " aunt. As she "came over"
with her father and mother in 1645, she of course was with her grand-

P VREXTAGE OF PHEBE BROWN-LEE-LARRABEE CORNISH. 119

father, William Browne, and therefore knew him personally in her
younger days. She probably lived with him for a short time at Say-
brook, probably until her mother married Greenfield Larrabee, and it
was probably at about this time that "old William Browne" moved
to Long Island, taking his daughter, Mary, with him, to settle down
at Southampton. A correspondent, in the Transcript, referring to
the articles published, says : — " I found that William Browne was a
merchant, and in 1648, a freeman of Southampton. He died in the
latter part of 1650, and his son-in-law, Robert, administered on his
estate in 1652." This shows, if the date of birth of Elizabeth Larra-
bee is correctly given, that he died before she was born.

As the record says that Elizabeth Larrabee was born 1653, .Tan'y23,
there is the best of evidence why she knew nothing, except as hear-
say, as to her grandfather, William Browne ; and also a good reason
why Joshua Hempstead should go to his ''Aunt Birchard " for genea-
logical data at first hand, from a granddaughter who had known and
had lived with him.

Whether the original paper has the phrase, " Joshua Hempstead,
son of Joshua, son of Robert," in it or not, an examination of the
original, or a photograph thereof, can only tell. It 7aas in the copy
from which I copied ; it is not in the later copies I have received ;
hence, it may be a wholly unwarranted interpolation by some copyist,
putting in something not in the original.

The next words to be examined are ist, " Essex," and 2d, " Rup-
pert ; " this comes about in this wise:--

ist. I can find no such town as "Ruppert" upon any map of
England. It is not given in the Century Dictionary Atlas list of
towns shown on the map, and no mention of it is to be found in
Encyclopedia Brittanica.

2d. Recently I have received a synopsis of a document, showing
that a William Brown was a schoolmaster in the town of Riisper,
Sussex Co., England ; this will be given later. I find a town of
Rasper on the map of Sussex Co.

3d. Now it would be the easiest thing in the world to read a long
"s" as a "p;" in fact, it has been done time and time again. For

120FARKNTAGK OF PHKHK imoWX-LKE-LARRABEE-CORMSl I.

instance, "Iloskins" has been read "Hopkins" to the utter
confusion of the genealogist until he " caught on." Hence, *' Rusper "
was probably misread " Ruppert," a "t" having been added on from
misreading the curl to an old-fashioned '-r," and Essex and Sussex
can be easily interchanged, or perhaps "Aunt Birchard " made a
mistake; this would be natural enough, for it must be remembered
that she was a very old lady in 1723. Coming over as a child in 1645
would make her 79 if only one year old in 1645 ; as she was probably
older than this in 1645, her age i" '725 is correspondingly increased
a year above 79 for e\ery year that she was older than one in
1645.

The next misreading is "child;" this word in the second copy,
and the word "grandchild " further on, simply make nonsense of the
text, and we, none of us, believe that Joshua Hempstead was addicted
to deliberately writing nonsense. "Child" may be "called" or
"named;" "grandchild" is doubtless "Greenfield," the name of
Greenfield Larrabee's first child ; this word was omitted entirely from
the copy from which I made my first copy, which only accounts for
four c:hildren where five are mentioned.

"Lovicia"' is undoubtedly " Larrabee," as agreeing with records
and my first copy.

We now come to one of the most important of all the possible mis-
readings, and that is the name, " Harmony," who " lived in Provi-
dence and had three sons."

Turning to the Diary, page 264 (bottom) and 265 (top), we find,
" 1733) Oct. 8. * * * I set out for Boston on my Little Black
Mare in Company mr. Daniel Hubbard, Samll Lee & Samll Green
Junr. Mr. Hubbard's Horse proved Lame, wee Left him att Nor-
wich in the Evening & went to Newint about 6 miles & Lodged at
Thos. Hutchin's and Tuesd we went to Providence & Lodged. Tuesd.
9, at Capt. Olney's, in the Eve I went to See Justice Richd Brown,
one of the 3 sons of my mother's uncle Henry Brown."

Now here is a very positive, and a very important statement of
Joshua Hempstead that tallies to a hair with "Harmony" Brown, who
'' lived in Providence, had 3 sons," Let us stop and examine a little.

PARENTAGE OF PHEBE BROWN-LEE-LARRABEE-CORNISH. 121
An old illiterate way of spelling "Henry" was both " Henery "
and " Hennery." Let us see if we can convict Joshua of either spell-
ing. On page 59, first line on top of page, we find : — " Henery DiUe-
more & Joanna Edgcumbe publisht."

On page 532, near foot of page. "* * * & I to Brother
Henerys & lodged there; " these are two cases; there is at least one
more, but lost the mark and cannot stop to hunt it up.

To misread " Henery " into " Harmony " is simple enough, and I
think it safe to say that " Harmony " stands for " Henery " (Henry).

Now, the Providence records are clear as to a Henry Browne,
having been an early settler and life-long resident there. His will is
on record, and in it he mentions three sons, Henry, Richard, and
Joseph, and, furthermore, a daughter, P/iebe, perpetuating the name
either of /lis violher, or his sister, or both.

The relationship mentioned, "my mother's uncle," makes this
Henry Brown (Browne as he spells it in his will) the brother of Phebe
Brown, the uncle of Elizabeth (Larrabee) Hempstead, Joshua's mother,
hence everything tallies exactly.

Now here comes in a paper, previously mentioned, as the strongest
kind of corroborative testimony. It is as follows:

"April 3d, C627. Mary Worffelde, widow of William Worffelde, of
Rusper, Sussex Co., he late deceased, yoeman. Bound in ^640— to Wm.
Browne, Schoolmaster of Rusper, to faithfully administer and execute
the last will and testament of William Worffelde ; on her bond are Wm.
Browne & Wilham Willett of Horsham, Sussex Co , yoemen. Men-
tions George, Lord Bishop of Chirchester, signed in presence of
Joseph Browne, John Bardine (?) and Wm. Simined (?)."

Now this paper is sent me by a descendant of Henry Browne,
ivho had it among his family papers. He says : " I am a descendant
of Henry Browne, the Planter, of Prov., R. L, and have in my pos-
session the family papers to a large extent, running from 1627 down
to 1800, consisting of deeds, letters, "/c books, &c." * * * ''the
paper most likely to help you I send a brief extract of. I think this
is going to clear up the relationship of the Providence Henry Browne
to the Wm. Browne of L. L, and show just where they came from in

122 parknt.\(;k of PHEHK BROWN-LEK-LARRABEE-CORMSII.

England. This original document came to me by gift from my grand-
mother, a blood descendant of Henry Browne, through Richard -,
William % &c., &c. It ha^ never been out of my possession."

Now what is such a paper doing in the Henry Browne family ex-
cept as a family paper handed down by the father, William Browne,
schoolmaster of Rusper in 1627, who "came over" in 1645,
finally settled at Southampton by 1648, and died there in 1650? To
me the inference, if not proof, is absolute, and shows that Henry
Browne of Providence, who had three sons, is the "Harmony"
Browne of the Hempstead paper, and no other, and here finally we
have formed the Providence connection of Phebe Brown-Lee-Larrabee-
Cornish.

Space will not permit more than a hint at a solution of the myste-
rious " M'is Lea," of Providence. It is possible that Henry Browne
"took up" a 'Lot'- for his sister Phebe Lee, hoping to have her
come to Providence to live with him. When she finally married
in 1647, and all hope of her coming to Providence had fled, then the
Town took action and disposed of "that lot called Mns Lee's" by
drawing "Lots" for it, "30 shillings" to be paid to "Mris Lee afore-
said." If we could only chase up this payment of 30 shillings by
Pardon Tillinghast, and so find out whether Phebe (Brown) Lee
got it, we would know the whole story.

Before this article was finished for publication, the photographic
copy of the original paper, " A Genealogy of my Mother," came to
hand. As it is of more than passing importance it is given here in
/(ic- simile, so that all can read and decipher.

The following rendering is given as my reading of this paper ; the
original spelling, punctuation, «&:c., &c., is followed:

A genealigie of my Mother Taken from Aunt Barthard 1723 The
following I took from my father's Joshua Hempsteds ex" q papers
my Grandmother was the Daughter of old William Brown he
Lived In the County of Essex and town of Rusper in England Come
over to New England in ye year 1645 her Grandmother come also
and Grandmother Died with the Smallpox on board and their eldest
son John ; they had 3 Children that come over (viz) Hennery Phebe &

PARENTAGE OF PHEBE BROWX-LEE-LARRABEE-CORNISl 1. 1J3

Mary Hennery Lived att providence had three sons : Phebe had three
Husbands the first was Lee the Second Larribie the third Cornish.
Lee died with the Smallpox a comeing over, and Left 3 children (viz)
Jane (sic) Pheebe and Thomas — Laribie had five children (viz)
Greenfield John Elizabeth Joseph & Sarah Joseph Died Young: Cor-
nish had two Sons (viz) James and one still Born — with which She
Died In Child bead att Northampton; mary Brown married Robert
Marvin Lived att Southampton on Long Island and att Hempsted

Old Great Grandfather Brown Died att Long Island with his Daugh-
ter mary marvin their pradissosors were ministirs ever since Queen
mary Time.

Comparing this original fac simile with the two so-called copies,
shows at once that the latter were not literal, and that the mistakes in
deciphering that had been worked out, as shown in the first part of
this article are all there except one : the name " Aunt Barthard " is
clear and sharp, and no "twisting" could make it " Bischard; " we
must therefore accept this name as it stands, and account for it as

i24l*Al^KN'rA(7K OF PIIKHE HROWX-LEE-LARRABEE-CORNISH.

best we can. We know that there was an "Aunt Birchard ; " proba-
bly the names " Barthard " and "Birchard" refer to the same woman ;
either carelessness in writing, or spelling, with some peculiarity of
pronunciation may account for the variation. It is known also that
this name has had all kinds of spelling ; one — " Birchwood " — is to be
found on page 251, Miss Caulkins' History of New London, where it
appears that " 1673. John Birchwood of Norwich, appointed clerk ; "
this refers evidently to the very John "Birchard" that married Jane
(Lee) Hyde, as her second husband.

In the original we find beyond a doubt the town "Rusper" written
with a long "f," and a "p" peculiar to Joshua Hempstead's hand-
writing; to make good sense and clearness, the word "said" evi-
dently should have been in the original so that it would have read,
" her grandmother came also and (said) grandmother died with the
small-pox on board." We find "Hennery" twice, instead of "Har-
mony," thus clearing up the mystery as to "Harmony" Brown, and
substituting therefore " Henry Brown," the well-known man of the
early Providence records.

All the rest is clear and plain, and corresponds exactly with well-
known facts and records. Hence we are safe in saying that the whole
account is genuine and authentic, forever disposing of the contention
as to the parentage of Phebe (Brown)-Lee-Larribee-Coinish, and show-
ing clearly that the father was "old William Brown " of Rusper, Say-
brook (?), Southampton and Hempstead, and 7wt Chad Brown of
Providence.

And it may be permissible here to write out a complete " copy "
of this document in present every-day English, supplying in brackets,
such words as are necessary to make the article express just what
Joshua Hempstead intended to say :

"A genealogy of my mother taken from Aunt Barthard (Birchard)
(in) 1727.

" The following I took from my father's, Joshua Hempstead's,
Esqr's. papers: My grandmother was the daughter of old William
Brown ; he (formerly) lived in the County of Essex (Surrey), and town
of Rusper, in England. Come (He came) over to New England in

PARENTAGE OF PHEBE BROWX-LEE-LARRABEE-CORNISH. 125

the year 1645 ! her (Phebe Lee's) grandmother came also, and (said)
grandmother died with the small-pox on board, and their (William
Brown and wife's) eldest son John. They (William Brown and wife)
had three-3-children that came over, viz : Henry, Phebe and Mary ;
Henry lived at Providence, and had three sons ; Phebe had three
husbands, the first was Lee, the second Larrabee, the third Cornish.
Lee died with the small-pox coming over, and left three children, viz.:
Jane, Phebe and Thomas ; Larrabee had five children, viz. : Green-
field, John, Elizabeth, Joseph and Sarah ; Joseph died young; Cornish
had two sons, viz.: James and one still-born, with which Phebe (Brown)
Lee-Larrabee-Cornish died in child-bed at Northampton. Mary
Brown married Robert Marvin, lived at Southampton on Long Island
and at Hempstead. Old great-grandfather Brown died at Long
Island with his daughter Mary Marvin.

Their (the Browne (?)) predicessors were ministers ever since
Queen Mary's time."

From various records of Southampton, too long to quote in full, it
appears that there was a William Browne who lived in Long Island.
"Long Island Genealogies" by Mary Powell Bunker 1895, p. 249,
shows that " Robert Marvin of Southampton, L. I., m. 1648, Mary,
dau. of William Browne, who died 1650."

" Robert Marvin settled in Hempstead in 1650, was chosen Towns-
man in 1650 (1659 (?) ), held various offices in the Town and died about
1683 " (Robert and Mary Marvin had a son and a daughter).

In 1648, Oct. 7, William Browne, with others, was chosen free-
man of Southampton.

1648, Nov. 6, William Browne and Robert Marvin, with others, in
division of the " great plaine " Southampton.

1648, Feby. 8 (1648-9), Mr. William. Browne, and ten others, are
bound to pay for the house which they have bought from John Mul-
ford.

Mch. 8, 1649 (1649-50), William Browne, and others, freeman of
Southampton.

1650, July 2, William Browne, Register, Southampton.

1650, July 23, Administration granted to Robert Marvin and Mary

126 PARENTAGE OF PHEBE BROWN-LEE-LARRABEE-CORNISH.

his wife, upon estate of William Browne, just deceased. Evidently
then he died quite suddenly, or after but a brief illness, between July
2 - 23, 1650.

1650, July 24th. Inventory of his estate, total ^160-0-8, includes
Books ^5, suggestive of William Browne, ex-schoolmaster of Rusper,
England.

It seems fair to conclude that William Browne was a man of edu-
cation and superior social rank, measured by Colonial standards,
though he possessed but a moderate fortune ; that he first appeared in
Southampton, L. I., probably when advanced in years, with his son-
in-law Robert Marvin in 1648; that since he owned no land in the
town, he resided with Marvin; that he was a merchant or trader.
Secretary to the Supreme Court and Register. He died in July, 1650,
between the 2nd and 23rd day.

We can now compile the following genealogical table of the family
of William Brown :

I. William Browne, date and place of birth unknown ; date of
marriage and name of wife unknown ; died between July 2nd and 23rd,
1650, at Long Island, with his daughter Mary Marvin.

Children : " Eldest son John," died of small-pox on voyage over
to America, 1645. Henry b. 1625; died 1703, Feb. 20, Providence,
R. I.; m. (1) Waite Waterman, dau. of Richard; m. (2) Hannah (Field)
Mathewson, widow of James Mathewson, and dau. of John Field,
lived at Providence, had three (3) sons (See Austin's Gen. Diet., R. I.
for a complete account). Phebe b. — ; d. 1664, Dec. 22ncl, at North-
ampton, Mass.; m. (i) Thomas Lee, in England; he died 1645 ^^'ith
small-pox, leaving three (3) children, Phebe, Jane and Thomas ; m.
(2) about 1657 Greenfield Larrabee ; m. (3) about 1661, James Cornish.

Mary b. — ■; d. — ; m. 1648 Robert Marvin, lived at Southampton
and Hempstead, L. I.

FOUR LOST LEGACIES OF THE EARLY NEW ENGLAND
CIVIL POLITY.

' BY REV. LEONARD WOOLSEY BACON, D. D., OF ASSONET, MASS.

Read before the Society at its Mid-Winter Meeting in Norwich,
January 22, 1906.

Ladies and Gentlemen :

I invite you to follow me in some studies in the early political
history of New England which have, as I conceive, more than an
antiquarian interest for us in this later generation and vastly expanded
country. I am safe in assuming that the spirit of this Historical
Society will not be wholly out of sympathy with my contention that
the prodigious changes which these nearly three centuries have
brought to pass in our political methods and political principles have
not been in all cases, in the direction of progress and improvement.
I make bold, in the present paper, to point out four characteristics of
the polity of the Founders of New England from which we have de-
parted, to the serious detriment of the republic.

I. The first of these is what may properly be called T/ie Old
Colony Refereiidiun. There is a certain amount of mild agitation
going on in our day, on the part of some doctrinaire publicists, in
favor of embodying "the referendum " in our state constitutions; by
which is meant the adoption of a somewhat clumsy contrivance of
certain Swiss political experimenters, by which on the demand of a
prescribed number of voters, any bill passed by the Congress of that
republic is submitted to popular assent or veto. It happened to me to be
a resident of Switzerland at the time when this constitutional provision
went into effect ; and from what I then observed, and from what I have
since learned, I do not find it to be a particularly valuable working provi-
sion — not that it does not work well, but that it does not do very much

12S FOl'R LOST LEGACIES OF THE EARLY N. E. CIVIL POLITY.

work of any quality. A far simpler and more effective provision,
worthy, for the wisdom of it, to have survived to our day and to have
been imitated in all the constitution-making States, was that require-
ment in the fundamental law of little Plymouth, that no bill should
become a law (emergencies excepted) unless it had lain over from one
legislature to the next. The lapse of this most salutary provision is
not the least of the losses that civilization suffered in the merger of
the little Old Colony with its overshadowing neighbor of the Bay. As
compared with the cumbrous piece of mechanism of the Swiss pub-
licists, by which some bills might, if citizens enough should take the
trouble to combine, be subjected to a popular vote, it was a simple,
automatic general referendum, by which all bills were brought under
the purview of the body of citizens. No wiser safeguard has since
been devised against the malfeasance of representative bodies. If
it could be restored to our State constitutions in some such form as
thiS; that unless passed by a two-thirds vote (this exception would pro-
vide for all real cases of urgency) no bill should become a law unless
read a second time in one legislature and adopted by the next legisla-
ture, think what we should gain by it. To begin with, it would tend
to reduce the enormous annual output of new legislation which is
recognized in all our states as one of the nuisances incident to popu-
lar government. It would certainly mitigate in some measure the ex-
temporaneous crudity of it, which often requires each new legislature
to spend part of its time in repealing the work of its predecessor. It
would hold the legislature in salutary fear, not only of the governor and
his veto, but of the people. Distinctly bad legislation — the job bills,
the grab bills, the sneak bills, the snap bills — if not impossible, would
become immensely more difficult ; and that public enemy, the organ-
ized lobby, would find its power suddenly curtailed. What an annual
anxiety it would lift from a considerable part of the people! Great
corporations and great public interests — the railroad companies, the
insurance companies, the trusts, the temperance interest, the liquor
interest, the Sunday interest, the anti-Sunday interest, and whatever
else there is that has hopes or fears from legislation — would no longer
be under the expensive necessity of maintaining their pickets at the

FOUR LOST LEGACIES OF THE EARLY N. E. CIVIL POLITY. 129

State-house to give warning against surprises and ward tliem oft by
public pressure or private persuasion. The occupation of the
heeler and striker, if not abolished, would become a much less paying
business than it is now generally understood to be. But while cor-
ruptionists would be discouraged and disgusted, honest citizens would
come to their rights. This remanding to the people, so damaging to
bad or doubtful projects, would be simply invigorating to such as
should have merit enough to bear the sunlight and the breeze of
protracted public discussion.

The restoration of the Old Colony Referendum would have even
a more beneficent result in the regeneration of State politics. As
things now are, our State elections deal mainly with the popularity
or the paltry personal ambitions of Jones or Brown or Smith, or,
worse than that, with matters of national party politics with which
State ofiicers have no more to do than with Mr. Joe Chamberlain's
colonial schemes. In most States a state election is not much more
than a game to bet on, like a horse-trot or a college foot-ball match.
Under the Old Colony Referendum, the pending questions of State
and local policy laid over from the last legislature would be distinct,
definite issues before the people, inviting the study of intelligent citi-
zens, and provoking debate in every town meeting and every voting
precinct. Every State electoral campaign would be a " campaign of
education." I do not mean thatthe measures would be voted on directly
by the people; — that is the awkward Swiss way. Neither would they
be the subject of formal instruction to the representative from his con-
stituents, which was the French Jacobin way. But these measures
would be the points on which candidates would be questioned, and
on which elections would turn. Can any reform be suggested which
would have a more healthful tendency to accomplish that great poli-
tical desideratum, the breaking up of the vicious connection between
town and State affairs on the one hand, and national parties on the
other hand, under which citizens are every year clamorously solicited
to subordinate their political home duties to some supposed necessity
of supporting the national administration or of condemning it ?

This, remember, was a characteristic feature of the fundamental

130 FOUR LOST LEGACIES OFTIIK KARLV N. K. C1\IL POLITY.

law of "the Old Colony" of little Plymouth. I am no blind bigot in
my admiration of the Pilgrims. I am not prepared to admit that the
Separatism of Plymouth was a higher and truer churchmanship
than the Nationalism of Salem and Boston. But 1 am struck with
wonder at the high wisdom of the Pilgrims in their founding of the
civil state. There were many bold and original strokes of political
reform delivered in those early New England days. There was the
splendid cvup iVetat of the Bay colonists in bringing their charter
across the seas and so creating an autonomous state. There was the
great law reform of the New Haven men, by which they dropped over-
board, as they sailed, the precedents of English law — common law,
statute law and canon law — and gave their republic a fresh start
from the Pentateuch, resolving, as the historian Knickerbocker puts
it, to be governed by the laws of God until they had time to make
better for themselves. There was the glory of the Connecticut colo-
nists, framing, with prophetic wisdom, the first written constitution of
government in human history. And high over these is the excelling
glory of the Pilgrims, that they did nothing of the kind, but just
let their feeble republic alone to grow into shape of itself, taking
such body as it should please God to give. Their grand deeds were
well matched by the grandeur of their not doing. Here we find one of
those contrasts that the muse of history delights in. On the one
hand are these thoughtful men in the poverty of Plymouth, living all
in the future, with every temptation to great schemes and visionary
projects, patiently waiting year by year for the slow strokes of Divine
Providence to fashion their little State into the mould of a world-wide
empire; and on the other hand, fifty years later, beyond the sea, the
greatest philosopher and the smartest politician in all England, John
Locke and Lord Shaftesbury, sitting in the golden sunshine of a
monarch's favor, are putting their sagacious heads together to produce
a constitution for the Carolinas that has been the laughing stock of
history from that day to this.

IL By far the most important and most original contribution of
early New England to the science of polity was the principle of Ala-
jority Government. We have lost it now and taken instead the princi-

FOUR LOST LEGACIES OF THE EARLY N. E. CIVIL POLITY. 131

pie of Government by Plurality, that is, ordinarily. Government by
Minorities. We have traded off our hereditary birthright, and gotten
in exchange for it a mess of pottage, and an ill-smelling and unsavory
mess at that. How much we have lost, what intolerable mischiefs we
have invited upon ourselves, by thus abandoning the wise usage of
our fathers, we have had only a limited means of proving in our own
experience ; for it is only within the memory of this generation that
this invaluable muniment of freedom has been thrown away in Massa-
chusetts, and still more lately in Connecticut. But we have only to look
beyond the western boundary line, to where the plurality system, in the
State and City of New York, has for generations had its perfect work,
to see what abuses it is capable of producing. In New York City, in
almost every vigorously contested election for many years, until this
last year, it has been demonstrated that the majority of the citizens
were opposed to the domination of Tammany Hall ; nevertheless,
with only occasional and brief interruptions, Tammany has held the
domination from year to year and from decade to decade. Sometimes
its domination has been put in serious jeopardy. In 1886 a powerful
movement to overthrow it drove the Tammany wigwam to the desper-
ate expedient of nominating an honest man (Mr. Hewitt) for Mayor.
When a corrupt party nominates an honest man, it is a sign of woe
indeed. Everything portended a Waterloo defeat for Tammany, for
the opposition of good citizens was solid. The only hope of the
thieves lay in dividing the opposition. Just then a brilliant and en-
thusiastic young Republican was induced — no doubt by the best of
motives — to put himself at the head of a "straight " Republican ticket ;
and Tammany was saved ! The vote against Tammany was, in round
numbers, 130,000, to 90,000 in its favor. But the patriotic young Re-
publican had succeeded in splitting the opposition vote nearly in the
middle, and Tammany, condemned by a hostile majority of nearly
40,000, held control of the great city, saved, in its hour of peril, by the
sagacious management of Mr, Croker, aided by the undoubtedly con-
scientious partizanship, I regret to say, of Mr. Theodore Roosevelt.

In 1897 came an even more momentous crisis, which was to decide
the fate not only of New York, but of greater New York, and not for

13:: FOIR LOST LKGACIES OF THE EARLY N. E. CIVIL POLITY.

a year only, but for four years. The sole question before the people
was : Shall a notoriously corrupt ring, managed by a coarse, odious,
and generally detested boss, be placed in almost absolute control of
the immense interests of the great metropolis? The people declared,
by a majority of 58,000, We will not have this gang to rule over us
Whereupon the defeated party mounted gaily to the box, gripped the
reins and the whip, and every brothel and gambling hell in the city
was illuminated in honor of the triumph of the minority. The con-
scientious politician who saved Tammany this time by dividing the
opposition in favor of a straight Republican ticket was General Tracy,
once Secretary of the Navy. If it had not been Tracy, it would have
been some one else. Mr. Croker rarely had any difficulty in finding a
man, and a good man — no other kind will answer the purpose — to
render him this indispensable service. At this election, there were not
only two anti-Tammany candidates in the field, but three, all good
men^excellent men ; the more of them there were, and the better they
were, the more Tammany was pleased. Intelligent citizens were at a
loss which of the three to vole for, and many saw no use of voting at
all in so hopeless a case. It was an easy walk-over for Tammany.
Suppose the three opposition parties to be about equal to each other,
and the stayers at home who saw no use in voting at all to be another
equal share, Tammany had only to cast one-fifth of the votes plus one,
and the remaining four-fifths minus one were of no avail. By virtue
(if it is proper to speak of virtue in this connection) of a good working
minority, the gang of thieves came legally and constitutionally into
possession of the city government for the next four years.

Since then we have been witnessing twice over the agonizing pe-
riodical anxiety of good citizens of New York over the always doubt-
ful question, can we manage to fuse together the various elements of
opposition to the enemies of society ? On so risky a question depends
the control, for good or evil, of so many millions of people, and so
many thousand millions of property !

Now suppose the charter of Greater New York had been framed
in accordance with the old New England principle of majority govern-
ment, with this provision, that no officer should be held to be elected

FOUR LOST LEGACIES OF THE EARLY N. E. CIVIL POLITY. 133

unless receiving a majority of all votes cast, supplemented by this
other provision that, failing a majority for any candidate on the first
ballot, the matter should go back to the people within eight days, to
choose between the two highest candidates; how would these pro-
visions operate ?

1, They would begin operating long before election day. Months
before, there would be searchings of heart among all bosses of all
parties. The comfortable understanding heretofore subsisting be-
tween the two leading party leaders, that whichever way the election
goes, they two are, between them, sure of the spoils, is thenceforth
impossible ; the people have a veto on them both. The caucus would
still assemble, as it ought to; but it would be overshadowed by the
chilling but salutary consciousness that its action was liable to be re-
versed at the polls by the free and unembarrassed action of the bolter
and the kicker. It would have to nominate in such a way as to pre-
vent disaffection and propitiate confidence. An objectionable candi-
date on any ticket might be blackballed by the men of his own party,
without thereby turning over the election to the opposite party. A
corrupt party would not be able to hold together its own men.

2. As election day approached, there would be no distressing
anxiety among good citizens as to whether this man, or that, or the
other, would be most likely to unite all the friends of good govern-
ment. Union would be desirable, of course, but not indispensable.
Any honest vote would be effective, and no man would have this ex-
cuse for staying at home, that there was no use in voting. All par-
ties and factions and fads would have a fair chance. Straight Demo-
crat or Reform Democrat, Republican or Fusionist, Socialist or Pro-
hibitionist or Single-taxer or Knight of Labor, or whatever else, would
have the opportunity to show his strength and make his moral demon-
stration, for what it might be worth, without being scared out of his
liberty of suffrage by the party bugaboo and the cry that he was
throwing away his vote and giving the election to the enemy. If
among the candidates nominated under these severe conditions one
was found who, by his personal qualities or the strength of numbers
at his back, commanded a clear majority of the voters, he would be
elected, and no other man could be.

134 FOUR LOST LECiACIliS OF TIIK EARLY N. E. CIVIL POLITY.

3. But suppose the other case — that there is no clear majority, and
no choice ; what then ? Why then there has been held, under all the
sanctions that legislation can provide, free to every voter without dis-
tinction of party, a great tioniinating cojiventiofi of the whole people,
which has put in nomination two candidates to be voted for that day
week. There will be a square fight. That little game by which a
knot of adroit intriguers handling a good working minority of votes,
has for decade after decade held dominion over the great metropolis
in spite of the demonstrated will of the people, the little game of Tam-
many, which is the game of all the little Tammanies that are to be
found the country over, in every town and city, is blocked forever.
The individual citizen is rehabilitated, and the people have come to
their rights again.

Not the least of the public benefits to be expected from the res-
toration of majority government is that it would permit the several
States to clear their statute books of the caucus laws now so generally
in use. Doubtless under the plurality system they are a necessary
evil ; for it is under this system, and this alone, that the power of the
caucus is a public peril, to be guarded against by drastic methods ;
and these are certainly drastic enough. Instead of abating the power
of the party machine, they aggravate it to the danger point, enabling
it to intrench itself in the statute-book ; giving it recognition before
the law with no corresponding responsibility to the law ; seeming to
give the citizens, so far as they are obedient partizans, power over the
machine, but really confirming the machine in its power over the
citizens ; completing the practical disfranchisement of the non-parti-
zan citizen. Doubtless these laws bring some relief from the impu-
dent frauds that have been common in the nomination business.
But the good they may do is more than offset by the adopting of
party organization as part of the fixed, legal machinery of go\ern-
ment. Perhaps no constitutional amendment that has ever been
adopted is of graver consequence than this device of gearing the
party machine into the mechanism of the State. It is a thing to
beware of.

I am fully prepared to show that the dynasty of Piatt in the State

FOUR LOST LEGACIES OF THE EARLY N. E. CIVIL POLITY. 135
of New York, of Quay in Pennsylvania, and of the den of thieves in
Philadelphia are consequences of the same system. But time fails
and I must content myself with this one instance of the Tammany
despotism, as showing to what abuse a free people is liable, without
the safeguard of the New England principle of Majority Government.
How came this poUtical principle to be adopted in all the New
England colonies but one, when there was no precedent for it in Old
England, nor, so far as I know, anywhere else in history? It is an
interestmg question on which much might be said, if there were time.
But however it originated, here it was, and here it stayed till within
the memory of some of us now living. And what it did to save the
cause of freedom and human rights in New England and in America,
and what it may yet do, if it can be got back into the place which it
ought never to have lost, to save all the States from the shame mto
which Pennsylvania and New York have fallen, are subjects worth
your pondering. Let me tell the story from the Massachusetts pomt
of view.

The importance of majority election did not show at first. When
there are no parties and only one ticket, one mode of election is as
good as another. When there are two parties and no scattering vote,
a plurality and a majority are the same thing. But let the time come
when grave questions set honest and earnest men a-thinking, and
votes begin to scatter, it becomes a serious question whether scatter-
ing votes are to be reckoned as of any account, or not.

Well, that time did come. Whig leaders and Democratic leaders,
bidding' against each other, committed their parties to the compro-
mise of principles of right and justice, in favor of great national par-
tizan interests. Then it began to appear whether a scattering vote
was worth anything. Presently, in the election returns, alongside of
the Whig column and the Democratic column, each with its thousands
of votes, appeared a little trickling rill of a third column-" scatter-
ing" ten, or a dozen, or a score. And the party leaders were pleas-
antly amused, and said: " O, you had better give it up; you are
only wasting your vote; you never can get your man in; you will
have to choose between the two leading candidates." And birds of

136 FOUR LOST LEGACIES OF THE EARLY N. E. CniL POLITY.

ill omen, perched along the ridge-pole of the Liberator office, sat sim-
ply croaking in a dismal row, " It is of no use ; better let politics
alone and come and croak with us up here." But that was before the
scattering vote had been disfranchised in Massachusetts ; and the an-
swer was made — it could not be made to-day — " Perhaps we cannot
get our man in; we can keep both your men out." And they did it.
One congressional election after another was hung up with "no
choice," (it is said that in one district there were no less than forty in-
effectual ballotings) until it was forced in upon the minds of the poli-
ticians that these obstinate and impracticable people must be reck-
oned with. So it came to pass that, by the power of the scattermg
vote, the free citizens of Massachusetts, in spite of Whig, in spite of
Democrat, and in spite of the venomous little gang of Garrison
anarchists, were able to send to the Senate Charles Sumner and
Henry Wilson, and to place in the House of Representatives New
England incarnate in the person of Eli Thayer, the man who abolished
slavery.

How came this priceless muniment of popular liberty to be lost ?
The story is worth telling.

The latest of those constitutional conventions which make so
noble a feature of Massachusetts history was held at a time (1854)
when the growth of a third party caused the inconveniences incidental
to majority election to be keenly felt by the two parties which had so
long divided between them the supremacy of the State. It was natu-
ral enough that some should be eager to cut off the inconveniences at
a stroke by disfranchising the scattering vote — counting it, to be sure,
and reportmg it, but treating it otherwise as of no practical impor-
tance. It was demanded that Massachusetts should abandon the
most honorable and distinguishing feature of her immemorial polity,
and adopt the principle of plurality election, and let minorities govern.
The question was freely debated in as able a political assembly as
ever sat ; and great as were the temptations, the demand was resisted
and refused. Even case-hardened politicians, like the two Benjamins,
Hallett of Boston and Butler of Lowell, rose, for the moment, to the
dignity of a statesmanship worthy of the august body of which they

FOUR LOST LEGACIES OF THE EARLY N. E. CIVIL POLITY. 137

were members, and declared that, speaking as politicians, they would
welcome the change ; speaking as citizens, they must reject it. In the
spirit of that unknown Roman who planted a rose on the grave of
Nero, I tender this humble tribute to the memory of Ben Butler.

How it happened that in that noble body no one had the gump-
tion to propose retaining the vital principle of majority election, while
clearing it of the liability to prolonged deadlocks, I do not know. But
so it was. The great convention held firmly to the principle of
majority government as a safeguard against party tyranny too pre-
cious to be lost. But the needed limitations were not provided. Elec-
tion contests were tediously protracted, till at last the people lost
patience and burned the barn to get rid of the rats. What the great
convention had held fast as an invaluable muniment of freedom, some
later legislature by a snap vote tossed into the scrap heap. It was a
revolution.

The story in Connecticut has been different. Here the alternative
to a majority election of State officers has been to turn the choice
over to a rotten-borough legislature, that could be relied on to defeat
the popular will more effectually than even the plurality system
could do it. If no other course had been open, the lapse into plurality
election and minority government would have been justified.

The hour is approaching when this elect people, whose are the
fathers, and whose boast it is that they never were in bondage to any
man, will awake to the consciousness that they have ceased to be
governed by the free majority of their own votes, and have come to be
dominated, not even by a party, but by the faction of a party, by the
ring of a faction, and by the boss of a ring. What separates you
from the boss tyranny that prevails in New York and Pennsylvania,
is only the possible interval of a very few years. The very expedients
used for warding off this result are bringing it nearer. Your laws for
the recognition, sanction and regulation of the primary meeting give a
firmer grip to the professional politician, and give the individual citi-
zen to understand that he may have an effective voice in the affairs
of the State only on condition of being broken to the harness and
wearing the collar of some organized party.

13S FOUR LOST LEGACIP:S of the early X. E. CIVIL POLITY.

The way out of these difficulties, present and prospective, is to
back out, the way you came in. Returning to the original principles of
the Commonwealth, we do not indeed get rid of parties and caucuses;
we do not want to. We get rid only of the arrogant and insolent su-
premacy of them. Thenceforth they would understand their respon-
sibility to the people — not only to the party, but to the kicker, the
bolter and the mugwump, whom their souls abhor, but whom then it
would be no longer safe to treat as a negligible quantity. At the polls
the citizen would no longer be shut up to the wretched alternative,
either to make choice between two evils, or to fire a blank cartridge
into the air. He would be free to defeat the candidate, without help-
ing elect the other candidate. The disciplined legions of the Penn-
sylvania Republicans could no longer be marched to the ballot-box
in solid column to vote the machine ticket, after they found that they
could defeat the ticket without turning the State over to the Democrats.
Citizens of New York, whose one desire is so to vote as to rout the
den of thieves that has ruled and plundered them these fifty years,
would no longer be subject to distraction by the rival clamors of two
or three opposition parties, each shouting that votes would be simply
wasted that were cast for the other candidate. Given the majority
principle and ring rule in New York is dead beyond resurrection.
Without it, a ring despotism is impending for Boston and Worcester,
for Hartford and New Haven.

1 had hoped to speak fully of two other of our Lost Legacies,
illustrating the political wisdom of our fathers, and the unwisdom of
some of their successors. Let me at least mention them.

in. That noble law reform in which originated the admirable old
License Laws of the New England colonies and States. It took the
immemorial English abuse of granting money-making monopolies to
court favorites, and transfigured it into a wise and salutary system of
License Legislation for controlling, in the interest of the public safety,
certain necessary but dangerous sorts of business. It was due to this
reform that these colonies, and then these States, had, for so many
generations, down to the time when the temperance men and the temper-
ance women began monkeying with the statutes, that License Law

FOUR LOST LEGACIES OF THE EARLY N. E. CIVIL POLITY. 139

controlling the sale of intoxicating liquors, under which no liquor-
saloon or bar-room or tippling-house could legally exist within the
Commonwealth — the best prohibitory law that has yet been devised.
Through the more or less unconscious co-operation of the temperance
reformers with the liquor-selling interest, we have lost, not only the
law, but the very idea of sound license legislation. It has suited the
policy of the so-called prohibitionists, to represent that license legis-
lation is simply an expedient by which the Commonwealth seeks to
collect blood-money by compounding with a business essentially crim-
inal; and that the business of a licensing board is to sell permits for
doing mischief to cash customers over the counter ; and this defini-
tion, that suited the prohibitionist, equally suited the basest elements
in the liquor-selling interest. So through the mutual helpfulness of
these two antagonistic parties the historic conception of sound license
legislation has been lost out of the popular mind, and the ideal of the
fathers has been miserably perverted and corrupted. With the con-
nivance of zealous reformers the license laws have been made low and
lax ; and to the delight of the liquor-dealers the alternative prohibi-
tion has been made rigorous and annoying, and the result is what we
see it to be to-day. The right use of license laws is indicated on one
of the earliest pages of Winthrop's Journal ; the working of it is illus-
trated in a striking passage in the Travels of President Dwight, a hun-
dred years ago, contrasting the orderly New England tavern, con-
trolled by the salutary license law of that time, with the debased and
demoralizing character of the taverns across the New York line,
where our modern corrupt idea of license as a measure " for revenue
only" was already in vogue. It was one of the foremost students of
New England history, and at the same time one of the earliest and life-
long champions of the Temperance Reformation, who, at the end of
sixty years of public service, declared that, after witnessing the many
experiments in temperance legislation from 1825 onward, he was satis-
fied that the best of all laws governing that subject was a good license
law.

IV. Finally the most precious of our lost legacies from the
Fathers is the ideal of citizenship as a solemn trust conferred by the

I40 FOUR LOST LEGACIES OF THE EARLY N. E. CIVIL POLITY.

State upon worthily qualified persons, to be executed under oath, with
sole reference to " the public weal, without respect of persons or favor
of any man," The admission to the franchise, in the old time, was
like the investiture of a monarch ; and the Freeman's Oath, "by the
great and dreadful name of the ever-living God " consecrating the
freeman to his high function, was like the coronation oath of a king.
The notion that to have a share in the responsibility of government is
a universal and inalienable right of humanity, a harpagma for every
one to snatch at for his own behoof, had no place in the New Eng-
land polity. That high privilege, that solemn duty, was to be con-
ferred on those who would use it worthily, and on no others. Doubt-
less through the successive generations there has been many a lapse
from the realization of this ideal. But it has been reserved to our own
time to witness the open abandonment and repudiation of it. We
owe the debasement of the moral standard of public life in part, per-
haps we ought to say in large part, to that woman suffrage movement
which gave such lavish promises of the angelic purification of politics.
Its major premise was that everybody had a natural right to vote; and
its argument was that if this right should be conceded to women, they
would use it to promote their own interests as a class. It was exactly
in the line of this reasoning, when the nation, in a disastrous hour,
conferred the suffrage at a single stroke, on many myriads of persons
notoriously incapable of using it aright, and did this with the openly
avowed purpose that they should use it, not " for the public weal,"
but as a defensive weapon, and for the advancement of their race
interests ; whereupon they were not slow to better the instruction.
From this point it is not so very long a descent, by natural gravitation,
to that lower deep of the Delaware idea — an idea which is alleged to
be not a total stranger in more northern latitudes — the idea that a
freeman's right of suffrage is a snug piece of personal property, hav-
ing an appreciable market value in cash, that is to be disposed of to
the highest bidder. Is this, or is it not, the level to which our politi-
cal life is settling down ? The question is worth our pondering.

RECORDS

The New London County Historical Society,

June 17, 1904 — September i, 1905,

LIST OF OFFICERS, COMMITTEES AND MEMBERS.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOCIETY.

History of the Major John Mason Statue, compiled by Thomas S.
ColUer, 1889. I illustration; pp.62. (Out of print).

Memorial Addresses.

Rev. Edward Woolsey Bacon, by Rev. Charles J. Hill, 1888; pp. 12.
Rev. Thomas Leffingwell Shipman, by Rev. W. B. Clarke ; 1889 ; pp. 21 .

Each, 35 cents.

Records and Papers.

Volume I. 1890-1894. In five parts; 21 illustrations; pp. 407.

Part I. $1.00, other four parts 50 cents each.
Volume II. 1895-1904. In five parts; 19 illustrations; pp. 528.

Each part 50 cents.
Volume III. 1906. Parti; 8 illustrations; pp. 166. 50 cents.

Collections.

Volume I. Diary of Joshua Hempstead, published from manuscript,
1901. Large octavo, cloth, pp. 711. Index of names, pp. 39.
Price S5.00.
The Diary covers the years from 1711 to 175S and is the standard author-
ity for births, baptisms, marriages, deaths and an infinite variety of events
which took place in New London and vicinity liuring the years mentioned.
As its author held several town offices and engaged in a diversity of occupa-
tions, his daily entries, made for nearly fifty years when records were scarce,
and ending during the year the first newspaper in the town was published,
make a volume of great value.

Occasional Publications.

Volume I. 1903. The Stone Records of Groton, by Frances Man-
waring Caulkins. Octavo, printed on Strathmore paper, bound
in cloth, 10 illustrations, pp. 96. Edited by Miss Emily S. Gil-
man; preface by Robert Porter Keep, Ph. D. Price $1.75.
This is the first of Miss Caulkins' manuscripts to be published since her
death in 1869, and contains a narrative of Mason's expedition in 1637, and
of Arnold's expedition in 1781. An appendix has been added giving the
names of the killed, wounded and captured in the Battle of Groton Heights,
September 6, 1781. The illustrations are from original drawings, made
under the supervision of the Art School of the Norwich Free Academy, and
the book was printed and bound in the manual training department of
the same institution.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS.

A meeting of the Board of Directors, called for 3 p, m., June 16,
1904, was adjourned to 12.30 p. m., June 17, for lack of quorum.

The chairman, Ernest E. Rogers, said the meeting was called to
consider asking the City of New London to improve Winthrop Park,
by curbing and grading it, agreeable to the plans of the sculptor of the
Winthrop statue. Upon motion. of Hon. George F. Tinker, seconded
by J. Lawrence Chew, it was

Voted : That the Secretary be, and hereby is, instructed to write His
Honor the Mayor of New London, to lay before the Honorable Court of
Common Council our request that Winthrop Park, formerly a section of
the old Town Square, on which a cornerstone for a monument to Governor
John Winthrop the Younger, was laid May 6, 1896, be curbed, graded and a
suitable foundation laid for the reception of the Winthrop statue, to be placed
by the State of Connecticut, on the pedestal for which this Society is responsi-
ble ; that the work be done this season agreeable to the specifications recom-
mended by Sculptor Bela L. Pratt, which specifications, together with a map
of the Park, shall accompany said communication.

Hon. George F. Tinker and John McGinley were appointed a nom-
inating committee to present a list of officers and committees at the
annual meeting.

The following were proposed for honorary membership : Willis-
ton Walker, Ph. D., D. D., George Park Fisher, D. D., LL. D., Pro-
fessor Charles Henry Smith, LL. D., Professor Henry P. Johnston,
A. M.

The meeting was adjourned.

SECRETARY'S REPORT.

For the year ending September i, 1904.

Mr. President, Members of the New London County Historical
Society :
In the history of societies, as of individuals, there are years when
results are not so apparent as at other times, and yet, with duties

143

144 SECRETARY'S REPORT.

faithfully performed, none of us would count such years lost. In the
year just closing, this Society, while far from accomplishing all that
might be desired, has steadily pursued its onward way, and stands
to-day, I believe, somewhat in advance of the position it held a year
ago, both financially and in the way of achievement. At the
beginning of the year the financial problem was assuming a serious
aspect, for the rent of this apartment is more than the Society
is able to pay. The need of a definite plan for raising the
funds necessary to meet the existing deficit, pay rent, and provide for
incidental expenses, led to the appomtment of the following com-
mittee at the annual meeting last September : Ernest E. Rogers,
Frederic Bill, John McGinley, Jonathan Trumbull and Carl J. Viets.
The plan of the committee to solicit special contributions, to be given
for a term of three years toward the running expenses, worked
admirably, as the amount pledged in response to the appeal was suffi-
cient to cover the rent of the apartment for that length of time. As a
slight recognition of the gifts thus received, life memberships have
been given to the following persons: Mrs. J. N. Harris, James W.
Bixler, D. D., Alfred H. Chappell, Frank H. Chappell, R. T. Palmer, Jr.,
Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin A. Armstrong, Mr. and Mrs. Lucius E. Whiton,
Elisha Turner, Mr. and Mrs. George F. Tinker, George C. Strong.

Frequent requests for genealogical information have led to the
appointment by the Advisory Committee of Miss Lucretia W. Smith,
to take charge of that department of the Society's work.

The gift of one hundred dollars from the chairman of the Library
Committee made it possible, during the year, to publish Part V. Vol-
ume n. of the Records and Papers. The Society was thus enabled
to sell the publication to members at half price, and to send out more
than the usual number of complimentary copies. As this part com-
pleted the second volume, title-pages and indexes for the two volumes
were inserted, for binding purposes.

The winter meeting of the Society was held in the Peck Library
in Slater Hall, Norwich, February 24, 1904. The program follows:

Address of Welcome, Henry A. Tirrell

Principal Norwich Free Academy.

SECRETARY'S REPORT. i45

Response, Colin S. Buell

Principal Williams Memorial Institute, New London.
Paper — Governor John Winthrop Jr., of Connecticut,

as a Physician, Walter R. Steiner, M. D.

Paper — The Distribution of the Pequot Lands,

Maj. Bela Peck Learned

Since the last annual meeting, there have been one hundred and
twenty-two accessions to the library, including books and pamphlets,
and a few reUcs have been added to the collection.

It is pleasant to report that the final model of the John Winthrop
statue has been approved by the Commission, and the sculptor
has sent it to the Bonnard Bronze Foundry in New York to be cast
in bronze. This will require about six months' time, so that its com-
pletion in the early spring of next year is assured. On June seven-
teenth, 1904, a petition was sent to the Common Council of the City of
New London asking to have Winthrop Park curbed, graded, and a
foundation laid for the statue. This request received favorable con-
sideration, and it is understood that the contract has been let, and the
work will be completed at an early date. In August, the Governor
appointed the President of this Society, Ernest E. Rogers, on the
Winthrop Statue Commission, to succeed to the position made vacant
by the death of the Hon. Robert Coit.

During the year, 1904, four members have died, all of whom were
highly respected in the communities in which they lived.

Hon. Richard A. Wheeler, of Stonington, was a life member of this
Society, and its only surviving incorporator. He was a member of
the New England Historic Genealogical Society, and a life member of
the Connecticut Historical Society. His " History of the First Con-
gregational Church in Stonington," published in 1875, and the
" History of Stonington, with Genealogies," published in 1900,
are well-known books. His last historical work was a paper en-
titled " Memories," written for the annual meeting of this Society in
1902. This was printed in the Records and Papers issued last April.

Captain James Smith of New London, long identified with this

146 SECRETARY'S REPORT.

Society, was without doubt, the best known sea-faring man in
this vicinity.

Robert Porter Keep, Ph. D., for many years principal of the Nor-
wich Free Academy, was in charge of a school in Farmington at the
time of his death. He was greatly interested in the work of this
Society, and it was largely owing to his efforts that the Academy
issued our first volume of Occasional Publications.

Hon. Robert Coit, of New London, occupied many public posi-
tions and was well known throughout the State. He was a member
of several historical and patriotic societies and, at the time of his
death, was chairman of the Commission appointed by the Governor
for the erection of a statue to the memory of Governor John Winthrop
the Younger. His successful efforts while chairman of the Winthrop
Monument Committee of this Society are already on record in the
report of the last annual meeting.

Since last September, nine annual members have become life mem-
bers. The Society now numbers forty-four life, one hundred seventeen
annual, and fourteen honorary members.

Respectfully submitted,

Elizabeth Gorton,

Secretary.

MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1904.

The annual meeting of the New London County Historical Society
was held in the Societj^'s rooms, Apartment E, Harris Building,
September i, 1904.

The meeting was called to order by the President, Ernest E.
Rogers, at 3 p. m.

The minutes of the Board meeting, held June 17, 1904, and the
Secretary's annual report were read and approved.

The report of the Treasurer, Carl J. Viets, showing a slight balance
on hand, was read by the Secretary. The President explained in
detail certain items in the report, after which it was accepted. The
following persons were unanimously elected honorary members :

MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1904. 147

Williston Walker, Ph. D., D. D., Professor of Ecclesiastical History,
Yale; George Park Fisher, D. D., LL. D., Professor Emeritus, Eccle-
siastical History, Yale ; Charles Henry Smith, LL. D., Professor
American History, Yale; Henry P. Johnston, A. M., Professor of
History, College of City of New York.

Ernest E. Rogers, chairman of Finance Committee appointed at
the last annual meeting to devise ways and means for meeting the ex-
isting deficit and for paying rent and other running expenses of the
Society, gave a report. He said the committee had been called to-
gether, and plans made to ask for special contributions to be given
for three consecutive years, toward the running expenses. In response
to personal appeals, a suflficient amount had been pledged to cover the
annual rent of the apartment, — two hundred and twenty-five dollars,
— for three years. The work for which the committee was appointed
having been accomplished, on motion of Miss Chapell, seconded by
P. LeRoy Harwood, it was

Voted : That the report be accepted and the committee discharged.

Miss Chapell, chairman of the Library Committee, said that
a large number of pamphlets and magazines which had accumulated
for several years, had been sent to the bindery She thought there
would be twenty-five or thirty volumes when completed. For another
year, plans were being made to bind the newspapers.

In the absence of Jonathan Trumbull, chairman of the Publication
Committee, the President spoke of the work accomplished by that
committee in issuing Part V. Volume II. of the Records and Papers,
thus completing the second volume.

The Secretary read the report of the Nominating Committee, sent
by Hon. George F. Tinker, chairman Durmg the year three mem-
bers of the Advisory Committee had been removed by death, and the
name of one residing outside the city taken from the list. Four new
members were added: Miss Cornelia W. Chapell, Henry A. Tirrell,
Colin S. Buell and Richard B. Wall. The name of Mrs. Ernest E.
Rogers was added to the Library Committee. The ballot as pre-
sented contained the following list of officers and committees :

President — Ernest E. Rogers, New London.

First Vice President — Frederic Bill Groton.

148 MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1904.

Second \'ice President — ^Jonathan Trumbull, Norwich.

Third \'ice President — J. R. Warren, North Lyme.

Secretary — Miss Elizabeth Gorton, New London.

Treasurer — Carl J. \iets, New London.

Advisory Committee — Ernest E. Rogers, Hon. George F. Tinker,
New London; Charles B. Ware, Hartford; George W. Goddard, Salem,
Mass. ; Jonathan Trumbull, Norwich : Walter Learned, New London :
Frederic Bill, Groton ; Frederic S. Newcomb, John McGinley, New Lon-
don : Lewis D. Mason, M. D., Brooklyn, N. Y. : H. Wales Lines, Meriden :
Major Bela Peck Learned, Norwich ; J. Lawrence Chew, Sebastian D. Law-
rence, George C. Strong, Henry R. Bond, Cornelia W. Chapell, jr.. New
London; Henry A. Tirrell, Norwich: Colin S. Buell, Richard B. Wall, New
London.

Publication Committee — Jonathan Trumbull, Miss Elizabeth Gorton,
Ernest E. Rogers.

Library Committee — Miss Cornelia W. Chapell, Miss May Kelsey
Champion, Mrs. Ernest E. Rogers, Lucius E. Whiton.

Auditing Committee — Lee S. Denison, George Whittlesey, P. LeRoy
Harwood.

It was voted that the Secretary cast the ballot, and the officers
and committees were declared elected as nominated.

On motion of Charles C. Perkins, the donor of the binding fund
was given a vote of thanks for the gift.

The next item of business related to the Winthrop Monument.
The President stated that it was sculptor Pratt's plan to use a natural
boulder as a pedestal for the statue, and while several photographs
had been sent to him, no selection could be made until he came to
New London the last of the month. Estimates for moving the boulder
would then be obtained. The question was asked if it was the pleas-
ure of the meeting for the Society to purchase the pedestal, or to
have the funds raised by public subscription. The Society was re-
sponsible for the pedestal, as there was no provision for it in the State
appropriation. After a full discussion, it was thought that greater
interest would be created by public contributions, and upon motion of
Charles C. Perkins, seconded by Miss Cornelia W. Chapell, it was

Voted : That an opportunity be given societies, individuals, school
children and the general public to contribute toward the pedestal for the
Winthrop statue, and that the subscription be headed by this Society.

The desirability of inviting the Common Council and Board of
Trade to co-operate with the Historical Society in making arrange-

MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1904. 149

ments for the coming celebration, — as they did nine years ago, when
the cornerstone was laid, — was considered. The chairman said that
a standing committee for securing the Winthrop siatue was appointed
at the annual meeting held September i, 1896. This committee con-
sisted of the same members appointed by the Society to plan a cele-
bration for the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the founding
of the town.

On motion of Richard W. Mansfield, seconded by Charles E
White, it was

Voted : That the Honorable Court of Common Council and the Board
of Trade of the City of New London be invited to co-operate with the New
I^ondon County Historical Society in the celebration attending the unveil-
ing of the Winthrop statue on May 6, 1905.

Voted : That the standing committee of three, appointed at the annual
meeting in 1896, consisting of Ernest E. Rogers, Frank L. Palmer and
Charles B. Ware be continued, with the exception that the name of Charles
C. Perkins be substituted for that of Charles B. Ware, who has removed
from the city.

On motion of Mr, Perkins, the meeting was adjourned.

Elizabeth Gorton,

Secretary.

MEETINGS OF BOARD OF DIRECTORS.

The Board of Directors of the New London County Historical
Society met in the rooms of the Society, Apartment E, Harris Build-
ing, Thursday, September 13, 1904.

The chairman, Ernest E. Rogers, spoke of sculptor Bela L. Pratt's
wish to use a boulder pedestal for the Winthrop statue. For months
past, certain members of the Society had been searching for a stone
suitable for the purpose, and at length had found one on the farm
of John T. Hicks, in Waterford, with which Mr. Pratt was well pleased.
A motion was made by Hon. George F. Tinker, seconded by Colin S.
Buell, and it was

Voted : That the committee is hereby authorized to procure from Mr.
Hicks the boulder which has been approved by Sculptor Pratt, and to have
it removed to the citv on the best terms obtainable.

I50 MEETINGS OF BOARD OF DIRECTORS.

The cost of the work was roughly estimated, but no definite price
could be named at that time.

The matter of having the inscription on a bronze tablet, or cut in
the stone was fully considered, pro and con. Mr. Bill and others
spoke decidedly in favor of the tablet, and it was the general sense
of the meeting that the inscription would be much more satisfactory
and enduring if put on bronze.

The general location of the statue, its orientation, and other details
were discussed.

The last item of business referred to a bill for twenty dollars, for
books ordered by the former treasurer. The treasurer, Carl J. Viets,
was authorized to pay the bill, after which the meeting was adjourned.

Elizabeth Gorton,

Secretary.

A meeting of the Board of Directors was held in the Society's
rooms, Wednesday, December 21, 1904, at 3.30 p. m.

The meeting was called to order by the President, Ernest E. Rogers,
who said the first business of the afternoon was to decide definitely
whether to use a bronze tablet for the Winthrop monument, or to
have the inscription cut in the boulder pedestal. Expressions of
opinion, since the meeting of September thirteenth, when the matter
was freely discussed from many points of view, proved that the
majority of people were in favor of the tablet. Moreover, since that
meeting, Mr. Pratt had generously offered to give such a tablet, with
inscription, as his contribution to the work. The committee, before
accepting the gift and proceeding with the arrangements, wished to
have the approval of the Society. This was most heartily given by
the members present.

A letter was then read from the printer of the Hempstead Diary,
stating that he had a number of unbound printed copies for sale, and
asking for a price upon the same. The legality of his action was ques-
tioned, as the edition was limited to a certain number and copyrighted.
It was suggested that a letter be sent to Charles B. Ware, who made
the contract for the Society, to ascertain, if possible, the exact terms

MEETINGS OF BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 151

specified, and that the matter be referred to the Secretary and Pres-
ident with power. The Secretary spoke of a letter received from
Jonathan Trumbull, chairman of the Committee on Connecticut
Bibliography, in which he wrote of the desirability of the Society
adding its contributions to that bibliography, while the cards were
deposited at the New London Public Library. A quotation from the
circular which he enclosed will give a plan of the work as outlined :

" The rapid increase in the growth and use of the public libraries of our
own state, the sister states, and the libraries of Europe has created a great
demand for Connecticut items. The sons and daughters of old Connecticut
who are now found in every part of the globe, as well as here at home, are
desiring to know more concerning the history of the state and them-
selves. Such study requires not only a knowledge of what has been
written along these lines, but also where the same may be found. What has
been written, and bv whom? What has been printed, and b^' whom?
When and where were they printed ? are the questions now asked and which
no one can answer with certainty.

At the meeting of the Connecticut Library Association, held in Derby
last February, it was definitely decided to ask the librarians through-
out the state to join hands in taking an inventory of what had been printed
along the following lines :

1. All printed works relating entirely to Connecticut and its subdivis-
ions, industries, and institutions, including the otficial publications of the
same, and all books printed in Connecticut to 1800.

2. Printed works containing important references to Connecticut.

3. Genealogies of Connecticut families living in the state before iSoo.

4. Printed biographies of Connecticut men and women.

5. Newspapers and periodicals published in Connecticut.

6. Maps relating to Connecticut and its subdivisions.

7. Occasional sermons and addresses dealing with Connecticut history.

8. Pictures of important persons and events in the history of Connecti-
cut.

9. Location of important manuscript material relating to Connecticut.
In order that this material collected from so many sources and by so

many individuals may have permanent and practical value, the work must be
done according to a common standard. Therefore your committee having
this work in hand has prepared a standard card to be used for all items. In
filling out these cards, the following directions should be followed :

1. Follow the title-page as printed.

2. Give author's name as it appears on the title-page.

3. Anonymous works should appear under the title as printed on the
title-page.

4. Note date of copyright, as all editions should be noted. State if a
Connecticut copyright.

152 MEETINGS O?^ I?OARD OF DIRECTORS.

5. Books with pictures should be noted as illustrated.

6. All maps, pictures, charts, etc., which are not paged as part of the
text should be noted and number stated.

It is expected that each librarian will emphasize the lists relating to his
own town and county, giving special emphasis to the publications of his
town, its church societies, etc., as many of these items do not get into gen-
eral circulation.

Special notes concerning rare books, pamphlets, or local items are
especially invited, but always on the back of the card or cards.

These cards are to be deposited at the Connecticut State Library, Hart-
ford, where they will be arranged and may be consulted until such time as
they may be edited and the result embodied in a just and accurate biblio-
graphy of Connecticut."

The matter was left in charge of Miss Chapell and Miss Gorton.

Mr. Rogers said that through his orders, the foundation of the
Winthrop monument, laid by the city, had been enlarged. When it
was found that the size originally given in the Society's specifications
was too small, prompt action was necessary, consequently he had
assumed the responsibility of changing the orders.

His action was approved by the members present.

The meeting was then adjourned.

Elizabeth Gorton,

Secretary.

A meeting of the Board of Directors was held in Apartment E,
Harris Building, June 21, 1905, at 3.00 p. m., the President, Ernest
E. Rogers, in the chair.

The meeting was principally for consideration of details in connec-
tion with Winthrop day celebration, which had been arranged under
the auspices of the Society.

The first matter brought before the meeting was that of sending a
vote of thanks to sculptor Bela L. Pratt, for his gift of the plaster
model of the statue, and a bronze tablet for the pedestal.

After expressions of grateful appreciation, it was

\'oted : That the Society express its sincere thanks to sculptor Bela L.
Pratt for his generous gift of the bronze tablet, placed on the pedestal of the
John Winthrop statue ; and that the thanks of the Society are also extended
to Mr. Pratt for the gift of the plaster model of the statue, which now graces
the hall of the Society.

MEETINGS OF BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 153

Voted : That the Secretary communicate to Mr. Pratt the above vote.

The funds on hand after paying the expenses of Winthrop day
would enable the Society to issue Part I. Volume III. of the Records
and Papers, containing an account of the celebration and other details
connected with the Winthrop monument. It was desired to have the
work done as soon as possible, but no one had been found who was
willing to compile and edit the publication. At the close of the meet-
ing, no definite decision had been reached regarding the matter.

Investigation had proved that the action of the printer of the
Hempstead Diary, in offering for sale copies over and above the limited
copyrighted edition, was illegal.

After an informal discussion of several matters pertaining to the

celebration of May 6, the Secretary was requested to thank John Hopson ,

Jr., chairman of the Finance Committee, for turning over to the

Society the balance left from the expenses of the celebration, and the

meeting was adjourned.

Elizabeth Gorton,

Secretary.

SECRETARY'S REPORT.

For the year ending September i, 1905.

Mr. President, Members of the New London County Historical

Society :

One more year in the life of our Society has closed, leaving behind
it the record of continued activity and progress. Much of the work
has been of the routine order, and would be uninteresting on paper.
Three meetings of the Board of Directors have been held, full reports
of which appear elsewhere. The membership roll contains the names
of forty-five life, one hundred fifteen annual, arfd seventeen honorary
members, a total increase of two since last year's report. Apprecia-
tive letters of acceptance have been received from Professors Willis-
ton Walker, George Park Fisher, Charles Henry Smith, and Henry P.
Johnston, who were elected to honorary membership at the last annual
meeting.

154 SECRETARVS REPORT.

The obituary list for 1905 contains the names of seven members:

Miss Annie Edgar Beckwith, for many years a member of this
Society ;

James Lawrence Chew, a charter member of the Society, long on
the Advisory Board, from whose pen have come several articles
replete \vith local historical information ;

Newton Fuller, an aged and highly esteemed man in the com-
munity, long identified with this Society ;

BurreU Woodworth Hyde, a banker of Norwich ;

Wolcott B. Manwaring, a well-known citizen of New London;

James Swift Rogers, of Boston, compiler of the genealogy, "James
S. Rogers of New London, Conn., and his Descendants;"

Robert C. Winthrop, Jr., of Boston, a life member of this Society, and
a descendant of the founder of New London. He was trained for the
law, but his environment led him to prefer the study of history to
actual legal practice, and he gave much of his time in later years to
that branch of learning. He took a deep interest in the work of the
Massachusetts Historical Society, of which his father was president
for more than thirty years.

The regular mid-winter meeting was omitted owing to additional
work in connection with Winthrop day celebration.

The accessions to the library for the year consist of ninety
bound volumes and one hundred sixty-three pamphlets, acquired as
usual by gift and exchange.

Miss Lucretia W. Smith, who has charge of the Genealogical
Department, reports that a small amount has been contributed by
members for purchasing genealogies, and adds that she will gladly
receive contributions for the object, and see that a wise expendi-
ture is made of the money. The Brewster Genealogy has been added
to the library through her efforts, and Major C. D. Parkhurst has
given to the Society his manuscript notes on the Crocker family.

A number of miscellaneous manuscripts, which had been piled
promiscuously in drawers, have been classified by a trained librarian,
the pamphlets have received similar attention and have been placed
in pamphlet boxes, the relics have been labelled and catalogued, while

SECRETARY'S REPORT. 155

many newspapers have been made ready for binding ; for all of which
work the Society is indebted to the chairman of the Library Committee.

A mere reference to the Society's work in connection with the
celebration May sixth will suffice. The statue to John Winthrop the
Younger, erected by the State, stands to-day on its boulder pedestal
in Bulkeley Square, as a constant reminder of the sturdy character
and sterling worth of the man who accomplished so much in the early
history of our city and state. An account of the movement for the
erection of that statue, and of the celebration attending its unveiling
on May sixth, will be given in Part I. Volume III. of the Records and
Papers, the publication of which is made possible by the balance on
hand after payment of the expenses for Winthrop day.

In acknowledging the Society's vote of thanks sent him by the
Secretary, the sculptor of the statue expressed his appreciation of the
courtesy extended him, and added that he had taken great pleasure
in working for the Society.

Respectfully submitted,

Elizabeth Gorton,

Secretary.

MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1905.

The annual meeting of the New London County Historical Society
was held in Apartment E, Harris Building, September i, 1905. The
President, Ernest E. Rogers, opened the meeting, and gave the fol-
lowing report for the Winthrop Monument Committee, appointed in
1S95:
To the Members of the New London County Historical Society :

The work accomplished by vour Committee on the Winthrop Monument
has been noted in the annals of the Society from year to year, and having
been of a public character, the progress is familiar to jou all. Therefore
little remains to formally report except a brief outline of the duties pertain-
ing to the specific work of this Committee, the details of which the Secre-
tary will publish in the Records and Papers.

The bronze statue was strictly in charge of the State Commissioners ;
and the foundation for the monument, the coping and grading of the trian-
gular parklet were in the hands of the Street Committee of New London.

156 MIMTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1905.

It remained tor this committee to find a suitable boulder for a pedestal, raise
the necessary funds for its removal, procure a bronze tablet and prepare the
inscription. It also devolved on this Committee to unite with committees
of the Court of Common Council and Board of Trade of New London, in ar-
ranging and conducting the celebration of the completion of the memorial.
The Committee takes this occasion to thank all who, in any capacity,
aided either with funds or time; and to commend the patriotic spirit exhibit-
ed by a grateful Commonwealth and a devoted City, to the memory of that
eminent governor and founder, John Winthrop the Younger. And now,
on this day which completes just a decade since the Society publicly an-
nounced its intention to commemorate the services of that great statesman,
your Committee, appointed in 1895, having completed the trust imposed
upon it, requests to be discharged.

Mr. Rogers was then excused, owing to sickness in his family, and
Frederic Bill, First Vice President, took the chair. Upon motion of
John McGinley, seconded by George F. Tinker, it was

Voted : Thai the report be accepted, and the Committee discharged.

Mr. Bill spoke of the satisfactory manner in which the details of the
celebration had been planned and executed, and thought great credit
was due the members of the Committee for their efforts in procuring
the statue. He considered it all a brilliant success, and expressed his
surprise and pleasure at the financial balance. He suggested that a
vote of thanks to Mr. Rogers and the Committee he represented would
be most fitting, and Mr. Tinker was chosen to formulate such a vote.

It was unanimously voted : That this Society, recognizing his able and
disinterested services, covering a period of more than ten yeai'S, does hereby
tender to Mr. Ernest E. Rogers its profound appreciation of the double
accomplishment. First : As the leading spirit for the procurement of the ten
thousand dollar appropriation for the erection of a suitable monument to the
memory of the first Governor of Connecticut by royal charter, which has
proven to be a great ornament to the City of New* London, as also an endui-
ing evidence of Connecticut's historical proininence ; Second: The tactful
and persistent, and never-faltering work, under discoin-aging circumstances,
of the creation of a public sentiment that resulted in raising, from our
citizens, the requisite sum with which to celebrate, in the most suitable and
appropriate manner, the event, which reflects great credit to the Society of
which he is the head, as also great honor and repute to the city, and to
the Commonwealth as well.

Voted : That the above resolution be spread upon the records of the
Society, and that an engrossed copy of the same be presented to President
Rogers by the Secretary.

MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1905. 157

The chairman asked if it was the pleasure of the meeting to hear
the minutes of the meetings held during the year. As these would be
printed, it was voted to omit the reading.

The annual reports of the Secretary, and of the Treasurer, Carl J.
Viets, were read and approved.

Miss Chapell, of the Library Committee, sent a statement of the
Binding Fund, which was read by the Secretary. She also reported
the labelling and cataloguing of the relics as practically complete,
while the manuscripts and pamphlets had been classified, a number of
magazines bound, and about sixty volumes of newspapers made ready
for binding, in addition to a dozen volumes already finished.

Mr. Tinker, chairman of the Nominating Committee, after a few
preliminary remarks, in which he spoke of the death of Mr. Chew and
the fact that Mr. Viets desired to be released from the office of Treas-
urer, presented a list of nominees for the ensuing year. The officers
and committees were elected as nominated.

Jonathan Trumbull, in his report, said that a meeting of the Publi-
cation Committee was held in Norwich in July, and plans partially
made for publishing Part I. Volume III. of the Records and Papers.

A statement of the receipts and expenditures for the Stone Records
of Groton, published in 1903, was given by the Secretary, who had kept
a separate account of the same. To ensure prompt payment for the
publication, in June 1903, a member loaned the Society two hundred
dollars, without interest, for an indefinite period. The balance due on
the loan having recently been paid, all future receipts from sale of
books would go directly to the Treasurer in general account.

In appreciation of the bequest of Newton Fuller it was

Voted : That among the gifts hestowed on the Society bv citizens of
New London it is desired to recognize the Society's appreciation of
sundry books having historical vakie, bequeathed by our late esteemed towns-
man, Mr. Newton Fuller,

Voted : That the above vote be spread upon the records of this Society,
and that a copy be transmitted to the relatives of the deceased, the nearest of
kin.

The meeting was adjourned to the Parish House of the First
Church of Christ, where William C. Oilman of Norwich read a paper
entitled " New Connecticut, or the Western Reserve."

Elizabeth Gorton,

Secretary.

15S ANXIAL P'INANCIAL REPORTS.

TREASURER'S REPORT.
Year ending September i, 1904.

RKtKII'TS.

Received from C. B. Ware, Treas.,
Annual dues and Publication Account.
Interest, .......

Contributions for Rent and Running Expenses,
Contribution for Publication Account,
Drawn from old Publication Account,

EXPENSES

Stationery and Printing,

Interest,

Miscellaneous Expenses,

Rent to July ist,

Binding Fund for 1902 and

Records and Papers,

Hempstead Diary Account,

Cash on hand,

903

$195.69

85-74
265.00

100.00
60.CO

$ 10.65
31.00

^5 --5
225.00
100.00
191.50
200.00

LIAHILITIES.

Amount due Binding Fund. 1904,
Loan for Hempstead Diary Account,
I'npaid Rent for one quarter,

$ 9^-99

706.43
$799.42

$783.40
$ 16.02

$ 50.00
500.00
' 56.25

CARL J. VIETS,

Treasurer.
TREASURER'S REPORT.

Year ending September i, 1905.

Receipts.

Sept I, 1904. Cash on hand, . . . .

Annual Dues and Publishing Account,
Interest, ........

Contributions for Rent and Running Expenses,

Winthrop Celebration Committee,

Winthrop Pedestal Fund,

$ 16.02

$124.49

20.20

225.00

473-87

-15-93

1,059.49

$1,075.51

ANNUAL FINANCIAL REPORTS. 159

Expenses.

Stationery and Printing, . . . . . . $ 7.10

Interest, -5-oo

Janitor, 9.30

Miscellaneous Expenses,. ...... 44-35

Rent to Oct. I, ^81.25

Binding Fund for 1904, ...... 50.00

Hempstead Diary Account, ..... 100.00

Balance due on Stone Records, ..... 88-54

Insurance, ......... 15-50

$62 1 .04

Cash on hand, . . . . . . . $454.47

Liability.
Loan for Hempstead Diar^^ Account, . . . $400.00

CARL J. VIETS,

Treasurer.

STATEMENT OF BINDING FUND.
New London County Historical Society.

1905. Dr.

March 15. To Cash in Savings Bank,

July I.

Interest,

5151.00
2.47

$153-47

March.

June.
August 21,

Cr.

By Binding Newspapers
50 Pamphlet Boxes,
Portfolios
Binding i \'olume.

Cash on hand,

$2.25
2.50

•25
1.25

Balance in Savings Bank,

$ 7.00
146.47

$153-47

CORNELIA W. CHAPELL, Jr.,

Chairman Library Committee.

i6o

STONE RECORDS OF GROTON.

New London County Historical Society.

Receipts.
1903.
June 3. Loan from niomher. ..... $200.00

Julv 12. Sales to date, .....

186.82
$386.82

EXPENDITIRES.

$386.8:

June 3. Academy Press, on account before comple-
tion of publication, ...... $200.00

)ulv 12. Academy Press, bill for
printing and binding 300
copies Stone Records of
Groton, .... $319.44

Wrapping and labelling, 9.50

400 circular announce-
ments with envelopes, . 7.50

$33^'-44

Less sum paid on account, . . • 200.00 I36-44

Postage and sundries to date, . . • -.v7-

Balance, 24.66

Statement ok Loax Accoint.

Dr.

1903.
June 3. To Loan, (above), $200.00 $200.00

Cr.
1904.
Feb. 5. By first payment :

Sale of books, . . . $5,S-34
Balance (above), . . . 24.66 80.00

1905.
July 20. By second payment :

Sale of books, . . . 33.91

Sundries to date, . . . 2.45 31-46

Balance paid by Carl J. Viets, Treasurer, . 88. 54

$200.00

ELIZABETH GORTON,

Secretarv.

GIFTS.

September i, i903^September i, 1905.

NAME.

RESIDENCE

American Numismatic and Arch;tological
Society

Arnold, James N

AriTistrong, Benjamin L

Avery, Helen M

Baker, Mrs. Emma T

Baker, Henry M

Bates, Albert C

Beckwith, Miss Annie Edgar (estate).- ••

Berkeley Divinity School

Boston, Registry Department of

Brainard, Miss Sarah P

Branch, Mrs. Mary L. B

Bureau of Education

Burrows, Russell

Chapell, Miss Cornelia W

Chew, Miss Alice

Connecticut Historical Society

Connecticut Chapters, D. A. R

Connecticut State Library

Dedham Historical Society

Department of Interior

Department of State

Dimock, Mrs. Susan Whitney.

Edgerton, George A

Gorton, Albert

Hotchkiss, Hobert L

Hyde Park Historical Society

Kansas State Historical Society

Lamb, Fred W "

Learned, Major Bela Peck

Lester, Leonard

Library of Congress

Logan, Walter S

Mansfield, Mrs. Richard W

Mason, Lewis D

Middlesex County Historical Society

Missouri Historical Society

National Society, D. A. R.

New England Historic Genealogical Soci-
ety,

New England Society of Cincinnati

New Hampshire Historical Society

New Haven Colony Historical Society- ..

i6i

New York City

Providence, R. L . - . .
New London, Conn.
New London. Conn-

Mohegan, Conn

Concord, N. H

Hartford, Conn. .-••
New London, Conn.
Middletown, Conn...

Boston, Mass

New London, conn.
New London, Conn.
Washington, D. C...
New London, Conn-
New London, Conn-
New London, Conn-
Hartford, Conn

Boston, Mass-

Concord, N. H.. . .
New Haven, Conn.

I -6

■ 9-1

1-6

•4
28

Hartford, Conn

Dedham, Mass.

Washington, D. C.

Washington, D. C

South Coventry, Conn. .

New London, Conn

Gilead, Conn

New Haven, Conn

Hyde Park, Mass

Topeka, Kansas

Manchester, N. H

Norwich, Conn

New London, Conn

Washington, D. C

New York City

New London, Conn

Brooklyn, N. Y

Middletown, Conn

St. Louis

Washington, D. C

153

1 62

GIFTS [continued].

NAME.

RESIDENCE.

New Jeisev Historical Society

New York Genealogical and Biograph-
ical Society

New York Historical Society

Ohio Archit'ological and Historical Soci-
ety

Parkhurst, Lieut. -Colonel C. 1)

Portland Benevolent Society

Rhode Island Historical Societ\

Rogers, Ernest E

Rogers, Miss Florence S

Royal Academy of Belles-leltres, History
and Antiquities

Sag I larbor Historical Society

Smith, H. Allen "

Smith, Mrs. Frederic M

Smith, Miss Lucretia W

Smith , Mrs. Mary F

Smithsonian Institution

Society of Colonial Wars in the District
of Columbia

Solly, J. B

State Historical Museum

State Historical Society of Wisconsin. • .

Steiner, Walter R., M.'D

Swanson, Andrew

Trumbull, Jonathan

Wells, Charles T

White, Charles E. (Ex. Capt. Ebenezer
and Thomas Alorgan estate )

West Virginia Historical and Antiquarian
Society

Williams, Charles A

Williams Memorial Institute

Worcester Societ \' of Antiquity

Vineland Historical and Antiquarian So-
ciety

Yale University

Pater son, N. J. ■

New York City.
New York Citv.

Columbus, Ohio-...
Portland, Maine. . - • ■

Portland, Maine

Providence, R. I... •
New London, Conn.
Washington, D. C.-

Stockholm, Sweden
Sag Harbor, L. I. • .
Brookfield Center, Conn
New London, Conn
New London, Conn
Woonsocket, R. I...
Washington, D. C. •

Washington, D. C. • •
Philadelphia, Penn..

Guilford, Conn

]Madison, Wisconsin.

Hartford, Conn

New London, Conn-

Norwich, Conn

Hartford, Conn

Groton, Conn.

Charleston, West Virginia

Salem, Conn

New London , Conn

Worcester, Mass

Vineland, N. J. • • •
New Haven, Conn.

.4I..
•3 ••

OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES

The New London County Historical Society,

Elected at the Axxlal Meeting September i, 1905.

PRESIDENT,

ERNEST E. ROGERS, New London.

FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT,

FREDERIC BILL, Groton.

SECOND VICH-PKESIDBNT,

JONATHAN TRUMBULL, Norwich.

THIRD VICE-PRESIDENT,

J. R. WARREX, North Lyme.

SECRET.ARV,

Miss ELIZABETH GORTON, New London.

TREASURER,

LEE S. DENISON, New London.

advisory COMMITTEE.

Ernest E. Rogers, New London.

Hon. George F. Tinker, New London.

Charles B. Ware, Hartford.

George W. Goddard, Salem, Mass.

Jonathan Trumbull, Norwich.

Walter Learned, New London.

Frederic Bill, Groton.

Frederic S. Newcomb, New London.

John McGinley, New London.

Lewis D. Mason, M, D., Brooklyn, N. Y.

H. Wales Lines, Meriden.
Major Bela Peck Learned, Norwich.
Sebastian D. Lawrence, New London.
George C. Strong, New London.
Henry R. Bond, New London.
Cornelia W. Chapell, Jr., New London.
Henry A. Tirrell, Norwich.
Colin S. Buell, New London.
Richard B. Wall, New London.
P. LeRoy Harwood, New London.

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE.

Jonathan Trumbull, Norwich, Miss Elizabeth Gorton, New London,

Ernest E. Rogers, New London.

library COMMITTEE.

Miss Cornelia W. Chapell, New London, Miss May Kelsey Champion, New London,

Lucius E. Whiton, New London, Mrs. Ernest E. Rogers, New London.

AUDITING COMMITTEE.

George Whittlesey, New London. P. LeRoy Harwood, New London.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

LIFE.

Armstrong, Benjamin A., New Lon-
don.

Armstrong, Mrs. Benjamin A., New
London.

Armstrong, Benjamin L., New Lon-
don.

Armstrong, Mrs. Benjamin L., New
don.

Avery, Miss Elizabeth M., Groton.

Bixler, James W., D. 1)., New Lon-
don.

Benjamin, Miss Mary Eddye, Groton.

Bill, Frederic, Groton.

Brandegee, Frank B., New London.

Champion, Miss May Kelsey, New-
London.

Chapell, Mrs. Cornelia W., New
London.

Chapell, Miss Cornelia W., New-
London.

Chappell, Alfred H., New London.

Chappell, Frank H., New London.

Collier, Mrs. A. C, New London.

Copp, John J., Groton.

Goddard, George W., Salem, Mass.

Harris, Mrs. J. N., New London.

Lawrence, Sebastian D., New London.

Learned, Walter, New London.

Lines, H. Wales, Meriden.

Mason, Amos Lawrence, "SI. 1)., Bos-
ton, Mass.

Mason, Lewis D., M. D., Brooklyn.

Nelson, A. W., M. D., New London.

Newcomb, Frederic S., Ne\\ London.

Newcomb, Mrs. Frederic S., New
London.

Newcomb, James, M. D., New \'ork.

Osgood, Mrs. Frederic L., Norwich.

Packer, E A., M. D., New York.

Palmer, Frank L., New London.

Palmer, R. T., Jr., New London.

Potter, Miss Fannie, Poquonoc Bridge.

Rogers, Ernest E., New London.

Rogers, Mrs. Ernest E., New Lon-
don.

Smith, Miss Lucretia W., New Lon-
don.

Strong, George C, New London.

Tinker, Hon. George F., New Lon-
don.

Tinker, Mrs. George F., New Lon-
don.

Turner, Elisha, New London.

Turner, Mrs. Elisha, New London.

Valentine, Herbert, New York.

Walker, Mrs. Emeline Tate, Chicago,
HI.

Ware, Charles B., Hartford.

Whiton, Lucius E., New London.

Whiton, Mrs. Lucius E., New Lon-
don.

ANNUAL.

Amelung, Mrs. Cecilia Lord Spencer,

Sag Harbor, L. L
Barber, O. M., M. D., Mystic.
Barlow, Mrs. John W., New London.
Beckwith, Cyrus G., New London.
Beecher, Edward C, New Haven.

Beecher, Mrs. Edward C, New Ha-
ven.

Belcher, William, New London.

Belden, Miss Annie, New London.

Bingham, Hiram, Jr., Cambridge,
Mass.

164

LIST OF MEMBERS.

if'5

Bond, Henry R., New London.

Boss, Charles D., New London.

Browning, Amos A., Norwich.

Buell, Colin S., New I>ondon.

Bush, Miss Celeste E., Niantic.

Chaney, Miss Maria. New London.

Chapman, William H., New London.

Chappell, Mrs. Hannah, New London.

Chester, Walstein R., Boston, Mass.

Clarke, Mrs. Augusta, Old Lyme.

Coit, Alfred, New London.

Cook, Hiram, Norwich.

Crandall, Miss Ada L., Norwich.

Crandall,Mrs. Charlotte, New London.

Crandall, Herbert L., New London.

Crandall, Mrs. Herbert L., New Lon-
don.

Danforth, Rev. J. Romeyn, New Lon-
don.

Denison, Lee S., New London.

Dillaby, Julian R., Norwich.

Dodge, Ozias, Norwich.

Douglas, Miss Emma, New London.

Eggleston, Mrs. Katherine P., New
London.

Ely, George, Old Lyme.

Farnsworth, Frederic, M. D., New
London.

Gates, Benjamin F , New London.

Gilman, Miss Emily S., Norwich.

Gilman, Miss Maria P , Norwich.

Gorton, Miss Elizabeth, New London.

Grint, Rev. Alfred Poole, Ph. D.,
New London.

Griswold, Miss Elizabeth, Groton.

Harwood, P. LeRoy, New London.

Havemeyer, Mrs. Julia, Hartford.

Hewitt, Charles J., New London.

Hopson, John Jr., New London.

Hyde, Mrs.Burrell W., Norwich.

Kingsbury, William, New London.

Lane, Mrs. Louisa G., Norwich.

Lane, Miss Sarah, Black Hall.

Lay, Daniel L, Lyme.

Learned, Major Bela Peck, Norwich.

Lippitt, Mrs. Charles C, New London.

Lockwood, Miss Mary, New London.

Manstield, Richard W., New London.

Mansfield, Mrs. Richard W., New
London.

Marsh, Miss Frances A., Norwich.

Marshall, Mrs. Andrew, Nashville,
Tenn.

Mason, Theodore West, Greenwich.

Maxson, Charles L., New London.

McGinley, Arthur Bosworth, New
London.

McGinley, John, New London.

McGinley, John, Jr., New London.

McGinley, Stephen Essex, New Lon-
don.

McGinley, Thomas Stratton, New
London.

McGinley, Winthrop Essex, New Lon-
don.

Mead, Mrs. Constance S., New London.

Meech, Miss Louise B., Norwich.

Mitchell Alfred, New London.

Mitchell, Archibald, Norwich.

Moser, Mrs. F. E., New York.

Newcomb, James, New London.

Olcott, Mrs William M., Norwich.

Palmer, Elisha L., New London.

Palmer, Rev. Frank, Norwich.

Palmer, George S., New London.

Parks, Frank S.; Washington, D. C.

Peabody, Mrs. Maria L., New London.

Perkins, Charles C, New London.

Perkins, Miss Mary E., New London.

Phillips, Daniel L., Griswold.

Porter, George S., Norwich.

Pratt, Bela L., Boston, Mass.

Pratt, Rev. Llewellyn, D.D, Norwich.

Prince, Miss Harriet A. E., New Lon-
don.

Reynolds, Mrs. Henry Lee, Norwich.

Ripley, Miss Hannah Lathrop, Nor-
wich.

Robbins. Z. R., Norwich.

Robinson, Mrs. F. W., Norwich.

Saltonstall, F. G., New York City.

Sherman. Mrs. Caroline, New London.

i66

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Slocomb, Mrs. Cuthbert H., Groton.
Smith, Mrs. Frederic M., New London.
Stark, William M., New London.
Stoddard, Miss Sarah A., New London.
Sturdy, George A., New London.
Tirrell, Henrv A., Norwich.
Totten, John R., New York.
Truinbull, Jonathan, Norwich.
Turner, Luther G., Torrington.
Turner, Miss Marv J., New London.
Tyler, Col. Augustus C, New London.
Tyler, Mrs. Augustus C, New Lon-
don.
Utley, Herbert D., New London.
^'iets, Carl J., New London.

Viets, Mrs. Carl J., New London.
Wall, Richard B., New London.
Warren, J. R., North Lyme.
Warren, W. W. J., New York.
Weaver, Miss Louise B., New London.
White, Charles E., Groton.
Whittlesey, George, New London.
Whittlesey, Mrs. George D., New

I^ondon.
Wickwire, Arthur M., New York City.
Willard, S. P., Colchester.
Williams, John Oliver, New York City.
Woodard, Frank L., Norwich.
Woodward, P. H., Hartford.

HONORARY

Bates, Albert C, ILnrtford.

Briggs, L. Vernon, M. D., Hanover,
Mass.

Dexter, Prof. Franklin B.,New Haven.

Fisher, George Park, D. D., LL. D.,
New Haven.

Oilman, Daniel Coit, LL. D., Wash-
ington, D. C.

Godard, George S., Hartford.

Hart, Rev. Samuel, D. D., Middle-
town.

Hazard, G. S., Buffalo, N. Y.

Johnston, Prof. Henry P., A. M., New
York City.

Larned, Miss Ellen D., Thompson.

Lines, Rev. Edwin S., D. D., New
Haven. ^

Love, Rev. W. DeLoss, Ph. D., Hart-
ford.

Mitchell, Donald G., Edgcwood.

Smith, Charles Henry, LL. D., New
Haven.

Stedman, Edmund Clarence, New
York City.

Tucker, Rev. W. J., D. D., Hanover.
N. H.

Walker, Williston, Ph. D., D. D , New
Haven.

Records and Papers

NEW LONDON COUNTY

Historical Society.

VOLUME III. PART II.

PRICE FIFTY CENTS.

RECORDS AND PAPERS

OF THE

NEW LONDON COUNTY

HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

VOLUME III. PART II.

Compiled and Edited by the Secretary.

Published by the Society
Through the Kindness of Mrs. Cornelia W. Chapell.

NEW LONDON, CONNECTICUT.
1912.

Publication Committee.
Jonathan Trumbull, Elizabeth Gorton, Ernest E. Rogers.

NOV S 19121

Bingham Paper Box Company, Printers,
New London, Connecticut.

CONTENTS.

Page.

A Backward Glance, by Elizabeth Gorton . . 167

Cornelia Wetmore Chapell Porter, an Abfreciation,

BY Elizabeth Gorton, . ... . . 175

Fishers Island, Its History and Development, by

F. E. HiNE, ...... 178

Ledyard, the Traveller, by Henry A. Tirrell, . 205

Commemorative Sketch ok John P. C. Mather, by

Charles W. Butler, .*r imwrn-^ 217

In Memoriam: Edmund CiJ/J^encj^ Stji^Wn, Daniel
Coit Gilman, Donald Grant Mitchell, by Jonathan

Trumbull, ....... 220

The Study of Genealogy, by Colonel C. D. Parkhurst, 232

Samuel Chester Reid, by Henry A. Tirrell, . . 249

A Forgotten Son of Liberty, by Amos A. Browning, 257

Publications of the Society, .... 282

Records of the Society, September i, 1905 — September
I, 191 1 ; and Minutes of Annual Meeting, Septem

ber 28, 191 1, . . . . . . 283

Appeal for Funds to Buy Shaw Mansion, . . 329

List of Contributors for Shaw Mansion, . . 330

Financial Reports, September 6, 1905 — September 1,1911, 334

Gifts, September 1, 1905 — September i, 1911, . . 340

Officers and Committees, September i, 191 i — September

I, 1912. ....... 344

Necrology of the Society, September i, 1905 — Decem-
ber 31, 191 1, . . . . . . 345

List of Members, January i, 1912, . . . 346

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Shaw Mansion, Home of the Society,
Perkins Green, . ...

Shaw Mansion, Rear View, ,
Old East End House, Fishers Island,
Mansion House, Fishers Island,
Edmund Clarence Stedman, .
Daniel Coit Oilman, .
Donald Grant Mitchell,

Faci

Frontispiece
ng page 1 70

174
192
202
220
224
228

The Act of Incorporation allows the New London County
Historical Society to hold property, and bequests may be made
for specific objects, as a fund for endowment, for printing, or for
any desired purpose.

The form of such bequest is as follows :

I give and bequeath to the New London County Historical
Society, the sum of dollars, the same to

be applied to the fund of said Society to

be used under the direction of the officers of said Society, for
the purpose named.

A BACKWARD GLANCE.

Written for the Records and Papers, by the Secretary of the Society,

May, 1911.

In these days, when so much is being said about a larger, better
and more beautiful New London, one is indeed willing to "let the past
dead bury its dead," and to hail, with joy, whatever tends to bring in
the new and better New London, rejoicing that this fair city seems to
be arousing from the lethargy, into which she had fallen, and about to
grasp some of the opportunities with which Nature has so eminently
endowed her ; and yet, there is an indescribable charm about things
ancient, which does not attach to the new.

It has been truly said, that " many of the nations of Europe have
a dim twilight, lying back of authentic records, where legends and
mysterious adventures may be found, and it is sometimes a matter of
regret that the New World has no dim traditionary period, pervaded
by romance and stirring ballads, no ruined castles and old grey
fortresses decaying in woodland gloom, or frowning upon the top of
almost inaccessible promontories, to which we can resort for the
manufacture of thrilling tales of romance and chivalry. Many of the
attractions of the Old World are lacking here, the ancient cathedrals
that have stood for centuries, artistic treasures of the old masters, and
numberless other things that come to our minds." And yet, the words
of our local historian* are true when she says of this place : "The whole
region where we dwell is historic ground. Here the ancient Nameaugs,
a branch of the Pequots, lived, hunted, fought and wasted away.
This was not purchased land, but a conquered territory, and the
English settlers, taking possession of the wilderness, planted it with
towns, schools, churches and harvests." Old London, no doubt would
laugh, should she hear her namesake exulting over a brief two hundred
and sixty-five years of existence, and presuming to call anything
ancient, erected within that period of time. Although appreciating the
truth of the words spoken by the Oxford guide when he remarked,
pointing to a portion of one of the college buildings, " that is modern.

Frances M. Caulkins.

167

i6S A BACKWARD GLANCE.

it was built in 1735,'" yet in this New World the view-point differs
somewhat, and while everything, connected with its history, is but a
tale of yesterday compared with that of the Old World, it is equally
true of this beautiful little spot bordering the American Thames, that
generations have come and gone since those early days when the Red
men held undisputed possession of the place, and their white brothers
were just awakening to the possibility of forming a new settlement.

The coming of the English, and the consequent extermination of
these simple children of the forest and stream, forms an interesting
page of history, but it brings forth a tear of pity to learn that the first
advance was made through bloodshed. The Mohegans and Pequots,
Uncas and Sassacus, seem like myths to us ; and the familiar story of
Winthrop and his little band of pioneers in the infant town, reads like
a tale that is told. In this anniversary month of the beginning of that
settlement, one can readily picture the beauty of the scene, as it must
have greeted those early comers, when all Nature was awakening from
the long sleep of winter, and putting on the inexpressibly beautiful
garments of spring-time. The simple life of the Indians was in
keeping with their rural surroundings, and their wigwams, dotted here
and there along the river-bank, or in the forests, and their canoes,
gliding silently through the waters, added beauty to the scene, although
their presence presaged danger and opposition to the English. These
" first settlers were strong-hearted, practical men, well adapted to the
exigency of the times. Their simple habits, puritan principles, and
stern, unbending integrity, united with a deep religious feeling, have
left their impress upon their descendants."

The New London of those early days is past, and there is no desire
to bring it back. In the vicissitudes of its later history, the ceaseless
hand of time has brought changes, many and varied, leaving but little
that outwardly attests the existence of the primitive town of Pequot.
or Nameaug, as it was then called. Here and there, scattered through
the city, may be seen an occasional building which escaped the traitor's
torch, and now serves as a silent reminder of colonial times ; but, one
by one, most of them have disappeared, the Winthrop homestead,
ideally situated near the old town mill, among the number, until the

A BACKWARD GLANCE. 169

ones now worthy of preservation are few and far between. Among
the most interesting of those extant is the Shaw Mansion. Certain
members of the New London County Historical Society, realizing that
the fate of this beautiful old colonial house was in the balance, and that
it would surely be utilized for business purposes, unless steps were taken
for its preservation, determined to take the initiative in the matter,
and preserve for future generations, this place so closely associated
with colonial and revolutionary times in the town's history, and, at
the same time, secure a much needed, permanent home for the Society.
Thus it was a two-fold opportunity which presented itself ; — an oppor-
tunity not without its serious problems, it is true, but subsequent
events proved that the time was ripe for their solution, although, at
first, the purchase price of thirty-three thousand dollars, seemed a
prohibitive one. After this price had been named by the owners, an
option was secured on the property, for three months, commencing
February fifteenth, 1907. A subscription paper was then prepared,
and given, by request of one whose identity was not revealed, to a
lawyer in the city. With one signature and a pledge for ten thousand
dollars, that paper was promptly returned to the President of the
Society. Never will the writer forget the memorable dinner of that
day, when, for a first course, was laid at her plate, that bit of paper
with its cheering news for this Society. On the twenty-first, six days
after the option was secured, this gift was publicly announced in the
press, and immediately following, came other subscriptions, among
them, a second, duplicating in amount the first one. On April fifteenth,
one month before the expiration of the option, a public appeal for
funds was printed in the local papers, and on the twenty-seventh of
the month, a circular letter was mailed to each member of the Society,
affording an opportunity for small gifts. The response was prompt
and generous, and the total amount of thirty-three thousand dollars
was pledged before May fifteenth, the date on which the option
expired.*

The land on which the Shaw Mansion stands, was purchased in

* The Records at the end of this publication, contain a detailed account of the purchase of the
property, and a list of the contributors. E. G., Secretary.

170 A BACKWARD (iLANCE.

1 734, by Captain Nathaniel Shaw, who resided in a frame dwelling
until the winter of 1755-56. On January twenty-first of that winter, a
vessel, containing three hundred French Acadians, arrived from
Nova Scotia. The story of their capture, by the English, reads like a
heartless page of fiction, which is not pleasant to contemplate. This
bit of Acadian life which has entered our very doors, lends an added
charm to Longfellow's poem, with its portraiture of the happy home-
life of "these simple Acadian farmers," who were borne into exile,

E.xile without an end, and without an example in story.
Far asunder on separate coasts, the Acadians landed.

* * * * * * * * ******

Friendless, homeless, hopeless, they wandered from city to city,

P'rom the cold lakes of the North to sultry Southern savannas,—

From the bleak shores of the sea to the lands where the P'ather of Waters

Seizes the hills in his hands, and drags them down to the ocean.

It is an interesting fact, that more of these people were probably
disembarked in New London than at any other port in New England.
It was an inauspicious time for this large band of exiles to earn a
livelihood, and Captain Shaw graciously came to the rescue, by
allowing them to remove a large portion of the granite ledge from his
property, and build him a substantial stone residence. One going
into the cellar to-day, finds a concrete illustration of a house literally
founded upon a rock. At the outbreak of the Revolution, this house*
was the home of Nathaniel Shaw, Jr., a man of great wealth and
influence. His loss, at the burning of New London, estimated by
himself, was more than /^i"! 2,000 sterling. His heirs, however, in 1793,
when the General Assembly of the State partially recompensed the
sufferers, possessed no documents to show his exact loss, as his
business account books of that period, kept in the store owned by him
near the corner of Brewer and Bank Streets, were burned with the
building. The naval papers had been secreted in the house, which,
in spite of the fact that it was set on fire five times by the British, was
not burned. These documents were the property of Mr. Nathaniel
Shaw Perkins until his death, February eighth, 1905.

One cold February afternoon, some fifteen years ago, seated in the
pleasant library of the old stone mansion, with the crackling logs in

*The few historical facts given in this sketch, unless otherwise specified, were obtained, in 1896,
from Nathaniel Shaw Perkins, who then occupied the house. E. G., Secretary.

'twii^

'll.

A BACKWARD GLANCE. 171

the open fireplace sending out their cheer and warmth, bidding one
forget the chilHng winds without, the owner brought forth many of
these interesting manuscripts, and showed them to a member of this
Society. One was there, written by the hand of Benedict Arnold,
from West Point,' August tenth, 1780, a month previous to his treason.
In it, he requested Mr. Shaw to act as his attorney for the disposition
of his property in Connecticut, and to transfer the funds to him at West
Point. Several of Washington's letters were produced, as treasured
mementoes of the past. These formed a part of the correspondence
between Nathaniel Shaw and his Commander-in-Chief. A special
interest attaches to the documents received from the Marine Committee
of Congress, with which Mr. Shaw kept in close touch. These letters
are signed, not only by the chairman, but by every member of the
committee. As the committee changed from year to year, during the
progress of the war, they contain the signatures of thirty-two signers
of the Declaration of Independence. Mr. Shaw was absent on a fishing
trip to Montauk Point " when Arnold burned the town," else the story
of the burning of the shipping might have been difi^erent.

Miss Caulkins, in her description of the burning of New London,
says in part : " Here* the work of destruction was commenced at the
stone dwelling-house of the Shaw family, in different parts of which
ignited combustibles were placed, and left to do their work; but after
the troops had passed on, a near neighbor, who had remained
concealed in the vicinity, entered the house and extinguished the
fires. An ancient dwelling-house of wood, adjoining the stone
mansion, and used by Shaw as an office and storehouse, was burnt to
the ground, and in it a chest of valuable papers was consumed. The
flame from this building caught the roof of the stone house, but was
extinguished by the same adventurous neighbor who quenched the
fires within the house. Finding a pipe of vinegar in the garret, he
knocked in the head, and dipping from this fountain, poured the
convenient liquid from the scuttle, down the roof, till the fire was
subdued. "t The neighbor to whom reference is here made was Mr.

*In Bank Street.

t History of New London, by F. M. Caulkins, page 555.

172 A BACKWARD GLANCE.

Christophers, who lived in the adjoining house, at the corner of Brewer

and Bank Streets. Like bread cast upon the waters, Mr. Shaw's acts

of neighborly kindness, previously extended to Mr. Christophers,

returned to him, multiplied many fold. It is interesting to note, in

passing, that by the will of Mr. Thomas Shaw, a brother of Nathaniel

Shaw, Jr., all the household slaves were liberated and given houses and

annuities.

Mr. Shaw's untimely death, caused by the discharge of his own

fowling piece, occurred in 1782, sometime before the welcome news of

peace. Four months previous to his death, his wife, Lucretia, from

whom the local Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution is

named, died as the result of a fever contracted from the sick and

friendless prisoners landed under her husband's supervision. In the

"towne's ancientestburiall-place," they were laid side by side, and the

place is marked by a double tombstone, bearing the inscription :

The

Dust of

Nathaniel Shaw EsqR

who died 15th April

A. D. 1782

Aged 47 years

and

of his wife

Lucretia

that died nth Decemr

A. D. 1781

Aged 44 years.

They lived in stirring and crucial times, and well deserve the local

fame they have acquired.

The Morning Telegraph of March fourteenth, 1896, contained these

words concerning the house in which they dwelt : " It is with a feeling

of reverence that one, acquainted with the history of the Shaw Mansion,

ascends the brown stone steps and passes through the portal darkened

by the shadows of Washington, Trumbull, General Lafayette, General

Greene, Admiral Hopkins, Nathan Hale, General North, General

Huntington, General Burbeck. and a host of others distinguished in

the revolutionary service. The Shaw residence was a center of

importance, and hardly a day passed that people of note were not

guests of Mr. Shaw and his noble and patriotic wife, Lucretia.

A BACKWARi:) GLANCE. 173

Governor Trumbull was invariably entertained by Mr. Shaw when in
New London, * * « * and the correspondence passing between
them was voluminous. In the large library are ancient and rare books,
a delight to the historian."

One of the interesting incidents connected with the Shaw Mansion
is Washington's visit to it. Miss Caulkins, in a newspaper article of
November twenty-fourth, 1858, wrote:

" There is certainly a superadded value attached to whatever has
been connected with the person and life of Washington. Certain
localities that he is known to have visited, acquire new interest. The
articles he wore, and implements that he used, the books he read, the
words he wrote, the things that he merely touched and beheld with
complacency, become thereby worthy of preservation and admiring
regard." After describing one of his visits to New London in 1756,
when a young man of twenty-four years, she goes on to say :
" Washington was again in New London twenty years later, just after
the British had evacuated Boston, and while the American army was
on the march from that place to New York. He came this time also
on horseback, not with the army, but almost alone, in a quiet,
unpretending way. Though holding the office of Commander-in-
Chief, he made no display whatever. * * * * xhe late Colonel
John Raymond of MontviUe was at work upon the road, between
Norwich and New London, with a team and several assistants, when
General Washington came riding with a rapid pace, over the Mohegan
hills, attended by two officers and his faithful colored servant.
* * * * * Yhe workmen threw down their implements, and,
standing aside with deference and respect, waved their hats and gave
a loud huzza. Washington bowed his head, and without slacking his
pace, gave them, in passing, a silent but courteous salute. Raymond
and his men leaped upon fences and rocks to gaze after him, and to
keep him in sight as long as possible. This was on the ninth of April,
1776. New London wore a lively aspect that day and night.
Commodore Hopkins had just returned from an expedition against
New Providence, one of the Bahama Islands. A part of his fleet lay
in the harbor, and he was landing his prisoners and the military stores

174 -^ BACKWARD GLANCE.

he had captured. General Greene, with a part of his brigade, on their
march from New York, arrived the same night and encamped in and
around town. Washington was the guest of Captain Nathaniel Shaw, at
his stone house in Bank Street.and met some of themembersoftheCoun-
cil of Safety in Connecticut, and conferred with them respecting their
future operations against the enemy. The chamber which Washington
occupied that night at Mr. Shaw's, has acquired from the circumstances
an enduring interest. The owners of the mansion have endeavored
to keep it unchanged in appearance. No alteration has been
made in size, or by way of adornment. The bed, the curtains, and
the other furniture are the same. It looks now as it did then.
When the Marquis Lafayette made his celebrated tour through
the United States, forty years after the revolutionary struggle in which
he had borne a part, was over, he visited New London and was a
guest, for a few hours, in the Shaw house, then owned by Honorable
Elias Perkins. While there, he was conducted to the Washington
chamber. After surveying it with tearful eyes, he knelt for a few
moments at the bedside, communing, no doubt, in reverential silence
with God, and the spirit of his departed friend, and then withdrew."

That article was written over fifty years ago, but the beautiful old
stone mansion, with Washington's room still undisturbed, stands there
to-day, rescued from the greedy commercial spirit which would seek
it, and bearing over its front entrance the name of the New London
County Historical Society, bidding a silent welcome to all visitors.
Could the house, so quiet to-day, be given the faculty of speech, what
interesting tales of bygone days it could divulge !

CORNELIA WETMORE CHAPELL PORTER.

AN APPRECIATION.
RY ELIZABETH GORTON.

Cornelia Wetmore Chapell Porter was born in New London, Conn-
ecticut, July third, 1865, the daughter of Cornelia Wetmore and
Richard Haven Chapell. There was a mingling of old and new world
blood in her veins, as her father was a native of New England, and,
on the maternal side, she was descended from the sturdy Dutch, a fact
in which she took just pride. Her early education was obtained in
the public schools of her native city, after which she took a four years'
course in the school at Ogontz, Pennsylvania. With leisure to indulge
her fondness for reading, she was constantly adding to her education,
becoming unusually well informed on a variety of subjects, with the
passing of the years. Although not a musician herself, the highest
class of music appealed strongly to her nature, and it was not unusual
for her to visit the larger cities to listen to specialists in the vocal or
instrumental art. Extensive travels in the Old World, including
Europe and the countries bordering the Mediterranean, gave her that
breadth of view and extent of knowledge, which comes from contact
with other lands and peoples ; and yet, with it all, there was an innate
modesty, amounting almost to self-depreciation, which ever kept her
from displaying that knowledge. She was not, it seemed to me, one
with whom it was easy to become intimately acquainted, for the quiet
waters of her life ran deep ; but when once penetrated beneath the
surface, she was a friend true and loyal. It needs not this slight
appreciation, of one who learned to know and love her as a friend, to
bespeak the loss that was felt in the community, when she was taken
away, for practically her whole life was spent among us, and it has
spoken for itself. To me, she seemed to possess, in a marked degree,
the happy faculty of quietly giving pleasure to other people.

175

176 CORNELIA WETMOME CHAPELL PORTER.

In her work for this Society, it was my privilege to be very closely
associated with her. From her own lips, I know that all she did
was a real pleasure to her ; she had time at her command, more than
many, and the necessity for actual toil had never been hers. To work
as she did here, was a new experience to her, but the pleasure gained
was commensurate with all the time and labor given, and, as she
said, she hardly knew what she would have done without it- She
furnished the supplies for cataloguing the books, helping much
on the actual work ; listed the relics ; brought order out of chaos
among the newspapers, making them accessible for reference, and
helped in many ways which will never be publicly heralded.

A more unostentatious dispenser of one's bounty cannot be
imagined. If the donor of the ten thousand dollar gift, with which
the fund for the purchase of the Shaw Mansion was started, could
have remained unknown to the public, I am sure, it would have brought
more happiness to her, in the giving of it. A goodly sum from the
same generous hand formed the nucleus of an endowment fund. For
her little work room, in our former home in the Harris Building, she
paid fifty dollars a year, ostensibly that she might have it for her
own use, but some of us knew that it was her characteristic way of
giving financial aid, as if the pleasure were entirely her own. Many
pleasant memories cluster around those simple rooms, for we fre-
quently met there, or found awaiting us in our individual room, a
written message, or some reminder of each other's thought.

But her interests were much broader than the narrow bounds of
this Society. From the opening of the Public Library until her death,
she was one of the trustees. She was closely identified with the
activities of the United Workers, an organization whose object is
benevolent work among the needy and destitute of New London, and
through its channels came ample opportunities for quiet and helpful
work. She was also a valued member of one of the literary clubs of
the city. As a member of the Second Congregational Church for
more than twenty-three years, her life was redolent with sweet Christian
service, and will long be cherished as a fragrant memory.

CORNELIA WETMORE CHAPELL PORTER. 177

On August seventeenth, 1907, she was married to Doctor George
Porter, of Orlando, Florida. In her new southern home, the cup of
her happiness seemed running over. After a winter spent there, she
came to New London the following summer. Soon after her return to
Orlando, with the approaching holidays, came reports of her failing
health, but with her usual bravery, she seemed determined to live
until they were past, that the joyous season might not be saddened
for others. Standing on the borders of the unknown land, with full
consciousness that she must soon pass over, she said on that last
Christmas day, that it was the happiest one of her life. On December
twenty-seventh, 1908, at the close of a beautiful Sabbath day, her
triumphant spirit, with great peace, returned to its Maker. In her life
and in her death, she was an inspiration to those who knew her. We
miss her presence, and wonder why a life so useful was taken, but
sometime

" When we shall clearly know and understand
I think that we will say ' God knew the best.' "

FISHERS ISLAND.
ITS HIST()R\ AND DE\'ELOPMENT.

BY F, ¥.. HINE.

Read before the Society at its Annual Meeting, September lo. iqo;.

CHAPTER I.

Fishers Island was discovered and noted in 1614 by Captain Adrian
Block, a Dutch navigator, who sailed from New Amsterdam through
Hell gate into Long Island Sound, and examined the coast as far east
as Cape Cod. He made his voyage in a yacht called the " Onrust,"
or " Unrest," forty-four and one half feet long, by eleven and one half
feet wide, " the first decked vessel built within the old United States."
This vessel was constructed on the banks of the Hudson to replace the
" Tigress," destroyed by fire. *

Fishers Island may have been named after Visscher, one of Block's
companions on this voyage, as he had named Block Island after him-
self. On the earliest maps no name was given to the island.** Miss
Caulkins says in her history of New London : " Montauk Point he
called Fishers Hook from the employment of the natives, who gained
their chief sustenance from the sea." t Fishers Island probably
received its name on the same account, or from its being in a good
position for fishing, Hollister in his history of Connecticut, says, " In
the absence of any positive evidence on that point, the probabilities
seem altogether to favor the generally received opinion, that the island
was named from the chief occupation of its aboriginal inhabitants, or
from the quantity of fish with which the water abounded." X

The island which Block thus discovered is about nine miles long,
with a width varying from half a mile to a mile and a quarter, and
contains about five thousand acres of land. It is irregular in form,
with many projecting headlands and small bays, and from the nearest

* Broadhead's Hist. State of New York, Page (8.
** Thompson's Hist., Page 247.
t Page 22.
I Hist, of Conn. Vol. I , Page 126.

.78

FISHERS ISLAND. 179

point of the mainland it is distant about four miles. At the time of
its discovery the island was a noted fishing ground of the Pequots, the
most powerful tribe in Eastern Connecticut. While this tribe was in
the height of power, it was a great resort for them during the summer
season, when they feasted on the fish and clams which abounded in
its waters. Tradition also says that the island was well wooded, and
the woods were stocked with deer and other wild animals. After the
destruction of the Pequots by the united forces of English, Mohegans
and Narragansetts under Captain John Mason, which occurred at the
head of Mystic River in 1637, " this island lay deserted, unclaimed,
waiting for a possessor. Winthrop seized the fortunate moment, and
became the possessor of one of the richest gems of the Sound."*

To John Winthrop, Jr., then we give honor, not only for the found-
ing of New London, but for the first settlement on Fishers Island, one
year previous to his venture on the mainland. It is impossible in this
paper to do justice to the life and achievements of a man likeWinthrop —
pioneer, traveller, scholar, statesman, diplomat, lawyer, physician, man
of science, magistrate and governor. Born in Groton, England, Feb-
ruary twelfth, 1605-6, educated at the University of Dublin, he proved
as his powers developed and expanded by education and travel to be
a worthy son of his great and gifted father after whom he was named.
On November second, 1630-1 he arrived in Massachusetts with his
young wife, who died two years later. He returned to England, where
he spent some time, and was married again in 1635 to Elizabeth Read,
a step-daughter of the celebrated Hugh Peters. To appreciate
Winthrop's lofty spirit and devotion to the work he had undertaken in
the settling of New England, we quote from a letter written to his
father, upon his return from a trip to continental Europe when only
twenty-three years of age. On August twenty-first, 1629, he writes this
memorable letter to his father : " For the business of New England, I
can say no other thing, but that I believe confidently that the whole dis-
position thereof is of the Lord, who disposeth all alterations by His
blessed will to His own glory, and the good of His; and therefore do
assure myself that all things shall work together for the best therein. As

*Miss Caulkins' Hist.

i8o

FISHERS ISLAND.

for myself, I have seen so much of the vanity of the world, that I
esteem no more the diversities of countries than so many inns, whereof
the traveler that hath lodged in the worst or the best, findeth no
difference when he cometh to his journey's end ; and I shall call that
my country where I most glorify God, and enjoy the presence of my
dearest friends. Therefore, herein I submit myself to God"s will and
yours, and with your leave do dedicate myself (laying by all the desires
of other employments whatsoever) to the service of God and the
company therein, with the whole endeavors both of body and mind."
True to the spirit of this letter we find that he devoted his life with
untiring energy to this great work, and became to the colony of New
London, and Fishers Island, what his father had been to the
Massachusetts Bay Colony.

In October, 1635, Winthrop returned to this country, with a com-
mission to begin a plantation at Saybrook, which he thus saved from
the Dutch. It is probable that while in this region, he further explored
Fishers Island, and realized its advantages for a safe retreat, t

October seventh, 1640, Winthrop obtained from the General Court
of Massachusetts a grant of Fishers Island, so far as it was theirs to
grant, " reserving the right of Connecticut, if it should be decided to
be theirs." About the same time, in order that there might be no flaw
in his title, he applied to the Connecticut General Court for a similar
grant, which was given him in the following words, taken from the
records of a General Court, held at Hartford, April ninth, 1641 :
" Upon Mr. Winthrop's motion to the Court for Fysher's Island, it is
the mind of the Court, that so far as it hinders not the public good of
the country, either for fortifying or defence, or setting up a trade for
fishing or salt, and such like, he shall have liberty to proceed therein." J
After obtaining this grant, Winthrop appeared in no hurry to occupy
it, for he left later in the season for England to organize a company
for the manufacture of iron, and returned with them in 1643 to Lynn
and Braintree.

In 1644, so states the patent which he later received from the Duke
of York, Winthrop purchased of the Indian proprietors the right to

t Miss Caulkins' Hist

J Colonial Records of Conn., Vol. I, Page 64.

FISHERS ISLAND. i8i

Fishers Island. It would be most interesting to know the precise
nature of the transaction which took place between Winthrop and the
Pequot chiefs, as many of the earliest settled towns in New England
contain in their records an account of the purchase of their town plot
for a certain quantity of wampum, knives, hatchets, belts, beads and
other articles prized by the Indians of those times. Research however
has failed to bring to light anything further concerning the purchase
of the Island than the statement given above, but we may readily
assume that Winthrop being a just and honorable man, gave due satis-
faction to the original owners of the Island. At this time he commenced
building and planting at the Island, as he intended to make it his head-
quarters. The house that he built here was the first house in the Pequot
country. The following summer of 1645 we find him engaged in clear-
ing up the land, and laying out a new plantation at Pequot Harbor.

In October, 1646, Winthrop with a part of his family— his wife and
children, Fitz-John and Margaret — set sail for Fishers Island. His
brother, Deane Winthrop, also accompanied him. Shortly after his
departure on October eighth, his father writes : "To my very good
son, Mr. Jo. Winthrop at Fishers Island, n'r Pequot River :

My good son : The comfortable season God was pleased to send
after thy departure from us, and the fair S. E. wind the last day of the
week, gives me hopethat youare all safe arrived at your new habitation."*

November sixteenth, 1646, the elder Winthrop writes to his son,
addressing him at "Fishers Island n'r Pequot River," as in the
previous letter. We quote the first part of this letter :

" My good Son, — I received your letter, etc., from Rhode Island
and returned another to you by Mr. Crowley; and having another
opportunity by Capt. Melborne I thought fit to write again. We bless
God for good hope we have of your safe arrival at your own place,
which we much desire a further confirmation of."

Again on November nmeteenth, 1646, he writes the last letter
addressed to Fishers Island :

" To my good son, Mr. Jo. Winthrop at Fishers Island, nr. Pequot
River.

My good Son : — I have written two letters to you by Wm, Crowley

* Life and Letters of John Winthrop, Page 355.

i82 FISHERS ISLAND.

and the other by New Haven. I received your letter from Rhode
Island and do bless God for your safe arrival at Fishers Island. I
think before long to hear certainly from you, for the tempest was most
violent. Some hurt was here, especially by the tide the second day
after, which was the greatest we ever had, much fish and salt lost at
eastward, and terrible loss here about is feared. We are all in good
health, I praise God. Wait is with sister Truesdale and Mary at Sister
Child's.

This gentleman, Mr. Melbourne can inform you of all, or in my
other letters you may meet with more. So with your mother's and
brother's and sister's salutes to yourself and wife and children and
Deane, I commend thee to the precious blessing of the Lord.

Jo. Winthrop."

This last letter mentions a violent tempest, which they weathered,
and reached in due time the sheltered harbor which the island afforded.
New London could afford them no sufficient shelter, whereas a house
had been standing vacant and ready here for two years. Walworth's
history says : "It was sheltered on the north and west by the banks
and woods, encircling a bay in which it nestled, and the air above it
was softened by the warming influence of the surrounding ocean." This
description seems to refer to the present location of the Mansion
House " Here also was comparative safety." " The Island afforded
less range to dangerous beasts of prey, and was less accessible to them."

The only alarm in the Winthrop family that winter was caused by
the Mohegans. Nowequa, the brother of Uncas descended on the
island, destroyed a canoe, and alarmed the Winthrop family. For this
and other insolent acts and threatening bearing by the same band,
Uncas was forced to pay one hundred fathoms of wampum.

It is probable that Winthrop and his family remained on the island
until May, 1647, as is shown by the letters of the elder Winthrop to
his son. After this date, the address is "To my very good son, Mr.
John Winthrop at Nemeauge upon Pequot River."

The island was not as large as his ambitious spirit wished, or the
work to which he had dedicated himself called for, so we find him
building a house on the town plot, the present site of Winthrop school.

FISHERS ISLAND. 183

New London, and removing his family there. The children, Elizabeth,
Wait-Still, Mary and Lucy who had been left in Boston with their grand-
parents during the winter, joined their parents in the new home in New
London.

CHAPTER II.
THE GRANT FROM THE DUKE OF YORK.

Fishers Island was included in the boundaries of the Duke of York's
patent to Richard Nicolls in 1664, and John Winthrop, who had been
elected Governor of Connecticut Colony in 1657 and again in 1659-1676,
procured a patent of confirmation in which he speaks of the Island as
an "Intire Enfranchised Township, Manor & Place of itself & shall
always from tyme to tyme & at all times hereafter have hould and
injoye like and Equall priveleges & Immunityes with any Town
Infranchis'd Place or Manour within this Goverm't & shall in no
manner of way be subordinate or belonging unto, have any dependance
upon or m any wise be under ye Rule order or direction of any Ryding,
Towneship Place, or Jurisdiction within this Governm't * * *
& by fealty onely, yielding Rendering & Paying yearely & every year
unto his Royall Highness ye Duke of York & his Heires, or to such
Governour or Governours as from tyme to tyme shall be by him Con-
stituted & appointed as an Acknowledgmt One Lamb upon ye first day
of May if the same shall be demanded." To prove the payment of
this, we quote the postscript of a letter written by Gov. Andros to Fitz-
John Winthrop on June eighth, 1680 :

" Capt Hall asking me, ocasions this postscript, to repeate & ack-
nowledge the receipt by him of ye lambe you paid him (as authorized)
for acknowledgmt of ye tenure of Fishers Island and is in full to this
time. Yours E. Andros G."

While he was Governor, Winthrop realized the insecurity of the
Connecticut title and was delegated by the General Court in 1662
to obtain a charter from Charles II.

John Winthrop's father was a good friend of Charles I., who had
given him a seal ring. This ring he gave to his son, when he went on
his mission, as a means of identification to Charles II., and to further
show his good will and friendship.

iS4

FISHERS ISLAND.

The charter was secured through Winthrop's tact and diplomacy
and preserved to the colony by being hidden in a hollow tree — the
famous Charter Oak.

Immediately after Connecticut received her charter, she claimed a
complete jurisdiction over Fishers Island, and the towns on Long
Island, and the General Court of Hartford on May twelfth, 1664,
adopted this resolution : " We declare that we claim Long Island
expressed in our charter, except a precedent right doth appear
approved by his Majesty," and took upon itself the appointment of all
the officers to the towns not permitted by the charter to be chosen by
the people. This union with the colony continued until the conquest
in 1664, when it was reluctantly abandoned, but was hastily renewed
on the recapture of New York by the Dutch in 1673. The Dutch
Governor undertook to reduce them to obedience, but by the restora-
tion of New York in 1674, several towns were anxious to continue under
Connecticut jurisdiction. The island towns sent deputies over to
solicit their co-operation, and on June thirteenth, 1674, Southold, in
conjunction with South and East Hampton sent a petition to the king
for permission to remain under the jurisdiction of Connecticut. But
Sir Edmund Andros, the new Governor of New York took effective
measures and wrote in 1680 as follows to Wm. Leete, the Governor of
Connecticut:

" Hon'ble Sr.— Being advised by an order on warrant from your-
self and some assistants sent to ffisher's Island, I am much surprised
att your Intrenching upon his MajTies Letters Patent to his Royal
Highness, as well as the grant by Governour Nicolls to the Honoble
John Winthrop, Esq. (late Governor or Connecticut) for sd Island;
which Island and Grant it is my Duty to assert, as much as this or any
other part of the Govermt ; and therefore desire that you will, without
delay, recall sd warrant or order, and forbear any the like proceedings
for the future, to prevent great Inconveniencys ; and remaine your
Effectionate Neighbour and Humble Servant E. Andros.
To the Honble William Leete, Esq.

Governour of his Maties Colony of Connecticut.''

The Connecticut Court resolved that they would exercise govern-

FISHERS ISLAND. 185

ment over the Island, and prohibited obedience to Sir Edmund's
request, but Major Fitz-John Winthrop, the eldest son of John Winthrop,
felt obliged to recognize the jurisdiction of New York. Although
dissatisfied, Connecticut did not raise the unsettled boundary question
until in 1878-9, when both states appointed Commissioners, for New
York, Messrs. Allen C. Bead, Augustus Schoonmaker and Horatio
Seymour, Jr., and Messrs. Origan S. Seymour, Lafayette S. Foster and
Wm. G. Miner for Connecticut, to establish the boundaries. An agree-
ment was made whereby the western boundary of Connecticut was
fixed as the ex parte line surveyed by New York in 1680, which was
the old line of 1731. Connecticut therefore gave up her claim to the
twenty-six hundred acres in dispute, in exchange for which her
Southern boundary was extended into the Sound, " beginning at a
point in the center of the channel, about six hundred feet South of the
extreme rocks of Bryan's Point, thence running in a true Southeast
course three and one-quarter statute miles true South of New London
lighthouse; thence through Fishers Island Sound and on so far as
said states are coterminous."* The above agreement was ratified by
both states. The only fast land gained by Connecticut in moving the
Southern boundary was Mystic Island, which New York had claimed.
The Connecticut Commissioners said, "In regard to Fishers Island,
it ought by reason of its nearness to our coast to belong to Connecticut.
It belonged to us, we think, under a fair construction of the charter of
1662, which by express words gave us the islands adjacent to the main-
land; but upon familiar principles of law. New York has now the title,
having had actual possession of it for more than a century."

John Winthrop thus retained his island possession during his life,
although it is interesting to note in this connection that at one time he
had some thought of selling it. Wm. Roswell wrote to him from New
Haven, December, 1669 :

" You were pleased some time since to inform me that you have
some inclination to dispose of Fishers Island. One Capt. Anthony
Lane, a gentleman in the Barbadoes hath written unto me concerning
it, desiring to know whether it is to be sold."

It is probable that Winthrop spent little time on Fishers Island

* Bowen's Conn. Boundary Dispute.

i86 FISHERS ISLAND.

after this, as his interests on the mainland were various and scattered.
When Winthrop was Governor he was urged to move to New Haven,
where the town had purchased a house near the corner of Court and
State Streets for him, but which he refused to take as a gift, agreeing
to pay one hundred pounds in goats from Fishers Island. From this
letter it is evident that goats were used to subdue the island, and must
have been very profitable. We find no later reference to them.

Adam Winthrop writes to John Winthrop, Jr., as follows :

" I have sent a hogsd of salt by Captain Smith, which he will
deliver to Fishers Island. I thought you might have some need of it."

It is evident that Winthrop also claimed the small islands lying
near, now known as North and South Dumpling and the Hummock,
for we find from a letter of Roger Williams to John Winthrop, at
Nameaug: " He prays you not to lose your right, but send for a skin
of a moose, which was killed upon one of your hummocks by Fishers
Island lately and carried to Wequashcuck."

After a full and noble life in carrying out the work to which he had
dedicated himself, John Winthrop passed away in 1676, leaving a most
noble heritage in landed estates, among which were Fishers Island and
its Hummocks and Goat Island.

CHAPTER III.
EARLY WAR SCARE.S AND CAPTAIN KIDI).

It will be of interest to note that Fishers Island was encumbered
for the sake of the Connecticut colony, from the following letter
written by Governor Leete to Stephen Chester, April seventh, 1677 :

" I would entreat of your Honor and your associates to take into
your worthy and serious consideration the affairs of the heirs of the
aforesaid Gov. Winthrop referring to Fishers Island, which was
encumbered for the sake of this colony (Conn.)." This island
descended to Fitz-John and his brother Wait-Still and was possessed
by them conjointly and undivided during their lives. Fitz John having
no sons, it was understood between the brothers that the principal
part of the land grants should be kept in the name, and to this end
preserved for John, the only son of Wait Winthrop. In 1662 we find
Fitz-John and Wait-Still Winthrop regular inhabitants of the New

FISHERS ISLAND. 187

London colony. Fitz-John received his military training in the
English army, and was Governor of Stirling Castle and a general in
Monk's army. When the Dutch recaptured Manhattan in 1673, ^^^d
made an expedition up the Sound, Captain Fitz-John Winthrop raised
troops at Stonington and New London to meet them. There was a
bloodless encounter at Southold in which a few harmless shots were
exchanged, the English being left in possession of the town, while the
Dutch, after making threats which they could not put into execution,
sailed away. At this time he resided chiefly in New London, where
he busied himself in raising stock on Fishers Island and in looking
after his father's property, but he had a house at Fishers Island where
he spent some of his time as is shown in a letter addressed to him at
Fishers Island, by Edmund Andros, in 1680.

Labor troubles are usually referred to as of modern date, but we
find that Fitz-John Winthrop had many, and for various reasons, in
1690, when there was an alarm caused by the anchoring of four sloops
between the Hummocks and the harbor. They had been at New
London for a considerable time flying the English colors, then French.
Several shots were fired at them. Gurdon Saltonstall writes to Fitz-
John Winthrop as follows :

" That night there came over from Fishers Island a small number
of Indians, who give an account of a skirmish that they had with a
small number of French. They have brought over a scalp with them
and say they have left one dead there whose scalp they had not time
to take. It is presumed (upon your report) that your house is rifled
at your Island. What credit may be given to it I know not. The
reports we have are very uncertain." Later he writes : " When
I got home I found all your Islanders but Jonathan in a very great
fright hurrying to Boston ye very next morning, and so could by no
means come to a speech with them. You will percieve by this letter
wt his mclinations are : I have used all the arguments I can think of
with him, but cannot alter them. Your Honrs presence here would
doe much, or (if that is not likely to be attained) your directions unto
him. * * * Whether you would have any of ye creatures
removed from ye island? If they must stay there, how ye should be

j88 fishers island.

provided for in ye winter ? I have urged Johnathan to mow & make
wt hay will be needful for their keeping, and he tels mee he will doe
whatever he is able. His negroe is still with him & he expects Peter
up again d.iyly." A week later some English ships in pursuit of the
enemy landed on Fishers Island, "which hath scared Johnathan &
Peter off; Johnathan as Mrs. Betty tells mee, offers his share of
graine to anybody that will secure ye rest, but will not venture himself
upon ye Island without a guard."

Two weeks later Saltonstall writes as follows : " The news of the
French fleet designed upon this coast made me think you would be
here to take some order about Fishers Island. If the French intend
for York (which may I think be supposed) that Island will be con-
venient for them : and melhinks it would not be amiss to draw off what
stock might be fit for market this summer before they come."

Another account says : " Some French vessels came to Block Is.
determined to attack New London — found New London harbor too
hot for them and drew off to Block Is. to receive plunder and spoils
there. Some of their company went on to an Island called Fishers
Island lying near New London and among others this treacherous
fellow — Trimming — upon which 17 men went from Stonington. There
was but one house on the Is. though about nine miles in length where
this party of Frenchmen were at that time. The Englishmen came
near the house before they were discovered. Trimming came out to
them in a pretended friendly manner, drawing his gun behind him.
They demanded whence and who they were. He replied they were
castaway men. One of the Englishmen replied : ' If you are friends
lay down your gun and go behind us.' Immediately Mr. Stephen
Richardson as was supposed through surprise shot him dead on the
spot, for which act he was much blamed. Thus he that delighted in a
falsehood in his life died with a lie in his mouth and received a just
reward of his perfidious villanous and multiplied treacheries."

These war scares and labor troubles evidently caused so much
annoyance to Fitz-John Winthrop that he induced Wm. Wal-
worth, a family friend, to come here from near London to introduce
the English system of cultivation, with which Walworth was known to

FISHERS ISLAND. 1S9

be well acquainted. Thus Wm. Walworth became the first lessee.
To this place he brought his young wife and here his four eldest
children were born, the first white children born on the Island. The
feelings of this young wife and mother in this lonely place, exposed to
the danger of Indians and French privateers, can only be imagined.
Of greater dread than either was Captain Kidd, who at this time fre-
quented the coasts of Gardiner's Island and Fishers Island opposite.
Here in the sheltered harbors and coves they would wait in their low,
black schooners, until some merchant vessel appeared in sight, when
they would pounce upon her and seize such parts of her cargo as they
wished. Fishers Island has its share of traditions regarding the
buried chests of gold, for which many a spadeful of earth has been
turned. Divers have even been employed to search some of the
numerous ponds. The terror which Captain Kidd inspired at this
time along the New England coast seems out of proportion to the
length of his career, which was terminated in 1699. That the terror
existed is certain, and caused Walworth to move his family and
household property to Groton. These being made secure, he was
left free to work his farm on the Island as well as a new one on the
mainland.

The war between England and France which was being waged at
this time was felt also by their respective colonies in this country.
French privateers harassed the New England coast, and interfered
greatly with the commerce of those early days. Miss Caulkins says :
' New London in this war suffered considerably in her shipping,
several of her merchant vessels being cut off by French privateers."

Thus was seen the necessity of New London's being warned of the
approach of an enemy, then as in more recent times. The location of
Fishers Island became of great stragetic advantage, and the necessity
of placing a beacon upon Mt. Prospect, the highest hill lapped by the
waters of the Atlantic between Maine and Florida, was realized at this
time. The importance of this point was first called to the attention of
the Connecticut colony by Major Plumes Gurdon Saltonstall writes to
Fitz-John Winthrop, in 1690, as follows : " There hath been proposal
made concerning a beacon to be placed on Mount Prospect on your is-

igo FISHERS ISLAND.

land, and that a watch and ward be kept there, which I would desire your
judgment of, if you think meet." Apparently nothing was done about
the beacon at this time, but in 1704 when Winthrop was Governor of
Connecticut, Richard Christophers and G. Saltonstall of the Committee
of Safety of New London make the following petition to him : " It is
humbly offered for the safety of this Port of New London it is so much
exposed to an enemy in the time of the present imminent danger."
" That care may be taken by Beacon or otherwise to have notice from
Fishers Island, or otherwise of approaching danger." In a later letter
dated June nineteenth, 1706, to Fitz-John Winihrop, Governor, appears
the foUowmg: "And whereas there is a former order of council for
the keeping a ward upon Fishers Island for the discovery of an
approaching enemy in order to give a more timely notice to New
London by fixing one or two beacons made on said island for that
account it is now ordered that the Beacon made on the west point of
Fishers Island shall be fired upon discovery made from Mount Pros-
pect of one ship, or two other topsail vessels standing in towards said
island from the southard or northard of Block Island or upon discovery
of five ship standing in from the southard or five from the northard of
Block Island, and that both beacons on Fishers Island shall be fired
upon the discovery of a greater number of vessels standing in as
aforesaid."

During the latter part of Fitz-John Winthrop's term of ofiice as
Governor of Connecticut, little attention seems to have been paid to
his island property, at least we find no reference in any letters to or
from him during this period.

CHAPTER [V.
TN THE DAYS OF MADAM WINTHROP.

After Fitz-John Winthrop's death in 1707, he leaving no male
descendants, and the landed estates which they had inherited from
their father having never been divided, Fishers Island descended to
his younger brother, Wait-Still Winthrop. He was Chief Justice of
Massachusetts Bay Colony, and Major-General of the militia of that
province. We know little about his connection with the island, except
that he visited it occasionally, but from papers in the posession of one

FISHERS ISLAND. 191

of the later Winthrops, it appears that an attempt was made by him
or his son John in the year 171 2 to transport a pair of moose deer from
the island to England, as a present to Queen Anne, which failed by
reason of one dying and the other breaking its leg, and Her Majesty
was finally presented with the horns only. It is evident that he had
trouble, in 171 2, with the tenants on the island over the delivery of
stock, and in 1714, George Havens hired a part of the island.

In a letter of Wait Winthrop, at Boston, to his son John, at New
London, in 1717, he writes: "I have some red cedar bengles which
I gathered at Fishers Island ; they say Mr. Brenton sowed some at
Rhode Island and has a young grove of cedars now on his farm.
Many people hereabouts carry them in their pockets and eat them as
being very wholesome and strengthening they say to the vitals, and
good for all sorts of ails the indians say." This was the writer's last
letter. He had long suffered from occasional ailments, but was on
the whole a vigorous man for his advanced age. Only a few years
before, his son describes with pride his father's activity of limb and
accuracy of aim during a day's shooting on Fishers Island. In 171 7,
John came in active possession of Fishers Island after much litigation
in the Connecticut courts with his sister, wife of Thomas Lechmere,
Esq., of Boston. His sister claimed an equal share of their father's
landed estate, which claim was sustained by the Connecticut courts.
Winthrop went to England to plead his cause, and before going, in
July, 1726, made the following will:

" I give and bequeath unto my faithful kind and most dear wife
;^ioo per annum out of the rents of Fishers Island during her natural
life with her living in my mansion house at New London." To his
eldest son John-Still he leaves Fishers Island " forever to be and abide
to him and his heirs male forever."

In England he was well received, and suceeeded in obtaining a
favorable decree from the king in council, which grounded this decision
on the English law of primogeniture. In Connecticut this decree was
considered a public calamity, inasmuch as it involved the abrogation
of the colonial law respecting interstate estates. By the intervention
of friends and agents of the colony, a decision was finally obtained

192 FISHERS ISLAND.

confirming Winthrop in his possession, but allowing the law of inher-
itance in the colony to remain as before. Winthrop was so estranged
from the colony that he never returned, and died in England in 1747.
During Winthrop's absence in England, his wife, Madam Winthrop,
as she is called, managed the island affairs from New London. On
February twenty-eighth, 1726-27, Joshua Hempstead says: "In the
afternoon I was at Madam Winthrop's writing a lease for Fishers
Island." And on April twentieth he says: " I was sent for to Mrs.
Winthrop to go to the Island & receive ye stock, but ye wind & tide
not suiting Peter Williams did not go." The next day he writes : " I
went to the Island & we drove it & got up the sheep." The following
day, Saturday : "we drove the Island again, we drove out the sheep
& stock of Cattle & Horses kine & I gave her a rectt." Monday he
returns home with Sam Rogers. In November of the same year,
Hempstead again writes that he went to Fishers Island in Madam
Winthrop's boat with Madam Winthrop, Mr. Wanton, Molly, Kate,
Peg., Jno. & Bazill. The following day they drove about the Island
to east end and found things in good order. Mr. Wanton killed a
young Buck in the forenoon which we brought over.

The island was again leased to Chas. Dickinson, Sr , in 1728, upon
his giving new bonds. In 1 731, Hempstead says he went to Fishers
Island with justice Richmond to receive the stock of Mr. Dickinson,
and that Mr. Mumford was also there. " We got over there before
eight o'clock and counted out 1350 sheep and 42 cows and 20 swine 16
of them sows and i boar, 8 mares with foal 4 oxen etc. All the rest
of the stock is in good order and lodged there." On Saturday : " I
went to Fishers Island with Mr. Mumford and I received all the stock
and gave a receipt. I viewed the house at the East End and finished."
This is the first reference we have to a house at the east end. Tra-
dition says that the bricks for the main portion of the house were
imported from Holland, which is partially confirmed by judges of
brick, who claim they are different from any made about here.

George Havens, a former tenant of Fishers Island, died here
March sixteenth, 1734, and was buried inGroton. Joshua Hempstead
says : " I borrowed and received of Jasper Latham £20 in bills of

Cfl

FISHERS ISLAND. 193

credit to be paid upon demand, but if I can get him Fishers Island for
;^6oo a year or as others will give, then I am to have this £10 gratis
and more also."

It is evident that Joshua did not get his promised fee of £zo^ as
Mumford was a tenant in 1738. "Here we staid all night with him
and were entertained very courteously and he would take nothing of
me or mine."

On the third of October, 1739, a sailing party was organized, com-
posed of Madam VVinthrop, wife of John Winthrop who was then in
England, her son John, and daughter Ann, Col. Saltonstall and wife
and two children, Col. Browne, of Salem, with his wife and child, and
Mr. Joshua Hempstead. They were entertained by Mr. George
Mumford, the lessee of the island. The whole party crossed in Mum-
ford's sailboat, and remained four days on the island. The first day
was diversified with an excursion to the east end of the island. The
second day a fierce storm confined them to the house. On the third
day, they had a morning drive to the west end and a visit to the woods.
In the afternoon, a famous deer hunt. Saltonstall brought down a
doe, and Mumford two bucks, one of which was immediately dis-
patched by a carrier to Mr. Wanton, of Newport, as a present from
the party. On the seventh of October they started for home at nine
in the morning, but were becalmed, the flood failed them and they ran
into Mystic. Landing near the house of Mr. Burrows, all walked from
thence to John Walworth's, where they obtained horses, and reached
home in the evening. The good shooting above referred to is accounted
for, as the island was kept as a preserve by the Winthrops, Just
before this a white man and an Indian were fined for killing a deer.

The winter of 1740-41 was noted in the annals of New England for
intense cold which commenced at Christmas with a violent snow
storm. The intense cold continued uninterrupted until the middle of
March. The ice extended into the Sound toward Long Island as far
as could be seen, and Fishers Island was united to the mainland by a
solid bed.

On the seventeenth of November, 1744, Joshua Hempstead called
on Madam Winthrop and found the sheriff of Suffolk county there for
taxes of Fishers Island for 22 years.

194 FISHERS ISLAND.

The first accurate measurements of the island, of which we have
record, were made in 1752 by Joshua Hemptsead. He says "we
began at the west point and measured six miles toward the east, and
made heaps of stone at the end of each mile, also measured the
distance from the house to the west point and to the East End."

In 1756, John-Still Winthrop leased the island to Benj. Brown, of
Rhode Island, for ^^500 per annum. The inventory of stock at that
time shows 42 cows, 33 calves, 14 two-year-old & 12 yearlings, 8 breed-
ing mares, i three-year-old bull, t steer, i heifer, 4 large oxen, 2 five-
year-old steers, 4 four-year-old steers and 20 swine and 1350 sheep all
in good order.

Miss Caulkins says Wm. Walworth and his son John, together with
the Mumfords and Browns, drew a large income from the lease of the
island, "which has been the good fortune to enrich many of its
tenants." On the fifth and sixth of August, 1 775, a fleet of nine ships
and several smaller vessels gathered around New London harbor and
appeared as if about to enter. Expresses were sent forth to alarm the
country, but it was soon ascertained that the object of the fleet was to
secure the stock that was owned upon the fertile islands of the Sound.
From Fishers Island alone they took 1 100 sheep, besides cattle and
other provisions for which they made a reasonable compensation to
Mr. Brown, the lessee of the island ; but from Gardiner's and Plum
Islands, they took what they wanted without payment.

CHAPTER V.
CHANGE IN OWNERSHIP.

On the death of John-Still Winthrop, the island passed to his eldest
son John, who died a bachelor, in New York, November, 1780. By
his will he leaves the island to his brother, P>ancis Bayard Winthrop.

We quote from The Allen Family and Their Connections.

" In April, 1 793, Thomas Allen, Jr., hired Fishers Island, New York,
of Francis Bayard Winthrop, paying for it an annual rent of twenty-
six hundred dollars. The island was nine miles in length, and con-
tained five thousand acres. He had twelve families, who were his
tenants ; he also had five or six girls to spin and weave, two dairy
women, a cook, and a colored boy to help her. They made two sixty

FISHERS ISLAND. 195

pound cheeses per day. They also made butter. Mr. Allen kept one
hundred cows and two thousand sheep; he bred horses and mules,
and raised rye, wheat and oats. He hired a man named William
Westcore, to be both teacher and chaplain for his own and his tenants
large families. He was much beloved by all under him ; one man
worked for him twenty-eight years, and others nearly as long.

Mr, Allen attended St. James Church, New London, Conn., with
as many of his family as could conveniently accompany him. They
went in his sloop Betsey, on Sundays and Christmas Day. During
the holidays he always invited all his tenants and their families to visit
hinij providing an excellent dinnerandsupper for them, and afterwards
sent to the aged, sick and those unable to be present, a liberal portion
from the feast. All looked forward to the Christmas gatherings, for
they had a nice time ; a dance and games for the young people occu-
pied the evening, when Jack (the colored boy) played on the violin.
Mr. Allen lived nineteen years on the island. When he moved away
all his tenants also left, as they said they did not wish to live there
without him.

Five of Thomas and Amelia Allen's children were born on the
island ; three, Samuel Taber, Pardon and the youngest, died and are
buried there.

Thomas Allen, Jr., was made justice of the peace while he lived
there, and was always called either Squire Allen, or Captain, as he
had been to sea, in 1775, as supercargo; their trade was with the
Island of Madeira, where his father made a large fortune. He was
also, I believe, a captain of the militia."

By the will of Francis Bayard Winthrop, Fishers Island was left
to his four sons in common. William H, Winthrop in 1818 purchased
his three brothers' interests and thus became the sole owner of the
island. The character of the island was changed very much by the
great September gale of 181 5, which swept down the great oak and
the little birch alike. While the island was probably not very densely
wooded, except in protected places, we know that Clay Point was
covered with oak, which is recalled by aged persons still living, and
evidences of which appear on the edges of swamps and marshy

196 FISHERS ISLAND.

places. In 1838 we find Ruel R.Strickland in charge of the island
for Mr. Winthrop, where he remained eight years. The stock at this
time consisted of 100 cows, 5 yoke of oxen, 1 driving horse, 25 horses
and colts, 1200 sheep.

William H. Winthrop, Jr., lived in the east end farm house in 1843,
and later in the Mansion House, in all a period of eleven years.
Several of his children remember distinctly the wreck of the steamer
"Atlantic," which went ashore on North Hill, in 1846.

The island had remained in the Winthrop family for a period of
more than two hundred years, and through eight generations.

The first tract disposed of was the small island called North Dum-
pling to the United States of America, for the purpose of a lighthouse,
in 1847. William H. Winthrop had been in the descending financial
scale for some time, and when he died, in i860, it became necessary
for the heirs — William H. Winthrop, Jr., Thomas P. Winthrop, and
Francis B. Winthrop, and two daughters, Jane P. Chester and Mary
T. Pratt — to dispose of the property, after the death of their mother,
who died in 1863. The property was deeded to George F. Chester,
who immediately reconveyed the property to Robert R. Fox. Mr.
Fox had disposed of his business as a ship chandler and manufacturer
of cotton duck, in New York city, in which he had been very success-
ful and accumulated a small fortune. The island for many years had
been cultivated but little, and Mr. Fox had in mind to develop it in an
agricultural way. He erected a grist-mill for grinding corn and pur-
chased improved agricultural implements, in New York, which he
transported to the island in his sloop " Richard Smith," In the
spring of 1864, there were some two hundred acres under cultivation,
much of which was of a rugged character. Mr. Fox was making many
improvements in the property when a sudden illness overtook him,
and he passed away in the summer of 1871. He was buried on a
little knoll south east of Union Chapel, but his remains were afterwards
removed to Greenwood Cemetery, Brooklyn, N. Y. By the will of Mr.
Fox, Joseph S. Fay became the executor of the Fishers Island estate,
which was transferred by him to James H. Lyles, in 1875. Mr. Lyles
acted as trustee for the heirs until 1889, when the island with all its

FISHERS ISLAND. 197

small contiguous islands was sold to Edmund M. Ferguson, with one
hundred and one exceptions, which tracts had previously been sold by
Mr. Lyles.

Mr. Ferguson was a prominent citizen of Pittsburg, Pa., who with
his brother, was one of the pioneers in the coke industry. He was
also president of the Merchants & Manufacturers Bank of Pittsburg
and interested in many other large enterprises. Mr. Ferguson con-
tinued his interest in the development of the island until his death in
June, 1904. Shortly after the purchase of the island, E. M. Ferguson
deeded one- half undivided interest to his brother Walton Ferguson,
and it continues in these names to the present day.

Mr. Walton Ferguson is a New York banker and broker, in addition
to vrhich he has extensive manufacturing and railroad interests. His
residence is at Stamford, Conn. By the terms of his brother's will he
was made trustee, thus leaving him the active proprietor of the island's
interests.

CHAPTER VI.
DEVELOPMENT.

Little had been done to improve the natural conditions of the
island until after its purchase by the Messrs. Ferguson. The roads
were much as nature had left them, and as Joshua Hempstead says in
his diary of 1727, it was a day's journey to the east end of the island
and return. Fences were built in such places as to take advantage of
the fresh water ponds across the island, and to allow free range within
these limits to the cattle. The five gates that had to be opened by
anyone taking the island drive were a source of revenue to the small
boy during the summer time, who never let slip the chance to close a
gate, which perchance had been left open, should he espy a team in
the distance.

The town of Southold took little interest in the island except to
collect the taxes, from which it had always derived a good dividend.
This fact still remains true, and the island receives little benefit from
belonging to a town so distant that its own tax payers hardly know
where it is located.

lyS FISHERS ISLAND.

It has been the interest and purpose of the Messrs. Ferguson to
give a high, substantial character to the island by gradual develop-
ment and by making restrictions in all deeds against undesirable
occupations and nuisances. When they took possession of the island,
they realized the importance of regular boat communication with the
mainland, which had always been irregular and uncertain. Some of
the old residents still have cause to remember the old steamer " Fishers
Island," the first steamer to make regular trips to New London.
Many others have pleasant memories of the " Skip-Jack," a relic of
the island, and of Capt. Nash, who never failed to entertain his pai^sen-
gers with stories from a fertile brain. These steamers had their day
like the sloop " Faye Fox," and were succeeded by the steamer " Mun-
natawket" in 1890, which is still the winter boat of the island. To
meet the needs of an increased population and the larger number of
summer visitors, the steamer " Restless," named after the " Onrust"
in which Block discovered the island, was built in 1904. What used
to be an afternoon's sail to New London on the " Faye Fox," has been
reduced to one of thirty minutes on the " Restless."

Grazing has always been one of the island's chief industries, and
on the level tracts at West End, Middle Farm and East End, dairy
farms have been carried on for many years. New farm houses and
buildings for housing cattle were constructed to provide for the
increased stock. A creamery was also erected at Middle Farm where
now is made the well-known Fishers Island butter. Within the last
few years sheep raising has again been revived as a profitable industry.

An interesting place to visit is the Poultry Farm, where between
three and four thousand chickens are raised annually, besides a
smaller number of ducks and turkeys. Many prizes have been taken
at the principal shows, though for several years attention has been
devoted almost entirely to market poultry.

Aside from the agricultural interests of the island, clay in abun-
dance is found suitable for the making of brick, and these were
manufactured during the early days of the island. There were many
evidences of brick having been made here before 1800, judging from
the excavation in the clay banks and the brick chips found near-by.

FISHERS ISLAND. 199

The original part of the Mansion House and the Brick Yard house
were constructed from the local manufacture. The first brick on the
island of which we have definite information, was made by Eugene
Strickland. He sold to D. C. Sage, from whom the interests passed
into the hands of the Fishers Island Brick Manufacturing Co., who
made an excellent brick, with a yard capacity of sixteen and one-
quarter million per annum.

In the last few years, the Messrs. Ferguson have erected twenty-
five summer cottages, and large additions to the Mansion House for
the accommodation of the increasing number of summer visitors.
About twenty other cottages have been built for the employees on the
island. Many own their own homes and find it a most delightful
place, restful and quiet, free from many of the temptations incident to
a larger population.

Until seven years ago the people of the island had been dependent
on wells for their water supply. The agent of the wind-mill considered
this a fertile field to ply his trade, and nature always supplied a breeze
to pump the necessary water. In 1904 a company was organized for
the purpose of supplying water from the chain of fresh lakes near the
central part of the island, by pumping to a large reservoir on Bell
Hill, and giving all the west end of the island a gravity supply. The
water is of excellent quality, and an analysis shows it to be soft and
very desirable drinking water.

In the spring of 1899 the Fishers Island Electric Light, Heat &
Power Co., was organized, and lines were run to reach all the houses
on the west end of the island. The increasing summer population at
the hotels and cottages created a demand for electric light which was
almost a necessity.

From the Poultry Farm a macadam road has been built to the east
end of the island. This road generally follows along the center of the
island, and gives a most excellent view of both shores. To obtain a
better view of the south shore a road has been constructed east of
Wilderness Point, running along the shore by Isabella Beach to Middle
Farm Beach. From the vantage points along these roads may be
seen Watch Hill, Stonington, Noank, Block Island, Montauk Point,
and more than twenty lighthouses and lightships.

200 FISHERS ISLAND.

CHAPTER VII.
STORY OF WRECKS.

An account of the disasters that have occurred here would form a
long chapter of accidents. The first wrecked vessel of which we have
record, foundered on the rocks of Race Point, March fifteenth, 1669.
The English ship "John & Lucy" was lost in 1671, and the bark
Providence on November twenty-eighth, 1679. The first vessel sent out
from New London on a whaling voyage was lost here on January
thirteenth, 1753, and in 1775 ^ ship sent out by Captain Biddle as a
prize, met here the same fate. In 1788, Captain John Chapman and
nine other persons, chiefly immigrants from Ireland, were drowned
within twenty rods of the shore of Fishers Island by the capsizing of
two boats.

The most notable of all the disasters was that of the steamer
" Atlantic," which went ashore on North Hill on Thanksgiving night,
November twenty-seventh, 1846, when forty-two lives were lost. The
" Atlantic " left New London in a blinding snow storm-for New York,
and when near Bartlett's Reef the steam pipe broke, leaving her at the
mercy of the waves, gradually drifting to our shores. The survivors
were carried to the Mansion House, where they received all the com-
fort and relief possible in such a harrowing scene. Long after the
wreck, the ship's bell remained suspended in its frame, and continued
to toll in mournful tones, as told by Mrs. Hemans in a poem, — "The
Atlantic " — so familiar to every school boy and girl.

" Toll, toll, toll,

Thou bell by billows swung,

And night and day thy warning words

Repeat with mournful tongue.

Toll for the queenly boat,

Wrecked on yon rocky shore,

Seaweed is in her palace hall,

She rides the surges no more."

On a snowy, squally day in January, 1875, two schooners went
ashore on Race Point, and were seen by Mrs. Fox, who had gone tp
Race Point to watch the surf. Both schooners were on the rocks,

FISHERS ISLAND. 201

with fourteen of the sixteen men of the crews half frozen in the rigging.
Two of the men had succeeded in reaching the shore after losing their
boat. Mrs. Fox, with the assistance of her tenants launched the life-
boat from the near-by Life Saving Station, and succeeded after great
effort in saving the crew.

Isabella Beach is named after the schooner " Isabella Blake,"
which went ashore there some years ago.

At the extreme western end is Race Rock, a most serious menace
to navigation until the erection of a lighthouse in 1878 by the Govern-
ment. After many fruitless attempts in this fierce passageway of
waters, Captain T. A. Scott of New London was successful in its con-
struction, the story of which has been immortalized in F. Hopkinson
Smith's "Caleb West."

The Government purchased a small tract of land on the extreme
western point in 1870 and erected a life saving station, and furnished
equipment, which could be used by the volunteers on the island.

In 1902, the Messrs. Ferguson deeded to the Government a tract
on East Harbor for a life saving station on which has been erected
suitable buildings for this purpose. This station ranks as one of the
most important along the Atlantic coast.

CHAPTER VIII.
PLACES OF INTEREST.

Fort H. G. Wright — One of the greatest changes noticed by
people who have resided here for ten years, or more, is the wonderful
growth and development of the west end of the island, in which a
tract of land of two hundred and sixteen acres has been converted
into a large army post. Fort H. G. Wright, the headquarters of this
military district. In 1898, the United States acquired this land for
fortification purposes, thus realizing what the colonial Governor saw
and utilized 250 years ago.

This fort was named after Horatio Gouvernour Wright, who was
born in Clinton, Conn., in 1820, and graduated from West Point
in 1 842. He rose rapidly in rank during the civil war, and after General
Sedgwick's death, was in command of the Sixth Corps, which he led

202 FISHERS ISLAND.

in the Richmond campaign, and was in the final military operations
which ended with the surrender of Lee. On June thirtieth, 1879, he
was promoted to the grade of brigadier-general and chief of engineers,
and was retired March sixth, 1884 He died in Washington, D. C,
July second, 1889.

Some fifty buildings have been erected on this reservation, and
emplacements for some thirty guns of all sizes, including twelve-inch
calibre. Four companies of coast artillery are now stationed here, and
it is the plan to make it a seven company post. During the sham
battle of 1903, it was discovered that Mt. Pro.spect was indispensable
for proper military protection, and this was subsequently purchased
by the government. This post being the headquarters of this military
district, it is the residence of the commandino; officer and his staff.
To this post are sent the National Guard of this and neighboring
states for their annual target practice.

Hotels — Near the entrance to Fort Wright, on a summit overlooking
Race Rock and Hay Harbor, stands the Mononotto Inn, erected in
1893 by Mrs. M. B. Hoppes of Bethlehem, Pa. Adjacent to the hotel
are several cottages which have been added later for those who prefer
home life.

Reference has already been made to the historical associations of
the Mansion House, which is still the leading hostelry of the island.
Within recent years it has received two large additions, the whole
being shaded by the large elm and fruit trees planted many years ago.
This hotel is the center of the Mansion House group of cottages.

Another hotel, the Munnatawket, is located near the wharf of the
same name, where the boats make their summer landing.

Churches — The denominations are well represented by three
churches, of which St. John's Episcopal Church was the first. This
church occupies a pleasing site, which was selected by the original
trustees, Henry Bowers, George H. Bartlett and Richard H. Chipman.
The first rector was Josiah W. Bartlett, the father of George Bartlett,
who preached his first sermon Aug. twenty-first, 1881. Mr. George H.
Bartlett is still a large property holder here and resides in one of his
cottages overlooking Hay Harbor.

§ w

FISHERS ISLAND. 203

As the population increased, other churches have been formed—
the Union Chapel, erected in 1898, and a Catholic Church in 1905.

Schools — The first school was held in the Brick Yard house and
the pupils from the west end of the island were given free transporta-
tion. The present schoolhouse was built under the supervision of
Abram GifiEord in 1888, and to this another room was added in 1903,
the present school building seating about sixty-five pupils.

Post Office — The first Post Office was in the rear of the Mansion
House with Elizabeth Hood, daughter of Mrs. Fox as postmistress.
Her duties were not arduous, as the mail came only twice a week on
a small sailboat from Noank. The first regular mail was instituted
when the steamer Munnatawket was put on the route to New London.
Later the office was transferred to the basement of the Murdock
cottage. It was soon found that more commodious quarters would be
needed, and the present Administration building was erected in 1898,
large enough to give necessary quarters for the Post Office and the
business offices of the Messrs. Ferguson. On the second fioor is a
hall and room for a State Library, which was incorporated in 1904,
and now has four thousand five hundred volumes in circulation.

Go/f Club — A very attractive golf course has been laid out on
Durfee meadow, a beautiful rolling tract facing the ocean, with drives
over Mount Prospect ridge. A small club house stands adjacent to
South Beach, where there is most excellent surf bathing.

Sportsman C/u/>— The presence of large numbers of quail and
numberless flocks of ducks suggested the formation of a sporting club.
English pheasants were introduced and four pairs of Belgian hares
were liberated. Of late, a special feature has been the raising of the
English and Mongolian ring-neck pheasants. The club numbers among
its members some of the most prominent business men in New York
and vicinity.

Chocomount — Chocomount, 136 feet high, is located about midway
between Middle Farm and East End. At the foot of the eastern slope
is the largest grove of trees on the island in the midst of which is a
spring of clear sparkling water.

" Lone Grave'' — On the south shore east of the Life Saving Station

204 FISHERS ISLAND.

lies buried the body of the Rev. James Pierpont of Lyme, Conn., who
was drowned while crossing the Connecticut river in March, 1723. In
April following, his body was found upon the east shore of the island
and buried upon the bluff of the shore where it had drifted. A hori-
zontal sandstone slab marks the spot.

What Winthrop foresaw as possibilities of his island purchase
have been more than realized in modern times. Possessing
the greatest natural charms of scenery, pure air and good water, it is
indeed the ideal spot for a summer residence. All necessary im-
provements are here conducive to modern standards of living, and yet
on the greater part of the island, nature still reigns unchanged ; while
vigorous breezes, the grand sweep of sea and sky, the glorious sunsets
seen from the hills, make the tired and care worn realize anew the
beauty of God's world.

LEDYARD, THE TRAVELLER.

BY HENRY A. TIRRELL.
Read before the Society at its Winter Meeting, January 28, 1908.

Every schoolboy knows the story of gallant Col. William Ledyard,
slain at Groton Heights, in 1781.

Comparatively few people of the present generation, however, are at
all familiar with the name of his nephew, John Ledyard, Yet in his
day John Ledyard was widely known as a famous traveller, a fearless
explorer of distant places little known to civilized man. He was, in
fact, the pioneei of the modern explorers, who have devoted their lives,
not so much to the discovery of new lands, as to the systematic
exploration of remote and barbarous peoples.

I ask your attention to the story of his life, not because of any great
deeds that he wrought for humanity, for his brief life was filled with
disappointments, but rather because his energy and daring seem to me
worthy of admiration. Whoever appreciates pure grit will concede to
John Ledyard some measure of the same praise that he is wont to give
to the ten thousand Greeks under Xenophon, or to the Knights of the
Crusades, or to the brave discoverers of this Western Hemisphere.
Ledyard's spirit was akin to theirs.

Early in the eighteenth century there settled in Groton, Conn., an
Englishman by the name of John Ledyard, a man of strong character
and much ability. After living about twenty-five years in Groton,
he moved to Hartford, Conn., where he died, in 1771, full of years and
honored by all who knew him. By his two marriages he became the
father of fifteen children, one of whom was the Col. William Ledyard
of Fort Griswold, while the eldest was named John. (It is rather
remarkable, by the way, that in 1866 there were still living six grand-
children of this John Ledyard first, the last of whom died in 1877.)*

*John Ledyard was born in 1700, his last grandchild died in 1877. Three
generations covered 177 years. The records of Groton Congregational Church
show that John Ledyard, second, was baptized in 1729, and William Ledyard in
1738, thus disproving the oft repeated error that John Ledyard, the traveller, was
a brother of Col. William Ledyard.

201;

2o6 LEDYARI), THE TRAVELLER.

John Ledyard, the younger, on his father's removal to Hartford,
came into control of the Groton property, engaged as a sea captain in
the West India trade, and bade fair to become a man of mark; but
died at the age of thirty-five, leaving a widow and four children. Mrs.
Ledyard, on her husband's death, went with three of her children to
live in Southold, Long Island, while the eldest child, named John, went
to live with his grandfather, at Hartford.

This John third is the hero of our story. Of his youth we know very
little. He attended the Hartford Grammar School, and later entered
the law office of Mr. Thomas Seymour, who became his guardian on
the grandfather's death. Judging from rumors of boyish escapades,
and reasoning back from what we know of his later life, we may feel
sure that he was one of those quick and restless boys, the despair of
pedagogs of all times, whose roving minds refuse to fasten themselves
on the dry details of studies, and persist in whiling away the dull hours
of school by various time-killing devices.

At the age of twenty-one, he felt a strong desire to become a
missionary to the Indians. His grandfather, a close friend of Dr,
Wheelock, had aided in founding Dartmouth College, and Dr.
Wheelock was glad to receive the grandson as a pupil. The small
beginnings of the Indian school, at Lebanon, Conn., the subsequent
removal to Hanover, N. H , the remarkable success of Sampson Occum,
the Indian preacher, are so well known to this audience that I need
not remind you of the excellent opportunity at Dartmouth for such
training as Ledyard desired.* But this eccentric youth could ill abide
the restraints and routine of college life. His very arrival showed that
he was no ordinary pupil. Jared Sparks, in his Life of John Ledyard,
describes it as follows: " His journey from Hartford to Hanover was
performed in a sulkey, the first vehicle of its kind that had ever been
seen on Dartmouth plain, and it attracted curiosity, not more from this
circumstance than from the odd appearance of the equipage. Both
the horse and the sulkey gave evident tokens of having known better
days ; and the dress of their owner was peculiar, bidding equal

*As the Dartmouth boys say :

" Eleazer Wheelock was a very pious man.

He went into the wilderness to teach the Indian."

LEDYARD, THE TRAVELLER. 207

defiance to symmetry of proportions and the fashion of the times. In
addition to the traveller's own weight, this ancient vehicle was bur-
dened with a quantity of calico for curtains, and other articles, to
assist in theatrical exhibitions, of which he was very fond. From the
character of this outfit, we may conclude that he did not intend time
should pass on heavy wings at Dartmouth. Considering the newness
of the country, the want of bridges, and the bad state of the roads, this
jaunt in a crazy sulkey was thought to indicate no feeble spirit of
enterprise."

After Ledyard had been at college four months, he suddenly dis-
appeared. For three and a half months no one knew what had become
of him. When at length he reappeared, it was learned that he had
been roving about among the Indians. From this time he gave up all
idea of becoming a missionary. In later years he often declared that
he had no faith in attempts to civilize the Indians, pointing out that
even Sampson Occum had, in his last years, reverted to a low level
of life.

Meanwhile the good Dr. Wheelock took small pleasure in Led-
yard's presence at College. Ledyard accordingly, with considerable
satisfaction, took leave of Dartmouth. His going away was no ordinary
departure, but was as novel as his arrival had been. With the aid of
friends, he cut down a huge tree and constructed a " dug-out," about
fifty feet long. This strange craft was launched into the Connecticut
River, and Ledyard serenely embarked on his journey of one hundred
and forty miles to Hartford, taking a bear skin robe for covering, and
for company, a Greek Testament and a copy of Ovid. Of the diffi-
culties to be encountered he knew nothing, and doubtless would have
persevered if he had known them. After several narrow escapes he
reached home, much to the amazement of his relatives, who thought
he was still at College.

James Hosmer, a Hartford man who knew him, said : " He was a
short, stout man, with a large head and large, gray eyes. Independent,
fearless and striking in appearance." On the same authority, we
learn that Ledyard wrote the first New Year's verse ever printed in
Hartford. Only two lines are preserved to us, and these are hardly
sufficient to immortalize his name as a poet.

2o8 LEDYARD, THE TRAVELLER.

"As is man's life, so is the first of January ;
Short, fleeting, and completely momentary ! "

I am told that till about ten years ago there was still standing in
Hartford, a tree known as the " Ledyard Elm," planted by him
shortly after his remarkable voyage down the Connecticut.

Ledyard's next ambition was to become a clergyman. After
journeying about some time on Long Island, he consulted several
ministers of Preston, Conn., as to the best way of securing a license
to preach. These gentlemen recommended that he seek his license
on Long Island, telling him that requirements were less severe there
than in Connecticut. From the way in which he was passed about from
one clergyman to another I infer that, while they liked Ledyard person-
ally, they thought him hardly fitted to assume charge of a church. He
waited in vain for his license to come.

Finally, in disgust with prospects at home, he determined to effect
a complete change of life, and accordingly shipped as a common sailor
on a New London vessel, bound for Gibraltar. When Gibraltar was
reached, Ledyard, with other sailors, went ashore to see the sights.
At nightfall he failed to return. When the captain landed to hunt him
up, he was finally discovered with the Gibraltar garrison, dressed in
a British uniform, enlisted as a British soldier. With considerable
difficulty his release was secured, and he returned with the vessel.

Soon after this voyage, our adventurer, having tasted the enjoy-
ments of a wandering life, determined to make a visit to England, to
seek out his relatives there. He worked his passage to Plymouth, and
arrived at London almost penniless. The rich relatives whom he
sought showed no desire to make his acquaintance, and, in his pride,
he made only one attempt to meet them. Though disappointed and
destitute, Ledyard was soon roused to fresh hope by the news that the
great Capt. Cook was about to start on a third voyage to the South
Sea. Soon he secured an interview. Cook, pleased with the manly
appearance and the frank manner of the young man, at once shipped
him for the cruise. This voyage, which lasted over four years, so
fruitful in discovery but fatal to Capt. Cook, I shall not attempt to
describe. Ledyard kept a careful diary, but when the ship returned to

LEDYARD, THE TRAVELLER. 209

England, all private documents were confiscated, and an official account
of the voyage was published by the government. Two years later,
Ledyard wrote from memory a Journal of Cook's Third Voyage which
was published at Hartford, Conn., in 1783. His account of the death
of Capt. Cook is one of many interesting passages of this journal.
Cook's arrival in the Sandwich Islands had been greeted by the natives
with every mark of satisfaction, and even of reverence ; but a stay of
some weeks had made the natives familiar with the white men and
had, furthermore, occasioned considerable friction between careless
sailors and chiefs, who resented the encroachments of visitors. Finally,
one night a ship's boat disappeared, and Cook, in order to secure its
return, determined to hold the king, Teraiobu, as a hostage. Ledyard
was one of the ten men who landed with Capt. Cook. I quote part of
his description of what followed : "The town was evacuated by the
women and children, who had retired to the circumjacent hills, and
appeared almost destitute of men ; but there were at that time two
hundred chiefs, and more than twice that number of other men, de-
tached and secreted in different parts of the houses nearest Teraiobu,
exclusive of unknown numbers without the skirts of the town, and
those that were seen were dressed many of them in black. When the
guard reached Teraiobu's house. Cook ordered the lieutenant of
marines to go in and see if he was at home, and if he was, to bring him
out ; the lieutenant went in and found the old man sitting with two or
three old women of distinction, and when he gave Teraiobu to under-
stand that Cook was without and wanted to see him, he discovered the
greatest marks of uneasiness, but arose and accompanied the lieuten-
ant out, holding his hand. When he came before Cook, he squatted
down upon his hams as a mark of humiliation, and Cook took him by
the hand from the lieutenant and conversed with him.

The appearance of our parade both by water and on shore, though
conducted with the utmost silence, and with as little ostentation as
possible, had alarmed the towns on both sides of the bay ; otherwise
it would have been a matter of surprise, that though Cook did not see
twenty men in passing through the town, yet before he had conversed
ten minutes with Teraiobu, he was surrounded by three or four hun-

2IO LEDYARD. THE TRAVELLER.

dred people, and above half of them chiefs. Cook grew uneasy when
he observed this, and was the more urgent in his persuasions with
Teraiobu to go on board, and actually persuaded the old man to go
at length, and led him within a rod or two of the shore ; but the just
fears and conjectures of the chiefs at last interposed. They held the
old man back, and one of the chiefs threatened Cook when he
attempted to make them quit Teraiobu. Some of the crowd now cried
out that Cook was going to take their king and kill him, and there was
one in particular that advanced towards Cook in an attitude that
alarmed one of the guard. * * * Cook fired at him with a blank.
The Indian, perceiving he received no damage from the fire, rushed
from without the crowd a second time, and threatened any one that
should oppose him. * * * Cook, perceiving the people determined
to oppose his designs, and that he should not succeed without further
bloodshed, ordered the lieutenant of marines, Mr. Phillips, to withdraw
his men and get them into the boats, which were then lying ready to
receive them. This was effected by the sergeant, but the instant they
began to retreat. Cook was hit with a stone, and perceiving the man
who did it, shot him dead The officer in the boats, observing the
guard retreat, and hearing this third discharge, ordered the boats to
fire. * * * Cook and Mr. Phillips perceiving a general fire with-
out orders, quitted Teraiobu and ran to the shore to put a stop to it.
* * * Cook, having at length reached the margin of the water,
between the fire of the boats, waved with his hat for them to cease
firing ; and while he was doing this, a chief from behind stabbed him
with one of our iron daggers, just under the shoulder-blade, and it
passed quite through his body. Cook fell with his face in the water
and immediately expired."

If Ledyard's original diary had been saved, we should doubtless
have an account of the long voyage more complete in details than any-
thing now in print. «

In the long cruise, the vessel touched at many points in the South
Pacific, in China, the N. E. coast of Siberia, returning to England by
way of the Cape of Good Hope, after an absence of four years and
three months. And doubtless during this voyage Ledyard's mind

LEDYARD, THE TRAVELLER. 211

was busy with the plans and ideas that claimed his attention for most
of his remaining years. For instance, he formed the plan of starting
a fur trade on the N. W. coast of America. There can be no doubt
that his efiforts several years later to rouse an interest in this scheme
did much to bring the matter prominently before statesmen in this
country and in Europe. A letter of Thomas Jefferson, written in 1815,
makes it clear that the famous Lewis and Clarke expedition of 1804,
was suggested to Jefferson's mind by an interview he had held with
Ledyard, in Paris, years before. I shall later refer briefly to this
interview in another connection.*

On returning from the Cook voyage, Ledyard served for two years
in the British navy. We do not know his rank or record, but we do
know that he refused to fight against his native land. In December,
1782, being on board a British man-of-war, off Long Island, he
deserted and revisited his mother, at Southold, and his relatives, in
Hartford, after an absence of eight years. During his stay in America
he succeeded in interesting Robert Morris in the fur enterprise, and
was authorized by him to select a vessel at New London, but plans
failed, and Ledyard once more went to Europe In France, Lafayette
became a loyal friend, and Paul Jones actually formed a partnership
with him for the N. W. fur trade. But once again hard fortune
brought the hopes of both Ledyard and Jones to failure. Then, in
desperation, the traveller went to England and embarked on a vessel
sent out by merchants for a voyage to these regions. Through the
kindness of friends, Ledyard raised money sufficient to equip himself
for the journey. He planned to traverse the American continent
from the N. W. coast to Virginia, and so, for equipment, bought two
dogs, a hatchet and a pipe of peace ! Hardly had the vessel left
the harbor, when it was recalled and used for another purpose.

Such continued failure was enough to discourage any one but a
Ledyard. The plan next formed is one that had been discussed at an

*For the voyage of Kendrick and Grey, from Boston, in the " Columbia "' and
the "Washington," three years after Ledyard's visit (1784?), see Spark's Life of
F.edyard., chapter VI, page 139. (The " Columbia" was commanded by Kendrick.
and was accompanied by the " Washington." Capt. Rob. Grey). Think of this
empire today. Washington, sq. m., 69,994; Idaho, sq. m , 86,300; Oregon, sq. m..
95,274; Total 251,568. More than fifty Connecticuts!

2 12 LEDYARU, THE TRAVELLER.

earlier date with Jefferson, in the interview to which reference has
been made. Jefferson, in his letter of 1815, takes to himself all credit
for the plan, but since Ledyard's mind had long been busy with simi-
lar ideas, we may fairly assume that both men contributed something
to the details of the scheme. The plan, which would have seemed
hopeless to most people, was briefly this : Ledyard was to go to
St. Petersburg, secure a passport from Empress Catharine the Great,
travel through Russia and Siberia, cross in some Russian vessel to
the N. W. coast of America, and then push on across the continent to
the Atlantic. Remember that Ledyard was all his life poverty stricken,
that he had no influence save what his presence could inspire, and
then, if you will, imagine him starting on his journey of over eleven
thousand miles, through unknown peoples and pathless wilds.

Sir Joseph Banks, a leading scientist of England and a warm
friend of Ledyard, gave him a modest sum with which to equip him-
self. This aid the traveller gratefully accepted, and soon afterwards
gave away to a chance acquaintance more needy than himself whom
he found in Denmark. Reaching Stockholm, he attempted to cross
the Gulf of Bothnia on the ice, but found this impossible on account
of the open water in the middle of the Gulf.

If I had been with him then, I think I should have suggested the
propriety of staying at Stockholm for the winter with the hope of
reaching St. Petersburg in the spring. But it was not in Ledyard's
nature to yield to difficulties. He determined to walk around the Gulf.

This was in the dead of winter, through a region of the Arctic
circle, desolate and in many places uninhabited, where the thermometer
often registers forty degrees below .zero. He had no money; he
carried no provisions ; he could not speak the language. I imagine
that even our champion Weston might have been daunted by such a
walk as this. Incredible as it may seem, in less than seven weeks
Ledyard had completed the journey of fourteen hundred miles to St.
Petersburg, arriving safe and sound though without shoes or stockings.
He then succeeded in making friends, in raising a little money, and
in getting a passport from the Empress. The next seven thousand
miles were, comparatively speaking, easy ; for, through the aid of an

LEDYARD, THE TRAVELLER. 213

official, he was able to travel most of the distance by government post
and by boat. At Yakutsk he was persuaded, through advice that was
subsequently found to be unfriendly, to retrace his course fourteen
hundred miles to Irkutsk, there to spend the winter with the hope of
crossing to America in the spring. The winter days were spent chiefly
in writing up his diary and in making preparations for his further
journeyings.

As we read his notes, we see that he was a keen observer, with a
mind naturally adapted to scientific work. But he had never received
scientific training and consequently had difficulty in properly classify-
ing his observations. Many of his views, however, were original and
stimulating. Throughout all his travels, he kept constantly in mind
the traits and customs of the natives, and collected a mass of data to
show that mankind were all of one race, that what differences there
were could be accounted for by differences of climate and surround-
ings, and that among the Indians of this country, the Tartars of
Siberia and the South Sea Islanders there were so many remarkable
coincidences of customs, of traditions, and dialect, as to prove clearly
to his mind that they had migrated from some common point.

'• I am certain," he says in a letter to Jefferson, " that all the people
you call red people on the continent of America and on the continents
of Europe and Asia, as far south as the southern parts of China, are
all one people, by whatever names distinguished, and that the best
general name would be Tartar. I suspect that all red people are of
the same family. I am satisfied that America was peopled from Asia,
and had some, if not all, its animals from thence."

And in another passage he says : " You will please to accept these
two observations, as the result of extensive and assiduous inquiry.
They are with me well ascertained facts. The first is, that the differ-
ence of color in the human species * * * arises from natural
causes. The second is that all the Asiatic Indians, called Tartars, and
all the Tartars who formed the later armies of Genghis Khan, together
with the Chinese, are the same people, and that the American Tartar
is also of the same family ; the mobt ancient and numerous people on
earth and the most uniformly alike."

.M4 LEUYARD, THE TRA\ ELLER.

A modern anthropologist or philologist would doubtless pick flaws
in Ledyard's arguments but would at once concede the accuracy of
his observation of facts and the interest of his descriptions of peoples
and places.

Sometime in this long wait at Irkutsk he wrote a passage that
shows well the character of the man and will bear comparison I think
with the best words ever written on the same theme. " I have
observed," he says, " among all nations, that the women ornament
themselves more than the men ; that, wherever found, they are the
same kind, civil, obliging, humane, tender beings ; that they are ever
inclined to be gay and cheerful, timorous and modest. They do not
hesitate, like man, to perform a hospitable or generous action ; not
haughty, nor arrogant, nor supercilious, but full of courtesy and fond
of society ; industrious, economical, ingenuous ; more liable in general
to err than man, but in general, also, more virtuous and performing
more good actions than he. I never addressed myself in the language
of decency and friendship to a woman, whether civilized or savage,
without receiving a decent and friendly answer. With man it has
often been otherwise. In wandering over the barren plains of inhos-
pitable Denmark, through honest Sweden, frozen Lapland, rude and
churlish Finland, unprincipled Russia and the wide-spread regions of
the wandering Tartar, if hungry, dry, cold, wet, or sick, woman has
ever been friendly to me, and uniformly so ; and to add to this virtue,
so worthy of the application of benevolence, these actions have been
performed in so free and so kind a manner, that, if I was dry, I drank
the sweet draught, and if hungry, ate the coarse morsel, with a double
relish."

When the severity of the winter had relaxed and Ledyard was
about ready to resume his journey, he was met one day by two officers,
who placed him under arrest as a spy, hurried him back eight thousand
miles to the borders of Poland and warned him not to reenter Russia
on pain of death. The real reasons for such action Ledyard never
knew, but in all probability certain influential Russians interested in
the fur trade of Siberia had spoken against him to government
officials.

LEDYARD. THE TRAVELLER. 315

His heart was broken ; wasted by privations at last he reached
London. In his forlorn condition he called on his good friend Sir
Joseph Banks, who, in order to console him, said that the British
Association for African Exploration wished to send out a man to that
country, and that possibly he might be willing to undertake the task.
Ledyard eagerly consented. '-When can you start?" said Banks.
"Tomorrow morning" said Ledyard. Fortunately some delay was
necessary before the Association was ready. One of the officers has
given us the following description of Ledyard as he appeared at that
time. " To those who have never seen Mr. Ledyard, it may not,
perhaps, be uninteresting to know that his person, though scarcely
exceeding the middle size, was remarkably expressive of activity and
strength ; and that his manners, though unpolished, were neither
uncivil nor unpleasing. Little attentive to difference of rank, he
seemed to consider all men as his equals and as such he respected
them. His genius, though uncultivated and irregular, was original
and comprehensive. Ardent in his wishes, yet calm in his delibera-
tions ; daring in his purposes, but guarded in his measures ; impatient
of control, yet capable of strong endurance ; adventurous beyond the
conception of ordinary men, yet wary and considerate and attentive to
all precautions, he appeared to be formed by nature for achievements
of hardihood and peril."

Ledyard journeyed to Cairo, where for some weeks he lived among
the Arabs, getting much information and the needed equipment. He
sent home glowing reports of his plans and was on the point of start-
ing across Africa from east coast to west, when suddenly he was
stricken with fever and died at the age of thirty-eight, being, as some
one has said, '• the first victim in the cause of African discovery, to
which so many since have been martyrs."

An American traveller,* visiting Cairo years afterward, wrote these
words : " Around the walls of Cairo roll the waves of desert sand.
When you pass out of the gates to the eastward, the instant you leave
the city you look back at the walls and gates and before and around
you at the desert. There are no suburbs. But on these hills of sand

* Wm. C. Prince in " I go a fishing."

2i6 LEDVARD, THE TRAVELLER.

lie the dead moslems; thousands and hundreds of thousands, milUons
of men lie in the dust awaiting the coming of the angel. Here lie one
hundred thousand men that heard the war cry of Richard Coeur de Lion,
here lie one hundred thousand men that saw the face of Louis the
Saint, here lie hosts of those that tied before the arm of Godfrey, and
from that day to this the dead of Cairo have lain down in the dust
around their city walls calmly confident that they will not oversleep
the day when they shall meet their prophet. Somewhere here I think
the tired traveller found repose, and I trust, will find it undisturbed.
It were better to sleep thus with all the old dead of a thousand years
than to sleep in a bought grave at the mercy of a Greek Christian.
To him it was terrible to die thus. * * But I doubt not that when
his stout soul fully realized the presence of the dread angel, he thought
that after all, next to the churchyard at his home, where his mother's
eye would look on his grave till she slept by his side, this sleep in the
sands of the Arabian desert, on the banks of the lordly Nile, was what
he would have chosen, who had seen all the world to choose from."

COMMEMORATIVE SKETCH OF JOHN P. C. MATHER.*
BY CHARLES W. BUTLER.

Read before the Society at its Annual Meeting September lo, 1908.

John Perkins Cashing Mather was named as one of the original
corporators of the New London County Historical Society in the act
incorporating the Society passed by the General Assembly in the year
1870. Associated in the work of the Society with U. S. Senator Lafay-
ette S. Foster, Judge Charles J. McCurdy and others of the group of
founders, and with their later successors, he was always interested and
zealous for its prosperity to the close of his life. To his good service
as one of its officers the Society is in large measure indebted for the
success that has attended its progress.

He was the son of Captain Andrew Mather, a native of Lyme, in
this State, who, for many years, was a commander in the U. S. revenue
marine, and for a long period in the latter years of his connection with
the service was in command of the cutter stationed at the port of New
London. Captain Mather's family residence was in New London.
There his son John was born on September twenty-third, 18 16, in the
homestead that continued to be his home through all his long life.
The son entered Yale College at the age of seventeen, and graduated
in the class of 1837.

Choosing the law to be his profession, after he left college, he
entered upon its practical study in the office of the late Lyman Law of
New London. He was admitted to the bar in 1839, and commenced
a practice in New London which was actively continued (except as it
was interrupted or encroached upon by the duties of judicial or polit-
ical positions to which he was called), until his retirement from pro
fessional and public business in the year 1886.

He was chosen Mayor of the city of New London in 1845, and held
that office by reelection until he resigned it in 1850 to become Secretary
of the State.

* This article is one in the series of memoirs of the incorporators of the New London County
Historical Society, being published in the Records and Papers.

217

2i8 COMMEMORATIVE SKETCH OF JOHN P. C MATHER.

In 1849 he was elected one of the representatives of the town of
New London to the General Assembly and served on the judiciary
committee.

In 1850 he was elected Secretary of the State, and by reelection
was continued in the office until the end of the term closing in 1853.

In 1858 he was appointed by President Buchanan the collector of
customs for the district of New London. That office he held until the
early part of President Lincoln's administration in 1861, when he gave
place to a Republican successor appointed by the new President. In
that period and until about 1886, he held the office of Commissioner of
the United States Circuit Court.

In 1866, 1867, J 868, 1870 and 1873 he was judge of the police and
city court of New London, then an office of annual appointment by
the General Assembly.

In 1 87 1 he was judge of the probate court for the New London
district. He was, a little later, one of the five revisers by whom was
prepared the revision of the public statutes of the State published in

1875.

In 1873 and 1879 he sat in the State Senate from the New London
district.

In 1879 he was appointed judge of the court of common pleas in
New London County and remained in that office, by reappointment
when his first term closed, until in 1886 he relinquished it because he
had reached the limit of age fixed by the constitution of the State.

This enumeration of the various offices filled by Judge Mather
during his extended career, may well serve to indicate the extent and
variety of his qualifications for rendering useful service to his fellow
citizens in public stations of trust and responsibility. It exhibits the
subject of our sketch, however, as devoting much of his time through
a course of many years, to public affairs more or less connected with,
or related to politics or political influences. But he was not a pushing
politician, and he was not an office seeker. The duties of these places
were cast upon him by the common voice of fellow citizens, who recog-
nized his fitness to serve them and who called him to that service
because he was the man capable and trustworthy for the duty. The

COMMEMORATIVE SKETCH OF JOHN P. C. MATHER. 219

attractions of politics or of office were never, to his view, sufficient to
draw away his mind from its attachment to his chosen profession of
the law. On the bench he exhibited admirably the qualities especially
to be desired and prized in those who are placed in judicial positions.
Alike by his brethren of the legal profession and by the laity outside
the bar, he was recognized by the observant ones as the right man for
the place, the upright and learned magistrate, the model judge.

When the Bulkeley School was organized — founded upon the
bequest made for the establishment of that important institution by
Leonard H. Bulkeley — Judge Mather was one of the original five
trustees named in the incorporating act passed by the General Assem-
bly in 1850. His service in that position was continuous from the
beginning of the school to the time of his death — about forty-one years.

After he left the bench in 1886, Judge Mather lived in quiet retire-
ment at his ancestral home in New London. His death — from an
attack of bronchitis — occurred on the twelfth of February, 1891. The
simple but impressive funeral services at his home were conducted by
Rev. Alfred Poole Grint, the rector of St. James Episcopal parish, in
New London, and were attended by a large assemblage of his fellow
citizens. The gentlemen who served as bearers were N. Shaw Perkins,
Sebastian D. Lawrence, William Belcher, John G. Crump, Thomas M.
Waller, Charles W. Butler, Beniamin Stark of New London, and John
T. Wait of Norwich. His remains were interred in the Cedar Grove
Cemetery at New London.

IN MEMORIAM: KDMUNl) CLARKNCP: STEDMAN.
DANIEL coir (MLMAN. DONALD GRAN'I' MLrCHPXL.

HY JONATHAN TRUMHUI;!,.
Read liefore the Society at its Midwinter Meeting, January, 28, 1909.

In the year so lately closed we cannot fail to recoo;nize some very
marked blanks which the effacing hand of time has left in our list of
honorary members. The names of Edmund Clarence Stedman, Daniel
Coit Oilman and Donald Grant Mitchell have been transferred from
our honorary roll to a roll more enduring and honorable than that
which any organization can hope to make. These three men have left
a record of work accomplished, each in his own wa}-, which has proved
to be not only an uplifting influence, but a dynamic force in American
scholarship, literature and civilization. In the case of each one, the
record is beautifully complete. Each had more than completed his
three .score and ten 3'ears, two of them dying in the harness at the age
of seventy-four and seventy-seven respectively, and the third lingering
dreamily through the last year of his long life to the age of eight)--
six ; perhaps living over that Dream life with which he had charmed
his readers fifty-seven years before.

In .some of those rare pauses which this .strenuous life of ours
grants us, it may be well to ask ourselves what three names we shall
place on our honorary roll to hll the three places now made vacant.
Another question is suggested by this : Can we find three names that
will complete!)' Hll these vacancies?

EDMUND CLARENCE STEDMAN.
I 833-1908.

In I 893 our poet, Stedman, wrote these lines :

'' Give me to die unwitting of the day.
And -Stricken in life's brave heat, with senses clear."

Edmund Clarence Stedman.

IN MEMORIAM. 221

Fifteen years later that wish was fulfilled. On the eighteenth of
January, 1908, that brave, sunny spirit took its sudden flight, after a
morning of his loved literary work, and a greeting by telephone to a
friend.

I cannot hope at this time to do more than to say a word of remem-
brance and appreciation of this rare spirit, which I feel must be very
inadequately spoken.

We claim him as a Norwich man, even though his birthplace, of
which he had only the dim recollection of a boy of six years, was
Hartford. It was here in Norwich that the formative period of his
life was passed, here that he passed the early years of his married
life, and commenced his literary career as the founder of the Norwich
Tribune. And to the day of his death, he clung with a loj'alty which,
like all his other loyalties, has well been called a passion, to the home
of his boyhood and early manhood. To appreciate this, one should
have been with him as it has been my privilege to be, on some of those
visits to his old home ; to watch the alert interest with which he
inquired regarding the places, houses and people ; and the zest with
which he lived over his early life in the midst of these old associations
to which he seemed to cling more and more closely with each added
year of his life.

Among his early poems is one entitled, " The Inland City," which
sings the praise of Norwich with all the ardor and love of youth ; but
which, as in his later years he grew to be his own most severe critic, is
omitted from the final edition of his collected poems. It is to be found,
however, in Longfellow's '' Poems of Places," which shows the esteem
in which it was held by one of the great poets of our day. The scenes
and characters of most of those " Poems of New England " which are
grouped together in the recently issued edition of his poems may be
traced to Norwich; and in many of his other poems may be found
distinct impressions of his early days.

With the quick, sure touch of a poet's genius, he has also given us
lasting memorials of the days which followed in his alert, busy, sympa-
thetic life. His position on the staff of the New York Tribune gave us
among other poems, " How Old Brown Took Harpers Ferry," with its
prophetic warning as to the sentence to be pronounced by the court :

222 IN MEMORIAM.

•• Hut, Virginians, don't do it! for I tell you
that the flagon.
Filled with blood of old Brown's ofifspring

was first poured by Southern hands :
And each drop from old Brown's life-veins.

like the red gore of the dragon,
May spring up a vengeful fury, hissing
through your slave-worn lands !
And old Brown,
Osawatomie Brown.
May trouble you more than ever, when
you've nailed his cofifin down.''

In the poems which follow, written while he was war correspondent
for the New York World, and grouped under the sub-title " In War
Time," we tind other clear-cut impressions which only the poetic
instinct of a genius can take from its surroundings. And so, the sub-
sequent life in New York brings romance and subtly woven fancies
even into the bu.sy life of Wall Street, where the great god Pan reigns
with his melodious pipes until

" * * * Among us trod

A man in blue, with legal baton.
And scoffed the vagrant demigod.

And pushed him from the step I sat on.
Doubting, I mused upon the cry,

' Great Pan is dead ! ' — and all the people
Went on their ways : — and clear and high
The quarter sounded from the steeple."

But we must resist the temptation lovingly to follow his career, as
we find it reflexed so clearly in his verse, from the lighter fancies of
the young poet to the grave sublimity of the veteran bard. Enough to
remember just now that he was a born poet and a true poet, lisping
verses of his own composing at the age of six, and led by that inborn
impulse to build the verses whose melodious rythm, subtle fancy and
sublime flight will live in our American literature. Do not call him
the banker-poet— do not even call him the poet-banker — for he was
only a banker, as he himself said, in the hope that banking would pay
its good, sound tribute of dollars and cents to poetry, giving the poet
an independence which would free him from any taint of hack-writing.

IN MEMORIAM. 223

Think for a moment of that busy, useful Hfe : editor and war cor-
respondent, banker ; lecturer at the Johns Hopkins and Columbia
Universities and at the University of Pennsylvania ; President of the
American Copyright League, and at one time of the New England
Society ; author of poems appearing in part or in whole in nine editions ;
author of prose works entitled " The Victorian Poets," " The Poets of
America," •' The Nature and Elements of Poetry;" and editor, either
solely or in collaboration with others, of Cameos from the poems of
Walter Savage Landor, Poems of Austin Dobson ; A Library of Ameri-
can Literature, in eleven volumes ; The Works of Edgar Allan Poe, in
ten volumes : A Victorian Anthology, An American Anthology, to say
nothing of magazine articles and addresses on various occasions which
well deserve to be collected in book form. His genial, sympathetic
character, too, surrounded him with a host of friends, and deluged
him with a mass of correspondence which added to the fullness of his
life, while shedding upon the lives of others the charm and uplift
which only such a life can impart.

But a short time ago, it was my privilege to attend a meeting at the
Carnegie Lyceum, New York, in memory of Edmund Clarence Sted-
man. It was a fitting and worthy tribute to the man, his life and his
works. His portrait, framed in laurel leaves, seemed to be looking at
us all in that benihcent welcome which I think everyone in the large
audience knew so well. Tributes to his personal worth, and his fame
as a poet and man of letters were lovingly paid by Richard Watson
Gilder, who presided, by Hamilton W. Mabie, Seth Low, William C.
Church and Robert M. Johnson. A letter from William Winter,
closing with verses composed for the occasion, was read; and a poem
by Stedman's son, Arthur, who so recently died, after a visit to Norwich
in quest of reminiscences of his father's boyhood and early manhood.
Mr. Johnson, as Secretary of the American Committee of the Keats-
Shelley Memorial, in Rome, of which Stedman had been chairman,
announced the completion of a plan to furnish the largest room in the
house which Keats occupied in Rome, as a permanent memorial to
Stedman. The closing tribute was the recital by the chairman, of the
last verse of Stedman's tribute to John Hay, which is so much more

22^ IN MEMORIAM.

appropriate and applicable to its author than any words of mine or of
others, that I. too. will close this very imperfect outline by quoting it:

"And if there be — and if there be

A realm where lives still forward roll,
F.ven so — no other — strong and free

Through time and space shine on, dear Soul."

DANIEL COrr (HLMAN.
I83I-I908.

Nearly fifty years ago, a joung man of twentj-eight delivered the
historical address at the celebration of the two hundredth anniversary
of the founding of Norwich. This young man. Daniel C. (iilman, a
native of Norwich, born here. July sixth, 1831, was at the time librarian
of Yale College. I'he address was soon published in book form, with
copious and valuable notes referring to many original sources of infor-
mation, and making the work a sufficient and authoritative outline his-
tory of Norwich for readers who do not find the leisure to consult Miss
Caulkins' voluminous history, which, as Dr. Bacon has said. '' is one
of the best and fullest of those volumes of local lore which afflict his-
torical workers with an excess of authentic material."

Fort3-two \ears after the delivery of this address, its author, who
had since been president of two universities which owed their organi-
zation and success to his eftorts, was called upon to accept the presi-
dency of the Carnegie Institution, at Washington, with its endowment
of ten million dollars, and its avowed primary object : " To promote
original research." Thus we may say that the spirit of patient, intelli-
gent research, which was so marked in the young man of twenty-eight,
reached its full growth and fruitage in the distinguished scholar and
university president of seventy-one.

To tell, even in outline, of those forty-two years of active, distin-
guished life in our higher institutions of learning, and of the following
seven years in that unique and still higher institution to which he was
called, would be more than 1 could hope to do. even in a larger limit
of time than that to which I must confine myself.

Before preparing and delivering the address at Norwich, to which
I have alluded, he had pursued such post-graduate studies as the then

Daniel Coit Oilman.

IN MEMORIAM. 22^

meagre facilities of Yale afiforded, had attended the lectures of the
celebrated geographer Carl Ritter in Berlin, and had travelled exten-
sively in Europe in pursuit of other studies. After completing a service
of seven years as librarian, he was made professor of political and
physical geography in the Sheffield Scientific School, of Yale College.
The duties of this position were supplemented by his secretaryship of
this school. We find him also, at one time, acting visitor of the public
schools, of New Haven, and at another time, Secretar}^ of the State
Board of Education.

In all these positions he had acquitted himself so well, and gained
so much more than a local reputation, that in 1872 he accepted the
position of President of the far-distant University of California, a
position which he had previousl}- declined to accept.

It is only necessary to read his inaugural address on assuming this
important office to know that he proposed to make the institution a
university in fact as well as in name ; and it is only necessary to read
the history of his administration to know that the inspiration and
earnest work which this still joung man carried across the continent
bravely ushered in the beginning of a new era in the history of the
University of California. So marked was his success that his fame
as a university president became well known on the Atlantic side of
the continent ; and after a stay of three years in California he found
himself called to the presidency of the newly formed Johns Hopkins
University of Baltimore, with its endowment of seven million dollars.

At this point in his career the most marked and important period
of his life begins, to continue through a well rounded quarter of a cen-
tury. The opportunity was propitious, but was one which might have
left a record of dismal failure in the hands of a man less suited to
grasp it. As it is, the Johns Hopkins University, under the guidance
and direction of its gifted first president, forms the most striking
example to be found of brilliant success in the higher education of our
country. It may be said to mark a new era which the older univer-
sities, hampered by tradition, were struggling to inaugurate, and it
gave to those universities and others an example and an inspiration
which placed them all in that march of progress in which the Johns
Hopkins University, under President Oilman, took the lead.

326

IN MEMORIAM.

That trite and often meaningless term, the secret of success, which
is sometimes confidentially disclosed by quack philosophers to the
rising generation at a dollar or so per volume, may find in this case
its interpretation, through putting the right man in the right place. A
prime requisite in this instance was that the man should have the
rare faculty of putting a number of right men each in the right place.
This faculty President Gilman possessed, among his other gifts, in a
marked degree. .And having put each man in his allotted place, he
was able, through the exerci.se of another rare faculty, to make them
work harmoniously and enthusiastically together for the good of the
new undertaking. His breadth and liberality of view, his keen percep-
tion of the needs of the times in higher education, had also much to do
in shaping the course which his University so successfully followed.
These and other essential qualities with which he was gifted by nature
found their full play and power by means of the liberal culture and
high scholarship which he attained through his college course and
studies abroad. Crowning and informing these, a genial and courteous
personality, a wonderful receptivity for everything worth while which
was going on about him, made it a rare privilege for the humble
layman as for the profound scholar to enjoy his presence and
conversation.

At the age of seventy, following a custom which is sometimes more
honored in the breach than the observance, he resigned the presidency
of the Johns Hopkins University. As he himself has said in his rem-
iniscences, it was not on account of any consciousness of failing powers
that he took this step ; but in the hope that a change of administration
might create a new interest and give a new impulse to an institution
which, with its accompanying medical school and hospital, he had
placed on so firm a footing. As I have said, soon after his resignation,
another call which meant to him that he was to go up higher still in
the higher education of his country, came to him from the Carnegie
Institution. Fortunately, his exact words, spoken in private, regarding
his view of this new responsibility have been preserved to us. On
assuming the presidency, he said : " This is the best opportunity for
usefulness that has ever come to me, and it makes me feel as if I were

IN MEMORIAM. 237

forty once more. I see so much to do. and I am so happy to be a part
m the doing."

As the result of his work, still too little known, the Carnegie Insti-
tution now stands perfectly organized under his wise direction.

Fortunately, through all his busy days and years, he has found time
to leave us some very interesting treatises and reminiscences, in which
he lets us know much of the experiences of his busy and highly useful
and important life. Foremost among these are his " University Prob-
lems," published in 1898, and " The Launching of a University,"
published in 1906. He has also contributed to the American Statesmen
series a life of James Monroe, valuable in every way, and especially
.so for its clear and scholarly exposition of the Monroe Doctrine.
" The Life of James Dwight Dana " forms another valuable biography
which he has left us. Notable in his literary work, too, are his intro-
duction to the new translation of De Tocqueville's " Democracy in
America." and his supervising editorship of the International Encyclo-
pedia. Although we think of him principally as a university president.
it should be borne in mind that, in addition to the duties of his office,
he was, from the beginning, a trustee of the John F. Slater fund for
the education of freedmen ; of the Peabody Education fund ; and thai
he was appomted by President Cleveland on the Venezuela Boundary
Commission, in 1896. During his career, too. he held the presidency
of the American Bible Society, the American Social Science Associa-
tion, the American Oriental Society, and the Civil Service Reform
League.

In those delightful reminiscences which he has left us, he says,
though in the midst of a life apparently as busy as ever : •' I have
heard travellers say that the pleasantest part of travel is the coming
home. 1 have .sometimes thought .so, and 1 have also thought that
the pleasantest part of life is its closing chapter, when memories take
the place of hopes, cares are lessened, opportunities are enlarged, and
friendships multiplied and intensified."

This closing chapter he had reached, and the happiness to be
found in the sunset of a long, useful life was his to the fullest degree.
There was another wish which he had never expressed in print, that

22i> IN MEMORIAM.

when the time should come for the closing of that last chapter, it might
come quickly. This wish was gratified. It was a home-coming for all
lime, here in the town of his birth that he loved so well. We had
hoped that he would live to see and participate in the two hundred and
fiftieth anniversary of the settlement of his native town, as he had in
the two hundredth anniversary — but it was not to be.

DONALD (;RAN r MITCHELl,.
I822-I008.

In the days of long ago. when it was quite the fashion for some of
our best families to occupy seats in the galleries of the old Second
Congregational Church of Norwich, a very di-stinct and cherished
recollection brings before me a young man of striking and distinguished
presence who occupied one of those gallery seats to which we were
beginning to be driven by the crowded condition of the church at the
time. He was a man of rare manly beauty, with thoughtful, contempla-
tive, refined features ; — a head which, it seemed to me. might well serve
as a model for some great sculptor .striving to give us a Phcebus Apollo.
A youthful fancy for a great author surrounded that head with a halo
which only such youthful fancies can create. " The Reveries of a
Bachelor" and " Dream Life " were then household words among us.
and " Ik Marvel " was to me, and to a host of others, a name to conjure
with, as it still is and will be as long as such a true soul and true artist
can touch the chords of this life of ours as he has touched them.

At the time I speak of he had reached, perhaps, the age of forty,
had broken away from all expectation or even dread of hampering his
genius by a professional life, and had established his reputation and
standing among the literary lights of the day. How well this career
suited the rather stern Calvinistic views of his father, the Reverend
Alfred Mitchell, we shall never learn from the son. If it was oppo.sed.
we may surmise that opposition meant encouragement m this case for :
there were beautiful, ennobling, lofty thoughts in that Apollo-like head
that had to be uttered. The man's own benevolent love of his fellow-
men could not allow the world to be .so much poorer as it would have
been without the utterance.

Donald Grant Mitchell.

IN MEMORIAM. 229

His life stands in rather marked contrast to the more stirring lives
of Stedman and Oilman, and yet we would not have it otherwise.
Born here in Norwich on the twelfth of April, 1822; graduated from
Yale as valedictorian in 1841, he passed three years of his life in the
pursuit which he loved to the end of his days, farming. In 1844, he
went to Europe, visiting England, the Isle of Jersey, France and Hol-
land, with the result, among other things, of giving us his first book,
'' Fresh Gleanings," published in 1847.

And now comes a taste of the study of law, at a time when the
French revolution of 1 848 is just breaking out. As he says in his
dedicatory letter to " The Battle Summer:"

•• I conjured up images of the New Order, and the images dogged
me in the streets, and at my desk, and made my sleep — a nightmare.
They blurred the t3^e of Blackstone, and made the mazes of Chitty ten
fold greater."

In short, the young author, fresh from his recent tour, cannot bear
the drudgery of reading law when such stirrmg events are taking place
in the Paris that he knows so well, and so, as he says :

" * * * I threw Pufifendorf. big as he was, into a corner, and
said, — I will go and see."

And to France he went the third day after throwing Puffendorf into
a corner, saw what there was to see. and gave us that spirited account
of the stirring times of 1848 which we may read in " The Battle Sum-
mer." Then followed, on his return, anonymously at the time, " The
Lorgnette," and then " The Reveries of a Bachelor," at which latter
the Boston publishers shook their wi.se heads, but which was hnalh
published by Baker and Scribner in 1850, with what result we know.
•'Dream Life" followed in 1851. The author tells his own story of
this work in his preface of 1883 so much better than I can tell it that I
am glad to resort to a quotation :

" It was to a quaint old farmhouse shadowed by elms, in a very
quiet country, that I went to finish my summer task — the book being
promised for early winter. There was scant, but bracing farmer's fare
for me. and a world of encouragement in the pla)" of sun and shadow

330

IN MEMORIAM.

over the tranquil valley landscape, and in the murmur of the brooks
that I had known of old.

" In six months I had completed my task, and going to the pub-
lishers (then established in the old Brick Church Chapel where now
stands the Times building, in New York), I threw my bundle of MS.
upon the counter, saying, ' what will you give for the lot ? '

" Mr. Scribner took up the budget smilingly, and said, ' 1 wouldn't
advise you to part with the copyright, but if you must have an offer, 1
will give you four thousand dollars.'

"There was cheer in this: yet I wisely took his advice,— which the
result amply ju.stified."

Then follows, in 1853, his marriage, and his consulship at Venice,
resulting, not as he had hoped, in a history of the Venetian Republic,
for which he took copious notes; but in that delightful book, '• Seven
Stories with Basement and Attic," in which, in his own genial, inimita-
ble way, he recounts his consular and other European experiences.

In 1855, we find him settled for the remainder of his long life in his
■' farm of Edgewood." where, free to carry out his own delightful
ideals of life, he spends the rest of his days as farmer, landscape
gardener, and, above all. as man of letters. Time fails me to do much
more than to enumerate the books not already mentioned, which he
has written. These are. " Fudge Doings," 1855 ; " Wet days at Edge-
wood," 1865: " Doctor Johns," t866; "Rural Studies," 1867; "About
Old Story-Tellers," 1877; "The Woodbridge Record." 1883; " Bound
Together," 1884; "English Lands, Letters and Kings," 4 vols., 1889-
1897: ".\merican Lands and Letters. 2 vols., 1897. On sending,
through a third person, a list of these books to learn if our librar\
could boast of owning all that he had written, the author replied in his
own characteristic way: "Tell Mr. Trumbull that his library has all
the books I have ever been guilty of."

To speak of these works after the analytical manner of the critic of
the present day is far beyond my sphere today, and probably never
will be within that sphere. Various opinions have been expressed by
wise men regarding these works ; as, for example, that they are moulded,
in the main, upon the pattern of Washington Irving; that " Battle

IN MEMORIAM.

231

Summer," on every page, however, " echoes more or less distinctly the
voice of Carlyle ; " and that it may be said of " Fresh Gleanings " that
" its manner occasionally suggests Sterne's ' Sentimental Journey.' "
To all of which, and to a good deal more of the same sort, it serves my
purpose to adopt Mitchell's own laconic and tolerant reply to the critics
of Irving : " Well, perhaps so — perhaps so ! " But that reply would
not be complete without adding a further quotation, but substitutmg
the name Mitchell for Irving :

" But I love to think and believe that our dear old Mr. Mitchell was
born just where he should have been born, and wrote in a way that it
is hardly worth our while to try and mend for him."

If I were asked why I am charmed by the writings of Donald G.
Mitchell, it would be difficult for me to say. Is it the exquisite imagery,
the charming descriptive power of his language ? Is it the soul-moving
pathos that here and there touches the heart ? Is it the fulness of true
sentiment and the utter absence of false sentiment ? Is it that wonder-
ful power of placing himself and his readers in the very atmosphere
and environment of the times of which he treats ? Yes, it is certainly
all these, and yet I have not said it. Let him say it himself, as he has
said it of another :

" Fashions of books may change — do change : a studious realism
may put in disorder the quaint dressing of his thought : an elegant
philosophy of indifference may pluck out the bowels from his books.

" But — the fashion of his heart and of his abiding good-will to men
will last— will last while the hills last."

THE STUDY OF GENEALOGY.

BY COLONEL C D. PARKHURST.

Read before the Society at its Midwinter Meeting, January 28, igog.

Whether the study of genealogy is interesting and a pleasure to the
student, or whether it is all vanity and vexation of spirit is all in one's
view point. To the many the latter will probably apply ; to the few no
study is more fascinating and engrossing.

It is conceded without argument that the genealogist is generally
considered a "crank" and to those who have no interest in the study
he is also doubtless a most unmitigated bore, lugging in old musty
bones on all occasions. But we are all cranks who ride any especial
hobby ; it is fully as harmless and perhaps fully as profitable in many
ways to be a crank on genealogy as it is to be one on making or sol
ving picture puzzles or in being a bridge fiend ; and the result of one's
study and labor may be fully as lasting and of as much benefit.

Doubtless the work is hard ; hunting up old records of all kinds ;
deciphering old, faint and curious handwriting ; searching for facts here,
picking up a point there and gradually piecing together a complete
and coherent record, truthful and valid from generation to generation
is no child's play nor something to be played with for the fun of the
thing. The time, patience and perseverance necessary are only to
be found in serious work by those who have a love for the study,
whose interest is unflagging and whose reward is in seeing the puzzle
grow and take shape until finally complete. To such there is no more
interesting study ; to others nothing more monotonous and wearisome.

Broadly speaking the study of genealogy counts for something
more than the compilation of a record of births, marriages and deaths.
For one cannot dig and delve in ancient, or even modern records with-
out incidentally reading and studying a great deal of contemporaneous
history. Each individual of the record had some more or less import-
ant part to play in the history of the times, one was hanged as a witch,
another was whipped at the cart tail ; one fought nobly in our early
Indian wars, another died for religion's sake; wherever we go in our
search for records we always find much outside of the dry statistics to

332

THE STUDY OF GENEALOGY. 233

tell us of the times and of the people that lived in them, and from the
humblest to the highest, how each bore his part in building up a nation.

The objection is sometimes made that genealogy is nothing but
family pride and that it leads to aristocratic ideas. That I take it is
again all in the view point, and the use that is made of the family tree.
It certainly is a pardonable pride for one to be proud of a line of
ancestors, all honest men and women, no matter how^ humble or how
illustrious; it does not follow that one either feels or acts the " holier
than thou" spirit because of a knowledge of such a line of ancestry.
In fact a true study and appreciation of genealogy is democratic in its
effect, rather then the reverse ; for, as will perhaps be made clear
later on, as one noted genealogist puts it, " such a knowledge encour-
ages truly democratic ideas by showing the universal brotherhood of
man."

Genealogy is doubtless as old as written history ; the Bible is full of
genealogical records, and doubtless in all times and ages the genealo-
gist has had his place. One has but to refer to China with its form of
ancestor worship, to show one nation where geneolagy is a vital part
of its life. Doubtless there we would find records extending back for
almost countless generations.

The advent and growth of the various and numerous Patriotic and
Hereditary Societies is perhaps one of the principal causes for the
modern growth of genealogy in this country ; not so much its growth
perhaps, as for the general awakening of interest therein, and the
springing up of what, until quite recent times was but little followed,
and that is the tracing back of one's ancestors in all of the lines, female
as well as male. From time immemorial the family historian has had
his vogue ; he generally wrote of the descendants of some particular
individual, the first of the name perhaps to come to this country, and
collected in more or less complete fashion, the names of all of the
children, and children's children, down to the latest toddler of the
last generation. That is but one form of genealogy, and one that is
of great value and interest to the family, whose history has been so
written. In addition to this we now, of later years, find the genealogist
at work tracing backwards to gather together all of the ancestors of

-34

THE STUDY OF GENEALOGY.

some one individual, female as well as male, for as many generations
as possible.

The motive for this new modern growth of genealogy may at first
have been purely personal, and also purely selfish. Desiring to join
some patriotic society, and perhaps not finding an ancestor in the
paternal line, which may have been known for years, and also all that
was known, that made one eligible, a search was begun on the
maternal side, or in the line of some one of the many wives of the
generation of the paternal side, until the ancestry all became known
and among such ancestors the one wanted was found, that made one
eligible to enter the coveted society, or perhaps one wished after once
started to find out how many times a Colonial Dame or a Daughter,
or a Mayflower Descendant, one might be. Hence the idea began and
has grown until now it seems to be the general idea to find out all
about one's ancestors in all lines.

And why not ? Is not one as fully a descendant from one's mother
as from one's father.? And should not her ancestry be of fully as
much interest and value as his ? True enough one's name comes from
one's father and perhaps some very prominent and lasting characteris-
tics may descend from him, or his father, or grandfather before him.
But how does one know, until the record is made up, how much may
or may not have come down from the mother, or from one of the two
grandmothers, or one of the four great grandmothers and so on back
for generations ? We often look at a man or a woman and wonder
where certain characteristics come from, traits of character so radically
different from those of either the father or mother as to attract atten-
tion ; who knows or who can tell, without the record, from what remote
ancestor these peculiar traits may have descended ? Now, therefore,
as of some possible scientific value, for motives other than the per-
sonal or selfish desire to join a society, the study of genealogy calls for
as full a knowledge as may be of the ancestry through all lines.

To show what this may mean let us look at it in a simple mathe-
matical sense. Everyone had to have a father and mother, they each
had to have a father and mother, and so on back, doubling in each
generation, as far back as one may choose to go.

THE STUDY OF GENEALOGY. 235

Put down mathematically, this is for each generation back as
follows : —

I. 2 parents, i male, i female.

II. 4 grandparents, 2 male, 2 female.

III. 8 great grandparents, 4 male, 4 female.

IV. 16 great (two times) grandparents, 8 male, 8 female.

V. 32 great (three times) grandparents, 16 male, 16 female.
VI. 64 great (four times) grandparents, 32 male, 32 female.

VII. 12S great (five times) grandparents, 64 male, 64 female.
VIII. 256 great (six times) grandparents, 128 male, 128 female.
IX. 512 great (seven times) grandparents, 256 male, 256 female.
X. 1024 great (eight times) grandparents, 512 male, 512 female.

If we carry this back ten generations more we arrive at 1,048,576,
524,288 male and 524,288 female ancestors; ten more generations and
we find that 1,073,741,824 ancestors, 536,870.912 male and the same
number female, belong to each and every man, woman and child in
this assemblage.

Assuming a generation to be thirty years for convenience, our first
ten generations have carried us back only 300 years, or to about the
time of the settlement of Jamestown ; ten more generations carries us
back to about 1300 ; ten more to about A. D. 1000 ; that is not so very
far back as time goes ; it is perhaps farther back than any of us will
ever try to carry their ancestral lines. But the figures tell the story
when read aright. They show the universal brotherhood of man ; for
back even in 1600 the world was not big enough in population for each
and every one of us to have had even so few as 1024 separate and
distinct ancestors. The first comers to this country were few and
weak in number, so as we each try to go back to our first emigrant
ancestors we are bound to find more or less, if not all of them, as
common ancestors to perhaps many of us sitting here.

As we study this, in connection with the work of the family
historian, we see how it must work out. A certain man came to this
country in the early Colonial period, married and had children ;
perhaps they each in turn all lived to manhood or womanhood, mar-
ried and had children. The sons of course kept the name, the

236

THE STUDY OF GENEALOGY.

daughters not ; each generation therefore grew and spread like the
twigs and branches of a tree, until the last generation is represented
by the very last buds and leaflets thereon.

The stem of the tree is like the original progenitor of this family
and his wife ; his sons and daughters are the first branches, the grand-
children the next and so on to the last division for the last generation.

Now let us take any living man, woman or child in this assemblage
and trace backwards. The paternal line, with its constant name, is
perhaps easily traced back to the original progenitor of some family,
whose family history has been written. So too some of the women
may be easily traced back to the original founder of her family. But
with the ever changing names of all the woman ancestors there is no
telling where the line may lead ; and it cannot help but happen that
among the 1024 ancestors I may have, there will be many that belong
to others as well as to me. In other words not close enough to count
perhaps, but we are all more or less related, having all come down
from many common ancestors.

Many people take great pride in the claim, more or less authentic,
of descent from William, the Conqueror. Let us look back a little
and see how dates and figures appear.

William of Normandy, was born in 1027. In 1052 he visited Eng-
land ; in 1066 the victory of William, the Norman at Hastings, October
fourteenth, and the Norman conquest of England began ; so much for
a few dates of history.

These dates carry us back nearly thirty generations ; from the figures
above every living individual of today must have had 1,073,741,824
ancestors somewhere about that period. How many there may have
been in the army of William, the Conqueror, I do not know ; the roll
still exists I beUeve and is not so very great. It therefore would not
be anything very astonishing for each and every one of us to find if
the facts were all known that among the thousands of ancestors that
we do not know, and never will know, there might be one or more
that came over with William, the Conqueror.

And so, perhaps the distinction may not be so very much of a
distinction after all. I would not belittle it for anything, for doubtless

THE STUDY OF GENEALOGY. 237

there were many worthy and brave men in William's Uttle army. As
they settled in England and left descendants more or less numerous,
from these, many of course can claim their descent and take pride
therein. But the universal brotherhood of man satisfies me, and back
beyond certain dates, in fact back in England beyond the advent of
the first comers here, claims are apt to be too misty and too mythical
to be of much value.

Just when surnames first came into general use I do not now re-
member, and have not the time to look it up. But there was a time
when surnames did not exist, and our so-called Christian names were
all that there were.

Now doubtless in some cases, records were kept, and a more or
less accurate and authentic account can be had of John and James,
William and Samuel, back from generation to generation. But it can
easily be seen how, without a family name to fix aline one can wander
almost anywhere in trying to follow a line.

In Wales if my memory is correct, the word " ap " means, or is
used for the sense of " son of." Hence the name John ap Richard,
ap John, ap James would mean John the son of Richard, the son of
John, the son of James. I am told that our surname Prichard came
from dropping the "a" of the word "ap" and joining the "p" to
Richard. And Williamson, Davidson and all such names ending in
"son" are surnames derived from the union of the "son" on the latter
part of the Christian name, /. e. William's son becomes " Williamson,"
etc., etc.

I have before me a so-called genealogy going back twenty genera-
tions from 1 590 to one Gulfred, whoever he may have been ; not a sur-
name appears until the seventeenth generation down from Gulfred,
and there it appears that about 1447 a surname was adopted, and in
the next generation, the eighteenth, the family hall was founded and
so on down.

Now this all may be true ; I hope it is for the sake of the man that
dug it out. But it borders on the mythical, and is too shadowy to be
of much value.

If one attempts to carry back one's full Unes to the tenth genera-

238

THE STUDY OF GENEALOGY.

tion and to locate and record each of the 1024 names that should
appear somewhere, one has quite a little contract on hand. In the
general case ten generations, possibly less, will carry us back to the
earliest emigration to this country, and the record can be made fairly
complete and authentic from the early Colonial records and data still
to be found in more or less completeness and fair state of preservation.
The awakening interest in genealogy is responsible for much that has
been done by town, county or state in collecting, deciphering and
printing these early records ; various genealogical societies and gene-
alogists are collecting and publishing these records so that they are
becoming more easily to get at, and much more widely known ; so
that it is not so very difficult to trace out the data as effecting perhaps
the greater part of even the very first comers.

The wish to go further is but natural, and many have attempted
with more or less of success to trace their lines back to the old
country. But here great caution must be exercised. The " wish is
often father to the thought," and the natural desire, or perhaps family
pride, has caused many a family to jump at conclusions without any
warrant of proof, finding the same name in England and assuming
that the first comer here was from the family there.

And many a family history has been begun in the fond but vain
hope of proving that the family were the heirs to some mythical Eng-
lish estate of millions, held in the Court of Chancery awaiting claim-
ants. Genealogical sharks have played that game time and time again^
and will. I suppose, keep on playing it as long as they can find credulous
clients to foot the bills. These " fakes " have now been so well exposed
that it is a wonder that any one can be caught by them. But every
once in a while they turn up again, like the mythical Spanish prisoner,
lingering in durance vile until some American buyer of gold bricks
will put up the money to get him out.

So I never have tried to carry out any research in the old country.
I have had numerous circulars and advertisements inviting me to put
up the funds for such research. But from what I have read and have
been told by those that have been there, it is a very uncertain business
and more than one fake pedigree has been the result. One family

THE STUDY OF GENEALOGY. 239

history I am told was begun by the hving generation getting data
together to prove their descent from a certain family, and funds were
put up and one of them went over to secure the estate they had been
told of, and were working for. Needless to say the whole thing was
a myth ; having the data together it was concluded to preserve it as
a family history, and a valuable addition to genealogical lore was the
result.

And among the many questions I've had put to me by correspon-
dents in replies to requests for data was, " Is there any money in it,"
showing that the "bee" is still in a good many "bonnets" and the
hope still lingers that an estate may turn up some day that will be big
enough to make all the heirs fabulously rich.

What is in a name? Nothing! By our laws the wife takes the
name of her husband, generally different from her own, and so the
families of Smith, Brown, Jones or Robinson are perpetuated. This
is of course one of the necessities of our civilization, and for the order
and regulation of our communities in matters of inheritance and the
like. But after all the name is but an accident. My name happens
to be Parkhurst, but to make an Irish bull, if my father had been my
mother, my name would have been Tanner. My father's sister mar-
ried and had children, their name changed from Parkhurst at once
and yet they are just as much Parkhurst as I am, and have just as
much claim as I, if there be any, to the family pride of the Parkhurst
line. In addition they have the right to whatever family pride there
may be in their father's family.

This brings out the idea that possibly family pride, in a name, may
stand on but a slight foundation. We take a family history, a big
bulky volume, or set of volumes, with its voluminous records of the
descendants from some early progenitor, perhaps the paternal ances-
tor back ten generations and giving the children and children's
children all complete down.

But as a rule, when we come to look and analyze it out, the family
line back to this original progenitor, ten generations before our
time, has just exactly twenty ancestors, ten male and ten female that
make up the whole, that is, of direct interest. The rest of the bulky

240

THE STUDY OF GENEALOGY.

volumes is the record of one's "sisters, and cousins and aunts,'
valuable and of interest to each individual, and to the family at large,
but still with but these twenty men and women as all that make up
one's particular family line.

For the family historian cannot possibly stop to branch ofT and
give pedigrees of all and sundry of the various women that have mar-
ried into the family, and that became the ten female ancestors of the
line. He has his work before him in making the record of all of the
children, their wives and their husbands and in getting their children
and so on down in his restricted field.

And conversely the genealogist, busy with tracing out a complete
ancestral tree of any certain family, to we will say its 1024 termini
has his restrictions. He cannot possibly branch off to give complete
family histories of each of the ones he traces out; he would find him-
self writing perhaps a thousand family histories if he once began.
Perhaps the most he can do is to record the births, marriages and
deaths of all of the children in any one generation, the brothers and
sisters of the ancestor of that generation and stop there ; all of the
children of this ancestor form the next generation, and would include
the brothers and sisters of the ancestor of that generation, and so on
down the line. V^^hen it is a daughter that is the ancestress, then of
course the name changes and the line stops, being merged into that of
her husband.

With an ancestral tree of this kind the record and chart may be
very fairly complete, because turn to the chart or the record, and tell
the father or mother, the grandfather or grandmother of any of the
wives that have married into and have become part of the ancestral
tree, and the records of the brothers and sisters in each generation
may be of the greatest interest and help to some fellow worker, making
up a similar tree for some other family ; for among their brothers or
sisters, may be found where the connection is to the other family, and
the connection once established, the whole trace back for that line
IS right there, all complete, for the use of the other family.

In all of this work the function and the great importance and assis-
tance of the Historical and Genealogical Societies come in with their

THE STUDY OF GENEALOGY. 24 1

accumulations of data and mines of information. It is obviously
impossible, except at great expense, both of time and of money for the
searchers to visit each town clerk's office, or other depository of infor-
mation and then hunt for and collect data. Nor could we write to
every town clerk's office all over the country an