Full text of "Records and papers of the New London county historical society .."

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Book- bL 7 H ''(

Records and Papers

NEW LCAON COUNTY

Historical Society.

VOLUME III. PART I.

PRICE FIFTY CENTS.

RECORDS AND PAPERS

OF THE-

NEW LONDON COUNTY

HISTORICAL SOCIETY

VOLUME III. PART I.

Edited by thk Secrktarv.

NF.W LONDON. CoNNF.CTiell,

PuHMSHED r.\ THK Soritrrv,
1906.

p^/.^

Bingham Paper Box Comi'any, Printers,
New London, Connecticut.

CONTENTS.

Foreword, .....

The John Winthrop Monument.

The Work of the Commissioners,
The Sculptor,
Winthrop Square, .
The Boulder Pedestal,
The Tablet,

Details of Preparation for Mav Sixth,

Outline of Committee Work,
Citizens' Committee,
Reception Committee,
List of Officers and Committees,
Special Orders for Escort to

Roberts, ....
Orders for Afternoon Parade,
Invited Guests,

Gov

ernoi

A Midnight Soliloquy, by Cornelia W. Cha

pell, Jr.,

Military Escort to the Governor, .
Program, Unveiling Ceremonies, .
Introductory Remarks, lunest E. Rogers,
Invocation, Rew |. Romcyn Dantorth, .
Address of Welcome, Mayt)r Mahan,
Response, Governor Roberts,
Delivery of Statue, Ex-Governor McLean,
Unveiling of Statue, ....

1'a(;f..

I I - 22
II

14
15
19
22

23-41

23
27
28
29

32
36
38

New London's Two Hundred Fiftv-ninth Birthday, 42 - 82

45
48
4«
49
50
51
53
54

CONTENTS.

Paor.

Acceptance of Statue, Ex-Governor Waller,
Historical Address, Hon. Daniel Davenport,
The Luncheon, .....
Afternoon Parade and Re\'ie\v,

Conclusion, .......

Final Committee Meeting,

Text of Circular issued by Finance Committee

Statement of Celebration Fund, with List of

Contributors, .....
Statement of Pedestal Fund, with List of Con

tributors, ......

Replies to Invitations, ....

The Old Town Mill,

New Connecticut or the Western Reserve, by

William C. Oilman, ....

The Parentage of Phebe Brown - Lee - Larrabee

Cornish, bv Lieut.- Col. C. D. Parkhurst,
Four Lost Legacies of the Early N. E. Civil Polity

by Rev. Leonard Woolsey Bacon, D. D.,
Publications of the Society, ....
Records of the Society, June 17, 1904, — Septem

ber I, 1905, ......

Oifts, September i, 1903, — September i, 1905,
Officers and Committees, ....

List of Members, September i, 1905,

56
58
72
73

83 - 92

83
85

89
90

112

127
142

143
161
163
164

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Statue of John WinthiDp the Younger,
The Statue and its Surroundings,
Bronze Tablet, ......

Facsimile of Invitation, ....

Unveiling of Statue, ....

The Old Town Mill and Surroundings in
1820, .......

The Old Town Mill in 1905,

Manuscript, "A Genealogy of my Mother,"

Frontis

piece

Facing page

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123

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HISTORY AND DEDICATION

OF THE MONUMENT TO

Governor John Winthrop the Younger

Erected in the city which he founded

A. D. 1646

By the State of Connecticut
NEW LONDON, MAY 6. 1905.

Publication Commi tiee.
Jonathan Trumbull, Elizabeth Gorton, Ernest E. Rogers.

The Act of Incorporation allows the New London County
Historical Society to hold property, and any bequest may be
made for specific purposes, as a fund for permanent building,
for printing, or for the general expenses of the Society.

The form of such bequest is as follows :

I give and bequeath to the New London County Historical
Society, the sum of dollars, the same to

be applied to the fund of said Society to

be used under the direction of the officers of said Society, for
the purpose named.

FOREWORD.

On May 6, 1896, the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the
settlement of New London, Connecticut, there was laid in that city
the cornerstone of a monument to John Winthrop the Younger. Part
III, Volume II, of the Records and Papers of the New London County
Historical Society contains a detailed account of the celebration held
at that time, and the preliminary arrangements for it. In order to
show the connected history of the movement from its beginning in
189s to the completion of the statue, ten years later, the following sum-
mary of important facts, taken largely from The Day of May 6, 1905,
is given.

The bronze statue unveiled today is not wholly a memorial to John
Winthrop, the founder of New London, as is the general impression,
but is erected by the State in memory of John Winthrop the Younger,
one of the earlier governors, who served the colony well by securing
from King Charles the Second of England, the charter which gave
Connecticut so much more liberty than was accorded to other colonies.
The fact that Winthrop also founded a city in 1646 is merely one of
the many important events of his life, but it caused his statue to be
placed in New London, where he lived, and with which town his
name is so intimately connected.

Nearly ten years ago the movement for a memorial to Winthrop
was started by Ernest E. Rogers, who, noticing that there were no
memorials of any kind in New London, and believing that the first to
be erected should be to the founder of the city, introduced the follow-
ing resolutions at the annual meeting of the New London County
Historical Society, September 2, 1895 :

" Whereas, the 6th of Mav, 1S96, will he the 250th anniversary of the
founding of New London hv John Winthrop the Younger, subsequently gov-
ernor of the colony, and

"Whereas, it is eminently fitting and proper that the New London
County Historical Society should originate plans tor the erection of a public
memorial to Governor John Winthrop,

6 FOREWORD.

" Moved, that this Society take the initial and active steps toward
placing on the elevation in the new park a statue of Governor Winthrop of
commanding size, the cornerstone to be laid not later than the above men-
tioned date.

"Moved, that a committee of three, of which the President of the
Society shall be an ex-ofiicio member, be appointed by the Society to de-
velop plans and methods for securing the necessary funds, and to report to a
special meeting of the Society to be held during the third week of Septem-
ber."

These resolutions were referred to the Advisory Committee of the
Historical Society, with instructions to report not later than Decem-
ber I. On November i6 the committee reported to the Society in
favor of the project, and recommended that the city, through the
Common Council and Board of Trade, be invited to join in the move-
ment. A committee was appointed and empowered to represent the
Society, and Miss Fannie Potter, the Secretary, notified the Common
Council and Board of Trade of this action and recommendation.
The approval of those bodies was given, and a committee was ap-
pointed by each to co-operate with that of the Historical Society in
the preparations for laying a cornerstone.

The celebration on May 6, 1896, had a three-fold program, the
dedication of the soldiers' and sailors' monument on the parade
being one project, the celebration of the city's 250th anniversary an-
other, and the laying of the cornerstone for the Winthrop monument
a third. This made a more varied program than was the case in to-
day's celebration.

The portion of the program devoted to the laying of the corner-
stone took place in the forenoon. The ceremonies of laying the stone
were in charge of local Masons and the grand officers of Connecticut
were also present, besides members of Bay View Lodge of Niantic.
The Masons formed in line in Union Street and marched to the scene
where the ceremony was to take place, being escorted by 400 school
boys in line. The boys formed a solid body on one side of the parklet
and the Masons had the center of the scene. The ceremonies
included prayer by Rev. James Wilson Bixler, D. U., remarks by
President A. H. Chappell of the Board of Trade, and an address on
the Founder of the City by Rev. S. Leroy Blake, D.D., late pastor

forp:\vord. 7

of the First Church of Christ. The lowering and setting of the stone
and sealing of its contents was conducted in accordance with the rites
of the order.

Even after the cornerstone was laid, and the work thus given an
auspicious start, the project did not move forward with the desired
rapidity and success. For several years nothing was done toward
securing funds, but finally Hon. Augustus Brandegee, who was an ad-
mirer of Winthrop, offered to start a popular fund with a donation of
five hundred dollars, if the public would give the rest within a specified
period. In January, 1900, it was announced that this amount would
be doubled, provided that the remaining sum necessary for the mon-
ument should be raised by July 4 of the same year. Both offers
stood neglected, however, as no other donations for this purpose were
made.

On December 31, 1899, Hon. Charles Augustus Williams, then
President of the New London County Historical Society, died. In
response to the urging of members of the organization, Mr. Ernest E.
Rogers finally accepted the Presidency, and succeeded to the duties
of the position. The Society has had various other enterprises in hand,
but from that time the project to secure the statue of Winthrop was
made foremost, and given its strongest efforts.

At a special meeting, it was voted that a committee of five be
appointed to endeavor to secure a state appropriation for the statue,
inasmuch as no funds seemed forthcoming from local sources. In
January, 1901, a committee was appointed consisting of Hon. Robert
Coit, Alfred H. Chappell, Walter Learned, Mayor M. Wilson Dart,
and Postmaster John McGinley, President of the Board of Trade.
This committee was instructed to draw up and present to the General
Assembly a bill making the desired appropriation. Mr. Coit drew
the bill, and his son, William B. Coit, then representative from New
London, presented it in the Assembly, and watched zealously over its
interests while it was before the Legislature.

In order to secure an appropriation for the statue, it was necessary
to show that the memorial was not strictly local. Accordingly the
bill was given the support of the Connecticut Historical Society, the

8 FOREWORD.

New London County Historical Society and the Connecticut Society,
Sons of the American Revolution, as well as the following local socie-
ties : John Winthrop Club, St. John's Literary Association, Salton-
stall Club, and Nathan Hale Branch, Sons of the American Revolution.
Committees representing the above societies were appointed to ap-
pear before the Appropriations Committee on March 14, 1901, in the
Capitol at Hartford, and were as follows :

Connecticut Historical Society : Rev. Lindall Winthrop Salton-
stall. Rev. W. DeLoss Love, Prof. Henry Furguson, Arthur L. Ship-
man, Albert C. Bates. New London County Historical Society:
Ernest E. Rogers, President, Charles B. Ware, Treasurer. City of
New London : Hon. M. Wilson Dart, Mayor, Hon. Robert Coit,
Alfred H. Chappell, Walter Learned, John McGinley, President Board
of Trade. Connecticut Society, Sons of the American Revolution :
Jonathan Trumbull. Winthrop Club : Asa O. Goddard, Hon. Cyrus
G. Beckwith, Maj. Hadlai A. Hull, Ex-Gov. Thomas M. Waller. St.
John's Literary Association : Bryan F. Mahan, John C. Geary, William
J. Brennan. Saltonstall Club : Henry P. BuUard. Nathan Hale
Branch, Sons of the American Revolution : Dr. Frederic Farnsworth.

The Hartford Courant of March 15, 1901, gives the following out-
line of the hearing :

Hon. Robert Coit, of New London, briefly sketched the career of Win-
throp, whose home was in New London, dwelling particularly on his suc-
cess in procuring a charter for the State. The only memorial to Winthrop
is the portrait that leads the line of Governors' portraits in the State Li-
brary. Mr. Coit also referred to the fact that New London had furnished
four governors, and adhered to his belief that the statue should be in that
city. To Chairman Roberts' inquiry if less than ten thousand dollars would
do, Mr. Coit said that no proper statue could be secured for less, and that it
was not worth while to put up a cheap statue. New London wanted a work
of art, such as a former governor deserveci.

Jonathan Trumbull of Norwich spoke of the work accomplished by indi-
viduals, as when the Sons of the American Revolution rescued and perpet-
uated Trumbull's War Oftice. When General Hawley was invited to make
the address at the dedication of this building, he said : " Your Society has
done nobly, but this work ought to have been done by the State of Connec-
ticut." Mr. Trumbull then spoke of Winthrop's great influence on the his-
tory of the State. With the exception of the statue of Governor Hubbard here
on the Capitol grounds, Connecticut had not done honor to the memory of her

FOREWORD. 9

statesmen. General Putnam had been honored most abundantly, as had
John Mason, Colonel Knowlton, and other military heroes, but little had
been done tor the statesman. He concluded by saying that he had suggest-
ed giving up for two years the five thousand dollar annual appropriation for
the Norwich Hospital, so, if it were to be looked at in that narrow way, the
state treasury would not suffer by this appropriation.

Arthur L. Shipman, representing the Connecticut Historical Society,
decidedly favored the resolution, though it might be better if the statue
w'ere placed here at the capital. Mr. Shipman then re\iewed the important
events in Winthrop's life, and spoke in favor of the memorial.

Rev. Mr. Saltonstall of this city said he would speak on the practical
side. It was a good thing for Hartford and all the State to beautify any
city in the State. He also saw great educational benefit in such a statue and
like memorials.

Representative Whittlesey, of New London, thought the State should not
be niggardly in honoring the man who founded the State Government.

Ex-Speaker Brandegee, of New London, would like to see more than ten
thousand dollars appropriated for the purpose.

Ex-Mayor Cyrus G. Beckwith, of New London, said that at present
there w^as hardly a proper marking of W^inthrop's grave, and that now
something should be done. Winthrop's remains rest in the churchyard of
King's Chapel, Boston.

Postmaster McGinley, of New London, made an eloquent appeal. In
these days of ingress of citizens from other countries, it was well to keep
before the people the memory of the country's founders.

In his report to the Historical Society, the following September, of
the work done, Hon. Robert Coit, Chairman of the Legislative Com-
mittee, said it was like asking a soldier returning from an unsuccess-
ful war to give an account of his actions during the campaign. An
effort had been made to impress upon the Appropriations Committee
the propriety and feasibility of an appropriation for such a worthy
and historical cause, and the committee was ably assisted by
citizens of prominence in the State, but success did not crown their
persistent efforts. There were many petitions for similar appropria-
tions, and while the committee were impressed with the real worth of
the cause presented, there was no money available for a Winthrop
statue. Therefore the Committee on Appropriations recommended
that it be referred to the Legislature, to meet two years later. Mr.
Coit considered the reference to the next Legislature a polite way of
bowing the petitioners and petition out of court.

lo FOREWORD.

In January, 1903, at the General Assembly, Representative William
B. Coit again introduced the resolution, and it was referred to the
Committee on Unfinished Business. In that way the bill obtained
precedence over newer bills, and great credit is due Mr. Coit for his
untiring efforts during two sessions of the Legislature, in helping push
the project to a successful issue.

The following act was passed, April 22, 1903, creating a com-
mission and providing funds for the statue :

Section i. — That the Governor shall appoint three Commissioners to
procure and cause to be placed upon a suitable pedestal in the town of New
London, to be provided bj or through the New London County Historical
Society, a suitable bronze statue of John Winthrop, Governor of the Colony
of Connecticut from 1657 to 1676.

Section 2. — Said Commissioners are herebj- authorized to make a con-
tract in behalf of the State with some competent artist for the making of
such statue and placing it on the pedestal, provided that the entire cost to
the State of such statue and of placing it on the pedestal shall not exceed the
sum of $10,000.

Section 3. — The sum of $10,000 is hereby appropriated to be expended
under the direction of said Commissioners, and the Comptroller is hereby au-
thorized and directed to draw his order on the Treasurer for the cost of said
statue not to exceed the amount above specified, on the presentation of
vouchers approved by said Commissioners.

THE JOHN WINTHROP MONUMENT.

TIIK WORK OF THE COMMISSIONERS.
Under an Act passed by the General Assembly of 1903, Governor
Abiram Chamberlain appointed Hon. Robert Coit of New London,
Col. Norris G. Osborn of New Haven, and ex Governor George P.
McLean of Simsbury, as Commissioners "to procure and cause to be
placed upon a suitable pedestal in the town of New London, to be
provided by or through the New London County Historical Society, a
suitable bronze statue of John Winthrop, Governor of the Colony of
Connecticut from 1657 to 1676." An appropriation of ten thousand
dollars was placed at their disposal for the purpose.

At the first meeting of the Commissioners, held with Mr. Coit in
New London, the question of an artist for the statue was fully consid-
ered. Being anxious to recognize New London County in the studio,
Mr. Coit suggested that the work be entrusted to Bela Lyon Pratt, of
Boston, a former Norwich resident. In the summer of 1903, Mr.
Pratt was engaged to make the statue, and the completed work proves
how admirably the decision of the Commissioners was justified.

Subsequent meetings were held in New Haven, Boston, Hartford,
and again in New London. The work was carried on under the di-
rection of the Commissioners, Mr. Pratt first submitting a design
which differed in one material respect from the statue as it now
stands. This had an Indian crawling up from behind Winthrop, sug-
gesting a guide in the wilderness, but that figure was rejected with the
approval of xMr. Pratt. A working model or study, which is a care-
fully proportioned model, two and one-half feet high, was then made
and inspected by the Commissioners at the artist's studio in Boston.
After careful consideration, a few modifications were made in the
garments and face, the Commissioners being upheld in these by the
judgment of the artist. When the changes had been made to the sat
isfaction of all, Mr. Pratt perfected the study in detail. After approval
by the Commissioners, the full-sized clay model was made and cast in

12 THE JOHN WINTHROP MONUMENT.

plaster late in 1904. From this the statue, requiring thirty-seven
hundred pounds of metal, was cast by the Henry Bonnard Bronze
Co. of New York.

Hon. Robert Coit, Chairman of the Commission, died June 19,
1904, and a few weeks later the following communication was received
by the President of the New London County Historical Society:

State of Connecticut, Executive Dept.,
Hartford, August 5, 1904.

rivE Dept., ")
just 5, 1904. i
Mr. EfeNEST E. Rogers, New London, Conn.

My Dear Sir : You are hereby appointed on the Commission for the
erection of a statue in memory of John Winthrop, to fill vacancy caused
by the death of the Honorable Robert Coit.

Trusting you will accept the same, I remain, with high regard,

Sincerely yours,

A. Chamberlain.

Your associates on the Commission are Col. N. G. Osborn, ex-Gov.
George P. McLean.

A meeting was held with Mr. Rogers in New London, March 28,
1905, at which time arrangements were made for the Commissioners'
part in the unveiling ceremonies, and other details regarding their
work considered. It was suggested that May 6 be made a Govern-
ors' Day, " thus further dignifying the office which Winthrop did so
much to make memorable in the colonial history of Connecticut.
Winthrop was governor for a generation, and he was the man who
laid the foundations of so many of the traditions which have since
been preserved by incumbents of that office."

There were six ex-Governors living, and it was decided to invite
them, with Governor Roberts, as special guests of the occasion.

It was voted that Ernest E. Rogers, President of the Historical
Society and of the State Commission, should preside at the unveil-
ing exercises, also that the delivery of the statue from the State
Commissioners be made by ex-Governor McLean. Other details of
the program as arranged, were an address of welcome by Mayor
Mahan, a response by Governor Roberts, and the acceptance of the
statue by ex-Governor Waller. After the meeting, the Commissioners

Tin-: JOHN WINTIIROP MONUMENT. 13

drove to the site of the statue in Bulkeley Square, and inspected the
boulder pedestal whi^^h had previously been placed in position.

Mr. J. Frank Salter, of the firm of John Salter & Son, of Groton,
made the following proposition to place the statue and set the tablet
at cost :

Groton, Conn., March 22, 1905.
Mr. Ernest E. RociicRS,

Chairman lolin \\'inthrop Statue Commission.

Dear Sir : We note in our daily paper that the bronze statue will arrive
about April 15th. As our firm ga^'e the cornerstone, including the mortise
in stone for box, cutting of dates and all tools, etc., for the lajing, we would
appreciate the honor of erecting the statue and placing the bronze tablet,
and would do the work at exact cost, which would be a very small sum. As
you know, we have cut and erected a great many marble and granite statues,
and could handle this one with the greatest care and the least expense, giv-
ing the matter our personal attention.

Awaiting your pleasure, we are

Yours very truly,

(Signed) John Salter & Sox.

As the erection of the statue on its pedestal was included in the
contract with Mr. Pratt, this letter was forwarded for his considera-
tion. Mr. Salter's offer was warmly appreciated, and he was at once
engaged for the important work, to which lie gave his careful and ex-
perienced attention in person, making no charge for his time and
services in superintending the setting of the statue and tablet.

The finished statue reached New London, April 1 1 , 1905, consigned
to the sculptor, and was his property until accepted by the Commis-
sioners. A telegraph message, " John Winthrop has arrived,"
brought a prompt response from Mr. Pratt, who came to New London
the following day and superintended the placing of the statue on the
pedestal. Two days later the work was completed and the monument
temporarily veiled.

At a meeting of the Commissioners held in the Crocker House,
April 28, the sculptor was present by special invitation. At the close
of the executive session, the party, accompanied by ex-Governor
Waller, drove to the statue, the covering of which was removed for a
short time. After thorough inspection of the completed work, the

H THE JOHN WINTHROP MONUMENT.

Commissioners pronounced it satisfactory in every respect, and handed
Mr. Pratt an order on the Comptroller of the State for the final pay-
ment of six thousand dollars, due after the erection of the statue.
The covering was then replaced, where it remained until a white veil
of the regulation kind was substituted, in preparation for the unveiling
ceremonies of May 6, when the final and formal duties of the Win-
throp Statue Commission were completed.

A correspondent of the New Haven Register has said :

In the case of John Winthrop, as in the case of many of the founders
and patriots, less is known about him than would be commonly supposed.
The people of New London, who have naturally been proud of the young
man who founded their town, giving it the name of "New" London, in-
stead of London, as some of his followers wished, and calling the beautiful
river, which flows into the Sound, the Thames, after the river left at home,
have fashioned a John Winthrop after their own imaginations. This is
perfectly natural in the absence of human documents to prove to the con-
trary, but it is not necessarily a judgment to accept in attempting to impart
his character to bronze. It was the duty of the artist to catch the spirit of
the times in which the younger Winthrop lived and to suggest the pioneer
work which he accomplished. With the approval of the Commission he
sought for the Puritan figure, in the faith that in that way the highest
honor would be done the Governor ana those who shared with him in the
perils of the settlement.

The success of his study we are sure will be acknowledged by those who
have the pleasure of studying the artist's finished figure, as it stands, of
heroic size, on a boulder fashioned by nature near the scene of his labors,
and facing the stern column of Groton Heights, across the river. Nowhere
in the country will there be found a happier and more dignified revival in
bronze of the manhood which was necessary to the settlement of New Lon-
don and the organization of the Colony of Connecticut.

THE SCULPTOR.

Bela Lyon Pratt, the son of George and Sarah Whittlesey Pratt,
was born in Norwich, Connecticut, December ii, 1867. His artistic
talent showed itself early in life, as he modeled and drew at home when
a child. He entered the Yale School of Une Arts at the age of six
teen, where he studied under Professors Niemeyer and Weir. In 1887
he entered the Art Students' League of New York, where his teachers
were Augustus St. Gaudens, F. Edwin Elwell, William Chase and

Tin: lOlIN WINTIIROP MONLMKNT. i5

Kenyon Cox. He worked for Mr. St. Gaudens in his studio for a
time before going to Paris in ,890, where he studied under Chapu
and Falquire. He entered the Kcole Nationale des Beaux Arts at the
head of his class the same year, and received three medals and two
prizes while in Paris. He returned to the United States in 1892 ; was
appointed instructor in modeling at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts
in 1893, and still holds that position.

Among his more well known works have been two colossal groups
on the water gate of the Peristyle at Chicago ; the Lady of Sorrows,
a life-size figure at AurisviUe, N. Y. ; the Eliot Medal for Harvard
University ; six seven-foot figures for the main entrance to the Library
of Congress at Washington ; the twelve-foot figure, Philosophy, in
rotunda of the Library of Congress ; a series of four medallions, Spring,
Summer, Autumn and Winter, in pavilion of Library of Congress;
Victory for the battleship Massachusetts ; Puritan bust for the Avery
Memorial Monument at Poquonoc; bronze group for the battleship
Kearsarge; decorative tablet for the battleship Alabama; the Yale
Bi-Centennial Medal; two groups for the Pan-American Exposition,
Butfalo; a group and three single figures for the Manufactures
and Liberal Arts Building, Pan-American Exposition ; the Butler Mon-
ument, Lowell, Mass.; three groups for the Electricity Building. St.
Louis Fair ; two marble figures for the Fountain of Youth, and a cen-
otaph for Bishop Neeley at Portland, Me.

Mr. Pratt is at present at work upon a cenotaph of John Cotton for
the First Church of Boston ; an heroic relief of General Stevenson, for
the State House, Boston; a bust of Bishop Huntington, Emanuel
Church, Boston; a medallion of Dr. Homans for the new Harvard
Medical School; a figure in bronze for the battleship Rhode Island
and a relief of Dr. Donald for Trinity Church. Boston.

WIN'niROl' SCtlAKK.
The question of a site for the statue was fully considered before
the laying of the cornerstone in 1896. Four locations were sug-
gested- The open space in front of the Court House, the Memorial

i6 THE JOHN WINTHROP MONUMENT.

Park, the Antientest Buriall Place, and the old Town Square. The
latter spot was finally chosen and is rich in historic associations.

Frances Manwaring Caulkins writes concerning it, in an article
published in The Repository in 1858: "There are various points of
interest connected with the Town Square on which the present Alms-
house stands which it may not be amiss briefly to note. It has always
been public property, being a lot reserved by the town for their own
use at the first settlement. But originally it was a rough and precipi-
tous hill top, considerably higher than at present, large quantities of
earth and stone having been removed from the surface at different
times.

During the two hundred years that have passed since the settle-
ment, it has been the theatre of a variety of shifting scenes. It was
early used for a lookout post against the Indians, and for a beacon-
hill on which to erect signals to call the people together. It was the
honored site of three successive meeting-houses, where those fine old
Puritans, Blinman, Bulkeley, Bradstreet and Adams preached, before
there was any other church of any other denomination whatever,
within twelve miles of the place. There hung the first bell in the
town — the gift of Governor Winthrop.* There also stood the first
Court House in the place. In the year 1745 it was transformed into
a tented field, where the troops assembled previous to their sailing for
Louisburg, under Lieutenant-Governor Wolcott. It has been used
likewise for the sad spectacle of a public execution upon the scaffold ;
for military exercises ; for stocks and whipping post, and finally for
the site of an Almshouse and Liberty Pole."

Referring to the locality, a prominent citizen afterward wrote :
"All the earliest traditions, all the most inspiring memories of the

* As the bell was given to the town in 1698, it was undoubtedly the gift of Governor Fitz John
Winthrop, the son of John Winthrop the Younger. According to Miss Caulkins' " Historj' of New
London," it would seem that this was the second bell, the first one having been purchased to signalize
the entrance of Mr. Saltonstall on his official duties. Page 197. The bell, given by Winthrop, has
more than a passing interest, for it first rung out the curfew, in the primitive settlement, and the
old Norman custom, then introduced, still prevails in this twentieth century. It was accepted by a
formal vote of the town July 18, i6y8, with " great thankfulness," and a vote was taken that it "be
forthwith hanged and placed on the top of the meeting house at charge of the town, the townsmen
to procure it to be done." It was hung in the tower of the third or Saltonstall meeting house, then
Bearing completion, and the sexton instructed to " ring the bell upon the Sabbath day and all
other publique days of meeting allso to ring the bell every night at nine of the clock, winter and
summer." For nearly two hundred and eight years, the ancient custom of ringing the bell has been
continued, with the slight alteration of ringing it at eight o'clock instead of nine on Saturday nights,
and the town would miss much from its busy life today if the curfew bell ceased to ring.

TllK lOHN WIXTHROP MONUMENT. i?

town gather around this locality. Here is the ' God's acre ' attached
to the first meeting-house which was erected in 1652 near the
site now occupied by the Bulkeley School House. In this meeting-
house John Winthrop, the founder, and the little band he led from
the Old Bay Colony, were wont to meet to give thanks to the Almighty
with Bible in one hand, to resist the devil, and in the other, the old
flint-lock musket to fight the Indians." * * * * "His daily walk was
around and near this spot, and his chosen home, with its adjoining
mill, just below this hillside in plain view from the spot. It was here
that Winthrop must have often stood looking forth upon our Faire
Harbour, and down upon the old mill, the cove, and the strip of land
which still bears his name."

Before the 250th anniversary of the founding of the town, a formal
vote was taken at a meeting of the Citizens' Committee, held March
10, 1896, and this historic site was unanimously chosen for the
proposed monument. At the same time it was voted : That this
committee hereby respectfully petition the Honorable Court of Com-
mon Council to dedicate such portion of the land as may be neces-
sary for the site for a monument to John Winthrop, Jr., on Bulkeley
Square, to that purpose, and place the same under the control of the
Park Commissioners.

A week later the Court of Common Council voted : That so much
of the space east of Hempstead Street and southwest of the Bulkeley
School yard, being a portion of the ancient Town Plot so called, as
may be necessary for the purpose, is hereby discontinued as a high-
way and dedicated as a park for the location of the monument to
John Winthrop, the founder of the City of New London, and his
Honor, the Mayor, with the members of the Street Committee of this
Court of Common Council is hereby authorized to lay out, curb,
grade and enclose so much thereof as in their judgment shall be
suitable and appropriate for the purpose, and lay thereon the foun-
dation for said monument, and said space, and monument when
erected, shall be under the charge of the Park Commissioners, and
hereafter known and called Winthrop Square.

No steps were taken to make the improvements specified in the

i8 THE JOHN WINTHROP MONUMENT.

above vote for more than eight years ; accordingly the Historical
Society sent to the Mayor of the city the following communication :

New London, Conn., June 17, 1904.
Hon. Bryan F. Mahan, Mayor,

City of New London.

Sir : I have the honor to inform you that at a meeting of the Board of
Directors of this Society held the 17th instant, I was instructed to ask that
you lay before the Honorable Court of Common Council this our request that
Winthrop Park, formerly a section of the old Town Sqviare on which a
cornerstone for a monument to Governor John Winthrop the Younger, was
hiid May 6, 1S96, be curbed, graded and a suitable foundation laid for the
reception of the Winthrop Statue to be placed by the State of Connecticut
on the pedestal for which this Society is responsible ; that the work be done
this season agreeable to the specifications recommended by Sculptor Bela L.
Pratt, which specifications together with a map of the Park accompany this
communication.

Very respectfully.

(Signed) Elizabeth Gorton,

Secretary'.

This request was presented to the Common Council at its July
session, and the following favorable action was taken by that body
August I :

Whereas, at the last meeting of this Council, his Honor, the Mayor,
laid before this body the request of the New London County Historical
Society that Winthrop Park — a small triangular piece of ground formtrly a
section of the old Town Square — be curbed, graded, and a foundation made
for the Winthrop Statue : and since it was desired by said petitioners that
the work be done this season.

Resolved, that the Street Committee be and hereby is authorized to
procure bids according to plans and specifications accompanying said
request, and that said committee be and hereby is empowered to award
contract and ha\'e work completed before No\eniber ist.

The work was begun early in November and completed within the
month, the park having been curbed and partially graded, and a cubi-
cal foundation seven feet square laid, including the cornerstone on its
east side. When Mr. Pratt had placed the pedestal so as to afford the
most advantageous position for the statue, it was found that the apex
of the roughly triangular boulder was directly above the cornerstone.

THE lOIIN WINTHROP MONUMENT. 19

After pedestal and statue had been set, the grading was finished, the
enclosure turfed, and the surrounding street macadamized, thus
making everything ready some time before May 6, the day of the
celebration.

THE BOULDER PEDESTAL.
While the State in its appropriation provided for the statue itself,
it was necessary, under the provisions of the bill, for the New London
County Historical Society to obtain funds for the pedestal. Following
a suggestion of the sculptor, it was decided to use a native boulder,
accordingly, in the spring of 1904, search was begun for a suitable
stone. Several were found and photographs sent to Mr. Pratt, but
none of them was quite satisfactory. In September, a boulder, which
the committee considered well fitted for the purpose, was discovered
on the farm of John T. Hicks, in Waterford, near Alewife Cove.
Upon request, Mr. Pratt came to inspect it, and at once saw that it
was particularly well adapted as a base for his statue, therefore, steps
were immediately taken to secure it. Mr. Hicks, when asked if he
would sell the stone and what value he placed upon it, generously
declined a money consideration, saying it was his pleasure to aid the
project by the gift of the boulder, and he would further grant the right
of way across his fields for its removal. That the transaction might
be perfectly legal, a receipted bill for the nominal sum of one dollar
was given to the Historical Society by Mr. Hicks.

It was decided not to move the boulder until the necessary amount
was pledged for the work, also, not to make personal solicitation for
funds -.—the latter, because it was believed that the people of New
London would respond with voluntary contributions when the facts
were known. The following appeal was printed in the local papers,
and brought forth a generous response from the public :

To THE Editor :

At the annual meeting of the New London County Historical Society the
undersigned were appointed a committee on the Winthrop monument.
Since the state has generouslv contributed ten thousand dollars for the statue,
and the citv has patriotically placed in excellent condition the ground where
the memorial will be located, it is thought best that the raising ot the
fund for the pedestal, for which this Society is responsible, be thrown open

20 THE JOHN WINTHROP MONUMENT.

to the public, as it will be the onl>- opportunity remaining for the citizens
of New London to participate in thus honoring the founder of the town.

The pedestal chosen by the sculptor is a natural boulder weighing about
twenty tons, and is situated in Waterford. The cost of moving the stone
to Winthrop Park, including other incidental expenses in connection with
the pedestal, will approximate six hundred dollars.

The Society subscribes fifty dollars to start a popular fund, and invites
the citizens and various organizations of the city to contribute in com-
memorating the character and public services of that eminent statesman
and governor, John Winthrop the Younger, the founder of New London.
That every one may share in the memorial, the smallest contributions will be
acceptable.

The contract will be awarded when sufficient pledges are received, and as
it is desirable to let the contract immediately, volunteer pledges mav be
given to any member of the committee, bvit the funds should be sent to the
treasurer, Charles C. Perkins, 52 State Street.

Ernest E. Rogers,
Frank L. Palmer,
Charles C. Perkins,
New London, December 28, 1904. Committee.

A gift of fifty dollars from a member, the previous September,
enabled the Society to head the subscription list with that amount,
while the interest and assistance of the daily press secured many
additions to the fund. It is interesting to know that the money given
by Lucretia Shaw Chapter, D. A. R., was raised by the loan exhibit
held in 1896, when the cornerstone of the monument was laid, and the
statue itself seemed a dim possibility. This sum, with the accumula-
tion of nine years' interest, amounted to one hundred twenty dollars
and thirty-eight cents and proved to be the largest single gift received
for the pedestal. A gift of ten dollars in 1895, from the originator
of the project, was also accumulating interest in a Savings Bank,
and in this way fourteen dollars and thirty-five cents was added to
the Pedestal Fund.

The contract for moving the boulder was given to Post Brothers,
of New London. It was announced through the press the middle of
February, that all moneys needed for its removal to Bulkeley Square
had been received, although small contributions were still coming in.
All these would be most welcome, as any surplus would be used in
issuing Part I, Volume III, of the Records and Papers of the New
London County Historical Society, containing an account of the cele-
bration and other matters of interest. The report of the Treasurer of
the Pedestal Fund will be found in the concluding chapter.

THE JOHN WINTllROP MONUMENT. 21

On Wednesday, February 15, preparations for moving the boulder
were begun on the farm of Mr. Hicks. Its actual removal com-
menced two days later, as some excavation was necessary in order to
handle the stone, although it rested on top of the ground. The
weather had been very cold, and the icy roads were in the best pos-
sible condition for the transportation of the heavy weight ; had the
frost been out of the ground, its progress would have been greatly
retarded.

The boulder began its journey on a platform moved on rollers, and
good progress was made at the beginning. Six days later it reached
the highway, when the drag on which it rested was placed on a freight
car which had been obtained for the purpose. A movable railroad of
steel rails spiked to ties, was then constructed, and the car ran on this
until the trolley line became available. The engineers of the Consol-
idated Railroad advised the contractors that they would not guarantee
the Ocean Avenue bridge over their tracks to sustain more than fifteen
tons. As the estimated weight of the boulder was twenty tons, great
danger would be incurred in an attempt to move it across the bridge.
This difficulty was overcome by the ingenuity of Post Brothers, who
laid two twenty-inch yellow pine timbers upon the roadway, supporting
them on the granite abutments of the bridge. Restmg the car upon
these, no great strain came on the bridge proper, so that the stone was
carried over in safety, and the circuitous route otherwise necessary
was avoided.

The boulder was taken from its original location in Great Neck,
up Denison Hill and along Ocean Avenue to the junction of Montauk
Avenue and Bank Street, where it arrived on March 1 1 , and remained
for several days, attracting much attention from passers-by. A Mont-
ville trolley car was then brought into use as motive power, and a
night trip made over the main line to Broad and Hempstead Streets,
where the truck was taken from the rails, and in a few hours the
boulder reached its future resting place in Bulkeley Square. On
March 16, it was placed in its permanent position under the super-
vision of Mr. Pratt, and a few weeks later, the grade of the enclosure
was raised to hide the junction of pedestal and foundation.

22 THE JOHN WINTHROP MONUMENT.

It is curious to note the exact correspondence in shape of the
boulder and the parklet on which it rests, for they really seem made
for each other. While much thought was given to the selection of
this boulder, and its triangular shape appreciated, yet its exceptional
conformity to the parklet on which it rests was not fully realized until
it was placed in position. The stone was used exactly as taken from
the field ; its symmetrical form, with flattened base and summit, making
changes unnecessary, while the shape and area of the curbed enclosure
were determined by the lines of the adjacent streets. The boulder
dates from the glacial period, and on its last preceding journey
must have been moved by the prehistoric icepacks of the north.
While our town was still a wilderness of " tangled forests, stony pas-
tures, rugged hill tops and miry swamps," and the red men held undis-
puted possession, that stone, in hoary age, was keeping its lonely vigil
on the hillside.

It has been well said: "There is something in the grim rough-
ness of the boulder strongly suggestive of the stern character of the
seventeenth century Puritans and of the hard fight they had against
nature and nature's proteges, the Indians." * * * -'That heroic
bronze figure standing upon it typifies, in an artistic manner, the
rugged characteristics of the man who braved the wilderness, and
whose strength of character made him a leader among the men of his
time."

THE TABLET.

As his personal share in the memorial, Mr. Pratt asked the privi-
lege of furnishing the bronze tablet for the pedestal. This graceful
and acceptable gift was most warmly appreciated by the committee
and all interested. To the surprise of all, the finished plate was found
in the box with the statue, the Bonnard Company having pushed the
supplementary order through in remarkably short time. A natural
perpendicular face on the south side of the boulder furnished an ideal
setting for the tablet, only the slightest cutting being necessary to
hold it in place. The bronze plate measures 20 x 30 inches ; it is
most simple in design, yet dignified and eminently appropriate for its
purpose and surroundings.

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TiiK I!ki)N/k Tai'.i.e'I'.

DETAILS OF PREPARATION FOR MAY SIXTH.

OUTLINE OF COMMITTEI-: WORK.

In accordance with a vote passed at the annual meeting of the

Historical Society, September i, 1904, the following communication,

duly signed by the Secretary, was sent to Hon. Bryan F. Mahan,

Mayor of New London :

New London, Conn., Dec. 30, 1904.
Hon. Bryan F. ^L\^l.\N. ^L'^vo^ of New London.

Sir : I have the honor to inform vou that at the auniial meeting of the
New London County Historical Society, it was voted to invite the Honora-
ble Court of Common Council and the Board of Trade to appoint commit-
tees to co-operate with this Societ}- in arranging for the ceremonies attending
the unveiling, on May 6, 1905, of the statue of Gov. John Winthrop the
Younger, the founder of New London. Agreeable thereto, you are respect-
fully and cordially requested to lay this matter before the Honorable Court
of Common Council for the appointment of such a committee.

This Society has appointed a committee consisting of Ernest E. Rogers,
Frank L. Palmer and Charles C. Perkins.

A similar letter was sent to Hon. James P. Johnston, President of
the Board of Trade, who, on January 2, 1905, appointed a committee
consisting of Judge William B. Coit, Percy C. Eggleston and Charles
S. Starr.

At the January meeting of the Common Council, the communica-
tion was read, but no definite action taken. On the sixth of February
Mayor Mahan appointed P>ederick C. Burrows, Stephen J. Downey
and Alfred H. Pollock to co-operate with the committees from the
Historical Society and Board of Trade in making plans for the coming
celebration.

The first meeting of this joint committee was called by the Presi-
dent of the Historical Society in the following notice sent to the
members:

New London, Conn., Feb. b>, 1905.
Dear Sir : There will be a meeting in the rooms of this Society at 8 p. m.,
Friday, (the loth inst. ). of the committees appointed by the Court of Com-

-3

i4 JXTAifJi or PREPAEATIOX FOR 3IAY SjOnH.

---.- ' y. -• "■" Y/fjstrA fA. ". ■-''■' --' "^ '•--» L/5©<aos CoBMtT HaRcricaJ

. bj ibe cboice of Eniest
K, . "red H. Pollock for per-

'.'. x.i^ '■ ■' c&iebaatm to one

..^ >„ . . ^ .'ay '^ ".■-'.-. :taiidiB^ comaktees

were app^yjf;ted a» f-o' . -lect tfaor own asso-

ciate*:

Sjy - rn B- Coit-

' F* i>o*rnev.

I>: ';* S. Starr.

It wa» voted; That the joint committee of nine be increased by
the chairmen of all standing committees. The committee thus
formfid (^jnstiUittd the Executive Committee of the Winthrop Monu-
ment O:l';bration, which had charge of making the general arrange-
ments for M^iy 6. It was decided to make the parade both military-
and civic, and U} endeavor to have detachments from the forts in this
artillery district in addition to the local National Guardsmen, also to
invite nrhool children and New London organizations to take part in
th<; i;arad<;. Th'; cjommittee on Parade was authorized to request the
proper govf.rnmenl officials to send war ships and companies of
(initcd Stales trrioj^s from the nearby forts, to participate in the cere-
monicM dedicating \.\>i: John Winthrop Monument. It was voted:
'l'h;it no d':l>ts shall be incurred by any committee, except by contract,
which rinisl. have the approval of the Finance Committee.

Seven fjlher meetings of the Executive Committee were held be-
fore ihr ((:l<;l)r;itifHi. A summary of these has been taken from the
minutes of the Secretary, Alfred II. Pollock.

i'cbriijiry 13 : (Chairmen of three standing committees. Speakers,
l';ir;i(l(; mid Decoration, reported their choice of assistants.

I'cbniary .14: Mr. I lopson accepted chairmanship of Finance
( 'oMiiiiiti(;c, and Mr. (.'happell that of the Invitation Committee.
( 'liarl(!s S. Starr, chairman Decoration Committee, and Mr. Coit for

DETAILS OF PREPARATION FOR MAY SIXTH. 25

the Committee on Speakers, reported that their plans were developing
rapidly and satisfactorily. Stephen J. Downey, chairman Parade
Committee, reported that he had met representatives from the various
fire companies, that they had voted to take part in the celebration,
and that arrangements for the parade were in progress. It was voted :
That the invitations for the military and local civic societies be placed
in charge of the Parade Committee, and for the Foot Guards, civilians,
and special guests be left with the Invitation Committee. It was
practically decided that the exercises at the unveiling of the monu-
ment should be held in the morning, and the parade take place in the
afternoon.

March 3: The chairmen of the Finance and Invitation Commit-
tees, having chosen their helpers, reported their names. Mr. Chap-
pell submitted a sketch of the proposed invitations, and spoke of his
plan to have a cut of the Winthrop statue upon them. Mr. Rogers
was requested to write Mr. Pratt, the sculptor, and ask him to forward
to Livermore & Knight, Providence, Rhode Island, a silver print of
the statue to be used for this purpose. It was voted : That the en-
graved invitations be signed by Bryan F. Mahan, Mayor of New Lon-
don, James P. Johnston, President Board of Trade, Ernest E. Rogers,
President New London County Historical Society, and Alfred H.
Chappell, Chairman Invitation Committee.

A standing committee on Souvenirs, to prepare a booklet and
procure buttons, badges and postal cards, was appointed, with Percy
C. Eggleston as chairman and member of the Executive Committee.

March 15: Mr. Chappell of the Invitation Committee, reported
that the photograph of the statue was in the hands of the engravers,
and that the invitations would be ready in ample time. He also asked
for suggestions regarding those to be invited.

Captain Downey, chairman of the Parade Committee, said that he
would have the regulars from the forts, blue-jackets from one of the
naval vessels, and possibly a regiment of militia, to participate in the
parade; also, that he was meeting with good success among the civic
societies.

The members of the Reception Committee were named, and a vote

26 DETAILS OF PREPARATION FOR MAY SIXTH.

taken that Mayor Mahan, the chairman, should add as many as he
deemed necessary to said committee.

Mr. Rogers said that a few of the Mohegan Indians would be
present May 6, and he was requested to make the necessary arrange-
ments for them to appear in the parade, as he did at the time the
corner-stone was laid.

The Souvenir Committee reported that it was feasible to have but-
tons and pins with cut of the Winthrop statue, and gave the estimated
cost, also reported progress on the souvenir booklets. It was voted:
That the committee be empowered to purchase the buttons, and ad-
vise the Finance Committee regarding them.

March 29 : Charles S. Starr, chairman Decoration Committee, re-
ported progress. Mr. Eggleston said that twenty-five hundred souvenir
buttons had been ordered, also badges for the Reception, Invitation,
Finance, Decoration and Parade Committees. Captain Downey
reported that many civic organizations had acccepted the invitation to
take part in the parade, and the committee was assured of having the
troops from the forts in this artillery district. Ernest E. Rogers reported
concerning the Mohegan Indians, and stated that Mr. Henry R.
Bond had offered to furnish dinner for them as he did nine years ago.
It was voted: That the Secretary officially thank Mr. Bond for his
kindness in entertaining the Mohegan Indians.

The personnel of ihe Reception Committee of thirty-five citizens
was announced.

April;: Discussion of details of the work of the Souvenir Com-
mittee. John Hopson, of the Finance Committee, reported the deci-
sion to send out circulars for popular subscriptions, and said that the
committee would probably supplement these by personal solicitation.
A draft of the proposed appeal was submitted and approved. Subse-
quently fifteen hundred of these circulars, attractively printed, with
subscription blanks and return stamped envelopes enclosed, were
mailed to citizens of New London. After discussing various plans
for entertaining the city's guests, the matter was left in charge of
the Reception Committee and its assistants.

May 3 : Final reports from the various standing committees pre-

DETAILS OF PREPARATKJN 1"()R MAY SIXTH. 27

vious to the Winthrop Day celebration were given. Charles S. Starr,
chairman Decoration Committee, reported that the reviewing and
grand stand on Bulkeley Square would be completed Friday morning,
May 5. For the Committee on Souvenirs, Mr. Eggleston gave a de-
tailed report. Badges for the several conimittees had been procured,
buttons and pins placed on sale, as well as souvenir postal cards and
booklets. He announced the total receipts and expenditures to date,
and said that in all probability his committee would not require any
assistance from the general fund, but might turn some money into that
fund from advertisements and the sale of souvenirs. Stephen J.
Downey reported all arrangements for the parade completed.

Henry C. Chappell reported for the Invitation Committee, giving
the expenditures for engraved invitations, admission cards, luncheon
cards and other 'printing. One hundred invitations with reply cards
had been sent to out-of-town people, two hundred and fifty with no
reply cards, and about one hundred and twenty to New Londoners.

It was voted : That the chairman of the sub-committee on car-
riages arrange for transporting the Winthrop family to the exercises.
Alderman Burrows was given charge of this matter. It was voted :
That the Secretary notify the Reception Committee to meet at the
Crocker House, at 9.30 a. m., Saturday, May 6, 1905. Other plans
regarding the celebration were discussed in detail.

CITIZENS' COMMITTEE.

The Citizens' Committee was composed of two hundred fifty-nine
citizens, — one member for each year that had elapsed since the found-
ing of the city.

A meeting of this committee was held prior to the celebration, so
that citizens in general could have an opportunity to express opinions,
make suggestions, etc. This meeting was held Thursday evening,
April 13, in the Council Chamber of the City Hall. Chairman Mayor
Mahan, having important business elsewhere, asked for the appoint-
ment of a presiding officer, and Professor Walter A. Towne was
chosen. A large number of citizens were present, filling seats and

28 DETAILS OF PREPARATION FOR MAY SIXTH.

standing room, and many phases of the work were presented by mem-
bers of the various committees. It was voted : That the Citizens'
Committee co-operate with the Reception Committee in the entertain-
ment of guests who will be in the city on May sixth.

RECEPTION COMMITTEE.

The first meeting of the Reception Committee was held April 19,
in the Common Council Chamber, to make arrangements for receiving
the guests of the city on May 6. Admiral Stanton was chosen chair-
man, and Alfred H. Pollock, secretary. Mr. Chappell, of the Invita-
tion Committee, was called upon for the number of people to be
entertained. He spoke of several acceptances and regrets received,
and said that according to his estimate given to the Citizens' Com-
mittee, from one hundred fifty to two hundred of the city's guests
would be present, and the Reception Committee could plan for the
entertainment of that number. This did not include the Governor's
Foot Guard, one hundred and eighteen men, with band of twenty-five
pieces.

Sub-committees were appointed as follows :

For entertainment of guests : Daniel J. Lucy, John McGinley,
Samuel Belden, Carey Congdon, Dr. Albert W. Crosby, Dr. Edward
Prentis.

For reception and escort of Governor and Staff : Congressman
Frank B. Brandegee, Theodore Bodenwein Secretary of State, Sena-
tor William J. Brennan, Ex-Mayor Cyrus G. Beckwith, Representatives
Charles B. Waller and Daniel M. Cronin.

For providing carriages : Carlos Barry, Jr., chairman, with
power to select nine assistants. The completed committee consisted
of Edward S. Neilan, Walter Lewis, Chas. B. Whittlesey, Charles B.
Jennings, Frank V. Chappell, David Mackenzie, Richard B. Wall,
Benjamin L. Armstrong and Frank L. Palmer.

The second meeting was held April 22, and reports were pre-
sented by the sub-committees. Mr. Barry said that he had arranged
to have all necessary carriages for the morning procession.

DETAILS OF PREPARATION FOR MAY SIXTH. 29

which was to escort the Governor to Bulkeley Square, and for con-
veying the guests of the city from the Crocker House to the grand
stand. Congressman Brandegee announced that the parlors and two
adjoining rooms at the Crocker House had been reserved for the use
of the visitors, who would there be received by the Committee, pro-
vided with transportation to the exercises, and instructed as to the
return for luncheon. Mr. Lucy reported that arrangements had been
made with Landlord Parker of the Crocker House, to provide luncheon
for all the guests, excepting the Second Company, Governor's Foot
Guard, who would be entertained by the State at the Mohican Hotel.

An account of the final meeting of all committees, held after the
celebration, is given in the concluding chapter.

OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES.

Executive Committee.— Hon. Bryan F. Mahan. Mayor: Ernest
E. Rogers, Chairman; Alfred H. Pollock, Secretary; Frank L. Palmer, Al-
fred H. Chappell, John Hopson, Charles C Perkins, Capt. Stephen J.
Downey, Frederick C Burrows, Hon. William B. Coit, Charles S. Starr,
Percy C. Eggleston.

F'iNANCE Committee.— John Hopson, Chairman; (ieorge B. Prest,
Treasurer; Winthrop E. McGinley, Secretary; Hon. George F. Tinker,
James Hislop. Dr. Edward Prentis, Dr. Frederick Farnsworth, Alfred H.
Pollock, Horace H. Daboll.

Reception Committee.— Hon. Bryan F. Mahan. Chairman; Hon.
Thomas M. Waller, Hon. Frank B. Brandegee, Walter Learned, Frank L.
Palmer, Frank II. Chappell, Admiral Oscar F. Stanton, Commander Sam-
uel Belden, James Hislop, John McGinley, Lee S. Denison, Benjamin L.
Armstrong, Hon. Theodore Bodenwein, Hon. William J. Brennan, Hon.
Cyrus G. Beckwith, Hon. Charles B. Whittlesey, Walter Lewis, Charles B.
Jennings, Dr. Edward Prentis, Judge William Belcher, Carey Congdon, Dr.
Albert W. Crosby, George B. Prest, Louis C. Jones, Hon. George F. Tinker,
Hon. Charles B. Waller, Hon. Daniel M. Cronin, Frank \'. Chappell,
Daniel J. Lucy, Rev. J. Romeyn Danforth, Edward S. Neilan, Prof. Walter
A. Towne, David Mackenzie, Carlos Barry, Jr., Richard B. Wall.

Entertaiumeiit.—Vt:in\e\ J. Lucy, John McGinley, Commander Samuel
Belden, Carey Congdon, Dr. Albert W. Crosby, Dr. Edward Prentis.

Welcoming.— Won. Frank B. Brandegee, Hon. Theodore Bodenwein,
Hon. William J. Brennan, Hon. Cyrus G. Beckwith, Hon. Charles B. Waller,
Hon. Daniel M. Cronin, and any others appointed by Mr. Brandegee.

DETAILS OP^ PREPARATION FOR MAY SIXTH.

Carriages. — Carlos Barrv, ]r-. Edward S. Neilan, Walter Lewis, Charles

B. Jennings, Charles B. Whittlesejs Frank V. Chappell, David Mackenzie,
Richard B. Wall, Benjamin L. x\rmstrong, Frank L. Palmer.

Invitation Committee. — Alfred II. Chappell, Chairman; Hon. Brjan
F. Mahan, Hon. James P. Johnston, Lieut. John McGinley, Jr., Capt. Henry

C. Chappell.

Parade Committee. — Capt. Stephen J. Downey, Chairman ; Gen. George
Haven, Lieut. John McGinley, Jr.

Decoration Committee. — Charles S. Starr, Chairman : George Whit-
tlesey, Harris Pendleton, Charles Chittenden, Harold H. Starr, Edward
Barker.

Speakers' Committee. — Hon. William B. Coit, Chairman ; Rev. James
W. Bixler, Charles B. Jennings.

Souvenir Committee. — Percy C. Eggleston, Chairman; Charles C.
Perkins, Alfred H. Pollock.

CITIZENS' COMMITTEE.

Ernest E. Rogers,
F. C. Burrows,
S. J. Downey,
F. L. Palmer,
C. C. Perkins,
W. B. Coit,
C. S. Starr,
P. C. Eggleston,
A. H. Chappell,
John Hopson,
Frederick Farnsworth,
Walter H. Richards,
Abijah Dickinson,
William T. Hopson,
Thomas W. Casey,
Henry M. Chapin,
Edgar B. Pierce,
Joseph Smith, 2d,
Hon. T. M. Waller,
Hon. F. B. Brandegee,
Hon. Theo. Bodenwein
Hon. W. J. Brennan,
Hon. C. G. Beckwith,
Hon. G. F. Tinker,
Hon. C. B. Waller,

Bryan F. Mahan, Mayor.

Chairman. Alfred H.
Simon Hess,
E. K. Kapstein,
E. T. Kirkland,
James Newcomb,
R. T. Palmer,
Frederick Mercer,
George N. Putnam,
J. A. Moon,
E. D. Stone,
D. S. Marsh,
Edwin Keeney,
W. B. Thomas,
C. C. Jeffrey,
George Goldie,
H. D. Barrows,
William Astheimer,
Judge Alfred Coit,
T. A. Scott,
W. S. Calvert,
Jacob Linicus,
I. U. Lyon,
B. H. Hilliar,
Ricardo Morgan,
Giles Bishop,

Pollock, Secretary.
D. J. McAdams,
George H. Powers,
T. F. Foran,
P. W. Russell,

B. B. Gardner,
J. H. Root,

F. J. Beckwith,
George Holmes,
J. E. Harris,
W. A. Fones,
W. H. Chapman,
John O'Hea,
F. L. Comstock,
Peter Dorsey,
Dr. C. B. Graves,
Carlos Barry,
George P. Fenner,
Judge W. C. Noyes,
W. E. Withey,
H. O. Burch,

C. C. Lippitt,
Thomas Howe,
J. P. Shea,

A. C. Lippitt,

DETAILS OF PREPARATION FOR MAY SIXTH.

Hon. D. X. Cronin,
Walter Learned,
F. H. Chappell,
Admiral O. F. Stanton,
Com. Samuel Belden,
James Ilislop,
John McGinlej,
Lee S. Denison,

B. L. Armstrong,
Walter Lewis,

C. B. Jennings,

Dr. Edward Prentis,
Hon. William Belcher,
Carey Congdon,

C. B. Whittlesey,
Dr. A. W. Crosby,
George B. Prest,
Louis C. Jones,

F. \'. Chappell,

D. J. Lucy,

Rev. J. R. Danforth,

E. S. Neilan,
Prof. W. A. Towne,
David Mackenzie,
Carlos Barry, Jr.,
R. B. Wall,

J. P. Johnston,
H. C. Chappell,
Rev. J. W. Bixler,
Gen. George Haven,
Lieut. John McGinley,
Harris Pendleton,
H. H. Starr,
George Whittlesey,
Hon. M. W. Dart,
Billings P. Learned,

G. H. Thomas,
W. H. Bentley,
Rev. A. P. Grint,
C. W. Butler,

C. W. Strickland,
C. Royce Boss,

F. M. Ladd,
L. E. Whiton,

G. C. Morgan,
Charles Prentis,

A. O. Goddard,
F. W. Hull,
J. A. Allyn,
W. B. Keeney,
E. N. Crocker,
C. J. Viets,

E. D. Barker,
R. C. Morris,
C. H. Klinck,

F. D. Crandall,
L. E. Daboll,
Rev. T. P. Joynt,
T. O. Thompson,

C. C. Elwell,
F. W. Dow,
W. H. Reeves,
Arnold Rudd,
R. P. Freeman,
George K. Crandall,
R. R. Congdon, Jr.,
Dr. George S. Morgan,
Robert Congdon,
George A. Sturdy,

J. H. Brown,
Peter Huber,
M. W. Bacon,
E. C. Ford,
William Kingsbury,
Gilbert Bishop,
Henry Schwaner,
J. D. Cronin,
J. F. Murray,
J. R. Linsley,
Dr. F. N. Braman,
William T. May,
W. A. Murray,
A. L. Dean,

D. D. Latham,
W. H. Slocum,
William S. Chappell,
H. C. Macomber,

C. A. Benjamin,

E. H. Caulkins,
Dennis McMahon,
H. D. Stanton,
Jacob Fisher,

F. W. (Jumble,
W. W. Smith,
Henry Meschendorf,
A. R. Darrow,
Fred H. Davis,
H. D. Utley,
H. C. Randale,
C. J. Hewitt,
C. H. Morris,
F. H. Parmelee,
M. H. Beckwith,
S. W. Caulkins,
S. C. Dudley,
George G. Avery,
Thomas Edgar,
J. B. Leahy,
George R. Morris,
James P. Dufty,
R. A. Brubeck,
Dr. A. W. Nelson,
Goetz Bachert,
H. C. Weaver,
James Moran,
Daniel Buckley,
H. R. Bond,
W. E. Hobron,
C. A. Prince,
H. C. Holmes,
A. J. Beckwith,
Rev. J. P. Elder,
J. A. Southard,
Rev. W. S. Mclntire,
C. L. Ockford,
Reuben Lord,
C. W. Denison,
Edward Keefe,
William Sayle,
F. E. Fcngar,

A. T. Miner,
Antone E. Foster,
Hugh McPartland,

B. A. Armstrong,
William H. Clarke,
F. L. McGuire,

P. J. Ryan,
E. j. Dray,

DETAILS OF PREPARATION FOR MAY SIXTH.

E. L. Da Silva,

George C. Strong,

Dr. J. G. Stanton,

E. T. Brown,

E. L. Palmer,

Rev. F. G. McKeever,

C. W. Chapin,

P. C. Dunford,

H. A. Hull,

J. S. Boss,

W. F. M. Rogers,

J. C. Geary,

William H. Richards,

H. J. Hirsch,

Henrv Holt Smith,

E. D. Steele,
Samuel Corkey,
Horace Daboll,
H. F. Daboll,
Simon Ewald,

F. E. Parker,
Stephen Wightman,
S. J. Renter,
Frank H. Smith,
George Crosby,

A. F. Anderson,
D. R. Loos ley,
Fred Chittenden,
A. S. Smith,
Hon. Ralph Wheeler,
H. L. Crandall.

E. M. Sweeney,

F. S. Newcomb,
C. B. Douglas,
S. A. Brown,

S. T. Adams,

F. E. Barker,

Albert Cheney,

J. W. Tripp,

'w. R. Pollock,

J. F. Salter,

Joseph C. Comstock,

A. B. Burdick,

Walter Fitzmaurice,

S. D. Lawrence,

C. E. Rice,

SPECIAL ORDERS FOR ESCORT TO GOVERNOR ROBERTS.

State of Connecticut.

Adjutant-General's Office.
Special Orders \

No. 69. i Hartford, April 21, 1905.

I. The Staff of the Commander-in-Chief will report to Brigadier-General
George M. Cole, Adjutant-General, in full dress uniform (dismounted) in
attendance upon His Excellency the Governor at the dedication of the John
Winthrop Monument, New London, Conn., May 6th, 1905, on train leaving
Hartford at 8 a. m. Members of the Staff who do not reside in Hartford,
may report in New London, upon arrival of Governor's train, about
10.15 a. m.

II. The First and Second Companies Governor's Foot Guard, Third
Battalion, Third Infantry, (Companies A, C, I and M), First and Second
Companies Coast Artillery, First Platoon, Machine-Gun Battery, and Second
Division, Naval Battalion, are detailed for one day's duty as escort to the
Commander-in-Chief, at the dedication of the John Winthrop Monument:
reporting to Lieutenant-Colonel Henry S. Dorsey, Third Infantry, who is
detailed with, and to command all National Guard troops in the escort, at
the railroad station. New London, Conn. Captain Percy H. Morgan, Third
Infantry, will report (mounted) to Colonel Dorsey for this tour of duty.

III. Company Commanders, whose Companies are not stationed in
New London, will make requisition on the Acting Qiiartermaster-General
for transportation. Company Commanders are directed to provide subsis-
tence for their command, at a cost not to exceed forty cents (40c.) per en-
listed man.

DETAILS OF PREPARATION FOR MA\- SIXTH. 33

1\'. Triplicate pav-roUs for dulv, duly sii,Micd by each member parading,
and sworn to by the Commanding Officer, will be required, two copies to be
forwarded to this office within two days from date of duty performed.
Bv order of the Commander-in-Chief,
George M. Cole,
Official: Adjutant-General.

Wm. E. F. Landers,

Assistant Adjutant-General.

State Armory.
Orders 1
Isjo. I. / New London, Conn., April 27, 1905.

L In accordance with S. O. No. 69, A. G. O., c. s., I hereby assume
command.

IL Capt. Percy H. Morgan, 3rd Inf.. C N. G., is appointed Acting

Adjutant.

III. The several organizations will report at the Union R. R. Station,
New London, at lO o'clock a. m., or as soon thereafter as their train arrives,
for escort to the Commander-in-Chief, at the unveiling of the statue of

John Winthrop.

IV. The dress uniform will be worn with white gloves and white col-
lars, showing not over one-half inch.

V. The organizations will be dismissed immediately after arriving at
the statue, and will report at the State Armory at 1.15 p. m.

Henry S. Dorsey,

Lt.-Col. 3rd Inf., C. N. G..

Commanding.

IlEADiy^ ARTERS

First Company Governor's Foot Gi ard.

General Orders 1

Xo. 4. t IIartkord, Conn., April 29. 1905.

1. In compliance with Special Orders, No. 69, A. G. O., Hartford,
April 21, 1905, members of this command will assemble at the Armory
promptly at 7.15 o'clock, a. m., Saturday, May 6th, 1905, for one days duty
as escort to the Commander-in-Chief, at the dedication of the John Winth-
rop Monument, in New London, Conn. The fine for non-attendance on
this occasion is $6.00.

Staff. Non-Commissioned Staff and Band will report at same time and

place.

Weather permitting, the full-dress uniform, with cross belts, white

34 DETAILS OF PREPARATION FOR MAY SIXTH.

gloves and gun slings will be worn, and especial care must be taken in
order that the same be not necessarily soiled or otherwise injured.

II. Capt. P. H. Ingalls is hereby relieved from further duty as Surgeon,
but will continue as Chief-of-Staff.

Dr. H. G. Howe is hereby appointed Surgeon with rank of Captain, and
will be obeyed and respected accordingly.

By order of
Official : Major Fred. R. Bill.

W. E. A. BULKELEY,

3rd Lieut, and Adjt.

HEADqUARTERS

Second Company Governor's Foot Guard.
Organized 1775.
Special Order \

No. 30. i New Haven, Conn., May 2, 1905.

I. Pursuant to Special Orders No. 69, A. G. O., Hartford, Conn., dated
April 21, 1905, you are hereby ordered to report at your Armory, 39 Whiting
Street, on Saturday, May 6, 1905, at 7 o'clock a. m., for one day's duty as
escort to the Commander-in-Chief at the dedication of the John Winthrop
Monument, in New London, Conn.

II. You will report in full dress uniform, scarlet coat, white vest
and breeches, black velvet leggins, dress belt, bearskin hat, standing collar,
black shoes and white gloves. Fatigue cap attached to button on left hip
of coat.

III. Commissioned and Non-commissioned Staffs, Band and Drum
Corps will report at the same hour and place.

IV. Assembly will be sounded at 7.50 a. m. Adjutant's call at 8 o'clock
a. m. sharp. Train leaves 8.25 a. m.

V. Triplicate pay-rolls for duty must be signed by each member before
leaving the Armory.

Smith G. Weed,
Official : Major Commandant.

Albert W. Mattoon,

Ensign and Adjutant.

Third Battalion, Third Infantry,
Connecticut National Guard.
(Official Business.)
Order 1
No. 2. > Norwich, April 27, 1905.

I. In accordance with S. O. No. 69, A. G. O., c. s., and S. O. No. 15,
R. H. c. s., the Third Battalion, Third Infantry: (Companies A, C, I and

DETAILS OF PREPARATION FOR MAY SIXTH. 35

M,) are detailed for one day's duty as escort to the Commander-in-Chief, at
the dedication of the John Winthrop Monument; reporting to Lieutenant-
Colonel Henry S. Dorsey, Third Infantry, who is detailed with, and to
command all National Guard troops in the escort, at the Railroad Station.
New London, Conn.

II. Company Commanders, whose Companies are not stationed in New
London, will make requisition on the Acting Quartermaster-General for
transportation. Company Commanders are directed to provide subsistence
for their command at a cost not to exceed forty cents, (40c.) per enlisted

man.

III. Triplicate pay-rolls for duty, duly signed by each member parading,
and sworn to by the Commanding Officer, will be required; two (2) copies
to be forwarded to the Adjutant-General's office within two (2) days from
date of duty performed.

By order of
Official: Major Charles W. Bixklee.

Emerson N. Coleman, Jr.,

First Lieutenant and Adjutant.

headquarters coast artillery.
Connecticut National Guard.
Orders )^
j>Io. ,. i New London, April 27, 1905.

I. Pursuant to S. O. No. 69, A. G. O., c. s., dated Hartford, April 2i,
1905, the Artillery Corps, consisting of Staff, Non-Commissioned Staff,
First and Second Companies Coast Artillery with members of Hospital
Corps attached, are detailed for one day's duty as escort to the Commander-
in-Chief at the dedication of the John Winthrop Monument, New London.

May 6, 1905.

II. This Organization will assemble in dress uniform at the Armory at
8.00 o'clock, a. m. : first call at 7.50 a. m. ; and reporting at 10.00 a. m. at the
railroad station to Lieutenant-Colonel Henry S. Dorsey, Third Infantry,
who is detailed with, and to command all National Guard troops in the
escort.

III. Company Commanders are directed to provide subsistence for
their commands, at a cost not to exceed forty cents per enlisted man.

IV. Triplicate pay-rolls for duty, duly signed by each member parading,
and sworn to by the Commanding Officer, will be required; two copies to
be forwarded to this office within two days from date of duty performed.

Bv order of
Official: ■ ^^M"'^ •^^i-'-

Ernest E. Rogers,

ist Lieutenant, C. A., C. N. G., Adjutant.

36 DETAILS OF PREPARATION P^OR MAY SIXTH.

Quarters First Machine Gvn Battery.

Hartford, Conn., February 27, 1905.

I. In accordance with S. O. No. 69, A. G. O., dated Hartford, Conn ,
April 21, 1905, the members of First Platoon Machine Gun Battery, are
hereby ordered to report at Armory in dress uniform at 6.50 o'clock a. m.,
on May 6th, 1905, for one day's tour of duty as escort to the Commander-
in-Chief at the dedication of the John Winthrop Monument in New London.

II. By authority of " State Militia Law" a fine of five dollars shall be
imposed and collected for each absentee.

Per order,

Henry A. Grimm,
1st Lieutenant, Commanding ist Pla. M. G. B., C. N. G.

Second Division Naval Battalion, C. N. G.

Orders )

No. 2./ Hartford, May i, 1905.

I. Pursuant to S. O. No. 69, A. G. O., dated April 21, 1905, the mem-
bers of this command will assemble at the ist Regiment Armory, Saturday,
May 6, 1905, at 7 o'clock a. m., for one day's duty as escort to the Com-
mander-in-Chief, at New London.

II. The bill of dress will be as follows: blue overshirt, jersey, blue
trousers, blue flat cap, neckerchief, knife lanyard and leggins.

III. A fine of five dollars will be imposed for each unexcused absence.

Howard J. Bloomer,

Lieutenant C. N. G., Commanding.

ORDERS FOR AFTERNOON PARADE.

Treasury Department.
Office of the Secretary,

Washington, April 12, 1905

First Lieut. R. O. Crisp, U. S. R. C. S.,

Temporarily Commanding U. S. Steamer Gresham,
New London, Connecticut.
Sir:

I. You are informed that the chairman of the Parade Committee of the
Winthrop Monument Celebration, which is to take place at New London,
on the 6th proximo, has requested that the officers and crew of the Gresham
be granted permission to participate in the parade on that day.

II. You are directed, agreeably to said request, to confer with Mr.
Stephen J. Downey, Chairman of the Committee, and have the oflficers

DETAILS OF PREPARATION FOR MAY SIXTH. 37

and cVew ot" your conimund participate in the parade on the occasion

referred to.

Respectfulh-,

(Signed) II. A Taylor,

Assistant Secretary.

Treasury Department.
Office of the Secretary,

Washington, April 20, 1905.
Captain O. S. Willi: y, R. C. S.,

Commanding U, S. Steamer Mohawk,
Woods Hole, Massachusetts.
Sir :

I. It is the intention of the Department that the Mohawk shall be at
New London, Connecticut, for the purpose of participating in the Celebra-
tion of the Winthrop Monument, to be held at that place on Maj 6th next.

II. You are therefore directed to have jour command at that port on the
5th proximo, and upon arrival jou will confer with Mr. Stephen J. Downey,
Chairman of the Parade Committee, with a view to having the officers and
crew of the Mohawk participate in the parade to be held the next day.

III. You will see that the work of overhauling the Mohawk is pushed to
completion so that your command may be in readiness to leave Woods Hole
in time to arrive at New London the date named — May 5th next.

Respectfully,

(Signed) L. M. Shaw,

Secretary.

Navy Department.
Blreac of Navigation.

Washin(;ton, April 26, 190^.
Sir:

After the Minneapolis has coaled and is ready for sea, you will proceed
to New London, Connecticut, in time to arrive at that place by the 5th
proximo, for the purpose of participating in the ceremonies attending the
unveiling of a statue in that city provided by the State of Connecticut to
John Winthrop, who founded New London in 1646.

The Department desires you to take such part in the ceremonies as \ ou
ma}', after inquiry and investigation, consider appropriate.

^'ou are also authorized to lire a salute upon the occasion, if you should

deem such desirable.

N'ory Respcctfull\-,

(Signed) Pail Mt)RToN,

The Commanding Olficer, Secretary.

U. S. S. Minneapolis,

Newport News, \'a.

38 DETAILS OF PREPARATION FOR MAY SIXTH.

The parade was reviewed by His Kxcellenc}'. the Governor, the
Mayor, and guests, at the Winthrop statue- Bulkeley Place, in accor-
dance with the following order issued by General George Haven :

HEVDqi ARTERS ChIEF MARSHAL.
WlXTHROP MOXUMEXT CeLEBRATIOX.

General Order )

No. 2. ' New Loxdox. May i. 1905.

That portion of G. O. No. i. relative to re\iewing the parade at the
City Hall is hereby revoked.

Moving up Bulkeley Place the parade will be reviewed at the Winthrop
monument by His Excellencv, the Governor, the Mavor and guests of the
City.

By order of

George Havex.
JoHx McGixLEV. Jr.. Chief Marshal.

Assistant Adjutant-General.

INVITED GUESTS.

rXlTED STATES OFFICIALS.

President Theodore Roosevelt: \'ice-President Charles W.Fairbanks:
Secretary of the Treasury Leslie M. Shaw: Senator Orville H. Piatt: Sen-
ator Morgan G. Bulkeley : Congressman George L. Lilley : Congressman
E. Stevens Henry: Congressman Nehemiah D. Sp)erry: Congressman
Frank B. Brandegee : Congressman Ebenezer J. Hill.

COXXECTICIT STATE OFFICI.\LS.

Governor Henry Roberts : Lieutenant-Governor Roliin S. W'oodrurr :
Secretary of State Theodore Bodenwein : Treasurer James F. Walsh:
Comptroller Asahel W. Mitchell : Attorney-General William A. King :
Adjutant-General George M. Cole.

EX-GOVERXORS OF CONXECTICCT.

Hon. Thomas M. Waller: Hon. O. Vincent Cotfin : Hon. Phineas C.
Lounsbury : Hon. George P. McLean : Hon. Abiram Chamberlain: Hon
Morgan G. Bulkeley.

MAYORS OF CITIES IX COXXECTICIT.

Stephen Cnarters. Ansonia : Denis Mulvihill. Bridgeport : John R. Booth.
Danbury : Benjamin Hubbell. Derby: William F. Henney. Hartford:
George S. Seelev. Meriden : Albert R. Crittenden. Middletown : Samuel

DETAILS OF PREPARATION FOR MA^' SIXTH. 39

Bassett, New Britain : John P. Studlev, New Haven; Bryan F. Mahan, New-
London; George B. Buxton, Norwalk : Charles F. Thaver, Norwich;
Franklin W. Perry, Putnam; George Forster, Rockville; Charles E. Dow,
South Norwalk: Homer S. Cummings, Stamford ; John P. Elton, Water-
bury: Oscar O. Tanner, Willimantic.

EX-MAYORS OF NEW LONDON.

Hon. Thomas M. Waller: Hon. George E. Starr: Hon. George F. Tin-
ker: Hon. Ralph Wheeler : Hon. James P. Johnston : Hon. Cyrus G. Beck-
with : Hon. M. Wilson Dart.

APPROPRIATIONS COMMITTEE, (JENERAL ASSEMBLY OF I9O3.

Alexander T. Pattison, Simsbury : Everett J. Lake, Hartford: William
Howard Wakelee, Southbury; John W. Atwood, Plainfield : Louis Agassiz
Fisk, Branford; George Greenman, Norwich: Freeman A. Libby, Putnam;
Edward II. Persons, Winchester; Louis J. Korper, Willington.

MEMBERS OF WINTHROP STATUE COiMMISSION.

Ernest E. Rogers: Ex-Gov. George P. McLean; Col. Norris G. Osborn.

PRESIDENTS OF CONNECTICUT UNIVERSITIES.

Arthur T. Hadley, LL. D., Yale; Rev. Bradford Paul Raymond, D. D.,
LL. D., Wesleyan ; " Rev. Flavel Sweeten Luther, D. D., LL. D., Trinity
College.

OFFICIALS OF CONNECTICUT PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES.

Col. Geo. Bliss Sanford, U. S. Army, President Society of the Cincin-
nati in the State of Connecticut; Prof. Theodore S. Woolsey. Governor
Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Connecticut: Mrs. Morgan G.
Bulkeley. President Connecticut Society of the Colonial Dames of America;
Mrs. Sara T. Kinney, State Regent Daughters of the American Revolution ;
Jonathan Trumbull, President Connecticut Society Sons of the American
Revolution: Morgan G. Bulkeley, President Sons of Revolution in the State
of Connecticut, and Commander Military Order Foreign Wars, Connecticut
Commanderv: William C. Ilillard, Commander Department of Connecticut
Grand Army of the Republic; Frederick L. Averill, Commander Corps of
Connecticut Spanish War \'etcrans.

SPKCIAI. MILITARY (iUESTS.

Major Fred. R. Bill, First Company, Governor's Foot Guard; Major
Smith G. Weed, Second Company, Governor's Foot Guard; Major Gilbert
P. Hurd, First Company, Governor's Horse Guard; Lieut. M. H. Barton.
Governor's Horse Guard; Brig-Gen. Russell Frost and Staff, C. N. G. ;
Col. Gilbert L. Fitch and Staff, Third Regiment, C. N. G. ; Brig.-Gen.
Frederick Grant, Commander Department of the East, New York City, and
Staff.

40 DETAILS OF PREPARATION FOR MAY SIXTH.

NAVAL OFFICERS.

Captain Adolph Marix, Surgeon O. D. Norton, Lieut. -Com. B. C. P.
Sampson, Paymaster II. R. Insley, Chaplain J. McD. Bellows, from cruiser
Minneapolis ; Captain Thomas D. Walker and five officers, revenue cutter
Gresham : Captain O. S.Willie and six officers, revenue cutter Mohawk;
Admiral Colby M. Chester, U. S. Naval Observatory, Washington.

JOHN WINTIIROP'S LINEAL DESCENDANTS.

Mrs. Mary Winthrop Smith (Mrs. R. B. Smith), New London ; Mrs.
Margaret Winthrop Carroll (Mrs. Benjamin Carroll), New London ; Mrs.
Isabella Winthrop Beebe (Mrs. Nathan Beebe), New London; Mrs. Ella
Winthrop Leeds (Mrs. Albert Leeds), New London; Frederick W. Win-
throp and family, Bi-ooklyn, N. Y. ; Mrs. Anna Winthrop Colby (Mrs.
Edward Colby), New London : Henry C. Winthrop and family, New London ;
Mrs. Mary Winthrop Pratt (Mrs. Dean Pratt), Saybrook Point; Mrs. Jane
Winthrop Chester (Mrs. George Chester), San Mateo, Fla. ; Dean Winthrop
Pratt and family. New York; Robert C. Winthrop and family, Boston : Mr.
and Mrs. Horace Beebe and family. New London.

OFFICIALS OF IPSWICH, MASS.*

Hon. George A. Schofield, chairman Board of Selectmen ; Charles
Goodhue, Selectman; Charles Hull, Selectman ; Charles Branford, Town
Clerk.

APPROPRIATIONS COMMITTEE, I9O5.

Alexander T. Pattison, Simsburv ; D. Newton Barney, Farmington
Frank T. Maples, Norwich ; Alton Farrel, Ansonia ; Richard H. Pascall
Portland ; Stone J. Bergstrom, New Britain ; Floyd Cranska, Plainfield
Marvin H. Tanner, Winchester; Edward P. Briggs, Sherman; George T.
Sperry, Washington : Edwin Hallock, Derby.

BOARD OF ALDERMEN OF NEW LONDON.

A. T. Miner; Hugh McPartland ; Edward Dray; J. A. Allen; Irvin U.
Lyon: P. J. Ryan; Charles Prentis ; Fred E. Fengar : Charles H. Morris;
Benjamin L. Armstrong; John F. Murray: William H. Clark: George H.
Thomas: F. E. Gledhill.

Invitations were also sent to the Presidents of Connecticut Histor-
cal Societies, to all who in any way participated in the unveiling
ceremonies, to the sculptor of the statue and to all honorary members
of the New London County Historical Society. Among these are the
following :

* The town of Ipswich was founded by Winthrop, twelve years before he came to New London.

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■ 4

DETAILS OV I'KEPARATION FOR MA\ SIXTH. 41

Hon. Donald G. Mitchell (Ik Marvel;; L. \'einon Briggs : Prof.
Franklin B. Dexter, Litt. D.,Yale University Library ; Daniel Coit Oilman,
LL. D., President Carnegie Institution: W. J. Tucker, D. D., President
Dartmouth College: Miss Ellen D. Larned ; Edmund Clarence Stedman :
Rev. Samuel Hart, 1). D. ; Rev. Edwin S. Lines, D. D. : George S. Godard,
State Librarian; Albert C.Bates: Rev. W. De Loss Love, Ph. D. ; Prof.
Williston Walker, D. D. : Rev. George P. Fisher, D. D., LL. D. : Charles
H. Smith, LL. D. : Prof. Henry P. Johnston, College of the City of New
York: Hon. Daniel Davenport; Hon. William L. Douglass, Governor of
Massachusetts; Hon. Curtis Guild, Lieutenant-Governor of Massachusetts;
BelaL. Pratt, Boston ; Gen. A. L. Goodrich, Hartford : Azel W. Hazen, D.D.,
Middletown ; Hon. Henry Wade Rogers, Dean of Yale Law School; F. W.
Smith, Vice-President Bridgeport Historical Society; Edward Robinson,
Director Museum of Fine Arts, Boston ; Prof. John F. Weir, Yale School of
Fine Arts; Charles S. Mellen, President of N. Y., N. H. & H. R.R. ; John
R. Hegeman, President Metropolitan Life Insurance Co.; Gen. William A.
Aiken, Norwich ; Hon. H. Wales Lines, Meriden.

In addition to the above, some twenty-five Historical Societies
received invitations, without entertainment cards, as a mark of cour-
tesy from the New London County Historical Society.

Many present and former New Londoners, with other prominent
citizens of the State, were invited to be present, but were not enter-
tained by the city. Four hundred tickets for the grand stand were
issued, and the seats were well occupied at the exercises.

NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH
BIRTHDAY.

A MIDNIGHT SOLILOQUY.

Verily, this is the time of marvels ! After my sleep of two centuries
and a half, I, John Winthrop the Yovmger, sometime Governor of His
Majesty's Colony of Connecticut, am for a brief time permitted,
through the developments of science, to behold, hear and transmit,
with wondrously increased sense-capacity, some few of the crowding
impressions of this memorable day. The mysterious happenings of
the past weeks and months are made plain to me, for I find that it is
two hundred and fifty-nine years since I laid the foundations of this
my beloved town of Nameeug. That I stand on my old Town Square
I am repeatedly assured, but even the general appearance of the land
has become strange, from the multiplicity of buildings pushing in on
every side. Yet the Great River is as ever fair, the hills rise beyond
it as of old, perpetuating the name of my English birthplace, while
the Buriall Place near by, — now, alas, sadly crowded, — and the
mill stream on the Home Lot still plashing over the sturdy wheel,
convince me that the days of yore are still held in honor. But it is not
of those that I may speak: I would record present-day occurrences,
since this is my privilege, though past and present are in such curious
combination and contrast before me that it is oftentimes difficult to
distinguish one from the other.

Blessed be he who so thoughtfully placed beneath me this bit of
granite from a neighboring field ! It is indeed a joy to find this un-
changed and familiar reminder of my life here, and indeed, no point
of vantage could be better chosen. This morning's sky was o\ercaht
with gray, but all around me shone brilliant banners and hangings,
emblems of the great republic which has developed from the scattered
colonies of early days. The boom of a cannon at the fort below the

NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY. 43

town marked the hour of reveille, and, at the signal, flags fresh from
the hand of the makers were unfurled from Liberty Pole and City-
Hall; — the latter bearing the local insignia of ship and motto, " Free-
dom on the Sea," so characteristic of later busy maritime days. People
began to gather at an early hour, finding view-points all about ; throngs
were attracted from the out-lying country-side, and the inauguration
of electric transportation from the towns to eastward added the induce-
ment of novelty in travel to a large number. The city itself was in
immaculate order with well-swept streets and gaily adorned houses;
only brilliant sunshine was lacking, but even this deficiency had its
compensation in the greater physical comfort of the guests of the day,
who sat facing the south. In the harbor lay the battleship Minneap-
olis, attended by the revenue cutters Gresham and Mohawk. Many
gold-laced dignitaries of Army and Navy were present on the grand
stand, but the warmest welcomes were perhaps extended to men who
wore the garb of citizens. One son of the town, whose election as
United States Senator had been confirmed on the previous day, was
given an especial ovation, and some half-dozen former governors of
the state, seated in a row, attracted much attention. It was a pleasure
to look into the faces of so many of my successors : — all of those living,
with one exception, had responded to the invitation to do honor to the
first of their line. Amid the clash of brass instruments, and escorted
by the Governor's Foot Guards, resplendent in scarlet coats and huge
bearskin caps, the present Chief Magistrate of the State of Connecti-
cut took his position among his predecessors. The Square was filled
with a blaze of color, and I freely confess that the spectacle, as such,
made far greater appeal to eyes unaccustomed to such brilliancy, than
did the eloquence of the speakers to a mind given to study. The faint
echo of an Indian war-whoop caused a sudden feeling of terror to at
least one of the assembly, but when I searched for its origin, and
found that it proceeded from a single mounted brave in holiday pamt
and feathers, I reaHzed with equal suddenness that he, like others,
was merely a friendly spectator of the events of the day. Of the
exercises proper I find it unnecessary to speak, save to mention the
strange thrill I felt when I found myself the cynosure of all eyes through

44 NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY.

the simple pulling of a cord by my youngest descendant, and when the
Governor's Salute, in my honor, crashed in response from the warships.
At another interesting moment, the skilful artist who had arrayed me
in my unwonted bronze garments, stood forth before the audience, and
received a tribute of congratulatory applause.

For a brief time at mid-day there was comparative quiet, though
many sight-seers wandered to and fro in the streets, and soon after-
ward a second and more general procession revealed new spectacular
delights. Beside the Foot Guards, the regular troops from the Govern-
ment forts, and the bluejackets of the Navy appeared, giving new
impressions of the defenders of this great country, while civic pro-
tection was represented by long lines of men in gay uniforms, drag-
ging shining machines, which, despite their fine trappings and polished
surfaces, were ready for instant use, if need arose, in subduing a con-
flagration. Much applause greeted these along the line of march, for
the old-time " firemen's parades " have ceased to be, and members of
the town's prominent families are enrolled among the local volunteer
companies. Then followed ranks of boys from the public schools, —
far more in number than all the inhabitants of my original settle-
ment, — giving wondrous promise for the future growth and well-being
of the city. Several benevolent societies representing the citizens of
foreign descent were in strong contrast to a handful of aboriginal
inhabitants, the last of the Mohegan Indians, whose skins now appear
scarcely less white than those of their supplanters. On one of the
broad and well-shaded thoroughfares a display of complicated drill
and manoeuvring by the Governor's Guards was an unspeakable
delight. The conception of such uniformity and precision in a large
body of men was entirely foreign to my mind, and made the contrast
between the past and the present more than ever forcible.

With the passing of this second procession the special festivities of
the day came to an end, and I soon realized that the little world of
New London was settling back into its normal course. New interests
are but transitory things in these latter days, and there is constant
search for more novelty. Even this once tranquil spot is pervaded by
a spirit of unrest, and I heartily welcome the peace of earlier days

NEW LONDON'S TWO lUNDRKI) ITP"rV-NINTn 15IRTIIDAV. 45
which enfolds me as I reach the conclusion of this fragmentary record
of a glimpse into the twentieth century.

MlLrJARV ESCORT TO THE 00\ERNOR.

Two distinct features marked the celebration of Winthrop Day, —
the unveiling ceremonies in the morning, and the military, naval and
civic parade in the afternoon. The moie important of the two was
the unveiling of the statue, w'ith its attendant ceremonies, and Con-
necticut did well to recognize it as a State function, for, as first Gov-
ernor of the Colony, and the securer of its charter, Winthrop's public
life was devoted to the state in far larger degree than to the city of
New London, which was but his place of residence. The morning
procession was strictly a military escort to His Excellency, Governor
Henry Roberts, and was possible only through the generosity of
the State in appropriating twenty-five hundred dollars for the
purpose. The local troops reported at ten o'clock to Lieutenant-
Colonel Henry S. Dorsey at the railroad station. Soon after that
hour, Companies A, C and M of the Third Battalion, Third Infantry,
arriving from the north, reported, and a few minutes later, the First and
Second Companies Governor's Foot Guard, First Platoon Machine
Gun Battery, Second Division Naval Battalion, Hatch's First
Infantry Band from Hartford, and the Governor and Staff came in from
the west on two special trains. As they alighted from the trains, the
Foot Guards attracted much attention in their gorgeous full-dress
uniforms, and the preliminary practice drill of one of the companies, on
the platform, was witnessed by an interested crowd of spectators. After
the troops had been formally presented to His Excellency, the Comman-
der-in-Chief, they started up the street, gay in its holiday attire of stars
andstripes, the band playing "Hail to the Chief," andotherpatrioticairs,
and it was difficult in places to make way through the enthusiastic lines
of people gathered to do them honor. Let us leave them for a mo-
ment, as the procession is forming, to glance at the expectant multi-
tude gathered near the veiled statue on Bulkeley Square. The members
of the Reception Committee, at their headquarters in the Crocker

46 NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY.

House, had been kept busy, welcoming the guests and sending them
in carriages to the scene of the morning exercises. The whole locality
was crowded with people, who pressed in as close to the statue as was
allowed, and extended as far in all directions as sight or sound of the
proceedings permitted. Many of our own townspeople were among the
number, preferring to get good positions around the statue which was to
be unveiled, rather than linger farther down town. In front of the Bul-
keley School rose the huge grand stand, built in three tiers, and already
well filled with the city's guests from our own and neighboring states,
the front rows only being reserved for the party soon to arrive. But
we must hasten back through the crowded streets to see the military
pageant, for the procession is ready to start, at ten thirty, the appointed
moment. The formation was on State Street, right resting on Union
Street, and the line of march up State to Broad, to Hempstead, to
Bulkeley Square in the following order :

Lieutenant-Colonel Henry S. Dorsej, Third Infantry, Commanding.

Captain Percy H. Morgan, Third Infantry, Acting Adjutant.

Foot Guard Band and Drum Corps.

Major F. R. Bill,

First Company Governor's Foot Guard, Hartford.

Major S. G. Weed,

Second Company Governor's Foot Guard, New Haven.

Hatch's First Infantry Band, Hartford.

Third Battalion, Third Infantry.

Major Charles W. Bucklee.

Company A.

Company C.

Company I, New London.

Company M.

Major Hadlai A. Hull,

First Company Coast Artillery, New London.

Second Company Coast Artillery, New London.

First Platoon, Machine Gun Battery, Harttord.

Second Division, Naval Battalion, Ilarttord.

IN CARRIAGES.

Governor Henry Roberts.

Brigadier-General George M. Cole, Adjutant-General.

Edward M. Day, Executive Secretary.

Hon. Frank B. Brandegee, I'. S. Senator-elect.

NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED PTFTY-NINTII RIRTIIDAY. 47

Major Walter L. Goodwin, Aide-de-Camp.

Major Warren L. Hall, Aide-de-Camp.

Major Samuel F. Beardsley, Aide-de-Camp.

Lieutenant-Commander John L. Ikince, Naval Aide.

Colonel Theodore H. McDonald, Quartermaster-General.

Colonel Oliver C Smith, Surgeon-General.

Colonel William E. F. Landers, Assistant Adjutant-General.

Colonel Henry C. Morgan, Assistant Quartermaster-General.

Colonel M. Moody Downer, Commissary-General.

Colonel William H. Hall, Paymaster-General.

Colonel James E. Cooper, Judge Advocate-General.

Congressman George L. Lilley.

Ex-Governor George P. McLean, Commissioner Winthrop Statue.

Colonel Norris G. Osborne, Commissioner Winthrop Statue.

Ernest E. Rogers, Commissioner Winthrop Statue.

Bela Lyon Pratt, Sculptor Winthrop Statue.

Honorable Bryan F. Mahan, Mayor.

Ex-Governor Thomas M. Waller, Park Commissioner.

Honorable Theodore Bodenwein, Secretary of State.

Honorable Daniel Davenport.
Honorable W^illiam B. Coit.
Rev. J. Romeyn Danforth.

Henry C. Winthrop.

Master Henry C. Winthrop. Jr.

Jonathan Trumbull.

Frederic Bill.

Following these, came the Executive Committee of the Winthrop
Monument Celebration, in carriages.

Arriving on Hempstead Street, the Foot Guard companies were
halted with left resting on Granite Street, and the remainder of the
escort fianked both sides of the street between Broad and Jjulkeley
Square, and stood at present arms, while the carriages passed to the
speakers' stand. Hatch's First Infantry Band took position on the
parklet by the statue; the Infantry, Artillery, Machine Gun Battery and
Naval Battalion were swung into column, marched up (iranite Street
en route to Armory for dismissal until afternoon parade; the Foot

48 NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY.

Guard companies were then drawn up flanking the parklet on the north
and south. Meantime the Governor and Staft', the newly elected
Senator, whose house stands within a stone's throw of the statue,
speakers. Army and Navy officers, had taken position on the stand
and at the stroke of eleven o'clock, Ernest E. Rogers, President of the
State Commission, rapped for order and the following program was
carried out :

UNVEILING CEREMONIES.

Introductory Remarks — Ernest E. Rogers, President New London

County Historical Society.
Invocation— Rev. J. Romeyn Danforth, Pastor First Church of

Christ, New London.
Address of Welcome — Hon. Bryan F, Mahan, Mayor of New Lon-
don.
Response — His Excellency Henry Roberts, Governor of Connecticut.
Delivery of Statue to the New London County Historical Society —

Ex-Governor George P. McLean, Statue Commissioner,

Simsbury,
and Unveiling by Master Henry C. Winthrop, Jr., of New London.

a direct descendant of Governor Winthrop.
Acceptance of Statue for the Society — Ex-Governor Thomas M.

Waller, Park Commissioner of New London.
Music.

Historical Address — Hon. Daniel Davenport, Bridgeport.
Music.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS— ERNEST E. ROGERS.

Your Excellency the Governor of Connecticut, Your Honor the Mayor

of New London, Ladies and Gentlemen :

Over two and a half centuries have rolled away since the founding
of this town by John Winthrop the Younger, and nearly the same
length of time has elapsed since he procured the royal charter for the

NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY. 49

Colony of Connecticut. During all those years no memorial has been
reared in recognition of his services. The privilege of erecting such
a memorial to that eminent Puritan, founder, governor and statesman,
has been left for the people of this generation to accomplish. Through
the ten long years of intermingled waiting and working, the loyalty of
the promoters of the project has never wavered and the work has
been continued with untiring energy to its completion.

Today we are assembled to pay a merited tribute to the life, ser-
vices, arid character of the most conspicuous historical figure of the
colonial period of this commonwealth.

The charter he procured made this colony free in all but name,
and those lofty principles of freedom and patriotism for which he
lived and wrought have been defended by the lives, when necessary,
of succeeding generations.

Here in this ancient section of his own town, standing on a native
boulder — uncut, save smoothed by the hand of time ; adjacent to the
spot where he expected to be buried ; near where he attended divine
worship ; with the schoolhouse of Nathan Hale, that noblest of all
heroes, on the left ; facing directly toward that monumental shaft on
the opposite heights of Groton ; with the " Faire Harbour " on the
right, this statue will tower above the passers-by, as did Winthrop
in life above his contemporaries. At last, in this town with which
Winthrop was so intimately connected, " To commemorate his great ser-
vices to this commonwealth the State of Connecticut erects this monu-
ment."

I now have the honor of inviting your attention to the unveiling
ceremonies.

Governor Winthrop was an adherent of the First Church of
Christ, and the present pastor of that same church, Rev. J. Romeyn
Danforth, will now offer prayer.

INVOCATION — REV. J. ROMEYN DANKORTII.

Our father's God, we humbly invoke thy presence in blessing upon
this day and its observance here. Thou art the same yesterday, to-day

50 NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY.

and forever. In thee there is no variableness, neither shadow that is
cast by turning.

Over sea and wilderness and river thou didst lead thine Israel of
old. They reared upon the river's bank a monument of stones. Here,
also, would we lift our monument in likeness unto him who, under thy
great name, was our first governor.

Bless thou, we pray thee, all who bear office in state and nation
and community. Rule thou in the hearts of our rulers. Defend thou
our defenders. Be thou with all who dwell here and the strangers
this day within our gates. Bless thou all who are assembled here and
all whose thoughts to-day are turning hither.

Bless thou the intiuence of this monument upon our children and
our children's children, that all may know that the hand which led
our fathers hither sustains their children here.

Oh Lord, bless us and keep us, make thy face to shine upon us
and be gracious unto us, lift up the light of thy countenance upon us,
and give us peace, through Him who is the Prince of Peace. Amen.

The guests from far and near were assured of their cordial wel-
come to the " Old Harbour Town,"' in a short, formal address given by
the Mayor of the city.

MAYOR MAHAN'S ADDRESS OF WELCOME.

Fellow Citizens:

Almost from the dawn of civilization the people of all nations
have honored the memory of their great men. For this reason mon-
uments, mausoleums and statues are erected that the living may be
taught by g^eat examples, and ambition may be stirred in those who
follow us by study of the lives of those who were truly great.

To- day we have gathered here to do honor to the memory of one of
Connecticut's greatest governors, as well as the founder of this our
beautiful city. Two hundred and fifty-nine years ago John Winthrop
the Younger and his sturdy band founded this city, then a forest,
almost a wilderness, now a cit>' with beautiful churches, substantial

NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY. 51

schools, great manufacturing establishments, newspapers, and libraries
with books as thick as the leaves in the forest — everything which
makes the city beautiful.

It is not for me to tell you the story of Winthrop's life. That sub-
ject will be treated by one who is a direct descendant of one of the
pioneers of the New Haven Colony. The pleasant duty has been
assigned to me, to bid you welcome to this beautiful city. We are
proud to be honored by the presence of such a distinguished body of
eminent men, representing the state and the nation. We are espec-
ially pleased to be honored by representatives of Connecticut in the
highest and most dignified law-making body in the world ; by repre-
sentatives of the Army and Navy who have bravely maintained on land
and sea the honors of our country ; by the Governor and ex-Governors
of our beloved state. In the name and in behalf of the people of New
London, I extend to you all a most cordial and hearty welcome to this
city by the sea, I know that I but express the wish of the good
people of this community that during your stay in our midst, you
may enjoy the hospitality of our city, and that you may carry to your
homes nothing but the most pleasing memory of the city founded by
John Winthrop.

To this address, the Chief Executive of the State responded in a
happy vein, expressing appreciation of the city's courtesy, and ex-
tolling briefly the virtues and attainments of the man who founded it.

GOVERNOR HENRY ROBERTS' RESPONSE.

Mr. President, Your Honor Mayor Mahan and Fellow Citizens :

The cordial welcome of Mayor Mahan is sincerely appreciated.
It is a great pleasure to visit your thriving city on this notable occa-
sion. The State Government has very properly responded to your
invitation to be represented to-day by her executive officers and
militia, and the Appropriations Committee, with the aid of the Assem-
bly, with good judgment has provided the necessary means for this
representation, and if I have assisted in any way in this result I assure
you it gives me great satisfaction to have done so.

52 NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY.

We are accomplishing a most worthy purpose and a long neglected
obligation in these ceremonies. John Winthrop the Younger, for
many years Governor of the Connecticut Colony, and who played so
prominent a part in its affairs and future destinies, was a character
for whom it was meet that long ago some memorial appreciative of his
services should have been erected. It has been left to the citizens of
New London, with generous help from the State Government, to erect
this monument on the soil which for so many years was the scene of
his activities.

A person so accomplished as Winthrop — scholar, scientist, traveler,
pioneer, man of affairs, one who was so beloved and honored and to
whom the largest and most vital interests of the colony were intrusted
— is justly honored to-day, and his achievements emphasized as an
object lesson for future generations; and as the statue of Putnam in
the beautiful and attractive village of Brooklyn, in our state, tells to the
beholder the story of his bravery, quick response to duty, and of his
fidelity and loyalty to a cause of justice and liberty ; or that of Nathan
Hale, or Knowlton, at Hartford, of the willing sacrifice of their lives
for the love of country, and for the sake of freedom, so this monu-
ment will speak of him who performed so large and valuable service
in the early beginnings of our colony and future state, and the more
of these memorials we have of all that was fine and helpful and pa-
triotic in Connecticut history in deeds and events, the greater will be
the stimulus to emulate this inspiring historic past.

Let me compliment the Commission on the completion of its work,
so satisfactorily and acceptably accomplished. This monument will
ever be attractive and interesting to the visitor, an ornament to your
fair city, and will serve to preserve in fitting remembrance the deeds
and virtues of John Winthrop the Younger.

A pleasant fin ale to Governor Roberts' address, was the presentation
to the New London County Historical Society of two mementoes of
the occasion having special historic interest. These were photo-
graphs of the Letter of Credit for five hundred pounds issued by
John Talcott, Treasurer of the Colony of Connecticut, in favor of

NEW LONDON'S TWO IHNDREI) 1 H' T\'-NINT1I HIRTHD.\^■. 53

John Winthrop, Jr., toward the expenses of his trip to secure
the charter ; and of the Commission written and signed by
our second colonial governor, Edwin Hopkins, appointing John Win-
throp, Jr., first magistrate at Nameock (New London), October 27, 1647.
These photographs are the first reproductions of the original docu-
ments in the State Library in Hartford, and were made and given
through the kindness of Mr. George S. Godard, Librarian. The
Commission has upon it the oldest known wax impression of the seal
of Connecticut, containing the customary fifteen vines.
In introducing ex-Governor McLean, Mr. Rogers said :
Connecticut is known as the Constitution State, with its first con-
stitution draughted by Thomas Hooker in 1639, and the charter pro-
cured by John Winthrop, Jr., in 1662. The present constitution of
this state was adopted in 1S18, and it is through no fault of ex Gov-
ernor George P. McLean that we did not have a constitution of 1902.

The statue of John Winthrop, Jr., will now be delivered to the
New London County Historical Society by ex-Governor George P.
McLean of the Winthrop Statue Commission.

DELIVERY OF STATUE— EX-GOVERNOR McLEAN.

Everything that is, is a monument. Great and small, good and
bad, animate and inanimate things all stand for something that has
gone before in the solemn mystery ot the universe.

The building of memorials by men is a serious matter, and the
making of statues of men is a still more serious matter.

The man who needs a statue to perpetuate his memory should
never have one, and brazen images of men whose estates or friends
can afford them are generally sheer impertinences when placed in
public places.

The statue of a truly good man is an inspiration, and it is the
statue of a wise and good man that we have met to unveil to-day.
Long and loyally this patriot and scholar helped to steady the habits
of exile and fanatic. Satan and sorcery, royalty and red men tried
his soul, and the souls of his sane associates. But that long, wild

54 NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NIXTII BIRTHDAY.

story is a short one now — that tragedy of a continent is a passionless
page of history now. All in due time this heroic Puritan finished the
work he had been created to do. All in due time reason broke the
red sword of Leviticus. Indians and Quakers and watches repented
of their sins and the king signed the charter. And the man who
secured that charter and brought it to American soil, consciously or
unconsciously brought with him the deed of an empire and the gospel
of democracy. It is the spirit of this man, idealized by the genius of
the sculptor, that we have met to welcome and honor today. Here on
the sacred spot where two hundred and fifty years ago he came to ask
the blessing of God upon the struggling colony of a king, here standing
upon a rock that has scoffed at the rain of ages, here facing yonder shaft
that marks the bravest spot in this brave state, here facing the little
schoolhouse where the bravest man in brave Connecticut was once a
teacher, here the first and original state of the great Union, with pride
in his wisdom and with gratitude for his goodness, erects his statue.
Here the living, in the full joy of a triumphant present, meet to dedi-
cate that statue, in recognition of the blessed assurance that, above
the shifting dust of man's philosophy, above the crumbling spires of
human creeds, above the darkening clouds of disbelief, out of the
eternal blue of infinite truth, a good life radiates forever.

And now, sir, with the profound hope that the generations of the
future will reverence and maintain the sacred principles of liberty and
charity which he loved, and for which he lived and labored, I commit
to the keeping of your worthy Society this masterly figure of John
Winthrop the Younger.

rXNEILING OF STATUE.

As ex-Governor McLean finished speaking, all eyes were turned
expectantly toward the veiled statue. Master Henry C. Winthrop,
Jr., the youngest male descendant of the distinguished governor bear-
ing the family name, was chosen as the most fitting person to withdraw
the veil which hid the outlines of the statue from the waiting throng.
This feature of the program, an account of which is taken from the

NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED ITFTV-NIN'II I lilRTlIDAV. 55

Day of May sixth, was most interesting, and called forth cheer after
cheer from the spectators.

Master Winthrop, a bright boy, ten years of age, was born in New
London August twenty- seventh, 1895, and has lived here all his life.
He is an attendant at the Saltonstall School, where he stands well in
his classes and bids fair to make a worthy representative of a dis-
tinguished family.

The cord controlling the veil was held by Master Winthrop a few
moments before the signal came to him. At the proper moment,
he stepped forward and skilfully withdrew the fastenings of the veil,
which dropped and revealed the statue in all its majesty of outline.

Telephone communication with the lighthouse and custom house
had been established several minutes before this event took place, and
word that the veil had fallen was conveyed quickly to these points and
the signals to the Minneapolis, Gresham and Mohawk given. The
response was so prompt that the salute guns began to boom in less
than a minute after Master Winthrop had performed his part. There
were seventeen guns, the governor's salute, from each vessel, and their
distant boom furnished punctuation for ex-Governor Waller's speech of
acceptance.

Mr. Waller was selected for this task, not only as one of the park
commissioners, and therefore one of the future custodians of the
monument, but as a member of the New London County Historical
Society, into whose hands the statue was delivered by ex-Governor
McLean of the State Commission. The formality of a transfer from
the Historical Society to the park commissioners was thus avoided.

Mr. Rogers introduced Mr. Waller in the following words :

New London has furnished this commonwealth four governors,
three in colonial days, John Winthrop, Fitz John Winthrop, the Rev.
(iurdon Saltonstall, and in our day— the one who will now address us.
E.x-Governor Thomas M. Waller, Park Commissioner of New Lon-
don, will now accept the statue for the Society and place it in the
custody of the City.

56 NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY.

ACCEPTANCE OF STATUE — EX-GOVERNOR WALLER.

Mr. Chairman, Your Excellency and Gentlemen of the State Com-
mission :

By the courtesy of the Mayor of the city, the ex-ofificio chairman of
the Park Commission, of which I am a member, and the added courtesy
of the President of the New London County Historical Society, to
which I belong, I have the honor, in the name and behalf of the
Society and the City too, to congratulate the state commissioners, for
whom one of their members has so eloquently spoken, upon the
fidelity and judgment with which they have discharged the honorable
duty the Executive Department of our commonwealth so confidently
imposed on them.

And I have also fervently to congratulate the gifted sculptor,
whom we are proud to know is a son of Connecticut and of this
county, whose genius has given to us and to posterity, in the noble
statue we are to-day dedicating with so many expressions of patriotic
love and reverence, an impressive and faithful presentment of the
animating lofty spirit, as well as the face and figure, of him whose
memory it is designed forever to perpetuate and honor.

And I have to assure His Excellency, the Governor, who has so
fittingly honored this occasion with his pleasing address and his
dignified ofificial presence here, that the Society and the City, for
which I am speaking, appreciate the distinction the State has conferred
by placing in their loving care and custody forever, this statue of the
Puritan pioneer, statesman and soldier ; one of the earliest and ablest
governors of the Colony of Connecticut, and the revered founder of
this, our loved, ancient and historic city by the sea.

To the thoughtful mind, as it recalls the heroic colonial history of
our state and country, the statue of John Winthrop the Puritan, on
its rough, huge boulder pedestal, (so appropriately unveiled by
his youngest lineal male descendant, one of the bright children in
our public schools), that we are now beholding, is more than a
statue; it is rather a consecrated shrine and altar to love of liberty, to
freedom of conscience, and, before God and the law, to the equality of
man. For these are the principles that in their fullness, in our gov-

NEW LONDON S TWO IIUXDRKI) FIFTV-NIV|-1 1 I5IRTFI1)A\-. 57
ernment for and by the people, we are now enjoying; and of these
principles, as in the remote light of their day they saw them, John
Winthrop and his Puritan compatriots were heroic, faithful, devoted
disciples, when such faith and devotion meant exile from happy homes
across the ocean, the hardships of the wilderness, and the peril of life.

The Puritans are gone,— centuries gone,— but their good work
survives them, for you will see, as you look around you, this statue,
shrine and altar does not stand alone. The towering monument on
Groton Heights, opposite, across the river; the memorial granite
pillar and figures on the parade ground of our city, looking toward
the sea ; the stately column on the park within our view, and that old
schoolhouse yonder from which you see the stars and stripes now
floating, the schoolhouse in which Nathan Hale, the martyr spy, was
a teacher before he was a soldier, and that is now being sacredly
cared for by our Daughters of the American Revolution ;— each and all
of these are not only enduring memorials of the heroism of the sons of
Connecticut since the days of John Winthrop, on the land and on the
sea, but they are enduring memorials, as well, to the courageous, exalted
spirit of our Puritan New England forefathers, that has been trans-
mitted and kept alive and aglow in the hearts of their descendants
and successors from their time to this, as we pray God it may be kept
alive and aglow forever, so that the motto on the escutcheon of our
beloved state,— " ^/// tmnstulit si/sthief'—Wt who transplanted sus-
tains, — shall be as true in the future as it has ever been true in the
past.

During the musical selection which followed the speech of accep-
tance, the Foot (Juard companies withdrew from their station around
the statue, one company going to the Mohican Hotel and the otiier to
the Crocker House, where well spread tables awaited their coming.

Hon. Daniel Davenport, who delivered the historical address, was
introduced as follows:

One of the chief founders of the New Haven Colony was John
Davenport. The charter procured by John Winthrop embraced the

5S NEW i__ VDON":? T^Vo HLXDRED FIFTY-XISTH BIXTKDAY.
teoitode- - "e ;---—-- - - ^" - '*:-■- - _ -- -^-^

sabseqse - .17

tiieHiXL :. a fineai desceitdanr (^ J<Aii

DsiTeiqion. ;l: _ V.lndtrop.

HISTORIC AL Arr^^ZS^— K'JX- DANEX DA\"EXP0RT.

ror :cz yeari r 5<rrz.e~e~: :: tt ? :c^^. its mhabitaiits

desred thatic m^rh- be called L.:-i:z. "r j:i tie C;:i:=.ecdoir Geaeial
Assembh' lefosed ID sanccioii h. Zur :- Mir:l z-l 165^ --

dirop die Yocnger. be fn gtaen gOTemzr c: the cclonv. ere* _ ___ ;^e
Assembly passed the foUo^ing- act. -arbicn. treathes so much of the
feelings and cfiaracterisdcs ct the m.-tn. tiiat I qooee it in full : " Where-
as, it has bee r ± of tie Lr -e
cotonies of : t — _ - zanECT h- :-n.
£ro«tt oar dear native counay of England, aixithestce is called New
England, so die panters. in tfaeir nxsc settling of most new plantaticns
haTe gi'i^n n .inaes 10 these plantadocs of some cities and U>wiis in
England- thereby farendrng to keep np, and leave to poslefily. :fae
memorial of several places of note there, as Boseoo. Haitford. Wmdscr.
York. Ipsirich- Brsintree. Exeter ; diis cooct. coosiderii^ tiiat there
has 7^' - -' ^ :r - - - ' - - - — ^< -eai nasKd in meiory of the
city . tatioB within this JErisdicnon
of ConnecQcnE. semed upon tnat fair rivs" Mohegan in the Pec::ot
codttry. ^ " r " ^--, ;_---- .-- -^-._-- - -t place for
l u tare tri - - , : , _-h in these
parts have possessed by coi»|Xiest. a" 1 ^^^ I^^^t war upon
that sp=at and war-like people, the I^ --' 't. that Te
might thereby leave to posterity, that ":v; _;_.; .. _^: reno^^ned
city or London, from wb^ice we had o^zz transpc rt^rl : c have thought
Et. in hfXHX to that £uboos ciej-. to call the said r : Xe-*^ Lcn-
" ie river the TTiamtMi "

gg*T Forxi>Qt or xrw uojfEOX.

The John Whithrof). who. in these beaadfBl watds, gkwiag wish
Z:rlde and love far bocb CMd and Xe-!r Ecg^nd. aad f=Q of sEatea^us-

NEW LONDON'S TWO IirNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY. 59

like forecast to link forever the history of the new world with the old,
by the perpetual and daily use of household words, was truly the
founder of New London. He had projected its settlement, selected
its site, and embarked his fortune in its foundation. Hither he had
brought the first company of its inhabitants, marked out its plan, built
its mill, organized its town government, gathered its church, deter-
mined its bounds, and conducted the negotiations whereby the sur-
rounding Indian tribes covenanted to live in peace with it forever.
Here his two youngest children had been born. He had been active
and foremost in its affairs for thirteen years, and now that he had left
it, to reside in Hartford for the rest of his life, as the Governor of the
Colony, he crowned his services to the place in those stately Unes by
forever associating in the thoughts of mankind, its name with the
great city of the motherland.

And now, after the lapse of two hundred and fifty years, we are
assembled, fellow-citizens, in this very town, with whose origin and
growth his name and that of his descendants is so inseparably and im-
perishably connected, to honor his memory by unveiling this statue in
the presence of its municipal authorities, and of the Governor and
other officials of the State of Connecticut, whose creator he in large
measure was.

WINTHROP LIVES IN MEMORY.

The skill of the sculptor, moulding the rigid and enduring bronze
into the graceful, majestic and impressive form now standing before
us, comes in aid of memory and imagination to give distinctness to
our conception of his noble personality. Although ourselves but re-
mote descendants of those who looked upon his honored person in
life, we feel that something of the attractiveness, something of the
majesty which so impressed them in the living original, abides in this
monumental statue, and we believe that in every succeeding age, the
respect and affection of our children for his character and services
will find pure and rational gratification in beholding it.

We know, indeed, that this monument is not necessary to keep
alive his memory to the remotest posterity. He will, indeed, live in
the heart of ages, while this granite and bronze shall endure, and

r.o NEW LOXDOXS TWO HUXDREl) FIFTY-XIXTH BIRTHDAY.

when they, too, shall have perished, as perish they will, he will still be
remembered and rev-erenced for his services to the human race. His
monument is the living State of Connecticut, and the part he took in
helping to plant that immortal tree of libert3\ which there first took
root, and has flourished till its branches now cover the continent.

HIS LIFE AND SERVICES.

The occasion, fellow-citizens, requires some account of the life and
services of John Winthrop, Jr., pioneer, traveler, scholar, statesman,
diplomat, lawyer, physician, man of science, magistrate and governor*
"Posterity," said John Quincy Adams, "delights in details." This
duty must necessarily be performed with great brevity, and in the dis-
charge of it, I shall be obliged to confine myself chiefly to those parts
of his history and character which belonged to him as a public man.

He was born in Groton, England, in the county of Suffolk, sixty miles
northeast of London, on the twenty-second of February, 1606, (new
style). He was the descendant of a Puritan family of great prominence
in eastern England, Cotton Mather in his Magnalia Christi Americana
thus describes his lineage: "Mr. Adam Winthrop, the son of a
worthy gentleman of the same name, was himself a worthy, a discreet
and a learned gentleman, particularly eminent for skill in the law, not
without remark for love to the Gospel under Henry the Eighth ; and
brother to a remarkable favorer of the reformed religion in the days of
Queen Mary, into whose hands the famous martyr Philpot committed
his papers, which afterwards made no considerable part of our Martyr
Books. This Mr. Adam Winthrop had a son of the same name also?
and of the same endowments and employments with his father ; and
this third Adam Winthrop was the father of that renowned John Win-
throp, who was the father of New England, and the founder of the
Colony which, upon many accounts, like him who founded it, may
challenge the first place among the glories of New England."

IDOL OF HIS father's HOUSE,

To this John Winthrop, at the age of eighteen, was born a son, the
John Winthrop, Jr., whom we honor here to-day. In childhood he was

NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFT^'-NINTII IMRTIIDAY. f>i

the idol of his father's house, of which many proofs remain. In his
boyhood he was transferred to the celebrated Free Grammar School
at Bury St. Edmunds, where he prepared for college. At sixteen, he
was admitted a student at Trinity College, Dublin, and was graduated
in due course. With what degree of reputation he left the university
is not now precisely known. We know only that his diligence and
success there received the highest approval of his father, no mean
judge of literary acquirements, and that he there laid deep and solid
the foundations of that extensive acquaintance with the Hebrew,
Greek and Latin languages, and the literature of England and of conti-
nental Europe, which was so often remarked upon even in that age of
sound scholarship.

Choosing the law for his profession, as his father had before him. he
was. on the twentj^-fourth of February, 1624, admitted to the Inner
Temple, London, where he prosecuted his legal studies with diligence
and success, and acquired that familiarity with the principles of the
English common law and of the English constitution, which was so useful
to him in after life. During the period of these studies he read over and
over again all the year books, reports and law treaties in print, and at
the Tower of London and other antiquarian repositories, examined
and carefully studied the records from the foundation of the English
monarchy down to his own time. He dedicated, moreover, no small
portion of his time to the study of pure mathematics, to investigations
into physics and chemistry, and even to anatomy and architecture.
These studies he followed all his life.

During his residence in the Inner Temple also, he made the inti-
mate acquaintance of those great judges and lawyers who took such a
distinguished part in the struggles between the Crown and Parliament
in that exciting century, l-'rom early life, the bent of his mind was
toward politics, a propensity which the state of the times, if it did not
create, doubtless very much strengthened. Public subjects must have
occupied the thoughts and filled up the conversation in the circles in
which he moved ; and the momentous questions which at that time
not only agitated but convulsed England, could not but seize on a
mind like his, ardent, sanguine and patriotic.

62 NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY.

Before he was called to the bar, however, he abandoned the law to
accept the position of secretary to the commander of one of the royal
ships in the fleet of one hundred vessels of the famous Duke of Buck-
ingham, which sailed from Portsmouth, June twenty-second, 1627, for
the relief of the Huguenots at Rochelle, then under siege by Cardinal
Richelieu. During this voyage and the operations attending it, he
became acquainted with the Duke and many of the highest officials in
the court of Charles the First. Upon the failure of the expedition
he returned to England late in 1627.

His active and adventurous spirit next led him to ask permission
of his father to emigrate to New England with John Endicott in 1628,
but it was not granted.

On the twentieth of June, 1628, he left England to make the grand
tour of the continent, then an important element in the education of
men destined to high preferment in the state. The next fourteen months
were spent in travel under the most advantageous circumstances, ex-
tending as far east as Constantinople, with the English embassy at
which place he was connected. He planned a trip from there to the
Holy Land, but the expedition proved too difficult for him to under-
take. Much of his time, while abroad, was spent in Venice, then in
the height of its magnificence. He is said to have visited France,
Switzerland, Holland, and North Germany, everywhere meeting men
eminent for their learning or high station. As his father said long
afterwards, "God gave him favor in the eyes of all men v.'ith whom he
had to do, by land or sea." He reached England on his return late in
August, 1629, not having in his absence once heard from home, so
great were the difficulties of correspondence in those days.

When he landed at twenty-three years of age, he was probably the
most accomplished young man of his time, with every prospect of ad-
vancement to the highest political and diplomatic preferment. The
England to which he returned was then one of the most interesting
places on earth. It was the age of great men. Shakespeare, Bacon,
Ben Jonson, Cervantes and Galileo, Coke and Raleigh, Milton and
Cromwell, Richelieu and William of Orange were his contemporaries.
The discovery of America, the invention of printing, and the Protes-

NEW LOXDOX'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTV-NTNTII HIRTllDAV. 6^

tant Reformation, all occurring about the same time a century before,
had operated to stir the minds and imaginations of men to the greatest
activity. The progress of the arts during the long reign of P^lizabeth
had made existence in the equable climate of England very tolerable
and pleasant. No man left it in those days, either for pleasure or
profit, who did not long to return to it.

During his absence, however, his father had undertaken the work
of founding New England, and had already made arrangements to
dispose of his possessions in England and go out as Governor of the
newly organized Colony of Massachusetts Bay. Upon learning of his
son's arrival in London, he at once wrote to him in regard to the
project, and received from him this ever memorable reply, dated at
London, August twenty-first, 1629 : " For the business of New England,
I can say no other thing, but that I believe confidently that the whole dis-
position thereof is of the Lord, who disposeth all alterations by His
blessed will to His own glory and the good of His ; and therefore, do
assure myself that all things shall work together for the best therein.
As for myself, I have seen so much of the vanity of the world that I
esteem no more of the diversities of countries, than as so many inns,
whereof the traveler that hath lodged in the best or in the worst, find-
eth no difference, when he cometh to his journey's end ; and I shall
call that my country, where I may most glorify God and enjoy the
presence of my dearest friends. Therefore, herein I submit myself
to God's will and yours, and with your leave, do dedicate myself (laying
by all desire of other employments whatsoever) to the service of God
and the company herein, with the whole endeavors both of body and
mind."

To this great work, therefore, he devoted himself with the most
untiring energy for the remaining forty-seven years of his life, They
were to be years of the greatest dangers, hardships and toil, and of
the most varied activity.

The time was now come when, under the providence of God, the
civilization of Europe was to be transferred to the New World, and
safe and sufficient arrangements made, under political institutions,
for the organized growth of those free principles which, in after ages,

64 NEW LONDON'S TWO HINDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY.

were to govern the whole world ; and the subject of our sketch was to
be one of the most efhcient and distinguished instruments in accom-
plishing the results.

W'HERE ENTERPRISE WAS BORN.

It was in the northeastern corner of what is now the United States,
a space no larger than a man's hand upon the national map, reaching
from the border of Canada to Long Island Sound, and from the Hud-
son River on the west to the Atlantic on the east, that the great en-
terprise was to be achieved. That region, while of great natural
beauty, with its forests, mountains and lakes and bold, rocky coast, its
surface broken into hills and crossed by noble rivers, was destitute of
material gifts. The soil was thin, sterile, and hard to cultivate, ex-
cepting the few acres along the rivers and particularly in the valley of
the Connecticut. The climate was most uninviting to Europeans,
very cold in winter in the northern section, and chilly and variable on
the coast, while in summer the heat was tropical. There was no
mineral wealth; granite, marble and sandstone being the only riches
beneath the surface. The products of the soil, the forest and the
ocean were all that was to be depended upon as the material basis of
that civilization which was lo be.

In the southern section of this region, upon the northern shore of
Long Island Sound, lay a small tract, one hundred miles long and
fifty broad, as yet unexplored by civilized man, and inhabited by wild
beasts and warlike barbarians. Its beautiful shore was dotted with
islands and indented with bays, and here three great rivers, as yet
unnamed, flowing from the north reached the sea.

To transform this New England wilderness into a civilized country
was a vast undertaking. A mighty ocean separated it from the elder
world. The home government was to give no aid, nor even protec-
tion, for its accomplishment ; indeed, it existed only to give the settlers
disturbance, to increase their dangers, and to cause them loss. They
were to come here at their own charges and often at the ruin of
their fortunes, as private adventurers. The barbarous and war like
inhabitants resisted from the first all coalescence with the new-comers.

NEW LOXDONS TWO IIIXDRED FIFTY-NINTH HIRTIIDAV. 65

To subdue this waste, to plant corn-fields in these primeval forests, to
establish here orderly governments and educational and religious
institutions, to face all the physical ills of life in those strange sur-
roundings, was enough to appall the stoutest heart.

THE FIRST IMMIGRANTS.

The next ten years after the date of that letter to his father were
to witness the transplantation of twenty thousand English people to
the shores of New England, there to plunge into the wilderness. After
that, no more were to come for a century. From them the United States
as we know it was to spring. We are apt to overlook the fact that in
bringing about this movement, great organizing and missionary work
had to be done. In disposing the minds and purposes of these
twenty thousand persons to emigrate to New England, the younger
Winthrop had perhaps more to do than any other man. He was truly
a pioneer.

When he became interested in the work, there were less than five
hundred white people in all New England. In the Plymouth Colony,
after ten years of struggle, there were still less than three hundred
inhabitants. How many Puritan homes in England did he visit to
point the way to New England as the true means of escape from the
religious and political tyranny of Charles of Laud and StraiTord.
That persuasive tongue to which the Indian in his wigwam, the Dutch
Governor of New York, and the English king upon his throne were, in
after years, alike to yield, was a potent instrument in bringing about
the Puritan exodus between 1630 and 1640. Among all the great
men, from Columbus down to the present time, who have labored
consciously or unconsciously, to make the United States what it is
to-day, a just sense of historical proportion requires us to place the
younger Winthrop in the front rank.

He did not sail for America with his father in the summer of 1630,
but remained behind to close up his father's affairs and dispose of
his ancestral domains in the county of Suffolk. In February, 1631,
he married, and set sail in the fall of that year with the rest of his
father's family for Boston, where he arrived November second, 1 63 1 . In

■66 NEW LONDON'S TWO IIINDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY.

May of the following year he was chosen an assistant of the Massa-
chusetts Colony, and in 1633 he was selected to found and settle the
town of Ipswich, Mass., as a frontier settlement for protection against
the French and the Indians. In 1634 his wife died, and he returned
to England on business for the colony.

On this voyage he was shipwrecked on the coast of Ireland, and
after incredible dangers reached the shore. He traveled thence
through Ireland, Scotland and England until he reached London.
Everywhere on his way he visited the leading personages of the time
and was received and entertained with the highest distinction. It
was on this trip that events occurred which indissolubly thereafter
connected his history with that of Connecticut.

COMMISSIONED AS GOVERNOR.

In 1630, the council of Plymouth had granted a patent to Robert
Earl of Warwick, of all that tract which is now embraced in the State
of Connecticut. That has been doubted by some for want of record
cviden'^e of it, but the action of those who had the best reason to
know of its existence is sufficient proof of it. In 163 1 he transferred
it to Lord Say and Seal, Lord Brook, John Pym, John Hampden and
others, the most distinguished men of the time, who had made various
unsuccessful attempts to begin a settlement upon it. In 1634 these
proprietors learned that schemes were on foot by parties in Massachu-
setts and Plymouth Colonies to occupy it, and that the Dutch had
already taken possession of a portion of it. In order to prevent the
acquisition of title to any portion of their tract, by squatter sover-
eignty and to repel the Dutch, they entered into negotiations with
young Winthrop to proceed to Connecticut and build a large fort at the
mouth of the Connecticut river, and commissioned him to be the
Governor of the River Connecticut.

Waiting just long enough to marry, as a second wife, the step-
daughter of the celebrated Hugh Peters, he set sail and arrived in
Boston in the autumn of 1635. He at once issued a proclamation to
the emigrants who had begun to settle at Hartford, Windsor and
Wethersfield, demanding to know " by what right and preference

NEW LONDON'S TWO IIINDREI) FIFTV-NIXTH BIRTHDAY. 67

they had lately taken up their plantation." It is said that they agreed
to give up any lands demanded by him, or to return on having their
expenses paid. He also learned on his arrival that the Dutch were
about to send an expedition to build a fort at the mouth of the Con-
necticut. He at once despatched a party to anticipate them. His
men had just succeeded in throwing up a work sufficient for defense
and had mounted a few guns when a Dutch ship from New Amster-
dam appeared, bringing a force intended to appropriate the same
place. Finding themselves anticipated, they retired, and this action
of Winthrop's practically secured Connecticut to the English for all
time.

He named the place Saybrook from Lord Say and Lord Brook,
and w^as thus the first to give an abiding English name to any portion
of the soil of Connecticut. The next year he built a fort there, which
continued for many years to be one of the most important defenses
to Connecticut. The town of Saybrook thus founded by him in the
very inception of the settlement of the State, was the scene of the
repulse of Governor Andros from Connecticut in 1675, forty years
later, in the midst of King Philip's War, under the direction of the
same governor, John Winthrop, whose instructions to the command-
ing officer were in these words : •' And you are to keep the King's
colors standing there, under his majesty's lieutenant, the Governor of
Connecticut. But you are required in his majesty's name to avoid
striking the first blow ; but if they begin, then you are to defend your-
selves, and do your best to secure his majestj-'s interest and the peace
of the whole Colony of Connecticut in our possession." Between these
two events, both occurring in the lifetime of the same man, and under
his authority as governor, in both instances, what a world of history
lay.

PURCHASE OF FISHERS ISLAND.

In 1638 and 1639 he was living at Ipswich, Mass., engaged m the
manufacture of salt, and in 1640 he bought Fishers Island. In 1641
he went to England to organize a company for the manufacture of iron
in New England, and returned in 1643 with workmen, tools and stock.

6S NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY.

and began the smelting and retining of iron at Lynn and Braintree,
Mass. He was the first person in Xew England to engage in that
business and was the pioneer iron manufacturer in the United States.
In 1645 he projected, surveyed, and began the settlement of New
London, and on May sixth, 1646, he received from the General Court
of Massachusetts a commission to establish a town government here.
That year he moved his family here from Massachusetts and continued
to reside here until his removal to New Haven in 1656 and 1657,
where he went to engage in the manufacture of iron near Lake Salton-
stall in East Haven.

In 1 65 1 he was chosen an assistant of the Connecticut Colony.
The same year he received a license from the Connecticut General
Court to mine lead, copper and other metals in the public domain of
the colony, and he was, for many years, incessantly engaged all over
the colony in prospecting for the same. He made repeated visits for
weeks at a time to a mountain in the northwestern part of the town of
East Haddam, attended by a single servant. More than two centuries
afterwards, there was discovered near Middktown some twelve hun-
dred feet of shafting, skilfully constructed in an argentiferous lead
mine which he is supposed to have worked.

CHOSEN' GOVERNOR FOR MANV YEARS.

In 1657 he was elected Governor of Connecticut and again in 1659,
and every year thereafter until 1676, when he died, the fundamental
orders having been changed to permit of his annual re-election. He
was eighteen times chosen Governor of Connecticut, an honor hereto-
fore accorded to no other man. During all these years the colony
was constantly engaged in controversies with its neighbors as to
boundaries and other delicate matters, and in internal strife of the
bitterest character, and the wisdom, moderation and tact which he
showed in composing and settling them proved him to be one of the
best administrators.

Through his whole life in New England he was engaged in the
active practice of medicine, and his reputation in that respect was of
the highest. By direction of the Colony of New Haven, the governor

NEW LONDON'S JWO lllNDRi:!) FIFT\-N1 Nil 1 I'.l KTl 1 1 )AN'. (,<)

invited him formally to take up his residence there, that they might
have the benefit of his medical and surgical skill, and offered to pre-
sent him with the finest house in New Haven. He purchased the
house himself and resided in it for nearly two years.

He brought with him to Massachusetts in his youth a library of a
thousand volumes, the choicest books of the time. He was a Fellow
and one of the founders of the Royal Society of England, and in con-
stant correspondence with eminent scientific men, and published
several papers in the Philosophical Transactions of much value. He
was the owner of the first telescope brought to this country, which is
now to be seen in Harvard College, and prosecuted his studies in
astronomy with great success, from his calculations predicting the
existence of another satellite of Jupiter, the actual discovery of which
was reserv-ed till the last century.

In September, 165.S, Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of the Com-
monwealth of England, died, and the structure of government which
he had reared with so much effort and bloodshed crumbled to pieces.
Winthrop's relations with him had been very close, his father-in-law,
Hugh Peters, having been Cromwell's chaplain during the Protect-
orate.

THE TIME OF TROUBLE.

In May, 1660, Charles II. was restored to the throne of his ances-
tors, with an outburst of popular feeling and loyalty which boded ill
for all who had been concerned in the dethronement and execution of
his father. Hugh Peters was promptly seized, tried and executed, and
his head stuck up on Temple Bar. The corpses of Cromwell and
others were torn from their graves and hung in chains on Tyburn
Hill, and their heads cut off and stuck up on Westminster Hall, where
they remained for many years. The Puritans of New England had
been in full sympathy with Cromwell and the Roundheads in all their
measures, and had reason to expect severe treatment from Charles
and his revengeful cavaliers. Two of the regicides had fied to New
Haven and were warmly welcomed and sheltered by the Rev. John
Davenport, the intimate friend of Winthrop.

70 NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY.

In 1661 the Cobny of Connecticut tardily concluded to recognize
Charles as their lawful sovereign, to send him an address of congratu-
lation, and to petition him to grant them a charter, confirming to them
all the privileges which they had so long enjoyed in the territory cov-
ered by the patent to Lord Say and Seal. They sent Winthrop to the
court of Charles to secure a charter for them. He arrived in London
in the fall by way of Amsterdam, having sailed thither from New
York. When he arrived he took lodgings in Coleman street, near St.
Stephen's Church, where his friend, Davenport, had preached for so
many years. He found his own and his father's friend, Sir Henry
Vane, in the Tower awaiting trial for his participation in the events
with which Winthrop had been in full sympathy. His trial was going
on during the time of Winthrop's efforts to obtain the charter, and he
was convicted and executed a few days after the charter was granted.
John Milton, another of Winthrop's friends, who had walked side by
side with Hugh Peters at Cromwell's funeral, was in hiding for his
life. Edward Hyde, Lord Clarendon, whose knowledge of mankind
was so great that he was called the chancellor of human nature, whose
daughter had married the Duke of York, afterwards James IL, was
prime minister and seekmg to gather to himself absolute power over
the colonies. The only friend Wmthrop had at court was the aged
Lord Say and Seal, who had been active in bringing about the restora-
tion of Charles.

DIPLOMAT OF HIGH ORDER.

In this court, from this monarch, and at the hands of this prime
minister, Winthrop had the address to secure the charter for Connecti-
cut, which our fathers ever after regarded as the very ark of their
liberties. Not only that, he secured one for Rhode Island of equally
liberal provisions, which was expressly stated to be granted to that
colony upon "the confidence reposed by us in Mr. John Winthrop."
This success demonstrates that Winthrop's skill as a negotiator and
diplomat was of the highest order.

Again in 1664, at the time of the surrender of New York to the
English by the Dutch, which forever established the supremacy of the

NP:\V LONDON'S two lUNDRKI) KIFTV-NINTII I'.IRTIIDAV. 71

English upon the Atlantic seaboard from Nova Scotia to Florida, he
was present at the request of the English commander, and conducted
the negotiations which resulted in the surrender.

In the charter of Connecticut, its boundaries were fixed to embrace
also the Colony of New Haven, an act of the greatest foresight, though
most distasteful to Mr. Davenport. He, however, before his death,
came to see the wisdom of it.

During King Philip's War, Winthrop was chosen one of the com-
missioners of Connecticut to the Congress of the United Colonies of
New England, and was in attendance thereon at Boston when he was
taken sick and died in April, 1676. He was buried in King's Chapel
Graveyard, Boston, in the same tomb with his honored father.

He died amid the horrors of a frightful Indian war. Out of ninety
towns in Massachusetts and Plymouth Colonies, twelve had been
utterly destroyed, and more than forty others had been the scene of
fire and slaughter. Hardly a family in New England but was in
mourning. A thousand men, the bravest and the best of New England,
had lost their lives, and scores of women and little children perished
under the tomahawk.

RESIGNED LARGE INTERESTS.

His father had received a large estate from the mother of young
Winthrop and had spent it all in establishing the Colony of Massa-
chusetts. Not only that, but the son had cheerfully resigned for the
same purpose, the large interests in the same which had been entailed
to him. No more touching words can be found than those in a letter
from the father to the son, referring to these matters : " You are chief
of two families ; I had by your mother three sons and three daughters,
and I had with her a large portion of outward estate. These now are
all gone ; mother gone ; brethren and sisters gone ; you only are left
to see the vanity of these temporal things and learn wisdom thereby
which may be of more use to you, through the Lord's blessing, than all
that inheritance which might have befallen you ; and for which this
may stay and quiet your heart, that God is able to give you more than
this; and that it being spent in the furtherance of this work, which

72 NEW LONDON'S TWO HINDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY.

hath prospered so well, through His power hitherto, you and yours
may certainly expect a liberal portion in the prosperity and blessing
thereof hereafter ; and rather because it was not forced from you by
a father's power, but freely resigned by yourself, out of a loving and
filial respect unto me, and your own readiness unto the work itself.
From whence as I often do take occasion to bless the Lord for you,
so do I also commend you and yours to His fatherly blessing, for a
plentiful reward to be rendered unto you."

When the younger Winthrop died, his father's prediction was ful-
filled. He left to his descendants immense landed estates, which, with
the growth of the colony, came to be of far greater value to them than
what the elder and the younger Winthrop had sacrificed in the cause.
And what was of still more consequence, he left behind him children
worthy to be his descendants, who rose to positions of the highest im-
portance in New England.

In these facts, collected from many scattered sources, I have pre-
sented an outline of the career of John Winthrop, Jr., and I commend
them to the considerate attention of posterity. What was accomplished
by him for the sake of liberty and truth, home and country, and in
preparing this beautiful heritage for us and our children, and our
children's children, is replete with instruction and counsel. All this
may be forgotten by us, and be unknown to our descendants, but it is
part of the history of Connecticut and is written in the book of God's
remembrance. For holy faith, triumphant zeal and beneficent design,
the record stands unsurpassed in the annals of man.

THE LUNCHEON.

Immediately after the unveiling ceremonies, one hundred and
seventy-five guests assembled at the Crocker House, and enjoyed for
an hour and a half, the City's hospitality at a somewhat hurried and
informal, yet bountiful luncheon. The number of local people invited
was small, the invitations being limited to the city officials, a few
members of committees, and to those who had been most closely asso-
ciated with the work. These, acting as hosts, had the pleasure of

NEW LONDON'S TWO IirNDRKD 1-IFT\-NINI1 1 l',l Rll II)A^■. 73

welcoming the Governor, ex-(;overnors and U. S. Senators of Con-
necticut, prominent officials of the Army and Navy, municipal, civil
and military officers of the State, and other distinguished guests, who
had gathered in the city to honor the memory of Winthrop. It
was not arranged, for lack of time, to have the usual toasts and
speeches, but the clatter of dishes and the clinking of glasses had
hardly begun, when, upon the urgent request of the Committee, ex-
Governor Waller assumed the role of toast-master, and from then to
the close, under his persuasive but peremptory leadership, the bril-
liant gathering, — among whom were well-known and gifted talkers, —
was highly entertained by a series of bright, impromptu speeches.
These were received with bursts of enthusiastic applause and merri-
ment, and the occasion will long be remembered as one of the pleas-
ant features of the day. The hospitality of Senator-elect Brandegee
in extending to all present a cordial invitation to his home after the
parade, was much appreciated. The brief intermission between the
morning and afternoon programs of the day, soon passed, and all too
quickly the hour arrived for returning to the grand stand on Bulkeley
Square to review the parade.

AFTHRXOON PARADK AND Ri:\ IKW.

The following ofTicers composed the staff of General George
Haven, Chief Marshal :

Captain Stephen J. Downcv, Chief of Start: Lieutenant John McGinlev.
Jr., Assistant Adjutant-General: Major Richard P. Freeman, Jr., Captain
Frank V. Chappell, Lieutenant J. Augustus Prince, Lieutenant >L H. Bar-
ton. Aids; Sergeants George Benham and John T. Sherwin, Orderlies.

The line of march was as follows : State Street to Main, to Williams,
to Huntington, to Bulkelev Place, to Hempstead, to Granite, to Channing,
to Broad, to Hempstead, to Franklin, to Ja.v, to Truman, to Blinman. to
Bank, to State.

Following was the order of formation of the parade :

I-IRST DIVISION.

Chief Marshal and Start.
First Infantrv Band of Hartford.

74 NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY.

United States Coast Artillery.

Sailors and Marines, U. S. S. Minneapolis.

Sailors, U. S. Revenue Marine Ser\ice.

Coast Artillery Battalion, C. N. G.

Battalion Third Infantry, C. N. G.

Second Division, Naval Battalion, C. N. G.

Platoon, Machine Gun Battery, C. N. G.

Colt's Band of Hartford.

First Company Governor's Foot Guard.

Second Company Governor's Foot Gviard.

W. W. Perkins Post, No. 47, G. A. R., in Carriages.

Military and Naval Guests in Carriages.

SECOND DIVISION.

George C Avery, Marshal.

Thomas F. Dorsey, John C. Geary, James P. Newman, Thomas H. Allen,

James P. Sulli\an, Silas P. Bailey, Aids.

John Stanners, Chief En^jineer; Charles H. Rose, First Asst. Engineer;

Joseph W. Goldie, Second Asst. Engineer.

New London Fire Police.

William M. Sistare, Captain; Charles Stevens, Lieutenant:

George H. Sistare, Sergeant.

25 men in line.

Westerly Band, of Westerly, R. I.

F. L. Allen Hook & Ladder Co.

Joseph G. Harrigan, Foreman; Eugene J. Leahy, Jr., First Asst. Foreman;

Robert A. Spellman, Second Asst. Foreman.

40 men in line.

Niagara Engine Co. Band, of New London.

Niagara Engine Co., No. 1.

Charles R. Brown, Foreman; Frank Church, First Asst. F'oreman ;

Everton C. Hayes, Second Asst. Foreman.

125 men in line.

Hedley and Hutchinson's Band of Providence, R. I.

Nameaug Engine Co., No. 2.

Ruel S. Baker, Foreman ; Wallace L. Hale, First Asst. Foreman :

William F. Woods, Second Asst. Foreman.

90 men in line.

Jewett City Band, of Jewctt City, Conn.

William B. Thomas Hose Co., No. 3.

Manuel J. Martin, Foreman; Frank Evelyn, First Asst. Foreman;

James Foley, Second Asst. Foreman.

50 men in line.

New London \'eteran Firemen's Association.

NEW LONDON'S TWO lUNnRKI) FIFTY-MNTll HIRTIinAV. 75

Standard IJaiid of New London.

Konomoc Hose Co., No. 4

William R. Pollock, Foreman; Andrew J. Rowley, First Asst. Foreman;

Alfred W. StoU, Second Asst. Foreman.

125 men in line.

Imperial Band of New London.

C. L. Ockford Hose Co., No. 5.

George U. Denison, Jr., Foreman ; George W. Francis, First Asst Foreinan ;

William O'Brien, Second Asst. Foreman.

40 men in line.

Band.

Visiting Firemen.

TIHRl) DIVISION.

William L. Davies, Marshal.

Dr. John N. Diinon, A. C Burgess, .\ids.

Uniform Rank, Knights of Pythias.

Float — Daughters of Liberty and American Mechanics.

Improved Order of Red Men.

Groton Drum Corps.

Jibboom Club.

Bulkeley School.

Nathan Hale School.

Parochial School.

Boy's Club, Y. M. C. A.

Mohegan Indians.

Herwegh Lodge, O. d. H. S.

St. Joseph's Portuguese Society.

Italian Mutual Benefit Sooietv.

From the detailed description, published in the Day, the follow-
ing facts have been gathered :

The parade proved to be, in every respect, all that had been prom-
ised for it. The first division, consisting of military organizations,
formed on Huntington Street, south of State Street. The second di-
vision, composed of firemen, took position on Huntington Street,
north of State Street, and the third division, of miscellaneous civic
societies, occupied Broad Street with its right resting on Iluniington
Street. They fell easily into position, and were ready to start prompt-
ly at two o'clock, General George Haven and staff, accompanied by
Hatch's band, coming first in line. A direct descendant of Uncas,
dressed in Indian costume, mounted on a black pony, followed the

76 NEW LONDON' S TWO HUNDRED FIFTV-NTXTH BIRTHDAY.

Marshall's staff. The regular troops from Fort Trumbull, a company
of some forty men of the One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Company,
United States Coast Artillery, were given the extreme right of line,
their uniforms of blue trimmed with red, distinguishing them from the
militia companies. Next came the marines and sailors from the
United States cruiser Minneapolis, at anchor in the lower harbor,
headed by their own band, and followed by companies of sailors from
the revenue cutters Gresham and Mohawk. The jackies made a fine
appearance, being well trained for the unusual event of marching on
shore, by the daily practice drills held in the Armory and on the streets
the preceding week.

Following the United States soldiers and sailors, came a large body
of the state militia, numbering approximately four hundred men.
Included in the body were some of the finest organizations in the
Connecticut National Guard.

The right of line was accorded to the Coast Artillery Battalion,
owing to the seniority of Maj. Hadlai A. Hull, who commands it, and
the Third Infantry Battalion, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel
Henry S. Dorsey, came immediately behind it. This battalion
includes Companies A and C of Norwich, Company I of New London,
and Company M of Danielson.

The second division of the Naval Battalion, from Hartford, fol-
lowed the Infantry Battalion, and was in turn succeeded by a platoon
of the Machine Gun Battery with two of the rapid fire guns. The
First and Second Companies Governor's Foot Guard, headed by
Colt's Band of Hartford, were followed by members of W. W. Perkins
Post, Grand Army of the Republic, and distinguished military and
naval guests in carriages.

The firemen, in the second division, attired in new uniforms,
were heartily applauded all along the line of march. All of the local
firemen purchased new uniforms for the occasion, making the neces-
sary expenditures out of their own treasuries, as the city could not, at
that time, legally appropriate money for the purpose. The freshly
polished metal and leather of hose wagons, harnesses and other ap-
paratus, were well in keeping with the immaculate suits of the men.

m:\v LOXDOX's TWO Hr.\i)Rr:i) FiFr\'-\iN rii hiriiida^'. 77

The interest and co-operation of the fire companies was much appre-
ciated by the committee in charge, and it was a pleasure, when the
financial account was made up, to appropriate fifty dollars to each
company, and twenty-five dollars to the fire police.

Marshal George C. Avery and his aids headed the division. They
were followed by chief John Stanners and his two assistants, with
the New London Fire Police, numbering some twenty-five men. The
F. L. Allen Hook & Ladder Co., accompanied by the Westerly band
of twenty-five musicians, was the first organization to appear. The
company's large truck, newly-painted, was drawn by horses in glitter-
ing harness.

The Niagara Engine Co., No. i, was preceded by its own band,
recently formed. About one hundred and twenty-five men appeared
in line and drew the hose reel at the end of a long rope. The reel was
decorated with white carnations, and in the seat at the top was a
little girl dressed in red. The auto-chemical and steamer were also
in the line and attracted much attention all along the route.

Nameaug Engine Co., No. 2, had secured Hedley c\: Hutchinson's
band of thirty pieces, from Providence, to head its line of ninety men,
and had, beside their regular hose wagon, the old hand reel, which was
trimmed with red carnations. The Niagaras' and Nameaugs' lines
were each followed by carriages containing honorary members.

The William P. Thomas Hose Co., No. 3, might well be proud
of its new hose cart, just received from the makers, and now, for the
first time, displayed in public. After the omnibus containing members
of the New London Veteran Firemen's Association, came the old-
fashioned hand engine, formerly used by the company. It was
interesting to note the contrast between that, and the new one
preceding it.

The Konomoc Hose Co., No. 4. with its large representation of
members, and gaily-decorated hose cart, elicited great applause. The
Standard band of forty pieces, which led the company, was the largest
one in line, and had three leaders with batons, one a boy of about

7S NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTV-NTNTH BIRTHDAY.

twelve years, and the trio entertained the throng with marvelous feats
of baton tossing.

The C. L. Ockford Hose Co., with comparatively new wagon,
the Imperial band at its head, was the last local company in line, and
was represented by some forty members. Following these, came a
line of visiting firemen, among whom was the Castleton Hose Co., of
Staten Island.

The third division was headed by Marshal William L. Davies and
his aids. The right of line was accorded to the Uniform Rank
Knights of Pythias, who, in their parade regalia, attracted much at-
tention. Hawkins Company, No. i8, the local body, with Captain
Winder K. Reed at its head, was well represented.

Next came a large float, prepared by members of the Order of
United American Mechanics and its auxiliary, the Daughters of Lib-
erty. Young women on the sides of the float, wearing white dresses,
liberty caps, and each carrying an American, flag, represented the
thirteen original states. On a higher deck, were eight men dressed
in the old continental uniforms, and above them a sailor and soldier in
modern garb. There were children impersonating Uncle Sam, George
Washington and Molly Pitcher, with two continental soldiers in a
tableau about a cannon. The whole was surmounted by a liberty
bell, trimmed with the national colors.

The Improved Order of Red Men came next in line. The local
Nonowantuc Tribe was reenforced by visiting chiefs and warriors, and
all were in full war paint and feathers, the officers being mounted.

The Jibboom Club, headed by the Groton Drum Corps, made a
fine appearance, and the boys, directly following that organization,
did remarkably well. Herwegh Lodge, Order of Herman Sons, St.
Joseph's Portuguese Society, the Italian Mutual Benefit Society and
the Siciliana Society gave variety to the spectacle. These foreign
societies were dressed in the bright colored regalias of their orders,
and carried, beside their own national flags, the stars and stripes
of their adopted home.

Along the line of march, business blocks, public building^s and
private residences were artistically decorated, and the bright colored

NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH HIRTIIDAV. 79

bunting, so effectively used, gave an air of unusual festivity to the
city. Amid the wealth of stars and stripes, might frequently be seen
portraits of the Founder, which seemed to be looking down, w'ith
peculiar satisfaction, upon the scene where evidences of progress
were visible on every side. The natural beauty of New London added
much to the picturesciueness of the sight as the parade made its way,
through the winding streets, beneath the archway of beautiful trees
just beginning to show their tender, green foliage of the springtime.
May sixth was a day on which the city opened wide her doors and
received, as welcome guests, thousands of people from far and near,
who had gathered within her borders, to enjoy the birthday celebra-
tion of \Vinthrop"s old town.

One of the interesting features of the parade was the line of school
boys in the third division. Three schools were represented, and the
pupils from each had been so thoroughly drilled, by ofificers of the
Connecticut National Guard, that they marched with the precision of
well-trained soldiers. The Bulkeley boys were instructed by Lieuten-
ant John McGinley, Jr., of the First Company, Coast Artillery ; the
Nathan Hale boys by Captain David Connor, Company I, Third
Infantry; and the Parochial School boys by Captain J. J. Murphy of
the First Company. Each school was headed by its own drummers
and fifers, and commanded by ofificers selected from its own member
ship.

Following is a list of the boys who marched :

lilLKKLEY SCHOOL BOYS.

Captain, E. Lawrence Chandler.
First Lieutenant, Nathaniel H. Averv.

Second Lieutenant, Edward Prentis, Jr.

Moss Baratz, Harry M. Heche. Harold Uosworth.

C. P. Barry, 1). Dow Bent ley, Max Boyer.

Ismar Barnch, Charles Biglin. H. H. Bradford,

Peniber K. Beckwiili. Har\ey Bingham, Joseph Brennan,

Cecil A. Beebe, Norman J. Bone', Freeman 1". Brown.

8o NEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTV-NINTII BIRTHDAY

Harold M. Hrown.
William ). Caldwell,
P'rank P. Casev,
James S. Casev,
John H. Chapman,
Ira L. Chappell,
Royce G. Cody,
Leonard L. Coit,
Charles Collins,
E. T. Collins.
Harry A. Comeau,
Arthur E. Conant,
J. Stanton Cook,
Joseph A. Copp,
Joseph F. Corcoran,
Harr_\' P. Corson,
Daniel F. Cranker.
Joseph N. Cranker,
Coleman Crocker,
John R. Da\ is.
W. A. Dohohne.
Paul A. Douglass.
Walter E. Dray,
Frederic J. Dunn,
Clark D. Edgar,
Edward A Fenwick,
Frank Fitzmaurice,
John A. Fletcher,
George F. Freeman.
John C. Ghnn,
Stanley Goldsmith,
E. J. L. Gragan,
Stanley P. Grint,
Walter S. Griswold,
H. W. Gussman,

William B. Hart,
Herman L. Haynes,
R. H. Iledlund,
John |. Henle\-.
P.J. HoUandersky,
William H. Hull,
John H. James, Jr.,
Frank S. Joseph,
Arthur T. Keefe.
[ames A. Kelley,
John J. Kelley, Jr.,
Benjamin King,
Waldo Lathrop,
Patrick F. Leary,
R. Scott Linsley,
Thomas F. Magnier,
R. R. McDonald,

A. B. McGinley,
S. E. McGinley,
Thomas McGinley,

B. W. McLaughlin,
Michael McNeil,
D. Mendlesohn,
Louis H. Meyers,
Albert Mix,
Walter J. Moran,

C. L. Morgan,
Frank L. Morrison,
Fred. J. Morrison,
James H. ^Murray,
T. R. Murray, Jr.,
Horace A. Newbury,

•John O'Brien,
John T. O'Neil,
R. N. Patter-on,

R. A. Peahody.
J. Milton Phillips,
Francis A. Powell,
Charles Prentis, Jr.,
J. Coleman Prince,

B. W. Rademacher. ]v

C. B. Reagan,
James D. Rvan,
John J. Ryan, Jr.,
P. L. Schellans,
S. F. Schwaner,
Philip Sheridan,
Samuel G. Sla\in,
Harold P. Small,
Elmer F. Smith,
Ralph P. Smith,
Max N. Solomon,
Thomas Soltz,
Charles H. Starr,
George F. Starr,
James W. Tajlor,
A. N. Tiffany, Jr.,
Walter C. Tilden,
Harr\- R. Tisdale,
Johi\ yi. Toolin,
W. Marcus Towne.
H. E. Underbill,
George Wall,
Francis J. Warren.
W. C. Waterman,
W. Arnold White,
Henry W. Williams,
James E. Wood,

F. C. Woodstock.

NATHAN HALE GRAM>LVR SCHOOL.

Senior Captain, Clinton Kenyon.

F'irst Lieutenant, Robert Bacon. Second Lieutenant, George Upton.

Junior Captain, Warren Beebe.

First Lieutenant, Claude Kenvon. Second Lieuten.'int. John William?

Avery W. Andrews,
H. II. Appledorn,

Walter J. Auwood,
Frank G. E Baier,

Edmund J. Bailey,
A. M. l?eck\vith,

M-:W LONDOXS TWO IILNDRKI) FIKTV-NIN'J'H 151 K 11 1 1 )A^•. 8i

\V. T. Bcckwith,
Walter L. Beckwilh.
Edward S. Beebc,
Henry II. Beebc,
Cecil A. Benhani.
Bert Bent,

Joseph A. Benvenuti,
William C. Besselic\ re,
Robert C. Bishop,
Leroj F. Blake,
C W. Bowser,
Ed. M. Breen,
]. Charles Brown,
Frank W. Brown,
Elmer B. Browne,
Frank S. Bunnel,
William II. Burns,
Irvin D. Capwell,
George F. Casey,
Walter S. Casey,
William T. Casey,
Robert Chamberlain,
Alfred H. Chappell,
C. E. Chipman,
Elwood H. Church.
Eugene S. Clark,
George G. Clark,
Joseph C. Collins,
R. G. Comstock,
William B. Conner,
Herbert O. Crandall,
Robert Crandall,
Rogert Crandall,
Charles F. Cremins,
R. G. Cruickshank,
A. L. Davidson,
Arthur L. Dean,
Roger L. Denison.
Harold S. Dennison,
Frank W. DcWolf,
Ralph II. Dimmock,
E. L. Douglass,
Philip E. Douglass,
Timothy P. Dyer,
Emil M. Elfenbein,
Herman Elfenbein,

Isaac Elionsk^',
F. Gordon Ferrell,
Clarence B. Folsom,
John K. Foran,
LeRoy H. Forde,
Leon A. Forsyth,
LeRoy E. Forsyth,
John M. Foster,
Joseph Foster,
Benjamin F. Francis,
Charles B. Gardner,
Curtis A. Gates,
Ernest F. Gates,
William J. Gilbert.
Joseph Glater,
A. Goldberg,
Alex. Goldberg,
Wolcott W. Gumble,
W. A. Gurney,
Henry J. Haas,
Harold B. Hale,
Floyd L. Ilanney,
\'ictor Hedlund,
F. A. Hodgkins.
Henry E. Horton,
Leroy B. Howard,
Robert M. Howard,
Benjamin B. Howell,
George A. Hunt,
Herbert G. Huntley,
Abraham Katz,
Richard Keily,
James T. Kenure.
Wolcott O. Kenyon,
Guy R. Knowlton,
Alfred Labensky,
Harry Levinson,
Morris Lubschansky,
NN'illiam MacKay,
Charles A. Manfrtdo,
Henr\ Manfrcdo,
R. E. Mansfield,
C.J. Marshall,
(jeorge A. Martin,
John S. McGrath,
I. W. McKenna,

James D. McLaughlin,
T. P. McLaughlin,
Tyler McNamara,
Abraham S. Meyer,
William H. Mills,
George L. Mix,
Edward J. Mo ran,
George A. Morgan,
G. Kenneth Morgan,
Stanley D. Morgan,
Clarence F. Noble,
George C. Noble,
Nelson R. Oliver,
O. Eugene O'Neil,
William W. Page,
Ralph L. Parlow,
II. D. Pendleton,
Albert J. Perry,
Perry Piatt us,
John T. Porter,
b. L. Reynolds,
Henry Rippin,
Ernest W. Rogers,
Ralph B. Rogers,
J. Frank Rollins,
John J. Rowe,
N. E. Sampson,
Walter L. Samson,
S. Frank Samuels,
Charles A. Satti,
George E. Saunders,
Charles S. Sawer,
Roy C. Searle,
Joseph C. Sheeham,
William Sistare,
Charles L. Smiddy,
Leon J. Smith,
Reuben P. Smith,
John II. Stanners,

E. Walter Staplins.

F. R. Swanson,

M. M. Tarnapolsky,
Cjeorge W. Taylor,
R. E. Thayer,
Irving C. Thomas,
W. (i. Thomas,

82 XEW LONDON'S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY.

F. S. Thompson,
William E. Toolin,
T. Edison Troland.
H. Claude ^"ickel•v,
Carl H. S. Viets.
Leo E. Wade,

Richard S. Wall.
Arthur L. Ward,
CM. Watrous,
Alfred L. Wheeler.
Leo B. W'illiams,
Harrv Wilson,

Oscar T. Wilson,
Norman Winskill,
Clarence Winslow,
F. L. Wright,
M. Roscoe Wright.

The Nathan Hale Drum Corps, -which furnished music for marching,
was composed of William Sistare, Oscar Wilson, Wolcott Kenvon, Frank
Rollins, Wolcott Gumble, Walter Staplins, Fred Svanson. Arthur Beck-
with, Claude \'ickerv, George Noble.

PAROCHIAL SCHOOL BOYS.

Captain, James Miller.
First Lieutenant, A. J. Bentley. Jr. Second Lieutenant. James Ryan.

Charles Archer.
Christopher Barry.
Albert Caracausa,
Christopher Collins,
John Connell,
David Connors,
Timothy Corcoran.
Frank Cullen,
George Damus,
James Doyle,
Walter Elliot,
James Flaherty,
Tonv Gomez,

John Harrington,
John Hogan,
John lames.
John Leary,
John Linehan,
John Lucw
John Mansfield.
Frank McPartland.
Thomas Meach,
William Melville,
John Moran.
Matthew Miilcahy,
Daniel Noonan,

John ODonnell,
James Perkins,
John Ruddv,
Michael Shea,
William Sheridan,
John Spellman,
Albert St. Germain,
Arthur St. Germain,
Clement Sugrue,
James Sullivan,
Charles Wasmer,
George Wasmer.

CONCLUSION.

FINAL COMMITTEE MEETING.

On Monday evening, May twentj-ninth, 1905, a final meetmg of the
Executive Committee, with all standing and sub-committees, was
held in the Council Chamber of the City Hall, to conclude details of
the work, make final reports, etc.

John Hopson, chairman of the Finance Committee, gave a most
gratifying report, showing that there was a balance on hand of nearly
five hundred dollars, for use in publishing an account of the cel-
ebration. The good management of the committees was largely
responsible for the reduction of expenses, but there were two chief
causes for this condition of the treasury. First: The State appropri-
ation of twenty-five hundred dollars, for the expenses of the militia
companies and naval reserves, was generous enough to include
entertainment for both companies of the Governor's Foot Guard, thus
entaiUng no expense in that direction. Second : A substantial sum
was paid in by the Souvenir Committee, whose badges, programs, etc.,
proved a source of income, instead of outgo which is apt to be
the case,

Charles S. Starr, reporting for the Decoration Committee, alluded
to the universal manner in which the city was decorated, and gave
the statement of expenses for erection of the grand stand, veiling the
statue and incidentals, which were well within the appropriation made
for the purpose.

Alfred H. Chappell, of the Invitation Committee, reported all bills
paid, and said that owing to his necessary absence from the city, much
of the clerical work had been done most creditably, by his son,
Henry C. Chappell, and the chairman and other members acted
largely in advisory capacity. The committee commenced work
immediately after its appointment, and was kept busy until the last

CONCLUSION.

moment before the celebration, so great was the demand for invita-
tions from all sides.

The report of the Reception Committee, given by Admiral Oscar
F. Stanton, showed that everything had passed off smoothly in the
domain of that committee, and there were no outstanding bills.
Guests were met with carriages at the trains, and taken to the
Crocker House, where they were officially received, and later escorted
to the grand stand on Bulkeley Square. After the morning exercises,
luncheon was served to one hundred seventy-five people, who praised
without stint the hospitality of the City of New London.

The Speakers' Committee secured Judge Daniel Davenport, of
Bridgeport, a direct lineal descendant of John Davenport, the founder
of the New Haven Colony, to deliver the historical address.

The duties of the Parade Committee, of which Capt. Stephen J.
Downey was chairman, required much thought and attention to detail.
It was no light task to arrange for the three divisions in the after-
noon parade, and to see that places were judiciously assigned to each
organization participating.

The Souvenir Committee reported receipts and expenditures as
follows :

Receipts.

By advertising in booklet, .....

By sale of booklets, ......

By sale of buttons, ......

By sale of postals, ......

Total receipts, .....

Expenditures.
Bingham Paper Box Co. (printing), .
The Whitehead and Hoag Co. (2485 buttons), .
The Whitehead & Hoag Co. (385 badges),
Springfield Photo Eng. Co. (half tones), .
The Kenyon Studio (photographs"), .
Expressage on half tones, buttons, badges and booklets
100 envelopes for badges, .....
204 stamps for mailing badges, ....

Total expenditures, ....

Balance after paying all expenses.

May 17th, by check to George B. Prest, Treasurer,

$132.00
82.31

97-54
29.10

$340.95 $340-95

$ 58.00
66.00
42.60
22.00

3-94

1.65

.28

2.04

$196.51 $196.51

$144.44
144.44

CON CLL' SIGN. 85

The following table gives an itemized account of gross income, gross
cost and net profit on each separate item of booklets, buttons and souvenir
cards :

>v advertising in booklets,

$132.00

>y sale of booklets,

82.31

$214.31

Cost of booklets,

76.19

$138.12

ly sale of buttons, .

• $ 97-54

Cost of buttons.

67.65

29.89

iy sale of postals.

$ 29.10

Cost of postals,

7-25

Profit on buttons.

$21.85 Profit on postals,
Total net profit on booklets, buttons and postals.

$138.12

29.89

11 .85

$189.86

From these profits of $189.86 we paid for 3S5 badges, from which there
was no income, and also paid for mailing the badges to members of com-
mittees, etc. After paying all expenses, we had left to turn over to the
Treasurer of the Finance Committee, the sum of $144.44.
Respectfully submitted by

PERCY C. EGGLESTON, Chairman,
ALFRED H. POLLOCK,
CHARLES C. PERKINS,

Committee on Souvenirs.

A rising vote of thanks was given to the chairman of the Execu-
tive Committee for directing the work of the celebration, to which he
replied that thanks were due to all who had so loyally and efficiently
labored to make the occasion a success.

TEXT OF CIRCIL.VR ISSL HI) BY FINANCE COMMITTEE.

New London, Conn., April 29, 1905.

The VVinthrop Monument Finance Committee is charged with the

duty of raising the money required to pay for suitably engraved letters

of invitation, programmes, badges, bands of music, speakers and

reviewing stands, decorations, carriages, care and entertainment of

86 CONCLUSION.

invited guests. The Committee is of the opinion that the event
appeals so directly and forcibly to the patriotism and good citizenship
of New London that personal solicitation is unnecessary.

The Committee having in charge the various features of the cele-
bration requires a minimum of eighteen hundred dollars, and wish to
have to use for additional desirable and creditable features twenty-
five hundred dollars. The Records and Papers of the Historical
Society show that the expenses of the celebration of May sixth, eigh-
teen hundred and ninety-six, amounted to nineteen hundred sixt^'-nine
dollars and thirty-three cents.

The receipts were :

lo subscriptions, $ioo each.

50 "

25 ■•

15 '•

10 "

2 ••

Miscellaneous.

Total

receipts.

Total

expenses.

Balance.

$I,OOO.CO

400.00

325.00

60.00

230.00

260.00
6.00

3.00
10.75

1.969-33

$ 32.-4-

New London has earned the reputation for considerate, thoughtful
and generous hospitality. It is confidently hoped that quick voluntary
subscriptions to an amount justifying this reputation will be immedi-
ately received.

■' The Beaut V of the House is Order,
The Glory of the House is Hospitality."

If more than enough money is subscribed, the remainder will be
paid over to the treasur}- of the Historical Society, or will be returned
to the giver in the proportion an individual gift bears to the whole
expense, if this is desired.

CONCLUSION.

Please mail your subscriptions in enclosed envelope to George B.
Prest, Treasurer, New London, Conn. Messrs. Nichols & Harris,
Starr Bros., F. H. Parmelee will also receive subscriptions.

George F. Tinker,
James Hislop,
Edward Prentis,
Frederick. Farnsworth,
Alfred H. Pollock,
Horace H. Daboll,
John Hopson, Chairman,
George B. Prest, Treasurer,
WiNTHROP E. McGiNLEv, Secretary.

Finance Committee.

STATEMENT OF CELEBRATION FIND. WITH LIST OF
CONTRIBUTORS.

Receits.

From Popular Subscriptions, ......

From Souvenir Committee, P. C. Eggleston, Chairman.

Expenditures.
For Engraved Invitations, .......

Incidental Expenses of Invitation and Reception Committees,
Printing and Stationery, ....

Erecting Grand Stand, ....

Decorating Grand Stand and \'eiHng Statue,
Miscellaneous Expenses, Decoration Committee
Stamped Envelopes, Finance Committee, .
Hatch's First Infantry Band, including tran

dinner, .....

Carriages, ......

Luncheon for Guests,

Sundries, ......

Appropriations :

F. L. Allen Hook .V: Ladder Co.,

Niagara Engine Co., No. i.

Nameaug Engine Co., No. 2,

\V. B. Thomas Hose Co., No. 3.

Amount carried forwarii.

portation

and

$1,708.00
144.44

$1,852.44

$ 131.50

17-75
48 21
100.00
3S.00
iS ;^
44-7^'

238.00
126.50

^73-15
17.15

50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00

$ I. -.53 -.5 7

88 CONCLUSION.

Amount brought forward, ........ $1,253.57

Konomoc Hose Co., No. 4, ...... . 50.00

C. L. Ockford Hose Co., No. 5, 50.00

Fire Police, .......... -5-oo

Balance paid Carl |. Viets, Treasurer New London County

Historical Society, ........ 473.87

$1,852.44
JOHN HOPSON, Chairman.
GEORGE B. PREST, Treasurer.

The first subscription received in response to the appeal of the
Finance Committee was one dollar from a newsboy. Sums ranging
from this amount to one hundred dollars were subscribed by the fol-
lowing persons :

J. A. Allen,

Mrs. H. U. Allyn,

Helen L. Allyn,

A. F. Anderson,

Benjamin Andre,

G. G. Avery & Son,

Babcock Printing Press

M'fg. Co.,
Mrs. H. S. Badet,
David Banks, Jr.,

E. D. Barker,

F. E. Barker,
J. W. Barlow,
Charles Barr,

The Allen Beeman Co.,
Samuel Belden,
Frederic Bill,
T. P. Bindloss,
Giles Bishop,
J. W. Bixler,
J. C. Bliss,
Frank S. Bond,

E. T. Bragaw,
Miss Brainard,
Brainerd & Armstrong

Co.,
Mrs. Brand,

F. B. Brandegee,
E. T. Brown,

M. D. Buckley,
Charles Buhecker,
A. B. Burdick,
Mrs. E. E. Burke,
James Butler,
L. C.

Arthur W. Calkins,
Benjamin M. Carroll,
Thomas W. Casey,
Cash,

Thomas P. Chaney,
Mrs. C. W. Chapell,
Miss C. W. Chapell,
W. H. Chapman,
F. V. Chappell,
W. S. Chappell,
A. Cheney,

E. C. Chipman,

F. J. Clancy,
Thomas Cleary,
W. B. Coit,
Catherine B. Copp.
Julia Copp,

G. K. Crandall,
y. D. Cronin,
Albert W. Crosby,
L. E. Daboll,
Norman W. Daboll,
Rev. J. R. Danforth,

A. R. Darrow,
M. Wilson Dart,
F. H. Davis,

N. Dreyfus,
Samuel Dudley,
Philip C. Dunford,
Thomas Ealahan,
Eaton & Wilson,
Percy C. Eggleston,
C. C. Elwell,
Frederic Earns worth,
Mrs. F. E. Fish,

B. A. Fones,
W. A. Phones,
Harry C. Gardner,
S. A. Goldsmith,
Charles B. Graves,
Charles B. Greene,
George Guest,
Henry W. Guest,
Philip Z. Hankey,
Charles R. Hanscom,
Mrs. M. S. Harris,

C. J. Hewitt,
Herman J. Hirsch,
W. A. Holt,

Hopson & Chapin M'fg.

Co.,
William T. Hopson,

CONCIASION.

Charles A. Hornby,
Thomas Howe.
F. W. Hull,
David Hustace,
Charles B. Jennings,
James P. Johnston,
L. C. Jones,
Thomas P. Joynt,
H. \V. Kaiser,
E. M. Kapstein,
Arthur Keefe,
Mrs. G. A. Keeney,
Nelson M. Keenej,
William Kingsbury,
C. P. Kirkland,
E. T. Kirkland,
Charles H. Klinck,
E. T. Ladd,
S. D. Lawrence,
Miss Learned,
A. C Learned,
Miss E. D. Learned,
Mrs. J. C Learned,
Antonio Leverone,
L. Lewis & Co.,
Charles W. Linicus.
Ci. M. Long i\: Co.,
L\on cV Ewald.
Irvin r. Lvon.

William T. May,
John McGinley, Jr..
H. McPartland.
Mrs. C. S. Mead,
Alfred Mitchell,
W. A. Min-ray,

F. S. Newcomb.
James Newcomb,

N. L. Business Men's

Association,
N.L.Gas t\: Electric Co.,
Nichols & Harris,
An Obscure Citizen,
Sol Ockoonett,
The Palmer Bros. Co.,
Fred. C. Palmer,
C. D. Pierce.
E. B. Pierce,
Samuel Prince.
George N. Putnam.
S. J. Reuter,
H. E. Russell,
P. J. Ryan,
J.J. Ryon,

G. T. Salter,
T. A. Scott,

L. K. Shipman.
Toney Silva,
Clark E. Smith,
Frank H. Smith,

Henry H. Smith,
Joseph Smith, 2nd,
Sons American Revolu-
tion,
J. A. Southard,
B. Spitz,
O. F. Stanton,

E. 1). Steele,
Strauss & Macomber,
Charles W. Strickland,
George C. Strong,
Daniel Sullivan,

Tate & Neilan,
Thames Lodge, A. O.

V. W., Groton,
George F. Tinker,
N. J. Traggis,
Elisha Turner,
R. B. Wall,
Thomas M. Waller,
H. L. Watrous,
L. L. Watrous,
H. C. Weaver,
Miss Louise B. Weaver,
Ralph Wheeler,
D. E. Whiton M'f g. Co

F. C. Wight,

A. U. Wilkinson,
Carl A. Williams.

STATEMENT OF PEDESTAL FUND, WITH LIST OF
CONTRIBUTORS.

Rkckii'i>

From Popular Subscriptions.

$726.73
$726.73

Exi'Exnni RES.

Elisha Post, moving and setting boulder, .

John Salter ^: Son, sotting tal)lft

Sundries, ....•••••

Balance paid Carl J. \'iets. Treasurer New London County
Historical Socielv, ....-.••

5 10.80

^'.S-9.3

$726.73
CHARLES C. PERKINS, Treasurer.

CJO

CON'CLUSION.

Mrs. Harriet W. AUvn,

Mrs. Alice S. Turner Bar-
low,

Miss Mary Edd^e Ben-
jamin,

Frederic Bill,

Board of Trade,

The Brainerd & Arm-
strong Compan\',

Jonathan Brooks Society,
C. A. R.,

James Lawrence Chew,

Coast Artillery, C. N. G.
— First Company,

Company I, Third Infan-
try, C. N. G.

Miss Marv M. Foote,

A Friend (S. M. F.),
Rev. Alfred Poole Grint,
Hebrew Society,
Stephen Hempstead So-
ciety, C. A. R.
Mrs. Mary T. Allen Henry,
Charles Shepard Lee,
Stephen Mead Lee,
Lucretia Shaw Chapter,

D. A. R.
Mrs. Richard W. Mans-
field,
Rev. Franklin G. Mc-

Keever,
Frank Roberts Mead,
Mohegan Lodge No. 55,
I. O. O. F.,

New London County
Historical Society,
Mr. James Newcomb,
Mr S.James Newcomb,
Nichols & Harris,
Post Brothers,
S. Victor Prince,
Ernest E. Rogers,
Frank Smith,
Starr Brothers,
St. John's Literary

Society,
Hon. Geo. F. Tinker,
Mrs. Peter Turner,
Miss Louise B. Wea-
ver,
John Winthrop Club

REPLIES TO INVITATIONS.

Invitations to attend the unveiling ceremonies brought many letters
of acceptance and of regret, a few of which are given below.

PRESIDENT Roosevelt's reply.

White House, Washington.
The President regrets his inability to accept the courteous invitation to
be present at the dedication of the John Winthrop Monument on Saturday,
May the sixth, nineteen hundred and five, at eleven o'clock.

GOVERNOR ROKERTS' ACCEPTANCE.

State of Connecticut, Executive Department,

Hartford, April 14, 1905.

Mr. Alfred H. Chappell,

Chairman Invitation Committee,

New London, Connecticut.
My Dear Sir :

I have the honor to acknowledge your very kind invitation to His Excel-
lency Henry Roberts, Governor of the State of Connecticut, to be present at
the dedication of the John Winthrop Monument, Saturday, May the sixth,
at eleven o'clock A. m., and in reply I am requested by Governor Roberts to

CONCLUSION. 91

express to vou his high uppreciation of vour kind invitation, and to saj that
he expects to be present accompanied by his staff.
Very respectfully yours,

Edward M. Day, Executive Secretary.

FROM THE SCULPTOR OF THE STATUE.

Lakeville Place, Jamaica Plain.
Mr. and Mrs. Pratt accept with great pleasure the Committee's kind
invitation to the dedication of the Winthrop Monument on May the sixth.
Boston, April 16, 1905.

EDMUND CLARENCE STEDMAN'S REGRETS.

Law'rence Park, Bronxville, N. Y.,

24 April, 1905.
Alfred II. Chappell, Esq.,

Chairman of Invitation Committee, New London.
Dear Sir •

I sincerely regret that an engagement which requires me to be in Wash-
ington on the sixth of May precludes my acceptance of the invitation of your
Committee to be present at the dedication of the John Winthrop Monument
at New London.

The interest of your citizens in the dedicatorv ceremonies would be fully
shared by me — as a son of Connecticut, reared in New London County, and
proud of my honorary membership in the New London County Historical
Societv, whose President's name heads your official invitation. In addition,
I well remember a notable day spent in New London and Groton. — in 1853,
1 think,— when I first saw and listenened to the most eminent Winthrop
then bearing the historic name. He pronounced his eloquent oration, at
the base of the Groton Monument, upon the tragical events at Fort Gris-
wold, which that sightly obelisk commemorates.

In after vears, when the Hon. Robert C. Winthrop was an old man, he
recurred with peculiar satisfaction to his memories of that day.

After a lapse— since then — of more that half a century, I certainly would
visit New London, if I were able, on an occasion still more closely linked
with the grand old Puritan name. It will indeed be memorable with the
special fitness and import that must attach to the unveiling of your heroic
Statue of the Founder of New London and the first Governor of Connecticut
bv Royal Charter. Very respectfully yours,

Edmind Clarence Stedman.

FROM DONALD O. MIICHELL, (IK MAKVKL).

To Mr. .\lired H. Cmaim'ell. Chairman, Etc., Etc..

Dear Sir : I beg to acknowledge your very courteous invitation to the
dedication of the Winthrop Monument, and regret that the disabilities of

92 CONCLUSION.

age will compel me to decline. Prav count nie, however, in full sympa-
thy with the patriotic spirit which has prompted your memorial festivities ;
and at some futui-e day I hope that your fast-growing city may find some
point upon the border of your beautiful harbor, for some kindred memorial
in honor of that other Colonial worthy — Gurdon Saltonstall — who, at the
close of the seventeenth century, and thro' many years of the eighteenth,
gave dignity and distinction to the offices he held — first as Pastor of the New
London Church, and next as Colonial Governor.

Very respectfully yours,
Edgewood, New Haven, 4th May, 1905. Don'd G. Mitchell.

THE OLD TOWN MILL.

So closely was the Founder of New London identified with its early
business activity, that an account of the celebration held in his honor
seems incomplete without speaking of the old mill which he estab-
lished. Whether this is the original building, erected in Winthrop's
time, or the one of 1742 mentioned by Joshua Hempstead in his Diary,
is of little moment, so long as it is known that the mill has been in
operation from the time it was established to the present day. Here,
in the heart of a busy city, remains this ancifent landmark, a connecting
link between those early days and the twentieth century.

At the beginning of all the early settlements, the estabhshment
of a mill was a matter of great importance, and it meant much to the
people in the little town of Nameeug, when sixteen of their number met,
November tenth, 1650, to "arrange a system of co-operation with Mr.
Winthrop in establishing a mill to grind corn." Six persons were se-
lected to build the dam, and instructed to make it "substantial and suf-
ficient," receiving, for their labor, two shillings per day. Six others
were appointed "to rate the town, to defray the charge." Mr. Win-
throp and his heirs were given the sole privilege of grinding corn for
the town, and for many years had a monopoly of the business. The
location previously chosen for his home lot, — where a substantial
stone dwelling-house had been built soon after his arrival, — was one of
great natural beauty, and had, flowing through it, a stream sufliciently
large to turn a mill-wheel. On this ideal spot, so much admired by
succeeding generations from that day to the present, was built the
primitive mill.

Miss Caulkins, in her History of New London, writes: "The
gradual diminution or failure of the small streams and springs since
the settlement of the country, is a natural consequence of the clearing
up of forests, and the cultivation of the ground. The ' Mill River,' of
Governor Winthrop is still, however, a considerable stream ; the mill
itself is yet in operation, and the shadowy, rocky glen in which it is

94 CONCLUSION.

situated, has no appearance of having been disturbed since Winthrop's
time. A mill is alwaj'S an addition to a rural landscape, and seems to
belong, as of necessity, to a stream and a valley. The one of which
we now speak is almost buried in umbrage. We can scarcely imagine
that the aspect of the glen was more wild and primeval, or its gloom
more deep, when the few inhabitants of the town assembled, in 165 1,
to build the dam, than it is at the present day. This mill seat, com-
bined with the antiquity and secluded beauty of the mansion and
grounds to which it has so long formed an accompaniment, is un-
doubtedly one of the most romantic and picturesque spots in Xew
London."'

The same author, in an article on John Winthrop, published in the
Repositor}', June 14, i860, says:

" The Winthrop house lot covered that spur or projection on the
northeast side of the harbor, which has ever since been known as
Winthrop's Neck. It comprised a garden, grove, pond, mill seat,
orchard, corn field and ox pasture. He built his house of stone. It
stood not upon the site occupied by the later Winthrop mansion — but
further upon the Neck, 'near the cove, southeast of the town mill.'
His family came from Boston in October, 1646, but they spent the
first winter on Fishers Island. After this, the stone house upon the
Neck was the family residence for a period of eleven years. In 1657
Mr. Winthrop was chosen Governor of the Colony, and the next jear,
at the earnest solicitation of the General Assembly, he removed to
Hartford. The Winthrop house on the Neck was subsequently occu-
pied by Major Edward Palmes, who married Lucy, Mr. Winthrop's
second daughter. When the Winthrops again became residents in
New London, they built on adiflerent part of the original family estate.
The stone house, with the garden and orchard, were secured to Mrs.
Palmes by a deed which was confirmed by the last will of her father.
A second house, not of stone, was built on the same site and the
property remained in a branch of the Palmes family till 1741, when it
was sold to John Plumbe. It continued in the Plumbe family for
many years. The house was consumed by the British on the sixth of
September, 1781."

CONCLl'SrON. 95

On the ancient estate of the Winthrops, a short distance from the
mill, stood the old mansion, remembered as a familiar landmark by
many people of the present day. This was torn down in 1.S92, and the
Winthrop Schoolhouse built on its historic site.

THE OLD MILL AT NEW LONDON.

Written, in 1S96, by Mary G. Brainard, of New London.

The same old mill that Winthrop built;
Few were the men that saw it rise;
To-day it passes on their life,
Transmitted through the centuries.

In quietude this lowly house
Has stood beside the peaceful glen,
And seen the busy years go by.
Full of the toils of busy men.

Has stood through revolution's blood,
Recorded Arnold's guilty raid.
And looked on England's ships of war.
From out its oft secluded shade ;

Has seen our churches and our schools
With tower and spire rise one by one ;
Has heard the chimes of Sabbath bells
Ring out their call from sire to son.

Has heard the rising city's din.

The railroad's shriek, the steamboat's call.

Yet never, through the tumult lost

The dash of its own waterfall.

And Hien have come and men have gone.
Houses been built and homes laid low ;
And now, the same old mill-stone turns
E'en as two centuries ago.

How many through this wild ravine
Have wandered in their youthful day,
And where the water rushed between.
Have skipped from rock to rock their way.

96 CONCLUSION.

Then, from the miller's humble door,
With borrowed cup, have rushed in haste
To where the ever-flowing trough
Poured for each thirsty lip a taste.

How many by the placid pond,
The little wharf, the dainty bridge, <
Have watched the willows as they dipped
Their fringes in the water's edge.

Or, lingering near this quiet spot
In the soft moonlight, pale and still,
Have listened to the water's gush
And drank the peace of the old mill.

Some changes — 'tis not all the same;
The years could never leave us all;
Time's footsteps make their impress felt.
However silent be their fall.

Some little, low, deserted room.
With lacy cobwebs hanging o'er.
Some widening rifts among the laths
Show what was once that is no more.

And still the water wends its way
With rush and gush of happy sound,
And throws its arch of sparkling spray.
And pushes the big wheel around.

Long may the ancient millstone grind !
Long may the ancient mill be seen !
Long wave the trees, long flow the pond !
Long rest the rocks in their ravine !

Long, through the narrow, open door
And little window^ o'er the wheel.
May sunshine gleam upon the floor
O'er golden heaps and bags of meal.

Soft be the touch of rushing time,
Swift as thy need the prompt repairs ;
Reverent the care shall pass thee on
As thou hast been, to waiting years.

NEW CONNECTICUT, OR THE WESTERN RESERVE.

BY WILLIAM C. OILMAN OF NORWICH, CONN.

Read hetore the Society at its Annual Meeting in New London,
September i, 1905.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen, Members of the New London
County Historical Society:

In accepting his invitation I ventured to suggest to your President,
that " New Connecticut, or the Western Reserve." might be an appro-
priate topic, but, now that the time has come, I confess considerable
diffidence, first, because here present, are others more competent than
myself to speak on this subject, and second, because I am like the
man who was appointed a committee of one to investigate his own
conduct. He reported in part and said, if he had known how much
there was to do he would not have undertaken the job !

I was aware that Mr. Alfred Mathews had published an interest-
ing and mstructive volume entitled, " Ohio and Her Western Reserve."
But with deference to him as a historian, we, who are loyal to old
Connecticut, may doubt whether his title is quite felicitous, for we must
maintain that it is the Western Reserve of Connecticut, and not of
Ohio.

I did not know at that time that Miss Ellen D. Lamed, the historian
of Windham County, had published in the Connecticut Magazine two
papers with the title that I had unconsciously plagiarized for my own
text. She has accepted my apology and favored me with some valuable
suggestions.

As my personal knowledge of the Reserve is very limited, limited
indeed, to two trips by night on a limited train, I shall not ask you to
go too deep into history, lest we return with nothing fresher than a dry
salt codfish, or the remainder biscuit after a voyage, but if we may
drift around on the surface in a " shallop," where the navigation is

98 NEW CONNECTICUT OR THE WESTERN RESERVE.

good, we shall perhaps gather in some interesting flotsam and jetsam
and appropriate it as lawful salvage.

Before going to New Connecticut, or The Western Reserve, it may
be well to glance for a moment at the beginnings of Old Connecticut,
which, as you remember, w^as settled first by three separate indepen-
dent colonies, founded within a few years of each other, on the west
bank of the Connecticut River, at Windsor, Wethersfield and Hart-
ford; all transplanted from three separate towns near Boston, a fact
fitly symbolized in the State Flag and Seal by three separate vines,
and the legend or motto, " Qui transtulit sustinet." He who trans-
planted will sustain. The head and front of the Hartford Colony
was their minister. Rev. Thomas Hooker, famous as a great preacher
and eminent as a statesman, who did his own thinking, had positive
convictions and courage to maintain them.

It is reported that he said he came to Hartford, or Newtown as it
was then called, because "the houses were too near together in Mass-
achusetts, and he wanted more room to pasture his cows," meaning
of course, that he wanted a larger field in which to work out his own
theories of civil and religious freedom.

The three colonies were composed of strong men of the same race
and the same faith ; they were near neighbors and friends, but before
long found it desirable, for mutual protection and welfare, to establish
a little government of their own.

Thomas Hooker preached a noteworthy sermon, in which he set
forth what he regarded as the fundamental principles of a just gov-
ernment. His chief points, briefly stated were, first, the right of the
people to choose their own officers and magistrates ; second, the duty
of the people to exercise this right according to the laws of God ; and
third, their right to limit the powers of their ofificers. This, then, was
a government of the people, by the people, for the people, democra-
cy, pure and simple. The sermon was the basis of a constitution,
which, if not drafted by Hooker himself, was inspired by him, and
has been commended by eminent historians as " The most remark-
able document of the kind ever written."

Benjamin Trumbull, whose history of Connecticut has been ably

NEW CONNECTICUT OR THE WESTERN RESERVE. 99

edited by your vice-president, Mr. Jonathan Trumbull, says, "It is
one of the most free and happy constitutions that has ever been
formed." Prof. Alexander Johnston says, " Truly, the birthplace of
American freedom is Hartford." John P'iske, the historian, calls
Thomas Hooker, "The father of American Democracy."

Dr. Leonard Bacon, and others who need not now be named, all
speak in the same strain, and recently, the Hon. Epaphroditus Peck of
Bristol, in an address at New London, commented on it in an able
and interesting manner, from the point of view of a lawyer. One of
your own members, Mr. L. E. Whiton, says, "Those fundamental
orders are famous as the first written constitution in all history which
recognizes only the supreme sovereignty of God and of the people."
(See his discriminating paper "Aristocracy versus Democracy" in the
Connecticut Magazine.)

Under this constitution the three colonies continued happily for
several years, but to determine and maintain their right to the soil on
which they lived they needed a charter, for although they had bought
the land in good faith from the Indians, an Indian title, even with a
warrantee, was by no means secure. Besides that, the Dutch at New
Amsterdam knew there was good fishing at the mouth of the Connec-
ticut River and that Hartford was a good place for traffic with the In-
dians for beaver skins. The Dutch having " taken Holland " wanted
the rest of the earth, and especially the corner of it called Connecti-
cut. They found noble streams, like the Hudson and Connecticut, a
pleasant relief from the monotony of their lazy, meandering canals at
home.

In the meantime, John Winthrop the Younger, whom you have just
commemorated as the founder of New London, had come to Connec-
ticut and built a fort near Saybrook, under the auspices of Lord Say
and Seal, and his associates. Afterwards he was made governor, and
five years later, was requested by the colonists to go to England, and
present to King Charles II. a loyal address and petition for a charter.

Winthrop was a man of sound judgment, of university education,
of fine presence and courtly manners, and, what was better for the
errand he undertook, he was a man of great tact. Whether or not the

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NEW CONNECTICUT OR THE WESTERN RESER\"E. lOi

rivers, prairies, forests, mines and mountains had not been explored
by white men, nor had any Indian traversed the length and breadth
of it.

In the meantime the New Haven colony had been established, but
it was comparatively far away and did not immediately affiliate with
the Connecticut colony at Hartford. Eventually, however. New Ha-
.ven and all the small plantations allied to it came in, not without re-
luctance, and united with the Connecticut colony under the charter
secured by Governor Winthrop.

This, of course, was the same charter that marvelously disap-
peared and was hidden in the famous Charter Oak, when Sir Ed-
mund Andros tried to take it from the colony in 1687.

At a dinner given by the Connecticut Historical Society in 1840,
Colonel William L. Stone, the historian, proposed this sentiment:

" The oak of Boscobel and the oak of Hartford. The latter saved
the charter, which, but for the former. King Charles would not have
lived to grant."

Connecticut was very busy at this time in fencing in and planting
and cultivating and populating the home lot, and was not, as yet, pre-
pared to go further and develop the great farm beyond, although the
colonists well knew it was there and would in time become an inval-
uable possession for their descendants.

But " Westward Ho" is our watchword, and we must pass by two
colonies planted by Connecticut in the valleys of Northeastern Penn-
sylvania ; colonies that came to an untimely end after a succession of
conflicts culminating but not ending in the awful massacre of Wyo-
ming. We may not pause to rehearse the tragic story which has been
fully told by Charles Miner, a son of New London County; and more
recently by Henry T. Blake of New Haven, but without further delay
come now to New Conneclictit or the Western Reserve.

The royal grants of territory, liberal as they were, strangely over-
lapped each other. Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia,
all had claims, yet at the close of the Revolutionary war the land had
never been surveyed or apportioned, and no colony really knew what
it owned. In 1783, after the war, General Jedediah Huntington, one

102 NEW CONNECTICUT OR THE WESTERN RESERVE.

of the illustrious Huntington generals of Norwich, New London
County, Connecticut, and General Rufus Putnam of Massachusetts,
and others, had a conference which was followed by the formation
of the " Ohio Company," composed of 283 officers of General Wash-
ington's army. They desired to obtain from the general government a
grant of land in Southern Ohio, which had been claimed by Virginia,
and to carry out this plan they sent for their old comrade, Rev. Ma-
nasseh Cutler, of Ipswich, Mass. And who was he ? He was born
at Killingly, Connecticut, and after graduating at Yale College, was
interebted in the whaling business at Martha's Vineyard, studied law,
practiced for awhile, gave up the profession, studied for the ministry
and settled down at Ipswich. When the war for independence broke
out, he cheered the minute men at Lexington, became a chaplain in
the army and gained considerable reputation as a fighting parson.
Towards the close of the war he returned to Ipswich and, finding that
the regular doctor of the place was still in the army, he studied medicine
and practiced with some success, and afterw^ards attained eminence as
a botanist, botany being an almost unknown science in this country at
that time, and classified over three hundred species. He was also
(but this of less importance), one of six white men who first reached the
summit of Mt. Washington.

On receiving this summons from his friends he drove down with
his horse and chaise frDm Ipswich to Southern Ohio, a distance of
about 750 miles, in twenty-nine days.

With Winthrop Sargent he went to congress and made a contract
with the government in behalf of the Ohio Company, for 1,500,000
acres of the so-called Virginia military lands in southern Ohio, to be
taken as soon as necessary legislation should be enacted. He then
returned home, but the wheels of legislation moving more slowly than
the wheels of his gig, in 1 787 he again took his horse and chaise
and drove down to New York, where congress was in session. One
may suppose that by this time his vehicle resembled the " Deacon's
One Hoss Shay ! " He was a born politician and a born lobbyist,
and in one week succeeded in pushing through congress a measure
which that august body had been struggling with for three years.

Ni:\V CONXKCTICtT OR TllK WKSTKRN KKSKRVK. 103

It was the immortal "Ordinance of 1787," the " Ordinance of Free-
dovi,^' which forever prohibited slavery and eslahlished the authority
of the L 'nited States in all the territory north and west of the Ohio
river. This was the great work of the Rev. Manasseh Culler. He
was recognized in his day as an all round man of science, a practical
philosopher, second only to Benjamin I'ranklin. In his "Description
of Ohio," 1787 — evidently impressed by the experiments of "Poor
John Fitch," he cautiously remarks, "In all probability steam boats
will be found to do infinite service in all our extensive river naviga-
tion ! "

Before taking leave of him a word must be said of a protege of his,
a man as remarkable in his way as Dr. Cutler himself, John Chapman
by name, of Ipswich, an eccentric, simple youth, generally regarded as
feeble minded. As it is a disputed question whether his mental defi-
ciency resulted from disappointment in love or from the kick of a
vicious mule, we may safely give him the benefit of the doubt in con-
sidering the question, " The Lady or the Mule ? "

He determined to go to northern Ohio and was warmly advised by
Dr. Cutler to carry with him a quantity of apple seeds, which would
assure him of a welcome from all the farmers. This appealed to the
young man's fancy and to thoughts that lightly turned from love.

It is said that he carried with him, to New Connecticut, thirty-two
sacks full of seeds gathered from the cider mills of Massachusetts.
He traveled through the Reserve for years, giving away his seeds or
planting them with his own hands, collecting more seeds from the
cider mills, raising young trees and returning from lime to time to
watch and tend them. He wandered solitary and alone, came and
went, no one knew whence or whither, loving the forests, the skies^
riowers and young children. On one occasion he appeared unexpect-
edly after a long absence, clad in strange garments fashioned from
some of his old sacks, and wearing on his head a battered tin pan.
To say he was harmless is faint praise, for what due encomiums can
be paid to him who caused a whole stale to blossom like a garden ?
He was familiarly known far and wide as " Johnny .Vppleseed."

The story of his life has recently been told by the Rev. Dr. Hillis

I04 NEW CQXXECTICUT OR THE WESTERN RESERVE.

in the form of a romance entitled " The Quest of John Chapman,"
but no romance is needed to add pathos and interest to his life's his-
tory as elsewhere recorded.

Rev. Dr. Gonzaulus, reviewing Dr. Hiilis' book, says that although
Johnny Appleseed had departed long before his time, he has heard
his story from men who knew him and remembered him well, and
that he, himself, in his youth, visited a tract four miles long, known as
the " Yankee Road," lined with orchards, beautiful in the spring with
flowers, and in the fall with fruit; a living monument to Johnny Ap-
pleseed.

By the last census it appears that Ohio's apple crop in 1900 was 20,-
600,000 bushels, and this, it may be claimed, was remotely the work
of Johnny Appleseed.

At the close of the war for independence, the great northwest ter-
ritory was unsettled and unexplored. The large claims of the colo-
nies were unadjusted and neither of them was able to govern or con-
trol these wild lands. One after another. New York in 1780, Virginia
in 1784, Massachusetts in 1785, ceded their rights to the general gov-
ernment, all except Connecticut, who, having been unjustly deprived
of her possessions in Pennsylvania, was slow to give up something
for nothing; but in 1786 she surrendered all her rights, title and in-
terest in her western territory to the general government, reserving
for herself, however, a tract on the border of Lake Erie, 120 miles in
length, from the western boundary of Pennsylvania, and over 60 miles
in width north and south. This was the famous "Western Reserve."
Its area was about 3,500,000 acres, considerably larger than the whole
area of the state of Connecticut.

Dr. Kane, the Arctic explorer, tells a story of a colored man who
had a guest at a dinner which consisted chiefly of beans, to which full
justice was done. At the proper time he said to his wife, "You may
bring on the reserve." " There aint no reserve," she replied. "Very
well," he answered, with a bland smile in which was a trace of disap-
pointment, "you may bring back the beans."

Connecticut was wise enough, whatever else she relinquished, to
make sure of the Reserve^ before she gave up the beans.

NKW CON'XKCTICUT OR Till- WKSTKRN RKSI•:l•^
Darin? the Revolutionary war a man whom we will not name,
though w'e must confess he was a degenerate son of New London
County, burned this town and watched the massacre at Groton, the
British general Tryon, from New York, having already burned Dan-
bury, Norwalk, Fairfield and other towns on the shore of Long Island
Sound The state of Connecticut adjusted to the last penny the
claims of those who had suffered by these depredations, and set apart
500 000 acres at the west end of the Reserve for their beneht. 1 h,s
tract, known as the "sufferers' lands," or the - hr. Innds. ' was
distributed pro rata among the claimants.

At an earlier date, .788, General Samuel Holden Parsons, of Lyme.
New London County, also of Revolutionary fame, had become the
grantee of 25,000 acres in Mahoning County, known as the Salt Sprmg
tract He was an important and influential man in Oh,o, was
appointed by President Washington as the first judge of the north^
west territory, and was engaged by Connecticut to settle the clam.s of
the Indians in the Reserve.

Although this 3.500,000 acres vvas but a bagatelle in companson
with what Connecticut had surrendered, it was in fact a ptetty lar^e
white elephant, too large in fact for Connecticut to manage a, su h a
distance Connecticut owned the soil indeed, but, hav.ng ytelded
u isdiction over it to the United States, she could not n,a e la.« o
enforce them, nor exercise any rights other than such as are common
to all owners of land.

What shall we do about it, became a serious ^-^-^ ^^ ;-
happily answered by the formation of the „ucu L n.1 Com
pany, which entered into a contract with the sta e ^ P
L entire Reserve, with the exception of the - surterers lands, and he
the entire ts^ebciN , Three mill ons of acres ib a

-salt tract." for the sum of ,.,.00^000 Hue .^ ^^^^

good deal of land, but >. .200.000 was a good

"'l Should ever be remembered that the State »< ^o";-'-;';^-
priated this sum to the state ^cHooHu" . - s.d^a. tHe^sugg^^_^^__
of General Joseph W.U.ams, of Norw. h New ^^^^^^^

under the wise and prudent management of James

io6 NEW CONNECTICUT OR THE WESTERN RESERVE.

son of New London County, was increased to $1,700,000 during his
fifteen years of service. Since that time, although the income has
been used for the support of the schools, the fund has been increased
by judicious investments to more than $2,022,000.

The Connecticut Land Company, consisting originally of about
thirty-eight members, was not a corporation, but rather a partnership.
Its members gave bonds to the state for payment of the purchase
money in installments, its purpose being, of course, to dispose of the
land as rapidly as possible to actual settlers. The company engaged
as its general agent and manager General Moses Cleveland, of Canter-
bury, a graduate of Yale College, who had served with distinction in
the war. He was a man of indomitable energy, and under his direc-
tion a band of fifty or sixty surveyors and settlers assembled at
Schnectady, went up the Mohawk river in barges and so on to Oswego
and Buffalo. Then, following the shore of Lake Erie, they arrived at
the mouth of the Conneaut river, at the northeast corner of the
Reserve, on the Fourth of July, 1 796, twenty years after the signing of
the Declaration of Independence.

One historian says that on the arrival of Cleveland and his party
"they fired a national salute with half a dozen fowling pieces, pledged
each other in the sparkling liquid of the lake, and sat down with
thankfulness to a good dinner."

General Garfield, afterwards President Garfield, quoting General
Cleveland's own journal, says that he and his party " arrived at
5 o'clock in the afternoon on the Fourth of July, lined up on the shore
of the lake, fired a national salute of fifteen rounds and one more for
New Connecticut, gave three cheers, dined, drank several pails of
grog, and, after a good supper, retired in remarkably good order."

These two versions do not conflict. We are at liberty to believe
either, neither, or both ; but, as General Cleveland said they had
" several.pails of grog," it is fair to believe, remembering the ancient
maxim, " in vino Veritas,'^ that he knew what he was talking about.

Leaving a portion of his company. General Cleveland proceeded
westward to the mouth of the Cuyahoga river, where he made the

NKW CONNKCTICIT OR TIH' WKSTKRN Ki — •> - -T

first begmning of the city named Cleveland in his honor, which i- n.,...
the chief city in the state of Ohio.

General Cleveland ventured to prophecy that in time the new
settlement "might become as important as Windham, Connecucu,.'
Windham County to-day has a population of perhaps 50,000 rncludmg
the prosperous city of W.llimantic, while the city of Cleveland has a
populat,on of 400,000. C.eneral Cleveland budded better than he

'"one of the early settlers in the Western Reserve, the hrst indeed
who went there with h,s family on his own account was i""-^^^'"^^
bury, a son of New London County, born in Norwtch. He made the
long journey through the w.lderness from New Hampsh.re. where he
had been living, with his wife and three children, a V-^ ' - =
horse and a cow, and at h,s home in ^->"-"\«^ ^;' ^^ ^;;,.
the first white child born in New Connect.cut. .\fter almost mcred
L hardships from the severe winter, from illness an^ s.arva ton, ^
removed to Cleveland, wlrere he filled many offices of ^o-r and d.s
tinction, and died at a good old age, having proved h.mself ,vor,h>
the trusts reposed in him.

in .ScSamuel Huntington. of Norwich,New Lon on Count ^^he
nephew and adopted son of Governor Hun.mgton o th am natne,
went with his wife and family and servants to "'a"' *
Reserve. I.t.e other Connecticut people, ey -< « ^ - ^^ l^.
tations. They called it the promised land, the land Of P

paradise, and best of all, New Connect.cut.

He left Norwich ,n a coach and four, his — V ^ " ' :t
i„g sixteen persons and ten '--"; "'';;" ^to cCam where, it
and so through the whole length of New ^ ork « ^ ;;'-" ,_^ ^^„,^.
, reported, he was attacUed by wo ves on - e^n-ce t ^ ^^^^^ ^^^^
ment. He became famous .n the an, ^, .^,

holder, was made ^-'-'■^'""'\°l^\,'^^^, ,„,,rnor of the state.
justice of the supreme court, and wa elected g ^.^

He complained, however, that it COS. h.m >,,=oo jear

modest salary of 5900. .^ ,„ ,S^ ^.^s John

Another pioneer settler .n the Western

loS NEW CONXKCTICUT OR THE WESTERN RESERVE.

Walworth of Groton, New London County. He was postmaster at
Cleveland when the population was less than fifty, and the receipts of
the office for the first three months were only $2.83. On the arrival
of the mails, twice a week, he distributed the letters personally, carry-
ing them in his hat, and thus inaugurated " free delivery." After this
arduous task he locked the office door and "went fishing with the
boys." He was also collector of customs and judge of the superior
court until his death in 1812, and was universally respected and es-
teemed.

The affairs of the Connecticut Land Company were wound up in
1 810, a smaller company, the Erie Company, having been formed by
members of the Connecticut Company who desired to combine their
several allotments in one large tract, with the purpose of selling at a
moderate profit to actual settlers. The agents and trustees of this
company were Moses Cleveland, already named, Daniel Lathrop Coit
of Norwich and Joseph Perkins of Lisbon, New London County.

They were fortunate in securing the services of Simon Perkins,
also of Lisbon, who went to the Reserve in their interest, for the pur-
pose of exploring and surveying and selling their lands. He settled
at Warren, where he became postmaster, was the original proprietor of
the town of Akron, was a general in the War of 1812, accumulated a
large fortune, and was worthy of the respect and honors accorded to
him.

Mr. Coit never resided in Ohio, but made five journeys thither, re-
maining for considerable periods. His first journey in 1801 was on
horseback from Norwich, through the mountains of Pennsylvania to
Pittsburg, and so north to Warren and Cleveland. His last journey
in 1826 was by steamboat from New York to Albany, thence by the
newly-opened Erie Canal to Buffalo, and then across the lake by
steamer to Cleveland.

What a marvellous change was this in twenty-five years!

He was concerned not only as a land holder by purchase and as an
original member of the Connecticut Land Company, but received by
inheritance from his father, formerly of New London, an interest in
the "fire lands," where the township of Norwich, Ohio, was founded.

NKW CONNKCTICIT OR Till-: WKSTKRN RKSKK, ,

Writing to Governor Huntington in i8io, he said his poUcy was to
sell his lands at a fair price, not holding for a large advance. He was
wiUing to sell his interests in Norwich (Ohio), which, he said, " had a
good name and was a good place, to a good man for a good price, say
for seventy five cents an acre ! " He also had a tract at Cleveland, of
over a thousand acres, which he was willing to sell for three dollars
an acre. What would an acre of land in the heart of Cleveland be
worth to-day ?

The influence of the Land of Steady Habits and of sons of New
London County was not confined to the Reserve alone ; it is felt to
this day throughout the State. The people in Southern Ohio, many
of them of the highest respectability, were for the most part Jetferso-
nian Democrats, while in the Reserve the majority were Federalists;
but however divided they were on the political questions of the day,
they were, from the beginning, united in their opposition to slavery and
their loyalty to the principles of freedom thoughout the length and
breadth of the Northwest Territory; while later on, " the underground
railroad," running from the river to the lake, never lacked engineers,
agents or way stations.

Glancing at an atlas or gazetteer it is interesting to notice the
names of Connecticut men and Connecticut towns, adopted ns the
names of places in New Connecticut ; and to your Society in particu-
lar, it must be a matter of no little interest that sons of New London
County, only a few of whom have now been named, exerted a power-
ful influence in shaping the destinies of the Western Reserve.

The men of Connecticut who settled the Reserve, trained in the
faith and practice of their New England ancestors, in going to their
new home, changed their skies indeed, but not their principles. At
the beginning of the century, over a hundred years ago, the Connec-
ticut Missionary Society sent out as pioneer missionaries, Rev.
Thomas Robbins, afterwards remembered as the founder and libra-
rian of the Connecticut Historical Society; the Rev. Joseph Hadger.
known throughout the length and breadth of Ohio, and the Rev.
David Bacon, ancestor of a distinguished line of descendants well
known in New London County, who. when •- " i"^ returning from

no NEW CONNECTICUT OR THE WESTERN RESERVE.

Ohio to Connecticut for a visit, "preferred to walk." Those were
" times that tried men's soles ! "

But the settlers were by no means narrow-minded or intolerant.
We read of no laws for the exclusion of Quakers or infidels or
heretics. On the contrary, although they did not themselves readily
embrace divers and strange doctrines, they gave shelter to all sorts
and conditions of men. from Moravians to Millerites and Mormons,
to Shakers and Socialists, and even the eccentric itinerant preacher,
Lorenzo Dow, had for a brief period hearers who, like those who lis-
tened to him in New London County, went away amused if not con-
vinced.

Every historian of Connecticut and of Ohio has something to say
about the Western Reserve, but so far as I know, its full history is yet
to be written. Mr. Garfield's admirable discourse at Burton, Ohio,
in 1873, shows that he was master of his subject, but he, himself, inti-
mated that his work was but a beginning, and urged others to pursue
the study, while historic material was still accessible.

Old Connecticut has reason to be proud of her daughter. New
Connecticut, and, indeed, the daughter may well be proud of herself.
She has furnished two Presidents of the United States, eight generals
in the Union Army and a score of United States Senators and distin-
guished statesmen of national reputation, while her schools, colleges,
eleemosynary institutions and churches have maintained the best tra-
ditions of Old Connecticut.

So also the whole State of Ohio may be proud of her own history.

To do justice to this magnificent commonwealth, stretching from
Lake Erie to "the beautiful river," as the Indian name Ohio signifies,
to her lake, commerce and river navigation, her railways, her finan-
cial institutions, her schools, colleges and churches, her thriving
cities, her manufactures, her mines and her farms, words are inade-
quate.

She has furnished six Presidents of the United States, two chief
justices, one of them Judge Waite, a son of New London County, and
five associate justices of the Supreme Court, and not less than twenty-
five members of the Cabinet. She claims Grant and Sherman and

NEW COXXECTICL T OR TllK WESTERN RESERVE.

Sheridan, besides more than two score general officers as her niosi
conspicuous representatives in the war for the Union.

Can any State show a more splendid record of public service.'
More than all this, the great body of her citizens, strong and stal-
wart, physically and intellectually, as their own forest trees, are
" high-minded men who constitute a state," and the whole sisterhood
of states may well arise and pay high honor to New Connecticut or
the Western Reserve, and to the noble State of Ohio.

Note. — In preparing this address, I ha\e borrowed frcclv from many
writers to whom, were it possible, I would express my obligations, and also
to the Librarians of the Otis Library, Norwich, the Connecticut Historical
Society, ILartford, and the Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland.

THE PARENTAGE OF PHEBE BROWN -LEE- LARRABEE-

CORNISH.

BY LIEUTENANT-COLONEL C. D. PARKHURST, OF FORT PREBLE,
PORTLAND, MAINE.

Written for publication in the Records and Papers.

Years ago this woman loomed up on the genealogical horizon, and
attracted more than passing notice in the various attempts to find her
parents. A brief resume' of the discussion, and the reasons therefor,
may prove of interest.

I St. Savage says, in his account of Greenfield Larrabee, that he
had by wife, Phebe Brown, of Providence^ widow of Thomas Lee, cer-
tain children. Here, therefore, is a definite location given to her by
him, on what authority I do not know.

2d. The Lee manuscript, by Rev. Joseph Lee, sometime minister
of the Gospel, at Crystal Ponds, Southold, L. L, reproduced in the
Salisbury Family History and Genealogy, Vol. 3, p. 7, et seq., has
an account of Thomas Lee and family sailing from England, in 1641,
accompanied by a Mr. Brown, Lee's wife's father. It finally says,
" Mr. Brown afterwards moved to Providence ; " then follows : — " The
widow of said Thomas Lee sometime after married to Larrabee, who
lived in Norwich, and left children by him." Here, then, we have a
positive statement that " Mr. Brown afterwards removed to Providence
and that " the widow of said Phomas Lee sometime after married
Larrabee ; " hence the only logical sequence was that she had gone to
Providence with her father, and was therefore " of Providence " as
Savage says when she became Larrabee's wife.

Austin, in his Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island, p. 258,
under head of John Brown, son of Chad Brown, says : —

1649, Nov. 3. He (John Brown) and five others drew lots for the
home share of Mr. Lea, deceased, whose widow was to receive 30
shillings.

l.ARIiNTA(,li OF I'llliliK r,R(l\VN.l,i: K-I.AKRABKK -CORNISM. ,..,
Arguing on this, various genealogists said that here is Mrs. l.ee.
the widow o! Thomas Lee, accounted for as in Providence, under the
family of Chad Brown; that it «ould be natural for a vvtdowed
daughter coming over to America ,o go to Providence, .here her
father was living, &c., &c. Austir, says, as to Chad Brown. ■ lie lef
a will, as shown by allusions in deeds to his sons.- Hut 1 do no
know that this will has ever been found. Austin gives no recor,! of
it, hence it is pretty safe to say that it is not of record on t e early
Providence Records, and I fail to find it ,n any of the " « ." I ■.■ 1-s
of the Providence records in my possession. .,,,:„

But genealogists contended that the action mentioned ,n Austm
under John Brown, in drawing lots, &c., was an action ""<•" ^'•■"<'
nrown-s will, and that therefore the Widow Lea (Lee, was a b eH
ciary under this will, and hence a daughter of Chad Brown, of 1 roM

'"to quote from the correspondence in my possession would be to
go beyond the limits of this article, and furthermore, would be
bee of confidence. Su^ce it to say that I was never convinced b
th arguments set forth, and finally filed away the who e matter
marUed " doubtful," to await developments at some future d^.

one reason for my scepticism ^^^^^^^^^^ -ve
Brown " came over in ,64., as shown bj the Lee
referred to, and Chad Brown came over in ,63.s, and no rec„

of his having gone back to ^^^ ::Z:::-^^^- an. Let
company with a daughter. Phebe Lee, ..at^ment that

small children. The Lee manuscript was posit e n , ^^^^

Thomas Lee and family were " m ^P -> -^ ' '^,,^^ ,^^ ,„„.,„

daughter he (Lee, had married^ J^^Zue country, and living in
man than Chad Brown, who was alread>

"Crfrom somewhere, where now . cannot .y .om^ ^^^

-- ' T -z uit; "^;:^r;:,dTe:rst:; very crcu™.

from the Hempstead l)iar>, ^^^^^^ Plication of the "Diary.
stantially. 1 filed th.s away ^^^^^ ^ ,,^^.^^. ,,, .. ....y -• was

expecting thus to verify the hxtrAct.

114 PARENTAGE OF PHEBE BROWN-LEE-LARRABEE-CORXISH.

soon to be published, and I could well afford to wait for its appear-
ance to verify the " Extract," and thus have an authentic document
with which to set forth the facts as to Phebe Brown's parentage, and
to show conclusively that she was not Chad Brown's daughter, but
was undoubtedly the daughter of " old William Browne of Long
Island."

But lo ! and behold ! when the Diary came out there was no such
"Extract" to be found between its covers! True enough, on page
530, I found an account of a visit of Joshua Hempstead to some of
his relatives on Long Island ; the so-called " Extract " was a con-
densed account of this visit, agreeing substantially with the Diary ;
but the latter part, entitled "A Genealogy of my Mother, taken from
Aunt Barthard, 1723," was not to be found in the book; hence whether
it was a " fake " or not I did not know, and set to work to find out.

Copies of the article were therefore made and sent out on a hunt
for its origin. These all had negative results. Finally an article was
written for publication in the Boston Transcript giving this Extract,
and hoping to attract attention, and thus get at its origin and authen-
ticity. After this article had been sent to the Transcript some papers
came along, bearing directly upon the subject, and giving new light
thereon. An attempt was made to recall the article from the Trans-
cript to rewrite it ; but it was too late ; the paper with the article
printed therein and my letter crossed each other in the mail. This
led to a series of articles in the Transcript, of which this article is a
condensation.

The original article, "A Genealogy of my Mother," &c., is as fol-
lows, as I copied it. I omit the " Extract from the Diary" as of no
present interest.

"A Genealogy of my Mother, taken from Aunt Barthard, 1723.
The following I took from my father's papers : —

Joshua Hempstead, son of Joshua, son of Robert.

" My grandmother was the daughter old William Browne. He lived

in the County Essex, and town of R , England. Came over to

New England in the year 1645. Her grandmother came also, and
grandmother died on the voyage with small-pox, and the eldest son.

PARENTAGE OF PilKUE ]5R( )\\N-EEi;-LAKRAIiEE-C(JKMSl I. 115
John. They had three children that came over, viz : — Harmony,
Phebe, and Mary. Harmony lived at Providence, had three sons.

"Phebe had three husbands; the first named Lee, the second
Larrabee, the third Cornish. Lee died with small-pox coming over
and left three children, Jane, Phebe, Thomas. Larrabee had five
children, viz: — John, Elizabeth, Joseph, and Sarah. Joseph died
young.

" Cornish had two sons, viz : — James, and one still-born. She died
in childbed at Northampton, Mass.

" Mary Brown married Robert Marvin, lived at Southampton, L. L,
and at Hempstead. Old grandfather Browne died at Long Island
with his daughter, Mary Marvin. Their predecessors were ministers
ever since Queen Mary's time."

The above is the literal copy of my original copy, and as I sent it
to the Transcript.

Among the papers that I received, that threw new light on the sub-
ject, was another copy of this same paper, sent me by the kindness of the
Genealogist of the New London County Historical Society ; comparing
these two copies showed at once that they were not alike ; but they were
so similar as to at once show a common origin, and the existence there-
fore, somewhere, of a paper from which they had probably both come.

Correspondence followed, and finally what is believed to be the
original has been located, and a photograph thereof is promised : the
original is too precious to risk in transmission : from the photograph
it is hoped finally to decipher the original text, and thus correct the
mistakes that have apparently been made in the various copies.

The second copy of this " Genealogy " that I received i> a>
follows : —

"A Genealogy of my Mother, 1723. Taken from .\uni Harthard.

"The following I took from father's papers (Joshua Hempstead);
My grandmother was the daughter of old William Browne : he lived
in the County Essex and town of Ruppert. in England.

" Came over to New Flngland in the year 1645. Her grandmother
came also and grandmother died on the voyage with small-pox, and
the eldest son, John. They had three children that came over, vi;' :—

ii6 PARENTAGE OF PHEBE BROWN-LEE-LARRABEE-CORNISH.

Harmony, Phebe, and Mary ; Harmony lived in Providence, had
three sons. Phebe had three husbands, the first child (sic) Lee, the
second Lovicia (sic), third Cornish. Lee died with small-pox a coming
over, and left three children (viz) Jane, Phebe, and Thomas. Lovicia
(sic) had five children (viz) Grandchild, John, Elizabeth, Joseph,
Sarah. Joseph died young. Cornish had two sons (viz), James and
one still-born, with which she died in childbed at Northampton, Mass.
Mary Browne married Robert Marvin, lived at Southampton, Long
Island, and at Hempstead.

"Old great-grandfather Browne died at Long Island, with his
daughter, Mary Marvin ; their predecessors were ministers ever smce
Queen Mary's time.

" Genealogia to Mr. Robert Hempstead at Southold, Suffolk Co.,
Long Island."

Now, as said above, a comparison shows that this last copy is not
the same as that first given ; it begins differently, omits part at the
very beginning, supplies the name, " Ruppert," of the town where
they lived, and then evidently has misreadings of certain words, and
finally, it ends up with a sentence, or phrase, that the first did not have
at all ; this phrase probably explains the origin and reason for tne
original paper's existence. Robert Hempstead wanted a record, he
asked his father for it. Joshua calls upon his "Aunt" for data, sets it
down, and sends it along, just the same as you and I send data now-
a-days for preservation. It is this original copy that I hope to have
photographed for deciphering.

For it is evident that there have been misreadings of the old, and
probably faded, and very likely crabbed and curious handwriting of
the original, and it becomes of importance to have a new reading of
this original to correct all errors.

It is unnecessary to go into the detail of the genealogical data con-
tained in this paper to prove the authenticity thereof, and hence the
authenticity of the paper itself. That may be taken up later on ; at
present, perhaps, we can settle certain other things, and get them out
of the way.

PARENTAGE OF PHEBE BROWX-LEE-LAKKAHEE-CORNISH. ,,7

I St. As to the drawing of lots for the home share of Mr. Lea,
whose widow is to have 30 shillings.

An examination of the printed records of the Town of Providence
shows as follows : —

Vol. II. pp. 42-43. Early Records of the Town of Providence,
Record Commissioners printed edition, 1893.

"The 3d of the 9th m., 1649 (called).

Agreed that the Lot called Mris Lea's shall be given by lot to one
of these 6 Psons, (paying presently 30 shillings for the use of Mris
Lea aforesaid) viz : — John Browne, Pardon Tillinghast, William Venor,
Christopher Smith, John Joanes, and John Elderkin, and that the
said Lot shall be instead of a home Lot.

(Note. — Whether the same date or not does not appear, due to blanks in
the text before the following. — C. D. P. )

Determined by lot that Pardon Tillinghast shall have the Lot
called Mris Lea's, paying presently 30^ as aforesaid."

Now this is a town meeting action. It is not that of a Court of
Probate. And this is absolutely the first and last appearance of
" Mris Lea " upon the records of the Town of Providence.

And no record of any " Mr. Lea " is to be found at all. It is by
no means certain that " Mris Lea" was a widow, or for that matter,
that she had any tangible existence. The title "Mris" stands for
" Mistress," an honorary title given to sing/e women of a certain de-
gree in the social scale of the Colonial period, .-^nd we simply have
"that Lot called Mris Lea's," and that is all. Why so-called 1 don't
know, as I was not there, and there is nothing now to be found to
account for it.

That in itself e.xplodes the idea of any action under the will of
Chad Brown. The record of this town meeting action is to be found
in Austin, under the heading, Tillinghast, as well as under heading,
John Brown; any one of the "6 Psons" who drew lots could just as
well have been " Mris Lea's " brother as to suppose John Brown alone
to have had that relationship. Hence, that argument fails.

2d. This action was in 1649. Before that time Phebe (Brown) Lee

iiS PARENTAGE OF PHEBE BROWN-LEE-LARRABEE-CORNISH.

hid married Greenfield Larrabee, and was busy, not only with her
young Lee children, but with a son, Greenfield, born 1648, April 20th ;
she was probably living in Saybrook, and not traveling to Providence
to raffle off " home lots." The rather savage surroundings of an almost
unbroken wilderness were being overcome, and a new home being
established, hence the probabilities that she was not in Providence,
and very likely never saw the town.

Referring now to the " Genealogy," we see that it rests upon the
authority of "Aunt Barthard." The question naturally arises, who
was she ?

Search has failed to show anyone named " Barthard " as living
anywhere in New England at that time. But the names " Birchal,"
" Burchard," and " Birchard " have been found.

Years ago I got it from an apparently authentic source that Jane 2
Lee, Thomas,! m (i) Samuel Hyde, and (2) John Bircha/; turning to
the Hyde Genealogy, an account is given of the first settlement of
Norwich, in 1660, and the names of the first settlers. Among the
names of "the thirty-five original proprietors" is found the name,
John Burchar*/.

Turning now to Hemp. Diary, p. 116, there appears: — "1721,
Novr. 22. * * * and went to See Aunt Birchard & lodged at Cuz.
Samll Hides at night." Previous entries show that Joshua had been
up to Windham, then down to Lebanon, where " we lodged at
S. Hides ; " the next day he made his visit to Aunt Birchard ; and on
the 23d he came down to Norwich, and the 24th " I came home near
night." So we have not only found an "Aunt Birchard," living in
1 72 1, but have probably found her residence, somewhere near
Lebanon.

" Birchard " and " Barthard" are so similar that one could be read
for the other without any trouble. Hence, we are probably safe in
saying that the first misreading of the original Genealogy was in
making it "Aunt Barthard," instead of "Aunt Birchard."

"Aunt Birchard " was Jane Lee, Elizabeth Larrabee's half-sister,
and hence Joshua Hempstead's " half " aunt. As she "came over"
with her father and mother in 1645, she of course was with her grand-

P.VRENTAGE OF PHEBE HROWN-LEE-LARUABIIK CORNISH, i^ .

father, William Browne, and therefore knew him personally in her
younger clays. She probably lived with him for a short time at Say-
brook, probably until her mother married C.reenfield Larrabee, and it
was probably at about this time that " old William Browne " moved
to Long Island, taking his daughter, Mary, with him, to settle down
at Southampton. A correspondent, in the Transcript, referring to
the articles pubUshed, says :— " I found that William Browne was a
merchant, and in 1648, a freeman of Southampton. He died in the
latter part of 1650, and his son-in-law, Robert, administered on his
estate in 1652." This shows, if the date of birth of Elizabeth Larra-
bee is correctly given, that he died before she was born.

As the record says that Elizabeth Larrabee was born 1653. )an'y23,
there is the best of evidence why she knew nothing, except as hear-
say, as to her grandfather, William Browne ; and also a good reason
why Joshua Hempstead should go to his ':Aunt Birchard " for genea-
logical data at f^rst hand, from a granddaughter who had known and

had lived with him.

Whether the original paper has the phrase, " Joshua Hempstead,
son of Joshua, son of Robert," in it or not, an examination of the
original, or a photograph thereof, can only tell. It 7.as in the copy
from which I copied; it is ,/./ in the later copies I have received;
hence, it may be a wholly unwarranted interpolation by some copyist.
putting in something not in the original.

The next words to be examined are .st. " Essex," and 2d. '• Rup-
pert • " this comes about in this wise:

,st I can find no such town as "Ruppcrf upon any map o
England. It is no. given in the Century Dictionary Atlas hs. of
towns shown on the map, and no mention of it is to be found tn
Encyclopedia Brittanica. .

,d lUcently I have received a synopsis of a document showmg
that" a William lirown was a schoolmaster in the town of ^../..^
W.V CO., England; this w,ll be given later. 1 hnd a town o.

Rusper on the map of Sussex Cc.

3d. Now it would be the easiest tluug ,., the world to read a .„,,«
..s" as a "p;- in fact, it has been done time and ttme aga.n. fo,

I20 PARENTAGE OF PHEBE BROWN-LEE-LARRABEE-CORMSII.

instance, " Hoskins " has been read "Hopkins" to the utter
confusion of the genealogist until he " caught on." Hence, " Rusper "
was probably misread " Ruppert," a "t" having been added on from
misreading the curl to an old-fashioned ''r," and Essex and Sussex
can be easily interchanged, or perhaps "Aunt Birchard " made a
mistake; this would be natural enough, for it must be remembered
that she was a very old lady in 1723. Coming over as a child in 1645
would make her 79 if only one year old in 1645 ; ^s she was probably
older than this in 1645, her age in 1725 is correspondingly increased
a year above 79 for every year that she was older than one in
1645.

The next misreading is "child;" this word in the second copy,
and the word "grandchild" further on, simply make nonsense of the
text, and we, none of us, believe that Joshua Hempstead was addicted
to deliberately writing nonsense. "Child" may be "called" or
"named;" "grandchild" is doubtless "Greenfield," the name of
Greenfield Larrabee's first child ; this word was omitted entirely from
the copy from which I made my first copy, which only accounts for
four children where five are mentioned.

" Lovicia " is undoubtedly " Larrabee," as agreeing with records
and my first copy.

We now come to one of the most important of all the possible mis-
readings, and that is the name, " Harmony," who " lived in Provi-
dence and had three sons."

Turning to the Diary, page 264 (bottom) and 265 (top), we find,
"1733, Oct. 8. * * * I set out for Boston on my Little Black
Mare in Company mr. Daniel Hubbard, Samll Lee & Samll Green
Junr. Mr. Hubbard's Horse proved Lame, wee Left him att Nor-
wich in the Evening & went to Newint about 6 miles & Lodged at
Thos. Hutchin's and Tuesd we went to Providence & Lodged. Tuesd.
9, at Capt. Olney's, in the Eve I went to See Justice Richd Brown,
one of the 3 sons of my mother's uncle Henry Brown."

Now here is a very positive, and a very important statement of
Joshua Hempstead that tallies to a hair with "Harmony" Brown, who
'' lived in Providence, had 3 sons." Let us stop and examine a little.

PARKNTACJE OK I'lIEBE BROWN-I.KK-LAKRABKE-CORNISII. u,

An old illiterate way of spelling "Henry" was both "Ilcnory "
and " I lennery." Let us see if we can convict Joshua of eillier spell-
ing. On page 59, first line on top of page, we find : — " Ilenery Dille-
more & Joanna Edgcumbe publisht."

On page 532, near foot of page. «« • » • ^\^- I lo Hrother
Henerys «& lodged there ; " these are two cases ; there is at least one
more, but lost the mark and cannot stop to hunt it up.

To misread " Henery " into " Harmony " is simple enough, and I
think it safe to say that " Harmony " stands for •' Henery '" (Henry).

Now, the Providence records are clear as to a Henry Hrowne,
having been an early settler and lifelong resident there. His will is
on record, and in it he mentions three sons, Henry, Richard, and
Joseph, and, furthermore, a daughter, Phebe, perpetuating the name
either of //is viother, or his sister, or both.

The relationship mentioned, "my mother's uncle," makes this
Henry Brown (Browne as he spells it in his will) the brother of Phebe
Brown, the uncle of Elizabeth (Larrabee) Hempstead, Joshua's mother,
hence everything tallies exactly.

Now here comes in a paper, previously mentioned, as the strongest
kind of corroborative testimony. It is as follows:

"April 3d, (627. Mary Worffelde, widow of U illiam Wurllcldc. of
Rusper, Sussex Co., he late deceased, yoeman. Bound in /"640 to Wm.
Browne, Schoolmaster of Rusper, to faithfully administer and execute
the last will and testament of William Worffelde; on her bond are Wm.
Browne & William Willett of Horsham, Sussex Co , yoemen. Men-
tions George, Lord Bishop of Chirchester, signed in presence of
Joseph Browne, John Bardine (?) and Wm. Simined (?)."

Now this paper is sent me by a descendant of Henry Hrowne,
tvho had it among his family papers. He says : " 1 am a descendant
of Plenry Browne, the Planter, of Prov., R. L, and have in my pos-
session the family papers to a large extent, running from 1627 down
to !8oo, consisting of deeds, letters, ?r books, &c." ' * ' 'the
paper most likely to help you I send a brief extract of. I think this
is going to clear up the relationship of the Providence Henry Browne
to the Wm. Browne of L. L. and show just where they came from in

i2i PARENTAGE OF PHEBE BROWN-LEE-LARRABEE-CORNISH.

England. This original document came to me by gift from my grand-
mother, a blood descendant of Henry Browne, through Richard -,
William 3, &c., &c. It has never been out of my possession."

Now what is such a paper doing in the Henry Browne family ex-
cept as a family paper handed down by the father, William Browne,
schoolmaster of Rusper in 1627, who "came over" in 1645,
finally settled at Southampton by 1648, and died there in 1650? To
me the inference, if not proof, is absolute, and shows that Henry
Browne of Providence, who had three sons, is the "Harmony"
Browne of the Hempstead paper, and no other, and here finally we
have formed the Providence connection of Phebe Brown- Lee-Larrabee-
Cornish.

Space will not permit more than a hint at a solution of the myste-
rious " Mris Lea," of Providence. It is possible that Henry Browne
"took up" a "Lot" for his sister Phebe Lee, hoping to have her
come to Providence to live with him. When she finally married
in 1647, and all hope of her coming to Providence had fied, then the
Town took action and disposed of "that lot called Mris Lee's" by
drawing "Lots" for it, "30 shillings" to be paid to "Mris Lee afore-
said." If we could only chase up this payment of 30 shillings by
Pardon Tillinghast, and so find out whether Phebe (Brown) Lee
got it, we would know the whole story.

Before this article was finished for publication, the photographic
copy of the original paper, " A Genealogy of my Mother," came to
hand. As it is of more than passing importance it is given here in
fac simile, so that all can read and decipher.

The following rendering is given as my reading of this paper ; the
original spelling, punctuation, &c., &c., is followed:

A genealigie of my Mother Taken from Aunt Barthard 1723 The
following I took from my father's Joshua Hempsteds e/ q papers
my Grandmother was the Daughter of old William Brown he
Lived In the County of Essex and town of Rusper in England Come
over to New England in ye year 1645 ^^r Grandmother come also
and Grandmother Died with the Smallpox on board and their eldest
son John ; they had 3 Children that come over (viz) Hennery Phebe &

PARENTAGE OF P11EI5K BROWN-LKK-LAKU AlUIK-COUMSI I. u;

Mary Hennery Lived alt providence had three suns : Phebe had three
Husbands the first was Lee the Second Larribie the third Cornish.
Lee died with the Smallpox a comeing over, and Left 3 children (viz)
Jane (sic) Pheebe and Thomas — Laribie had five children (viz)
Greenfield John Elizabeth Joseph & Sarah Joseph Died V'oung: ( '< r-
nish had two Sons (viz) James and one still Born — with which She
Died In Child bead att Northampton; mary Brown married Robert
Marvin Lived att Southampton on Long Island and alt Hempsted

Old Great Grandfather Brown Died alt Long Island with his Daugh-
ter mary marvin tneir pradissosors were ministirs ever since (>een

mary Time.

Comparing this original fac simile with the two so-called copies,
shows at once that the latter were not literal, and that the mistakes in
deciphering that had been worked out. as shown in the first part of
this article are all there except one : the name - Aunt Barthard - is
clear and sharp, and no "twisting" could make it " Hischard; - we
must therefore accept this name as it stands, and account for it as

124 PARENTAGE ^^^ PHEBE BROWN-LEE-LARRABEE-CORNISII.

best we can. We know that there was an "Aunt Birchard ; " proba-
bly the names " Barthard " and " Birchard" refer to the same woman ;
either carelessness in writing, or spelling, with some peculiarity of
pronunciation may account for the variation. It is known also that
this name has had all kmds of spelling ; one — " Birchwood " — is to be
found on page 251, Miss Caulkins' History of New London, where it
appears that " 1673. John Birchwood of Norwich, appointed clerk; "
this refers evidently to the very John " Birchard" that married Jane
(Lee) Hyde, as her second husband.

In the original we find beyond a doubt the town "Rusper" written
with a long "f," and a "p" peculiar to Joshua Hempstead's hand-
writing; to make good sense and clearness, the word "said"' evi-
dently should have been in the original so that it would have read,
" her grandmother came also and (said) grandmother died with the
small-pox on board." We find "Hennery" twice, instead of "Har-
mony," thus clearing up the mystery as to "Harmony" Brown, and
substituting therefore " Henry Brown," the well-known man of the
early Providence records.

All the rest is clear and plain, and corresponds exactly with well-
known facts and records. Hence we are safe in saying that the whole
account is genuine and authentic, forever disposing of the contention
as to the parentage of Phebe (Brown)-Lee-Larribee-Coinibh, and show-
ing clearly that the father was "old William Brown " of Rusper, Say-
brook (?), Southampton and Hempstead, and )iot Chad Brown of
Providence.

And it may be permissible here to write out a complete "copy"
of this document in present every-day English, supplying in brackets,
such words as are necessary to make the article express just what
Joshua Hempstead intended to say :

"A genealogy of my mother taken from Aunt Barthard (Birchard)
(in) 1727.

" The following I took from my father's, Joshua Hempstead's,
Lsqr's. papers: My grandmother was the daughter of old William
Brown ; he (formerly) lived in the County of Essex (Surrey), and town
of Rusper, in England. Come (He came) over to New England in

pari:xta(;k of piiicbj-: BR(nvN-L!-:i:-L.\RRAi5i;i:-c()RMMi. i.s
the year 1645 ; her (Phebe Lee's) grandmother came also, and (said)
grandmother died with the small-pox on board, and their (William
Brown and wife's) eldest son John. They (William Hrown and wife)
had three-3-children that came over, viz: Henry, Phebe and Mary:
Henry lived at Providence, and had three sons; Phebe had three
husbands, the first was Lee, the second Larrabee, the third Cornish.
Lee died with the small-pox coming over, and left three children, viz.:
Jane, Phebe and Thomas ; Larrabee had five children, viz. : Green-
field, John, Elizabeth, Joseph and Sarah ; Joseph died young; Cornish
had two sons, viz.: James and one still-born, with which Phebe (Brown)
Lee-Larrabee-Cornish died in child-bed at Northampton. Mary
Brown married Robert Marvin, lived at Southampton on Long Lsland
and at Hempstead. Old great-grandfather Brown died at Long
Island with his daughter Mary Marvin.

Their (the Browne (?)) predicessors were ministers ever sinte
Queen Mary's time."

From various records of Southampton, too long to quote in full, it
appears that there was a William Browne who lived in Long Island.
"Long Island Genealogies" by Mary Powell Bunker 1895, p. 249,
shows that "Robert Marvin of Southampton, L. L, m. 164S, Mary.
dau. of William Browne, who died 1650."

" Robert Marvin settled in Hempstead in 1650, was chosen Towns-
man in 1650 (1659 0) ), held various offices in the Town and died about
1683 " (Robert and Mary Marvin had a son and a daughter).

In 1648, Oct. 7, William Browne, with others, was chosen free-
man of Southampton.

1648, Nov. 6, William Browne and Robert Marvin, with others, in
division of the "great plaine " Southampton.

1648, Feby. 8 (1648-9), Mr. William Browne, and ten otliers. are
bound to pay for the house which they hav.- bouijht from lohn Mul-

ford.

Mch. 8, 1649 (1649-50). William Hrowne, and others, freeman of

Southampton.

1650. July 2. William Browne, Register, Southampton.

1650, July 23, Administration granted to Robert Marvin and Mary

126 PARENTAGE OF PHEBE BROWN-LEE-LARRABEE-CORNISH.

his wife, upon estate of William Browne, just deceased. Evidently
then he died quite suddenly, or after but a brief illness, between July
2 -23, 1650.

1650, July 24th. Inventory of his estate, total ;/^i6o-o-8, includes
Books ;^5, suggestive of William Browne, ex-schoolmaster of Rusper,
England.

It seems fair to conclude that William Browne was a man of edu-
cation and superior social rank, measured by Colonial standards,
though he possessed but a moderate fortune ; that he first appeared in
Southampton, L. I., probably when advanced in years, with his son-
in-law Robert Marvin in 1648; that since he owned no land in the
town, he resided with Marvin ; that he was a merchant or trader,
Secretary to the Supreme Court and Register. He died in July, 1650,
between the 2nd and 23rd day.

We can now compile the following genealogical table of the family
of William Brown :

I. William Browne, date and place of birth unknown ; date of
marriage and name of wife unknown ; died between July 2nd and 23rd,
1650, at Long Island, with his daughter Mary Marvin.

Children : " Eldest son John," died of small-pox on voyage over
to America, 1645. Henry b. 1625; died 1703, Feb. 20, Providence,
R. I.; m. (i) Waite Waterman, dau. of Richard; m. (2) Hannah (Field)
Mathewson, widow of James Mathewson, and dau. of John Field,
lived at Providence, had three (3) sons (See Austin's Gen. Diet., R. I.
for a complete account). Phebe b. — ; d. 1664, Dec. 22nd, at North-
ampton, Mass.; m. (i) Thomas Lee, in England; he died 1645 with
small-pox, leaving three (3) children, Phebe, Jane and Thomas; m.
(2) about 1657 Greenfield Larrabee ; m. (3) about 1661, James Cornish.

Mary b. ^ ; d. — ; m. 1648 Robert Marvin, lived at Southampton
and Hempstead, L. I.

FOUR LOST LEGACIES OF THE EARLY NEW ENGLAND
CIVIL POLITY.

HY REV. LEONARD WOOLSEY RACON, I). V., OF ASSONET, MASS.

Read before the Society at its Mid-Winter Meetin-^ in Norwich,
January 22, 190^).

Ladies and Gentlemen :

I invite you to follow me in some studies in the early political
history of New England which have, as I conceive, more than an
antiquarian interest for us in this later generation and vastly expanded
country. I am safe in assuming that the spirit of this Historical
Society will not be wholly out of sympathy with my contention that
the prodigious changes which these nearly three centuries have
brought to pass in our political methods and political principles have
not been in all cases, in the direction of progress and improvement.
I make bold, in the present paper, to point out four characteristics of
the polity of the Founders of New England from which we have de-
parted, to the serious detriment of the republic.

I The first of these is what may properly be called 7Ar OU
Colony Referendum. There is a certain amount of mild agitation
going on in our day, on the part of some doctrinaire publicists, in
favor of embodying "the referendum '• in our state constitutions; by
which is meant the adoption of a somewhat clumsy contrivance of
certain Swiss political experimenters, by which on the demand of a
prescribed number of voters, any bUl passed by the Congress of that
republic is submitted to popular assent or veto. 1 1 happened to me^o be
a resident of Switzerland at the time when this consuuitiona p ov..n
went into effect ; and from what I then observed, and rom .hat I
since learned, I do not find it to be a particularly ^f^^^
sion-not that it does not work well, but that ,t does not do .er>

128 FOUR LOST LEGACIES OF THE EARLY X. E. CIVIL POLITY.

work of any quality. A far simpler and more effective provision,
worthy, for the wisdom of it, to have survived to our day and to have
been imitated in all the constitution-making States, was that require-
ment in the fundamental law of little Plymouth, that no bill should
become a law (emergencies excepted) unless it had lain over from one
legislature to the next. The lapse of this most salutary provision is
not the least of the losses that civilization suffered in the merger of
the little Old Colony with its overshadowing neighbor of the Bay. As
compared with the cumbrous piece of mechanism of the Swiss pub-
licists, by which some bills might, if citizens enough should take the
trouble to combine, be subjected to a popular vote, it was a simple,
automatic general referendum, by which «// bills were brought under
the purview of the body of citizens. No wiser safeguard has since
been devised against the malfeasance of representative bodies. If
it could be restored to our State constitutions in some such form as
thiS; that unless passed by a two-thirds vote (this exception would pro-
vide for all real cases of urgency) no bill should become a law unless
read a second time in one legislature and adopted by the next legisla-
ture, think what we should gain by it. To begin with, it would tend
to reduce the enormous annual output of new legislation which is
recognized in all our states as one of the nuisances incident to popu-
lar government. It would certainly mitigate in some measure the ex-
temporaneous crudity of it, which often requires each new legislature
to spend part of its time in repealing the work of its predecessor. It
would hold the legislature in salutary fear, not only of the governor and
his veto, but of the people. Distinctly bad legislation — the job bills,
the grab bills, the sneak bills, the snap bills — if not impossible, would
become immensely more difficult ; and that public enemy, the organ-
ized lobby, would find its power suddenly curtailed. What an annual
anxiety it would lift from a considerable part of the people! Great
corporations and great public interests — the railroad companies, the
insurance companies, the trusts, the temperance interest, the liquor
interest, the Sunday interest, the anti-Sunday interest, and whatever
else there is that has hopes or fears from legislation — would no longer
be under the expensive necessity of maintaining their pickets at the

FOUR LOST LEGACIES OF THE EARL^■ N. i:. CINIL I'OLITN . uy

State-house to give warning against surprises and ward them off by
public pressure or private persuasion. The occupation of the
heeler and striker, if not abolished, would become a much less paying
business than it is now generally understood to be. But while cor
ruptionists w'ould be discouraged and disgusted, honest citizens would
come to their rights. This remanding to the people, so damaging to
bad or doubtful projects, would be simply invigorating to such as
should have merit enough to bear the sunlight and the breeze of
protracted public discussion.

The restoration of the Old Colony Referendum would have even
a more beneficent result in the regeneration of State politics. As
things now are, our State elections deal mainly with the popularity
or the paltry personal ambitions of Jones or Brown or Smith, or,
worse than that, with matters of national party politics with which
State officers have no more to do than with Mr. Joe Chamberlain's
colonial schemes. In most States a state election is not much more
than a game to bet on, like a horse-trot or a college foot-ball match.
Under the Old Colony Referendum, the pending questions of State
and local policy laid over from the last legislature would be distinct,
definite issues before the people, inviting the study of intelligent citi-
zens, and provoking debate in every town meeting and every voting
precinct. Every State electoral campaign would be a "campaign of
education." I do not mean thatthe measures would be voted on directly
by the people ; —that is the awkward Swiss way. Neither would they
be the subject of formal instruction to the representative from his con-
stituents, which was the French Jacobin way. But these measures
would be the points on which candidates would be questioned, and
on which elections would turn. Can any reform be suggested which
would have a more healthful tendency to accomplish that great poli-
tical desideratum, the breaking up of the vicious connection between
town and State affairs on the one hand, and national parties on the
other hand, under which citizens are every year clamorously solirr- •!
to subordinate their political home duties to some supposed nece>>!'y
of supporting the national administration or of condemning it?

This, remember, was a characteristic feature of the fundamental

I30 FOUR LOST LEGACIES OF THE EARLY X. E. CIVIL POLITY.

law of "the Old Colony" of little Plymouth. I am no blind bigot in
my admiration of the Pilgrims. I am not prepared to admit that the
Separatism of Plymouth was a higher and truer churchmanship
than the Nationalism of Salem and Boston. But I am struck with
wonder "at the high wisdom of the Pilgrims in their founding of the
civil state. There were many bold and original strokes of political
reform delivered in those early New England days. There was the
splendid coup iV^etat of the Bay colonists in bringing their charter
across the seas and so creating an autonomous state. There was the
great law reform of the New Haven men, by which they dropped over-
board, as they sailed, the precedents of English law — common law,
statute law and canon law — and gave their republic a fresh start
from the Pentateuch, resolving, as the historian Knickerbocker puts
it, to be governed by the laws of God until they had time to make
better for themselves. There was the glory of the Connecticut colo-
nists, framing, with prophetic wisdom, the first written constitution of
government in human history. And high over these is the excelling
glory of the Pilgrims, that they did nothing of the kind, but just
let their feeble republic alone to grow into shape of itself, taking
such body as it should please God to give. Their grand deeds were
well matched by the grandeur of their not doing. Here we find one of
those contrasts that the muse of history delights in. On the one
hand are these thoughtful men in the poverty of Plymouth, living all
in the future, with every temptation to great schemes and visionary
projects, patiently waiting year by year for the slow strokes of Divine
Providence to fashion their little State into the mould of a world-wide
empire; and on the other hand, fifty years later, beyond the sea, the
greatest philosopher and the smartest politician in all England, John
Locke and Lord Shaftesbury, sitting in the golden sunshine of a
monarch's favor, are putting their sagacious heads together to produce
a constitution for the Carolinas that has been the laughing stock of
history from that day to this.

II. By far the most important and most original contribution of
early New England to the science of polity was the principle of Ma-
jority Government. We have lost it now and taken instead the princi-

FOUR LOST LEGACIKS OF Tin: KAUl.V N. K CIVII. l'( )I.1T^ . .,^.
pie of Government by Plurality, that is, ordinarily, Gove.nment by
Minorities. We have traded off our hereditary birthright, and gotten
in exchange for it a mess of pottage, and an ill-smelling and unsavory
mess at that. How much we have lost, what intolerable mischiefs we
have invited upon ourselves, by thus abandoning the wise usage of
our fathers, we have had only a limited means of proving in our own
experience; for it is only within the memory of this generation that
this invaluable muniment of freedom has been thrown away m Massa-
chusetts. and still more lately in Connecticut. But we have only to look
beyond the western boundary line, to where the plurality system, m the
State and City of New York, has for generations had its perfect work,
to see what abuses it is capable of producing. In New York C.ty, m
almost every vigorously contested election for many years unt.l th.s
last year, it has been demonstrated that the majority of the c.Uzens
.ere opposed to the domination of Tammany Hall: '--JY -''
with only occasional and brief interruptions, Tammany has held the
domination from year to year and from decade to decade. Sometimes
L dommation has been put in senous jeopardy. In .8S^ a po.e.u
nxovement to overthrow it drove the Tammany wigwam to the de pe
Tte expedient of nommating an honest man (Mr. Hewitt) for Mayor^
Wh n a corrupt party nominates an honest man. it is a sign of .oe
!d ed Ever thing portended a Waterloo defeat for Tammany, or
he opposition of good citizens was solid. The only ope of the
Lr ^y in dividing the opposition. Just then a brdharit an en-
thusiastic young Republican was ^'^^^"-•-";;'.°;'; ' J I'^t ;
.otives-to put himself atthe headof a ^^ -^-^^^^^:^: ,^^^,
and Tammany was saved -e - agams a..^. ^^^ .^^^^ ^^

numbers, .3°,oc°. '<- 9°.<"'° '" "^ •^'°'; J „^„|y )„ ,he

publican had succeede,. ^'' f"^"^'^^ ^^^^ of "^r.y
middle, and Tammany, condemned by ='''.°'' '„,;„„. by ,he

-o- Held con.o, oi .e ^^:^-^:::r::::L.: ^^.

sagacious management of Mr. Croker, f ^„,, Roosevelt,

scientious partizanship, I regret to say, of Mr Fheo

,„ ,.„ came an even more -™----^;:' ! ."r:: .or
the fate not only of New York, but of greater Ne« \ o

132 FOUR LOST LEGACIES OF THE EARLY N. E. CIVIL POLITY.

a-year only, but for four years. The sole question before the people
was: Shall a notoriously corrupt ring, managed by a coarse, odious,
and generally detested boss, be placed in almost absolute control of
the immense interests of the great metropolis? The people declared,
by a majority of 58,000, We will not have this gang to rule over us
Whereupon the defeated party mounted gaily to the box, gripped the
reins and the whip, and every brothel and gambling hell in the city
was illuminated in honor of the triumph of the minority. The con-
scientious politician who saved Tammany this time by dividing the
opposition in favor of a straight Republican ticket was General Tracy,
once Secretary of the Navy. If it had not been Tracy, it would have
been some one else. Mr. Croker rarely had any difficulty in finding a
man, and a good man — no other kind will answer the purpose — to
render him this indispensable service. At this election, there were not
only two anti-Tammany candidates in the field, but three, all good
men — excellent men ; the more of them there were, and the better they
were, the more Tammany was pleased. Intelligent citizens were at a
loss which of the three to vote for, and many saw no use of voting at
all in so hopeless a case. It was an easy walk-over for Tammany.
Suppose the three opposition parties to be about equal to each other,
and the stayers at home who saw no use in voting at all to be another
equal share, Tammany had only to cast one-fifth of the votes plus one,
and the remaining four-fifths minus one were of no avail. By virtue
(if it is proper to speak of virtue in this connection) of a good working
minority, the gang of thieves came legally and constitutionally into
possession of the city government for the next four years.

Since then we have been witnessing twice over the agonizing pe-
riodical anxiety of good citizens of New York over the always doubt-
ful question, can we manage to fuse together the various elements of
opposition to the enemies of society .'' On so risky a question depends
the control, for good or evil, of so many millions of people, and so
many thousand millions of property !

Now suppose the charter of Greater New York had been framed
in accordance with the old New England principle of majority govern-
ment, with this provision, that no officer should be held to be elected

FOUR LOST LKI^ACIES Ul' IHK KAKl.V N. K. ClVll. rnlJlV. ,,c,

unless receiving a majority of all votes cast, supplemented by this
other provision that, failing a majority for any candidate on the tirst
ballot, the matter should go back to the people within e.ght .lays, to
choose between the two highest candidates; how wauhl these pro-

visions operate ? ,, .,

, They would begin operating long before election day. Months
before there would be searchings of heart among all bosses of all
narties The comfortable understanding heretofore subs.stmg be-
tween the two leading party leaders, that whichever way the election
goes, they two are, between them, sure of the spoils, ts thencefor h
fmpossib.e ; the people have a veto on them both. ■'■^<= "-- 7;!^^
stin assemble, as it ought to; but it would be --»"''';
chilling but salutary consciousness that its action was hab le to be c-
ersed'at the polls by the free and unembarrassed action of the <.ur
and the kicker. It would have to nominate in such a way as ,0 pr ■
vent disaffection and propitiate confidence. An °''.ect,onab^e can-
date on any ticket might be blackballed by the men of h, ow part>^
without thereby turning over the election .0 the opposite party. A
corrupt party would not be able to hold together its own men.
corrupt pa J jvould be no distres-.Mii;

2. As election day approached, there wouiti
anxiety among good citizens as to whether this man, or that, or the
oth" Xud b most likely to unite all the friends of good govern-
me ■ Union would be desirable, of course, but "o' ;"<";';-f ;
Tny honest vote would be effective, and no man would ha. e ^h s e
cuse for staying at home, that there "" - "se in vot n^ A P-
ties and factions and fads would have a fair chance. Straight I_e^__

ties and factions ana laus V.I..WV. •„i:., r.r Pro-

^t or Reform Democrat, •^'=>™''""" -''"Trlaterer Ke w Id
htbitionist or Si„gle.ta.er or -ig..^- "^^ »' --;' ^ ,_.
have the opportunity to show his s rength a ^.^

stration, for what it might be worth, - "-' ^^'^^/^^^ „„ ,, ,,,

liberty of suffrage by the P"'^ ^^X^",. ^ - "he enemy. If
throwing away his vote and t- "8 'h<= de« , ,.^^_^ ^^^^_

among the candidates nominated "'^." '^'^ ;f„„„g,h of numUrs

was found who, by '^''^^P"- t^n" ^ 1 y :. ^ vote'., he would be

at his bi\ck. commanded a clear m.ij
elected, and no otlier man could be.

134 FOUR LOST LEGACIES OF THE Ex\RLY N. E. CIVIL POLITY.

3. But suppose the other case — that there is no clear majority, and
no choice; what then ? Why then there has been held, under all the
sanctions that legislation can provide, free to every voter without dis-
tinction of party, a great nominatvig cojivention of the whole people,
which has put in nomination two candidates to be voted for that day
week. There will be a square fight. That little game by which a
knot of adroit intriguers handling a good working minority of votes,
has for decade after decade held dominion over the great metropolis
in spite of the demonstrated will of the people, the little game of Tam-
many, which is the game of all the little Tammanies that are to be
found the country over, in every town and city, is blocked forever.
The individual citizen is rehabilitated, and the people have come to
their rights again.

Not the least of the public benefits to be expected from the res-
toration of majority government is that it would permit the several
States to clear their statute books of the caucus laws now so generally
in use. Doubtless under the plurality system they are a necessary
evil ; for it is under this system, and this alone, that the power of the
caucus is a public peril, to be guarded against by drastic methods ;
and these are certainly drastic enough. Instead of abating the power
of the party machine, they aggravate it to the danger point, enabling
it to intrench itself in the statute-book ; giving it recognition before
the law with no corresponding responsibility to the law ; seeming to
give the citizens, so far as they are obedient partizans, power over the
machine, but really confirming the machine in its power over the
citizens ; completing the practical disfranchisement of the non-parti-
zan citizen. Doubtless these laws bring some relief from the impu-
dent frauds that have been common in the nomination business.
But the good they may do is more than offset by the adopting of
party organization as part of the fixed, legal machinery of go\ ern-
ment. Perhaps no constitutional amendment that has ever been
adopted is of graver consequence than this device of gearing the
party machine into the mechanism of the State. It is a thing to
beware of.

I am fully prepared to show that the dynasty of Piatt in the State

FOUR LOST LEGACIES OF THE EARL^ N. i;. CI\ IL POLITY . , ;;

of New York, of Quay in Pennsylvania, and of the den of thieves in
Philadelphia are consequences of the same system. Hut time fails
and I must content myself with this one instance of the Tammany
despotism, as showing to what abuse a free people is liable, without
the safeguard of the New England principle of Majority Government.

How came this political principle to be adopted in all the New
England colonies but one, when there was no precedent for it in Old
England, nor, so far as I know, anywhere else in history? It is an
interesting question on wiiich much might be said, if there were time.
But however it originated, here it was, and here it stayed till within
the memory of some of us now living. And what it did to save the
cause of freedom and human rights in New England and in America,
and what it may yet do, if it can be got back into the place which it
ought never to have lost, to save all the States from the shame into
which Pennsylvania and New York have fallen, are subjects worth
your pondering. Let me tell the story from the Massachusetts point
of view.

The importance of majority election did not show at iirst. \\ iicn
there are no parties and only one ticket, one mode of election is as
good as another. When there are two parties and no scattering vote,
a plurality and a majority are the same thing. But let the time come
when grave questions set honest and earnest men a-thinking, and
votes begin to scatter, it becomes a serious questit)n whether scatter-
ing votes are to be reckoned as of any account, or not.

Well, that time did come. Whig leaders and Democratic leaders,
bidding against each other, committed their parties to the compro-
mise of principles of right and justice, in favor of great national par-
tizan interests. Then it began to appear whether a scattering vote
was worth anything. Presently, in the election returns, alongside of
the Whig column and the Democratic column, each with its thou.sands
of votes, appeared a little trickling rill of a third column •'.scatter
ing" ten, or a dozen, or a score. And the party leaders were pleas
antly amused, and said: " O, you had better give it up; you arc
only wasting your vote; you never can get your man in; you will
have to choose between the two leading candidates." And birds of

136 FOUR LOST LEGACIES OF THE EARLY N. E. CIVIL POLITY.

ill omen, perched along the ridge-pole of the Liberator office, sat sim-
ply croaking in a dismal row, "It is of no use; better let politics
alone and come and croak with us up here." But that was before the
scattering vote had been disfranchised in Massachusetts ; and the an-
swer was made — it could not be made to-day — " Perhaps we cannot
get our man in; we can keep both your men out." And they did it.
One congressional election after another was hung up with "no
choice," (it is said that in one district there were no less than forty in-
effectual ballotings) until it was forced in upon the minds of the poli-
ticians that these obstinate and impracticable people must be reck-
oned with. So it came to pass that, by the power of the scattering
vote, the free citizens of Massachusetts, in spite of Whig, in spite of
Democrat, and in spite of the venomous little gang of Garrison
anarchists, were able to send to the Senate Charles Sumner and
Henry Wilson, and to place in the House of Representatives New
England incarnate in the person of Eli Thayer, the man who abolished
slavery.

How came this priceless muniment of popular liberty to be lost .-'
The story is worth telling.

The latest of those constitutional conventions which make so
noble a feature of Massachusetts history was held at a time (1854)
when the growth of a third party caused the inconveniences incidental
to majority election to be keenly felt by the two parties which had so
long divided between them the supremacy of the State. It was natu-
ral enough that some should be eager to cut off the inconveniences at
a stroke by disfranchising the scattering vote — counting it, to be sure,
and reporting it, but treating it otherwise as of no practical impor-
tance. It was demanded that Massachusetts should abandon the
most honorable and distinguishing feature of her immemorial polity,
and adopt the principle of plurality election, and let minorities govern.
The question was freely debated in as able a political assembly as
ever sat ; and great as were the temptations, the demand was resisted
and refused. Even case-hardened politicians, like the two Benjamins,
Hallett of Boston and Butler of Lowell, rose, for the moment, to the
dignity of a statesmanship worthy of the august body of which they

FOUR LOST LEGACIES OF THE EARLY N. K. ClVll, POLITY. 1^7
were members, and declared that, speaking as politicians, they would
welcome the change ; speaking as citizens, they must reject it. In the
spirit of that unknown Roman who planted a rose on the grave of
Nero, I tender this humble tribute to the memory of Hen Butler.

How it happened that in that noble body no one had the gumj)-
tion to propose retaining the vital principle of majority election, while
clearing it of the liability to prolonged deadlocks, I do not know. But
so it was. The great convention held firmly to the principle of
majority government as a safeguard against parly tyranny too pre-
cious to be lost. But the needed limitations were not provided. Elec-
tion contests were tediously protracted, till at last the people lost
patience and burned the barn to get rid of the rats. What the great
convention had held fast as an invaluable muniment of freedom, some
later legislature by a snap vote tossed into the scrap heap. It was a
revolution.

The story in Connecticut has been different. Here the alternative
to a majority election of State officers has been to turn the choice
over to a rotten-borough legislature, that could be relied on to defeat
the popular will more effectually than even the plurality system
could do it. If no other course had been open, the lapse into plurality
election and minority government would have been justified.

The hour is approaching when this elect people, whose are the
fathers, and whose boast it is that they never were in bondage to any
man, will awake to the consciousness that they have ceased to be
governed by the free majority of their own votes, and have come to be
dominated, not even by a party, but by the faction of a party, by the
ring of a faction, and by the boss o'f a ring. What separates you
from the boss tyranny that prevails in New York and Pennsylvania,
is only the possible interval of a very few years. The very expedients
used for warding off this result are bringing it nearer. Your laws for
the recognition, sanction and regulation of the primary meeting give a
firmer grip to the professional politician, and give the individual citi-
zen to understand that he may have an effective voice in the affairs
of the State only on condition of being broken to the harnes.s and
wearing the collar of some organized party.

138 FOUR LOST LEGACIES OF THE EARLY X. E. CIVIL POLITY.

The way out of these difficulties, present and prospective, is to
back out, the way you came in. Returning to the original principles of
the Commonwealth, we do not indeed get rid of parties and caucuses;
we do not want to. We get rid only of the arrogant and insolent su-
premacy of them. Thenceforth they would understand their respon-
sibility to the people — not only to the party, but to the kicker, the
bolter and the mugwump, whom their souls abhor, but whom then it
would be no longer safe to treat as a negligible quantity. At the polls
the citizen would no longer be shut up to the wretched alternative,
either to make choice between two evils, or to fire a blank cartridge
into the air. He would be free to defeat the candidate, without help-
ing elect the other candidate. The disciplined legions of the Penn-
sylvania Republicans could no longer be marched to the ballot-box
in solid column to vote the machine ticket, after they found that they
could defeat the ticket without turning the State over to the Democrats.
Citizens of New York, whose one desire is so to vote as to rout the
den of thieves that has ruled and plundered them these fifty years,
would no longer be subject to distraction by the rival clamors of two
or three opposition parties, each shouting that votes would be simply
wasted that were cast for the other candidate. Given the majority
principle and ring rule in New York is dead beyond resurrection.
Without it, a ring despotism is impending for Boston and Worcester,
for Hartford and New Haven.

I had hoped to speak fully of two other of our Lost Legacies,
illustrating the political wisdom of our fathers, and the unwisdom of
some of their successors. Let me at least mention them.

in. That noble law reform in which originated the admirable old
License Lcnvs of the New England colonies and States. It took the
imnemorial English abuse of granting money-making monopolies to
court favorites, and transfigured it into a wise and salutary system of
License Legislation for controlling, in the interest of the public safety,
certain necessary but dangerous sorts of business. It was due to this
reform that these colonies, and then these States, had, for so many
generations, down to the time when the temperance men and the temper-
ance women began monkeying with the statutes, that License Law

FOUR LOST LEGACIES OF THE EARLY N. E. CIVIL I'OLII
controlling the sale of intoxicating liquors, under which no liquor-
saloon or bar-room or tippling-house could legally exist within the
Commonwealth-the best prohibitory law that has yet been devised.
Through the more or less unconscious co-operation of the temperance
reformers with the liquor-selling interest, we have lost, not only the
law, but the very idea of sound license legislation. It has suited the
policy of the so-called prohibitionists, to represent that license legis-
lation is simply an expedient by which the Commonwealth seeks to
collect blood-money by compounding with a business essentially crim-
inal ; and that the business of a licensing board is to sell permits for
doing mischief to cash customers over the counter; and this defini-
tion, that suited the prohibitionist, equally suited the basest elements
in the liquor-selling interest. So through the mutual helpfulness of
these two antagonistic parties the historic conception of sound license
legislation has been lost out of the popular mind, and the ideal of the
fathers has been miserably perverted and corrupted. With the con-
nivance of zealous reformers the license laws have been made low and
lax; and to the delight of the liquor-dealers the alternative prohibi-
tion has been made rigorous and annoying, and the result is what we
see it to be to-day. The right use of license laws is indicated on one
of the earliest pages of Winthrop's Journal ; the working of it is illus-
trated in a striking passage in the Travels of President Dwight, a hun-
dred years ago, contrasting the orderly New England tavern, con-
trolled by the salutary license law of that time, with the debased and
demoralizing character of the taverns across the New York line,
where our modern corrupt idea of license as a measure "for revenue
only" was already in vogue. It was one of the foremost students of
New England history, and at the same time one of the earliest and life-
long champions of the Temperance Reformation, who, at the end of
sixty years of public service, declared that, after witnessing the many
experiments in temperance legislation from 1S25 onward, he was sati.v
fied that the best of all laws governing that subject was a good license
law.

IV, Finally the most precious of our lost legacies from the
Fathers is the ideal of citizenship as a solemn trust conferred by the

I40 FOUR LOST LEGACIES OF THE EARLY X. E. CIVIL POLITY.

State upon worthily qualified persons, to be executed under oath, with
sole reference to "the public weal, without respect of persons or favor
of any man." The admission to the franchise, in the old time, was
like the investiture of a monarch; and the Freeman's Oath, "by the
great and dreadful name of the ever-living God " consecrating the
freeman to his high function, was like the coronation oath of a king.
The notion that to have a share in the responsibility of government is
a universal and inalienable right of humanity, a harpagvia for every
one to snatch at for his own behoof, had no place in the New Eng-
land polity. That high privilege, that solemn duty, was to be con-
ferred on those who would use it worthily, and on no others. Doubt-
less through the successive generations there has been many a lapse
from the realization of this ideal. But it has been reserved to our own
time to witness the open abandonment and repudiation of it. We
owe the debasement of the moral standard of public life in part, per-
haps we ought to say in large part, to that woman suffrage movement
which gave such lavish promises of the angelic purification of politics.
Its major premise was that everybody had a natural right to vote; and
its argument was that if this right should be conceded to women, they
would use it to promote their own interests as a class. It was exactly
in the line of this reasoning, when the nation, in a disastrous hour,
conferred the suffrage at a single stroke, on many myriads of persons
notoriously incapable of using it aright, and did this with the openly
avowed purpose that they should use it, not " for the public weal,"
but as a defensive weapon, and for the advancement of their race
interests ; whereupon they were not slow to better the instruction.
From this point it is not so very long a descent, by natural gravitation,
to that lower deep of the Delaware idea — an idea which is alleged to
be not a total stranger in more northern latitudes — the idea that a
freeman's right of suffrage is a snug piece of personal property, hav-
ing an appreciable market value in cash, that is to be disposed of to
the highest bidder. Is this, or is it not, the level to which our politi-
cal life is settling down ? The question is worth our pondering.

RECORDS

The New London County Historical Society,

June 17, 1904 — September i, 1905,

WITH A

LIST OF OFFICERS, COMMITTEES AND MEMBERS.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOCIETY.

History of the Major John Mason Statue, compiled by Thomas S.
CoUier, 18S9. i illustration; pp.62. (Out of print).

Memorial Addresses.

Rev. Edward Woolsey Bacon, by Rev. Charles J. Hill, 1888; pp. 12,
Rev. Thomas Leffingwell Shipman, by Rev. W. B. Clarke ; 1889 ; pp. 21 .

Each, 35 cents.

Records and Papers.

Volume I. 1890-1894. In five parts; 21 illustrations; pp. 407.

Part I. $1.00, other four parts 50 cents each.
Volume II. 1895-1904. In five parts; 19 illustrations; pp. 528.

Each part 50 cents.

Volume III. 1906. Part I; 8 illustrations; pp. 166. 50 cents.

Collections.

Volume I. Diary of Joshua Hempstead, published from manuscript,
1901. Large octavo, cloth, pp. 711. Index of names, pp. 39.
Price $5.00.
The Diarv covers the ^-ears from 171 1 to 175S and is the standard author-
ity for births, baptisms, marriages, deaths and an infinite variety of events
which took place in New London and vicinity during the years mentioned.
As its author held several town offices and engaged in a diversity of occupa-
tions, his daily entries, made for nearly fifty years when records were scarce,
and ending during the year the first newspaper in the town was published,
make a volume of great value.

Occasional Publications.

Volume I. 1903. The Stone Records of Groton, by Frances Man-
waring Caulkins. Octavo, printed on Strathmore paper, bound
in cloth, 10 illustrations, pp. 96. Edited by Miss Emily S. Gil-
man ; preface by Robert Porter Keep, Ph. D. Price $1.75.
This is the first of Miss Caulkins' manuscripts to be published since her
death in 1869, and contains a narrative of Mason's expedition in 1637, and
of Arnold's expedition in 1781. An appendix has been added giving the
names of the killed, wounded and captured in the Battle of Groton Heights,
September 6, 1781. The illustrations are from original drawings, made
under the supervision of the Art School of the Norwich Free Academy, and
the book was printed and bound in the manual training department of
the same institution.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS.

A meeting of the Board of Directors, called for 3 f. m., June 16.
1904, was adjourned to 12.30 p. m., June 17, for lack of quorum.

The chairman, Ernest E. Rogers, said the meeting was called to
consider asking the City of New London to improve Winthrop Park,
by curbing and grading it, agreeable to the plans of the sculptor of the
Winthrop statue. Upon motion of Hon. George F. Tinker, seconded
by J. Lawrence Chew, it was

Voted: That the Secretary be, and hereby is, instructed to write His
Honor the Mayor of New London, to lay before the Honorable Court of
Common Council our request that Winthrop Park, formerly a section ot
the old Town Square, on which a cornerstone for a monument to Governor
John Winthrop the Younger, was laid May 6, 1896, be curbed, graded and a
suitable foundation laid for the reception of the Winthrop statue, to be placed
bv the State of Connecticut, on the pedestal for which this Society is responsi-
ble ; that the work be done this season agreeable to the specifications recom-
mended by Sculptor Bela L. Pratt, which specitications. together with a map
of the Park, shall accompany said communication.

Hon. George F. Tinker and John McGinley were appointed a nom-
inating committee to present a list of officers and committees at the
annual meeting.

The following were proposed for honorary membership : WiUis-
ton Walker, Ph. D., D. D., George Park Fisher. D. D.. LL. D., Pro-
fessor Charles Henry Smith, LL. D., Professor Henry P. Johnston.

A. M.

The meeting was adjourned.

SECRETARY'S REPORT.

For thk ykar ending Septemher i, 1904-

Mr. President, Members of the New London County Historical

Society' :
In the history of societies, as of individuals, there are yc.u> ...c.
results are not so apparent as at other times, and yet, w.ih dut.es

14.1

144 SECRETARY'S REPORT.

faithfully performed, none of us would count such years lost. In the
year just closing, this Society, while far from accomplishing all that
might be desired, has steadily pursued its onward way. and stands
to-day, I believe, somewhat in advance of the position it held a year
ago, both financially and in the way of achievement. At the
beginning of the year the financial problem was assuming a serious
aspect, for the rent of this apartment is more than the Society
is able to pay. The need of a definite plan for raising the
funds necessary to meet the existing deficit, pay rent, and provide for
incidental expenses, led to the appomtment of the following com-
mittee at the annual meeting last September : Ernest E. Rogers,
Frederic Bill, John McGinley, Jonathan Trumbull and Carl J. Viets.
The plan of the committee to solicit special contributions, to be given
for a term of three years toward the running expenses, worked
admirably, as the amount pledged in response to the appeal was suffi-
cient to cover the rent of the apartment for that length of time. As a
slight recognition of the gifts thus received, life memberships have
been given to the following persons: Mrs. J. N. Harris, James W.
Bixler, D. D., Alfred H. Chappell. Frank H. Chappell, R. T. Palmer, Jr.,
Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin A. Armstrong, Mr. and Mrs. Lucius E. Whiton,
Elisha Turner, Mr. and Mrs. George F. Tinker, George C. Strong.

Frequent requests for genealogical information have led to the
appointment by the Advisory Committee of Miss Lucretia W. Smith,
to take charge of that department of the Society's work.

The gift of one hundred dollars from the chairman of the Library
Committee made it possible, during the year, to publish Part V. \o\-
ume n. of the Records and Papers. The Society was thus enabled
to sell the publication to members at half price, and to send out more
than the usual number of complimentary copies. As this part com-
pleted the second volume, title-pages and indexes for the two volumes
were inserted, for binding purposes.

The winter meeting of the Society was held in the Peck Library
in Slater Hall, Norwich, February 24, 1904. The program follows:

Address of Welcome, Henry A. Tirrell

Principal Norwich Free Academy.

SECRETAR^' S KKPORT. I45

Response, ( „iin S. Buell

Principal Williams Memorial Institute, New London.
Paper — Governor John Winthrop Jr., of Connecticut,

as a Physician Walter R. Stein, r M I).

Paper — The Distribution of the Pequot Lands,

Maj. Hela I'eck Learned

Since the last annual meeting, there have been one hundred and
twenty-two accessions to the library, including books and pannjhlets.
and a few relics have been added to the collection.

It is pleasant to report that the final model of the John Winthrop
statue has been approved by the Commission, and the sculptor
has sent it to the Bonnard Bronze Foundry in New York to be cast
in bronze. This will require about si.x months' time, so that its com-
pletion in the early spring of ne.xt year is assured. On June seven-
teenth, 1904, a petition was sent to the Common Council of the City of
New London asking to have Winthrop Park curbed, graded, and a
foundation laid for the statue. This request received favorable con-
sideration, and it is understood that the contract has been let, and the
work will be completed at an early date. In August, the Covernor
appointed the President of this Society. Krnest K. Rogers, on the
Winthrop Statue Commission, to succeed to the position made vacant
by the death of the Hon. Robert Coit.

During the year, 1904, four members have died, all of whom were
highly respected in the communities in which tiiey lived.

Hon. Richard A. Wheeler, of Stonington, was a life member of this
Society, and its only surviving incorporator. He was a member of
the New England Historic Genealogical Society, and a life member of
the Connecticut Historical Society. His "History of the Lirst Con-
gregational Church in Stonington," published in 1875, and the
"History of Stonington, with Genealogies." published in i«>oo,
are well-known books. His last historical work was a paper en-
titled " Memories," written for the annual meeting of this Society in
1902. This was printed in the Records and Papers issued last April.

Captain James Smith of New London, long identified with this

146 SECRETARY'S REPORT.

Society, was without doubt, the best known sea-faring man in
this vicinity.

Robert Porter Keep, Ph. D., for many years principal of the Nor-
wich Free Academy, was in charge of a school in Farmington at the
time of his death. He was greatly interested in the work of this
Society, and it was largely owing to his efforts that the Academy
issued our first volume of Occasional Publications.

Hon. Robert Coit, of New London, occupied many public posi-
tions and was well known throughout the State. He was a member
of several historical and patriotic societies and, at the time of his
death, was chairman of the Commission appointed by the Governor
for the erection of a statue to the memory of Governor John Winthrop
the Younger. His successful efforts while chairman of the Winthrop
Monument Committee of this Society are already on record in the
report of the last annual meeting.

Since last September, nine annual members have become life mem-
bers. The Societ}^ now numbers forty- four life, one hundred seventeen
annual, and fourteen honorary members.

Respectfully submitted,

Elizabeth Gorton,

Secretary.

MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1904.

The annual meeting of the New London County Historical Society
vras held in the Society's rooms. Apartment E, Harris Building,
September i, 1904.

The meeting was called to order by the President, Ernest E.
Rogers, at 3 p. m.

The minutes of the Board meeting, held June 17, 1904, and the
Secretary's annual report were read and approved.

The report of the Treasurer, Carl J. Viets, showing a slight balance
on hand, was read by the Secretary. The President explained in
detail certain items in the report, after which it was accepted. The
following persons were unanimously elected honorarj- members :

MINUTES OF Till-: ANMAL MKETING, u/o^.
Williston Walker, Ph. D., D. D., Professor of Ecclesiastical I i
Yale; George Park Fisher, D. D., LL. D., Professor Emeritus, l-.cc m
siastical History, Yale; Charles Henry Smith, LL. I)., Professor
American History, Yale; Henry P. Johnston, A. NL, Professor of
History, College of City of New York.

Ernest E. Rogers, chairman of Finance Committee appointed at
the last annual meeting to devise ways and means for meeting the ex-
isting deficit and for paying rent and other running e.\penses of the
Society, gave a report. He said the committee had been called to-
gether, and plans made to ask for special contributions to be given
for three consecutive years, toward the running expenses. In response
to personal appeals, a sufficient amount had been pledged to cover the
annual rent of the apartment, — two hundred and twenty- five dollars,
— for three years. The work for which the committee was appointed
having been accomplished, on motion of Miss Chapell, seconded by

P. LeRoy Harwood, it was

\oted : That the report he accepted and the committee discharged.

Miss Chapell, chairman of the Library Committee, said that
a large number of pamphlets and magazines which had accumulated
for several years, had been sent to the bindery She thought there
would be twenty-five or thirty voluiries when completed. For another
year, plans were being made to bind the newspapers.

In the absence of Jonathan Trumbull, chairman of the Publication
Committee, the President spoke of the work accomplished by that
committee in issuing Part V. Volume II. of the Records and Papt-*.
thus completing the second volume.

The Secretary read the report of the Nominating Committee, sent
by Hon. George F. Tinker, chairman Durmg the year three mem-
bers of the Advisory Committee had been removed by death, and the
name of one residing outside the city taken from the list. Four new
members were added: Miss Cornelia W. Chapell. Henry A. Tirrell,
Colin S. Huell and Richard W. Wall. The n.wue of Mrs. Ernest H
Rogers was added to the Library Committee. The ballot as pre-
sented contained the following list of otticers and committees :
President— Ernest E. Rogers. New London.
First Nice Proident — Frederic Hill Groton.

148 MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1904.

Second Vice President — Jonathan Trumbull, Norwich.

Third Vice President — J. R. Warren, North Lyme.

Secretary — Miss Elizabeth Gorton, New London.

Treasurer — Carl J. Viets, New London.

Advisory Committee — Ernest E. Rogers, Hon. George F. Tinker,
New London; Charles B. Ware, Hartford; George W. Goddard, Salem,
Mass.; Jonathan Trumbull, Norwich: Walter Learned, New London;
Frederic Bill, Groton ; Frederic S. Newcomb, John McGinley, New Lon-
don ; Lewis D. Mason, M. D., Brooklyn, N. Y. ; H. Wales Lines, Meriden ;
Major Bela Peck Learned, Norwich : J. Lawrence Chew, Sebastian D. Law-
rence, George C. Strong, Henry R. Bond, Cornelia W. Chapell, Jr., New
London; Henry A. Tirrell, Norwich: Colin S. Buell, Richard B. Wall, New-
London.

Publication Committee — Jonathan Trumbull, Miss Elizabeth Gorton,
Ernest E. Rogers.

Library Committee — Miss Cornelia W. Chapell, Miss May Kelsey
Champion, Mrs. Ernest E. Rogers, Lucius E. Whiton.

Auditing Committee — Lee S. Denison, George Whittlesey, P. LeRoy
Harwood.

It was voted that the Secretary cast the ballot, and the officers
and committees were declared elected as nominated.

On motion of Charles C. Perkins, the donor of the binding fund
was given a vote of thanks for the gift.

The next item of business related to the Winthrop Monument.
The President stated that it was sculptor Pratt's plan to use a natural
boulder as a pedestal for the statue, and while several photographs
had been sent to him, no selection could be made until he came to
New London the last of the month. Estimates for moving the boulder
would then be obtained. The question was asked if it was the pleas-
ure of the meeting for the Society to purchase the pedestal, or to
have the funds raised by public subscription. The Society was re-
sponsible for the pedestal, as there was no provision for it in the State
appropriation. After a full discussion, it was thought that greater
interest would be created by public contributions, and upon motion of
Charles C. Perkins, seconded by Miss Cornelia W. Chapell, it was

Voted : That an opportunity be given societies, individuals, school
children and the general public to contribute toward the pedestal for the
Winthrop statue, and that the subscription be headed by this Society.

The desirability of inviting the Common Council and Board of

Trade to co-operate with the Historical Society in making arrange-

MINUTKS OF TllK ANM AL Mi:KriN(.. iy><- M'*

ments for the coming celebration— as they did nine years ago. when
the cornerstone was laid -was considered. The chairman said that
a standing committee for securing the Winthrop statue was appointed
at the annual meeting held September i, 1R96. This committee con
sisted of the same members appointed by the Society to plan a cele-
bration for the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the founding

of the town.

On motion of Richard W. Mansfield, seconded by Charles L

White, it was

Voted ■ That the Honorable Court of Common Cnmcil and the Board
of Trade ot the Citv of Ne^v London be invited to co-..perat^e ^.•.th the Ne^
London County lli'storical Society in the celebration attend.ng the uuvcl-
in^ of the Winthrop statue on May 6. 1905-

^ Voted : That the standing con.mittee of three, appointed at »^- -^^^^
meeting in 1896. consisting of Ernest E. Rogers. 1-rank L-Pal-erand
Chadef B Ware be continued, with the exception that the name ot Lharles
C Pe:kin; be substituted for that of Charie^ B- Ware, who has removed
from the citv.

On motion of Mr. Perkins, the meeting was adjourned.

Elizabkth Gorton,

Secretary.

MEETINGS OF BOARD OF DIRECTORS.
The Board of Directors of the New London County Historical
Soctety met in the rooms of the Society, Apartment K. Harr.s Hu.ld-
ing,Thursday, September 13, 1904.

The chairman, Ernest E. Rogers, spoke .f sculptor HelaF- I ra-
dish to use a boulder pedestal for the Winthrop statue. or mo t
past, certain members of the Society had been --'-«;; ^/^^^^^
Litable for the purpose, and at length had found one on th farm
o^T Hicks tn Waterford. wtth which Mr. Pratt was we pleased-
A motton was made by Hon. George F. rmker. seconded b> Cohn S.
Buell, and it was ^^^,,, ,^.

Voted: That the connuittee .s '-"-^^ J " °;.; , , ^,.„. „„d to h.vc
Hicks the boulder which has been approved b S^ulpto

1 tn the citv on the best terms obtamable.
it removed to tnc cu^ "<•

I50 MEETINGS OF BOARD OF DIRECTORS.

The cost of the work was roughly estimated, but no definite price
could be named at that time.

The matter of having the inscription on a bronze tablet, or cut in
the stone was fully considered, pro and con. Mr. Bill and others
spoke decidedly in favor of the tablet, and it was the general sense
of the meeting that the inscription would be much more satisfactory
and enduring if put on bronze.

The general location of the statue, its orientation, and other details
were discussed.

The last item of business referred to a bill for twenty dollars, for
books ordered by the former treasurer. The treasurer, Carl J. Viets,
was authorized to pay the bill, after which the meeting was adjourned.

Elizabeth Gorton,

Secretary.

A meeting of the Board of Directors was held in the Society's
rooms, Wednesday, December 21, 1904, at 3.30 p. m.

The meeting was called to order by the President, Ernest E. Rogers,
who said the first business of the afternoon was to decide definitely
whether to use a bronze tablet for the Winthrop monument, or to
have the inscription cut in the boulder pedestal. Expressions of
opinion, since the meeting of September thirteenth, when the matter
was freely discussed from many points of view, proved that the
majority of people were in favor of the tablet. Moreover, since that
meeting, Mr. Pratt had generously offered to give such a tablet, with
inscription, as his contribution to the work. The committee, before
accepting the gift and proceeding with the arrangements, wished to
have the approval of the Society. This was most heartily given by
the members present.

A letter was then read from the printer of the Hempstead Diary,
stating that he had a number of unbound printed copies for sale, and
asking for a price upon the same. The legality of his action was ques-
tioned, as the edition was limited to a certain number and copyrighted.
It was suggested that a letter be sent to Charles B. Ware, who made
the contract for the Society, to ascertain, if possible, the exact terms

meeting; S OF BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 151

specified, and that the matter be referred to the Secretary and Pres-
ident with power. The Secretary spoke of a letter received from
Jonathan Trumbull, chairman of the Committee on Connecticut
Bibliography, in which he wrote of the desirability of the Society
adding its contributions to that bibliography, while the cards were
deposited at the New London Public Library. A quotation from the
circular which he enclosed will give a plan of the work as outlined :

•'The rapid increase in the growth and use of the public libraries of our
own state, the sister states, and the libraries of Europe has created a great
demand for Connecticut items. The sons and daughters of old Connecticut
who are now found in every part of the globe, as well as here at home, are
desiring to know more concerning the history of the state and them-
selves. Such study requires not only a knowledge of what has been
written along these'lines, but also where the same mav be found. What has
been written, and by whom.? What has been printed, and by whom?
When and where were they printed ? are the questions now asked and which
no one can answer with certainty.

At the meeting of the Connecticut Library Association, held in Derby
last February, it was definitely decided to ask the librarians through-
out the state 'to join hands in taking an inventory of what had been printed
along the following lines :

1. All printed works relating entirely to Connecticut and its subdivis-
ions, industries, and institutions, including the official publications of the
same, and all books printed in Connecticut to iSoo.

2. Printed works containing important references to Connecticut.

3. Genealogies of Connecticut families living in the state before iSoo.

4. Printed biographies of Connecticut men and women.

5. Newspapers and periodicals published in Connecticut.

6. Maps relating to Connecticut and its subdivisions.

7. Occasional sermons and addresses dealing with Connecticut history.

8. Pictures of important persons and events in the history of Connecti-
cut.

9. Location of important manuscript material relating to Connecticut.
In order that this material collected from so many sources and by so

many individuals may have permanent and practical value, the work must be
done according to a common standard. Therefore your committee having
this work in hand has prepared a standard card to be used for all items. In
filling out these cards, the following directions should bo followed :

1. Follow the title-page as printed.

2. Give author's name as it appears on the title-page.

3. Anonymous works should appear under the title as printed on the

title-page.

4. Note date of copyright, as all editions should be noted. State it a

Connecticut copyright.

1S2 MKKTINGS OF HOARP OV PIRKCTORS.

5. Books with pictures should be noted as illustnitod.

6. All iu:»ps. pictures, charts, etc., which are not pasjod as part ot the
text should be noted and number stated.

It is expected that each librarian will eniphasi/e the lists relating to his
own town and county, giving special emphasis to the publications of his
town, its church societies, etc., as many ot these items do not get into gen-
eral circulation.

Special notes concerning rare books, pamphlets, or local items are
especially invited, but always on the back of the card or cards.

These cards are to be deposited at the Connecticut State Library, Hart-
ford, where they will be arranged and may be consulted until such time as
they may be edited and the result embodied in a just and accurate biblio-
graphy of Connecticut."

The matter was left in charge of Miss Chapell and Miss C.orton.

Mr. Rogers said that through his orders, the foundation of the
Winthrop monument, laid by the city, had been enlarged. When it
was found that the size originally given in the Society's specifications
was too small, prompt action was necessary, consequently he had
assumed the responsibilit)' of changing the orders.

His action was approved by the members present.

The meeting was then adjourned.

Elizabeth Gortox,

Secretary.

A meeting of the Board of Directors was held in Apartment E,
Harris Building, June 21, 1905, at 3.00 p. m.. the President, Ernest
E. Rogers, in the chair.

The meeting was principally for consideration of details in connec-
tion with Winthrop day celebration, which had been arranged under
the auspices of the Society.

The first matter brought before the meeting was that of sending a
vote of thanks to sculptor Bela L. Pratt, for his gift of the plaster
model of the stati.e. and a bronze tablet for the pedestal.

After e.xpressions of grateful appreciation, it was

\'oted : That the Society express its sincere thanks to sculptor Bela L.
Pratt for his generous gift of the bronze tablet, placed on the pedestal of the
John Winthrop statue; and that the thanks of the Society are also extended
to Mr. Pratt for the gift of the plaster model of the statue, which now graces
the hall of the Societv.

MEETINGS OF BOARD OF DIRECTORS. i53

Voted : That the Secretary comiminicate to Mr. Pratt the ahove vote.

The funds on hand after paying the expenses of Winthrop day
would enable the Society to issue Part I. Volume III. of the Records
and Papers, containing an account of the celebration and other details
connected with the Winthrop monument. It was desired to have the
work done as soon as possible, but no one had been found who was
willing to compile and edit the publication. At the close of the meet-
ing, no definite decision had been reached regarding the matter.

Investigation had proved that the action of the printer of the
Hempstead Diary, in offering for sale copies over and above the limited
copyrighted edition, was illegal.

After an informal discussion of several matters pertaining to the

celebration of May 6, the Secretary was requested to thank John Hopson ,

Jr., chairman of the Finance Committee, for turning over to the

Society the balance left from the expenses of the celebration, and the

meeting was adjourned.

Elizabeth Gorton,

Secretary.

SECRETARY'S REPORT.

For the year ending September i, 1905.

Mr. President, Members of the New London County Historical

Society :

One more year in the life of our Society has closed, leaving behind
it the record of continued activity and progress. Much of the work
has been of the routine order, and would be uninteresting on paper.
Three meetings of the Board of Directors have been held, full reports
of which appear elsewhere. The membership roll contains the names
of forty-five life, one hundred fifteen annual, and seventeen honorary
members, a total increase of two since last year's report. Apprecia-
tive letters of acceptance have been received from Professors Willis-
ton Walker, George Park Fisher, Charles Henry Smith, and Henry P.
Johnston, who were elected to honorary membership at the last annual
meeting.

154 SECRETARYS REPORT.

The obimary list for 190; contains the names of seven members:

Miss Annie Edgar Beckwith. for many years a member of this
Society :

Tames Lawrence Chew, a chaner member of the Society, long on
the Advisory Board, from whose pen have come several articles
replete with local historical information ;

Xewton Fuller, an aged and highly esteemed man in the com-
munity, long identified with this Socierv- :

Burrell Woodworth Hyde, a banker of Xonvich :

Wolcott B. Manwaring. a well-knov\Ti citizen of Xew London:

James Swift Rogers, of Boston, compiler of the genealogy-, "Tames
S. Rogers of Xew London. Conn., and his Descendants : '"

Roben C. \\inthrop. Jr., of Boston, a life member of this Society, and
a descendant of the founder of Xew London. He was trained for the
law, but his environment led him to prefer the study of histor}- to
actual legal practice, and he gave much of his time in later years to
that branch of learning. He took a deep interest in the work of the
Massachusetts Historical Societ)-. of which his father was president
for more than thirty years.

The regular mid-winter meeting was omitted owing to additional
work in connection with Winthrop day celebration.

The accessions to the library for the year consist or nmer\-
bound volumes and one hundred sixt\-three pamphlets, acquired as
usual by gift and exchange.

Miss Lucretia W. Smith, who has charge of the Genealogical
i 'epartment. reports that a small amount has been contributed by
members for purchasicg genealogies, and adds that she will gladly
receive contributions for the object, and see that a wise expendi-
ture is made of the money. The Brewster Genealc^ has been added
to the library' through her efforts, and Major C. D. Parkhurst has
g^ven to the Society his manuscript notes on the Crocker family.

A number of miscellaneous manuscripts, which had been pUed
promiscuously in drawers, have been classified by a trained librarian,
the pamphlets have received similar attention and have been placed
in pamphlet boxes, the relics have been labelled and catalogued, while

secr?:tary's report. 155

many newspapers have been made ready for binding ; for all of which
work the Society is indebted to the chairman of the Library Committee.

A mere reference to the Society's work in connection with the
celebration May sixth will suffice. The statue to John VVinthrop the
Younger, erected by the State, stands to-day on its boulder pedestal
in Bulkeley Square, as a constant reminder of the sturdy character
and sterling worth of the man who accomplished so much in the early
history of our city and state. An account of the movement for the
erection of that statue, and of the celebration attending its unveiling
on May sixth, will be given in Part I. Volume III. of the Records and
Papers, the publication of which is made possible by the balance on
hand after payment of the expenses for Winthrop day.

In acknowledging the Society's vote of thanks sent him by the
Secretary, the sculptor of the statue expressed his appreciation of the
courtesy extended him, and added that he had taken great pleasure
in working for the Society.

Respectfully submitted,

Elizabeth Gorton,

Secretary.

MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1905.

The annual meeting of the New London County Historical Society
was held in Apartment E, Harris Building, September i, 1905. The
President, Ernest E. Rogers, opened the meeting, and gave the fol-
lowing report for the Winthrop Monument Committee, appointed in
1895:
To the Members ot the New London County Historical Society :

The work accomplished by your Committee on the Winthrop Monument
has been noted in the annals of the Society from year to year, and having
been of a public character, the progress is familiar to you all. Therefore
little remains to formally report except a brief outline of the duties pertain-
ing to the specific work of this Committee, the details of which the Secre-
tary will publish in the Records and Papers.

The bronze statue was strictly in charge of the State Commissioners :
and the foundation for the monument, the coping and grading of the trian-
gular parklet were in the hands of the Street Committee of New London.

156 MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1905.

It remained tor this committee to find a suitable boulder for a pedestal, raise
the necessary funds for its removal, procvire a bronze tablet and prepare the
inscription. It also devolved on this Committee to unite with committees
of the Court of Common Council and Board of Trade of New London, in ar-
ranging and conducting the celebration of the completion of the memorial.
The Committee takes this occasion to thank all who, in any capacity,
aided either with funds or time : and to commend the patriotic spirit exhibit-
ed bv a grateful Commonwealth and a devoted City, to the memory of that
eminent governor and founder, John Winthrop the Younger. And now,
on this day vrhich completes just a decade since the Society publicly an-
nounced its intention to commemorate the services of that great statesman,
your Committee, appointed in 1895, having completed the trust imposed
upon it, requests to be discharged.

Mr. Rogers was then excused, owing to sickness in his family, and
Frederic Bill, First Vice President, took the chair. Upon motion of
John McGinley, seconded by George F. Tinker, it was

Voted : That the report be accepted, and the Committee discharged.

Mr. Bill spoke of the satisfactory manner in which the details of the
celebration had been planned and executed, and thought great credit
was due the members of the Committee for their efforts in procuring
the statue. He considered it all a brilliant success, and expressed his
surprise and pleasure at the financial balance. He suggested that a
vote of thanks to Mr. Rogers and the Committee he represented would
be most fitting, and Mr. Tinker was chosen to formulate such a vote.

It was unanimously voted : That this Society, recognizing his able and
disinterested services, covering a period of more than ten years, does hereby
tender to Mr. Ernest E. Rogers its profound appreciation of the double
accomplishment. First : As the leading spirit for the procurement of the ten
thousand dollar appropriation for the erection of a suitable monument to the
meinorv of the first Governor of Connecticut bv roval charter, which has
proven to be a great ornament to the City of New London, as also an endur-
ing evidence of Connecticut's historical prominence; Second: The tactful
and persistent, and never-fdltering work, under discouraging circumstances,
of the creation of a public sentiment that resulted in raising, from our
citizens, the requisite sum with which to celebrate, in the most suitable and
appropriate manner, the event, which reflects great credit to the Society of
which he is the head, as also great honor and repute to the city, and to
the Commonwealth as well.

Voted : That the above resolution be spread upon the records of the
Society, and that an engrossed copy of the same be presented to President
Rogers by the Secretary.

MIMTES OF THE ANMAL MKETINC;. 1905. 1^7

The chairman asked if it was the pleasure of the meeting to hear
the minutes of the meetings held during the year. As these would be
printed, it was voted to omit the reading.

The annual reports of the Secretary, and of the Treasvirer. Carl J.
Viets, were read and approved.

Miss Chapell, of the Library Committee, sent a statement of the
Binding Fund, which was read by the Secretary. She also reported
the labelling and cataloguing of the relics as practically complete,
while the manuscripts and pamphlets had been classified, a number of
magazines bound, and about sixty volumes of new.spapers made ready
for binding, in addition to a dozen volumes already finished.

Mr. Tinker, chairman of the Nominating Committee, after a few
preliminary remarks, in which he spoke of the death of Mr, Chew and
the fact that Mr. Viets desired to be released from the office of Treas-
urer, presented a list of nominees for the ensuing year. The officers
and committees were elected as nominated.

Jonathan Trumbull, in his report, said that a meeting of che Publi-
cation Committee was held in Norwich in July, and plans partially
made for publishing Part I. Volume III. of the Records and Papers.

A statement of the receipts and expenditures for the Stone Records
of Groton, published in 1903, was given by the Secretary, who had kept
a separate account of the same. To ensure prompt payment for the
publication, in June 1903, a member loaned the Society two hundred
dollars, without interest, for an indefinite period. The balance due on
the loan having recently been paid, all future receipts from sale of
books would go directly to the Treasurer in general account.

In appreciation of the bequest of Newton Fuller it was
Voted : That among the gifts bestowed on the Societv bv citizens of
New London it is desired to recognize the Society's appreciation of
sundry books having historical vaUie, bequeathed by our late esteemed towns-
man, Mr. Newton Fuller,

\'otcd : That the above vote be spread upon the records of thi^. Society,
and that a copy he transmitted to the relalixes of the deceased, the nearest of
kin.

The meeting was adjourned to the Parish House of the First
Church of Christ, where William C. (iilman of Norwich read a paper
entitled " New Connecticut, or the Western Reserve."

Fliz.^beth Gorton,

Secretary,

iss

ANNUAL FINANCIAL REPORTS.
TREASURER'S REPORT.

Year ending September i, 1904.

RECEU'TS.

Received from C. B. Ware, Treas.,
Annual dues and Publication Account,
Interest, .......

Contributions for Rent and Running Expenses,
Contribution for Publication Account,
Drawn from old Publication Account,

EXPENSES

Stationery and Printing,

Interest,

Miscellaneous Expenses,

Rent to July ist,

Binding Fimd for 1902 and

Records and Papers,

Hempstead Diary Account,

903

$195.69

85.74

265.00

100.00

60.00

$ 10.65
3 1 -oo

225.00
100.00
191.50
200.00

Cash on hand.

LIABILITIES.

Amount due Binding Fund, 1904,
Loan for Hempstead Diary Account,
Unpaid Rent for one quarter,

$ 92.99

706.43
$799.42

$783.40
$ 16.02

$ 50.00

500.00

56.25

CARL J. VIETS,

Treasurer.
TREASURER'S REPORT.

Year ending September i, 1905.

Receipts.

Sept 1, 1904. Cash on hand, . . . .

Annual Dues and Publishing Account,
Interest, ........

Contributions for Rent and Running Expenses,

Winthrop Celebration Committee,

Winthrop Pedestal Fund,

$ 16.02

$124.49

20.20

225.00

473-87

215-93

1.059-49

$1,075.51

ANNUAL F'lXANCIAL REPORTS.
Expenses.

Liability.
Loan for Hempstead Diary Account,

i>9

Stationery and Printing,

$ 7.10

Interest, ......

Janitor, . . , . .

Miscellaneous Expenses,

Rent to Oct. i,

25.00
9.30

44-35
281.25

Binding Fund for 1904,
Hempstead Diary Account,

50.00
100.00

Balance due on Stone Records. .

SS.54

Insurance, ......

15.50

$621.04

$454-47

Cash on hand, . . . . .

$400.00

CARL J. VIETS,

Treasurer.

STATEMENT OF BINDING FUND.

New London County Historic.^- Society.

1905. Dr.

March 15. To Cash in Savings Bank,
|ulv I. Interest.

Cr.

March. By Binding Newspapers

50 Pamphlet Boxes,
Portfolios

June. Binding i \'olume,

August 21. Cash on hand.

Balance in Sa\inirs Bank,

$151.00
2.47

:r'2.25

$153-47

$6.2.«

$153-47
CORNELIA W. clI.M'i.I.L. Jk..

Cliairman Library Committee.

i6o

STONE RECORDS OF GROTON.

New London County Historical Society.

Receipts.
1903.
June 3. Loan from member. ..... $200.00

July 12. Sales to date, 186.82

$386.82

Expenditures.

Balance paid by Carl J. \'iets, Treasurer, . 88.54

$386.82

June 3. Academy Press, on accovint before comple-
tion of publication, ...... $200.00

July 12. Academy Press, bill for
printing and binding 300
copies Stone Records of
Groton, .... $319.44
Wrapping and labelling, 9-50

400 circular announce-
ments with envelopes, . 7-50

$336.44

Less sum paid on account, . . . 200.00 136.44

Postage and sundries to date, . . . -5-7-

Balance, 24.66

Statement of Loan Accoi nt.

Dr.

1903.
June 3. To Loan, (above). $200.00 $200.00

Cr.

1904.
Feb. 5. By first payment :

Sale of books, . . . $55.34

Balance (above), . . . 24.66 So.oo

1905-
July 20. By second payment :

Sale of books, . . . 33-91

Sundries to date, . . . 2.45 31-46

$200.00

ELIZABETH GORTON,

Secretarv.

GIFTS.
September i, 1903 — September i. 190:

NAME.

RESIDENCE

American Numismatic and Archieological

Society

Arnold, James N

Armstrong, Benjamin L

A%ery, Helen M

Baker, Mrs. Emma T.

Baker, Henry M

Bates, Albert C

Beckwith, Miss Annie Edgar (estate).- ■•

Berkeley Di\ inity School

Boston, Registry Department ot

Brainard, Miss Sarah P.

Branch, Mrs. Mary L. B

Bureau of Education.

Burrows, Russell

Chapell, Miss Cornelia W

Chew, Miss Alice

Connecticut Historical Society '

Connecticut Chapters, D. A. R

Connecticut State Library ,

Dedham Historical Society '

Department of Interior

Department of State

Dimock, Mrs. Susan Whitney

Edgerton, George A

Gorton, Albert

Hotchkiss, Hobert L

Hyde Park 1 listorical Society

Kansas State Historical Society

Lamb, Fred W "

Learned, Major Bela Peck

Lester, Leonard

Library of Congress

Logan, Walter S

Mansfield, Mrs. Richard W

Mason, Lewis D

Middlesex County Historical Society

Missouri Historical Society

National Society, D. A. R

New England Historic Genealogical Soci-

New York City

Providence. R.I

New London, Conn.
New London. Conn-
Mohegan, Conn.
Concord. N. H..
Hartford, Conn.
New London. Conr
Middletown, Conn

Boston, Mass

New London, conn.
New London, Conn.
Washington, D. C...
Nesv London, Conn-
New London, Conn-
New London, Conn.
Hartford, Conn

Hartford, Conn. ■ •
Dedham, Mass.. • •
Washington, I). C.
Washington, D. C.
South Coventry, Conn
New London, Conn

Gilead, Conn

New Haven, Conn..
Hyde Park, Mass.. .
Topeka, Kansas. • ■ •
Manchester, N. 1 1.

Norwich, Conn

New London, Conn
Washington, D. C. .

New ^'ork City

New London, Conn
Brooklyn, N. ^'. • . •
Middletown, Conn..

St. Louis

Washington, 1). C-

etv, ' Boston, Mass.

New England Society of Cincinnati- ■
New Hampshire Historical Society...
New Haven Colony Historical Society

|.. .1

Concord. N. H.. . -■
New H;ivi-n. c\)iin.

161

l62

GIFTS [continued].

NAME.

RESIDEN'CE.

New Jersey Historical Society

New York Genealogical and Biograph-
ical Society

New York Historical Society

Ohio Archieological and Historical Soci-
ety

Parkhurst, Lieut. -Colonel C D

Portland Benevolent Society

Rhode Island Historical Society

Rogers, Ernest E

Rogers, Miss Florence S

Royal Academy of Belles-lettres, History
and Antiquities

Sag Harbor Historical Society

Smith, H. Allen "

Smith, Mrs. Frederic M

Smith, Miss Lucretia W

Smith, Mrs. Marv F -

Smithsonian Institution

Society of Colonial Wars in the District
of Columbia

Solly, J. B

State Historical Museum

State Historical Society of Wisconsin- • •

Steiner, Walter R., M."D.

Swanson, Andrew

Trumbull, Jonathan

Wells, Charles T

White, Charles E. (Ex. Capt. Ebenezer
and Thomas Morgan estate)

West Virginia Historical and Antiquarian
Society

Williams, Charles A

Williams Memorial Institute

Worcester Society of Antiquity

N'ineland Historical and Antiquarian So-
ciety

Yale University

Paterson, N. J.

New York City
New York Citv

Columbus, Ohio-...
Portland, Maine. • • •
Portland, Maine. . • • •
Providence. R. I... ■
New London, Conn.
Washington. D. C. •

Stockholm, Sweden
Sag Harbor, L. I. . .
Brookfield Center, Conn
New London, Conn- • -
New London. Conn-
Woonsocket, R. I....
Washington. D. C. . .

Washington, U. C. • •
Philadelphia, Penn..

Guilford, Conn

Madison, Wisconsin.

Hartford, Conn

New London, Conn.

Norwich, Conn

Hartford, Conn

Groton, Conn.

Charleston. West Virginia

Salem, Conn

New London, Conn

Worcester, Mass

Vineland, N. J. . . .
New Haven, Conn.

/;
M
•4'
•3

.6'

OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES

. . . or . . .

The New London County Historical Society

PIlected at the Annual Meetin(; Ski'tk.mkkk i, 190^.

PRESIDENT,

ERNEST E. ROGERS, New London.

FIRST VICE-PRESIDBNT,

FREDERIC BILL, Groton.

SECOND VICE-PRESIDBNT,

JONATHAN TRUMBULL, Norwich.

THIRD VICE-PRESIDENT,

J. R. WARREN, North Lyme.

SECRETARY,

Miss ELIZABETH GORTON, New London.

TREASURER,

LEE S. DENISON, New London.

ADVISORY COMMITTEE.

Ernest E. Rogers, New London.

Hon. George F. Tinker, New London.

C^harles B. Ware, Hartford.

George W.Goddard, Salem, Mass.

Jonathan Trumbull, Norwich.

\\ alter Learned, New London.

Frederic Bill, Groton.

Frederic S. Newcomb, New London.

John McGinley, New London.

Lewis D. Mason, M. D., Brooklyn, N. \'.

H. Wales Lines, Meriden.
Major Bela Peck Learned, Norwich.
Sebastian D. Lawrence, New London.
George C. Strong, New London.
Henry R. Bond, New London.
Cornelia W. Chapell, Jr., New London.
Henry A. Tirrell, Norwich.
Colin S. Buell, New London.
Richard B. Wall, New London.
P. LeRoy Harwooil, New London.

PUBLIC.VTION COMMITTEE.

Jonathan Trumbull, Norwich, Miss Elizabeth Gorton. New London,

Ernest E. Rogers, New London.

LIIIRARV COMMITTEE.

Miss Cornelia W. Chapell, New London, Miss M.ty Kelsey Champion, New I^ndon,

Lucius E. Whiton, New London, Mrs. Ernest E. Rogers, New London.

AlOITING COMMITTEE.

George Whittlesey, New London. P- LcRny Harw-od, New London.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

LIFE.

Benjamin A., New Lon-
Mrs. Benjamin A., New
Lon-
New

Armstronj
don.

Armstronj^
London.

Armstrong, Benjamin L., New
don.

Armstrong, Mrs. Benjamin L.,
don.

Averv, Miss Elizabeth ^L, Groton.

Bixler, James W., D. D., New Lon-
don.

Benjamin, Miss Mary Eddye, Groton.

Bill, Frederic, Groton.

Brandegee, Frank B., New London.

Champion, Miss May Kelsey, New
London.

Chapell, Mrs. Cornelia W.
London.

Chapell, Miss Cornelia W.
London.

Chappell, Alfred H., New London.

Chappell, Frank H., Ncav London.

Collier, Mrs. A. C, New London.

Copp, John J., Groton.

Goddard, George W., Salem, Mass.

Harris, Mrs. J. N., New London.

Lawrence, Sebastian D., New London.

Learned, Walter, New London.

Lines, H. Wales, Meriden.

Mason, Amos Lawrence, ^L I)., Bos-
ton, Mass.

Nex

New

Mason, Lewis D., M. D., Brooklyn.

Nelson, A. W., M. D., New London.

Newcomb, Frederic S., New London.

Newcomb, Mrs. Frederic S., New-
London.

Newcomb, James, M. D., New York.

Osgood, Mrs. Frederic L., Norwich.

Packer, E A., M. D., New York.

Palmer, Frank L., New London.

Palmer, R. T., Jr., New London.

Potter, Miss Fannie, Poquonoc Bridge.

Rogers, Ernest E., New London.

Rogers, Mrs. Ernest E., New Lon-
don.

Smith, Miss Lucretia ^^^, New Lon-
don.

Strong, George C, New London.

Tinker, Hon. George F., New Lon-
don.

Tinker, Mrs. George F., New Lon-
don.

Turner, Elisha, New London.

Turner, Mrs. Elisha, New London.

\'alentine, Herbert, New York.

Walker, Mrs. Emeline Tate, Chicago,
111.

Ware, Charles B., Hartford.

Whiton, LviciusE., New London.

Whiton. Mrs. Lucius E., New Lon-
don.

ANNUAL.

Amelung, Mrs. Cecilia Lord Spencer,

Sag Harbor, L. I.
Barber, O.. M., M. D., Mystic.
Barlow, Mrs. John W., New London.
Beckwith, Cyrus G., New London.
Beecher, Edward C.,New Haven.

Beecher, Mrs. Edward C, New Ha-
ven.

Belcher, William, New London.

Belden, Miss Annie, New London.

Bingham, Hiram, Jr., Cambridge,
Mass.

164

LIST OF MEMBERS.

ir,5

Bond, Henry R., New London.

Boss, Charles D., New London.

Browning, Amos A., Norwich.

Buell, Colin S., New London.

Bush, Miss Celeste E., Niantic.

Chaney, Miss Maria. New London.

Chapman, Williani H., New London.

Chappell, Mrs. Hannah, New London.

Chester, Walstein R., Boston, Mass.

Clarke, Mrs. Augusta, Old Lyme.

Coit, Alfred, New London.

Cook, Hiram, Norwich.

Crandall, Miss Ada L., Norwich.

Crandall,Mrs. Charlotte, New London.

Crandall, Herhert L., New London.

Crandall, Mrs. Herbert L., New Lon-
don.

Danforth, Rev. J. Romeyn, New Lon-
don.

Denison, Lee S., New London.

Dillaby, Julian R., Norwich.

Dodge, Ozias, Norwich.

Douglas, Miss Emma, New London.

Eggleston, Mrs. Katherinc P., New
London.

Ely, George, Old Lyme.

Farnsworth, Frederic, M. D., New-
London.

Gates, Benjamin F , New London.

Oilman, Miss Emily S., Norwich.

Oilman, Miss Maria P , Norwich.

Gorton, Miss Elizabeth, New London.

Grint, Rev. Alfred Poole, Ph. D.,
New London.

Griswold, Miss Elizabeth, (jroton.

Harwood, P. LeRoy, New London.

Havemeyer, Mrs. Julia, Hartford.

Hewitt, Charles J., New London.

Hopson, John Jr., New I^ondon.

Hyde, Mrs.Burrell W., Norwich.

Kingsbury, William, New London.

Lane, Mrs. Louisa G., Norwich.

Lane, Miss Sarah, Black Hull.

Lay, Daniel L, Lyme.

Learned, Major Bela Peck, Norwich.

Lippitt. Mrs. Charles C, New London.

Lockwood, Miss Mary, New London.

Mansfield, Richard W., New London.

Mansfield, Mrs. Richard VV., New
London.

Marsh, Miss Frances A., Norwich.

Marshall, Mrs. Andrew, Nashville,
Tenn.

Mason, Theodore West, Greenwich.

Maxson, Charles L., New London.

McGinky, Arthur Bosworth, New
I-ondon.

McGinlcy, John, New London.

McGinley, John, Jr., New London.

McGinley, Stephen Essex, New Lon-
don.

McGinley, Thomas Stratton, New
London.

McGinley, Winthrop Essex, New Lon-
don.

Mead, Mrs. Constance S., New London.

Meech, Miss Louise B., Norwich.

Mitchell. Alfred, New I^ondon.

Mitchell. Archibald, Norwich.

Moser, Mrs. F. E., New York.

Newcomb, James, New London.

Olcott, Mrs William M., Norwich.

Palmer, Elisha L., New London.

Palmer, Rev. Frank, Norwich.

Palmer, George S., New London.

Parks, Frank S., Washington. D. C.

Peabody, Mrs. Maria L., New London.

Perkins. Charles C, New London.

Perkins. Miss Mary E., New London.

Phillips. Daniel L., Griswold.

Porter, Cieorge S., Norwich.

Pratt, Bela L., Boston, Mass.

Pratt, Rev. Llewellyn. D.D .Norwich.

Prince, Miss Harriet A. E., New Lon-
don.

Revnoliis, Mrs. 1 kiiry Lee, Norwich.

Riplev. Miss Hannah Lathrop. Nor-
wich.

Robbins. Z. R.. .Norwich.

Robinson, Mrs. F. W.. Norwich.

Saltonstall, F. G.. New York City.

ShiTinan. Mrs. Caroline. New London.

1 66

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Slocomb, Mrs. Cuthbert H., Groton.
Smith, Mrs. Frederic M., New London.
Stark, William M., New London.
Stoddard, Miss Sarah A., New London.
Sturd}', George A., New London.
Tirrell, Henry A., Norwich.
Totten, John R., New York.
Trumbull, Jonathan, Norwich.
Tin-ner, Luther G., Torrington.
Turner, Miss Mary J., New London.
Tyler, Col. Augustus C, New London.
Tyler, Mrs. Augustus C, New Lon-
don.
Utley, Herbert D., New^ London.
^'iets, Carl J., New London.

\'iets, Mrs. Carl J., New London.
Wall, Richard B., New London.
Warren, J. R., North Lyme.
Warren, W. W. J., New York.
Weaver, Miss Louise B., New London.
White, Charles E., Groton.
Whittlesey, George, New London.
Whittlesey, Mrs. George I)., New

IvOndon.
Wickwire, Arthur M., New York City.
Willard, S. P., Colchester.
Williams, John Oliver, New York City.
Woodard, Frank L., Norwich.
Woodward, P. H., Hartford.

HONORARY.

Bates, Albert C, Hartford.

Briggs, L. Vernon, M. D., Hanover,
Mass.

Dexter, Prof. Franklin B.,New Haven.

Fisher, George Park, D. D., LL. U.,
New Haven.

Oilman, Daniel Coit, LL. D., Wash-
ington, D. C.

Godard, George S., Hartford.

Hart, Rev. Samuel, D. D., Middle-
town.

Hazard, G. S., Buffalo, N. Y.

Johnston, Prof. Henr}- P., A. M., New
York City.

Larncd, Miss Ellen D., Thompson.

Lines, Rev. Edwin S., D. D., New
Haven.

Love, Rev. W. DcLoss, Ph. D., Hart-
ford.

Mitchell, Donald G., Edgewood.

Smith, Charles Henry, LL.D., New
Haven.

Stedman, Edmund Clarence, New-
York City.

Tucker, Rev. W. J., D. D., Hanover,
N. H.

Walker, Williston, Ph. D., D. D , New
Haven.

Records and Papers

NEW LONDON COUNTY

Historical Society

VOLUME III. PART II.

PRICE FIFTY CENTS.

a
o

5
o

u
o

RECORDS AND PAPERS

OF THE

NEW LONDON COUNTY

HISTORICAL SOCIETY

VOLUME III. PART II.

Compiled and Edited hy the Secretary.

Published hy the Society
Through the Kindness of Mrs, Cornelia W. Chapeli.

NEW LONDON, CONNECTICUT.
UJ12.

Publication Committee.
Jonathan Trumbull, Elizabeth Gorton, Ernest E. Rogers.

.N7N7

MAR 25 1916

Bingham Pai-ek Box Company, Printers,
New London, Connecticut.

©CI.A 4151420

">t^ /

CONTENTS.

Pack

A Backward Glance, hy Elizaukth Gorion . . 167

Cornelia Wetmore Chapell Porter, an Ai'I'reciation,

nv Eli/aheth (Norton, . . . . • '75

Fishers Islanli, Its History and Development, uv

F. E. Mine, . . . . f . i7,s

Ledyard, the Traveller, p.y Henry A. Tirrell, . 205

COMMEMORAl IVE SkETCH OF JOHN P. C. MaTHER, HY

Charles W. Butler, . . . . . 217

In Memoriam : Edmund Clarence Stedman, Daniel
CoiT GiLMAN, Donald Grant Mitchell, hy Jonathan

Trumbull, . . . . 1 . . . 220

The Study of Genealogy, p.y Colonel C. D. Parkhurst, 232

Samuel Chester Reid, nv Henry A. Tirrell, 249

A Forgotten Sok o*' Liberty, by Amos A. Browning, 257

Publications of the Society, .... 2S2

Records of the Society, September i, 1905 — September
I, 191 1 ; and Minutes of Annual Meeiing, Sepiem

BER 28, 191 I, . . . . 2S3

Appeal for Funds to Buy Shaw Mansion, . . 329

List of Contributors for Shaw Mansion, . , 330

Financial Reports, September 6, 1905— September i, njii, 334

Gifts, September I, 1905— September i. i«mi, 340

Officers and Committees, September i, 1911 September

I, 19 1 2. . . • 344

Necrology of the Society, September i, 1905 Decem

HER 31,1911, . • • 345

List of Me.mhers, January i, 1912, i4''

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Shaw Mansion, Home of the Society,

Perkins Green,

Shaw Mansion, Rear View, .

Old East End House, Fishers Island,

Mansion House, Fishers Island,

Edmund Clarence Stedman, .

Daniel Coit Oilman, .

Donald Grant Mitchell,

Frontispiece
Facing page i Jo
174
192
202
220
224

The Act of Incorporation allows the New London County
Historical Society to hold property, and bequests may be made
for specific objects, as a fund for endowment, for printing, or for
any desired purpose.

The form of such bequest is as follows:

I give and bequeath to the New London County Historical
Society, the sum of dollars, the same to

be applied to the fund of said Society to

be used under the direction of the officers of said Society, for
the purpose named.

A BACKWARD GLANCE.
Written for the Records and Papers, by the Secretary of the Society.

May, 191 1-
In these days, when so much is being said about a larger better
and more beautiful New London, one is indeed willing to ■• let the past
dead bury its dead," and to hail, with joy. whatever tends to brmg ,n
the new and better New London, rejoicing that this fair cty seems o
be arousing from the lethargy, into which she had fallen, and about to
grasp sonre of the opportunities with which Nature has - -.nenUy
endowed her; and yet, there is an indescribable charm about thmgs
ancient, which does not attach to the new.

, hLs been truly said, that - many of the natrons of Europe have
a dim twiiight, lying back of authentic records, where legend and
mysterious adventures may be found, and it is somet.mes a ma ter of
regret that the New World has no d,m tradifonaryper.od^ pen ad^d
by romance and stirring ballads, no ruined castles -^ o" g'e>
fortresses decaymg i„ woodland gloom, or frowning upon the top o
almost inaccessible promontories, to wh.ch we can resort fo the
.nanufacture of thrilling tales of romance and chivalry. Many .the
attractions of the Old World are lackmg here, ' ^"',7' air n
that have stood for centuries, artistic treasures of the o d - -, -d
numberless other things .hat come .0 our mind. And V -. ' --J
of our local historian • are true when she says of th,s place : 1 he w hole
r gion where we dwell is historic ground. Here the anaen, Nameaugs,
a 'b anch of the Pe,uots. lived, hunted, fought and waste away^
This was not purchased land, but a conquered '"ntory^a d
English settlers, taking possession of the wilderness, P'^n «i -^
towL, schools, churches and harvests.- Old London^ no Mod
laugh, should she hear her namesake exulting over a "- -o ™ ^
and sixty-five years of existence, and presummg to call anjth ng
lent, Irecte/within that period of time, .although apprec-n he
, 1 u , fV.^ nvfnrd L'^iiu e when he remarKt-u.

truth of the words spoken by tne Oxtora ^luuc
poting to a portion of one of the college buildings, - that ,s modern.

■Frances M. Caulkins.

i6S A BACKWARD GLANCE,

it was built in 1735," yet in this New World the view-point differs
somewhat, and while everything, connected with its history, is but a
tale of yesterday compared with that of the Old World, it is equally
true of this beautiful little spot bordering the American Thames, that
generations have come and gone since those early days when the Red
men held undisputed possession of the place, and their white brothers
were just awakening to the possibility of forming a new settlement.

The coming of the English, and the consequent extermination of
these simple children of the forest and stream, forms an interesting
page of history, but it brings forth a tear of pity to learn that the first
advance was made through bloodshed. The Mohegans and Pequots,
Uncas and Sassacus, seem like myths to us ; and the familiar story of
Winthrop and his little band of pioneers in the infant town, reads like
a tale that is told. In this anniversary month of the beginning of that
settlement, one can readily picture the beauty of the scene, as it must
have greeted those early comers, when all Nature was awakening from
the long sleep of winter, and putting on the inexpressibly beautiful
garments of spring-time. The simple life of the Indians was in
keeping with their rural surroundings, and their wigwams, dotted here
and there along the river-bank, or in the forests, and their canoes,
gliding silently through the waters, added beauty to the scene, although
their presence presaged danger and opposition to the English. These
" first settlers were strong-hearted, practical men, well adapted to the
exigency of the times. Their simple habits, puritan principles, and
stern, unbending integrity, united with a deep religious feeling, have
left their impress upon their descendants."

The New London of those early days is past, and there is no desire
to bring it back. In the vicissitudes of its later history, the ceaseless
hand of time has brought changes, many and varied, leaving but little
that outwardly attests the existence of the primitive town of Pequot,
or Nameaug, as it was then called. Here and there, scattered through
the city, may be seen an occasional building which escaped the traitor's
torch, and now serves as a silent reminder of colonial times ; but, one
by one, most of them have disappeared, the Winthrop homestead,
ideally situated near the old town mill, among the number, until the

A BACKWARD GLANCE. ,69

ones now worthy of preservation are few and far between. Among
the most interesting of those extant is the Shaw Mansion. Certain
members of the New London County Historical Society, realizing that
the fate of this beautiful old colonial house was in the balance, and that
it would surely be utilized for business purposes, unless steps were taken
for its preservation, determined to take the initiative in the matter,
and preserve for future generations, this place so closely associated
with colonial and revolutionary times in the town's history, and, at
the same time, secure a much needed, permanent home for the Society.
Thus it was a two-fold opportunity which presented itself; — an oppor-
tunity not without its serious problems, it is true, but subsequent
events proved that the time was ripe for their solution, although, at
first, the purchase price of thirty-three thousand dollars, seemed a
prohibitive one. After this price had been named by the owners, an
option was secured on the property, for three months, commencing
February fifteenth, 1907. A subscription paper was then prepared,
and given, by request of one whose identity was not revealed, to a
lawyer in the city. With one signature and a pledge for ten thousand
dollars, that paper was promptly returned to the President of the
Society. Never will the writer forget the memorable dinner of that
day, when, for a first course, was laid at her plate, that bit of paper
with its cheering news for this Society. On the twenty-first, six days
after the option was secured, this gift was publicly announced in the
press, and immediately following, came other subscriptions, among
them, a second, duplicating in amount the first one. On April fifteenth,
one month before the expiration of the option, a public appeal for
funds was printed in the local papers, and on the twenty-seventh of
the month, a circular letter was mailed to each member of the Society,
affording an opportunity for small gifts. The response was prompt
and generous, and the total amount of thirty-three thousand dollars
was pledged before May fifteenth, the date on which the option
expired.*

The land on which the Shaw Mansion stands, was purchased in

•The Records at the end of this publication, contain a detailed account o( the purchase ot the
property, and a list of the contributors. E- t»., Secretary.

170 A BACKWARD GLANCE.

'734) t)y Captain Nathaniel Shaw, who resided in a frame dwelling
until the winter of 1755-56. On Januar}- twenty-first of that winter, a
vessel, containing three hundred French Acadians. arrived from
Nova Scotia. The story of their capture, by the English, reads like a
heartless page of fiction, which is not pleasant to contemplate. This
bit of Acadian life which has entered our very doors, lends an added
charm to Longfellow's poem, with its portraiture of the happy home-
life of -'these simple Acadian farmers," who were borne into exile.

E.xUe without an end. and without an example in ston-.
Far asunder on separate coasts, the Acadians landed.

»##«»* * * * * * * * *

Friendless, homeless, hopeless, they wandered from city to city.

From the cold lakes of the North to sultry Southern savannas, —

From the bleak shores of the sea to the lands where the Father of Waters

Seizes the hills in his hands, and drags them down to the ocean.

It is an interesting fact, that more of these people were probably
disembarked in New London than at any other port in New England.
It was an inauspicious time for this large band of exiles to earn a
livelihood, and Captain Shaw graciously came to the rescue, by
allowing them to remove a large portion of the granite ledge from his
property", and build him a substantial stone residence. One going
into the cellar to-day. finds a concrete illustration of a house literally
founded upon a rock. At the outbreak of the Revolution, this house*
was the home of Nathaniel Shaw. Jr.. a man of great wealth and
inriuence. His loss, at the burning of New London, estimated by
himself, was more than ^12,000 sterling. His heirs, however, in 1793,
when the General Assembly of the State partially recompensed the
sufferers, possessed no documents to show his exact loss, as his
business account books of that period, kept in the store owned by him
near the corner of Brewer and Bank Streets, were burned with the
building. The naval papers had been secreted in the house, which,
in spite of the fact that it was set on fire five times by the British, was
not burned. These documents were the property of Mr. Nathaniel
Shaw Perkins until his death, February eighth, 1905.

One cold F'ebruary afternoon, some fifteen years ago, seated in the
pleasant library of the old stone mansion, with the crackling logs in

* The few historical facts given in this sketch, unless otherwise specified, were obtained, in 1896,
from Nathaniel Shaw Perkins, who then occupied the house. E. G., Secretary.

172 A BACKWARD GLANCE.

Christophers, who lived in the adjoining house, at the corner of Brewer

and Bank Streets. Like bread cast upon the waters, Mr. Shaw's acts

of neighborly kindness, previously extended to Mr. Christophers,

returned to him, multiplied many fold. It is interesting to note, in

passing, that by the will of Mr. Thomas Shaw, a brother of Nathaniel

Shaw, Jr., all the household slaves were liberated and given houses and

annuities.

Mr. Shaw's untimely death, caused by the discharge of his own

fowling piece, occurred in 1782, sometime before the welcome news of

peace. Four months previous to his death, his wife, Lucretia, from

whom the local Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution is

named, died as the result of a fever contracted from the sick and

friendless prisoners landed under her husband's supervision. In the

" towne's ancientestburiall-place," they were laid side by side, and the

place is marked by a double tombstone, bearing the inscription :

The

Dust of

Nathaniel Shaw EsqR

who died 15th April

A. D. 1782

Aged 47 years

and

of his wife

Lucretia

that died nth Decemr

A. D. 1781

Aged 44 years.

They lived in stirring and crucial times, and well deserve the local

fame they have acquired.

The Morning Telegraph of March fourteenth, 1896, contained these

words concerning the house in which they dwelt : " It is with a feeling

of reverence that one, acquainted with the history of the Shaw Mansion,

ascends the brown stone steps and passes through the portal darkened

by the shadows of Washington, Trumbull, General Lafayette, General

Greene, Admiral Hopkins, Nathan Hale, General North, General

Huntington, General Burbeck. and a host of others distinguished in

the revolutionary service. The Shaw residence was a center of

importance, and hardly a day passed that people of note were not

guests of Mr. Shaw and his noble and patriotic wife, Lucretia.

A HACKWARI) GLANCK. "7^

Governor Trumbull was invariably entertained by Mr. Shaw when in
New London, * * * • and the correspondence passing between
them was voluminous. In the large library are ancient and rare books.
a delight to the historian."

One of the interesting incidents connected with the Shaw Mansion
is Washington's visit to it. Miss Caulkins, in a newspaper article of
November twenty-fourth, 1S58, wrote:

" There is certainly a superadded value attached to whatever has
been connected with the person and life of Washington. Certain
localities that he is known to have visited, acquire new interest. The
articles he wore, and implements that he used, the books he read, the
words he wrote, the things that he merely touched and beheld with
complacency, become thereby worthy of preservation and admiring
regard." After describing one of his visits to New London in 1756,
when a young man of twenty-four years, she goes on to say :
" Washington was again in New London twenty years later, just after
the British had evacuated Boston, and while the American army was
on the march from that place to New York. He came this time also
on horseback, not with the army, but almost alone, in a quiet,
unpretending way. Though holding the office of Commander-in-
Chief, he made no display whatever. * * * * The late Colonel
John Raymond of Montville was at work upon the road, between
Norwich and New London, with a team and several assistants, when
General Washington came riding with a rapid pace, over the Mohegan
hills, attended by two officers and his faithful colored servant.
* * ♦ . * The workmen threw down their implements, and.
standing aside with deference and respect, waved their hats and gave
a loud huzza. Washington bowed his head, and without slacking his
pace, gave them, in passing, a silent but courteous salute. Raymond
and his men leaped upon fences and rocks to gaze after him, and to
keep him in sight as long as possible. This was on the ninth of April.
,776. New London wore a lively aspect that day and night.
Commodore Hopkins had just returned from an expedition against
New Providence, one of the Bahama Islands. A part of h.s rieet lay
in the harbor, and he was landing his prisoners and the military .tores

174 ^ BACKWARD (i LANCE.

he had captured. General Greene, with a part of his brigade, on their
march from New York, arrived the same night and encamped in and
around town. Washington was the guest of Captain Nathaniel Shaw, at
his stone house in Bank Street, and met someof themembersof theCoun-
cil of Safety in Connecticut, and conferred with them respecting their
future operations against the enemy. The chamber which Washington
occupied that night at Mr. Shaw's, has acquired from the circumstances
an enduring interest. The owners of the mansion have endeavored
to keep it unchanged in appearance. No alteration has been
made in size, or by way of adornment. The bed, the curtains, and
the other furniture are the same. It looks now as it did then.
When the Marquis Lafayette made his celebrated tour through
the United States, forty years after the revolutionary struggle in which
he had borne a part, was over, he visited New London and was a
guest, for a few hours, in the Shaw house, then owned by Honorable
Elias Perkins. While there, he was conducted to the Washington
chamber. After surveying it with tearful eyes, he knelt for a few
moments at the bedside, communing, no doubt, in reverential silence
with God, and the spirit of his departed friend, and then withdrew."

That article was written over fifty years ago, but the beautiful old
stone mansion, with Washington's room still undisturbed, stands there
to-day, rescued from the greedy commercial spirit which would seek
it, and bearing over its front entrance the name of the New London
County Historical Society, bidding a silent welcome to all visitors.
Could the house, so quiet to-day, be given the faculty of speech, what
interesting tales of bygone days it could divulge !

O
>

CORNELIA WETMORK CHAPELL PORTER.

AN APPRECIATION.

BY ELIZABETH GORTON.

Cornelia Wetmore Chapell Porter was born in New London, Conn-
ecticut, July third, 1865. the daughter of Cornelia Wetmore and
Richard Haven Chapell. There was a mingling of old and new world
blood in her veins, as her father was a native of New England, and,
on the maternal side, she was descended from the sturdy Dutch, a fact
in which she took just pride. Her early education was obtained in
the public schools of her native city, after which she took a four years'
course in the school at Ogontz, Pennsylvania. With leisure to indulge
her fondness for reading, she was constantly adding to her education,
becoming unusually well informed on a variety of subjects, with the
passing of the years. Although not a musician herself, the highest
class of music appealed strongly to her nature, and it was not unusual
for her to visit the larger cities to listen to specialists in the vocal or
instrumental art. Extensive travels in the Old World, including
Europe and the countries bordering the Mediterranean, gave her that
breadth of view and extent of knowledge, which comes from contact
with other lands and peoples ; and yet, with it all, there was an innate
modesty, amounting almost to self-depreciation, which ever kept her
from displaying that knowledge. She was not, it seemed to me, one
with whom it was easy to become intimately acquainted, for the quiet
waters of her life ran deep ; but when once penetrated beneath the
surface, she was a friend true and loyal. It needs not this slight
appreciation, of one who learned to know and love her as a friend, to
bespeak the loss that was felt in the community, when she was taken
away, for practically her whole life was spent among us, and it has
spoken for itself. To me, she seemed to possess, in a marked degree,
the happy faculty of quietly giving pleasure to other people.

•75

176 CORNELIA WETMOME CHAPELL PORTER.

In her work for this Society, it was my privilege to be very closely
associated with her. From her own lips, I know that all she did
was a real pleasure to her ; she had time at her command, more than
many, and the necessity for actual toil had never been hers. To work
as she did here, was a new experience to her, but the pleasure gained
was commensurate with all the time and labor given, and, as she
said, she hardly knew what she would have done without it- She
furnished the supplies for cataloguing the books, helping much
on the actual work ; listed the relics ; brought order out of chaos
among the newspapers, making them accessible for reference, and
helped in many ways which will never be publicly heralded.

A more unostentatious dispenser of one's bounty cannot be
imagined. If the donor of the ten thousand dollar gift, with which
the fund for the purchase of the Shaw Mansion was started, could
have remained unknown to the public, I am sure, it would have brought
more happiness to her, in the giving of it. A goodly sum from the
same generous hand formed the nucleus of an endowment fund. For
her little work room, in our former home in the Harris Building, she
paid fifty dollars a year, ostensibly that she might have it for her
own use, but some of us knew that it was her characteristic way of
giving financial aid, as if the pleasure were entirely her own. Many
pleasant memories cluster around those simple rooms, for we fre-
quently met there, or found awaiting us in our individual room, a
written message, or some reminder of each other's thought.

But her interests were much broader than the narrow bounds of
this Society. From the opening of the Public Library until her death,
she was one of the trustees. She was closely identified with the
activities of the United Workers, an organization whose object is
benevolent work among the needy and destitute of New London, and
through its channels came ample opportunities for quiet and helpful
work. She was also a valued member of one of the literary clubs of
the city. As a member of the Second Congregational Church for
more than twentj^-three years, her life was redolent with sweet Christian
service, and will long be cherished as a fragrant memory.

CORNELIA WETMORE CHAPELL PORTER. 177

On August seventeenth, 1907, she was married to Doctor George
Porter, of Orlando, Florida. In her new southern home, the cup of
her happiness seemed running over. After a winter spent there, she
came to New London the following summer. Soon after her return to
Orlando, with the approaching holidays, came reports of her failing
health, but with her usual bravery, she seemed determined to live
until they were past, that the joyous season might not be saddened
for others. Standing on the borders of the unknown land, with full
consciousness that she must soon pass over, she said on that last
Christmas day, that it was the happiest one of her life. On December
twenty-seventh, 1908, at the close of a beautiful Sabbath day, her
triumphant spirit, with great peace, returned to its Maker. In her life
and in her death, she was an inspiration to those who knew her. We
miss her presence, and wonder why a life so useful was taken, but
sometime

" When we shall clearly know and understand
I think that we will say ' God knew the best.' "

FISHERS ISLAND.

ITS HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT.

BY F. E. HINE.

Read before the Society at its Annual Meetinjj, September lo, 1907.

CHAPTER I.

Fishers Island was discovered and noted in 16 14 by Captain Adrian
Block, a Dutch navigator, who sailed from New Amsterdam through
Hell gate into Long Island Sound, and examined the coast as far east
as Cape Cod. He made his voyage in a yacht called the "Onrust,"
or " Unrest," forty-four and one half feet long, by eleven and one half
feet wide, " the first decked vessel built within the old United States."
This vessel was constructed on the banks of the Hudson to replace the
" Tigress," destroyed by fire. *

Fishers Island may have been named after Visscher, one of Block's
companions on this voyage, as he had named Block Island after him-
self. On the earliest maps no name was given to the island.** Miss
Caulkins says in her history of New London : " Montauk Point he
called Fishers Hook from the employment of the natives, who gained
their chief sustenance from the sea." t Fishers Island probably
received its name on the same account, or from its being in a good
position for fishing. HoUister in his history of Connecticut, says, " In
the absence of any positive evidence on that point, the probabilities
seem altogether to favor the generally received opinion, that the island
was named from the chief occupation of its aboriginal inhabitants, or
from the quantity of fish with which the water abounded." +

The island which Block thus discovered is about nine miles long,
with a width varying from half a mile to a mile and a quarter, and
contains about five thousand acres of land. It is irregular in form,
with many projecting headlands and small bays, and from the nearest

* Broadhead's Hist. State of New York, Page 48.
** Thompson's Hist., Page 247.
1 Page 22.
i Hist, of Conn. Vol. I , Page 126.

178

FISHERS ISLAND. i-jij

point of the mainland it is distant about four miles. At the time of
its discovery the island was a noted fishing ground of the Pequots, the
most powerful tribe in Eastern Connecticut. While this tribe was in
the height of power, it was a great resort for them during the summer
season, when they feasted on the fish and clams which abounded in
its waters. Tradition also says that the island was well wooded, and
the woods were stocked with deer and other wild animals. After the
destruction of the Pequots by the united forces of English, Mohegans
and Narragansetts under Captain John Mason, which occurred at the
head of Mystic River in 1637, "this island lay deserted, unclaimed,
waiting for a possessor. Winthrop seized the fortunate moment, and
became the possessor of one of the richest gems of the Sound."*

To John Winthrop, Jr., then we give honor, not only for the found-
ing of New London, but for the first settlement on Fishers Island, one
year previous to his venture on the mainland. It is impossible in this
paper to do justice to the life and achievements of a man likeWinthrop —
pioneer, traveller, scholar, statesman, diplomat, lawyer, physician, man
of science, magistrate and governor. Born in (iroton, England, Feb-
ruary twelfth, 1605-6, educated at the University of Dublin, he proved
as his powers developed and expanded by education and travel to be
a worthy son of his great and gifted father after whom he was named.
On November second, 1 630-1 he arrived in Massachusetts with his
young wife, who died two years later. He returned to England, where
he spent some time, and was married again in 1635 to Elizabeth Read,
a step-daughter of the celebrated Hugh Peters. To appreciate
Winthrop's lofty spirit and devotion to the work he had undertaken in
the settling of New England, we quote from a letter written to his
father, upon his return from a trip to continental Europe when only
twenty-three years of age. On August twenty-hrst, 1629. he writes thi>
memorable letter to his father: " For the business of New England, I
can say no other thing, but that I believe confidently that the whole dis-
position thereof is of the Lord, who disposeth all alterations by His
blessed will to His own glory, and the good of His; and therefore do
assure myself that all things shall work together for the best therein. As

•MissCaulkins' Hisi.

i8o FISHERS ISLAND.

for myself, I have seen so much of the vanity of the world, that I
esteem no more the diversities of countries than so many inns, whereof
the traveler that hath lodged in the worst or the best, findeth no
difference when he cometh to his journey's end ; and I shall call that
my country where I most glorify God, and enjoy the presence of my
dearest friends. Therefore, herein I submit myself to God's will and
yours, and with your leave do dedicate myself (laying by all the desires
of other employments whatsoever) to the service of God and the
company therein, with the whole endeavors both of body and mind."
True to the spirit of this letter we find that he devoted his life with
untiring energy to this great work, and became to the colony of New
London, and Fishers Island, what his father had been to the
Massachusetts Bay Colony.

In October, 1635, Winthrop returned to this country, with a com-
mission to begin a plantation at Saybrook, which he thus saved from
the Dutch. It is probable that while in this region, he further explored
Fishers Island, and realized its advantages for a safe retreat, f

October seventh, 1640, Winthrop obtained from the General Court
of Massachusetts a grant of Fishers Island, so far as it was theirs to
grant, " reserving the right of Connecticut, if it should be decided to
be theirs." About the same time, in order that there might be no flaw
in his title, he applied to the Connecticut General Court for a similar
grant, which was given him in the following words, taken from the
records of a General Court, held at Hartford, April ninth, 1641 :
" Upon Mr. Winthrop's motion to the Court for Fysher's Island, it is
the mind of the Court, that so far as it hinders not the public good of
the country, either for fortifying or defence, or setting up a trade for
fishing or salt, and such like, he shall have liberty to proceed therein." t
After obtaining this grant, Winthrop appeared in no hurry to occupy
it, for he left later in the season for England to organize a company
for the manufacture of iron, and returned with them in 1643 to Lynn
and Braintree.

In 1644, so states the patent which he later received from the Duke
of York, Winthrop purchased of the Indian proprietors the right to

t Miss Caulkins' Hist

t Colonial Records of Conn., Vol. I, Page 64.

FISHERS ISLAND. i8i

Fishers Island. It would be most interesting to know the precise
nature of the transaction which took place between Winihrop and the
Pequot chiefs, as many of the earliest settled towns in New England
contain in their records an account of the purchase of their town plot
for a certain quantity of wampum, knives, hatchets, belts, beads and
other articles prized by the Indians of those times. Research however
has failed to bring to light anything further concerning the purchase
of the Island than the statement given above, but we may readily
assume that Winthrop being a just and honorable man, gave due satis-
faction to the original owners of the Island. At this time he commenced
building and planting at the Island, as he intended to make it his head-
quarters. The house that he built here was the first house in the Pequot
country. The following summer of 1645 ^^ fi"d him engaged in clear-
ing up the land, and laying out a new plantation at Pequot Harbor.

In October, 1646, Winthrop with a part of his family — his wife and
children, Fitzjohn and Margaret — set sail for Fishers Island. Mis
brother, Deane Winthrop, also accompanied him. Shortly after his
departure on October eighth, his father writes : "To my very good
son, Mr. Jo. Winthrop at Fishers Island, n'r Pequot River :

My good son : The comfortable season God was pleased to send
after thy departure from us, and the fair S. F. wind the last day of the
week, gives me hopethatyouareall safe arrived at your new habitation.""

November sixteenth, 1646, the elder Winthrop writes to his son,
addressing him at "Fishers Island n'r Pequot River," as in the
previous letter. We quote the first part of this letter :

" My good Son, — I received your letter, etc., from Rhode Island
and returned another to you by Mr. Crowley; and having another
opportunity by Capt. Melborne I thought fit to write again. We bless
God for good hope we have of your safe arrival at your own place,
which we much desire a further confirmation of."

Again on November nineteenth. 1646. he writes the last letter
addressed to Fishers Island :

"To my good son, Mr. jo. Winthrop at Fishers island, nr. Pequot
River.

My good Son :— I have written two letters to you by Wm. Crowley

• Life and Letters of John Winthrop, Page 355.

iS2 FISHERS ISLAND.

and the other by New Haven. I received your letter from Rhode
Island and do bless God for your safe arrival at Fishers Island. I
think before long to hear certainly from you, for the tempest was most
violent. Some hurt was here, especially by the tide the second day
after, which was the greatest we ever had, much fish and salt lost at
eastward, and terrible loss here about is feared. We are all in good
health, I praise God. Wait is with sister Truesdale and Mary at Sister
Child's.

This gentleman, Mr. Melbourne can inform you of all, or in my
other letters you may meet with more. So with your mother's and
brother's and sister's salutes to yourself and wife and children and
Deane, I commend thee to the precious blessing of the Lord.

Jo. Winthrop."'

This last letter mentions a violent tempest, which they weathered,
and reached in due time the sheltered harbor which the island afforded.
New London could afford them no sufficient shelter, whereas a house
had been standing vacant and ready here for two years. Walworth's
history says: " It was sheltered on the north and west by the banks
and woods, encircling a bay in which it nestled, and the air above it
was softened by the warming influence of the surrounding ocean." This
description seems to refer to the present location of the Mansion
House " Here also was comparative safety." " The Island afforded
less range to dangerous beasts of prey, and was less accessible to them."

The only alarm in the Winthrop family that winter was caused by
the Mohegans. Nowequa, the brother of Uncas descended on the
island, destroyed a canoe, and alarmed the Winthrop family. For this
and other insolent acts and threatening bearing by the same band,
Uncas was forced to pay one hundred fathoms of wampum.

It is probable that Winthrop and his family remained on the island
until May, 1647, as is shown by the letters of the elder Winthrop to
his son. After this date, the address is "To my very good son, Mr.
John Winthrop at Nemeauge upon Pequot River."

The island was not as large as his ambitious spirit wished, or the
work to which he had dedicated himself called for, so we find him
building a house on the town plot, the present site of Winthrop school,

FISHERS ISLAND. ,83

New London, and removing his family there. The children, Elizabeth,
Wait-Still, Mary and Lucy who had been left in Boston with their grand-
parents during the winter, joined their parents in the new home in New
London.

CHAPTER II.
THE GRANT FROM THE DUKK OK YORK.

Fishers Island was included in the boundaries of the Duke of York's
patent to Richard Nicolls in 1664, and John Winthrop. who had been
elected (Governor of Connecticut Colony in 1657 and again in 1659-1676,
procured a patent of confirmation in which he speaks of the Island as
an "Intire Enfranchised Township, Manor & Place of itself & shall
always from tyme to tyme & at all times hereafter have hould and
injoye like and Equall priveleges & Immunityes with any Town
Infranchis'd Place or Manour within this (ioverm't & shall in no
manner of way be subordinate or belonging unto, have any dependance
upon or m any wise be under ye Rule order or direction of any Ryding,
Towneship Place, or Jurisdiction within this (Jovernm't » * »
& by fealty onely, yielding Rendering & Paying yearely & everj^ year
unto his Royall Highness ye Duke of York & his Heires, or to such
Governour or Governours as from tyme to tyme shall be by him Con-
stituted & appointed as an Acknowledgmt One Lamb upon ye first day
of May if the same shall be demanded." To prove the payment of
this, we quote the postscript of a letter written by (Jov. Andros to Fitz-
John Winthrop on June eighth, 1680:

" Capt Hall asking me, ocasions this postscript, to repeate cV ack-
nowledge the receipt by him of ye lambe you paid him (as authorized)
for acknowledgmt of ye tenure of Fishers Island and is in full to this
time. Yours E. Andros G."

While he was Governor, Winthrop realized the insecurity of the
Connecticut title and was delegated by the General Court in 1662
to obtain a charter from Charles II.

John Winthrop's father was a good friend of Charles I., who had
given him a seal ring. This ring he gave to his son, when he went on
his mission, as a means of identification to Charles H., and to further
show his good will and friendship.

1S4 FISHERS ISLAND.

The charter was secured through Winthrop's tact and diplomacy
and preserved to the colony by being hidden in a hollow tree — the
famous Charter Oak.

Immediately after Connecticut received her charter, she claimed a
complete jurisdiction over Fishers Island, and the towns on Long
Island, and the General Court of Hartford on May twelfth, 1664,
adopted this resolution : " We declare that we claim Long Island
expressed in our charter, except a precedent right doth appear
approved by his Majesty," and took upon itself the appointment of all
the officers to the towns not permitted by the charter to be chosen by
the people. This union with the colony continued until the conquest
in 1664, when it was reluctantly abandoned, but was hastily renewed
on the recapture of New York by the Dutch in 1673. The Dutch
Governor undertook to reduce them to obedience, but by the restora-
tion of New York in 1674, several towns were anxious to continue under
Connecticut jurisdiction. The island towns sent deputies over to
solicit their co-operation, and on June thirteenth, 1674, Southold, in
conjunction with South and East Hampton sent a petition to the king
for permission to remain under the jurisdiction of Connecticut. But
Sir Edmund Andros, the new Governor of New York took effective
measures and wrote in 1680 as follows to Wm. Leete, the Governor of
Connecticut :

" Hon'ble Sr. — Being advised by an order on warrant from your-
self and some assistants sent to ffisher's Island, I am much surprised
att your Intrenching upon his MajTies Letters Patent to his Royal
Highness, as well as the grant by Governour Nicolls to the Honoble
John Winthrop, Esq. (late Governor or Connecticut) for sd Island ;
which Island and Grant it is my Duty to assert, as much as this or any
other part of the Govermt ; and therefore desire that you will, without
delay, recall sd warrant or order, and forbear any the like proceedings
for the future, to prevent great Inconveniencys; and remaine your
Effectionate Neighbour and Humble Servant E. Andros.
To the Honble William Leete, Esq.

Governour of his Maties Colony of Connecticut.'"

The Connecticut Court resolved that they would exercise govern-

FISHERS ISLAND. 185

ment over the Island, and prohibited obedience to Sir Edmund's
request, but Major Fitz-John Winthrop, the eldest son of John VVinthrop,
felt obliged to recognize the jurisdiction of New York. Although
dissatisfied, Connecticut did not raise the unsettled boundary question
until in 1878-9, when both states appointed Commissioners, for New
York, Messrs. Allen C. Bead, Augustus Schoonmaker and Horatio
Seymour, Jr., and Messrs. Origan S. Seymour, Lafayette S. Foster and
Wm. G. Miner for Connecticut, to establish the boundaries. An agree-
ment was made whereby the western boundary of Connecticut was
fixed as the ex parte line surveyed by New York in 1680, which was
the old line of 1731. Connecticut therefore gave up her claim to the
twenty-six hundred acres in dispute, in exchange for which her
Southern boundary was extended into the Sound, " beginning at a
point in the center of the channel, about six hundred feet South of the
extreme rocks of Bryan's Point, thence running in a true Southeast
course three and one-quarter statute miles true South of New London
lighthouse; thence through Fishers Island Sound and on so far as
said states are coterminous."* The above agreement was ratified by
both states. The only fast land gained by Connecticut in moving the
Southern boundary was Mystic Island, which New York had claimed.
The Connecticut Commissioners said, "In regard to Fishers Island,
it ought by reason of its nearness to our coast to belong to Connecticut.
It belonged to us, we think, under a fair construction of the charter of
1662, which by express words gave us the islands adjacent to the main-
land; but upon familiar principles of law. New York has now the title,
having had actual possession of it for more than a century."

John Winthrop thus retained his island possession during his life,
although it is interesting to note in this connection that at one time he
had some thought of selling it. Wm. Roswcll wrote to him from New
Haven, December, 1669 :

" You were pleased some time since to inform me that you have
some inclination to dispose of Fishers Island. One Capt. Anthony
Lane, a gentleman in the Barbadoes hath written unlo me concerning
it, desiring to know whether it is to be sold."

It is probable that Winthrop spent little time on Fishers Island

* Bjwen'i Conn. Boundary Dispute.

i86 FISHERS ISLAND.

after this, as his interests on the mainland were various and scattered.
When Winthrop was Governor he was urged to move to New Haven,
where the town had purchased a house near the corner of Court and
State Streets for him, but which he refused to take as a gift, agreeing
to pay one hundred pounds in goats from Fishers Island. From this
letter it is evident that goats were used to subdue the island, and must
have been very profitable. We find no later reference to them.

Adam Winthrop writes to John Winthrop, Jr., as follows :

" I have sent a hogsd of salt by Captain Smith, which he will
deliver to Fishers Island. I thought you might have some need of it."

It is evident that Winthrop also claimed the small islands lying
near, now known as North and South Dumpling and the Hummock,
for we find from a letter of Roger Williams to John Winthrop, at
Nameaug : " He prays you not to lose your right, but send for a skin
of a moose, which was killed upon one of your hummocks by Fishers
Island lately and carried to Wequashcuck."

After a full and noble life in carrying out the work to which he had
dedicated himself, John Winthrop passed away in 1676, leaving a most
noble heritage in landed estates, among which were Fishers Island ard
its Hummocks and Goat Island.

CHAPTER 111.
EARLY WAR SCARES AND CAPTAIN KIDD.

It' will be of interest to note that Fishers Island was encumbered
for the sake of the Connecticut colony, from the following letter
written by Governor Leete to Stephen Chester, April seventh, 1677 :

" I would entreat of your Honor and your associates to take into
your worthy and serious consideration the affairs of the heirs of the
aforesaid Gov. Winthrop referring to Fishers Island, which was
encumbered for the sake of this colony (Conn.)." This island
descended to Fitz-John and his brother Wait-Still and was possessed
by them conjointly and undivided during their lives. Fitz-John having
no sons, it was understood between the brothers that the principal
part of the land grants should be kept in the name, and to this end
preserved for John, the only son of Wait Winthrop. In 1662 we find
Fitz-John and Wait-Still Winthrop regular inhabitants of the New

FISHERS ISLAND. iS;

London colony. Fitz-John received his military training in the
English army, and was Governor of Stirling Castle and a general in
Monk's army. When the Dutch recaptured Manhattan in 1673, and
made an expedition up the Sound, Captain Fitz-John Winthrop raised
troops at Stonington and New London to meet them. There was a
bloodless encounter at Southold in which a few harmless shots were
exchanged, the English being left in po.ssession of the town, while the
Dutch, after making threats which they could not put into execution,
sailed away. At this time he resided chiefly in New London, where
he busied himself in raising stock on Fishers Island and in looking
after his father's property, but he had a house at Fishers Island where
he spent some of his time as is shown in a letter addressed to him at
Fishers Island, by Edmund Andros, in 1680.

Labor troubles are usually referred to as of modern date, but we
find that Fitz-John Winthrop had many, and for various reasons, in
1690, when there was an alarm caused by the anchoring of four sloops
between the Hummocks and the harbor. They had been at New
London for a considerable time Hying the English colors, then French.
Several shots were fired at them, (iurdon Saltonstall writes to Fitz-
John Winthrop as follows :

"That night there came over from Fishers Island a small number
of indians, who give an account of a skirmish that they had witli a
small number of French. They have brought over a scalj) with them
and say they have left one dead there whose scalp they had not time
to take. It is presumed (upon your report) that your house is riHed
at your Island. What credit may be given to it I know not. The
reports we have are very uncertain." Later he writes: "When
I got home 1 found all your Islanders but Jonathan in a very great
fright hurrying to Boston ye very next morning, and so could by no
means come to a speech with them. You will percieve by this letter
wt his mclinations are : I have used all the arguments I can think of
with him, but cannot alter them. Your Honrs presence here would
doe much, or (if that is not likely to be attained) your directions unto
him. ' ' * Whether you would have any of ye creatures
removed from ye island ? If they must stay there, how ye should be

i88 FISHERS ISLAND.

provided for in ye winter? I have urged Johnathan to mow & make
wt hay will be needful for their keeping, and he tels mee he will doe
whatever he is able. His negroe is still with him & he expects Peter
up again diyly." A week later some English ships in pursuit of the
enemy landed on Fishers Island, "which hath scared johnathan &
Peter off; Johnathan as Mrs. Betty tells mee, offers his share of
graine to anybody that will secure ye rest, but will not venture himself
upon ye Island without a guard."

Two weeks later Saltonstall writes as follows : " The news of the
French fleet designed upon this coast made me think j^ou would be
here to take some order about Fishers Island. If the French intend
for York (which may I think be supposed) that Island will be con-
venient for them : and methinks it would not be amiss to draw off what
stock might be fit for market this summer before they come."

Another account says : " Some French vessels came to Block Is.
determined to attack New London^found New London harbor too
hot for them and drew off to Block Is. to receive plunder and spoils
there. Some of their company went on to an Island called Fishers
Island lying near New London and among others this treacherous
fellow — Trimming — upon which 1 7 men went from Stonington. There
was but one house on the Is. though about nine miles in length where
this party of Frenchmen were at that time. The Englishmen came
near the house before they were discovered. Trimming came out to
them in a pretended friendly manner, drawing his gun behind him.
They demanded whence and who they were. He replied they were
castaway men. One of the Englishmen replied : ' If you are friends
lay down your gun and go behind us.' Immediately Mr. Stephen
Richardson as was supposed through surprise shot him dead on the
spot, for which act he was much blamed. Thus he that delighted in a
falsehood in his life died with a lie in his mouth and received a just
reward of his perfidious villanous and multiplied treacheries."

These war scares and labor troubles evidently caused so much
annoyance to Fitz-John Winthrop that he induced Wm, Wal-
worth, a family friend, to come here from near London to introduce
the English system of cultivation, with which Walworth was known to

1-lSHEKS ISLANll. ''^>

be well acquainted, rhus Wm. Walworth becan>e the first lessee.
To this place he brought his young wife and here his four eldest
children were born, the first white children born on the Island. The
feelings of th,s young wife and mother in this lonely place, exposed to
the danger of Indians and French privateers, can only be imagmed.
Of greater dread than either was Captain Kidd, who at tins t,me fre-
quented the coasts of Gardiner's Island and Fishers Island oppostte.
Here in the sheltered harbors and coves they would wa,t m the.r low.
black schooners, until some merchant vessel appeared in stght, when
they would pounce upon her and seize such parts of her cargo as they
wished. Fishers Island has its share of traditions regardmg the
Lried chests of gold, for which many a spadeful »' -"^ - '-
turned Divers have even been employed to search some of the
numerous ponds. The terror which Captain Kidd inspired at th,s
•me along'the New England coast seems out of P'OPO-- o ^;
length of his career, which was terminated ,n ,699. fha the terror
existed is certain, and caused Walworth to move h,s fam, y and
hou ehold property to (=roton. These being made secure, he was
iTtrfree to worU his farm on the Island as well as a new one on the

mainland. ,

The war between England and France which was be.ng waged a
this time was felt also by thetr respective colonies m th,s country
Frnh privateers harassed the New England coast and mterfered
great y "i* the commerce of those early days. M,ss ^-»<'- ^
'New London in this war suffered considerably .n her sh.ppmg,
se!era, of her merchant vessels being cut off by French pr.vateer .

Thus was seen the necessity of New London's -^emg warne f .h
approach of an enemy, then as ,n more recent ^"^^^ J^^^^^
Z.S island became of --:-;:,:— ri"::; thl
"' '^'r!:i::Z::Zl^^^^''^ FIo -da, was rea,i.ed at th.s

made concerning a beacon to be piaceaoi

lyo FISHERS ISLAND.

land, and that a watch and ward be kept there, which I would desire your
judgment of, if you think meet." Apparently nothing was done about
the beacon at this time, but in 1704 when Winthrop was Governor of
Connecticut, Richard Christophers and G. Saltonstallof the Committee
of Safety of New London make the following petition to him : " It is
humbly offered for the safety of this Port of New London it is so much
exposed to an enemy in the time of the present imminent danger."
" That care may be taken by Beacon or otherwise to have notice from
Fishers Island, or otherwise of approaching danger." In a later letter
dated June nineteenth, 1706, to Fitz-John Winihrop, Governor, appears
the foUowmg : "And whereas there is a former order of council for
the keeping a ward upon Fishers Island for the discovery of an
approaching enemy in order to give a more timely notice to New
London by fixing one or two beacons made on said island for that
account it is now ordered that the Beacon made on the west point of
Fishers Island shall be fired upon discovery made from Mount Pros-
pect of one ship, or two other topsail vessels standing in towards said
island from the southard or northard of Block Island or upon discovery
of five ship standing in from the southard or five from the northard of
Block Island, and that both beacons on Fishers Island shall be fired
upon the discovery of a greater number of vessels standing in as
aforesaid."

During the latter part of Fitz-john Winthrop's term of office as
Governor of Connecticut, little attention seems to have been paid to
his island property, at least we find no reference in any letters to or
from him during this period.

CHAPTER IV.
IN THE DAYS OF MADAM WINTHROP.

After Fitz-John Winthrop's death in 1707, he leaving no male
descendants, and the landed estates which they had inherited from
their father having never been divided. Fishers Island descended to
his younger brother, Wait-Still Winthrop. He was Chief Justice of
Massachusetts Bay Colony, and Major-General of the militia of that
province. We know little about his connection with the island, except
that he visited it occasionally, but from papers in the posession of one

FISHERS ISLAND. h,i

of the later Winthrops, it appears that an attempt was made by him
or his son John in the year 1712 to transport a pair of moose deer from
the island to England, as a present to Queen Anne, which failed by
reason of one dying and the other breaking its leg, and Her Majesty
was finally presented with the horns only. It is evident that he had
trouble, in 1712, with the tenants on the island over the delivery of
stock, and in 17 14, (George Havens hired a part of the island.

In a letter of Wait Winthrop, at Boston, to his son John, at New
London, in 171 7, he writes: " I have some red cedar bengles which
I gathered at Fishers Island ; they say Mr. Brenton sowed some at
Rhode Island and has a young grove of cedars now on his farm.
Many people hereabouts carry them in their pockets and eat them as
being very wholesome and strengthening they say to the vitals, and
good for all sorts of ails the indians say." This was the writer's last
letter. He had long suffered from occasional ailments, but was on
the whole a vigorous man for his advanced age. Only a few years
before, his son describes with pride his father's activity of limb and
accuracy of aim during a day's shooting on Fishers Island. In 1717.
John came in active possession of Fishers Island after much litigation
in the Connecticut courts with his sister, wife of Thomas Lechmere,
Esq., of Boston. His sister claimed an equal share of their father's
landed estate, which claim was sustained by the Connecticut courts.
Winthrop went to England to plead his cause, and before going, in
July, 1726, made the following will:

" I give and bequeath unto my faithful kind and most dear wife
;^ioo per annum out of the rents of Fishers Island during her natural
life with her living in my mansion house at New London.' To his
eldest son John-Still he leaves Fishers Island " forever to be and abide
to him and his heirs male forever."

In England he was well received, and suceeeded in obtaining a
favorable decree from the king in council, which grounded this decision
on the English law of primogeniture. In Connecticut this decree was
considered a public calamity, inasmuch as it involved the abrogation
of the colonial law respecting interstate estates. By the intervention
of friends and agents of the colony, a deci.sion was finally obtained

192 FISHERS ISLAND.

confirming Winthrop in his possession, but allowing the law of inher-
itance in the colony to remain as before. Winthrop was so estranged
from the colony that he never returned, and died in England in 1747.
During Winthrop's absence in England, his wife, Madam Winthrop,
as she is called, managed the island affairs from New London. On
February twenty-eighth, 1726-27, Joshua Hempstead says: "In the
afternoon I was at Madam Winthrop's writing a lease for Fishers
Island." And on April twentieth he says : " I was sent for to Mrs.
Winthrop to go to the Island & receive ye stock, but ye wind & tide
not suiting Peter Williams did not go.'' The next day he writes: " I
went to the Island & we drove it & got up the sheep." The following
day, Saturday: "we drove the Island again, we drove out the sheep
& stock of Cattle & Horses kine & I gave her a rectt." Monday he
returns home with Sam Rogers. In November of the same year,
Hempstead again writes that he went to Fishers Island in Madam
Winthrop's boat with Madam Winthrop, Mr. Wanton, Molly, Kate,
Peg., Jno. & Bazill. The following day they drove about the Island
to east end and found things in good order. Mr. Wanton killed a
young Buck in the forenoon which we brought over.

The island was again leased to Chas. Dickinson, Sr , in 1728, upon
his giving new bonds. In 1731, Hempstead says he went to Fishers
Island with justice Richmond to receive the stock of Mr. Dickinson,
and that Mr. Mumford was also there. " We got over there before
eight o'clock and counted out 1350 sheep and 42 cows and 20 swine 16
of them sows and i boar, 8 mares with foal 4 oxen etc. All the rest
of the stock is in good order and lodged there." On Saturday : " I
went to Fishers Island with Mr. Mumford and I received all the stock
and gave a receipt. I viewed the house at the East End and finished.'"
This is the first reference we have to a house at the east end. Tra-
dition says that the bricks for the main portion of the house were
imported from Holland, which is partially confirmed by judges of
brick, who claim they are different from any made about here.

George Havens, a former tenant of Fishers Island, died here
March sixteenth, 1734, and was buried in Groton. Joshua Hempstead
says : " I borrowed and received of Jasper Latham £10 in bills of

o _

r c

r, —

c v.

FISHERS ISLAND. i93

credit to be paid upon demand, but if I can get him Fishers Island for
^600 a year or as others will give, then I am to have this £^o gratis
and more also."

It is evident that Joshua did not get his promised fee of ^20, as
Mumford was a tenant in 1738. "Here we staid all night with him
and were entertained very courteously and he would take nothing of

me or mine."

On the third of October, 1739, a sailing party was organized, com-
posed of Madam VVinthrop, wife of John Winthrop who was then in
England, her son John, and daughter Ann, Col. Saltonstall and wife
and two children, Col. Browne, of Salem, with his wife and child, and
Mr. Joshua Hempstead. They were entertained by Mr. George
Mumford, the lessee of the island. The whole party crossed in Mum-
ford's sailboat, and remained four days on the island. The first day
was diversified with an excursion to the east end of the island. The
second day a fierce storm confined them to the house. On the third
day, they had a morning drive to the west end and a visit to the woods.
In the afternoon, a famous deer hunt. Saltonstall brought down a
doe, and Mumford two bucks, one of which was immediately dis-
patched by a carrier to Mr. Wanton, of Newport, as a present from
the party. On the seventh of October they started for home at nine
in the morning, but were becalmed, the fiood failed them and they ran
into Mystic. Landing near the house of Mr. Burrows, all walked from
thence to John Walworth's, where they obtained horses, and reached
home in the evening. The good shooting above referred to is accounted
for, as the island was kept as a preserve by the Winthrops. Just
before this a white man and an Indian were fined for killing a deer.

The winter of 1740-41 was noted in the annals of New England for
intense cold which commenced at Christmas with a violent snow
storm. The intense cold continued uninterrupted until the middle of
March. The ice extended into the Sound toward Long Island as far
as could be seen, and Fishers Island was united to the mainland by a

solid bed.

On the seventeenth of November, .744. Joshua Hempstead called
on Madam Winthrop and found the sheriff of Suffolk county there for
ta.xes of Fishers Island for 22 years.

194 FISHERS ISLAND.

The first accurate measurements of the island, of which we have
record, were made in 1752 by Joshua Hemptsead. He says "we
began at the west point and measured six miles toward the east, and
made heaps of stone at the end of each mile, also measured the
distance from the house to the west point and to the East End."

In 1 756, John-Still Winthrop leased the island to Benj. Brown, of
Rhode Island, for ^500 per annum. The inventory of stock at that
time shows 42 cows, 33 calves, 14 two-year-old Sa 12 yearlings, 8 breed-
ing mares, i three-year-old bull, 1 steer, i heifer, 4 large oxen, 2 five-
year-old steers, 4 four-year-old steers and 20 swine and 1350 sheep all
in good order.

Miss Caulkins says Wm. Walworth and his son John, together with
the Mumfords and Browns, drew a large income from the lease of the
island, "which has been the good fortune to enrich many of its
tenants." On the fifth and sixth of August, 1775, a fleet of nine ships
and several smaller vessels gathered around New London harbor and
appeared as if about to enter. Expresses were sent forth to alarm the
country, but it was soon ascertained that the object of the fleet was to
secure the stock that was owned upon the fertile islands of the Sound.
From Fishers Island alone they took 1 100 sheep, besides cattle and
other provisions for which they made a reasonable compensation to
Mr. Brown, the lessee of the island; but from Gardiner's and Plum
Islands, they took what they wanted without payment.

CHAPTER v.
CHANGE IN OWNERSHIP.

On the death of John-Still Winthrop, the island passed to his eldest
son John, who died a bachelor, in New York, November, 1780. By
his will he leaves the island to his brother, Francis Bayard Winthrop.

We quote from 77ie Allen Family and Their Connections.

" In April, 1 793, Thomas Allen, Jr., hired Fishers Island, New York,
of Francis Bayard Winthrop, paying for it an annual rent of twenty-
six hundred dollars. The island was nine miles in length, and con-
tained five thousand acres. He had twelve families, who were his
tenants; he also had five or six girls to spin and weave, two dairy
women, a cook, and a colored boy to help her. They made two sixty

FISHERS ISLAND. i'^'

pound cheeses per day. They also made butter. Mr. Allen kept one
hundred cows and two thousand sheep; he bred horses and mules,
and raised rye, wheat and oats. He hired a man named William
Westcore, to be both teacher and chaplain for his own and his tenants
large families. He was much beloved by all under him ; one man
worked for him twenty-eight years, and others nearly as long.

Mr. Allen attended St. James Church, New London, Conn., with
as many of his family as could conveniently accompany him. They
went in his sloop Betsey, on Sundays and Christmas Day. During
the holidays he always invited all his tenants and their families to visit
him, providing an excellent dinner and supper for them, and afterwards
sent to the aged, sick and those unable to be present, a liberal portion
from the feast. All looked forward to the Christmas gatherings, for
they had a nice time; a dance and games for the young people occu-
pied the evening, when Jack (the colored boy) played on the vioHn.
Mr. Allen lived nineteen years on the island. When he moved away
all his tenants also left, as they said they did not wish to live there
without him.

Five of Thomas and Amelia Allen's children were born on the
island; three, Samuel Taber, Pardon and the youngest, died and are
buried there.

Thomas Allen. Ir., was made justice of the peace while he lived
there, and was always called either Squire Allen, or Captam. as he
had been to sea, in .775, as supercargo; their trade was with the
Island of Madeira, where his father made a large fortune. He wa^
also, I believe, a captain of the militia."

By the will of Francis Bayard Winthrop. Fishers Island was left
to his four sons in common. William H. Winthrop in .8.S purchased
his three brothers' interests and thus became the sole owner of the
island The character of the island was changed very much by the
great September gale of iSij, which swept down the great oak and
the little birch alike. While the island was probably not very denser-
wooded, except ,n protected places, we know that Clay Point was
covered with oak. which is recalled by aged persons still living, and
idences of which appear on the edges of swamps and marshy

evu

196 FISHERS ISLAND.

places. In 1838 we find Ruel R. Strickland in charge of the island
for Mr. Winthrop, where he remained eight years. The stock at this
time consisted of 100 cows, 5 yoke of oxen, i driving horse, 25 horses
and colts, 1200 sheep.

William H. Winthrop, Jr., lived in the east end farm house in 1843,
and later in the Mansion House, in all a period of eleven years.
Several of his children remember distinctly the wreck of the steamer
"Atlantic," which went ashore on North Hill, in 1846.

The island had remained in the Winthrop family for a period of
more than two hundred years, and through eight generations.

The first tract disposed of was the small island called North Dum-
pling to the United States of America, for the purpose of a lighthouse,
in 1847. William H. Winthrop had been in the descending financial
scale for some time, and when he died, in i860, it became necessary
for the heirs — William H. Winthrop, Jr., Thomas P. Winthrop, and
Francis B. Winthrop, and two daughters, Jane P. Chester and Mary
T. Pratt— to dispose of the property, after the death of their mother,
who died in 1863. The property was deeded to George F. Chester,
who immediately reconveyed the property to Robert R. Fox. Mr.
Fox had disposed of his business as a ship chandler and manufacturer
of cotton duck, in New York city, in which he had been very success-
ful and accumulated a small fortune. The island for many years had
been cultivated but little, and Mr. Fox had in mind to develop it in an
agricultural way. He erected a grist-mill for grinding corn and pur-
chased improved agricultural implements, in New York, which he
transported to the island in his sloop " Richard Smith." In the
spring of 1864, there were some two hundred acres under cultivation,
much of which was of a rugged character. Mr. Fox was making many
improvements in the property when a sudden illness overtook him,
and he passed away in the summer of 1871. He was buried on a
little knoll south east of Union Chapel, but his remains were afterwards
removed to Greenwood Cemetery, Brooklyn, N. Y. By the will of Mr.
Fox, Joseph S. Fay became the executor of the Fishers Island estate,
which was transferred by him to James H. Lyles, in 1875. Mr. Lyles
acted as trustee for the heirs until 1889, when the island with all its

FISHERS ISLAM). '97

small contiguous islands was sold to Edmund M. Ferguson, with one
hundred and one exceptions, which tracts had previously been sold by

Mr. Lyles.

Mr Ferguson was a prominent citizen of Pittsburg, Fa., who with
his brother, was one of the pioneers in the coke industry. He was
also president of the Merchants & Manufacturers Bank of Pittsburg
and interested in many other large enterprises. Mr. Ferguson con-
tinued his interest in the development of the island until his death in
Tune .904. Shortly after the purchase of the island, K. M. Ferguson
deeded one-half undivided interest to his brother Walton Ferguson,
and it continues in these names to the present day.

Mr Walton Ferguson is a New York banker and broker, in addition
to which he has extensive manufacturing and railroad interests. His

sidence is at Stamford, Conn. By the terms of his brother s will he
madetrustee.thus leaving him the active proprietor of the island

res

was

interests.

CHAPTER VI.

DEVELOPMENT.

U„,e had been done to .mprove the natural condition, o. the
island until after its purchase by the Messrs. terguson. The roads

ere ™uch as nature had left the., and as Joshua "empstea s^
his diary of ,727, it was a day's journey to the east end of the island
d turn. Fences were built in such places as to take advantage o
the fresh water ponds across the island, and to allow free range w, h n
hese 1 mits to the cattle. The five gates that had to be opened by
anl Ta ng the island drive were a source of revenue .0 the smal
bov dur g the summer time, who never le, shp the chance to close a
Z^:Z perchance had been lef, open, should he espy a team ,n

'"t" of Southold too. httle uneresttn the tsland except ,0
.„r tl: ta..es, from --.< - always ^^^

This fact sttll remains "y^;^^S:Z^y^'^ i-rdiv Know
belonging to a town so distant that its own

where it is located.

198 FISHERS ISLAND.

It has been the interest and purpose of the Messrs. Ferguson to
give a high, substantial character to the island by gradual develop-
ment and by making restrictions in all deeds against undesirable
occupations and nuisances. When they took possession of the island,
they realized the importance of regular boat communication with the
mainland, which had always been irregular and uncertain. Some of
the old residents still have cause to remember the old steamer " Fishers
Island," the first steamer to make regular trips to New London.
Many others have pleasant memories of the " Skip-Jack," a relic of
the island, and of Capt. Nash, who never failed to entertain his passen-
gers with stories from a fertile brain. These steamers had their day
like the sloop " Faye Fox," and were succeeded by the steamer " Mun-
natawket" in 1890, which is still the winter boat of the island. To
meet the needs of an increased population and the larger number of
summer visitors, the steamer " Restless," named after the " Onrust "
in which Block discovered the island, was built in 1904. What used
to be an afternoon's sail to New London on the " Faye Fox," has been
reduced to one of thirty minutes on the " Restless."

Grazing has always been one of the island's chief industries, and
on the level tracts at West End, Middle Farm and East End, dairy
farms have been carried on for many years. New farm houses and
buildings for housing cattle were constructed to provide for the
increased stock. A creamery was also erected at Middle Farm where
now is made the well-known Fishers Island butter. Within the last
few years sheep raising has again been revived as a profitable industry.

An interesting place to visit is the Poultry Farm, where between
three and four thousand chickens are raised annually, besides a
smaller number of ducks and turkeys. Many prizes have been taken
at the principal shows, though for several years attention has been
devoted almost entirely to market poultry.

Aside from the agricultural interests of the island, clay in abun-
dance is found suitable for the making of brick, and these were
manufactured during the early days of the island. There were many
evidences of brick having been made here before 1800, judging from
the excavation in the clay banks and the brick chips found near-by.

F'lSHERS ISLAND. 199

The original part of the Mansion House and the lirick Yard house
were constructed from the local manufacture. The first brick on the
island of which we have definite information, was made by Eugene
Strickland. He sold to D. C. Sage, from whom the interests passed
into the hands of the Fishers Island Brick Manufacturing Co., who
made an excellent brick, with a yard capacity of sixteen and one-
quarter million per annum.

In the last few years, the Messrs. Ferguson have erected twenty-
five summer cottages, and large additions to the Mansion House for
the accommodation of the increasing number of summer visitors.
About twenty other cottages have been built for the employees on the
island. ]\[any own their own homes and find it a most delightful
place, restful and quiet, free from many of the temptations incident to
a larger population.

Until seven years ago the people of the island had been dependent
on wells for their water supply. The agent of the wind-mill considered
this a fertile field to ply his trade, and nature always supplied a breeze
to pump the necessary water. In 1904 a company was organized for
the purpose of supplying water from the chain of fresh lakes near the
central part of the island, by pumping to a large reservoir on Bell
Hill, and giving all the west end of the island a gravity supply. The
water is of excellent quality, and an analysis shows it to be soft and
very desirable drinking water.

In the spring of 1899 the Fishers Island Electric Light, Heat &
Power Co., was organized, and lines were run to reach all the houses
on the west end of the island. The increasing summer population at
the hotels and cottages created a demand for electric light which was
almost a necessity.

From the Poultry Farm a macadam road has been built to the east
end of the island. This road generally follows along the center of the
island, and gives a most excellent view of both shores. To obtain a
better view of the south shore a road has been constructed east of
Wilderness Point, running along the shore by Isabella Beach to Middle
Farm Beach. From the vantage points along these roads may be
seen Watch Hill, Stonington, Noank, Block Island. Montauk Point,
and more than twenty lighthouses and lightships.

200 FISHERS ISLAND.

CHAPTER VII,
STORY OF WRECKS.

An account of the disasters that have occurred here would form a
long chapter of accidents. The first wrecked vessel of which we have
record, foundered on the rocks of Race Point, March fifteenth, 1669.
The English ship "John & Lucy" was lost in 1671, and the bark
Providence on November twenty-eighth, 1 679. The first vessel sent out
from New London on a whaling voyage was lost here on January
thirteenth, 1753, and in 1775 ^ ship sent out by Captain Biddle as a
prize, met here the same fate. In 1788, Captain John Chapman and
nine other persons, chiefly immigrants from Ireland, were drowned
within twenty rods of the shore of Fishers Island by the capsizing of
two boats.

The most notable of all the disasters was that of the steamer
" Atlantic," which went ashore on North Hill on Thanksgiving night,
November twenty-seventh, 1846, when forty-two lives were lost. The
" Atlantic" left New London in a blinding snow storm for New York,
and when near Bartlett's Reef the steam pipe broke, leaving her at the
mercy of the waves, gradually drifting to our shores. The survivors
were carried to the Mansion House, where they received all the com-
fort and relief possible in such a harrowing scene. Long after the
wreck, the ship's bell remained suspended in its frame, and continued
to toll in mournful tones, as told by Mrs. Hemans in a poem, — "The
Atlantic " — so familiar to every school boy and girl.

"Toll, toll, toll,

Thou bell by billows swung,

And night and day thy warning words

Repeat with mournful tongue.

Toll for the queenly boat,

Wrecked on yon rocky shore,

Seaweed is in her palace hall,

She rides the surges no more."

On a snowy, squally day in January, 1875, two schooners went
ashore on Race Point, and were seen by Mrs. Fox, who had gone to
Race Point to watch the surf. Both schooners were on the rocks,

FISHERS ISLAND. joi

with fourteen of the sixteen men of the crews half frozen in the rigging.
Two of the men had succeeded in reaching the shore after losing iheir
boat. Mrs. Fox, with the assistance of her tenants launched the life-
boat from the near-by Life Saving Station, and succeeded after great
effort in saving the crew.

Isabella Beach is named after the schooner " Isabella Blake,"
which went ashore there some years ago.

At the extreme western end is Race Rock, a most serious menace
to navigation until the erection of a lighthouse in 1878 by the Govern-
ment. After many fruitless attempts in this fierce passageway of
waters. Captain T. A. Scott of New London was successful in its con-
struction, the story of which has been immortalized in F. Hopkinson
Smith's "Caleb West."

The Government purchased a small tract of land on the extreme
western point in 1870 and erected a life saving station, and furnished
equipment, which could be used by the volunteers on the island.

In 1902, the Messrs. Ferguson deeded to the Government a tract
on East Harbor for a life saving station on which has been erected
suitable buildings for this purpose. This station ranks as one of the
most important along the Atlantic coast.

CHAPTER VI II.
PLACES OF INTEREST.

Fort H. G. IVrig/it— One. of the greatest changes noticed by
people who have resided here for ten years, or more, is the wonderful
growth and development of the west end of the island, in which a
tract of land of two hundred and sixteen acres has been converted
into a large army post, Fort H. G. Wright, the headquarters of this
military district. In 1898, the United States acquired this land for
fortification purposes, thus realizing what the colonial Governor saw
and utilized 250 years ago.

This fort was named after Horatio Gouvernour Wright, who was
born in Clinton, Conn., in 1820, and graduated from West Point
in 1 842. He rose rapidly in rank during the civil war, and after General
Sedgwick's death, was in command of the Sixth Corps, which he led

202 FISHERS ISLAM).

in the Richmond campaign, and was in the final military operations
which ended with the surrender of Lee. On June thirtieth, 1879, he
was promoted to the grade of brigadier-general and chief of engineers,
and was retired March sixth, 1884 He died in Washington, D. C,
July second, 1889.

Some fifty buildings have been erected on this reservation, and
emplacements for some thirty guns^f all sizes, including twelve-inch
calibre. Four companies of coast artillery are now stationed here, and
it is the plan to make it a seven company post. During the sham
battle of 1903, it was discovered that Mt. Prospect was indispensable
for proper military protection, and this was subsequently purchased
by the government. This post being the headquarters of this military
district, it is the residence of the commanding officer and his staff.
To this post are sent the National Guard of this and neighboring
states for their annual target practice.

Hotels — Near the entrance to Fort Wright, on a summit overlooking
Race Rock and Hay Harbor, stands the Mononotto Inn, erected in
1893 by Mrs. M. B. Hoppes of Bethlehem^ Pa. Adjacent to the hotel
are several cottages which have been added later for those who prefer
home life.

Reference has already been made to the historical associations of
the Mansion House, which is still the leading hostelry of the island.
Within recent years it has received two large additions, the whole
being shaded by the large elm and fruit trees planted many years ago.
This hotel is the center of the Mansion House group of cottages.

Another hotel, the Munnatawket, is located near the wharf of the
same name, where the boats make their summer landing.

Churches — The denominations are well represented by three
churches, of which St. John's Episcopal Church was the first. This
church occupies a pleasing site, which was selected by the original
trustees, Henry Bowers, George H. Bartlett and Richard H.Chipman.
The first rector was Josiah W. Bartlett, the father of George Bartlett,
who preached his first sermon Aug. twenty-first, 1881. Mr. George H.
Bartlett is still a large property holder here and resides in one of his
cottages overlooking Hay Harbor.

>
o

FISHKRS ISLAM)

As the population increased, other churches have been formed
the Union Chapel, erected in 1898, and a CathoHc Church in 1905.

S,Aoo/s-The first school was held in the Brick Yard house and
the pupils from the west end of the island were given free transporta-
tion. The present schoolhouse was built under the supervision of
Abram GifTord in 1888, and to this another room was added in ,903,
the present school building seating about sixty-five pupils.

/"OS/ (9^.r-The first Post Office was in the rear of tht Mansion
House with Elizabeth Hood, daughter of Mrs. Fo.x as postmistres.v
Her duties were not arduous, as the mail came only twice a week on
a small sailboat from Noank. The first regular mail was instituted
when the steamer Munnatawket was put on the route to New London.
Later the ofiice was transferred to the basement of the Murdock
cottage. It was soon found that more commodious quarters would be
needed, and the present Administration building was erected in 189S.
large enough to give necessary quarters for the Post Office and the
business offices of the Messrs. Ferguson. On the second Hoor is a
hall and room for a State Library, which was incorporated in 1904.
and now has four thousand five hundred volumes in circulation.

Go// CIuh—K very attractive golf course has been laid out on
Durfee meadow, a beautiful rolling tract facing the ocean, with drives
over Mount Prospect ridge. A small club house stands adjacent to
South Beach, where there is most excellent surf bathing.

Sportsman C////-— The presence of large numbers of quail and
numberless flocks of ducks suggested the formation of a .sporting club.
Lnglish pheasants were introduced and four pairs of Belgian hares
were liberated. Of late, a special feature has been the raising of the
English and Mongolian ring-neck pheasants. The club numbers among
its members .some of the most prominent business men in New N'ork
and vicinity.

Chocomount — Chocomount, 136 feet high, is located about midway
between Middle Farm and East End. At the foot of the eastern slope
is the largest grove of trees on the island in the midst of which is a
spring of clear sparkling water.

" I.oiie Gmre" — On the south shore east of the Life Saving Station

204 FISHERS ISLAND.

lies buried the body of the Rev. James Pierpont of Lyme, Conn., who
was drowned while crossing the Connecticut river in March, 1723. In
April following, his body was found upon the east shore of the island
and buried upon the bluff of the shore where it had drifted. A hori-
zontal sandstone slab marks the spot.

What Winthrop foresaw as possibilities of his island purchase
have been more than realized in modern times. Possessing
the greatest natural charms of scenery, pure air and good water, it is
indeed the ideal spot for a summer residence. All necessary im-
provements are here conducive to modern standards of living, and yet
on the greater part of the island, nature still reigns unchanged ; while
vigorous breezes, the grand sweep of sea and sky, the glorious sunsets
seen from the hills, make the tired and care worn realize anew the
beauty of God's world.

LEDYARD, THE TRAVELLER.

BY HENRY A. TIRRELI,.
Read before the Society at its Winter Meeting, January 28. n/58.
Every schoolboy knows the story of gallant Col. William Ledyard.
slain at Groton Heights, in 1781.

Comparatively few people of the present generation, however, are at
all familiar with the name of his nephew, John Ledyard. Yet m his
day John Ledyard was widely known as a famous traveller, a fearless
explorer of distant places little known to civilized man. He was, in
fact, the pioneei of the modern explorers, who have devoted their lives,
not so much to the discovery of new lands, as to the systematic
exploration of remote and barbarous peoples.

I ask your attention to the story of his life, not because of any great
deeds that he wrought for humanity, for his brief life was filled with
disappointments, but rather because his energy and daring seem to me
worthy of admiration. Whoever appreciates pure grit will concede to
John Ledyard some measure of the same praise that he is wont to give
to the ten thousand Greeks under Xenophon, or to the Knights of the
Crusades, or to the brave discoverers of this Western Hemisphere.
Ledyard's spirit was akin to theirs.

Early in the eighteenth century there settled in Groton, Conn., an
Englishman by the name of John Ledyard, a man of strong character
and much ability. After living about twenty five years in Groton.
he moved to Hartford, Conn., where he died, in 1 77 < , full of years and
honored by all who knew him. By his two marriages he became the
father of fifteen children, one of whom was the Col. William Ledyard
of Fort (iriswold, while the eldest was named John. (It is rather
remarkable, by the way, that in .866 there were still living six grand-
children of this lohn Ledyard first, the last of whom died in .877.)-

1718, thus disproving the ott repeal
/brother of Col. William Ledyard

20n

2o6 LEDYARD, THE TRAVELLER.

John Ledyard, the younger, on his father's removal to Hartford,
came into control of the Groton property, engaged as a sea captain in
the West India trade, and bade fair to become a man of mark; but
died at the age of thirty-five, leaving a widow and four children. Mrs.
Ledyard, on her husband's death, went with three of her children to
live in Southold, Long Island, while the eldest child, named John, went
to live with his grandfather, at Hartford.

This John third is the hero of our story. Of his youth we know very
little. He attended the Hartford Grammar School, and later entered
the law ofifice of Mr. Thomas Seymour, who became his guardian on
the grandfather's death. Judging from rumors of boyish escapades,
and reasoning back from what we know of his later life, we may feel
sure that he was one of those quick and restless boys, the despair of
pedagogs of all times, whose roving minds refuse to fasten themselves
on the dry details of studies, and persist in whiling away the dull hours
of school by various time-killing devices.

At the age of twenty-one, he felt a strong desire to become a
missionary to the Indians. His grandfather, a close friend of Dr.
Wheelock, had aided in founding Dartmouth College, and Dr.
Wheelock was glad to receive the grandson as a pupil. The small
beginnings of the Indian school, at Lebanon, Conn., the subsequent
removal to Hanover, N. H , the remarkable success of Sampson Occum,
the Indian preacher, are so well l<nown to this audience that I need
not remind you of the excellent opportunity at Dartmouth for such
training as Ledyard desired.* But this eccentric youth could ill abide
the restraints and routine of college life. His very arrival showed that
he was no ordinary pupil. Jared Sparks, in his Life of John Ledyard,
describes it as follows : " His journey from Hartford to Hanover was
performed in a sulkey, the first vehicle of its kind that had ever been
seep on Dartmouth plain, and it attracted curiosity, not more from this
circumstance than from the odd appearance of the equipage. Both
the horse and the sulkey gave evident tokens of having known better
days; and the dress of their owner was peculiar, bidding equal

i^As the Dartmouth boys say :

" Eleazer Wheelock was a very pious man,

He went into the wilderness to teach the Indian."

LEDYARD, THE TRAVELLER. lo-

defiance to symmetry of proportions and the fashion of the times. In
addition to the traveller's own weight, this ancient vehicle was bur-
dened with a quantity of calico for curtains, and other articles, to
assist in theatrical exhibitions, of which he was very fond. From the
character of this outfit, we may conclude that he did not intend time
should pass on heavy wings at Dartmouth. Considering the newness
of the country, the want of bridges, and the bad state of the roads, this
jaunt in a crazy sulkey was thought to indicate no feeble spirit of
enterprise."

After Ledyard had been at college four months, he suddenly dis-
appeared. For three and a half months no one knew what had become
of him. When at length he reappeared, it was learned that he had
been roving about among the Indians. From this time he gave up all
idea of becoming a missionary. In later years he often declared that
he had no faith in attempts to civilize the Indians, pointing out that
even Sampson Occum had, in his last years, reverted to a low level
of life.

Meanwhile the good Dr. Wheelock took small pleasure in Led
yard's presence at College. Ledyard accordingly, with considerable
satisfaction, took leave of Dartmouth. His going away was no ordinary
departure, but was as novel as his arrival had been. With the aid of
friends, he cut down a huge tree and constructed a '• dug-out," about
fifty feet long. This strange craft was launched into the Connecticut
River, and Ledyard serenely embarked on his journey of one hundred
and forty miles to Hartford, taking a bear skin robe for covering, and
for company, a Greek Testament and a copy of Ovid. Of the dirti
culties to be encountered he knew nothing, and doubtless would have
persevered if he had known them. After several narrow escapes he
reached home, much to the amazement of his relatives, who thought
he was still at College.

James Hosmer, a Hartford man who knew him, said : "He was a
short, stout man, with a large head and large, gray eyes. Independent,
fearless and striking in appearance." On the same authority, we
learn that Ledyard wrote the first New Year's verse ever printed in
Hartford. Only two lines are preserved to us. and these are hardly
sufficient to immortalize his name as a poet.

io8 LEDYARD, THE TRAVELLER.

"As is man's life, so is the first of January ;
Short, fleeting, and completely momentary ! "

I am told that till about ten years ago there was still standing in
Hartford, a tree known as the " Ledyard Elm," planted by him
shortly after his remarkable voyage down the Connecticut.

Ledyard's next ambition was to become a clergyman. After
journeying about some time on Long Island, he consulted several
ministers of Preston, Conn., as to the best way of securing a license
to preach. These gentlemen recommended that he seek his license
on Long Island, telling him that requirements were less severe there
than in Connecticut. F'rom the way in which he was passed about from
one clergyman to another I infer that, while they liked Ledyard person-
ally, they thought him hardly fitted to assume charge of a church. He
waited in vain for his license to come.

Finally, in disgust with prospects at home, he determined to effect
a complete change of life, and accordingly shipped as a common sailor
on a New London vessel, bound for Gibraltar. When Gibraltar was
reached, Ledyard, with other sailors, went ashore to see the sights.
At nightfall he failed to return. When the captain landed to hunt him
up, he was finally discovered with the Gibraltar garrison, dressed in
a British uniform, enlisted as a British soldier. With considerable
difficulty his release was secured, and he returned with the vessel.

Soon after this voyage, our adventurer, having tasted the enjoy-
ments of a wandering life, determined to make a visit to England, to
seek out his relatives there. He worked his passage to Plymouth, and
arrived at London almost penniless. The rich relatives whom he
sought showed no desire to make his acquaintance, and, in his pride,
he made only one attempt to meet them. Though disappointed and
destitute, Ledyard was soon roused to fresh hope by the news that the
great Capt. Cook was about to start on a third voyage to the South
Sea. Soon he secured an interview. Cook, pleased with the manly
appearance and the frank manner of the young man, at once shipped
him for the cruise. This voyage, which lasted over four years, so
fruitful in discovery but fatal to Capt. Cook, I shall not attempt to
describe. Ledyard kept a careful diary, but when the ship returned to

LEDYARD, THE TRAVELLER. 209

England, all private documents were confiscated, and an official account
of- the voyage was published by the government. Two years later,
Ledyard wrote from memory a Journal of Cook's Third Voyage which
was published at Hartford, Conn., in 1783. His account of the death
of Capt. Cook is one of many interesting passages of this journal.
Cook's arrival in the Sandwich Islands had been greeted by the natives
with every mark of satisfaction, and even of reverence; but a stay of
some weeks had made the natives familiar with the white men and
had, furthermore, occasioned considerable friction between careless
sailors and chiefs, who resented the encroachments of visitors. Finally,
one nioht a ship's boat disappeared, and Cook, in order to secure its
return, determined to hold the king, Teraiobu, as a hostage. Ledyard
was one of the ten men who landed with Capt. Cook. I quote part of
his description of what followed : " The town was evacuated by the
women and children, who had retired to the circumjacent hills, and
appeared almost destitute of men ; but there were at that time two
hundred chiefs, and more than twice that number of other men, de-
tached and secreted in different parts of the houses nearest Teraiobu.
exclusive of unknown numbers without the skirts of the town, and
those that were seen were dressed many of them in black. When the
guard reached Teraiobu's house. Cook ordered the lieutenant of
marines to go in and see if he was at home, and if he was. to bring him
out ; the lieutenant went in and found the old man sitting with two or
three old women of distinction, and when he gave Teraiobu to under-
stand that Cook was without and wanted to see him, he discovered the
greatest marks of uneasiness, but arose and accompanied the lieuten-
ant out, holding his hand. When he came before Cook, he squatted
down upon his hams as a mark of humiliation, and Cook took him by
the hand from the lieutenant and conversed with him.

The appearance of our parade both by water and on shore, though
conducted with the utmost silence, and with as little ostentation as
possible, had alarmed the towns on both sides of the bay; otherwise
it would have been a matter of surprise, that though Cook did not see
twenty men in passing through the town, yet before he had conversed
ten minutes with Teraiobu, he was surrounded by three or four hun-

210 LEDYARD, THE TRAVELLER.

dred people, and above half of them chiefs. Cook grew uneasy when
he observed this, and was the more urgent in his persuasions with
Teraiobu to go on board, and actually persuaded the old man to go
at length, and led him within a rod or two of the shore ; but the just
fears and conjectures of the chiefs at last interposed. They held the
old man back, and one of the chiefs threatened Cook when he
attempted to make them quit Teraiobu. Some of the crowd now cried
out that Cook was going to take their king and kill him, and there was
one in particular that advanced towards Cook in an attitude that
alarmed one of the guard. * * * Cook fired at him with a blank.
The Indian, perceiving he received no damage from the fire, rushed
from without the crowd a second time, and threatened any one that
should oppose him. * * * Cook, perceiving the people determined
to oppose his designs, and that he should not succeed without further
bloodshed, ordered the lieutenant of marines, Mr. Phillips, to withdraw
his men and get them into the boats, which were then lying ready to
receive them. This was effected by the sergeant, but the instant they
began to retreat. Cook was hit with a stone, and perceiving the man
who did it, shot him dead The officer in the boats, observing the
guard retreat, and hearing this third discharge, ordered the boats to
fire. * * * Cook and Mr. Phillips perceiving a general fire with-
out orders, quitted Teraiobu and ran to the shore to put a stop to it.
* * * Cook, having at length reached the margin of the water,
between the fire of the boats, waved with his hat for them to cease
firing ; and while he was doing this, a chief from behind stabbed him
with one of our iron daggers, just under the shoulder-blade, and it
passed quite through his body. Cook fell with his face in the water
and immediately expired."

If Ledyard's original diary had been saved, we should doubtless
have an account of the long voyage more complete in details than any-
thing now in print.

In the long cruise, the vessel touched at many points in the South
Pacific, in China, the N. E. coast of Siberia, returning to England by
way of the Cape of Good Hope, after an absence of four years and
three months. And doubtless during this voyage Ledyard's mind

LE1J^■AK1), TlIK TK.W KLLKR. :i,

was busy with the plans and ideas that claimed his attention for niosl
of his remaining years. For instance, he formed the i)Ian of starting
a fur trade on the N. W. coast of America. There can be no doubt
that his efforts several years later to rouse an interest in this scheme
did much to bring the matter prominently before statesmen in this
country and in Europe. A letter of Thomas Jefferson, written in 1815.
makes it clear that the famous Lewis and Clarke expedition of 1X04,
was suggested to Jefferson's mind by an interview he had held with
Ledyard, in Paris, years before. I shall later refer brieHy to this
interview in another connection.*

On returning from the Cook voyage, Ledyard served for two years
in the British navy. We do not know his rank or record, but we do
know that he refused to fight against his native land. In December.
1782, being on board a British man-of-war, off Long Island, he
deserted and revisited his mother, at Southold, and his relatives, in
Hartford, after an absence of eight years. During his stay in America
he succeeded in interesting Robert Morris in the fur enterprise, and
was authorized by him to select a vessel at New London, but plans
failed, and Ledyard once more went to Europe In P'rance, Lafayette
became a loyal friend, and Paul Jones actually formed a partnership
with him for the N. VV. fur trade. But once again hard fortune
brought the hopes of both Ledyard and Jones to failure. Then, in
desperation, the traveller went to England and embarked on a vessel
sent out by merchants for a voyage to these regions. Through the
kindness of friends, Ledyard raised money sufficient to equip himself
for the journey. He planned to traverse the American continent
from the N. W. coast to Virginia, and so, for equipment, bought two
dogs, a hatchet and a pipe of peace ! Hardly had the vessel left
the harbor, when it was recalled and used for another purpose.

Such continued failure was enough to discourage any one but a
Ledyard. The plan next formed is one that had been discussed at an

empire today. Washington, sq. ni., (h),W4; Idaho, sq. m . 8^>,3oo; Oregon, st) m
95,274; Total 251.568. More than fifty Connecticut.s !

212 LEDYARU, THE TRAVELLER.

earlier date with Jefferson, in the interview to which reference has
been made. Jefferson, in his letter of 1815, takes to himself all credit
for the plan, but since Ledyard's mind had long been busy with simi-
lar ideas, we may fairly assume that both men contributed something
to the details of the scheme. The plan, which would have seemed
hopeless to most people, was briefly this : Ledyard was to go to
St. Petersburg, secure a passport from Empress Catharine the Great,
travel through Russia and Siberia, cross in some Russian vessel to
the N. W. coast of America, and then push on across the continent to
the Atlantic. Remember that Ledyard was all his life poverty stricken,
that he had no influence save what his presence could inspire, and
then, if you will, imagine him starting on his journey of over eleven
thousand miles, through unknown peoples and pathless wilds.

Sir Joseph Banks, a leading scientist of England and a warm
friend of Ledyard, gave him a modest sum with which to equip him-
self. This aid the traveller gratefully accepted, and soon afterwards
gave away to a chance acquaintance more needy than himself whom
he found in Denmark. Reaching Stockholm, he attempted to cross
the Gulf of Bothnia on the ice, but found this impossible on account
of the open water in the middle of the Gulf.

If I had been with him then, I think I should have suggested the
propriety of staying at Stockholm for the winter with the hope of
reaching St. Petersburg in the spring. But it was not in Ledyard's
nature to yield to difficulties. He determined to walk around the Gulf.

This was in the dead of winter, through a region of the Arctic
circle, desolate and in many places uninhabited, where the thermometer
often registers forty degrees below zero. He had no money ; he
carried no provisions ; he could not speak the language. I imagine
that even our champion Weston might have been daunted by such a
walk as this. Incredible as it may seem, in less than seven weeks
Ledyard had completed the journey of fourteen hundred miles to St.
Petersburg, arriving safe and sound though without shoes or stockings.
He then succeeded in making friends, in raising a little money, and
in getting a passport from the Empress. The next seven thousand
miles were, comparatively speaking, easy ; for, through the aid of an

LEDYARD, THE TRAVELLER. 2,3

official, he was able to travel most of the distance by government post
and by boat. At Yakutsk he was persuaded, through advice that was
subsequently found to be unfriendly, to retrace his course fourteen
hundred miles to Irkutsk, there to spend the winter with the hope of
crossing to America in the spring. The winter days were spent chiefly
in writing up his diary and in making preparations for his further
journeyings.

As we read his notes, we see that he was a keen observer, with a
mind naturally adapted to scientific work. But he had never received
scientific training and consequently had difficulty in properly classify-
ing his observations. Many of his views, however, were original and
stimulating. Throughout all his travels, he kept constantly in mind
the traits and customs of the natives, and collected a mass of data to
show that mankind were all of one race, that what dilTerences there
were could be accounted for by differences of climate and surround-
ings, and that among the Indians of this country, the Tartars of
Siberia and the South Sea Islanders there were so many remarkable
coincidences of customs, of traditions, and dialect, as to prove clearly
to his mind that they had migrated from some common point.

'■ I am certain," he says in a letter to Jefferson. " that all the people
you call red people on the continent of America and on the continents
of Europe and Asia, as far south as the southern parts of China, are
all one people, by whatever names distinguished, and that the best
general name would be Tartar. I suspect that all red people are of
the same family. I am satisfied that America was peopled from Asia,
and had some, if not all, its animals from thence."

And in another passage he says : " You will please to accept these
two observations, as the result of extensive and assiduous inquiry.
They are with me well ascertained facts. The first is, that the differ-
ence of color in the human species ' * * arises from natural
causes. The second is that all the .Asiatic Indians, called Tartars, and
all the Tartars who formed the later armies of C.enghis Khan, together
with the Chinese, are the same people, and that the American Tartar
is also of the same family ; the most ancient and numerous people on
earth and the most uniformly alike."

2 14 LEDVARD, THE TRAVELLER.

A modern anthropologist or philologist would doubtless pick Haws
in Ledyard's arguments but would at once concede the accuracy of
his observation of facts and the interest of his descriptions of peoples
and places.

Sometime in this long wait at Irkutsk he wrote a passage that
shows well the character of the man and will bear comparison I think
with the best words ever written on the same theme. " I have
observed," he says, "among all nations, that the women ornament
themselves more than the men ; that, wherever found, they are the
same kind, civil, obliging, humane, tender beings ; that they are ever
inclined to be gay and cheerful, timorous and modest. They do not
hesitate, like man, to perform a hospitable or generous action ; not
haughty, nor arrogant, nor supercilious, but full of courtesy and fond
of society ; industrious, economical, ingenuous ; more liable in general
to err than man, but in general, also, more virtuous and performing
more good actions than he. I never addressed myself in the language
of decency and friendship to a woman, whether civilized or savage,
without receiving a decent and friendly answer. With man it has
often been otherwise. In wandering over the barren plains of inhos-
pitable Denmark, through honest Sweden, frozen Lapland, rude and
churlish Finland, unprincipled Russia and the wide-spread regions of
the wandering Tartar, if hungry, dry, cold, wet, or sick, woman has
ever been friendly to me, and uniformly so ; and to add to this virtue,
so worthy of the application of benevolence, these actions have been
performed in so free and so kind a manner, that, if I was dry, I drank
the sweet draught, and if hungry, ate the coarse morsel, with a double
relish."

When the severity of the winter had relaxed and Ledyard was
about ready to resume his journey, he was met one day by two officers,
who placed him under arrest as a spy, hurried him back eight thousand
miles to the borders of Poland and warned him not to reenter Russia
on pain of death. The real reasons for such action Ledyard never
knew, but in all probability certain influential Russians interested in
the fur trade of Siberia had spoken against him to government
officials.

LEDYARU. THE TRAVELLER. -'^

His heart was broken ; wasted by privations at last he reached
London. In his forlorn condition he called on his good friend Sir
Joseph Banks, who, in order to console him, said that the British
Association for African Exploration wished to send out a man to that
country, and that possibly he might be willing to undertake the task.
Ledyard eagerly consented. '^ When can you start?" said Banks.
"Tomorrow morning" said Ledyard. Fortunately some delay was
necessary before the Association was ready One of the officers has
given us the following description of Ledyard as he appeared at that
time. " To those who have never seen Mr. Ledyard, it may not.
perhaps, be uninteresting to know that his person, though scarcely
exceeding the middle size, was remarkably expressive of activity and
strength; and that his manners, though unpolished, were neither
uncivil nor unpleasing. Little attentive to difference of rank, he
seemed to consider all men as his equals and as such he respected
them. His genius, though uncultivated and irregular, was original
and comprehensive. Ardent in his wishes, yet calm in his delibera-
tions ; daring in his purposes, but guarded in his measures : impatient
of control, yet capable of strong endurance ; adventurous beyond the
conception of ordinary men, yet wary and considerate and attentive to
all precautions, he appeared to be formed by nature for achievements
of hardihood and peril."

Ledyard journeyed to Cairo, where for some weeks he lived among
the Arabs, getting much information and the needed equipment. He
sent home glowing reports of his plans and was on the point of start-
ing, across Africa from east coast to west, when suddenly he was
stricken with fever and died at the age of thirty-eight, being, as some
one has said, "the first victim in the cause of African discovery, to
which so many since have been martyrs."

\n American traveller,* visiting Cairo years afterward, wrote these
words- "Around the walls of Cairo roll the waves of desert sand.
When you pass out of the gates to the eastward, the instant you leave
the city you look back at the walls and gates and before and around
you at the desert. There are no suburbs. But on these hills of sand

* Wm. C . Prince in " 1 go a tisliinM-"

2i6 LEDYARD, THE TRAVELLER.

lie the dead moslems ; thousands and hundreds of thousands, millions
of men lie in the dust awaiting the coming of the angel. Mere lie one
hundred thousand men that heard the war cry of Richard Coeur de Lion,
here lie one hundred thousand men that saw the face of Louis the
Saint, here lie hosts of those that fled before the arm of Godfrey, and
from that day to this the dead of Cairo have lain down in the dust
around their city walls calmly confident that they will not oversleep
the day when they shall meet their prophet. Somewhere here I think
the tired traveller found repose, and I trust, will find it undisturbed.
It were better to sleep thus with all the old dead of a thousand years
than to sleep in a bought grave at the mercy of a Greek Christian.
To him it was terrible to die thus. * * But I doubt not that when
his stout soul fully realized the presence of the dread angel, he thought
that after all, next to the churchyard at his home, where his mother's
eye would look on his grave till she slept by his side, this sleep in the
sands of the Arabian desert, on the banks of the lordly Nile, was what
he would have chosen, who had seen all the world to choose from."

COMMKMORATIVK Sl^KTCIl OF JOHN P. C. MATHEK.'

BY ClIARLKS W. BUTLER.

Read before the Society at its Annual Meeting Septemljer lo, 1908.

John Perkins Gushing Mather was named as one of the original
corporators of the New London County Historical Society in the act
incorporating the Society passed by the General Assembly in the year
1 870. Associated in the work of the Society with U.S. Senator Lafay-
ette S. Foster, Judge Gharles J. McCurdy and others of the group of
founders, and with their later successors, he was always interested and
zealous for its prosperity to the close of his life. To his good service
as one of its officers the Society is in large measure indebted for the
success that has attended its progress.

He was the son of Captain Andrew Mather, a native of Lyme, in
this State, who, for many years, was a commander in the U. S. revenue
marine, and for a long period in the latter years of his connection with
the service was in command of the cutter stationed at the port of New
London. Captain Mather's family residence was in New London.
There his son John was born on September twenty-third, 1816, in the
homestead that continued to be his home through all his long life.
The son entered Yale College at the age of seventeen, and graduated

in the class of 1837.

Choosing the law to be his profession, after he left college, he
entered upon its practical study in the office of the late Lyman Law of
New London. He was admitted to the bar in .S39, and commenced
a practice in New London which was actively continued (e.xcept as it
was interrupted or encroached upon by the duties of judicial or polit-
ical positions to which he was called), until his retirement from pro
tessional and public business in the year 1SS6.

He was chosen Mayor of the city of New London in .S45. and held
that office by reelection until he resigned it in ,850 to become Secretary
of the State.

* This article is one .n .he series o, n.emo.r. ,-, .he .ucon.„r...orsof .he New t.ondou Coun.y
Historical Society, being published in the Records and Papers.

2i8 COMMEMORATIVE SKETCH OF JOHN P. C MATHER.

In 1849 he was elected one of the representatives of the town of
New London to the General Assembly and served on the judiciary
committee.

In 1850 he was elected Secretary of the State, and by reelection
was continued in the office until the end of the term closing in 1853.

In 1858 he was appointed by President Buchanan the collector of
customs for the district of New London. That office he held until the
early part of President Lincoln's administration in 1861, when he gave
place to a Republican successor appointed by the new President. In
that period and until about 1886, he held the office of Commissioner of
the United States Circuit Court.

In 1866, 1867, 1868, 1870 and 1873 he was judge of the police and
city court of New London, then an office of annual appointment by
the General Assembly.

In 1871 he was judge of the probate court for the New London
district. He was, a little later, one of the five revisers by whom was
prepared the revision of the public statutes of the State published in
1875.

In 1873 and 1879 he sat in the State Senate from the New London
district.

In 1879 he was appointed judge of the court of common pleas in
New London County and remained in that office, by reappointment
when his first term closed, until in 1886 he relinquished it because he
had reached the limit of age fixed by the constitution of the State.

This enumeration of the various offices filled by Judge Mather
during his extended career, may well .serve to indicate the extent and
variety of his qualifications for rendering useful service to his fellow
citizens in public stations of trust and responsibility. It exhibits the
subject of our sketch, however, as devoting much of his time through
a course of many years, to public affairs more or less connected with,
or related to politics or political influences. But he was not a pushing
politician, and he was not an office seeker. The duties of these places
were cast upon him by the common voice of fellow citizens, who recog-
nized his fitness to serve them and who called him to that service
because he was the man capable and trustworthy for the duty. The

COMMEMORATI\E SKETCH OF JOHN i'. l MAlllhK. jiy

attractions of politics or of office were never, to his view, sufficient to
draw away his mind from its attachment to his chosen profession of
the law. On the bench he exhibited admirably the qualities especially
to be desired and prized in those who are placed in judicial positions.
Alike by his brethren of the legal profession and by the laity outside
the bar, he was recognized by the observant ones as the right man for
the place, the upright and learned magistrate, the model judge.

When the Bulkeley School was organized — founded upon the
bequest made for the establishment of that important institution by
Leonard H. Bulkeley — Judge Mather was one of the original five
trustees named in the incorporating act passed by the General Assem-
bly in 1850. His service m that position was continuous from the
beginning of the school to the time of his death — about forty-one years.

After he left the bench in 1886, Judge Mather lived in quiet retire-
ment at his ancestral home in New London. His death— from an
attack of bronchitis — occurred on the twelfth of February, 1891. The
simple but impressive funeral services at his home were conducted by
Rev. Alfred Poole Grint, the rector of St. James Episcopal parish, in
New London, and were attended by a large assemblage of his fellow
citizens. The gentlemen who served as bearers were N. Shaw Perkins,
Sebastian D. Lawrence, William Belcher, John G. Crump, Thomas M.
Waller, Charles W. Butler, Beniamin Stark of New London, and John
T. Wait of Norwich. His remains were interred in the Cedar (irove
Cemetery at New London.

IN MEMORIAM: EDMUND CLARENCE STEDMAN.
DANIEL COiT OILMAN, DONALD GRANT MITCHELL.

BY JONATHAN TRUMHULI-.
Read before the Society at its Midwinter Meeting. )aniiar\\ 28, i()09.

In the j-ear .so lately closed we cannot fail to recognize some \'ery
marked blanks which the effacing hand of time has left in our li.st of
honorary members. The names of Edmund Clarence Stedman, Daniel
Coit Oilman and Donald Grant Mitchell have been transferred from
our honorary roll to a roll more enduring and honorable than that
which any organization can hope to make. These three men have left
a record of work accomplished, each in his own way, which has proved
to be not only an uplifting influence, but a dynamic force in American
scholarship, literature and civiHzation. In the case of each one, the
record is beautifully complete. Each had more than completed his
three score and ten years, two of them dying in the harness at the age
of seventy-four and seventy-seven respectively, and the third lingering
dreamily through the last year of his long life to the age of eighty-
six ; perhaps living over that Dream life with which he had charmed
his readers fifty-seven years before.

In some of those rare pauses which this strenuous life of ours
grants us, it may be well to ask ourselves what three names we shall
place on our honorary roll to hll the three places now made vacant.
Another question is sugge.sted by this: Can we rtnd three names that
will completely fill these vacancies?

EDMUND CLARENCE SJ'EDIMAN.
1833-1908.

In iSq3 our poet, Stedman, wrote these lines:

" (Jive me to die unwitting of the day,

And stricken in life's brave heat, with senses clear."

KdMINO e'l.ARKNCE SlEKMAN.
Copyright. Pinr Mi.Donald. N. Y.

IN MEMORIAM. 221

Fifteen years later that wish was fulfilled. On the eighteenth of
January. 1908. that brave, sunn\ spirit took its sudden flight, after a
morning of his loved literary work, and a greeting by telephone to a
friend.

1 cannot iiope at this time to do more than to say a word of remem-
brance and appreciation of this rare spirit, which 1 feel must be verj-
inadequately spoken.

W'e claim him as a Norwich man, even though his birthplace, of
which he had onh- the dim recollection of a boy of six years, was
Hartford. It was here in Norwich that the formative period of his
life was pas.sed. here that he passed the early years of his married
life, and commenced his literary career as the founder of the Norwich
Tribune. And to the day of his death, he clung with a lo\alty which,
like all his other loyalties, has well been called a passion, to the home
of his boyhood and earl)- manhood. To appreciate this, one should
have been with him as it has been my privilege to be. on some of tho.se
visits to his old home; to watch the alert interest with which he
inquired regarding the places, hou.ses and people : and the zest with
which he lived over his early life in the midst of these old associations
to which he .seemed to cling more and more closely with each added
year of his life.

.\mong his early poems is one entitled. "The Inland City." which
sings the prai.se of Norwich with all the ardor and love of youth: but
which, as in his later years he grew to be his own most severe critic, is
omitted from the final edition of his collected poems. It is to be found,
however, in Longfellow's " Poems of Places." which shows the esteem
in which it was held by one of the great poets of our daj . The scenes
and characters of most of those " Poems of New England " which are
grouped together in the recently issued edition of his poems may be
traced to Norwich; and in many of his other poems may be found
distinct impressions of his early days.

With the quick, sure touch of a poet's genius, he has al.so given us
lasting memorials of the days which followed in his alert, busy, sympa-
thetic life. His position on the staff of the New York Tribune gave us
among other poems. " How Old Brown Took Harpers Kerry." with its
prophetic warning as to the sentence to be pronounced b\ the court :

222 IN MEMORIAM.

" But, Virginians, don't do it ! for I tell you
that the flagon,
Filled with blood of old Brown's offspring

was first poured by Southern hands ;
And each drop from old Brown's life-veins,

like the red gore of the dragon,
May spring up a vengeful fury, hissing
through your slave-worn lands !
And old Brown,
O saw atom ie Brown,
May trouble you more than ever, when
you've nailed his coffin down.'"

In the poems which follow, written while he was war correspondent
for the New York World, and grouped under the sub-title " In War
Time," we find other clear-cut impressions which only the poetic
instinct of a genius can take from its surroundings. And so, the sub-
sequent life in New York brings romance and subtly woven fancies
even into the busy life of Wall Street, where the great god Pan reigns
with his melodious pipes until

u * * * Among us trod

A man in blue, with legal baton.
And scofifed the vagrant demigod.

And pushed him from the step I sat on.
Doubting, I mused upon the cry,

' Great Pan is dead ! ' — and all the people
Went on their ways : — and clear and high
The quarter sounded from the steeple."

But we must resist the temptation lovingly to follow his career, as
we find it reflexed so clearly in his verse, from the lighter fancies of
the young poet to the grave sublimity of the veteran bard. Enough to
remember just now that he was a born poet and a true poet, lisping
verses of his own composing at the age of six, and led by that inborn
impulse to build the verses whose melodious rjthm, subtle fancy and
sublime flight will live in our American literature. Do not call him
the banker-poet — do not even call him the poet-banker — for he was
only a banker, as he himself said, in the hope that banking would pay
its good, sound tribute of dollars and cents to poetry, giving the poet
an independence which would free him from any taint of hack-writing.

IN mp:moriam. jj,

Think for a moment of that busy, useful Hfe : editor and war cor-
respondent, banker; lecturer at the Johns Hopkins and Columbia
Universities and at the University of Pennsylvania ; President of the
American Copyright League, and at one time of the New England
Society ; author of poems appearing in part or in whole in nine editions :
author of prose works entitled "The Victorian Poets," " The Poets of
America," '' The Nature and Elements of Poetry;" and editor, either
solely or in collaboration with others, of Cameos from the poems of
Walter Savage Landor, Poems of Austin Dobson ; A Library of Ameri-
can Literature, in eleven -volumes; The Works of F'.dgar Allan Poe. in
ten volumes : A Victorian Anthology, An American Anthology, to say
nothing of magazine articles and addresses on various occasions which
well deserve to be collected in book form. His genial, sympathetic
character, too, surrounded him with a host of friends, and deluged
him with a mass of correspondence which added to the fullness of his
life, while shedding upon the lives of others the charm and uplift
which only such a life can impart.

But a short time ago, it was my privilege to attend a meeting at the
Carnegie Lyceum, New York, in memory of Edmund Clarence Sted-
man. It was a fitting and worthy tribute to the man, his life and his
works. His portrait, framed in laurel leaves, seemed to be looking at
us all in that benihcent welcome which I think everyone in the large
audience knew so well. Tributes to his personal worth, and his fame
as a poet and man of letters were lovingly paid by Richard Watson
Gilder, who presided, by Hamilton W. Mabie, Seth Low, William C.
Church and Robert M. Johnson. A letter from William Winter,
closing with verses composed for the occasion, was read; and a poem
by Stedman's son, Arthur, who so recently died, after a visit to Norwich
in quest of reminiscences of his father's boyhood and early manhood.
Mr. Johnson, as Secretary of the American Committee of the Reats-
Shelley Memorial, in Rome, of which Stedman had been chairman,
announced the completion of a plan to furnish the largest room in the
house which Keats occupied in Rome, as a permanent memorial to
Stedman. The closing tribute was the recital by the chairman, of the
last verse of Stedman's tribute to John Hay, which is so much more

i24 IN MEMORIAM.

appropriate and applicable to its author than any words of mine or of
others, that I. too, will close this very imperfect outline by quoting); it :

•And if there be — and if there be

A realm where lives still forward roll.
F.ven so — no other — strong and free
Through time and space shine on, dear Soul."

DANIEL COIT (UI.MAN.
1S31-T008.

Nearly fifty years ago, a joung man of twenty-eight delivered the
historical address at the celebration of the two hundredth anniver.sar\
of the founding of Norwich. This young man. Daniel C. Oilman, a
native of Norwich, born here. July sixth. 1831, was at the time librarian
of Yale College. I'he address was soon published in book form, with
copious and valuable notes referring to many original sources of infor-
mation, and making the work a sufficient and authoritative outline hi.s-
tory of Norwich for readers who do not find the leisure to consult Miss
Caulkins' voluminous history, which, as Dr. Bacon has said, " is one
of the best and fullest of those volumes of local lore which atirtict his-
torical workers with an excess of authentic material."

Forty-two years after the delivery of this address, its author, who
had since been president of two universities which owed their organi-
zation and success to his eftorts, was called upon to accept the presi-
dency of the Carnegie Institution, at Washington, with its endowment
of ten million dollars, and its avowed primary object : " To promote
original research." Thus we may say that the spirit of patient, intelli-
gent research, which was so marked in the young man of twenty-eight,
reached its full growth and fruitage in the distinguished scholar and
university president of seventy -one.

To tell, even in outline, of those forty-two years of active, distin-
guished life in our higher institutions of learning, and of the following
seven years in that unique and still higher institution to which he was
called, would be more than 1 could hope to do. even in a larger limit
of time than that to which 1 must confine myself.

Before preparing and delivering the address at Norwich, to which
1 have alluded, he had pursued such post-graduate studies as the then

DaNIKI. Con (III MAN.

IN MEMOKIAM. m;

meagre facilities of Yale afforded, had attended the lectures of the
celebrated geographer Carl Ritter in Berlin, and had travelled exten-
sively in Europe in pursuit of other studies. After completing a service
of seven years as librarian, he was made professor of political and
physical geography in the Sheffield Scientific School, of Yale College.
The duties of this position were supplemented by his secretaryship of
this school. We find him also, atone time, acting visitor of the public
schools, of New Haven, and at another time, Secretary of the State
Board of Education.

In all these positions he had acquitted himself so well, and gained
so much more than a local reputation, that in I.S72 he accepted the
position of President of the far-distant University of California, a
position which he had previously declined to accept.

It is only necessary to read his inaugural address on assummg this
important ofTice to know that he proposed to make the institution a
university in fact as well as in name ; and it is only necessary to read
the hi.story of his administration to know that the inspiration and
earnest work which this still young man carried across the continent
bravely ushered in the beginning of a new era in the hi.story of the
University of California. So marked was his success that his fame
as a university president became well known on the .Atlantic side of
the continent ; and after a stay of three years in California he found
himself called to the presidency of the newly formed Johns Hopkin>
University of Baltimore, with its endowment of .seven million dollars.

At this point in his career the most marked and important period
of his life begins, to continue through a well rounded quarter of a cen-
lur\ . I'he opportunity was propitious, but was one which might have
left a record of dismal failure in the hands of a man less suited to
grasp it. As it is, the Johns Hopkins University, under the guidance
and direction of its gifted first president, forms the most striking
example to be found of brilliant success in the higher education of our
country. It maybe said to mark a new era which the older univer
sities, hampered by tradition, were .struggling to inaugurate, and it
gave to those universities and others an example and an in.spiration
which placed them all in that march of progress in which the Johns
Hopkins University, under President (iilman. took the lead.

226 IN MEMORIAM.

That trite and often meaningless term, the secret of success, which
is sometimes confidentially disclosed by quack philosophers to the
rising generation at a dollar or so per volume, may find in this case
its interpretation, through putting the right man in the right place. A
prime requisite in this instance was that the man should have the
rare faculty of putting a number of right men each in the right place.
This faculty President Gilman possessed, among his other gifts, in a
marked degree. And having put each man in his allotted place, he
was able, through the exercise of another rare faculty, to make them
work harmoniously and enthusiastically together for the good of the
new undertaking. His breadth and liberality of view, his keen percep-
tion of the needs of the times in higher education, had also much to do
in shaping the course which his University so successfully followed.
These and other essential qualities with which he was gifted by nature
found their full play and power by means of the liberal culture and
high scholarship which he attained through his college course and
studies abroad. Crowning and informing these, a genial and courteous
personality, a wonderful receptivity for everything worth while which
was going on about him, made it a rare privilege for the humble
layman as for the profound scholar to enjoy his presence and
conversation.

At the age of seventy, following a custom which is sometimes more
honored in the breach than the observance, he resigned the presidency
of the Johns Hopkins University. As he himself has said in his rem-
iniscences, it was not on account of any consciousness of failing powers
that he took this step ; but in the hope that a change of administration
might create a new interest and give a new impulse to an institution
which, with its accompanying medical school and hospital, he had
placed on so firm a footing. As 1 have said, soon after his resignation,
another call which meant to him that he was to go up higher still in
the higher education of his country, came to him from the Carnegie
Institution. Fortunately, his exact words, spoken in private, regarding
his view of this new responsibility have been preserved to us. On
assuming the presidency, he said : " This is the best opportunity for
usefulness that has ever come to me, and it makes me feel as if I were

IN MEMORIAM. "7

forty once more. 1 see so nuich to do. and 1 am so happy to be a part
m the doing."

As the resuh of his work, still too little known, the Carnegie Insti-
tution now stands perfectly organized under his wise direction.

Fortunately, through all his busy days and years, he has found lime
to leave us some very interesting treatises and reminiscences, m which
he lets us know much of the experiences of his busy and higlily usefvil
and important life. Foremost among these are his " University Prob-
lems," published in 1898, and - The Launching of a University.-
published in 1906. He has also contributed to the American Statesmen
series a life of James Monroe, valuable in every way, and especially
so for its clear and scholarly exposition of the Monroe Doctrine.
- The Life of James Uwight Dana " forms another valuable biography
which he has left us. Notable in his literary work. too. are his intro-
duction to the new translation of De Tocqueville's '• Democracy m
\merica " and his supervising editorship of the International Kncyclo-
pedia \lthough we think of him principally as a university president,
it should be borne in mind that, in addition to the duties of his ofhce.
he was. from the beginning, a trustee of the John F. Slater fund or
the education of freedmen ; ot the Peabody Education fund ; and that
he was appointed bv President Cleveland on the Venezuela Boundary
Commission, in .896. During his career, too. he held the presidency
of the .American Bible Society, the American Social Science .Associa-
tion, the American Oriental Society, and the Civil Service Reform

'^'Tnthose delightful reminiscences which he has left us. he says,
though in the midst of a life apparently as bu.sy as ever: - 1 have
heard travellers say that the pleasantest part of travel '^ jHe conunK
home 1 have -sometimes thought so. and I have al.so thought that
the plea.santest part of life is its closing chapter, when memories take
the place of hopes, cares are lessened, opportunities are enlarged. an<l
friend.ships nuiltiplied and intensified."

This closing chapter he had reached, and the happ-ess to be
found in the sunset of a long, useful life was his to the ^^^^^ ^^^^
There was another wish which he had never expres.sed in print, that

228 IN MEMORIAM.

when the time should come for the closing of that last chapter, it might
come quickly. This wish was gratified. It was a home-coming for all
time, here in the town of his birth that he loved so well. We had
hoped that he would live to see and participate in the two hundred and
fiftieth anniversary of the settlement of his native town, as he had in
the two hundredth anniversary— but it was not to be.

DONALD GRANT MI'ICHEIJ,.
1822-1908.

In the days of long ago. when it was quite the fashion for some of
our best families to occupy seats in the galleries of the old Second
C Congregational Church of Norwich, a very distinct and cherished
recollection brings before me a young man of striking and distinguished
presence who occupied one of those gallery seats to which we were
beginning to be driven by the crowded condition of the church at the
time. He was a man of rare manly beauty, with thoughtful, contempla-
tive, refined features; — a head which, it seemed to me. might well .serve
as a model for .some great sculptor striving to give us a Phtebus Apollo.
.V youthful fancy for a great author surrounded that head with a halo
which onlj- such youthful fancies can create. '' The Reveries of a
Bachelor " and " Dream Life " were then household words among us,
and " Ik Marvel " was to me. and to a host of others, a name to conjure
with, as it .still is and will be as long as such a true .soul and true artist
can touch the chords of this life of ours as he has touched them.

At the time I .speak of he had reached, perhaps, the age of forty,
had broken away from all expectation or even dread of hampering his
genius by a professional life, and had established his reputation and
standing among the literary lights of the day. How well this career
suited the rather stern Cahinistic views of his father, the Reverend
.Alfred Mitchell, we shall never learn from the .son. If it was oppo.sed.
we may surmise that opposition meant encouragement ni this case for ;
there were beautiful, ennobling, lofty thoughts in that Apollo-like head
that had to be uttered. The man's own benevolent love of his fellow-
men could not allow the world to be .so much poorer as it would have
been without the utterance.

DoNAi.D Oram Min iiki.i..

IN MEMORIAM.

2 2.,

His life stands in rather marked contrast to the more stirring liv.-s
of Stedman and Oilman, and yet we would not have it otherwise.
Born here in Norwich on the twelfth of April, 1822; jjraduated from
Yale as valedictorian in 1841, he passed three years of his life in the
pursuit which he loved to the end of his days, farminj^. In 1.S44, he
went to FAirope. visitinjr Enjjland, the Isle of Jersey, France and Hoi
land, with the result, among other thinj^s, of ffivint; us his first hook.
" Fresh Gleanings," published in 1847.

And now comes a taste of the study of law. al a time when the
French revolution of 1848 is just breaking out. As he says in his
dedicatory letter to " The Battle Summer :"

" I conjured up images of the New Order, and the images dogged
me in the streets, and at my desk, and made my sleep — a nightmare.
They blurred the type of Black.stone, and made the mazes of C'hitty ten
fold greater."

In short, the young author, fresh from his recent tour, cannot l)eai
the drudgery of reading law when such stirrmg events are taking ]jlace
in the Paris that he knows so well, and so. as he says:

" * * * I threw Puffendorf. big as he was. into a corner, and
.said, — I will go and see."

And to ?>ance he went the third day after throwing Puffendorf into
a corner, saw what there was to see. and gave us that spirited account
of the -Stirring times of 1S48 which we may read in • The Hattle Sum
mer." Then followed, on his return, anonymously at the time. • llie
I>orgnette." and then • The Reveries of a Bachelor." at which latter
the Boston publishers shook their wi.se heads, but which was hnally
published by Baker and Scribner in 1850. with what result we know.
"Dream Life" followed in 1851. The author tells his own story of
this work in his preface of 1883 so much better than 1 can tell it th.n I
am glad to resort to a quotation :

"It was to a quaint old farnihou.sc shadowed b> elms, in a \ei\
quiet country, that I went to finish my summer task the Ixntk bemg
promised for early winter. I'here was scant, but bracing farmers fare
for me. and a world of encour;igement in the play of sun and shadow

230 IN MEMORIAM.

over the tranquil valley landscape, and in the murmur of the brooks
that I had known of old.

" In six months I had completed my task, and going to the pub-
lishers (then established in the old Brick Church Chapel where now
stands the Times building, in New York), I threw my bundle of MS.
upon the counter, saying, ' what will you give for the lot ? '

" Mr. Scribner took up the budget smilingly, and said, ' I wouldn't
advise you to part with the copyright, but if you must have an offer, I
will give you four thousand dollars.'

"There was cheer in this: yet I wisely took his advice,— which the
result amply justified."

Then follows, in 1853, his marriage, and his consulship at Venice,
resulting, not as he had hoped, in a history of the Venetian Republic,
for which he took copious notes; but in that delightful book, " Seven
Stories with Basement and Attic," in which, in his own genial, inimita-
ble way, he recounts his consular and other European experiences.

In 1855, we find him settled for the remainder of his long life in his
" farm of Edgewood," where, free to carry out his own delightful
ideals of life, he spends the rest of his days as farmer, landscape
gardener, and, above all. as man of letters. Time fails me to do much
more than to enumerate the books not already mentioned, which he
has written. These are. " Fudge Doings," 1855; " Wet days at Edge-
wood." 1865; " Doctor Johns," 1866; '-Rural Studies," 1867; "About
Old Story-Tellers," 1877; "The Woodbridge Record," 1883; " Bound
Together," 1884 : " English Lands, Letters and Kings," 4 vols.. 1889-
1897; "American Lands and Letters, 2 vols.. 1897. On sending,
through a third person, a list of these books to learn if our library
could boast of owning all that he had written, the author replied in his
own characteristic way : " Tell Mr. Trumbull that his library has all
the books I have ever been guilty of."

To speak of these works after the analytical manner of the critic of
the present day is far beyond my sphere today, and probably never
will be within that sphere. Various opinions have been expressed by
wise men regarding these works ; as, for example, that they are moulded,
in the main, upon the pattern of Washington Irving; that " Battle

IN MEMORIAM. ,3,

Summer/' on every page, however, - echoes more or less distinctly the
voice of Carlyle ; " and that it may be said of " Fresh Gleanings " that
" its manner occasionally suggests Sterne's ' Sentimental Journey.' "
To all of which, and to a good deal more of the same sort, it serves my
purpose to adopt Mitchell's own laconic and tolerant reply to the critics
of Irving: -Well, perhaps so— perhaps so!" But that reply would
not be complete without adding a further quotation, but substitutmg
the name Mitchell for Irving:

•' But I love to think and believe that our dear old Mr. Mitchell was
born just where he should have been born, and wrote in a way that it
is hardly worth our while to try and mend for him."

If I were asked why I am charmed by the writings of Donald G.
Mitchell, it would be difficult for me to say. Is it the exquisite imagery,
the charming descriptive power of his language ? Is it the soul-moving
pathos that here and there touches the heart ? Is it the fulness of true
sentiment and the utter absence of false sentiment ? Is it that wonder-
ful power of placing himself and his readers in the very atmosphere
and environment of the times of which he treats ? Yes, it is certainly
all these, and yet I have not said it. Let him say it himself, as he has
said it of another :

'* Fashions of books may change — do change : a studious realism
may put in disorder the quaint dressing of his thought : an elegant
philosophy of indifference may pluck out the bowels from his books.

" But — the fashion of his heart and of his abiding good-will to men
will last — will last while the hills last."

THE STUDY OF GENEALOGY.

BY COLONEL C. D. PARKHURST.

Read before the Society at its Midwinter Meetinp;, January 28, igog.

Whether the study of genealogy is interesting and a pleasure to the
student, or whether it is all vanity and vexation of spirit is all in one's
view point. To the many the latter will probably apply . to the few no
study is more fascinating and engrossing.

It is conceded without argument that the genealogist is generally
considered a "crank" and to those who have no interest in the study
he is also doubtless a most unmitigated bore, lugging in old musty
bones on all occasions. But we are all cranks who ride any especial
hobby ; it is fully as harmless and perhaps fully as profitable in many
ways to be a crank on genealogy as it is to be one on making or sol
vmg picture puzzles or in being a bridge fiend ; and the result of one's
study and labor may be fully as lasting and of as much benefit.

Doubtless the work is hard ; hunting up old records of all kinds ;
deciphering old, faint and curious handwriting ; searching for facts here,
picking up a point there and gradually piecing together a complete
and coherent record, truthful and valid from generation to generation
is no child's play nor something to be played with for the fun of the
thing. The time, patience and perseverance necessary are only to
be found in serious work by those who have a love for the study,
whose interest is unflagging and whose reward is in seeing the puzzle
grow and take shape until finally complete. To such there is no more
interesting study ; to others nothing more monotonous and wearisome.

Broadly speaking the study of genealogy counts for something
more than the compilation of a record of births, marriages and deaths.
For one cannot dig and delve in ancient, or even modern records with-
out incidentally reading and studying a great deal of contemporaneous
history. Each individual of the record had some more or less import-
ant part to play in the history of the times, one was hanged as a witch,
another was whipped at the cart tail ; one fought nobly in our early
Indian wars, another died for religion's sake; wherever we go in our
search for records we always find much outside of the dry statistics to

332

THE STUDY OF (JENKALOCiV. 233

tell us of the times and of the people that lived in them, and from the
humblest to the highest, how each bore his part in building up a nation.

The objection is sometimes made that genealogj' is nothing but
family pride and that it leads to aristocratic ideas. That I take it is
again all in the view point, and the use that is made of the family tree.
It certainly is a pardonable pride for one to be proud of a line of
ancestors, all honest men and women, no matter how humble or how
illustrious; it does not follow that one either feels or acts the " holier
than thou" spirit because of a knowledge of such a line of ancestry.
In fact a true study and appreciation of genealogy is democratic in its
effect, rather then the reverse ; for, as will perhaps be made clear
later on, as one noted genealogist puts it, " such a knowledge encour-
ages truly democratic ideas by showing the universal brotherhood of
man."

(ienealogy is doubtless as old as written history ; the Bible is full of
genealogical records, and doubtless in all times and ages the genealo-
gist has had his place. One has but to refer to China with its form of
ancestor worship, to show one nation where geneolag^ is a vital part
of its life. Doubtless there we would find records e.vtending back for
almost countless generations.

The advent and growth of the various and numerous Patriotic and
Hereditary Societies is perhaps one of the principal causes for the
modern growth of genealogy in this country ; not so much its growth
perhaps, as for the general awakening of interest therein, and the
springing up of what, until quite recent times was but little followed,
and that is the tracing back of one's ancestors in all of the lines, female
as well as male. From time immemorial the family historian has had
his vogue ; he generally wrote of the descendants of some particular
individual, the first of the name perhaps to come to this country, and
collected in more or less complete fashion, the names of all of the
children, and children's children, down to the latest toddler of the
last generation. That is but one form of genealogy, and one that is
of great value and interest to the family, whose history has been so
written. In addition to this we now. of later years, find the genealogist
at work tracing backwards to gather together all of the ancestors of

2.34 THE STUDY OF GENEALOGY.

some one individual, female as well as male, for as many generations
as possible.

The motive for this new modern growth of genealogy may at first
have been purely personal, and also purely selfish. Desiring to join
some patriotic society, and perhaps not finding an ancestor in the
paternal line, which may have been known for years, and also all that
was known, that made one eligible, a search was begun on the
maternal side, or in the line of some one of the many wives of the
generation of the paternal side, until the ancestry all became known
and among such ancestors the one wanted was found, that made one
eligible to enter the coveted society, or perhaps one wished after once
started to find out how many times a Colonial Dame or a Daughter,
or a Mayflower Descendant, one might be. Hence the idea began and
has grown until now it seems to be the general idea to find out all
about one's ancestors in all lines.

And why not ? Is not one as fully a descendant from one's mother
as from one's father? And should not her ancestry be of fully as
much interest and value as his ? True enough one's name comes from
one's father and perhaps some very prominent and lasting characteris-
tics may descend from him, or his father, or grandfather before him.
But how does one know^, until the record is made up, how much may
or may not have come down from the mother, or from one of the two
grandmothers, or one of the four great grandmothers and so on back
for generations ? We often look at a man or a woman and wonder
where certain characteristics come from, traits of character so radically
different from those of either the father or mother as to attract atten-
tion ; who knows or who can tell, without the record, from what remote
ancestor these peculiar traits may have descended ? Now, therefore,
as of some possible scientific value, for motives other than the per-
sonal or selfish desire to join a society, the study of genealogy calls for
as full a knowledge as may be of the ancestry through all lines.

To show what this may mean let us look at it in a simple mathe-
matical sense. Everyone had to have a father and mother, they each
had to have a father and mother, and so on back, doubling in each
generation, as far back as one may choose to go.

THE STUDY OF GENEALOGY . 2,3.«;

Put down mathematically, this is for each generation back as
follows : —

I. 2 parents, i male, i female.

II. 4 grandparents, 2 male, 2 female.

III. 8 great grandparents, 4 male, 4 female.

IV. 16 great (two times) grandparents, 8 male, 8 female.

V. 32 great (three times) grandparents, 16 male, 16 female.
VI. 64 great (four times) grandparents, 32 male. 32 female.

VII. 12S great (five times) grandparents. 64 male. 64 female.
VIII. 256 great (six times) grandparents, 128 male, 128 female.
IX. 512 great (seven times) grandparents, 256 male, 256 female.
X. 1024 great (eight times) grandparents, 512 male, 512 female.

If we carry this back ten generations more we arrive at 1,048,576,
524,288 male and 524,288 female ancestors; ten more generations and
we find that 1,073,741,824 ancestors, 536,870.912 male and the same
number female, belong to each and every man, woman and child m
this assemblage.

Assuming a generation to be thirty years for convenience, our first
ten generations have carried us back only 300 years, or to about the
time of the settlement of Jamestown ; ten more generations carries us
back to about 1300 ; ten more to about A. D. 1000 ; that is not so very
far back as time goes ; it is perhaps farther back than any of us will
ever try to carry their ancestral lines. Jiut the figures tell the story
when read aright. They show the universal brotherhood of man ; for
back even in 1600 the world was not big enough in population for each
and every one of us to have had even so few as 1024 separate and
distinct ancestors. The first comers to this country were few and
weak in number, so as we each try to go back to our first emigrant
ancestors we are bound to find more or less, if not all of them, as
common ancestors to perhaps many of us sitting here.

As we study this, in connection with the work of the family
historian, we see how it must work out. .V certain man came to this
country in the early Colonial period, married ami had children ;
perhaps they each in turn all lived to manhood or womanhood, mar
ried and had children. The sons of course kept the name, the

z^ THE ST :-EVF\I.OGV-

daugfacezs noc: each gea^iadoci rn.erer:rr ^rev and ^xead like die
tw%s aad branciies (rf a tree- until die La^c ges^rxtioe is r^resexiced
br tfee Teiy last buds -i- 5 diereoc.

Tbe sceffl. ot die ire^ -- ^:^- _ie ongina " progenitor oi this iiwlj
and his wife : bis socls and da.ugticer» are die Ens: branches, tkegraad-
children. die aesr and so oa so die last divisioo for die last geoaaEioe.

Xqw Let us "a'^r^ anv Irving mar Troinan or ctiild in dsis asseBiilage
and nrace backwards. Th.e paremal line, widi its coestzBt n ame, is
periiaps easily iraced back to tfie original pcogeniDx^ of soaae £iKk-.
whose ^jBtilT hiscoiT has been '< ritren So too some of the wotBen
may be e 1 "oonder of her fuHtlj. But

Ts-"-'- -'-^ - _ ^ _. __ _; joan awrftxa-ftr^ there is bo

2.y lead : aiui it caBiioc hdp Ix&faappeB that
among tne IC24 ancestors I may have, there wiH be naanr that foeioBg
- -- :- - : — ^ -- — , -- --- : - -- ciose eeocKh to :: :-"

3aTiBg a& co^ _

lestors^

more os: less aaduHidc

_-_;.-_--;..- _o: as Look ba<i a litde

- r r : - . ngnres appear.

V. .T. was bom in 1027. In 1052 he visired Eng-

; ^ :i-.c ' 7 y cKsazt a£ HasOB^. Cxctober

: . ^.-"tentn. a^ 1 "ngfaiwf be^aa : so much for

a few dates of history.

These dares carry as back nearly thirty generations : frcm tiie ngures
above evr^ — ~ "" t:: ' " tiy tntist have iiad 1^073.74.1.324.
ancestor; - d. How many there may IiaTe

been in the army of WiIIiam_ the Coeqa^nrar. I do not know : the roll
. - — great. It thaeiore would noc

c ; : ^ ,j :_ . _ .^ and every one of as to find if

the &ct5 were all known tiiat amocg tiie thottsands of ancestors diac
r t : HOC know, and never wiH know, there n%^ be one or more

- ' "'' -rCoeqnoor.

rwm. may mot be so very macfa of a
-. aft^- alL I wodd noC beiicde k lor anything, for doofadess

THE STUDY OF GENEALOGY. 237

there were many worthy and brave men in William's little army. As
they settled in England and left descendants more or less numerous,
from these, many of course can claim their descent and take pride
therein. But the universal brotherhood of man satisfies me, and back
beyond certain dates, in fact back in England beyond the advent of
the first comers here, claims are apt to be too misty and too mythical
to be of much value.

Just when surnames first came into general use I do not now re-
member, and have not the time to look it up. But there was a time
when surnames did not exist, and our so-called Christian names were
all that there were.

Now doubtless in some cases, records were kept, and a more or
less accurate and authentic account can be had of John and James,
William and Samuel, back from generation to generation. But it can
easily be seen how, without a family name to fix a line one can wander
almost anywhere in trying to follow a line.

In Wales if my memory is correct, the word " ap " means, or is
used for the sense of " son of." Hence the name John ap Richard,
ap John, ap James would mean John the son of Richard, the son of
John, the son of James. 1 am told that our surname Prichard came
from dropping the "a" of the word " ap " and joining the "p" to
Richard. And Williamson, Davidson and all such names ending in
''son" are surnames derived from the union of the "son" on the latter
part of the Christian name. /. e. William's son becomes " Williamson,"
etc., etc,

I have before me a so-called genealogy going back twenty genera-
tions from I 590 to one Gulfred, whoever he may have been ; not a sur-
name appears until the seventeenth generation down from Gulfred,
and there it appears that about 1447 a surname was adopted, and in
the next generation, the eighteenth, the family hall was founded and
so on down.

Now this all may be true ; I hope it is for the sake of the man that
dug it out. But it borders on the mythical, and is too shadowy to be
of much value.

If one attempts to carry back one's full lines to the tenth genera-

238 THE STUDY OF GENEALOGY.

tion and to locate and record each of the 1024 names that should
appear somewhere, one has quite a little contract on hand. In the
general case ten generations, possibly less, will carry us back to the
earliest emigration to this country, and the record can be made fairly
complete and authentic from the early Colonial records and data still
to be found in more or less completeness and fair state of preservation.
The awakening interest in genealogy is responsible for much that has
been done by town, county or state in collecting, deciphering and
printing these early records ; various genealogical societies and gene-
alogists are collecting and publishing these records so that they are
becoming more easily to get at, and much more widely known ; so
that it is not so very difficult to trace out the data as effecting perhaps
the greater part of even the very first comers.

The wish to go further is but natural, and many have attempted
with more or less of success to trace their lines back to the old
country. But here great caution must be exercised. The " wish is
often father to the thought," and the natural desire, or perhaps family
pride, has caused many a family to jump at conclusions without any
warrant of proof, finding the same name in England and assuming
that the first comer here was from the family there.

And many a family history has been begun in the fond but vain
hope of proving that the family were the heirs to some mythical Eng-
lish estate of millions, held in the Court of Chancery awaiting claim-
ants. Genealogical sharks have played that game time and time again
and will, I suppose, keep on playing it as long as they can find credulous
clients to foot the bills. These " fakes " have now been so well exposed
that it is a wonder that any one can be caught by them. But every
once in a while they turn up again, like the mythical Spanish prisoner,
lingering in durance vile until some American buyer of gold bricks
will put up the money to get him out.

So I never have tried to carry out any research in the old country,
I have had numerous circulars and advertisements inviting me to put
up the funds for such research. But from what I have read and have
been told by those that have been there, it is a very uncertain business
and more than one fake pedigree has been the result. One family

THE STUDY OF GENEALOGY. 2-59

history I am told was begun by the living generation getting data
together to prove their descent from a certain family, and funds were
put up and one of them went over to secure the estate they had been
told of, and were working for. Needless to say the whole thing was
a myth ; having the data together it was concluded to preserve it as
a family history, and a valuable addition to genealogical lore was the
result.

And among the many questions I've had put to me by correspon-
dents in replies to requests for data was, " Is there any money in it.'"
showing that the "bee" is still in a good many "bonnets" and the
hope still lingers that an estate may turn up some day that will be big
enough to make all the heirs fabulously rich.

What is in a name? Nothing! By our laws the wife takes the
name of her husband, generally different from her own, and so the
families of Smith, Brown, Jones or Robinson are perpetuated. This
is of course one of the necessities of our civilization, and for the order
and regulation of our communities in matters of inheritance and the
like. But after all the name is but an accident. My name happens
to be Parkhurst, but to make an Irish bull, if my father had been my
mother, my name would have been Tanner. My father's sister mar-
ried and had children, their name changed from Parkhurst at once
and yet they are just as much Parkhurst as I am. and have just as
much claim as I, if there be any, to the family pride of the Parkhurst
line. In addition they have the right to whatever family pride there
may be in their father's family.

This brings out the idea that possibly family pride, in a name, may
stand on but a slight foundation. We take a family history, a big
bulky volume, or set of volumes, with its volumii.ous records of the
descendants from some early progenitor, perhaps the paternal ances-
tor back ten generations and giving the children and childrrn's
children all complete down.

But as a rule, when we come to look and analyze it out, the family
line back to this original progenitor, ten generations before our
time, has just exactly twenty ancestors, ten male and ten female that
make up the whole, that is. of direct interest. The rest of the bulky

i4" THE STUDY OF GENEALOGY.

volumes is the record of one's "sisters, and cousins and aunts,'
valuable and of interest to each individual, and to the family at large,
but still with but these twenty men and women as all that make up
one's particular family line.

For the family historian cannot possibly stop to branch off and
give pedigrees of all and sundry of the various women that have mar-
ried into the family, and that became the ten female ancestors of the
line. He has his work before him in making the record of all of the
children, their wives and their husbands and in getting their children
and so on down in his restricted field.

And conversely the genealogist, busy with tracing out a complete
ancestral tree of any certain family, to we will say its 1024 termini
has his restrictions. He cannot possibly branch off to give complete
family histories of each of the ones he traces out; he would find him-
self writing perhaps a thousand family histories if he once began.
Perhaps the most he can do is to record the births, marriages and
deaths of all of the children in any one generation, the brothers and
sisters of the ancestor of that generation and stop there ; all of the
children of this ancestor form the next generation, and would include
the brothers and sisters of the ancestor of that generation, and so on
down the line. V^^hen it is a daughter that is the ancestress, then of
course the name changes and the line stops, being merged into that of
her husband.

With an ancestral tree of this kind the record and chart may be
very fairly complete, because turn to the chart or the record, and tell
the father or mother, the grandfather or grandmother of any of the
wives that have married into and have become part of the ancestral
tree, and the records of the brothers and sisters in each generation
may be of the greatest interest and help to some fellow worker, making
up a similar tree for some other family ; for among their brothers or
sisters, may be found where the connection is to the other family, and
the connection once established, the whole trace back for that line
is right there, all complete, for the use of the other family.

In all of this work the function and the great importance and assis-
tance of the Historical and Genealogical Societies come in with their

THE STIUV OK (iKNJ:AL( )(n ^41

accumulations of data and mines of information. It is obviously
impossible, except at great expense, both of time and of money for the
searchers to visit each town clerk's office, or other depository of infor
mation and then hunt for and collect data. Nor could we write to
every town clerk's office all over the country and get it that way.
Town clerks are as a rule obliging and the fees are not high : but
town clerks have other duties besides hunting over old records, and
the data may be in such shape as to be very hard to get at; many
things in fact may happen to make the records thus obtained far from
satisfactory, and there may be a doubt in one's mind as to whether
the record is complete, or whether a personal search may not be
necessary to completely exhaust the record.

As has been already stated, records have now been very extensively
printed, and these printed copies have been widely distributed. His-
torical and public libraries all over the country are gradually adding
these vital records to their collections. Various genealogical publica
tions are constantly adding to their mines of information and one can
subscribe for almost any number of genealogical magazines, or to
newspapers with a genealogical department of queries and answers,
so that today one can in one way or another get at a fairly complete
set of records of almost all of the more important places connected
with our early Colonial history.

The beginning of an ancestral tree for any certain family must ut
course be with the living members of the family ; one generally knows
or knows of one's father and mother, and if they are living they
generally know each of their father and mother, grandfathers and
grandmothers. Family or Bible records may exist that go back for
several generations : gravestone records may be easily available for a
beginning ; old friends may have more or less data, and each and
every such source of information should be consulted, and icnttni data
be taken of every scrap of information to be had.

I must emphasize the words wrUteu rfconi . do not trust to memory -
but with note book and fountain pen write down everything in black
and white. Kven a trained memory cannot keep it all in mind, and

242 THE STUDY OF GENEALOGY.

confusion worse confounded will result from trying to trust to the
memory alone.

Brain and system are of course very necessary. Probably every
genealogist has a system, and perhaps one is as good as another, so
long as it is a system. But above all be exact, take down records just
as they are found, mistakes and all when mistakes are found, and
always make note of the source from which atiy given record has been obtained.
This is of the utmost importance, and is too little followed even by the
professional genealogist. Some societies insist that papers for entrance
be vouched for by quotations of the book and page from which records
have been obtained ; without such references the papers are rejected.
It is of but little additional labor to make such note when the records
are copied. It may be of great inconvenience and labor to go back
and hunt up some record over again, whose source has been forgotten
in the years that have passed since it was made ; so be sure and make
such notes carefully and accurately.

And above all things do not garble records, or mix them up with
your own notes or comments thereon. As said before, be exact, and
be complete in copying records. It may be that what is wanted is in
but a line or two, and the rest may appear superfluous at the time ; if
extracts only are made, then say so in the copy, and star out the parts
not copied, so that any one reading the extract copy later on may see
just how the extract was made.

As a sample of how not to do it I had a lot of records sent me once
that purported to be exact copies from a certain town history, supposed
to contain much of value as to a line I was tracing out. I never had
seen the book, and it was not then accessible. The copy I received
did not read right, but I could not tell just why. I laid it one side to
wait for something else, as one frequently has to do ; in the meantime
I got hold of the book quoted from rather unexpectedly ; looking it over,
and comparing the copy with it I found it was not a copy at all. It
was only a partial copy, evidently interspersed with the writings of the
copyist, bungling the whole thing, and making it of but very doubtful
value.

With certain names and localities to work with, one can search for

THE STUDY OF GENEALOGY. 24^

data in many ways. Town histories contain more or less information ;
vital records of recent years, under the laws calling for such records
to be kept, should be full and complete. Marriages are now all a
matter of record, and births and deaths also ; so that, once started, the
compiling of certain data should be fairly easy.

Unfortunately the laws were not always mandatory as to the keeping
of vital records. Some town clerks were careful and exact, others were
not ; some families had complete records of their families' birth, others
did not. We run into all sorts and kinds, and if one resource fails
may have to try another.

Probate records such as wills and divisions of estates are sometimes
all that there is from which to work out a complete family. Deeds and
land records have to be searched many times for the same information ;
church records of marriages and of baptisms sometimes tell the story ;
generally something can be found, a little here, and a little there, until
finally we have a very fairly complete record of what at first looks to
be utterly hopeless.

It may be necessary, having a family name to work upon, to go
back to the first comer of the name to this country and work down-
wards, as though writing out a complete family history of that man and
all his descendants, until finally the missing link is found and the line
of ascent to this first comer has been completed.

In reading or copying marriage certificates of the early Colonial
period, do not take it for granted that the title " Mrs." as it may appear
in some printed copy of Vital Records, means that the lady in the case
was a widow; for such may not have been the fact. In the early
Colonial period, class distinction was very sharply drawn ; not every
man of the community had the title " Mister," only the favored few,
the gentry, had that title, the rest went by the general name of "Good
man," his wife was called " Good wife," or " Goody." The daughters
of the gentry class had the title " Mistress." .sometimes rDntr.Tc i.-d to
" Mrs.," as now with married women.

A case in point came under my observation and experience some
ten or twelve years ago. I was asked by a correspondent to give the
marriage certificate of a certain couple from the vital records I happened

244 THE STUDY OF GKNEALOGY.

to have in my possession. I gave it as it appeared in the printed
record, knowing nothing then as to the particulars, nor of the family.
The record read (printed), " John Borden, and Mrs. Susannah Pearce,
m. by Rev. John Usher, Oct. i6, 1746."

I received a reply thanking me for the data, and particularly for the
suffix " Mrs.," and requesting a search for their children's record, etc.
etc. I complied, and at once ran up against a " snag." For it at once
appeared that John Borden was a boy of about nineteen or twenty
years of age, who had apparently married a widow of about forty five
or forty-six years, and they had a family of ten children, running from
the oldest, born October twenty-eight, 1747, to the youngest, born July
twenty-four, 1766. There was a widow, Mrs. Susannah Pearce, living
at the time, and a Fall River genealogist, in a genealogical book, that
my correspondent had, had married this widow to that young boy, John
Borden. I simply did not believe it, and at once came to the conclu-
sion that the "Mrs." in the printed record was "Mistress," or its
equivalent, in the original record, and that the Susannah Pearce was
not a widow, but was this very widow's eldest daughter.

And such proved to be the case; a Richard Pearce, Jr., and a
Susannah Lawton were married (Int) May four, 1723; they had three
children, Susannah, the oldest, born February twelve. 1723-4, and it
was this " Mistress " Susannah Pearce, then about twenty-three years
old. that married John Borden, and had ten children, running from
1747 to 1766, about nineteen years' time.

And again, in copying dates, copy them as you find them, and know
what you are about before you try to convert them into our modern
way of writing them.

Referred to the Encyclopedia Britannica, subject, Calendar, will
post any one who cares to read it as to the changes that have been made
in our civil year and computation of time. I'he subject is too long to
more than simply touch upon here. Briefly, the ancient Roman year
from which all European countries borrowed their civil calendar, began
in March, and September was the .seventh month, October the eighth,
November the ninth and December the tenth, as their meaning implies.
The year formerly had but ten months; in Numas' reign, two months

THE ST^•|)^■ OK (iKN^:AL()G^■. 245

were added. January at the beginniiif-:, and February at the end : this
obtained till 452 B. C, when the order was changed, and February was
placed after January.

The length of the year was more or less of a mixup, and the Julian
Calendar was an effort to correct it. so as to bring the various astro-
nomical occurrences where they belonged, but with only partial success.
As early as 1582, the Gregorian, a new style calendar was introduced
by Pope Gregory XIII; it has since been received by almost all
Christian countries; but it was not tilli 751 thatGreat Britain, by an act
of Parliament, adopted this new style calendar in all public and legal
transactions ; the difference of the two styles, which then amounted to
eleven days, was removed by ordering the day following the second of
September of the year 1752 to be accounted the fourteenth of that
month. At the same time the commencement of the year was changed
from the twenty-tifth of April (Sic copia) to the first of January.

Now some town clerks, in early Colonial days, kept their records
in a style peculiar to themselves. I have seen them where birth
records appeared as 2iid day. (^ih month. 1623. we will say: that
means November 2nd. 1623, and not .September 2nd. 1^123 : and.
as the year began in March, and the old style was legal, and yet the
new style had been started years before ; dates in the months of January
and February were sometimes double dated, as January loth. 1723-4.
February 12th, 17467. that is. it was January loth in the old style
year 1723 that began in March, and would be Jannary loth. 1724 m
new style, beginning January 1st. etc.. etc.

One has to be very careful and not make a sad mistake in the
reading of dates. Up to 1751-52 the year began in March remember,
and ended in February. March was the first month, and February
the twelfth and January and February the I wo months that became
involved in double dating, when it was used : a marriage in 1723 in
March or April or May. say the one 1 quoted above. May fourth. 1723.
followed by a child's birth Februaiy twelfth. 1723. is perfectly correct,
as it is all old style; changed to new style this latter dale becomes
February twelfth. 1724. It will be simple enougl) wluin.n.- is .mid the

246 THE STUDY OF GENEALOGY.

calendar ; it is not so simple sometimes when one makes a mistake
and apparently gets the cart before the horse.

Town histories are of the greatest value as aids to the genealogist.
Incomplete as they may be they all generally contain some hints, or
some clues that may be followed up. It is perhaps unfortunate that
the town historian did not realize, when writing up the history, how
valuable and important the work would finally become, and therefore
go into more complete details as to the data put down. Again it is
unfortunate to see evidences of data having been before such an his-
torian and not to have beea used. I have read and studied more than
one town or county history, searching for genealogical data and did
not find it, while the evidence was that the very data put down of
necessity carried with it other data that was not used, for some un-
known reason, and now perhaps that very data is lost or scattered
beyond all recall, or would be very hard to find and get together
again. In Savage's Genealogical Dictionary, in one case that I recall,
he simply says that a certain man had a wife by whom he had a child
Sarah born such a date. He then simply says " by two other wives
he had ten children more before 17 19."

Now possibly Savage put down simply what was told to him. Turn-
ing to a town history of the town in question, we find as to this same
man, that he had three wives, names given, and partial data only for
one, was a widow whose maiden name could have been given as well as
not, and then says: " His children by the three wives amounted to
thirteen ; " the sons who lived to have families are enumerated by name
and count up six ; therefore there were seven daughters, and the name
of but one of them is given. The inference is fair that the historian had
the complete record of all thirteen, and could have put it down as well
as not, without having added very much to the length of the article or
the volume of the work. I have dug it all out, and have found twelve
of the thirteen children for a certainty, and possibly the thirteenth.
But a large amount of labor was involved, all of which would have
been saved by the use of data by the historian, at the time, that
evidently was at hand to use.

New London County is rich in genealogical as well as historical

THE STIJI)^- OF (;EN^:AI,()(,^ . i^7

data. I, for one, would be glad to see the New London County His-
torical Society become also the New London Historical and Genealog-
ical Society, with its regular Quarterly Historical and (Genealogical
Magazine as a self-supporting publication, spreading on the record in
imperishable form the wealth of genealogical, as well as historical
data it could so easily put forth. For want of some such form of pub-
lication it is within my knowledge that the Genealogical Department
of the Boston Transcript has published and is publishing sundry im-
portant genealogical data of interest to many, if not the most of the
people of New London County, and this too for the love of the thing,
for no articles that I know of are paid for by the Boston i'ranscript.
1 have saved and filed away for future use and reference, article after
article from the Boston Transcript whose value to me is many times
that of the yearly subscription. Two articles, or sets of articles, giving
inscriptions on old gravestones in old cemetaries in New London
('ounty, that I have recently saved and filed away are worth the yearly
subscription many times over.

And I know of no reason, except lack of funds, why such a (Quarterly
should not be put forth, and soon find its place of recognized value
and merit in the genealogical world. The sons and daughters of New
l>ondon County are scattered broadcast throughout the land. 1 am
but one of the least of the many workers busy with the task of tracing
out their family lines and hungry for data. I see their queries over
and over again in the Transcript, or in the Hartford Times, and in so
far as I am able, I have given such help as my data would permit, glad
to pass it on in return for help received in a similar way when I was
away from New London and dependent on such help for about all the
data I got.

To all such workers, such a Quarterly would prove of the utmost
importance. The vital records of New London, for one city that I
know of. have been put in a first-class shape, a fine copy and a good
one too. of births, marriages and deaths, and of the Probate records
having been made and well indexed. Church records have also been
put in print and the Historical Library and the Public Library also,
are full of genealogical data. But these are for the workers on the

248 THE STUDY OF GENEALOGY.

ground; those far away have no access thereto except through the
help of friends or the Une of the professional genealogist.

I would therefore close this too long article by making the definite
proposition that steps be taken to secure the publication of such a
Quarterly. There is material without end to write upon ; all that is
needed is apparently the money to make the start, until as I believe,
the work would become self-sustaining and in fact become a source of
revenue to the Society.

SAMUKL CllKSTKK RKIl).
By Henry A. 'Jirkkli..

Read hefore the Society at its Annual Meeting, Septeniliei i,. i,; .,

After the close of the Revolution, our central government, under
the Articles of Confederation, proved to be so weak as to bring our
nation into disrepute with foreign powers. Our own needs, it is true,
soon brought about "a more perfect union" under the Constitution :
but even this change and the strong leadership of Washington won
for us only scant courtesy from England and France. During
the administration of Adams, when the French Revolution had
changed its form from a popular outburst against oppression to a
despotism under the Directory, our rights were ignored, our ministers
insulted, and our merchant ships plundered till we were for a tinu-
virtually at war with F'rance on the sea. Napoleon's conciliatory
policy, followed by his sale of Louisiana, seemed to promise more
friendly relations ; but, interpreted in the light of his other schemes,
this simply meant that he thought he could use us against England.
He tried, indeed, to persuade us — and for a season succeeded in so
doing — that he favored our shipping interests ; but when the opportun-
ity came, in 1810, he seized by one decree all American ships in
French ports, worth by his own estimate over six million dollars, thus
committing a far more Hagrant breach of neutrality than any committed
by England. As the European struggle grew more severe the British
" Orders in Council " and the " Berlin" and " Milan" decrees of Napo-
leon threatened to drive all .American commerce from the sea, and it
became evident that we must fight if we would preserve our rights at
all. It made small difterence whether we declared war on France, on
England, or on both countries; there was ample provocation for any
of these courses. However, the fact that England now controlled the
sea, and the special grievance of tne impressment of our sailors by the
British vessels led us to declare war on England. It is not my pur-
pose to enter into any full discussion of the results of this war. The

J 49

350 SAMUEL CHESTER REID.

treaty of peace made no mention of the abuse of impressment, and we
seemed to have failed in our contention. Yet an American may well
take pride in the fact that the principles for which we then fought
have since been adopted by all civilized nations, and we may note
with satisfaction that after this war British sea captains did not see fit
to continue their practices on our vessels.

The conduct of the war on land, till 1814, revealed a woeful weak-
ness in our federal administration, in our ill-disciplined militia, and in
our army organization. From a military standpoint the one bright
spot in the war is the defense of New Orleans by Andrew Jackson.
With six thousand militia Jackson routed, with a slaughter unprece-
dented in like engagements, twelve thousand British troops, fresh from
their victorious campaign under Wellington in the Spanish Peninsu
la, and led by one of Wellington's best generals. John Fiske says'
" Never in all the history of England was a British army so badly
defeated." This remarkable victory demonstrated that American
troops could fight, when roused and properly led, as well as the best
soldiers in the world.

But while our land battles showed, on the whole, the superiority of
British discipline, the war on the sea revealed the astonishing fact
that in ship building, in seamanship, in gunnery, and in naval tactics,
Americans were superior to the British, ship for ship. In twenty
years of war with France, England had lost only five vessels. In the
first six engagements with American vessels the British lost every
fight ! It was a revelation to the world and a humiliation to the British
that of fifteen ship duels of the war the Americans won twelve ! Our
navy was of course outnumbered by the British one hundred to one, and
very soon all our navy was " cooped up " in port, and held helpless by
sheer numbers of the enemy ; but enough was accomplished to show
that the English were not the best sea fighters in the world, and though
the British navy did close our ports and hold our vessels in harbor,
they were unable to check the swift sailing privateers that poured
forth to prey on English commerce. Within one bundled and twenty
days after war was declared, New York alone fitted out twenty-six
privateers. It is estimated that the privateers captured over two

SAMUEL CHESTEK KKID. 251

thousand five hundred vessels in the course of the war. Merchantmen
were not safe in the English Channel unless convoyed by war vessels.
Insurance rates at Lloyd's rose to such a point as almost to stop com-
merce. The insurance of vessels crossing the Irish Channel ro.se to
thirteen per cent. ! Oiie American captain who seems to have had a
sense of humor sent in to be posted at Lloyd's a so-called "Froclama
tion of Blockade "of "all ports, harbors, bays, creeks, rivers, inlets,
outlets, islands and sea coast of the United Kingdom." The captains
of these American privateers were a shrewd, hardy and daring class
of men, whose exploits remind one of the days of Sir Francis Drake.
1 wish to speak today of a captain who became one of the most
famous of his day.

During the Revolutionary War in i;?'^. a British naval officer
named Reid was captured at New London while in charge of a boat
expedition. This prisoner for some reason now unknown gave up his
former allegiance, resigned his commission, and entered the American
navy. How much of his conversion may have been due to Miss
Rebecca Chester I do not know, but we are told that he married her
in 1781. Their son. Samuel Chester Reid. was born at Norwich.
August 25, . 783. As soon as the child reached boyhood years he was
eager for a ' life on the ocean wave." At eleven he went to sea. and
at an age when our boys are still in grammar school he had been for
six months prisoner on a French privateer. He served as midship-
man in the tieet of the gallant Thomas Truxton, and became a sailing
master in the navy. His young manhood was spent in the merchant
marine, and at the age of thirty-one he became captain of the privateer
''General Armstrong." This trim little vessel of two hundred tons
was a fast sailing brig whose career had already been very successful.
She had captured nineteen prizes, estimated by the British at a value
of about a million dollars. She was equipped with six nine-pounder^
and one forty-two-pounder, called a ' long Tom. '

On the night of September 9, .8.4. Captain Reid slipped out u>
New York harbor and ran the blockade, out.sailing t.o of the block
ading squadron after a pursuit of twelve hours, lie had an unevent
ful cruise across the Atlantic and on September .6. ran into the harbor

2S2 SAMUEL CHESTER REIl).

of Fayal, a Portuguese possession in the Azores, to secure fresh water
and supplies. This was accomplished in a few hours and Captain
Reid was just receiving the American consul and a few friends on a
farewell visit of inspection, when suddenly a British vessel hove in
sight and made into the harbor. Though this was the first British
vessel seen in the port for several months, the consul, Mr. Dabney, felt
sure that the neutrality of the port would be observed, and assured
Captain Reid that there was no reason for uneasiness. The vessel
proved to be the brig " Carnation," carrying eighteen guns, whose
captain, as appeared later, had been informed of the identity of the
American vessel by his Portuguese pilot. The Carnation sailed
straight in and dropped anchor as evening was coming on about a
pistol shot distant from the General Armstrong. Shortly afterward
two other British vessels appeared, a frigate called the " Rota " and a
ship of the line named the " Plantagenet." A rapid exchange of sig-
nals took place between these vessels and the Carnation. In spite of
the assurance of Consul Dabney that the British would respect the
neutrality of this Portuguese harbor. Captain Reid was suspicious, and
determined to be on his guard. There was a very slight breeze, and
so, without making sail, he moved his vessel inshore with sweeps and
anchored nearer the guns of the fort, which, by the way, made no effort
to protect him when he was attacked. The British, who could easily
see his movements by the moonlight, proceeded to send four boats
loaded with men on what their commodore. Captain Lloyd, was later
pleased to call a reconnoitering expedition. It was certainly a curious
way of ascertaining a stranger's identity to send out over one hundred
men, and Captain Reid was too familiar with British captains to let
these men get any advantage of him. He did not wish to violate the
neutrality of the port ; neither did he intend to allow the British to board
his vessel. As the boats approached he hailed them and warned them
again and again to keep ofif, but to no purpose. Finally when the
foremost boat was within an oar's length he ordered his men to fire.
The boats returned the fire, killing one of the Armstrong's crew and
wounding another. Very soon however, they cried out for quarter
and withdrew with a considerable loss. This repulse roused the Brit-

SAMUEL CHESTKK Khll). j<;.^

ish ships 10 open attack. All three vessels collected their boats and
soon the Carnation was seen towing them in. Forming behind a reef
near the Armstrong, about midnight they suddenly started to board
her. The Armstrong in the interval had been brought close in shore,
anchored broadside to the enemy and protected by boarding netting.

What a spectacle that must have been ! The brilliant moonlight
lighted up the sparkling waters of the bay. Not far away the high
summit of Mount Pico loomed up eight thousand feet above the sea.
On the precipitous rocks that reached down to the water's edge had
gathered all the people of Fayal, roused by the first skirmish some
hours before. The little brig with its crew of ninety men awaited in
grim silence the outward rush of the twelve British boats that carried
over four hundred men. So silent lay the Armstrong that it seemed
as if the enemy were to take her by surprise. But at last when
the British were within easy range " long Tom " spoke out, followed
by the other three guns of the broadside. The British, with cheers,
rushed to the attack. There was short time for cannonading. In a few
moments the boats had crowded around the brig and the fight became
a hand to hand struggle. Among the British sailors were men who
had fought with Nelson at Trafalgar, men who feared no foe. As they
slashed the netting and strove to scale the bulwarks, cutlasses in hand,
the Americans met them with pikes and a.xes, and kept up a deadly
fire with pistols at close range. Some leaped upon the bulwarks and
threw heavy missiles in order to sink the boats. In the bow of the
Armstrong, First Lieutenant Williams, a Norwich boy, was shot dead
by the enemy. Soon the other two officers were disabled, and the
enemy gained a foothold ; but Captain Reid and a few followers
rushed forward and cleared the decks. The air was filled with the
groans of the wounded. Such a struggle could not last long. The
crippled boats began to falter and then to retire. Two boats were
captured so full of dead and injured that they could not move. Many
British sailors leaped into the water and escaped by swimming a.shore.
The attack had disastrously failed. Captain Reid had lo.st two killed
and seven wounded. The enemy afterwards admitted a loss of one
hundred and twenty killed and one hundred and thirty wounded and

254 SAMUEL CHESTER REID.

it is certain that their loss was understated. Within the next few
hours the Portuguese governor begged the British commodore to
cease fighting in the harbor. But Captain I^loyd, chagrined and en-
raged beyond measure, declared that he would destroy the privateer
if he had to destroy the town with it. Captain Reid knew that the
destruction of his vessel was inevitable, but even when the Carnation
next morning sailed in to attack him with her eighteen guns he aimed
his "long Tom" to such good effect that she had to withdraw for
repairs. And when at last it became evident that the enemy must
capture his brig, he sent his wounded ashore, poked the ■' long Tom "
down the hatchway, fired the shot that scuttled the Armstrong, and
retired in good order to the land. After she had begun to sink the
British boarded and burned her. The Americans went inland for
protection, but were compelled by the Portuguese governor to submit
to examination by the British on the ground that two of them were
deserters from the English ships. This examination brought no good
to Captain Lloyd, for he was utterly unable to prove his claim. Cap-
tain Reid, finding that even on shore he must protect himself, seized
a vacant convent and fortified himself, hoisting the flag of the
"General Armstrong." The British, however, did not molest him
further, and shortly afterwards he returned to the United States. Two
other vessels of the British squadron arrived within a few days and
were sent to England with the wounded sailors. The destruction of
the General Armstrong was the most deadly naval engagement of the
whole war and in still another respect was most costly to the British.
All in all the care of the dead and wounded delayed the fleet over a
week in the voyage to Jamaica where a large force was gathering for
the attack on New Orleans. This delay gave Andrew Jackson time
to reach the city with his Tennessee mountaineers. So Captain Reid's
valiant defense was the immediate cause that made possible the re-
markable battle that vindicated American arms on land.

When Reid landed in the south he began a triumphant journey
north, feasted and toasted in every city on his route. New York City
gave him a silver service. New York State gave him a gold sword and
adopted the following resolutions of thanks, which I quote only in part :

SAMUEL CIIESTKK KKII). JSS

" In contemplating that memorable defense the mind is filled with a
succession of brilliant incidents; and it hesitates which to admire
most, the adventurous spirit which prompted you and your courageous
comrades to engage in the desperateconHict, the consummateskill exhib-
ited throughout the action, the undaunted valor which disdained to
yield to the repeated efforts of an overwhelming force, or that proud
magnanimous feeling displayed by your heroic band in arraying them
selves on the shore after destroying their little vessel, hurling defiance
at the foe and resolving there to perish rather than permit him the
least triumph in his shameful attack. The defense of the (ieneral
Armstrong' ranks among the most glorious achievements of our late
war." Captain Reid was appointed harbor master at New York City
where he served many years. His ingenuity led him to make a num
her of inventions. It was he who first placed a lightship off Sandy
Hook ; he invented a system of marine telegraphy to send news rapid
ly from Navesink Highlands to the Battery; he contrived a system of
land signals by which messages could be sent six hundred miles an
hour. This scheme of telegraphy, however, was forgotten like a\\
others at the coming in of the Morse .system.

He made one other contribution to our country that will doubtless
endure as long as the memory of his sea fights.

The original Hag of the United States had thirteen stars and
thirteen stripes, which number was increa.sed to fifteen by Congress
after the admission of Vermont and Kentucky to the Union, it was a
flag of fifteen stars and fifteen stripes that Francis Scott Key described
in the " Star Spangled Banner." As other states came in the
question arose of how best to alter the Hag. When in 1817 a commit-
tee was appointed to report on the matter. Captain Reid was asked to
suggest a plan. There were then twenty states, lie suggested ihM
the number of stripes be reduced to the original thirteen, while a new
star be added for each new state. Congress in iSi8 adopted this
suggestion and forty-one years later, in 1859, adopted resolutions of
thanks to Captain Reid as the author of the idea. His further sug
gestion that the stars be grouped to form ;i large si;u was never

i56 SAMUEL CHESTER REll).

adopted by Congress and so, though sometimes used, has never been
required.

The famous " long Tom " of the General Armstrong was presented
to the United States in President Harrison's administration by the
King of Portugal. His gold sword was presented to the government
in 1887 by his son, another Samuel Chester Reid, whose death in New
York City only twelve years ago reminds us that we are today not
many years distant from the stirring times of Captain Reid. At the
death of Captain Reid in 1861 he was buried with military honors in
Greenwood Cemetery. His last words were, " Now I shall solve the
great mystery of life."

A FORGOTTEN SON OF LIHKRTY.

BY AMOS v. BROWMNt..

Read before the Society at its Annual Meeting. September 2.s, i.m

In her History of Norwich. Miss Caulkins says of Colonel John
Durkee : " Could the life of this able and valiant soldier be written in
detail, it would form a work of uncommon interest. Only the outlines
can now be recovered, but they are of a nature that indicates a career
full of adventure and a character deeply imbued with patriotic resolu-
tion."

Oscar 1. Harvey, the historian of Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania, utters
this lament, appearing in a publication issued at the time of the Cen
tennial Anniversary of the founding of that city " In all the years
since his death, not a single effort to perpetuate the memory of Colonel
lohn Durkee has been made by the citizens of the town which he laid
out and named, and for the founding of which he suffered unjust im-
prisonment. Is it possible that blind forgetfulness and dark oblivion
have buried the name and fame of John Durkee beyond resurrection ?"

It is a pleasure to record the fact that the subsequent researches
and recent publications* of the latter author himself have done much
to bring to light the story of that devoted and eventful career, the
details of which Miss Caulkins thought forever lost. The principal
events in that life, now known and well authenticated. .1 is the purpose
of this article to briefly recall.

Several Durkee (or Durgee) families were residents of Windham
and New London Counties prior to the Revolution, and were people
of inHuence in local church and town affairs. A score of men bearing
the Durkee name were enrolled from Connecticut in the patriot cause.
lohn Durkee, the grandfather of Colonel Durkee, born at Ipswich.
Mass in ,664, removed first to Gloucester, and then, about .7.5. to
Connecticut. He died in ■73'^ rich in children and lands. His son
John settled at West Farms (Franklin) and h.s son Willian. at \Mnd
ham.

. mst^nTof Wilkesbarre an.l Wy,.n,.a.. . ,^. .ud The Harvrv V.o-V. '^

258 A FORGOTTEN SON OF LIBERTY.

John Durkee, the second child of Deacon William Durkee, above-
named, and Susannah (Sabin) Durkee, was born at Windham, Decem-
ber 11. 1728, and removed to Norwich not long after attaining his
majority, where, we may safely assume, he soon engaged in mercantile
pursuits.

lohn Durkee's military career began, so far as known, with his
enlistment in 1756, for service against Canada. Among the appoint-
ments of the Connecticut General Assembly in May of that year, is
found that of John Durkee as second lieutenant of the Fourth Com-
pany, in the Second Regiment, commanded by Colonel David Wooster.

With his appointment as major of the Third Regiment, in 1758,
Durkee acquired the title by which he was long after known. From
this time till the end of the French and Indian War, he held the double
position of an officer of the line and captain of a company. The great
year of that war was 1759. Major Durkee's company, mustering at
Norwich in April, joined General Amherst's command and took part
in the brilliant campaign which succeeded at last in wresting Ticon-
deroga and Crown Point from the enemy, and destroying the hostile
vessels on Lake Champlain. Major Durkee was with his regiment
during its whole term of service in this eventful year.

The campaign of 1760 resulted in the surrender of Montreal and
the completion of the conquest of Canada. Major Durkee had in his
command, as Captain of the Third Company (that from Norwich), in
Colonel Fitch's regiment, six sergeants, seven corporals, and forty-four
privates who had served in some previous campaign. The diary of
Asa Waterman, still in existence, shows that sixty-eight men enlisted
that spring in this company, many of whom bore family names still
familiar in Norwich.

A new phase of the struggle arose in 1762, when the King of Great
Britain declared war also against Spain, and the capture of Havana
was undertaken. Durkee took part in this expedition as major in
General Lyman's regiment and captain of its Third Company.

Havana was indeed captured but owing to the fever, not to the
enemy's bullets, only a handful of the soldiers from Connecticut ever

A FORGOTTEN SON OF LIBERTY. H9

returned. An immense quantitj- of booty fell into the hands of the

victors and prize money was awarded to the colonial officers and

soldiers. The following notice, which appeared eleven years after

wards, in the Norwich Packet of December 16. 1773, is interesting in

this connection :

" All those otticeib and soldiers, who belonged lo General L> man's regi
ment of provincials and were at the taking of Havana, and have not received
their last dividend of the prize money for said place, are hereby notified to
meet at the house of Major John Durkee. inn-holder in Norwich, on Thurs-
day, the 23rd instant, in order to make an inquiry why .-aid dividend ha*; not
been paid, and consult on other matters that will be proposed."'

Major Durkee served in the forces engaged in the French and
Indian War during seven campaigns, in seven successive years, his
term of service in each year being of about nine months' duration.
These were trying campaigns and yet, having once enlisted, he never
failed either to do his duty on the field, or to enlist for renewed service
as each year drew to its close. He was thus schooled for the greater
work in which we shall find him later engaged. One of his sons, born
while the father was away on the Havana expedition, took his Christian
name from that of the beloved commander of the provincials, gathered
for the undertaking. General Phineas Lyman. Later, another son.
born in 1767, was named from the brave Colonel Harre (afterwards
Sir Isaac Barre), who was with Wolfe at the capture of Quebec in
1759, and so must have been known to Durkee as a fellow officer
though they were engaged in different expeditions.

In any estimate of the value of Colonel Durkee's lite and public
services, his participation in the French and Indian War. which
changed the destiny of a continent, is not to be forgotten. Referring
to the long list of gallant officers from Connecticut, who served in that
war, HoUister, in his History of Connecticut, classes Durkee with
F-yman. Wooster. Putnam. Wolcolt and others, whose- exploits 'werf
as glorious as their fame will be immortal. "

Kbcord of Major John Dirkee in the Kkksch and Indian Wak.

36o A FORGOTTEN SON OF LIBERTY.

Upon the passage of the Stamp Act by the House of Commons, on
March 22, 1765, "with less opposition than a turnpike bill," there
sprang up, in several of the colonies, secret organizations, whose mem-
bers, glorying in the name " Sons of Liberty," were pledged to resist
the enforcement of the obnoxious act, and to march at once for the
defense of places which might be in danger because of opposition to
the law. The name of the organization. Sons of Liberty, comes from
an expression used by Barre in a speech in the House of Commons.
Three months after its delivery, the phrase was familiar in every
patriotic home in America.

Mr. Harvey asserts* that the headquarters of the Sons of Liberty
in Connecticut was at Norwich, and that Major Durkee was from the
beginning a very active and influential member of the organization.
A pole was erected on the green at Norwich Town, in the autumn of
1765, decorated with suitable inscriptions and devices, with hood or
cap on its top, and called the Liberty Tree, at the foot of which was a
pavilion for resort and discussion.

At Windham, on August 6, 1765, the stamp master. Jared Inger-
soU, was hung and burned in effigy, together with other persons
supposed to be officially connected with the prospective enforcement
of the law.

On September 17, 1765, the citizens of IngersoH's own town of
New Haven, in town meeting, requested him to resign. His reply
was that he would apply to the General Assembly, to convene two
days thereafter, for its confirmation of his office. His opponents did
not fail to point out that the initials of his name were the same as those
of the betrayer, Judas Iscariot.

It was amid such demonstrations as these against the Stamp Acl
that a body of several hundred men,t gathered from Norwich and
neighboring towns, set out on horseback for Hartford, provisioned for
eight days, with a purpose best learned from the sequel. The company
had reached Hartford by the evening of September 18, and learning
that Ingersoll was on his way from New Haven, to present the matter

* Harvey's History of Wilkesb;irre and Wyoming, Vohune i, 482.

t Miss Caulkins says there were alunit five hundred, and that their purpose was to prevent the dis-
tribtuion of the stamps.

A FORGOTTEN SON OK LlliKI<^^ i6(

to the General Assembly, which was to convene there on iht- next day.
they posted sentinels to watch during the night and prevent his enter-
ing the city unnoticed.

Upon the following morning, possibly augmented in numbers by
recruits from Hartford, the company proceeded towards New Haven.
A contingent, gathered at New London, cros.sed the Connecticut at
North Lyme, where they were joined by others, marched up on the
west bank of the river, and united with those from Norwich near
Wethersfield. Major Durkee commanded the combined force and
rode at its head with two aids, dressed like himself in full military
uniform, accompanied by three trumpeters. The other members of
the company were in citizens' dress and carried long sticks or poles,
freshly cut, having the bark peeled off and resembling the batons
carried in those days by sheriffs and constables. They met Mr.
Ingersoll south of VVethersheld. and opening their ranks with " pro-
foundest courtesy " to allow him to pass through, turned and escorted
him to the elm and open space in front of Colonel Chester's residence at
Wethersfield. Here his resignation was demanded by Major Durkee.
However. Ingersoll secured time for reflection, repaired to an upper
room in a house or inn near by. and succeeded in sending a messenger
to Hartford, to apprise the (Governor and Assembly of his plight. A
delay of three hours occurred, when Major Durkee called upon him
for his answer, informing him with at least an implied threat, thai tht-
company was impatient and would not brook longer delay.

Historians have undertaken to give expressions u.sed by the lead
ing actors in the drama, some of which, as reported, were the.se : To
Major Durkee's demand, IngersoHs reply was that "two counties
should not dictate to the rest of the .state." .Major Durkee said : ' It
does not signify to parley; a great many people are waiting and
you must resign."

" I must wait to learn the sense of the government," said Inger.soll.
" Here is the sense of the government and no man shall execute your
office." declared Durkee. " I ask for leave to proceed to Hartford."
said Ingersoll. ' You shall not go two rods till you have resigned, "
Durkee is said to have responded. "The cause is not worth dying
for." said Ingersoll. and consented to sign his resignation.

362 A FORGOTTEN SON OF LIBERTY.

The fact that this instrument, or some draft of it, had been pre-
pared in advance, is well attested, though one or more historians assert
that IngersoU wrote his resignation. The accounts may be reconciled
if we assume, what is so probable, that IngersoU, being an attorney,
re-wrote the draft. Throughout the entire proceedings, he preserved
his calmness and self-possession.

The document lacked nothing in the way of detiniteness. It
promised that he would never receive stamped paper, nor officiate in
any way as stamp master or distributor of stamps, directly or indirectly ;
notified all the inhabitants of the colony not to apply to him for
stamps ; announced his resignation of the office committed to him ;
and finally declared that he executed these presents of his "own free
will and accord, without any equivocation or mental reservation."
The instrument was dated at Wethersfield, the 19th day of September,
1765.

They then demanded that he read his resignation to the company,
which having been done, they requested that he swear to it, which he
refused to do. They compromised however on the condition that he
should shout the words " Liberty and Property " three times. This
he did, swinging his hat above his head with such earnestness that, in
response, they gave him three huzzas, with a will. The tension was
now off and a cheerful feeling prevailed. IngersoU dined with several
of the party at a tavern near by, while the others, it may be assumed,
in the absence of direct evidence upon the point, refreshed themselves
with the provisions they had brought with them.

The company, now numbering, says Hollister, one thousand men,
proposed to escort the ex-appointee, no/ens vokns, on his way to
Hartford, forming for that purpose on horseback, four abreast, the
trumpeters heralding the advance of the cavalcade. IngersoU, who
was riding a white horse, had not lost his sense of the humorous, and
when asked how he liked his escort, replied, that he now understood,
as never before, that passage in Revelation which refers to death on
a pale horse with all hell following after. The highway was thronged
with curious spectators. Arriving in Hartford, they formed in a semi-
circle, in front of the building which then served both as court house

A FOR(iOTTEN SON OF LIRKR'n'. jfj;

and slate house, and in which the Assembly had that day convened.
At their request, IngersoU again read his resignation (or as some his-
torians say. it was read by Major Durkee) in presence of the escort
and the crowd that had assembled. He again shouted " Liberty and
Property" three times, to the entire .satisfaction of the company, when
(to quote from the report of the afifair which appeared in the ne.xt issue
of the Connecticut Courant), '• three huzzas were given and the whole
company immediately dispersed without making the least disturbance."

One is struck with the language of this report, the first account of
the transaction to appear in print, because it is so matter of fact, men-
tions no names, states simply that the company was from '■ the eastern
part of this government," and is careful to notice the absence of
disorder. The news editor was evidently conscious that there might
be a thereafter.

The writer of this paper is impressed with the deliberation, daring
and executive ability displayed by these cavaliers. The expedition
contemplated a possible length of a week. The plan was doubtless
discussed and received its inspiration at the pavilion on the Norwich
Town (ireen. It took some days in fact to collect the forces and carry
the design into execution. Were they aware that this was high-handed
sedition, for which they were liable to the gravest punishments:*
Nothing was left undone to make the work effective. The resignation
must be in writing, in terms almost of redundancy. Lest IngersoU
repudiate his act. as done under legal duress, the instrument was read
a second time, in the mast public way, in front of the State House at
Hartford. All was in broad daylight, the leader in uniform, and the
company armed with clubs, marching to martial music. Are we wrong
in thinking that the whole is more daring and worthy of celebration
and remembrance than the midnight ride ot Paul Revere, Wadsworths
hiding of the Connecticut Charter, or the Boston Tea Party' Indeed,
some historians have ingeniously suggested that the undertaking
might have been inspired by the Hero of the Wolf Den. and have
called attention to the fact that Putnam was at this time detained at
home by an injury he had shortly before received. It is true that the
exploit was worthy of Old Put at his be.st. but there is not a particle of

264 A FORGOTTEN SON OF LIBERTY.

evidence that he had aught to do with the affair. And it was the
execution of the undertaking that called for special nerve and daring ;
for they were dealing face to face with an official, cool and collected,
appointed by the crown and fortified with his commission as stamp
master.

That there were neither stamps nor stamp master in Connecticut
on November i, 1765, and that the day was signalized by display of
banners and ensigns, and other patriotic demonstrations, is familiar
history. Nowhere was the repeal of the Stamp Act celebrated with
greater enthusiasm than at the Pavilion, under the Liberty Tree, on
Norwich Town Green, March 19, 1767.

A colonization scheme sprang up m Windham County in 1753,
which soon grew until it had members, many of them prominent citi-
zens, in all parts of Connecticut. The story of the " Susquehanna
Purchase," the hardships and sufferings entailed, the persistence and
heroism of the emigrants, and the negotiations, " wars " and legal
questions which grew out of the enterprise, reaching its climax in the
Wyoming massacre, involving as it did political jurisdiction over, and
the right to the soil of, more than five millions of acres, is of tragic
interest and would fill, and indeed has filled in the telling, many vol-
umes. These controversies wore out one generation ; the lives of
hundreds and the ruin of thousands was at stake. Says Harvey, " Our
Pilgrim Fathers could recount no such afflictions as our Wyoming
Fathers were compelled to endure." *

The Susquehanna Company, formed at Windham, on July 16, 1753,
consisted of over two hundred and fifty members. In the following
January, one hundred and fifty others were received, and again m
May it was voted to admit five hundred more. The price of shares at
first was two Spanish milled dollars. Later, members were assessed
and the value of the shares rapidly rose. The Susquehanna Company
was a powerful organization and strongly entrenched in the popular

* Centennial Jabilee of Wilkesbarre, 18. Dwight's History of Connecticut, 312. Miner's History
of Wyoming, 65. '

A F()R(i() ITKN SON OK LlliKUTN. jftq

favor. As one writer says, " It represented popularly IhouKh not
officially the State of Connecticut."

The scheme offered romantic and stirring adventure, colonial
aggrandisement and pecuniary profit.* The Company's .'\rticles of
Agreement set ft)rth as its objects, not only the beneficial interests of
Its members but the enlargement of the English settlements and the
spread of Christianity.

In 1754, negotiations were entered into by which, for two thousand
pounds, in New York currency, a deed was secured from the Six
Nations (or at least from fourteen sachems who claimed to represent
them) of a large tract of land, extending from the forty-first to the
forty-second degrees of north latitude, in the beautiful and fertile Sus-
quehanna Valley, near an island called Wyoming. Hostilities between
F^ngland and France delayed actual settlement. Late in the summer
of 1762 however, a company of one hundred and nineteen men, later
joined by their families and others, established themselves in the now
far-famed valley, only to be driven out with slaughter by the Delawares,
in autumn of the following year.

In 1768, the Pennsylvanians, in turn, obtained a deed fron> chiefs
of the Six Nations, claiming to have full authority for the purpose,
embracing a large tract of land, including of course that before deeded
to the Susquehanna Company. This aroused the latter to vigorous
efforts to establish a permanent settlement. It voted that forty per-
sons, proprietors in the purchase, should proceed to take possession of
the land in behalf of the Company, by February 1. \7(n). Two hun
dred more were to join them as early in the .spring as might be. The
Company, holding its meetings now at Hartford, voted to lay out five
•gratuity towns," each five miles square. The "first forty" settlers
were to have their choice of one of the towns and the remaining four
towns were to belong to the two hundred later settlers, to be •' divided
out to them by fifties in a town," but all on the condition that they
continue thereon under said Company for five years.

The •' first forty " settlers reached Wyoming Valley, February x.
1769, to find that the site of the earlier settlement was now occupied

* Miss I,.irned'.s History of Winiihaiii ( .»u,tv. VoWmic -•. 4 -.

266 A FORGOTTEN SON OF LIBERTY.

by the Pennamites, as they were called by these settlers, who in turn
were called Yankees. Trouble ensued at once and the first " Penna-
mite War " began.

As early as 1761, Major Durkee had acquired by purchase an inter-
est in the stock of the Company and later became prominent in its
management. At a meeting of the Company in Hartford, on April 12,
1769, it was voted that the affairs at the settlement should be under
the direction and order of a Committee of Settlers.

For the important position as head of this governing committee,
and as leader and commander of the settlers in their march to Wyom-
ing, the Susquehanna Company appointed Major John Durkee, with
the title of President of the First Settlers. In the latter part of the
same month, about one hundred and ten men rendezvoused at Nor-
wich and set out for Wyoming on horseback, in command of Major
Durkee. Their route was through Wallingford, Woodbury and New
Milford in Connecticut, Fishkill, New Windsor and (ioshen in New
York, and the northern part of the county of Sussex, in New jersey.
They crossed the IJelaware River and entered Pennsylvania at what
is now Dingman's Ferry.

Major Durkee and his company at once erected twenty substantial
and commodious one-.story log cabins arranged in a parallelogram, all
■facing the central rectangle, with loop-holes in the rear. On June 2,
one hundred and ninety-five men were on the ground and two hundred
acres had been cleared and planted. Already the twenty cabins oc
cupying a half acre, had been surrounded with a wooden stockade.
When completed, all was called Fort Durkee, in honor of their leader.
The Wyoming Chapter, D. A. R.. marked this location on the River
Common in 1899, by the erection of a suitably in.scribed bronze tablet
set in a monolith.

The Committee of Settlers was early organized, as provided by the
resolution of the home company, with Major Durkee as President.
At this time, he originated the unique name of the settlement, written
originally and sometimes still as a compound word, Wilkes-Barre. It
is compounded from the names of two EngUsh statesmen. The
Right Honorable John Wilkes was a prisoner in London, in the spring

A KOKCiOTTEN SON OK LIUKR 1^ . '-(>!

of I 769, suffering, as his admirers believed, most unjustly because of
his devotion to the cause of liberty and freedom of speech. To
Colonel Barre. we have heretofore referred. He was among those
who at Quebec received General Wolfe in their arms as he fell mor-
tally wounded, and cheered his dying moments with the announce-
ment of victory. The combination was a happy thought and the name
of the new settlement was popularly received.

The community was governed like a military camp, the duties of
the President being executive, judicial and military. Scouts were sent
out and sentries were on duty day and nighi. No stranger was
allowed to tarry in the settlement unless he bore proper credentials
from representatives of the Susquehanna Company or received per
mission from the local Committee of Settlers. No member of the
community was permitted to leave the settlement without a permit or
furlough granted bv the President. Oneof these permits in Durkee's
handwriting, still preserved, reads as follows : ' Wilkesbarre. 30th
Augt 1769. The bearers. Captain Zebulon Butler and Captain
Harris Colt, are permitted to return to Windham and to return to this
place in si.xty days. Pr. jno. Durkee, President.'"

In September, the first of the " gratuity towns - was laid out under
the direction of Major Hurkee, with an area of about twentythree
square miles, comprising within its limits the original settlement, whose
name of Wilkesbarre it took. The following quotation from the Ne.
London Gazette of that time, shows the opinion then held of the man
at the head of the settlement : • We further learn that Major Durkee
so behaves and conducts, that he hath got the universal esteem o all
the settlers ; and notwithstanding the disadvantages he .s under of not
having any law. either civil or military, to govern the people by. yet
he quiets all their uneasiness, and they are well united and do not
only love and fear, but honor and obey the Major, who is supremely
accomplished for such an undertaking.'

Events moved rapidly. In November, by order of ^^^l^^^^
vanian Proprietary Government, a force of two hundred and htyw
armed men. provided with a four-pounder cannon, appeared in the
Z^l By a surprise. Major Durkee and other leading men were

j6s a forgotten son o?^ liberty.

captured and sent in irons to Philadelphia, where they were lodged in
jail. The other settlers fled to Fort Durkee, and were obli.sfed
to capitulate. By the terms of the agreement, all the Connecticut Set-
tlers were to leave the valley save fourteen, who were to remain to
care for the crops, live stock and other personal property, until His
Majesty's decree determining the title to the Wyoming lands.

In violation of this agreement, hundreds of sheep, cattle and horses
belonging to the settlers, were driven to market by their foes, and the
caretakers, left without means of support, abandoned the settlement.
But Major Durkee secured his release and in March was again on the
ground, with a well-armed force, who soon drove out the Pennamites.
Improvements were now made, crops were planted and preparations
completed to locate the other "gratuity towns." The town plot of
Wilkesbarre was planned by Durkee and surveyed and plotted by
Samuel VVallis, a skillful surveyor from Philadelphia. It comprised
two hundred acres in the form of a parallelogram, lying just northeast
of Fort Durkee. In the center of the town plot, was a diamond-shaped
space of over four acres, which remaining as undivided land of the
town, soon received the name of Center Square, from the four corners
of which the four main streets radiate. Because of the shape of this
central park, together with the fact that the city is the center of the
'• black diamond '" mining district, Wilkesbarre has received the appel-
lation of " The Diamond City." What is known as the River Com-
mon, over thirty-five acres in extent, also remained undivided and was
not embraced in the town plot. Thus by the admirable forethought
of Major Durkee, as pointed out by a writer of that place, the town
had from the first the benefit of these two parks.*

The town plot was divided into forty-eight lots, making w^ith two
outside the parallelogram, the fifty lots called for by the Company's
resolve, all of which were assigned by drawing on June 29. Within
three months thereafter, one hundred and forty armed Pennamites
made a foray into the valley and again captured Major Durkee, who
with Simeon Draper, Captain Zebulon Butler and others were marched
in irons to Easton and from there taken to Philadelphia and thrown

* R. W. Ferrell, in The American City, for Septenil>er, lyn:

A P'ORGOriEN SOX OF LIBKRT^'. i(m)

into jail. Here the Major was kept a prisoner till August, 1772, suf-
fering many hardships during this second imprisonment of nearly two
years, t

Upon Durkee's release, he returned to Norwich, where his family
had continued to reside. In 1773 and 1774, he was back again in
Wyoming, at least for certain periods, performing various duties as
a member of the Committee of Settlers. At the solicitation of Major
Durkee and others, an admirable system of government for the
settlement was adopted, giving the civil authority in each of the six
townships then organized to three directors, who were to exercise
both judicial and executive authority, and from whose acts an appeal
could be taken to the quarterly sessions of the directors of all the
townships.

Again, Uurkee's name heads a petition to the General Assembly^
dated at Wilkesbarre, April 3, 773, praying that Wyoming be made
a county, and that officers, civil and military, be appointed. This pe-
tition was granted in substance, for in January following, after unsuc-
cessful efforts had been made to obtain an amicable adjustment with
I'ennsylvania, the Connecticut Assembly, with a boldness it had not
previously shown, created the town of Westmoreland, attaching it to
Litchfield County. In 1776, this territory became the county of the
same name, with Wilkesbarre as it county seat. It was bounded on
the east by the Delaware River, on the west by a line fifteen miles
west of the Susquehanna, and on the north and south by the limits, as
claimed, of the Connecticut grant. Thus the government established
by the Susquehanna Company came to an end. The jurisdiction of
Connecticut was established, as was believed forever, over the terri
tory, the laws of that state were enforced, and representatives from
the new town sat in its (Jeneral Assembly for eight years thereafter.

t At a meeting of the Susquehanna Company, on April 4, 1771, the followinR resolution w.-is adopted:
" Whereas Major John Durkee and several others of the proprietors of the Susquehaii 11 a Purchase
are confined in the common jail in the Province of Pennsylvania, and are there destitute of friends
and funds: Resolved, that the sum of fifty pounds be immediately raised and sent to Major Dur-
kee and others, to be divided: Durkee thirty-four pounds, Simeon Draper, Daniel Gore, Asa
[..udington and Thomas Bennett, four pounds each."

270 A FORGOTTEN SON OF LIBERTY.

Peace had apparently come.* The special work for which Major
Durkee went out, that of establishing a permanent settlement, had
been accomplished. He was at the head of the government set up
by the Susquehanna Company, and that having come to an end, his
active connection with Wyoming ceased. His work is fully recognized
by the recent historians of Wilkesbarre and Wyoming, who refer in
terms of high commendation to his services as the chief man among
the Wyoming Settlers of 1769-70, and the founder and namer of
Wilkesbarre. His attention was now turned towards the coming
titanic struggle with the mother country.

Following Major Durkee's activities against the enforcement of the
Stamp Act, already noticed, he was in 1766 chosen one of the deputies
from Norwich to the May Session of the General Assembly at Hartford.
During the same year, he was appointed by the Sons of Liberty a
member of an important committee, consisting of Colonel Putnam,
Captain LedJie and himself, to whom was assigned the duty of arranging
a sy.stem of correspondence between members of the organization in dif-
ferent counties of Connecticut and with those in other colonies. Major
Durkee was thus kept fully informed of the growing sentiment against
Britain because of her oppressive measures and, forsooth, did his share
in promoting that feeling. It is natural to surmise that he had some
presentment of the inevitable conflict years before the war opened.

Major Durkee was again a member of the committee appointed in

' The dispute between Pennsylvania and Connecticut as to jurisdiction over lands in the Susquehanna
region was pressed for settlement by the former^ under the provisions of the Articles of Confed-
eration, as soon as the Revolutionary War was at an end The controversy was submitted to
arbitrators, who on December 30, 1782, decided in favor o( Pennsylvan a. Connecticut had
claimed title under the grant to the Plymouth Colony in 1620, confirmed by the charier of 1662,
wtiile Pennsylvania's title rested on the grant to William Penn, in 1681. Never did conflicting
grants of a king cause greater mischief. Relying upon the legal maxim that " He who is first in
time is first in right," and acting on the advice of able counsel, the settlers firmly believed that
their title was both just and unimpeachable, and right nobly did they defend it. Other consider-
ations, such as the contiguity of territory (since New York lay between the Susquehanna Settle-
ment and New England) may have had much to do with the result. But the decision, alas, did
not bring peace to this distracted region, for the Pennyslvanians set up the claim that not ony
was the political title or right of government determined by the decision, but th<it the settlers
were intruders and must abandon the soil upon which they had lived. Years of violence and
strife followed. Peace reigned in other parts of the new nation, but here there was strugg'e,
controversy, misery and bitter hatred, known as the Second Pennamite War. At length, the
General Assembly of Pennsylvania confirmed the title in those who, having legular allotnjents,
had become actual settlers while Connecticut claimed jurisdiction. Even then other years of
strife ensued until near the end of the centufy, when certa-n claims of those holding allotments
under Pennsylvanian authority had been adjusted. Among all those peoples of any age who have
struggled and endured for land or faith, the Wyoming settlers should have high place.

A FORGOTTEN SON OF LIBERTY. ^71

town meeting at Norwich, in December, 1767, to consider the famous
" Boston Circular," recommending the disuse of certain articles of
British production. Heroic resolutions were presented by this com-
mittee and unanimously adopted, approving the recommendations of
the Circular, and urging the cultivation of wool, flax and hemp, and
the promotion of American manufactures. It also requested that ladies
omit tea drinking in the afternoon.

The advent of the American Revolution found the " Bold Bean-
Hiller," as he came to be called, ready for action. He possessed the
valuable knowledge and experience gained by seven years of hard
service in the northern campaigns nearly twenty years before. He
had a company, drilled and ready for any task. He proved himself,
as we shall now see, the true minute-man, ready at a moment's notice,
to rush to the front. On September 3, 1774, there arrived a mes-
senger at Norwich, from Colonel Putnam, with the startling informa
tion that an attack had been made by General Gage's soldiers on
Boston citizens the night before, and that si.x persons had been killed.
Remembering the "Boston Massacre" of 1770. people were ready to
believe any rumor of British aggression at " the Hub." .\n assemblage
hastily gathered at the Liberty Tree on the Green and adjourned to
the court house, where a full discussion ensued. Suspecting that the
news might be false, David Nevins was despatched towards Providence
to learn the truth of the report. Putnam's letter was hastily prmted as
a hand bill and circulated through the town. The next morning,
Sunday, September 4, 1774, saw a company of four hundred and si.\ty
four men, armed and mounted, ride out of Norwich for Boston, under
the command of Major Durkee.* They halted at Captain Burnham's
inn, seven miles from Norwich, where about noon they met Nevins, on
his return, with the information that the report was false, t

The colony voted on April 26 to »aise six thousand men, to be
enlisted from the militia, for seven months' service, organized into si.\
regiments of ten companies each. Putnam was appointed colonel of

• Hollister s'.ys that they srt out on Tuesday. But M.s> I aiilkin* correctly s.yi Sunday. (oUo«id«

the Norwich ['.icket of .-September 8, i77<. t . w- ,^ ^_„.^

♦ There was in fact some (oundation for the rumor, as C.ener.1 Gage had. on September jrd^GJoyed

to Castle William the milit.iry stores at Charlestown and t«o held piece* at t-»mbiidge belonginf
to the patriots, producmg a turmoil among the citi/ens of Bo»ton.

272 A FORGOTTEN SON OF LIBERTY.

the Third Regiment, Benedict Arnold, lieutenant-colonel and Durkee
first major and captain of the Third Company, that from Norwich.
From Miss Caulkins, we learn that on May 23, a company of one
hundred men from Norwich, enlisted and accoutered under the direc-
tion of the veteran Durkee, left for the scene of action, in charge of
Lieutenant Joshua Huntington. Durkee having gone forward to join
Putnam a few days before. Upon arrivmg at Cambridge, this company
was annexed to Colonel Putnam's regiment. The other companies
composing that regiment were from Windham County. In the Norwich
company were the two minor sons of Major Durkee, John Jr. and
Phineas, the latter then a lad of thirteen years, enrolled as a fifer.

It is familiar history that on the night before the battle of Bunker
Hill, the Americans, having resolved upon fortifying the Charlestown
peninsular, thew up, under cover of the darkness, an earthwork or
redoubt on Breed's Hill. Twelve hundred men crossed to the penin-
sular for that purpose, of whom two hundred were Connecticut troops,
forming a fatigue party. After the battle had opened on the following
day, the memorable June 17, 1775, Putnam ordered over the other Conn-
ecticut forces, who were pressingly needed to aid and relieve the
defenders of the Hill. About four hundred Connecticut men were in
the battle. It was probably at this time that Major Durkee went over
with some or all of his company. The neck of land connecting
Charlestown with the mainland was now exposed to fire from the
British shipping, so that many who undertook to go over were turned
back, and failed to reach the scene of strife. But Major Durkee was
among those who, undeterred by the enemy's guns, crossed over and
took part in the famous battle.

Between the redoubt and the Mystic River, on the north side of
the peninsular, there was low ground through which the enemy might
make their way to the rear of the patriots. The importance of this
position and its defense became more and more apparent as the battle
progressed. There was a low wall, with top-poles or rails extending
part of the way and this was strengthened as a defense by the con-
struction of a parallel fence, leaving a space between the two which
was filled with the new-mown hay lying about the field. Against this

A KORCOT'IKN SON Ol' 1.1 1'.KU'I N . jy-,

line, General Howe, at each attack, impetuously threw his regulars, witli
the determination to reach the rear of the fortifications. It was here
that the Connecticut troops fought and rendered a most important
service. The line was held, indeed, through the first two attacks and
until the redoubt had been taken and the Connecticut troops were, in
turn, in danger of a Hank movement. In rhe hurry of escape, the men
of Durkee's company lost twenty guns and forty blankets.

In his History of the Battle of Bunker Hill, Frothingham thus makes
reference to the forces from this colony : " The conduct of the Conn-
ecticut troops is mentioned in terms of high commendation in the
private letters and journals of the time. Major Durkee, Captains
Knowlton, Chester and Coit, and Lieutenants Dana, Hide, Grosvenor.
Webb, Bingham and Keys are specially deserving of credit." Of the
Norwich Company, Hollister says: "It was made up of excellent
marksmen, who proved themselves worthy to be commanded by John
Durkee, when at the battle of Bunker Hill the ranks of General Howe"s
regulars fell, column after column, before their fatal fire." To these
quotations may be added the following reference to Major Durkee in
Drake's Dictionary of American Biography: "Asa major in Putnam's
Regiment, he distinguished himself highly at Bunker Hill."

Two days after the battle, Putnam was appointed a major-general,
and as Arnold was absent, Durkee, promoted to be lieutenant-colonel
on July I, assumed the actual command of the regiment, which was
adopted as continental, with Arnold as colonel.

The Third Regiment remained in camp at Cambridge until iht-
expiration of its term of service in December, when it was reorganized
with the same field ofiicers for the campaign of 1776, most of the
privates also reenlisting. The new regiment, with Durkee in actual
command, was ofiicially designated as the 20th Continental Foot,
but was still commonly referred to as Arnold's. In February. Durkee
was absent because of ill health, a forewarning of what was to come

( .,lon;U Durkee s .wo Mdesl ..ons continued in the service alter ihe cv.c.lion o( Bo..o„.l,ll .h.en.l
of the war John Durkee, Jr. was commissioned first lieuten.nt on July jiM. 1777. •«"! het»>ne
. ap.ain on O. lober .6, 1780. He was a capt.-.in .n his father", regiment at the new lorm.i.on ...
,78. Phineas was promoted to be sergeant in the same regiment on May 6, .78.. Capla.o
John Durkee became a member of the Connecticut Society of the C.nc.nnat. .n 178,.

374 "^ FORGOTTEN SON OF LIBERTY.

later, and Knowlton, the farmer boy of Ashford, was in actual
command.

Upon the evacuation of Boston, in March, 1776, the regiment
marched to New York and took part in the movements for the defense
of that city. As Arnold was elsewhere engaged and had never joined
the regiment, the question of a permanent commander arose. Colonel
Eliphalet Dyer wrote regarding Durkee that " both officers and men
are very fond of him and that there is no one will give so good satis-
faction as he will."

The decisive order was issued by the commander in-chief at New
York, on August 12, 1776, announcing the appointment of Lieuten
ant-Colonel Durkee as colonel of the regiment known as Arnold's, and
Major Knowlton as lieutenant-colonel. Thus Durkee came rightly to
his own.

At the battle of Long Island, on August 27, Durkee's regiment
was m Parsons' brigade, in the division of Major-General Spencer.
Durkee's and Chandler's regiments were detailed by Washington to
cover the retreat, and they kept guard with untiring zeal until the
transit from Long Island to Manhattan had been accomplished.

The evacuation of Fort Lee under peremptory orders from Wash
ington, November 20, was done in such haste that Durkee's regi-
ment and others left their mess kettles on the fires and a large stock
of provisions fell to Cornwallis.

In the Connecticut Gazette of F"ebruary 14. 1777, there
appears a letter from an army correspondent which says : " Durkee's
regiment covered the retreat from Fort Lee to the Delaware River,
both officers and men behaving with great spirit and bravery, to the
entire satisfaction of General Washington."

It was at McConkey's Ferry, on Christmas night, that General
Washington, with two thousand four hundred troops, including Durkee
and his regiment, crossed the Delaware, amid storm and floating ice,
defeated the Hessians at Trenton, and took one thousand prisoners.
Six days later the term of service of the regiment expired, but at
Washington's urgent request. Colonel Durkee, nearly all the other
commissioned officers of his regiment, and a considerable number of

A FORGOTTEN SON OK Llli^:RT^". i;^

the enlisted men consented to continue in service six weeks longer.
On January 3. 1777, they participated in the victorious battle of
Princeton.

x\t the previous October session of the Connecticut (Jeneral
Assembly. Durkee had been appointed colonel of one of the eight
battallions ordered to be raised for the new continental army, to serve
through the war. He was accordingly commissioned colonel of the
Fourth Regiment, Connecticut Line, January 1. 1777.

Colonel Durkee and his command fought in the battle of (iernian
town, on October 4, 1777, passed the winter following with the
army at historic Valley Forge, and in June took part in the battle of
Monmouth, where Durkee (in command of a brigade) received a severe
wound in his right hand, by which it was permanently disabled. In
1779, the regiment was engaged, under Brigadier-General Parsons in
the operations on the east side of the Hudson and took part in the
storming of Stony Point, on July 16. Colonel Durkee being in
command of the brigade. With January 1. 17S1. the Third and
Fourth Connecticut Regiments were consolidated to form the new
First, with Colonel Durkee in command. In the latter part of this year
he was obliged to return home on sick leave, turning over his command
to Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Grosvenor. Thus closed his military
career, only a few months before life itself drew to its close.

In "The Record of Connecticut in the Revolution." we read
" The Colonel, veteran of The French and Indian War. who had
served in the Revolution since the Lexington Alarm, had long borne
up against what a fellow officer describes as a slender and debilitated
constitution. He died at Norwich. May 29. i7«2. '"the fiftv
fourth year of his age. from exhaustion induced by the servic-

John Durkee and Martha Wood of Norwich wert- mained on
January- 3, 1753. They had four children, viz. Anna, born October
23, 1753; John, Jr.. born September 23, 175?; Phineas. born
August 27, 1762; and Parre. born October 21. 1767 The widow.
Martha (Wood) Durkee. died on May 27. .787. .lohn Durkee. the

2^^^ A FORGOTTEN SOX OF LIHFRTY.

son, died in 1805 or earlier, for Joiin Young was appointed adminis
trator of his estate on March 8 of that year. Of Phineas Durkee
nothing is known after the close of the Revolution. In 1792, one
Captain Isaac Barre Durkee of Norwich commanded the sloop Betsey,
hut it is not certain that this was a son of Colonel Durkee. Anna
Durkee married (i), subsequent to July, 1774, Mr. DeLongpres,
and (2), after his death, and subsequent to 1793, John Young. She
survived Mr. Young and was appointed administratrix of her brother
John's estate, to complete its settlement, on January i, 181 1. In
1812, Mrs. Young petitioned Congress for the seven years' half pay of
a colonel, to which her father would have been entitled had he lived
till the end of the war, under an act of Congress of August 24,
1780; and in her petition, it is set forth that the widow of Colonel
Durkee was dead and that the petitioner was his daughter and sole
heir.* So far as known, Colonel Durkee has no living descendants.

In 1752, John and Nathan Durkee purchased jointly of the Ephraim
Farnam estate, the dwelling house on the easterly side of Town
Street (now known as West Town Street), in Norwich, where John
Durkee resided in all his later years and probably from the date of the
purchase. The house lot was four rods square, according to the deed,
and was located a half mile northw-esterly of the Norwich Town Green,
'i'he land is now owned in part by Henry J. Kilrow and in part by the
Weiler estate. t Persons still living remember an old house in this
locality, in which Eliphalet Baldwin resided many years ago, which it
is believed was the Durkee homestead.

Commercial ventures had their risks a century and a half ago no
less than in our own day. Jonathan Trumbull was financially embar-
rassed before he was elected governor and the fact was used against
him in his canvass for the office.

The town records of Nor\vich disclose an agreement, dated January
23, 1764, reciting that John Durkee, Elisha Lord and Joshua Abell,
Jr., had for ''some years past practiced, occupied and carried on

* Harvey's History of Wilkesbarre and Wyoming.

i See Norwich Land Records, books and pages as follows, vi/. : 13-383,385; 17-208: 23-327; 29-342:

30-465: 31-281; 33-87: 35-161; 37-86: 38-320; 3.S-382; 41-505, 506: 52-671: 53-87; 72-65,206:

111-389; 119-538.

A FORCiO'l'I'KN SON OK LIliKKIN . 277

trade and merchandise in Norwich as equal partners;" that the tirm
had been dissolved on the eleventh day of that month, with a consider
able quantity of goods on hand, beside the shop and appurtenances
wherein the trade had been carried on ; " likewise the good sloop,
called The Three Friends, burthen about sixty tons, and also her
cargo now at sea, bound on a voyage to the island of Aniego. Captain
Benjamin Edgerton master."

By the agreement, Abell sells his interest to the other two. who art-
to pay the debts and account for the surplus. Ditrkee and Lord sub
sequently carried on the business. Karly in 1767, Lord died, deeply
insolvent, and in April following, Durkee mortgaged his dwelling
house and other real estate to Theophilact Beache of New York, for a
partnership debt of some 313 pounds. New York currency. Other
pieces he mortgaged to Perry & Hayes of the same place for a like
debt of over 196 pounds.

A highly interesting document is that recorded in X'ohime 23 of
Norwich I-and Records. liy which the town officials undertook to con
fiscate Colonel Durkee's debt to Beache, for the benefit of the state.
Under date of January 12, 1 7S0, Joshua Huntington and the other
selectmen quit-claimed to Durkee the tracts mortgaged to Beache,
reciting that " said Beache has joined himself with the subjects and
forces of the King of (ireat Britain, enemies of this and the Cnited
States of .'Xmerica, carrying on war against said states, and hath aided
and still continues to aid and assist the said King in his hostile
measures against said states, whereby the said debt, due as aforesaid,
is by the statute of this state provided, become forfeit and due to the
treasurer of this state and payable to the selectmen of said Town of
Norwich, who are authorized and empowered by said law to collect
and pay the same to said treasurer for the use of the slate, and whereas
.said Colonel lohn Durkee has this day paid said sum. with lawful
interest to this time, being in the whole four hundred .uid fifteen
pounds, fifteen shillings and three p-nce. lawful money, the same is
accepted in full discharge of said mortgage deed, and we declare the

Deacon William Durkee died in March. 175J. leavinR real e.iale value at aboul 98.» f'aad*- A.
there was a large family of children. Colooel Durkee* iniercM in hi» father ♦ e»iale could niH
have been large.

378 A FORGOTTEN SON OF LIBERTY.

same void according to the true intent and meaning thereof in case of
payment."

Nevertheless, Beache's mortgage does not appear to have been
efifectually released, for in September, 1794, twelve years after Colonel
Durkee's death, Beache quit-claimed to Samuel Thatcher, and four
years later, the latter's interest was taken by execution for debt. The
title by which the property is now held runs back through this execu-
tion, quit-claim and mortgage.

It is believed that the formalities required by the law authorizing
the confiscation of estates were not conformed to. But whether this be
so, or whether Beache could establish his loyalty, or could claim the
privileges of a British subject and so his rights were saved to him by
the treaty of Paris, the property in any event seems to have been lost
to the estate.

In 1785, Colonel Durkee's estate was represented insolvent in the
Norwich Probate Court and commissioners were appointed thereon.

Administration was also taken out on Colonel Durkee's estate some
years after his death, in Wilkesbarre, but the writer has not had the
benefit of an examination of the records there.

Near the southerly boundary line of the old cemetery at Norwich
Town is a plain tombstone, about three feet high by two and a half
feet broad, bearing this inscription : " In Memory of Col" John
Durkee, who departed this life May 29, 1782, in the S4th year of his
age." Below is this : " In Memory of Mrs. Martha Durkee, wife of
Col" John Durkee, who died May 27th, 1787. in ye 60th year of her
age." And below this again is the following : " In Memory of Doctor
Dominie Touzin, who was lost in a hurricane, March 1782, in the 31st
year of his age." Nothing else appears upon the tombstone.

Miner says: " Military honors were accorded at his funeral, and the
display on a similar occasion in that city (Norwich) had never been
surpassed."

And then for a century and more Colonel Durkee was forgotten.
Was this because he died, alas, a few months before the mighty contest
ended ? Was it because he had no living descendants to keep alive his

A FORGOTTEN SON OF LIBER n. ^7,^

memory? Was it because his estate was insolvent, or because there
was not " glory enough to go around ? "

He was well thought of by the people among whom he lived, as well
as by his companions in arms. He was at different times a member
of the General Assembly, a justice of the peace, and an innkeeper
licensed by the civil authorities, all positions of honor and trust, cov-
eted and sought for in his day. Not large in stature, he was not
possessed of the most rugged constitution. His face was youthful and
his eye bright and winning. He never quarrelled with those above
him in rank and was ever beloved by those under him.

We remember Colonel Durkee's long service in the French and
Indian War; we picture him in uniform at the head of his cohorts at
Wethersfield, boldly demanding that the stamp master resign ; we
think of him at the siege of Boston, accompanied by his two boys,
emulating his patriotism and martial ardor ; we recall his loyal devotion
to Washington in his bitter retreat ; we imagine him in cold and dark-
ness crossing the Delaware at night and participating in a victory which
should have given every important actor therein immortal glory; we
watch him, worn out with six years of active campaigning, sick and
maimed, as he reluctantly resigns his sword to another and comes
home to die, and we w'onder that he and his faithful wife could not
have had at least a whole tombstone between them.

It is not necessary to class him with Putnam in adventure, with
Greene in military tactics, or with Trumbull in counsel. However,
he possessed gifts in all these directions, and his long, arduous and
faithful service and his unswerving patriotism were of great value in
the Revolutionary period. His name and worth are an honor to the
town of his adoption, to the counties of New London and U'indham.
and to the state and nation whose independence he so will .-lided in
securing.

One thing is sure : all who think the Revolution worth while, and
who would honor those who strenuously contended in counsel or on
the field for the cause of American liberty, should ever hold the name
of Colonel John Durkee in perpetual and loving remembrance.

RECORDS

The New London County Historical Society,

Septembp:r i. 1905 — Skpikmukk i. 1911.

AND

Minutes of Annual Meeting, September 28. 1911,

LIST OF OFFICERS, COMMITTEES AND MEMBERS.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOCIETY.

History of the Major John Mason Statue, compiled by Thomas S.
Collier, 1889. i illustration ; pp. 62. (Out of print).

riemorial Addresses.

Rev. Edward Woolsey Bacon, by Rev. Charles J. Hill, 1888; pp. 12.
Rev. Thomas LeffingwellShipman, by Rev. W. B. Clarke; 1889; pp.21.

Each, 35 cents.

Records and Papers.

Volume I. 1890-1894. In five parts; 21 illustrations; pp. 407.

Part I. $1 00, other four parts 50 cents each.
Volume II. 1895-1904. In five parts; 19 illustrations; pp. 528.

Each part 50 cents.
Volume III. 1906. Parti; 8 illustrations ; pp. 166. 50 cents.
1911. Part II ; 8 illustrations; pp. 184. 50 cents.

Collections.

Volume I. Diary of Joshua Hempstead, published from manuscript,
1901. Large octavo, cloth, pp. 711. Index of names, pp. 39.
Price $5.00.
The Diary covers the years from 171110 175S and is the standard author-
ity for births, baptisms, marriages, deaths and an infinite variety of events
which took place in New London and vicinity during the years mentioned.
As its author held several town offices and engaged in a diversity of occupa-
tions, his daily entries, made for nearly fifty years when records were scarce,
and ending during the year the first newspaper in the town was published,
make a volume of great value.

Occasional Publications.

Volume I. 1903. The Stone Records of Groton, by Frances Man-
waring Caulkins. Octavo, printed on Strathmore paper, bound
in cloth, 10 illustrations, pp. 96. Edited by Miss Emily S. Gil-
man; preface by Robert Porter Keep, Ph. D. Price $1.75.
This is the first of Miss Caulkins' manuscripts to be published since her
death in 1869, and contains a narrative of Mason's expedition in 1637, and
of Arnold's expedition in 1781. An appendix has been added giving the
names of the killed, wounded and captured in the Battle of Groton Heights,
September 6, 1781. The illustrations are from original drawings, made
under the supervision of the Art School of the Norwich Free Academy, and
the book was printed and bound in the manual training department of
the same institution.

SECRETARY'S REPORT.

September i, 1905-SEPTEMBER i, igo6.

Mr. President, Members of the New London County Historical
Society :
The record of the past year can be told with brevity, for it contains
very little aside from the ordinary; the routine work is essentially the
same from year to year, and yet a twelvemonth seldom passes without
witnessing some distinctive feature which gives variety to the work.
The minutes of the last annual meeting, which, ordinarily, would be
given at this time, are already in print,* as it seemed best to complete
the records to date for publication. The business session, as usual,
was held in the rooms of the Society, after which the meeting was
adjourned to the Parish House of the First Church of Christ, where
Mr. William C. Oilman of Norwich read a paper entitled New Connec-
ticut, or the Western Reserve. The winter meeting was held in the
Peck Library, Norwich, January 22, when the following program was
carried out, and a very delightful afternoon was the result.
Paper— Four Lost Legacies of the Puritan Civil Polity, viz :

1. The Old Colony Referendum.

2. The Principle of Majority Government.

3. Sound License Legislation.

4. The Ideal of Citizenship as a Trust.

Rev. Leonard Woolsey Bacon, D. D., Assonet, Mass.
Discussion of the Paper-Led by Major Hadlai A. Hull. New London.
On the afternoon of March 23, 1906, a meeting of the Board of
Directors was held, at the suggestion of Mr. Frank Valentine Chappell.
to take definite action toward the preservation of the old court house.
While a few persons m the community were in favor ot Us removal, to
make way for the new county and city building, a large number, on
the other hand, felt that this ancient building,-with its rare Dutch-
colonial architecture,-which has graced the town for more than a
century, and been the scene of many important historic events, ought

.Records and Papers, Vol. 111. Pt. I.. P»ge «55-

283

284

SECRETARY'S REPORT.

not to be sacrificed, if any way could be devised to keep it intact; con-
sequently Mr. Chappell's suggestion that this Society take the initiative,
seemed most opportune. A committee of three, composed of Frank
Valentine Chappell, P. Le Roy Harwood, and Colin S. Buell, with the
President of the Society as an ex-ofificio member, was appointed to
devise plans for its preservation. The following vote was unanimously
passed :

As the location of a new county and city building in New London
is now before the County Commissioners, and a committee of the
Court of Common Council, of the City of New London, for decision,
and as the site of the present court house has been suggested as a
possible location, this Society urges the said Commissioners and
Honorable Committee to take no action to lead to the destruction of
the old court house building.

Believing that the local patriotic societies would unite in the effort,
Mr. Chappell was requested to interview the Regent of Lucretia Shaw
Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution. When the matter
was presented to that organization, the response was prompt and
enthusiastic in favor of preserving the ancient structure.

Miss Lucretia W. Smith, whose interest and assistance in genealog-
ical work has been of much benefit to the Society, has made the fol-
lowing financial statement for this report :

Contributors to Fanning Genealogy.

Mrs. Frederic M. Smith, for her son, Frederic Morgan Smith, Jr.

Mrs Daniel S. Marsh, .

Miss Maria Chaney,

Miss Cora A. Marsh, .

Mrs. Ernest E. Rogers,

Mr. Charles J. Hewitt

Miss L. W. Smith,

Mr. Ernest E. Rogers, for Long Island Records,
Mr. P. Le Roy Harwood, .
For opening Historical Rooms,

5
I

.GO
.GO

2
I

.GO

.CO
5°

.GO

$ 26.50

SECRETARY'S REPORT. ^85

$26.50

Received for Genealogical Work for Society. ..... 10.00

$ 36. SO
Paid bill for Fanning Genealogy, to Mr. Brooks, . . $1^.00

Paid to Miss Emma Smith of Mystic, for Long Island

Records, 10.00

Paid to Miss Emma B. Jones of Cincinnati, for Bre\v»lcr

Genealogy. 10.00

•P 35 -oo
Paid express on books, ....... .25

Balance on hand June 20, 1906, . . $ 1.25

$36.50

One hundred and fifty-six newly bound volumes of local newspapers,
well arranged on shelves made especially for their accommodation, are
a constant reminder of the faithful and persistent work of the chairman
of the Library Committee.

During the year, Part I, Volume III, of the Records and Papers
hiis been compiled and edited by the Secretary, and some five hundred
copies are now in circulation. The Society has but little to give in
exchange for the books and pamphlets which are constantly received
from various sources, and the fact that these publications make it
possible to reciprocate, in a small degree, is a pleasant feature in con-
nection with them. Could they be published with regularity, not
necessarily each year, but at certain definite times, a step forward
would be taken, for the present irregular way of issuing them, seems
very much behind the times. Through the thoughtfulness and gener-
osity of friends of the Society, the relics and contents of the library,—
including books and manuscripts,— are gradually increasing. Special
mention should be made of the value of Miss Caulkins' manuscripts
to genealogical workers, who find information there for which they
have vainly searched elsewhere.

Each passing year brings changes in our membership list. Since
the last annual meeting, Mrs. Emeline Tate Walker of Chicago, and
Miss Maria P. Oilman of Norwich, have passed away ; two members
have resigned from the Society, while a small number have dropped
out for various reasons, but the total number of members varies little

286 MINUTES OK THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1906.

from that of last year. We are pleased to welcome, as new members,
Captain J. L. Randall, Laurence W. Miner, Rear-Admiral Colby M.
Chester, Frank Valentine Chappell and Albert R. Darrow. One very
desirable end toward which to work in the coming year, is to secure an
increased interest in the Society's work by a larger number of people.
Respectfully submitted,

Elizabeth Gorton,
September 6, 1906. Secretary.

MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1906.

The annual meeting of the New London County Historical Society
was held in Apartment E, Harris Building, Wednesday, September 6,
1906.

The President, Ernest E. Rogers, first called for the report of the
Secretary, and then for that of the Treasurer, both of which were read,
accepted, and ordered to be placed on file.

Jonathan Trumbull, reporting for the Publication Committee, said
the chief work of the year had been the issuing of Part I, Volume III
of the Records and Papers. The chief feature of this work was a
detailed account of the movement for the erection of the John Winthrop
Statue, and the celebration attending its unveiling on May 6, 1905, the
two hundred fifty-ninth anniversary of the founding of the town.

Miss Chapell, for the Library Committee, gave a financial statement
of the Binding Fund, also said there were one hundred fifty-six newly
bound volumes of newspapers, for the accommodation of which new
shelving had been built.

Mr. Tinker, chairman of the Nominating Committee, presented the
following list of nominees for the coming year :

President — Ernest E. Rogers, New London.
First Vice-President — Frederic Bill, Groton.
Second Vice-President — Jonathan Trumbull, Norwich.
Third Vice-President — J. R. Warren, North Lyme.
Secretary — Miss Elizabeth Gorton, New London.
Treasurer — Lee S. Denison, New London.

Advisory Committee — Ernest E. Rogers, Hon. George F. Tinker, New
London; Charles B. Ware, Hartford; George W. Goddard, New Salem,

MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1906. 287

Mass; Jonathan TrunihuU, Norwich; Walter Learned, New Lomlon ;
Frederic Bill, Groton ; Frederic S. Newcomb, John McGinlev, New London ;
Lewis D. Mason, M. D., Brooklyn, N. V. ; H. Wales Lines, Meriden ; Major
Bela Peck Learned, Norwich; Sebastian D. Lawrence, George C. Strong,
Henrj R. Bond, Cornelia W. Chapell, Jr.. New London ; Henry A. Tirrell,
Norwich; Colin S. Huell. Richard B. Wall. P. LeRov Harwood, New
London.

Publication Committee — Jonathan Trumbull. Miss Elizabeth (iorton.
Ernest E. Rogers.

Library Committee — Miss Cornelia W. Chapell, Miss May Kelsey
Champion, Lucius E. VVhiton, Mrs. Ernest E. Rogers.

Auditing Committee — George Whittlesey, P. LeRoy Harwood.

The officers and committees were elected as nominated.

The chairman spoke of the Society's need of a genealogist, as Miss
Lucretia W. Smith had removed from the city. On motion of Mr.
Tinker, seconded by P. LeRoy Harwood, it was unanimously

Voted : That Mrs. Frederic M. Smith be appointed to do the genealog-
ical work of the Society.

The principal item of unfinished business related to the old court
house. In the discussion which followed, the fact was thoroughly
demonstrated that there was a strong sentiment against having it
removed, destroyed, or altered in any way, to make way for the new
county and city building. Frank V. Chappell, as chairman of the
committee previously appomted at a meetingof the Board of Directors,
reported the action taken at that meeting, (see last annual report) and
specified some of the reasons why the building should be kept intact.
He spoke of its beautiful situation at the head of our principal business
street, where it is often admired by strangers visiting the city. It is
practically a relic of Revolutionary times. One by one many of the
old, historic buildings have been destroyed, and although this one may
have outgrown its usefulness for court purposes, he strongly urged and
recommended the importance of preserving the building, which really
gives to our old New England town a flavor of antiquity of which
Boston might well be proud.

Mr. Tinker expressed his approval of Mr. Chappell's words, and
said that people, interested in its preservation, had requested him to

288 MEETINGS OF BOARD OF DIRECTORS.

use his influence with the city officials to have it preserved. He
thought the sense of the meeting should go to the press.

Jonathan Trumbull moved that the recommendation of Mr. Chappell
be adopted as the sentiment of the meeting. He spoke of the general
regret now felt in Norwich because their old court house building had
been torn down.

Frederic Bill thought that public sentiment was in favor of its
preservation. He considered it an outrage to destroy the building, —
it is very easy to sweep out, but not so easy to restore these old land-
marks. Some prompt and effective action should be taken. The
matter was left in the hands of the committee, previously appointed,
for prompt action. At the suggestion of Mr. Bill, this committee was
authorized to draw on the treasury for all expense incurred.

The President said the subscriptions for the rent of Apartment E,
made for three years, had expired, consequently the Society was once
more facing the problem of raising money for rent.

Mr. Tinker moved that the former committee be continued, with
the addition of the present Treasurer, Lee S. Denison, and that the
same method of raising money be adopted, if necessity demanded.

The meeting was then adjourned to the Parish House of the First
Church of Christ, where Percy Coe Eggleston read an interesting and
instructive paper on Lincoln's Second Visit to New England.

Elizabeth Gorton,

Secretary.

MEETINGS OF BOARD OF DIRECTORS.

A meeting of the Board of Directors of the New London County
Historical Society was held in the rooms of the Society, Wednesday
afternoon, January 23, 1907, at 3.30 o'clock, with the President, Ernest
E. Rogers, in the chair.

The chairman said the meeting was called to consider obtaining an
option on the Shaw Mansion, for the purpose of securing it as a per-
manent home for the Society. Since the Society's removal from the
Public Library to the Harris Building, in 1902, the idea of a permanent

MEETINGS OK BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 289

home had constantly been cherished, and during the past three years
some definite attempts had quietly been made toward securing one.

In the meantime, members and friends of the Society were gener-
ously contributing the rent of the present rooms, and helping in
various other ways. The historic Shaw Mansion was for sale, a
definite price had been named for the property, and if not purchased
by some organization interested in its preservation, it would doubtless
be sold for business purposes. With its wealth of historic associations,
it seemed an ideal place, exceptionally appropriate for the home of an
Historical organization. The situation was reviewed in detail, and as
each one present gave a personal expression of opinion, there was a
unanimous feeling that some definite action should be taken to secure
the house, with all its surrounding property.

Accordingly, Colin S. Buell made the following motion which
was unanimously adopted.

Voted : That it is the sentiment ot the Board of Directors of the New
London County Historical Society that it is for the best interest of this
Society to secure the Shaw Mansion for a permanent home, because of its
historical interest and natural adaptation to the purpose.

Voted : That the President of the Society be instructed to secure troin
the present owners, an option on the property for such term as may be at;reed
upon, and at the lowest possible price.

The meeting was then adjourned.

Elizabeth (Jorton,

Secretary.

Wednesday, February 20, 1907, may be called a Red Letter Day in
the Society's History. At 3.30 o'clock on the afternoon of that day, a
meeting of the Board of Directors was called to order in Apartment E.
Harris Building. Mr. Rogers said he had obtained an option on the
Shaw Mansion, which he would present to the members of the Itoard
for their acceptance or otherwise as seemed best.

A copy of the option follows :

'• Nkw Lonuon. Co.ns.. Iel>iiiar\ is. 1907.

In consideration of the undertaking by the New London County Histor-
ical Society, that an endeavor be made to raise by subscription the amount of
$33,000, for the purpose of purchasing for said Society the house belonging
to the undersigned, known as the Shaw Mansion, with the land appurte-

290 MEETINGS OF BOARD OF DIRECTORS.

nant thereto, situated in the City of New London, State of Connecticut, we,
the undersigned, as the owners of said property, hereby agree that upon pay-
ment to us of said sum of $33,000 at any time within three months from this
date, viz : — On or before the 15th day of May, 1907, we will convey said
property to said Society by a good and sufficient title, warranting said prop-
erty to be free from all encumbrances. It is to be understood that said land
embraces all the land belonging to the undersigned having a frontage on the
west side of Bank Street and Blinman Street, and extending from land of
F. H. & A. H. Chappell on the north to the Pendleton land on the south;
together with the plot of ground in front of said Shaw M.\nsion known as
Perkins Green.

The undersigned, Jane R. Perkins and EUinor S. Griswold, also hereby
agree that in case said land and house shall be conveyed to said Society,
pursuant to the option hereby given, they will also donate to said Society
such papers, books, furniture and other articles as they may select, having a
historical value and interest and now in said house, to be known as the
Shaw Collection, and to be preserved by said Society in memory of their
ancestors and kindred who have occupied said house.

Jane R. Perkins,
Ellinor S. Griswold."

The option was accepted and Mr. Rogers authorized to raise
$33,000. Mr. Tinker inquired what method would be used for raising
this large amount, to which reply was made that no definite plans for
the entire work had been formulated. Taking a type-written form of
subscription from his pocket, the chairman handed it to the questioner,
who read aloud :

" We, The Undersigned, hereby subscribe the amounts respectively
set opposite our names, for the purchase, by the New London County His-
torical Society, of the house known as the Shaw Mansion, with the land
appurtenant thereto, in New London, Connecticut, as shown on map accom-
panying this paper, upon condition that the entire purchase price of thirty-
three thousand dollars ($33,000) shall be subscribed for the above mentioned
object.

Said amounts shall be due and payable to the Treasurer of said Society
ten (10) days after notice shall be given by him that the full purchase money
has been subscribed. As said Society holds an option on the property for
three (3) months from February 15, 1907, it is expected that such notice will
be sent about May i, 1907."

It was interesting to note the look of astonishment on his face as
he read :

" February 18, 1907. Cornelia VV. Chapell, Jr., ten thousand dollars
($10,000)."

MEETINGS OF BOARD OF DIRECTORS. J91

The gift came entirely without solicitation, and its announcement
brought forth a merited burst of applause.

Mr. Buell's motion that the Board express its appreciation to Miss
Chapell for her generous gift met with a cordial response.

After discussing plans for raising the remainder of the purchase
price, the meeting was adjourned.

Elizabeth Gorton,

Secretary.

A meeting of the Board of Directors was called for May 21, 1907.
at the Shaw Mansion. The small number present enjoyed Miss
Perkins' courtesy in showing them over the newly-acquired home of
the Society, but no business was transacted owing to lack of quorum.

Elizabeth Gorton,

Secretary.

On June 12, 1907, at 3.30 p. m., the Board of Directors met in
Apartment E, in the Harris Building, to consider several items of
business in regard to the Shaw Mansion.

The President spoke of the necessity of engaging a caretaker at
once, as it seemed unwise to leave the house unoccupied for any length
of time after Miss Perkins" removal. After talking over the situation,
and considering the applications already received, it was

Voted : That the Board aiithori/e Ernest K. Rofjers to advertise, in the
name of the Society, for a man and his wife as caretakers for the Mansion.
All applications to be made in writinj,'.

A communication was read from Miss Jane R. Perkins, requesting
that the bell-plate bearing the name of her father. Dr. Nathaniel Shaw
Perkins, should be allowed to remain in its present position forever,
for it would seem a sacrilege to remove it. since it had been so long
and intimately connected with the old house.

As no one present wished to have it removed, it was

Voted : That it be allowed to remain there for the present.

Mr. Rogers announced that some unknown friend had generously
contributed twenty-five hundred dollars, one-half of which was to be

292 SECRETARY'S REPORT.

used for necessary repairs and improvements on the Shaw Mansion,
and the other half to form the beginning of an Endowment Fund. On
motion of Frederic S. Newcomb, it was

Voted : That Ernest E. Rogers, Lee S. Denison and George F. Tinker
be appointed to look over the Shaw Mansion and make recommendations for
improvements, repairs, etc.

Mr. Rogers and Miss Chapell were appointed to superintend
moving from the Harris Building to the Shaw Mansion.

The meeting was then adjourned.

Elizabeth Gorton,

Secretary.

A meeting of the Board of Directors was held in the Shaw Mansion
Tuesday afternoon, July 9, 1907, at 3.30 o'clock, to consider recom-
mendations for repairs and improvements.

Mr. Rogers and Mr. Denison reported for the Committee, and said,
among other things, that the Committee, appointed at the last Board
meeting, had met at the Mansion the previous day, and looked care-
fully over the house and grounds. It seemed best, at this time, to wire
the house throughout for electricity. A heater for the annex seemed
a necessity, as the only one in that part of the house at present was a
large range in the kitchen. A certain amount of papering, painting,
improvements to the summer house, and a few minor repairs were
recommended. It seemed probable, also, that some alterations to the
annex would be necessary to fit it for the use of a caretaker.

The report was accepted, after which the meeting was adjourned.

Elizabeth Gorton,

Secretary.

SECRETARY'S REPORT.

September i, 1906 — September i, 1907.

So familiar to us all are the chief events of the year just closed, that
a repetition of them seems almo.st unnecessary at this time, and yet, it
may be wise to bring them to our attention for a moment, and gather a
few items on paper as a matter of record. The regular work of the

SECRETARY'S REPORT.

Society has been much like that of previous years ; some parts of it
which require most time, would seem insignificant in a written report.

Our membership roll is constantly changing. During the past year
we have lost by death, Mrs. Lucius E. Whiton, Mrs. Hannah Chap-
pell, Miss Sarah Learned and Miss Mary Lockwood. Others are
coming in to till the ranks. Worthy of special mention is the helpful-
ness shown by Mrs. Herbert L. Crandall and Mrs. Frederic M. Smith,
who, as a self-constituted membership committee, have brought in the
names of thirty-six people who have expressed a desire to join at this
time. Four have joined by invitation of Mrs. George F. Tinker.
The names of six others have been placed on our roll since last
September. To these forty-six new members, one and all. a hearty
welcome is extended, with the wish that the benefit derived from the
new relationship may be mutual.

Our library is gradually growing through gifts and exchanges.
With this house Miss Perkins has given a collection of books, the ac-
quisition of which makes it most desirable to employ the services of a
trained librarian for a short time, as they will need to be regularly
catalogued, to make them accessible for reference.

The committee, appointed in ALirch, 1906. with Frank \'. e:happell
as chairman, prepared and sent out, early last November, the follow-
ing plea for the preservation of the old court house building:
To THE Member.s ok thk New Lonoon Countv Historical Society :

\o\\ are urged to attend thi.s

NOTICE meeting, and to u.se your influence

The City and County BuiUling towards the preservation of the
CommiUee will hold a public hearing ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ This hi.storic

in the Council Chamber ot the Cit\

Hall, on Thursday, November 8, 1906 building has watched the n.se of
at 3.00 p. M., to give the people ot ^^^^ nation. It is a public build-
New London an opportunity to ex- handed down to us by our
press their views as to the sites under • ..; j u ,u^..
consideration for the proposed new fathers, and sanctified by their
City and County Building. memory. It is an mspiration for
Per order City and Count\ Build- generations to come. to inspire
ing Committee -^^ ^^H hearts love of countr)-.
James F. St ..mx sn - .edience to law. and reverence

to the spirit of the men who Lik; us lonndation .stones.

294 SECRETARY'S REPORT.

Every effort counts. You can help. Please be at the meeting in
the City Hall on Thursday and lend your influence to a cause dear to
the heart of the antiquary, the historian and the patriot.

P. LeRoy Harwood,
Colin S. Buell,
Frank V. Chappell,
Committee of the Historical Society.

The winter meeting was held in Norwich, Wednesday, January
30, in the Peck Library, Slater Hall. The program follows :
Address of Welcome, .... Henry A. Tirrell, Norwich
Paper — John G. C. Brainard, a New London Poet of Eighty Years

Ago Col. Francis Parsons, Hartford

Remarks. .... Major Bela Peck Learned, Norwich,

Judge William Brainard Coit, New London

At this meeting, the decision to take definite steps toward securing
the Shaw Mansion as a permanent home for the Society, was first made
public. In less than four months from that time, the entire purchase
price of thirty-three thousand dollars ($33,000) was assured. It is
very probable that the generous gift with which the subscription was
started, was an incentive to many people to help to the extent of their
ability. The greater part of the money for purchasing the place was
raised by voluntary gifts from the members of the Society, although
generous amounts came from other sources, not least among them be-
ing the gift of five hundred and twenty-seven dollars (#527) from Lucretia
Shaw Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution. The portrait
of Lucretia Shaw, the patron saint of the Chapter bearing her name,
now hangs in the spacious salon of the old mansion, having been
loaned to the Society, with other family portraits, by the owner. Miss
Perkins' own gift of one thousand dollars ($1,000) was a pleasant sur-
prise, much appreciated. Another woman, not a member, gave five
hundred dollars ($500) and four other individual gifts of one hundred
dollars ($100) each, together with one hundred dollars from the
Williams Memorial Institute, and various smaller contributions, equally
appreciated, helped to swell the fund.

SECRETARY'S REPORT. ,.,^

On Tuesday afternoon. May 14, one day before the expiration of
the three months' option, the deed was signed, transferring the proper-
ty, from Miss Jane R. Perkins and Miss EHinor S. Griswold. to this
Society. The transfer was made in the library, where so many impor-
tant events have taken place in the historic old house. It seemed
most fitting that the deed should bear, as witnesses, the name of the
one who started the subscription list with a gift of ten thousand dol-
lars, and that of Donald G. Mitchell, Jr., business manager for Alfred
Mitchell, another equally large contributor.

The rooms in the Harris Building were open to the public for the
last time on Wednesday afternoon, August seventh, 1907. The following
week our possessions were removed to the Shaw Mansion, thus stop-
ping the rent on the fifteenth of August. The five years spent in
Apartment E have not been altogether unfruitful, and memory paints
many a bright picture for those who have labored there.

Our possessions, including relics, newspapers, pamphlets, books,
etc.. are in a much more orderly condition than on our previous mov-
ing day. The cloud which seemed to hover over the Society when it
became necessary to move from the Public Library Building in 1902.
with no place to go. or wherewithal to pay rent, now shows its bright
silver lining. For years, the idea of a permanent home for the Society
has been in mind, and it seems to the writer that, unconsciously to
those most interested, events have been gradually tending toward this
.special place.

The important question of a caretaker has been considered. In
reply to the advertisement in a local paper, came some fifty applica-
tions for the position. It seems most fortunate that Captain A. N
Whipple, of Groton, has consented to accept that position for one year,
at a salary of three hundred dollars.

There yet remains much to be done, for our new possessions call
for added efl'ort in various ways. Another year with new opportunities
is before us. May it be for the Society one of large attainment and

usefulness.

Respectfully submitted.

El,IZAi;i- i 11 iM'RTON,

September 10, 1907. Secretar)-.

296 MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 1907.

MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1907.

The annual meeting of the New London County Historical Society
was held in the Shaw Mansion, on the afternoon of September 10, 1907.
The President, Ernest E. Rogers, called the business session to order
at 3 o'clock, and, after expressing the pleasure felt in being able to
hold the meeting in the Society's new home, made possible by the
generosity of friends, the customary reports were given.

The Secretary read the minutes of the Board meetings, held during
the year, also the Treasurer's report, as Mr. Denison was not present.
Both were accepted, and ordered to be placed on file. One hundred
dollars was turned back to the Society by the Secretary, to be applied
to the Endowment Fund for the Shaw Mansion.

Mrs. George Porter, chairman of the Library Committee, gave a
report of the Binding Fund, showing a balance of $50.99 in the bank.
One hundred and thirteen volumes of newspapers had been bound,
making a total of some two hundred and seventy volumes, which com-
prised practically all of value belonging to the Society. During the
year, she had made a type-written copy of the first volume of Miss
Caulkin's Necrology of New London, extending from the first recorded
death in the infant settlement in 1652, down to 1823.

The Secretary read a pleasant letter from Mr. Walstein R. Chester,
of Boston, sent with his gift to the Shaw Mansion Fund, the previous
May, in which the writer expressed his interest in the place, and said
in part : " I remember so well the Shaw Mansion and grounds,
occupied as it was, and is, by one of the most notable families in the
State. With a portion of the Perkins boys. I was a schoolmate, and
they were my intimate friends. *********
No finer couple ever lived in New London than the Doctor and his
wife, and their children were true scions of the old Trees."

The principal item of new business related to the Endowment P'und.
The full purchase price for the Shaw Mansion had been paid, thus
giving the Society a clear title to the property, but certam expenses,
which would necessarily be incurred in running the place, must be met.
The only way to insure a permanent income, was to have an Endow-
ment Fund. Mr. McGinley asked for an estimate of the yearly running

MINUTES OF TliE ANNUAL MEETING, 1907. -97

expenses, to which the President replied that one thousand dollars

seemed to be a very fair estimate for caretaker's salary, lijijhts. fuel, and

incidentals, althouj^h maintenance for the hrst year might involve less

expense. This would necessitate a fund of twenty-five thousand

dollars. No plan for raising this large amount was suggested by the

members, although Mr. Tinker dwelt somewhat at length upon the

necessity of having such a fund, and made the following motion which

was unanimously passed. It was

V'oted : That the President be appointed a comiiiitiee ot one lo raise an
Endowment Fund, with liberty to select such helpers as he friav choose.

The President accepted the task, remarking that it was ea.sy to pass
such a vote, giving another authority to raise the money, but not .so
easy to solve the problem how to do it. As associates on that com-
mittee, he appointed George F. Tinker. George S. Palmer. Alfred
Mitchell, and Mrs. George Porter.

Regarding the important matter of a caretaker for the place, the
chairman said that some fifty applications for the position had been
made, in response to the advertisement inserted in a local paper. The
applicants comprised all sorts and conditions of men,— foreign and
native born,— with various ideas regarding the value of their services,
and the remuneration they should receive. Immediately after Miss
Perkins' removal from the hou.se, Captain A. N. Whipple, of Clroton.
had come to stay there temporarily, while repairs were in progress.
As the arrangement had proved mutually satisfactory, the committee
had sought lo engage him for caretaker. The essential need of a
woman's help, for one holding that position, had lately been supplied,
for he had just returned from a trip to the .south land, with his \irginia
bride. The Advi.sory Committee had promised him the position, at a
salary of twenty-five dollars per month, and agreed to furnish light and
fuel for him, provided the action was ratified by the Society.

On motion of Frederic S. Newcomb, it was

Voted: -That the action of the Advisory Coniniitlec be ratified, and
Captain A. N. Whipple engaged as caretaker, for one vear, at a salary of
three hundred dollars, in addition to light and fuel.

The chairman called attention to the fact that gifts for iht- new
home would be acceptable, and said that one member had promised to
donate a Hag.

298 MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1907.

He spoke also of a carefully prepared index of the Hempstead
Diary, containing an exhaustive list of the births, marriages and deaths,
made by Nathan Holt Smith of Boston, son of Mr. and Mrs. Frederic
M. Smith of this city. Mr, Smith was willing to allow the Society to
issue this index, although a New York Society was anxious to secure
it for publication. On motion of Mrs. Porter, it was

Voted : That the matter be left to the discretion of the Publication
Committee.

Mr. Tinker, for the Nominating Committee, presented the follow-
ing list of officers and committees for the coming year :

President, Ernest E. Rogers, New London.
First Vice-President, Frederic Bill, Groton.
Second Vice-President, Jonathan Trumbull, Norwich.
Third Vice-President, J. R. Warren, North Lyme.
Secretary, Miss Elizabeth Gorton, New London.
Treasurer, Lee S. Denison, New London.

ADVISORY COMMITTEE.

Ernest E. Rogers, Hon. George F. Tinker, New London ; Jonathan
Trumbull, Norwich ; Walter Learned, New London ; Frederic Bill, Groton :
Frederic S. Newcomb, John McGinlev, New London; Lewis D. Mason,
M. D., Brooklyn, N. Y. ; H. Wales Lines, Meriden : Major Bela Peck
Learned, Norwich ; Sebastian D. Lawrence, George C Strong, Henry R.
Bond, New London: Mrs. George Porter, Orlando, Fla. ; Henry A. Tirrell,
Norwich; Colin S. Buell, Richard B. Wall, P. LeRoy Harwood, Alfred
Mitchell, George S. Palmer, Miss Jane R. Perkins, Donald G. Mitchell,
Jr., New London.

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE.

Jonathan Trumbull, Miss Elizabeth Gorton. Ernest E. Rogers.

MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE.

Mrs. Frederic M. Smith, Mrs. Herbert L. Crandall, Mrs. George F. Tinker,
Mrs. George D. Whittlesey, Mrs. Sarah A. Stoddard.

SOUVENIR COMMITTEE.

Mrs. Herbert L. Crandall, Mrs. Frederic M. Smith.

AUDITING COMMITTEE.

George Whittlesey, P. Le Roy Harwood.

GENEALOGICAL DEPARTMENT.

Mrs. Frederic M. Smith in charge.

MEETINGS OK I50ARD OK DIKKLTCJKS. .,,

The chairman alluded Ijriefly to the work accomphshed by the
Library Committee, and regretted that the present chairman would be
unable to accept a re-election, as her home would be elsewhere. All
things considered, it seemed wise to discontinue that committee for
the present. The changed conditions of the Society seemed to demand
two new committees, one on Membership, and a Souvenir Committee.
The discontinuance or re-appointment of a Library Committee was
left to the discretion of the President.

On motion of Frederic S. Newcomb. the business session was ad-
journed.

This was followed by a brief intermission, when an opportunity
was given to inspect the house and grounds.

After some fifteen minutes, the chairman called the public meeting
to order. The Historical Sketch of Fishers Lsland. prepared and read
by Mr. F. E. Hine of that place, was very comprehensive in its scope,
showing much thought and research in its preparation. Alter this
feature of the program, the session was brought to a close, and our
lirst annual meeting in the Shaw Mansion, became an event of the past.

Elizabeth Gorton,

Secretary.

MEETINGS OF BOARD OF DIRECTORS.

The Board of Directors of the New London County Hi.storical
Society met on Wednesday afternoon, December 4, 1907. in the Shaw
Mansion, to make definite arrangements for opening the house to the
public. It seemed unwise, at that time, to attempt anything in the
nature of a formal opening; if desired, something of that kind could
be planned for the coming summer. The work of the electricians was
completed, the books were arranged, and the anne.x. which had been
equipped with a new steam heater, was occupied by Captain and Mrs.
A. N. Whipple, who would be on hand to admit visitors. It was
decided to insert a notice in the local papers, that the place would be
open to the public, for the tirst time, the f.^llowing Wednesday after-
noon, from two to four o'clock.

The following simple rules and regulations were formulated :

ipo MEETINGS OF BOARD OF DIRECTORS.

Rules and Regulations.

1. The building and grounds shall be open free to the public, on
Wednesday afternoons from 2 to 4 o'clock.

2. The building and grounds shall be open free to members of the
Society, week days from 9 to 12 A. M. and 2 to 4 P. M., except on such
occasions as the property may be rented for special purposes.

3. The building and grounds shall be open to strangers, week days
from 9 to 12 A. M. and 2 to 4 P. M., upon payment of 25 cents, except
Wednesday afternoons, when no charge is made.

4. Any organization or individual renting the property shall pay $5 00
per day or fraction thereof, $3.00 of which shall be paid to the Treasuier of
the Society and $2.00 to the Caretaker. It is expected that the Caretaker's
apartment shall be at the disposal of said organizations or individuals if
desired.

5. Visitors may have the privilege of consulting the library.

Mr. Rogers reported the amount on hand toward an Endowment

Fund. Mr. Alfred Mitchell, appointed a member of the Endowment

Committee at the annual meeting, finding it impossible to serve. Mr.

Donald G. Mitchell. Jr., had been appointed to take his place. The

committee was, therefore, composed of Ernest E. Rogers. George F.

Tinker, George S. Palmer, Donald G. Mitchell, Jr., and Mrs. George

Porter.

The meeting was then adjourned.

Elizabeth Gorton,

Secretary.

A meeting of the Board of Directors, preliminary to the annual
meeting, was held in the Shaw Mansion, Thursday, August 13, 1908,
at 3.30 P. M.

The following committee was appointed to nominate officers and
committees for the ensuing year : George F. Tinker. John McGinley,
P. Le Roy Harwood.

The chairman first called attention to the financial condition of the
Society, saying that all current expenses would be paid to September
first. An old note of four hundred dollars, for the Hempstead Diary,
was still outstanding. In order to pay for the new heater in the annex,
and a few minor bills, amounting to some four hundred dollars, it had
been necessary, as a last resort, to take out a note for that amount at

MEETINGS OF HOARD OF DIRECTORS. 301

the bank. Mr. Tinker thought it shoukl be paid immediately, and
made a motion that the Chair appoint a committee of three, whose duty
should be to raise four hundred dollars. Mr. Harwood ofTered an
amendment to that motion, that the committee be asked to raise five
hundred dollars. The amendment was accepted, and the following
persons named as members of the committee :

George F. Tinker, Frederic Bill. P. Le Roy Harwood. Mr. Bill
immediately declared a vacancy on the connnittee. but linally consented
to allow his name to remain. On motion of Mr. Tinker, seconded by
Mr. Harwood, the Chair was added to the committee.

Mr. Rogers spoke of the Endowment Fund, and said that the season
had not been a propitious one for pushing the work of the committee,
appointed to secure the money.

Jonathan Trumbull inquired about the use of manuscripts belong-
ing to the Society, what privileges were allowed, and the charges made
for consulting them. He said that it was not customary, in other
Historical Societies, to charge for the use of their manuscripts. To
many people, the price demanded by our Society was a prohib-
itive one. and it made the manuscripts, for all practical use. unavailable
for reference. It seemed to him nuicii better for the reputation of the
Society, and other reasons, to allow their free use. within reasonable
limits. The matter was well discussed from dilTerent points of view
and it was

V'oted : That all charges for consulting the manuscripts be discontinued
for the present, but said consultations shall be under the direction of the
Secretary.

The meeting was then adjourned.

Fi i/\i'.K.rn CiORTON.

Secretary.
SECRETARY'S RFPOKl
Septe.mber I. 1907— Septe.mber I, 1908.
Mr. President. Members of the New London County Historical

Society :

The swiftly passing year has brought us once mure to the lime of
our annual meeting, when it devolves upon the Secretary of the Society

302 SECRETARY'S REPORT.

to give a brief recapitulation of the year's work. The months since
last we met, have been spent largely in getting adjusted to our new and
strange surroundings, and possibly, recovering our breath a bit from
the surprise and pleasure of finding the Society domiciled under its
own vine and fig-tree, after thirty-six years of precarious existence,
spent in wandering from pillar to post. On the afternoon of our annual
meeting, in September, twelve months ago, the seating capacity of the
assembly room was taxed to its utmost, for interest m our new posses-
sions had prompted more than the usual number of people to turn their
steps thither-ward. Although repairs to the building were sufficiently
near completion to have it opened at that time, little attempt had been
made toward putting things in order. Fresh paint, newly installed
book cases, electric wires, peeping from unaccustomed places in the
old house, showing that electricity was soon to replace the primitive
candle and kerosene light of earlier days, and some other evidences of
improvement were visible, but the greater part of our possessions were
in packing boxes in the annex of the house. The book shelves were
practically empty, and it was in imagination only, that we saw the
rooms in housekeeping order. To-day, as we look around, we feel that
something has been done in the past year, but we cannot boast, for
much yet remains undone, and we can easily see many an unoccupied
nook in the room which is said to be the largest one in the world, — the
room for improvement. On the afternoon of Wednesday, December
eleventh, 1907, without ostentation, the house was quietly thrown open
to the public, for the first time. A glance over our new visitors' regis-
ter, the gift of a member, reveals the fact that about six hundred persons
have already registered their names on its pages. On January first,
there were one hundred and ten callers. A veritable New Year's
surprise party was this impromptu reception ! Many and frequent
have been the words of praise and admiration for the old place.

Through the kindness of friends, our necessities for housekeeping
are gradually accumulating. To Miss Jane R. Perkins, we are indebted
for a much appreciated gift of one hundred dollars to cover the expense
of making doors for the book-cases. The improved appearance of the
cases was an agreeable surprise, for the doors were added primarily

SECRETARY'S REPORT. ^o.^

for their utility. The silent appeal of our empty flag-pole led Mrs.
Ernest E. Rogers to supply our need in that direction, so that now, as
occasion demands, the stars and stripes can be flung to the breezes.
From the same source also came some of our window shades, which
add a more home-like appearance to the room in which they were
placed. Two loyal friends have given one hundred dollars to be applied
on the current expense account. The annex of the building is now
occupied by the caretaker and his wife. Captain and Mrs. A. X.Whipple ;
the place is well kept, and is open for visitors daily, with the exception
of Sundays. A stroll through the house and grounds has afforded
many a pleasant hour for strangers in our city during the summer
months. Since last fall, Lucretia Shaw Chapter, Daughters of the
American Revolution, has used the house on six ditTeront occasions.
In October, a Hallowe'en party was held; Washington's l^irthday was
duly celebrated at the proper time, and the old place was made festive
with a lawn party in May. Three times it has been used for their
regular monthly meetings. Some of our neighbors, from across the
river, spent a pleasant afternoon here in February, when members of
the Anna Warner Bailey Chapter were entertained by Mrs. ?'rank H.
Chappell.

Fifty-nine new members, most of whom have been brought in by
our energetic Membership Committee, have joined our ranks this year.
The Souvenir Committee has well formulated plans, only awaiting the
necessary funds to carry them out. The season has been an unpropi-
tious one for pushing the work of the Endowment Committee, and it
has seemed best to let it lie dormant for awhile. That the necessary
endowment will eventually come, though we know not whence or how.
we do not for a moment doubt. The winter meeting of the Society was
held January 28, 1908. in the Peck Librarv. Norwich. Following is
the program :

Address of Welcome, . Kev. Lewellyn Pratt, I). D.. Norwich

Paper— Ledyard the Traveller. . Henry A. Tirrell. Norwich

Remarks. Ex-Gov. Thomas M. Waller, New London

Report on the Feasibility of Republishing the Poems of

John G. C. Brainard, Jonathan 'Trumbull. Norwich

304 SECRETARY'S REPORT.

In place of Mr. Waller, who was unable to be present, Miss Mary
Eddye Benjamin of New London read a paper on the Beacon Lights
of New England. This carefully prepared article, on a somewhat
unusual subject, was treated in a comprehensive and instructive manner.
Impromptu remarks by Mr. George S. Palmer and Major Bela Peck
Learned were pleasant features of the meeting.

At the meeting in Norwich, the previous winter, the advisability of
making a reprint of Brainard's poems was considered, and discussed
from different points of view. The matter was left in the hands of the
Publication Committee for report at a later meeting. Mr. Jonathan
Trumbull, chairman, presented the following report :

Three editions of Brainard's poems have been published : one during
his lifetime in 1825, another in 1832, four years after his death, and the third
in 1841. This last edition is claimed by its publishers to be the only full and
authentic one. Among the tributes of other poets to Brainard this includes
a poem of four verses by Whittier. The edition of 1832 is prefaced by a
prose memoir of thirty-six pages, also by Whittier. Neither the memoir nor
the poem can be found in the authorized edition of Whittier's complete
works, although they must have been written when he had reached the age
of twenty-one.

Though they show some marks of immaturity, their literary merit is
such as to make them well worth reprinting — so much so that they could not
fail to form a very attractive feature in a reprint of Brainard's poems. A
reprint of the poems prefaced by these tributes of Whittier would make a
volume of more than two hundred pages, and would cost for an edition of
five hundred copies, uniform with the Society's edition of the Stone Records
of Groton, about four hundred and fifty dollars.

A mournful interest attaches to the following extract from a letter
written by the late Edmund Clarence Stedman on the subject of this reprint.
After speaking of some other matters, he writes me, under date of April 24th.

" And now about Brainard : Among my books now in storage is that
edition published at Hartford to which Whittier prefaced a biographical
sketch. I suppose it is the edition of 1832, the text of which I used in
representing Brainard in the ' Library of American Literature' and again in
the 'American Anthology.'

" Brainard was a true and natural poet within his limits, and I think the
republication of his lyrical remains, prefaced, as you suggest, by the Whittier
biography and poem, would be a very graceful and apprqpriate act on the
part of the New London County Historical Society. Yes, I suppose I could
write a half page in the way of an introductory note if I could hit upon just
the best way of doing it. * * * This spring I am so much driven that I

SECRETARY'S REPORT. ^5

could not do anything myself until after the proofs should be complete for
the bod}- of the volume.

" You speak of the expense. How does the idea of having a limited
edition de luxe, numbered, besides the popular edition — sav one hundred
copies to be subscribed for by book collectors and other well-to-do readers-
strike you ? That would pay for the cost of the plates, I should think, and
insure the Society against loss."

On further conference with Mr. Stedman, I think he agreed that the
entire edition should be limited and numbered, and should not exceed live
hundred copies. To his remarks regarding the literarv merit and appro-
priateness of the publication, it would be presumptuous for me to add.

A 3'ear ago we listened to a very able and interesting biographical and
critical sketch of Brainard by Colonel Francis Parsons, which, together with
your request that our committee should report on publishing Brainard's
poems, led me to make a rather careful study of them. I will own that I
was charmed with them, and at an age when one rarely adopts a new favorite
among the poets, I could not refrain from adding Brainard to my favorites.
Admitting that the poems are of unequal merit, I cannot agree with Colonel
Parson's verbal suggestion of a year ago that only a selection from them
should be printed. All or none should, in my opinion, be printed; for their
verv defects are strong indications of the character and charming jiersonalitN
of the poet himself — never looking for fame or applau.se, writing only as the
mood took him, careless of the fashion of his verse as of the fashion or style
of his clothes. No two words can better characterize his work than those
two adjectives true and natural which Stedman uses in speaking of him.

It is, however, of a cold matter of business, I suppose, that this report
should treat, the question being, can this Society after expending about five
hundred dollars for a small edition of these poems, including the memoir
and poetical tribute by Whittier, expect to cover the cost by the sale of the
books ? We confess, we consider it doubtful. Two generations ago, the last
edition met, I suppose, a profitable sale: but in those sixty years two new
generations have arisen which knew not Brainard, and hosts of poets and
poetasters have printed and published verses good, bad and indifferent.
Your committee must confess that at the present day, it would, in their
opinion, be difficult, and perhaps impossible to sell five hundred dollars
worth of Brainard's poems: and only for that reason we cannot recommend
their republication unless the Society can afford to take the risk.

Three of oui iiicniht.T.s have died .since la>t \\c met. Klisha Turner.
a Ufe member ; one honorary member. Kdmnnd Clarence Stedman. and
George S. Porter, an annual member, much interested in senealojjical
work. The following resolutions, presented by Mr. Trumbull at our
semi-annual meeting, seemed most rttting :

The death of Edmund Clarence Stedman leaves a vacancy in the roll o»
honorary members of this Society which is profoundly impressed upon us.

3o6 MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1908.

His fame and renown as a poet, critic and scholar stands assured, and
have long been recognized. We are proud of having had on our rolls the
name of a man who has done so much to raise the standard of American
literature and to encourage others in literary work.

His interest in the work of this Society, his love foir Norwich, the home
of his boyhood and early manhood, so often expressed in word and deed, add
most impressively to the pride we feel in his membership.

His rare personal qualities endeared him to all whose privilege it was to
know him, and the sudden close of his useful and beautiful life leaves to them
especially a precious memory and a deep sense of personal loss.

The Society has been unable, thius far, to commence the publication
of Mr. Smith's index to the Hempstead Diary, and many desired results
are yet unattained ; nevertheless, at the end of this first year in the
Shaw Mansion, we can look back upon many encouraging features,
and for the Society, in the coming year, your Secretary would bespeak
your continued interest and co-operation.

Respectfully submitted,

Elizabeth Gorton,
September 10, 1908. Secretary.

MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1908.

The annual meetmg of the New London County Historical Society
was held in the Shaw Mansion, Thursday afternoon, September 10,
1 908, with the President, Ernest E. Rogers in the chair.

The business session was opened in the small assembly room at
3 o'clock.

In the absence of the Treasurer, the Secretarj- read the financial
report, which was approved.

This was followed by the reading of the minutes of the Board
meetings held during the year.

A vote of thanks was given to the Secretary for one hundred
dollars, turned back into the treasury of the Society, for purchase of
souvenir china, to be placed on sale in the Shaw Mansion.

Mr. Rogers in speaking of the Endowment Fund, made mention of
a small nucleus on hand, in addition to the Turner Fund.

The following list of officers for the ensuing year, presented by Mr.
George F. Tinker, chairman of the Nominating Committee, was read
by the Secretary.

MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 1908- .^o?

President — Ernest E. Rogers, New London.
First Vice-President —Frederic Bill, Groton.
Second Vice-President— Jonathan Tnunbull, Norwich.
Third Vice-President— J. R. Warren, North Lyme.
Secretary — Miss Elizabeth Gorton, New London.
Treasurer, Lee S. Denison, New London.

ADVISORY COMMITTEE.

Ernest E. Rogers, Hon. George F. Tinker, New London; Jonathan
Trumbull, Norwich; Walter Learned, New London; Frederic Bill. Groton;
Frederic S. Newcomb, John McGinley, New London; Lewis D. Mason.
M. D., Brooklyn, N. Y. ; H. Wales Lines, Meriden : Major Bela Peck
Learned, Norwich: Sebastian D. Lawrence, George C Strong, Henry R.
Bond, New London : Mrs. George Porter. Orlando. Fla. : Henry A. Tirrell.
Norwich; Colin S. Buell, Richard B. Wall. P. LeRoy Harwood, Alfred
Mitchell, George S. Palmer. Miss Jane R. Perkins, Donald G. Mitchell.
Jr., New London.

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE.

Jonathan Trumbull. Miss Elizabeth Gorton. Ernes, E. Rogers.

MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE.

Mrs. Frederic M. Smith, Mrs. Herbert L. Crandall, Mrs. George F. Tinker.
Mrs. George D. Whittlesey, Mrs. Sarah A. Stoddard.

SOIVEMR CO.MMITTEE.

Mrs. Herbert L. Crandall. M-- I'^-^'---- ^'- ^"^"^-

Al'DITlNt; CO.MMITTEE.

George Whittlesey. P- l^eRo.x Harwood.

GENEALOCilCAL Dl' I'ARTMl M ■

Miss Lucretia W. Smith.

They were elected as nominated. It was

r^, u A- . ^i »hp Sfcretarv's annual report, be deterred

Voted: That the reading ot tht Mcrei.irj* 1

until the open session. .

Reference was „,a<lc ,« cl,e »>.rk of the c:ar.>akur._and an nuUaUon

extended to look ,hrougl> his aparunenl. if any desired .o do so. H,s

services had proved very satisfactory, durin, the year, and ,t was suR-

. jested that his salary be i„cre..sed «ve dollars per n,o„.h, w.-h l«h,

and heat furni.shed as heretofore.

on motion of Mr. Tinker, seconded by Mr. Alfred Let. .t wa.s

voted : Tha. the care,.nker b. .nga,ed for :,n„,h,.r ».„, „,

thirty dollars per month.

3o8 - MEETINGS OF BOARD OF DIRECTORS.

The meeting was then adjourned to the large assembly room for
the public session. The President in his opening remarks, said that an
attempt was being made to secure brief accounts of the lives of all char-
ter members of the Society. Already a few such memoirs had been
given, and another was to be added to the list at the present session.
The Commemorative Sketch of Judge P. C. Mather, prepared by Mr.
Charles W. Butler, was read by Mr. Alfred Coit. During the reading
Mr. Coit interspersed some incidents connected with Judge Mather's
career, which formed an interesting supplement to the paper.

At the conclusion of the paper, an opportunity was given for
informal remarks. Among those who spoke, w^ere Mr. Abel P. Tanner.
Rev. Dr. Bixler and Mr. Jonathan Trumbull, after which the Secre-
tary's annual report was read and approved.

The meeting was then adjourned.

Elizabeth Gorton,

Secretarv.

MEETINGS OF BOARD OF DIRECTORS.

A meeting of the Board of Directors of the New London County
Historical Society was held in the Shaw Mansion, Wednesday after-
noon, December 30, igoS, to take action on the death of Mrs. George
Porter.

Her loss was deeply felt, and sincerest words of sympathy were
expressed, but it was thought best not to pass any formal resolutions,
feeling confident, could she speak, she would approve of the action.

The Secretary was asked to write to Doctor Porter and to Mrs.
Chapell, expressing the sympathy of the Board, and of the Society as
a whole, and the Board voted to send a Horal tribute to the funeral,
after which the meeting was adjourned.

Elizabeth Gorton,

Secretary.

On Thursday, January 21, 1909, at 3.30 p. m., a meeting of the
Board of Directors was held in the Shaw Mansion, for the transaction

MEETINGS OF BOARD OF DIRECTORS. ,09

of business relating to the old court house. The meeting was called
to order by the President, Ernest E. Rogers, who, after a few prelim-
inary remarks, asked the Secretary to read the following self-explana-
tory communication from the Mayor of the city :
MAYOR S OFFICE.

New London, Conn., Janiiarv 14, i<jn<f.
New London County Historical Society.

Mr. E. E. RoGKRs, President.
Gentlemen : —

At a recent meeting of the County Building Comniittfc, it wah
unanimously voted that this Committee indicate to the historical and patri-
otic societies of the City of New London, the willingness of the Committee
to recommend to the County authorities that the preoent court house in
New London be transferred to all the said local historical and patriotic
societies if they should decide to unite in removing and caring for the build-
ing, or to any one of them, upon the payment to the county of $5.00, upon
the condition that the building be removed from its present location and
preserved somewhere in the City of New London for historical or patriotic
purposes.

Will you kindly advise the Committee whether vou arc interested in
this matter, addressing your reply to Thomas W. Casey, Secretary of thi-
County and Municipal Building Cotnmittee, New London, Conn.

Yours trul\ .

M. L. .\r.mstrong,

for the Committee.

All present disapproved of the de.struction or removal of the building
from its present site, but they were equally utianimous in the decision
that the Historical Society was not in a position to take favorable
action on the above offer. The Secretary was instructed to send
a reply to Thomas W. Casey, Secretary of the County and Mimicipal
Building Committee, with a copy of the following vote taken by the
Board :

Thomas W. Casey :

The Board of Directors of the New London County HiRtoricai Society
do not consider the Society to be in condition to take favorable action upon
the offer of the Commission to sell the old court hows.- for five dollars upon
certain conditions.

The Board further voted to spread upon its records, and to communicate
to vou its formal pretest against the ilitnolition. or removal of the old court
house from its present site.

3IO MEETINGS OF BOARD OF DIRECTORS.

The Secretary then read a letter from Doctor Porter, in which he
expressed his thanks to the Board for their expression of sympathy,
and floral tribute sent after Mrs. Porter's death.

After considering some details connected with the meeting to be
held in Norwich the following week, the meeting was adjourned.

Elizabeth Gorton,

Secretary.

The Board of Directors met in the Shaw Mansion, Friday after-
noon. May 28, 1909, at at 3.30 o'clock.

The meeting was called to order by the President, Ernest E.
Rogers, who spoke of a communication which had been received from
Norwich, asking permission to use the portraits of Mr. Lafayette S.
Foster and of General William H. Birge, at a loan exhibition of portraits
to be held in connection with the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary
of the founding of the town. This loan exhibit was to be postponed
until fall, instead of being held in July at the time of the celebration,
as originally planned. As the request had been made at the sug-
gestion of Mr. Dodge, the artist who painted the portrait of Mr.
Foster, the Board felt sure the risk incurred in loanmg them would be
very small. Accordingly it was

Voted : That the portraits of Senator Foster and General William H.
Birge be loaned to the Norwich Free Academy, for a reasonable length of
time, next fall.

Mr. Rogers spoke of the work of the Endowment Committee, and

of the vacancy in its numbers caused by the death of Mrs. Porter. It

was

\'oted : That Mrs. Cornelia W. Chapell be appointed a member of the
Endowment Committee, in place of Mrs. Porter, deceased.

The President stated that, owing to the financial depression, little
had been done toward raising the four hundred dollars, which the
Society had borrowed, when repairs were in progress. Toward that
amount, one hundred dollars had been pledged, and there was a gen-
eral feeling, among those present, that the debt ought to be wiped out

SECRETARY'S REPORT. 1<«

before the annual meeting. Coupled with this, wa.s an expres.sed
determination to make the effort to achieve that result.
The meeting was then adjourned.

Elizabeth Gorton.

Secretary.

SECRETARY'S REPORT.

September i, 1908— Septembkr i, 1909.
Mr. President, Members of the New London County Historical

Society :
The general characteristics of the work in the year just closed,
have been, in many respects, like those of previous years. The indi-
vidual members are interested in results, but not so much, I think, in
the details connected with their attainment; which fact, of necessity,
cuts out much that might be included in a report of this kind. Although
the Society has become quite settled in a home of its own. our new
environment has brought with it much that has seemed unfamiliar and
out of the ordinary. Gradually, however, the work is becoming
adjusted to changed conditions, and is running .moothly .n the newly-
made channels. During the year, the caretaker has completed slight
repairs and improvements, which have added to the general appear-
ance of the property. The heater, installed in the wing of the house,
when it was purchased, proved a failure, except in one respect,- that
of consuming a large quantity of coal ; as a generator of heat, it failed
to meet the requirements. After a thorough test of its heating qualities
and repeated attempts, by Captain Whipple and the dealer from whom
it was purchased, to remedy defects, it was taken out last winter, and
replaced by a new one, without extra charge. It is now comparativey
easy to heat the reading-room, m addition ,0 the caretaker s apart-
melt, which is a great advantage, as we have not arrived at t le uxury
of keeping the entire house heated. We are looking forwa d to it as
one of the good things in store, hut. at present, the main building 1.
heated on Wednesdays only.

While the current expense, o, uu- year have been "-•••''-'''>'" "J
of a steady ,ncon,e. sufficent to run the place, ,s sfU a problen,.

313 SECRETARY'S REPORT.

There has been a bequest of one thousand dollars from Sebastian D.
Lawrence, which will be paid to the Society in due time.

Five hundred souvenir plates, containing a picture of the house,
together with the seal of the Society, and appropriate border design,
have been purchased and placed on sale. While the demand for them
has not wholly reached our expectations, owing, possibly to the multi-
plicity of less expensive souvenirs of the city obtainable elsewhere, yet
a beginning has been made toward reducing our stock in trade

The winter meetmg was held in the Peck Library, Slater Hall,
Norwich, Thursday, January 28, when the following program was
carried out :

Address of Welcome, .... Henry A. Tirrell, Norwich

The Study of Genealogy, . Col. C. D. Parkhurst, New London

In Memoriam : Edmund Clarence Stedman, Daniel Coit Gilman

Donald Grant Mitchell, . . Jonathan Trumbull, Norwich

Following these papers, Mr. Buell related some interesting anecdotes,
connected with a personal acquaintance with Mr. Mitchell, while Mr.
Gilman paid a short verbal tribute to George S. Porter, the Norwich
genealogist and member of this Society, who had recently died.

The names of nine hundred persons on the register during the
year, are sufficient proof that the Society's new home is a constant
attraction for sightseers.

Each year brings its changes, and the one just past is not an
exception, for during that period, the following members have passed
away: Daniel Coit Gilman and Donald G. Mitchell, honorary members
of the Society ; Mrs. George Porter of Orlando, Florida, a life member
and one of the Advisory Committee; Mr. John L. Branch, Mrs.
Samuel Greene, Mr. James Newcomb, Colonel Augustus C. Tyler,
faithful annual members, all of New London ; Mr Edward C. Beecher
of New Haven; Dr. O. M. Barber of Mystic; Mr. Sebastian D.
Lawrence, a life member, and one of the Board of Directors, and Miss
Mary Eddye Benjamin, a life member, who served the Society as its
Secretary more than three years, and was always interested in its welfare.
The death of Mrs. George Porter, whom so many of us knew as Miss
Cornelia W. Chapell, has brought with it, a deep and special sense of

SECRETARY'S REPORT. ^':i

loss. To those who knew her best, her noble life and triumphant
death will never cease to be an inspiration. New names have been
added to the roll, so that the total membership has not changed
materially since our last annual meeting.

The hospitality of the house was extended to the public on Wash-
ington's birthday, when the members of Lucretia Shaw Chapter,
Daughters of the American Revolution, acted as hostesses at an
informal tea. The members, garbed in colonial costumes, welcomed

many visitors.

The sword of John Mason, owned by the Society, was sent to our
sister city, the " Rose of New England," for a loan exhibit held m
connection with the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the found
ing of the town. An appreciative note of thanks for the courtesy of
this organization, in sending k, was received from Mrs. Amos A
Browning, m behalf of the Loan Committee of Faith 1 rumbuU
Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution.

The Society is still dependent upon gifts and exchanges for
accessions to the library; considering the slight returns we are ab e
to make, these gifts have been frequent and most generous, both from
historical societies and individuals. One of our ^P--! -ed^
present is the service of a librarian to catalogue the books which are
mulating, including those given to the Society by Miss Per .n.
From past experience, we have learned that it is not an easy task
do tL work if it IS allowed to drift indefinitely. In addition to the
111: volumes, we have a considerable number oi^^^^
pamphlets, all of which ought to be properly classified and made
a aTable or reference. The labor would not be arduous, for one .ho
:Cands cataloguing, and ought no. to involve great experise. on
Hundred dollars, or less, it seems to me. woo pay f he . U^^^ ^^

, , „ .orth --^ -:--:::::- :u. . b^k

the preliminary work has received ^^^^^^

314 MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1909.

present may be able to suggest ways and means whereby this very
important and necessary work can be accomplished. Another need
of the Society is a publishing fund so that the Records and Papers can
be issued regularly. These publications have been issued occasion-
ally, during the years, as special financial assistance has been received.
A member of the Society has volunteered to edit the publication quar-
terly, if the necessary funds can be supplied.

The interest and painstaking work of the caretaker are evidenced
by the well-kept appearance of the house and grounds.

Respectfully submitted,

Elizabeth Gorton,
September 17, 1909. Secretary.

MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1909.

The annual meeting of the New London County Historical Society
was held in the Shaw Mansion, Friday afternoon, September 17, 1909,
at 3.00 o'clock.

The Secretary read the minutes of three Board meetings held
during the year, and the annual report, all of which were approved.

Mr. Denison, the Treasurer, gave the financial report, which was
accepted as given. Fifty dollars was donated to the Society by the
Secretary, to help pay the outstandmg bill for souvenir china. The
financial condition was explained in detail by Mr. Rogers, who quoted
figures showing that the regular expenses were far in excess of the
income. An mcreased endowment, or special gifts were necessary to
meet the current expenses.

Mention was made of the fact that nothing had been done with
the Binding Fund since Mrs. Porter's death. On motion of Mr. Gates,
it was

Voted : That Miss Gorton be appointed Treasurer of that account.

Mr. Rogers then called for reports from the Souvenir, Genealogical,
Membership and Publication Committees, but there was nothing of
special importance to be given at that time,

MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1909. ;i^

Mr. Tinker, chairman of the Nominating Committee, presented the
following report, which was read by Mr. Gates:

President — Ernest E. Rogers, New London.
First Vice-President — Frederic Bill, Groton.
Second Vice-President — Jonathan TrninbuU, Norwich.
Third Vice-President — J. R. Warren, North Lyme.
Secretary — Miss Elizabeth Gorton, New London.
Treasurer — Lee S. Denison, New London.

ADVISORY COMMITTEE.

Ernest E. Rogers, Hon. George F. Tinker, New London ; Jonathan
Trumbull, Norwich ; Walter Learned, New London ; Frederic Bill, Groton ;
Frederic S. Newcomb, John McGinley, New London: Lewis D. Mason,
M. D., Brooklyn, N. Y. ; H. Wales Lines, Meriden ; Major Bela Peck
Learned, Norwich; George C Strong, Henry R. Bond, New London;
Henry A. Tirrell, Norwich; Colin S. Buell, Richard B. Wall. P. LeRoy
Harwood, Alfred Mitchell, George S. Palmer, Miss Jane R. Perkins,
Donald G. Mitchell, Frank V. Chappell. New London.

On motion of Mr. George S. Palmer, the Secretary cast the ballot
for the officers and Advisory Committee as nominated.

Mr. Rogers, after brief remarks, in which he expressed the great
need of an endowment, and his willingness to give his services toward
raising it, in order that the place might be run on a sound hnancial
basis, accepted the office of President for the ensuing year.

The following committees were then appointed :

MEMBERSHIP COMMITTKK.

Mrs. Frederic M. Smith, Mrs. George F. Tinker.

Mrs. George D. Whittlesey, Mrs. Herbert L. Crandall.

Miss Sarah A. Stoddard.

PUBLICATION CO.MMITTEK.

Jonathan Trumbull. Miss Elizabeth Gorton, Ernest E. Roj;erN.

GENEALOGICAL CO.MMITTEK.

Miss Lucretia W. Smith in charge.

SOUVENIR COM.MITTKK.

Mrs. Herbert L. Crandall. Miss Jane R. Perkins, .Mis. I 1. .u ■ uM. Smith.

\i miiv<. lOMMITlKK.

George Whittlesey ''• LeRoy Harwood.

ENDOW.MENT COM.MITTKK.

Ernest E. Rogers, George F. Tinker. George S. Palmer.

Mrs. Cornelia W. Chapell, Donald G Mitchell.

3i6 MEETING OF BOAKU OF DIRECTORS.

On motion of George S. Palmer, seconded by Benjamin F. Gates,

it was

Voted : That the present caretaker be re-engaged for the following
year, at a salary of thirty dollars per month.

Attention was called to an oil painting of the Old Town Mill, which
the artist, Mr. Loeth, of Norwich, had placed on exhibition in the Shaw
Mansion, and wished to sell.

On motion of George S. Palmer, the business meeting was
adjourned.

At 4.00 o clock, the public session was called to order. Following
are the chief features of the program :

Paper — Samuel Chester Reid. . Henry A. Tirrell, Norwich

Remarks — ...(.. Edwin Avery Tracy, Norwich

I Rev. Charles R. McNally, New London

Elizabeth Gorton,

Secretary,

MEETING OF BOARD OF DIRECTORS.

A meeting of the Board of Directors of the New London County
Historical Society was held in the Shaw Mansion, Wednesday after-
noon, March 23, 1910, to authorize the President to accept, for the
Society, the bequest of the late Sebastian D. Lawrence. The legal
documents,* which had been received from the law firm of Waller and
Waller, were presented by the Secretary. From them the following
portion is copied :

Paragraph thirteenth of the last will and testament of Sebastian D.
Lawrence provides in part as follows:

"I give to the New London Historical Society, one thousand (1,000)
dollars."

The succession tax of three per cent imposed by the State of Connecticut
on this legacy amounts to $29.97, leaving a net legacy of $970.03. This the
Executors are ready to pay upon receiving a proper receipt and discharge
from the New London Countv Historical Society.

* These are on file with the records of the Society, as it seemed unnecessary to publish them
full.

ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEETING. 3,7

We enclc se you herewith a resolution, including a receipt and discharge,
which should be passed at a meeting of the Society, called for that purpose
and authorizing the President to sign a receipt, in the form set forth in the
resolution.

When this resolution has been adopted by the Society, the Secretary
will send us a certified copy thereof, and we will deliver the check upon the
signing of the receipt by the President.

The necessary action, indicated by the lawyers, was taken by the
Board, after which the Secretary was authorized to send them a certi-
fied copy of the same.

The meeting was then adjourned.

Elizabeth Gorton,

Secretary.

ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEETING.

A meeting of the Advisory Committee was held in the Shaw Man-
sion, Tuesday, June 28, 1910 at 3 p. m., to take action on the following
circular to be sent to the members and friends of the Society :

Shaw Mansion, New London. Con.^v.. Jlne 30. 1910.

To the Members and Friends of the New London County Historical Society :
At the request of the Advisory Committee an appeal is made to you for
financial assistance, first, in meeting the Society's current expenses ; second,
to provide a permanent endowment fund.

current expenses.
Last year the accumulation of undrawn interest, together with donations
by a few of the officers, enabled the Treasurer to report all bills paid. The
estimated expenses and receipts for the year ending September i. lyioare :

Expenses.

Superintendent's salary,

Fuel,

Lights,

Interest, .

Repairs, etc.,

Water,

Sundry expenses.

<)0.00

40.00
125.00

1300
175.00

:^9o8.oo

3i8 ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEETING.

Receipts.

Dues, $140.00

Admissions to Building, ........ 25.00

Souvenirs sold, .......... 'S-OO

Interest on invested funds, ........ 200.00

$380.00

Deficit. $528.00

$908.00

It will be seen, from the above statement, that the expenses of the
Society cover only the bare necessities of existence, and are conducted in the
most economical and frugal manner. Especially is this true when we con-
sider the property cost, with alterations, $35,000 (given through the gener-
osity of members and friends of the Society) and that this historic colonial
house and grounds covering three-quarters of an acre, are kept in perfect
order throughout the year, open free of cost to members from 9 to 12 a. m.
and 2 to 5 p. M. every week day, and to visitors upon payment of twenty-five
cents, and free to the public every Wednesday afternoon, necessitating some-
one in constant attendance.

During the recent financial depression, it was thought best to postpone
the raising of an endowment. However, the time for action has now arrived.
There will be no funds available on July tenth to pay the small monthly
salary of the efficient Superintendent. Last winter's fuel and other bills
should also be paid.

PERMANENT ENDOWMENT.

The Society needs $25,000 endowment, the income of which should be
applied to current expenses. A second endowment fund of $25,000 is also
required, the income of which should apply, (a) for improvements, (b) for
the publishing and library departments.

(a). Property of this value requires constant repair and improvement.
Within a year, a new roof will be needed and the present shingled roof should
be replaced with slate to render the stone building more fireproof. The
brick sidewalks need replacing, and the fence around the rear of the grounds
should be renewed. These are only some of the many improvements needed.

(b) For five years the publishing of the Records and Papers has been
interrupted for lack ot funds. Only one volume of Collections and one
volume of Occasional Publications have been published, although the archives
contain a vast wealth of unpublished material. Being unable to purchase
books, the Society is entirely dependent upon gifts and exchanges for
additions to its library.

The Society is fortunate in possessing the historic Shaw Mansion for its
permanent home, and here to house its valuable reference library, relics and
historical accumulations of forty years. The register yearly contains the

SECRETARY'S REPORT. 319

names of visitors from all sections of the Union, who are unstinlccl in their
praise. It should be our pleasure, as well as privilege and dut\ . to maintain
this institution.

Dn behalf of the Advisory Committee.

Ernest E. Ro(iERs,

President.

After the appointment of George F. Tinker and John McC.inley to

act as a Nominating Committee, at the annual meeting m September,

the meeting was adjourned.

Elizabeth Gorton,

Secretary.

SECRETARY'S REPORT.

September i, 1909 — Septe.mkkr i, 1910.

Mr. President, Members of the New London County Historical
Society :
The story of the year can be quickly told, for it contains very little
out of the ordinary. An effort has constantly been made to run the
Society as economically as possible, as the financial end has not ceased
to be a problem. A few necessary repairs to the property have been
made, including those to the fence, for which the owner of the adjoin-
ing property cheerfully paid half. The general appearance of the
house and its well-kept grounds has brought many strangers to its
doors, during the summer season, who have been no less charmed
with the interior, than its attractive exterior led them to e.\pect. Eleven
hundred and eighty-four visitors have registered during the year ending
September first. Most of these, to be sure, did not fail to note that
Wednesday is free day, and act accordingly, and yet. a generous
supply of shining quarters has been added to our treasury by these
summer pleasure seekers. The souvenir plates find occasional pur-
chasers, but they are not selling with the desired rapidity. Many
admire them, but are evidently looking for a less expensive souvenir.
In the days to come, possibly we can have a greater variety of articles
for sale, which will appeal to the varying tastes and pocketbooks of

320 SECRETARY'S REPORT.

all would-be purchasers. The receipts, from dues and sale of publi-
cations, have amounted to practically the same as those of last year.
A considerable number of unsold Hempstead Diaries and Stone
Records of Groton, are still on hand, of which the Society would be
very glad to dispose. It may be that some of these business men can
suggest a plan which will help to find purchasers for them. Fifty
dollars came in as a result of the circular sent out in July — not a large
amount, surely — but, nevertheless, it has helped to defray the year's
expenses. There are, among our annual members, a number of per-
sons who fail to renew their memberships regularly. While in indi-
vidual cases, it effects the receipts but little, yet in the aggregate, the
loss which accrues to the Society, as a result of these unintentional
oversights is materially felt. Five members have been removed by
death, since our last annual meeting: Mr. Henry R. Bond, Mrs.
George D. Whittlesey, Major Bela Peck Learned, Miss Louise B.
Weaver and Miss Ellen G. Coit. Two have resigned : Mrs. Edward
C. Beecher of New Haven and Miss Eunice Burch of East Lyme.

The bequest of one thousand dollars from the late Sebastian D.
Lawrence, minus the succession tax of twenty nine dollars and ninety
seven cents, was turned over to the Society on March twenty-fourth
and has been placed in the Savings Bank by the Treasurer.

For the use of the Society's home last September, by the Starr
Family Association, the following vote of thanks was promptly
received :

New London, Connecticut, September 2, 1909.

At a meeting of the Starr Family Association, held in the home of the
New London County Historical Society, the Shaw Mansion on Bank Street,
New London, on Thursday afternoon, September 2, A. D. 1909, it was
unanimously

Voted : That the thanks of this Association are extended to the New
London County Historical Society for its hospitality and for the cordial
welcome expressed by its President, Mr. Ernest E. Rogers.

Attest: Jonathan Starr,

Temporary Secretary.

On January first, through the courtesy of Mr. George S. Palmer,
there was held, in the Shaw Mansion, an exhibition of early colonial

SECRETARY'S REPORT. 3^'

furniture. The pleasure and appreciation of those who attended were
greatly enhanced by the descriptive circular and printed list of articles,
which Mr. Palmer placed at their disposal. That the exhibition was
appreciated, by the public, was proven by the fact that the rooms were
well filled with visitors, all the afternoon. Several ladies of the Society
were in attendance, and helped to combine a pleasant social feature
with the occasion.

During the year, there has been loaned to the Society, a collection
of old china from the Ann Beebe house in this city. These articles
were bequeathed to the United Workers and are still their property.

The winter meeting was held in Norwich, Thursday, February 17,

1910, when the following program was carried out:

Address of Welcome - - Henry A. Tirrell, Nor>*ich

Response - - - Rev. Charles R. McNally, New London

The Seal of Connecticut, Chief Justice Simeon E. Baldwin, New Haven
By special invitation, the members of the County Bar. were present
at this meeting, to hear Judge Baldwin.

Comparatively few requests for genealogical information have been
received during the past year. Miss Smith, who has charge of that
department of the Society's work, is always glad to answer inquiries,
and to make research for a slight recompense. Through the generosity
of friends and kindred societies the accummulation of books and
relics is constantly increasing, and it should more and more become a
place where donors of gifts may feel confident that they will receive
good care. Within certain bounds, such gifts are always acceptable ;
it is necessary, however, to guard against making a place of this kind
a clearing house, for articles which have no special value anywhere
historicaUy or otherwise. There is still much to be desired in the
work of the Society, and we trust some of these improvements, along
various lines, may materialize in the near future.

Respectfully submitted.

Elizabeth Gorton.

Secretary.

September 28, 19 10.

322

MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1910.

The annual meeting of the New London County Historical Society
was held in the Shaw Mansion, Wednesday, September 28, 1910, at 3
p. M., with the President, Ernest E. Rogers in the chair.

The minutes of the meetings held during the year and a brief
annual report were read by the Secretary, and approved.

The report of the Treasurer was read by the Secretary. The
financial condition of the Society was discussed somewhat in detail.
The President explained, that, the previous year, some of the officers
had made up the deficit, before the annual meeting, but this year the
report showed the actual financial condition, without these special
gifts. It was thought necessary to raise four or five hundred dollars
in excess of the annual income in order to run the place, adequately.
Mr. George S. Palmer suggested raising the existing deficit imme-
diately, and volunteered to pay the outstanding coal bills. The
Treasurer's report was accepted and ordered placed on file.

Mr. Tinker, as chairman of the Nominating Committee, presented
the following list of offxers for the ensuing year :

President — Ernest E. Rogers, New London.
First Vice-President — Frederic Bill, Groton.
Second Vice-President — Jonathan Trumbull, Norwich.
Third Vice-President — J. R. Warren, North Ljine.
Secretary — Miss Elizabeth Gorton, New London.
Treasurer — Lee S. Denison, New London.

ADVISORY COMMITTEE.

Ernest E. Rogers, Hon. George F. Tinker, New London; Jonathan
Trumbull, Norwich; Walter Learned, New London; Frederic Bill, Groton;
Frederic S. Newcomb, John McGinley, New London ; Lewis D. Mason,
M. D., Brooklyn N. Y. ; H.Wales Lines, Meriden ; George C. Strong, New
London; Henry A. Tirrell, Norwich ; Colin S. Buell, Richard B. Wall, P.
LeRo}' Harwood, Alfred Mitchell, George S. Palmer, Miss Jane R. Perkins,
Donald G. Mitchell: Frank V. Chappell, Laurence W. Miner, New
London.

Two members of the Advisory Committee, Bela P. Learned of
Norwich, and Henry R. Bond of New London, having died during the
year, Laurence W. Miner was named as a new member, making one
less in the total, which seemed sufficient.

MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1910. 3*3

The report was accepted and it was
Voted: That the Secretary cast the ballot.

The otBcers were declared elected as nominated.

The President then referred briefly to the fact that this meeting
completed his tenth year of service as head of the Society.

Inquiry was made by the Secretary, if the members present thought
it would be a wise expenditure of one hundred dollars, which would
be available the first of the following September, to purchase, without
extra expense to the Society, the Consolidated Index to the New
England Historical and Genealogical Register. As the library con-
tained a complete set of these books, and they were very difficult to
consult without this necessary guide to their contents, the Index
seemed an essential, if rather costly part of the work. On motion of
Mr. George S. Palmer, it was

Voted : That it is the opinion of the Society that the work would be a
great addition to the library.

Reference was made to the fact that the bequest of Sebastian D.

Lawrence had been paid into the treasury, and it was

Voted: That the bequest of Sebastian I). Lawrence be placed in the
Endowment Fund, the income only, to be used tor the expenses of the
Society.

The business session was then adjourned.

The public session was opened at 4 o'clock, when the following
program was carried out :

Address— George S. Godard, Hartford. State Lilirarian

Cornelia Wetmore Chapel! Porter— An Appreciation,

Klizabeth Gorton
Shaw Mansion from Visitors View Points— Capt. A. N. Whipple, Supt.

ElIZAHKTH CiORTON,

September 28, 1911. Secretary.

SECRETARY'S RKPUR 1
September i. 1910— September i, iv''
Mr. President. Members of the New London County Historical
Society :
When attempting to gather a few (acts for a summary of the year's

324 SECRETARY'S REPORT.

work, a large interrogation point, as to what should be included in it,
immediately presented itself as the most prominent object in view ;
for many details, which occupy much time and are uppermost in the
writer's mind, would be absolutely without interest to the members as
a whole, although they play an important part in making a record of
failure or success at the close of each year.

The oft-repeated story of the need of an endowment fund begins
to savor of antiquity, but, as that special need is still in the ascendency,
we may be pardoned for once more calling attention to it. All efforts
for securing it were cheerfully laid aside, during the vigorous cam-
paign in behalf of the new college for women, and the Society is still
facing its unsolved problem. Aside from the regular running expenses,
there are, necessarily, more or less extras which must constantly
receive attention, if the work is to be kept up-to-date. The Society's
possessions have gradually emerged from a very chaotic state, to one
of partial order, at least ; and we wish to go forward, not backward.
This cannot be done without constant expenditure of labor and
means. It is possible that a vivid memory picture of the chaos of ten
years ago, makes the present incumbent of this office doubly solicitous
to avoid the beginnings of a return to that condition. Be that as it
may, the necessity for keeping the details of the work well in hand
and up-to-date are self-evident facts. One of our members, on whose
assistance we relied greatly for help in this special line of work, has
gone from us, never to return ; but surely, there must be others who
would find a pleasant diversion in putting their hands to the plough,
and helping along some line of the Society's activity. Possibly a
definite suggestion for such an one, who might volunteer to spend a
few leisure hours in a labor of love, may not be inopportune. A few
years ago, a much appreciated gift of a file of the Boston Transcript,
containing genealogical notes, came as a gift from one of our members.
At present, they are tied up in packages, so safely put away that they
are of no practical use. In order to be of permanent value, these
articles ought to be cut out, and arranged in scrap books. The labor
would not be at all arduous, and could be done in odd moments.

SECRETARY'S REPORT. 3a,

As the report of our Treasurer will indicate, the amount of money
taken in at the house, has been somewhat larger than in former years.
These receipts include admission fees, sale of publications and sou-
venirs, and three life memberships. The house and grounds are at
present in very good condition, although the roof needs reshingling,
or, what is preferable, covered with slate or some other fire-proo^
material. New granolithic sidewalks have been laid along the entire
front of the property, also adjoining Perkins Green on Bank Street.
Some weeks ago, a communication was received from the Horticultural
Society asking permission to improve this little tract, by the planting
of ornamental shrubs or small trees. No definite answer was given,
as it seemed advisable to bring the matter before a larger representa-
tion of the Society than it was possible to obtain at that time. It is
hoped that an expression of opinion will be given at this meeting.

There have been no Board meetings durmg the year, and it was
thought best to omit the regular meeting last winter, as the focal
point of public interest was the securing of the Woman's College for
New London.

A complete set of the Consolidated Index to the New England
Historical and Genealogical Register has been purchashed, as the
gift of a member, and is now in Boston being bound. A unique and
interesting gift was that received from Mr. Wallace Stebbins,- -a
framed broadside, containing the Chinese Decoration, received by
him from the Emperor of China in 1S04. Worthy of special mention,
also, is an old hand-made bed spread, the gift of Mrs. Edward I'resl
of this city. It was made by " Miss Eunice Brown who lived in Dr.
Perkins' family for many years as a seamstress, dressmaker and
friend. She was greatly attached to Dr. Perkins and his family, and
doubtless would have been glad to know that some of her handiwork
would remain in the house she knew so well.'" Today, it is making its
initial appearance, in public, as one of our possessions, and has been
given a place of honor on the bed in Washington's room. It seems fit-
ting, also, at this time, to display another housekeepint; rommoditv.

'Mrs. Edward Pre.M.

326 MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 191 1.

which cannot be classed as a strictly new possession, but, like the bed
spread, it is making its de'but in this Society today. This is before
you on the Washington table, being none other than a damask table-
cloth used on the dining table of Mrs. Elizabeth Leighton of Cam-
bridge, Mass., when George Washington was a guest at her home.
Mrs. Leighton was the great-grandmother of Colonel A. C. Tyler,
one of our former members. This dual display of household linen can
be viewed at your leisure. From the second speaker on today's
program, has come a gift of nineteen books — the Official Records of
the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion.
Other friends and kindred societies have remembered us with their
usual generosity, notwithstanding the fact that we have so little with
which to reciprocate. A list of the donors will be printed in our
forthcoming issue of the Records and Papers, now in press.

Miss Smith, who makes genealogical research for the Society, will
be very glad to have any inquiries along that line of work, .sent to
her.

The list of members has changed somewhat, telling, as usual, a
story of loss and gain, with very little change in the total number.
Nearly eight hundred persons have left their signatures on our
visitors' register during the year ending September first.

Respectfully submitted,

Elizabeth Gorton,
September 28, 1911. Secretary.

MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 191 1.

On the afternoon of September 28, 191 1 , a goodly number of people
assembled in the spacious upper hall of the Shaw Mansion for the
annual business session of the Society.

At 3 o'clock It was called to order by the President, Ernest E.
Rogers, who said that the first thing in order was the reading of any
reports proper to come before the meeting, whereupon the Secretary
read the minutes of the annual meeting of the previous September,

MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1911. ^^7

which were approved ; also the annual report, which was accepted as
read.

In the absence of the Treasurer, his summarized financial report
was read by the Secretary. This showed a balance of 554.21 in the
treasury on the first of September. In the remarks which followed,
the fact was mentioned that since that date, thirty dollars had been
paid to Captain Whipple for the care of the place, and the bills for the
new sidewalk and the winter's coal were still unpaid, so that, in reality,
the balance was on the wrong side of the ledger. Attention was also
called to the significant fact that without the generous cash contribu-
tions, which had been received for maintaining the place, the deficit
would have been larger.

On motion of Mr. Tinker, seconded by Mr. Gates, it was

X'oted : That the Treasurer be requested to give a detailed report of the
receipts and expenses, showing actual financial condition, including gifts
and outstanding bills, at a Board meeting to be held in October, so that
intelligent action can be taken toward raising a required incoir.e for the
Society.

Miss Smith, when called upon for a report from the genealogical
department, said there had been very little work for her to do in the
last year, as she had received very few requests for that kind of work.

Once more the need of an endowment was brought to the attention
of the meeting. Mr. Bill suggested that it would be well to cease to
amble along, and to actually commence, the following month, to raise
the money.*

For the coming year, the following list of nominees was presented

by Mr. Tinker :

President— Ernest E. Rogers, New London.
First Vice-President— Frederic Bill, (iroton.
Second Vice-President— Jonathan Trumhull, Norwich.
Third Vice-President— J. R. Warren, North Lyme.
Secretary- Miss Elizabeth Gorton, New London.
Treasurer— Lee S. Denison, New Ix)ndon.

•The President, after the meeting, .ppoinled Mr. Bill . membe, ol the R»dow»cot Co»»......

in accordance with the authority given him by a vote taken at the annual meeting, s,,,,.,..., ,.. ,.^-.-

328 MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 191 1.

ADVISORY COMMITTEE.

Ernest E. Rogers, Hon. George F. Tinker, New London; Jonathan
Trumbull, Norwich ; Walter Learned, New London ; Frederic Bill, Groton ;
Frederic S. Newcomb, John McGinley, New London ; Lewis D. Mason,
M. D., Brooklyn, N. Y. ; H. Wales Lines, Meriden ; George C Strong,
New London ; Henrj A. Tirrell, Norwich ; Colin S. Buell, Richard B.Wall,
P. LeRoy Harwood, George S. Palmer, Miss Jane R. Perkins, Donald G.
Mitchell, Frank V. Chappell, Laurence W. Miner, New London.

The Secretary cast the ballot for the officers and Advisory Com-
mittee as nominated.

Mr. Tinker, from the kindness of his heart, then presented the
following resolution, which was passed :

Whereas : Miss Elizabeth Gorton of this city has served the New London
County Historical Society for ten years with great faithfulness and with
entire satisfaction without recompense, she having annually donated the
salary attached to the office of Secretary for relieving the said Society of
some of its burdens, therefore be it

Resolved : That we extend the assurance of the deep sense of our appre-
ciation of the work performed and the financial aid rendered.

Mr. Rogers said that a copy of the Records and Papers would soon
be ready for distribution, as it was in press at that time. The Society
was enabled to issue this publication through the kindness of Mrs.
Chapell, who had volunteered to pay the entire cost of the work. The
proposition of the Horticultural Society to improve Perkins Green was
brought before the meeting, and, while the fact was fully realized that
the place needed attention, the consensus of opinion seemed to be
that great precaution should be taken to avoid having it densely
covered with shrubs or undergrowth of any kind. It was

Voted : That the matter be left in the hands of Mrs. Cornelia W.
Chapell and Miss Jane R. Perkins.

The appointment of the committees for the ensuing year was
deferred until the next Board meeting.

The meeting was then adjourned.

Elizabeth Gorton,

Secretary.

PUBLIC APPEAL FOR POUNDS TO BUY SHAW MANSION. ,29

PUBLIC APPEAL FOR FUNDS TO BUY SHAW MANSION.

Printed in local papers, April 11;, 1907.

To the Editor :

Today marks the beginning of the third and last month of the
option held by the New London County Historical Society on the
Shaw Mansion and grounds, including Perkins Green, for the sum of
$33,000.

With four large subscriptions amounting to $25,000, the subsciption
list is now thrown open to all, believing that a generous and patriotic
public will see that the balance is pledged promptly. The subscriptions
are made upon the express condition that the full purchase price shall
be paid by the Society on or before May 15. Any funds in excess of
the purchase price will be deposited as an endowment fund, the in-
come of which will be used for the current expenses of the property.

Believing that the pledges so far received warrant us in accepting
cash donations to any amount, those wishing to make such contributions
may leave them with the Union Bank, the National Bank of Commerce,
the National Whaling Bank, the New London City National Bank, the
Savings Bank of New London, the Mariners Savings Bank, or Lee S.
Denison of the Thames Towboat Co., the Treasurer of the Society.
The subscription list will be found with the undersigned of the Arnold
Rudd Co. All contributors leaving their names will receive later an
acknowledgment from the Treasurer of the Society.

The preservation of the Shaw Mansion, for one hundred and tifly
years so prominently identified with the history of the city, should be
a source of great pride to all citizens. In behalf of the Society.

F>RNEST K. Rnc.KRS.

President.

CIRCULAR LETTER SENT TO MEMBERS OK Til ESOCIKIV

New London. Conn., April 27. 1907-
To the Members of the New London County Historical Society:

In order that all the members of this Society may have the privilege

33°

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS FOR SHAW MANSION.

of contributing to the Shaw Mansion Fund, a form of subscription is
enclosed similar to the original subscription paper.* It is sincerely
hoped that each member will respond, however small the contribution,
so that all will have a share in preserving this historic property to be
used for the permanent home of the Society.

The property is one of the few large tracts centrally located in the
business portion of the city. There is a frontage of nearly one hundred
and seventy-five feet on Bank and Blinman Streets, with a depth of
about three hundred feet. In this main property there is a total of
thirty-seven thousand six hundred and twenty square feet. In addition
to this, there are two thousand seven hundred and seventy-two square
feet in Perkins Green, the triangular parklet in front of the house.

The house is historic, from the fact that it was built in 1755 6, ^^^
Nathaniel Shaw, by the exiled Acadians, who were brought in large
numbers to New London, and was the residence of Nathaniel Shaw,
Jr., whose services in naval affairs during the American Revolution
were very important. Washington was his guest in 1 776, and Lafayette
visited in 1824 the room which Washington occupied in this mansion.

Herewith is a copy of the appeal to the public made on April 15th.

With only a few days remaining to raise six thousand dollars, the

members and friends of the Society are urged to rally at once to the

aid of the undertaking.

In behalf of the Society,

Ernest E. Rogers,

President.

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS FOR SHAW MANSION.

February 15, 1907 — May 15, 1907

Cornelia W. Chapell, Jr.
Alfred Mitchell
Mrs. Cornelia W. Chapell
Sebastian D. Lawrence
E. L., F. L., G. S. Palmer
Miss Jane R. Perkins

$10,000.00
10,000.00
2,500.00
2,500.00
2,500.00
1,000.00

' See page 290.

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS FOR SHAW MANSION.

33'

Lucretia Shaw Chapter, D. A. R.

Mrs. Harriet N. Allyn

Mrs. J. N. Harris

Frederic Bill

Walter Learned

William Belcher

Frank S. Bond

E. T. Bragaw

F. H. and A. H. Chappell Co.
Connecticut D. A. R.
Colemon W. Cutler, M. D.
Frederic Farnsworth, M. D.
Miss Elizabeth Gorton
Mrs. Constance S. Mead
Ernest E. Rogers
George F. Tinker
Mrs. Peter C Turner
Williams Memorial InsliUite (^pioceeds ot concert
Mrs. John W. Barlow
Charles Acors Barnes Boss
Billings P. Learned
James Newcomb
Miss Louise B. Weaver
Winslow Tracy Williams
Public Schools of New London
Anna Warner Bailey Chapter, D. A
Charles W. Barnes

Miss Annie W. Belden

Booth Brothers and H. 1. G. W.
Walstein R. Chester

Alfred Coit

Friend

Dr. O. A. Gorton

Dr. and Mrs. C. B. Graves

P. Le Roy Harwood

Dr. Henry C Haven

Rev. T. P. Joynt

Major Bela Peck Learned

Fanny Ledyard Chapter, D. A. K

Donald G. Mitchell

Israel Putnam Chapter, S. A. R

Saturday Club .

Mrs. CM. N. Sherman •

George C Strong

Si 7.00
;oo.co
soo.oo
250.00
100.69
100.00
100.00

100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00

lOO.CO
lOO.CO

100.00

100. CO
ICO CO

50.00

50.00
50.0Q
50.00
50.00

46.31

35. CO
25.00
25.00
25.00
J 5. 00
25 00
25.00

2S.OO

:;.oO

35.00
45.00
35.00

• .- 00

. ; 00
. .00

•coo

33-'

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS FOR SHAW MANSION.

Dr. Witter K. Tingley

Elisha Turner .

Arthur M. Wickwire

Friend

Two Norwich friends

Charles W. Gale

Laurence W. Miner

Miss E. M. Thatcher

Albert C. Bates

Miss Frances L. Bristol

Misses C. B. and Julia Copp

Friend ....

Norwich friend

Stephen Hempstead Society, C

Frank R. Johnson

Lewis D. Mason, M. I). .

W. J. Morgan and family

Bela L. Pratt .

Harriet A. Prince

Miss Mary P. Robinson

James P. Shea

Miss Annie L. Steward

James N. Steward

Boys of Bulkeley School

Mrs. Cecelia L. S. Amelung

Miss Elizabeth M. Avery

Miss May Kelsey Champion

Miss E. G. Coit

Mrs. Thomas S. Collier

Miss Eliza R. Crump

Norman W. Daboll

Ozias Dodge

Friend

Norwich friend

Miss Emily S. Gilman

Richard Houghton

Charles B. Jennings

Mrs. M. P. Johnson

Mrs. Louisa G. Lane

H. Wales Lines

James R. May

John McGinley

$25.00
25.00
25 00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20 00
10.00
10.00

lO.lK)

10.00

1 0.00

10.00

8.00

5.00

5.00
5.00

5.00

5.00
5.00

5.00

5 00
5.00

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS FOR SIIAW MANSKJ.N.

Dr. A. W. Nelson

Sol Ockoonetf

F. C. P. .

Harriet A. E. Prince

Henry Holt Smith

Mrs. N. D. Smith

Swastika Club

Horace G. Watrous

R. S. Hayes

Miss Ruth Darrow

Herbert G. Hunting

Edward S. Huntley

Miss Hannah Keating

Miss Nora Keating

Anonymous

Friend

Mrs. Frances Fish

Mrs. Maria L. Peabody

P. Hall Shurts

$5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
3.00
2.00
2.00
J. 00
2.00
2.00
1. 00
1. 00
1. 00
1. 00
1. 00

$33,000.00

334

ANNUAL FINANCIAL REPORTS.

STATEMENT OF THE TREASURER

OF THE New London County Historical Society,
FOR Year Ending September 6, 1906.

EXPENDITURES.

To amounts paid for Publication Account

" " General Expenses ....

" " Interest National Bank of Commerce

" " Rent for rooms ^ year, 1906

Cash on hand to balance account . .

RECEIPTS.

Received from C. J. Viets, former Treasurer
" " Dues, etc.
" " Sale Buttons, etc.
" " Records and Papers
" '•' Hempstead Diarj .

Subscriptions towards rent

42.82

23.07

168.7s

241.97

$454-47

92.08

II .10

2.50

5.00

200.00

$765-15

$765.15

Indebtedness one note of $400, Hempstead Diary.

Respectfully submitted,

LEE S. DENISON,

Treasurer.

STATEMENT OF THE TREASURER

of the New London County Historical Society,
FOR Year Ending September 10, 1907.

expenditures.

General Expenses ........ $116.98

Rent of rooms to Aug. 15, 1907 ..... -53-13

Secretary, salary two years, donated to Endowment

Fund for Shaw Mansion 100.00

Interest, National Bank Commerce" .... 24.00

Shaw Mansion Property 33,000.00

Balance on hand in Bank ...... 7^1 -32

Repairs to Property 359-29

$34,634-72

ANNUAL FINANCIAL REPORTS.

335

RECEIPTS.

Balance from last year

Shaw Mansion Fund

Endowment Fund .

For repairs to Shaw Mansion

Dues Account

Hempstead Diary .

Records and Papers

32,975x0
I.rxj

127. '|^
iI.7^

>7-95

^.^4.634-72

BILLS TO BE PAID ACCOUNT OK REPAIRS.

I, U. Lyon

E. D. Sweeney

$168.68

328.23
$496 -9 >

One thousand two hundred and fifty dollars was received from a friend
for an endowment fund, also $25, and both of these amounts are on deposit
in the Savings Bank of New London. There is also a balance of $1 which
belongs in this fund and which will be put there as soon as more comes in.

We owe one note of $400 at the National Bank of Commerce, account ot
the Hempstead Diary.

Respectfully submitted.

LEE S. DEMSON.

Treasurer.

STATEMENT OF BINDING FUND.

New London County Histokical Society,
Dr.

1906.

Sept. I. To cash in Bank
On hand

1907.
July I. Interest

Apr. 5. By Binding .
Sept. 10. Balance in B.mk

76.13
.o<;

Cr.

l^'ju-H

$79.34

CORNELIA W C. PORTER.

Chairman Library ComnuHec.

336 ANNUAL FINANCIAL REPORTS.

STATEMENT OF THE TREASURER

OF THE New London County Historical Society,
FOR Year Ending Sepiember i, 1908.

EXPENDITURES.

Secretary's Salary, two years, donated for souvenir

plates ......

To amounts paid tor Repairs

" " General Expenses

" " Endowment Fund

" " Interest Account .

" " Book Case Fund

Bills Payable (Old Note)
Cash on hand to balance account .

receipts.

By amounts received Balance from Old Account
" " Shaw Mansion Fund

" " From Friends for Repairs

" " " " Endowment

•' " " Dues

" " Book Case Fund .

" " Hempstead Diaries

" " Interest Drawn

" " Records and Papers

" " Admittances

" " Rent to Societies

" " New note to take up old note of $400

and balance to pay what we

owed for repairs

Sj) lOO.OO

I. 197-34
492 . 1 2
1,101.00
26.00
72.50
400.00
100.53
$3,489.49

$ 781.32

25.00

220.00

1,102.00

173.00

100.00

9.00

241.67

2.10

17.40

18.00

800.00
$3,489.49

Our note for $800 at National Bank of Commerce, is our indebtedness.

Respectfully submitted,
September loth, 1908. LEE S. DENISON,

Treasurer.

STATEMENT OF THE TREASURER

of the New London County Historical Society,

FOR Year Ending September 17, 1909.

expenditures.
General Expenses .......

Minor Repairs

Souvenir Department

Interest

Balance Cash on Hand

$669.72
16.82
27.92
36.67
66.28

$17.41

ANNUAL FINANCIAL REPORTS.

337

RECEIPTS.

Balance on hand Sept. 7,

1908

$100.53

Admissions

^7 fx)

Records and Papers

12.10

Hempstead Diary .

>.S 25

Dues

137.00

Souvenir Department

12.75

Sale Old Iron

.70

Interest drawn

381.48

Donation

lOO.OO

Attest,

$817.41

LEE S. DEN I SON,

Treasurer.

We have one note at the National Bank of Commerce tor SSoo, ($400 of
which was for Hempstead Diary and $400 to clean up the repair bills on
Shaw Mansion).

We have an Endowment Fund of $2,376, now on deposit in the Savings
Bank of New London. Interest on this has been drawn out with the excep-
tion of $8.81.

We also have in Stonington Savings Bank
" " Norwich Savings Society
" " " Savings Bank of New London
" " " Mariners Savings Bank

> 5 1 .u;

500.00

1,009.18

974- 1. S
$2,534.40

Respectfully submitted,

LEE S. DENISON.

Treasurer.

STATEMENT OF THE TREASURER

OF THE New London County Historical Society,

lOR Ve.vr Endini; Sei'IKMUKr i, idio.

KXPENDITIRES.

General Expenses
Repairs ...
Interest . . . •

Mariners Savings Bank .
Savings Bank of New London
Cash on hand

>4<ws.3f,

36.07

40.00

1S5.01

485.02

$1,481.56

338

ANNUAL FINANCIAL REPORTS.

RECEIPTS.

Balance on hand Sept. 17, 1909
Admissions
Records and Papers
Dues ....

Souvenir Department
Interest Account (Drawn)
S. D. Lawrence (Willed)
Repairing P'ence
Donation

Attest,

REMARKS.

We have one note for $800.
We have an Endowment Fund ot $2,376.
drawn to January i, 1910.

We also have in Norwich Savings Bank
" " " Stonington Savings Bank .
" " " Savings Bank of New London
" " " Mariners Savings Bank

$ 66.28

22.50

14.00

135-00

33-25
185.92
970.03

4-58
50.00
$1,481.56

LEE S. DENISON,

Treasurer.

Interest on this has been

$500.00

51.07

1,485.02

1,460.50

$3,496-59

We owe two years' coal bills, including this year's coal, amounting to
$231, and some smaller bills, amounting to probably about $25.

TREASURER'S REPORT.
Year Ending September i, 191 i.

RECEIPTS.

Sept. 1, 1910, Cash on hand

Annual Dues .

Admissions

Records and Publications

Interest drawn

Souvenirs

George S. Palmer, Contribution

*Mrs. Cornelia W. Chapell, Contribution

$27.10

$150.00

44-30

29.50

195.00

10.85

231.00

200.00

860.65

$887.75

*Mrs. Chapell donated $500; $200 of which was used for current expenses, and $300 was held
in reserve for printing Records and Papers.

ANNUAL FINANCIAL REPORTS.

3.^9

EXPENSES.

Stationery and Printing

Interest paid .....

Superintendent A. N. Whipple, salarv

Miscellaneous Expenses

Repairs ......

Fuel (two years) ....

Postage ......

Index N. E. Historic and Genealogical Register given
by Secretary in lieu of two years' salarv

Cash on hand September i, 191 1

ASSETS.

Elisha Turner Fund
Lawrence Fund

Less Income Tax

Endowment Fund

$1,000.00
29.97

$9.00

40.00

360.00

67.91

15-25

231.00

10.38

$2,500.00

970.03
2,376.00

8,33-54
$ 54.21

LIAHILITIES.

Note at National Bank ot Commerce, balance due on

Hempstead Diary ....... $400.00

Note at National Bank of Commerce, due on Repairs

Shaw Mansion 400.00

Unpaid bill, sidewalk tax ...... S3. 27

Unpaid bill, coal >>5.50

GIFTS.

September i, 1905 — September i, 191 1.

NAME.

RESIDENCE.

Allaben, Frank

Allvn, Miss Louise H

American Numismatic and Archaeological

Society

Arnold, Henry T

Arnold, James N

Baldwin, Judge Simeon E

Barney, Everett Hosmer

Barrett, R. M

Bates, Albert C

Beckwith, Cyrus G

Belcher, William

Bentley, William H

Berkeley Divinity School

Blanchard, Mrs. Hannah M

Briggs, L. \'ernon

Bromley, Mrs. Viola A

Brown University

Buck, Ur. Albert H

Buck, Howard M

Burdick, Miss Fanny

Burdick, F. W "

Cadle, Mrs. Charles F

Casson, Herbert N

Chapell, Miss Cornelia W

Chappell, Alfred H.

Chester, Rear- Admiral Colby M

Chester, Walstein R

Chew, Miss Alice

City Registry Department

Connecticut Bureau of Labor Statistics-.

Connecticut Historical Society

Connecticut State Library

Copp, Miss Catherine B

Darrow, John E

Davenport, Daniel

Department of the Interior

Dibble, William B

Fargo, William C

Fitch, Miss Helen R

Frisbie, Mrs. Ellen Morgan

Fuller, Henry C

New York, N. Y...
New London, Conn

New York, N. Y. .
Norwich, Conn...
Providence, R. L •
New Haven, Conn.
Springfield, Mass-
New York, N. Y. •
Hartford, Conn. . •
New London, Conn
New London, Conn
New London, Conn
Middletown, Conn
Brooklyn, N. Y- ••
Hanover, Mass- • . .
Brooklyn, N. Y- -•
Providence, R. I- •
Cornwall, N. Y- ■ ■

Boston, Mass

New London, Conn
Hartford, Conn. -
Muscatine, Iowa-
Pine Hill, N. Y..
New London, Conn
New London, Conn
New York, N. Y • . •

Boston, Mass

New London, Conn

Boston, Mass

Hartford, Conn. • • •
Hartford, Conn. • • •
Hartford, Conn- ■ • ■

Groton. Conn

New London, Conn
Bridgeport, Conn.
Washington, D. C
New London, Conn
New York, N. Y
New London, Conn
New London, Conn
New London, Conn

288

26
.6

•7
•3

•65
•3

43
3

.67,
10

340

GIFTS [continued].

34>

NAME.

KKSIDENCK.

New London, Conn.

Hrookline, Mass.

New London, Conn-
Washington, D. C'..

Sherburne, N. Y

New London, Conn-

.Sr48
l'..I

Fuller, Mrs. Henrj C. and Miss Eliza D
Starr

Fuller, Newton (Bequest)

Gay, P'rederic I>ewis

Gardner, Benjamin B

Gilman, Uaniel C

Gorton, Dr. A. C

Gorton, Miss Elizabeth

Gilman, William C Norwich, Conn-
Graves, Dr. Charles B iNew London, Conn

Hartford Theological Seminary Hartford, Conn

Health Department of New London iNew London, Conn

Hill, Edwin A jWashington, O. C-

Hillis, Thomas Boston, Mass

Historical and Philosophical Society of

Ohio Cincinnati, Ohio.- .

Holmes, Clay H lElmira, N. Y 2

Hospital Aid Association, Ladies of [New London, Conn • • -in

Housman, E. A Danburv. Conn

New London Conn. .
New London, Conn- ••

Hovey, Mrs. Mary R

Humphrey, Mrs. Katherine Ishani-.

Hyde Park Historical Society Hyde Park, Mass...

Interstate Commerce Commission Washington, 1). C-

Ipswich Historical Society Ipswich, Mass

Kansas State Historical Society Topeka, Kansas

Kilbourne, Dwight C Litchfield, Conn...

Kinney, Mrs. Sara T Hartford. Conn

Lawrence, Sir Edwin Durning London. England-.

Librarian Vermont University Burlington, \'t .--

Library of Congress "• Washington. I). C • '

Litchfield County University Club Norfolk, Conn

Maine Historical" Society. • •" Portland, Maine

Manchester Historic Association Manchester, N. H

Mason Family (T. W.. A. L., and C- J.) Conn, and Mass i

Mason, Lewis D., M. D Brooklyn. N. V ••

Massachusetts Historical Society Boston, Mass ••

McClurg& Co., A. C Chicago. Ill

McKeever, Rev. Franklin G., U. I). New London, Conn

Middlesex County Historical Society Middletown. Conn-

Miner, Sidney H" New London. Conn

Missouri Hi-;"torical Society St. Louis, Mo

Moffat, R. Burn ham.

Moon, James H Falisington. Pcnn

Moore, Hon. J. Hampton Pennsylvania

Morgan, Mrs. Augusta P Colchester. Conn- -

Nelson. Dr. A. W New London. Conn

New England Historic Genealogical

Society Boston. Mass ■

New Hampshire Historical Society |Concord. N. 11

.89

.8.

34-2

GIFTS [continued].

RESIDENCE.

New Haven Colony Historical Society- • •

New Jersey Historical Society

New York Genealogical and Biograph-
ical Society

New York Historical Society

OhioArchteological and Historical Society

Oregon Historical Society

Page, A. B "

Palmer, Elisha L

Parkhurst, Col. C D

Perkins, Dr. Wm. S. C

Porter, George S

Prentis, Charles

Prest, Mrs. Edward

Public Library of Bristol, Conn

Public Spirited Men of Salt Lake City- ••

Railway News Bureau

Rhode Island Historical Society

Roberts, Charles A

Rogers, Ernest E

Rogers, Mrs. Ernest E

Rogers, William F. M., Estate

Royal Academy of Belles-lettres

Saint Nicholas Society

Shipman, Arthur L

Smith, Clark E

Smith, Joseph T., M. D

Smith, Miss Lucretia W

Smithsonian Institution

Society of Colonial Wars

Sons of the Revolution, State of New
York

Spicer, William L

State Historical Society of Iowa.

State Historical Society of Missouri

State Historical Society of Wisconsin- - -

Stebbins. Wallace

Steward Electric Co. , Frank H

Stoeckel, Carl and Ellen

Suffolk Countv Historical Society

Sullivan, M. j" •

Svracuse Public Library ....

Talcott, Miss Mary K ."

Testimony Publishing Co • - •

Thatcher." Miss Elizabeth W

Thompson, Slason

Tracy, Dwight L

New Haven, Conn.
Paterson, N. J

New York, N. Y
New York, N. Y
Columbus, Ohio
Portland, Ore- . .
Boston, Mass. • •
New London, Conn
New London, Conn

Norwich, Conn

Norwich, Conn....
New London, Conn
New London, Conn

Bristol, Conn

Salt Lake City, Utah

Chicago, 111

Providence, R- I- • .
Concord, N. H-- ■ • -
New London, Conn
New London, Conn
New London, Conn
Stockholm, Sweden
New York, N- Y
Hartford, Conn-
New London, Conn
Baltimore, Md-
New London, Conn
Washington, D. C
New Haven, Conn
New York, N. Y-.
Washington, D. C

New York, N. Y. .
New London, Conn
Iowa City, Iowa
Columbia. Mo-
Madison, Wis- •
New London, Conn
Philadelphia, Penn
Norfolk, Conn - - • ■
Riverhead, N- Y- .
New London, Conn
Syracuse, N. Y
Hartford, Conn
Chicago, 111. • • •
New London, Conn

Chicago, 111

New York, N. Y

.29

•23

16
.2

.28

16
•5
■3

GIFTS [continued J.

143

NAMF,.

RESIDENCK.

Tracy, Edwin A

Tracy, Miss Louise

Trinity College

Turner, John

Turner, Miss Mary J

University of California

University of Michigan

University of Nashville

Vermont Historical Society

Vineland Historical and Antiquarian So-
ciety

Waller, Ex-Gov. Thomas M

Ware, Charles B

Warren, Mary— Chapter I). A. R

VVeaver, Henrv C

Whitman, Mrs. Clara B

Williams, Miss Anna B

Williams, Judge Charles A

Wing. Henrv B

Worth, Henry B

Worcester Society of Antiquity

Wyoming Commemorative Association..

Wyoming Historical and Genealogical
Society

Yale University

Norwich, Conn g .8

Short Beach, Conn i . . ^ . .

Hartford, Conn ^|

iN'ew London, Conn...
New London, Conn...

IBerkeley, Cal

|Ann Arbor, Mich

Nashville, Tenn . .3 ..

'Vermont .. ..i ..

Vineland, N.J

New London, Conn . .

Hartford, Conn 4

Roxbury, Mass i

New London, Conn 2 • ■

Groton. Conn 2

Springfield, Mass... . .3

Norwich, Conn -i

New Bedford, Mass 1 •.

New Bedford, Mass i • •

Worcester, Mass ^■

Wilkes-Barre, Pcnn

Wilkes-Barre, Penn ..i,

New Haven, Conn !.i.i8!

OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES.

. . . OF . . .

The New London County Historical Society,

September i, 1911 — September i, 1912.

PRESIDENT,

ERNEST E. ROGERS, New London.

FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT,

FREDERIC BILL, Groton.

SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT,

JONATHAN TRUMBULL, Norwich.

THIRD VICE-PRESIDENT,

J. R. WARREN, North Lyme.

SECRETARY,

Miss ELIZABETH GORTON, New London.

TREASURER,

LEE S. DENISON, New London.

ADVISORY COMMITTEE.

Ernest E. Rogers, New London. Henry A, Tirrell, Norwich.

Hon, George F. Tinker, New London. Colin S. Buell, New London.

Jonathan Trumbull, Norwich. Richard B. Wall, New London.

Walter Learned, New London. P. LeRoy Harwood, New London.

Frederic Bill, Groton. George S. Palmer, New London.

Frederic S. Newcomb, New London. Miss Jane R. Perkins, New London.

John McGinley, New London. Donald G. Mitchell, New London.

Lewis D. Mason, M. D., Brooklyn, N. Y. Frank V. Chappell, New London.

H. Wales Lines, Meriden. Laurence W. Miner, New London.
George C. Strong, New London.

MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE.

Mrs. Frederic M. Smith, Mrs. George F. Tinker,

Mrs. Herbert L. Crandall, Mrs. Ernest E. Rogers, Miss Sarah A. Stoddard.

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE.

Jonathan Trumbull, Miss Elizabeth Gorton, Ernest E. Rogers.

SOUVENIR COMMITTEE.

Mrs. Herbert L. Crandall, Miss Jane R. Perkins,

Mrs. Frederic M. Smith.

ENDOWMENT COMMITTEE.

Ernest E. Rogers, George F. Tinker, George S. Palmer, Frederic Bill,

Mrs. Cornelia W. Chapell, Donald G. Mitchell.

GENEALOGICAL COMMITTEE.

Miss Lucretia W, Smith.

AUDITING COMMITTEE.

George Whittlesey P. LeRoy Harwood.

IN MEMORIAM

SEPTEMBER 1, 1 905-DECEMBER 31. 1911

September i, 1905 — September 1, 1906.
Miss Maria 1'. Oilman, Norwich.
Mrs. Emeline Tate Walker, Chicago, 111.

September i, 1906 — September i. 1907.
Mrs. Lucius E. Whiton, New London.
Mrs. Hannah Ciiaim-ei.l, New London.
Miss Sarah Learned, New London.
Miss Mary Lockwood, New London.

September i, 1907 — September i, 190S.
Elisha Turner, New London.
Edmund Clarence Sted.man. New Vork.
Georce S. Porter, Norwich.

September i, 1908— September i. ii)o<)
Daniel Coit Oilman, Washington, D. C.
Donald Gkant Mitchell, (Ik Marvel,) Edgewooil. Conn.
Mrs George I'orter, Orlando. Florida.
John L. Branch, New London.
Mrs. Samuel Greene, New London.
James Nevvcomb, New London.
Col. Augustus C. Tyler, New London.
Edward C. Beecher, New Haven.
O. M. Barber, M. D., Mystic.
Sebastian D. Lawrence, New London.
Miss Mary Eddve Benjamin, New I^ndon.

September i, 1909— September 1. 1910.

Henry R. Bond, New London.

Mrs. George D. Whittle.sey, New London.

Bela Feck Learned, Norwich.

Miss Louse B. Weaver. New London

Miss Ellen O. Con, New London.

September 1, 1910— December 31. 1911.

Miss Ellen D. Larned, Windham.

Mrs. Catherine D. Bramiile, New London.

William H. Chapman. New I^)ndon.

John Hotson. Jr.

Mrs. Arnold Rudd, New Ixjndon

Miss May Kelsey Champion. Ni-nx .

LIST OF MEMBERS.

LIFE.

Armstrong, Benjamin A., New Lon-
don.

Armstrong, Mrs. Benjamin A., New-
London.

Armstrong, Benjamin L., New Lon-
don.

Armstrong, Mrs. Benjamin L., New
London.

Averj, Miss Elizabeth M., Groton.

Barlow, Mrs. John W., New London.

Bill, Frederic, Groton.

Bixler, James W., D. D., New London.

Brandegee, U. S. Senator Frank B.,
New London.

Brooks, Walter F., Worcester, Mass.

Chapell, Mrs. Cornelia W., New Lon-
don.

Chappell, Alfred H., New London.

ChappelL Mrs. Alfred H., New Lon-
don.

Chappell, Frank H., New London.

Chappell, Mrs. Frank H., New Lon-
don.

Chappell, Frank V., New London.

Collier, Mrs. Annie C, New London.

Copp, John J., Groton.

Goddard, George W., Salem, Mass.

Gorton, Miss Elizabeth, New London.

Harris, Mrs. J. N., New London.

Learned, Walter, New London.

Lines, H Wales, Meriden.

Linsley, James Russell, New London.

Mason, Amos Lawrence, M. D., Bos-
ton.

Mason, Lewis D., M. D., Brooklyn.

Meech, Miss Anne, Groton.

Mitchell, Donald G., New London.

Nelson, A. W., M. D., New London.

Newcomb, Frederic S., New London.

Newcomb, Mrs. Frederic S., New-
London.

Newcomb, James, M. D., New York.

Nicoll, Mrs. DeLancey, New York.

Osgood, Mrs. Frederic L., Norwich.

Packer, E. A., M. D., New York.

Palmer, Elisha L., New London.

Palmer, Mrs. Elisha L., New London.

Palmer, Frank L., New London.

Palmer, Mrs. Frank L., New London.

Palmer, George S., New London.

Palmer, R. T., Jr., New London.

Perkins, Miss Jane R., New London.

Porter, George, M. D., Orlando,
Florida.

Potter, Miss Fannie, New London.

Rogers, Ernest E., New London.

Rogers, Mrs. Ernest E , New London.

Smith, Miss Lucretia, W., New Lon-
don.

Strong, George C, New London.

Tinker, George F., New London.

Tinker, Mrs. George F. , New London.

Turner, Mrs. Nellie D., New London.

Valentine, Herbert, New- York.

Ware, Chares B., Hartford.

Whipple, Augustus N., New- London.

Whipple, Mrs. Augustus N., New-
London.

Whiton, Lucius E., New London.

Wickwire, Arthur M., New York.

ANNUAL.

Belcher, William, New London.
Benjamin, William P., New London.
Bingham, Hiram, Jr., New Haven.

Boss, Charles D., New- London.
Boss, Mrs. C. Rovce, New London.
Bragaw, Col. E. T., New London.

346

LIST OK MEMBERS.

347

Branch, Mrs. John L., New London.

Browning, Amos A., Norwich.

Buell, Colin S., New London.

Buell, Mrs. Colin S., New London.

Campbell, Mrs. James H., Grand
Rapids, Mich.

Chaney, Miss Maria. New London.

Chappell, Mrs. Alfred S., New Lon-
don.

Chappell, Donald, New London.

Chappell, Mrs. Donald, New London.

Chappell, Frank IL, Jr., New London.

Chester, Rear-Admiral Colby M., New
York.

Chester, Frank D., Boston.

Chester, Walstein R., Boston.

Chew, Miss Alice, New London.

Clarke, Mrs. Mary P., New London.

Coit, Alfred, New London.

Coit, Mrs. Alfred, New London.

Coit, Mrs. Frances D., Norwich.

Coit, William B., New London.

Colley, Mrs. Hylton H. D., Douglas,
Arizona.

Comstock, Ezra T., New London.

Crandall, Mrs. Charlotte, New Lon-
don.

Crandall, Herbert L., New London.

Crandall. Mrs. Herbert L., New Lon-
don.

Crosby, Mrs. Albert W., New Lon-
don.

Danforth, Rev. J. Romeyn, New Lon-
don.

Denison, Frederic, Mystic.

Denison, Lee S., New London.

DeWitt, Mrs. A. V., New London.

Dodge, Ozias, Norwich.

Douglas, Miss Emma, New London.

Eggleston, Mrs. Katherine P.. New

London.
Ellis, Mrs. Luella Sears, New London.
Ely, Grosvenor, Norwich.
Farns worth. Frederic, M. D., New

London.
Fengar, Mrs. Cyrus B., New London.

Frisbie, Mrs. Ellen Morgan. New
London.

Gates, Benjamin F., New London.

Getchell, Mrs. Ellen, New London.

Gilman, William C, Nowich.

Graves, Charles B., M. D., New Lon-
don.

Graves, Mrs. Charles B., New Lon-
don.

Greene, Frank S.. New London.

Greene, Miss M. A.. New London.

Harwood, P. LeRoy, New London.

Harwood, Mrs. P. LeRoy, New Lon-
don.

Havemeyer, Mrs. Julia, Hartford-

Hislop, Mrs. James, New London.

Jennings, Mrs. Charles B.. Now Lon-
don.

Kingsbury, William, New London.

Lane, Mrs. Louisa G.. Norwich.

Lane, Miss Sarah S.. Black Hall.

Lay, Daniel L, Lyme.

Learned, Miss Anna C New London.

Learned, Miss E. D., New London.

Learned, Horace C, New London.

Learned, Mrs. Lora E., New London.

Lee, Mrs. George B., New London.

Lewis, Miss Blanche, New London.

Lewis, Walter, New London.

Lippitt, Mrs. Charles C, New London.

Mansfield, Richard W., New London.

Mansfield, Mrs. Richard W.. New
London.

Marsh, Miss Frances A.. Norwich.

Mason. Theodore West. Greenwich.

McGinley. John, New London.

McGinley. John, Jr., Hartford.

McGinley, Winlhrop E.. New London.

McGuigan, Mrs. John J.. Philadelphia

Meacham. Mrs. Id.i. Philadelphia.

Mead, Mrs. Constance S.. New London.

Mead. Mrs. J. Roberts. Great Barrinjj-
ton, Mass.

Mead, Miss Stella B.. New London.

Meech. Miss Louise B.. Norwich.

Meech. Miss Susan B.. Groton.

348

LlbT OF MEMBERS.

Miner, Laurence W., New London.

Miner, Sidney H., New London.

Miner, Mrs. Sidney H., New London.

Minor, George M., M. D., VVaterford.

Minor, Mrs. George M., Waterford

Morgan, Mrs. Christopher, Mystic.

Moser, Mrs. F. E., Mystic.

Neilan, Edward S., New London.

Nevins, Miss Anna L., Waterford.

Nevins, Miss Cornelia L., Waterford.

Nevins, Roger Griswold, Waterford.

Newcomb, Miss Clara W., New Lon-
don.

Palmer, Rev. Frank, Norwich.

Palmer, Frederick C, New London.

Palmer, Miss Gertrude, New London.

Parkhurst, Col. C. D., New London.

Parks, Frank S., Washington, D. C.

Peabody, Mrs. Maria L., New London.

Perkins, Charles C, New London.

Perkins, Miss Mary E., New London.

Perry, Mrs. W. R., New London.

Phillips, Daniel L., Jewett City.

Piatt, Mrs. Julia C G., New London.

Pratt, Bela L., Boston.

Pratt, Rev. Lewellyn, Norwich.

Prince, Miss Harriet A. E., New Lon-
don.

Reed, Miss Nettie A., New London.

Reynolds, Mrs. Henry L., Norwich.

Ripley, Miss Hannah L., Norwich.

Rogers, Mrs. Elisha E., Norwich.

Rogers, Mrs. Thomas W., New London.

Saltonstall, F. G., New York.

Sherman, Mrs. Caroline M. N., New
London.

Shipman, Mrs. LeanderK., New Lon-
don.

Shurts, P. Hall, New- London.

Slocomb, Mrs. Cuthbert H., Italy.
Smith, Mrs. Clark E., New London.
Smith, Frederic M., New London.
Smith, Mrs. FredericM., New London.
Smith, Henry Holt, New London.
Smith, Mrs.Joseph, 2nd., New London.
Smith, Miss Mary S., New London.
Smith, Nathan Holt, Bridgeport.
Southard, Justus A., New London.
Southard, Mrs.JustusA., New London.
Spicer, Miss Annie C, Noank.
Spicer, Miss Sarah D., Noank.
Stanton, Mrs. John G., New London.
Starr, Charles S., New London.
Starr, Mrs. Charles S-, New London.
Stoddard, Mrs.HenryH.,New London.
Stoddard, Miss Sarah A., New London.
Sturdy, George A., New London.
Tanner, Abel P., New London.
Tirrell, Henry A., Norwich.
Totten, John R., New York.
Tracv, Dwight, Manhattan, N. Y.
Tracy, Edwin A., Norwich.
Trumbull, Jonathan, Norwich.
Turner, Luther G., Torrington.
Turner, Miss Mary J., New London.
Tyler, Mrs. Augustus C, New London.
Utley, Herbert D., New London.
Viets, Mrs. Carl J., New London.
Wall, Richard B., New London.
Warren, J R., North Lyme.
Warren, W. W. J., New York City.
White, Charles E., Groton.
Whitman, Mrs. Clara B., Groton.
Whittlesey, George, New London.
Willard, S. P., Colchester.
Winn, Mrs. Curtis, Cleveland, Ohio.
Woodard, Frank L., Norwich.
Woodward, P. H., Hartford.

HONORARY.

Bates, Albert C, Hartford. Fisher, George Park, D. I)., LL. D.,

Briggs, L. Vernon, M. D., Hanover, New Haven.

Mass. Godard, George S., State Librarian,

Dexter, Prof. Franklin B., New Haven. Hartford.

LIST OK MEMBERS.

S49

Hart, Rev. Samuel, D.D., Middletown.

Hazard, G. S., Buffalo, N. Y.

Johnston, Prof. Henry P., A. M., New
York City.

Lines, Rev. Edwin S.. D. D.. New
Haven.

Love, Rev. W. DeLoss. Ph. IX. Hart-
ford.

Smith, Charles Henry. LL. D., New

Haven.
Tucker, Rev. W. )., I). D. Hanover.

N. II
Walker, WiUiston, Ph. D.. 1). I)., New

Haven.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

014 075 989 2